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FOUNDED  8Y I     GOL.DWI.M  SMITH     I    i'-Vjl 


J 


IDictotta  Ibistot^  of  the 
Counties  of  Enolanb 

EDITED  BY  WILLIAM  PAGE,  F.S.A. 


A   HISTORY   OF 
LANCASHIRE 

VOLUME    I 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 
IN    SEVEN    VOLUMES 


THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF  THE  COUNTIES 
OF  ENGLAND 

LANCASHIRE 


LONDON 
ARCHIBALD    CONSTABLE 

AND    COMPANY    LIMITED 


This  History  is  issued  to  Subscribers  only 

By  Archibald  Constable  &  Company  Limited 

and  printed  by  Eyre  &  Spottiswoode 

H.M.  Printers  of  London 


INSCRIBED 

TO  THE   MEMORY  OF 

HER     LATE     MAJESTY 

QUEEN    VICTORIA 

WHO      GRACIOUSLY      GAVE 

THE       TITLE       TO       AND 

ACCEPTED      THE 

DEDICATION    OF 

THIS  HISTORY 


THE  ADVISORY  COUNCIL 
OF  THE  VICTORIA   HISTORY 


His  GRACE  THE  LORD  ARCH- 
BISHOP OF  CANTERBURY 

His  GRACE  THE  DUKK  OF 
BEDFORD,  K.G. 

President  of  the  Zoological  Society 

His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF  DEVON- 
SHIRE, K.G. 

Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cam- 
bridge 

His    GRACE   THE    DUKE  OF 

RUTLAND,  K.G. 
His    GRACE    THE    DUKE   OF 

PORTLAND,  K.G. 
His    GRACE    THE    DUKE   OF 

ARGYLL,  K.T. 
THE    RT.    HON.    THE    EARL   OF 

ROSEBERY,  K.G.,  K.T. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF 
COVENTRY 

President  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  VISCOUNT 
DILLON 

Late    President   of   the    Society   of 
Antiquaries 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  LISTER 

Late  President  of  the  Royal  Society 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD 
ALVERSTONE,  G.C.M.G. 

Lord  Chief  Justice 

THE  HON.  WALTER  ROTHSCHILD, 
M.P. 


SIR  FREDERICK  POLLOCK,  BART., 
LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  ETC. 

SIR  JOHN  EVANS,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  ETC. 

SIR  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMP- 
SON, K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
F.S.A.,  ETC. 

Director  of  the  British  Museum 
SIR     CLEMENTS     R.     MARKHAM, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

President  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society 

SIR  HENRY  C.  MAXWELL-LYTE, 
K.C.B.,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  ETC. 

Keeper  of  the  Public  Records 

COL.  SIR  J.  FARQUHARSON,  K.C.B. 
SIR  Jos.  HOOKER,  G.C.S.I.,  M.D., 

D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  ETC. 
SIR  ARCHIBALD    GEIKIE,  LL.D., 

F.R.S.,  ETC. 
REV.   J.   CHARLES    Cox,    LL.D., 

F.S.A.,  ETC. 
LIONEL    CUST,    M.V.O.,    M.A., 

F.S.A.,  ETC. 

Director  of   the   National   Portrait 
Gallery 

CHARLES  H.  FIRTH,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History, 

ALBERT  C.  L.  G.  GUNTHER,  M.  A., 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  PH.D. 

Late  President  of  the  Linnean  Society 


F.    HAVERFIELD,   M.A.,  LL.D., 

F.S.A. 
COL.  DUNCAN  A.  JOHNSTON,  C.B., 

R.E. 

Late  Director  Genertloftbc  Ordnance 
Survey 

PROF.  E.  RAY  LANKESTER,  M.A., 
F.R.S.,  ETC. 

Director   of    the    Natural    History 
Museum,  Seuth  Kensington 

REGINALD  L.  POOLE,  M.A. 

University   Lecturer    in   Diplomatic, 
Oxford 

].  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

WALTER  RYE 

W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  M.A. 

Assi-.tant  Secretary  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries 


Among  the  original  members  of 
the  Council  were 

THE  LATE  MARQUESS  OF  SALISBURY 
THE     LATE     DR.     MANDELL 

CREIGHTON,  BISHOP  OF  LONDON 
THE    LATE    DR.  STUBBS,    BISHOP 

OF  OXFORD 

THE  LATE  LORD  ACTON 
THE  LATE  SIR  WILLIAM  FLOWER 

and 
THE   LATE   PROFESSOR   F.    YORK 

POWELL 


General  Editor— WILLIAM  PAGE,  F.S.A. 


GENERAL    ADVERTISEMENT 

The  VICTORIA  HISTORY  of  the  Counties  of  England  is  a  National  Historic  Survey 
which,  under  the  direction  of  a  large  staff  comprising  the  foremost  students  in  science,  history, 
and  archaeology,  is  designed  to  record  the  history  of  every  county  of  England  in  detail.  This 
work  was,  by  gracious  permission,  dedicated  to  Her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  who  gave  it 
her  own  name.  It  is  the  endeavour  of  all  who  are  associated  with  the  undertaking  to  make  it 
a  worthy  and  permanent  monument  to  her  memory. 

Rich  as  every  county  of  England  is  in  materials  for  local  history,  there  has  hitherto  been 
no  attempt  made  to  bring  all  these  materials  together  into  a  coherent  form. 

Although  from  the  seventeenth  century  down  to  quite  recent  times  numerous  county 
histories  have  been  issued,  they  are  very  unequal  in  merit ;  the  best  of  them  are  very  rare 
and  costly  ;  most  of  them  are  imperfect  and  many  are  now  out  of  date.  Moreover,  they  were 
the  work  of  one  or  two  isolated  scholars,  who,  however  scholarly,  could  not  possibly  deal 
adequately  with  all  the  varied  subjects  which  go  to  the  making  of  a  county  history. 


In  the  VICTORIA  HISTORY  each  county  is  not  the  labour  of  one  or  two  men,  but  of  many, 
for  the  work  is  treated  scientifically,  and  in  order  to  embody  in  it  all  that  modern  scholarship 
can  contribute,  a  system  of  co-operation  between  experts  and  local  students  is  applied,  whereby 
the  history  acquires  a  completeness  and  definite  authority  hitherto  lacking  in  similar 
undertakings. 

The  names  of  the  distinguished  men  who  have  joined  the  Advisory  Council  are  a 
guarantee  that  the  work  represents  the  results  of  the  latest  discoveries  in  every  department 
of  research,  for  the  trend  of  modern  thought  insists  upon  the  intelligent  study  of  the  past 
and  of  the  social,  institutional,  and  political  developments  of  national  life.  As  these  histories 
are  the  first  in  which  this  object  has  been  kept  in  view,  and  modern  principles  applied,  it  is 
hoped  that  they  will  form  a  work  of  reference  no  less  indispensable  to  the  student  than 
welcome  to  the  man  of  culture. 


THE   SCOPE   OF   THE   WORK 

The  history  of  each  county  is  complete  in  itself,  and  in  each  case  its  story  is  told  from  the 
earliest  times,  commencing  with  the  natural  features  and  the  flora  and  fauna.  Thereafter 
follow  the  antiquities,  pre-Roman,  Roman,  and  post-Roman  ;  ancient  earthworks  ;  a  new 
translation  and  critical  study  of  the  Domesday  Survey ;  articles  on  political,  ecclesiastical,  social, 
and  economic  history ;  architecture,  arts,  industries,  sport,  etc. ;  and  topography.  The  greater 
part  of  each  history  is  devoted  to  a  detailed  description  and  history  of  each  parish,  containing 
an  account  of  the  land  and  its  owners  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present  day.  These  manorial 
histories  are  compiled  from  original  documents  in  the  national  collections  and  from  private 
papers.  A  special  feature  is  the  wealth  of  illustrations  afforded,  for  not  only  are  buildings  of 
interest  pictured,  but  the  coats  of  arms  of  past  and  present  landowners  are  given. 

HISTORICAL  RESEARCH 

It  has  always  been,  and  still  is,  a  reproach  that  England,  with  a  collection  of  public 
records  greatly  exceeding  in  extent  and  interest  those  of  any  other  country  in  Europe,  is  yet 
far  behind  her  neighbours  in  the  study  of  the  genesis  and  growth  of  her  national  and  local 
institutions.  Few  Englishmen  are  probably  aware  that  the  national  and  local  archives  contain 
for  a  period  of  800  years  in  an  almost  unbroken  chain  of  evidence,  not  only  the  political, 
ecclesiastical,  and  constitutional  history  of  the  kingdom,  but  every  detail  of  its  financial  and 
social  progress  and  the  history  of  the  land  and  its  successive  owners  from  generation  to 
generation.  The  neglect  of  our  public  and  local  records  is  no  doubt  largely  due  to  the  fact 
that  their  interest  and  value  is  known  to  but  a  small  number  of  people,  and  this  again  is 
directly  attributable  to  the  absence  in  this  country  ot  any  endowment  for  historical  research. 
The  government  of  this  country  has  too  often  left  to  private  enterprise  work  which  our  con- 
tinental neighbours  entrust  to  a  government  department.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  to  find 
that  although  an  immense  amount  of  work  has  been  done  by  individual  effort,  the  entire 
absence  of  organization  among  the  workers  and  the  lack  of  intelligent  direction  has  hitherto 
robbed  the  results  of  much  of  their  value. 

In  the  VICTORIA  HISTORY,  for  the  first  time,  a  serious  attempt  is  made  to  utilize  our 
national  and  local  muniments  to  the  best  advantage  by  carefully  organizing  and  supervising 
the  researches  required.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Records  Committee  a  large  staff  of  experts 
has  been  engaged  at  the  Public  Record  Office  in  calendaring  those  classes  of  records  which  are 
fruitful  in  material  for  local  history,  and  by  a  system  of  interchange  of  communication  among 
workers  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  general  editor  and  sub-editors  a  mass  of  information 
is  sorted  and  assigned  to  its  correct  place,  which  would  otherwise  be  impossible. 

THE  RECORDS   COMMITTEE 

SIR  EDWARD  MAUNDE  THOMPSON,  K.C.B.  C.  T.  MARTIN,  B.A.,  F.S.A. 

SIR  HENRY  MAXWEIX-LYTE,  K.C.B.  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

W.  J.  HARDY,  F.S.A.  S.  R.  SCARGILL-BIRD,  F.S.A. 

F.  MADAN,  M.A.  W.  H.  STEVENSON,  M.A. 

F.  MAITLAND,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  G.  F.  WARNER,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

riii 


FAMILY   HISTORY 

Family  History  is,  both  in  the  Histories  and  in  the  supplementary  genealogical  volumes 
of  chart  Pedigrees,  dealt  with  by  genealogical  experts  and  in  the  modern  spirit.  Every  effort 
is  made  to  secure  accuracy  of  statement,  and  to  avoid  the  insertion  of  those  legendary 
pedigrees  which  have  in  the  past  brought  discredit  on  the  subject.  It  has  been  pointed  out 
by  the  late  Bishop  of  Oxford,  a  great  master  of  historical  research,  that  '  the  expansion  and 
extension  of  genealogical  study  is  a  very  remarkable  feature  of  our  own  times,'  that  '  it  is  an 
increasing  pursuit  both  in  America  and  in  England,'  and  that  it  can  render  the  historian  most 
useful  service. 

CARTOGRAPHY 

In  addition  to  a  general  map  in  several  sections,  each  History  contains  Geological,  Oro- 
graphical,  Botanical,  Archaeological,  and  Domesday  maps ;  also  maps  illustrating  the  articles  on 
Ecclesiastical  and  Political  Histories,  and  the  sections  dealing  with  Topography.  The  Series 
contains  many  hundreds  of  maps  in  all. 


ARCHITECTURE 

A  special  feature  in  connexion  with  the  Architecture  is  a  series  of  ground  plans,  many 
of  them  coloured,  showing  the  architectural  history  of  castles,  cathedrals,  abbeys,  and  other 
monastic  foundations. 

In  order  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  accuracy,  the  descriptions  of  the  Architecture, 
ecclesiastical,  military,  and  domestic,  are  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  C.  R.  PEERS,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  and  a  committee  has  been  formed  of  the  following  students  of  architectural  history 
who  are  referred  to  as  may  be  required  concerning  this  department  of  the  work  : — 

ARCHITECTURAL   COMMITTEE 

J.  BILSON,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  W.  H.  ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  M.A. 

R.  BLOMFIELD,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  A.R.A.  W.  H.  KNOWLES,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

HAROLD  BRAKSPEAR,  F.S.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.  J.  T.  MICKLETHWAITE,  F.S.A. 

PROF.  BALDWIN  BROWN,  M.A.  ROLAND  PAUL,  F.S.A. 

ARTHUR  S.  FLOWER,  F.S.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.  J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

GEORGE  E.  Fox,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  PERCY  G.  STONE,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

J.  A.  GOTCH,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  THACKERAY  TURNER. 

GENEALOGICAL  VOLUMES 

The  genealogical  volumes  contain  the  family  history  and  detailed  genealogies  of  such 
houses  as  had  at  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century  seats  and  landed  estates,  having  enjoyed 
the  like  in  the  male  line  since  1760,  the  first  year  of  George  III.,  together  with  an  intro- 
ductory section  dealing  with  other  principal  families  in  each  county. 


The  general  plan  of  Contents  and  the  names  among  others  of 
those  who  are  contributing  articles  and  giving  assistance  are  as 
follows  : — 

Natural  History 

Geology.     CLEMENT  REID,  F.R.S.,  HORACE  B.  WOODWARD,  F.R.S.,  and  others 
Palaeontology.     R.  L.  LYDEKKER,  F.R.S.,  etc. 

{Contributions  by  G.  A.  BOULENGER,  F.R.S.,  H.  N.  DIXON,  F.L.S.,  G.  C.  DRUCE,  M.A., 
F.L.S.,  WALTER  GARSTANG,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  HERBERT  Goss,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  R.  I.  POCOCK, 
REV.  T.  R.  R.  STEBBING,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  etc.,  B.  B.  WOODWARD,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S., 
etc.,  and  other  Specialists 

Prehistoric  Remains.     SIR  JOHN  EVANS,   K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  W.  BOYD  DAWKINS,  D.Sc.,  LL.D., 
F.R.S,  F.S.A.,  GEO.  CLINCH,  F.G.S.,  JOHN  GARSTANG, M.A.,  B.Litt.,  F.S.A.,and  others 
Roman  Remains.     F.  HAVERFIELD,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A. 

Anglo-Saxon  Remains.     C.  HERCULES  READ,  F.S.A.,  REGINALD  A.  SMITH,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  and  others 
Domesday  Book  and  other  kindred  Records.     J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  and  other  Specialists 
Architecture.     C.  R.  PEERS,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  W.  H.   ST.  JOHN  HOPE,  M.A.,  and  HAROLD  BRAKSPEAR, 

F.S.A.,  A.R.I.B.A. 

Ecclesiastical  History.     R.  L.  POOLE,  M.A.,  and  others 

Political  History.     PROF.  C.  H.  FIRTH,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  W.  H.  STEVENSON,  M.A.,  J.  HORACE  ROUND, 
M.A.,  LL.D.,  PROF.  T.  F.  TOUT,  M.A.,  PROF.  JAMES  TAIT,  M.A.,  and  A.  F.  POLLARD 
History  of  Schools.     A.  F.  LEACH,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Maritime  History  of  Coast  Counties.     Prof.  J.  K.  LAUGHTON,  M.A.,  M.  OPPENHEIM,  and  others 
Topographical  Accounts  of  Parishes  and  Manors.     By  Various  Authorities 
History  of  the  Feudal  Baronage.     J.  HORACE  ROUND,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  and  OSWALD  BARRON,  F.S.A. 
Agriculture.     SIR  ERNEST  CLARKE,  M.A.,  Sec.  to  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  and  others 
Forestry.     JOHN  NISBET,  D.OEC.,  and  others 

Industries,  Arts  and  Manufactures  ) 

„..,_  -IT-  f  By  Various  Authorities 

Social  and  Economic  History          J 

Ancient  and  Modern  Sport.     E.  D.  CUMING  and  others 
Hunting       \ 

Shooting        I  By  Various  Authorities 
Fishing,  etc./ 
Cricket.     HOME  GORDON 
Football.     C.  W.  ALCOCK 


THE 

ORIA  HISTORY 


WH.UAML 


THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF  THE  COUNTY  OF 

LANCASTER 


EDITED    BY 


WILLIAM  FARRER  AND  J.  BROWNBILL,  M.A. 


VOLUME  ONE 


LONDON 

JAMES     STREET 
HAYMARKET 

1906 


DA 
1,10 
L2VI, 

V.    I 


County  Committee  for  Xancaebire 


THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF  DERBY,  K.G.,  P.C.,  G.C.B. 
Lord  Lieutenant,  Chairman 


His  GRACE  THE  DUKE  OF  BUCCLEUCH,  K.G.,  K.T. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF  WILTON 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  EARL  OF  ELLESMERE 

THE  RT.   HON.  THE  EARL  OF  LATHOM 

THE  RT.   HON.  THE  EARL  OF  SEFTON 

THE     RT.     HON.     THE     VISCOUNT     CROSS,     P.C., 

G.C.B.,  G.C.S.I. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  VISCOUNT  RIDLEY,  M.P. 
THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  BALCARRES,  M.P. 
THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  STANLEY,  P.C.,  C.B., 

M.P. 

THE  RT.  REV.  THE  LORD  BISHOP  OF  LIVERPOOL 
THE  RT.  REV.  THE  LORD  BISHOP  OF  MANCHESTER 
THE  RT.   HON.  THE  LORD  KENYON 
THE  RT.   HON.  THE   LORD  LILFORD 
THE   RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  SHUTTLEWORTH,  P.C. 
THE  HON.  WILLIAM  R.  W.   PEEL,  M.P. 
THE  HON.  ARTHUR  STANLEY,  M.P. 
THE  RT.   HON.  A.  J.   BALFOUR,  P.C.,  M.P. 
THE     RT.      HON.      SIR     WILLIAM      H.     WALROND, 

BART.,  P.C.,  M.P. 

THE  RT.  HON.  SIR  JOHN  T.  HIBBERT,  P.C.,  K.C.B. 
SIR  JAMES  DE  HOGHTON,   BART. 
LT.-COL.   SIR  HENRY  EARLE,  BART. 
SIR  GILBERT  GREENALL,  BART. 
SIR  THOMAS  BROCKLEBANK,  BART. 
SIR  JOHN  ORMEROD  S.  THURSBY,   BART. 
SIR  WILLIAM  H.   HOULDSWORTH,   BART.,  M.P. 
SIR  WILLIAM  AGNEW,   BART. 
SIR  DUDLEY  B.  FORWOOD,  BART. 
SIR  JOHN  E.  S.  MACLURE,   BART. 
SIR  LEES  KNOWLES,  BART.,  M.P. 
SIR  WILLIAM  W.   B.   HULTON,  BART. 
SIR  EDWARD  L.  WILLIAMS,  M.I.C.E. 
SIR  CHARLES  W.  CAYZER,  M.P.,  F.R.G.S. 
SIR  HENRY  SETON-KARR,  C.M.G.,  M.P. 
COL.  DAVID  AINSWORTH,  D.L.,  J.P. 
COL.  RALPH  J.  ASPINALL,  D.L.,  J.P. 
RALPH  ASSHETON,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
THE  REV.   CANON  AYRE 
COL.   IRELAND-BLACKBURNE,  D.L.,  J.P. 
COL.  H.  B.  H.  BLUNDELL,  C.B.,  M.P.,  D.L. 
FREDK.  STAPLETON-BRETHERTON,  ESQ.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
W.   FITZHERBERT-BROCKHOLES,  ESQ.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
VICTOR    C.    W.   CAVENDISH,    ESQ.,    M.P.,    D.L., 

J.P. 

H.  S.  COWPER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 
OCT.  LEIGH  CLARE,  ESQ.,  M.P. 
CHAS.  A.  CRIPPS,  ESQ.,  K.C.,  M.P. 
COL.   H.  T.   CROOK 
ALFRED  EMMOTT,  ESQ.,  M.P. 
JOHN  FELL,  ESQ.,   D.L.,  J.P. 
JOHN   FORMBY,  ESQ. 

xi 


COL.  WM.  HY.  FOSTER,  D.L.,  J.P. 

WM.  J.  GALLOWAY,    ESQ.,   M.P. 

HARPER  GAYTHORPE,  ESQ.,  F.S.A.  (Scot.) 

JOSEPH  GILLOW,  ESQ. 

ROBERT  GLADSTONE,  JUNR.,  ESQ.,  B.C.L.,  M.A. 

JAS.  GRIMBLE  GROVES,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

EDW.  MARSHALL-HALL,  ESQ.,  K.C.,  M.P. 

ERNEST  F.  G.  HATCH,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

CHAS.  HESKETH  BIBBY-HESKETH,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  D.L. 

T.  CANN  HUGHES,  ESQ.,  M.A. 

WM.  B.  HUNTINGDON,   ESQ.,  D.L.,  J.P. 

W.  FERGUSSON  IRVINE,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

COL.  GEORGE  KEMP,  B.A.,  M.P. 

JOHN   KERR,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

WM.  F.  LAWRENCE,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  M.P. 

WILLIAM  ALEX.  LINDSAY,  ESQ.,  K.C.,  M.A.,  F.S.A., 

Windsor  Herald. 
DAVID  MAC!VER,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

ROBT.    PlERPOINT,    E$Q.,    M.P. 

R.  D.  RADCLIFFE,  ESQ.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

W.  O.  ROPER,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

COL.  C.  M.  ROYDS,  C.B.,  M.P.,  D.L.,  J.P. 

J.  P.  RYLANDS,  ESQ.,  F.S.A. 

COL.  THOS.   MYLES  SANDYS,  M.P. 

DAVID  JAS.   SHACKLETON,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

EDW.  JAS.  STANLEY,  ESQ.,  M.P.,  D.L. 

C.  W.  SUTTON,  ESQ. 

PROFESSOR  JAMES  TAIT,  M.A. 

AUSTIN  TAYLOR,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

GEORGE  TOULMIN,  ESQ.,  M.P. 

PROFESSOR  T.  F.  TOUT,  M.A. 

ROBERT  A.  YERBURGH,  ESQ.,  B.A.,  M.P. 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  MAYOR  OF  LIVERPOOL 

THE  RT.  HON.  THE  LORD  MAYOR  OF  MANCHESTER 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  BACUP 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  BARROW-IN-FURNESS 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  BOLTON 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  BOOTLE 

THI  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  BURNLEY 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  BURY 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  COLNE 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  DARWEN 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  ECCLES 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  HASLINGDEN 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  LANCASTER 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  NELSON 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  PRESTON 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  ROCHDALE 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OP  ST.  HELENS 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  SALFORD 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  SOUTHPORT 

THE  WORSHIPFUL  THE  MAYOR  OF  WARRINGTON 


CONTENTS    OF    VOLUME    ONE 


Dedication        ...... 

T 

The  Advisory  Council  of  the  Victoria  History 



vii 

General  Advertisement       .... 

. 

vii 

The  Lancashire  County  Committee 

xiii 

Contents           

XV 

List  of  Illustrations    ..... 

xvii 

Preface   

xix 

Table  of  Abbreviations      .... 

xxiii 

Natural  History 
Geology 

By  H.  BOLTON,  F.R.S.E. 

Palajontology         ..... 

By  R.  LYDEKKER,  F.R.S.,  F.G.S.,  F.L.S. 

3' 

Botany         ...... 

By  HARRY  FISHER         

37 

Zoology 

Marine    ...... 

By  JAMES  JOHNSTONE,  B.Sc.  (Lond.) 

87 

Non-Marine  Molluscs 

By  B.  B.  WOODWARD,  F.G.S.,  F.R.M.S. 

97 

Insects     

By  W.  E.  SHARP,  F.E.S  

IOI 

Spiders               

By  the  late  F.  O.  PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE,  M.A., 
revised    and    corrected    by    the     Rev.     O. 
PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE,  M.A. 

'45 

Crustaceans       ..... 

By  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  STEBBING,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 
F.Z.S  

'57 

Fishes      

By  JAMES  JOHNSTONS,  B.Sc.  (Lond.) 

179 

Reptiles  and  Batrachians     . 

„              „                   „           .          .          . 

188 

Birds       

By  H.  O.  FORBES,  LL.D  

189 

Mammals          ..... 

>»                      »>•••• 

206 

Early  Man       

By  JOHN  GARSTANG,  B.Litt.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

211 

Anglo-Saxon  Remains         .... 

,.                    v                                 »                         • 

2S7 

Introduction  to  the  Lancashire  Domesday    . 
Text  of  the  Lancashire  Domesday 

By  WILLIAM  FARRER      ..... 

269 
283 

Feudal  Baronage        ..... 



29I 

Index  to  the  Lancashire  Domesday 

377 

LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

The  Mersey.      By  William  Hyde Frontispiece 

Contorted  Beds  in  Clitheroe  and  Blackburn  Railway 1 1 

Arrowheads  and  Miscellaneous  Small-worked  Flints  from  the)  . 

Neolithic  Floor  of  South-east  Lancashire        .         .          .[       '         '      W-pagf  plate,  fatmS     214 

Mottled  Stone  Celt  from  Windy  Harbour,  Pendle 217 

Celt  with  flattened  sides  from  Leagram  Hall          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .217 

Stone  Celts  and  Hammers  of  Lancashire       ......      full-page  plate,  facing     2 1 8 

Stone  Adze  from  Greenheys,  Manchester      .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .219 

,,        „         „     Corporation  Street,  Manchester  ........     220 

Large  Adze  from  Cheetwood,  Manchester    .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .220 

Section  of  Stone  Axe  from  Harpurhey,  Manchester 221 

Stone  Axe  found  at  Wilpshire,  near  Blackburn 222 

Perforated  Stone  Axes  and  Axe-Hammers  of  Lancashire  .          .          .     full-page  plate,  facing     222 

Axe- Hammer  from  the  Lune,  near  Lancaster         .         .         .          .         .         .          .         .         -223 

»  „        from  Heaton  Chapel       .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          ...          .224 

,.  „        found  near  Lancaster      .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .225 

Small  Hammer  from  Queen's  Park,  Bol ton  .         .          .         .         .         .         .          .         .         .226 

Round  Stone  Hammer  from  Goosnargh        .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .227 

Bronze  Celt  with  slight  Flanges,  from  Read  .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .230 

Palstave  found  at  Ainsworth        .          .         .         .         .         .         .          .         .         .         .         -231 

„       from  Martin  Mere         .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          -231 

Bronze  Palstave  from  Ashworth  Moor .         .         .          .          .         .         .          .         .         .         .232 

Plain  Socketed  Celt  from  Winmarleigh 232 

Bronze  Implements  of  Lancashire         .......      full-page  plate,  facing     232 

Ribbed  Socketed  Celt  from  Winmarleigh       .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          -233 

Celt  with  Outcurving  Edge  from  Winmarleigh      .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          -233 

Celt  with  Recurving  Edge  from  Winmarleigh        .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          -233 

Bronze  Dagger  from  near  Colne  .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .234 

Bronze  Spear-head  from  Preston  .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          .          -23; 

Spear-head  looped  on  Shaft,  from  Irlam        .          .          .          .         .         .         .         .         .          .236 

Bronze  Implements  from  Winmarleigh,  North  Lancashire       .          .          .      full-page  plate,  facing     236 

Spear-Head  looped  in  Blade  from  Piethorne,  near  Rochdale 237 

Section  of  a  Bronze  Age  Tumulus  at  Winwick       .         .          .         .         .         .         .         .         .241 

Patterns  upon  Cinerary  Urns  from  Darwen  ..........     242 

Urn  with  Punctuated  Decoration  from  Darwen    .........     242 

Urn  from  Blackburn 243 

Plan  and  Section  of  Timber  Burial  Circle,  &c.,  at  Bleasdale 243 

Wooden  Canoe  and  Pottery  Vessels  of  Bronzs  Age,  from  Lancashire          .      full-page  plate,  facing     244 

Sword  and  Sheath  from  Warton 247 

Late  Celtic  Dagger-Sheath  from  Pilling  Moss 247 

Bronze  Beaded  Torque  from  Mow  Road  (Rochdale) 248 

Wooden  Dug-out  Canoe  from  Barton-upon-Irwell          ........      248 

Wooden  Dug-out  Canoe  found  at  Irlam       ..........     249 

Dug-out  found  at  Crossens          ............     249 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


Coins  from  the  Cuerdale  Hoard  .          .          .          . 

Bronze  Brooches  from  Claughton          ..... 
„     Boss  of  Shield  from  Ribchester  .... 

Fibula  of  White  Metal  from  Claughton        .... 
Silver  Cup  found  on  Halton  Moor       ..... 
„    Torque  found  at  Halton  Moor  ..... 
Fragment  of  Cross-head  at  Winwick,  Lancashire    . 
Cross  in  Bolton  Parish  Church,  Lancashire    .... 
Whalley  :  Cross  in  Churchyard  (front  and  back  views)  . 
Hornby  :  Loaves  and  Fishes,  Cross-shaft  in  Church 
Lancaster  :  Cross  of  Cynebalth  Cuthbertson 
Halton  :  West  face  of  Cross  in  Churchyard  and  Detail  of  East  Fa 
Heysham  :  Lower  part  of  Cross-shaft  in  Churchyard 

Hog-backed  Stone  in  Churchyard 
Seals  of  Feudal  Barons  of  Lancashire  : — 

Plate  I 

Plate  II.  . 

Plate  III -C        .          . 

Plate  IV. 


PAGE 

full-page  plate,  facing     258 


full-page  plate  facing  262 

„          „  262 

.          .          .          .  263 

.  264 

full-page  plate  facing  264 

266 
266 


292 
296 


LIST   OF   MAPS 


Geological  Map,  Northern  Section 
„  Southern  Section 

Orographical  Map     . 
Botanical  Map. 
Pre-Historical  Map  . 
Anglo-Saxon  Map     . 
Domesday  Map 
Feudal  Baronage  Map 


PAGE 

between  xxviii,  I 

»    I*,  '3 
„    24,  25 

„   36,  37 

,,  2  I  O,  21  I 

»  256,257 

„  268,  269 

„  290,  29I 


xviii 


PREFACE 

THE  County  Palatine  of  Lancaster  presents  to  the  eye  of  the 
traveller  and  historian  alike  a  wide  diversity  of  characteristics, 
physical,  social,  and  industrial.  The  western  or  coastal 
region  is  flat,  or  very  slightly  undulating,  whilst  the  eastern 
and  northern  regions  consist  of  extensive  areas  of  moorland  and  fell, 
intersected  by  deep  and  once  secluded  valleys.  Inhabited  at  the  Con- 
quest by  a  sparse  population  mainly  dwelling  in  the  open  country, 
the  hills  and  pastoral  region  in  course  of  time  afforded  settlements  to  the 
gradually  increasing  population,  under  conditions  somewhat  removed 
from  the  old-established  village  communities  with  their  feudal  influences. 
Whilst  the  western  and  southern  regions  were  in  the  main  composed 
of  large  estates  held  by  knightly  families  and  their  dependent 
franklyns  or  freeholders,  the  eastern  and  northern  regions  consisted  of 
small  estates  painfully  improved  from  the  woods  and  hilly  wastes  by  the 
predecessors  of  the  small  yeomen  and  copyhold  tenants,  a  vigorous  and 
thrifty  race  of  men,  whose  rapid  disappearance  during  the  last  half- 
century  amounts  almost  to  a  grave  national  and  social  disaster.  From  the 
race  inhabiting  these  small  pastoral  estates  sprang  the  great  bulk  of  the 
spinners  and  weavers,  artisans  and  colliers,  who  have  done  so  much  to  give 
to  this  county  that  industrial  supremacy  which  has  long  distinguished  it 
in  common  with  the  neighbouring  county  of  York.  The  impetus  which 
led  to  the  result  was  largely  due  to  the  limited  application  of  labour 
required  upon  small  pastoral  estates,  whereby  the  leisure  time  of  the 
inhabitants  was  available  for  home  industries,  a  condition  which  did  not 
obtain  on  the  arable  lands  of  western  and  south-western  Lancashire.  A 
hardy  life,  an  invigorating  climate  and  surroundings,  engendered  industry, 
thrift,  and  inventiveness.  Wool,  the  raw  material  for  manufacture,  and 
water  power  for  the  fulling  mills  necessary  to  finish  the  woven  cloth, 
were  available  in  every  valley,  whilst  an  unlimited  supply  of  materials  for 
building  and  of  fuel  for  burning  engendered  amongst  the  people  a  love  of 
substantially  built  homesteads  and  homely  comforts. 

Trading  centres  naturally  sprang  up  in  such  places  as  Manchester, 
Liverpool,  Warrington,  Wigan,  Preston,  and  Lancaster,  due  to  their 
situation  upon  frequented  roads  giving  communication  between  the  west 
of  England  and  the  lowlands  of  Scotland  on  the  one  hand,  the  eastern 


PREFACE 

shires  and  Ireland  by  way  of  Chester,  Liverpool,  Formby,  Preston,  and 
Lancaster  on  the  other. 

Such  is  a  brief  outline  of  the  causes  and  conditions  which  have 
made  the  Lancashire  of  to-day.  To  give  some  account  of  the  race  of 
men  who  utilized  these  natural  conditions  for  the  development  of  their 
native  county,  and  of  the  gradual  growth  and  ultimate  result  of  their  work, 
is  one  of  the  main  purposes  of  this  history.  In  this  and  in  other  direc- 
tions the  design  and  scope  of  The  Victoria  County  Histories  differ  materially 
from  any  other  county  history  hitherto  published.  The  plan  of  execu- 
tion is  described  in  the  general  advertisement,  and  will  be  found  to 
embrace  natural  history  ;  pre-historic,  Roman,  and  Anglo-Saxon  remains  ; 
a  topographical  account  of  each  parish,  township,  and  manor  ;  chapters  on 
ecclesiastical  history,  architecture,  agriculture,  industries,  social  conditions, 
schools,  sport,  and  family  history.  In  dealing  with  the  wide  field  of 
learning,  the  services  of  specialists  in  the  various  branches  of  knowledge 
here  represented  have  been  secured,  with  the  object  of  placing  upon  record 
in  a  scientific  and  entirely  original  manner  as  much  matter  touching  local 
history  and  its  kindred  subjects  as  may  be  contained  in  a  work  of  limited  size 
and  cost.  The  chapters  on  pre-historic,  Roman,  and  Anglo-Saxon  remains 
are  admittedly  brief  and  fragmentary  ;  but  there  is,  unfortunately,  no  such 
interest  or  activity  of  research  in  these  directions  as  to  encourage  the 
hope  that  greater  light  may  be  thrown  locally  upon  these  periods  of 
history  within  the  era  of  the  present  generation.1  In  the  department  of 
natural  history  a  great  amount  of  work  has  been  and  is  being  done.8 

In  the  department  of  topography  only  one  important  history  of  the 
county  has  been  written.  In  1836  Edward  Baines,  M.P.  for  Leeds 
(1834— 1841),  published  A  History  of  the  County  Palatine  and  Duchy  of 
Lancaster  in  four  quarto  volumes,  a  work  which  since  then  has  been 
slightly  enlarged,  but  not  greatly  improved,  in  an  edition  edited  by  John 
Harland,  F.S.A.,  in  two  quarto  volumes  issued  in  1868-1870,  and 
another  edition  by  James  Croston,  F.S.A.,  in  five  quarto  volumes 
issued  in  1888—1893.  A  more  scholarly  work  dealing  with  a  portion 
of  north-east  Lancashire  is  The  History  of  the  original  Parish  of  Whalley  and 
Honor  of  Clitheroe  by  Thomas  Dunham  Whitaker,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  i8oi.s 
The  same  author  also  wrote  An  History  of  Richmondshire,  two  volumes, 
1823,  a  work  dealing  with  part  of  the  ancient  archdeaconry  of  Rich- 
mond, in  which  were  formerly  included  the  Lancashire  hundreds  of 
Lonsdale  and  Amounderness.  In  scope,  however,  this  work  can  hardly 
be  described  as  a  topographical  history,  consisting  merely  of  historical 
collections  illustrated  by  engravings  of  local  scenery  painted  by  Turner. 

Valuable  collections   of  historical   materials  in   the  history  of    the 

1  The  published  works  illustrating  this  department  are  The  History  of  Manchester,  by  the  Rev.  John 
Whitaker,  1771-5  ;  Roman  Lancashire,  by  W.  Thompson  Watkin,  1883. 

3  The  Natural  History  of  Lancashire,  Cheshire,  and  the  Peak  in  Derbyshire,  by  Charles  Leigh,  Doctor 
of  Physick,  1700. 

8  A  second  edition  was  issued  by  the  author  in  1806,  followed  by  a  third  edition  in  1818.  In 
1872  a  fourth  edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  was  edited  by  John  Gough  Nichols,  F.S.A.,  and  the 
Rev.  Ponsonby  A.  Lyons,  B.A. 


PREFACE 

county  were  made  by  Roger  Dodsworth1  (1585-1654),  Christopher 
Towneley8  (1604-1674),  Richard  Kuerden8  (1623-^  1690),  Randle 
Holme  (1627-1699),  and  his  son  Randle  Holme*  (died  1707),  and  the 
Rev.  F.  R.  Raines6  (1805-1878),  but  no  attempt  has  hitherto  been  made 
to  utilize  these  collections  for  the  history  of  the  county.  During  the  last 
twenty  years  transcripts  of  charters  from  these  collections  and  of  a  great 
part  of  the  Duchy  and  Palatinate  of  Lancaster  records  have  been  made, 
these  being  supplemented  by  abstracts  of  many  records  of  the  Crown,  and 
of  documents  in  museums,  public  libraries,  and  in  private  hands. 

In  the  department  of  printed  works  the  volumes  of  the  Chetham 
Society,  the  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  Record  Society,  the  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  Antiquarian  Society,  and  the  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire  contain  a  vast  amount  of  original  material,  which  in  the 
main  has  been  critically  and  carefully  edited. 

By  utilizing  a  selected  portion  of  this  mass  of  material  it  will  be 
possible  to  give  a  succinct  and  precise  account  of  each  parish  and  town- 
ship with  the  descent  of  each  manor  and  large  estate  from  the  earliest 
time  to  the  present  day.  Four  or  five  volumes  will  be  devoted  to  this 
department  of  history,  the  remaining  subjects  being  dealt  with  in 
volumes  i,  ii,  and  vii. 

The  editors  are  under  great  obligations  to  Mr.  Edmund  Dickson, 
F.G.S.,  Mr.  Harper  Gaythorpe,  F.S.A.  (Scot.),  and  Mr.  H.  Murray 
for  information  in  the  department  of  Natural  History  and  Mr.  W.  E. 
Gregson,  Mr.  W.  F.  Irvine,  Mr.  R.  D.  Radcliffe,  Mr.  J.  P.  Rylands, 
Mr.  C.  W.  Sutton,  and  other  members  of  the  Lancashire  Committee 
for  their  active  and  friendly  services. 

They  also  wish  to  express  their  thanks  to  Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B., 
Col.  Fishwick,  F.S.A.,  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  and  the  Society 
of  Antiquaries  for  the  use  of  blocks,  and  to  the  British  Numismatic 
Society,  and  Mr.  P.  W.  P.  Carlyon-Britton,  F.S.A.,  for  the  loan  of  a 
series  of  casts  of  the  coins  found  in  the  Cuerdale  hoard. 

1  In  the  Bodleian  Library,  Oxford.  For  material  relating  to  this  county  the  most  important 
volumes  are  Nos.  xxxix,  liii,  Iviii,  Ixi,  Ixii,  Ixx,  Ixxxvii,  cxxxi,  cxlii,  cxlix,  cliii. 

8  The  greater  part  of  these  MSS.  was  dispersed  at  the  Towneley  Hall  sale  in  1883.  Twenty 
volumes  of  transcripts  of  charters  were  acquired  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum  ;  the  most 
important  being  Add.  MSS.  Nos.  32,103,  32,104  (B.B.),  32,105  (C.T.),  32,106  (E.E.,  F.F.),  32,107 
(G.G.),  32,108  (R.R.).  A  dozen  volumes  are  in  the  possession  of  William  Farrer,  the  most  important 
being  those  marked  by  Chr.  Towneley  D.D.,  H.H.,  and  O.O.  Eighteen  volumes  were  acquired  by 
the  Feoffees  of  Chetham's  Library,  the  most  important  volumes  being  C.  8-13  (A-Y),  C.  8-14  (C.C.), 
C.  8-7  (P.P.,  W.W.). 

8  Six  volumes  are  preserved  in  the  College  of  Arms,  one  volume  is  in  the  British  Museum,  Harl. 
MSS.,  No.  7,386,  and  two  volumes  are  in  Chetham's  Library.  These  MSS.  consist  of  brief  abstracts 
made  from  original  documents,  mostly  charters,  and  of  abstracts  of  Chr.  Towneley's  MSS.  The 
caligraphy  and  the  paper  and  ink  used  by  the  compiler  render  the  deciphering  of  these  MSS.  a  work  of 
great  difficulty. 

4  Preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  the  most  important  volumes  being  Harleian  MSS.,  Nos.  2,042, 
2,063,  2,077,  2,085,  and  2,112. 

'&  These  consist  of  forty-five  volumes  of  Lancashire  MSS.,  and  are  preserved  in  Chetham's  Library 


TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Abbrev.  Plac.  (Rec. 

Abbreviatio  Placitorum  (Re- 

Chartul   

Chartulary 

Com.) 

cord  Commission) 

Chas  

Charles 

Acts  of  P.C.     .     . 

Acts  of  Privy  Council 

Ches  

Cheshire 

Add  

Additional 

Chest  

Chester 

Add.  Chart.      .     . 

Additional  Charters 

Ch.    Gds.    lExch. 

Church    Goods    (Exchequer 

Admir  
Agarde    .... 

Admiralty 
Agarde's  Indices 

K.R.) 
Chich  

King's  Remembrancer) 
Chichester 

Anct.  Corresp.  .     . 
Anct.  D.  (P.R.O.) 

Ancient  Correspondence 
Ancient  Deeds(Public  Record 

Chron  
Close      .... 

Chronicle,  Chronica,  etc. 
Close  Roll 

A  2420 

Office)  A  2420 

Co  

County 

Ann.  Mon.  .     .     . 

Annales  Monastic! 

Colch  

Colchester 

Antiq  

Antiquarian  or  Antiquaries 

Coll  

Collections 

App  

Appendix 

Com  

Commission 

Arch  

Archaeologia  or  Archaeological 

Com.  Pleas       .     . 

Common  Pleas 

Arch.  Cant.      .     . 

Archaeologia  Cantiana 

Conf.  R.      .     .     . 

Confirmation  Rolls 

Archd.  Rec.      .     . 

Archdeacons'  Records 

Co.  Plac.     .     .     . 

County  Placita 

Archit  

Architectural 

Cornw  

Cornwall 

Assize  R.     .     .     . 

Assize  Rolls 

Corp  

Corporation 

Aud.  Off.     .     .     . 

Audit  Office 

Cott  

Cotton  or  Cottonian 

Aug.  Off.     .     .     . 

Augmentation  Office 

Ct.  R  

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brensis,  etc. 

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bridge 

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(Rec. Com.) 

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tificates    of   Colleges    and 

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Exch.  L.T.R.   .     . 

brancer 
Exchequer  Lord  Treasurer's 

III.  pt.  i.  No.  10 

part  i.  Number  10 

Remembrancer 

TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Exch.  of  Pleas,  Plea 
R. 

Exchequer  of  Pleas,  Plea  Roll 

Memo.  R.    .     .     . 
Mich  

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sions 

Midd  

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Middlesex 
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K.R.,    Exch. 

chequer    King's    Remem- 

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Wards) 
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Wards) 
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Wards) 
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Wards) 
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T.R.   or  Aug. 
Off.) 

Mon  
Monm  
Mun  

brancer,   Exchequer  Trea- 
sury of  Receipt  or  Aug- 
mentation Office) 
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fol  

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etc. 

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ham 

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Page 

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Palmer's  Ind.    .     . 
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bury 

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pu:l 

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rail.        . 
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cord  Commission) 

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Proc  
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pt  

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m  

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TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Roff.       .... 

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cal 

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Ser  

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Soc  
Soc.  Antiq.  . 

Society 
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Com.) 
Vet.  Mon.  .     .     , 

Commission) 
,     Vetusta  Monumenta 

Somers  
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Somerset 
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V.C.H  

Vic  

,     Victoria  County  History 
Victoria 

S.P.  Dom.   .     .     . 

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vol  

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Staff.       .... 

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Stat  

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Warw.    .     .     . 

.     Warwickshire  or  Warwick 

Steph  
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Stephen 
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Westm.  ... 
Westmld.      .     . 
Will.       .      .     . 

.     Westminster 
.     Westmorland 
.     William 

Surr  
Suss 

Surrey 
Sussex 

Wilts       .     .     . 
Winton.       .      . 

.     Wiltshire 
.     Winchester  diocese 

Surv.'of  Ch.  Liv- 

Surveys of  Church  Livings 

Wore.     .      .     . 

.     Worcestershire  or  Worcester 

ings  (Lamb.)  or 

(Lambeth)  or  (Chancery) 

(Chan.) 

Yorks      .     .     . 

.     Yorkshire 

A   HISTORY  OF 
LANCASHIRE 


HISTOKY  OK  LANCASHIRE 


GEOLOGICAL    M  > 


-    NORTHERN    SECTION 


K.XI'I., \NATION     OK    rill.OI'ltINt; 
MM,       S3*~»*"" 


JKwwurx 
Ml 

;-,±;;:'?D/iM"<"" 


"""'iw^f  ;  ' '        .'.••-.. - '.<.?•- 


GEOLOGY 


THE  Geology  of  Lancashire  is  of  such  a  character  that  probably  no 
other  county  in  England  can  so  well  show  the  mercantile  develop- 
ment due  to  its  mineral  wealth.  The  Furness  and  Ulverston 
districts  with  their  rich  deposits  of  haematite  have  furnished  an 
abundance  of  iron  ore,  and  the  rich  Coal  measures  which  cover  a  large 
portion  of  the  county  have  alone  rendered  possible  the  creation  of  huge 
manufacturing  towns  crowded  with  factories  and  workshops,  whilst  the  low 
Triassic  plains,  with  overlying  superficial  deposits,  which  form  the  seaboard 
from  Liverpool  to  Fleetwood  yield  a  soil  well  adapted  for  agriculture.  The 
Carboniferous  Limestone  and  Millstone  Grit  are  admirably  fitted  for  road- 
making  and  building  purposes,  and  many  of  the  shales  and  under-clays  asso- 
ciated everywhere  with  the  coal,  and  the  thick  layers  of  boulder  clay,  are 
equally  useful  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks  and  coarse  pottery.  Many  of  the 
large  towns  are  crowded  so  closely  together  as  to  be  practically  continuous, 
and  it  is  no  fanciful  figure  of  speech  to  say  that  at  least  the  southern  half 
of  Lancashire  is  one  great  workshop. 

The  general  sequence  of  formations  is  as  follows  : — 

Blown  Sand 

Alluvium    . 

Glacial  Drift       .         .     Boulder  Clay  and  Sands. 

_.  .  f  Keuper  Marls  and  Sandstone. 

1  nas          '          '          '      t  Bunter  Sandstone  and  Pebble  Beds. 

n       .  f  Sandstones,  Marls,  and  thin  Limestones. 

Permian     .          .          .      j  Magnesian  Limestone. 

TCoal  Measures. 
Carboniferous      .          .     -<  Millstone  Grit. 

[_  Mountain  Limestone  Series. 

("Bannisdale  Flags. 
Silurian       .          .  •<  Coniston  Grits  and  Flags. 

LStockdale  Shales. 

r  Coniston  Limestone  Series. 
Ordovician  .          .     <  Borrowdale  Volcanic  Series. 

|_Skiddaw  Slates  (in  part  Cambrian  ?). 

PALMOZ01C 

The  only  exposures  or  the  older  Palaeozoic  rocks  (Ordovician  and  Silurian)  in  Lancashire  are 
limited  to  the  Ulverston,  Coniston,  and  Cartmel  area,  which  is  geographically  a  part  of  the  Lake 
District.  They  consist  of  a  small  patch  of  Skiddaw  Slates,  the  Borrowdale  Volcanic  series,  and 
the  Coniston  Limestones  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ireleth,  and  a  much  larger  northern  area 
covered  by  the  Stockdale  Shales,  Coniston  Flags  and  Grits,  and  the  Bannisdale  Flags. 

ORDOVICIAN 

SKIDDAW    SLATES 

The  Skiddaw  Slates,  which  occupy  a  considerable  area  in  the  adjacent  county  of  Cumberland, 
consist  of  from  10,000  to  12,000  feet  of  dark  grey  slates,  mudstones,  and  grits,  which  have 
undergone  so  much  alteration  since  they  were  deposited  that  the  task  of  determining  their  genera) 

i  I 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

sequence  and  stratigraphical  position  has  proved  a  most  difficult  one.  At  one  time  they  extended 
much  farther  to  the  south-west,  as  a  great  part  of  the  northern  portion  of  the  Isle  of  Man  is  made 
up  of  them.  The  Skiddaw  Slates  are,  as  a  rule,  unfossiliferous,  although  some  of  the  less  altered 
beds  have  yielded  a  fauna  sufficiently  distinctive  to  determine  their  true  position.  The  most  abundant 
organic  remains  are  those  of  graptolites,  of  which  59  species  are  known.  Other  forms  are  brachio- 
pods,  such  as  Lingula  brevis,  genera  of  trilobites  belonging  to  /Eglina,  Agnostus,  and  dsapkus,  small 
crustaceans  known  as  Caryocaris,  and  doubtful  remains  of  plants.  Miss  G.  L.  Elles,  who  has  made 
a  special  study  of  the  Skiddaw  Slates,1  is  of  opinion  that  the  fauna  is  in  the  main  of  Arenig  age,  but 
that  certain  of  the  beds  belong  to  lower  and  higher  horizons. 

BORROWDALE  VOLCANIC  SERIES 

Towards  the  close  of  the  Skiddaw  Slate  period  the  Lake  District  became  a  centre  of  great 
volcanic  activity,  showers  of  ashes  and  streams  of  lava  being  thrown  out  intermittently,  and  alter- 
nating for  a  while  with  the  sediments  then  forming  on  the  sea  floor.  Eventually  the  only 
accumulations  taking  place  were  those  derived  from  the  volcanoes,  one  or  more  of  the  latter  rising 
above  the  sea-level  into  enormous  mountains.  The  total  thickness  of  lavas  and  ashes  has  been 
estimated  at  about  1  2,000  feet.  They  overspread  a  great  portion  of  the  Lake  District,  which  owes 
most  of  its  wild,  rugged  and  mountainous  character  to  them. 

The  Borrowdale  Volcanic  Series  crosses  the  Lancashire  border  on  its  north-western  side,  and 
occupies  a  north-east  and  south-west  strip  of  ground  some  sixteen  miles  in  length  and  four  miles  in 
breadth  at  the  widest  point,  lying  between  the  boundary  and  a  line  drawn  from  the  northern  end 
of  Lake  Windermere  to  Broughton-in-Furness.  This  area  presents  all  the  characteristic  features  of 
the  Lake  District,  and  is  very  mountainous,  the  chief  elevations  being  Dunnerdale,  Coniston  Old 
Man  and  Grey  Friars.  Most  of  the  earlier  lavas  poured  out  during  the  Borrowdale  Volcanic 
period  were  andesitic  in  character,  whilst  towards  the  close  they  assumed  the  condition  of  rhyolitic 
felsites.  Many  of  the  fine  ash  beds  have  undergone  cleavage,  and  are  now  quarried  for  roofing 
slates.  Near  Coniston,  ores  of  copper  and  iron  occur  in  the  beds,  and  mining  of  the  former  was 
carried  on  for  many  years. 

THE  CONISTON  LIMESTONE  SERIES 

This  series  represents  the  upper  limit  of  the  Ordovician  in  North  Lancashire,  and  has  been 
classified  by  Dr.  J.  E.  Marr  as  follows  :  — 


AshgiU  G™P     .         .  , 

p,     .  (  Applethwaite  Beds,  100  feet. 

Coniston    )  \  Conglomerate,             10  feet. 

Limestone  >  Sleddale  Group    .          .     <  0  -i    T?  j  u  j 

c    .              I  j  Stile  End  Beds,           50  feet. 

(  with  Yarlside  Rhyolites  above. 
Roman  Fell  Group       .          Corona  Beds,  100  feet. 

The  series  is  generally  accepted  as  the  equivalent  of  a  part  of  the  Bala  Beds  of  Wales,  the 
remaining  part  of  the  Bala  Beds  and  the  Llandeilo  being  represented  by  the  Borrowdale  Series, 
whilst  the  Skiddaw  Slates  are,  without  doubt,  in  part  of  Arenig  age,  and  may  also  in  part  correspond 
to  the  Tremadoc  Slates  and  Lingula  Flags. 

On  the  Lancashire  border,  the  Coniston  Limestone  Series  does  not  seem  to  attain  a  greater 
thickness  than  300  to  500  feet,  and  only  the  upper  members  are  represented,  namely,  the  Apple- 
thwaite Beds,  Staurocephalus  Limestone,  and  Ashgill  Shales. 

The  Applethwaite  series  consists  of  very  fossiliferous  calcareous  shales  and  limestones,  with  a 
white  horny  limestone  at  the  top  of  the  series,  which  in  Dr.  Marr's  opinion  is  the  equivalent  of  the 
Keisley  Limestone.  At  Ireleth  the  beds  rest  on  the  Borrowdale  rocks,  whilst  they  can  also  be 
traced  from  the  mouth  of  the  Duddon  northwards  to  near  Ambleside.  Good  exposures  of  the 
Coniston  Limestone  Series  are  seen  near  Sunny  Brow  on  the  west  of  Windermere,  and  on  the  high 
moorland  to  the  south-west  of  Coniston  Water,  the  Applethwaite  beds  being  especially  fossiliferous. 
Dr.  Marr,  who  has  given  considerable  attention  to  these  beds,  states  that  the  best  section  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  series  is  shown  at  High  Pike  Haw,  near  the  head  of  Appletreeworth  Beck,  whilst 
the  upper  portion  is  excellently  displayed  in  Ashgill  Quarry. 

The  Ashgill  Shales.  —  These  consist  of  grey  and  green  calcareous  shales  with  limestone,  and  have 
a  variable  thickness.  They  are  well  developed  at  Ashgill  ;  at  Rebecca  Hill  quarry,  north  of 
Dalton  in  Furness  ;  near  Coniston,  and  at  various  places  in  Westmorland. 

1  Quart.  Jaunt.  Geol.  Soc.  liv.  463  (1898). 
2 


GEOLOGY 

LIFE  DURING  ORDOVICIAN  TIMES 

The  abundant  graptolite  fauna  of  the  Skiddaw  Slates  has  been  well  worked  out  by  Miss  G.  L. 
Elles,  and  her  general  conclusions  have  been  already  mentioned.  It  must  not  be  supposed,  however, 
that  the  whole  of  the  fauna  of  these  beds  has  been  fully  determined,  as  such  is  hardly  likely  to  be 
the  case  for  a  long  time  to  come  owing  to  the  great  changes  which  have  taken  place  in  the  character 
of  the  beds  since  they  were  deposited.  Strong  cleavages  have  been  induced  sufficient  to  convert  the 
mudstones  into  slates,  and  the  beds  have  also  been  invaded  by  intrusive  rocks  and  much  altered  by 
contact-metamorphism.  Before  the  close  of  the  Skiddaw  Slate  period  the  volcanic  eruptions  which 
were  to  give  rise  to  the  overlying  Borrowdale  Volcanic  Series  had  commenced,  so  that  thick  ash  beds 
and  lava  flows  alternated  with  the  last  phases  of  marine  sedimentation.  Many  of  the  ash-beds  have 
undergone  a  later  cleavage  development,  and  are  at  times  almost  indistinguishable  from  the  true 
slates. 

The  Coniston  Limestone  series  has  yielded  a  large  number  of  fossils  peculiar  to  the  Bala  Beds 
of  North  Wales.  Amongst  these  are  several  corals,  including  Monticulipora  (Favosites)  fibrosa  and 
Heliolites  interstinctus.  Brachiopods  are  especially  distinctive,  and  include  such  well-known  forms  as 
Orthis  calligramma,  0.  porcata,  0.  e/egantula,  Leptcena  sericea,  and  L.  (Strophomend)  rhomboidalis. 

The  Ashgill  Shales  are  characterised  by  the  trilobites,  Trinucleus  concentricus,  Phacops  mucronatus, 
and  P.  apicu/atus,  together  with  species  of  Orthis  and  Strophomena. 

A  very  complete  list  of  fossils  from  various  horizons  is  given  in  Dr.  Marr's  paper  on  the 
Coniston  Limestone  Series.1 

It  is  needful  to  remember  that  the  Ordovician  strata  of  the  English  Lake  District  and  North 
Lancashire  are  the  equivalents  of  the  vast  mass  of  slates,  grits,  and  limestones  which  in  North 
Wales  form  the  Arenig,  Llandeilo,  and  Bala  groups,  and  that  it  is  also  quite  possible  that  the  lower 
portion  of  the  Skiddaw  Slates  may  prove  of  Cambrian  age  and  to  belong  to  the  Tremadoc  or  Lingula 
Flag  series. 

SILURIAN 

Rocks  of  Silurian  age  form  a  broad  fringe  to  the  south  of  the  Borrowdale  Volcanic  Series  in  the 
Lake  District,  the  Ordovician  beds  already  considered  forming  but  a  narrow  ribbon  between  them. 
Almost  the  whole  of  North  Lancashire  north  of  a  line  drawn  from  Lindale  and  Ayside  to  Cartmel, 
Ulverston,  and  the  Duddon  is  occupied  by  these  rocks,  and  they  stretch  across  the  eastern  half  of 
Cumberland  to  Yorkshire. 

The  series  consists  of  shales  or  mudstones,  flags  and  grits  which  reach  a  thickness  of  between 
14,000  and  15,000  feet.  They  have  been  divided  as  follows: — 

Kirkby  Moor  Flags 2,000  feet 

Bannisdale  Flags 5>2O°    » 

Upper  ( Coniston  Grits  and  Flags  ....     4,000    „ 

Coniston      •]  „      ,  ,  ,    „,    ,         f  Browgill  Beds 

Group  (Stockdale  Shales     {  Graptolitic  Mudstones  .     200-450 

Basement  Bed 

The  Basement  Bed  which  at  Austwick  possesses  the  character  of  a  calcareous  conglomerate, 
rests  unconformably  upon  the  upper  members  of  the  Ordovician  series,2  or,  as  near  Souththwaite, 
upon  a  series  of  slates  with  gritty  bands,  which  pass  into  rocks  sometimes  called  ash-beds.  Below  the 
latter  are  flaggy  slates  passing  down  into  the  Coniston  Limestone.  At  Skelgill  and  Pullbeck,  near 
Ambleside,  the  place  of  the  conglomerate  is  taken  by  grit  bands  and  calcareous  beds,  whilst  in  other 
places  it  seems  to  be  absent.  A  marked  unconformity  separates  the  basement  beds  from  the  under- 
lying Ordovician,  and  this  is  also  accompanied  by  a  marked  Silurian  fauna  in  the  upper  beds. 

STOCKDALE  SHALES 

These  consist  of  blue  mudstones  and  calcareous  and  graptolitic  shales,  which  are  divided  into — 
Browgill  Beds  and 
Graptolitic  Mudstones. 

The  Graptolitic  Mudstones  are  of  great  interest  notwithstanding  the  thinness  of   the  beds, 
owing  to  the  prevalence  of  graptolites.      The  dark  shales  or  mudstones  are  especially  prolific  in 
species  of  graptolites,  the  chief  zones  being  in  descending  order  as  follows  : — 
Monograptus  spinigerus  Monograptm  argenteus 

„  Clingani  „  fimbriatus 

convolutus  Dimorphograptus  confertus 

i  Geol.  Mag.,  Dec.  iii.  (1892),  ix.  108-1 10.  2  T.  McK.  Hughes,  Geol.  Mag.,  iv.  352  (1867). 

3 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  lower  zone  lies  in  calcareous  shales.  Numerous  other  genera  and  species  occur,  amongst 
them  being  Rastrites  peregrinus,  Diplograptus  Hughesiiy  Climacograptus  normalis,  etc.  Crustacea  are 
represented  by  trilobites  such  as  Addaspis,  Praetus,  Harpes,  Pbacops,  Encrinurus,  etc.  ;  brachiopods  by 
Leptesna  quinquecostata  and  Atrypa  flexuosa  ;  cephalopods  by  Orthoceras. 

Dr.  J.  E.  Marr,  when  discussing  the  general  facies  of  these  beds,1  drew  attention  to  the  fact 
that  the  dominant  forms  were  almost  all  Silurian,  and  indicated  a  relation  to  the  May  Hill  beds  of 
Wales.  A  similar  conclusion  has  been  reached  by  other  observers,  and  the  beds  together  with  the 
overlying  Browgill  or  Pale  Shales  series  are  now  classed  as  equivalents  of  the  Llandovery  Group. 

The  Browgill  beds,  which  are  frequently  termed  the  Pale  Shales,  are  very  similar  to  certain 
beds  associated  with  the  Graptolitic  Mudstones.  They  have  a  thickness  of  about  1 30  feet,  and  have 
yielded  graptolites  and  brachiopods,  examples  of  Monograptus  lobiferus  having  been  found  in  them  on 
Applethwaite  Common,  and  Stricklandinia  lirata  in  the  Pale  Shales  of  Rebecca  Hill  near  Ulverston. 

CONISTON  GRITS  AND  FLAGS 

Coniston  Flags. — The  Coniston  Flags,  which  have  a  great  thickness  and  are  well  exposed  in  the 
Coldwell  and  Brathay  quarries,  about  two  miles  south-west  of  Ambleside,  consist  of  finely  laminated 
blue  flags,  overlaid  by  three  series  of  flaggy  and  calcareous  grits.  Dr.  Marr  divides  them  as  follows: — 

(   Upper 

Coldwell  Beds  .     J    Middle 

I    Lower 

Brathay  Flags. — The  Brathay  Flags  are  of  fine  texture,  and  cleave  readily,  and  make  up  about 
a  third  of  the  total  thickness.  They  are  sparingly  fossiliferous,  and  have  yielded  Favosites  asperat 
Monograptus  priodon,  RetioKtes  Geinitzianus,  and  a  few  other  forms,  chiefly  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Stockdale. 

The  Coldwell  Beds  are  made  up  of  basal  coarse  grey  grits,  middle  calcareous  flaggy  grits  of  a 
blue  colour  and  fairly  fossiliferous,  and  an  upper  series  of  blue  to  grey  gritty  flags,  which  exceed  in 
thickness  the  middle  and  lower  beds  and  Brathay  Flags  combined. 

The  Upper  Coldwell  beds  are  well  seen  in  a  quarry  200  yards  south  of  the  Coldwell  quarry. 
The  numerous  fossils  obtained  from  the  Middle  and  Upper  series  include  the  corals,  Petraia,  and 
Favosites  fibrosa  ;  a  trilobite,  Phacops  obtusicaudatus  ;  brachiopods  such  as  Ortbis  and  Strophomena, 
cephalopoda,  amongst  which  are  six  species  of  Orthoceras,  and  malacostraca  ;  Ceratiocaris  and  Peltocaris 
being  found  in  the  upper  beds  at  Troutbeck  and  Rebecca  Hill.  The  Brathay  Flags  are  of  Wenlock 
Group  age,  whilst  the  Coldwell  Beds  correspond  to  the  lower  portion  of  the  Lower  Ludlow  Group. 

Coniston  Grits. — These  beds  have  a  thickness  of  from  4,000  to  4,200  feet  and  consist  of  flags 
and  felspathic  grits.  In  the  Sedbergh  district  they  have  yielded  a  suite  of  fossils  which  show  them 
to  be  closely  related  to  the  Coniston  Flags  below,  the  grits  and  flags  together  corresponding  to  the 
whole  of  the  Lower  Ludlow  Group  of  Shropshire  and  Wales. 

BANNISDALE  FLAGS 

This  series  of  beds,  which  attains  a  thickness  of  over  5,000  feet  in  the  adjoining  counties  of 
Westmorland  and  Cumberland,  consists  of  slates,  grits  and  flags.  Their  representatives  in  the 
Lancashire  area  are  to  be  found  in  the  Upper  Ireleth  Slate  group  described  by  Sedgwick  in  1 846, 
who  showed  that  they  could  be  traced  along  the  line  of  strike  by  Coniston  Water  and  Windermere  to 
Long  Sleddale  and  Bannisdale  Foot.  The  great  slate  quarries  at  Ireleth  are  opened  in  these  rocks. 

KIRKBY  MOOR  FLAGS 
This  group  overlies  the  Bannisdale  series  beyond  the  Lancashire  border  on  the  north-east. 

OLD    RED    SANDSTONE 

Between  the  uppermost  members  of  the  Silurian  in  Lancashire  which  we  have  now  dealt  with, 
and  the  Carboniferous,  there  intervenes  the-  Old  Red  Sandstone,  a  great  deposit  of  red  and  grey 
sandstone,  and  flagstones,  with  conglomerates  and  shales.  Although  representatives  of  this  system 
occur  in  adjacent  counties,  there  is  yet  no  evidence  of  its  occurrence  within  the  county  beneath  the 
Carboniferous  Limestone.  As,  however,  the  Upper  Old  Red  conglomerate  underlies  the  Car- 
boniferous Limestone  in  Cumberland,  it  is  possible  that  if  the  base  of  the  latter  was  exposed  in 
Lancashire,  we  should  also  find  the  conglomerate  beneath  it.  The  conditions  which  existed  in 

1 '  On  Some  Well-defined  Life-zones  in  the  Lower  Part  of  the  Silurian  (Sedgwick)  of  the  Lake  District,' 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sac.  (1878),  xxxiv.  879. 

4 


GEOLOGY 

Old  Red  Sandstone  times  were  a  natural  prelude  to  those  which  brought  about  the  formation  of  the 
limestone  and  limestone-shale  of  the  Lower  Carboniferous  Series,  and  it  is  therefore  necessary  to  a 
full  knowledge  of  the  latter  that  the  main  facts  be  at  least  outlined. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  to  show  that  a  prolonged  period  elapsed  after  the  formation  of  the 
Silurian,  during  which  the  deposits  of  the  latter  were  subjected  to  considerable  change  and 
denudation.  Only  after  prolonged  erosion  of  their  upturned  edges,  which  formed  part  of  a  land 
surface,  did  a  period  of  subsidence  set  in,  and  a  series  of  depressions  form,  within  which  the  red 
sandstones,  shales,  and  conglomerates  of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  were  deposited.  The  character  of 
these  deposits  clearly  shows  that  they  must  have  been  accumulated  not  far  from  land,  and  the  accepted 
belief  is  that  the  areas  of  subsidence,  whilst  in  all  probability  connected  with  the  sea  at  first,  gradually 
became  inland  waters,  passing  in  fact  from  a  marine  to  a  lacustrine  condition. 

The  extensive  development  of  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  deposits  indicates  also  that  a  large 
continental  tract  must  have  existed  around  the  areas  of  sedimentation  from  which  the  material  was 
derived.  The  sandstone  and  conglomerates  formed  at  the  close  of  that  period  gradually  gave  place 
to  calcareous  muds  and  limestones,  the  latter  showing  that  after  a  period  of  rest  a  slow  and  wide- 
spread period  of  depression  had  again  set  in.  As  subsidence  went  on  the  Old  Red  Sandstone  lakes 
became  once  more  merged  into  the  sea,  and  as  the  movement  continued  the  continental  land  surface 
also  sank  beneath  the  water,  until  marine  conditions  were  established  over  almost  the  whole  of 
England,  Wales,  and  Ireland,  and  the  southern  half  of  Scotland,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  island 
masses,  one  of  which  stretched  from  Leicestershire  into  Wales,  occupying  what  is  now  St.  George's 
Channel,  and  striking  northward  to  the  North  of  Ireland  and  the  western  coast  of  Scotland.  As  the 
sea  area  increased,  beds  of  silt  and  mud  took  the  place  of  pebbles  and  sand  banks,  to  be  overlaid  in 
turn  by  purely  marine  deposits. 

CARBONIFEROUS 

The  thick  limestone  beds  which  were  gradually  accumulated  over  the  sea  floor  show  that  the 
water  was  clear  and  fairly  destitute  of  material  derived  from  the  land.  That  these  marine  con- 
ditions were  permanent  for  a  long  time  is  shown  by  the  thickness  of  the  Carboniferous  Limestone, 
which  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Clitheroe  has  been  estimated  at  over  3,000  feet,  without  the  base 
being  seen.  The  waters  of  the  carboniferous  sea  were  tenanted  with  an  abundant  marine  fauna, 
crinoids  and  corals  predominating,  the  former  to  such  an  extent  that  great  thicknesses  of  rock  were 
built  up  almost  entirely  of  the  broken-up  and  commingled  stems.  Limestones  of  this  character  are 
well  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Clitheroe,  Whalley,  and  Whitewell,  and  also  at  the  Salt  Hill 
quarries.  The  corals  grew  either  singly  or  in  colonies,  the  latter  often  covering  large  areas  with  a 
thick  layer  of  one  species  only.  This  was  especially  the  case  with  forms  like  Lithostrotion,  Syringopora,  etc. 

Brachiopods  and  pelecypods  were  well  represented,  and  abundant  evidence  is  furnished  of 
shark-like  fishes  by  the  presence  of  teeth,  spines,  and  scales.  The  boundaries  of  the  Carboniferous 
sea  are  indicated  by  the  intercalation  of  beds  of  mud  and  sand  around  the  edges  of  the  massive  lime- 
stone, and  by  a  thinning  of  the  latter.  It  is  by  the  careful  mapping  of  these  estuarine  and  littoral 
deposits  that  it  has  been  possible  to  determine  the  main  outlines  of  the  sea  area. 

The  formation  of  the  thick  limestone  gradually  began  to  fill  up  the  sea-floor,  and  the  materials 
brought  to  the  sea  margin  by  rivers,  or  derived  from  the  eroded  coastlines  of  the  land,  were  carried 
farther  and  farther  out  until  muddy  and  detrital  deposits  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  the  sea- 
floor,  and  the  formation  of  the  Pendleside  Group  ('  Yoredale  Series  ')*  began.  The  filling  up  still 
continued  until  large  areas  of  the  sea  were  cut  off  wholly  or  partially  from  the  rest,  and  by  the 
constant  discharge  into  these  of  river  waters  marine  conditions  gave  place  to  brackish,  and  the 
latter  to  fresh  water,  until,  by  the  accumulation  of  sand  and  silt,  the  Millstone  Grit  Series  was 
formed.  At  times,  shallowing  of  the  enclosed  areas  proceeded  so  far  that  vegetation  extended 
from  the  land  over  the  muds  and  sands,  so  giving  rise  to  the  thin  coal  seams  occasionally  found  in 
the  Millstone  Grits.  Subsidence  still  continued,  but  irregularly,  so  that  a  prolonged  period  of  rest 
resulted  in  some  lagoons  becoming  filled  up  and  overgrown  by  coal  forests,  whilst  very  slow  subsi- 
dence, and  the  continuance  of  shallow  conditions,  permitted  the  deposition  of  inshore  materials, 
such  as  coarse  sands,  to  be  overlaid  in  turn  by  fine  muds,  when  a  greater  subsidence  caused  the  shore 
line  to  recede,  and  only  finer  water-borne  material  to  be  carried  so  far  out.  In  this  way  arose  the 
alternation  of  sandstones,  grits,  shales,  and  coals  which  make  up  the  Lower  Coal  Measures. 

The  same  process  of  subsidence  followed  by  periods  of  rest  brought  about  the  formation  of  the 
Middle  Coal  Measures,  only  in  this  case,  the  land-derived  waste  was  mainly  deposited  in  the  form 
of  fine  mud,  probably  owing  to  the  general  level  of  the  land  from  which  it  was  derived  being  so 
low  that  only  the  finer  material  could  be  carried  in  suspension  by  rivers.  The  existence  of  a  low 

1  The  name  •  Pendleside  Group'  is  here  used  in  preference  to  '  Yoredale  Series,'  as  the  latter  division  at  the 
typical  locality  in  Wensleydale  is  considered  to  be  on  a  lower  horizon  and  equivalent  to  the  upper  portion  of 
the  Carboniferous  Limestone.  Hind  and  Howe,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  1901,  Ivii.  376. 

5 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

land  surface  with  sluggish  rivers  would  thus  account  for  the  greater   prevalence  of  shales  and  the 
feeble  development  of  sandstones  which  mark  the  Middle  Coal  Measures. 

Similarly  it  has  been  held  that  the  great  development  of  grits  and  sandstones  which  form  the 
Millstone  Grit  can  only  be  accounted  for  by  a  general  and  rapid  upheaval  of  the  land  surface  at  the 
close  of  the  Pendleside  period,  by  means  of  which  rivers  acquired  greater  velocity  and  destructive 
power,  and  were  thus  able  to  carry  heavy  loads  of  sand  and  pebbles  from  the  land  into  the  sea. 

The  former  wide  extension  of  the  Coal  Measures  over  England,  and  their  development  over 
many  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  point  unmistakably  to  the  existence  of  vast  tracts  of 
alluvial  land  at  this  time,  and  these  in  turn  were  probably  but  the  maritime  plains  of  a  huge 
continent  whose  inland  surface  was  very  mountainous,  watered  by  a  heavy  rainfall,  and  drained  by 
mighty  rivers. 

The  Upper  Coal  Measures,  best  seen  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Manchester  and  along  the 
southern  borders  of  the  Lancashire  coalfield,  differ  markedly  from  the  rest  of  the  Carboniferous 
series  in  being  made  up  mostly  of  red,  green,  and  purple  shales  and  clays,  with  thin  limestones  and 
sandstones.  Coal  seams  only  occur  in  the  lower  portion.  The  character  of  these  deposits  seems  to 
indicate  that  the  conditions  we  have  already  described  were  followed  by  the  formation  of  freshwater 
lakes  cut  off  from  the  sea  and  subject  to  evaporation.  The  limestones  are  such  as  would  be  formed 
by  precipitation,  whilst  the  prevalence  of  ferric  oxide  would  seem  to  show  that  it  was  deposited  as 
the  sediments  were  formed,  every  grain  being  coated  with  it,  a  circumstance  hardly  likely  to  occur 
in  sea-water  or  where  the  sea  had  access.  As  is  evidenced  to-day  in  many  parts  of  the  world, 
landlocked  waters  subject  to  evaporation  are  but  little  fitted  to  support  life,  and  the  deposits  formed 
under  similar  conditions  in  Upper  Coal  Measure  times  show  a  great  reduction  in  numbers  as 
contrasted  with  the  rest  of  the  series,  whilst,  with  the  exception  of  the  ostracods  and  Spirorbisy  those 
species  which  persisted  are  found  to  be  dwarfed  and  thin-shelled,  whilst  fish  remains  are  rare. 

Considerable  attention  has  been  paid  of  late  years  to  the  palaeontology  of  the  Carboniferous 
System  and  the  occurrence  of  life  zones,  and  it  may  be  regarded  as  certain  that  the  facts  which  are 
being  collected  will  result  in  some  modification  of  the  existing  and  generally  recognised  sub- 
divisions. 

These  at  present  are  as  follows  : — 

(  I  Upper. 

TT         ,-,    ,      .,  Coal  Measures  /  Middle. 

Upper  Carboniferous  (Lower. 

{     Millstone  Grit  Series. 

f  Pendleside  Group  ('Yoredale  Series'). 
Lower  Carboniferous    <    Mountain  or  Scar  Limestone. 
I   Lower  Limestone  Shale. 

THE  CARBONIFEROUS  OR  MOUNTAIN  LIMESTONE 

This  lowest  visible  member  of  the  series  rises  to  the  surface  in  North  Lancashire,  occupying 
a  tract  of  country  between  Barrow  in  Furness,  Dalton  in  Furness,  and  Ulverston,  thence  passing 
eastwards  by  a  few  outliers  to  Cartmel  and  Burton  in  Kendal,  from  which  it  trends  south  by 
Carnforth  to  near  Morecambe.  The  rocks  then  dip  to  the  south-east  under  the  Millstone  Grit 
country,  rising  again  to  the  surface  in  the  Forest  of  Bowland,  or  Bolland,  and  the  Longridge  Fells. 
From  here  they  sweep  round  the  Millstone  Grit  hills  to  the  river  Hodder,  Whalley,  and  Clitheroe, 
where  they  form  a  strong  anticline  known  as  the  '  Clitheroe  Anticlinal.'  To  the  south-east  of 
Whalley  and  Clitheroe  they  dip  from  the  anticlinal  under  the  Pendle  Range  and  the  Burnley 
Coalfield,  to  again  re-appear  in  the  Todmorden  and  Hebden  Bridge  valleys  over  the  Yorkshire 
border. 

The  Carboniferous  Limestone  country  is  well  marked,  rising  into  bold  hills  along  the  flanks  of 
which  are  majestic  mural  cliffs  or  '  scars '  formed  by  the  outcrop  of  the  massively  bedded  limestone. 
Such  '  scars '  are  perhaps  best  seen  in  Derbyshire,  but  examples  are  not  unfrequent  in  North 
Lancashire,  in  the  Cartmel  and  Ulverston  districts,  in  the  Longridge  Fells,  and  near  Clitheroe, 
Whitewell,  and  Whalley. 

It  will  be    perceived  that   the  Carboniferous    Limestone    really   forms  two  basin-shape    de- 
pressions  or  troughs,  with  the  Clitheroe  Anticlinal   between.     The  Carboniferous  Limestone  of 
the  Furness  and  northern  district  is  chiefly  remarkable  for  the  extensive  deposits  of  haematite  which 
occur  in  it,  usually  in  the  form  of  irregular  masses  and  pockets.1      At  Clitheroe  it  consists  of  a  lower 
black  biturninous  bed  overlaid  by  shales  containing  Fenestellts,  and  a  massive  light-coloured  limestone 
seen  at  Salt  Hill  and  Coplow  quarries,  near  Clitheroe,  Worsaw  Hill,  and  other   places.     The  lower 
black  limestone  can  be  seen  at  Horrocksford  quarries,  the  Bold  Venture  limeworks,  and   Tiviston 
1  J.  D.  Kendall,  The  Iron  Ores  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  (1893),  pp.  54,  64. 
6 


GEOLOGY 

Lane,  whilst  on  the  north  side  of  the  latter  is  a  quarry  showing  the  intervening  shales.  It  is  in  the 
higher  bed  of  limestone  that  crinoid  stems  occur  in  greatest  abundance,  the  upper  40  feet  at  Salt 
Hill  being  almost  entirely  made  up  of  them.  The  same,  or  a  similar  bed,  is  seen  at  Whitewell. 
Many  of  the  rough  field  walls  are  built  of  this  rock,  which  readily  breaks  up,  the  crinoid  stems 
weathering  out  in  high  relief. 

Both  the  lower  and  upper  beds  are  much  quarried  for  lime-burning,  that  derived  from  the  black 
limestone  being  especially  good. 

PENDLESIDE  GROUP 

This  group,  as  its  name  implies,  occurs  on  the  flanks  of  Pendle  Hill,  of  which  it  forms  what 
have  been  called  the  buttresses  of  the  north-western  slope.  This  slope  rises  to  a  height  of  1,831  feet, 
and  shows  a  regular  succession  of  deposits  from  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  to  the  Pendle  Grit. 
The  stream  courses  from  the  summit  have  cut  down  through  the  beds,  so  that  it  is  possible  to  work 
out  in  them  the  full  succession,  and  Dr.  Wheelton  Hind  and  Mr.  J.  Allen  Howe  have  determined 
the  sequence  as  follows  l  : — 

Pendle  Grit,  or  '  Upper  Yoredale  Grit.' 

Holland  Shales,  including  the  '  Lower  Yoredale  Grit,'  or  Pendleside  Grit. 

Pendleside  Limestone  with  overlying  Shales  and  Mudstones. 

Black  Shales  with  a  few  bands  of  impure  Limestones. 

Shales  with  Limestones. — These  beds  consist  of  shales,  thin  limestones,  mudstones,  and  at  times 
thin  ironstone.  They  are  exposed  in  the  Pendle  branch  of  the  Worston  Brook  by  the  lane  east  of 
Worston,  and  the  brooks  flowing  from  Lower  Gills  to  Ings  Beck  near  Skeleron  Mines.2  The 
upper  beds  consist  of  limestone  from  one  to  three  feet  in  thickness,  which  regularly  alternate  with 
clayey  shale. 

In  brook  courses,  as  at  Angram-Green  near  Worston,  the  rocks  form  a  series  of  waterfalls, 
owing  to  the  markedly  unequal  erosive  action  of  the  streams  upon  the  clay-shale  and  limestones. 

The  Geological  Survey  calculated  the  thickness  of  this  division  as  close  upon  2,500  feet  thick, 
but  the  estimate  is  considered  too  high  by  Dr.  Hind  and  Mr.  Howe,  who  calculated  it  at  1,500  feet.3 
Many  of  the  springs  issuing  from  these  shales  are  charged  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen. 

The  Pendleside  Limestone  has  a  thickness  estimated  by  Professor  Hull  at  350  feet,  and  consists 
of  a  series  of  thin  limestones  and  shales  below,  passing  into  thicker  beds  of  limestone  and  a  few 
shales  above,  the  upper  member  being  a  bed  of  large  hard  '  bullions,'  which  contain  a  goniatite, 
Glyphioceras  reticulatum. 

The  upper  limestones  contain  crinoid  stems  and  examples  of  Productus  scabriculus  and  P. 
semireticulatus,  forms  which  pass  up  into  the  Millstone  Grit  and  Lower  Coal  Measures.  The  black 
shales  at  the  base  contain  species  of  Chonetes,  Productus,  Prolecanites,  and  Orthoceras. 

The  series  is  also  developed  around  the  flanks  of  Longridge  Fell,  where  it  contains  well-bedded 
dark  limestones  and  shales.  Sections  can  be  seen  in  a  quarry  north  of  the  Longridge  and  Clitheroe 
road,  three-quarters  of  a  mile  east  of  Thornley  Hall.* 

At  Black  Hall  and  Cold  Coats  quarries,  the  lower  beds  are  fairly  fossiliferous,  numerous  species 
of  goniatites  being  found,  together  with  Posidoniella  lesvis  and  Posidonomya  Becheri. 

Bolland  (Bowland)  Shales,  with  the  'Lower  Yoredale  Grit: — The  'Lower  Yoredale 
Grit '  forms  a  lenticular  mass  of  grits  and  sandstones,  with  shales  and  ironstone  interbedded.  By 
the  officers  of  the  Geological  Survey  it  was  regarded  as  lying  at  the  base  of  the  black  Bolland  Shales, 
but  by  Messrs.  Hind  and  Howe  is  included  in  the  latter.  By  these  authors  it  is  also  termed  the 
Lower  Yoredale  or  Pendleside  Grit.  The  beds  are  local,  although  acquiring  a  thickness  of  750  feet 
at  Weets,  immediately  west  of  the  Great  Barnoldswick  Fault.  The  topmost  bed  is  well  shown  in 
Little  Mearley  Hall  Clough,  where  it  forms  a  well-marked  conglomerate. 

The  Bolland  Shales  on  the  northwest  side  of  Pendle  Hill  are  about  700  feet  thick,  and  consist 
mainly  of  black  shales.  They  are  usually  calcareous,  very  fissile,  and  full  of  flattened  fossils  in  a 
poor  state  of  preservation.  In  the  thin  ironstones  which  accompany  the  shales  the  fossils  are  better 
preserved  and  uncrushed.  The  shales  are  very  bituminous  and  not  unfrequently  smell  strongly  of 
rock  oil.  This  bituminous  character  has  in  the  past  often  led  astray  coal  seekers,  who  have  been 
convinced  that  the  beds  belonged  to  the  coal  measures,  the  shales  of  which  they  so  much  resemble. 
Not  merely  is  there  a  superficial  resemblance,  but  many  of  the  fossils  of  the  Bolland  Shales  are 
identical  with  those  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  ;  amongst  these  may  be  noted  Posidoniella  tew, 
Orthoceras,  Goniatites,  and  fragmentary  fish  remains. 

1  'The  Geological  Succession  and  Palaeontology  of  the  Beds  between  the  Millstone  Grit  and  the  Lime- 
stone-Massif at  Pendle  Hill.'     Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.   1901,  Ivii.  348. 

2  Prof.  E.  Hull,  'The  Geology  of  the  Burnley  Coalfield,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  17. 

3  Op.  cit.,  p.  349.  *  Hind  and  Howe,  op.  cit.,  p.  352. 

7 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

We  are  strongly  of  opinion  that  the  identity  of  lithological  character  of  these  beds  with  those 
of  the  Millstone  Grit  Series  and  Lower  Coal  Measures,  coupled  with  a  fauna  which  is  practically 
the  same  in  all,  will  eventually  result  in  the  old  stratigraphical  boundaries  between  them  being  set 
aside,  and  the  whole  series  grouped  together,  as  indeed  they  ought  to  be. 

Pendle  Grit,  or  '  Upper  Yoredale  Grit.' — The  summit  of  Pendle  Hill  is  occupied  by  a 
massive  bed  of  grit  sometimes  known  as  the  Pendle  Grit.  It  is  a  fine-grained  sandstone,  rarely 
passing  into  a  conglomerate,  and  containing  much  felspar  and  mica.  It  has  been  correlated  with 
'  Farcy's  Grit '  in  the  Peak  district  of  Derbyshire.1  Quarries  are  opened  in  it  on  the  south  side 
of  the  Nick  of  Pendle,  where  it  is  seen  to  contain  large  ovoid  concretions  marked  with  brown  and 
yellow  bands.  The  same  beds  form  the  summit  of  Longridge  Fell,  and  constitute  the  greater  part 
of  the  Fells  around  the  Ribble  and  Hodder  basins.  It  is  also  to  be  seen  near  Mellow,  along  the 
north  side  of  Billington  Moor,  and  so  on  to  Whalley. 

The  occurrence  of  the  massive  Pendle  Grit  on  the  summit  of  Pendle  has  served  to  protect  the 
latter  from  suffering  so  heavily  from  the  effects  of  denuding  agents,  which  have  lowered  the  sur- 
rounding country.  That  Pendle  was  subjected  to  these  forces  is  shown  by  the  deep  ice  scratchings 
impressed  on  the  surface  of  the  grit  during  the  glacial  period,  and  still  to  be  seen  on  a  freshly 
exposed  surface. 

Probably  also,  this  Sandstone  capping  was  equally  effective  at  a  still  earlier  period,  just  as  it  is 
to-day,  now  that  Pendle  rises  so  grandly  out  of  the  surrounding  low  country  to  an  elevation  which 
can  be  seen  across  two  score  miles  of  country. 

Lying  above  the  Yoredale  or  Pendle  Grit  are  a  series  of  shales  but  seldom  seen,  but  where 
exposed,  as  in  the  road  between  Offa  Hill  and  Stank  Top,  having  a  thickness  of  about  2OO  feet. 
Shales  and  sandstones  occupying  the  same  position  are  seen  north  of  Foulridge. 

Above  these  shales  we  meet  the  lowest  member  of  the  Millstone  Grit  Series,  known  as  the 
Fourth  Grit,  or  Kinder  Scout  Rock. 

MILLSTONE  GRIT  SERIES 

The  Millstone  Grit  Series  is  extremely  well  developed  in  Lancashire,  where  it  forms  a  well- 
marked  boundary  to  the  Coal  Measures  on  the  east  and  north. 

The  eastern  flanks  of  the  Millstone  Grit  rise  up  into  the  elevated  moorland  hills  which  form  a 
natural  boundary  to  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire. 

This  region  may  be  rightly  regarded  as  an  outlying  portion  of  the  Pennine  Chain,  which  runs 
as  an  elevated  ridge  from  Derbyshire  to  the  borders  of  Scotland. 

The  Millstone  Grit  of  the  northern  border  of  the  coalfield  rises  up  into  a  similar  range  of  bare 
and  bleak  moorlands,  running  from  a  little  west  of  Blackburn  to  Colne  and  Skipton,  between  which 
places  it  merges  into  the  hill  ranges  of  the  eastern  side  ;  on  the  western  side,  the  series  extends 
northwards  by  Longridge  and  Great  Mitton. 

South  of  a  line  drawn  from  Blackburn  to  the  Holme  Valley  between  Burnley  and  Todmorden, 
the  coalfield  encloses  two  other  areas  of  Millstone  Grit,  the  most  westerly  forming  Anglezark 
Moor,  and  the  easterly  the  hill  district  of  Rossendale.  In  the  latter  area  the  grits  form  what  is 
known  as  the  '  Rossendale  Anticlinal.' 

North  of  a  line  drawn  from  Garstang  to  Long  Preston  is  an  extensive  area  of  Millstone  Grit 
the  westerly  border  of  which  reaches  the  coastline  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Heysham,  where 
it  forms  a  line  of  low  cliffs,  upon  which  Heysham  Church  is  built.  From  Heysham  the  grits  pass  in 
a  northerly  direction  to  a  little  east  of  Kirkby  Lonsdale.  Skirting  the  whole  of  the  comparatively 
unimportant  Ingleton  Coalfield,  except  on  the  north-eastern  side,  they  swell  out  into  Yorkshire  as  far 
as  Clapham  and  by  Giggleswick.  Within  this  area  are  included  the  Bleasdale  Moors  and  the 
Forest  of  Bowland  with  its  two  inliers  of  Carboniferous  Limestone.  Throughout  the  Lancashire 
coalfield  wherever  the  Millstone  Grit  occurs,  the  surface  features  are  of  a  remarkable  character. 
The  moorlands  are  everywhere  bare,  lofty  hills,  rising  in  many  places  to  heights  of  1,200-1,900  feet, 
and  supporting  a  sparse  vegetation  of  heather,  cotton  grass,  &c.,  whilst  extensive  areas  are  covered 
with  thick  beds  of  peat.  The  hill  sides  are  often  steeply  scarped,  and  stand  out  as  bold  bluffs 
of  grit,  sometimes  fantastically  weathered,  and  deeply  indented  along  their  margins  by  steep  narrow 
gullies,  usually  termed  'cloughs,'  which  form  the  beds  of  mountain  streams.  The  doughs, 
or  ravines,  run  upwards  into  the  hills,  where  they  finally  disappear  on  the  moorland.  For  the 
greater  part  of  their  length,  however,  they  present  features  widely  different  from  those  of  the 
hills  which  enclose  them. 

The  steeply  sloping  sides  are  usually  formed  in  their  lower  half  of  scree  material  derived  from 
the  weathering  of  the  sandstones  and  shales  above,  and  on  the  material  thus  accumulated,  vegetation 

1  R.  H.  Tiddeman,  in  « Geology  of  the  Burnley  Coalfield,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  23. 


GEOLOGY 

grows  rank  and  abundant.  Many  of  the  common  forest  trees  grow  along  the  sides  of  the  cloughs, 
whilst  the  undergrowth  is  a  tangle  of  the  wild  raspberry,  bramble,  honeysuckle,  and  ivy.  Marshy 
spots  are  carpeted  with  Sphagnum  moss,  whilst  great  clumps  of  bracken  fern,  horse-tails,  and  mare's- 
tails  grow  in  sheltered  spots.  The  bracken  fern  frequently  grows  up  above  the  timber  line  amidst 
the  grass  and  heather. 

The  stream  courses  are  littered  along  the  greater  part  of  their  length  with  flood  debris 
of  stones,  and  frequently  it  has  happened  that  a  period  of  flood  has  caused  a  great  pile  of  debris 
to  accumulate  in  the  main  track  of  the  stream,  so  that  further  progress  downwards  of  the 
water  could  only  be  effected  by  the  cutting  of  a  new  passage  to  one  side,  when  the  stream,  once 
diverted,  has  continued  to  cut  into  the  side  of  the  clough  until  a  vertical  cliff  has  been  formed,  often 
of  great  height.  In  this  way  a  clough  is  sometimes  seen  to  suddenly  widen  out  into  a  sort  of  sylvan 
amphitheatre,  the  bottom  of  which  is  filled  with  a  level  tract  of  bog  or  meadow  land  covered  with 
ferns  and  trees,  and  bounded  by  the  stream,  which  margins  on  the  opposite  side  a  tall  cliff 
festooned  with  trailing  ivy,  honeysuckle,  ferns,  and  flowering  plants. 

Another  special  feature  of  these  moorland  cloughs  is  the  frequency  of  waterfalls,  owing  to  the 
marked  difference  in  hardness  of  the  sandstones  and  intervening  shales. 

When  the  stream  of  water  in  its  downward  course  passes  from  a  sandstone  to  a  shale,  the  rate 
of  destruction  of  the  latter  is  greater  owing  to  its  softness.  It  therefore  follows  that  after  a  time 
there  is  a  perceptible  drop  in  the  stream  level  at  the  point  where  it  passes  from  one  rock  to 
the  other. 

This  alteration  of  level  is  naturally  increased  in  the  course  of  time,  both  by  the  weight  of 
water  dropping  from  the  higher  level  and  by  the  wearing  effect  of  debris  brought  over,  until  a  well- 
defined  waterfall  results. 

Once  the  waterfall  is  formed,  it  begins  to  be  cut  backwards  by  reason  of  the  shale  which 
underlies  the  grit  rock  being  picked  out  by  the  water  of  the  pool  formed  below  the  fall,  and 
by  spray  being  continually  driven  against  it,  until  the  outer  ledge  of  rock  over  which  the  water 
pours  ceases  to  be  supported  from  below,  and  it  is  hurled  down,  a  new  ledge  or  lip  appearing 
behind  it.  The  destruction  of  the  outer  lip  of  the  fall  is  accelerated  by  the  fact  that  the  grits  are 
usually  open-jointed,  and  water  continually  finds  its  way  down  to  the  pool  by  a  passage  through 
these  crevices,  some  distance  back  from  the  edge  of  the  fall.  The  passage  of  water  through  these 
open  joints  results  in  their  widening  and  thus  allows  more  water  to  pass,  the  process,  when  long 
continued,  cutting  off  more  or  less  completely  the  outer  masses  of  rock  until  the  succeeding 
flood  waters  dislodge  them  altogether. 

Waterfalls  which  have  arisen  in  this  manner  are  common  in  all  cloughs  and  add  considerably 
to  their  beauty. 

Where  a  rock  is  massively  bedded  and  well  jointed,  the  fall  is  broken  up  into  irregular  steps 
formed  of  the  various  bedding  planes,  and  the  water  leaps  from  step  to  step,  forming  miniature 
cascades  all  the  way.  Where  the  sandstone  is  passing  into  a  shale  or  where  the  rock  of  the 
fall  consists  of  bands  of  shale  and  grit,  the  face  of  the  fall  slopes  outwards,  and  the  water  rushes 
down  its  length  like  broken  water  down  a  weir. 

In  some  cases,  a  thick  bed  of  hard  grit  rock  overlies  a  still  thicker  bed  of  softer  shale,  and 
where  this  occurs  the  water  drops  clear  from  a  projecting  ledge  of  sandstone  into  the  pool  below. 

The  increased  volume  of  mountain  streams  due  to  lateral  feeders  results  in  the  cloughs 
becoming  widened  out,  and  the  sides  are  thus  better  exposed  to  the  action  of  storms  of  wind 
and  rain,  and  frosts.  As  a  result,  they  are  destroyed  more  rapidly,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  cliff- 
like  character  is  lost  in  the  steep  scree  slopes  already  mentioned. 

The  characteristics  of  these  cloughs  have  been  thus  fully  dealt  with  because  they  are  one 
of  the  most  distinctive  physical  features  of  the  moorland  areas  formed  by  the  Millstone  Grit, 
and  also  because  along  their  stream  courses  it  is  possible  to  trace  the  upward  or  downward 
succession  of  the  strata  over  great  distances. 

The  Millstone  Grit  Series  everywhere  underlies  the  productive  measures,  and  rises  into 
moorlands  on  the  north  and  east. 

As  its  name  implies,  the  series  consists  of  beds  of  hard  quartzose  grits,  often  very  coarse,  and 
interbedded  with  bituminous  shales  and  a  few  thin  coals.  In  a  few  cases,  the  coals  have  been 
worked  to  a  limited  extent,  but  they  are  generally  much  too  thin  to  pay  for  working. 

The  grit  rocks  are  largely  quarried  for  flags,  building-stone,  paving-stone,  and  road-metal. 
The  massively  bedded  rock  bands  furnish  huge  blocks,  used  as  engine  beds  and  supports  for  heavy 
machinery. 

The  grits  contain  casts  of  Lepidodendroid  and  Sigillaroid  trees,  not  unfrequently  many  feet  in 
length,  and  two  to  three  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base.  In  most  cases,  these  tree  trunks  have  been 
much  flattened,  but  erect  stumps,  still  circular  and  6  to  zoo  feet  in  height,  are  found,  as  at  Oldham 
Edge,  with  the  marks  of  the  leaf-bases  clearly  impressed  upon  them. 

9  2 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

On  the  other  hand,  the  intervening  shales  contain  brackish  and  marine  forms  of  life  more 
nearly    related    to  those    of  the  Yoredale    shales  and  Carboniferous  limestone  below.     A   species 
of   Lingula    is   most   common,    but   species  of  Productidts,   Streptorhynchus,  Spirifera,    Aviculopecten% 
Modio/a,  Posidoniella,  and  Goniatites  also  occur.      Fish  remains  are  rare. 
The  Millstone  Grit  Series  is  separated  into  four  divisions  : — 

First  Grit,  or  Rough  Rock. 
Second  Grit,  or  Haslingden  Flags. 
Third  Grit. 
Fourth  Grit,  or  Kinder  Scout  Rock. 

Rough  Rock One  or,  more  usually,  two  beds  of  massive  coarse  grit,  separated 

by  a  twelve  to  eighteen  inch  seam  of  coal  called  the  '  Feather 

Edge  '  Mine. 
Shales Usually  thin  and  at  times  absent.      In  the  Rossendale  area  from 

30  to  100  feet  thick. 
Second  Grit,  or  Haslingden  Flags.     Fine-grained    hard    grey    sandstone    forming    three    beds  in    the 

Rossendale  district. 
Shales A  shale  series  containing  a  thin  coal  at  the  base,  and  a  workable 

seam  at  Mossley  and  Mottram,  in  Cheshire. 
Third  Grit Fine  grits  and  flagstones,  the  lower  beds  being  especially  thick  and 


Shales Shales  with  two  thin  coals  near  the  base. 

Fourth    Grit,   or    Kinder    Scout 

Rock Massive  coarse  sandstone  grits,  with  conglomerates  and  shales. 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  the  sequence  of  beds  given  here  can  always  be  determined. 
Many  of  the  grits  are  much  current-bedded,  whilst  their  thickness  is  constantly  changing,  and 
important  members  are  in  some  places  absent.  The  Kinder  Scout  and  Rough  Rocks  are  the  most 
stable  members  of  the  series,  the  Second  and  Third  Grits  being  more  lenticular  in  form,  so 
that  their  thickness,  even  in  adjoining  districts,  may  vary  extremely. 

Kinder  Scout  Rock. — This  rock  consists  of  two  or  more  beds  of  grit,  varying  in  their  character 
from  ordinary  sandstones  into  conglomerates,  the  pebbles  consisting  of  quartz  which  is  mainly  milky 
in  colour,  the  glassy  form  being  less  constant.  Rotten  felspar  and  flakes  of  mica  are  also  abundant, 
so  that  the  coarser  grits  have  a  granite-like  appearance.  The  extensive  Millstone  Grit  capping  of 
the  Anglezark,  Wheelton,  and  Withnell  Moors  and  Bromley  Pastures  is  formed  of  this  grit. 

To  the  north  of  Anglezark  Moor  is  a  long  elevated  ridge  of  Kinder  Scout  Rock,  passing 
from  Holster  Hill  two  miles  north  of  Hoghton  Tower  in  a  direction  E  38°  N.  by  Mellor, 
Whalley  Nab,  and  Wiswell  Moor  to  Nick  of  Pendle.  Along  the  foot  of  Pendle  and  at 
Newchurch-in-Pendle  outcrops  are  numerous.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  Cocker  Hill  the  grit 
consists  of  two  beds  of  coarse  sandstone  separated  by  about  125  feet  of  shale.  The  total  thickness 
has  been  estimated  by  Prof.  Hull  as  between  750  and  800  feet.  It  forms  a  well-marked  feature  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Foulridge,  north  of  Colne. 

The  Kinder  Scout  Grit  is  well  seen  to  the  east  of  Oldham  cropping  out  in  the  valley  of 
the  Tame  from  Warmton  Wood  to  Harrop  Edge,  and  stretching  on  into  Cheshire  and  Yorkshire. 
On  the  Yorkshire  side  of  the  boundary  at  Chew  Brook  and  Greenfield  the  grit  rises  into 
bold,  majestic  cliffs.  The  thickness  is  here  estimated  at  500  feet,  but  this  is  increased  at  Saddle- 
worth  owing  to  the  greater  development  of  one  of  the  beds  of  shale. 

A  fine  section  is  exposed  along  the  Mottram  and  Staleybridge  road  at  Roe  Cross,  where 
the  total  thickness  has  increased  to  about  I,ooo  feet. 

Shales. — The  shales  seen  on  the  flanks  of  Winter  Hill  are  supposed  by  Prof.  Hull  to  lie  above 
the  Kinder  Scout  Rock  and  below  the  Third  Grit.  They  attain  a  thickness  of  350  to  400  feet. 
In  the  river  Darwen  below  Malmesbury  Mill  they  show  a  thickness  of  625  feet,  and  the  bottom  is 
not  seen.  They  have  been  traced  to  Whalley,  where  they  occur  in  the  bed  of  the  river  Calder  and 
also  between  Wiswell  Moor  and  Sabden. 

Between  Rough  Lea  Water  and  the  road  from  Colne  to  Foulridge  exposures  are  difficult 
to  find,  but  numerous  sections  occur  south  of  the  canal  reservoir. 

In  ironstone  nodules  from  the  shales,  and  in  the  shales  themselves,  have  been  found  Goniatites, 
Posidoniella  lavis,  and  fish  remains,  together  with  Calamites. 

Two  thin  coal  seams  occur  at  the  base  of  the  shales  in  Dean  Brook  at  the  northern  end 
of  Rivington  Hill,  and  also  at  Grange  Brook  near  Belmont. 

At  Pule  Hill  on  the  eastern  side  the  shales  vary  from  100  to  300  feet  in  thickness.  They 
show  a  tendency  in  both  localities  to  become  sandy  or  flaggy. 


GEOLOGY 

The  Third  Grit. — This  consists  of  two,  sometimes  three,  beds  of  grit,  flagstones,  and  shales, 
the  lowest  bed  being  especially  massive  and  at  times  passing  into  conglomerate.  The  grit  occurs  at 
Belmont  between  Turton  and  Rivington,  where  it  forms  the  cliff  known  as  '  the  Ratchers,'  and 
then  runs  northwards,  being  again  seen  in  Roddlesworth  Brook  below  Tockholes.  Along  the 
Pendle  range  two  and  sometimes  three  beds  of  grit  divided  by  shales  are  met  with,  the  basement 
bed  being  especially  coarse  or  passing  into  conglomerate.  A  good  section  of  this  bed  is  exposed  in 
a  cutting  of  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway  at  Brown  Hill,  about  two  miles  north  of  Black- 
burn. Here  the  beds  are  violently  contorted,  owing  to  the  proximity  of  a  fault  passing  from 
N.N.W.  to  S.S.E. 


Contorted  Beds  in  Clitheroe  and  Blackburn  Railway. 


The  Third  Grit  is  exposed  at  various  places  along  the  Sabden  valley  north-eastwards  to  Colne 
and  Foulridge,  and  down  the  eastern  side  of  the  coalfield  by  Widdop  and  Stiperden  Moor  to  the 
heights  above  Littleborough,  where  the  top  bed  is  pierced  by  the  Summit  tunnel  on  the  Lancashire 
and  Yorkshire  Railway,  and  southwards  to  Stalybridge.  At  Ramsden  Clough  and  Clough  Foot  in 
Dulesgate,  a  thin  coal  and  shale  parting  occurs  in  the  top  bed  of  grit.  A  similar  thin  coal  seam  lies 
under  the  grit  at  Black  Clough. 

The  Third  Grit  is  well  exposed  at  Gauxholme  in  Dulesgate,  and  along  the  Irwell  valley 
between  Rawtenstall  and  Waterfoot  in  Rossendale.  In  the  latter  district  it  contains  two  thin  coal 
seams.  Below  Rawtenstall  it  forms  the  floor  and  sides  of  the  Irwell  valley  from  Holden  Wood  to 
Ramsbottom,  where  it  can  be  seen  at  several  places  along  the  railway.  Shuttleworth  Moss  and 
Harden  Moor  are  capped  by  the  upper  beds  of  grit. 

Shales  below  Second  Grit. — These  shales  have  not  received  much  attention,  except  from  the  late 
E.  W.  Binney,  who  described  them  as  the  '  Holcombe  Brook  Series,'  at  which  place  they  contain 
three  thin  seams  of  coal,  one  being  15  inches  thick  and  formerly  worked  at  Cheeseden  Brook. 
Similar  thin  coals  have  been  found  in  the  shales  in  the  Foulridge  district,  notably  at  Laneshaw 
Bridge,  and  on  Pule  Hill  on  the  eastern  side. 

Second  Grit,  or  Haslingden  Flags. — This  valuable  series  reaches  its  highest  development  in  the 
Rossendale  area  and  the  Whitworth  and  Facit  valleys.  It  consists  of  fine  grained  sandstones  well 
bedded  and  exceedingly  hard  and  durable.  The  utilisation  of  these  beds  has  increased  considerably 
during  recent  years,  so  that  over  large  areas  on  the  Brandwood  Moors,  Cowpe  Moss,  and  at  Back 
Cowm,  the  hill  crests  are  being  studded  with  great  quarries.  In  the  Rossendale  area  the  Haslingden 
Flag  Rock  consists  of  three  beds  of  grit,  averaging  36  feet  in  thickness,  and  separated  by  30  to 
100  feet  of  shale. 

Away  from  this  particular  area  the  beds  deteriorate  in  character,  and  even  pass  into  '  raggy ' 
shale  as  at  Newchurch-in-Rossendale.  In  the  Pendle  Range  they  approach  the  overlying  Rough 
Rock,  being  only  separated  by  15  to  2O  feet  of  shale.  On  the  eastern  side  they  are  feebly  repre- 
sented. North  of  Rivington  the  series  is  well  developed  and  can  be  seen  in  the  valley  below  the 
Anglezark  Lead  Mines  on  the  western  and  southern  slopes  of  Rivington  Pike,  and  at  Tockholes, 
and  in  the  river  Roddlesworth. 

First  Grit,  or  Rough  Rock. — The  Rough  Rock  forms  the  highest  member  of  the  Millstone  Grit, 
and  may  usually  be  recognized  by  its  coarse  character  and  the  presence  of  a  thin  coal  seam  in  its 
upper  portion.  It  is  not  very  useful  as  a  building  stone,  being  often  soft  and  incoherent  and  readily 
breaking  down  into  a  coarse  sand.  For  this  reason  it  is  sometimes  called  the  '  Sandrock,'  and  the 
coal  seam  the  '  Sandrock  Mine.'  More  commonly  the  latter  is  styled  the  '  Feather-Edge '  Mine. 
Quartz  pebbles  occur  abundantly  in  the  beds,  and  hand  specimens  of  the  latter  may  at  times  be 
mistaken  for  a  conglomerate.  The  Rough  Rock  forms  a  capping  to  many  of  the  hills  in  the  Mill- 
stone Grit  areas,  and  hence  can  be  easily  traced  around  the  coalfield.  From  Hoghton  Towers, 
where  it  forms  a  lofty  hill  and  is  estimated  at  400  feet  thick,  to  the  south  slopes  of  Pendle  and  east- 
wards to  Colne,  it  is  well  in  evidence,  the  latter  town  being  built  on  a  ridge  of  this  rock.  Good 
exposures  can  be  seen  in  the  river  bottom  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  town.  In  the  Anglezark  area 
it  is  found  at  Pike  Low,  Withnell,  and  Stanworth  Edge,  and  crops  in  massive  beds  at  the  top  of 
Blackburn  Park.  At  Winewall,  near  Colne,  large  quarries  are  opened  in  it,  and  south  from  this 
point  it  forms  a  hilly  crest  by  Entwistle  Moor,  Shedden  Edge,  and  Stiperden  Moor  to  the  Ports- 
mouth valley  at  Red  Water  Brook.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  valley  it  is  continued  along  the  side 

ii 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  Thieveley,  Flower  Scar  Hill,  and  Dulesgate  (where  the  '  Feather-Edge '  coal  is  seen  at  Banks 
Mill)  to  Shore  and  Littleborough. 

In  the  Rossendale  area,  the  lower  bed  of  grit  and  the  '  Feather-Edge '  coal  are  present  as  a 
surface  bed  below  the  peat  over  the  Brandwood,  Cowpe,  and  Knoll  Moors,  whilst  at  Bacup  the 
upper  bed  can  be  seen  in  Bankside  Quarry  resting  directly  upon  the  coal. 

The  conformation  of  Brandwood  Moor,  Seat  Naze,  and  the  flanks  of  Cribden  have  been  largely 
dependent  upon  the  occurrence  of  this  grit.  In  the  case  of  the  former  it  forms  a  complete  capping, 
and,  judging  from  the  abundant  evidence  of  glaciation,  has  served  to  protect  it  during  the  glacial 
period.  At  Bury  the  '  Feather-Edge '  coal  is  two  feet  thick,  and  is  not  overlaid  by  grit.  It  has  been 
worked  on  Scout  Moor,  near  Edenfield.  Holcombe  Moor  is  largely  capped  by  this  rock,  and  we 
also  find  it  on  Darwen  Moor,  Bunkers  Hill,  Tockholes  Fold,  and  other  places.  Along  the  northern 
side  of  the  Burnley  coalfield  the  various  members  of  the  Millstone  Grit  series  dip  southwards,  the 
Rough  Rock  having  a  strong  dip.  The  same  upheaval  has  brought  up  the  overlying  Lower  Coal 
Measures,  the  seams  of  which  were  formerly  termed  '  Rearing  mines.' 

It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  Millstone  Grit  series  in  Lancashire  forms  but  a  small  portion 
of  an  extensive  mass  of  sandstones  and  shales  which  spread  over  the  high  ground  of  the  West  Riding 
of  Yorkshire  and  stretch  southwards  and  eastwards  into  Cheshire,  Derbyshire,  and  North  Stafford- 
shire. Taken  as  a  whole,  these  irregular  deposits  of  sandstones  and  shales  are  indicative  of  a  lengthy 
period  of  subaerial  denudation  of  older  crystalline  rocks  of  a  granite  texture  ;  hence  the  prevalence  of 
decayed  felspar  and  mica  in  the  sandstones,  and  also  of  a  corresponding  sedimentation  along  the 
borders  of  the  old  Carboniferous  limestone  sea.  The  labours  of  Professor  Green  and  others  have 
shown  that  the  greatest  amount  of  deposition  took  place  over  Lancashire  and  South  Yorkshire. 
Outside  this  area  the  grits  thin  off,  especially  to  the  north  and  north-west.  Dr.  Sorby,  from  a  study 
of  the  current-bedding  which  is  so  marked  a  feature  of  the  sandstones,  concluded  that  the  material 
of  the  grits  in  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  was  brought  by  currents  flowing  from  north-east  to  south- 
west, and  an  examination  of  the  mineral  constituents  led  him  to  suppose  that  the  main  mass  of  the 
grits  was  derived  from  the  destruction  of  a  western  prolongation  of  what  is  now  Scandinavia,  this 
prolongation,  if  we  follow  Professor  Hull's  view,  being  part  of  a  continental  land  which  stretched 
from  Scandinavia  over  the  north  of  Scotland  and  Ireland  into  the  North  Atlantic.  It  is  quite 
possible  also  that  some  of  the  grits  and  shales  on  the  southern  side  of  these  counties  were  derived 
from  a  central  land  area  which  occupied  the  middle  of  the  old  Carboniferous  sea. 

At  this  time,  as  during  the  deposition  of  the  Pendleside  ('  Yoredale')  Group,  the  north- 
easterly part  of  this  sea  had  become  landlocked,  either  by  blocking  up  of  its  outlets  or  by  upheaval  of 
the  sea  floor.  The  enclosed  inland  sea,  by  the  gradual  spreading  out  over  its  floor  of  sand  and  mud 
brought  by  rivers  from  the  north  and  east  and  south,  became  converted  into  a  huge  swampy  marsh- 
land, enclosing  large  lagoons  with  communicating  channels,  and  over  these  the  Coal  Measures  were 
in  turn  deposited. 

COAL    MEASURES 

The  Lancashire  Coal  Measures,  which  were  accumulated  upon  the  substructure  of  grits 
and  shales,  are  divided  into  the  lower,  middle,  and  upper  series,  but  the  boundary  lines  are  purely 
arbitrary  and  drawn  for  convenience  rather  than  as  indicating  any  real  change  in  the  deposits  or 
their  contents. 

Speaking  generally,  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  are  specially  marked  by  shales  containing  sup- 
posed marine  forms  of  life,  thick  beds  of  grit,  and  but  few  and  thin  coals.  The  Middle  Coal 
Measures  form  the  productive  measures,  marine  bands,  with  a  single  exception,  being  absent. 

The  Upper  Coal  Measures  contain  a  few  coal  seams  in  their  lower  half,  the  upper  beds  consisting 
of  red  shales  and  thin  limestones. 

Topographical  Features. — The  topographical  features  of  the  Lancashire  Coalfield  are  well 
marked.  On  the  south  and  west  it  is  bounded  along  a  line  of  faulting  by  the  low  Triassic  plain 
of  Cheshire  and  western  Lancashire.  Along  the  northern  and  eastern  sides  it  is  shut  in  by  a  series 
of  lofty  moorlands  covered  by  extensive  peat  deposits  and  overgrown  with  heather. 

The  flanks  of  the  moorlands  are  deeply  gashed  by  the  narrow  ravines  called  '  cloughs '  (see 
p.  8),  the  sides  of  which,  clothed  with  the  bracken  and  other  ferns,  lodge  a  few  hardy  trees  and 
shrubs.  Here  and  there  the  ravines  have  vertical  walls  of  massive  grits  or  well-bedded  shale. 

At  the  base  of  the  highest  moorlands  are  low  rounded  foot-hills  whose  sides  and  crests  are  clad 
with  trees  or  occupied  by  grazing  farms.  These  hills  consist  of  the  upper  members  of  the  Mill- 
stone Grit,  or  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  in  which  grit  rocks  are  a  strong  feature.  The  hill 
slopes  are  usually  steep.  Most  of  the  mining  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  is  done  by  means  of 
'adits'  which  pass  into  the  sides  of  the  hills  or  else  by  shafts  which  rarely  exceed  100  yards  in 
depth. 


HISTOKY  OK  I.ANCASIIIHK 


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GEOLOGY 

The  southern  fringe  of  the  coalfield  might  be  described  as  a  hummocky  country,  a  series  of 
shallow  river  valleys  separated  by  low,  broadly  rounded  hills.  It  is  along  this  southern  fringe  that 
the  rich  Middle  Coal  Measures  chiefly  occur,  only  a  few  isolated  patches  being  found  in  the 
northern  half,  the  chief  of  which  is  known  as  the  BurrJey  Coal  Basin. 

The  large  cotton  and  iron  manufacturing  towns  of  Lancashire  lie  along  the  lower  parts  of  the 
valley  systems,  the  flanks  of  the  moorlands  being  occupied  by  grazing  farms,  and  the  crests  by 
quarries. 

On  the  south  and  west  of  the  Lancashire  Coalfield  is  the  great  Cheshire  and  west  Lancashire 
plain  of  Triassic  rocks.  The  district  is  almost  entirely  agricultural,  flat  and  monotonous. 

Mining  History. — Whether  coal  mining  was  practised  in  Lancashire  by  the  ancient  Britons  is 
a  point  upon  which  there  is  no  certain  evidence. 

Previous  to  the  time  of  the  Roman  occupation,  the  county  was  largely  forests  and  swamps, 
and  the  ease  with  which  wood  could  be  obtained  discounts  any  theory  of  coal  working  by  the 
Britons. 

That  coal  was  mined  and  used  as  fuel  by  the  Romans  is  very  probable,  for  Whittaker,  the 
Lancashire  historian,  has  recorded  that  the  evidence  of  a  large  coal  fire,  and  an  abundance  of  ashes 
and  scoriae  were  dug  up  in  the  '  Castle  Field '  in  the  Roman  centre  of  Mancunium  or  Manchester.i 

Whether  coal  was  used  in  Lancashire  by  the  Saxons  is  not  known. 

That  the  coal  was  taken  out  at  a  remote  period  has  been  proved  by  the  finding  of  old  workings 
and  old  implements  of  mining,  such  as  oaken  shovels  tipped  with  iron,  etc. 

Coal  was  mined  in  the  Burnley  area  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII.,3  but  only  with  the  com- 
mencement of  the  nineteenth  century  did  mining  become  important,  its  progress  being  synchronous 
with  the  development  of  woollen,  iron,  and  cotton  industries. 


LOWER  COAL  MEASURES 

These  measures  bound  the  northern  side  of  the  South  Lancashire  Coalfield,  and  send  three 
arms  northwards  through  the  Millstone  Grit  country  to  the  Burnley  Coalfield,  which  they  com- 
pletely encircle.  Immediately  to  the  south  of  the  latter  coalfield  they  cover  a  tract  of  country 
fifteen  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  three  to  five  miles  broad  from  north  to  south. 

The  Lower  Coal  Measures  include  all  the  beds  lying  between  the  Upper  Rough  Rock  of  the 
Millstone  Grit  Series  and  the  floor  of  the  Arley  Mine  (also  known  as  'Little  DelP  at  St.  Helens, 
'  Riley  Mine '  at  Bolton,  and  '  Dogstone  Mine '  at  Bury).  They  consist  mainly  of  shales,  with 
thin  bands  of  nodular  ironstone,  sandstones  and  thin  coals,  reaching  in  all  a  thickness  of  1,200  feet 
along  the  line  of  the  '  Rossendale  Anticlinal.'  Not  more  than  six  coal  seams  are  present  in  the 
series,  the  total  thickness  rarely  exceeding  ten  feet. 

The  accompanying  generalized  section  in  the  Rossendale  area  serves  to  illustrate  the  position 
and  thickness  of  the  seams  : — 

ft.    in.  ft.   in. 

Pasture,  Bassey  and  other  thin  coals    .     431      o     Shales  and  Grits 20     o 

Upper  Mountain  Mine  Coal     ...          i      6      Lower  Foot  Mine  Coal       ....          08 

Shales 

Firecla 

Strata 


Coal 

3" 

O 

2 

Bassey  or  Salts  Mine  Coal   . 

.  2  to  3 

o 

56 

0 

Shales  and  Grits    

.       .        100 

o 

Upper    Foot    Mine 

First  Coal  

o 

IO 

in  Four 

Coal     .... 

O 

8 

Rough  Rock    

.     . 

Mine 

Shales  

30 

o 

where  they     |  Lower  Mountain  or 
unite.  Canister       Mine 

1       Coal     ....          26 

The  coal  seams  are  frequently  termed  '  Mountain  Mines,'  owing  to  their  general  ocurrence  on 
the  high  ground.  But  three  are  of  commercial  importance,  viz.  the  '  Gannister,'  '  Yard '  or 
'  Lower  Mountain  Mine,'  the  '  Upper  Foot '  or  '  Bullion  Mine,'  and  the  '  Upper  Mountain 
Mine.'  The  '  Bassey  '  or  '  Salts  Mine  '  is  a  very  impure  coal  and  not  much  used.  It  is  worked 
to  some  extent  in  the  Blackburn  area.  The  Upper  Mountain  Mine  and  the  Gannister  seam  have 
been  largely  worked  by  adits  and  shafts  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  numerous  cotton  manufacturing 
towns  of  Lancashire,  and  are  still  largely  used.  The  chief  coal  supply  from  the  Lower  Coal 
Measures  will,  in  the  future,  have  to  be  drawn  from  a  four-foot  seam  formed  by  a  union  of  the 

1  History  of  Manchester,  i.  301.  2  Hull's  Coalfields  of  Great  Britain,  ed.  4,  1891,  p.  220. 

'3 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Gannister  and  Upper  Foot  seams,  which  takes  place  along  an  irregular  north-west  and  south-east 
line  a  little  to  the  north  of  the  Rossendale  anticlinal.  Although  up  to  the  point  of  union  the 
individual  thicknesses  of  the  two  mines  are  but  two  feet  six  inches  and  eight  inches  respectively, 
yet  at  their  junction  the  united  seams  swell  out  to  a  thickness  of  nearly  eight  feet,  and  the  average 
over  a  great  area  is  four  feet. 

The  special  features  of  the  union  of  these  two  seams  were  dealt  with  by  J.  Aitken,1  and  his 
explanation  is  probably  the  correct  one,  viz.,  that  a  part  of  the  Gannister  area  was  one  of  subsidence, 
the  submersion  going  on  until  a  sufficient  depth  beneath  water  was  obtained  to  allow  of  the 
deposition  of  sufficient  detritus  to  form  the  rock  mass  overlying  that  mine  and  separating  it  from 
the  thin  coal  above.  He  goes  on  to  say  in  his  paper  :  '  It  would  further  appear  that  the  surface 
over  which  the  four-foot  coal  was  then  in  process  of  formation  remained  stationary  and  undisturbed, 
and  that  the  operations  of  nature  were  not  in  any  way  interrupted.' 

This  view  is  supported  by  the  fact  that  the  coal  of  the  Four-Feet  Mine  is  considerably  thicker 
than  the  aggregate  of  the  two  mines  while  separate,  the  growth  of  vegetation  over  the  area  being 
evidently  continuous  during  the  period  in  which  the  submerged  portion  was  being  silted  up. 
When  the  latter  had  taken  place,  the  coal  forest  grew  out  over  the  shallows,  giving  rise  to  the  thin 
'  Upper  Foot '  coal,  after  which  the  whole  area  occupied  by  the  Four-Feet  Mine  and  the  Upper 
Foot  coals  was  submerged,  and  a  uniform  deposit  of  mud  took  place. 

The  Upper  Foot  Mine  is  worthy  of  note,  not  on  account  of  its  thickness,  which  is  almost 
invariably  1 2  inches,  but  because  of  the  occurrence  of  great  quantities  of '  bullions '  or  coal  balls 
within  it,  each  bullion  ball  containing  portions  of  coal  plants  in  which  the  structure  has  been  so 
well  preserved  as  to  allow  of  the  closest  microscopical  investigation.  From  these  bullions  were 
obtained  the  stems,  etc.,  of  coal  plants  described  by  Binney,  Carruthers,  Williamson,  Hick,  Scott, 
and  others. 

Upon  the  coal  are  found  numerous  flattened  limestone  nodules  called  '  bawn-pots,'  each  with 
a  thin  crust  of  iron  pyrites  and  containing  well-preserved  examples  of  Goniatites,  Orthoceras,  Pterino- 
pecten  (Aviculopecten\  and  Posidoniella. 

The  coals  are  all  bituminous  and  caking.  Iron  pyrites  occurs  as  nodules  in  some  of  the  coals, 
and  also  as  a  thin  film  upon  joint  planes,  in  some  cases  (the  upper  seams)  so  abundantly  as  to 
seriously  injure  the  usefulness  of  the  coal.  The  demand  for  these  coals  is  entirely  local,  and  their 
use  as  fuel  is  restricted  to  engine  boilers  and  the  open  fireplaces  of  the  people. 

The  fireclays  under  the  Gannister  seams  have  been  worked  at  times  in  conjunction  with  the 
coal,  as  they  make  excellent  firebricks,  drain  pipes,  etc.  Works  of  this  description  can  be  seen  at 
Colne,  Townley  near  Burnley,  Sharneyford,  north-east  of  Bacup,  Littleborough,  and  other  places. 

MIDDLE   COAL   MEASURES 

We  have  already  alluded  to  the  broken-up  character  of  these  measures,  whereby  small  isolated 
portions  have  been  dignified  with  the  name  of  coalfields.  The  most  southerly  patch  is  the 
Manchester  coalfield,  which  is  about  four  miles  long  from  north-north-west  to  south-south-east, 
and  a  mile  and  a  half  broad  across  its  greatest  diameter.  This  coalfield,  whilst  relatively  insignificant 
and  now  little  used,  is  of  considerable  geological  importance  in  that  the  upper  coal  measures  are 
well  developed.  The  Middle  Coal  Measures  are  deep  seated  and  scarcely  touched,  owing  to  the 
great  thickening  of  the  barren  measures  below  the  Four-Feet  coal  of  Bradford  and  Clayton. 

This  latter  seam  was  formerly  supposed  to  be  the  equivalent  of  the  Worsley  four-feet  seam, 
which  marks  the  upper  limit  of  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  in  other  parts  of  Lancashire,  but  more 
recent  researches  seem  to  render  this  correlation  doubtful.  Attempts  to  reach  the  thick  coals  of  the 
Middle  Coal  Measures  have  hitherto  failed,  the  unproductive  beds  lying  below  the  Bradford  Four-Feet 
having  been  penetrated  by  Mr.  Livsey  to  a  depth  greater  than  should  have  been  necessary  had  the 
Crumbourke  and  Rams  Mines  occupied  the  same  position  relatively  to  the  Bradford  Four-Feet  as  they 
do  to  the  Worsley  Four-Feet. 

Professor  Hull  is  of  opinion  that  at  least  616  yards  of  barren  measures  will  have  to  be 
penetrated  below  the  Bradford  and  Clayton  Four-Feet  seam  before  a  workable  coal  is  reached. 

In  this  present  state  of  our  knowledge  it  is  best  to  regard  the  presence  of  the  Middle  Measures 
as  certain,  and  the  upper  limit  as  undetermined. 

The  Upper  Coal  Measures  which  have  been  worked  in  this  coalfield  will  be  dealt  with 
elsewhere. 

SOUTH  LANCASHIRE   COALFIELD 

This  coalfield,  which  is  extremely  irregular  and  much  cut  up  by  faults,  can  be  best  dealt  with 
by  a  division  into  districts. 

1  Trans.  Manchester  Geol.  Sue.,  v.  185. 


GEOLOGY 

As  a  whole  it  covers  a  tract  ot  country  thirty-two  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  averaging 
six  miles  in  breadth.1  To  the  north  it  runs  out  upon  the  Lower  Coal  Measures,  to  the  south  it  dips 
under  a  narrow  band  of  Permian  sandstones  and  marls,  the  whole  being  faulted  down  beneath  the 
Trias  of  the  Cheshire  plain,  which  extends  into  the  margin  of  the  coalfield  in  a  few  broad 
triangular  tongues.  To  the  east,  as  to  the  north,  the  measures  run  out  upon  the  Lower  Series, 
whilst  to  the  west  they  are  faulted  down  to  a  great  depth  under  the  Trias,  which  here  forms  a  low, 
flat  maritime  plain. 

Although  it  would  thus  appear  that  the  coalfield  is  compact,  yet  faulting  and  denudation 
have  been  so  extensive  that  no  complete  correlation  of  the  coal  seams  has  yet  been  established. 

Whilst  also  some  of  the  seams  are  fairly  persistent,  others  thin  or  swell  out,  whilst  hundreds  of 
feet  of  shale  in  one  place  are  represented  by  a  few  feet  of  sandstone  in  another. 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  thicker  and  more  valuable  coals  are  persistent  over  a  great  part  of 
the  coalfield,  being  known  under  different  names  in  different  districts,  and  altering  somewhat  in  their 
character.  The  extreme  east  of  the  coalfield  we  may  define  as  the 


(A)  OLDHAM  AND   DUKINFIELD   AREA 
The  best  general  section   is  that  given  by  Professor  Hull  2  and  reproduced  here. 


COAL  SERIES  OF  OLDHAM  AND  MIDDLETON 


Bardsley  Colliery 


Ft.       In. 


'  Bardsley  Rock  '  Sandstone  .     . 
Shale  
Stubb's  Mine  (Coal) 

Ft. 
45 
31 

Ins.       Blenfire  Coal  : 
6            Coal  and  cannel,  I  ft.  1  1  in.  .    ") 
7            Dirt,  o  ft.  6  in.  (very  variable) 

Metal  (Shale)    

25 

2 

Shale,  with  three  thin  seams  of  coa 
Park  Mine  (coal,  with  parting  of  clay 
Shale  29  ft.,  Foxhole's  rock  79  ft.  8  in 
Foxhole's  Mine      
Soft  Metal  

76 

3 

108 

2 

32 

6        Sandy  Shale  and  shale      .... 
6        Great  Mine  : 
8            Top  coal,  I  ft.  1  1  in.  .     .     .     "1 
4            Clay,  o  ft.  5  in  
6            Coal,  3  ft.  6  in  \ 

76 
9 

7 

Cannel    
Strata,    principally   shales,    with    s 
coal  seam  16  inches 
Hathershaw  Mine       .... 
Shale,  with  two  seams  of  coal    . 
Rock  and  rock  bands,  with  wate 
(Chamber  rock)  .... 
Shale  and  sandstone    .... 
Nield    or    Upper    Chamber    Mint 
(sometimes  absent)  .     .     . 

187 

2 
51 

88 
38 

2 

54 

6           Clay,  oft.  i£in  
Bottom  coal,  4  ft.  o  in.      .     .     J 
8        Sandstone  with  shale,  with  shells    . 
2        Little  Coal  
o       Sandstone  and  shale  with  fish  remains 
Black  Mine  (the  best  seam  in  the 
6                 district)      
3        Shales,  sometimes  strong  with  two 
coal  seams      
o        Stone  Mine  ; 

33 

2 

66 
4 
117 

9 
3 
9 

2 

6 

Lower  Chamber  Mine  : 
Coal    I  ft.  5  in 

Stone,  I  ft.  2  in.  (roof  dark  stone')? 

3 

4 

Dirt,  o  ft.  4  in  

Coal,  I  ft.  2  in  
Dirt,  o  ft.  8  in  

4 

3                of  white  rock       

21 

4 

7 

Coal,  o  ft.  8  in.  . 

g 

Lower  Bent  Mine      
Strata 

2 
97 

8 
6 

Glodwick  Colliery 

Shale  and  bands  of  sandstone 
Red  sandstone,  with  plants  (Blenfirt 
Rock)  

66 

146 

Hollingworth  Coal      
Strata      
O        Neddy  Mine     
Strata,  with  several  thin  coals,  about 
9        Royley  Mine  (with  a  partingof  shale) 

I 

234 
2 
441 

4 

6 
o 
6 
o 
o 

The  two  sections  are  practically  continuous,  the  interval  between  the   base  of  the  Bardsley 
Colliery  section  and  the  Blenfire  rock  of  Glodwick  being  occupied  by  a  series  of  shales  and  sandstones. 

1  Hull's  Coalfields  of  Great  Britain,  ed.  4  (1881),  p.  197. 

3  'Geology  of  the  Country  around  Oldham,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  p.  ^\,  1864. 

15 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  chief  coal  seams  of  the  Oldham  area *  are  about  ten  in  number.  The  most  valuable  and 
the  one  which  has  been  most  worked  is  the  Black  Mine,  averaging  four  feet  in  thickness.  Another 
seam  of  considerable  importance  is  the  '  New  Mine  '  of  the  Ashton-under-Lyne  district,  which  lies 
below  the  Black  Mine,  and  about  100  yards  above  the  Royley  or  Arley  seam.  It  may  be 

Suivalent  to  the  Neddy  Mine  of  Oldham,  or  one  of  the  thin  seams  below  it.  The  Lower  Bent 
ine  or  Peacock  coal  is  of  good  quality  and  much  used. 

The  '  Great  Mine '  of  Oldham  yields  over  8  feet  of  coal,  but  at  Ashton-under-Lyne  it 
includes  dirt  bands. 

Higher  in  the  series  than  any  given  in  Professor  Hull's  list  are  the  Great  and  Roger  Mines  of 
Ashton-under-Lyne  and  Dukinfield.  The  former  is  6  feet  thick,  the  latter  4  feet,  and  the 
interval  is  but  32  yards. 

Still  higher  in  the  series,  and  at  some  400  to  500  yards  above  the  Great  Mine,  is  the  Yard 
Mine  of  Moston,  which  is  supposed  to  represent  the  Bradford  Four-Feet. 

Nowhere  in  this  area  is  the  whole  of  the  Middle  series  present  from  summit  to  base,  unless  it 
be  to  the  south  of  Dukinfield  and  at  Moston. 

Between  the  Great  and  Yard  Mines  at  Dukinfield  is  a  coal  seam  about  eighteen  inches  in 
thickness,  the  shale  roof  being  rich  in  fossils,  and  containing  ironstone  balls  very  similar  to  those 
over  the  Upper  Foot  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures.  This  horizon  is  exposed  in  the  banks  of  the 
river  Tame,  near  the  bend  west  of  Dunkirk  Colliery,  and  was  also  cut  through  in  sinking  the  shaft 
of  the  Ashton  Moss  colliery.  The  remarkable  feature  of  this  horizon  is  that  it  has  yielded 
Goniatites,  Pterinopecten,  &c.  The  late  J.  W.  Salter  regarded  the  fauna  of  this  horizon  as 
comparable  to  that  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  of  Shropshire,  and  as  markedly  different  from  that 
of  the  Lancashire  Lower  Coal  Measures.  This  can  now  hardly  be  said  to  be  correct,  as  the 
observations  of  the  writer  have  shown  that  the  '  Marine  Band,'  as  it  is  often  called,  has  yielded 
several  species  of  fossils  characteristic  of  the  latter.  The  fauna  of  the  Marine  Band  most 
closely  approximates  that  of  the  Upper  Foot  or  Bullion  and  Mountain  Four-Feet  Mines,  and  the 
differences  are  probably  those  naturally  due  to  a  later  development. 

(B)  BOLTON  AND  BURY  AREA 

In  this  area  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  reach  fully  a  thousand  yards  in  thickness,  and  scarcely 
any  portion  remains  untouched,  mining  being  particularly  active. 

The  best  generalised  section  of  it  is  that  of  Professor  Hull,  curtailed  from  a  much  more 
detailed  section  published  by  J.  Dickinson,  Esq.,  late  Chief  Inspector  of  Mines. 

GENERALISED  SECTION  BETWEEN  MANCHESTER  AND  BOLTON 


Worsley  Four  Feet  Coal 
Strata 

Ft. 
.     .     .     .          4 
782 

In. 

3 

Five  Quarters  Coal  

Ft. 
266 

In. 

6 

Bin  Coal     
Strata     
Albert  Mine    
Strata 

'.'.'.'.        78 

6 
o 
.3 

Trencherbone  Coal  
Strata  
Cannel  Mine  (Cannel  only  6  inches)  . 

5 

102 

4 

"»8 

o 
o 

6 

Crumbourke  Coal 
Strata     
Rams  Mine     .... 

4 
.     ...     144 
5 

o 
o 
6 

Saplin  Coal  
Strata  
Plodder  Coal  

4 
107 

•7 

o 
o 

o 

Strata 

White  Coal     
Strata     .     . 

•     •             3 

o 

Yard  Mine  
Strata 

168 

o 

Black  Coal       

-3 

o 

Three  Quarters  Mine  

2 

o 

Strata     
Old  Doe  Coal       .     .     . 
Strata     . 

.     .     .     .       45 
.     .     .     .         8 

71 

o 
o 
a 

Strata  
Arley  Mine  

206 

4 

o 
o 

(Slightly  modified  from  Hull's  Coalfields  of  Great  Britain,  1881,  pp.  2O2,  203.) 

Fourteen  seams  are  worked,  yielding  nominally  about  sixty  feet  of  coal,  but  from  this  must  be 
deducted  the  thickness  of  shale  partings,  bass,  and  dirt  bands,  which  frequently  occur.  The  lowest 
bed  of  the  series  is  the  Arley  Mine. 

1  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  Oldham  Middle  Coal  Measures  are  flanked  to  the  north  and  east  by 
ground  in  which  coals  of  the  Lower  Series  are  extensively  mined. 

16 


GEOLOGY 


The  Cannel  Mine,  which  occurs  some  way  above  it,  is  remarkable  in  that  it  consists  of  a 
basal  layer  of  bituminous  coal  and  an  upper  layer  of  cannel  which  has  a  thickness  of  3  feet  at 
Wigan  and  thins  away  in  all  directions  from  it  ;  the  common  coal  thickens  as  the  cannel 
diminishes. 

The  coal  itself  has  yielded  numerous  remains  of  fish-teeth,  spines,  scales,  &c.,  as  well  as 
large  Stigmarian  roots. 

The  Trencherbone  is  of  good  quality  in  some  parts  of  the  area,  whilst  in  others  it  contains  so 
much  dirt  as  to  prove  unworkable.  At  Tyldesley  it  is  associated  with  a  bastard  cannel.  It  is  in 
great  demand  as  a  house  coal,  and  large  quantities  are  sent  into  Manchester  and  other  towns.  The 
Doe  Mine  and  Rams  Mine  are  also  good  and  in  great  request.  The  Worsley  Four-Feet,  which 
marks  the  upper  limit  of  the  Middle  Measures,  has  been  worked  at  Leigh,  Pendleton,  and  other 
places,  and  is  a  good  coal. 

A  great  fault  known  as  the  Irwell  Valley  Fault  cuts  through  this  area  from  the  Millstone 
Grit,  north  of  Bolton,  in  a  south-east  direction  to  Manchester,  along  the  line  of  the  valley  of  the 
river  Irwell ;  the  downthrow  is  to  the  north-east,  and  is  over  one  thousand  yards.  The  various 
seams  given  on  the  section  abut  against  the  fault  in  regular  order  from  north  to  south  on  the 
upthrow  side  ;  on  the  downthrow  side  the  seams  are  shifted  to  the  northwards,  and  a  narrow  tongue 
of  the  Trias  runs  up  into  the  middle  of  the  coalfield. 

(C)  WIGAN   AND   ST.    HELENS   AREA 

The  St.  Helens  district  forms  the  most  westerly  section  of  the  South  Lancashire  Coalfield,  that 
of  Wigan  lying  between  it  and  the  Bolton  area. 

In  this  area,  as  in  that  previously  mentioned,  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  are  about  1,000  yards 
in  thickness. 

Notwithstanding  their  nearness  only  two  seams  of  St.  Helens — the  Little  Delf  and  Rushy 
Park — have  been  directly  correlated  with  two  of  Wigan,  viz.  the  Arley  Mine  and  Smith  Coal. 

The  remaining  seams  are  not  equally  capable  of  correlation  owing  to  the  changing  character 
of  the  coals  themselves,  to  alterations  in  thickness  and  character  of  the  intervening  non-productive 
measures,  and  to  extensive  faulting. 


1  COMPARATIVE 

COAL   SERIES 

St.  Helen's 

Ft.     In. 

Lyon's  Delf. 



2         8 

Measures 

55       ° 

London  Delf 

2          6 

86       2 

Potato  Delf  (v 

nth  partings)  .     . 

5       3 

ST. 


HELEN'S   AND    WIGAN 
Wigan 


Measures 41        9 

Earthy  Coal  (with  partings) ...          62 
Measures  with  Coal,  2ft.       .     .     .      121        6 


157 

St.  Helen's  Main  Delf     . 

•     •     •          9 

Cannel               .... 

2 

.     .     .       18 

Four-feet  Coal  .... 

•     •     •         3 

56 

.       .      .            2 

Measures      
Ravenhead  Higher  Coal  . 
„         Warrant    .     . 
„          Main  Delf     . 
Measures      
Bastion's  Coal  .... 
Measures 

.       .       .       271 

•     •     •        3 
.     •     •         4 

.     .     .         7 
.     .     .       66 
.     .     .         4 
.     .     .       22 

Coal-seam  of  Red  Rock  Brow 

Riding  Mine 

Measures 

Ince  Yard  Mine    .... 

Measures 

Ince  4~feet  Mine  .... 
Measures  with  3  coal-seams. 

Ince  7-feet  Mine  .... 

Measures 

(Wilcock  or(  Coal  2  ft.  1 1  in. 
\  Furnace  \  Clay  o  ft.  6  in. 
(  Coal  (  Coal  I  ft.  8  in. 


y 
9 

2 

18 
56 

2 

271 

3 
4 

7 
66 

4 

22 

3} 

2 
2 
0 
0 
O 

11 

oj 
9 
3 

0 

Pemberton  5-feet  Mine    .... 

Little  Coal  

Pemberton  4-feet  Mine    .... 

Wigan  4-feet  Mine    
Measures     

Ft. 

4 

36 

2 

108 

3 
150 

6 
71 


252 


3° 

2 

45 

387 
5 

90 
4 

72 


1  '  Geology  of  the  Country  around  Wigan,'  Mem.  Gcol.  Survey,  by  Prof.  E.  Hull  (i 


5z),  p.  12. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


St.  Helen's  (continued) 


Wigan  (continued) 


Higher  Roger  coal  
Measures  

Ft. 
6 
123 

48 

78 

5 

333 

4 
161 

3 

300 
1800 

ging  frc 

In. 
6 
o 
4 
3 
8 
o 
3 

8 
6 

0 
0 

o 
o 

«n  3 

Wigan  g-feet  mine  (inferior) 
Measures      
!  Cannel  (varying  from  i  ft.  8  in. 
to  3  ft.)  average  
Measures  (varying  from  oft.  to 
15  ft-)  i 
King  coal      
Measures      
Ravin  Mine  (inferior)       .... 
Measures  with  2  ft.  coal  .... 
Haigh  Yard  coal    .     .     . 

Ft.     In. 

9       o 

280       o 

2         6 

to   15          O 

3       6 
66       o 

3      ° 

168       o 

3       ° 
150      o 

I   1 

186       o 
4       o 
300  (?)  o 
1800      o 

are  usually 

Sir  John  coal  

Flaggy  Delf  
Measures  
Lower  Roger  coal  (with  partings)  . 

Measures  (with  thin  coal  seam). 

Rushy  Park  Coal  
Measures  

Bone  coal     
Measures      
Smith  coal  (Orrell  5  ft.)  .     .     .     . 
Measures 

Little  Delf  
Strata,  principally  shales  .... 
Gannister  beds  

The  best  coals  are  those  avera 

Arley  Mine  (Orrell  4  ft.)      .     .     . 
Strata  principally  shales    .... 
Gannister  beds  . 

to  4  feet.     Seams  which  are  thicker 

of  poorer  quality  and  contain  dirt  bands. 

Northwards  of  St.  Helens,  a  great  slice  of  the  Middle  Measures  is  cut  out  by  the  great  Up- 
Holland  Fault,  which  has  a  throw  of  700  yards.  This  fault,  like  all  great  faults  in  the  Lancashire 
area,  ranges  approximately  N.N.W.  and  S.S.E.,  and  is  roughly  parallel  to  the  Irwell  Valley  Fault 
already  mentioned.  It  brings  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  on  its  eastern  side. 

(D)  BURNLEY   COAL   FIELD 

This  area  of  Middle  Coal  Measures  is  surrounded  by  the  lower  series  and  overlaid  by  Glacial 
drifts,  no  upper  series  being  present.  The  best  section  obtainable  is  that  of  Fulledge,  which,  omitting 
detail,  is  as  follows  : — 

FULLEDGE    SECTION 


Ft. 

In. 

Strata      

14 

O 

Doghole  Coal  

5 

O 

Strata      

16 

O 

Charley  Coal    

i 

o 

Strata      

2 

9 

Kershaw  Coal  

3 

5 

Strata      

•       71 

o 

Coal  

3 

IO 

Strata      

10 

2 

Burnley  4~feet  

4 

0 

Strata      

•       25 

O 

Old  Yard  Coal      .... 

5 

I 

Strata      

•     177 

6 

Lower  Yard  Coal.     .     .     . 

2 

ii 

Ft. 

77 
3 
23 

2 

62 
2 

44 
4 
116 

2 

96 
2 


Strata      

Low  Bottom  Coal 

Strata      

Cannel 

Strata      

Fulledge  Thin  Bed  Coal 

Strata      

Great  Mine  Coal .     .     . 

Strata       

China  Bed  Coal    .     .     . 
Strata,  with  thin  coal . 
Dandy  Bed  Coal  .     .     . 

Strata      

Arley  Mine  Coal  .     .     . 
Neglecting  thin  coals,  the  section  shows  about  40  feet  of  coal   lying  in  a  dozen  seams.     Of 
these,  the  Arley  Mine  is  most  valuable  and  has  the  greatest  development,  outcropping  around  the 
whole  Coalfield.      One  seam,  the  Californian  or  Thin  Bed,  possesses  a  strong  shale  roof  which 
is  remarkably  fossiliferous,  no  less  than  26  species  being  recorded  from  it,  most  of  which  are  fishes. 

When  surveying  the  Burnley  Coalfield  prior  to  1874,  Professor  Hull  calculated  the  Arley 
Mine  to  have  an  area  of  about  23  square  miles.  Allowing  5,000  tons  per  acre,  he  estimated 
the  total  yield  as  73,600,000  tons,  of  which  about  one-tenth  had  been  extracted,  leaving,  after 
deduction  for  loss  and  waste,  65,000,000  tons  to  be  mined  in  the  future.1  The  total  yield 
to  1874  of  the  whole  coalfield  was  estimated  at  18,500,000  tons,  leaving  89,000,000  tons 
to  be  mined.8 

1  'Geology  of  the  Burnley  Coalfield,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey  (1875),  P-  7$. 
8  Op.  tit.,  p.  83. 

18 


GEOLOGY 

The  basin-like  area  of  this  coalfield  causes  the  mines  lying  above  the  Arley  to  have  a  much 
diminished  superficial  area,  so  much  so  that  Professor  Hull  calculated  that  the  Mountain  Four-Feet 
Mine,  which  passes  under  the  whole  of  the  Middle  Measures,  may  yet  be  made  to  yield 
100,000,000  tons,  or  more  than  the  whole  of  the  seams  of  the  Middle  Series. 


UPPER   COAL   MEASURES 

These  measures  are  better  developed  in  the  Manchester  area  than  in  any  other  part 
of  England.  The  development  is,  however,  altogether  local,  the  other  areas  of  Upper  Coal 
Measures  in  Lancashire  being  of  insignificant  proportions. 

A  small  patch  of  shales  and  flaggy  sandstones  in  the  Wigan  area,  overlying  a  coal  supposed  to 
be  the  Worsley  Four-Feet,  belongs  probably  to  the  lower  part  of  the  Upper  Series. 

Another  small  patch  occupies  the  southern  border  of  the  South  Lancashire  Coalfield  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Leigh,  Worsley,  and  Pendleton.  A  portion  of  the  same  measures  forms  a 
similar  border  to  the  Middle  Series  from  Kingley  to  Prestwich,  but  has  been  carried  to  the  north  by 
the  great  Irwell  Valley  Fault. 

The  Upper  Coal  Measures  along  the  southern  border  are  partially  concealed  by  the  overlap  of 
Permian  and  Trias.  Since  they  are  mainly  unproductive,  they  have  not  been  exploited.  They 
consist  of  reddish  shales,  clays,  and  sandstones  with  thin  bands  of  limestone  and  a  calcareous 
haematite,  worked  at  Patricroft.  They  also  contain  a  coal  known  as  the  Yard  Coal  of  Pendleton. 


MANCHESTER   COALFIELD 

This  small  coalfield  has  already  been  mentioned  as  one  in  which  the  Middle  Coal  Measures 
are  still  untouched,  the  rocks  nearest  the  surface  belonging  solely  to  the  upper  series. 

Considerable  light  has  been  thrown  upon  these  by  the  construction  of  a  new  line  of  railway 
along  the  eastern  outskirts  of  Manchester  in  1890-91.  The  succession  of  beds  belonging  to 
the  Upper  Coal  Measures  was  exposed,  as  well  as  their  junction  with  the  Permian.  Full  details  of 
the  sections  are  to  be  found  in  papers  of  C.  Roeder,  C.  E.  De  Ranee  and  J.  W.  Brockbank.1 

The  series  as  a  whole  consists  of  reddish  mottled  clays,  shales,  and  sandstones,  with  thin  bands 
of  limestone.  At  Ardwick,  near  the  centre  of  the  coalfield,  and  in  the  railway  section  to  the  south, 
twelve  beds  of  limestone  are  shown,  the  total  thickness  in  the  former  case  being  29  feet,  in 
the  latter  21  feet  4  inches. 

The  general  dip  is  southwest,  the  lowest  members  of  the  series  cropping  in  the  north-east 
of  the  district,  and  being  succeeded  regularly  by  others  until  the  thin  limestones  of  the  upper 
part  come  in  along  the  southwest  border.  Below  the  lowest  limestone  are  about  200  yards  of  strata 
under  which  the  following  section  was  obtained  at  the  Bradford  Colliery  : — * 

BRADFORD   AND   CLAYTON    COAL   SERIES 

Ft.     In.  Ft.  In. 

Openshaw  Mine 3       °              Four  Feet  Mine                    •     •  3  IO 

Strata about     135        o                   Strata 108  o 

Charlotte  Mine 2       O              Yard  Mine      .     ...     £  to  i  o 

Strata 210       o                   Strata 210  o 

Three  Quarter  Mine      ...          I        7               Two  Feet  Coal 20 

Strata 15        o                   Strata 120  o 

Coal o  10 

The  total  thickness  will  not  fall  far  short  of  2,000  feet.  All  the  seams  have  now  been  worked 
out,  but  twenty  years  ago  several  collieries  were  busily  engaged.  It  must  not  be  supposed  however 
that  the  coalfield  is  exhausted,  for  underneath  the  2,000  feet  of  Upper  Measures  is  a  rich 
Middle  Series  similar  to  that  of  Oldham,  Ashton-under-Lyne,  and  Dukinfield,  and  it  is  very 
probable  that  this  will  eventually  be  sought  for  and  mined. 

Should  this  ever  be  the  case,  and  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  be  reached,  another  80  feet 
of  coal,  spread  over  nearly  4  square  miles,  will  be  added  to  the  coal  resources  of  Lancashire. 

1  Trans.  Manch.  Geol.  Soc.,  xxi  (iSgo-i-z),  and  Proc.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.,  Manchester,  for  same  year. 
*  '  Geology  of  Country   around  Oldham,  including  Manchester  and    its  suburbs,'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey 
(1864),  p.  35. 

19 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

POST-CARBONIFEROUS   CHANGES 

The  causes  which  have  operated  in  altering  the  character  of  the  Lancashire  Coal  Measures 
since  their  deposition  are  of  three  kinds,  viz.  flexures  or  folding,  denudation,  and  faulting. 

FORMATION  OF  SYNCLINES  AND  ANTICLINES 

1.  Careful  mapping  has  shown  that  the  whole  of  the  Carboniferous  system  of  Lancashire  has 
been  thrown  into  a  number  of  anticlines  and  synclines  along  a  line  running  west  of  north  and  east 
of  south,  the  axes  of  the  folds  being  north  of  east  and  south  of  west.     This  folding  caused  the 
separation  of  the  Burnley  Coalfield  from  that  of  South  Lancashire,  the  crest  of  the  intervening  arch, 
'the  Rossendale  Anticlinal,'  being  afterwards  denuded  down  to  the  Millstone  Grit  Series.     The 
former  field  owes  its  preservation  to  the  formation  at  this  time  of  the  Pendle  Hill  Range,  in  which 
the  lower  beds  are  brought  up  again  to  the  north  of  the  coalfield  in  a  line  parallel  to  the  Rossendale 
anticlinal. 

The  approximate  age  of  this  system  of  folds  is  indicated  by  the  occurrence  of  Permian  deposits 
in  the  Pendle  range  lying  upon  the  upturned  and  denuded  edges  of  the  Coal  Measures,  and  even 
overlapping  on  to  the  Millstone  Grit.1 

This  evidence  shows  that  the  development  was  post-Carboniferous  and  pre-Permian,  and  that 
denudation  of  the  Coal  Measures  preceded  the  deposition  of  the  Permian. 

2.  The  high  ground  on  the  east  of  the  Lancashire  Coalfield,  in  which  the  Millstone  Grit  Series 
outcrops,  owes  its  origin  to  a  simple  fold  formed  subsequently  to  those  we  have  considered,  and 
developed  along  a  north  and  south  line.     The  fold  as  a  whole  gave  origin  to  the  Pennine  chain  of 
hills  now  forming  the  main  axis  of  elevation  in  the  north  of  England. 

This  huge  fold  cuts  off  the  Lancashire  Coalfield  on  the  west  from  that  of  Yorkshire  on  the  east. 
That  the  two  were  formerly  continuous  is  abundantly  proved  by  the  close  correlation  which  can  be 
established  between  them,  and  the  regularity  of  succession  upon  each  side  of  the  axis  of  upheaval. 

The  age  of  this  north  and  south  flexure  is  not  by  any  means  clearly  determinable.  That  it  was 
formed  before  the  deposition  of  the  Trias  is  proved  by  the  latter  lying  upon  the  Lower  Carboniferous 
along  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Derbyshire  hills,2  but  that  it  was  post-Permian,  as  is  supposed  by 
Professor  Hull,  rests  upon  the  belief  that  a  great  anticlinal  fault  traversing  Lancashire  and  contem- 
poraneous in  its  development  with  the  upheaval  of  the  Pennine  chain  is  older  than  a  second  fault 
which  it  meets  to  the  south  of  Staffordshire.  The  anticlinal  fault  fractures  the  Coal  Measures,  and 
passes  under  the  Trias  in  Staffordshire  without  fracturing  them,  but  the  second  fault  which  it  joins 
fractures  both. 

Immediately  to  the  south  of  the  Lancashire  Coalfield  the  anticlinal  fault  is  accompanied  by  a 
parallel  series,  one  of  which,  known  as  the  '  Red  Rock  Fault,'  throws  in  the  Permian  Sandstone 
against  the  Carboniferous. 

If  the  anticlinal  fault  and  the  parallel  system  above  mentioned  are  of  the  same  age,  as  seems 
most  probable,  it  follows  that  the  former,  as  well  as  the  latter,  is  of  post-Permian  age  ;  and  since  the 
anticlinal  fault  is  directly  connected  with  the  upheaval  of  the  Pennine  Chain,  the  age  of  the  latter 
appears  to  be  established  as  post-Permian  and  pre-Triassic.  It  would  thus  appear  that  the  dominant 
features  of  the  topography  of  Lancashire  were  determined  by  the  formation  of  two  systems  of  folds 
and  the  denudation  of  their  crests  before  the  commencement  of  the  Mesozoic. 

FAULTING 

3.  The  third  change  which  was  induced  in  the  Lancashire  Coal  Measures  was  caused  by  the 
great  system  of  faults  which  strike  across  the  coalfield  from  N.N.W.  to  S.S.E.      That  these  are 
post-Triassic  is  shown  by  their  continuance  into  the  Trias  of  the  Cheshire  plain.     That  they  are 
possibly  post-Jurassic  is  assumed,  because  the  continuity  of  deposition  was  not  interfered  with  from 
the  top  of  the  Trias  to  the  close  of  the  Jurassic  so  far  as  is  known.     The  more  important  of  these 
faults  will  be  dealt  with  under  their  respective  districts. 

OLDHAM  DISTRICT 

Several  faults  start  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ashton-under-Lyne  and  range  north-west  as  far  as 
Rochdale  and  Hey  wood,  with  downthrows  of  from  100  to  200  yards.  Immediately  to  the  east  of 
this  district  in  the  Millstone  Grit  country  runs  the  great  Pennine  Fault,  passing  almost  north  and 
south,  and  bringing  up  the  Pendleside  ('  Yoredale ')  shales  against  the  Millstone  Grits. 

1  Hull  '  Observations  on  the  Relative  Ages  of  the  Leading  Physical  Features  and  Lines  of  Elevation  of  the 
Carboniferous  District  of  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire,'  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Sac.,  xxiv.  323  (1868). 
8  Hull,  op.  cit.,  p.  329. 


GEOLOGY 

BOLTON    AND    BuRY    AREA 

The  chief  fault  is  that  known  as  the  Great  Irwell  Valley  Fault,  having  a  downthrow  to  the  east 
of  over  1,000  yards,  and  crossing  the  whole  of  south  Lancashire.  Further  to  the  south  it  is  con- 
tinued into  the  Trias  of  Cheshire.  A  great  fault  bounds  the  north-east  border  of  the  Manchester 
Coalfield,  and  passing  N.N.W.  across  the  Trias,  runs  fairly  parallel  to  the  Irwell  Valley  Fault  across 
the  coalfield  to  a  little  west  of  Bury. 

WIGAN  AND  ST.  HELEN'S  DISTRICT 

The  main  faults  of  this  district  are  the  Great  Upholland  Fault,  with  a  downthrow  of  650  yards 
and  a  set  of  five  faults  at  nearly  equal  distances  of  1,400  yards  from  one  another  ;  these  are  : — 

1 .  Great  Pemberton  Fault. 

2.  Great  Shevington  Fault. 

3.  Giants  Hall  Fault. 

4.  Great  Standish  Fault. 

5.  Great  Haigh  Fault. 

All  the  faults  mentioned  thus  far  belong  to  the  N.N.W.  or  post- Jurassic  System.  They  are 
accompanied  by  smaller  faults  which  run  out  from  them  at  acute  angles  or  remain  parallel,  and  by  a 
system  of  east  and  west  faults  of  less  importance  which  break  up  the  ground  between  them.  This 
latter  series  was  doubtless  in  part  developed  when  the  Pendle  range  system  of  folds  was  formed. 

COAL  MEASURE  FLORA 

The  flora  of  the  Lancashire  Coal  Measures  has  long  been  famous,  largely  because  of  the 
excellent  preservation  of  vegetable  tissues  in  nodules  overlying  the  Bullion  Seam  or  Upper  Foot 
Coal.  These  nodules  supplied  material  to  Lindley,  Hutton,  Brongniart,  Binney,  Carruthers, 
Williamson,  Solms-Laubach,  and  Hick,  whereby  they  were  enabled  to  throw  a  flood  of  light  upon 
the  structure  and  relationship  of  the  coal  flora. 

The  study  of  the  minute  structure  of  coal  plants  has  also  been  a  favourite  subject  with  the 
miners,  and  many  can  be  found  to-day  with  valuable  cabinets  of  coal  slides  and  all  the  machinery 
necessary  for  their  production.  Their  knowledge  of  the  structure  of  these  plants  is  considerable,  and 
Williamson  and  others  have  testified  repeatedly  to  the  energy  and  skill  with  which  these  men  have 
prosecuted  their  studies  and  produced  valuable  results. 

The  study  of  the  external  features  of  coal  plants  has  not  been  followed  so  assiduously,  probably 
because  of  a  perplexing  synonomy,  and  the  want  of  books  dealing  with  this  section  of  the  subject. 
As  a  result,  the  published  list  of  coal  plants  is  by  no  means  complete. 

The  great  bulk  of  the  coal  flora  consisted  of  ferns  and  Lycopodiaceae,  the  latter,  however,  not 
restricted  to  the  coal  measures,  the  casts  of  large  trunks  being  not  unfrequently  found  in  the  sand- 
stones of  the  Millstone  Grits. 

The  shale  roofs  of  the  coal  seams  are  the  chief  repositories  of  fossil  plants  ;  ferns,  Catamites,  and 
Lepidodendra  occurring  in  abundance.  All  the  under-clays  or  seat-rocks  contain  Stigmaria,  whilst 
the  roof  of  the  Bullion  Seam  contains  the  irregularly  rounded  nodules  already  mentioned,  in  which, 
amidst  a  tangle  of  broken-up  vegetable  matter,  are  found  stems,  twigs,  and  fruit  of  Catamites,  Lepi- 
dodendron, and  other  plants,  with  their  minute  structure  perfectly  preserved. 

In  addition  to  the  shale-roofs,  plant  fossils  are  found  in  some  of  the  shales  and  sandstones. 

In  some  cases  ironstone  nodules  occur  in  the  shales  containing  well-preserved  ferns  and  Lepi- 
dostrobi,  especially  in  the  shales  under  the  Doe  Mine  of  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  of  Pendleton. 
The  sandstones  often  contain  casts  of  trunks  and  faint  impressions  of  leaves  and  ferns,  covered  by  a 
thin  layer  of  carbon.  Ferns  are  most  abundant  so  far  as  regards  species  in  the  shales  of  the  Middle 
Coal  Measures,  where  they  are  better  preserved  than  those  of  the  Lower  series.  The  stems  of 
Catamites  and  Lepidodendron  are  also  less  crushed. 

Plant  remains  of  any  description  are  scarce  in  the  Upper  Coal  Measures,  Neuropteris  and 
Spbenopterls  being  the  most  common. 

The  most  common  plants  of  the  Lancashire  Lower  Coal  Measures  are  : — 

Alethopterts  lonchittca  Lepidodendron  obovatum 

Mariopteris  muricata  >>  aculeatum 

Sphenopteris  Schillingsit  Sigillaria  elegam 

Lepidodendron  opbiurus  Trigonocarpus  Parkinsoni 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  most  common  plants  of  the  Middle  Measures  are  : — 

Spbenopteris  furcata  Sigillaria  ovata 

„          trifoliolata  „         reniformis 

„          Footneri  „        Saulii 

Mariopteris  muricata  Lepidodendron  ophiurus 

Pecopteris  Miltoni  „            aculeatum 

Alethopteris  decurrens  Bothrodendron  minutifolium 

„          Serlii  Cordaites 

Neuropteris  gigantea  Lepidostrobus  variabilis 

„          obliqua  Trigonocarpus  Parkinsoni 

„          heterophylla  „            Dawsii 

Calamocladus  equisitiformis  ,,            Nceggeratbi 

Catamites  (Stylocalamites)  Suckmuii  Carpolithus  inflatus 
Sigillaria  tessellata 

Some  of  the  Middle  Measure  sandstones  occasionally  yield  fine  specimens  of  Halonia  and  the 
large  leaves  of  Cordaites. 

LOWER  COAL  MEASURE  FAUNA 

The  fauna  of  the  Lower  Measures  is  quite  as  sharply  marked  off  from  that  of  the  Middle  Series 
as  are  the  plant  fossils,  and  for  this  reason  must  be  dealt  with  separately.  The  lowest  forms  of  life 
represented  are  worms,  of  which  two  species  are  known.  The  one  (Arenicola  carbonaria]  is  only 
known  by  worm  burrows,  and  tracks,  whilst  the  other  (Spirorbis  pusillus)  has  left  a  minute  coiled 
shell.  Brachiopoda  are  represented  by  Lingula  cf.  mytiloides. 

The  ordinary  mollusca  or  bivalves  are  most  common,  especially  Carbonicola  (olim  Anthracosia), 
the  chief  species  being  : — 

Carbonicola  robusta  Carbonicola  subconstricta 

„          acuta  „          aquilina 

„          rugosa 

Other  common  forms  which  link  these  coal  measures  with  the  Millstone  Grit  are  Pterinopecten 
(olim  Avicuhpecteri)  papyraceus  and  Posidoniella  laruis  and  P.  minor.  Gasteropoda  are  feebly  represented 
by  a  few  undescribed  species. 

Cephalopoda  are  chiefly  found  in  the  upper  part  of  the  measures  in  the   roof  and  shales  asso- 
ciated with  the  Mountain  Four  Feet  or  Bullion  Mine  ;  the  common  forms  are  : — 
Gastrioceras  (plim  Goniatites)  Listeri 

„  „  carbonarium 

Dimorphoceras  Gilbertsoni 
Glyphioceras  (olim  Goniatites)  reticulatum 
„  „  diadema 

„  „  paucilobum 

Several  species  of  Orthoceras  occur,  but  few  are  well  defined,  Orthoceras  obtusum  being  the  most 
marked. 

Crustacea  are  represented  by  several  species  of  ostracods  and  by  a  few  rare  forms  of  malacos- 
traca,  of  which  Pygocephalus  Cooperi,  Anthrapalamon  Etberidgei,  and  Prestuiichia  rotundata  are  the 
chief.  Fishes  were  fairly  abundant  in  numbers  and  species,  the  remains,  chiefly  teeth  and  scales,  but 
at  times  whole  fishes,  being  found  in  the  black  shales.  The  commonest  forms  are  Coelacanthus 
elegans,  Rhizodopsis  sauroides,  and  Strepsodus  sauroides.  A  small  amphibian,  Hylonomus  Wildi,  has  been 
recorded  from  the  '  soapstone '  bed  over  the  Mountain  Four  Feet  Mine  of  Colne  and  Trawden.  For 
a  full  list  of  the  fauna  the  reader  is  referred  to  papers  by  the  author.1 

MIDDLE  AND  UPPER  COAL  MEASURE  FAUNA 

Recent  researches  on  the  part  of  the  writer  have  shown  that  the  fauna  consists  of  75  genera, 
which  include  137  species,  and  further  work  by  other  observers  has  shown  that  the  numbers  will  be 
increased. 

Whilst  as  in  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  the  mollusca  remained  the  dominant  forms  mainly 
owing  to  the  great  increase  in  the  three  genera,  Carbonicola  (olim  Antbracosia\  Naiadites  (olim  Antbra- 
coptera)t  and  Antbracomya,  the  fishes  show  an  even  more  pronounced  development.  Cephalopoda 
and  brachiopoda  only  occur  at  one  horizon,  viz.  the  '  marine  band  '  at  Ashton-under-Lyne  and 
Dukinfield. 

1  '  The  Palaeontology  of  the  Lancashire  Coal  Measures,'  Trans.  Manch.  Geol.  and  Mining  Soc.  xxviii. 

22 


GEOLOGY 

The  Middle  Measures  of  the  Bolton,  Oldham,  and  Rochdale  districts  have  yielded  a  number 
of  rare  and  interesting  crustaceans  ;  and  work  which  is  now  being  carried  on  at  Sparth  Bottoms 
near  Rochdale  in  shales  over  the  Arley  Mine  bids  fair  to  reveal  many  new  forms. 

Fossil  fishes  are  represented  by  large  spines,  teeth,  scales,  and  not  rarely  by  whole  fishes.  Seven 
species  of  Pleuracanthian  spines  are  known,  the  commonest  being  Pleuracanthus  larvmimus.  All 
these  spines  consist  of  a  stout  bony  rod  which  was  imbedded  in  the  body  muscles  of  the  fish,  either 
behind  the  head,  or  in  front  of  each  of  the  paired  fins.  The  hinder  surface  of  each  spine  is  armed 
with  small  acutely  pointed  denticles  arranged  in  two  or  even  more  rows.  Larger  and  stouter  spines, 
often  a  foot  in  length,  and  ornamented  by  oblique  rows,  or  tubercles,  have  received  the  name 
of  Gyracantkus,  whilst  spines  ornamented  by  longitudinal  ridges  are  known  as  Sphenacanthus.  Many 
of  the  Lower  Coal  Measure  fishes  continue  to  exist,  and  the  black  shales  forming  the  roof  of  several 
of  the  thick  coal  seams  are  veritable  storehouses  of  fish  remains.  Amphibia  are  not  satisfactorily 
represented,  although  certain  large  ring  vertebrae  and  small  ribs  are  known  and  doubtfully  referred 
to  Archegosaurus. 

UPPER   COAL   MEASURE   FAUNA 

As  already  stated,  the  fossils  found  here  are  scanty  and  small.  The  period  was  one  in  which 
extinction  was  going  on. 

Spirorbis  pusillus,  and  ostracods,  the  latter  of  several  species,  alone  seemed  to  have  flourished 
in  anything  like  numbers,  whilst  Anthracomya  Phillipsii,  and  A.  lievls  var.  Scotica  are  the  only 
common  forms  amongst  the  mollusca.  Arthropods  are  represented  by  Estheria  tenella,  and  Leaia 
Leidyi  var.  WiUiamwniana.  The  fishes  were  mainly  Pleuracanthus,  Gyracanthus,  Ctenodus  Murckisoni, 
and  Megalichthys  Hibberti,  a  typical  Middle  Measure  form.  Small  phalanges  referred  to  Laby- 
rinthodon  were  found  by  Mr.  Chas.  Roeder  at  Longsight  and  are  the  only  remains  of  amphibia 
known  from  these  beds. 

PERMIAN 

Strata  belonging  to  this  period  formerly  occupied  a  much  greater  area  in  the  county  than  now, 
the  formation  having  been  extensively  swept  away  by  post-Permian  denudation,  which  was  possibly 
rendered  more  effective  by  a  considerable  amount  of  earth  movement,  such  as  faulting.  (See  p.  20.) 
Much  of  the  existing  Permian  strata  is  covered  by  the  Trias  or  Glacial  Drift,  so  that  the  only 
portions  readily  accessible  are  small  and  comparatively  unimportant.  A  narrow  band  of  Red  Sand- 
stones, Marls,  and  Limestones  borders  the  South  Lancashire  Coalfield  from  Sutton  near  St.  Helens, 
Edge  Green,  Leigh,  and  Astley  to  Eccles.  At  the  latter  place,  and  again  at  Salford  and  Cheetham 
Hill,  the  formation  has  been  faulted  northwards  by  the  Great  Irwell  Valley  and  other  faults,  which 
here  traverse  the  coalfield.  The  fact  that  the  Permian  has  shared  in  the  movement  and  faulting  of 
the  coal  measures  indicates  that  the  latter  movements  took  place  after  the  deposition  of  Permian 
and  not  before. 

The  Red  Sandstones,  Marls,  and  Limestones  are  best  seen  on  the  east  side  of  Manchester 
from  Collyhurst  to  Stockport.  They  were  also  cut  through  in  the  making  of  the  Fallowfield 
and  Burnage  section  of  railway  on  the  east  of  Manchester,  where  their  junction  with  the  Coal 
Measures  below  could  also  be  seen.  Small  patches  of  the  Permian  sandstones  occur  west  of  Preston, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Ribble  near  Clitheroe,  on  the  Ingleton  Coalfield,  and  in  the  Furness  district.  At 
this  latter  place  the  beds  are  much  obscured  by  drift. 

The  position  of  the  Permian  has  been  determined  in  a  number  of  cases  by  means  of  borings 
made  in  search  of  iron  ore.  The  Red  Sandstones  are  seen  at  High  Cocken,  north  of  Barrow,  and 
quarried  at  Hawcoat,  whilst  old  quarries  opened  in  the  same  rock  exist  in  the  grounds  of  Furness 
Abbey.  The  Magnesian  Limestone  which  underlies  the  sandstone  is  also  present  in  the  Furness 
district,  and  has  been  worked  at  Old  Holebeck.  The  smaller  patches  which  occur  near 
Clitheroe  and  elsewhere  owe  their  preservation  to  their  position  on  the  downthrow  side  of  faults. 
They  are  outliers  of  the  great  mass  of  Permian  strata  which  formerly  existed. 

Fossils  are  poorly  preserved  in  the  Permian  sandstones  and  marls,  the  latter  yielding  at  various 
places  examples  of  Schizodus  and  Bakevellia,  whilst  the  thin  limestones  are  at  times  crowded  with 
species  of  Rissaa,  Turbo,  etc.  Polyzoa  are  not  un  frequent  in  the  Magnesian  Limestone. 

The  Permian  System  as  a  whole  consists  of  the  following  divisions  : — 

Upper  Red  Sandstones,  Marls,  and  Clays,  with  thin  limestone. 

Magnesian  Limestone. 

Marl  Slate. 

Lower  Red  variegated  Sandstones,  Marls,  and  Breccias. 

Only  the  Upper  Red  Sandstone  and  Magnesian  Limestone  are  exposed  in  the  county. 

23 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

MESOZOIC   PERIOD 

The  formation  of  the  red  sandstones  and  marls  which  we  have  considered  under  the  name  of 
Permian  brought  to  a  close  that  period  of  geological  time  known  as  Palaeozoic,  and  was  in  turn 
succeeded  by  the  Mesozoic,  in  which  higher  orders  of  animals  and  plants  appeared,  and  in  which  the 
rocks  were  less  mechanical  in  origin,  and  owed  more  to  accumulation  in  quiet  waters  and  the 
aggregation  of  the  remains  of  various  life  forms.  The  rocks  of  this  period  have  also  suffered  much 
less  by  earth  movement  and  change  than  the  older  rocks.  The  distinction  between  Palaeozoic  and 
Mesozoic  rocks  is  a  purely  arbitrary  one,  retained  for  convenience,  but  possessing  no  actual 
justification,  as  in  many  places  no  satisfactory  line  can  be  drawn  between  the  Permian  and  the 
Trias,  the  one  apparently  passing  gradually  into  the  other. 

TRIAS 

The  various  members  of  the  Triassic  System  which  are  represented  in  Lancashire  are  the 
following  : — 


Upper  Trias  or  Keuper 


Lower  Trias  or  Bunter 


Keuper  or  Red  Marls. 
Keuper  Sandstone. 
Upper  Red  Mottled  Sandstone. 
Lower  and  Upper  Pebble  Beds. 
Lower  Red  Mottled  Sandstone. 


The  Triassic  rocks  occupy  a  large  extent  of  the  flat  country  forming  the  Lancashire  sea-board 
from  Liverpool  to  Morecambe  Bay,  which  it  encircles  as  far  as  Walney  Island  and  the  south  part  of 
the  Furness  district.  The  greatest  breadth  of  this  lowland  plain  is  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Preston, 
where  it  is  about  20  miles  across.  The  Triassic  beds  have  been  brought  against  the  edges  of 
the  older  rocks  by  a  great  fault  system  in  post-Triassic  time,  with  a  western  downthrow. 

BUNTER 

The  Bunter  Sandstone  and  Pebble  Beds  are  well  developed  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Liverpool, 
where  they  have  received  considerable  attention  from  local  geologists.  The  Bunter  Sandstone 
usually  lies  deep,  but  could  formerly  be  seen  at  Eastham  and  Ince  before  the  making  of  the  Man- 
chester Ship  Canal.  It  is  also  seen  at  Eccleston  Hall,  near  St.  Helens.  The  beds  are  famous  for 
the  amount  of  water  they  contain,  and  many  borings  have  been  put  down  into  them,  from  which 
a  huge  supply  is  obtained.  The  Pebble  Beds  are  well  exposed  near  Liverpool,  and  in  quarries  at 
Wavertree,  the  section  at  Olive  Mount  being  especially  good.  By  the  late  G.  H.  Morton  they 
were  divided  in  the  Liverpool  area  into  Lower  and  Upper  Pebble  Beds,  the  latter  containing  few 
pebbles. 

The  Upper  Red  Sandstone  is  exposed  in  nearly  all  the  railway  cuttings  on  the  north,  east,  and 
south  of  Liverpool,  and  it  lies  in  massive  beds  often  of  a  bright  red  colour,  streaked  with  grey.  At 
Liverpool  it  is  usually  too  soft  to  use  as  a  building  stone,  but  at  Frodsham,  Runcorn,  and  Ormskirk 
it  is  very  hard,  although  it  weathers  badly. 

KEUPER 

The  Keuper  Sandstones  and  Marls  which  form  the  Upper  Trias  lie  at  the  surface  to  the  west 
of  the  Bunter  series,  the  two  running  side  by  side  from  Liverpool  northwards,  the  Keuper  Series 
forming  a  goodly  portion  of  the  coastline,  though  occasionally  obscured  under  a  heavy  load  of 
Glacial  drift,  or  Blown  sand.  At  one  time  the  Keuper  Sandstone  was  extensively  quarried  at 
Liverpool,  the  lower  beds  forming  a  good  building  stone.  That  obtained  from  Runcorn  is  even 
more  durable.  Just  outside  the  county  boundary  at  Storeton  in  the  Wirral  peninsula,  extensive 
quarries  are  opened  in  the  Keuper  Sandstone,  and  have  yielded  sandstone  slabs  showing  a  most 
interesting  series  of  footprints,  ripple  markings,  and  rain  pittings.  The  footprints,  which  are  of  large 
size  and  five-toed,  are  believed  to  have  been  made  by  an  amphibian  closely  allied  to,  if  not  identical 
with,  the  Labyrinthodon.  To  the  animal  which  made  them  the  name  of  Cheirotberium  has  been 
given.  To  smaller  footprints  of  a  different  type  the  name  of  Rhynchosaurus  has  been  given. 
Remains  of  the  latter  have  also  been  found  in  Warwickshire. 

The  Keuper  Red  Marls  consist  of  red  and  grey  marls  and  shales,  with  bands  of  sandstone.  The 
thin  flaggy  sandstones  are  often  ripple-marked,  and  their  surfaces  are  at  times  studded  by  beautiful 
pseudomorphous  crystals  of  common  salt.  A  large  area  of  the  Red  Marls  stretches  from  Formby  to 
Southport,  having  been  proved  by  borings,  but  it  is  all  deeply  covered  by  drift.  At  Runcorn  the 
Marls  are  seen  on  the  banks  of  the  Weaver.  Near  Fleetwood,  at  Preesall,  a  boring  put  down  in  the 

24 


GEOLOGY 

Marls  reached  a  bed  of  rock-salt  at  a  depth  of  258  feet,  the  rock-salt  with  a  layer  of  shale  being 
nearly  300  feet  thick.  Rock-salt  is  of  widespread  occurrence  in  the  Keuper  Marls,  more 
especially  in  Cheshire,  where,  in  the  Marston  Mine,  are  two  beds,  one  85  feet  thick  and  the 
other  1 06  feet.1 

PLEISTOCENE 
GLACIAL  PERIOD 

After  the  deposition  of  the  Trias  there  is  no  evidence  of  rocks  of  later  age  in  Lancashire  until 
we  reach  the  Glacial  Drift,  a  thick  layer  of  boulder-laden  clay  and  sands  which  occupies  the  bottoms 
of  the  valleys  in  the  Coal  Measure  country  and  occasionally  spreads  up  their  sides,  even  to  a  height 
of  over  a  thousand  feet.  On  the  low  Triassic  plain  the  boulder  clay  masks  the  solid  geology 
almost  everywhere. 

It  must  not  be  supposed,  however,  that  rocks  later  than  the  Trias  and  older  than  the  Glacial 
Drift  never  were  laid  down  in  the  Lancashire  area,  because  the  presence  of  a  small  patch  of  Lias 
in  Cumberland,  at  Orton,  west  of  Carlisle,  and  the  presence  of  extensive  deposits  of  Liassic  and 
Cretaceous  age  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  indicate  that  these  formations  had  a  much  greater  develop- 
ment than  now,  and  might  very  probably  have  extended  over  the  county,  and  have  been  denuded 
before  the  Glacial  Period  commenced. 

The  Glacial  Period  occurred  when  the  greater  part  of  the  British  Isles  and  Northern  Europe 
became  covered  in  by  snowfields  and  mighty  glaciers,  the  climatic  conditions  being  such  that  the 
snows  of  winter  were  not  wholly  dissipated  in  summer,  and  the  accumulation  of  snow  thus  formed 
increased  until  the  mountains  and  mountain  valleys  were  filled,  and  a  downward  movement  com- 
menced which  went  on  until  the  lower  levels  were  encroached  upon  and  covered,  and  the  ice  sheets 
ultimately  reached  the  sea,  and  even  travelled  over  parts  of  its  area.  The  conditions  were  in  all 
probability  like  those  which  now  exist  in  the  Alps,  but  were  more  widespread  and  general.  Where 
rocks  or  mountain-tops  projected  through  the  snow  and  ice,  masses  were  broken  off  by  the  expansive 
force  of  water  in  its  freezing,  melting  and  re-freezing,  the  blocks  from  time  to  time  falling  upon  the 
glacier  fields  and  becoming  entombed  in  them  by  the  opening  of  crevasses.  The  lower  layer  of 
the  snowfields  became  compacted  into  ice  by  the  superincumbent  weight,  the  passage  of  water,  and 
partial  melting.  Every  high  mountain  peak  became  a  centre  of  dispersion,  and  from  the  centres  of 
high  altitude,  such  as  the  mountainous  region  of  the  Lake  District,  North  Wales,  and  similar  areas, 
there  began  a  steady  outward  flow  of  glaciers  to  lower  levels.  As  the  glaciers  moved  along,  their 
great  weight  and  the  stones  locked  up  within  caused  them  to  exercise  an  erosive  action  upon  the 
ground  over  which  they  moved.  The  surface  soil  was  worn  away  until  the  hard  rock  was  reached, 
and  the  latter  then  became  deeply  scratched  and  polished  by  the  slowly  sliding  mass  of  stones  and 
ice.  As  far  as  the  glaciers  travelled,  so  far,  of  course,  were  stones  carried  away  from  their  parent 
source,  and  strewn  along  the  course  of  the  glacier  stream.  The  grinding-down  of  the  surface  rocks 
and  the  ice-borne  stones  gave  rise  to  clays,  which  were  deposited  over  the  whole  country  traversed. 
How  much  rock  material  was  thus  carried  away  from  the  high  ground,  and  deposited  upon  far-away 
and  lower  levels,  we  shall  never  be  able  to  accurately  determine,  but  there  is  no  doubt  that  it  was 
enormous.  By  some  authorities  it  is  believed  that  many,  if  not  all,  the  basins  of  the  lakes  in  the 
Lake  District  were  ground  out  during  this  period,  the  old  river  valleys  everywhere  widened,  and  the 
hill  crests  much  reduced  in  height.  In  some  cases  river  valleys  were  filled  up  by  earthy  material 
and  ice,  and  the  general  ice  movement  passed  across  them  and  not  along  their  length.  By  a  close 
study  of  the  boulders  of  rock  now  found  in  the  glacial  clays,  and  an  equally  careful  mapping  of  the 
ice  scratches  upon  the  rocks  below,  it  has  been  possible  to  trace  the  general  course  of  these  '  erratics,' 
as  they  are  called,  back  to  their  source,  and  to  construct  maps  showing  the  lines  of  flow  and  centres 
of  dispersion.  In  this  way,  for  example,  it  can  be  shown  that  the  glacial  clays  of  Lancashire  are 
derived  from  the  Lake  District  and  the  south  of  Scotland,  examples  of  Criffel  granite  being  strewn 
in  the  Boulder  Clay  along  the  Cumberland  coast,  and  as  far  south  as  Liverpool  and  the  Wirral 
peninsula.  Rocks  derived  from  the  Lake  District  are  numberless  in  the  clays  of  Lancashire,  most 
of  them  being  derived  from  the  mountainous  district  on  the  west  of  Westmorland,  but  others  from 
the  Shap  Fell  area.  They  consist  mainly  of  flattened  and  polished  specimens  of  felspathic  rocks, 
rhyolite,  Shap  granite  and  slate,  intermingled  with  local  rocks  which  were  also  caught  up  and 
carried  forward.  In  many  places  the  clays  contain  boulders  of  large  size,  weighing  tons,  and  in 
several  Lancashire  towns  these  have  been  set  up  in  parks  and  public  places.  A  fine  example  is  to 
be  seen  in  the  quadrangle  of  Victoria  University  at  Manchester.  The  Boulder  Clay  in  the 
Furness  district  is  known  as  Pinel,  and  contains  fragments  from  the  Coniston  Grits  and  Shales  in 

1  For  particulars  relating  to  the  Triassic  rocks  see  G.  H.  Morton,  The  Geology  of  the  Country  around  Liverpool, 
ed.  2  (1891),  with  Appendix  (1897). 

25  4 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

addition  to  those  mentioned.  Sections  in  the  Boulder  Clay  can  be  seen  almost  everywhere,  and  are 
especially  marked  on  the  coast,  where  at  times  they  form  cliffs,  as  at  Blackpool,  from  40  to  70  feet 
in  height. 

One  interesting  feature  of  the  Lancashire  drift  which  still  requires  working  out  is  the  occur- 
rence of  broken  and  comminuted  shells,  and  isolated  valves.  These  are  found  even  in  the  inland 
clays.  Amongst  others,  the  writer  has  found  valves  belonging  to  species  of  Cardium,  Jlfactra, 
Mytilus,  and  a  portion  of  the  test  of  an  Echinoderm.  Foraminifera  also  occur. 

In  many  places  the  drift  can  be  divided  into  three  parts,  a  middle  division  of  sand  being  inter- 
calated between  lower  and  upper  Boulder  Clays,  or  Drift.  Pockets  of  sand,  sometimes  of  large  size, 
at  times  occur  interbedded  with  the  clays.1 

Post-Glacial  Deposits. — To  this  category  belong  the  extensive  peat  deposits  of  the  moorlands  and 
plains,  which  are  often  of  considerable  thickness,  especially  in  the  '  Mosses,'  as  Chatmoss,  etc.,  and 
contain  trunks  and  stumps  of  trees,  sometimes  in  such  profusion  as  to  indicate  that  many  districts 
and  even  hills  were  densely  wooded  instead  of  bare  and  bleak  as  we  now  see  them. 

Here  also  must  be  placed  the  banks  and  deposits  of  Alluvium  at  the  mouths  and  along  the 
sides  of  many  of  the  rivers,  and  the  extensive  dunes  and  sandhills  which  are  so  striking  a  feature 
of  the  coast  between  the  mouths  of  the  Mersey  and  the  Kibble,  near  Blackpool,  and  at  Walney 
Island. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  Fleetwood,  Poulton,  and  Blackpool,  these  later  deposits  have  been 
classified  by  the  officers  of  the  Geological  Survey  as  follows  : — 

Blown  Sand  . 


Post-Glacial 


Recent 


Upper  '  Cyclas '  clay,  sand,  etc. 

Upper  '  Scrobicularia '  clay. 

Marsh  clay  and  tidal  alluvium  Peat. 


j     Lower  '  Cyclas '  clay. 
Pre-historic      .          .     <     Lower  '  Scrobicularia '  clay. 
I     Presall  Shingle. 


A  somewhat  similar  division  holds  good  for  the  district  around  Southport,  the  place  of  the  Presall 
Shingle  being  taken  by  the  Shirdley  Hill  Sand  and  Lower  Peat. 

BLOWN   SAND 

Sandhills  are  forming  so  extensively  along  the  Lancashire  coast  that  a  few  words  need  to  be 
written  respecting  them.  The  set  of  sea  currents  is  such  along  the  coast  from  north  of  Liverpool 
to  Fleetwood  that  almost  continuous  sandy  beaches  are  formed.  Indeed,  these  have  accumulated  in 
some  places  to  such  an  extent  that  the  sea  appears  to  be  retiring  from  the  land.  This  is  well  seen 
at  Southport,  where  marine  lakes  and  promenades  take  the  place  of  what  was  once  open  beach  swept 
by  every  tide.  The  exposure  of  the  sandbanks  at  low  tide  to  the  sun  results  in  the  upper  layer  of 
sand  becoming  dried,  when  it  is  easily  moved  by  the  wind  and  swept  inland,  where  it  collects  against 
any  obstacle,  such  as  fences  or  buildings,  and  accumulates  until  it  at  length  overtops  them,  and  falls 
over  upon  the  other  side.  In  this  way  a  low  eminence  is  formed,  which  is  continually  being  added 
to  on  the  seaward  side  and  as  continually  being  reduced  by  the  surface  being  carried  further  inland. 
In  this  way  an  extensive  belt  of  arable  land  has  been  covered  over,  and  the  encroachment  has 
become  so  serious  that  vigorous  attempts  are  made  to  stop  its  further  progress  by  planting  '  starr- 
grass,'  Psamma  arenaria,  and  Ammophila  arundinacea,  whose  long-matted  roots  hold  the  sand  together, 
whilst  the  leaves  protect  the  surface.  Southport  is  entirely  built  upon  blown  sand,  which  can  also 
be  seen  inland  behind  it. 

At  Formby  the  sandhills  are  three  miles  in  width,  although  it  is  stated  that  none  existed  so  late 
as  1690,  the  whole  deposit  having  been  formed  since  by  the  silting  up  of  the  then  Formby  Harbour, 
and  the  formation  of  a  sandbank  against  the  land,  from  which  the  loose  sand  was  carried  landwards. 
Between  Formby  and  Birkdale,  near  Southport,  many  farms  have  been  entirely  covered  up  within 
the  last  hundred  years,  and  houses  completely  buried. 

The  sand  often  contains  shells  and  shell  fragments,  which  have  been  also  wind-borne,  and,  these 
decaying,  the  carbonate  of  lime  of  which  they  consisted  becomes  dissolved  in  the  acid-laden  rain, 
and,  being  afterwards  reprecipitated,  it  serves  as  a  cementing  material  to  the  sand,  which  thus  becomes 
solidified,  and  even  impermeable  to  water.  Between  Fleetwood  and  Rossal  the  sand  is  extremely 
large-grained. 

1  There  is  a  considerable  literature  dealing  with  the  Glacial  Drifts,  and  we  are  indebted  especially  to 
Mr.  T.  Melkrd  Reade,  Mr.  R.  H.  Tiddeman,  and  Mr.  C.  E.  De  Ranee  for  records  of  &cts  and 
explanations. 

26 


GEOLOGY 

Pre-hhtoric  Man. — Examples  of  flint  arrowheads,  scrapers,  polished  stone  axes,  and  the  various 
other  implements  used  by  Palaeolithic  and  Neolithic  man  have  been  found  very  generally  distributed, 
more  especially  on  the  moorlands  bordering  on  Yorkshire,  where  they  occur  under  the  peat.  A  fine 
series  of  these,  collected  by  Dr.  Colley  Marsh,  Mr.  Parker,  and  others,  is  to  be  seen  in  the  Rochdale 
Museum,  and  many  collections  are  in  private  hands. 

The  abundance  and  widespread  character  of  these  implements  point  to  Lancashire  having  been 
well  populated  by  Early  Man,  whilst  the  rinding  of  the  bones  and  teeth  of  the  red  deer,  ancient 
British  ox,  and  other  animals  shows  that  the  fauna  was  of  a  more  varied  nature  than  is  now  the 


ECONOMIC  GEOLOGY 

Useful  Minerals. — The  opening  pages  of  this  paper  made  mention  of  the  many  and  great 
industries  carried  on  in  Lancashire,  and  dependent  more  or  less  upon  the  character  of  the  geology. 

It  now  remains  for  us  to  consider  what  the  mineral  wealth  consists  of,  and  to  what  extent  it  is 
utilised. 

Coal. — The  chief  source  of  mineral  wealth  is  of  course  coal,  which  is  mined  over  the  whole 
of  the  coalfields.  The  thin  seams  of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  have  been  to  a  large  degree  worked 
out,  the  only  seam  of  any  importance  remaining  to  be  exploited  being  the  Gannister,  and  that 
portion  of  it  more  especially  which  is  united  to  the  overlying  Bullion  seam  to  form  the  Mountain 
Four-Feet.  This  latter  seam  lies  around  the  fringe  and  beneath  the  whole  of  the  Burnley  Coal- 
field, and  has  been  comparatively  little  worked.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  and  not  so  good  as  in  the 
Gannister  proper,  but  as  the  seam  is  of  greater  thickness  than  the  latter,  and  may  improve  when 
followed  deeper,  it  is  extremely  likely  that  it  will  be  increasingly  used  in  the  future.  All  the  seams 
of  the  Lower  Coal  Measures  have  been,  and  are  now,  where  mining  in  them  is  still  carried  on, 
worked  solely  for  local  consumption,  the  many  factories  and  industries  and  the  homes  of  the  people 
supplying  a  constant  and  near  market. 

The  main  source  of  the  coal  supply  is  the  Middle  Coal  Measures,  the  seams  of  which  are 
thicker  and  contain  much  better  coal  than  is  found  in  the  Lower  Series. 

The  potential  yield  of  the  Lancashire  Coalfield  has  been  estimated  by  Professor  Hull 3  and 
others  on  several  occasions,  and  lastly  by  a  Royal  Commission  on  Coal  Supplies.8  The  investiga- 
tions of  the  latter,  based  upon  the  evidence  supplied  by  mine  managers,  engineers,  and  geologists, 
lead  to  the  conclusion  that  most  coal  seams  of  a  thickness  of  twelve  inches  and  upwards  can  be 
safely,  and  in  all  probability  profitably  worked  down  to  a  depth  of  4,000  feet.  The  finding  of  the 
Royal  Commission  can  be  best  expressed  in  tabulate  form  as  follows  : — 

Tons  of  Coal  remaining  unworked  in  Seams  of  Coal  which  are : 


Inches,  12-15. 

Inches,  15-18. 

Inches,   18-24. 

Inches,  24  and  upwards. 

Total  Estimated  Quantity 
of  Coal  remaining 
Unworked. 

156,451,034 

206,122,247 

392,731,612 

4,594>249>544 

5,349-554.437 

Estimated  Quantity  not  capable  of  being  worked  due  to  Barriers  required  to  be  left  or  for 
support  of  Surface  Buildings,  etc. : 


Seams  of  Inches, 
12-15. 

Scams  of  Inches, 

15-18. 

Seams  of  Inches, 

18-24. 

Seams  of  Inches,  24  and 
upwards. 

4,108,961 

7,383,851 

15,917,265 

220,955,775 

1  Morton,  Geology  of  the  Country  around  Liverpool,  ed.  2  (1891). 

•  Hull,  Mm.  Geol.  Survey,  '  Geol.  of  the  Burnley  Coalfield,  Coal  Fields  of  Great  Britain,'  ed.  4  (1891). 
Our  Coal  Resources  at  the  Close  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  (1897). 

8  Final  Report  of  the  Royal  Commission  on  Coal  Supplies,  Part  I.     General  Report,  1905.     Published  by  His 
Majesty's  Stationery  Office. 

27 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Loss  in  Working  due  to  faults  and  other  natural  causes  in  Seams  of: 


Indie*  12-15- 

Inches,   15-18. 

Inches,  18-24. 

Inches,  24  and  upwards. 

Total  Estimated  Deductions 
due  to  all  the  Foregoing 
Causes. 

33,882,284 

48,740,170 

61,596,103 

718,462,301 

1,111,046,710 

Estimated  net  available  Tons  remaining  unworked,  4,238,507,727. 

The  output  of  the  Lancashire  collieries  for  the  year  1903  was  24,517,761  tons.  At  the 
same  time  there  was  also  raised  24,442  tons  of  clay  and  shale,  190,406  tons  of  fire-clay,  and 
287  tons  of  iron  pyrites;  giving  a  total  yield  from  the  mines  of  24,732,139  tons,  and  finding 
employment  for  93,912  people. 

The  clay,  shale,  and  fireclay  are  all  used  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks,  tiles,  coarse  earthen- 
ware, and  pottery.  The  fireclays  are  capable  of  withstanding  an  intense  heat  after  they  have  been 
moulded  into  bricks  without  much  material  change,  hence  the  bricks  manufactured  from  fireclay  are 
much  used  in  furnaces,  hearths,  and  other  places  where  there  is  great  heat. 

Iron  pyrites  is  worked  for  the  manufacture  of  sulphuric  acid  and  sulphate  of  iron. 

Clay. — Lancashire  being  a  most  densely  populated  county,  and  the  solid  geology  to  a  large 
extent  obscured  by  thick  deposits  of  boulder  clay,  it  has  naturally  followed  that  the  latter  has  been 
made  good  use  of  in  the  manufacture  of  bricks.  Temporary  brick-kilns  are  frequently  established 
in  the  vicinity  of  large  towns  where  building  operations  are  in  progress,  the  clay  being  obtained 
close  to  the  site  of  the  kilns  by  removing  the  surface  soil.  The  bricks  thus  obtained  are  not  so 
close  in  texture  or  so  durable  as  those  manufactured  from  the  better  class  of  shales  and  are  chiefly 
used  for  internal  walls.  In  many  cases,  the  coal  shales  are  quarried  at  the  surface  and  moulded 
into  bricks,  and  it  is  probably  clay  obtained  not  merely  from  the  Glacial  drift  but  also  from  the 
clayey  shales  which  goes  to  make  up  the  1,418,340  tons  of  clay  which  represents  the  output  ot 
Lancashire  for  1903. 

Sandstone. — The  main  supply  of  sandstone  in  Lancashire  is  obtained  from  the  Millstone  Grit  series, 
many  of  the  beds  being  massive,  and  nearly  all  exceedingly  durable.  The  sandstones  of  the  Lower  and 
Middle  Coal  Measures  are  worked  to  a  less  extent,  those  of  the  former,  whilst  of  fair  thickness  and 
fairly  durable,  at  times  being  even  equal  to  the  Millstone  Grit,  yet,  being  also  more  current-bedded 
and  jointed  than  the  former,  can  only  be  worked  with  a  greater  waste,  and  are  therefore  not  so 
economical.  In  most  cases  also  where  Lower  Coal  Measure  sandstones  occur  those  of  the  Mill- 
stone Grit  are  not  far  off,  and  almost  invariably  at  a  greater  altitude  on  the  flanks  or  tops  of  the 
hills,  from  which  the  stone  can  be  conveyed  by  its  own  weight  down  inclined  rails  to  sidings 
connected  with  the  railways  which  traverse  all  the  chief  valleys.  Most  of  the  stone  is  used  for  road 
and  street  paving  in  the  large  towns,  or  for  building  stones,  whilst  the  thicker  and  more  massive 
beds  furnish  huge  blocks  for  engine  beds,  foundations,  retaining  walls,  and  structures  requiring  great 
weight  and  strength.  Many  of  the  beds  both  of  the  Millstone  Grits  and  Lower  Coal  Measures 
split  up  into  slabs  of  from  two  to  four  inches  in  thickness,  and  are  cut  up  for  flagstones. 

The  readiness  with  which  the  stone  can  be  worked,  and  its  nearness  to  the  towns,  accounts  for 
one  feature  of  Lancashire  towns  which  often  puzzles  visitors  from  other  counties  :  in  nearly  all 
the  towns  the  great  bulk  of  the  buildings  and  dwelling  houses  have  the  outer  walls  built  of  the 
local  rocks,  houses  entirely  constructed  of  brick  being  not  so  numerous.  One  other  feature  to  be 
seen  in  the  agricultural  districts  surrounding  the  large  towns  is  the  prevalence  of  stone  walls 
dividing  the  meadows,  which  are  mostly  laid  down  in  grass.  The  multiplicity  of  these  walls  of 
dark  weathered  stone,  and  the  absence  of  the  pleasant  hedgerows  and  earthen  banks  which  are  so 
common  a  feature  in  most  counties,  give  the  landscape  a  hard  and  chilly  look,  and  lead  one 
erroneously  to  suppose  that  the  industrial  districts  are  barren  and  devoid  of  shrubs,  trees,  and  copse. 

Sandstone  quarries  are  numerous,  especially  in  the  hill  ranges  north  of  Manchester,  which 
stretch  on  to  Rochdale,  Littleborough,  Whitworth,  and  the  spurs  running  into  the  Rossendale 
valleys.  The  industry  is  a  very  important  one,  no  less  than  760,534  tons  being  quarried  in  1903. 

Limestone. — The  quarrying  of  limestone  is  not  much  behind  that  of  sandstone  in  the  weight  of 
output,  612,427  tons  being  quarried  in  1903.  Much  of  this  is  burnt  for  lime,  used  in  the  towns 
or  on  pasturage,  and  a  great  quantity  is  used  as  building  stone.  In  the  limestone  districts,  the  lime- 
stone is  used  in  the  construction  of  nearly  all  buildings,  and  also  for  rough  walling.  It  thus  takes 
the  place  of  sandstone  in  other  parts  of  the  country,  and  being  of  a  light  grey  colour  the  towns  are 
much  cleaner  looking  and  more  cheerful. 

The  Carboniferous  Limestone  in  Lancashire  is  not  so  metalliferous  as  we  find  it  in  Derbyshire 

28 


GEOLOGY 

for  example,  for,  although  lead,  zinc,  barytes,  and  other  minerals  are  known  to  occur,  the  veins  are 
hardly  profitable.  Lead  mining  has  been  carried  on  at  several  places,  as  at  Rimmington,  near 
Clitheroe,  but  very  little  mining  is  done  now.  The  Limestone  of  the  Furness  district  is  the  great 
repository  of  iron  ore,  which  has  been  deposited  in  it  as  the  result  of  chemical  replacement. 

Iron  Ore. — The  output  of  Iron  Ore,  in  the  form  mainly  of  haematite,  in  1903,  was  382,271 
tons.  The  haematite  occurs  in  masses  filling  up  irregular  cavities  in  the  limestone.  It  is 
generally  believed  that  the  iron  owes  its  position  and  condition  where  found  to  having  been  carried 
to  the  spot  by  underground  waters  in  solution,  and  that  a  gradual  displacement  took  place  of  the 
limestone  by  haematite.  The  original  source  of  the  iron  was  probably  the  red  rocks  which  overlie 
the  limestone,  although  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  iron  is  a  mineral  universally  diffused  and  there- 
fore capable  of  being  brought  from  many  sources. 

MISCELLANEOUS 

Rock  salt  and  brine  to  the  amount  of  216,785  tons  was  obtained  in  1903  from  the  Triassic 
marls,  whilst  the  older  rocks  in  North  Lancashire  yielded  20,576  tons  of  slate  and  1,300  tons  of 
igneous  rock.  Gravel  and  sand  was  used  to  the  extent  of  50,673  tons. 

If  we  tabulate  the  minerals  and  quantities  mined  in  1 903  in  Lancashire  alone  the  result  is : — 

Tons.  Tons. 

Coal 24,517,761  Rock  Salt  and  Brine 216,785 

Clay 1,418,340  Gravel  and  Sand 50,673 

Sandstone 760,534  Slate 20,576 

Limestone 612,427  Igneous  Rocks I>3°° 

Iron  Ore 382,271  Iron  Pyrites 287 

Giving  a  total  output  of  27,980,954  tons,  and  also  finding  employment  for  102,298  people. 

The  total  value  of  minerals  raised  in  Lancashire  during  1903  much  exceeded  £10,000,000. 

Soil. — Most  of  the  soil  of  Lancashire  is  cold,  owing  to  the  subsoil  being  in  large  part  derived 
from  and  resting  upon  the  boulder  clay.  As  a  result,  Lancashire  cannot  claim  a  high  position  for 
agriculture. 

On  the  limestone,  the  soil  is  thin,  but  usually  covered  with  short,  sweet  turf,  which  makes  it 
good  for  sheep.  In  the  Coal  Measures  and  Millstone  Grit  districts,  the  land  is  mainly  cut  up  into 
grazing  farms,  whilst  the  maritime  plain,  with  its  underlying  Trias,  makes  good  meadow  and 
pasture  land,  and  here  agriculture  reaches  its  highest  level. 

Dependence  of  Scenery  upon  Geology. — In  few  counties  is  the  relation  of  scenery  to  the  geology 
better  illustrated  than  here.  North  Lancashire,  with  its  hard  slates,  grits,  and  interbedded  volcanic 
series,  rises  into  a  bare  mountainous  country,  and  is  geographically  part  and  parcel  of  the  rugged 
Lake  district.  Where  the  Carboniferous  Limestone  reaches  the  surface,  the  country  is  picturesquely 
scarred  with  mural  cliffs,  supporting  an  abundant  vegetation,  whilst  the  succeeding  Millstone  Grit 
and  Coal  Measure  country  rises  into  bleak  brown  moorlands,  intersected  by  narrow  valleys  supporting 
a  bare  pasturage  and  grazing  ground. 

Many  of  the  hills  are  step-like,  owing  to  the  shales  weathering  away  into  steep  slopes,  leaving 
the  sandstone  and  grit  beds  standing  out  in  high  relief. 

The  softer  Permian  and  Triassic  rocks  have  been  ground  down  to  a  low-lying  plain,  on  which 
by  skilful  and  diligent  methods  agriculture  has  made  most  progress. 

ALLUVIAL   DEPOSITS1 

Above  a  horizontal  plane,  approximately  marked  by  the  25-feet  contour  above  Ordnance  datum, 
the  purely  alluvial  deposits  of  Lancashire  are  found  in  the  river  valleys,  and  are  well  represented  in 
almost  all  valley  bottoms  and  in  the  excavations  of  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal. 

The  bottom  lands  are  formed  by  accretion  during  flood  overflows.  Sometimes,  as  in  the  Lune, 
alluvial  terraces  occur  at  higher  levels  cut  out  of  the  drift.  Outside  these  limited  riverine  deposits 
the  soil  of  the  country  is  largely  formed  by  the  subafirial  crumbling  of  the  boulder  clays  and  sands,  of 
which  a  mantle  covers  the  country  up  to  more  than  300  feet  above  Ordnance  datum.3  This  sheet  of 
drift  spreads  over  and  obscures  the  pre-glacial  topography  of  the  county,  so  that  what  in  former  times 
was  a  diversified  landscape,  standing  at  a  higher  level  relatively  to  the  sea,  is  now  a  somewhat 
monotonous  gently  undulating  plain — the  characteristic  feature  of  south-west  Lancashire. 

The  second  physical  feature  of  this  portion    of  the    county  is  of  more  geological  interest, 

i  By  T.  Mellard  Reade,  F.G.S.,  F.R.I.,  B.A. 

3  A  much  greater  altitude  than  this  is  given  in  Man  and  the  Glacial  Period,  178. 
29 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

inasmuch  as  it  brings  us  nearer  to  the  historic  period.  It  consists  of  a  second  plain  formed  entirely 
by  the  deposition  of  marine  or  estuarine  sands,  muds,  and  clays.  These  beds  nearly  all  lie  below  the 
25-feet  contour  and  are  the  mixed  detritus  and  sediments  brought  down  by  the  Mersey,  Ribble,  and 
Lune,  which  have  been  sorted  and  deposited  on  the  coast  between  the  mouths  of  these  rivers. 
The  lands  over  which  the  Liverpool  and  Southport  Railway  runs  are  part  of  this  plain  of  deposition, 
which  has  added  many  square  miles  to  what  is  now  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

The  muddy  sediment,  of  which  these  '  Formby  and  Leasowe  Marine  or  Estuarine  Beds'  are 
composed,  is  crowded  with  Foraminifera,  as  was  proved  by  borings  at  Altcar,  recently  made  by  the 
Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  Railway.1  The  mollusc  Scrobicularia  piperata,  in  a  vertical  position  as  it 
lived,  also  occurs,  showing  that  some  of  the  beds  were  laid  down  between  tide  marks. 

Perhaps  the  most  interesting  deposit  of  all  is  the  peat  and  forest  bed,  which  was  known  over  a 
century  ago.  A  description  and  plate  of  it  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's  Magazine  in  1796,  p.  549. 
This  bed  underlies  the  moss  lands,  and  upon  it  the  sand-dunes  previously  described  in  the  chapter  on 
Geology  have  been  built  up  by  the  wind.  They  occupy  an  area  between  Liverpool  and  Southport 
of  22  square  miles. 

The  outcrop  of  the  peat  and  forest  bed  at  and  south  of  the  Alt  mouth  is  still  to  be  seen,  but  it 
has  of  late  been  much  destroyed  by  the  inroads  of  the  sea.8 

Geologically  the  most  interesting  fact  in  connection  with  the  extensive  post-glacial  deposits  is 
the  proof  they  afford  that  oscillations  of  the  land  with  respect  to  the  sea  level  have  taken  place  in 
very  late — probably  miocene  time  (see  Dawkins'  Prehistoric  Man) — geological  times.  The  peat  and 
forest  bed  with  stools  of  oak,  birch,  and  pine  are  washed  by  the  tide  now  at  the  Alt  mouth, 
and  elsewhere  they  have  been  proved  by  dock  and  other  excavations  to  occur  below  low-water 
mark — situations  where  it  would  be  impossible  for  trees  to  grow  now. 

This  belt  of  alluvial  deposits  extends  northwards  with  little  interruption  past  the  Fylde  country 
to  the  mouth  of  the  river  Lune,  and  with  some  intervals  extends  to  the  river  Duddon.  Here 
knolls  of  boulder  clay  rise  through  the  moss  lands  and  are  distinguished  by  their  greenness. 
Excellent  sections  of  the  deposits  and  underlying  boulder  clay  and  rocks  were  disclosed  in  the 
excavations  of  the  Midland  Railway  dock  at  Heysham,  and  are  described  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
Liverpool  Geological  Society,  session  1901-2  (Reade). 

All  the  fringes  to  the  solid  land  of  south-west  Lancashire  are  but  parts  of  an  extensive  belt  of 
deposition,  remains  of  which  occur  all  round  the  British  Islands.  Still  more  extensive  plains  form  a 
large  part  of  Belgium,  and  the  excavations  for  the  Bruges  Ship  Canal  presented  excellent  sections 
showing  a  similar  series  of  estuarine  and  peat  beds  with  the  remains  of  trees.8 

Before  artificial  drainage  and  pumping  was  resorted  to,  much  of  the  land  was  little  better  than 
a  series  of  marshes,  and  many  meres,  such  as  Martin  Mere,  near  Southport,  existed,  but  on  a  smaller 
scale.  The  land  is  now  under  cultivation,  excepting  where  built  upon,  as  at  Southport  and  Birkdale, 
and  is  peculiarly  favourable  to  the  growth  of  potatoes,  which  are  produced  in  great  quantities.  The 
more  sandy  portions  are  in  some  cases  used  for  growing  asparagus,  which  seems  to  like  the  soil  and 
saline  surroundings. 

The  mean  rainfall  at  Park  Corner,  Blundellsands,  for  twenty-nine  years,  1876—1904,  is 
29*95  inches. 

Enough  has  been  said  to  show  that  this  desolate-looking  coastal  plain  abounds  in  lessons  of  the 
greatest  interest  from  a  geological,  historical,  and  a  human  aspect,  lessons  of  a  kind  that  are  absent  in 
more  beautiful  landscapes. 

1  Proe.  of  the  Liverpool  Geol.  Soc.  1903-4. 

3  A  full  account  illustrated  with  maps  and  sections  of  the  geological  and  physical  feaures  will  be  found  in 
the  Proc.  of  the  Liverpool  Gecl.  So:.,  Session  1871-2,  by  T.  Mellard  Reade. 
»  Q.J.G.S.,  1898,  pp.  575-58'- 


PALEONTOLOGY 

PUBLISHED  records  of  the  occurrence  of  remains  of  mammals  from 
the  superficial  deposits  of  Lancashire  appear  to  be  comparatively  few, 
and  many  which  have  come  under  the  writer's  notice  are  of  interest 
from  an  historical  rather  than  from  a  zoological  point   of  view. 
Sir  Richard  Owen,1  for  instance,  called  attention  to  the  discovery  of  a  large 
antler  of  the  red  deer   (Cervus  elaphus]   in   1727,  which  was  drawn  out  of 
Ravensbarrow  Hole,  adjoining  Holker  Old  Park,  entangled  in  a  fisherman's 
net.     A  sketch  of  this  specimen  was  transmitted  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
London   by   Hopkins,  and  is  reproduced  in  the  Philosophical   'Transactions? 
Although  the   terminal  branches  of  the  crown  are   broken  off,  this  antler 
measures  30  inches  in  length  ;  the  basal  circumference  being  10  inches,  and 
the  length  of  the  brow-line  1 6|  inches.     The  tide  flows  constantly  over  the 
spot  where  this  specimen  was  found,  and  the  adjacent  land  is  high. 

The  antlers  attached  to  the  skull  of  another  stag  of  the  same  species 
discovered  beneath  a  peat-moss  in  another  part  of  the  county,  and  figured  by 
C.  Leigh  in  his  Natural  History  of  Lancashire ,  Cheshire ;  and  the  Peak  of  Derby- 
shire (1700),  are  equally  fine,  each  measuring  40  inches  in  length.  Red-deer 
antlers  are  also  recorded  from  Preston,  and  they  have  been  likewise  found  in 
several  other  parts  of  the  county. 

Other  cervine  antlers  recorded  by  Leigh  as  having  been  obtained  from 
the  marl  beneath  the  peat  between  Martin's  Mere  and  Meols  (now  North 
Meols)  have  been  identified  with  the  great  extinct  Irish  deer,  or  '  Irish  Elk  ' 
(Cervus  giganteus),3  such  remains  being  stated  by  Mr.  C.  E.  de  Ranee4  to  be  far 
from  uncommon  in  the  county.  From  shell-marl  underlying  the  peat  near 
Whittingdon  Hall  the  antler  of  a  reindeer  (Rangifer  tarandus}  is  said  to  have 
been  obtained  ; 6  while  remains  of  the  great  extinct  wild  ox,  or  aurochs  (Eos 
taurus  primigenius) ,  are  recorded  from  Preston.  During  the  excavation  of 
Preston  Docks  a  number  of  mammalian  remains  were  discovered.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  E.  Dickson  (Proceedings  Liverpool  GeoL  Assoc.  v.  258,  1887)  they 
included  30  pairs  of  red  deer  antlers  and  50  odd  ones,  25  aurochs'  skulls, 
two  skulls  of  the  domesticated  Celtic  shorthorn,  one  skull  of  a  pilot-whale 
(Globicephalus  me/as),  and  two  whale-vertebras. 

The  skull  of  a  hippopotamus  (Hippopotamus  amphibius  major),  said  to 
have  been  found  in  the  county  under  a  peat-bog,  is  figured  in  Lee's  work, 
the  figure  being  reproduced  in  plate  xxii.  fig.  5  of  Buckland's  Reliquicz 
Diluviana? 

Mammalian  remains  of  late  Pleistocene  age  have  been  found  in  some 
abundance  on  the  Cheshire  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey7  and  a  few  are 
recorded  from  the  Lancashire  bank.  Mr.  G.  H.  Morton,8  for  instance, 

Brit.  Toss.  Mamm.  and  Birds,  473  (1846).  s  Vol.  xxxvii.  No.  422. 

Owen,  op.  cit.  467,  and  De  Ranee,  'Superficial  Geology  of  Liverpool'  (Mem.  GeoL  Survey,  1877),  77. 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxvi.  668  (1870).  6  Harting,  Extinct  British  Animals,  65. 

Owen,  op.  cit.  401.  ^  Moore,  Trans.  N.  H.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Cheshire,  x.  265  (1858). 

Geology  of  Country  round  Liverpool,  ed.  2,  250. 

31 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

records  the  discovery  of  the  skull  of  a  brown  bear  (Ursus  arctus]  in  1876,  at 
Bootle,  during  the  excavation  of  the  Alexandra  Dock ;  and  likewise  states  that 
a  skull  and  other  bones  of  the  same  species  have  been  found  in  the  Bewsey 
Valley,  near  Warrington.  With  regard  to  the  Bootle  specimen,  it  has  been 
suggested  from  its  battered  appearance,  that  it  may  have  remained  for  some 
time  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  before  being  embedded  in  the  clay,  or  may 
have  been  washed  out  of  an  earlier  deposit  and  re-buried.  A  few  antlers  and 
bones  of  the  red  deer,  together  with  bones  of  the  horse  and  undetermined 
cetaceans,  are  likewise  recorded  by  Mr.  Morton  from  Bootle  ;  and  the  same 
writer  states  that  a  horn-core  of  the  aurochs  has  been  obtained  from  this 
neighbourhood.  The  latter  specimen  was  exhibited  to  the  Zoological  Society 
by  Mr.  J.  G.  Millais  in  April,  1905.  Recently  Prof.  W.  B.  Dawkins 
(Mem.  Manchester  Lit.  Soc.  1 904)  has  described  remains  of  the  straight-tusked 
elephant  (Elephas  antiquus]  from  Blackpool. 

From  Prehistoric  and  Pleistocene  deposits  to  the  Keuper,  or  upper 
division  of  the  Trias,  is  a  long  leap,  but  intermediate  formations  are  lacking 
in  the  county.  As  regards  the  Keuper  and  the  other  divisions  of  the  Trias, 
vertebrate  fossils  are  represented  solely  by  footprints  of  the  primeval  salamander 
known  as  Chirosaurus  (otherwise  Chirotherium)  and  perhaps  also  of  the 
reptile  Rhynchosaurus  of  the  Trias  of  Shropshire.  The  great  majority  of 
these  footprints  are  met  with  in  one  particular  horizon  at  Storeton  and  other 
localities  in  the  Wirral  peninsula  on  the  Cheshire  side  of  the  river,  but, 
according  to  Mr.  Morton,1  specimens  of  both  types  were  discovered  many 
years  ago  by  Mr.  A.  Higginson  in  a  quarry,  long  since  buried,  where  now 
stands  Rathbone  Street,  at  the  corner  of  Washington  Street,  in  the  city  of 
Liverpool  itself.  A  report  on  these  tracks  has  been  recently  drawn  up  by 
Mr.  H.  C.  Beasley,2  who  has  also  figured8  the  type  specimen  of  C.  herculis 
from  Cheshire. 

The  next  and  only  other  formation  from  which  vertebrate  fossils  appear 
to  have  been  recorded  within  the  limits  of  the  county  is  the  Carboniferous, 
which  has  yielded  evidence  of  two  kinds  of  labyrinthodont  amphibians,  and 
also  a  considerable  number  of  fish-remains  from  all  the  three  divisions  of  the 
Coal  Measures.  Information  with  regard  to  these  fish-remains  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Prescot  and  St.  Helens  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Morton's 
book*  and  likewise  in  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward's  invaluable  Catalogue  of 
Fossil  Fishes  in  the  British  Museum.  Of  the  Carboniferous  fishes  of  the  Little- 
borough  district  Mr.  E.  D.  Wellburn  6  has  drawn  up  a  careful  list.  All  the 
specimens  from  the  latter  district,  it  may  be  mentioned,  are  from  the  Lower 
Coal  Measures.  Finally,  Mr.  H.  Bolton,6  in  1875,  published  a  synopsis  of 
all  the  known  fish-remains  from  the  county,  which  embraced  thirty-seven 
species,  arranged  in  twenty-three  genera,  to  which  he  added  another  in  the 
following  year.  Since  the  present  article  was  in  type  Mr.  Bolton  has  published 
(Trans.  Manchester  Geol.  Soc.  vol.  xxviii.  pts.  19  and  20)  a  new  and  revised 
list  of  the  Carboniferous  fish-fauna  of  the  county. 

The  most  interesting  Lancashire  vertebrate  fossil  is  undoubtedly 
Hylonomus  wildi,  a  representative  of  that  group  of  small  labyrinthodont  or 

1  Op.  cit.  no.  2  Rep.  Brit.  Assoc.  for  1903  (1904). 

3  Pnc.  Liverpool  Geol.  Soc.  xlii.  81  (1901).  *  Pp.  48-55. 

5  Pnc.  Torks.  Geol.  and  Poly t.  Soc.  xiii.  419-430.  6  Trans.  Manchester  Mic'r.  Soc.  1895,  13  pp.  2  pl«. 

32 


PALEONTOLOGY 

stegocephalian  amphibians  known  as  Microsauri.  It  was  described  by 
Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward  in  the  Geological  Magazine  for  1891  (p.  211),  and 
belongs  to  a  genus  of  which  the  first  known  specimens  were  collected  by  the 
late  Sir  William  Dawson  from  hollow  Lepidodendron  trunks  in  the  Nova 
Scotian  Coal  Measures.  Of  that  genus  it  is  the  only  known  British  repre- 
sentative. 

The  second  and  more  typical  Lancashire  labyrinthodont,  which  was 
obtained  by  Mr.  Wild  in  the  Middle  Coal  Measures  of  the  Bardsley  Colliery, 
is  at  present  undescribed.  It  is  regarded  by  Mr.  Bolton  as  probably  referable 
to  the  Carboniferous  and  Permian  genus  Archegosaurus. 

Passing  on  to  the  Coal  Measure  fishes,  and  commencing  with  those 
primitive  Palaeozoic  sharks  known  as  Ichthyotomi,  the  first  specimen  to  record 
is  a  spine  from  the  Lower  Foot  Mine  at  Littleborough,  identified  by 
Mr.  Wellburn  with  Pleuracantbus  cylindricus^  a  species  known  elsewhere  from 
the  Coal  Measures  of  Scotland,  Northumberland,  Yorkshire,  and  Staffordshire. 
Mr.  Bolton  includes  in  his  lists  P.  lavissimus,  P.  undulatus,  P.  erectus,  and 
P.  denticulatus  ;  the  first  of  these  is  a  good  species,  but  the  second  is  a  synonym 
of  the  first,  and  the  other  two  are  founded  on  spines.  The  allied  genus 
Diplodus  is  represented  in  the  county  by  two  species,  D.  gibbosus  and  D.  tenuis, 
of  which  the  first  alone  is  recorded  from  Littleborough  ;  D.  tenuis  has  a  distri- 
bution very  similar  to  that  of  Pleuracanthus  cyclindricus,  but  D.  gibbosus  is  not 
known  to  occur  in  Scotland.  Among  the  more  typical  sharks,  the  Palaeozoic 
family  of  Petalodontidae,  characterized  among  other  features  by  the  pavement- 
like  dentition  of  a  peculiar  type,  is  represented  by  several  species  in  the  Car- 
boniferous of  the  county.  Firstly,  we  have  Ctenoptychius  apicalis,  typically 
from  Staffordshire,  recorded  by  Dr.  Smith  Woodward  as  a  Lancashire  fish  ; 
while  Mr.  Bolton  mentions  a  second  species,  C.  lobatus,  typically  from  Scotland. 
Mr.  Wellburn  includes  in  his  Littleborough  list  a  member  of  another  genus, 
Callopristodus  pectinatus,  first  described  from  the  Scottish  coal-fields.  To  another 
family  of  Palaeozoic  sharks,  the  GochKodontidai,  whose  nearest  relationships  are 
probably  with  the  Port  Jackson  sharks  (Gestraciontula),  belongs  Pleuroplax 
ranking  of  which  remains  are  recorded  from  Littleborough,  the  species  having 
a  wide  distribution  in  Britain.  The  Northumberland  species  P.  attheyi  appears 
in  Mr.  Bolton's  list.  Next  on  our  list  comes  a  species  of  the  genus  Sphenacan- 
tbus  (belonging  to  the  family  Cestraciontidce),  which  Mr.  Wellburn  considered 
might  be  new  ;  it  is  represented  by  a  spine  from  the  Lower  Foot  Mine  of  the 
Littleborough  district,  said  to  be  unlike  any  hitherto  described.  Mr.  Bolton's 
Lancashire  list  includes,  however,  only  the  widely  distributed  S.  hybodoides. 
Certain  other  specimens  from  the  Littleborough  district  are  of  the  type  of 
those  to  which  the  ill-defined  name  Stemmatodus  has  been  applied,  such  speci- 
mens being  probably  dermal  ossifications  belonging  to  Pleuracanthus  or  one  of 
the  allied  genera.  The  imperfectly-known  genus  Tristychius  or  Petrodus  is 
represented  in  the  Yoredale  rocks  near  Todmorden.  A  single  spine  from  the 
Littleborough  district  is  assigned  to  Acanthodes  wardi,  a  species  typically  from 
Staffordshire  belonging  to  an  altogether  peculiar  group  of  Palaeozoic  sharks 
collectively  known  as  Acanthodii  ;  remains  of  the  same  genus  are  recorded  by 
Mr.  Morton  from  St.  Helens,  and  the  species  occurs  in  Mr.  Bolton's  list. 
Following  this  come  two  representatives  of  the  lung-fishes,  or  Dipnoi,  belong- 
ing to  the  extinct  genus  Ctenodus,  which  takes  its  name  from  the  somewhat 

1  33  5 


A   HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

comb-like  structure  of  the  palatal  teeth.  The  first  species,  C.  murc&isoni,  is 
common  to  the  upper  Coal  Measures  of  Shropshire  and  Lancashire  and  to  the 
middle  Coal  Measures  of  Staffordshire  ;  while  the  second,  C.  cristatus,  is  widely 
distributed.  Sagenodus  incequalis,  which  has  an  equally  wide  range,  appears 
in  Mr.  Bolton's  list,  where  the  fish  known  as  Hybodopsis  tvardi  is  likewise 
recorded  as  a  Lancashire  species. 

The  great  group  of  fringe-finned  enamel-scaled  fishes,  of  which  the 
African  bichirs  and  reed-fish  are  the  sole  survivors,  are  represented  in  the  county 
by  an  undetermined  species  of  Rhizodopsis  recorded  by  Mr.  Wellburn  from  the 
Littleborough  district,  and  also  by  scales  from  Pendleton  and  the  Victoria 
pit  which  have  been  identified  with  R.  sauroides.  The  large  and  well-known 
Megalichthys  hibberti^  of  which  the  remains  occur  in  all  the  British  coal-fields, 
is  common  to  the  Lancashire  area,  as  are  also  the  species  known  as  M.  inter- 
medius  and  M.  pygmaus,  which  appear  in  Mr.  Bolton's  list.  Teeth  and  scales 
of  this  genus  are  also  recorded  from  St.  Helens.  Very  widely  spread  is  a 
species,  Ccelacanthus  e/egans,  of  another  genus  of  the  same  group,  which  is 
common  to  the  Coal  Measures  of  North  America  and  Great  Britain,  and  of 
which  remains  have  been  recorded  from  Lancashire.  Bones  and  teeth  of  a 
second  representative  of  the  same  genus  from  the  St.  Helens  neighbourhood 
are  identified  with  C.  lepturus. 

Of  fish-spines  or  '  ichthyodorulites '  of  uncertain  systematic  position  from 
the  Coal  Measures  of  the  county,  Mr.  Bolton  records  the  types  respectively 
known  as  Gyracanthus  formosus,  Oracanthus  milleri,  and  Lepracantbus  colei.  In 
the  Geological  Magazine  for  1896  the  same  gentleman  describes  a  fish-spine 
from  the  county  which,  under  the  name  of  L.  spinatus,  he  identifies  with  the 
American  generic  type  Listr acanthus. 

Leaving  the  fringe-finned  group  for  that  section  of  the  enamel-scaled 
series  in  which  the  fins  are  of  a  more  ordinary  type  of  structure,  we  find  the 
great  Palaeozoic  family  P alceonucidae  represented  in  the  Coal  Measures  of  the 
county  by  three  species  of  the  genus  Elonicbthys,  namely  E.  aitkeni,  E.  semistria- 
tus,  and  E.  egertoni,  all  of  which  occur  in  the  Littleborough  district,  while  the 
genus  is  also  recorded  in  Mr.  Morton's  list  from  the  Victoria  pit  in  the  St. 
Helens  neighbourhood.  The  first  named  species  is  typically  a  Lancashire 
fish.  In  addition  to  these  we  have  from  the  Littleborough  district  another 
member  of  the  family  in  question,  Rbadinichtbys  monensis,  a  species  typically 
from  Anglesea  belonging  to  a  genus  with  numerous  representatives.  A  scale 
of  Rhadinicbtbys  is  also  recorded  by  Mr.  Morton  from  the  Victoria  pit  ;  and 
Mr.  Bolton  includes  in  his  list  the  two  species  known  as  R.  wardi  and  R. 
planti,  the  latter  being  typically  from  the  present  county,1  while  the  former 
was  described  on  the  evidence  of  Staffordshire  specimens. 

Lastly,  Acrolepis  hopkinsi,  which  occurs  at  Littleborough,  belongs  to 
a  large  genus,  and  is  common  to  the  Carboniferous  of  Derbyshire,  Yorkshire, 
Lanarkshire,  and  Belgium. 

The  remaining  fishes  recorded  from  the  Coal  Measures  of  the  county  are 
mostly  referable  to  the  family  Platysomatida^  the  members  of  which  are  readily 
distinguishable  from  the  Palaoniscida  by  the  much  deeper  and  more  rhomboi- 
dal  form  of  the  body.  Among  these  Cbirodus  granu/osus,  which  is  not  included 
in  the  Littleborough  list,  is  recorded  elsewhere  from  Staffordshire  and  Lanark- 

1  Traquair,  Gfol.  Mag.  (3)  v.  253  (1888). 
34 


PALEONTOLOGY 

shire.  The  second  species,  Platysomus  parvulus,  which  is  common  to  the 
Littleborough  and  St.  Helens  districts,  and  is  also  widely  distributed  in  the 
north  of  England  and  Scotland,  is  a  member  of  the  type  genus.  A  second 
representative  of  the  same  genus,  P.  forsteri,  is  included  in  Mr.  Morton's  list 
from  the  Victoria  pit. 

At  the  close  of  his  list  of  the  species  from  the  latter  locality  Mr.  Morton 
adds  the  following  note  : — 

'  The  genera  Ccelacanthus,  Ctenoptychius,  Diplopterus,  Gyrolepis,  Holoptychius, 
Megalichthys,  and  Platysomus,  have  been  recorded  from  various  localities  in 
south-west  Lancashire,  but  since  Mr.  William  Peace,  of  Wigan,  collected  fish- 
remains  associated  with  the  cannel  coal  of  that  place,  fifty  years  ago,  so  little 
has  been  done  that  the  list  requires  revision.' 

From  the  Millstone  Grit  of  the  county  Mr.  Wellburn1  has  recorded 
the  following  fishes,  viz.  :  Pristodus  falcatus,  Psephodus,  sp.  Pcecilodus  jonesi, 
Orodus  elongatus,  Helodus,  sp.  Acanthodes  ivardi,  Climatius,  sp.  Euctenodopsis 
(gen.  nov.),  Acondylacanthus,  sp.  Ccelacanthus,yp.Rhadinichthys,  spp.  Elonichthys 
aitkeni,  and  Acrolepis  hopkinsi. 


ADDENDUM 

The  following  species  of  Carboniferous  fishes  appear  in  Mr.  Bolton's 
list  of  1905  in  addition  to  those  above-mentioned,  viz.  : — Pleuracanthus  alatus, 
P.  cylindricus,  P.  serrafus,  Helodus  simplex,  Psephodus  magnus,  Sphenacanthus 
hybodoides,  Hoplonchus  elegans,  Gyracanthus  formosus,  Euctenius  unilateral!*, 
Ctenodus  cristatus,  Strep Sodus  saur aides,  S.  sulcidens,  Elonichthys  striatus,  and 
Mesolepis  scalaris. 

1   Geol.  Mag.  (4),  viii.  216  (1901). 


35 


BOTANY 


FOR  the  purposes  of  Topographical  Botany   Lancashire  was  divided 
by  Mr.  H.  C.  Watson  into   three  vice-counties,  namely,  V.C.  59, 
South   Lancashire  ;   60,  West  Lancashire  ;  and   69,   Lake  Lanca- 
shire.    This  last  vice-county,  however,  was   combined  with  West- 
morland, but  for  this  article  only  that  part  of  Watson's  vice-county  which 
lies  within  the  boundaries  of  the  county  of  Lancaster  is  treated  of. 

V.C.  59. — Lancashire  South  is  all  the  county  north  of  the  Mersey  and 
south  of  the  Ribble.  Its  flora,  as  regards  flowering  plants  and  mosses,  is 
about  as  well  known  as  any  tract  of  land  of  similar  size  in  Britain.  The 
density  of  its  population  is  only  exceeded  by  that  of  Middlesex,  and  therefore 
great  changes  have  taken  place  in  its  plant  life  during  the  past  century. 
Some  of  the  more  interesting  plants  have  disappeared  from  the  mosses  through 
drainage  and  the  rapid  spread  of  the  towns.  There  are  one  or  two  cloughs  in 
the  east  which  afford  a  home  for  a  few  uncommon  plants,  and  the  sand- 
dunes  of  the  coast  have  lost  few  of  the  rare  plants  which  have  been  known  to 
grow  more  or  less  abundantly  there  for  over  a  century.  The  highest  ground 
in  this  vice-county  is  Pendle  Hill,  1831  feet,  in  the  north-eastern  corner  near 
Clitheroe,  a  striking  feature  in  the  landscape  when  seen  from  the  main  line 
of  the  Midland  Railway  at  Hellifield,  as  it  is  also  from  the  other  side  from 
various  standpoints.  The  summit  of  this  hill  is  just  above  the  superagrarian 
zone  of  Watson,  and  is  the  only  land  in  this  vice-county  within  the  inferarctic 
zone.  All  the  eastern  side  of  the  vice-county  is  hilly,  but  the  rest  is  very  little 
above  sea  level  in  any  part.  There  are  no  rivers  of  importance  within  its 
boundaries.  The  geology  is  uniform  and  of  no  special  interest  to  the  botanist. 
The  great  port  of  Liverpool  accounts  for  a  considerable  alien  flora,  propagated 
by  seeds  in  ballast  and  in  other  ways  common  to  all  great  seaports.  Many 
of  these  seeds  are  very  small  and  are  easily  blown  by  the  wind  from  quays 
and  wharves  on  to  the  banks  of  estuary  and  canal.  Some  few  of  these  are 
spreading,  but  the  majority  only  flower  once  and  then  disappear.  Some  of 
the  larger  seeds  fall  in  the  water,  and  are  thrown  up  later  amongst  the  dredg- 
ings,  and  soon  produce  flowers  when  the  conditions  are  favourable.  Almost 
all  these  aliens  are  annual  or  biennial.  This  extensive  alien  flora  makes  up  in 
a  measure  for  the  loss  of  the  few  rare  natives.  Few  districts  have  been  so 
thoroughly  and  carefully  worked  by  such  a  number  of  able  bryologists 
during  the  last  sixty  years,  therefore  it  is  not  likely  that  many  additions  will 
be  made  to  the  moss  flora  in  the  future.  Little  or  nothing  has  been  done 
with  the  fungi,1  the  alga?  have  been  neglected,1  and  the  lichens  have  only 
recently  had  any  attention.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  study  the  myce- 
tozoa  of  any  part  of  the  county  as  far  as  is  known.1  The  student  need  not 
therefore  travel  far  for  material  of  interest  and  importance.  There  is  no 
published  flora  of  this  vice-county.  There  are,  however,  several  local  floras 

1  Thus  comparing  very  unfavourably  with  the  county  of  York. 
37 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

which  taken  together  furnish  a  good  deal  of  information.  These  are  the 
floras  of  Manchester,  Liverpool,  and  Ashton  districts,  each  and  all  covering  an 
area  beyond  the  county  border,  so  that  unusual  care  has  been  necessary  in 
writing  this  article  to  avoid  errors,  because  the  county  is  not  mentioned  in  a 
great  number  of  cases.  This  vice-county  is  remarkable  amongst  other  things 
for  the  number  and  excellence  of  its  artisan  botanists  who  lived  during  the 
past  century. 

V.C.  60.  Lancashire  West. — The  Kibble  divides  this  from  V.C.  59.  It 
is  all  on  the  east  side  of  Morecambe  Bay,  has  Yorkshire  on  its  eastern 
boundary,  and  Westmorland  on  its  northern.  Excepting  the  greater  height 
of  its  fells  and  moorland  it  is  not  different  to  South  Lancashire  to  any  great 
extent.  Its  flora  is  more  montane.  Greygarth  Fell,  in  the  extreme  north- 
east corner,  is  the  highest  ground  (2050  feet).  Just  outside  this  county  this 
same  fell  rises  some  200  feet  more.  Several  uncommon  montane  plants  grow 
here,  but  it  is  not  quite  so  rich  in  upland  forms  as  some  of  the  neighbouring 
fells  outside  the  county. 

A  number  of  uncommon  plants  grow  in  the  cloughs  and  on  the  moor- 
land fells  to  the  south  of  Greygarth.  This  vice-county  was  one  of  the  least 
known,  botanically,  until  the  last  decade,  when  Messrs.  Wheldon  and  Wilson 
determined  to  make  it  their  special  study.  Thanks  to  their  enthusiasm  and 
zeal  it  is  now  quite  as  well  known  as  any  county.  It  must  be  remembered, 
too,  that  many  of  the  localities  lie  far  away  from  a  railway.  The  two 
botanists  named  above  have  in  progress  a  flora  of  West  Lancashire.  There 
is  a  great  deal  yet  to  be  done  as  regards  the  algs,  fungi,  and  mycetozoa. 

The  chief  river  is  the  Lune.  It  rises  in  Ravenstonedale,  in  Westmor- 
land, running  northwards,  then  westwards  it  receives  numerous  becks,  full 
of  trout.  Turning  to  the  south,  past  Tebay,  it  separates  Westmorland  from 
Yorkshire;  and  just  below  Sedbergh  (i  m.)  it  receives  a  considerable  trout 
stream,  the  Rawthey,  which  rises  on  West  Baugh  Fell,  and  is  mainly  a 
Yorkshire  river.  The  Lune  runs  to  Middleton,  with  Rigmaden  on  the  other 
bank,  where  is  the  well-known  trout  fishery.  Three  miles  down,  Barbon 
Beck  joins  the  Lune  on  the  right  bank.  After  passing  through  the  beautiful 
park  and  grounds  of  Underley,  the  Lune  passes  Kirkby  Lonsdale,  entering 
Lancashire  a  quarter  of  a  mile  below  the  bridge.  Two  miles  down  it  receives 
Leek  Beck,  and  between  Thurland  Castle  and  Arkholme  it  is  joined  by  the 
Greta.  The  Lune  then  runs  to  Melling  and  Hornby,  where  the  Wenning 
meets  it  on  the  left  bank  after  its  junction  with  the  Hindburn  river,  which 
is  formed  of  three  considerable  becks.  Passing  Caton  and  Halton,  receiving 
three  small  becks,  the  Lune  runs  to  Lancaster.  Up  to  this  point  the  river  is 
remarkable  for  the  purity  of  its  water,  but  below  Lancaster  the  state  of  the 
river  is  most  unsatisfactory. 

This  vice-county  may  be  divided  into  three  main  divisions,  as  suggested 
by  Messrs.  Wheldon  and  Wilson  : — 

i .  North  Division. — Separated  from  remainder  of  vice-county  by  the 
Lune  as  far  as  its  junction  with  the  Wenning,  beyond  which  this  tributary 
forms  the  line  of  demarcation  to  the  Yorkshire  boundary.  Carboniferous 
limestone,  Yoredale  series,  Millstone  grit,  with  small  tracts  of  Upper  Silurian, 
Coal  measures,  and  Permian  sandstone  are  represented  here.  The  coast  line 
consists  of  alternations  of  sandy  shore,  muddy  salt-marshes,  and  rocky  cliffs. 

38 


BOTANY 

Compared  with  South  Lancashire  or  any  other  division  of  West  Lancashire 
this  is  the  most  interesting  botanical  district.  It  is  more  varied  geologically 
than  the  other  parts,  and  its  numerous  woods,  scars,  and  crags,  its  hills  and 
glens,  its  tarns,  limestone  pavements,  and  '  pot  holes '  are  the  homes  of  many 
uncommon  plants.  The  highest  ground  is  2,050  feet. 

2.  East  Division. — Consists   of  elevated,  bleak   and  barren  moorlands, 
intersected  by  deep  wooded  glens  or  cloughs,  each  with  its  stream  of  sparkling 
water  derived  from  extensive  spongy  peat-beds,  which  are  fed  by  frequent 
rains  and   cloud  fog.       The   remainder  of  this  division   is    less    interesting, 
consisting  of  upland  pastures  with  some  low  land  on  the  banks  of  the  rivers. 
The   strata  are  almost  entirely  composed   of  the  Yoredale  series   (grits  and 
calcareous   shales)  and   Millstone  grit.      The  highest   ground    is   Wardstone 
(1,83 6 feet).     There  are  only  small  patches  of  limestone  near  Chipping  and 
Whitewell. 

3.  West  Division  presents  a  marked  contrast  to  those  already  dealt  with. 
It  consists  of  a  nearly  level  plain,  termed  the  Fylde  (or  garden)  lying  between 
the  estuaries  of  the  Lune  and  Ribble,  and  intersected  about  midway  by  the 
Wyre.     Its  highest  ground  is  not  anywhere  more  than  130  feet,  and  usually 
only  from  25  to  60  feet. 

The  shale  consists  principally  of  Permian  sandstone  and  Triassic  marl, 
generally  overlaid  with  glacial  drift,  and  in  the  northern  and  central  portions 
are  the  scanty  remains  of  what  was  formerly  an  immense  peat-moss.  This 
has  been  extensively  reclaimed  and  the  greater  part  of  this  division  is 
now  highly  cultivated.  The  coast-line  exhibits  muddy  salt  marshes  and  sand- 
dunes  resembling  those  of  South  Lancashire  (V.C.  59)  and  Cheshire  (V.C.  58). 
These  aboriginal  features  are  rapidly  disappearing  before  the  operations  of  the 
builder  and  agriculturist  and  the  extension  of  foreshore  improvements  by 
various  watering  places.  To  the  north  of  Blackpool  are  low  cliffs  of  glacial 
drift.  The  more  interesting  plants  are  those  of  the  dunes,  salt-marshes,  and 
peat-mosses. 

V.C.  69.  Lake  Lancashire  (without  Westmorland),  all  the  county 
north  of  Morecambe  Bay. — On  the  west  it  is  separated  from  Cumberland  by 
the  Duddon,  the  same  river  and  the  Brathay  and  part  of  Elter  Water  are  its 
northern  boundary,  dividing  it  from  Cumberland  and  Westmorland,  thence 
the  boundary  southwards  is  along  the  west  shore  of  Windermere,  then  up  the 
east  shore  for  four  miles.  It  then  turns  eastwards  for  a  mile  and  a  half,  and 
then  southwards,  following  the  river  Winster  to  Lindale,  crossing  the  river 
twice.  The  boundary  runs  south  to  Morecambe  Bay,  a  mile  to  the  east  of 
Grange,  and  half  a  mile  to  the  west  of  the  Winster  mouth,  having  Westmor- 
land all  along  its  eastern  border.  Walney  Isle  on  the  south-west,  opposite 
Barrow,  is  included  in  this  vice-county.  This  part  of  Lancashire  is  almost  an 
island,  the  two  rivers  Duddon  and  Brathay  rising  near  the  three-shire  stone. 

The  highest  ground  is  Coniston  Old  Man,  2,633  feet.  Two  of  the 
Seathwaite  fells  are  over  2,500  feet.  All  the  fells  about  Coniston,  from  the 
northern  boundary  of  the  vice-county  to  Broughton  and  Waterhead,  are 
composed  of  middle  slates;  there  are  no  exposures  of  granite  as  in  Cumberland 
(Skiddaw,  etc.) .  The  south-eastern  boundary  of  these  slates  is  marked  by  a  variable 
band  of  limestone  (only  partially  calcareous),  dark  in  colour  and  intermingled 
with  beds  of  shale.  These  rocks  belong  to  the  Lower  Silurian  system.  To 

39 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

the  Upper  Silurian  belong  the  Coniston  grits  (flags  and  greywacke)  and 
Coniston  flags.  The  Mountain  limestone  is  abundantly  exposed  near 
Ulverston,  Conishead,  and  Grange,  near  which  is  the  precipitous  headland 
known  as  Humphrey  Head,  long  known  to  botanists.  Rocks  of  Permian 
age  occur  near  Dalton-in-Furness,  passing  north-westwards  along  the  coast  of 
Cumberland,  and  south-eastwards  across  Morecambe  Bay  to  near  Lancaster 
in  V.C.  60. 

The  flora  of  this  vice-county  is  somewhat  different  to  that  of  the  other 
two,  owing  to  the  great  mass  of  slate  which  rises  some  500  feet  above  that  of 
the  highest  ground  of  the  other  two  vice-counties.  It  is  not  however  richer 
in  forms.  The  plants  of  this  slate  region  are  like  those  of  the  lake 
mountains,  but  a  number  of  the  rarer  plants  of  Cumberland  are  wanting  in 
this  vice-county.  It  is  less  varied  geologically  and  of  much  smaller  size  than 
Cumberland,  which  has  ground  rising  to  over  500  feet  beyond  that  of  the 
highest  point  in  Lake  Lancashire,  and  also  has  considerable  exposures  of 
granite.  The  limestone  tract  is  of  much  interest,  as  a  considerable  proportion 
of  the  plants  which  are  more  or  less  peculiar  to  that  formation  in  west  and  north 
central  England  and  Wales  are  to  be  found.  The  flowering  plants  of  this 
portion  of  the  county  are  well  known,  but  the  cryptogams  have  been 
neglected.  The  woods  along  the  shores  of  Windermere  will  furnish  a  very 
large  fungus-flora,  and  a  wide  and  beautiful  field  is  open  to  the  student. 

This  vice-county  is  about  25  m.  from  N.  to  S.  and  13  from  E.  to  W. 
Besides  the  rivers  already  mentioned  as  forming  boundaries  there  is  the  Crake, 
also  lakes  Coniston  Water,  Esthwaite  Water,  Blelham  Tarn,  Tarn  Hows  Tarn, 
Levers  Water,  Goats  Water,  Low  Water,  and  Seathwaite  Tarn. 

LIST    OF   WORKS    RELATING   TO    THE    LANCASHIRE    FLORA 

The  works  here  enumerated  refer  to  either  one  of  the  three  divisions  or  vice-counties  or  to 
some  portion  of  them,  or  contain  more  or  less  frequent  references  to  localities  for  plants  found  in 
the  county. 

Gerard,    J.,  The  Herbal!,  1597  Luxford,  G.,  The  Phytologist  (old  ser.),  1841-8 

—  The  Herbal!  (cA.  by  T.  Johnson),  1633  Jopling,    Furness    and    Cartmel,    Ulverston.      Plants: 
Merrett,  C.,  Pittax,  1 666  Furness  by  Aiton  ;  Cartmel  by  Wilson,  W.,  1 843 
Ray,  J.,  Catalogus  Plantarum  Anglite  (ed.  l),  1670  Buxton,  R.,  Botanical  Guide  to  Manchester,  Flowering 

—  Catalogs  Plantarum  AngRee  (ed.  2),  1677  Plants,   Ferns,    Mosses,    and    Algae    found   in- 

—  Synofsis  Methodlca  Stirfium  Britannica  (ed.  i),  1690  digenous    within     16    miles    of    Manchester. 

—  Synopsis  Methodica  Stirpium  Britannica  (ed.  2),  1696  Quoted    in   this  article  as  Buxton's  G.,    1849 
— •  Synopsis    Methodlca    Stirpium    Britannica    (ed.     3,  Newman,  The  Phytologist,  1849-1854 

Dillenius),  1724  Dickinson,  Dr.  J.,  The  Flora  of  Liverpool,  1851 


Wilson,  John,  A  Synopsis  of  British  Plants  on  J.  Ray's      —   The  Flora  of  Liverpool  Supplement  (Mosses),  1855 

Method,  1 744  Marratt,  F.  P.,  '  Mosses  of  Liverpool  and  Southport,' 

Hudson,  W.,  Flora  Anglica,  \  762  in  Phytologist.     This  contains  Dr.  J.  B.  Woods' 


Withering,  W.,  Botanical  Arrangement  (ed.  l),  1776  '  Bryology  of  Southport,'  1855 

—  Botanical  Arrangement  (ed.   2,  J.   Stokes),   1787;  Wilson,  Wm.,  Bryologia  Britannica  (ed.  3),  1855 

and  later  editions  down  to  (ed.  7)  1830  Irvine,  The  Phytologist  (new  ser.),  1855-1863 

Turner  and  Dillwyn,  Botanists'  Guide,  1805  Linton,  W.  J.,  The  Lake  Country,  1864 

Smith,  Sir  J.  E.,  Engl.  Flora  (1824-8)  and  vol.  v.,  —  Ferns  of  the  Lake  Country  (ed.  2),  1878 

pt.  i.  by  W.  J.  Hooker  Aspland,  L.,  Guide  to  Grange.     Plants  by  A.  Mason 
Watson,  Hewitt  CoKerd,  New  Botanical  Guide,  1835-7  and  L.  Aspland,  1869 

—  Cybele  Britannica,  1847—1852  Liverpool  Nat.  Field  Club,  Flora  of  Liverpool,  1872 

—  Compendium  of  the  Cybele,  1870  Linton,  Rev.  E.  F.,  Catalogue  of  Plants  of  West  Lanca- 

—  Topographical  Botany  (ed.  i),  1873  shire  in  Botanical  Locality  Rec.  Club,  1874 

—  Topographical  Botany  (ed.  z,  Baker  and  Newbould),  Hodgson,  Miss  E.,  'Flora  of  North  or  Lake  Lanca- 

1883  shire,'  in  Journal  of  Botany,  1874 

Hall,  T.  B.,  A  Flora  of  Liverpool,  1839  B^er,  John  Gilbert,   F.R.S.,  Flora  of  English  Lake 
Wood,  J.  B.,  Flora  Mancuniensis,  1840  District,  1885 

40 


BOTANY 


Cash,  James,  'The  Early  Botanical  Work  of  the  late 
Will.  Wilson,'  in  the  Naturaftst,  1887 

Whitehcad,  John,  '  Mosses  of  Ashton-under-Lyne 
District,'  in  the  Naturalist,  March  and  April, 
pp.  85-100.  The  District  Flora,  or  Flora  of 
Ashton  -  under  -  Lyne.  Mosses  by  Whitehead, 
Hepatics  by  G.  A.  Holt,  1886 

Martindale,  J.  A.,  The  Westmorland  Note  Book,  1888-9 

Gerard,  J.,  and  Newdigate,  C.  A.,  Flora  of  Stonyhurst 
District  (ed.  2),  1891 

Petty,  L.,  '  Plants  of  Leek,'  in  Naturalist,  1893 

—  '  Constituents  of  the  North  Lancashire  Flora,'  in 

Naturalist,    with    complete     Bibliography    and 
interesting  Biographical  foot-notes,   1894 

—  'Plants  of  Silverdale,'  in  the  Naturalist,  1902 
Wheldon,  J.  A.,  'The  Mosses  of  South  Lancashire,' 

in  Journal  of  Botany,  April  1898 

—  '  The  Mosses  of  South  Lancashire  '   in  Journal  of 

Botany,  January,  1899 

—  '  West   Lancashire    Flora   Notes,'    in    Naturalist, 

1900 

—  '  Mosses  of  the  Mersey  Province,'   in  Naturalist, 

1900 

—  The  North  of  England  Harpidia  (after  Renauld) 

contains  numerous  Lancashire  localities,    1902 


Wheldon,  J.  A.,  The  Southport  Handbook  for  the  British 
Association,  'Mosses  and  Hepatics,'  1903 

—  Various  papers  in  the  Naturalist,  1903 

—  and  Wilson,  Albert,  'The  Mosses  of  West  Lan- 

cashire (Hepatics),  in  Journal  of  Botany,  \  899, 
1901,   1902 

—  'Add.    to   the    Flora   of  West    Lancashire,'    in 

Journal  of  Botany,  1900-1-2 

—  '  Notes  on  the  Flora  of  Over  Wyresdale,'  Naturalist, 

1901 

—  '  Kantia  submersa  in  Britain,'  in  Journal  of  Botany, 

1903 
Rogers,  Rev.  W.  Moyle,  M.A.,  Handbook  of  British 

Rubi,  1900 
Horrell,  E.  Chas.,  'The  European  Sphagnaceae,'  in 

Journal  of  Botany,  1901 
Bennett,   Arthur,   various   papers    in    the   Naturalist, 

Journal  of  Botany,  Botanical  Exch.  Club  Reports, 

etc.,  down  to  1902 
Batters,    E.    A.    L.,    LL.B.,    'Catalogue   of  Marine 

Algae,'  in  Journal  of  Botany  Supplement,  1902 
Green,  C.  T.,  M.R.C.S.,  L.R.C.P.,  etc.,  The  Flora  of 

Liverpool    District   (edited    for    the    Liverpool 

Nat.  Field  Club),   1902 
Pearson,  W.  H.,  British  Hepatic* 


SHORT   PAPERS    AND    REFERENCES    TO    LANCASHIRE   PLANTS 


Sidgwick,  N.  V.,  in  the  Naturalist,  1894,  p.  49 

Stabler,  George,  in  the  Naturalist,  1896-7 

Lees,  F.  A.,  M.R.C.S.,  etc.,  in  the  Naturalist,  1897, 

p.  127  ;    1899,  p.  299  ;    1900,  p.  5,  etc. 
Henry,  John,  in  the  Naturalist,  1897,  pp.  127,  339 
Hamilton,  W.  P.,  in  the  Naturalist,  1898,  p.  28 
Petty,  L.,  in  the  Naturalist,    1899,  p.   330;  1898, 

p.  258  ;   1903,  p.  84 


Friend,  Rev.  H.,  in  the  Naturalist,  June,  1901 
Kirkby,  Wm.,  in  the  Naturalist,  1902,  p.  316 
Bailey,  Charles,  F.L.S.,  Botany  of  Manchester  District 
for  British  Association,  1887 

—  Numerous  records  in  Botanical  Exch.  Club  Reports 

—  Numerous  records  in  Journal  of  Botany 

Dixon,  H.  N.,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  in  Journal  of  Botany, 
September,  1 899 


The  herbarium  of  the  British  Museum  contains  many  Lancashire  plants.  Recently  it  has 
been  enriched  by  the  purchase  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Pearson's  valuable  and  extensive  collection  of 
Hepaticae.  It  would  be  impossible  to  enumerate  all  the  local  herbaria,  although  some  are  of 
much  value.  The  herbaria  of  Bicheno  and  Motley  at  Swansea  contain  plants  found  in  Lanca- 
shire, as  stated  in  the  Naturalist  for  November,  1902.  There  are  very  few  plants  of  any  value 
in  them,  and  some  are  more  than  doubtful.  A  few  important  plants  are  in  the  museum  at  York. 


The  writer  has  left  the  most  pleasant  task  for  his  last  remarks.  He 
has  received  considerable  help  from  several  well-known  botanists.  First  and 
foremost,  his  most  cordial  and  sincere  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Wheldon 
of  Liverpool  for  the  loan  of  his  papers,  books  with  marginal  and  foot-notes, 
for  reading  and  correcting  manuscript,  and  for  useful  suggestions,  which  have 
always  been  done  without  the  least  delay. 

To  Mr.  Albert  Wilson  for  his  MS.  of  Lake  Lancashire  mosses,  and  for 
help  in  other  ways.  To  Mr.  Arthur  Bennett  for  a  list  of  the  Naidacese 
and  Characes  of  the  county,  examples  of  which  plants  in  his  collection  from 
Lancashire  are  marked  thus  !  in  this  article  ;  also  for  help  in  other  ways.  To 
Mr.  E.  C.  Horrell  for  his  help  with  Sphagna.  To  Mr.  Symers  M.  Mac- 
vicar  for  opinion  on  Hepatica?.  To  Mr.  J.  Cosmo-Melvill,  M.A.  (who 
kindly  searched  in  vain  for  further  records  of  Alga?),  for  much  help  in  various 
ways.  To  Professor  Carr,  M.A.,  etc.,  for  the  loan  of  books,  and  the  use  of  his 
extensive  library.  To  Mr.  William  West  of  Bradford.  To  the  Rev.  W. 
i  41  6 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

W.  Mason  for  a  MS.  list  of  flowering  plants  from  all  the  three  vice-counties. 
To  Mr.  C.  Crossland  for  much  help  with  fungi,  and  to  Mr.  J.  A.  Martindale 
for  help  with  lichens. 

N.B. — The  writer  wishes  it  to  be  clearly  understood  that  the  com- 
monest of  British  flowering  plants  and  mosses,  including  hepatics,  are  not 
enumerated.  This  was  unavoidable. 


EXPLANATION  OF  SIGNS 

t  signifies  possibly  introduced,  *  probably  or  cer- 
tainly introduced  in  the  county,  and  -f-  more  than 
three  stations  known,  '  r.  r.'  is  an  abreviation  for  '  very 
rare.' 

A  full  stop  after  a  locality  signifies  that  the  writer 
has  gathered  the  plant  there.  Otherwise  the  name 
of  finder  is  given. 

CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES 
Order  I. — Ranunculaceet 

*Clematis  Vitalba,  L.  [59]  69.  Limestone 
rocks  near  top  of  Yewbarrow-over- 
Grange,  etc.  ;  J.  G.  Baker,  W.  Fog- 
gitt,  F.  Clowes 

Thalictrum  dunense,  Dumort.  69.  Walney, 
J.  Lawson.  Ray,  Fascic,  1688.  Ch. 
Bailey,  1872.  Journ.  of  Sot.  p.  61. 
60.  Lytham,  Ashfield 

—  minus,  L.     Aggreg.  incl.  T.  majus.     59 

and  60.  Top.  Bot.  69.  Linton  and 
Miss  Hodgson 

—  collinum,  Wallr.    60.  Da/ten  Crag,  Sydney 

Wilson  with  Wheldon  and  A.  Wilson. 
(6.1899.)  This  should  be  abundant 
on  the  limestone  of  60  and  69,  but 
Mr.  Wheldon  says  it  is  not 

—  majus,   Crantz.     69.    See  Baker's  flora, 

1885,  p.  1 6,  and  Petty's  Consti- 
tuents 

Ranunculus  circinatus,  Sibth.  59.  Canal  near 
Ford;  Wheldon.  +.  nr.  Liverpool, 
Green's  F/.  Little  Crosby,  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason.  60.  Canal  nr.  Lan- 
caster, Wheldon.  69.  Nr.  Hum- 
phrey Head;  H.  T.  Soppitt 

—  fluitans,  Lam.      59.  '  Dugdale,'   Top.  Bot. 

60.  In  Ribble;  Fl.  Stony  hurst 

—  Drouetii,  Godr.     59.  F.  M.  Webb,  MS. 

Top.  Bot.  Nr.  Great  Crosby;  Green's 
Fl.  A  bear;  Wheldon.  60.  Top. 
Bot.  Nr.  Arnside  Tower,  but  in 
Lane.;  C.  Bailey.  Ponds  at  Win- 
marleigh;  W.  and  W.  (not  typical, 
Groves) 

—  heterophyllus,  Web  ex  p.     59.  Common  ; 

Green's  Fl.      60.    Nr.    Morecambe; 
Wheldon.        69.       Urstoick      Tan; 
Plumpton;  Miss  Hodgson 
var.   submersus  (Hiern).     60.  Between 
Silverdale  and  Arnside  ;  C.  Bailey 

—  peltatus,  Schrunk.       Aggreg.    incl.    flori- 

bundus,  etc.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M. 
Webb.  Common,  Green's  Fl.  Nr. 
Oldham;  Whitehead,  Wheldon.  +. 
60.  Top.  Bot.  Hiern.  + 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  I. — Ranunculacete  (continued) 

Ranunculus  diversifolius,   H.   C.  Wats.      59. 
Ditches  at  Lydiate;  Wheldon 

—  Baudotii,  Godr.    59.  Top.  Bot.     Nr.  Old 

Formby  Church;  J.  H.  Lewis.  60. 
Hiern.  Top.  Bot.  St.  Anne's ;  Pres- 
ton to  Hey  sham  Peninsula  ;  W.  and  W. 
var.  confusus  (Godr.).  69.  In  Winder- 
mere  ;  Hiern.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  Lenormandi,  F.  Schultz.     59.  Top.  Bot. 

Goodlad,  sp.  Oldham;  Whitehead, 
Wheldon.  Ashtm  Moss;  White- 
legge.  Liverpool  district  ;  Green's 
Fl.  60.  Hiern  Hb.  Top.  Bot.  O. 
Wyreidale;+.  W.  and  W.  69. 
Coniston ;  J.  Backhouse,  Junr.  See 
Phytol.il.  467(1846) 

—  Lingua,  L.     59.  Tudor  MS.     Top.  Bot. 

Liverpool  district  ;  Green's  Fl.  Little 
Crosby;  Hightown  ;  Wheldon.  69. 
Hawkshead ;  Derham,  1718.  Baker's 
Fl.  + 

—  auricomus,  L.     59.    Goodlad  Hb.      Top. 

Bot.  Liverpool  district  ;  Green's  Fl. 
Reddish;  Whitehead.  Buxton's  G. 
p.  74.  60.  Simpson,  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
Silverdale  ;  A.  Wilson.  +.  69.  Petty's 
Constit.  + 

—  acer,   L.     var.    tomophyllus   (Jord).     60. 

Silverdale;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
var.    Boreanus  (Jord.).  59.  +.     60.  +. 

Wheldon 
var.  rectus,  Bor.     60.  Caton ;   +  ;  W. 

andW. 

—  sardous,  Crantz.     59.  Top.  Bot.    Liverpool 

distr.  ;  Green's  Fl.  Nr.  Leigh; 
Buxton's  G.  60.  Boswell  ms.  Top. 
Bot.  69.  Barrow ;  J.  Henry,  +  ; 
Petty's  Constit. 

—  parviflorus,  L.      59.    Top.    Bot.     Crosby; 

Bootle;    Withering.       No    modern 

record 
Caltha  palustris,  L.     var.  minor,  Syme.     [59. 

Speke ;  T.  Gibson.  Green's  Fl.}    60. 

Graveffi    C  lough ;     Tambrook    Fell; 

W.   and  W.     69.    Seathtvaite  Tarn; 

Walna  Scar;  Miss  Hodgson 
Trollius   europxus,   L.       In   most   places  of 

Yorkshire  and  Lancashire.     Gerard, 

Herball,   1597,  p.   809,  and  first  as 

British.     59.    Goodlad    Hb.,    Tap. 

Bot.     Thornham  ;  Pilsworth  ;  R.  Bux- 

ton  in  Whitehead's  Fl.     About  Bol- 

ton ;    Buxton's  G.  p.   75.     60.   +. 

A.  Wilson.   69.   Plentiful,  frequently 

reported  since  1 796 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 


SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  I. — Ranunculacea  (continued) 

*Helleborus  viridis,  L.  60.  Top.  Hot.  '  na- 
tive.' Silverdale,  '  native.'  A.  Wil- 
son. 69.  Nr.  Grange ;  Miss  Hodg- 
son and  others 

* —  foetidus,  L.  60.  Gatebarrow  Wood,  near 
Silverdale ;  '  where  it  is  perhaps 
native,'  A.  Wilson.  Barton  nr.  Pres- 
ton ;  H.  Beesley  (Denizen,  Ar.  Ben- 
nett, Wheldon) 

Aquilegia  vulgaris,  L.  t59-  Green's  Fl.  and 
Buxton's  G.  60.*  Hiern  MS. 
Top.  Bot.  Silverdale,  1864,  abun- 
dant, C.  J.  Ashfield.  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason,  1902.  Wheldon  and  Wil- 
son. +  .  69.  Frequent,  and  re- 
peatedly recorded  since  1843 

Actsea  spicata,  L.  60.  Pot-hole,  Leek  Fell, 
1888  ;  A.Wilson 

//.— Berberidex 

Berberis  vulgaris,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  *Dick- 
inson's  Fl.  Knotvsley  ;  +  ;  '  ?  na- 
tive or  denizen,'  Green's  FL  60. 
Silverdale  ;  A.  Wilson.  69.  '  Doubt- 
fully wild,'  Miss  Hodgson.  '  Seems 
planted,'  Petty,  Constit. 

[Epimedium  alpinum,  L.  69.  Alien.  Miss 
Burton,  Petty  in  Naturalist,  December 
1898] 

HL—Nymftuface* 

Nymphsea  lutea,  L.  59.  60.  69. 

Castalia   speciosa,   Salisb.      59.   F.  M.  Webb. 

cat.  Top.  Bot.  ;  Green's  Fl.  ;  Buxton's 

G.  p.    71.   Aintree  ;  Wheldon.     60. 

Top.  Bot.  Linton  cat.  ;  Havies  Water  ; 

Jenkinson  1775.     Still  there,  Petty, 

1893    (A.  Wilson    1904.    +).     69. 

Not  unfrequent  ;  Baker's  Fl.,  p.  245. 

and  others 

iy.—Papaverace<e 

tPapaver  Argemone,  L.  59.  F.  M.  Webb.  cat. 
Top.  Bot.  Buxton's  G.  p.  70. 
Whitehead's  Fl.  'colonist.'  60. 
Cornfield,  St.  Anne's;  1898.  Whel- 
don. 69.  Furness,  etc.  Evans  and 
others.  ;  Petty's  Constit. 

—  dubium,  L.  a.  Lamottei  (Bor.).  59.  Com- 
mon, Green's  Fl.  +.  b.  Lecoqii 
(Lamotte).  59.  Green's  FL  69.  C. 
C.  Babington  ex  Newbould 

t— hybridum,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Exch.  Club, 
sp. 

Meconopsis  cambrica  (L.)  Vig.  69.  Re- 
peatedly recorded  since  Withering's 
time,  1787  ;  'Nearly  every  hamlet 
in  High  Furnessj  Miss  Hodgson. 
Baker's  Fl.  1885;  shores  of  Es- 
thwaite  Water  and  Windermere,  '  truly 
wild,'  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hill  ;  Petty's 
Constit.  ;  '  Possibly  wild  in  West- 
morland,' H.  C.  Watson.  By  this 
he  would  mean  Lake  Lancashire  also, 
as  he  treated  the  latter  as  part  of 
Westmorland.  See  also  Smith's 
Engl.  Fl.  1825,  vol.  iii.  p.  12 


CLASS  L— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  IV. — Papaverace<t  (continued) 

Glaucium  flavum,  Crantz.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Not  seen  lately  ;  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Syme  sp.  69.  Re- 
peatedly recorded  since  Withering's 
1787  record.  Abundant  in  places, 
Petty's  Constit. 

V. — Fumariacet? 

Capnoides  daviculata  (DC).  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Goodlad  Hb.  Crosby  ;  +  ;  Green's 
Fl.  Ashtm;  +  ;  Whitehead's  FL 
Chorlton ;  +  ;  Buxton's  G.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Linton  rec.  69.  Not 
uncommon,  Petty's  Constit. 

Fumaria  pallidiflora,  Jord.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Ormskirk  ;  Green's  F I.  ;  Chorlton  ; 
+  ;  Buxton  G.  Ford  ;  Wheldon. 
60.  Carr.  rec.  Top.  Bot.  69.  Fhok- 
borough;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason 

—  Boraei,  Jord.    59.  R.  Brown,  Top.  Bot.  +  ; 

Aintree;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Pree- 
sall;  Wheldon.  Silverdale;  A. 
Wilson.  Nr.  Little  Eccleston,  1895  ; 
Rev.  E.  S.Marshall.  +.  69.  Walney 
I.  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  Winder- 
mere;  +  ;  Miss  Hodgson 

—  confusa,  Jord.      59.   Top.  Bot.     Common, 

Green's  Fl.  Walton;  Wheldon.  60. 
Nr.  Little  Eccleston;  Rev.  E.  S. 
Marshall.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  and 
later 

—  muralis,  Sender.    59.  Lewis  rec.  Top.  Bot. 

—  densiflora,  DC.     69.  Hatvksbead ;  Rev.  F. 

J.  Hort 

Vl.—Crucifer* 

Nasturtium  silvestre,  R.Br.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Waterbouses;  Wm.  Jones.  White- 
head,  Fl.  60.  Simpson  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
69.  Barrow  ;  W.  Foggitt 

—  amphibium,   R.Br.     59.  Top.  Bot.      Nr. 

Ashtm ;  Whitehead.  '  Probably 
extinct  in  Liverpool  district,'  Green's 
Fl.  Nr.  Manchester;  Buxton's  G., 
p.  84.  60.  Linton  cat.  Top.  Bot. 

Barbarea  stricta,  Andrz.  59.  Native,  nr. 
Stoke  ;  F.  M.  Webb.  Needs  recent 
confirmation,  Green's  Fl. 

Cardamine  amara,  L.  59.  Goodlad,  Top.  Bot. 
Medlock  Vale;  Whitehead.  Liver- 
pool district  ;  Green's  Fl.  Reddish ; 
+  ;  Buxton's  G.  60.  C.  J.  Ash- 
field;  Linton  cat.  Top.  Bot. 
O.  Wyresdale;  +  ;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Not  common,  Baker's  Fl. ; 
Petty's  Constit. 

—  flexuosa,  With.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M.  Webb, 

cat.  Hortm:  +  ;  Green's  Fl. ; 
Common,  Whitehead's  FL  60. 
Wheldon  and  Wilson.  69.  Grey- 
tbwaite,  Windermere;  Miss  Hodg- 
son 

—  impatiens,    L.     60.     Melvill,     Top.    Bot. 

Silverdale;  Melvill,  1868 
Erophila    vulgaris,    DC.,     var.     brachycarpa 
(Jord.).     60.  Silverdale;  A.  Wilson 


43 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  Vl.—Cruclfer<e  (continued) 

Draba  muralis,  L.  60.  Between  Klrkby  Lons- 
dak  and  Whittington ;  A.  Wilson, 
Hodder Valley,  1903  ;  J.  A.Wheldon 
and  A.  Wilson 

Cochlearia  officinalis,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  60. 
Linton  cat.  Top.  Bot.  Saltmarsh, 
SUverJale;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Ray, 
1670,  and  frequently  recorded  since 
up  to  1885,  on  the  shore  Flook- 
bonugh  ;  ].  G.  Baker 
var.  alpina  (H.  C.  Wats.).  60.  Leek; 
Petty.  69.  Seatbwaile  Fells  ;  recorded 
since  1805,  Petty's  Constit. 

—  danica,  L.     59.  Top.    Bot.     By   Walton 

Gaol,  1891  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Top 
Bot.  C.  J.  Ashfield.  tS/.  Anne's; 
^Blackpool;  Wheldon.  69.  Wai- 
ney  I. ;  Mr.  Lawson,  Ray,  Fasc. 
1688.  Frequently  recorded  since. 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1902,  in 
litt. 

—  anglica,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Frequent,  Green's 

Fl.  60!  Top  Bot.;  +.  W.  andW. 
69.  +;  Petty's  Constit. 

'Sisymbrium  sophia,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Webb 
cat.  Frequent,  Green's  Fl.  Formby  ; 
Wheldon.  60.  tNr.  Lytbam  ;  Whel- 
don 

[Erysimum  chevianthoides,  L.  59.  Green's 
Fl.  Barton  to  A  hear ;  Whitehead's 
Fl.  Ashtont.  Barton  to  Irlam  ;  Bux- 
ton's  G.  Black  Bull  Lane,  Walton; 
Wheldon.  A  casual] 

Brassica  monensis,  Huds.  59.  Shore  of 
Mersey  nr.  Liverpool;  R.  Roscoe, 
Sm.  E.  F.  1825.  Top.  Bot.  Tudor 
sp.  Frequent,  Green's  Fl.  Formby ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  60.  Lytham ; 
Prof.  Henslow,  1830  ;  1896,  Whel- 
don. 69.  Often  recorded  since 
1690  (Ray  Syn.)  from  Wahey  to 
Grange 

—  sinapoides,  Roth.  59.  Webb  cat.  Top.  Bot. 

Frequent,  Green's  Fl.      Nr.  Klrkby  ; 

+  ;  Wheldon.    60.  Syme  MS.  Top. 

Bot. 
[Diplotaxis     tenuifolia,    DC.        60.     Linton 

cat.   Top.  Bot.     St.    Anne's;   Bailey, 

casual] 
* —  muralis,  DC.     59.  Webb  cat.t  Top.  Bot. 

Freshfield;    Scarisbrick ;    Green's   Fl. 

Blundellsands ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason, 

all  Babingtonii,  Wheldon  in  litt. 
var.   Babingtonii,    Syme.      59.   Formby, 

1896  ;     Blundellsands,    1900  ;     Rev. 

W.  W.    Mason.       60.    St.  Anne's; 

Wh. 
[Coronopus  didymus,  Sm.    59.   Dickinson  sp. 

Top.  Bot.,  casual  ?] 

—  Ruellii,  All.     59.  Webb  cat.     Frequent  in 

Liverpool  district,  Green's  Fl.  Bootle  ; 
LMerland;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason. 
Neiherton;  Wheldon.  60.  Top.  Bot. 
Nr.  Garstang;  nr.  Blackpool;  A. 
Wilson 


CLASS  I.—  PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I.  —  DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  VI.  —  Crueifene  (continued) 

*Lepidium  latifolium,  L.  60.  Top.  Bot.,  casual, 

extinct  ? 
[—  ruderule,    L.        59.    Formby;    Alntree  ; 

Walton  ;  Green's  F  /.]    60.  St.  Anne's  ; 

Bailey 
—  Smithii,  Hook.  [L.  heterophyllum,  Benth.] 

var.  canescens,  Gren.  and  Godr.   59. 

Top.  Bot.     60.  SUverJale.     Top.  Bot. 

69.  +  ;  Baker's  Fl.      Rev.  W.  W. 

Mason,  1902 
Thlaspi  arvense,  L.  t59-  Tudor  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

+  ;  Green's  Fl.    60.  Syme  sp.  Top. 

Bot. 
Teesdalia  nudicaulis,  R.  Br.    59.  Tudor  MS. 

Top.  Bot.      Formby;    Soutbport  ;    +  ; 

Green's  Fl.     Little  Crosby  ;  Rev.  W. 

W.  Mason,    MS.      Nr.    Prestwlch  ; 

Buxton's  G. 
Crambe    maritima,    L.        69.    Known    since 

1680.     '  Now  almost  eradicated,"  L. 

Petty  Constit.    Alton,  B.G.  Top.  Bot. 

Roosebeck;  Walney  Isle;  29  July,  1902, 

Rev.  W.  W.   Mason.      It  is  greatly 

to  be  feared  that  this  rare  plant  will 

be  lost  in  a  very  few  years  hence.    It 

is  hoped  that  collectors  will   spare  it 

as  much  as  possible 
Raphanus  maritimus,  Sm.    60.   Syme  sp.  Top. 

Bot.     69.    Shore   nr.  Rampside  ;  L. 

Petty 


[Reseda  lutea,  L.  59.  Colonist,  Green's  Fl. 
60.  Casual  only  ;  Wheldon.  69 
Miss  Ashburner,  casual] 

HI!.  —  Cistinea 

Helianthemum  marifolium,  Mill.  69.  On  the 
rocks  about  Cartmel  Wells  in  Lanca- 
shire, plentifully,  Fitz  Roberts  in  Ray 
Syn.  ed.  ii.  203,  1696.  Frequently 
recorded  since.  Plenty  there  in 
1883,  J.  G.  Baker.  Humphrey  Head; 
H.T.  Soppitt,  1894.  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason,  1902,  MS.  These  records  all 
refer  to  the  same  place 

IX.—Vlolarlea; 

Viola  palustris,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Knowsley 
Woods;  F.  M.  Webb.  Ni.Asbton; 
Whitehead's  Fl.  Nr.  Lydtatt  ;  R. 
Brown,  1888.  Bickers  taffe  Moss; 
Dickinson.  60.  C.  J.  Ashfield. 
Top.  Bot.,  very  common  ;  Wheldon 
and  Wilson.  69.  Nr.  Elterslde 
Mosses;  Wilson.  About  Ulverstm  ; 
Aiton.  Plumpton  Peat  Moss;  Miss 
Hodgson 

—  hirta,  L.      59.  Top.  Bot.     60.  SUverJale; 

A.  Wilson,  1  88  1.  Ease  Gill;  A. 
Wilson.  W.  and  W.  ;  +  ;  69 

—  silvestris,  Reich.      60.   Lees  rec.  Top.  Bot. 

Hodder  falley;  Wheldon  in  litt. 
69.  NetcfielJ;  Seatbtvaite  ;  Miss 
Hodgson.  Cockley  Beck;  J.  G. 
Baker 


44 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continue*) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  IX.—V'tahriex  (continued) 

Viola  canina,  L.  (V.  ericetorum,  Schrad.)  59. 
Sansom  sp.  Top.  Bot.  Crosby  to  South- 
port;  Green's  Fl.  60.  Lytham  ; 
Wheldon.  69.  Linton  and  Miss 
Hodgson 

—  carpatica,  Borbas.      'Native,    local.'      59. 

Simonstvood  Moss;  +  ;  Wheldon. 
60.  Cockerham  Moss  ;  Wheldon  and 
Wilson  ;  E.  G.  Baker  in  Journ.  of 
Bot.  1901,  p.  10  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
Supposed  to  have  been  passed  over 
as  V.  tricolor.  '  Undoubtedly  native,' 
Wheldon  in  litt. 

—  Curtisii,  Forster.      59.  F.  M.  Webb,  cat. 

Top.  Bot.  Formby  ;  Lewis  ;  Waterloo ; 
Southport ;  H.  S.  Fisher.  Green's  Fl. 
Purple,  all  yellow,  and  variegated 
varieties  occur,  J.  A.  Wheldon.  60. 
Melvill,  Top.  Bot.  Blackpool;  George 
Webster.  +.  69.  Walney  Isle; 
F.  A.  Lees,  Baker's  Fl. 

—  lutea,  Huds.     [59.  Top.  Bot.  Error,  Whel- 

don in  litt.]     [60.  Top.  Bot.    Error, 
Wheldon  in  litt.]     69.  Nr.  Colwitb  ; 
Furness  Fells  ;  A.  W.  Bennett 
But  see  '  The  Yellow  Violet,'  found  by 

'  Master  Thomas  Hesketh, 

growing  upon  the  hills  in  Lancashire 
neere  unto  a  village  called  Latham.' 
Gerard,  Herbal!,  p.  701,  1597 

X.—Pofygale* 

Polygala  oxyptera,    Reichenb.      59.    Fisher   sp. 

Top.  Bot.    Formby  ;   Hightown ;  J.  H. 

Lewis.  Crosby  ;  Dickinson.   Waterloo  ; 

H.   S.  Fisher.     60.  Sandhills,   west 

of    Lytham,     1895  ;     Rev.     E.     S. 

Marshall 

XlL—Caryophyllea; 

[Dianthus  Armeria,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Culti- 
vated ground,  Dickinson,  extinct. 
69.  Grange;  Rev.  W.  M.  Hind, 
casual 

-  deltoides,  L.  59.  F.  M.  Webb,  cat. 
Hale  Point ;  Dickinson,  extinct  f  69. 
No  record  since  1843.  In  common 
pasture  in  High  Furness ;  Alton 

•fSaponaria  officinalis,  L.  59.  Formby ; 
Hightown;  Crosby;  Southport;  Dickin- 
son, Webb,  H.  S.  Fisher.  Seven 
miles  to  the  north  of  Liverpool;  Dr. 
Bostock.  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii.  285. 
60.  Banks  of  £«AM?  and  iaw;  Wh. 
and  Wilson* 

var.     puberula,    Wierzb.        60.  *Lune 
Bank,  Halton  to  Caton  ;  Wheldon 

Silene  maritima,  With.  59.  Southport;  Ch. 
Bailey,  1892  ;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60. 
Syme  sp.  Top.  Bot.  Frequent  on 
shore,  Silverdale ;  A.  Wilson.  +. 
W.  and  W.  69.  Abundant  on 
shores  ;  Miss  Hodgson,  Wm.  Foggitt, 
Ch.  Bailey,  etc.  Inland  near  sum- 
mit ofConiiton  Old  Man,  Miss  Beever. 


?LASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  Xll.—Caryophylle*  (continued) 

tSilene  anglica,  L.  59.  Webb  cat.  Top.  Bot. 
Spec,  in  Herb.  Oxon.  Rare,  Green's 
Fl. 

Lychnis  alpina,  L.  69.  Coniston  Old  Man, 
1879,  in  Bot.  Exch.  Club  Rep. 
Baker's  Fl.  R.  Potter  rec.  Top.  Bot. 

* —  Githago,  Scop.  59.  Hightown;  +  ; 
Wheldon.  AshtonMoss;  Whitehead. 
60.  Greenfield  ;  Fl.  Stonyhurst. 
Cornfield,  St.  Anne's,  1896  ;  Whel- 
don. 69.  Miss  Hodgson,  no  loc. 
Colonist 

Cerastium  quarternellum,  Fenzl.  59.  Webb 
cat.  Nr.  Park  Side  station,  M.  and 
L.  Railway,  Buxton's  G.  24. 
Hightown;  R.  Brown,  1873 

—  tetrandrum,   Curtis.     59.  Wood  sp.   Top. 

Bot.  Common  on  the  sandhills ; 
Wheldon.  60.  Linton  Cat.  Top.  Bot. 
Abundant  on  sand-dunes  ;  Wheldon. 
69.  Ulverston;  Walney;  Miss  Hodg- 
son 

—  semidecandrum,  L.       59.  Webb  cat.  Top. 

Bot.  Southport;  Wheldon.  'Com- 
mon,' Green's  Fl.  60.  Lytham  to 
St.  Anne's;  Wheldon.  +.  Silverdale  ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason 

—  arvense,  L.      59.  Southport;    ].   Garside, 

Green's  Fl.  Hightown;  Wheldon. 
60.  Syme  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

Stellaria  aquatica,  Scop.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Nr. 
Scarisbrook;  Dickinson.  Nr.  Chorl- 
ton  ;  Rusholme  to  Moss  Side,  very  rare. 
Buxton's  G. 

—  nemorum,  L.       59.  Goodlad   Hb.    Top. 

Bot.  Wood  at  Halsnead;  Wiggles- 
worth;  Green's  Fl.  (fig.  in  this  Flora 
does  not  represent  the  plant  in  ques- 
tion.) Nr.  Pendleton;  Prestwich  to 
Clifton  ;  Melvill  in  litt.  60.  Over 
Wyresdale;  +  ;  Wheldon  and 
Wilson 

—  umbrosa,     Opitz.         59.    Upholland ;     R. 

Brown.     Green's  Fl. 

—  palustris,    Retz.      59.   F.    M.   Webb  cat. 

Top.  Bot.  Scarisbrook  and  Martin's 
Mere,  1831,  1841,  1866.  Green's/"/. 
Arenaria  serpyllifolia,  L.  var.  b.  glutinosa 
Koch.  59.  Crosby;  Wheldon.  c. 
leptoclados  (Guss).  59.  Green's  Fl. 
60.  Bare;  Wheldon.  69.  Hum- 
phrey Hd.;  Miss  Hodgson,  d.  Lloydii 
(Jord.).  60.  Bare;  Wheldon 

—  verna,  L.     60.  Top.  Bot.  Silverdale,  1864  ; 

C.  J.  Ashfield.      Frequent  in  Silver- 
dale,  1^02.    A.Wilson.    6^.  H  amps- 
fell;  Miss  Hodgson.    Between  Grangi 
znALindale;  Baker's  Fl. 
Sagina  maritima,  Don.      59!  Fisher  sp.     Top. 

Bot. 

var.  debilis,  Jord.    5  9.  Nr.  Bromborough  ; 
Caldy  Shore  ;  Green's  Fl. 

—  apetala,L.     59.  Top.  Bot.    Southport;  Ain- 

tree;  Wheldon.  69.  Coniston  ;  Miss 
S.  Beever.  Grange;  ].  G.  Baker 


45 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH.ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued') 
Order  XII. — Caryophyllea  (continued) 

Sagina  ciliata,  Fr.  59.  Top.  But.  Sandhills, 
freshfield;  +  ;  Green's  Fl.  69. 
Crevices  of  walls,  Kenft  Bank  ;  ].  G. 
Baker 

Buda  marina,  Dumort.  59.  (Aggreg.  !) 
Webb  cat.  Top.  Bot.  60.  (Aggreg.) 
Linton  cat.  Top.  Bot.  Silverdale  shore  ; 
Petty.  69.  (Aggreg.)  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason 
var.  media  (Fr.)  59.  Wheldon.  69. 

Petty 

var.  neglecta  (Kindb.).  59.  Webb  cat. 
Top.  Bot.  Walton  ;  (casual)  Wheldon. 
60.  (?)  Top.  Bot.  Salt  marshes, 
Pilling,  1895  ;  A.Wilson.  69.  Cark; 
flookborough  ;  J.  G.  Baker.  Walney  ; 
John  Henry. 

—  media,  Dum.      60.   Salt  marshes,  Pilling, 

1895;  A.  Wilson.  +.  $<).  North 
SanJs,  Southport ;  Wheldon 

—  rupestris  (Lebel),  F.  J.  Hanb.   59.  Lewis  sp. 

Top.  Bot.  Dingle  Rocks;  H.  S. 
Fisher,  in  Hb.  Wheldon. 

Xr.—Elatine* 

Elatine  hexandra,  DC.  59.  Knowsley,  1886; 
R.  Brown.  1893.  Green's  Fl. 

XVI. — Hypericinete 

Hypericum  Androsaemum,  L.  59.  Webb 
cat.  Top.  Bot.  BamfordWood;  Scout, 
near  Mossley  ;  Whitehead's  Fl.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  69.  Known  since  1690. 
Ray,  Syn.  ed.  i.  143.  Windermere  ; 
Uherston;  Coniston ;  Miss  Hodgson, 
and  others.  Lower  Allithwaite,  1902  ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  Woods,  Neteby 
Bridge  to  Backbarrow  ;  J.  Henry 

—  dubium,  Leers.      59.   Top.  Bot.    Chorlton  ; 

+  ;  Buxton's  G.  96.  Aigburth ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt.  60.  Bank 
of  Lune,  near  Arkkolme,  8/1900  ; 
A.Wilson.  Elston  Wood  ;  Wheldon 
Silverdale  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  69. 
Walney  I.  ;  Penny  Bridge;  Mis; 
Hodgson.  Nr.  Coniston  Lake;  Miss 
Beever.  Humphrey  Hd.  ;  F.  A.  Lees 
var.  maculatum,  Bab.  59.  R.  Brown  ; 

Wheldon 

• —  hirsutum,  L.  60.  Simpson  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
Silverdale;  Petty.  69.  Baker's  Fl. ; 
etc. 

—  montanum,  L.     60.  Simpson  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

69.  Withering,  1796.  Nr.  Cartmel 
Wells.  Confd.  by  Ch.  Bailey  in 
Baker's/"/.  1885.  See  Petty's Cmstit. 
for  other  loc.  and  collrs.  Grange. 
1900  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason. 

—  elodes,  L.     59.  Tudor  ms.  Top.  Bot.    Nr. 

Halsall;  R.  Brown.  60.  Ribbleton 
Moor;  Wm.  Dobson,  'extinct.' 
Wheldon  and  Wilson.  (Lost  through 
drainage.)  69.  Reake  Mosses,  Cartmel; 
Wilson.  Walney  I ;  Miss  Hodgson. 
Nr.  Rampside  ;  Miss  Beever 


46 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued} 
SUB-CLASS  I. — -DICOTYLEDONES  (continued} 
XVll.—Malvacex 

Althza  officinalis,  L.  59.  Nr.  Crossens ;  Melvill 
Malva  moschata,  L.  59.  Webb.  cat.  Top. 
Bot.  Reddish  ;  Taunton;  Whitehead's 
Fl.  Nr.  Withington;  Buxton's  G. 
60.  Silverdale;  Leek;  Petty.  +.  W. 
andW.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  Baker's 
Fl.,  Petty's  Constit.  Humphrey  Head, 
1902  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason 

XVlll.—Tdiacea 

Tilia  cordata,  Mill.  [59.  Top.  Bot.]  60. 
Wood  near  Warton,  1888  ;  A.  Wil- 
son. Silverdale;  W.  Kirkby,  1902. 
69.  Humphrey  Hd.,  Ch.  Bailey  in 
Baker's  Fl.  1885.  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason,  1900 

XIX.—  Line* 

Radiola    Linoides,    Roth.      59.    Tudor    ms. 

Top.  Bot.      Seaforth;  Hall.     Simms- 

vioodMoss;  Dickinson.  Near  F»r/»3y  ,- 

R.    Brown.      60.    Linton    cat.   Top. 

Bot.     Arkholme  Moor,  8/1900.      A. 

Wilson.      69.  Near  Coniston;    Miss 

S.  Beever 
Linum  angustifolium,   Huds.      59.  In  a  field 

by  Allerton  Hall,  near  Liverpool;  Mr. 

].  Shepherd   in  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii. 

119.     Lane.  S.  !  Top.  Bot. 

XX. — Qeraniaceec 

Geranium  sanguineum,  L.  59.  'Extinct?' 
Top.  Bot.  60.  Simpson,  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
Fleetwood,  \  842  ;  Hailstone.  Silver- 
dale;  C. }.  Ashfield  ;  A.  Wilson.  69. 
Withering,  ed.  ii.  734,  1787. 
Walney  I  ;  Baker's  FL  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason.  Humphrey  Head;  Baker's 
Fl.  1885  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1902, 
in  litt. 
var.  lancastriense  (With.).  69.  'In  in- 

sula  Walney copiosissime.' 

Ray.  Fate.  9,  1688.     Still  there. 

[—  phasum,  L.  60.  "Wheldon  and  Wilson 
in  Journ.  of  Bot.  Feb.  1900.  p.  42. 
In  Lancashire,  Eng.  Bot.  Sm.  Eng. 
Fl.  vol.  iii.  233.  69.] 

—  silvaticum,  L.      59.  Dugdale,  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

60.  Halton;  1 885,  A.  Wilson.  Near 
Kirkby  Lonsdale ;  Wheldon  and  Wil- 
son. 69.  Known  since  1 775,  and  fre- 
quently recorded  since  for  Coniston,  etc. 

—  pratense,  L.     59.  Goodlad  Hb.  Top.  Bot. 

Very  rare  in  Lwtrpctldhtrict.  Green's 
Fl.  Nr.  Warrington;  }.  Price.  Nr. 
Ince  Blundell Hall ;  R.  Brown.  Red- 
dish ;  Whitehead's  Fl.  Buxton's  G. 
p.  87.  Whalley;  Pendleton;  7/1000 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  60.  Linton 
cat.  Top.  Bot.  Silverdale;  Petty, 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  Leeks  Petty. 
+  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  Miss  Hodgson. 
Baker's  Fl.  Cartmel,  1902.  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason.  Common  as  this 
plant  is  in  England,  it  is  becoming 
quite  scarce  near  great  towns. 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued} 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XX. — Geraniacea:  (continued) 

Geranium  pusillum,  L.  59.  Dugdale  ms.  Top. 
Set.  Hightotvn;  casual ;  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Roadside  between  Caton  and  Halton, 
'perhaps  .  .  casual  .  .  .'  Wheldon. 
69.  Lake  Lane.  AT.  Bennett  from 
Newbould.  (?  Casual  only  in  Lan- 
cashire) 

—  columbinum,  L.     59.    Top.  But.     Simons- 

tuood  Moss;  Dickinson.  Chorlton  to 
Stretford ;  Buxton's  G.  87.  60. 
Simpson,  sp.  Top.  But.  Silverdale, 
1898  ;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Words- 
worth's Guide,  23,  1842.  Petty's 
Constit.  Lower  Allithviaite  ;  Grange  ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason 

—  lucidum,  L.      59.  Dugdale,  sp.  Top.  Sot. 

60.  Silverdale;  C.  J.  Ashfield,  1864  ; 
Rev.W.W.  Mason,  1900.  Common 
in  Districts  I,  2,  3,  and  8,  W.  and 
W.  69.  Grange;  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason,  1900.  Locally  plentiful. 
J.  G.  Baker,  1885 

[Erodium  moschatum,  L'Herit.  59.  Dickin- 
son. Never  confirmed.  Guidebridge, 
'Alien.'  Whitehead's  F I.  Swinton, 
Buxton's  G.  p.  87.  69.  Biggar  Bank, 
Wahiey  I.  1897;  'Denizen'  John 
Henry] 

*Impatiens  Noli  tangere,  L.  60.  Nr.  Whit- 
tington  Hall,  S.W.  of  K.  Lonsdale ; 
F.  A.  Lees.  Naturalist,  Sept.  1900, 
p.  279.  Journ  of  Sot.  Jan.  1901, 
W.andW.  69.  Ray.  Syn.  ed.  i.  209. 
Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  i.  p.  299,  and  often 
recorded  since.  Near  Brougbton ; 
near  Duddon  Bridge ;  Lowick,  1903  ; 
Petty 

XXII.— Celastrinex 

Euonymus  europaeus,  L.  59.  '  Denizen,  very 
rare  and  always  planted.'  Green's 
Fl.  60.  C.  J.  Ashfield,  1864,  ap- 
prox.  Top.  Sot.  Bailey  rec.  Silver- 
dale  ;  Ch.  Bailey,  1874.  Petty, 
1902.  69.  Rather  frequent.  J.  G. 
Baker,  1885.  Miss  Hodgson.  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason,  1902 

XXlIl.—Rhamneo! 

R.  catharticus,  L.  59.  Very  rare.  Robinson 
in  Green's  Fl.  60.  Silverdale;  C.  J. 
Ashfield,  1864.  A.Wilson,  1902 
(approx.) 

—  Frangula,  L.     59  !     Webb  cat.   Top.  Sot. 

Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  Ashton  ; 
Whitehead's  Fl.  Tyldesley  Moss;  +; 
Buxton's  G.  32.  60.  Silverdale; 
A.Wilson.  69.  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

XXir.—Sapindacex 

Acer  campestre,  L.  59.  Webb  cat.  +.  Top. 
Sot.  Green's  Fl.  (often  planted).  60. 
Top.  Sot.  Linton  cat.  Lindale  ;  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason.  69.  Petty 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
XXV. — Leguminoste 

Genista  anglica,  L.  59.  Top.  Sot.  Slackcote  ; 
Whitehead,  Fl.  Between  Dungeon  and 
Hale  Wood;  Dickinson.  Greystone 
Heath;  ].  Peers  in  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Formerly  on  Ribbleton  Moor,  now  ex- 
tinct ;  Win.  Dobson  (W.  and  W.  in 
J.  of  B.  Feb.  1900.)  Abundant  in  bog 
near  Docker ;  A.  Wilson,  1901.  69. 
Below Newby  Bridge;  J.  Sidebotham, 
in  Baker's  Fl.  Petty's  Constit. 

Ulex  Gallii,  Planch.  59.  Dugdale,  sp.  Top. 
Sot.  Green's^/.  60.  +.  A.Wil- 
son. 69.  Coniston  ;  F.  J.  A.  Hort, 
1850.  Frequent  ;  Miss  Hodgson. 
Ulverston;  +  ;  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

Ononis  repens,  L.  var.  horrida,  Lange.  69. 
Roosebeck  ;  Flookborough  ;  Baker's  Fl. 

—  spinosa,  L.     59.  Top.  Sot.    F.  M.  Webb 

cat.  Hale  ;  Green's  Fl.  60.  Can- 
forth  ;  Pilling;  A.Wilson 

[Melilotus  alba,  Desr.  [59.  Top.  Sot.]  In- 
creasing in  Liverpool  dist.  Green's 
Fl.]  [69.  Barrow;  John  Henry, 
'  casual.']  A  frequent  plant  now  in 
England,  introduced  with  foreign 
seeds.  Such  casuals  require  a  flora 
or  a  catalogue  to  themselves.  Many 
ballast  heaps  and  bare  waste  spots  are 
rendered  more  interesting  by  their 
presence,  but  the  London  Catalogue 
is  already  overburdened  with  them, 
many  of  them  being  of  quite  trivial 
significance 

Trifolium  striatum,  L.  59.  Webb  cat.  Top. 
Sot.  Rainhill ;  Dickinson.  Between 
Hightown  and  Formby ;  R.  Brown. 
Hestvall;  Wheldon.  Woolston,  nr. 
Harrington;  Wm.  Wilson.  69. 
Bailey  rec.  Top.  Sot.  nr.  Grange; 
Bailey.  Kent's  Bank,  Mason 

—  scabrum,  L.      59.  Nr.  OUham  ;  Hailstone 

—  filiforme,    L.       59.  Webb  cat.   Top.  Sot. 

Nr.  Formby  ;  R.  Brown 

Lotus  tenuis,  Waldst  and  Kit.  59.  Webb  cat. 
Top.  Sot.  Nr.  Hay  tan  Quarry; 

F.  M.   Webb.       Not    recorded    for 
many  years,  Green's    Fl.     Buxton's 

G.  94.    66.     Meadow  west  of  Hum- 
phrey   Hd.      Sot.    Exch.    Club    Rep. 

1873 

Astragalus  glycyphyllos,  L.  69.  Recorded  by 
John  Wilson  in  1744.  Humphrey 
Hd.  1842;  T.  Gough.  Recent 
confn.  wanted,  J.  G.  Baker 

Ornithopus  perpusillus,  L.  59.  Webb  cat. 
Top.  Sot.  Buxton's  G.  p.  92.  60. 
Moss  Side,  nr.  St.  Michael's  on  Wyre  ; 
Rev.  P.  J.  Hornby.  69.  Not  com- 
mon. Baker's  Fl.  1885.  Petty 

Hippocrepis  comosa,  L.  60.  Warton  Crag; 
Over  Kellet,  1899;  A.  Wilson; 
Silverdale ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason. 
69.  Petty's  Constit.  W.  Foggit, 
Ch.  Bailey.  L ower  AlIMu-aite  ;  +  ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1902 


47 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued?) 
Order  XXV. — Leguminosie  (continued) 

Vicia  gemella,  Crantz.  59.  Webb  cat.  Top.  But, 
Frequent,  Whitehead's  Fl.  Chorlton  ; 
+  ;  Buxton's  G.  91.  69.  Seen  only 
once  nr.  Windermcre  ;  Baker 

—  angustifolia,  L.  var.  Bobartii,  Koch.      59. 

Top.  Sot.  Green's  FL  Whitehead's 
Fl.  (V.  angustifolia).  Buxton's  G. 
92.  (V.  angustifolia,  Sibth.).  60. 
Near  Pilling,  1899,  A.Wilson.  Mr. 
Wheldon  says  he  thinks  this  was  Sege- 
talis 

—  lathyroides,  L.       59.   Bean,  sp.  Top.  Sot. 

Formby;  Wheldon,  1899.  60.  Ly- 
tbam;  St.  Anne's;  Wheldon,  1899 

—  silvatica,  L.        69.    Withering,    ed.    iii. 

635,  1796.     Extinct  ? 

[Lathyrus  palustris,  L.  In  some  parts  of  Lan- 
cashire ;  Huds.  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  iii. 
278.  Never  confirmed,  but  perhaps 
truly  recorded.  It  may  even  have 
been  plentiful  in  Hudson's  time,  i.e. 
1762] 

XXVI.— Rosace* 

Prunus  Padus,  L.  59.  Goodlad  Hb.  Top. 
Sot.  Reddish  ;  Buxton's  G.  ;  White- 
head's  Fl.  '  Native.'  Halsall;  Whel- 
don. Green's  Fl.  60.  C.  J.  Ash- 

of  E.  and  'N.  (W.  °"?  W.)?  69! 
Common  in  woods,  Baker's  Fl.  1885. 
(In  Lancashire  almost  in  every  hedge. 
Gerard,  Herball,  p.  1322,  1597, 
and  first  as  British) 

*Spira:a  salicifolia,  L.  69.  Near  Hatvkshead ; 
Mr.  Dalton,  Withering,  1796.  Sm. 
Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii.  1824.  W.  Borrer, 
Phytohgist,  427.  1846.  Windermere 
shores.  Coniston;  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

—  Filipendula,    L.      60.   Simpson,  sp.   Top. 

Sot.  Silverdale,  1883  ;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Humphrey  Hd. ;  Dr.  Windsor; 
A.  Wilson. 

Rubus,  Linn.  A.  Frutescentes.  Rogers'  Hbk, 
p.  i. 

Sub-section  I.   Ida:!.  (Bab.) 

—  idaeus,  L.      59,  60,  69.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  99. 

Sub-section  2.   Fruticosi  (Bab.) 
Group  I.   Suberecti 

—  fissus,  Lindl.      59.  Mere  Clough,  Prestwich, 

1895,  J.  C.  Melville  teste  E.  S. 
Marshall  and  W.  Moyle  Rogers. 
Exch.  Cl.  Rep.  (1895),  p.  473. 
Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  99.  60.  Rogers' 
Hbk.  p.  99.  Abbeystead,  Wyresdale ; 
north  side  of  Beacon  Fell;  A.  Wilson. 
J.  of  B.  Jan.  1901.  Near  Emmetts, 
Over  Wyresdale;  Wheldon  and  Wil- 
son, 1901 

—  suberectus,  Anders.    [59].  60.  Botton  Mill, 

Hindbun,  7/1901  ;  A.  Wilson.  69. 
Coniston;  Grange;  Duddon  Valley; 
Baker's  Fl. 


48 


CLASS  L— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXVI. — Rosace*  (continued) 

Rubus  plicatus,  W.  and  N.  59.  Withering  Hb. 
Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  99.  Top.  Sot. 
Simonswood  Moss,  1 900,  J.  A.  Whel- 
don. 60.  Cockerham  Moss;  1900, 
W.  and  W. 

Group  III.  Rhamnifolii 

—  incurvatus,  Bab.     59.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  100. 

60.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  100.  Near 
Inskip,  1895,  Rev.  E.  S.  Marshall. 
J.  of  B.  Feb.  1900 

—  Lindleianus,Lees.  59.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  I  oo. 

Near  Altcar ;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60. 
Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  100  ;  common,  W. 
andW.  69.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  argenteus,  W.  and  N.  (erythrinus).     60. 

Rogers'  Hbk,  p.  100.  Bank  otWyre, 
near  Preesall ;  Wheldon.  Near  Gar- 
stang;  W.  and  W. 

—  rhamnifolius,  W.  and  N.      60.   Garstang; 

A.  Wilson 

subsp.  Bakeri,  F.  A.  Lees.  59.  Heaton  ; 
W.  Moss,  1901.  J.  of  B.  April, 
1902 

—  nemoralis,  P.  J.  Muell 

var.  Silurum,  A.  Ley.  60.  Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  I  oo.  Lancaster  Moor,  1 900  ; 
Wheldon 

—  Scheutzii,  Lindeb.     60.  Rogers'   Hbk.  p. 

100.  Emmetts,  O.  Wyresdale ;  W. 
and  W. 

—  pulcherrimus,  Neum.     59.  Lydiate  ;  CR- 

theroe;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Rogers' 
Hbk.  p.  100.  Silverdale;  Wheldon. 
Hindbun, ;  A.  Wilson 

—  Lindebergii,    P.   J.    Muell.     60.   Rogers' 

Hbk.  p.  101.  Near  Inskip,  E.  S. 
Marshall. 

Group  IV.  Villicaules 

—  mercicus,  Bagnall 

var.  bracteatus,  Bagn.  59.  Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  I  o  i  ;  Walton  ;  Near  Ince  Blundell ; 
Wheldon.  60.  Longridge;  Wheldon. 
Bamacre;  W.  and  W. 

—  villicaulis,  Koehl 

subsp.  Selmeri  (Lindeb.)  59.  Rogers' 
Hbk.  p.  I  o  I .  Simonstvood  Moss  ;  near 
Altcar;  Wheldon.  60.  Generally 
distributed  ;  W.  and  W. 

subsp.  calvatus,  Blox.  59.  Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  101.  "Next  Altcar;  +  ;  Wheldon. 

—  gratus,   Focke.       59.  Near    Altcar ;    +  ; 

Wheldon.  60.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  101. 
Preston  Wives;  Wheldon 

Group  V.     Discolores 

—  rusticanus,    Merc.        59.    A  in  tree ;     +  ; 

Wheldon.  60.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  101. 
Garstang  ;  A.  Wilson.  Bare  ;  F.  A. 
Lees.  Siherdale;  +  ;  Wheldon. 
69.  J.  G.  Baker 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXVI.— Rosace*  (continued) 

Group  VI.     Silvatici 

Rubus  lentiginosus,  Lees.      59.    Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  101 

—  macrophyllus,  W.  and   N.      59.   Rogers' 

Hbk.  p.  10 1.     60.  Alston;  Wheldon. 

Group  VII.     Vestiti 

—  Sprengelii,  Weihe.    59.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  1 02. 

Walton;  Simonswood;  Wheldon.  60. 
Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  102.  Silverdale; 
Wheldon 

—  pyramidalis,  Kalt.     59.  Park  Clough  Wood, 

Ballon;  Moss,  1901.  Rogers  in 
J.  of  B.  April  1902  !  60.  Between 
Morecambe  and  Snatchems,  1899  ; 
Wheldon 

—  leucostachys,  Schleich.      59.   Rogers'  Hbk. 

p.  1 02.  Hightown;  +  ;  Wheldon. 
60.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  102.  Silverdale; 
Wheldon.  69.  Locally  common  ; 
Baker  ! 

Group  VIII.     Egregii 

—  cinerosus,    Rogers.      60.     Near     Preesall ; 

Knot  End ;  1900,  Wheldon.  Barn- 
acre  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  mucronatus,  Blox.    59.  Ince  BlundellWood; 

1900,  Wheldon.  Rogers  in  J.  of  B. 
April  1902  !  60.  Knot  End ;  1901, 
+  ;  Wheldon.  69.  Ch.  Bailey, 
29  Sept.  1893.  'Too  late,  but 
probably  correctly  named,'  Rogers 

—  infestus,  Weihe.     59.  Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  103. 

Walton;  V/heldon.  60.  Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  103.  Dolfhwholme  ;  Wheldon. 
Caton  Moor;  1900,  Wheldon  and 
Wilson 

—  Drejeri,     G.     Jensen.       60.     Longridge, 

July,  1900  ;  Wheldon 

Group  IX.     Radulse 

—  radula,    Weihe.       60.    Bare    (Naturalist, 

Oct.  1899);  F.  A.  Lees.  69.  Between 
Grange  and  Cartmel ;  Hamfsfield ; 
Ch.  Bailey  (named  thus  by  Rev. 
W.  M.  Rogers) 

—  oigoclados,    Muell    and   Lefv.  ?     syn.  R. 

fusco-ater,  Bab.  (in  part) 
var.   Newbouldii    (Bab.)?     ^.Walton; 
Thornton;  Netherton;  Wheldon 

—  podophyllus,   P.   J.    Muell.      59.   Rogers' 

Hbk.  p.  104.  Daisy  Nook,  Ashton 
district ;  Wheldon.  60.  Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  104 

Group  XI.     Sub-Bellardiani 

—  fuscus,  W.  and  N. 

var.  macrostachys,  P.  J.  Muell.     59.  Wal- 
ton ;    Wheldon,    1900.       J.    of  B. 
April,     1902,    Rogers!      Hightown, 
Wheldon 
i  49 


CLASS  I.— PKLENOGAMIA  (coutinued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXVI .—Rosace*  (continued) 

Group  XII.     Koehleriani 
Rubus  rosaceus,  W.  and  N.     59.  Nr.  A  hear  ; 
Wheldon  '(Agg)'.     60.    Siherdale  ; 
Wheldon.    •  (Sp.  Coll.).'    69.  Baker's 
F/.  1885.     (Aggr.  ?) 
var.  hystrix,  W.  and  N.   incl.  v.  Silves- 
tris,  Murray.   59.  Rogers'  Hbk.f.\o$. 
Simonswood  Moss,   1896;   Ince  Blun- 
dell;  Wheldon.    60.  Quernmore  Park  ; 
Wheldon 

var.  infecundus,  Rogers.  60.  W.  and 
W.  in  litt. 

—  Koehleri,  W.  and  N.      59.  Rogers'  Hbk., 

p.  105 

subsp.  dasyphyllus,  Rogers,  syn.  R.  pallidus, 
Bab.  (now  W.  andN.).  59.  Heaton 
Moss,  1901,  Rogers  in  J.  of  Sot., 
April,  1902;  Rivington;  Clitheroe ; 
Burnley;  Wheldon.  60.  Rogers' 
Hbk.  p.  105.  Siherdale;  Wheldon, 
1898.  O.  Wyersdale;  W.  and  W. 
1901.  69.  Baker  ! 

Group  XIV.     Cssii 

—  dumetorum,   W.   and   N.      69.    Grange ; 

Baker 

var.  ferox,  Weihe.  59.  Rogers'  Hbk. 
p.  1 06.  Crosby  ;  +  ;  Wheldon 

var.  concinnus,  Warren.  59.  Walton; 
Wheldon.  60.  Rogers'  Hbk. 

In  one  or  other  of  its  many  forms  this 
may  be  found  generally  distributed 
in  the  low  ground  of  the  county. 
It  is,  however,  most  abundant  on 
clay,  and  cannot  therefore  be  expected 
in  the  same  profusion  on  the  light 
soils  and  sands  of  Lancashire  as  it  is 
on  the  Permian  and  lias  clay  of 
central  England. 

—  corylifolius,  Sm.   59.   Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  106. 

Nr.  Altcart  Wheldon.  60.  Rogers' 
Hbk.  p.  1 06.  69.  Baker's  Fl. 

var.  sublustris  (Lees).  59.  Walton  ;  Ain- 
tree ;  Netherton;  Wheldon.  60.  Rogers' 
Hbk.  p.  1 06.  Siherdale;  Wheldon; 
+  .  69.  C.  H.  Bailey,  named  by 
Revs.  E.  F.  Linton  and  W.  Moyle 
Rogers.  Exch.  Cl.  Rep.  1893, 
412 

var.  cyclophyllus  (Lindeb).  60.  Nr. 
Knott  End;  nr.  Yealand ;  W.  and  W. 

—  caesius,  L.       59    and    60.     Rogers'    Hbk. 

69.     Baker's  Fl. 
var.  aquaticus,  W.  and  N.      59  and  60. 

Wheldon 
var.  intermedius,  Bab.     59.  Fazakerley, 

Wheldon 

Section  B.   Herbacei 

—  saxatilis,  L.    59.   Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  107.   60. 

Rogers'  Hbk.  p.  107.  Silverdale  ;  A. 
Wilson.  69.  Baker's  Fl. 

7 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PtLENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXVI.— Rosace*  (continued) 

Rubus  Chamaemorus.  L.  59.  Rogers'  Hbk.  60. 
Hatcthomthwaite  Fells ;  Roeburndale 
Fells;  1 90 1,  Wheldon  and  Wilson. 
Leek  Fell,  1893,  L.  Petty1 

Geum  rivale,  L.  X  urbanum,  L.  (G.  inter- 
medium, Ehrh.).  59.  Top.  Sot. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  1851.  60.  Stonyhurst; 
F.S.  Nr.  K.  Lonsdale  Statn. ;  L.  Petty 

Potentilla  verna,  L.  60.  Siherdale ;  Miss  S. 
Beever.  Nr.  Longridge  ;  H.  Beesley. 
69.  Nr.  Grange;  Rev.  H.  Higgins  in 
Baker's  Fl.  Has  been  reported  since 
for  Humphrey  Hd.  Nat.  Feb.,  1894. 

—  procumbens,  Sibth.      59.  Webb  cat.  Top. 

Dot.  60.  Fl.  Stonyhurst;  Wheldon. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson.  Baker's  Fl. 

•—  argentea,  L.  59.  Nr.  Ford;  Wheldon 
(alien) 

Alchemilla  vulgaris,  L. 

var.  alpestris  (Schmidt).  60.  Ease 
Gill;  nr.  Ireby  ;  Wheldon  and  Wil- 
son. 69.  Grange  ;  Tower  ;  Rev.  W. 
W.  Mason 

Agrimonia  odorata,  Mill.  60.  Nr.  Melling; 
1900.  A.  Wilson.  69.  Shore  of  Win- 
dermere,  nr.  Ferry  Inn  ;  ].  G.  Baker 

Poterium  Sanguisorba,  L.  59  ?  Top.  Bot.  Very 
rare  below  Halsall ;  Dickinson.  60. 
Siherdale,  Herb.  Oxon.  and  1864. 
C.  ].  Ashfield.  'Common,'  Petty, 
Leek;  Petty,  1893.  69.  Known 
since  1796.  See  Petty's  Constit. 
Abundant  between  Backbarrow  and 
Netoby  Bridge;  John  Henry,  1897 

—  officinale,   (L.),   Hook.  fil.      59.    Top.  Bot. 

Buxton's  G.  Very  rare  in  Liverpool 
area,  Green's  Fl.  60.  '  Common," 
Wheldon  and  Wilson.  69.  No  re- 
cord since  1874 

Rosa  spinosissima,  L.  59.  Webb  cat.  Top. 
Bot.  Sandhills  and  occasionally  in- 
land, Green's  Fl.  60.  Hiern.  Top. 
Bot.  Siherdale;  Hiern.  Over  Kel- 
let;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Withering, 
ed.  iii.,  465,  1796.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

—  involuta,  Sm. 

var.  S.ibini  (Woods).  69.  Abundant  in 
several  places  about  Cartmel ;  }.  Side- 
botham  in  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

—  mollis,  Sm.     59.  H.  S.  Fisher.    Buxton's 

G.  60.  O.  Wyresdale;  Wheldon  and 
Wilson.  +.  '  Common '  in  N.  and  E. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson.  The  records  for 
59  and  69  require  confirmation 

1  There  are  other  records  of  Rubi  fruticosi  in  the  various 
floras  of  Liverpool,  Manchester,  Ashton,  etc.,  but  they  are  not 
sufficiently  trustworthy  to  admit  them  here,  not  through  any 
fault,  perhaps,  of  the  recorders,  but  because  of  the  unsatisfactory 
•tatc  of  the  literature  on  Rubi  in  this  country  previous  to  the 
publication  of  the  Handbook  of  the  Rev.  W.  Moyle  Rogers.  Of 
the  too  species  of  fruticose  brambles  described  in  the  Handbook, 
only  thirty-three  are  here  recorded,  and  this  list  comprises  all 
the  known  species.  There  should  be  fifty,  and  may  be  consider- 
ably more.  See  paper  on  'Distribution  of  Rubi  in  Great 
Britain,'  by  the  Rev.  W.  M.  Rogers,  in  the  Journal  of  Botany 
for  April,  1902  and  August,  1905. 


CLASS  I.—  PHJENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I.  —  DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXVI.—  Rosace*  (continued) 
Rosa  tomentosa,  Sm.      59.  60.   69 

—  canina,  L. 

Most,  if  not  all,  the  common  varieties  of 
this  species  are  recorded  for  Lancashire. 
There  are  no  uncommon  ones  to  en- 
ter here.  The  roses  have  only  been 
partially  studied  in  any  part  of  the 
county.  It  may  be  that  the  need  of 
a  recent  monograph  is  an  excuse  for 
their  neglect. 

—  obtusifolia,  Desv. 

var.  frondosa  (Baker).  69.  Miss  Hodg- 
son, J.  G.  Baker 

—  glauca,  Vill.     60.  Wheldon  and  Wilson, 

1901.     69.  Miss  Hodgson 
var.    subcristata     (Baker).       69.     Miss 

Hodgson 
var.  coriifolia  (Fries.).     69.   Ulverston  ; 

Woods,  1  8  1  8,  in  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii. 

391.     Baker's  Monog.  p.  236.     Syn. 

R.  bractescens,  Woods  in  Tr.  Linn. 

Soc.,  vol.  xii.  2  1  6.     This  var.  should 

be  found  frequently  in  both  V.  C.  60 

and  69 
There  should  be  at  least    16  forms  of 

R.  canina,  obtusifolia,  and  glauca,  in 

the  county.     Messrs.  Wheldon  and 

Wilson  have  found  ten 

—  arvensis,  Huds.      59.  60.  69 

Pyrus  tormmalis,  Ehrh.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Webb 
cat.  [Green's  Fl.,  'planted.']  69. 
Plumpton  Woods;  Alton.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  Aria.L.  [59.]  69.  Humphrey  Hd.  ;  Baker's 

Fl.  Plumpton;  Ulverston;  Miss  Hodg- 
son. There  are  records  since  1805 
var.  rupicola,  Syme.  60.  Silverdale  ; 
1872,  Ch.  Bailey.  1902,  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Humphrey  Head;  H.  T.  Soppitt 


.—  Saxifrage* 
Saxifraga  stellaris,  L.     69.    Old  Man,  1830; 
S.    Hailstone.       Walna  Scar;   South 
of  the  3-shire  stone  ;  Miss  Hodgson 

—  aizoides,  L.     69.     Coniston.      Withering, 

ed.  iii.  405.  Cockley  Beck;  Dobby 
Shaw;  Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  Conis- 
ton; Petty,  1892 

—  tridactylites,    L.      59.   Top.  Bot.      F.  M. 

Webb.  Buxton's  G.,  57.  Sandhills, 
Hall  ;  no  modern  record.  60.  Sil- 
verdale, 1883  ;  A.  Wilson.  Leek; 
Petty.  69.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  granulata,   L.      59.   Scholes  sp.,   Top.  Bot. 

Buxton's  G.,  57.  Whitehead's  Fl. 
'Planted  in  Liverpool  district,'  Green's 
Fl.  60.  Fl.  Stonyhurst.  69.  Miss 
Hodgson,  and  others  earlier 

—  hypnoides,  L.     60.  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson. 

69.  Coniston  Old  Man;  Mr.  Jackson 
in  With.  ed.  iii.,  403.  1796. 
Baker's  Fl.  '  On  the  mountains  of 
Lancashire  with  us  as  Mr.  Hosket 
[Hesketh]  told  us,'  Parkinson's 
Theatrum,  p.  739,  1640,  and  first  as 
British 


BOTANY 


CLASS  L— PRSNQGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XX HI. —Saxifrage*  (continued) 

Chrysosplenium  alternifolium,  L.  59.  Top.  Bat. 
GoodladHb.!  Whitehead's  Fl.  Bux- 
ton's  G.  57.  60.  Hodder  Galley; 
Wheldon  in  litt.  1903.  Ease  Gill; 
A.  Wilson.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1 8 74 
Ribes  alpinum,  L.  59.  Top.  Sot.  Webb  cat.* 
[Green's  FL  'planted.']  60.  Fl. 
Stonyhunt.  69.  J.  T.  Foggitt  in 
Baker's  FL,  1885 

—  petraeum,  Sm.     60.  Native,  W.  and  W. 

XXrill.— Crassulace* 

Cotyledon  Umbilicus,  L.  59.  Tup.  But.  \ 
Aughton;  Dickinson.  Speke  :  }.  H. 
Lewis.  Green's  FL  69.  H.  Gay- 
thorpe  in  'Naturalist,  March,  1901. 
Rocks,  Haverthwaite  ;  Petty  in  Natu- 
raFist,  1903,  p.  84 

Sedum  Telephium,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Dickin- 
son's Fl.  Green's  Fl.  Buxton's  G., 
p.  59.  60.  Nr.  Garstang,  1 88 1  ; 
A.  Wilson,  B.  R.  C.  Rep.  Silver- 
dale;  nr.  Leek  ;  Petty,  1903 
var.  Fabaria,  H.  C.  Wats.  60.  Rocks, 
Silverdale;  Journ.  of  Bot.,  Feb.  1900. 
A.  Wilson 

—  anglicum,   Huds.      59.     Top.    Bot.     (Sm. 

Eng.  FL,  vol.  ii.,  3 1 7,  quotes  Ray, 
Syn.  ed.  iii.,  270,  t.  12,  f.  2  ;  rocks 
Lancashire).  60.  Nr.  Sunderland ; 
Ashfield,  still  at  Far  Naze,  1902  ; 
A.  Wilson 

XXIX.— Dnserace* 

Drosera  anglica,  Huds.  59.  Leyland,  sp. 
Top.  Bot.,  extinct  ?  Ashton  Moss ; 
formerly  abundant,  now  extinct  (J. 
Tinker),  Whitehead's  FL  9.  Cfifton 
Moss  ;  Buxton's  G.  44.  Chat  Moss, 
1868  ;  J.  C.  Melvill  in  litt.  1905. 
60.  Cockerham  Moss;  A.  Wilson. 
(In  Lancashire,  Dr.  Hull.  Sm. 
Eng.  FL  vol.  ii.  123) 

—  intermedia,  Hayne.    59.  Top.  Bot.    I  Liver- 

pool    district ;     Wheldon.        Clifton 
Moss;  Buxton's  G.     (?  Wheldon  in 
litt.)     Chat  Most;  J.  C.   Melvill  in 
litt.  1905 
Probably  both  the  last  are  extinct  in  59 

XXX.—Halorage* 

Myriophyllum  verticillatum,  L.  59.  Bloxam 
ms.  Top.  Bot.  Sp.  in  Herb.  Oxon. 
Green's  FL  '  rare.'  Hightouin  ; 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1898,  in  litt. 
(where  it  was  discovered  by  R.  Brown). 
69.  Coniston  Lake;  Miss  S.  Beever 
in  Baker's  Fl. 

—  spicatum,  L.     59  and  60.  Top.  Bot.     +  ; 

Buxton's  G.  1 1 8  ;  +  ;  Whitehead's 
FL,  etc.,  69.  Urstvick  Tarn;  Miss 
Hodgson 

—  altcrniflorum,  DC.   59.   Top.  Bot.  Dickin- 

son, H.  S.  Fisher.  Buxton's  G.,  1 1 8. 
60.  A.  Wilson.  69.  Uriwick  Tarn  ; 
Miss  Hodgson 


CLASS  L— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXX. — Haloragete  (continued) 

Callitriche  autumnalis,  L.  [59]  60.  Ashton- 
m-RiM;¥.C.K\ng.  Ar.  Bennett 
in  Naturalist,  21  Oct.,  1901,  362. 
Berwick;  Garstang;  Lancaster;  A. 
Wilson 

XXXI.-Lythrarie* 

Peplis   Portula,  L.      59.   Top.  Bot.  Buxton's 

G.  45.     Whitehead's  F,.  60.  Top. 

Bot.     Overton,    Heysham ;  [Ribbleton 

Moor  '  extinct ']  ;  Wilson.  69.  Lake 
Lane;  W.  F.  Miller.  Coniston  Moor ; 
1888,  Petty 

XXXlI.—Onagrarie* 

Epilobium  angustifblium,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Leek  Fell,  1,280  feet,  July  1888  ;  A. 
Wilson.  69.  Recorded  by  J.  Wilson 
in  1744.  Perhaps  not  native  here 
(almost  certainly  not  in  59).  This 
plant  is  increasing  rapidly,  in  both 
its  forms,  in  lowlands,  but  is  probably 
only  native  in  montane  districts 

—  roseum,    Schreb.      59.  Windsor  sp.   Top. 

Bot.     60.  Top.  Bot.  ! 

—  obscurum,  Schreb.     59.    Top.  Bot.    Simons- 

wood;  Wheldon.  60.  Cockerham 
Moss;  W.  and  W.  69.  Near  Ulver- 
ston  ;  Miss  Hodgson. 

Circza  alpina,  L.  Lancashire,  Sm.  Eng.  FL 
i.  16.  [59.  [Top.  Bot.']  Dickinson's 
FL]  Withering,  1787,  ed.  ii.  24. 
69.  Withering  and  frequently  reported 
since  up  to  1885.  Baker's  Fl.  Conis- 
ton; Miss  S.  Beever  and  J.  G. 
Baker 

—  lutetiana,   L.  var.  intermedia.     Lon.  cat. 

59  ?  Top.  Bot.  60.  Wood  below 
White  Moss,  Hindburn,  1901  ;  A. 
Wilson.  69.  Wmdermert  Lake  s  Bot. 
Exch.  Cl.  Rep.  1886 

XXXHI.—Cuturtttace* 

Bryonia  dioica,  Jacq.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Green's 
FL  '  extinct  ? '  Buxton's  G.  117. 
'  Probably  planted ' 

XXXlV.—UmbtUiftr* 

Eryngium  maritimum,  L.  59.  Tudor  sp.  ! 
Top.  Bot.  Green's  Fl.  Crosby;  Whel- 
don. 60.  Hailstone,  1801-42.  Top. 
Bot.  Linton  cat.  69.  Wilson  syn. 
1 744.  Roosebeck ;  Walney ;  Miss 
Hodgson.  Walney  ;  W.  W.  Mason 
[Echinophora  spinosa,  L.  69.  Mr.  Lawson,  in 
Ray,  Fasc.  5,  1688.  'Roosebeck  in 
Low  Furness,  Lancashire,'  an  extinct 
casual  only  interesting  as  an  old  re- 
cord. Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  ii.  38,  1824, 
•  not  found  by  any  recent  botanist ' 
(recorded  previously  for  six  stations 
in  Eng.  See  Petty's  Constituents) 
Bupleurum  tenuissimum,  L.  60.  Syme  sp. 
Top.  Sot. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTVLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXXIV .—Umbell'ifer*  (continued) 

Apium  inundatum,  Reichenb.  fil.  59.  Top- 
Bot.  Dickinson's Fl.  Crosby;  P.M. 
Webb.  Buxton's  G.  Whitehead's 
Fl.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Marsh  between 
Tea/and  Starrs  and  Berwick  ;  A.  Wil- 
son, 1900.  Formerly  on  Ribbleton 
Moor  ;  Ashfield.  J.  ofB.  Feb.  1 900. 
69.  Withering,  ed.  iii.  301  (Jack- 

Cicuta  virosa,  L.     59.  Windsor  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

Sium  erectum,  Huds.     59.  Top.  Bot.     Fresh- 

feld;  Barton;  Wheldon.      60.  Top. 

Bot.      Gars  tang;  Halton  ;  A.  Wilson 
Pimpinella  major,  Huds.     59.  Burnley,  1 8 1  o  ; 

Hailstone.     Top.  Bot.     Buxton's    G. 

59  and  60.     Both  banks  of  Ribble  ; 

Nordigate.     J.  ofB.  Oct.  1885 
Myrrh  is  odorata,  Scop.  Lancashire,' frequent,' 

Hudson.     59.  Webbcat.t    Top.  Bot. 

'Native,'    Waterhouses ;   Whitehead's 

Fl.      Abundant,    +  ;    Buxton's   G. 

Kirkby,  near  Liv erpool ;  Mason.     60. 

'Frequent,'  W.  and    W.     In    distr. 

1-8.      About   Leek;    Petty,    1893. 

69.  Miss  Hodgson,  ('  Near  old  halls 

and  farmhouses ')  native  ? 
Anthriscus  vulgaris,  Bernh.      59.  Webb.  cat. 

Top.   Bot.       Formby  ;    Blu ndelhands ; 

Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt.    60.  Knot 

End,  \  894  ;  A.  Wilson 
[Fceniculum    vulgare,    Mill.       59.     Top.    Bot. 

'  Casual,'  Green's  Fl.     60.] 
Crithmum  maritimum,  L.    60.  Silverdale  cliffs; 

sp.   in  Herb.  Oxon.    C.   J.  Ashfield, 

1864.   '  Extinct,'  Petty.    69.  Wilson 

syn.  71.    1744.  (Lawson).  Humphrey 

Head;  Dr.  Windsor,  1805.  Soppitt, 

1894.     Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1902 
CEnanthe  fistulosa,  L.      59  and  60.   Top.  Bot. 

etc. 

—  Lachenalii,    C.    Corel.       59.     Top.    Bot. 

Buxton's  G.  etc.     60.  Top.  Bot. 

—  crocata,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     Buxton's  G. 

60.  Top.  Bot.     69. 

—  Phellandrium.Lam.    59.  Top. Bot.   Dickin- 

son's Fl.    Green's  Fl.    60.  Top.  Bot. 

Stockenbridge  ;  Rev.  P.  J.  Hornby 
Silaus  flavescens,  Bernh.      59.  Whitehead's  Fl. 

60.  A.  Wilson,  1900 
Meum  Athamanticum,  Jacq.     In  Lancashire, 

Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  ii.   85.      59.  Top.  Bot. 

WindhillFarm  ;  Littleborough  ;  Mr.W. 

Parkinson,  in  Whitehead's  Fl.  p.  21. 

69.   Coniston  Fells  ;  Jackson,  in  With. 

ed.  ii.  305   (1796).     Coniston  Moor. 

Hb.  Bicheno  at  Swansea  (needs  con- 
firmation) 
Peucedanum  palustre,  Moench.     Lancashire, 

Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  ii.  97.     [59]  Top.  Bot. 

59.  Southport,    1870  ;    F.  A.   Lees. 

69.   Nr.    Cartmel,    1779    or    1780, 

Hall.     Hb.  Winch   at    Linn.   Soc. 

from   With.   Hb.   from   the    station 

given  in  the  Bot.  Guide  (1805)^.301. 

(Nr.  Cartmel) 


CLASS  L— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XXXiy.—Umbellifer<e  (continued) 
[Caucalis  arvensis,  Huds.      59.  Top.  Bot.  Tudor 
MS.] 

—  nodosa,  Scop.     59.  Webb  cat.   Top.  Bot. 

Orrell;  1892,  Wheldon.  60.  Nr. 
Borwick  ;  Carnforth  ;  1 900,  A.  Wil- 
son 

XXXVll.—Capriforiacex 

•Sambucus  ebulus,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Bux- 
ton's G.*  69.  W.  Atkinson,  1796 

XXXVlll.—Rubiace* 

Galium  silvestre,  Poll.  60.  Warton  Crag, 
1900  ;  A.Wilson.  Silverdale;  Petty, 
1902.  69.  Humphrey  Head;  Dr. 
Windsor.  Hampsfell;  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874 

—  Mollugo,  L.     60.  +.  Wheldon  and  Wil- 

son.    In  distr.  1-8 

—  uliginosum,  L.      59.  Top.  Bot.  Webb  cat. 

Simonswood;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason. 
60.  Swamp  near  Borwick,  1887. 
A.  Wilson,  J.ofB.  Feb.  1900 

—  boreale,  L.     60.   Banks  of  Lune,  nr.  Caton; 

A.  Wilson  (probably  brought  down 
with  flood  from  Westmorland) 
Asperula  cynanchica,  L.  60.  Silverdale ;  C. 
J.  Ashfield,  1864;  A.Wilson,  1902. 
Lindale;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1902, 
in  litt.  69.  Wilson  W.  1843  ;  Dr. 
Windsor,  1805 

XL. — Dipsace<e 

Dipsacus  silvestris,  Huds.  59.  Not  common. 
69.  Known  since  1843,  but  rare 

—  pilosus,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     69.  Ulverston 

1830;  Hustler  in  York  Mus.  (ex- 
tinct ?) 

XLI. — Composite 

Solidago  Virgaurea,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Bux- 
ton's G.  1 04.  Fazakerley  ;  Wheldon. 
60.  Petty.  69.  Miss  Hodgson. 
Baker's  Fl. 

var.  cambrica  (Huds.)  60.  On  Yoredale 
grit  rocks,  Upper  Ease  Gill,  Aug.  1899. 
A.  Wilson,  in  J.ofB.  Feb.  1900 

Aster  Lynosyris,  Bernh.  69.  Hampsfell ;  W. 
Nixon,  in  Baker's  Fl.  Humphrey 
Head;  W.  C.  Worsdell.  Hb.  Brit. 
Mus.  J.of  B.  1892,  309 

Erigeron  acre,  L.  59.  Bootle,  1801  ;  Hail- 
stone. Top.  Bot.  Freshfteld;  Whel- 
don. 60.  Top.  Bot.  Ashfield,  1864. 
Silverdale  ;  St.  Anne's  ;  A.  Wilson 

Filago  germanica,  L.     59.  60.  69. 

—  minima,  Fr.     59.  60.  69. 

Inula  Conyza,  DC.  59.  Top.  Bot.  60.  Simp- 
son sp.  Top.  Bot.  Known  since  1775. 
Silverdale;  Petty.  69.  Lawson,  in 
Ray's  Fasc.  1688.  Mason,  1900 
* —  Helenium,  L.  69.  W.  Atkinson,  1796. 
Petty,  1892,  in  NaturaRst.  Sm. 
Eng.  Fl.  iii.  440.  60.  Near  Dalton, 
Lane.  Mr.  Atkinson  ;  near  Tealand ; 
A.  Wilson. 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PILENOGAMIA  (continued) 


SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued') 
Order  XLI. — Composite  (continued) 

Inula  dysenterica,  Gaertn.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Green's  Fl.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Linton 
cat.  Very  common  ;  W.  and  W. 
69.  Lawson,  1680  (circ.)  ?  Fre- 
quently reported  since.  Petty,  1901, 
in  Naturalist 

tAnthemis  arvensis,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Bux- 
ton's  G.  1 06.  Casual  near  Walton; 
Wheldon.  69.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874 

—  Cotula,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     60.  Syme  sp. 

Top.  Bot. !  Frequent  in  the  low 
country;  W.  and  W. 

—  nobilis,     L.       59.     'Wilson,'     Top.    Bot. 

Sankey  Gr.  Warringttm,  1830;  J. 
Dalton.  Dickinson's  Fl.  (extinct  ?) 

[69] 

Matricaria  inodora,  L.  var.  salina,  Bab.  .  59. 
Coast  of  Mersey,  above  Liverpool; 
Sir  J.  E.  Smith,  in  Eng.Fl.  iii.  (1825), 
453  (sub  Pyrethrum  maritimum). 
Green's  Fl.  60.  F.  A.  Lees,  1899  ; 
A.  Wilson,  1893  ;  Wheldon,  1896. 
69.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  Chamomilla,  L.     59.   Top.  Bot.     Buxton's 

G.  1 06.     60.  Top.  Bot. 

t Artemisia  Absinthium,  L.  59.  69.  Miss 
Hodgson. 

—  maritima,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     60.  Syme 

sp.  Top.  Bot.     Ashfield,   1858.     69. 
Walney  I.  Atkinson,  1 796 
Senecio  viscosus,  L.     69.  Lake  Lane.  Top.  Bot. 
Walney    L    F.    A.    Lees.     Between 
Barrow  and  Rampside  ;  L.  Petty 

—  erucifolius,  L.      59.  Top.  Bot.     Buxton's 

G.  104.  Whitehead's  Fl.  60.  Syme 
sp.  Top.  Bot.  Ashfield,  1858 
[ —  palustris,  DC.  59.  In  ditches  about 
Pilling  Moss,  Lancashire  ;  Ray.  Syn. 
1696.  Repeated  in  Smith's  Eng. 
Fl.  iii.  444,  1825.  [59]  Top.  Bot. 
error  ?] 

Arctium  majus,  Bernh.  59.  Top.  Bot.  69. 
John  Henry  ;  Naturalist,  Nov. 

i897 

—  intermedium,  Lange.     60.  Wheldon  and 

Wilson.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 
Carduus  pycnocephalus,  Jacq.  59.  Top. 
Bot.!  lace  Blundell;  Mason.  60. 
Tap.  Bot.  Bare;  F.  A.  Lees. 
Silverdale;  A.Wilson;  +.  69. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  w-  Foggit, 
Mason 

—  nutans,  L.     [60]  [69.] 

Cnicus  eriophorus,  Roth.  60.  Top.  Bot.  ? 
error  ?  69.  John  Henry  ;  Naturalist, 
Nov.  1897 

—  heterophyllus,  Willd.      59.  Goodlad  Hb. 

Top.  Bot.  Buxton's  G.  i  o  i .  60.  Fl. 
Stonyhurst.  Banks  of  Roeburndale 
River  about  Salter,  1887  ;  A.  Wil- 
son, in  /.  of  B.  1900.  69.  Miss 
Hodgson 

*Onopordon  acanthium,  L.  59.  Tudor  ms.* 
Top.  Bot. .' 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XLI. — Composite  (continued) 

Serratula  tinctoria,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  !  Otters- 
pool ;  Hall,  extinct?  (Green's  F/.) 
The  Dingle  ;  R.  Brown,  1 890.  Bux- 
ton's G.  100  ;  +.  60.  Silverdale, 
1864  ;  C.  J.  Ashfield.  A.  Wilson, 
1899.  It  has  disappeared  from  Ash- 
field's  station  (Mr.  W.  Kirkby).  Still 
grows  at  Silverdale  ;  A.  Wilson,  1904. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson.  Baker's  Fl. 
A.  W.  Bennett 

Cichorium  Intybus,  L.     [59]  [69] 

Picris  echioides,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Dickin- 
son's Fl.  60.  Claybanks,  nr.  Lytham, 
1888.  A.  Wilson.  69  ? 

Crepis  paludosa,  Moench.  59.  Goodlad  Hb. 
Top.  Bot.!  Buxton's  G.  98.  +. 
Whitehead's  Fl.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Lin- 
ton  cat.  Do/phinholme  ;  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason.  Very  common  amongst  the 
hills  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  W.  F.  Mil- 
ler. J.  ofB.  1882,  347 

Hieracium  vulgatum.  60.  +.  E.  F.  Linton, 
Wheldon  and  Wilson,  etc.  69. 
Baker's  Fl. 

var.  ravusculum,  Da  hist.  60.  E.  S. 
Marshall,  1895 

—  murorum,  L.     60.  Ease  Gill ;   +  ;  Whel- 

don and  Wilson.     [59]  [69] 

—  duriceps,  F.  J.  Hanb. 

var.  cravoniense,  F.  J.  H.  60.  Ease 
Gill,  Leek;  1883.  Banks  of  Lane, 
Ha/ton  ;  1896.  A.  Wilson 

—  diaphanoides,  Lindeb.     60.   By  the  Lune, 

nr.Halton;  1905  ;  W.  and  W.  inlitt. 

—  sciaphilum,    Uecht.     60.    +  ;   Wheldon 

and  Wilson 

var.  tridentatum  (Fr.).  60.  Upper  Ease 
Gill,  Leek,  1899  ;  left  bank  of  Greta, 
nr.  Wragton  ;  A.  Wilson  in  J.  of  B. 
Feb.  1900 

—  crocatum,  Fr.     69.  Duddon  Valley  ;  Rev. 

A.  Ley 

Hypoclueris  glabra,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Lewis 
rec.  Sandhills,  rare.  North  of  Crosby, 
1866.  Lord  de  Tabley.  Freshfield ; 
1869.  Green's  Fl.  (G.  G.  H.). 
Sandhills,  Birkdale.  1880.  C.  T. 
Green 

—  maculata,  L.    69.  Humphrey  Hd.  ;  }.  Hall 

in   With.    ed.    iii.    1796,   p.    691. 

Smith's  Eng.  Fl.   vol.  iii.   374,   rep. 

Repeatedly  confirmed.       1902.     A. 

Wilson 
Leontodon  hirtus,  L.    59.   Top.  Bot.    Buxton's 

G.  97.    Whitehead's  Fl.    Green's  Fl. 

60.  Ganlang;   +  ;  A.  Wilson,  1887 
Taraxacum  offkinale,  Web. 

var.    erythrospermum    (Andrz.).       59. 

Top.  Bot.    60.  Wheldon  and  Wilson. 
var.    palustre    (DC.).       59.    Top.    Bot. 

60.  W.  and  W. 
var.  Izvigatum   (DC.).      60.  W.    and 

W.     69.   Miss  Hodgson 
var.  corniculatum,  DC.    60.  W.  and  W. 


53 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.—PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued') 
Order  XLI. — Composite  (continued) 

Lactuca  virosa,  L.    [59]     60.  t  Wheldon  and 
Wilson.      69.  Furness  Abbey;  Hail- 
stone,    1804;    Baker's     Fl.     1885. 
W.  W.  Mason,  1902 
Tragopogon  pratense,  L.     59.  60.   69 

XLH. — Campanulaceee 

Lobelia  Dortmanna,  L.  69.  Windermere ; 
LawsoninRay.  Sy».  1690.  Coniston 
Water  ;  Windermere ;  Woodward, 
Withering,  ed.  11.895,  1787.  Head 
of  Coniston  Lake ;  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  Baker's  Fl.  142.  1885. 
Petty's  Constit. 

Jasione  montana,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Buxton's 
G.  Whitehead's  Fl.  60.  Top.  Bot. 
Heysham;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in 
litt.  1902.  69.  Miss  Hodgson.  +. 
1874.  Baker's  Fl.  1 8  8  5 .  Walney  I. 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt.  1902 

Wahlenbergia  hederaceae,  Reichenb.  59.  Top. 
Bot.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Whiteley  Dean  ; 
R.  Buxton  in  Whitehead's  Fl.  60. 
In  two  localities.  A.  Wilson 

Campanula  Trachelium,  L.  60.  Linton  cat. 
Top.  Bot. 

—  latifolia,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason  in  litt.  1900.  Dickinson's 
Fl.  Buxton's  G.  Green's  Fl.  Ap- 
parently rather  common  in  Buxton's 
time.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Linton  cat. 
Camfortb;  O.  Wyresdale ;  Rev.  W. 
W.  Mason  in  litt.  1902.  Common, 
Wheldon  and  Wilson.  69.  Phytol. 
1 86 1.  Miss  Hodgson.  +.  1874. 
Humphrey  Hd.  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason, 
1902 

XL11I.— Yacciniacea: 

Vaccinium  Vitis-Idza,  L.  59.  Goodlad  Hb. 
Top.  Bot.!  Buxton's  G.  52.  +• 
Pcndle  Hill;  Wheldon.  60.  Top. 
Bot.  Wheldon  and  Wilson,  1901, 
in  J.  of  B.  '  Locally  known  correctly 
as  Cowberry.'  It  is  singular  that  no 
one  has  reported  it  for  69 

Schollera  Oxycoccos,  Roth.  59.  Ch.  Babing- 
ton,  sp.  Top.  Bot.  Buxton's  G.  52. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  60.  O.  Wyresdale  ; 
Wheldon  and  Wilson,  1901,  in 
J.  of  B.  ;  '  fruit  gathered  in  quantities 
by  the  dales  people.'  69.  Miss  Hodg- 
son ;  Miss  S.  Beever.  Baker's  Fl. 
Petty's  Constit. 

XLlV.—Erhace* 

[Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  59.  Four 
miles  from  Heptonstall,  nr.  Widdop,  on 
a  great  stone  by  the  river  Gorple, 
Lancashire,  Merrett,  p.  123,  1666. * 
Shown  to  Ray  on  the  same  spot  by 
T.  Willisel,  Ray,  Syn.  (1724).  This 
is  repeated  in  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii. 
254.  1824.  Extinct?] 

1  Pinax   rerum     Naturalium     Brifannicarum,     by    Christopher 
Merrett,  M.D.  (F.R.S.  later). 


LASS  L— PH&NOGAMIA  (continue*) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued') 
Order  XLIV .—Ericace*  (continued) 

Andromeda  Polifolia,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F. 
M.Webb.  Simonswood  Moss;  Dickin- 
son, 1851  ;  confd.  by  Wheldon  (in 
litt.).  Green's  Fl.  Whitehead's  Fl. 
Buxton's  G.  56.  60.  Top.  Bot. 
Linton.  Tarnbrook  Fell ;  O.  Wyres- 
dale,  abundant,  ascg.  to  1,730  feet  ; 
Wheldon  and  Wilson,  1901.  69. 
Withering,  ed.  iii.  398-9.  Miss 
Hodgson,  +,  1874,  in  J.ofB. 
Pyrola  rotundifolia,  L.  In  Lancashire,  Parkin- 
son's Theatrum,  p.  510,  1640,  and 
first  as  British.  59.  Hardy  sp.  Top. 
Bot.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Simpson  sp. 
var.  maritima  (Kenyon).  59.  Sand- 
hills (in  wet  hollows)  Crosby  to  South- 
port.  Green's  Fl.  60.  C.  J.  Ashfield. 
Now  nearly  gone  ;  Wheldon  in  litt. 
1904.  Doubtless  Top.  Bot.  records 
mean  the  variety 

—  media,  Sw.      59.  Leyland  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

—  minor,  L.      59.  Whalley  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
XLY.—Mmotropea: 

Hypopitys  Monotropa,  Crantz.  59.  Kingsp. 
Top.  Bot.  Formby,  1897.  Rev.  W. 
W.  Mason  in  litt.  Also  forma  glabra 
(Bernh.)  Wheldon.  Common  be- 
tween Hightown  and  Freshfield ;  Whel- 
don in  litt.  +.  60.  A.  Wilson, 
B.R.C.  Rep.  1883.  St.  Armts; 
Wheldon  and  Wilson,  'r.r.' 
XLri.—Plumbagine* 

Statice  Limonium,  L.  59.  Formerly  at 
Garston ;  Hall.  60.  Syme  sp.  Top. 
Bot.  +.W.  andW.  69.  Withering, 
ed.  iii.  1796.  Baker's/1/.  1885 
var.  pyramidalis,  Syme.  60.  Preesall, 
1899.  Wheldon 

—  rariflora,   Drej.     60.   Syme  sp.    Top.  Bot. 

(bahusiensis)  Lune  Estuary  ;  A.  Wil- 
son. Saltmarsh  at  Preesall.  1899. 
Wheldon  (also  a  hybrid  between  this 
and  the  last).  69.  Greenodd,  1874. 
Miss  Hodgson.  Walney  I.;  F.  A. 
Lees.  Nr.  Barrow  ;  L.  Petty 

—  auriculsfolia,  Vahl.    60.  Syme  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

a.  occidentalis  (Lloyd).  Preesall,  \  899  ; 
Wheldon.  KnottEnd,l  884;  Wilson.eg. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  L-  Peu7  (later) 
XLVll.—PrtnHL'acne 

Hottonia  palustris,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  !  White- 
head's,  Fl.  1 1  Green's  Fl.  +.  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason,  1895,  in  litt.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Pilling;  Wilson.  69. 
Bardsea  ;  Aiton,  1 849 

Primula  farinosa,  L.  '  In  Harwood  neere  to 
Blackburn,'  Gerard,  Herbal!,  p.  639, 
1597,  and  first  as  British.  60.  Simp- 
son sp.  Top.  Bot.  Silverdale ;  1775, 
Jenkinson.  1864,  C.  J.  Ashfield. 
1904,  A.  Wilson.  +•  69.  Wilson 
W.  1843,  Cartmel 

[Lysimachia  thyrsiflora,  Ait.  59.  Alcock,® 
Top.  Bot.} 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.—  PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XLVII.—Primulace*  (continued) 

Lysimachia  vulgaris,  L.  ^.  Top.  Bot.  Crosby; 
Withering.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's 
Fl.  69.  Phytol.  1861.  Miss  Hodg- 
son, 1874.  Baker's  Fl.  1885.  60. 
In  districts  1-8  ;  W.  and  W. 

Trientalis  europjea,  L.  60.  In  great  abundance 
on  both  sides  of  Black  dough,  Mar- 
sbaw  Fell,  fVyresdale  ;  June,  1900, 
A.  Wilson.  Extending  abundantly 
on  the  adjacent  fells  from  nr.  Marshaw 
to  the  moor  on  the  S.E.  side  of  Blaze 
Moss,  Wheldon  and  Wilson  in  /.  ofB. 
Oct.  1902.  'This  plant  is  singu- 
larly rare  in  the  North  of  Eng.  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Pennine  range,' 
A.  Wilson.  69.  North-west  Furness 
Hills;  Alton,  1843 

Centunculus  minimus,  L.  59,  Top.  Bat.  Nr. 
Formby  ;  Dickinson.  Southport ;  R. 
Brown.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Arkholme 
Moor,  alt.  300-860  ft.  Aug.  1900. 
A.  Wilson.  69.  Withering,  ed.  iii. 
198-9.  Confirmation  required 

XUX.—Apecyuct* 

t  Vinca  minor,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  'Denizen,' 
Green's  Fl.  and  Whitehead's  Fl.  [69] 
Note.  Recorded  for  59  by  Withering 

L. — Gcntianacea 

Blackstonia  perfoliata,   Huds.     59.  Ch.  Bab. 

sp.  Top.  Bot.  !    Southport ;  Hightown  ; 

Wheldon.     Formby;    +  ;    Rev.  W. 

W.  Mason  in  litt.     69.  Nr.  Cork ; 

W.  Duckworth  in  Naturalist,  1892 
Erythraea  Centaurium,  Pers.  b.  capitata,  Koch. 

59.  Hightown;  Wheldon 

—  latifolia,  Sm.      59.  In  sandy  ground  near 

the  sea,  to  the  north  of  Liverpool ; 
Dr.  Bostock  and  Mr.  Shepherd,  1803, 
Sm.  Fhra  Britannica, iii.  1393  (1804), 
and  new  to  science.  Formerly  found 
about  Seaforth  Common ;  Formby  ; 
A'msdale  ;  Blrkdale ;  F.  M.  Webb, 
H.  S.  Fisher.  Nr.  Frcsbfield  Railu-ay 
Station,  1871-2.  R.  Brown.  Top. 
Bot.  Tudor  sp.  '  Probably  extinct,' 
Green's  Fl.  All  the  specimens  in 
the  British  Museum  came  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Formby.  See  Brit- 
ten in  J.  of  B.  1872,  pp.  166-7. 
The  plant  has  never  been  found  in 
any  other  locality  than  the  above 

—  littoralis,   Fr.      Lancashire,  Sm.  Eng.   F!. 

vol.  i.  320.  59.  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  i. 
321.  /3.  Top.  Bot.  !  Rylands  sp. 
Green's  Fl.  Southport;  +  ;  Wheldon. 

60.  Top.   Bot.     Nr.  Middleton;  A. 
Wilson.     69.  Low  Marsh,  nr.  Raven 
Winder;  Petty 

—  pulchella,  Fr.      59.  Tudor  sp.   Top.  Bot. 

Formby  ;  Southport ;  Dickinson.  Fre- 
quent on  the  sand-hills  ;  Wheldon  in 
litt.  60.  Fielding  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
St.  Anne's;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Plump- 
ton;  Miss  Hodgson 


CLASS  I.—  PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I.  —  DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  L.  —  Gentlanacete  (continued) 

Gentiana  Pneumonanthe,  L.      59.  Phillips  sp. 

Top.  Bot.     Runcorn  Heath;  E.  Davis 

in  Green's  Fl.     Southport,  Aug.  1  892. 

J.    B.    Foggitt.      60.    Simpson    sp. 

Top.  Bot.     A.  Wilson,   1903.     69. 

Withering,     1796,    and     later    re- 

cords.     Probably    extinct.      Baker's 

Fl.  1885 
—  campestris,  L.     —    baltica,   Murb.     60. 

Between  Lytham  andS/.  Anne's;  Rev. 

E.  S.  Marshall.     B.  Exch.   Cl.  Rep. 

1895,  490 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.    60. 

Top.  Bot.     Frequent  ;    W.   and   W. 

69.  Ursivick  Tarn  ;  +  ;  Miss  Hodg- 


LI. —  Polemoniacere 

Polemonium  cseruleum,  L.  69.  Willisell  to 
Ray.  See  'Naturalist,  1897,  p.  230 

Lll.  —  Boraginete 

Symphytum  tuberosum,  L.     69° 

Pneumaria  maritima,  (L.),  Hill.  69  ..... 
Isle  of  Walney  ....  Lawson  in 
Ray,  Fasc.  1688.  22.  Previously  re- 
corded by  Parkinson  in  the  Theatrum  in 
1640,  and  first  as  a  British  plant.  It 
was  found  by  Thos.  Hesketh  in  1640. 
Frequently  reported  up  to  1902. 
The  same  remarks  apply  here  as 
those  under  Crambe  marilima.  Surely 
this  beautiful  plant  will  be  collected 
very  sparingly.  It  is  one  of  the  in- 
teresting gems  of  the  county  flora 

Myosotis  repens,  G.  Don.  59.  Goodlad  sp. 
Top.  Bot.  Greenbank  ;  ].  H.  Lewis. 
60.  Wheldon  and  Wilson,  1899  and 
1901.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

—  silvatica,  Hoffm.  59.  Reddish;  Buxton's 
G.  27.  Whitehead's  Fl.  Wheldon. 
Top.  Bot.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Linton  cat. 

Lithospermum  officinale,  L.  59.  Buxton's  G. 
25.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl. 
60.  Wennington;  between  Carnforth 
and  Silverdale  ;  Wheldon  and  Wilson. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874,  W.  Fog- 
gitt, J.  G.  Baker 

t  —  arvense,  L.  59.  Buxton's  G.  25.  Top. 
Bot.  Green's  Fl. 

tEchium  vulgare,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Buxton's 
G.  25.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Nr.  Fleet- 
winds  Wheldon.  69.  L.  Petty, 
1888-1890.  ®Barnw  ;  J.  Henry 

Llll.—Convolvulacea; 

Volvulus  Soldanella,  Junger.  59.  Top.  Bot.  .' 
Southport;  Blrkdale;  Green's  Fl.  60. 
South  Shore;  A.Wilson.  Fleettoood  ; 
Wheldon.  69.  Walney  I.  ;  Lawson 
to  Ray,  1718.  John  Dalton  in 
With.  ed.  iii.  1796.  240.  Miss 
Hodgson,  1874  ;  no  locality 

Cuscuta  Epith  mum,  Murr.  59.  Formby, 
1901:  Laverock  in  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Ansdell;  Chas.  Bailey 


55 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  LlV.—Solanacea: 

Atropa  Belladonna,  L.  60.  Top.  Sot.  Cam- 
forth  ;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason.  Silver- 
dale,  1902.  L.  Petty.  69.  Humphrey 
Hd.  1 86 1,  E.  Green.  1885,  J.  G. 
Baker.  In  the  Park  at  Holker ;  A. 
Ley  in  Baker's  Fl.  Shore  at  Canon 
Winder;  1892  ;  L.  Petty 

L  V. — Scrophularineie 

[Verbascum  nigrum,  L.  59.  Alntree ;  +; 
Wheldon.]  [V.  virgatum  69.] 
[V.  Blattaria,  L.  60,  69.].  Casuals 

[Linaria  repens,  Mill.  60,  69,  garden  escapes] 

* —  viscida,  Moench.  59.  Casual,  A'mtree  ; 
Wheldon.  60.  +.  69 

Scrophularia  umbrosa,  Dum.  60.  Knotolt 
Green;  1899.  Wheldon 

Limosella  aquatica,  L.  59.  Top.  Hot.  Nr. 
Ormskirk;  Dickinson.  60.  Overton 
Marsh,  Aug.  1900.  A.  Wilson  in 
J.  of  B.  Jan.  1901,  p.  25 

'Veronica  polita,  Fr.  59.  Linacre  ;  Wheldon. 
Buxton's  G.*  60.*  69.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  hybrids,   L.      60.      Silverdale ;    Miss   S. 

Beever.  Baker's  Fl.  1885.  69.  Jen- 
kinson.  Desc.  Brit.  PI.  14.  About 
Cartmel  Wells.  1775.  Repeatedly 
confirmed  in  the  chief  works  up  to 
the  present  time.  Humphrey  Hd., 
1902.  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt. 
A.  Wilson,  1904,  sp. 

—  montana,  L.      59.  Goodlad  Hb.  Top.  Sot. 

Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  White- 
head's  Fl.  Buxton's  G.  60.  +  . 
W.  andW.  69.  Baker's/1/.  1885. 

—  scutellata,  L.    59.    Top.  Sot.  Buxton's  G. 

Whitehead's  F/.  Green's  Fl.  60. 
+  .  W.  and  W.  69.  near  U hers  ton  ; 
L.  Petty,  1898 

Euphrasia  officinalis,  L.      var.   nemorosa   H. 
Mart.   59.  Wheldon.  60.  Wheldon. 
69.   Petty  ;  named  by  Ar.  Bennett 
var.  gracilis,  Fr.    69.    Baker's  Fl.  1885. 

Petty,  1903 
var.  curta,  Fr.  60.    Wheldon 

—  borealis  (Towns.),  Wetts.  f.       60.  Whel- 

don and  Wilson 

Bartsia  viscosa,  L.  59.  Plentiful  near  Orm- 
skirk;  Hudson,  (Hall).  htAllerton 
near  Liverpool,  Mr.  Robt.  Roscoe  in 
Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  iii.  1 18.  Bean  sp. 
Top.  Bot.  Sandhills,  Formby  ;  Ains- 
dale  ;  Southport;  Green's/1/.  Whel- 
don in  litt.  1903.  Nr.  Sefton  ; 
Dickinson.  60.  Fielding  ms.  Top.  Bot. 

Pedicularis  palustris,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Buxton's  G.  80.  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Bleasdale;  +;  1899.  A.Wilson.  69. 
Jopling,  Linton,  and  Miss  Hodgson 

Melampyrum  silvaticum,  L.  69.  In  woods 
on  E.  side  of  Humphrey  Hd.  Dr. 
Windsor  in  Phytol.  1862,  p.  259. 
Blawith;  /.  of  B.  1874.  Rev. 
W.  M.  Hind.  Woods,  Yewdak 
Beck,  Conlston  ;  Miss  S.  Beever 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued} 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued') 
Order  LVl.—Onbanchacea; 

Orobanche  major,  L.  59.  Allerton  ;  Wither- 
ing. Billinge  Beacon;  Dickinson,  1850. 
Formerly  found  on  roots  of  broom 
near  Eccles.  Mr.  J.  Martin  in 
Buxton's  G.  p.  8 1.  Top.  Bot. 

—  minor,  Sm.     59.     Hale;  1850;   +  ;  but 

rare  and  local;  Green's  Fl.  Crosby, 
1902.  Wheldon  in  litt. 
Lathraea  squamaria,  L.  59.  Buxton's  G. 
80.  Top.  Bot.  60.  Fl.  Stony- 
hurst.  H  odder  Valley.  March,  1903. 
Wheldon  and  Wilson  in  litt.  69. 
Plumpton ;  Jackson  in  With.  ed.  iii. 
1796.  Nr.  Hawkshead;  W.  Satter- 
thwaite.  1885.  Nr.  Coniiton ; 
Miss  S.  Beever  ;  + 

LVlL—Lentibularinea: 

Utricularia  vulgaris,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Nr. 
Southport ;  Dickinson.  Buxton's  G. 
Green's  Fl.  Little  Crosby;  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason,  ms.  1900.  69. 
Hawkshead ;  Ray  cat.  210.  1670. 
Flookborough ;  Jackson  in  With.  ed. 
iii.  20,  Urswick  Tarn  ;  1874.  Miss 
Hodgson.  Park  Fell;  1885.  Alf. 
W.  Bennett 

—  intermedia,  L.    69.   Between  Brathay  and 

Hawkshead;  F.  J.  Hort.  Bot.  Gaz. 
1850.  Nr.  Coniston.  .  .  .  Miss  S. 
Beever,  in  Baker's  Fl.  1885  (with 
the  following  sp.) 

—  minor,  L.     59.  Dickinson 'sf/.     Top.  Bot. 

69.  Jenkinson,  1775.  Jackson  in 
With.  1796.  Miss  S.  Beever 
Pinguicula  vulgaris,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  sp.  in 
Herb.  Oxon.  Buxton's  G.  Dickin- 
son's Fl.  Green's  Fl.  Rare.  60. 
Fl.  Stony  hurst;  +  ;  W.  and  W.  69. 
+  ;  Miss  Hodgson  and  others. 
First  recorded  as  British  '  neere  to 
Blackburne,'  see  Gerard's  Herbal, 
1597,  p.  645 

LVlIL—Verbenace* 

Verbena  officinalis,  L.  59.  Top.  But. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  (Southport).  60. 
Silverdale;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Miss 
Hodgson,  1874;  +  ;  Baker's  Fl. 
1885 

LIX.—LaMat* 

Mentha  rotundifolia,  Huds.  69.  Lawson  to 
Ray,  1688.  Uiverston  to  Greenodd '; 
L.  Petty,  1901 

—  piperita,    L.       59.     Heys   sp.    Top.    Bot. 

Dickinson's  F I. ;  '  native,'  near  Red- 
dish ;  Whitehead,  Wheldon.  Med- 
lock  Vale;  Whitehead.  Bathvood ; 
Ormskirk.  T.  Williams.  Green's 
Fl.  Buxton's  G.  75 

—  saliva,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     Nr.  Liverpool, 

etc.  Wheldon  and  others.  60. 
'Common'  W.  and  W.  69.  Nr. 
Littlt  Langdak  Tarns  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued'] 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued') 
Order  LIX.—Libiat*  (continued) 
*Mentha  viridis,  L.     60.  Lune  banks,  Halton  ; 
A.  Wilson* 

—  rubra,  Sm.      59.    Canal  bank  Maybull  to 

Lydiate ;  R.  Brown.  Green's  FI. 
60.  Higher  Bridge  Island;  Flora  of 
Stmyburst  (prob.  correct  J.A.W.). 
69.  Baker's  Fl.  1885.  (Miss  Hodg- 
son form  near  rubra) 

—  gentilis,   L.       60.     By    the    Hodder,    nr. 

Mytton,  Aug.  1899  ;  Wheldon 

—  Pulegium,     L.         59.     Newton     Common, 

1851  ;    Dickinson.      69.    On   Goose 

Green,  Dalton  ;  Atkinson,  see  Baker's 

Fl.    1885  ;  also  Petty's  'Constit.'in 

Naturalist,  Oct.  1897 
Thymus  serpyllum,  Fries.  59.  Top.  Sot. 

Green's    Fl.        60.     Silverdale ;    A. 

Wilson,  1887.      Leek  Beck  and  Fell; 

Petty.       69.     Dr.    Windsor,    1857, 

Miss  Hodgson,  1874 
Calamintha  arvensis,  Lam.  59.  Top.  Sot.  ! 

60.    Carnforth;    A.    Wilson.       69. 

C.    J.     Ashfield    in    Pbytol.     1861, 

p.   237.     J.  G.  Baker,  1885.      Rev. 

A.  Ley,  Baker's/"/.  1885 

—  officinalis,  Moench.      59.    Top.  Sot.     Nr. 

Garston;    Hall.     Nr.   Ditton ;    Miss 

Gowthwaite.     69.].  G.  Baker,  1885 
Salvia  Verbenaca,  L.     60.    Silverdale,    1901  ; 

Petty 
Nepeta     Cataria,     L.      tS9-     Canal     banks, 

Aintree ;     Wheldon.      60.  +.      A. 

Wilson.     69.     Beach    at    Rampside ; 

Atkinson  in  With.  ed.  iii.  1796,  327. 

Baker's  Fl.  1885.     Petty's  Constit. 
Scutellaria     minor,     Huds.      59.     Top.    Sot. 

Formhy ;     T.     Glover.       Knowsley  ; 

Marrat.       60.      Wkittington    Moor; 

Arkholme  Moor ;  A.   Wilson,    1900. 

69.  Nr.  Dalton,  Atkinson  in   With. 

ed.     iii.     1796.       540.     Hawkshead 

Hill;  Coniston  tarns,  and  by  stream 

below  Tarn  House,  Miss  S.  Beever  in 

Baker's  Fl.  1885 
*   Marrubium   vulgare,    L.       59.   Top.    Sot.* 

F.  M.  Webb.*     Dickinson's  Fl.  [69] 
Stachys  arvensis,  L.      59.   Top.  Sot.     Green's 

Fl.      60.    A.    Wilson,    1888.      69. 

Miss  Hodgson,  1874  (no  l°c) 
Galeopsis  Ladanum,  L.     59.   Top.  Bot.    Dick- 
inson's  Fl.      *  Garston;    R.    Brown. 

69.  Baker's  Fl. 

[ —  ochroleuca,  Lam.  Frequent  in  Lanca- 
shire ;  Hudson.  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  rep. 

1825] 

—  versicolor,  Curt.    59.   Top.  Bot.  Wheldon, 

etc.  60.  Top.  Bot.  also  W.  and  W. 
69.  Baker's/"/. 

Lamium  amplexicaule,  L.  60.  Wheldon, 
1900.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Green's  Fl. 
'  very  common,"  nr.  Liverpool  ; 
Wheldon 

—  intermedium,     Fries.         *59-       Casual  ; 

Wheldon.  60.  Top.  Bot.  =  Silver- 
dale;  Melvill 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  LIX.—Libiata  (continued) 

Lamium  hybridum,  Vill.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Speke  ; 
Wheldon.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Melvill 

—  Galeobdolon,     Crantz.        59.    Top.    Bot. 

Goodlad  Hb.  !  Whitehead's  Fl. 
Buxton's  G.  60.  P.  J.  Hornby. 
69.  Coniston ;  1864.  Linton  ;  see 
Baker's  Fl. 

Ballota  nigra,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  '  Very  rare.' 
Wheldon  in  litt.  Pilkington  ;  Bux- 
ton's G.  69.  C.  C.  Babington  from 
Netvbould.  See  Petty's  Constit. 

LX. — Plantaginetf 

Littorella  juncea,  Berg.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Crosby 
Marsh;  Withering.  Formby  to 
Southporl;  Dickinson.  Green's  Fl. 
Whitehead's  Fl.  60.  Canal,  nr. 
Garstang;  1891.  A.Wilson.  ?  69. 
(Linton's  Lake  C.  only) 

LXI.—IIlecebrace* 

Scleranthus  annuus,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Bux- 
ton's G.  56.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Nr. 
Garstang;  1891.  A.Wilson.  69. 
Miss  Hodgson  ;  Baker's  Fl. 

LXll.—Chenopodlacea; 

*Chenopodium  ficifolium,  Sm.  59.  Wheldon, 
'casual,'  1896-1904  !  60.  Whel- 
don '  casual '  1 90 1 

* —  murale,  L.  59.  Wheldon  and  others. 
Green's  Fl.  Top.  Bot.  60.  Top. 
Bot.  Syme  sp.  Wheldon,  1900* 

* —  hybridum,  L.   59.  Top.  Bot.  ?    Green's  Fl. 

* —  urbicum,  L.  59.  Wheldon  ;  1901.* 
60.  A.  Wilson,  1899.* 

—  rubrum,  L.1      59.   Top.  Bot.     Green's  Fl. 

60.  Wheldon,*  1899.  A.Wilson, 
1901* 

Beta  maritima,  L.  60.  Nr.  Lytham ;  A. 
Dullman.  69.  Walney  I. ;  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason  in  litt.  1902 

1  The  first  four  of  these  Chenopodia  are  introduced  with 
chicken  corn  and  in  ballast ;  they  arc  all  likely  to  spread,  but 
have  little  claim  to  a  place  in  the  British  Flora.  They  are  to 
be  found  more  or  less  plentifully  on  rail  and  river  banks,  and 
waste  places  at  all  the  great  seaports,  and  inland  in  similar 
places  by  malt  kilns  and  flower  mills,  along  with  a  host 
of  other  aliens,  and  occasionally  turn  up  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
pheasant  and  poultry  runs,  the  seeds  of  many  species  which  are 
separated  from  foreign  barley  by  the  Boby  machine  along  with 
the  fruit  of  Polygonum  Fagopyrum  (F.  esculentum)  being  much 
used  as  pheasant  food.  A  flora  of  aliens  found  in  Britain,  with 
the  date  of  the  first  appearance  or  record  of  each  plant,  will 
require  an  annual  supplement,  but  it  will  be  useful  to  future 
botanists.  The  aliens  found  in  Lancashire  will  fill  many  pages 
of  such  a  flora,  hence  these  remarks.  A  vast  number  of  these 

best  summers,  a  considerable  number  arc  hardy  annuals,  and  a 
few  are  biennial  and  perennial.  Besides  these  aliens,  plants 
occasionally  spring  up  (often  in  profusion)  of  species  which  have 
been  considered  for  a  century,  more  or  less,  as  true  natives  of  a 
district,  in  company  with  obvious  introductions  ;  these  are  usually 
on  dredging  or  newly  made  ground.  These  are  especially  inter- 
esting problems  for  the  botanist.  Our  oldest  records  do  not 
give  us  the  approximate  year  of  the  introduction  of  such  plants 
as  Veronica  Tournefortis;  if  they  did  we  should  have  to  treat 
a  great  many  of  our  cornfield  weeds  as  '  foreigners '  ;  abundant  as 
they  now  are  thev  would  have  to  take  their  places  in  the  alien 


57 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  LXIL— Chenopodiace*  (continued) 

Atriplex    deltoidea,    Bab.       59.     Top.    Sot. 

Lewis  Rec.     Aintree  ;  Wh. 
var.    prostrata,   Bab.       59.     Wheldon, 
1897.     60.  Wheldon,  1899 

—  Babingtonii     Woods.       50.     Top.     Hot. 

F.  M.  Webb,  cat.  60.  Wheldon, 
1900.  69.  Baker 

var.  virescens,   Lange.      60.  Wheldon, 
1901 

—  laciniata,  L.     59.  Top.  Hot.     Bloxam  ms. 

Dickinson.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Syme  sp. 
69.  Woodward  in  Withering,  ed.  iii 
1796.  L.  Petty,  1892 

—  portulacoides,    L.      59.     Top.    Bot.      60. 

Syme  sp.  Top.  Bot.  69.  Walney 
I.;  Ch.  Bailey.  Barrow;  Prof. 
Oliver.  Ken  ft  Bank;  nr.  Cark 
Statn.  ;  J.  G.  Baker.  E.  of  Hofme  I  ; 
Petty.  + 

—  littoralis,  L.     59.    Top.  Bot.     Hightozvn; 

Wheldon.  Dickinson's  F/.  60.  Top. 
Bot.  Linton,cat.  Pilling;  A.Wil- 
son. Fleetwood;  Wheldon 
Salsola  Kali,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.\  Wheldon;+; 
60.  Top.  Bot.  69.  Miss  Ashburner 
(only).  Petty's  Const. 

LXir.—Polygonacea 

tPolygonum  Convolvulus,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
etc.  60.  Ch.  Bailey,  1901.  Bot. 
Rec.  Club  Rep.,  1884-6.  69.  Con- 
firm, required 

—  Rail,  Bab.  59.  Syme  sp.  Top.  Sot. 
Crosby;  Dickinson.  Southport;  Lewis. 
Hightown  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Top.  Bot. 
Linton.  Fleetwood;  Wheldon 
-  minus,  Huds.  59.  F.  M.  Webb.  Top. 
Bot.  Walton  Mere  ;  H.  S.  Fisher. 
Buxton's  G.  54.  Simonsicood  Moss 
to  Kirkby  ;  F.  M.  Webb. 

—  Bistorta,  L.     59.  60.  69 

Oxyria  digyna,  Hill.  69.  Tilberthwaite ; 
W.  Duckworth  in  /.  of  B.  1893, 
374. 

Rumex  sanguineus,  L.    Dickinson  and  others, 

but  not  seen  by  Wheldon.     (?  59) 
var.  viridis  (Sibth.).      Top.  Bot.  59  and 
60.     60.  'common,'  Wheldon.  (59. 
Nr.    Ormskirk;  T.  Williams.     Bux- 
ton's G.) 

—  maritimus,  L.      59.  Top.  Bot.    Dickinson's 

Fl.  Green's  Fl.  60.  C.J.Ashfield. 
1860.  v.  Wheldon  and  Wilson's 
paper  in  /.  of  Bot.  Oct.  1902,  p.  350, 
who  refer  to  Mr.  C.  E.  Salmon's 
record.  69.  John  Henry 

—  limosus,  Thuill.     59.  Top.  Bot.  (Lewis) 

* —  crispus,  L.  var.  triangulatus,  Syme.  59. 
Wheldon  in  litt.  1902.  60.  Fleet- 
wood  salt-marshes,  1901.  Wheldon.* 
69.  J.  G.  Baker 

—  crispus  X  obtusifolius.     Syn.  R.  pratensis, 

M.  and  K.  (acutus,  L.)  59.  Top. 
Bot.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Near  Knovile 
Green,  1899,  Wheldon 

58 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONIS  (continued) 
Order  LXir.—Polygmace*  (continued) 

Rumex  domesticus,  Hartm.  60.  Fl.  Stonyhurst. 
By  the  Lune,  near  Kirkby  Lonidale, 
1901.  Wheldon  and  Wilson  in 
J.  ofB. 

—  Hydrolapathum,  Huds.       59.     Top.    Bot. 

Buxton's  G.  Whitehead's  Fl. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  60.  W. 
and  W.  69.  Lawson  only,  1680 

LXr.—ArutoIochiace* 

Asarum  europsum,  L.  59.  Dugdale,  sp. 
Top.  Bot.  In  several  woods  in  Lan- 
cashire ;  Leigh,  Ray.  Sm.  Eng.  Fl. 
vol.  ii.  317 

LXVL—Thymelaacc* 

Daphne  Laureola,  L.  *  59.  Denizen.  Green's 
Fl.  60.  Silverdale  area.  Petty  (Local). 
69.  Dr.  Clowes,  1861.  Baker's  W. 
Petty's  Const.  Grange ;  1903.  A. 
Beardsley 

LXX.—Euphorbiace* 

Euphorbia  amygdaloides,  L.  [69.  Cartmel ; 
1 840.  Hb.  Motley  at  Swansea] 

—  Paralias,  L.     59.     Scholes,  sp.  Top.  Bot.  ! 

Between  Formby  and  Southport; 
Withering.  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason. 
Blundellsands  ;  R.  Brown,  Wheldon. 
Hightown;  Wheldon.  60.  C.  J. 
Ashfield,  1864  (approx.).  C.  E. 
Salmon.  69.  Walney  I.  ;  Atkinson  in 
With.  ed.  iii.  1796.  Near  Holker  ; 
1843.  Wilson,  W. 

—  portlandica,   L.     59.      Scholes  sp.     Top. 

Bot.!  Crosby  to  Southport;  Dickin- 
son. '  Still  there,'  Wheldon  in  litt. 
1903.  69.  Walneyl.;  John  Henry, 
teste  J.  C.  Melvill,  1897 

*  Mercurialis  annua,  L.  59.  Dugdale  sp.  Top.  Bot. 
Ballast  casual,  Green 

LXXIL—MyriuKt* 

Myrica  Gale,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Buxton's 
G.  125.  Hall,  Dickinson,  H.  S. 
Fisher,  R.  Brown.  Wheldon  in 
litt.  1903.  60.  C.J.Ashfield,  1864. 
Top.  Bot.  Linton.  Wheldon  and 
Wilson,  1902.  69.  Abundant.  Wil- 
son, Wm.,  Miss  Hodgson,  J.  G. 
Baker 

LXXIII.—Cupulifer* 

Betula  verrucosa,  Ehrh.  59.  60.  Middle- 
barrow  Wood;  1899,  A.Wilson.  69. 

—  pubescens,  Ehrh.  60.  A.  Wilson  in 
S.R.C.  Report,  1887.  'In  all  dis- 
tricts.' W.  and  W.  in  litt.  1904. 
69.  Strikers;  Haverthwalte ;  Miss 
Hodgson,  1874 

Quercus  Robur,  L.  a.  pedunculata,  L.  59. 
Top.  Bot.  !  c.  sessiliflora.  59.  Top. 
Bot.  60.  Wheldon  and  Wilson, 
1899.  69. 

t  Fagus  silvatica,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  '  Planted  ' 
Buxton  and  Whitehead.  60.  Top. 
Bot.  '  Denizen.'  Wheldon  in  litt. 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PILENOGAMIA  (continued) 
SUB-CLASS  I. — DICOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
LXXlV.—Salicincx 

Salix  pentandra,  L.  59.  7ty.  .Bfl/.t  Dickinson's 
Fl.  'Native,'  Whitehead.  Chorl- 
ton ;  Gorton  ;  Buxton's  G.  121. 
Barton;  Wheldon.  +.  60.  +.  W. 
andW.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 
*—  triandra,  L.  59.  Top.  Bat.  Dickinson's 

Fl.     69.  L.  Petty 

*—  fragilis,  L.       59.  60.  A.    Wilson,  1887, 
B.R.C.Rep.    +.  69.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874 
* —  alba,  L.       59.  Top.    Bat.     Buxton's    G. 

122.  Whitehead's  Fl.     69.  60.  A. 
Wilson,  1887.     B.R.C.Rep.    +  . 

—  aurita,  L.      59.   Top.  Sot.     Rare  in  Lifer- 

poo!  district  ;  Wheldon.  Whitehead's 
Fl.  Buxton's  G.  123.  60.  A. 
Wilson,  1888.  69. 

—  aurita    X    cinerea.     Wyresdale ;    W.  and 

W. 

—  Caprea,   L.      59.   Top.  Bot.     Whitehead's 

Fl.       Green's     Fl.        Buxton's     G. 

123.  60.  Near  Garstang;  A.  Wil- 
son,   1888.     Silverdale ;  near  Leek; 
Petty.  69. 

—  repens,  L.   59.   Top.  Bot.  Green's  Fl.  69. 

Walney  L;  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 
Baker's  Fl.  1885.  60.  A.  Wilson, 
B.R.C.Rep.  1884 

—  phylicifblia,   L.      59.  Top.   Bot.     '  Dug- 

dale '  !  60.  Fl.  Stonyhurst;  Whel- 
don and  W.,  1901 

—  nigricans,    Sm.     [59]      60.      Fl.    Stony- 

hurst;  Bank  of  Lime,  near  Kirkby 
Lonsdale;  A.Wilson 

—  viminalis,    L.  X  Caprea,   L.       (Smithiana 

Willd.  p.  part).  59.  Top.  Bot.  under 
Smithiana.  Dickinson's  Fl.  and 
Buxton's  G.  123,  both  under  Smithi- 
ana. 60.  A.  Wilson  in  B.R.C.  Rep. 
1887.  Fl.  Stonyhurst.  +.  Leek  Beck ; 
Petty.  69.  J.  G.  Baker,  Miss  Hodg- 
son 

All     these     records     are     under 
Smithiana. 

*  —   purpurea,L.  X  viminalis,  L.  (rubra,Huds). 

59.  Top.  Bot.     60.  Top.  Bot. 

* —  purpurea,  L.   59.  Wheldon. +.   Top.  Bot. 

60.  Top.  Bot.  +.  W.  and  W.     69. 
Miss  Hodgson.  Hawksheadto  Amble- 
side  ;  ].  G.  Baker 

Populus  tremula,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Green's 
Fl.  Buxton's  G.  121.  60.  Silver- 
dale  ;  Petty,  Wheldon  and  Wilson.  + . 
69.  Miss  Hodgson.  Only  one  very 
old  tree  on  Plumplon  Peat  Most. 


LXXri.—Cera 

Ceratophyllum  demersum,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  Bux- 
ton's G.  117.  60.  Fl.  Stonyhunt, 
1887. 

—  submersum,  L.  59.  Altcar  Marsh;  Dickin- 
son. Southport ;  T.  Gibson,  senr. 
Green's  Fl. 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued') 
SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES 
LXXVlll.  —Hydrocharidea: 

Hydrocharis  Morsus-ranse,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Tudor  ms.  Buxton's  G.  +.  Dickin- 
son's Fl.  Soulkport  ;  Wheldon. 
Green's  Fl.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Linton. 
Cockerham  ;  A.  Wilson 

Stratiotes  Aloides,  L.  59.  Top. Bot.  Bottle; 
Walton;  Hall.  'Not  there  now.' 
Wheldon  in  litt.  Whitehead's  /V.t 
Buxton's  G.  72.  +.  60.  SifaerJale ; 
].  C.  Melvill,  1868.  A.  Wilson, 
i883,t  and  1903 

LXXIX.—Orchidex 

Malaxis  paludosa,  Sw.  59.  Percival.  Top.  Bot. 
Near  Milnrotv ;  Buxton's  G.  109. 
69.  Withering,  ed.  iii.  30-40,  1796. 
Between  Estbtvaite  and  Grtzedale 
valleys,  Aug.  1892,  Mr.  Webb  ! 
Miss  S.  Armitt  in  Naturalist,  Aug. 
1902,  p.  272,  and  in  litt. 

[Corallorhiza  innata,  R.  Br.  69.  Petty  in 
Naturalist,  Dec.  1898,  from  a  draw- 
ing by  Miss  Barton] 

Neottia  Nidus-avis,  Rich.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  60. 
Middleton  Wood,  Goosnargh,  1870  ; 
not  seen  since,  R.  Standen  in  litt.  ad 
J.  C.  Melvill,  1905.  Fl.  Stonyhurst. 
69.  Withering,  ed.  iii.  1796.  Wil- 
son, Wm.  1843 

Listera  cordata,  R.Br.  59.  First  described  as 
British  '  from  near  the  beacon  on 
Pendle  Hill,  in  Lancashire,'  Merrett's 
Pinax,  p.  15,  1666  ;  Dickinson's  Fl. 
Buxton's  G.  109.  Pendle  Hill; 
Wheldon,  1901.  60.  Wheldon  and 
Wilson,  1901.  +.  69.  Baker's 
Fl. 

Spiranthes  autumnalis,  Rich.  59.  Top.  Bot. .' 
Allerton  and  Ince  Woods  ;  Withering. 
Hale;  Southport;  +  ;  Dickinson's  Fl. 
60.  Silverdale,  1864;  C.  J.  Ash- 
field.  Known  since  1775.  69. 
Withering,  ed.  iii.  33-4,  1796. 
Baker's  Fl.  1885.  Kenfs  Bank 

Cephalanthera  ensifolia,  Rich.  69.  Wilson, 
Wm.  1843.  Baker's  Fl.  1845 

Epipactis  atro-rubens,  Schultz.  60.  Near 
Silverdale  ;  WartonCrag;  Gatebarrow 
Wood;  1892.  A.  Wilson 

—  palustris,  Crantz.      59.   Top.  Bot.     F.  M. 

Webb.  Buxton's  G.  109.  60. 
Simpson  sp.  Top.  Bot.  Yealand; 
Jenkinson,  1775  ;  A.  Wilson,  1902. 
Lytham,  1903  ;  Wheldon  in  litt. 
69.  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

Orchis  pyramidalis,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  T. 
Gibson.  F.  M.  Webb.  69.  Near 
Cark ;  W.  Duckworth,  in  Naturalist, 
1892, p.8i 

—  ustulata,  L.     60.      Top.    Bot.      Simpson 

sp.     '  Still  there,'  1904.    A.  Wilson. 

—  Morio,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M.  Webb. 

Buxton's  G.  60.  Simpson  sp.  Top. 
Bot.  69.  Walney  I.  ;  John  Henry 


59 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued-) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  LXXIX.—Orcbidc*  (continued) 

Orchis  incarnata,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  A.  Lees. 
Crosby  to  Southport ;  H.  S.  Fisher, 
F.  M.  Webb.  '  Still  common  on  the 
sandhills  of  both  S.  and  W.  Lane.' 
Wheldon  in  litt.  1903.  Hightown ; 
Birkda/e;  +.Wh.  60.  St.  Anne1! ; 
between  Scorton  and  Dolphinholme ; 
A.  Wilson.  Near  Docker ;  W. 
and  W. 

—  latifolia,    L.       59.    Near    Crosby ;     Hall. 

'Still  there.'  Wheldon  in  litt.  1903, 
Hale  ;  Southport ;  +  ;  Dickinson's  Fl. 
Top.  Bot.  R.  Brown.  Formby ; 
by  the  Alt, below  Lydiate  ;  R.  Brown. 
Buxton's  G.  60.  '  In  Districts  I,  2, 
3,4,''  Wilson  and  Wheldon '  in  litt. 
69.  C.  Bailey ;  Baker's  Fl.  etc. 
Some  of  the  older  records  must  be 
accepted  in  the  aggregate  sense 
Ophrys  apifera,  Huds.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Sand- 
hills near  Crosby  Station ;  Dickin- 
son 

—  muscifera,  Huds.       60.  Siherdale  ;  C.  J. 

Ashfield,  1864.  'Still  in  several 
places,'  1 904  ;  A.  Wilson.  69. 
Withering,  1796 

Habenaria  albida,  R.  Br.  59.  Goodlad  Hb. 
Top.  Bot.  Buxton's  G.  108.  9. 
Cockley  Beck  ;  Banks  of  Duddon  ;  +  ; 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  Coniston ; 
Miss  Beever 

—  viridis,  R.  Br.   59.   Top.  Bot.     Dickinson's 

Fl.  Buxton's  G.  108.  60.  C.  J. 
Ashfield,  1864.  Siherdale;  A. 
Wilson.  +.  69.  Miss  Hodgson 

—  bifolia,  R.  Br.   59.   Dickinson's/1/.  (Agg.?) 

60.  Bailey  sp.  Top.  Bot.  C.  J. 
Ashfield,  1864.  Siherdale,  'fre- 
quent,' A.  Wilson.  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
69.  Baker's  Fl. 

—  chloroleuca,  Ridley.       59.   Buxton's  G.+ 

108.  Extinct?  and  must  be  ac- 
cepted in  the  aggregate  sense.  60. 
+  .  W.  and  W.  69.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  J.  G.  Baker,  1885 
[Cypripedium  Calceolus,  L.  '  Lancaster.' 
3rit.  Mus.  Herb.  '  Borough  Hall 


Park' ;  Martin.  Bot.  Guide,  p.  272, 
1805.  'Ina  wood  called  the  Helkes, 
in  Lancashire  '  (Yorkshire  !  H.F.). 
Parkinson,  Theatrum,  p.  218,  1640. 
Extinct] 

LXXX.— Index 

Crocus  nudiflorus,  Sm.  59.  Top.  Bot.!  Liver- 
pool, towards  Allinglon  ;  Withering. 
Green's  Fl.  (no  recent  records). 
Whitehead's  Fl.  Buxton's  G.  Locally 
abundant  about  Manchester,  1875- 
1903.  J.  C.  Melvill  in  litt.  60. 
Nr.  Goosnargh  ;  R.  Standen  in  litt.  ad 
J.  C.  Melvill,  1905 

LXXXl.—Amaryllidta; 

Narcissus  Pseudo-narcissus,  L.     59.  60.  69. 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued-) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
LXXXIlI.—Lifiace* 

Polygonatum  officinale,  All.  60.  Gissing  ms. 
Top.  Bot.  Dalton  Crag,  1884;  A. 
Wilson.  [Siherdale  ;  C.  J.  Ashfield, 
1864.  The  station  is  in  West- 
morland, and  the  plant  is  still  there, 
Wheldon  in  litt.,  1904] 

Convallaria  majalis,  L.  60.  Siherda/e  ; 
B.R.C.  Rep.  1883.  +  .  W.  and  W. 

Allium  Scorodoprasum,  L.  59.  Bab.  sp.  Top. 
Bot.  Bank  of  Mersey;  Dickinson. 
Wheldon  conf.  69.  +.  Miss  Hodg- 
son, 1874.  Soppitt,  1894.  L. 
Petty  in  his  Constit.  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason 

—  vineale,  L.    59.  Webb  sp.  Top.  Bot.  Near 

Speke ;  Dickinson.     60.  A.  Wilson, 
1896 

—  oleraceum,  L.  var.  complanatum,  Fr.    60. 

Bank  of  Greta,  near  Wrayton,  1901  ; 
A.  Wilson 

—  Schcenoprasum,  L.     69.  J.   Seward.     Top. 

Bot.  Chivey  Syke,  in  Cartmel  Fell. 
Wilson,  Sya.  255,  1744.  Miss  Hodg- 
son, 1874 

[Maianthemum  Convallaria  [Weber],  ap. 
Wigg.  '  In  Lancashire,  in  Ding/ey 
Wood,  six  miles  from  Preston  in  Aun- 
dernesse  ;  and  in  Haruiood,  neare  to 
Blackburne.'  Gerard,  Herbal!,  p.  330, 
1597.  Extinct] 

Tulipa  silvestris,  L.  60.  Found  nr.  Whitting- 
ham,  1870  (approx)  by  R.  Standen  ; 
now  lost  as  a  wild  plant.  In  litt. 
per  J.C.  Melvill,  1905 

Gagea  fascicularis,  Salisb.  60.  Fl.  Stonyhurst. 
69.  Higgins  in  Baker's  Fl. 

Colchicum  autumnale,  L.  59.  Nr.  Middleton  ; 
Buxton's  G.  jo 

Narthecium  ossifragum,  Huds.  Formerly 
called  Lancashire  Bog  Asphodel.  59. 
'  All  mosses  .  .  .  around  Manchester 
abundant  ; '  Buxton's  G.  47.  Formby 
to  Barton.  Green's  Fl.  1892.  Top. 
Bot.  60.  Ascends  from  Cockerham 
Moss  to  1,730  feet  ;  Wheldon  and 
Wilson.  '  Neere  unto  the  towne  of 
Lancaster.'  See  Gerard's  Herball, 
p.  88,  1597.  69.  Baxter  (ra.Conistori), 
1837.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

Paris  quadrifolia,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Dickin- 
son's Fl.  Buxton's  G.  55.  Nr.  Cli- 
theroe  ;  Wheldon  in  litt.  60.  Simp- 
son sp.  Top.  Bot.  Plentiful,  ascend- 
ing to  1,000  feet,  and  found  in 
eight  districts  ;  Wheldon  and  Wil- 
son 

LXXX1V.— Juncacca: 

Juncus  compressus,  Jacq.  59.  Burton  Marshes  ; 
C.  T.  Green  in  Fl.  L'pool.  60.  Long- 
ridge  Fell ;  Fl.  Stonyhurst 
*—  tenuis,  Willd.  59.  St.  Mary's  Church- 
yard, Bootle,  Oct.  1903.  'Native' 
(?)  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt. 
Alien 


60 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.-PJL£NOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONKS  (continued) 
Order  LXXXIf.—Juncace*  (continued) 

Juncus  effusus  X  glaucus.  60.  Between  Grlm- 
sargh  and  Alston,  Wheldon.  Disputed 
in  Sot.  Excb.  Club  Rep.  1900.  646. 
Mr.  Wheldon  does  not  now  consider 
it  is  J.  diffusus,  Hoppe,  but  still  con- 
siders it  must  be  placed  here.  Nr. 
Bare  ;  F.  A.  Lees  in  Naturalist,  1 899 
(diffusus,  Hoppe).  Fl.  Stonyhunt 
(diffusus).  69.  Humphrey  Hd.  .  .  . 
east  side  .  .  .  J.  G.  Baker,  1885 
(diffusus) 

—  filiformis,L.  69.  AtWindermereinCartmel ; 

.  .  .  Mr.  Jackson.  Withering,  ed.  iii. 
346,  1796.  See  D.  Newton  in  Ray's 
Historia,  ii.  1305,  1688.  Hd.  of 
Coniston  Water;  J.  G.  Baker,  1885 

—  maritimus,  Lam.     Lancashire  ;   Rev.  W. 

Wood  in  Sm.  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii.  160, 
1824.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.M.Webb. 
Mersey  Banks;  Wheldon.  Green's 
Fl.  60.  Top.  Bot.  H.  C.  Watson  ! 
+  .  W.  andW.  69.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  Rev.  A.  Ley,  Baker's  F/. 
[ —  acutus,  L.  69.  Holker,  Lancashire,  Mr. 
Woodward  in  Eng.  Fl.  vol.  ii.  1824. 
Extinct  f]  See  note  in  Top.  Bot. 

—  obtusiflorus,   Ehrh.      59.    Top.   Bot.     60. 

F.  A.  Lees,  Naturalist,  1 899.      Hatves 
Water  ;  F.  Pickard.     Carnfortb  ;    A. 
Wilson.     69.  Greenodd  shore  /  Miss 
Hodgson  (!  J.  G.  Baker) 

Juncoides  pilosum,  Morong.    Luzula  (DC.). 

59.  Top.    Bot.      Buxton's    G.    48. 
Whitehead's  Fl.     Hale  ;  Green's  FL 

60.  +.   W.   and   W.     Petty  ;  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason,  1902.   69 

—  multiflorum,Druce.   59.  Top. Bot.  Green's 

Fl.  Simonswood;  Altcar ;  Rev.  W. 
Mason  in  litt.  1902.  69.  John 
Henry.  60.  +.  W.  and  W. 

IXXXr.—Typhace* 

Typha  latifolia,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M. 
Webb.  Buxton's  G.  in.  White- 
head's  Fl.  Wheldon.  60.  +.  W. 
and  W.  69 

—  angustifolia,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     Buxton's 

G.  in.     Kirkhy;    Wheldon    in  litt. 
1903.     60.    +.   W.   and  W.       69. 
Urstvick  Tarn  ;  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 
Blelham  T.  ;  W.  H.  Hills  in  Baker's 
FL  1885 

[Sparganium  affine,  Schnizl.  59.  Nr.  Man- 
chester ;  Dr.  Hull,  1808  (approx.). 
Buxton's  G.  HI.  [Top.  Bot.]  almost 
certainly  a  floating-leaved  simplex. 
Buxton  and  Hull  record  their  plant 
as  natans,  L.] 

—  minimum,   Fr.     60.  Little  Hatves  Water, 

Silverdale;  A.  Wilson,  1884.  69. 
Coniston  Lake  ;  Miss  S.  Beever.  War- 
ton  Tarn;  W.  Southall,  1885 

—  neglectum,    Beeby.       60.     Nr.    Lytbam  ; 

Salmon  and  Thompson.  Wheldon, 
1905 


CLASS  I.— PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
LXXXri.—Aroidex 

Acorus  Calamus,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Green's 
FL  Rev.  W.W.  Mason  in  litt.  1902. 
Buxton's  G.  47.  60.  +.  W.andW 

LXXXriL— Lemnacex 

Lemna  gibba,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M.  Webb. 
Buxton's  G.  60.  C.  J.  Ashfield  (not 
seen  recently,  W.  and  W.) 

—  polyrhiza,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.    F.M.Webb. 

Buxton's  G.  Dickinson's  Fl.  White- 
head's/1/.  Wheldon.  +.  60.  Whel- 
don, 1900 

LXXXriU.—Alismacea; 

Elisma  natans,  Buchen.  69.  Coniston ;  Miss 
S.  Beever.  Baker's/1/.  1885 

[Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  L.  59.  60.  Top.  Bot. 
Linton  cat.  Confirmation  desirable. 
60.  Canal  nr.  Preston ;  H.  Beesley 
(•W.  and  W.)] 

Butomus  umbellatus,  L.  59.  Nt.Ince;  With- 
ering. Top.  Bot.  F.  M.  Webb. 
Formby  ;  Hall.  Little  Crosby  ;  South- 
port  ;  Dickinson.  Sefton  Park  ;  H.  S. 
Fisher.  Halewood,  1886,  Day  in 
Liverpool  Fl.  1902.  Nr.  Warrington; 
Wm.  Wilson,  Buxton's  G.  55. 
Rufford;  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt. 
1903.  Wheldon  and  Wilson.  +. 
60.  +.  W.  and  W. 

LXXXIX.—Naiadace* 

Potamogeton  natans,  L.  !  59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M. 
Webb.  Whitehead's  Fl.  Green's 
Fl.  +.  Wheldon.  60.  Very  com- 
mon, W.  and  W. 

—  polygonifolius,     Pour.  !       59.    Top.    Sot. 

F.  M.   Webb.      Litkcrland;    Hall. 
Aintree;  F.M.Webb.  Little Crosby ; 
Green's    Fl.      60.    Ar.    Bennett    in 
J.  ofB.  May  1886.     Silverdale;    C. 
Bailey,  1883.    +.  W.  and  W. 

—  alpinus,  Balk  !   59.  Merrick  sp.   Top.  Bot. 

Dickinson's^/.  Reddish;  Whitehead's 
Fl.  Wheldon  conf.  Formby  ;  F.  M. 
Webb.  Nr.  Warrington;  T.  Gib- 
son. Altcar ;  Wheldon.  Buxton's 

G.  60.  Top.  Bot.     +.  W.andW. 

—  heterophyllus,  Schreb.  !     North  of  Crosby  ; 

Dickinson.  Formby  to  Freshfield ;  E. 
Davies.  Nr.  Birkdale  ;  F.  M.  Webb 
and  H.  S.  Fisher.  60.  (Bailey)  Top.  Bot. 
[—  nitens,  Weber.  59.  'Hale  Moss'  Hb. 
Ch.  Bailey.  Ar.  Bennett  in  litt.] 

—  lucens,  L.  !   59.  Top.  Bot.  Formby  Marsh  ; 

Dickinson  (not  recently,  Wh.).  69. 
Coniston  Lake ;  Miss  S.  Beever  in 
Baker's/1/.  1885 

—  angustifolius,  B.  and  Presl.    69.  !  Arthur 

Bennett  in  litt.  1 903.  Coniston  Lake  ; 
Ch.  Bailey  in  J.  ofB.  1884,  p.  370. 

—  pra;longus,  Wulf.  69.  !  A.  Bennett  in  litt. 

1903.  Windermere  ;  Borrer  in  Phytol. 
1846.  p.  426.  N.  end  of  Coniston 
L.  ;  J.  G.  Baker,  1885 


61 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  L— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  LXXXIX.—Naiadace*  (continued) 

Potamogeton  perfoliatus,  L.  !  59.  Canal  be- 
tween Bootle  and  Litherland;  Hall. 
R.  Brown.  '  common  all  along  the 
canal,'  Wheldon,  1902.  60.  +. 
W.  and  W.  69.  Coniston ;  Winder- 
mere;  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

—  crispus,L.  !     59.   +.  Top.Bot.    60.    +. 

W.  and  W.     69 

—  densus,  L.  !     59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M.  Webb, 

sp.  Nr.  Liverpool,  F.  M.  W.  See 
Green's  Fl. 

—  obtusifolius,  Mert.  and  Koch.    59.  Good- 

lad,  Hb.  Top.Bot.  Dickinson's  Fl. 
Little  Crosby  ;  ].  H.  Lewis.  Altcar; 
Wheldon.  Whitehead's  Fl.  60. 
Top.  Bot. 

var.  fluvialis,  Lange  and  M.  60. 
Wheldon  1900,  teste  Ar.  Ben- 
nett. Mill-dam  nr.  Quernmore; 
W.  and  W. 

—  Friesii,  Rupr.  !      59.  Ar.  Bennett  in  litt. 

1903.     J.ofB.  May,  1886 

—  pusillus,  L.  !    59.  Top.  Bot.   Ashton  Moss ; 

Reddish  ;  Whitehead's  Fl.  Reddish  ; 
Southport ;  Wheldon.  Buxton's  G. 
24.  Green's  Fl.  1902.  60.  Top. 
Bot.;  + .  W.  and  W. 

—  pectinatus,  L.  !     59.   Top.  Bot.  Walley  sp. 

Liverpool    canal  ;     Hall.        Reddish ; 
Whitehead.  Nr.  Eccles ;  Buxton's  G. 
60.  Lancaster;  A.  Wilson.  Top.  Bot. 
var.   59.  Green's  Fl.  next  sp. 

—  interrupts,  Kit.      59.  Whalley,  Top.  Bot. 

Lancashire.    Ar.  Bennett  in  litt. 
Ruppia  maritima,  L.    f.  rostellata  (Koch).   59. 

Wheldon,  1899.     60.  Wilson,  1893. 

69.  Rev.  W.  W.   Mason,    1902,  in 

litt.    f.  spiralis  (Hartm.)   59.  Crosby  ; 

Hall 
Zannichellia   palustris,    L.  !      59.    Top.   Bot. 

F.  M.  Webb.       Buxton's    G.   no. 

Reddish  ;  Newton  in  Whitehead's  Fl. 

Wheldon  conf.     Southport;  Wheldon. 

Green's/1/.     60.  A.  Wilson,    1894. 

+  .    W.    and  W.      L.  Petty,    1902 
Zostera  marina,  L.    59.  Top.Bot.    Nr.  mouth 

of  Alt.  ;  Hall 
[Najas  graminea 

var.     Delilei    Magnus.     Alien,    Canal. 

Reddish;    Lee    and   Berkenshaw    in 

Whitehead's    Fl.     Ashton,    p.     39, 

1888.     J.  of  B.  Oct.    1884.     Ch. 

Bailey, '  introduced  with  cotton  from 

Egypt    probably.'      J.    C.     Melvill 

in  litt.] 

XCI. — Cyperace* 

Eleocharis  acicularis,  R.  Br.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Crosby  ;  Dickinson.  Buxton's  G.  7. 
+  .  Hightown;  Wheldon 

—  multicaulis,  Sm.     59.    Top.  Bot.   F.    M. 

Webb.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Knowsley  ; 
R.  Brown,  1885.  60.  Top.  Bot.l 
Nr.  Chipping;  1900,  A.  Wilson. 
69.  W.  Foggitt,  1885 


CLASS  I.— PttfiNOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XCI.—Cyperacea:  (continued) 

Eleocharis  uniglumis,  Link.  59.  F.  M. 
Webb  sp.  Top.  Bot.  Altcar ;  + 
F.  M.  W.  Whitehead's  Fl.  Brown, 
in  Green'sF/.  60?  Chadwick  sp. 
Top.  Bot.  St.  Anne's  ;  Searle  in  Hb. 
Wheldon 
Scirpus  pauciflorus,  Lightf.  59.  Top.  Bot. 

F.  M.  Webb.    Crosby  ;  Hall.    Birk- 
dale;  Lewis.    WarbreckMoor  ;  H.  S. 
Fisher.      +.     60.  A.  Wilson,  1892, 
Bolton-le-S.       69.      Plumpton  .  .  .    ; 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.     Flookborough  ; 
J.  G.  Baker,  1885 

—  caespitosus,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     Buxton's 

G.  Dickinson's  Fl.     60.     +.    W. 
and  W.     69.  DunnerJale  Fells;  Miss 
Hodgson,  1874 

—  cernuus,    Vahl.      59.    F.    M.    Webb  sp. 

Top.  Bot.  Nr.  4 tear ;  F.  M. 
Webb,  1873.  Birkdale;  Wheldon, 
1897 

—  fluitans,  L.      59.   Top.  Bot.      Dickinson's 

Fl.  Buxton's  G.  Little  Crosby  ;  F. 
M.  Webb.  Nr.  Formby  ;  R.  Brown. 
60.  Nr.  Morecambe;  Wheldon,  1899. 
Nr.  Bare  ;  A.  Wilson.  69.  I.  Hall 
in  Withering,  1796.  Rev.  W.  M. 
Hind  in  /.  ojfB.  1874,  p.  370 

—  lacustris,  L.     59.   Top.  Bot.     60.    F.  A. 

Lees.  SilverJale  ;  A.  Wilson.  69. 
Urswick  Tarn;  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

—  Tabernaemontani,  Gmel.      59.    Top.  Bot. 

F.  M.  Webb.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Crosby 
Marsh.  60.  Bolton-le-Sands ;  +  ;  A. 
Wilson,  1893 

—  silvaticus,  L.    59.  Top.  Bot.  F.  M.  Webb. 

Dickinson's  Fl. ;  +.  Whitehead's 
Fl.  Buxton's  G.  7.  +.  60.  +. 
W.  and  W. 

—  Caricis,  Retz.      59.   Ryland's  sp.  Top.  Bet. 

Mouth  of  Alt;  R.  Brown,  1874, 
Wheldon,  1901.  60.  St.  Anne's; 
J.C.  Melvill,  1891.  Bank  of  Greta. 
m.Wrayton;  Aug.  1901.  A.Wil- 
son 

—  rufus,  Schrad.     59.  Top.  Bot.  Tudor  sp.  ; 

.  .  .  between  Bootle  and  Crosby  .  .  . 
.  .  .  ;  Mr.  John  Shepherd  in  Sm. 
Eng.  Fl.  vol.  i.  59.  Birkdale,  1904, 
Wheldon.  60.  Bolton-le-Sands,  1892  ; 
A.  Wilson 

Eriophorum  vaginatum,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  Buxton's  G.  S;°- 
monswood;  Hall.  (W.  W.  Mason, 
1900,  in  litt.)  60.  Wheldon  and 
Wilson.  +.  L.  Petty.  69.  +. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  L-  Pettv 
('  common  ') 

—  angustifolium,  Roth.      59.  Top.Bot.  Bux- 

ton's G.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Hatcei 
Water  Most;  Petty.  W.  and  W.  +. 
69.  +.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 
Plumpton;  Baker 

—  latifolium,  Hoppe.   59.   Top.  Bot.  ?     Hall, 

Dickinson,  Green's  Fl. 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XCl.—Cyperaceee  (continued) 

Rynchospora  alba,  Vahl.  59.  Top.  Bot.  F. 
M.  Webb.  Buxton's  G.  6.  Gill 
Moss;  Hall.  Simonswood  Moss; 
Dickinson.  Whitehead's  Fl.  (extinct 
nr.  Moston).  60.  Very  rare.  Wyres- 
dale ;  Cockerham  Moss,  1877-1903. 
(The  moss  is  being  rapidly  cut  up 
and  made  away  with  by  a  moss 
litter  company.  A.  Wilson,  see 
J.ofB.igoi.)  69.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  Baker's  Fl.  1885.  "...  all 
mosses  in  Lancashire,'  Ray,  1670 

Schcenus  nigricans,  L.  60.  Bailey  rec.  Top. 
Bot.  C.  ].  Ashfield,  1864.  C. 
Bailey,  1875.  A.  Wilson,  1883. 
L.  Petty,  1902.  69.  L.  Petty  in 
/.  ofB.,  1892 

Cladium  jamaicense,  Crantz.  60.  Silverdale ; 
Ashfield,  1864.  A.  Wilson,  1883- 
1904.  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason,  1902, 
in  litt. 

Carex  dioica,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  60.  Little- 
dale  Fell,  Udale;  +  ;  Wheldon 
and  Wilson,  1899.  69.  Leven  and 
Duddon  basins  ;  Westm.  Notebook, 
1888 

—  disticha,  Huds.      59.    Top.  Bot.     Dickin- 

son's Fl.  Whitehead's  Fl.  Green's 
Fl.  60.  +.  W.andW.  69.  Grange; 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  Kent  Basin  ; 
Westm.  Notebook,  1888 

• —  teretiuscula,  Good.  59.  Hunt  sp.  Top. 
Bot.  [Dickinson's  Fl.]  Buxton  in 
Whitehead's  Fl.  and  in  his  own 
guide,  1 1 2.  Confn.  desirable.  60. 
Bog  near  Docker,  1901.  Wheldon 
and  Wilson,  confd.  by  Ar.  Ben- 
nett. 69.  Urswick  Tarn;  Miss 
Hodgson  in  J.of.B.  1874  and  in 
Top.  Bot. 

—  paniculata,  L.    59.  Top.  Bot.    F.M.Webb. 

Dickinson's  Fl.  +.  Buxton's  G.  1 12. 
+  .  Eccleston  ;  Higgins,  in  Green's 
Fl.  60.  A  Wilson  in  B.R.C.  Rep., 
1883.  +.  W.andW. 

—  muricata,  L.     59.   Top.  Bot.     Buxton's  G. 

112.  Whitehead's  Fl.  Nr.  West 
Derby;  Lewis.  60.  +.  W.andW. 
A.  Wilson  in  B.R.C.  Rep.,  1883 

—  remota,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.     Buxton's  G. 

Whitehead's  Fl.  Green's  Fl.  60. 
'very  common.'  W.  and  W.  69. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  + 

—  axillaris,  Good.      59.  Whitehead  sp.   Top. 

Bot.  Sp.  in  Herb.  Oxon.  R.  Brown 
in  Green's  Fl.  Buxton's  G. 

—  elongata,     L.       59.      Wood     sp.        Top. 

Bot.  About  Warrington  ;  Dickinson. 
Dungeon  Marsh;  Higgins.  Bux- 
ton's G. 

—  curta,  Good.     59.  Top.  Bot.  ;    Wood  sp. 

Dickinson's  Fl.  +  •  Buxton's  G.  1 13. 
Whitehead's  Fl.  Nr.  Aintree; 
Wheldon.  1891.  60.  +.  W.andW. 
69.  Westm.  Notebook,  1888 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XCL—Cyperacea;  (continued) 

Carex  Hudsonii.  A.  Benn.  59.  Hall's  // 
1839.  Top.  Bot.  Dickinson's  Fl. 
60.  Nr.  Silverdale;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  W.  Borrer  in  Phytologist,  430, 
1846 

var.  turfosa,  Fr.  60.  Nr.  Reliefs  A. 
Wilson.  Nr.  Higbfild  ;  Wilson  and 
Wheldon 

—  acuta,  L.    59.  Top.  Bot.    Buxton's  G.  1 1 3. 

Dickinson's  Fl.  60.  A.  Wilson, 
1891.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

—  ngida,  Good.  60.  Greygarth  Fell,  2000  ft. ! 

A.  Wilson,  1902.     2050  ft.!   1903 

—  aquatilis,  Wahlenb.      69.    Blelbam  Tarn; 

Lloyd  Praegerto  Ar.  Bennett,  1895. 
Naturalist,  March,  1897 

—  limosa,  L.     Lancashire  ;    Hudson's  Flora 

AngRca,  ed.  2,  p.  409,  1778  and 
first  as  British.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
(aggr.)  60.  Cockerham  Moss  ;  '  prob- 
ably extinct.'  A.  Wilson  in  /.  oj 

B.  1900 

—  digitata,    L.       60.     Nr.     Silverdale;     A. 

Wilson,  1888,  and  often  seen  since 

—  pilulifera,  L.      59.   Top.  Bot.     Dickinson's 

Fl.  Whitehead's  Fl.  Wheldon,  etc. 
60.  +.  W.  and  W.  69.  Westm. 
Notebook,  27 

—  pallescens,    L.       59.    Top.    Bot.      F.    M. 

Webb.  Sp.  in  Herb.  Oxon.  Bux- 
ton's G.  114.  Dickinson's  Fl.  +. 
etc.  60. +.  W.andW.  69.  Miss 
Hodgson,  1874.  Westm.  Note- 
book, 27 

—  pendula,  Huds.      59.   Top.  Bot.     Dickin- 

son's Fl.  Buxton's  G.  114.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Linton  cat.  +.  W.andW. 

—  strigosa,    Huds.     59.  Top.   Bot.     Reddish 

Wood;  Buxton's  G.  114.  Extinct, 
Whitehead.  Mill  Wood;  Hale;  ]. 
Shillito.  Green's  Fl. 

—  lasvigata,   Sm.      59.     Goodlad,    sp.     Top. 

Bot.  Buxton's  G.  114.  White- 
head's  Fl.  60.  Near  Garstang,  1888. 
A.  Wilson.  69.  Westm.  Notebook, 

—  binervis,  Sm.    59.   Top.  Bot.    Park  Bridge ; 

Whitehead.  Pilkington ;  Buxton, 
114.  60.  Fl.  Stonyhurst.  +.  W.  and 
W.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 
Westm.  Notebook,  1888 

—  distans,   L.     59.    Top.   Bot.     R.    Brown. 

Wheldon.  60.  A.  Wilson,  B.R.C. 
Ref.  1883.  69.  Baker's  Fl.  1885.  +. 
H.  T.  Soppitt,  1894 

—  fulva,  Good.     59.    Wood  sp.    Top.    Bot. 

60.  Wheldon  and  Wilson,  1891- 
1901.  +.  69.  MissHodgson,  1874. 
Confirmation  desirable  (?  distans.) 

—  extensa,   Good.     59.    Top.  Bot.      F.  M. 

Webb.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Wheldon 
and  others.  +.  60.  W.  and  W. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson.  Rev.  A.  Ley, 
J.  G.  Baker,  1885.  See  Westm.  Note- 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XCI. — Cyperacea  (continued) 

Carex  flava,  L.  60.  +.  W.  andW.  In  the 
fell  district.  59.  Warbreck  Moor, 
1899;  Wheldon.  Rainford  Moss; 
+  ;  Wheldon 

var.minor,  Towns.  The  forms  of  this 
very  difficult  species  have  not  been 
studied  in  the  county.  Botanists 
cannot  agree  in  assigning  names  to 
the  different  forms.  Mr.  Wheldon 
believes  minor  to  be  the  lowland  form, 
and  the  type  a  plant  of  the  fells  as  far 
as  Lancashire  is  concerned 

—  CEderi,  Ehrh.      59.    Top.  Bot.     Whalley 

sp.  R.  Brown,  1876.  Walton,  1892; 
Birkdale;  Southport,  1893  ;  Freshfield; 
Wheldon.  60.  St.  Anne's,  1897; 
Wheldon 

—  filiformis,  L.      [  Stalyhinsley,   Lancashire 

(f  Cheshire  H.F.) ;  G.  E.  Hunt, 
June,  1865.]  69.  Low  End,  Coniston 
Water,  near  Lake  Bank;  W.  Mat- 
thews. Ar.  Bennett  in  'Naturalist, 
1901 

—  Pseudo-cypcrus,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.    F.  M. 

Webb.  Buxton's  G.  215.  White- 
head's  Fl.  Wheldon,  etc.  60. 
Silverdale;  1883.  A.  Wilson.  + 

—  acutiformis,     Ehrh.      59.     Goodlad     Hb. 

Top.  Bot.  !  Whitehead's  Fl.  Green's 
Fl.  Buxton's  G.  115.  60.  +.  W. 
andW.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 

—  riparia,    Curtis.     59.   Top.    Bot.      F.    M. 

Webb.  Near  dstley ;  Buxton's  G. 
1 1 6.  60.  Near  Borwick ;  near 
Lancaster  ;  A.  Wilson  ('  rare  ') 

—  rostrata,  Stokes.      59.   Top.  Bot.     Buxton's 

G.  115.  +.  etc.  60.  A.  Wilson  in 
Bot.  Rec.  Club  Rep.  1881-2.  +.  69. 
Westm.  Notebook 

—  vesicaria,  L.    59.   Top.  Bot.     Sp.  in  Herb. 

Oxon.  Between  Runcorn  and  War- 
rington  ;  Dickinson.  Cborlton ;  nr. 
Chat  Moss;  Buxton's  G.  1 1  5.  60. 
Silverdale.  A.  Wilson,  1884.  69. 
Newfield  ;  Seatbwaite;  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  Westm.  Notebook,  27 

XCIL — Graminea: 

Alopecurus  pratensis,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  etc. 
60.  +.  W.andW.  69.  Miss  Hodg- 
son, no  loc. 

Phleum  arenarium,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  !  F.  M. 
Webb.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Linton  cat. 

Agrostis  canina,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Buxton's 
G.  etc.  60.  H.  Beesley.  69.  Vlver- 
ston  ;  Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  Baker's 
Fl.  1885 

—  alba,     L.       var.     maritima,  Mey.        59. 

Wheldon 
var.  coarctata,Hoffm.   59.  C.  H.  Bailey, 

1892.     Wheldon.     60.  Wheldon 
var.  subjungens,  Hackel.  59.  F.C.King. 

Ar.  Bennett  in  /.  ofB.,  1887 
var.  pro-repens,  Aschers.  60.  Wheldon, 

1900 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continue'd) 
Order  XCIL— Gramme*  (continued) 

Calamagrostis  epigeios,  Roth.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Otterpool;  Jigburtb;  Hall.  Kirkby ; 
].  H.  Lewis.  Ormskirk;  T.  Williams. 
60.  Top.  Bot.  Heysham  Peninsula; 
A.  Wilson.  Syme  MS.  69.  Near 
Dalton;  F.  A.  Lees  in  Baker's  Fl. 

—  lanceolata,  Roth.     59.  Top.  Bot.    F.  M. 

Webb.     Buxton's    G.     Green's    Fl. 

Melvill,  1903.     69.    Lloyd  Praeger 

to  Ar.    Bennett,   1895.      Naturalist, 

1897.  77 

[Apera  spica-venti,  Beauv.  59.  Near  Warring- 
ton,  Lancashire,  Sir  J.  E.  Smith  in  Eng. 

Fl.  vol.  i.   89.      59  and  60.   casual  ? 

Wheldon.     Top.  Bot.  [59]  ] 
Holcus  mollis,  L.     59.    Top.  Bot.  etc.     60. 

L.    Petty,   1902.      69.    Baker's  Fl. 

1885 
t  Avena  fatua,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.    Wheldon  t. 

60.  Wheldon  t. 

—  pratensis,  L.  60.  Near  Silverdale  ;  L.  Petty, 

1902 

—  pubescens,  Huds.     59.   Top.  Bot.     F.  M. 

Webb.  Green's  Fl.  60.  Silver- 
dale ;  Petty,  1902.  69.  Miss  Hodg- 
son 

Sieglingia  decumbens,  Bernh.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Buxton's  G.  13.  Whitehead's  F /.  +. 
60.  +.  W.andW.  69.  Near  Ulver- 
ston  ;  Miss  Hodgson 

Sesleria  csrulea,  Ard.  60.  Silverdale ;  C.  J. 
Ashfield,  1864.  C.  Bailey,  1875, 
and  in  several  other  loc.  A.  Wil- 
son, 1902.  +.  69.  Humphrey  Head. 
Dr.  Windsor  in  Phytol.  1857.  About 
Grange;  J.  G.  Baker,  1885 

Koeleria  cristata,  Pers.  59.  Aintree ;  H.  S. 
Fisher.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Finder  MS. 
About  Silverdale  ;  A.Wilson,  1902 

Catabrosa  aquatica,  Beauv.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Buxton's  G.  Dickinson's  Fl.  R. 
Brown,  H.  S.  Fisher,  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason,  1903,  in  litt.  60.  Near 
Berwick,  1888;  Gars  tang;  A.  Wil- 
son. + 

Melica  nutans,  L.  60.  Near  Silverdale,  1888. 
A.  Wilson 

Poa  nemoralis,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Near 
Warrington  ;  Wm.  Wilson.  Buxton's 
G.  60.  Top.  Bet.  Linton.  Arkholme ; 
+  ;  A.Wilson.  Alston:  H.  Beesley. 
+  .  Wheldon  and  Wilson.  69.  J.  G. 
Baker,  1885 

—  compressa,    L.      59.        Parkfield,    1864. 

H.  S.  Fisher.  Walton,  1892-1902. 
Wheldon  in  litt.  60.  Wheldon, 
1899.  69.  J.  G.  Baker,  1885 
Glyceria  plicata,  Fr.  59.  Top.  Bot.  \  Clay- 
ton Bridge  ;  J.Whitehead,  1887.  60. 
Between  Grimsargb  and  Alston;  Whel- 
don in  /.  ofB.,  1901.  69.  Dalton; 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  Skelwith ; 
Dalton;  Baker,  1885 
var.  pedicellata,  Town.  59.  F.  M. 
Webb 


BOTANY 


CLASS  I.— PH^ENOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II. — MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XCI1  .—Graminete  (continued) 

Glyceria  maritima,  Mert.  and  Koch.     59.   Top. 

Bot.\    F.M.Webb.  Green's^/.    60. 

L.  Petty,    1902,  teste  J.  C.  Melvill. 

'Common  on  coast,'    Wheldon  and 

Wilson.   69.   Below  Humphrey  Head; 

Dr.  Windsor.     Near  Holme  Isle;  H. 

T.  Soppitt,  1894 
* —  distans,  Wahlenb.    59.   Top.  Bat.  !  P.M. 

Webb.      Kirkdale;    H.    S.    Fisher. 

Canal  by  Booties  casual,  Wheldon. 
*Festuca  procumbens,  Kunth.     59.  Top,  Bot. 

Tudor sp.     Dickinson's Fl.    (.'native, 

Wheldon) 

—  rigida,  Kunth.     59.     Top.  Bot.     Formby  ; 

Southport;  Dickinson.  60.  Wheldon 
in  Bot.  Exch.  Cl.  Rep.,  1900.  69. 
Grange;  T.  J.  Foggitt,  1885 

—  uniglumis,  Soland.   '59.   Top.  Bot.    Tudor 

sp.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Formby  ;  Birk- 
dale;  Wheldon,  1900-4.  Rev.  W. 
W.  Mason,  1902,  in  litt.  60.  St. 
Anne's;  Wheldon,  1897 

—  rottboellioides,  Kunth.      First    as    British, 

found  by  Mr.  Newton  and  shown  to 
Ray,  at  Bare  about  a  mile  from  Lan- 
caster. See  Ray's  Fasc.  p.  n,  1688. 
59.  Top.  Bot.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Hey- 
sbam,  1902.  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason, 
in  litt.  69.  Walney  I.,  1902.  Rev. 
W.  W.  Mason,  in  litt. 

—  sciuroides,  Roth.      59.   Top.  Bot.     Kirkby, 

1904,  Wheldon.  60.  Moss  Side, 
St.  Michaels;  Rev.  P.  J.  Hornby. 
69.  Near  Lake  Side  Station;  Wm. 
West  m.Rec.  Club  Rep.,  1883.  Near 
Fern  I™  ;  W.  Foggitt  ;  Wall  .... 
J.  H.  Lewis  ;  in  Baker's  Fl. 

—  ovina,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  etc.  60.  common,W. 

and  W.   69.  Walney  I.  Miss  Hodgson 

—  elatior,  L.      59.   Top.  Bot.  etc.     60.  Mell- 

ing;  +;  1888.  A.  Wilson.  69. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

—  silvatica,  Vill.     60.    Ease  Gill,  Leek ;   A. 

Wilson  in  /.  ofB.,  1900,  46.  Wood 
by  the  Wyre  above  Dolphinholme  ;  A. 
Wilson.  Whitewell ;  W.  and  W. 

Bromus giganteus,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Reddish; 
Buxton's  G.  etc.  60.  Common.  W. 
and  W.  69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

* —  racemosus,  L.  59.  Canal  bank,  Aintree, 
1901  ;  Wheldon. 

Agropyron  caninum,  Beauv.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Robinson  MS.  Southport;  Dickin- 
son. Buxton's  G.  Whitehead's  Fl. 
Green's  Fl.  60.  Between  Wray  and 
Lower  Salter,  1887;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874. 

—  pungens,  R.  and  S.      59.  Southport;  Whel- 

don in  lit.  1903.  60.  F.  A.  Lees  in 
Naturalist,  1899  (f.  littorale),  Fleet- 
wood;  Glasson;  Preesall ;  +  ;  Whel- 
don and  Wilson.  /.  of  B.  1900.  +. 
69.  Walney  I.;  Rev.  A.  Ley.  Cark ; 
below  Humphrey  Head.  ].  G.  Baker, 


CLASS  I.—  PH^NOGAMIA  (continued) 

SUB-CLASS  II.  —  MONOCOTYLEDONES  (continued) 
Order  XCII.  —  Gramine*  (continued) 

Agropyron  acutum,  Auct.  brit.     59.  Top.  Bot. 

F.  M.  Webb.     J.  H.  Lewis.     69. 
(Probably  a  hybrid  of  A.  repens    x 
junceum) 

—  junceum,    Beauv.     59.  Top.  Bot.    F.    M. 

Webb,  «  common  '.  .  .Green's  Fl.  60. 

Common,    W.    and    W.     69.  Miss 

Hodgson 
Lepturus  filiformis,  Trin.     59.  Tudor  sp.  Top 

Bot.    Dickinson's  F  I.    Ditton  Marsh  ; 
.       Fidlei's  Ferry  ;  H.  S.  Fisher.     Cros- 

sens,  1893  ;  Wheldon.     60.  +.  W. 

and    W.    Top.   Bot.  Syme  sp.      69. 

Granges  W.  Foggitt  in   Baker's  Fl. 

1885.    H.    T.    Soppitt,     1894,  in 

Naturalist 
Hordeum  silvaticum,  Huds.     69.  Grange  ;  ]. 

G.  Baker,  1885 

—  secalinum,  Schreb.      59.  Top.  Bot.    F.  M. 

Webb.    Ditton  Marsh  ;  H.  S.  Fisher. 
Hale;  by  the  Alt;  R.  Brown 

—  marinum,  Huds.    (H.  maritimum,  With). 

60.  nr.  Lytham,   1883  ;  A.    Wilson 
in    /.  of  B.  1900 

Elymus  arenarius,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Southport  ; 
Dickinson.  N.  of  Blundellsands  ; 
R.  Brown.  Crosby.  60.  +.  A.  Wil- 
son, P.  J.  Hornby,  etc. 

CLASS  III.—  GYMNOSPERMjE 

XCIIL—  Conifer*  (LXXfll.  L.C.) 

Juniperus  communis,  L.  60.  C.  J.  Ash- 
field,  1864.  +.  A.  Wilson,  1883. 
69.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874,  etc.  !  [f. 
nana  (Willd).  69.  W.  Wilson,  Miss 
Hodgson] 

XClX.—Taxwe*. 

Taxus  baccata,  L.  [59.]  60.  C.  J  Ashfield, 
1864.  A.  Wilson,  1883.  69. 
Atkinson  in  With.  ed.  iii.  615. 
1796.  Humphrey  Hd.  ;  +  ;  Baker's 
Fl.  1885 

CLASS  IV.—  CRYPTOGAMIA    VASCULARIA  = 
PTERIDOPHYTA 


[Hymenophyllum  tunbridgense,  Sm.  .'59.  Top. 
Bot.  69] 

—  unilaterale,  Bory.  59.  Top.  Bot.  60. 
Clougha;  George  Stabler,  1881. 
Udale  district,  1902  ;  O.  Wyresdale, 
1902  ;  Wheldon  and  Wilson.  Top. 
Bot.  69.  Coniston  Old  Man;  Miss 
M.  Beever  in  Phytol.  1841.  Bnugh- 
ton-in-Furness  ;  1902.  R.  J.  Till- 
yard,  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt. 

Cryptogramme  crispa,  R.Br.  59.  Buxton's  G. 
128.  Leyland  sp.  Top  Bot.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Wyresdale;  A.  Wilson  in 
J.  of  Bot.  1901.  +.  W.  and  W. 
69.  Jackson  in  With.  ed.  iii,  764, 
1796.  About  Uherston  ;  luxuriant 
on  the  Fells  ;  Miss  Hodgson  ! 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

CLASS  IV.— CRYPTOGAMIA    VASCULARIA  =      CLASS  IV.— CRYPTOGAMIA    VASCULARIA  = 


PTERIDOPHYTA  (continued} 
Order  XCr.—Fi&es  (continued) 

Asplenium  Adiantum-nigrum,  L.  59.  Top. 
Bot.  Kirkby;  Hall.  Hale;  +  ; 
Dickinson.  Tyldesley;  Buxton's  G. 
60.  Trowbarrow,  Siherdale;  Nr. 
Leeks  1883,  L.  Petty.  +.  W.  and 
W.  69.  Coniston;  Miss  M.  Beever 
in  Phytol.  1843.  Nr.  Humphrey 
Head;  Dr.  Windsor  in  Phytol.  1857, 
etc. 

—  marinum,   L.       59.    Hall   sp.  Top.  Bot. 

Dingle  rocks  ;  Hall,  seen  as  recently 
as  1895,  Green's  FL  60.  Top.  Bot. 
coast  of  north  district,  1884  and 
since  ;  A.  Wilson.  1902,  Rev.  W. 
W.  Mason  in  litt.  69.  Ruins  of 
Piel  Castle,  Piel  I.;  Miss  Hodgson. 
L.  Allithwaite,  1902  ;  Rev.  W.  W. 
Mason  in  litt. 

—  viride,  Huds.     59.    Top.  Bot.  ?    60.    A. 

Wilson  in  B.R.C.  Rep.  1887.  69. 
Goathwaite  Moor  ....  Mrs.  Wood- 
house  in  Miss  Hodgson's  paper  in  /. 
of  Bot.  1874.  Coniston  O.M.; 
Baker's  Fl.  1885 

Ceterach  officinarum,  Willd.  59.  ?  Top.  Bot. 
60.  Top.  Bot.  Silverdale.  Known 
since  1859.  L.  Petty,  1902.  +.  W. 
and  W.  69.  Dr.  Windsor.  Miss 
Hodgson,  +.  1874.  Ch.  Bailey 
confirmed  Dr.  Windsor's  record, 
Baker's  Fl.  1885.  Coniston;  Miss 
Beever,  Windermere ;  J.  Coward  in 
Baker's/1/.  Grange;  Torver ;  1902. 
Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt. 

Cystopteris  fragilis,  Bernh.  60.  Top.  Bot. 
Linton.  In  districts  I,  2,  3,  6,  7  and 
8.  W.  and  W.  Warton  ;  +  ;  L. 
Petty.  69.  Miss  M.  Beever  in 
Phytol.  1843.  Dr.  Windsor  in  Phytol. 
1857 
var.  dentata,  Hook,  60 

Polystichum  lobatum,  Presl.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
F.  M.  Webb,  Nr.  Knowsley  ;  Dickin- 
son. Nr.  Harrington ;  ].  F.  Robin- 
son. Upholland  (aculeatum),  C.  T. 
Green  in  FL  of  L 'pool.,  1902.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  (aculeatum).  Hodder  Banks  ; 
+  ;  Fl.  Stonyhurst.  69.  Miss  M. 
Beever,  1843.  Dr.  Windsor,  1 860. 
Both  in  Phytol. 

—  angulare,  Presl.      59.   Top.    Bot.     F.    M. 

Webb.  Dickinson's  Fl.  Nr.  War- 
rington ;  F.  J.  Robinson.  60.  Fl. 
Stonyhurst.  Miss  M.  Beever,  1843. 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hodgson  in  Miss 
Hodgson's  paper  in  J.  ofB.  1874 
Lastraea  Thelypteris,  Presl.  69.  Miss  Hodg- 
son, 1853,  in  J.  of  B.  1874.  J. 
Coward,  Baker's  FL  1885 

—  rigida,  Presl.    Lancashire  ;  Hooker,  Ferns 

of  Gt.  Britain,  16.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
60.  Top.  Bot.  Silverdale,  1843. 
Smythes.  A.  Wilson  in  J.  of  Bot. 
Oct.  1902.  69.  E.  T.  Bennett, 
/.  of  Bot.  1885.  Baker's/1/.  1885 


PTERIDOPHYTA  (continued) 
Order  XCV . — FiRcei  (continued) 

Lastraea  spinulosa,  Presl.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Dickin- 
son's Fl.  Simonswood  Moss,  1902  ; 
Wheldon.  60.  +.  W.  and  W 
69.  Linton,  1864.  J.  C.  Melvill, 
1865.  Miss  Hodgson,  1874 

—  semula,  Brackenbridge.     69.   Miss  Hodg- 

son, 1874,  in  /.  of  B.  Baker's  FL 
1885 

Phegopteris  Dryopteris,  Fe"e.  59.  Top.  Bot. 
Dickinson's  FL  Buxton's  G.  1 29.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Fl.  Stonyhurst.  Hindburn ; 
A.  Wilson  in  /.  ofB.  1900.  +.  W. 
and  W.  69.  Miss  M.  Beever  in 
Phytol.  1843.  J.  C.  Melvill,  1865. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  A.  W.  Ben- 
nett and  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

—  calcarea,  F£e.     59.  Leyland  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

(?)  60.  Ease  Gill,  Leek ;  1883.  L. 
Petty.  +.  W.  and  W.  69.  Hamps- 
feld  Fell;  Mr.  Douthwaite  in  Miss 
Hodgson's  paper  J.  ofB.  1874 

—  polypodioides,  Fee.   59.   Top.  Bot.     Dick- 

inson's Fl.  Buxton's  G.  129.  60. 
Top.  Bot.  Linton.  Leek  Fell ;  Petty. 
O.  Wyresdale;  W.  and  W.  1901. 
+  .  69.  Pinder  in  Phytol.  184. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  Baker's  Fl. 
1885. 

XCVI.    Equisetacett 

Equisetum  pratense,  Ehrh.     59  ?  Top.  Bot. 

—  hyemale,  L.      59.  Goodlad  Hb.  Top.  Bot. 

60.  Nr.  Halton,  1899  ;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Mr.  Gabriel  Baini  in  Miss 
Hodgson's  paper,  1874.  (Lan- 
cashire ;  Ray,  Merret) 

—  variegatum,  Schleich.     59.   Top.  Bot.    F. 

M.Webb.  Blundellsands  ;  Formby  ; 
Birkdale;  Wheldon.  60.  St.Annfs; 
South  Shore.  69.  On  the  shore  nr. 
the  road  to  Holme  Isle  ;  C.  C.  Babing- 
ton  in  Baker's  Fl.  1885 

XCV11.  Lycopodiaee* 

Lycopodium  Selago,  L.  Lancashire  ;  Hudson, 
1778.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Goodlad .  Hb. 
Dickinson's  Fl.  60.  Top.  Bot.  Linton. 
Wheldon  and  Wilson,  1901.!  69. 
Jackson  in  Withering,  ed.  iii.  1796. 
Miss  Hodgson,  1874.  ' 

—  inundatum,  L.     59.  Hobson  sp.  Top.  Bot. 

Hale;  Dr.  Carrington.  Formby  ;  H. 
S.  Fisher,  (error  ?  selaginella,  Whel- 
don in  litt.  1904) 

—  clavatum,  L.  59.  Goodlad  Hb.     Top.  Bot. 

Buxton's  G.  133.  Dickinson's  Fl. 
60.  +.  W.  andW.  69.  Miss  M. 
Beever,  1841.  Phytol.  Miss  Hodgson, 
1874.  Rev.  W.  W.  Mason  in  litt. 
1902. 

—  alpinum,  L.     59.  Top.  Bot.      60.  Grey- 

garth  Fell  and  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson. ! 
69.  Jackson  in  With.  ed.  iii.  759, 
1796.  Miss  M.  Beever.  Miss 
Hodgson  ! 


66 


BOTANY 


CLASS  IV.— CRYPTOGAMIA    VASCULARIA  - 
PTERIDOPHYTA  (continued} 
XCV111.  Selaginellace* 

Selaginella  selaginoides,  Gray.   59.  !   Top.  Bot. 
Dickinson's    F/.        H.    E.    Smith. 
Birkdale;  Wheldon.   +.  60.  Whel- 
don and  Wilson.    +.    69.  Miss   M. 
Beever  in  Phytol.    1841,90.     W.  F. 
Miller,  1882,  /.  ofB.  347 
Isoetes    lacustris,  L.     69.   Neighbourhood  of 
Coniston;    Miss    M.    Beever,  Phytol. 
,842,  154 
XCIX.      Marsileace* 

Pilularia  globulifera,  L.  59.  Top.  Bot.  Aller- 
ton  ;  Hall.  Formby  ;  Dickinson,  F.  M. 
Webb 

In  the  following  orders  the  sign  *  means  sub-species. 

CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA     CELLULARIA 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE 
Order — Musci 

Sub-Order    I. — Sphagnaceae 
Section  I. — Sphagna  acutifolia,  Schimp. 
Sphagnum     fimbriatum,     Wils.    59.       Rain- 
ford     Moss;     Parr   Moss;     Marrat. 
Whiteley    Dean;       Holt.      Reddish; 
(Warbreck  Moor  ;  extinct,  J.  A.  Whel- 
don) ;  Whitehead.  60.  Calder  Valley  ; 
Grizedale;   A.     Wilson.  Damas  Gill 
Head;    W.  and  W.  +. 
var.  tenue,  Grav.  60.   Cockerham  Moss ; 

also  f.  compacta. 

var.  robustum,  Br.  60.  Thrushgill,  Hind- 
burn  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  Russowii,  Warnst.    var.  virescens,  Russ. 

60.  Caton  Moor;    W.  and  W. 
var.  rhodochroum,  Russ.     60.     Tatham 
Beck;      Hindburn;        A.      Wilson; 
Grizedale,   Abbeystead ;  W.    and  W. 

—  Warnstorfii,  Russ.  var.  versicolor,  Russ. 

60.  Marshaw  Fell,  A.  Wilson.  Over 
Wyresdale;  W.  and  W.  +. 

var.  viride,  Russ.  60.  Bog  nr.  Docker ; 
A.  Wilson. 

var.  flavescens,  Warnst.  60.  Cocker- 
ham  Moss ;  W.  and  W. 

—  rubellum,  Wils.  var.  flavum,  C.  Jens.    60. 

Cockerham   Moss;  W.   and  W. 

var.  purpurascens,  Warnst.  60.  O. 
Wyresdale;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  rubrum,  Grav.  60.  O.  Wyres- 
dale ;  +  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  Newly 
Bridge;  Paul  in  HorrelPs  Sphagn. 
p.  24 

var.  versicolor,  Warnst.  60.  O.  Wyres- 
dale ;  +  ;  W.  and  W.  Greygarth 
Fell. 

var.  pallescens,  Warnst.  60.  Cockerham 
Moss;  W.and  W.  + 

—  fuscum,  Klinggr.    var.  fuscescens,  Klinggr. 

60.    Cockerham  Moss;    W.  and  W. 
var.  pallescens,  R.  and  W.     60.  Cocker- 
ham   Moss;  Wheldon  and  Jones 

—  acutifolium,  R.  and  W.  var.  flavo-rubellum, 

W.  60.  Mallowdale  Fell;  +  ;  W. 
and  W. 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cmt.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE.S  (continued) 
Order— Musci  (continued) 

Sphagnum  acutifolium,  R.  and  W.  (continued) 

var.  griseum,  W.  60.  Longridge  Fell; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  pallescens,  W.  60.  Mallowdale 
Fell;  +  ;  Wheldon 

var.  pallido  -  glaucescens,  W.  60. 
Harris  End  Fell ;  A.  Wilson 

var.  rubrum,  W.  60.  Clougha  ;  Whel- 
don. Lower  Salter ;  A.  Wilson 

var.  versicolor,  W.  60.  O.  Wyres- 
dale; W.  and  W.  Ease  Gill.  Grey- 
garth  Fell 

f.  robusta.  60.  Tarnbrook  Fell ;  A 
Wilson 

var.  viride,  W.  60.  O.  Wyresdale ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W.  Leek  Fell.  69 
Coniston  Old  Man.  29  Oct.  1903 

—  quinquefarium,  W.    var.  fusco-flavum,  W. 

60.   Greygarth  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

var.  pallescens,  W.  60.  Leek  Fell; 
W.  and  W. 

var.  roseum,  W.  60.  Greygarth  Fell;  W. 
and  W. 

var.  viride,  W.     60.  Clougha;    Whel- 

don.  -f- 

— -  subnitens,  R.  and  W.  var.  flavescens,  W. 
60.  Gressingham  Moor  ;  Wilson. 
Clougha;  Wheldon 

var.  flavo-rubellum,  W.  60.  Longridge 
Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  griseum,  W.  60.  Upper  Ease  Gill; 
A.  Wilson 

var.  obscurum,  W.  60.  O.  Wyresdale ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  pallescens,  W.  60.  Upper  Grize- 
dale ;  A.  Wilson 

var.  versicolor,  W.  60.  Upper  Grize- 
dale ;  +  ;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Conis- 
ton Old  Man  (1780  feet) 

var.  violascens, W.  60.  O.  Wyresdale; 
+  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  Coniston  Old 
Man  (l  150  feet) 

var.  virescens  W.  59.  Barton  Moss, 
nr.  Soutkport;  Wheldon.  +.  60. 
Chugha  Scar;  Wheldon  and  Beesley. 
+  .  Fairsnape  C  lough ;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Coniston  Old  Man  (1780  feet) 

Section  II. — Sphagna  squarrosa,  Schimp. 

—  squarrosum,   Pers.       59.  Rainford    Moss; 

Higgins.  Middleton;  Whitehead. 
Whiteley  Dean ;  Belfield.  Netherton; 
Wheldon 

var.  spectabile,  R.  60.  Mallowdale 
Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  subsquarrosum,  R.  60.  Calder 
Valley;  Mallowdale Fell ';  W.  and  W. 

var.  imbricatum.  Schimp.  59.  Nether- 
ton; Wheldon 

—  teres,  Angstr.    var.  squarrosulum,  W.    59. 

Netherton;  Wheldon.  60.  Cockerham 
Moss;  W.  andW. 

var.  subsquarrosum,  W.  59.  Netherton  ; 
Wheldon 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  QELLULARIA  (rent.)      CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 


SUB-CLASS— MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Section  III. — Sphagna  cuspidata,  Schimp. 
Sphagnum  riparium,  Angstr.  60.  Cockerham 
Mas ;  H.  Beesley,  J.  A.  Wheldon, 
and  A.  Wilson.  This  handsome  peat 
moss  has  been  found  in  only  one 
other  locality  in  England  (E. 
Cornw.) 

—  cuspidatum,  R.  and  W.  59.  Woohton  Moss  ; 
W.  Wilson.  Rainford  Moss;  Simons- 
wood  Moss ;  Harrison  and  Skellon. 
Crosby;  Tudor.  Walton;  Gasking 
(extinct,  J.A.W.).  60.  Common  on 
the  fells  and  mosses  ;  W.  and  W.  + 

var.  falcatum,  R.  59.  Whittle)  Dean; 
Holt.  60.  Upper  Grizedale ;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

var.  submersum,  Schimp.  59.  60.  ! 
Common  on  all  the  fells,  W.  and  W. 

var.  plumosum,  Nees  and  Hornsch. 
59.  Netherton;  Pendle  Hill;  Whel- 
don. 60.  Cockerham  Moss ;  W.andW. 
Nr.  Scorton;  H.  Beesley.  [59. 
Whiteley  Dean;  Rooley  Moor;  Holt 
(require  confirmation)] 

var. densissimum,  Horrell  in  litt.  Summit 
of  Greygarth  Fell.  21  Oct.  1903. 

—  trinitense,  C.  Mull.     60.   Cockerham  Moss  ; 

Longridge  Fell;  Wheldon.  Lower 
Bleasdale;  A.  Wilson 

—  pulchrum,  W.    + .    60.   Cockerham  Moss ; 

Wheldon.  U.  Roeburndale  ;  A.Wil- 
son. Nr.  Abbeystead;  W.  and  W. 

—  Torreyanum,  Sulliv.    60.  Mallowdale  Fell ; 

W.  and  W.  (teste  Horrell  and  Warn- 
storf) 

—  obtusum,   W.       59.    Nr.  Aintree,    about 

6  miles  from  Liverpool  Town  Hall; 
Wheldon,  in  litt.  (confd.  by  Warn- 
storf  and  Horrell).  60.  Cockerham 
Moss ,-  Wheldon  and  Wilson 
var.  tenellum  W.  59.  With  the  type, 
Wheldon 

These  are  the  only  known  stations 
in  Britain  at  the  time  of  writing  this 
article 

—  recurvum,  R.  and  W.     Very  common  on 

the  fells  and  mosses  ;  W.  and  W.  + . 
59.  Pendle  Hill;  Netherton;  Whel- 
don. 60.  MaUmH/akFtllsWmdW. 

var.  amblyphyllum,  Warnst.  59. 
Netherton  ;  Wh.  60.  +.  W.  and  W. 
Longridge  Fell;  H.  Beesley.  Upper 
Roeburndale  ;  nr.  Docker  ;  W.  and  W. 
Greygarth  Fell 

var.  mucronatum,  W.  59.  Netberton.  +. 
Wheldon.  60.  O.  Wyresdale ;  +  ; 
W.  and  W.  Leek  Fell.  Greygarth 
Fell.  69.  Coniston  Old  Man.  The 
commonest  peat  moss  in  the  county, 
and  probably  in  Britain 

—  molluscum,   Bruch.      60.   O.    Wyresdale  ; 

Tanbrook  Tell;  W.  and  W.  +.  Ease 
Gill;  Whitmoor;  A.  Wilson.  Cocker- 
tarn  Moss  (f.  compacta,  W)  ;  W. 
and  W. 


SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE./E  (continued) 
Order— Musci  (continued) 

Section  V. — Sphagna  rigida,  Schimp. 
Sphagnum   compactum,   DC.       Frequent   on 

the  drier  fells  ;  W.  and  W.  + 
var.   imbricatum,  W.     60.    O.   Wyres- 
dale;    +  ;  W.  and  W. 
var.    subsquarrosum,   W.       60.    Long- 
ridge  Fell;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 

Section  VII. — Sphagna  subsecunda, 
Schimp. 

—  contortum    (Schultz),    Limpr.      Syn.     S. 

laricinum,  Spruce  MS.  1847.  60. 
Wolfhole  Crag;  A.  Wilson.  Very 
fine  and  abundant  in  the  bog  at 
Docker;  W.andW.  + 

—  subsecundum,    Limpr.        60.     Longridge ; 

H.  Beesley,  Wheldon.  Summit  of 
Greygarth  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

—  inundatum,  W.     60.  Lords  Lot  Wood,  Ark- 

holme;  A.  Wilson.  Catfortb  ;  Long- 
ridge; H.  Beesley 

—  Gravetii,  W.    60.   Tattam  Beck;  A.Wil- 

son. Harris  End  Fell;  W.  and  W. 
+  .  Nr.  Fulwood;  H.  Beesley 

—  rufescens,  W.     Common  on  the  fells  and 

mosses  ;  W.  and  W.  60.  O.  Wyres- 
dale ;  +  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  Conis- 
ton Old  Man 

—  aquatile,  W.     60.   Whitmoor  ;  W.  and  W. 

(first  station  recorded  for  Britain). 
Longridge  Fell;  Wheldon.  Tarn- 
brook  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

—  crassicladum,  W.       60.   Slope  otFairsnape 

Fell;  Wh.  Harris  End  Fell;  A. 
Wilson.  1] dale  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

Section  VIII. — Sphagna  cymbifolia, 
Schimp. 

—  turfaceum,  W.    59.  Rainford  Moss ;  Whel- 

don.  60.    Clougta ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  cymbifolium,  W.       59.      Pendle    Hill; 

Wheldon.  Woohton  Moss;  W.  Wil- 
son. Whiteley  Dean  ;  Holt 

var.  glaucescens,  Warnst.  59.  Wh.  60. 
O.  Wyresdale;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
Scorton;  H.  Beesley.  Greygarth 
Fell,  21  Oct.  1903.  69.  Newby 
Bridge;  Paul.  Coniston  Old  Man. 
29  Oct.  1903 

var.  glauco-pallens,  W.  59.  Wh.  60. 
O.  Wyresdale;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  pallescens,  W.  60.  Longridge  Fell ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  flavo-glaucescens,  Russ.  60.  Hd. 
ofDamas  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

var.  carneum,  W.  60.  Bog  nr.  Docker  ; 
Arkhdme  Moor  ;  A.  Wilson.  Hd.  of 
Damas  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  papillosum,    Lindb.      59.     Rooley    Moor; 

Whiteley  Dean  ;  Syke  ;  Holt 
var.  normale,  Warnst.  59.  Barton  Moss, 
Southport;  Wheldon.  +.  60.  Com- 
mon on  the  fells,  O.  Wyresdale  ;  +  ; 
W.  and  W.  Greygarth  Fell.  69. 
Coniston  Old  Man. 


68 


BOTANY 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE.H:  (continued) 

Order— Musci  (continued) 

Sect.  VIII. — Sphagna  cymbifolia,  Schimp.  (cont.) 
Sphagnum  papillosum,  Lindb.  (continued) 

f.  conferta  (Lindb.),  W.  60.  Common 
on  the  fells  ;  W.  and  W.  59.  Barton 
Moss,  Sotithports  Wheldon 
var.  sublaeve,  Limpr.  60.  Frequent 
on  the  fells  ;  W.  and  W.  +.  69. 
Newby_  Bridge;  Paul 

—  medium,  Limpr.    var.  roseum,  W.   60.  O. 

Wyresdale  ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  roseo-pallescens,  W.  60.  Wolf- 
hole  Crag;  A.  Wilson.  Ctckerkam 
Moss  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  glauco-purpurascens,  Russ.  60. 
TathamMoor;  W.  and  W. 

Sub-Order  II.— Andrezacex 
Andresea    petrophila,   Ehrh.        60.     Silurian 
rocks,    nr.    Leek  Beck ;    A.    Wilson. 
Grit  rocks,  nr.  the  summit  of  Grey- 
garth  Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  Rothii,  Webb  and  Mohr. .  60.  Roeburndale  ; 

4-  9  other  localities  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.    falcata,   Lindb.       60.     Haivthorn- 

thwaite;  Catshaw  Greaves  ;  W.  and  W. 

* —  crassinervia,   Bruch.       60.    U.   Roeburn- 

dale  ;  Gt.   dough  of  Tambrook  Fell; 

W.  and  W.  69.   Coniston  Old  Man. 

Sub-Order  III.— Tetraphidaceae 
Tetraphis  Browniana,  Grev.  60.  Nr.  Hind- 
burn  ;  W.  and  W.  Barter  Beck; 
Roeburndale  ;  Wilson.  Fall  of  the 
Keer,  in  Wash  Dub  Wood;  W. 
andW.  + 


Sub-Order  IV. — Polytrichaceae 


Cath 


tharinea  crispa,  James.  59.  Nowell,  White- 
head,  and  Wheldon.  60.  A  charac- 
teristic plant  of  this  part  of  the 
county,  on  Millstone  Grit  uplands, 
by  streams  ;  W.  and  W.  + 

—  undulata,  Web.   and  Mohr.     var.  Hauss- 

knechtii  (Broth.),  Dixon.  59.  Walton; 
Wheldon 

Oligotrichum  incurvum,  Lindb.  59.  Rooky 
Moor;  Wheldon.  60.  Wyresdale ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

Polytrichum  nanum,  Neck.  59.  Harrison, 
Percival,  Buxton's  Guide  App.  60. 
Gatebarrow  Woods,  nr.  Siherdale ; 
Wilson.  69.  Pathside,  on  muddy  pul- 
verized slate,  Coniston  Old  Man 

—  abides,   Hedw.      59.    Ashton-under-Lyne ; 

+  .  Wheldon.  60.  +.  Siherdale; 
Longridge  Fell;  W.  and  W.  69. 
Grange  ;  A.  Wilson 

var.  Dicksoni,  Wallm.  59.  Prestwick  ; 
Buxton's  G.  60.  Nr.  Lancaster; 
Wh. 

—  alpinum,  L.      60.   O.  Wyresdale,  descend- 

ing to  600  feet  ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  gracile,  Dicks.      59.  Rainford  Moss ;   +  ; 

Wheldon,  Beesley,  Whitehead,  etc. 
60.  Cockerham  Moss;  Ratecl'iffe  Moss  ; 
A.  Wilson. 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE.S  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  IV.— Polytrichaces  (coat.) 
Polytrichum  strictum,  Banks.    59.  PendleHill; 
Wheldon.     60.   O.  Wyresdale  ;   +  ; 
W.  and  W.    Greygarth  Fell.    Locally 
abundant.     69.   Coniston 

Sub-Order  V. — Buxbaumiaceae 
Diphyscium     foliosum,     Mohr.        60.    Scars, 

N.W.  side  of  Wardsttme  ;  W.  and  W. 

Silurian  rocks,  Ease  Gill,  May,  1903  ; 

C.  fr.  ;  A.  Wilson  in  litt. 

Sub-Order  VI.— Dicranaces 

Archidium  alternifolium,  Schimp.      59.  Hyde 

Road,  Manchester  ;  Hunt 
Pleuridium     axillare,     Lindb.       59.    Ashton ; 

Whitehead.         Burnley ;      Dearden. 

Hulme;  nr.  Warrington;  W.Wilson. 

+  .     60.   Calder  Valley  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  subulatum,   Rab.      59.    Roby ;     Harrison. 

Nr.  Warrington;  W.  Wilson. 
Pilkington ;  Blackley  ;  Buxton's  G. 
60.  Siherdale  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  alternifolium,   Rab.      59.    Nr.   Liverpool; 

Taylor.      60.   Nr.   Blackpool;  Whel- 
don.    Cottam  ;  H.  Beesley 
Ditrichum  homomallum,   Hampe.      59.    CR- 
theroe;  Wheldon.  60.  Common  in  the 
East,  not  always  barren.     W.  and  W. 

—  flexicaule,  Hampe.      59.  Southport ;  Mar- 

rat.       Crosby;      Skcllon ;    Wheldon. 

60.  St.    Anne's;    H.    Beesley.      60. 

Siherdale;    frequent   in  this  part  of 

the  county,  always  barren  ;   +  >  W. 

andW. 
Swartzia  montana,  Lindb.  60.  Ease  Gill,  c. 

fr.  ;  A.  Wilson.     By  the  Greta  ;  W. 

andW. 
Seligeria  pusilla,  B.  and  S.  60.  Caton ; 

Wheldon 

—  recurvata,  B.  and  S.      59.  Bamjbrd  Wood; 

Whitehead.  Ashworth  Wood;  Whel- 
don. 60.  Caton;  Wheldon.  Nr. 
Kirkby  Lonsdale  ;  W.  and  W. 

Brachyodus  trichodes,  FUrnr.  59.  Bolton ; 
Ainsworth  ;  Scholefield.  60.  Nr.  the 
foot  of  Graveirs  Clough,  c.  fr.  ;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

Dichodontium  flavescens,  Lindb.  59.  Pendk 
Hill;  Wheldon.  Bamford ;  Buxton's 
G.  60.  Not  uncommon  by  streams. 
Nr.  Lancaster;  Holt.  Caton ;  +; 
Wheldon 

Dicranella  crispa,  Schimp.  59.  Oldham ; 
Whitehead.  Pmtwich ;  Tatlow. 
Nr.  Warrington  ;  W.  Wilson 

—  secunda,  Lindb.     59.  Boggart  Hole  Clough  ; 

Kent.  Sailot's  Shore;  Percival.  Rad- 
cliffe  ;  Buxton's  G. 

—  rufescens,  Schimp.     59    Wheldon's  paper, 

7.  ofB.  Jan.  1899.  60.  Bindburn  ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  Schreberi,  Schimp.      59.    Nr.    Bardsley ; 

Weldon.  Rochdale  ;  Holt.  +  ; 
Buxton's  G.  etc.  60.  Nr.  Lancaster; 
Hamilton 


69 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cunt.)      CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 


SUB-CLASS— MUSCINE/E  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  VI. — Dicranaceae  (cont.) 
Dicranella    squarrosa,  Schimp.       59.  Bamford 
Wood;  Whitehead.    Healey  Thrutch  ; 
W.  Wilson.  Pendle  Hill;   Wheldon. 
60.   Udale;   +  ;  W.  and  W.     Leek 
Fell.     69.  Conlston  Old  Man 
Blindia  acuta,  B.  and  S.      59.  Bamford  Wood  ; 
Holt.     60.  O.  Wyresdale ;  W.  and 
W.  GravelPsC  lough;  Grey  garth  ¥  ell ; 
A.  Wilson. 

var.  trichodes,  Braithw.    59.   Wheldon 
[Dicranoweisia  crispula,  Lindb.     59.  Rochdale  ; 

+  ] 
Campylopus  flexuosus,  Brid.    Common  on  the 

fells.     59.  60.  69 
var.  uliginosus,    Ren.       60.      +  ;    A. 

Wilson 
var.  paradoxus,Husn.   60.  Halton  ;  +  ; 

W.  and  W. 
var.  zonatus,  Milde.   60.  Clougha  ;  +  ; 

W.  and  W. 

* —  pyriformis,  B.  and  S.  59,  60.  Common  ; 
W.  and  W.  C.  fragilis,  B.  &  S.  59. 
60.  W.  and  W. 

—  atrovirens,  De   Not.     60.    Clougha;   +  ; 

W.  and  W.     69.   Conlston  Old  Man 

—  brevipilus,  B.  and  S.   60.   'Rare.'   Clougha; 

1 88 1.     G.  Stabler 

Dicranodontium  longirostre,  B.  and  S.  60. 
Hell  Crag,  Tarnbrook  Fell;  O.  Wyres- 
dale ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  alpinum,  Schimp.  60.  Thrushgill 
Fell ;  Greygarth  Fell;  A.  Wilson 

Dicranum  Bergeri,  Bland.  59.  Riiley  Moss ; 
W.  Wilson 

—  scoparium,  Hedw.      59.  60.   69 

var.  orthophyllum,  Brid.  59.  60.  W. 
and  W. 

var.  turfbsum,  Boul.     60.    W.  and  W. 

var.  paludosum,  Schimp.  60.  Whitting- 
ton  Moor;  Dalton  Hall;  A.  Wilson 

var.  ericetorum,  Corbiere.  60.  Cocker- 
ham  Moss  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  spadiceum,  Boul.  60.  Greygarth 
Fell,  2,000  ft.  ;  +  ;  A.  Wilson  (rare) 

—  fuscescens,  Turn.    60.  O.  Wyresdale  ;  +  ; 

c.  fr.  in  several  localities  ;  W.   and 
W.     69.   Conision  Old  Man 
var.  falcifolium,  Braith.     60.  Clougha  ; 
Wheldon.      Upper  Roeburndale  ;  A. 
Wilson 

Sub-Order  VII. — Fissidentacea: 

Fissidens  exilis,  Hedw.  59.  60.  Blackpool; 
Wheldon.  Lea  ;  H.  Beesley 

—  viridulus,  Wahl.    59.  Walton  ;  nr.Jintret; 

Wheldon.     60.   Bank  of  Wyre  ;   +  ; 
Wheldon 

var.  Lylei,  Wils.     59.  Kirkby  ;  Whel- 
don and  Beesley.     Rainford ;  Whel- 
don.    60.  Nr.  Garstang ;  A.  Wilson 
_  pusillus,  Wils.     59.  Wmiutck;  W.  Wilson. 
60.  W.  and  W. 

—  incurvus,  Starke.    59.   60.  Nr.  Stonyhurst ; 

Wheldon 


SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  VII. — Fissidentaceae  (cont.) 
Fissidens  tamarindifolus,   Wils.      59.  Ashton  ; 
Whitehead.     Clifton  Junction  ;  Hunt 

—  bryoides,  Hedw.      59.  60.  69 

—  crassipes,  Wils.      59.  Hulme ;  W.Wilson. 

60.  Crook  of  Lune;  W.  and  W. 

—  osmundoides,  Hedw.     59.  Fo  Edge  ;  Scond 

Moor,-  Percival.  If  kite  ley  Dean; 
Holt.  60.  Nr.  Gravels  Clough,  e.  fr. ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  adiantoides,  Hedw.     59.  60.  69 

—  decipiens,  De  Not.    60.  Only  on  the  lime- 

stone in  the  north  ;  W.  and  W.  + 

—  taxifolius,  Hedw.     59.  60.  69 

Sub-Order  VIII.— Grimmiaceae 
Grimmia     maritima,     Turn.       59.     Dingle; 
Marrat.     60.    Abundant    on     rocks 
about  Lower  Heysham  ;  Wheldon 

—  Doniana,  Sm.      59.     60.     Clougha ;    Wolf 

Fell;  Greygarth  Fell;  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Coniston  Old  Man 

—  trichophylla,  Grev.      59.  Aigburth ;  Gar- 

ston  ;  Marrat 

Rhacomitrium  aciculare,  (L.),  Brid.    60.   Fre- 
quent among  the  fells.    O.  Wyresdale  ; 
W.  and  W.     Ease  Gill 
var.  denticulatum,     Wils.      59.        Nr. 
Bolton;  Scholefield 

—  protensum,  Braun.    60.  Nr.  Dolphinholme  ; 

Wheldon.     69.   Coniston 

—  fasciculare    (Schrad.),    Brid.      59.    Pendle 

Hill;  Wheldon.  \Smithdown  Lane; 
Marrat,  etc.  ;  extinct.]  60.  Com- 
mon in  the  hilly  districts,  O.  Wyres- 
dale ;  +  ;  W.  andW. 

—  heterostichum   (Hedw.),  Brid.      59.  Aig- 

burth ;  Smithdown  Lane ;  Marrat. 
West  Derby  ;  Skellon.  Probably  ex- 
tinct, Wheldon.  60.  Frequent  on 
the  fells  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  alopecurum,  Hub.  60.  Ease  Gill ; 
U.  Roeburndale;  A.  Wilson.  69. 
Abundant  on  Coniston  Old  Man.  Some 
forms  approaching  type 

var.  gracilescens,  B.  and  S.  60.  Grey- 
garth  Fell,  2,000  feet.  A.  Wilson. 
69.  Coniston  Old  Man,  2,630  feet 

—  lanuginosum,  Brid.  60.  Common.  W.  and 

W.  69.  Hamps  Fell;  A.  Wilson, 
MS.  Coniston  Old  Man 

—  canescens,     Brid.       60.     Nr.     Marshaw, 

O.  Wyresdale.   +.  W.  and  W. 

Coscindon  cribrosus  (Hedw.),  Spreng.  69. 
Coniston  ;  Binstead,  Holt 

Ptychomitrium  polyphyllum  (Dicks),  Ftirnr. 
59.  Walton  ;  Skellon.  Garston ;  San- 
som.  (Extinct,  Wheldon  in  litt.) 
Worston ;  Wheldon.  60.  Longridge 
Fell;  Clougha;  DamasGill;  Wheldon. 
Garstang;  +  ;  A.  Wilson.  Ease 
Gill;  W.  and  W.  69.  Nr.  Grange; 
A.  Wilson,  MS. 

Hedwigia  ciliata,  Ehrh.  69.  Nr.  Higher  Neta- 
ton,on  Silurian  rocks ;  A.Wilson,  MS. 


70 


BOTANY 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cant.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-order  IX. — Tortulaceae 

Acaulon  muticum    (Schreb.),   C.  Mdll.      59. 

Maghull;  Skirby  ;  Walton;  Wheldon. 

Nr.  Blacklej  ;  Buxton's  G. 

* —  mediterraneum,    Limpr.       60.     Muddy 

bank  nr.  Bispham  ;  H.  Beesley 
Pottia  recta,  Mitt.     59.    Manchester;    Hunt. 
60.  Nr.  Garstang;  A.  Wilson.     Nr. 
Carnforth ;  Silverdale  ;   +  ;  W.  and 
W. 

—  Heimii   (Hedw.),  FUrnr.      59.  Southport ; 

Marrat.  Ht.WarriagtonW.Wdxm. 
Hightown;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Fre- 
quent along  the  coast  ;  W.  and  W. 
Lytham;  Yates,  Wheldon.  +;  Wh. 

—  intermedia,   Filrnr.      59.   60.    and  f.   lit- 

toralis  (Mitt.),  W.  and  W. 

—  Wilsoni,  B.  and  S.      59.  Southport ;  Wild, 

1876 

—  minutula,    Ftlrnr.       59.     Very    frequent, 

Walton;  Aintree ;  +  ;  Wheldon. 
60.  Caton  ;  +  ;  Wheldon.  Tunbrook 
Wood;  H.  Beesley.  Chipping;  A. 
Wilson 

—  lanceolata,  Ftlrnr.    60.  Nr.  SilverJale  ;  A. 

Wilson 

Tortula  pusilla  (Hedw.),  Mitt.    59.   Between 
Broadgreen  and  Roby  ;  Harrison 

—  rigida,   Schrad.    59.  Blackburn;  Burnley; 

Hunt.     Nr.  Maghull;  Wheldon 
• —  ambigua,  Angstr.    60.   Garstang ;   +  ;  A. 
Wilson.     Scorton  ;  H.  Beesley 

—  abides,  De  Not.     59.  Blackburn;  Hunt. 

Walton  ;  Wheldon.  Burnley  ;  Schole- 
field.  60.  Lytham;  Wheldon.  + . 
W.  and  W. 

—  mutica,   Lindb.      59.   Mitton  ;    Clitheroe  ; 

Chatburn;  Wheldon.  60.  Nr.  Stony- 
hurst  ;  nr.  Lancaster ;  nr.  Kirkby 
LonsJale  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  ruralis,  Ehrh.     60.  Silverdale  ;  nr.  White- 

well  ;  Wheldon.  'Rare' 
* —  ruraliformis,  Dixon.  (T.  ruralis  var. 
arenicola,  Braithw.)  59.  Southport; 
Hunt.  Frequent  from  Crosby  to 
Southport;  Wheldon.  60.  Abundant 
on  the  sand-hills  ;  Wheldon 

—  papillosa,  Wils.     60.  '  Very  rare.'  Silver- 

dale  ;  Nowell.  Nr.  Heysham  ;  Whel- 
don 

Barbula  lurida,  Lindb.     60.   '  Rare,'     Caton ; 
+  ;  Wheldon 

—  spadicea,  Mitt.   59.  Pend/e  Hill;  Wheldon. 

60.  Preston  ;  Ease  Gill;  +  ;  W.  and 
W. 

—  recurvifolia,  Schimp.    60.  Silverdale  ;  +  ; 

W.  and  W. 

—  cylindrica,  Schimp.    59.  Chatburn  ;  Whel- 

don.    60.   +.  W.  and  W. 
*—  vinealis,  Brid.      59.  Southport;    Marrat. 
Walton  ;    +  ;  Wheldon.     60.  Most 
frequent  on  the  sandhill ;      +.     W. 
and  W. 

—  sinuosa,  Braithw.     60.  Silverdale  ;  Whel- 

don 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE./E  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  IX.— Tortulace*  (cont.) 
Barbula  Hornschuchiana,  Schultz.  59.  New- 
ton ;  W.  Wilson.  Burnley  ;  Dearden. 
Southport;  Wheldon.  60.  Throng 
End;  nr.  Blackpool;  W.  and  W. 
St.  Ami* ;  Wheldon 

—  revoluta,  Brid.     59.   Childwall ;  Harrison. 

Clifton  ;  Hough  End  Hall;  Buxton's  G. 

Leptodontium  flexifolium  (Dicks),  Hampe. 
59.  Manchester;  Hobson.  60.  Nr. 
Lancaster;  Holt.  Greygarth  Fell; 
W.  andW.  +.  Clougha ;  Wheldon 

Weisia  crispata,  C.  Mtlll.  60.  Confined  to 
the  scar  limestone  of  the  north,  where 
it  is  abundant.  Silverdale  ;  Borviick  ; 
Warton  ;  A.  Wilson.  Tealand ;  Trow- 
barrotv  ;  ThrangEnd;  +  ;  Wheldon. 
Da/ton  Crag,  W.  and  W.  69.  Grange; 
A.  Wilson,  MS. 

Grows  in  rock  crevices  often  with 
Funaria  calcarea  and  Bryum  murale, 
also  with  Polygonatum  offic.,L.  rigida, 
Polyp,  calc.,  Hylocom.  rugosum,  and 
Scap.  aspera  ;  Wheldon.  SeeJ.ofB. 
Sept.  1899,  p.  375 

—  squarrosa,  C.M.      59.  Nr.  Parkside  ;    W. 

Wilson.  Walton  ;  Wheldon.  60. 
Coat  Banks,  Preesall ;  Wheldon 

—  microstoma,  C.M.   59.  Walton  ;  Wheldon. 

KersalMoor;  Buxton's  G.  60.  White- 
well ;  F.  C.  King.  Silverdale;  W. 
and  W.  Preesall;  Wheldon 

—  tenuis,  C.  M.      59.  Broughton  ;  Holland 

Wild 

—  rupestris,  C.  M.   59    60.  +.  W.  and  W. 

—  verticillata,  (L.),  Brid.    60.   Garstang;  A. 

Wilson.  Wash  Dub  Wood;  nr. 
Abbey  stead;  W.  and  W.  + 
Trichostomum  crispulum,  Bruch.  59.  Chat- 
kurn ;  Wheldon.  60.  Apparently 
only  on  the  limestone  area.  Dalton 
Crag;  -f  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  mutabile,    Bruch.      59.     Dingle;  Marrat. 

Gashing,  1898,  Wheldon.  60.  Silver- 
dale  ;  Lindeth;  Wheldon.  Lancaster; 
W.  P.  Hamilton 

var.  littorale,  Dixon.  59.  Southport; 
Cash.  Hall  Road;  Wheldon.  60. 
Silverdale  ;  A.  Wilson 

var.  cophocarpum,  Schimp.  60.  Silver- 
dale  ;  Wheldon 

—  flavovirens,  Bruch.   60.  St.  Anne's ;  Cash. 

Lytham;  Preesall;  Heysham ;  Wheldon 

—  nitidum,  Schimp.     59.  Pend/e  Hill;  Chat- 

burn  (var.)  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Common 
on  the  scar  limestone,  Silverdale  ;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  tortuosum,  (L.),  Dixon.      60.    Frequent. 

Silverdale;  +  ;W.andW.  Lancaster; 

W.    P.    Hamilton.     Ease   Gill,   Leek 

Fell.     69.   Grange  ;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

var.     fragilifolium,    Dixon.     60.     Ease 

Gill,  2,000  feet  ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 
Pleurochzte  squarrosa,  Lindb.    60.  Limestone 
rocks  near  Silverdale  ;  Wheldon 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  («»/.) 
SUB-CLASS  — MUSCINE./E  (continued) 
Order— Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  X. — Encalyptacez 
(Only  the  common  species  have  been  found) 

Sub-Order  XI.— Orthotrichaceae 
Zygodon  Mougeotii,  B.  and  S.    59.  Fo  Edge  ; 
Percival.     60.  'Rare.'     Middle  Gill, 
Hindburn;    Ease    Gill;    A.   Wilson. 
69.   Coniston  Old  Man,  2,630  feet 

—  Stirtoni,  Schimp.       60.   Limestone    rocks 

nr.  Whitewell,  March,  1903.  W. 
and  W.  MS. 

—  conoideus,   Hook    and    Tayl.      59.  Man- 

chester; Hobson.  60.  Trees  by  Lune, 
K.  Lonsdale  ;  Wash  Dub  Wood;  wood 
below  Whitewell,  '  fruiting  freely, 
a  rare  occurrence'  !  1903.  W.  and 
W.MS. 

Ulota  Drummondii,  Brid.  60.  Tree  by  the 
Keer,  in  Wash  Dub  Wood;  W.  and  W. 

—  Bruchii,   Hornsch.      60.   On    ash  in  pot 

hole  on  Leek  Fell;  Docker  ;  nr.  Wray  ; 
A.Wilson.  Hindburn ;  Wash  Dub  Wood, 
with  the  last  sp. ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  crispa,  Brid.      59.  Rainhill ;  Higgins  and 

Marrat.  60.  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson, 
MS. 

Orthotrichum  rupestre,  Schleich.  60.  '  Rare,' 
Silverdale;  nr.  Leek ;  W.  and  W. 
Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

—  anomalum,  Hedw.       var.  saxatile,  Milde. 

59.  Clithene;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60. 
Ease  Gill;  Dalton  Crag  ;  +  ;  W.  and 
W.  69.  Grange;  A.  Wilson  MS. 

—  cupulatum,  Hoffm.     60.  Silverdale ;   +  ; 

W.  and  W. 

var.  nudum,  Braithw.     60 .  Leek  Beck  ; 
A.  Wilson.     Whitewell ,-  W.  and  W. 

—  leiocarpum,  B.  and  S.    60.  Silverdale  ;  A. 

Wilson 

-  Lyellii,  Hook,  and  Tayl.  60.  Melling ; 
+  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  rivulare,  Turn.      59.    Clitheroe,  sparingly; 

Wheldon.  60.  Caton ;  Hamilton. 
Preston;  Mitton  ;  Wheldon.  Nether 
Barrow;  A.  Wilson,  MS.  + 

—  stramineum,  Hornsch.     60.   Over  Kellet  ; 

Whittington  ;  Tealand ;  A.  Wilson. 
Nr.  Cockleach;  Wheldon.  Nr.  Kirkby 
Lonsdale  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  tenellum,  Bruch.     60.   Nr.  Garstang;  nr. 

Arkholme,  on  ash  ;  A.  Wilson 

Sub-Order  XII. — Schistostegaceae 
Schistostega  osmundacea,  Mohr.   59.   Between 
TyUesley  and  Worsley;  Evans.    Chad- 
wick;  nr.  Bo/tons  W.  Wilson.     Clif- 
ton Junction  ;  Hunt 

Sub-Order  XIII.— Splachnaceas 
Splachnum  ampullaceum,  L.  59.  Prob- 
ably common  on  the  mosses  formerly, 
but  now  very  rare  (Wheldon).  Wool- 
ston  Moss;  W.  Wilson  (extinct, 
Wheldon  in  litt.).  Nr.  Blackley  ;  Bux- 
ton's  G.  Unsworth  Moss  ;  Percival 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (ant.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order— Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  XIII.— Splachnaceae  (cont.) 

Splachnum  sphaericum,  L.  59.  Chat  Moss; 
Grindon.  Woolston  Moss;  W.  Wilson. 
Rochdale;  Belfield.  Wbiteley  Dean; 
Holt.  60.  Greygarth  Fell;  Botton 
Head  Fell;  A.  Wilson.  O.  Wyres- 
dale;  Grizedale  Hd. ;  Wolfhok  Crag; 
W.  and  W. 

Tetraplodon  mnioides,  B.  and  S.  59.  Rain- 
ford  Moss;  Skellon.  Wlndle  Moss; 
Higgins;  Chat  Moss;  Grindon ;  Wool- 
ston Moss;  W.Wilson.  60.  Clougha; 
Wheldon.  Marshaw  Fell;  A.  Wil- 
son. Cockerham  Moss,  1881  ;  A. 
Wilson,  perhaps  exterminated 
Sub-Order  XIV.— Funariaceae 

Discelium  nudum,  Brid.  59.  Manchester, 
1795  ;  Caley.  (Probably  Boggart 
Hole  C lough,  Wheldon).  Sailor's  Shore, 
etc.  ;  Whitehead.  So/ton ;  Sims.  +  ; 
Wheldon  in  J.  of  B.,  January,  1 899. 
60.  O.  Wyreidale;  Abbeystead  Fell ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

Ephemerum  serratum,  Hampe.  59.  Liver- 
pool Bot.  Gardens  ;  Skellon.  Walton; 
Wheldon.  Wilgrave ;  Dallam  ;  W. 
Wilson.  60.  Lytham,  1 88 1  ;  Whel- 
don (infrequent) 

Funaria  fascicularis,  Schimp.  59.  Railbanks, 
Walton  ;  Wheldon 

—  Templetoni,  Sm.     59.  Clifton  ;  Prestwich; 

Horsefield 

—  calcarea,     Wahlenb.       60.     Frequent   on 

limestone  in    the   north,  Silverdale ; 
+  ;  W.  andW.     69.  Hamps  Fell; 
A.  Wilson,  MS. 
Sub-Order  XV.— Meesiace* 

Amblyodon  dealbatus,  P.  Beauv.  59.  Sand- 
hills, Crosby  to  Southport ;  Marrat 
(still  plentiful,  Wheldon,  in  litt.). 
60.  Lytham  ;  St.  Anne's,  c.  fr.  ; 
Wheldon.  Nr.  Gravel's  Clough ; 
Tarnbrook  Fell;  A.  Wilson.  Over 
Wyresdale ;  W.  and  W.  Clougha, 
1 88 1  ;  Stabler 

Meesia  trichoides,  (L.),  Spruce.  59.  South- 
port ;  Marrat  (Wheldon).  Sailor's 
Shore;  Percival.  Formby  (very  fine), 
Freshfield,  c.  fr.,  1903  ;  Wheldon  in 
litt.  60.  St.  Anne's;  Wheldon 
Sub-Order  XVII. — Bartramiaceae 

Catascopium  nigritum,  Brid.  59.  Southport; 
Higgins.  Formby  ;  B.  B.  Scott  (both 
confirmed  by  Wheldon).  Freshfield; 
Captain  P.G.Cunliffe.  Birkdale ;  Cash 

Bartramia  GEderi,  Swartz.  60.  '  Rare,'  Ease 
Gill;  Leek;  A.  Wilson 

—  ithyphylla,  Brid.  60. '  Rare,'  Ease  Gill;  A. 

Wilson.    Greygarth  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

—  pomiformis,   Hedw.      59.   Walton;  dying 

out  rapidly.  Fazakerley  ;  Wheldon, 
+  ;  69.  Frequent,  Garstang;  Ease 
Hill;  nr.  PilKng;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
69.  Ceniston 


BOTANY 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (coat.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued') 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  XVII. — Bartramiaceas  (cant.) 
Philonotis  calcarea,  Schimp.  59.  Formby ; 
Dr.  Braithwaite,  Wheldon,  and  H. 
Beesley,  1903  ;  Wheldon,  in  litt. 
60.  Marshaw  Fell ;  Tarnbnok  Fell; 
above  O akenc lough  ;  all  $,  W. 
andW. 

Breutelia  arcuata,  Schimp.  59.  Nr.  Man- 
chester; Bradbury  in  Turner's  But.  G. 
1805.  60.  Nr.  Leek;  Middlebarroto; 
Hindbum;  A.  Wilson 


Sub-Order  XVIII.— Bryacere 

Leptobryum  pyriforme,  (L.),  Wils.  59.  Formby; 
Higgins.  Clifton  Junction;  +  ;  Holt. 
Ashtm;  Southport;  Walton;  Whel- 
don. Rusholme  ;  Cash.  Not  native 
in  all  these,  some  would  be  in  garden 
ground,  etc.  Perhaps  native  on  the 
sandhills,  Wheldon,  in  litt.  60. 
Sandhills,  Lythatn  ;  Wheldon 

Webera  elongata,  Schwaegr.  59.  Shawforth  ; 
Horsfield.  60.  'Rare.'  Ease  Gill; 
W.and  W.  Nr.  Garstang;  H.  Beesley 

—  annotina,  Schwaegr.      59.   Winviick  ;  Pad- 

gate  ;  W.  Wilson.  Taunton;  Whel- 
don. Clifton;  Holt.  BamJordWood; 
Holt,  Whitehead.  60.  Tootell Heights; 
Clougha ;  Wheldon.  Barnacre ;  A. 
Wilson.  Nr.dftw;  W.and  W. 

—  commutata,    Schimp.     59.    Pendle   Hill; 

Wheldon 

—  erecta(Roth.),Correns.    60.   TatkamMoor, 

Hindburn;  W.  and  W.,  September, 

1902 
Plagiobryum  Zierii,  Lindb.     60.     <  Rare,'  V. 

Ease  Gill,  1,500  feet  ;  A.  Wilson 
Bryum  filiforme,  Dicks.      59.   Clifton  Viaduct; 

Buxton's  G.     60.  Lower  Ease  Gill, 

on  Silurian  rocks  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  pendulum,  Schimp.    59.  Common  on  the 

sandhills  from  Hightown  to  Southfort ; 
W.  and  W.  60.  Frequent,  Black- 
pool to  Lancaster  and  Garstang;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  Warneum,  Bland.       59.  Southport ;  Mar- 

rat,  W.  Wilson,  still  plentiful, 
Wheldon,  1903.  BirkJale;  Wild, 
abundant  in  1903,  Wheldon.  Form- 
by  ;  Freshjield;  still  plentiful,  1903, 
Wheldon.  60.  St.  Anne's;  Whel- 
don 

—  calophyllum,     R.     Br.        59.     Southport; 

Marrat,  still  there,  Wheldon,  1903. 
Taunton;  Gordon  and  Whitehead. 
Ainsdale;  Wheldon,  plentiful  still, 
1903 

—  Marratii,  Wils.     59.  Southport;  Ainsdale; 

Marrat,  1854 

'  I  think  this  is  now  lost  as  a  Lan- 
cashire plant,'  Wheldon,  in  litt. 
(Phytologist,  Dec.,  1858,  pp.  638- 
643,  ibid.  April,  1859,  pp.  104- 
107) 

1  73 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  XVIII.— Bryacese  (coat.) 
Bryum  lacustre,  Brid.  59.  Taunton  ;  Schimper, 
Whitehead,  and  Gordon.  Freshjield; 
Ainsdale;  Southport;  Hunt.  Still 
occurs  in  all  these  localities,  Wheldon 
in  litt.  1903  ;  also  a  little  seen  at 
Birkdale,  1903.  60.  'Rare.'  St. 
Anne's  ;  Lytham,  c  fr.,  Wheldon 

—  inclinatum,  Bland.     59.  Sandhills,  Crosby 

to  Southport;  Marrat.  Ashton-under- 
Lyne;  Whitehead.  Chadbum;  Whel- 
don. 60.  Frequent,  but  less  so  than 
B.  pendulum  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  uliginosum,    B.    and  S.        59.    Southport; 

Wood,  1843,  Marrat,  W.  Wilson, 
still  there  and  at  Formby,  Wheldon 
in  litt.  1903.  Nr.  Manchester; 
Wood.  Sailor's  Shore  ;  Percival. 
Taunton;  Prestviich;  Hunt.  60.  St. 
Anne's;  Wheldon 

—  turbinatum,  Schwaegr.      59.     Scar  Wheel, 

Broughton;  Dr.  Wood.  Clifton  June- 
ton  ;  Wild.  Adams  Gordon  and 
Whitehead  ! 

—  pseudo-triquetrum,  Schwaegr.      59.  Rain- 

ford  Moss;  +  ;  W.  and  W.  etc. 
60.  Common  on  the  fells ;  W. 
and  W. 

var.  compactum,  Schimp.  59.  South- 
port,  1863  ;  Whitehead.  Birkdale  ; 
Ainsdale;  Wheldon 

—  neodamense,    Itz.         59.     Southport,    Dr. 

Wood,  1859  ;  Percival  and  Rogers, 
June,  1875,  c".  fr.  Ainsdale,  1860. 
Hb.  Brit.  Mus.  (young  fruit).  Formby; 
(fr.  1905.)  Freshjield;  Wheldon, 
who  showed  it  to  Dr.  Braithwaite 
in  1903 

—  affine,  Lindb.      59.    Oxford;  W.  Wilson. 

Eccles;  OldTrafford;  Hunt.  Taun- 
ton ;  Whitehead.  60.  Longridge  Fell; 
Wheldon.  Greygarth  Fell;  A.  Wilson 

—  Donianum,  Grev.     59.   Wimoick  Quarry  ; 

W.  Wilson.  Quarry,  nr.  Kirkby ; 
Wheldon 

—  alpinum,     Huds.        60.     O.     Wyresdale ; 

Tarnbrook  Fell;  Marskaw  Fell;  W. 
and  W.  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson.  +. 
Clougha  ;  Wheldon  in  litt. 

—  roseum,    Schreb.       59.    Bootle ;    Skellon 

(not  there  now,  Wheldon  in  litt.) 
Hightown,  under  Salix  repens ;  Whel- 
don. Blackley;  Hobson,  1839.  60. 
'  Very  rare  '  and  barren.  Nr.  Fair- 
haven  ;  Wheldon.  Silverdale ;  A. 
Wilson.  69.  Tewbarrow,  in  mossy 
limestone  rock  crevices ;  A.  Wil- 
son, MS. 

Mnium  serratum,  Schrad.  59.  Between 
Birkdale  and  Ainsdale;  Marrat. 
BamfordWood;  Holt.  Clifton  Junc- 
tion  (Wheldon  in  J.  o/B.).  60.  Dale 
Gill,  Hindburn;  A.  Wilson.  Ease 
Gill;  Near  Whitwell ;  W.  and  W. 
Longridge  ;  H.  Beesley 

IO 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (font.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE./E  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  XVIII.— Bryace*  (cont.) 
Mnium    orthorrhynchum,    B.    and    S.       60. 
'  Rare.'     Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson 

—  stellare,    Reich.       59.    Between    Birkdale 

and  Ainsdale;  Marrat.  60.  Rocks 
by  the  Brock;  A.  Wilson.  Hoddet 
Valley  ;  Wheldon 

—  subglobosum,    B.    and   S.       59.     Ashton  ; 

Reddish;  Whitehead.  +  ;  Wheldon 
in  J.  ofB.}3.t\.  1899.  60.  Fairsnape 
Clougb;  c.  fr.;  Wilson.  Blaze  Moss;  +; 
W.  and  W. 

Sub-Order  XIX. — Fontinalaceae 

Fontinalis  antipyretica,  L.  var.  gracilis, 
Schimp.  60.  Leek  Beck  ;  Ease  Gill ; 
A.  Wilson.  Roeburndale;  W.  andW. 

—  squamosa,  L.   59.  Blackley ;  Miller.     60. 

'  Rare.'  Udale  ;  W.  and  W.  Leek 
Beck;  A.  Wilson 

Sub-Order  XX. — Cryphseaceae 

[Obs.  C.  heteromalla,  Mohr.,  has  never  been 
found  in  Lancashire] 

Sub-Order  XXII.— Hookeriacese 
Ptcrygophyllum    lucens,  (L.),  Brid.      59.    60. 
Not     common,     fruiting    in    some 
upland  doughs ;  W.  and  W. 

Sub-Order  XXIII. — Leucodontaceae 
Myrinia   pulvinata,    Schimp.      59.     Jackson's 

Boat;    Buxton's    G.      '  Now    lost.' 

J.  A.  W. 
Antitrichia    curtipendula,    Brid.   'Apparently 

very  rare."     60.  On   a  wall  in  Wash 

Dub  Wood;  near  Leek  ;  W.  and  W. 

Sub-Order  XXIV.— Leskeaceaj 

Heterocladium  heteropterum,  B.  and  S.  59. 
Bamford  Wood;  Whitehead.  Bo/tan  ; 
Makin  (Dixon).  Rowley  Moor; 
Buxton's  G.  Jumbles;  Percival  and 
Rogers.  60.  Nr.  Buttons  W.andW. 
Nr.  Hindburn  ;  Clougba  ;  Wheldon 

Thuidium  recognitum,Lindb.  59.  Ni.CAat- 
burn  ;  Wheldon.  60.  'On  the  lime- 
stone only,  rare.'  Silvera'ale ;  +; 
W.  and  W. 

—  delicatulum,  Mitt.     60.  Lower  Ease  Gill, 

July,  1903.     A.  Wilson  in  litt. 

Sub-Order  XXV.— Hypnacex 

Climacium  dendroides,  (L.),  Web.  and  Mohr. 

59,  60.     Common,  but  very  rarely 
found    in     fruit.       (Hightown ;     Fl. 
L'pool) 

Cylindrotheciumconcinnum(De  Not)  Schimp. 

60.  Silverdales    Wheldon.      Da/ton 
(>«#,•  A.  Wilson 

Orthothecium  intricatum,  B.  and  S.  60. 
'Rare  and  barren.'  Nr.  Leek;  nr. 
Silverdale  ;  A.  Wilson 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE^;  (continued) 
Order— Musci  (continued) 

Sub-Order  XXV.— Hypnacea;  (cmt.) 
Brachythecium    glareosum,    B.    and     S.     59. 
Whitehead   and   Grindon.     60.  W. 
andW. 

—  albicans,  B.  and  S.       59.  Whitehead  and 

Grindon.     60.  W.  and  W. 

—  salebrosum,  B.  and  S.     '  Rare.'      59.   60. 

Nr.  Preston  ;  H.  Beeslcy 
var.    palustre,  Schimp.      59.    Crossens ; 
Wheldon.  Simmwitd ;  Wheldon  and 
Beesley.     60.  St.  Anne's;  Wheldon 

—  rivulare,  B.  and  S.  59.  Whitehead  and  Grin- 

don.    60.   '  Frequent '  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  velutinum,   B.   and  S.      var.    intricatum, 

Hedw.    60.  Catforth;  H.  Beesley 
var.  praelongum,  B.  and  S.   60.  Lytham  ; 
H.  Beesley.     (Both  confirmed  by  Dr. 
Braithwaite) 

—  populeum,  B.  and  S.      59.  Whitehead  and 

Grindon.  60.  Not  very  common  ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  plumosum,  B.  and  S.      59.  Whitehead  and 

Grindon  ;  60.  Frequent  in  east  and 
fruiting;  W.andW. 

—  caespitosum,  (Wils.),  Dixon.     59.  Dal/am  ; 

Longford;  W.  Wilson.  '  Extinct.' 
Chemicals  in  refuse  in  stream  ;  Whel- 
don 

Hyocomium  flagellare,  B.  and  S.  59.  Bamford ; 
Whiteley  Dean  ;  Holt.  Clithene ; 
Wanton;  Wheldon.  Rowley  Moor ; 
Buxton's  G.  60.  Frequent  in  east  by 
streams,  Ease  Gill;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

Eurhynchium  speciosum,  Schimp.  59.  Nr. 
Aintree  ;  Wheldon  ;  60.  Nr.  Preston  ; 
H.  Beesley 

—  hians     (Hcdw.),    Lesq    and    James.     60. 

Caton;  Wheldon 

—  abbreviatum,    Schimp.      60.     Silverdale; 

Wheldon 

—  tenellum,  Milde.  60.  Silverdale;  Wheldon. 

Scorton;  H.  Beesley.  69.  On  lime- 
stone rocks,  Grange  ;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

—  megapolitanum,     Milde.        59.     Crosby; 

Harrison,  W.  Wilson.  Birkdale; 
Wheldon.  60.  '  Rare,'  St.  Anne's  ; 
Fairhaven;  c  fr.  ;  Wheldon 
Plagiothecium  depressum  (Bruch),  Dixon.  60. 
'  Rare  and  sterile,'  U.  Roeburndale  ; 
A.  Wilson 

—  Borrerianum,  Spruce.   59.  Bamford ;  Holt. 

60.  Common  ;  W.  and  W.  69. 
Coniston 

var.  collinum,  Wils.  Clougha  ;  W.  and 
W.  (The  Coniston  plant  should 
perhaps  be  placed  here.) 

—  pulchellum,    B.    and    S.       59.    Burnley ; 

Dearden.     60.  '  Rare,'  Clougha  ;  W. 
andW. 
Amblystegium  Sprucei,  B.  and  S.      59.  SoutJ)- 


fort_;_Wood,  1853 

"  v.),  Lindb.     59.  Un    damp 
sricks  in  a  ditch  near  Aintree  ;  Whel- 


(Hedw.), 


On    damt 


don.     Paddington  ;  Wilson.     (A  rac 
cale,  P.  de  Beauv.) 


74 


BOTANY 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (tout.) 
SUB-CLASS— MUSCINE/E  (continued) 
Order — Musc't  (continued) 

Sub-Order  XXV.— Hypnaceae  (cent.) 
Amblystegium  irriguum,  B.  and  S.   60. '  Rare." 
NT.  Lancaster  ;  Hamilton.  Nr.  Silver- 
dale;  A.  Wilson 

—  Juratzkanum,  Schimp.    59.  Birkdale ;   nr. 

Aintree;  Wheldon.  60.  Nr.  Glas- 
son  ;  Wheldon.  Lea  ;  Beesley 

—  fluviatile,  B.  and  S.     60.  Leighton  Beck ; 

on  stones  in  Lune  below  Kirkby 
Lonsdale;  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson. 
Halton;  W.andW. 

—  filicinum,    De    Not.     var.    Whiteheadii, 

Wheldon.  ^.Southfort ;  +;  Whel- 
don. Rainford;  Beesley  and  Wheldon. 
60.  Between  Lytham  and  St.  Anne's; 
Wheldon.  Distr.  Haddington  ; 
Dixon. 

Tar.  elatum,  Schimp.     Soutbport,  1882  ; 
Holt 


A.  CAMPYLIUM 

Hypnum 

—  elodes,  Spruce.   59.  Soulhport ;  W.  Wilson, 

Marrat.     Birkdale;  Burscough  ;   +  ; 

Wheldon.      60.  '  Rare,'  St.  Anne's ; 

Wheldon.  Hatves  Water;  Silverdale  ; 

A.  Wilson 
—  polygamum,  Schimp.  $<).Warbreck  Moor; 

Wheldon    in    litt.     60.  Mostly   on 

sandhills,  St.  Anne's  ;   +  ;  Wheldon. 

Ribbleton  ;    nr.  Preston,  not  sandhill; 

Beesley 

B.  '  HARPIDIUM  ' 

('  Harpidioid '  Hypna,  after  Renauld,  arranged 

by  J.  A.  Wheldon) 
Hypnum  aduncum,  Hedw. 

Group  typicum,  Ren. 
forma  falcata,  Ren.      59.  Wheldon  and 

Holt.     60.  Wheldon 
forma  gracilescens,  Ren.   59.  W.  Wilson. 

60.  Wheldon 

forma  tenuis,  Ren.      59.   Holt 
var.  aquaticum,  Sanio.   59.  W.  Wilson, 

Wheldon.     60.  H.  Beesley 
var.  diversifolia,  Ren.       59.  Wheldon. 

60.  Wheldon 

Group  Kneifii,  Ren. 

var.  polycarpon,  Bland.  59.  Wheldon. 
60.  Wheldon 

var.  attenuatum,  Boul.  59.  Wheldon. 
60.  A.  Wilson 

var.  intermedium,  Schimp.  59.  Whel- 
don, Holt.  60.  A  Wilson 

f.  penna,  Sanio.      59.  Wheldon 

f.  laxifolia,  Ren.  59.  Wheldon, 
Holt.  60.  H.  Beesley 

Group  pseudo-fluitans,  Sanio 
var.   paternum,   Sanio.     59.  Wheldon, 

Holt.     60.  H.  Beesley 
f.  gracilis.      59.  Wheldon 


CLASS  V.-CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cant.) 
SUB-CLASS— MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Group  pseudo-fluitans  (cent.) 
Hypnum  Sendtneri,    Schimp.     '  In    marshes 

near  the  sea,  but  also  inland.' 
f.     vulgaris,     Sanio.      59.     Wheldon. 

60.  Wheldon 

f.  trivialis,  Sanio.  59.  Renauld  in 
Hum.  Muse.  Gall.  p.  374 

—  Wilsoni,  Schimp.  Southport   (locus  classi- 

cus),  W.  Wilson.  Birkdale  ;  Ainsdale  ; 
W.  Wilson.  Still  abundant  in  these 
localities,  Wheldon.  60.  St.  Annis ; 
Wheldon 

var.  hamatum,  Schimp.  59.  Wheldon. 
60.  Wheldon 

Obs.  This  rare  moss,  named  by 
Schimper  in  honour  of  the  well- 
known  Lancashire  botanist  Wm.  Wil- 
son, has  only  been  found  in  three 
other  localities. 

—  lycopodioides,  Schwaegr.      59.  Ainsdale  ; 

Soutbport;  W.  Wilson,  Marrat,  etc. 
'Where  it  still  grows  abundantly, 
and  occasionally  fruits.'  Formby ; 
Wheldon.  60.  St.  Anne's  ;  Wheldon 

—  uncinatum,    Hedw.       '  Frequent  in  sub- 

alpine  places,  not  a  marsh  plant.' 
f.    plumosa,    Ren.      60.  Nr.  Preston ; 
H.    Beesley.       Grey  garth    Fell ;  A. 
Wilson 

—  fluitans,  L.     Not  common,  except  in  parts 

of  East  Lancashire.    60.  Lower  Bleas- 
dale;   +  ;  W.andW. 
Group  amphibium,  Ren. 

var.  Jeanbernati.  60.  O.  Wyresdale ; 
Greygarth  Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

f.  tenella,  Ren.  60.  Bleasdale  Fell; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

f.  condensata,  Ren.  60.  White  Moss, 
Hindburn  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  atlanticum,  Ren.  59.  Pendle  Hill; 
Wheldon  ;  60.  Wyresdale ;  Greygarth 
Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  elatum,  Ren.  et  Arnell.  60.  Cocker- 
ham  Moss  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  gracile,  Boulay.  59.  Pendle  Hill; 
Wheldon.  60.  Longridge  Fell;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

var.  setiforme,  Ren.  60.  Goodber  Com- 
mon ;  A.  Wilson 

var.  Payoti,  Ren.  [60.  Greenbank  Fell; 
W.  and  W.  '  Not  typical.'] 

Group  falcatum,  Ren. 
var.     falcatum,     Schimp.       59.    Pendle 
Hill;  Wh.     60.  Nr.  Garstang;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

var.  ovale,  Ren.  MS.  in  litt.  ad  Whel- 
don.     59.  Pendle   Hill;    Wheldon. 
60.    Greygarth   Fell,    \  800   ft.  ;    A. 
Wilson 
Group  exannulatum,  Ren.     (H.  exan- 

nulatum,  Gtlemb.) 
60.  Calder  Galley  ;   +  ;  A.  Wilson. 
Not  very  common 


75 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cent.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE^E  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Group  exannulatum,  Ren.  (continue*/) 

var.  pinnatum,  Boul.  59.  PendkHlll; 
Wheldon.  60.  H'mdburn ;  +  ;  W. 
andW. 

f.  acuta,  Sanio.     60.  W.  and  W. 

f.  stenophylloides,  Ren.  60.  W.  and  W. 

f.   polyclada,Ren.MS.   60.  W.andW. 

var.  falcifolium,  Ren.  60.  O.  ffyres- 
dale ;  W.andW.  (also  f.  inundata, 
Ren.) 

var.  brachydictyon,  Ren.  60.  Long- 
ridge  Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  purpurascens,  Schimp.  60.  Calder 
Valley;  +  ;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Bar- 
row ;  Mrs.  Monsarrat. 

var.  molluscum,  Sanio.  60.  Crag  Wood, 
near  Chugha ;  Wheldon  in  litt. 
'  new  to  Britain.' 


Sub-group  Rots,  Ren. 

59.  PendleHill;  Wheldon  (a  form) 
var.  falcifolium,  Ren.   59.      Simonswood 

Moss ;  Marrat.     Martin  Mere,   near 

Southport;  Wheldon.   60.  St.  dime's; 

+  ;  W.  and  W. 
f.     viridis,     Boul.     60.     Above    Mar- 

shaw ;  A.  Wilson 
f.   inundata,    Ren.    60.   O.    Wyresdale  ; 

W.  and  W. 
verniscosum,      Lindb.        60.      Bog    nr. 

Decker;  A.  Wilson 
var.    majus,    Lindb.        60.     Bog     nr. 

Docker;  A.  Wilson 
revolvens,   Swartz.    f.    typica,    Ren.      59. 

Pendk    Hill;    Southport;    Ainsdale; 

Wheldon.     60.  St.  Anne's  ;  Roebun:- 

dale  ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 
var.    Cossoni,     Ren.        59.      Southport; 

Holt.     Birkdale ;  Wheldon  (f).    60 

Docker  ;  U.  Roeburndale  ;  W.  and  W. 
f.   falcata    (Sanio),   Ren.      60.    Udale ; 

W.  and  W. 
var.  intermedium  (Lindb.),  Ren.       59. 

Soutbport;     Whiteley     Dean;      Holt. 

Ainsdale;    W.  Wilson.    (Still  there, 

Wheldon.)     60.  Leighton  Beck;  W. 

andW. 
.  falcata,  Sanio.       59.  Southport;  Holt. 

Formby;  Wheldon 
scorpioides,  L.  '  Deep  bogs,  either  siliceous 

or  calcareous,  rather  rare.'    59.  South- 
port  ;      Marrat.      Nr.     Todmorden  ; 

Nowell.      60.    Siherdale;    +  ;    W. 

and  W. 
giganteum,     Schimp.       60.     St.    Anne's ; 

Ease  Gill;  nr.  Docker;  A.  Wilson 
falcatum,  Brid.   59.  Clifton  ;  Wild,  Dixon. 

Burnley;  Scholefield.      60.   Berwick 

Swamp;  Hawes  Water;   +  ;  W.  and 

W. 
intermedium,  Lindb.       59.  Ainsdale ;  W. 

Wilson.        Southport;     Holt.        60. 

Udale  ;  W.  and  W.     Leigbton  Beck  ; 

A.  Wilson 


CLASS  V.— CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (co«t.) 
SUB-CLASS  — MUSCINE.»:  (continued) 
Order — Musci  (continued) 

Sub-group  Rotae,  Ren.  (cont.) 
Hypnum  intermedium,  Lindb.  (continued) 

f.  falcata,  Sanio.  59.  Southport;  Holt. 
Formby;  Wheldon1 

c.  DREPANIUM 

—  Patient!*,     Lindb.       59.    Newton;    War- 

rington  ;  W.  Wilson.   Hale  ;  Marrat. 
60.  Ease  Gill;    Warton  ;    Garstang; 
Lower  Bleasdale  ;  A.  Wilson 
[ —  crista-castrensis,  L.   59.  Whitworth  ;  Grin- 
don.     '  Error,'  Holt,  etc.] 

D.    LlMNOBIUM 

—  palustre,  L.    59.  Wheldon.    60.  Common 

and  fruiting  ;  W.  and  W. 
var.   hamulosum,  B.  and  S.   60.  Wyres- 
dale  ;  Wheldon 

—  ochraceum,  Turn.      59.     Whiteley   Dean; 

Holt.  60.  O.  Wyresdale;  +  ; 
W.  and  W.  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wil- 
son 

var.  flaccidum,  Milde.  60.  H'mdburn  ; 
Marshaw  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

var.  complanatum,  Milde.  60.  Hind- 
burn  ;  A.  Wilson 

E.  CALLIERGON 

—  stramineum,  Dicks.      59.  Prestw ich ;   Per- 

cival.  Simons-wood;  Marrat.  60. 
'Plentiful,'  Ease  Gill;  Hindburn ; 
A.Wilson;  +. 

—  cordifolium,  Hedw.   59.  Several  places  ;  c. 

fr.  in  two  ;  +  ;  Wheldon.  60. 
Siherdale  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  sarmentosum,  Wahlenb.     60.  North  side 

of  Marshaw  Fell,  alt.  650  ft.  only  ; 
'  a  remarkably  low  altitude  for  this 
moss.'  W.  and  W. 

—  Schreberi,  Willd.       59,  60,  69. 
Hylocomium    brevirostre   (Ehrh.),   B.  and  S. 

59.  Clitkeroe;  Worston  ;  Wheldon. 
Trovib  arrow  ;  Wheldon.  Gatebarrow  ; 
nr.  Leighton  Beck;  A.  Wilson. 
Tarnbrook  Wood ;  H.  Beesley 

—  loreum  (L.),  B.  and  S.       [59.  Waver  tree  ; 

Marrat.]  60.  Abundant,  locally. 
Udale  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  rugosum  (Ehrh.),  De  Not.   60.  '  Very  fine 

and  locally  abundant  on  the  scar 
limestone  in  the  north,  unknown 
elsewhere.'  Thrang  End;  Troto- 
barrow  ;  Da/ton  Crag  ;  Siherdale  to 
Hatves  Water  ;  W.  and  W.  Leighton 
Beck;  A.  Wilson.  69.  Tewbarrow, 
very  fine  ;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

IThe  last  two  species  are  included  under  '  Harpidium '  by 
Dixon,  but  not  by  Renauld  and  Wheldon,  who  place  falcatum 
under  Cratoneuron. 


BOTANY 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cent.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued') 
Qrder — Hepaticte 

Sub-Order  I. — Jungermamaceas 
Frullania  Tamarisci  (L.),  Dumort.  60.  Oliver- 
dale  ;  Ease  Gill;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  fragilifolia,  Taylor.     60.  Ease  Gill;  Da/ton 

Crag;  W.  and  W. 

Lejeunia  Mackaii  (Hook),  Spreng.  60. 
Over  Kellet ,-  A.  Wilson.  Tealand  ; 
Woodwett ;  Trowbarrow ;  Dalton 
Crag;  W.  and  W. 

—  calcarea,  Lib.     60.  Ease  Gill,  1905.     W. 

and  W.  in  litt. 

—  Rossettiana,    Massal.     60.    Leefers  Wood, 

Kellet  Seeds,  1905  ;  W.  and  W.  in 
litt. 

—  ulicina     (Taylor),     Spruce.       60.    Wood 

below  Whitewell,  March,  1903  ;  W. 
and  W.  A.  Wilson  in  litt. 

Radula  complanata  (L.),  Dum.  '  Rare,'  Silver- 
dale  ;  between  Caton  and  Aughton  ; 
W.  and  W. 

Porella  laevigata  (Schrad.).  60.  Silverdale ; 
Trowbarrow;  W.  and  W. 

Blepharostoma  trichophyllum,  (L.),  Dumort. 
60.  Clougha;  Wheldon 

Trichocolea  tomentella  (Ehrh.),  Nees.  59. 
Rochdale;  G.  A.  Holt.  60.  Wood- 
well;  Ease  Gill;  Colder  Valley  ;  +  ; 
W.  and  W. 

Lepidozia  cupressina  (Swartz.),  Pearson.  60. 
Clougha ;  G.  Stabler.  Long  Crag, 
O.  Wyresdale ;  '  always  associated 
with  L.  Pearson!,  M.  Taylori,  Bazz. 
trilobata,  and  D.  fuscescens,'  W.  and 
W. 

—  Pearsoni,    Spruce.        60.    '  Frequent    on 

higher  grit-stone  moorlands,'  Hell 
Crag,  O.  Wyresdale ;  -f-  ;  W.  and 
W. 

—  setacea  (Web.),  var.  setularioides,  Nees.   59. 

Simonswood  Moss;  Wheldon.  60. 
Cockerham  Moss;  Jones  and  Whel- 
don 

Bazzania  trilobata  (L.).  60.  Clougha;  +  ; 
W.  and  W.  Hlndburn  ;  A.  Wilson 

Kantia  submersa,  Arnell.  60.  Cockerham 
Moss;  W.  and  W.  /.  oj  Bot. 
January,  1903 

—  Sprengelii  (Mart.).      59.  Walton  ;  Kirkby  ; 

Rainford ;  Wheldon.  60.  Longrldge 
c.  fr.  ;  Wheldon.  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  arguta    (Mont,    et    Nees),    Lindb.       59. 

Ormskirk ;  Wheldon.  60.  Quern- 
more;  Colder  Wood,  nr.  Garstang ; 
W.  and  W. 

Cephalozia  catenulata  (Htlben)  Lindb.  59. 
Kirkby,  in  a  damp  quarry  ;  Wheldon 

—  lunnlaefolia,     Dumort.       59.     Carr,    nr. 

Netherton;  Wheldon.  60.  Cocker- 
ham  Moss;  Kempk  End;  Clougha; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  Lammersiana  (Huben).     59.    Kirkby  ;  Si- 

monswood ;  Wheldon.  60.  Pilling; 
Wheldon.  Upper  Grizedale  ;  A. 
Wilson.  Cockerham  Moss,  C.  per. 
W.  and  W. 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS  — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Hepaticte  (continued) 
Sub-Order  I. — Jungermaniaceae  (cent.) 
Cephalozia  connivens    (Dicks.),   Lindb.     59. 
Chat  Moss  ;  W.  H.  Pearson.     Simons- 
wood  Moss;  Wheldon.      60.   White- 
stone    Chugh;     W.   and  W.   in  litt. 
Longridge  Fell;  Wheldon 

—  fluitans  (Nees),  Spruce.     59.  Barton  Moss; 

W.  H.  Pearson.  Rainford  Moss; 
Wheldon.  60.  Tarnbrook  Fell;  Cocker- 
ham  Moss;  +  ;  W.  and  W.  Ark- 
holme  Moor ;  A.  Wilson 

—  heterostipa,    Spruce.       (See    Jungermania 

inflata,  var.) 

Dr.  Spruce  is  said  to  have  changed 
his  opinion  in  the  latter  part  of  his  life 
regarding  the  position  of  this  plant 

—  Sphagni    (Dicks.),  Spruce.      59.    Whiteley 

Dean;  Holt.  Rainford  Moss;  S<- 
monswood  Moss  ;  Wheldon.  60. 
'  Rather  rare,'  Uda/e  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  denudata    (Nees),    Spruce.       59.     Clifton 

Junction;  C.  J.  Wild.  60.  Tarn- 
brook  Fell;  A.  Wilson 

Scapania  compacta  (Roth.),  Dumort.  60. 
Arkholme  Moor  ;  Wash  Dub  Wood;  A. 
Wilson 

—  resupinata  (L.),  Dumort.    60.  '  Frequent.' 

Tarnbrook  Fell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
var.  minor.    60.  Long  Crag;   +  ;  com- 
mon on  the  fells,  W.  and  W. 

—  aspera,   Mttll.    and    Bern.      60.    '  Locally 

abundant  on  limestone  rocks,'  Silver- 
dale  ;  Longridge  Fell ;  +  ;  W.  and 
W.  69.  Grange  ;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

—  nemorosa    (L.),     Dumort.       59.    Bamford 

Wood;  Clifton  Junction;  Holt.  Knows- 
ley  ;  Higgins  and  Marrat.  Nether- 
ton  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Greygarth  Fell ; 
W.  and  W.  Warton  ;  Upper  Grize- 
dale  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  purpurascens  (Hook.),  Taylor,  MSS.     60. 

Longridge  Fell;  Wheldon.  Clougha  ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W.  Hindburn  ;  A. 
Wilson.  69.  Coniston  Old  Man 

—  irrigua,    (Nees),    Dumort.      59.    Bog    nr. 

Netherton ;  Wheldon.  60.  £amacrt,nr. 
Garstang;  Greygarth  Fell;  A.  Wilson 

—  curta  (Mart.),  Dumort.    59.  Barton  Moss  ; 

Dr.  Carrington.     60.  Ease  Gill ;  W. 
and  W.     69.  Coniston  Old  Man  up  to 
2630  ft. 
Diplophyllum  obtusifolium  (Hook.),  Dumort. 

59.  Damp    sandstone    rocks,     nr. 
Kirkby;  Wheldon 

Lophocolea  cuspidata,  Limpr.  59.  Nr. 
Formby;  Wheldon.  60.  Wall,  nr.  Leek; 
A.  Wilson.  Leagram  Hall;  Wheldon 

—  heterophylla  (Schrad.),  Dumort.      59.  60. 

'  Very  common,'  W.  and  W. 
Chiloscyphus  polyanthus   (L.),   Corda.       59. 

60.  <  Very  common,'  W.  and  W. 
var.  pallescens  (Schrad.).      59.  Bamford 

Wood;  Reddish;  Rainford  Moss; 
Netherton  ;  Wheldon.  60.  Nr. 
PilRttF;  Wheldon 


77 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE.S:  (continued) 
Order — Hepaticte  (continued) 
Sub-order  I. — Jungermaniacea;  (cont.) 
Mylia  Taylor!  (Hook.),  B.  Gr.  60.  O.  Wyres- 
dale ;    Mars  haw    Fell;    Long  Crag; 
Tarnbrook   Fell;     +  ;    W.    and  W. 
Greygarth  Fell,  20506. 

—  anomala  (Hook.).    59.  Barton  Moss  ;  Pear- 

son. 60.  White  Moss;  Hindburn; 
Cockerham  Moss  ;  W.  and  W. 

Plagiochila  spinulosa  (Dicks.),  Dumort.  60. 
Clougha  ;  Halton  ;  W.  and  W.  Grey- 
garth  Fell;  Wheldon.  Ease  GUI. 
69.  Coniston.  +. 

Jungermania  cordifolia,  Hooker.  60.  Udale  ; 
Ease  Gill:  Tarnbrook  Fell ;  +  ;  W. 
and  W. 

—  riparia,  Tayl.     59.  Bamford  Wood;  G.  A. 

Holt 

—  inflata,  Huds.     var.  laxa,  Carr.      59.  S<- 

monswoodMoss  ;  Beesleyand  Wheldon 
var.  heterostipa  (Spruce),  Lindb.     Tarn- 
brook  Fell;  Wheldon.  Greygarth  Fell ; 

21    Oct.    1903 

—  turbinata,  Raddi.      59.    Southport;    G.  E. 

Hunt  and  Dr.  Carrington 

Obs.  Recorded  as  J.  affinis,  Wils.  Its 
rediscovery  would  be  interesting. 
60.  Nr.  Wennington  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  sphaerocarpa,    Hook.       60.    Kemple  End ; 

Wheldon.  Hindburn  ;  +  ;  W.  and 
W. 

—  Flcerkii,   W.    and  M.     60.    Commonest 

'  barbata '  form,  Wheldon  in  lit. 
var.  Naumaniana,  Nees.     60.    Heights 
Wood;  Wheldon 

—  barbata,  Schmidel.     60.   Much  rarer  than 

J.  Flcerkii,  but  frequent.  Hindburn  ; 
Udale;  +.  W.  and  W. 

—  Lyoni,  Tayl.      60.    Clougha ;     Wheldon. 

Greygarth  Fell;  W.  and  W.  Ease 
Gill 

—  gracilis,  Schleich.     60.    Clougha;    Udale; 

O.  Wyresdale  ;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  incisa,  Schrad.     60.  Clougha  Pike;  Whel- 

don 

—  capitata,  Hooker.       60.    Udale ;    W.   and 

W. 

—  bicrenata,    Schmid.       59.   Whiteley    Dean, 

nr.  Hollingworth  Lake  ;  G.  A.  Holt 

—  ventricosa,  Dicks.      59.     Bamford   Wood; 

Clifton  Junction;  Holt.  60.  W. 
and  W.  69. 

—  minuta,  Crantz.     60.  Clougha;  Hell  Crag; 

Great  dough  ;  Tarnbrook  F.  ;  +  ; 
W.  andW. 

—  crenulata,  Sm.       60.   '  Very  frequent,'  nr. 

Garstang  ;  Ease  Gill ;  +  ;  W.  and 
W. 

Eucalyx  obovata  (Nees),  Lindb.  59.  Bam- 
ford Wood;  Clifton  Junction;  Holt. 
60.  Udale  s  +  ;  W.  and  W. 
Thrushgill  Fell;  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wil- 
son 

Nardia  compressa  (Hook.),  B.  Gr.  60.  Long- 
ridge  Fell;  nr.  Wolfhole  Crag;  Hay- 
lot  Fell;  W.  and  W. 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Hepaticte  (continued) 

Sub-order  I. — Jungermaniaceas  (cont.) 
Nardia  silvrettas  (Gottsche),  Pears.     59.   Gor- 
pley  dough,  Todmorden  ;  G.  A.  Holt 
'This  locality  is  within  the  Lanca- 
shire area,'   being  3   miles   S.W.   of 
Todmorden.     Albert  Wilson  in  litt.     - 
Marsupella  emarginata  (Ehrh.),  Dumort.    60. 

Udale  ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 
Saccogyna    viticulosa    (L.),    Dumort.       59. 
Bamford  Wood;    C.  J.    Wild.     60. 
Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W.  in  litt.  1905. 
'  r.r.' 

Fossombronia  caespitiformis,  De  Not.  59. 
Taunton;  Whitelegge.  Clifton  Junc- 
tion; Cheetham  Hill;  Holt 

—  pusilla  (L.),  Dumort.     59.  Bowker  Bank  ; 

C.  J.  Wild 
var.  ochrospora,  Lindb.     Wintvick  ;  W. 

Wilson.     Eccles  ;  Dr.  Carrington 
Petalophyllum  Ralfsii,  (Wils.),  Gottsche.    59. 

Southport;    Dr.    Carrington,   C.    J. 

Wild,  W.  H.  Pearson 
Moerckia      (Dikena)       hibernica      (Hook.), 

Gottsche.  var.  Wilsoniana,  Gottsche. 

59.  Southport;  Dr.  Carrington,  1863. 
C.  J.  Wild,  1882.     W.  H.  Pearson, 
Crosby   to   Southport;     Wilson    and 
Marrat.     Formby  ;  Jones  and  Whel- 
don, August,  1905 

For  synomyms    see  Du  Mortier, 

Hep.  Eur.  pp.  1 36-7,  and  later  works 

Blasia  pusilla,  L.     59.    Daisy  Nook;    Sailor's 

Shore;    Holden    dough;   Whitehead. 

60.  Caton  Moor;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 
TathamBeck;  A.Wilson 

Pellia  Neesiana,  (Gottsche).  60.  Hindburn; 
Gravelfs  dough  ;  Greygarth  Fell;  W. 
and  W.  Whiteray  Gill,  Hindburn; 
A.  Wilson 

—  calycina   (Tayl.),  Nees.        59.    Southport; 

Rainford;  Walton;  Wheldon.  60. 
Longridge;  St.  Jnne's  ;  Wheldon. 
Hindburn  ;  Arkholme  ;  A.  Wilson 
Aneura  palmata  (Hedw.),  Dumort.  59.  Park 
Bridge;  R.Roberts.  (Fl.  Ashton  and 
Pearson's  Hep.  45 1) 

—  multifida  (L.),  Dumort.  59.  Walton  Junc- 

tion ;  Formby;  Wheldon.  60.  Nr. 
Stonyhurst ;  nr.  Loud  Lower  Bridge  ; 
Wheldon 

—  latifrons,  Lindb.      59.   Walton;  Wheldon 

—  sinuata    (Dicks.).    Dumort.      59.  Bamford 

Wood;  Clifton  Junction ;  Whitehead. 
Walton;  Rainford;  Netherton;  Wheldon 

—  pinguis  (L  ),  Dumort.  59.  Taunton;  Cheet- 

ham Hill;  CKfton  Junction;  White- 
head.  Walton;  Formby;  Southport; 
Pendle  Hill;  Wheldon.  60.  'Fre- 
quent on  the  fells.'  O.  Wyresdale  ; 
+  ;  W.  and  W. 

Metzgeria  pubescens  (Schrank),  Raddi.  60. 
Silverdale;  Over  Kellet ;  +  ;  W.  and 
W.  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson 

—  conjugata,     Lindb.       60.     Throng    End; 

Wheldon 


BOTANY 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cont.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINEJE  (continued) 
Order — Hepaticx  (continued) 

Sub-order  II. — Marchantiaceae 
Reboulia  hemispherica  (L.),  Raddi.  59.  South- 
port;  Crosby;  Marrat.  Nr.  West 
Derby  ;  Harrison.  Churcbtown  ; 
Wheldon.  60.  Middlebarrow  ;  Leek 
Fell;  A.Wilson.  Da/tan  Crag ;  Bur- 
wick;  Whitewell  ;  W.  and  W. 
Chomocarpon  quadratus  (Scop.),  Lindb.  59. 
Sand-hills,  Formby;  Soutbfort ;  Wh. 
60.  Wash  Dub  Wood;  Gravel!  s 
dough;  Dolphinholme  ;  +  ;  W.  and 
W. 

There  are  two  forms  in  the  county  ; 
for  description  see  Lindberg's  last 
work.  C.  commutatus  is  an  arctic 
plant.  Lindberg  also  corrects  the 
spelling  of  the  generic  name  of 
Corda 


CLASS  V.—CRYPTOGAMIA  CELLULARIA  (cent.) 
SUB-CLASS — MUSCINE/E  (continued) 
Order — Hepatic*  (continued) 

Sub-order  II. — Marchantiaceae  (cont.) 
Lunularia  cruciata  (L.),  Dumort.   60.  Between 
H a/ton zndS/yne;  Wheldon.  Garstang; 
A.  Wilson.  Nr.  Hurst  Green;  W.  &  W 
Sub-order  III. — Ricciaceae 
Riccia  glauca,  L.  59.  Walton  ;  Aintree  ;  Whel- 
don.    60.  Nr.  Marlon  Mere,  1905. 
Wheldon  in  litt.     var.  minima.     59. 
C.  J.  Wild 

—  Lescuriana,  Aust.     60.  Limest.  rocks,  nr. 
Silverdale,  1904  ;  W.  and  W.  in  litt. 
Ricciella   fluitans  (L.),    Braun.      59.    Ashton- 
under-Lyne ;  ].  E.  Sunderland,  J.  T. 
Newton.    Moston  ;  R.  Lees.    Reddish 
Canal ;  Holt.     Pearson's  Hep.  rep. 
Sub-order  IV. — Anthocerotaceae 
Anthoceros  punctatus,  L.     59.  Formby  ;  Ain- 
tree;  Wheldon 


SUB-DIVISION  AND  CLASS.— CHARACE/E 


ORDER  CHARES 

Chara  fragilis,  Desv.  A.  Bennett  !  in  litt.  59.  H.  Searle, 
Hb.  Ar.  Bennett.  1882.  J.ofB.  March,  1885, 
pp.  8 1  -8  3 .  West  Kirby  ;  C.  T.  Green.  Reddish  ; 
+  ;  Whitehead,  Wheldon.  60.  Silverdale ; 
Leek;  Petty.  Nr.  Leighton  Beck,  Silverdale; 
A.  Wilson.  69.  VrsvAck  Tarn;  Miss  Hodgson 

—  aspera,  Willd.    A.  Bennett  !  in  litt.  60.  Canal  nr. 

Cabus,  July,  1901.     H.  Beesley,  W.  and  W. 

—  contraria,  Ktttz.  Lancashire  ;  A.  Bennett  !  in  litt. 

59.  Birkdale,  1898,  'abundant.'  Southport ; 
Ainsdale,  '  sparingly  ; '  Wheldon 

—  hispida,  L.     59.  H.  Searle,  1884.  J.ofB.  March, 

1885.  Ponds  on  Caton  Moss  ;  Buxton's  G.  App. 
Nr.  Birkdak ;  Wheldon.  60.  Silverdale,  1890  ; 
C.  Bailey 

—  vulgaris,  L.    A.Bennett  !  in  litt.   59.  Buxton's  G. 

App.  60.  Stonyhurst ;  Croushaw  Reservoir; 
quarry  nr.  Leagram  Mill ;  Fl.  Stony  hurst 
var.  longibracteata,  Kutz.  59.  H.  Searle,  1882. 
/.  ofB.  March,  1885.  Nr.  Crossens ;  nr.  Wal- 
ton: Wheldon.  Guidebridge  ;  Whitehead.  60. 
Between  Blackpool  and  St.  Anne's  ;  Wheldon 


ORDER  CHARES  (continued) 
Chara  vulgaris,  L.  (continued") 

var.  papillata,  Wallr.  59.  H.  Searle,  1882.  Mouth 
of  Alt;  Wheldon 

—  Braunii,  Gmelin.     Lancashire  ;    '  probably  intro- 

duced, A.  Bennett '  !  in  litt.  (with  cotton 
from  Egypt  probably,  J.  C.  Melvill,  in  litt. 
59.  Canal  at  Reddish;  Whitehead,  Armitage, 
Wheldon 

ORDER  NITELLE^E 

Tolypella  glomerata,  Leonh.  Lancashire  ;  A.  Bennett  ! 
in  litt.  59.  Birkdale ;  Wheldon.  60.  Nr.  Lan- 
caster, 1900,-  Wheldon 

—  intricata,    Leonh.      60.    Canal    nr.    Cabus;    W. 

and  W. 

Nitella  flexilis,  Ag.  or  N.  opaca,  Ag.  59.  Chorlton 
Fields.  60.  Abundant  in  Grizedale  Reservoir  ; 
'  not  yet  found  in  fruit,'  W.  and  W. 

—  opaca,  Agardh.     Lancashire  ;  A.  Bennett  !  in  litt. 

59.  Waterhouses;  Park  Bridge;  Filton  Hill; 
Whitehead.  60.  Garstang;  A.  Wilson.  69. 
T.  Hebden.  J.  ofB.  March,  1885 


SUB-DIVISION  AND  CLASS.—  ALG^E 
A.  FRESH  WATER 


In  the  Appendix  to  Buxton's  Botanical  Guide  to  environs  of  Manchester  (16  miles  radius), 
1849,  there  are  a  few  records  by  Professor  Wm.  C.  Williamson,  F.R.S.,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Sidebotham. 
The  following  list  contains  all  the  species  named  therein,  very  little  having  been  added  since  so  far  as 
is  known.  There  must  be  upwards  of  a  thousand  species  of  F.  W.  Algas,  including  diatoms,  in  the 
whole  county.  The  meagre  lists  given  below  will  show  how  much  might  be  done. 


B.  G.  App.  =  Buxton's  Guide  Appendix. 

CLASS  FLORIDE.E 

Batrachospermum  moniliforme,  Roth.      59.  Reddish  ; 
+  ;  B.  G.  App. 

CLASS  CHLOROPHYCE^E 
Coleochaste  scutata,  Breb.      59.   In  a  pond  in  Victoria 

Park  ;  B.  G.  App. 

CEdogonium  Rothii  (Le  Cl.),  Pringsh.     59.    Victoria 
Park;  B.  G.App. 


*  =  Additions  since  B.  G.  App.  1849. 
CLASS  CHLOROPHYCE^E  (continued) 

Bulbochaete  setigera  (Roth.),  Ag.    59.   Chorlton  Field;  : 

B.  G.  App. 
*Hormiscia  subtilis  (Kutz.),  De  Toni.    60.    Summit 

of  Greygarth  Fell.     21  Oct.  1903 
Chaetophora   cornu-damae   (Roth.),  Ag.     59.   Victoiia 

Park  ;  +  ;  E.G.  App. 


70 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CLASS  CHLOROPHYCE^E  (continued) 
Chztophora  tuberculosa   (Roth.),   Ag.      59.   Chorlton 
Fields;  B.  G.App. 

—  elegans  (Roth.),  Ag.   59.   Common  (locally).  B.  G. 

App. 

Draparnaudia  plumosa,  (Vauch.),  Ag.      59.   Chorlton  ; 
B.  G.  App. 

—  glomerata  (Vauch.),  Ag.   59.  Reddish;  B.  G.App. 
Cladophora  glomerata   (L.),  Kiitz.      59.      Abundant 

(locally).     B.  G.  App. 
Mougeotia    genuflexa    (Dillw.),  Ag.      59.  In    almost 

every  ditch  ;  B.  G.  App. 
Zygnema  Vaucherii,  Ag. 

var.  stagnale  (Hass.),  Kirchn.      59.  Common  in 

ditches  ;  B.  G.  App. 
Spirogyra  gracilis   (Hass.),  Kiitz.      59.   Boggy   pools  ; 

B.  G.  App. 

Fam.   DESMIDIACE.K 
Cylindrocystis  Brebissonii,  Menegh.   (59.)  E.G.  App. 

(no  loc.) 
Closterium  Dianae,  Ehrenb.   (59.)  B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.) 

—  moniliferum  (Bory),  Ehrenb.     (59.)    B.  G.  App. 

(no  loc.) 

—  Leibleinii,  Kiitz.     (59.)  B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.) 

—  acerosum  (Schrank),  Ehrenb.     (59.)     B.  G.  App. 

(no  loc.) 

-  Lunula  (Miiller),  Nitzsch.     (59.)  B.  G.  App.  (no 
loc.) 

—  lineatum,  Ehrenb.      (59.)   B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.) 

—  striolatum,  Ehrenb.      (59.)  B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.) 

—  juncidum,  Ralfs.      (59.)  B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.) 

—  turgidum,  Ehrenb.     (59.)  B.  G.  App.   (no  loc.) 

—  Ralfsii,  Breb.     (59.)    B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.),  conf. 

needed 

—  rostratum,  Ehrenb.    (59.)  B.  G.  App.  (no  loc.) 
*Tetmemorus    penioides.      69.    Among    Sphagnum, 

Fumess  Fells.     M.  C.  Cooke  in   GreviSea,  vi. 

1886 
*Cosmarium   Sphagnicolum,  West.     60.  Summit  of 

Greygarth  Fell.      21  Oct.  1903 
'Staurastrum  margaritaceum  (Ehrenb.).  Menegh.    60. 

Summit  of  Greygarth  Fell.      21  Oct.  1903 

Fam.   PALMELLACEJE 
Raphidium  polymorphum,  Fresen. 

var.  falcatum  (Corda),  Rabenh.  (59).    B. G.App. 
Apiocystis  Brauniana,  Nag.     59.  Broad  Green,  Liver- 
pool;  W.  Narramore 


CLASS  MYXOPHYCE^.— Order  HORMOGONE/E 

Tolypothrix  distorta   (Fl.  Dan.),   Kiitz.     59.    Very 

common  ;  B.  G.  App. 
Lyngbya   Martensiana,  Menegh.      59.   Abundant  on 

boggy  pools ;  B.  G.  App. 
Symploca  muralis,  Kiitz.      59.  B.  G.App.    (This  and 

the  last  need  confirmation) 
Oscillatoria  tenuis,  Ag.    59.  B.  G.  App.    69.   Cmiston 

OldMan.  29  Oct.  1903  (ascending  to  i.yooft.) 

CLASS  DIATOMACE^E  =  BACILLARIE^E 

Achnanthes  minutissima,  Kiitz.     (59-)   Pond  in  Bot. 

Gardens 

Cymbella  lanceolata,  Kirchn. 
Stauroneis  Phcenicenteron  (Nitsch.),  Ehrenb. 
Navicula  viridis,  Kiitz. 
Gomphonema  acuminatum,  Ehrenb. 

—  dichotomum,  Ktltz. 

Eunotia  Arcus,  Ehrenb.     Ditches,  Independent  College 
Synedra  capitata,  Ehrenb. 

—  ulna,  Ehrenb. 

—  affinis,  Ktttz. 

var.  fasciculata  (Kutz.).  V.H.    (Needs  confirmn.) 
Meridion  circulare,  Ag. 
Diatoma  elongatum,  Ag. 

—  vulgare,  Bory. 

Surirella  biseriata,  Breb.  Charlton  Fields 

Meloseira  varians,  Ag. 

All  the  above  diatoms  are  recorded  in  Buxton's 
Guide  App.,  and  are  said  to  be  more  or  less  com- 
mon, but  no  locality  is  given  excepting  as  quoted 
above.  Presumably  they  were  found  in  the 
Lancashire  area,  otherwise  they  would  not  be 
considered  common  about  Manchester. 

The  following  from  Buxton's  G.  App.  must  be 
considered  ambiguities  if  not  errors  : — 
Gyrosigma  hippocampus,  Hass. 
Shinctocystis  librilis,  Hass. 
Fragilaria  pectinalis,  Lyngb. 

—  hyemalis,  Lyngb. 

—  rhabdosoma,  Breb. 
Navicula  platystoma,  Ehr. 

There  is  also  Mr.  Comber's  list  of  Diatomacese 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Liverpool,  publ. 
in  Trans,  of  Historic  Soc.  of  Lane,  and  Chesh., 
vol.  xi.  1859. 


Mr.  ].  A.  Martindale  very  kindly  furnished  a  summary  of  Fresh  Water  Algae,  and  one  of 
Desmids  only,  for  Westmorland  and  Lake  Lancashire,  V.C.  69.  Diatoms  are  not  included,  there 
being  no  reliable  information  in  reference  to  them.  The  lists  were  very  carefully  drawn  up  by 
Mr.  Martindale,  from  the  Journal  of  the  Roy.  Microsc.  Soc.  1884,  1886,  and  1892,  and  the  plants 
were  collected  and  vouched  for  by  Mr.  ].  P.  Bisset,  Alf.  W.  Bennett,  and  Wm.  West.  The  total 
number  of  species  recorded,  35  Fr.  Water  Algae  (excl.  Diatoms) ;  167  Desmids,  for  V.C.  69.  Lake 
Lancashire.  The  district  is  the  Lancashire  Leven,  that  is,  the  lower  portion.  Less  time  was  spent 
here  than  in  the  upper  (Westmorland)  portion  ;  the  number  of  species  is  therefore  greater  for  the 
latter.  Mr.  Martindale,  however,  thinks  the  lower  Leven  basin  will  be  found  quite  as  rich  in  forms 
as  the  upper. 

SUMMARY  OF  FR.  WTR.  ALGJE  (EXOLG.  DIATOMS).  V.C.  69 


Palmellace*  . 
Protococcaceae 
Volvocineae  . 
Zygnemaceae  . 
Vaucheriaceae . 


Ulvaceae  .  . 
Confervaceae  . 
CEdogoniaceae  . 
Ulotrichaceae  . 
Chroolepidez . 


Chactophoracea 
Chroococaceae 
Nostochinex  . 
Scytonemeas  . 
Trichophoreas 


Chantransiaceas  . 
Batrachospermeae . 
Lemanaceae  . 

Total     . 


So 


Gonatozygon  . 
Sphoerozosma . 
Hyalotheca  . 
Gymnozyga  . 
Bambusina 
Desmidium 


SUMMARY 


BOTANY 

GENERA  AND  SPECIES  OF  DESMIDIACE^E 


Docidium  . 
Closterium. 
Mesotoenium  . 
Tetmemorus    . 
Spirotcenia 
Micrasterias    . 


Euastrum  .     . 
Cosmarium 
Calocylindrus . 
Xanthidium     . 

Cylindrocystis . 


.   1 7  Arthrodesmu 

.  42  Staurastrum 

'.     4  Total     . 
•    '3 


•  4 

•  32 

167" 


LIST  OF  MARINE 

Of  V.C.    69.  Lake   Lancashire,  compiled  by  J.  A.  MARTINDALE,  revised  by   E.    M.    HOLMES. 

x       Collected  chiefly  near  Barrow-in-Furness 

Authorities  for  records  :   Martyn's  Plant*  Cantabrigiensis,  1763  ;  Dr.  Gibson,  Handbook  to  the 
Lakes,  1854;  Miss  Hodgson,  Ulverston  ;  Mr.  W.  B.  Kendall 


Enteromorpha  compressa,  Grev.      (Dr.  Gibson) 
Monostroma  lactuca  (L.),  J.  Ag.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Ulva  latissima,  J.  Ag.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Cladophora  pellucida,  Klitz.   (Robson's  Brit.  F/.  1777) 

—  Hutchinsiz,  Harv.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  utriculosa,  Ktltz. 

var.  laetevirens,  Hansch.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  rupestris  (L.),  Ktitz 

—  glaucescens,  Guff.      (Mr.  Kendall) 
Bryopsis  hypnoides,  Lamour.      (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  plumosa  (Huds.),  C.  Ag.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Vaucheria  litorea,  B.  and  Ag.  -j 

—  synandra,  Woronin  I   M     j      j. 
_  Thuretii,  Woronin  Nordstedt. 

—  sphoerospora 

Dictyosiphon    fosniculaceus    (Huds.),    Grev.        (Dr. 

Gibson) 
Punctaria  latifolia  (Roth.),  Grev.     (Mr.  Kendall) 

—  plantaginea,  Grev.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Ectocarpus  confervoides  (Roth.),  Le  Jol. 

f.  siliculosa  (Dillw.),  Kjellm.      (Dr.  Gibson) 
Pylaiella  litoralis  (L.),  Kjellm.      (Dr.  Gibson) 
Arthrocladia  villosa,  Duby.     Miss  Hodgson 
Elachista  fucicola  (Veil.),  Aresch.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Sphacelaria  cirrhosa  (Roth.)     C.  Ag.     (Martyn's  PL 

Cantab.  1763) 
Cladostephus   spongiosus    (Lightf.),    C.    Ag.     (Miss 

Hodgson) 

Stypocaulon  scoparium  (L.),  Ktltz.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Leathesia  difformis  (L.),  Aresch.     (Miss  Hodgson) 
Scitosiphon    lomentarius   (Lyngb.),   Jag.     (Mr.    Ken- 
dall) 
Fucus  ceranoides,  L.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  vesiculosus,  L.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  serratus,  L.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

Ascophyllum  nodosum  (L.),  Le  Jol.     (Dr.  Gibson) 


Pelvetia  canaliculata  (L.),  Decaisne  et  Thuret.     (Dr. 

Gibson) 

Halidrys  siliquosa  (L.),  Lyngb.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Dictyota  dichotoma,  Lamour.      (Dr.  Gibson) 
Padina  pavonia,  Gaill.  •  (Martyn's  Fl.  Cantab.  1763) 
Porphyra  laciniata,  C.  Ag.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Chondrus  crispus  (L.),  Stack.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Phyllophora   membranifolia    (Good  and  W.),  J.  Ag. 

(Miss  Hodgson) 

Ahnfeltia  plicata  (Huds.),  Fries.     (Mr.  Kendall) 
Gracilaria  confervoides,  Grev.     (With.  Arr.  1796) 
Calliblepharis    ciliata,    Ktltz.       (Rodymenia    ciliata, 

Miss  Hodgson) 
Lomentaria  articulata,  Lyngb.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  clavellosa,  Gaill.     (Miss  Hodgson) 
Champia  parvula,  Harv.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Chylocladia  kaliformis,  Grev.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Nitophyllum  laceratum,  Grev.       (Mr.   Kendall) 
Laurencia  obtusa,  Lamour.      (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  pinnatifida,  Lamour.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Chondria  dasyphylla,  C.  Ag.      (Miss  Hodgson) 
Polysiphonia  urceolata  (Lightf.),  Grev.     f.  formosa,  J. 

Ag.     (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  fibrillosa  (Dellw),  Grev.      (Dr.  Gibson) 

—  migrescens  (Huds.),  Grev.     f.  affinis,  Harv.   (Miss 

Hodgson) 

—  fastigiata  (Roth.),  Grev.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Antithamnion  plumula,  Thur.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Ceramium  rubrum  (Huds.),  C.  Ag.  f.  prolifera,  J.  Ag. 

(Miss  Hodgson) 

—  flagelliferum,  J.  Ag.     (Mr.  Kendall.)      (?H.  F.) 
Microcladia  glandulosa  (Soland.),  Grev.    (Mr.  Kendall) 
Gloiosiphonia  capillaris,  Carm.  MS.     (Miss  Hodgson) 

Rare. 

Dumontia  filiformis  (Fl.  Dan.),  Grev.     (Dr.  Gibson) 
Corallina  officinalis,  L.     (Dr.  Gibson) 


Since  the  latest  records  of  the  above  list  a  number  of  marine  algae  have  been  recorded  as 
follows  :— 

Trans.  Liverpool  Marine  Biological  Committee,  containing  reports  and  memoirs  of  work  since 
1885.  The  marine  algae  were  named  by  Prof.  R.  J.  Harvey  Gibson,  Prof.  Weiss,  Dr.  Darbishire, 
and  others.  Trans.  L'poo/  Bio/.  Sac.  vol.  5,  1890—1,  pub.  1891,  pp.  83—143,  contains  a  revised 
list  of  marine  algae  of  the  L.M.B.C.  District.  Reprinted  in  vol.  iii.  of  Reports  on  the  Fauna  of 
U pool  Bay,  1892,  with  pagination  altered  to  65-125.  The  first  list  of  algas  was  published  in  1886, 
pp.  312-314,  by  Alfred  Leicester.  There  are  ten  memoirs  of  the  L.M.B.C.,  containing  full 
descriptions  of  typical  marine  plants  and  animals.  The  greater  number  of  these  memoirs  relate  to 
animals.  The  district  embraces  not  only  Lancashire,  but  the  whole  coast  from  S.W.  Scotland  to 
Cardigan,  and  the  Isle  of  Man.  A  list  of  marine  algae  extracted  from  the  above  Transactions  was 
given  in  the  Southport  Handbook,  Brit.  Assoc.  meeting,  1903,  under  Zoology,  but  no  localities 
are  given  ;  therefore  the  plants  mentioned  must  not  be  considered  as  belonging  to  the  county,  with- 
i  81  ii 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

out  reference  to  the  above  Transactions.  Two  very  common  plants  are  recorded  in  Ann.  Rep.  Manch. 
Mlcr.  Soc.  for  1889,  pp.  114-116.     These  are  F.  vesiculosus  and  F.  nodosus. 

The  following  six  species  of  marine  algas  are  recorded  in  '  A  Catalogue  of  the  British  Marine 
Algae,'  by  E.  A.  L.  Batters,  LL.B.,  Supplement  to  the  Journal  of  Botany,  1902.  Of  the  six  species 
only  three  are  additional  to  the  list  compiled  by  Mr.  Martindale.  They  are  marked  thus.* 


Vaucheria  litorea,  B.  and  Ag.     Ulverston 
'Sphacelaria  plumigera,  Holmes.  Addingham,  Walney  1. 
*Padina  pavonia,  Grillon.     Walney  1. 


Lomentaria  articulata,  Lyngb.      Walney  I. 
*Ceramium  Deslongchampsii,  Chauv.      Ulvmton 
—  flabelligerum.     Ulverston 


Dr.  H.  Stolterforth,  M.A.,  of  Chester,  named  all  the  marine  diatoms  for  the  Liverpool  Marine 
Biol.  District.  The  account  is  published  in  2nd  Report  of  the  L.M. B.C.,  1889.  None  of  these 
records  refer  to  Lancashire,  but  to  Cheshire  and  North  Wales.  A  bibliography  of  Liverpool,  etc., 
is  given.  It  is  unaccountable  that  Lancashire  Algae  (including  Diatoms),  both  of  fresh  and  salt 
water,  should  have  been  so  neglected,  more  so  than  any  other  county  apparently. 

For  further  references  see  Dr.  Van  Heurck's  Synopsis,  ch.  iii.  p.  43,  etc. 


Series  II.— Tribe  III. 

Basomyces  rufus,  DC.      60.  Middle  Gill,    H'mdburn ; 
nr.  Gressintham  ;  W.  and  W. 


CLASS  LICHENES 
(Lichen  forming  Fungi) 

More  conveniently  placed  here  than  under  the  class  Fungi  proper.  No  attention  was  paid  to 
the  lichens  until  the  present  decade.  Messrs.  Wheldon  and  Wilson  have  recently  devoted  some 
time  to  the  study  of  West  Lancashire  species.  The  following  list,  which  is  based  on  their  MS. 
must  not  therefore  be  taken  as  representative  of  the  lichen  flora  of  the  county.  Many  of  their 
doubtful  plants  have  been  submitted  to  Messrs.  J.  A.  Martindale  and  E.  M.  Holmes.  See  Journal 
of  Botany,  September,  1904. 

FAM.   II.— COLLEMACEI 

Tribe  II. — COLLEMEI 
Lichina  confinis,  Ag.     60.  Tidal  rocks,  nr.  Silverdale; 

W.  and  W. 

Collema    granuliferum,    Nyl.        59.    Birkdale ;    Wh. 
60.   Silverdale  ;  +  ;  Wh.  and  Wi. 

—  melaenum,  Ach.     60.   Tealand ;  Wheldon 

—  furvum,  Ach.     60.  Siherdale ;  W.  and  W. 

—  flaccidum,  Ach.   60.    Nr.  Henridden  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  pulposum,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Tealand 

—  multipartitum,  Sm.  Eng.  Sot.  60.  Silverdale  ;  near 

Whitcwcll;  W.  and  W. 

—  isidioides,  Nyl.     60.   Warton  Crag;  Martindale 
Collemodium    plicatile,    Nyl.      60.  Silverdale  Cove; 

near  Whitewell ;  W.  and  W. 

—  fluviadle,  Nyl.     60.  Stones  in  R.  H  odder ;  Wh. 

—  Schraderi,  Nyl.     60.  Da/ton  Crag;  W.  and  W. 
"Leptogium    pulvinatum,    Nyl.       60.    +  ;  Wi. 

—  lacerum,    Gray.     60.  Dalton   Crag;    Ease    Gill; 

W.  and  W. 

FAM.  III.— LICHENACEI 

Sphinctrina    turbinata,    Fr.     69.    Nr.     Ferry     Hotel, 

Windermere  ;  J.  A.  Martindale  in  litt. 
Coniocybe  pallida,  Fr.      60.   Clougha ;   R.Jacob 
Calicium  hyperellum,  Ach.     60.   Between  Hornby  and 

Melling;  nr.  Wennington  ;  Wh.  and  Wi. 
Trachylia  tympanella,   Fr.      60.    Greystoneley ;    Crag 

Wood;  W.  and  W. 

FAM.— SPH^EROPHOREI 

Sphsrophorus  coralloides,  Pers.   60.   Graveirs  Clough  ; 
Clougba;  W.  and  W.     69.  Conistm  Old  Man. 

—  fragilis,  Ach.     60.  GravelPs  Clough;  Bottom  Head 

Fell;  Deer   dough;  Woljhole    Crag;  Wh.  and 
Wi. 


FAM.— STEREOCAULEI 

Stereocaulon  evolutum,  Graewe.      60.  Clougka.     Deer 
Clough  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  denudatum,  Florke.     60.  Head  of  Great  Clough ; 

Grey  garth  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

—  condensatum,    Hoffm.     60.   Wolfhole    Crag;    W. 

andW. 

FAM.— CLADONIEI 

Cladonia  pyxidata,  Fr.     Common.     59.  60.  69. 

var.  chlorophaea,  FlOrke.  60.  Tatham  Moor ; 
W.andW.  69.  Nr.  Ferry  Hotel,  Winder- 
mere;  Martindale.  Waterhead,  Coniston 

var.  pocillum,  Fr.  60.  Shore  at  St.  Anne's  ; 
Wheldon 

—  pityrea,    Florke.     60.  Gully  nr.  Lea  Fell;    W. 

and  W. 

—  fimbriata,  Fr.     60.   Railbanks,  Silverdale  ;  Parlick 

Pike,  etc.  ;  W.  and  W. 

var.  tubaeformis,  Fr.  59.  Netherton ;  Whel- 
don. 69.  Waterhead,  Coniston 

* —  fibula,  Nyl.     var.  subcoronata,  Nyl.     69.  Ferry 
Hotel,  Windermere  ;  Martindale 

—  ochrochlora,  Florke.   69.  Nr.  Ferry  Hotel,  Winder- 

mere  ;  Martindale 

—  cervicornis,    Schaer.      60.   Clougha;    Long    Crag, 

etc.  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  lepidota,  Nyl.     60.  Clougha;  Wheldon.     Ward- 

stone;  W.  and  W. 

—  furcata,  Hoffm.     59.  Hightown ;  Wheldon.     60. 

Whiteviell,  etc.  ,•  W.    and  W.     Greygarth  Fell. 
69.  Coniston  Old  Man 


82 


BOTANY 


Cladonia  furcata,  Hoffm.  (continued) — 

var.  corymbosa,  Nyl.   60.     Greygarth  Fell 
var.  spinosa,   Hook.     69.  Nr.   Ferry    Hotel, 

Windermere  ;  Martindale 

* —  racemosa,  Hoffm.  f.  recurva,  Florke.  69.  Coniston 
Old  Man 

—  pungens,  Flarke.     *C.  muricata,  Crombie.     Grey- 

garth  Fell,  2,050  ft.  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  squamosa,  Hoffm.    60.   Clougha  Pike  ;  W.  and  W. 

L.  Easegill;  Wilson.     Greygarth  Fell 

—  caespititia,  Florke.     60.  Common  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  coccifera,  Schuer.      60.   Clougha,  etc.  ;  W.  andW. 

—  digitata,  Hoffm.      60.    Grizedale;    Clougha;   +  ; 

W.  and  W. 

—  macilenta,  Hoffm.     60.  Common  on   the  fells  ; 

W.  and  W.     69.     Coniston  Old  Man 

var.  coronata,  Nyl.     60.   Greygarth  Fell 

—  bacillaris,   Nyl.     60.  Clougha  ;  Middle    Gill;  W. 

and  W. 

var.  subcoronata,    Nyl.      69.    Coniston    Old 
Man 

—  Florkeana,   Fr.  forma.     60.  Grizedale  Hd.     W. 

and  W. 

Cladina  rangiferina  (L.)  Nyl.     60.     Greygarth  Fell ; 
A.  Wilson. 

—  silvatica,  (Hoffm.),  Nyl.      59.  60.  On  all  the  fells  ; 

A.  Wilson.     69.  Common 

var.  alpestris,  Nyl.   60.      Wardstone  Breast ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  uncialis,  Nyl.     60.     Tambrook  Fell ;  Clougha,  etc. ; 

W.  and  W.     Greygarth  Fell 

f.  adunca,  Cromb.   Greygarth  Fell,  2,050  ft.  ; 
W. and  W. 

Series  III.— Tribe  IX. 

Ramalina  farinacea,  Ach.     60.  Ireby  ;  nr.  Leek ;  A. 
Wilson 

—  fraxinea,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Burrow  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  fastigiata,  Ach.     60.  Lower  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson 

—  polymorpha,  Ach.    60.   Nr.  Heysham;  W.andW. 

—  scopulorum,  Ach.     60.  Heysham  ;  Wh. 

var.  incrassata,  Nyl.     Heysham  ;  Wheldon 

—  cuspidata,    Nyl.     60.     Heysham ;  Middleton  (and 

f.  minor)  ;  W.  and  W. 

Tribe  X.   USNEI 

Usnea    hirta,    Hoffm.       60.     Whitewell;     Trough    of 
Rowland;  W.  and  W.    Leek  ;  Wi. 

—  ceratina,  Ach.     var.  scabrosa,  Ach.     60.   On  grit 

rocks,  Clougha  ;   Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  dasypoga,     Nyl.     var.     plicata,     Nyl.     60.     Nr. 

Lower  Emmetts  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  articulata,  Hoffm.      59.  Burnley  ;  Crombie  (pro- 

bably extinct) 

Tribe   XL,  Nyl 

Alectoria  bicolor,  Nyl.     60.     Clougba  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  jubata,  Nyl,  var.  lanestris,  Ach.     60.  On  fir  tree, 

Marshaw  Fell:  W.  and  W. 

Tribe   XII.,  Nyl 

Cetraria  islandica   (L.)  Ach.      f.  crispa,  Ach.      60. 
Summit  of  Greygarth  Fell 

—  aculeata  (Ach).    Fr.    59.  60.  69.     Very  common 

on  the  fells,      f.  hispida      60.  69. 


Platysma  glaucum  (L.)  Nyl.     59.  Wh.  60.  Common  ; 
W.  and  W. 

f.  ampullaceum,  Crombie  (a  monstrosity, 
caused  by  a  parasite,  Abrothallus  Smithii) 
59.  Coin  (first  detected  here  as  British 
Crombie,  p.  227) 

var.  tenuisectum,  Crombie.  60.  Clougha ; 
Martindale.  Hell  Crag,  Wardstone,  etc.  ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  triste  (Web.).      (Parmelia  tristis,  Nyl.)     60.  Hell 
Crag;   Long  Crag;  W.  and  W. 


Series  IV.  Tribe  XIII.,  Nyl 

Evernia  prunastri,  Ach.  59.  Langho ;  Wh.  60 
Tealand,  etc.;  W.  and  W.  69.  (Martin- 
dale) 

f.  sorediata.       60.     Whitewell ;    Leek;    W. 
and  W. 

—  furfuracea,  Fr.      59.     Pendle  Hill;  60.   Greygarth 

Fell  (2,000  feet),  etc.  ;  W.  and  W. 
Parmelia    perlata,    Ach.     60.  Lower  Ease    Gill;    A. 
Wilson.     69.   Nr.     Windermere    Ferry    Hotel- 
Martindale 

—  cetrarioides,    Nyl.     60.     Chaigley ;  nr.    Clougha ; 

W.  and  W. 

—  laevigata,  Ach.     60.   Whitewell ;  W.  and  W. 

—  scortea,  Ach.     69.  Nr.  Ferry  Hotel,  Windermere ; 

}.  A.  Martindale  (in  litt.) 

—  saxatilis,   Ach.      59.    Maghul!  ;    Wh.     60.    (W. 

and  W.)    !     69.   (Martindale)  ! 

—  sulcata,  Tayl.       59.    Netherton ;    Wh.     60.    (W. 

and  W.)     69.      (Martindale) 

—  omphalodes,    Ach.     59.     (Wheldon).      60.     (W. 

and  W.) 

—  Borreri,  Turn.     60.  Nr.  Aughton  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  caperata,  Ach.     60.  Ireby  ;  nr.  Caton  ;  etc.     W. 

andW. 

—  conspersa,  Ach.      60.  Ease    Gill;    W.    and    W. 

69.  Nr.   Ferry  Hotel,  Windermere;  Martindale 

—  prolixa,  Nyl.     60.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

— •  exasperata,  Nyl.  60.  Do/phinholme,  etc.  ;  W. 
andW. 

—  subaurifera,    Nyl.       60.     Nr.    Kirkby    Lonsdale ; 

Whitewell;  W.  and  W. 

—  fuliginosa,  Nyl.     59.  Netherton;  Wheldon.     60. 

Whttestone,  etc.  ;  W.  and  W.     69.   Windermere; 
Martindale 

v.  laete-virens,   Nyl.       59.  Wheldon.      60. 
(W.  and  W.) 

—  lanata,  Wallr.     60.  Hell  Crag 

—  physodes,  Ach.     60.   Frequent,  W.  and  W. 


Tribe  XV.,  Nyl 

Peltidea  aphthosa,  Ach.     60.  Middle  Gill;  Hindbuni; 

Silverdale  ;  Ease  Gill ;  W.  and  W. 
Solorina    saccata    (L.),    Ach.      60.  Ease    Gill  Kirk; 

Silverdale;    W.    and    W.      Daltm    Crag;    A. 

Wilson 
Peltigera  canina  (L.),  Ach.      59.  60.  69 

—  rufescens,  Hoffm.     60.   (W.  and  W.) 

f.  prxtextata,   Flk.       69.    Nr.  Feny  Hotel, 
Windermere ;  Martindale.     Coniston 

—  polydactyla,  Hoffm.     60.  Lower  Baiter ;  W.  and 

W.     69.   Nr.  Ferry  Hotel,  Windermere;  Mar- 
tindale 

—  horizontalis,  Hoffm.     60.  (W.  and  W.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Tribe  XVI.,  Nyl 

Physcia  parietina  (L.),  De  Not.      59.  60.  69 

—  ciliaris,  DC.     60.  Aughton  ;  W.  and  W.  'rare' 

—  lychnea,  Nyl.     60.  Nr.  Whltewell ;  W.  and  W. 

—  pulverulenta  (Schreb.),  Nyl.   59.  Kirkby ;  Whel- 

don.  60.  Silverdale;  Tea/and;  Wh.  Nr. 
Carnforth;  Wi. 

—  pityrea,  Nyl.     60.  Silveretale  ;  nr.  Carnforth  ;  W. 

and  W. 

—  stellaris,  Nyl.      v.  leptalea,   Ach.       59.  Kirkby; 

Wh.  60.  Between  Carnforth  and  O.  Kellet ; 
Wi.  Eaves  Wood;  Wh. 

* —  tenella   (Scop.),  Nyl.     60.   Greystoneley ;  White- 
well;  W.  and  W.     Nr.  Carnforth;  Wi. 

—  aipolia,  Nyl.     60.  Nr.  Gressingham  ;  W.  and  W. 

Tribe  XVII. 

Gyrophora  cylindrica   (L.),  Ach.     69.  Coniston   Old 
Man  (2,630  feet  and  1,780  feet) 

—  torrefacta   (Lightf.),   Crombie.        60.      Frequent 

above  1,500  feet  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  polyphylla  (L.),  Turn,  and  Borr.    60.   Wardstone; 

FoxdaleHead;  Grizedale  Hd. ;  Long  Crag;  Gt. 
C lough  of  Tarnbrook  Fell;  W.  and  W.  Wall. 
Lower  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson 

—  flocculosa    (Wulf.),  Turn   and  Borr.     60.   Tarn- 

brook  Fell;  Gravell's  C  lough  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  hyperborea,  Ach.     60.  Leighton's  Lichen  Flora 

Series  V. — PLACODEI,  Nyl 

Pannaria  brunnea,  Nyl.     60.  Lower  Ease  Gill ;    W. 

andW. 
Pannularia    nigra,   Nyl.       59.   Clitheroe ;    Wh.     60. 

Silverdale ;  nr.   Leek  Hall;    Whltewell;    Grey- 

sloneley;  Warton  Crag;  W.  and  W. 
Coccocarpia  plumbea,  Nyl.     60.    Nr.    Aughton ;    nr. 

Arkholme  ;  W.  and  W. 
Leproloma  lanuginosum,  Nyl.    60.  L.  Ease  Gill;   W. 

andW. 
Lecanora  crassa,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Berwick  ;  W.  and  W. 

Silverdale;  Wh.     69.  Hamps  Fell,  Grange;  A. 

Wilson,  MS. 

—  saxicola,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Whltewell;  nr.  M filing 

—  callopisma,  Ach.     60.   Silverdale  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  sympagea,  Nyl.   60.   Whltewell ;  Berwick  ;  Hornby  ; 

W.  and  W. 

—  tegularis,  Nyl.      60.    Silverdale ;  Lower  Emmetts  ; 

Wh.  and  W. 

—  lobulata,  Somm.     60.  Silverdale ;  W.  and  W. 

—  xantholyta,    Nyl.     60.  Over  Kellet;  A.  Wilson. 

Silverdale;  Wheldon 

—  pruinosa,  Nyl.     60.  Nr.  Wennington ;  W.  and  W. 

—  laciniosa,  Nyl.     60.  Nr.  Carnforth;  W.  and  W. 

—  vitellina,  Ach.       59.    Maghull ;    Wheldon.      60. 

Berwick  ;  Caton  ;  Aughton  ;  Hornhy  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  erythrella,  Nyl.  60.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  ferruginea,  Nyl.      60.  L.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  galactina,  Ach.  60.  Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson 

—  chlarona,  Nyl.  60.  Abbeystead;  W.  and  W. 

—  coilcarpa,  Nyl.  60.  L.  Ease  Gill ;  W.  and  W. 

—  allophana,  Nyl.      59.    Kirkby ;  Wh.     60.    Wash 

Dub  Wood;  Abbey  stead 

—  rugosa,  Nyl.     60.  Siherdale ;  Yeaknd ;  W.  and 

W. 

—  glaucoma,  Ach.     60.  Greygarth  Fell;  A.  Wilson 

—  varia,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Whltewell ;  W.  and  W. 


84 


Lecanora  conizaea,  Nyl.  59.  Maghull;  Wheldon.  60. 
Whltewell;  W.  and  W.  Barnacre  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  conizaeoides,  Nyl.      60.    Silverdale;    Whltewell; 

Wheldon 

—  intricata,  Nyl.     60.  L.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  expallens,  Ach.     var.  lutescens,  Nyl.     60.   Below 

Kirby  Lonsdale  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  badia,  Ach.     60.  L.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  symmictera,    Nyl.       59.     Palings,    nr. 

Wheldon 

—  polytropa,  Schaer.     69.  Coniston  Old  Man,  2,633 

—  ventosa,  Ach.     60.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  tartarea    (L.),   Ach.     60.   Wolfbole  Crag;  Ward- 

stone  ;  Clougka,  etc  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  subtartarea,  Nyl.       60.  Nr.  Burrow  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  parella,    Ach.       The    Perelle    d'Auvergne    of  S. 

France.  59.  Netherten ;  Wheldon.  60.  Nr. 
Carnforth;  A.  Wilson.  Me/ling;  W.  and  W. 
69.  Wlndermere;  Martindale 

—  subfusca,  Nyl.      60.  Hornby  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  atra,  Ach.     60.  Trees,  nr.  Caton  ;  Wheldon 

—  ochracea  (Schaer).     60.  Silverdale  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  irrubata,  Ny-.     60.  Siherdale ;  Wheldon 

—  privigna,  Nyl.      59.  Maghull ;  Wheldon 

—  pallescens,  Nyl.     Nr.  Dalton  Hall;  W.  and  W. 

—  calcarea,   Somm.     f.   contorta,  Nyl.     60.  Silver- 

dale  ;  W.  and  W. 

Sub-Tribe  III.,  Nyl 

Pertusaria  globulifera  (Turn.),  Nyl.  60.  Crook  of 
Lune  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  Nr.  Ferry  Hotel,  Wln- 
dermere; Martindale 

—  velata,  Nyl.     60.  Black  Chugh  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  dealbata,   Nyl.     60.  Middle  Gill,  Hindburn,  and 

Tarnbrook  Fell;  W.  and  W. 

—  lactea,   Nyl.     60.  Nr.  Hornby;    Caton;  W.  and 

W. 

—  communis,  DC.        60.    Hindburn ;    W.   and  W. 

Wennington;  Wilson.  69.  Nr.  Ferry  Hotel, 
Windermere  ;  Martindale 

—  aipolia,  Nyl.     60.  Gressingham  ;  W.  and  W. 

f.  rupestris,  DC.       60.    Black  C  lough  ;  W. 
and  W. 

—  Wulfenii,  DC.      60.  Middle  Gill;  Weljkele  Crag, 

on  trees  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  amara,   (Ach.),   Nyl.      59.    Clitheroe;  Wh.     60. 

Whltewell,  etc.,  W.  and  W.      69.   Wlndermere; 

Martindale 
Phlyctis    agelaea,    Korb.     60.  Nr.    Wennington;    W. 

and  W. 
Thelotretna  lepadinum,  Ach.     60.  Whltewell,  W.  and 

W.     69.  Nr.  Ferry  Hotel,  Windermere;  Mar- 
tindale 
Urceolaria  scruposa,  Ach.       59.  Rainford ' ;  Wheldon. 

60.  Chugha  ;  Whitestone  Clough  ;  W.  and  W. 
*  —  bryophila,  Nyl.     60.  On  Cladonia  pyxidata  and 

mosses  in  Whitestone  Clough;  W.  and  W. 

FAM.— LECIDEINEI 

Lecidea  lurida  (Swartz.).  60.  Dalton  Crag;  W. 
andW. 

—  crustulata    (Ach.).      60.    Dale    Gill,   Hindburn; 

Clougha;  W.  and  W. 

—  lucida,  Ach.     59.  Nr.  Liverpool;  Sir  J.  E.  Smith. 

60.  Meting,  etc.;  Wh.  and  Wi.  69.  Nr. 
Ferry  Hotel,  Windermere  ;  Martindale 


BOTANY 


FAM.— LECIDEINEI  (continued) 
Lecidea  decolorans,  FlOrke.    60.  Clougha;  Wh.   Ward- 
stones  W.  and  W. 

—  enteroleuca,  Ach.  60.  Grey  garth  Fell ;  A.Wilson 

—  parasema,  Ach.      59.    RainforJ.     60.    Silver/tale  ; 

Yealand;  Wh.     Wash  Dub  Wood;  W.  and  W. 
var.    tabescens,    Leight.        60.    Nr.    Haioes 

Water;  Wheldon 

— •  uliginosa  (Schrad.),  Ach,     60.   Wardstone  Breast ; 
W.  and  W. 

—  coarctata  (Sm.).     60.  Hindburn ;  W.  and  W. 

—  plana,  Lahm.     60.   Clougha;  Wheldon 

—  lactea  (FlOrke).     60.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  fusco-atro,  Ach.     f.  fumosa,   Ach.     60.  L.  Ease 

Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  subkochiana,  Nyl.       60.  Greygarth  Fell;  W.  and 

W. 

—  contigua,  Fr.     59.  Netherton  ;  Wh.     60.  White- 

stone  Chugh  ;   +  ;  W.  and  W. 

f.  platycarpa,  Fr.  60.  Gravel? s  Chugh;  W. 
and  W.  69.  Nr.  WinJermere ;  Martin- 
dale 

—  confluens,  Web.     60.  Wall  on  summit  of  Grey- 
garth  Fell;  Wilson.    Great  Chugh  ;  W.  and  W. 
-  calcivora  (Ehrh.).     60.  SilverJale;  W.  and  W. 

—  canescens,    Dicks.       60.  Borteitk ;    W.    and    W. 

SilverJale;  Wheldon 

—  myriocarpa,  DC.       60.    Melting;     W.  and  W. 

Caton  ;  Wh. 

—  caeruleo-nigricans,    Nyl.        60.     Frequent    about 

SilverJale;  Teaknd ;  Wheldon.     Dalton  Crag; 
A.  Wilson 

—  lenticularis,  Ach.     60.  SilverJale  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  albo-atra   (Hoffm.).     60.  On  oak,   Bamacre ;  A. 

Wilson 

—  aromatica,  Ach.       60.   Warton  Crag  ;  A.  Wilson 

—  exauthematica,     Sm.      60.  Nr.    Howes    Water ; 

Wheldon.     Dalton  Crag;  A.  Wilson 

—  pelidna,  Ach.  (umbrina,  Ach.).        60.  Lower  Ease 

Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  sabuletorum,  FlOrke.     60.  Dalton  Crag;  A.  Wil- 

son 

—  endoleuca,  Nyl.     60.  Below  Kirkby  Lonsdale  ;  W. 

andW. 

—  muscorum    (Swartz).       60.    L.   Ease   Gill;    W. 

and  W. 

—  geographica  (L.)    60.  Great  Clough  ;  W.  and  W. 

Ease  Gill;  A.  Wilson.     69.  Coniston  Fells 

—  concentrica,  Dav.       60.     Gravel!'' 't    Chugh;    60. 

Whitewell;  W.  and  W. 

—  rimosa,  Dicks.     60.  Greygarth  Fell ;  A.  Wilson 

—  cupularis    (Ehrh.).       60.    Greygarth    Fell;     nr. 

Hatves  Water;  A.  Wilson 

—  parasitica  (FlOrke).     60.  On  Lecan.  parella,  Ease 

Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  coriacella,  Nyl.     69.  Coniston   Old  Man;  ].    A. 

Martindale  (in  litt.) 


Lecid 


FAM.— LECIDEINEI  (continued) 
XL  neglecta,  Nyl.     60.  An  undeveloped  state  of 
this     (Lepraria     lobiferaria,    Nyl.),    spreading 
over  mosses,  Borwick,  etc.  ;  W.  and  W. 

FAM.— GRAPHIDEI 
Opegrapha  atra,  Pers.     60.  Dolphinholme  ;  Wheldon 

—  herpetica,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Abbeystead  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  varia,  Pers.     60.  (W.  and  W.)     f.  notha,    Ach. 

Barnacre  ;  Wi.    f.  pulicaris,  Lightf.    60.  Silver- 
dale;  W.  andW. 

—  vulgata,  Ach.     60.  Homes  Water ;  Whitewell;  W. 

and  W. 

—  saxatilis,  DC.     60.   (W.  and  W.) 

—  Chevallieri,  Leight.     60.   (W.  and  W.) 
Arthonia    Swartziana,  Ach.     60.  Wash  Dub  Wood ; 

W.  and  W. 

—  pruinosa,  Ach.     60.  Nr.  Abbeystead;  W.  and  W. 
Graphis  elegans,  Sm.       60.  Roeburndale ;  O.   Wyres- 

Jale;  Whitewell;  +  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  scripta,  Ach.      60.  Roeburndale ;  Abbeystead ;  +  ; 

W.  and  W. 

—  sophistica,  Nyl.    60.  SilverJale ;  Whitewell;  Ease 

Gill:  W.  and  W. 

PYRENOCARPEI 
FAM.— ENDOCARPEI 

Endocarpon  miniatum  (L.),  Ach.  60.  SilverJale; 
Hodder  Valley,  etc.  ;  W.  and  W.  69.  Yew- 
barrow;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

v.    complicatum  (Sw.).     60.  Hatves  Water  ; 
Wheldon.     Leek  Fell;  Wilson 

—  rufescens,  Ach.     60.  Hawes  Water ;  Wh.  Warton 

Crag;  Wi.     69.  Hamfs  Fell;  A.  Wilson,  MS. 

FAM.— VERRUCARIEI 

Verrucaria  calciseda,  DC.  60.  SilverJale  ;  Wh. 
Whitewell;  W.  and  W. 

—  Dufourei,  DC.     60.  Ease  Gill;  SilverJale;    W. 

andW. 

—  nitida,  Weig.     60.  SilverJale;  Wh.     Whitewell; 

W.  and  W. 
-    glaucoma,  Ach.     60.  SilverJale ;  W.  and  W. 

—  conoidea,  (Fr.).     60.   Over  Kellet ;  A.  Wilson 

—  margacea,  (Wahlenb.).    var.  ^Ethiobola.Wahlenb. 

60.  Wash  Dub  Wood  Beck  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  nigrescens  (Pers).     60.  SilverJale  ;  Wheldon 

—  rupestris,  Schrad.     60.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  epidermidis,  Ach.      59.  Netherton  ;  Wheldon 

—  immersa,  Leight.     60.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  gemmata,  Ach.   59.  Trees  near  Clitheroe  ;  Whel- 

don.   Nr.  Whittington  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  maura,  Wahlenb.     60.  S.  of  Hey  sham  ;  W.  and  W. 

—  mauroides,  Schasr.     60.  L.  Ease  Gill;  W.  and  W. 

—  chlorotica,  Ach.     60.  SilverJale  ;  W.  and  W. 


SUB-DIVISION  AND  CLASS.— FUNGI 

Of  this  great  and  important  sub-division  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  with  its  groups  and  classes, 
not  a  single  order  has  had  any  attention  given  to  it.  As  far  as  publications  go,  there  are  only  the 
most  casual  references  to  solitary  species.  The  only  attempt  at  list-making  is  one  of  eight  species, 
all  found  in  the  north  of  the  county.  All  these  eight  species  are  more  or  less  well  known  parasites  on 
herbaceous  plants,  and  as  all  flowering  plants  and  many  flowerless  plants  have  theirs,  there  should  be 
found  in  the  county  some  two  to  three  thousand  forms.  Of  the  fifteen  hundred  British  Agaricaceae 
only  two  names  have  been  put  on  paper  in  a  little-known  periodical,  that  is  as  far  as  we  can  ascertain. 

85 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Three  other  Hymenomycetes  in  the  same  periodical,  and  twenty  miscellaneous  species,  belonging  to 
various  groups  and  orders,  constitute  the  records.  There  may  be  old  records,  and  some  in  local 
societies'  publications,  unknown  to  us.  A  well  organized  mycological  society  is  much  needed  in  the 
county,  having  members  residing  in  all  the  vice-counties.  However  energetic  the  student  may  be 
he  cannot  alone  investigate  more  than  a  small  portion  of  a  county  the  size  of  Lancashire,  even  if 
he  gave  all  his  leisure  hours  to  the  study  of  its  fungi.  It  does  not  seem  desirable  to  enumerate 
the  recorded  species  of  fungi,  but  the  references  are  given  below. 

Grevilka,  March  and  June,  1886  ;  March  and  Decem-  Gardener's  Chronicle,  28  July,  1888,  p.  104,  fig.  II 

ber,     1887  ;    June    and     September,     1889  ;  Wesley    Naturalist,    June,    September,    i?"° 
December,  1890  1889,  etc. 

The  Naturalist,  June,  1901  ;  November,  1896,  etc.  Rep.  Manch.  Microsc.  1889,  pp.  117-118 

Midland  Naturalist,  July,  1888,  p.  189  Research,  November,  1889,  p.  114 

The  vertical  range  in  Lancashire  of  some  more  or  less  well-known  Agaricacese  may  be  of 
interest,  as  they  have  not  previously  been  recorded  for  the  county.  The  observations  were  made  in 
the  middle  of  the  autumn  of  1 903  by  the  writer  of  this  article.  In  other  parts  of  the  county  some 
of  these  fungi,  now  recorded  for  the  agrarian  zone  of  Watson,  may  be  found  just  within  the 
Inferarctic  zone,  that  is,  where  the  land  rises  to  that  height. 


Lepiota  granulosa,  Batsch.  .  .  . 
Clitocybe  brumalis,  Fr. 

Greygarth      Coniston 
Fell.          Old  Man. 
Feet.              Feet. 
2,050            2,62O 

—           1,600 

Naucoria  semiorbicularis,  Bi 
Stropharia  stercoraria,  Fr.    . 

Greygarth     Conirton 
Fell.         Old  Man. 
Feet.              Feet, 
ill.      .       2,050            1,150 
.      .          2,6oo 

Mycena  galericulata,  Scop.  .     .     . 
—  filopes,  Bull,  forma  .... 
—  pullata,  Bolt  
Omphalia  fibula,  Bull,  v.  Swartzii, 
Fr  
Entoloma  sericeum.  Bull     . 

400 
—               1,15° 

400 
I,  ICO            1,700 

—  semiglobata,  Batsch. 
Hygrophorus  laetus,  Fr.      . 
—  obrusseus,  Fr. 
—  Colemanianus,  Blox. 
Marasmius       androsaceus, 
Fr. 

.      .          2,300 
.      .          —                  900 
.      .           —                   800 

(L.)i 

—                 400 

ZOOLOGY 

MARINE   ZOOLOGY 

It  is  quite  impossible,  in  an  article  of  this  nature,  to  treat  the  invertebrate 
fauna  of  the  sea  fringing  the  coast  of  Lancashire  in  anything  like  detail. 
An  immense  amount  of  investigation  has  been  carried  out  during  the  last 
twenty  years,  and  the  fauna  and  flora  of  the  Irish  Sea  have  now  been  investi- 
gated more  completely  than  most  other  similar  areas  of  the  British  seas,  the 
Firth  of  Forth  and  St.  Andrew's  Bay  in  Scotland  and  the  English  Channel 
being  excepted.  There  are  now  two  biological  stations  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Irish  Sea — one  at  Piel  in  the  Barrow  Channel,  and  the  other  at  Port 
Erin  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  Four  distinct  organizations — the  Lancashire  Sea 
Fisheries  Committee,  the  Liverpool  Biological  Society,  the  Liverpool  Marine 
Biology  Committee,  and  the  Southport  Society  of  Natural  Science — are  now  in 
existence  and  are  still  investigating  Lancashire  waters.  The  marine  zoology 
of  this  area  has  therefore  received  and  is  still  receiving  very  considerable 
attention. 

Physically  the  Irish  Sea  is  for  the  most  part  a  shallow  water  basin.  The 
North  Channel  which  connects  it  with  the  Atlantic  and  the  Firth  of  Clyde 
is,  in  places,  of  considerable  depth  (over  140  fathoms),  and  on  the  south 
St.  George's  Channel  varies  from  40  to  about  90  fathoms.  To  the  westward 
of  the  Isle  of  Man  there  is  a  deep  depression  in  which  depths  of  50  to  80 
fathoms  may  be  found.  With  these  exceptions  the  greater  extent  of  the  Irish 
Sea  area  is  comparatively  shallow.  The  southern  entrance  is  wide,  but  the 
northern  inlet  is  very  restricted,  and  to  this  cause  is  due  the  peculiar  conditions 
of  the  tides.  The  tidal  wave  coming  in  from  the  Atlantic  impinges  obliquely 
on  the  south-west  coast  of  Ireland,  and  there  splits  up  into  three  main  streams. 
One  of  these  passes  up  the  English  Channel  and  enters  the  North  Sea  through 
the  Straits  of  Dover,  but,  becoming  reflected  from  this  narrow  outlet,  sets  up 
very  peculiar  tidal  phenomena.  Another  main  stream  passes  up  the  Bristol 
Channel,  producing  the  high  tides  in  the  Severn.  The  remaining  stream 
passes  up  through  St.  George's  Channel  into  the  Irish  Sea.  Continuing  on, 
the  Atlantic  tidal  crest  passes  round  the  north  of  Scotland,  entering  the  North 
Sea,  but  a  part  of  it  also  runs  down  the  North  Channel,  and  so  enters  the 
Irish  Sea  from  the  north.  Thus  there  are  two  main  tidal  streams  entering 
the  latter  basin  from  different  directions,  but  in  consequence  of  the  much 
wider  southern  channel,  more  water  enters  the  Irish  Sea  from  the  south  than 
from  the  north.  There  is  therefore  a  very  evident  surface  drift  of  the  water 
from  south  to  north,  helped  no  doubt  by  the  prevailing  west  to  south  winds. 

These  two  tidal  streams  meet  in  a  straight  line  drawn  from  the  north  of 
the  Isle  of  Man  across  to  Morecambe  Bay,  and  from  the  Isle  of  Man  to  the 
Irish  coast.  Between  the  Irish  and  Manx  coasts  there  is  a  large  area  where 
tidal  streams  practically  do  not  exist,  and  where  the  water  simply  rises  and 
falls.  All  along  the  east  Irish  coast  the  velocity  of  the  stream  is  small,  but 

8? 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

over  towards  the  coasts  of  Lancashire  and  north  Wales  it  is  very  much  greater, 
and  in  the  bays  and  estuaries  of  that  side  the  stream  is  very  rapid  and  the  rise 
of  the  water  is  very  great.  Thus  at  Liverpool  the  maximum  velocity  of  the 
stream  in  the  River  Mersey  is  from  7  to  8  knots  per  hour,  and  the  maximum 
tidal  rise  during  spring  tides  is  over  30  feet. 

It  is  due  to  these  conditions  that  the  gradient  of  depth  in  the  Irish  Sea 
is  much  greater  on  the  Irish  than  on  the  Lancashire  side.  Starting  out  from 
(say)  Dundrum  Bay  on  the  former  side  we  encounter  the  5O-fathom  line  at 
about  1 5  miles  from  the  coast,  and  long  before  we  reach  the  Calf  of  Man  we 
are  in  water  of  about  80  fathoms  in  depth.  But  crossing  from  Fleet  wood 
towards  the  Calf,  the  gradient  is  very  much  less,  and  the  average  distance  of 
the  lo-fathom  line  from  the  coast  may  be  stated  as  about  10  miles.  The 
2o-fathom  contour  is  about  20  to  30  miles  from  land,  and  between  the 
Lancashire  and  Manx  coasts  the  greatest  depth  is  not  over  20  fathoms  except 
for  one  considerable  depression.  It  is  a  credible  hypothesis  that  Morecambe 
Bay  itself  has  resulted  from  the  rapid  eastward  stream  due  to  the  meeting  of 
the  north  and  south  tidal  streams,  and  however  this  may  be  it  seems  certain 
that  the  shallow  water  area  along  the  coast  of  Lancashire  is  due  to  erosion  of 
the  coast-line  in  the  past,  and  the  distribution  of  the  debris  so  formed  by  the 
strong  easterly  and  north-easterly  tidal  streams.  The  peculiarly  evanescent 
nature  of  the  Lancashire  coastal  waters  is  due  to  the  shallow  sea  so  produced, 
and  to  the  great  rise  and  fall  of  the  tides.  Twice  a  day  practically  the  whole 
of  Morecambe  Bay  and  great  stretches  of  the  Lancashire  coast  are  laid  bare 
and  become  dry  land. 

Sand  is  the  characteristic  bottom  deposit  in  the  sea  off  the  coast  of 
Lancashire.  Here  and  there  the  bottom  consists  of  sand  with  varying  pro- 
portions of  mud,  and  far  out  at  sea  we  find  extensive  deposits  of  calcareous 
matter,  shells  and  comminuted  fragments  of  the  same,  with  material  resulting 
from  the  denudation  of  calcareous  rock,  also  deposits  formed  by  calcareous 
algae.  For  the  most  part  the  Irish  Sea  bottom  is  clean  sand  or  shelly  gravel, 
and  affords  good  trawling  ground.  Only  here  and  there  do  we  find  rough 
ground  on  which  the  trawl  net  cannot  be  used.  The  greater  portion  of  the 
inshore  sea  bottom  consists  of  sand  or  mud,  with  in  places  very  restricted 
patches  of  rough  stones  or  gravel. 

We  find  as  a  result  of  the  shallow  seas  and  the  rapid  tidal  streams  that 
the  sea  water  off  the  Lancashire  coasts  hardly  ever  presents  that  pellucid 
appearance  which  may  be  observed  in  the  sea  off  a  rocky  coast,  or  far  out  from 
land.  The  rapid  tidal  streams  stir  up  the  bottom  and  cause  muddy  particles 
to  be  carried  about  in  a  state  of  suspension.  River  waters  also  carry  down  a 
considerable  amount  of  suspended  inorganic  matter  to  the  sea.  There  are  no 
great  rivers  falling  into  the  Irish  Sea  on  the  coast  of  Lancashire,  but  those 
that  do  exist  exercise  a  considerable  influence  on  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
sea  water,  which  nowhere  has  the  high  density  characteristic  of  truly  oceanic 
water.  As  a  general  rule  the  specific  gravity  is  less  than  1*026,  and  is  often 
very  much  less  than  that.  Hydrometer  readings  of  i  -o  1 6  have  been  made  in 
the  River  Mersey  off  Liverpool  landing  stage,  and  readings  of  less  than  1-020 
in  the  Crosby  Channel.  On  one  occasion  (Nov.  1904),  I  found  the  specific 
gravity  of  the  sea  water  a  mile  or  two  off  Blackpool  to  be  no  more  than  1*021. 
About  a  week  before  this  date  there  had  been  exceptionally  high  floods  in 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

both  the  Kibble  and  Wyre,  and  the  fresh  water  carried  down  by  these  rivers 
was,  even  a  week  later,  floating  at  the  surface  of  the  sea  in  admixture  with 
normal  sea  water. 

The  characteristic  marine  fauna  of  the  Lancashire  inshore  waters  is  the 
result  of  these  physical  conditions — the  shallow  depths,  the  extensive  sand  and 
mud  deposits,  the  rapid  tidal  streams  and  the  great  rise  and  fall  of  the  tides, 
and  the  somewhat  low  salinity  due  to  river  water.  While  these  conditions 
produce  a  fauna  which  to  the  marine  zoologist  is  somewhat  lacking  in  variety, 
and  may  be  described  as  commonplace,  they  have  at  the  same  time  made  the 
Lancashire  inshore  waters  and  the  foreshore  between  tide  marks  one  of  the 
most  valuable  inshore  fishing  grounds  round  the  British  Islands,  and  one 
which  presents  many  features  of  interest. 

Shellfish  beds  are  thickly  distributed  over  the  whole  of  the  Lancashire 
coast,  and  the  cockle  fishery  of  Morecambe  Bay  is  without  exception  the 
most  valuable  round  the  British  Islands,  while  some  parts  of  the  coast  yield 
mussel  fisheries  not  much  less  important.  Practically  the  whole  of  the  northern 
part  of  Morecambe  Bay  consists  of  cockle-bearing  sands.  Here  and  there  over 
this  extensive  area,  and  also  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ribble  estuary  and  out  from 
the  Mersey  along  the  Lancashire  coast  from  Liverpool  to  Formby  Point,  cockle 
beds  are  abundantly  distributed.  The  exact  positions  of  these  beds  are  always 
changing,  for  the  formation  of  such  a  shell-fish  bed  depends  on  the  deposit  of 
the  cockle  '  spat '  or  '  seed  ' — that  is  the  minute  free  swimming  larvae  of  the 
mollusc.  During  the  spring  of  the  year  the  cockle  spawns,  and  after  a  week 
or  two  the  eggs  so  produced  develop  into  larvae  provided  with  ciliated 
swimming  organs.  These  larvae  are  borne  in  the  water  by  the  tides  and 
currents,  and  the  place  where  they  settle  down  depends  on  the  winds,  tides,  and 
other  conditions.  When  they  do  settle  down  in  the  sand  a  cockle  bed  is  pro- 
duced and  sometimes  an  incredible  abundance  of  these  shellfish  results,  so  that 
the  molluscs  may  actually  smother  each  other.  In  a  few  months  these  shell- 
fish may  grow  from  half  an  inch  in  diameter  to  nearly  twice  that  size  and 
become  big  enough  to  be  taken  by  the  fishermen.  Walking  over  a  cockle  bed 
one  does  not  at  first  see  many  signs  of  the  presence  of  these  bivalves,  for  they 
are  buried  in  the  top  layer  of  the  sand  with  only  the  tops  of  their  siphons  pro- 
jecting, presenting  the  appearance  of  a  pair  of  small  dark  holes  (the  '  eyes '  of 
the  cockles).  Sometimes  a  tuft  of  alga?  attached  to  the  posterior  end  of  the 
shell  betrays  the  presence  of  the  mollusc,  and  the  appearance  of  the  '  groats '  (a 
north  Lancashire  term)  also  indicates  where  a  cockle  lies  hidden.  The 
'  groats '  are  the  extruded  strings  of  faecal  matter  lying  on  the  surface  of  the 
sand.  Few  people  have  any  idea  of  the  value  of  this  humble  mollusc  to  the 
Lancashire  fishermen,  and  it  will  surprise  most  to  learn  that  from  five  to 
ten  thousand  tons  of  cockles  may  be  taken  annually  from  the  Lancashire 
foreshores. 

The  habitat  of  the  mussel  is  somewhat  different  from  that  of  the  cockle. 
While  the  latter  mollusc  lies  buried  in  the  sand  and  unattached  to  any  sub- 
stance, the  mussel  lives  above  the  surface  and  is  attached  to  stones,  etc.,  by 
means  of  its  byssus.  In  almost  every  case  a  deep  deposit  of  mud,  sometimes 
several  feet  thick,  may  be  formed  between  the  layer  of  mussels  and  the  solid 
substratum  of  stones  or  gravel,  etc.  (the  mussel  'skear'),  to  which  the  molluscs 
are  attached,  this  process  being  accompanied  by  the  gradual  lengthening  of  the 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

byssus.  Sometimes  this  muddy  deposit  becomes  so  unresistant  as  to  be  washed 
away  by  the  tides,  and  then  the  mussel  bed  is  for  a  time  destroyed.  Mussel 
beds  of  greater  or  less  extent  are  to  be  found  all  along  the  Lancashire  coast, 
but  the  most  extensive  accumulations  are  at  Morecambe  and  Heysham.  Here 
there  are  literally  miles  of  mussel  beds,  and  in  some  years  over  2,000  tons  of 
this  animal  may  be  sent  away  from  Morecambe  alone.  The  mussel  thrives 
best  in  localities  where  it  is  not  uncovered  by  the  tide  for  a  very  long 
interval,  and  where  some  considerable  proportion  of  fresh  water  finds  its  way 
into  the  sea.  Unhappily  it  must  be  added  that  it  finds  a  certain  admixture  of 
sewage  matters  a  reason  for  self-congratulation. 

Although  these  two  animals,  the  cockle  and  mussel,  form  perhaps  the 
most  abundant  element  of  the  Lancashire  marine  inshore  fauna,  the  shrimp, 
prawn,  and  '  fluke  '  are  not  far  behind  them.  The  shrimp  (Crangon  vu/garis) 
is  found  all  along  the  Lancashire  coast  a  mile  or  two  from  low-water  marks, 
but  it  is  particularly  abundant  about  the  banks  off  the  estuaries  of  the  Mersey 
and  Ribble,  and  in  Morecambe  Bay,  and  hundreds  of  boats  are  almost  con- 
tinually fishing  for  it  there.  The  value  of  this  little  crustacean  to  the 
Lancashire  fishermen,  and  to  the  shrimp  potters  of  Southport  and  Morecambe, 
cannot  be  less  than  about  £50,000  annually.  The  prawn,  'red  shrimp,'  or 
'  sprawn  '  (not  the  true  prawn,  but  Pandalus  montaguf)  is  found  also  in  all 
parts  of  Lancashire  waters,  but  it  is  particularly  abundant  in  the  inshore 
waters  near  Fleetwood  (hence  the  term  Fleetwood  prawn).  It  inhabits  rough 
stony  ground,  while  the  shrimp  prefers  sand  or  sand  and  mud,  and  it  is  caught 
in  trawl  nets  fitted  with  extra  stout  foot-ropes  so  as  not  to  catch  on  the 
stones  among  which  the  prawn  lives. 

Then  in  addition  to  this  characteristic  '  shellfish '  fauna,  consisting  of  the 
cockle,  mussel,  shrimp,  and  prawn,  we  find  that  the  Lancashire  inshore  seas 
contain  enormous  numbers  of  young  fishes  of  comparatively  few  species. 
This  indeed  is  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  inshore  marine  fauna. 
Nowhere  round  the  British  Islands  (nor  indeed  on  the  north  European 
coasts,  so  far  as  I  am  aware)  do  we  find  so  abundant  a  piscine  fauna.  The 
whole  of  the  inshore  waters,  but  particularly  those  off  the  Mersey,  off 
Blackpool,  and  in  Morecambe  Bay,  are  a  vast  '  nursery  '  for  young  pleuronectid 
fishes,  particularly  dabs,  plaice,  and  soles.  With  these  are  associated  shrimps, 
'  sprawns,'  and  a  host  of  invertebrates  belonging  to  comparatively  few  species. 
I  will  illustrate  the  general  character  of  the  fauna  of  these  nursery  grounds  by 
quoting  the  results  of  a  haul  with  a  shrimp  trawl  witnessed  by  myself  in 
August,  1899.  The  shrimp  trawl  was  dragged  for  about  an  hour  over  two 
miles  of  sand  and  mud  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Deposit  Buoy  off  Burbo  Bank 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey.  There  were  caught  :  896  dabs  (Pleuronectes 
limanda),  285  whiting  (Gadus  mer/angus),  265  plaice  (Pleuronectes  plate ssa) , 
257  soles  (Solea  -vu/garis),  and  18  ray  (Raia  c/avata).  All  these  are  of  course 
edible  fishes. 

But  in  addition  to  such  hauls  of  these  common  fishes,  of  which  the 
above  figures  may  be  regarded  as  fairly  representative,  others  are  always  found, 
whiting  (Gadus  eeglejinus),  cod  (G.  morrhua),  herring  (Glupea  barenga), 
sprats  (C.  sfratta),  and  gurnards  (Trig/a  spp.)  being  most  common.  Inedible 
fishes  such  as  the  solenette  (Solea  luted] ,  butterfish  (Cenfronotus),  the  bullhead 
(Coitus  scorpio),  the  sand  eels  (Ammodytes  tobianus  and  lanceolatus),  the  toad 

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MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

fish  (Liparis  montagui),  the  lump  sucker  (Cyclopterus  lumpus),  and  others  are 
(some  of  them  at  least)  always  present.  A  remarkable  fish  which  is  always 
present  in  more  or  less  abundance  is  the  virulent  '  stinger '  Trachinus  vipera. 
A  huge  host  of  invertebrates  is  always  present.  Chief  among  these  is  the 
swimming  crab  Portunus  depurator,  and  it  is  remarkable  that  an  unusually 
large  proportion  of  these  are  infested  with  the  parasitic  cirripede  Sacculina. 
Starfishes  (Asterias)  are  extraordinarily  abundant  at  times,  and  during  the 
summer  months  the  Medusa?  Rbizostoma,  Aurelia,  and  Cyanea  are  present. 
Sometimes  the  former  is  a  great  nuisance  to  the  shrimping  boats.  Large 
forms,  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  are  so  abundant  at  times  as  to  clog  up  the 
net  with  broken  fragments.  If  these  are  allowed  to  dry  on  the  meshes  a  fine 
dust  is  formed  when  the  latter  are  shaken  out  which  produces  most 
unpleasant  effects  on  the  nasal  and  respiratory  epithelia,  due  no  doubt  to  the 
dried  substance  of  the  nematocysts  of  the  medusa?.  Other  crabs,  the  shore 
crab  (Garcinus),  spider  crabs  such  as  Hyas,  Stenorhynchus,  the  hermit  crab 
(Pagurus),  and  the  edible  crab  (Cancer),  are  often  present.  The  squid 
(Lo/igo)  and  the  cuttle  fish  (Sepia),  mostly  young  specimens,  occur  during 
the  autumn.  The  Ctenophore  Pleurobrachia  is  incredibly  abundant  at  times, 
being  just  large  enough  to  be  retained  by  the  meshes  of  the  nets.  Shrimps 
and  '  sprawns '  are  found,  the  former  in  immense  numbers,  the  latter  rarely  ; 
and  small  lobsters  are  frequently  present.  Zoophytes  are  rare. 

The  above  forms  may  be  regarded  as  fairly  representative  of  the  inshore 
marine  fauna  of  Lancashire  waters.  The  abundance  of  the  fishes  varies  with 
the  season,  but  large  numbers  are  always  present.  As  many  as  15,000  dabs 
and  10,000  plaice  have  been  taken  on  the  shallow  water  grounds  off 
Blackpool.  About  the  middle  of  June  (but  the  precise  season  varies)  small 
pleuronectid  fishes  are  extraordinarily  abundant.  If  one  walks  along  the 
shore  about  that  time,  following  the  receding  tide,  almost  anywhere  on  the 
Lancashire  coast — say  on  the  shore  near  the  New  Brighton  Pier — it  is  possible 
to  observe  and  collect  great  numbers  of  small  plaice  and  dabs  in  the  pools  left 
by  the  tide.  These  are  then  no  bigger  than  the  thumbnail.  A  few  weeks 
later  they  disappear,  having  sought  deeper  water. 

Further  out  at  sea,  beyond  the  zone  of  which  I  am  now  treating,  the 
fauna  changes  somewhat.  I  may  give  as  an  instance  a  haul  with  a  shrimp 
trawl  near  Liverpool  Bar,  in  water  of  6  fathoms.  On  this  occasion  over 
17,000  specimens,  belonging  to  thirty-four  genera  and  thirty-nine  species, 
were  identified.  The  fishes  were  sole,  plaice,  dab,  cod,  whiting,  haddock, 
herring  and  sprat,  skate,  ray,  goby,  '  stinger,'  and  the  '  pogge '  (Agonus 
cataphractus) .  The  Mollusca  were  the  mussel  (Mytilus  edulis),  'hen  pens' 
(Tel Una  tenuls  and  Mactra  stultorum),  the  whelk  (Fusus  antiquus).  The 
Crustacea  were  various,  swimming  crabs  (Portunus  spp.),  the  hermit  crab 
(Eupagurus  bernhardus),  shrimps,  Sacculina,  several  Amphipoda,  Copepoda 
(Longipedia  coronata,  Ectinosoma  spinipes,  Sunaristes  paguri,  Dactylopusia  rostrata, 
Cletodes  limicola,  Caligus  rapax)  ;  the  sea-mat  (F/usfra).  The  polychsetes  were 
the  sea  mouse  (Aphrodite),  the  sand-pipe  (Pectinaria),  and  Nereis;  the  starfish, 
Asterias.  The  zoophytes  were  Hydractinia  echinata,  Sertularia  abietina,  and 
Hydrallmania  falcata.  The  coelenterates  were  the  Medusa?  Aurelia  aurita  and 
Cyanea. 

Because  of  the  extensive  sand  and  mud  flats,  the  Lancashire  coast  does 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

not  form  a  very  inviting  shore  collecting  ground.  An  abundant  and  varied 
shore  fauna  is  only  to  be  seen  on  a  coast  with  rock  pools,  caves,  seaweeds,  and 
the  like.  Nowhere  on  the  Lancashire  littoral  do  we  find  such  conditions. 
Only  here  and  there  by  taking  advantage  of  the  lowest  spring  tides  do  we 
find  shore  collecting  at  all  attractive.  But  even  the  ordinary  beach,  unattrac- 
tive as  it  may  appear  to  the  casual  naturalist,  yields  a  fair  abundance  of  forms 
if  studied  minutely.  Thus  Dr.  Chaster  has  recorded  no  less  than  150  species 
of  Foraminifera  and  140  species  of  Mollusca  from  the  ordinary  beach  round 
Southport.  At  a  few  places  we  do  find  a  shore  fauna  of  considerable  interest 
to  the  amateur  zoologist,  and  I  may  give  as  an  instance  the  shore  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Lancashire  Fishery  Research  Station  at  Piel  in  the  Barrow 
Channel.  There  we  have  on  the  one  hand  the  sandy  flats  with  occasional 
Zostera  meadows  on  which  small  crustaceans  abound,  and  on  the  other  the 
'  Scars ' — rough  stony  ground  with  seaweed — which  are  exposed  at  low 
spring  tides.  Mussels,  cockles,  and  periwinkles  are  of  course  abundant. 

In  association  with  the  former  Molluscs  we  find  the  extraordinary 
Trematode  ILeucitbodendrium  somaterice,  Lev.,  which  is  the  cause  of  the  pearls 
so  abundant  in  the  mussels  on  the  Piel  foreshore.  This  animal,  as  Dr. 
H.  Lyster  Jameson  has  shown,  passes  through  larval  stages  in  the  cockle  and 
mussel,  and  in  the  latter  becomes  encysted  and  surrounded  by  the  calcareous 
investment  which  becomes  the  pearl.  The  adult  stage  of  the  Trematode  is 
found  in  the  '  Scoter '  or  Black  Duck,  which  feeds  on  the  mussel.  Other 
Mollusca  are  abundant ;  oysters  are  found,  though  not  frequently ;  Mytilus 
modiolus,  the  horse  mussel,  is  frequently  dredged  in  Barrow  Channel  ;  '  hen 
pens '  (Mactra,  Scrobicularia,  and  Tellina)  may  be  got  alive,  and  dead  valves  of 
the  tapestry  shell  ('Tapes),  Nucula,  the  spiny  cockle  (Cardium  ecbinatum), 
Psammobia,  Donax,  and  others  are  numerous.  The  Clam  (Mya  arenaria)  is 
quite  common,  and  it  often  harbours  the  peculiar  commensal  Nemertine 
(Malacobdelld)  in  its  mantle  cavity.  The  whelks  Bucclnum  undatum  and  Fusus 
antiquus,  the  dog  whelk  (Purpura  lapillus],  and  the  limpet  (Patella  vulgata] 
are  of  course  abundant.  Nudibranchs  such  as  the  sea  slugs  Doris  and  Eolis 
are  present,  and  the  gelatinous  spawn  of  the  former  may  always  be  got  during 
the  early  summer.  Cephalopods  turn  up ;  Octopus  is  often  got  in  the  stake 
nets.  Many  Crustacea  occur,  such  as  the  crabs  Cancer,  Carcinus,  Portunus, 
Hyas,  Stenorhynchus,  and  the  hermit  Pagurus.  The  beautiful  fairy  prawns 
Hippolyte  varians,  H.  cranchii,  H.  fascigera,  and  H.  pusiola  may  be  got  here  in 
greater  abundance  than  anywhere  else  in  the  Irish  Sea.  These  animals  are 
remarkable  for  the  adaptation  of  their  colour  markings  to  that  of  the  seaweeds 
on  which  they  are  found.  This  form  of  adaptation  has  been  explained 
as  one  of  ordinary  protective  resemblance,  but  the  phenomenon  is  far  from 
being  a  simple  one.  Mysis  neglecta,  a  common  Schizopod,  is  extremely  abun- 
dant. At  least  four  genera  of  Pycnogonids  may  be  collected — Nympbon, 
Pallene,  Ammothea,  and  Anoplodactylus.  Of  the  Ecbinoderms,  the  starfishes  or 
'  crossfishes,'  Asterias  and  Cribella,  the  Sun  star  (So/aster),  and  the  urchin 
(Echinus]  may  be  obtained  alive,  and  dead  tests  of  the  heart  urchin  (Spatangus] 
and  Ecbinocardium  can  be  picked  up.  On  this  side  of  Morecambe  Bay  the 
common  starfish  has  proved  itself  at  times  an  intolerable  nuisance,  for  many 
acres  of  the  beach  may  be  literally  carpeted  with  these  animals,  which  can  be 
extremely  destructive  to  the  mussel  beds.  The  starfish  pulls  apart  the  valves 

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MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

of  the  mollusc  by  long  continued  traction  by  its  tube  feet,  and  then  inserts 
its  eversible  pharynx  between  the  valves  and  devours  the  soft  body  of  the 
mussel.  Anemones,  of  which  Actinia  is  the  commonest,  used  to  be  abundant 
on  the  piles  of  the  old  pier  and  may  still  be  obtained  from  the  rock  pools. 
Simple  and  compound  ascidians  are  very  abundant  on  the  same  ground, 
Ascidia  and  the  peculiar  colonial  Perophora  on  the  stones,  and  the  compound 
forms  Botryllus  and  Amaroucium  on  the  seaweeds.  Worms  are  abundant,  the 
commonest  being  the  lugworm  (Arenicola),  which  forms  an  extensive  bed,  and 
Sabellaria,  the  agglomerated  sand  tubes  of  which  form  the  hard  sandy  excres- 
cences known  locally  as  '  knarrs.'  Sabella,  Serpula,  Terebella,  Pectinaria,  and 
Onuphis  (the  latter  rare)  are  other  common  tubicolous  Polychaetes,  and  the 
errant  forms  Phyllodoce,  Scoloplus,  Nereis,  and  Aphrodite  may  also  be  obtained. 
The  two  former  worms  deposit  green  and  red  albuminous  cocoons  containing 
their  eggs,  and  these  little  masses,  about  the  size  of  a  grape,  are  very  abun- 
dant here  during  the  spring  and  in  Morecambe  Bay  generally,  where  they 
were  formerly  supposed  by  fishermen  to  be  the  spawn  of  the  plaice  and 
flounder.  Nemertines  may  also  be  taken,  but  they  are  not  abundant. 

These  are  the  common  forms  which  can  always  be  collected,  but  there 
are  in  addition  hosts  of  amphipods  and  microcrustacea  among  the  seaweeds 
and  on  the  bottom  deposits.  Zoophytes  are  not  uncommon.  Incidentally 
it  may  be  remarked  that  the  mud  flats  yield  a  great  abundance  of  diatoms. 


PLANKTON 

By  plankton  is  understood  the  drifting  pelagic  microscopic  life  of  the 
sea.  This  department  of  local  marine  zoology  has  received  very  considerable 
attention  during  the  last  twenty  years.  The  late  Mr.  I.  C.  Thompson  of 
Liverpool  and  the  late  Mr.  R.  L.  Ascroft  of  Lytham  both  devoted  much 
attention  to  this  subject,  and  our  knowledge  of  it  is  to  a  great  extent  the 
result  of  their  joint  labours.  The  former  was  one  of  the  original  members 
of  the  Lancashire  Sea  Fisheries  Committee,  and  perhaps  more  than  any 
other  member  of  that  Board  encouraged  and  assisted  in  the  scientific  investiga- 
tion of  sea  fisheries  questions. 

The  uniformity  of  composition  which  one  finds  in  oceanic  plankton  is 
wanting  in  that  of  inshore  waters,  where  there  is  much  greater  variety  in  the 
collections  made  in  different  places  and  at  different  times  in  the  year  than  in 
deep  water  far  removed  from  land.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  the  plank- 
ton of  the  Lancashire  coastal  waters  is  rather  scanty.  We  find  the  Chastogna- 
than  worm  Sagitta  usually  very  abundant  ;  Copepods  too,  belonging  to  the 
genera  Acartia,  Galanus,  Pseudocalanus,  Anomalocera,  Lias,  Euterpe,  Oitbona, 
and  many  others.  Then  about  the  beginning  of  March  the  pelagic  eggs  of 
teleostean  fishes — the  plaice,  cod,  haddock,  whiting,  dab,  flounder,  and  many 
others — appear,  and  persist  till  about  the  beginning  of  May.  Following  these 
we  often  find  the  larvae  of  the  same  fishes,  though  it  is  rare  to  find  these  little 
creatures  in  the  surface  tow-nets.  About  this  time  of  the  year  the  larvas  of 
various  crustaceans  appear  in  great  abundance.  The  commonest  is  perhaps 
that  of  Balanus  balanoides,  the  Barnacle  or  '  Scab.'  I  have  seen  a  tow-net 
gathering  containing  practically  nothing  else  than  the  nauplii  of  this  Cirri- 

93 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

pede.  Somewhat  later  in  the  year  these  nauplii  disappear  and  are  succeeded 
by  the  '  Cypris '  stage  of  the  same  barnacle.  The  adult  creatures  resulting 
from  this  latter  form  then  begin  to  settle  down  on  all  solid  objects  in  the 
shallow  water  and  they  become  a  great  nuisance  to  fishermen  by  encrusting 
the  bottoms  of  their  boats.  Other  crustacean  larva?  are  the  nauplii  of  cope- 
pods,  and  the  zoea  stages  of  the  crabs  Carcinus,  Portunus,  and  Cancer. 

About  the  end  of  March  and  the  beginning  of  April  diatoms  appear  in 
great  abundance,  the  principal  genera  being  Coscinodiscus,  Biddulphia,  Chceto- 
ceros,  and  Rhizosolenia.  After  lasting  for  a  month  or  so  the  diatoms  become 
very  scarce  and  towards  midsummer  may  almost  disappear  from  the  tow-net 
gatherings.  About  this  time  of  the  year  the  gelatinous  alga  Halospbeera 
viridis  becomes  very  abundant.  This  form  is  always  accompanied  by  a  great 
mass  of  mucus  which  almost  at  once  clogs  up  the  meshes  of  the  tow-nets 
and  prevents  the  latter  from  'fishing.'  Another  common  constituent  of  the 
summer  plankton  is  the  flagellate  Noctiluca  miliaris,  a  common1  cause  of  the 
phosphorescence  of  the  water  at  this  time  and  later  in  the  year.  Noctiluca  is 
curiously  restricted  in  its  distribution.  It  appears  in  abundance  all  along  the 
north  Welsh,  Cheshire,  and  Lancashire  coasts  in  inshore  waters,  and  it  may 
reach  out  as  far  as  the  Liverpool  N.W.  and  the  Morecambe  Bay  light-ships; 
but  it  does  not  appear  to  get  into  Manx  waters,  nor  is  it  common  in  the 
Firth  of  Clyde.  Other  flagellates  are  Ceratium  tripos  and  J urea,  but  these  are 
not  abundant.  The  ctenophores  Pleurobrachia  and  Beroe  also  appear  in  the 
summer,  the  former  being  at  times  especially  abundant.  The  Larvacean 
tunicate  Oikopleura  occurs  also  in  the  summer  and  autumn.  During  the  autumn 
months  diatoms  may  again  become  abundant.  Medusoids,  the  zoea  and 
megalopa  stages  of  crabs,  and  the  larva?  of  the  shrimp  also  occur.  Copepods  and 
the  ubiquitous  Sagitta  form  the  bulk  of  the  plankton  and  last  until  the  begin- 
ning of  the  winter.  Then  the  abundance  of  the  plankton  undergoes  decrease 
and  copepods  form  its  principal  constituent.  This  general  scarcity  in  mass 
and  lack  of  variety  in  forms  lasts  during  the  colder  winter  months. 

SUM  MART  OF  LANCASHIRE  AND  IRISH  SEA  INVERTEBRATE  ZOOLOGY 

PROTOZOA 

Two  hundred  and  forty  species  of  Foraminifera  were  recorded  in  the  British  Association  List 
of  1 896.  Radiolaria  and  Infusoria  are  practically  unworked,  though  both  groups  are  abundantly 
represented.  Quite  recently  the  study  of  the  parasitic  Sporozoa  has  received  much  attention,  and 
the  following  forms  are  recorded  :  Glugea  (Nosemd)  lophii,  G.  stephani,  G.  anomalum,  Sphterospora 
platessa,  and  the  remarkable  Lymphocystis  johnstonei. 

PORIFERA  (Spmges) 

The  sponges  are  fairly  well  known.  Fifty-nine  species  were  recorded  in  the  B.A.  List  of 
1896,  of  which  five  were  new  to  science  when  first  described  in  Lancashire  waters. 

CCELENTERATA  (Jelly-fish,  sea  anemones,  etc.) 

Ninety-two  species  of  Hydroids,  43  Hydromedusae,  2  Siphonophores,  4  Ctenophores, 
3  Alcyonaria,  and  22  Actinians,  are  recorded  in  the  B.A.  List.  The  strictly  Lancashire  forms 
constitute  only  a  fraction  of  this  list.  All  the  Hydromedusae  are,  however,  found  in  the  inshore 

1  But  by  no  means  the  exclusive  cause.  Occasionally  when  the  water  is  phosphorescent  the  tow-nets 
may  yield  no  organisms  which  are  to  be  regarded  as  light-producing  ones.  In  such  cases  the  cause  is  no  doubt 
some  photogenous  bacterium. 

94 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

Lancashire  waters,  and  also  the  Ctenophores,  but  the  county  waters  contain  relatively  few  of  the 
zoophytes,  and  not  all  the  Actinians  described.  The  Siphonophores  are  Agalmopsis  elegans,  Sars.,  and 
Vtlella  pe/agica,  Esch.  These  are  to  be  regarded  as  visitants  only. 

PLATYHELMINTHES  (Flat  worms) 

Thirty-three  species  of  Turbellaria  are  recorded  in  the  B.  A.  List  of  1896  and  in  subsequent 
lists.  Most  of  these  have  been  described  from  Manx  waters,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  they 
exist  also  on  the  Lancashire  coasts,  which,  in  many  places,  furnish  a  suitable  habitat  for  these 
creatures. 

Trematoda  or  '  flukes '  are  all  parasitic  in  fishes,  sea  birds,  and  marine  mammalia,  larval  stages 
being,  however,  found  in  every  class  of  invertebrata.  It  is  only  recently  that  these  animals  have 
been  worked  at,  and  then  only  in  connexion  with  the  economic  investigations  of  the  Lancashire 
Sea  Fisheries  Committee.  It  is  mainly  because  of  the  great  importance  that  these  parasites  may 
possess  in  connexion  with  disease  that  this  study  has  become  of  such  importance.  About  a  dozen 
ectoparasitic  and  four  or  five  endoparasitic  Trematodes  have  so  far  been  recorded  from  fishes  caught 
on  the  Lancashire  coast.  This  can  only  be  a  small  fraction  of  the  number  of  these  worms  that  are 
no  doubt  present.  Of  the  ectoparasitic  forms,  four,  Diplectanum  esquans,  Diesing,  Leucithodendrium 
somateria;,  Lev.,  Microcotyle  lairacis,  van  Ben.  and  Hesse,  and  Placunella  pini,  van  Ben.  and  Hesse, 
were  new  to  the  British  fauna  when  recorded  from  Lancashire. 

Cestoda  or  tapeworms  are  as  yet  practically  untouched,  only  about  three  species  having  been 
actually  recorded  from  Lancashire  fishes.  These  are  Bothriocephalus  punctatus,  Tetrarhynchus 
tetrabothrius,  van  Ben.  and  T.  erinaceus,  van  Ben. 

ECHINODERMATA  (Starves,  etc.) 

Thirty-five  species  of  Echinoderms  are  recorded  in  the  B.  A.  List  of  1896.  Most  of  these 
occur  on  the  Lancashire  shores  and  sea,  but  the  crinoid  Antedon,  the  rosy  feather  star,  is  found  about 
Puffin  Island  on  the  south  and  round  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  sea-cucumber,  Cucumaria  plancei,  was 
first  found  in  Britain  in  this  district.  I  have  seen  it  in  great  abundance  in  Luce  Bay,  north  of  the 
Irish  Sea  proper.  The  commonest  forms,  such  as  Asterias,  Echinus,  So/aster,  Spatangus,  Ophiocoma, 
and  Ophiura,  are,  however,  very  abundant.  I  have  known  a  tow-net  gathering  taken  off  the  mouth 
of  the  Kibble  to  consist  of  practically  nothing  else  than  the  pluteus  larvae  of  some  Echinid. 

ACANTHOCEPHALA 
This  small  group  of  parasitic  worms  is  apparently  represented  by  Echinorhynchus  acus  only. 

CH^TOGNATHA 

Sagitta  tipunctata,  Quoy  and  Gaimard,  the  arrow  worm,  is  the  only  species  recorded  from 
Lancashire  ;  but  I  think  that  other  species  probably  exist  and  have  not  been  discriminated. 

NEMERTINEA 
Twenty-six  nemertines  are  recorded  in  the  B.A.  List  of  1896. 

HIRUDINEA  (Leeches) 

The  well-known  skate-leech,  Pontobdella  muncata,  and  a  leech  from  the  angler  fish,  are  the 
only  hirudineans  recorded. 

GEPHYREA 

Only  Thalassema  lankesteri,  Herd.,  and  Phascolosoma  vu/gare,  de  Bl.,  are  recorded,  but  no  doubt 
other  species  exist.  The  former  species  does  not  belong  to  Lancashire  waters,  being  got  far  out 
at  sea. 

CH^TOPODA 

Ninety  species  of  Chaetopods  (including  the  Archiannelids  and  Myzostomida)  are  recorded  in 
the  B.  A.  List  of  1896.  Not  all  these  are  recorded  from  the  Lancashire  shores,  but  there  is  little 
doubt  that  the  majority  are  to  be  found  if  properly  looked  for. 

POLYZOA 

About  150  species  and  named  varieties  are  recorded  in  the  B.  A.  List. 

95 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

BRACHIOPODA 

Only  two  species,  Terebratula  caput-serpentis,  Linn.,  and  Crania  anomala,  Mull.,  are  known 
from  the  Irish  Sea. 

CRUSTACEA 

The  Crustacea  have  received  more  attention  than  any  other  marine  group.  The  number  of 
recorded  species  in  the  various  sub-groups  are:  Brachyura,  28  ;  Anomura,  13;  Macrura,  23  ; 
Schizopoda,  18  ;  Cumacea,  20  ;  Isopoda,  22;  Amphipoda,  134.  The  Copepoda  have  received  an 
exceptional  amount  of  attention  ;  about  260  species  are  now  recorded,  and  of  these  nearly  50  are 
parasitic  forms  inhabiting  fishes. 

Cirripedia  are  represented  by  eleven  species.  Balanus  balanoides,  Linn.,  the  common  barnacle  or 
'  scab,'  is,  of  course,  the  most  abundant.  At  certain  seasons  in  the  year  (March-April)  the  tow-nets 
at  Piel  may  contain  'practically  nothing  else  than  the  nauplius  larvae  of  these  pests.  The 
extraordinary  form  Sacculina  carcini  is  very  abundant  on  the  crabs  captured  off  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey.  Peltogaster,  a  peculiar  cirripede  parasitic  on  the  hermit  crab,  has  also  lately  been  recorded. 

Ostracoda  are  relatively  abundant,  about  fifty  species  being  recorded. 

PYCNOGONIDA 
These  are  represented  by  twelve  species. 

MOLLUSCA 

This  group  has  naturally  received  very  much  attention  ;  98  species  of  Lamellibranchia  are 
recorded,  about  175  species  of  Gastropoda,  10  species  of  Chiton,  3  scaphopods  ;  Dentalium  enta/e, 
Linn.,  D.  tarentinum,  Lam.,  and  Siphonodentalium  lofotense,  Sars.  The  cephalopods  are  Sepiola  atlantica, 
Lam.,  and  S.scandica,  Steenstrup,  Rossia  macrosoma,De\[e  Chiaje,  Loligo  media,  Linn.,  and  L.  forbesi, 
Steenstrup,  Sepia  officinalis,  Linn.,  and  Eledone  cirrosa,  Lam. 

TUNICATA 

Fifty-four  species  in  all  have  been  recorded  from  the  Irish  Sea.  Most  of  these  have  been 
recorded  from  Puffin  Island  and  Port  Erin,  and  only  four  species  are  apparently  recorded  from  the 
Lancashire  coast.  But  there  is  no  doubt  that  this  is  far  below  the  number  that  might  be  found  if 
looked  for  in  suitable  places. 

LIST  OF  PUBLICATIONS  REFERRING  TO  THE  MARINE  ZOOLOGY 
OF  LANCASHIRE 

1.  Bryerly,  Isaac,  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  1856. 

2.  McNicoll,  D.  H.,  Handbook  for  Southport,  1859. 

3.  Herdman,  W.   A.   (Editor),  Fauna  of  Liverpool  Bay,  5   vols.,    1886,   1889,    1892,    1895, 
1900.     Liverpool  Marine  Biological  Committee. 

4.  Herdman,  W.    A.    (Editor),  Annual  Reports  Port  Erin  Biological  Station,  1894  to    1904. 
Liverpool  Marine  Biological  Committee. 

5.  Annual  Reports  Lancashire  Sea  Fisheries  Laboratory,  1892—1905  ;   Liverpool. 

6.  L.M.B.C.    Memoirs.      Monographs    on    Irish    Sea    Animals     and     Plants :       Ascidia, 
W.    A    Herdman,    1899;    Cardium,    J.    Johnstone,    1899;    Echinus,   H.   C.    Chadwick,    1900; 
Codium,   R.  J.   Harvey   Gibson   and    Helen    P.    Auld,   1900;    Alcyonium,  S.   J.   Hickson,   1901  ; 
Lepeophtheirus  and  Lerntea,  A.  Scott,  1901  ;  Lineus,  R.  C.  Punnett,  1901  ;  Pleuronectes,  F.  J.  Cole 
and   J.   Johnstone,    1901  ;    Chondrus,   O.   V.    Darbishire,    1902  ;    Patella,  J.   R.   A.   Davis  and 
H.   Fleure,    1901  ;    Arenicola,   J.    H.    Ashworth,    1904;    Gammarus,   Margaret    Cussans,    1904. 
London,  Williams  and  Norgate. 

7.  Proceedings  and    Transactions  Liverpool  Biological  Society,  vols.     1-18.      Liverpool,    1887- 
1904. 

8.  Reports  of  the  Soutbport  Society  of  Natural  Science  :  Southport,  1892-1904. 

9.  British  Association  Handbook  :  Liverpool,  1896. 
I  o.  British  Association  Handbook  :  Southport,  1 903. 

NOTE. — Nos.  3,  4,  5,  and  6  are  reprinted  in  Proceedings  and  Transactions  Liverpool  Biological 
Society. 

96 


MOLLUSCS 

NON-MARINE 

Except  in  the  northern  or  lake-district  portion  of  the  county  there  is 
little  limestone,  while  the  drift  deposits  that  mask  the  plains,  the  peat-beds, 
and  the  sand-dunes  of  the  coast  do  not  offer  favourable  conditions  for  mollus- 
can  life.  Hence  land-snails  are  not  individually  very  numerous  in  Lancashire. 
That  so  many  species  are  recorded  is  we  believe  mainly  due  to  the  industry 
and  enthusiasm  that  seem  to  permeate  north  country  naturalists. 

The  freshwater  shells  on  the  other  hand  abound,  while  it  is  among  the 
brackish  water  forms  that  the  few  possible  additions  to  the  list  are  chiefly  to 
be  sought. 

Of  the  140,  or  so,  species  known  to  occur  in  the  British  Islands,  106 
have  been  recorded  for  Lancashire.  This  is  a  very  considerable  proportion, 
and  the  number  is  not  likely  to  be  much  increased  by  future  researches. 

Three  aliens  of  note  have  invaded  the  county  : — Specimens  of  Pupa 
quinquedentata  (Born)  [=  cinerea,  Drap.]  are  recorded  by  Mr.  Wrigglesworth 
from  Church,  and  by  Mr.  Long  from  near  Stonyhurst,  whither  they  have 
probably  been  brought  from  the  continent  by  some  student.  Physa  heterostropha, 
Say,  a  North  American  freshwater  species,  has  been  taken  in  canals  at 
Gorton  and  Droylsden,  and  may  ultimately  become  naturalized.  Another 
freshwater  form  from  the  United  States,  Planorbis  dilatatus,  Gould,  is  almost 
certain  to  do  so  ;  it  has  been  found  in  abundance  at  Pendleton,  Gorton, 
Burnley,  Stoneyholme,  and  Gannow,  and  is  supposed  to  have  been  introduced 
adhering  to  cotton  bales. 

The  more  representative  Lusitanean  or  south-western  forms  are  absent, 
and  the  white-banded  snail  (Helicella  virgata)  and  the  heath  snail  (H.  itala), 
so  abundant  in  our  southern  coasts,  occur  but  sparsely  on  the  sand  hills  of  the 
Lancashire  sea-board  ;  while  the  common  garden  snail  (Helix  aspersa]  is  not 
so  universally  distributed  as  it  is  further  south. 

Certain  well-known  southern  or  continental  forms  are  missing  from  the 
fauna,  such  as  the  Kentish  snail  (Helicella  cantiana}. 

On  the  whole,  therefore,  the  assemblage  may  be  considered  to  present  a 
normally  British  facies. 

The  literature  on  the  subject  consists  largely  of  scattered  notes,  the  most 
complete  list  for  the  county  being  a  paper  by  Mr.  R.  Standen  (Naturalist, 
1887,  pp.  155—176),  while  the  Manchester  district  has  been  dealt  with  by 
Mr.  C.  Oldham  (Science  Gossip,  xx.  213),  and  the  neighbourhood  of  Burnley 
by  Mr.  F.  C.  Long  (Journ.  Burnley  Lit.  &  Phil.  Soc.,  No.  17,  1901). 

For  the  sake  of  uniformity  the  same  nomenclature  is  here  followed  as  in 
other  volumes  of  the  Victoria  County  Histories,  but  for  the  most  recent 
information  on  this  subject  reference  should  be  made  to  the  List  published 
by  the  Conchological  Society. 

1  97  13 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


LIST    OF    THE    NON-MARINE    MOLLUSCA 


A.  GASTROPODA 


I.  PULMONATA 


a.  STYLOMMATOPHORA 

Testacella  kalwtidea,  Drap.     Clayton  Hall,  Accring- 
ton 

—  icutulum,  Sby.     Cuerden  Hall,  Preston 
Limax  maximus,  Linn. 

--  flavus,    Linn.     Oldham  ;  Preston;  Swinton  ; 
Liverpool 

—  arborum,  Bouch.-Chant.     Grange  ;  Didsbury  ; 

Greenheys 
Agriolimax  agi'estis  (Linn.) 

—  Itevls  (MUll.).     Riversvale  ;  Southport 
Amelia  sowerbii  (Fer.).     Southport 
Viirina  pellucida  (Mull.) 

Vltrea  crystallina  (Mull.) 

—  luclda     (Drap.).      On    a    fernery,    Avenham 

Lane,     Preston   ;     Swinton  ;    Clayton-le- 
Moors  ;  Grange 

—  alliaria  (Miller) 

—  £/tf£/vj(Brit.Auct.).  Coniston  ;  near  Preston  ;near 

Chatburn  ;  Manchester  ;  at  Whalley  Nab 
and  other  localities  in  the  Burnley  district 

—  cellaria  (Mull.) 

—  nitidula  (Drap.) 
-  fun  (Aid.) 

—  radlatula  (Aid.) 

—  excavata  (Bean.).  Coniston  ;  Clifton  ;  Preston  ; 

Manchester  ;  Bardsley  ;  Southport ;  Liver- 
pool 

—  nltida  (Mull.) 

—  fuha  (Mull.) 
Anon  ater  (Linn.) 

—  hortensis,  Fer.     Common  :  also  the  var.  citi-ulea, 

by  some  considered  a  species 

—  circumscriptus,  John.     Coniston 

—  subfuscus    (Drap.).     Near  Widness  ;  Bardsley  ; 

Southport 
Punctum  pygmaum  (Drap.).  Barlow  Woods  ; 

Grange  ;  near  Lancaster  ;  near  Southport  ; 

Liverpool 
PyramiJularupestris(T>r3.p.').  Grange;  Carnforth  ; 

Clitheroe  district  ;  near  Whalley 

—  rotunJata  (Mull.) 

Hellcella  virgata  (Da.  C.).     Sandhills  at  Southport  ; 
and  at  Rossal 

—  itala  (Linn.)     Rare  :    Southport  ;  Carnforth  ; 

near  Silverdale 

—  caperata  (Mont.) 

Hygromia   fusca     (Mont.).      Hough-end-Clough  ; 
Barlow  Moor  Woods ;  Clerkhill  Wood 

—  granulata  (Aid.) 

—  hlsplda  (Linn.) 

—  rufescens  (Penn.) 
Acanthinula  aculeata  (Mull.).     Local 
Vallonia  pulchella  (Mull.) 
Helicigpna  laplclda  (Linn.) 

—  arbustonim  (Linn.) 

HeRx  aspersa,  Mull.     Common  :  a  reversed  mons- 
trosity was  taken  in  Whalley  Churchyard 


Helix  nemoralis,  Linn.  Common  in  places :  supposed 
to  be  decreasing  round  Southport  ;  a  re- 
versed monstrosity  was  found  at  Burnley 

—  hortensis,  Mull. 
Buliminus  obscurus  (Mull.) 
Cochlicopa  lubrica  (Mull.) 
Azeca  trident  (Pult.) 

Ccfdlianella  acicula  (Mull.).     Near  Silverdale 
Pupa   anglica    (Fer.).     Lord's    Wood  ;    Whalley  ; 
Clerkhill  Wood 

—  cylindracea  (Da.  C.) 

—  muscorttm  (Linn.) 

Sphyrajium  edentulum  (Drap.).  Carnforth  ;  around 
Whalley  ;  Molly  Wood,  Rosegrove 

Vertig)  antivertigo  (Drap.).  Barlow  Wood  (2  speci- 
mens) 

—  substriata  (Jeff.).     Preston  ;  Grange  ;  Holden 

Clough  ;  Riversvale  ;  Clerkhill  Wood 

—  Pygfttfa  (Drap.).     Grange  ;  near  Ashley  Mill  ; 

Clitheroe  ;    Farington  ;    Southport  ;    near 
Silverdale 

—  alpestris,    Alder.      Holker,    near     Cartmel  ; 

Clerkhill    Wood    (rare)  ;     Grange  ;    near 
Silverdale 

—  pusilla,  Mull.     Grange  ;  Silverdale  ;  near  Lake 

Windermere 
Balefl  perverse  (Linn.) 
ClausUia  laminata  (Mont.) 

—  bidentata  (Strom.) 
Succinea  putris  (Linn.) 

—  ekgans,  Risso. 

b.  BASOMMATOPHORA 
Carychium  minimum,  Mull. 
Ancylus  fluviatilis,  Mull. 
Velletia  lacustris  (Linn.) 
Limn<ea  aurhularia  (Linn.) 

—  pereger  (Mull.) 

—  palustris    (Mull.).     Common  :    a    pure   white 

variety  was  taken  at  Southport  in  1876 

—  truncatula  (Mull.) 

—  stagnalis  (Linn.) 

—  glabra   (Mull.).     Around    Manchester  ;  Hun- 

coat 
Planorbis  corneus  (Linn.) 

—  albus,  Mull. 

—  glaber,  Jeff. 

—  nautileus  (Linn.) 

—  carinatus,  Mull. 

—  marg'maius,  Drap. 

—  vortex  (Linn.) 

—  spinrbis,  Mull. 

—  contortus  (Linn.) 

—  fontar.us  (Lightf.) 

—  Kneatus  (Walker).     Prestwich  ;  Birch  ;  Goos- 

nargh  ;  Whittingham  ;  Gooseleach ;  Simon- 
stone  ;  Harwood. 
Physa  fontinalis  (Linn.) 

—  hypnorum  (Linn.).     Southport ;    Lytham  ;    St. 

Annes  ;  near  Whalley 


MOLLUSCS 

II.  PROSOBRANCHIATA  %%£ 

Paludeitrina  jenkinsi  (Smith).     Droylsden  —  cnstata,  Mull. 

—  ventrosa  (Mont.).     Dead  specimens,  sparingly,  Pomatlas   elegans   (Mttll.).     Between    Grange  and 

at  Southport  Carnforth 

Bithynia  tentaculata  (Linn.)  Acicula    lineata    (Drap.).      Fleetwood  ;  Grange  ; 

—  leachii  (Shepp.)  around  Manchester  ;  Preston 
Vivipara  vivipara  (Linn.)  Neritina  fluviatilis  (Linn.) 

B.  PELECYPODA 

Drelssensla  polymorpha  (Pall.)  the  variety  P.  obtusale,  now  held  by  some 

Unlo  plctorum  (Linn.)  to  be  a  distinct  species,  is  found  in  a  Shell- 

—  tumidus,  Retz.  marl. 

—  margaritifer  (Linn.).     Gibertson  (Alder  Collec-  Pisidium  nitidum,  Jenyns. 

tion)  ;  River  Lune  at  Caton  (Dyson)  —  fontlnale   (Drap.).     Common  :  the  var.   Hen- 

Anodonta  cygna-a  (Linn.)  shwiana  has  been  found  near  Preston  and 

Spha-rium  rivicola  (Leach)  near  Manchester,  and  the  variety  P.  pul- 

—  corneum  (Linn.)  cbettum  occurs  in  a  Shell-marl  near  Silver- 

—  ova/e  (Fer.)  dale. 

—  lacustre  (Mttll.)  —  milittm    (Held.).       Ikrdsley   and    neighbour- 
Pisldium  amnicum  (Mttll.)  hood 

—  pusillum  (Gmel.).     Near  Silverdale,  where  also 


99 


INSECTS 


If  Lancashire  maintains  a  smaller  part  of  the  total  number  of  British 
insects  than  do  several  English  counties  of  lesser  area,  we  may  attribute 
such  a  paucity  more  to  its  geographical  position  in  the  north-west  than 
to  natural  condition  of  surface  or  environment,  for  these  indeed  in  Lanca- 
shire are  most  varied.  We  have  mountains,  moorlands,  extensive  mosses 
and  wide  belts  of  littoral  sand  dunes — all  of  which  suit  and  protect 
their  exclusive  fauna — the  only  distinct  natural  feature  that  is  wanting 
being  extensive  and  ancient  forest  land.  There  are  however  many 
detached  woods,  both  of  recent  origin  and  of  the  earlier  more  primi- 
tive growths  of  birch  and  fir  on  the  mosses  or  bogs  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  county.  In  fact,  but  few  English  counties  excel  Lancashire 
in  diversity  of  natural  conditions,  and  although  in  few  counties  have  such 
conditions  been  more  altered  and  indeed  obliterated  than  they  have  in 
south-west  Lancashire,  still  large  tracts  in  the  north  and  north-east 
remain  untouched  by  the  hand  of  man,  and  are  populated  by  a  fauna  pro- 
bably unaltered  since  it  was  first  established  there. 

Before  proceeding  in  detail  to  an  enumeration  of  the  insects  which 
have  so  far  been  recorded  from  Lancashire,  a  few  words  may  not  be 
out  of  place  on  the  local  students  of  the  order  and  the  special  locali- 
ties whence  most  of  our  information  of  the  occurrence  of  its  members 
is  derived. 

LANCASHIRE   ENTOMOLOGISTS 

No  account  of  the  Insecta  of  Lancashire  would  be  complete  without 
some  reference  to  the  band  of  workers  who  have  done  so  much  in  the 
past  to  explore  the  county  entomologically,  and  to  whose  efforts  is  due  to 
a  great  extent  our  knowledge  of  its  fauna. 

Most  of  these  men  have  now  passed  away — the  school  of  Lancashire 
working  men  entomologists  especially  seems  to  have  left  no  descendants. 
For  in  the  early  years  of  the  last  century  this  county  was  distinguished 
by  a  group  of  self-taught  naturalists,  who,  born  for  the  most  part  in 
quite  humble  circumstances,  without  education,  and  denied  all  the 
assistances  to  self-education  now  so  abundant  in  our  large  towns,  living 
obscure  and  toilsome  lives,  were  yet  inspired  by  an  innate  and  ineradicable 
love  of  nature. 

These  men  belonged  principally  to  the  large  manufacturing  towns 
of  the  south  of  the  county,  and  in  days  before  factory  acts  and  cheap  rail- 
way excursions  their  scant  leisure  was  employed  in  assiduous  collecting 
and  expeditions  to  distant  parts  of  the  county  on  foot,  almost  incredible 
to  the  modern  collector. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Unfortunately  few  of  them  left  any  enduring  record  of  their  labours; 
some  of  the  later  members  of  the  group  however,  such  as  Chappell  of 
Manchester  and  Gregson  of  Liverpool,  were  able  to  take  advantage  of 
the  increased  facilities  for  the  recording  of  their  knowledge  afforded  by 
the  numerous  periodicals  devoted  to  natural  history,  and  to  them  we 
certainly  owe  the  best  part  of  our  knowledge  of  the  entomological  fauna 
of  south  Lancashire  as  it  was  before  the  changes  of  the  last  forty  or  fifty 
years  had  so  altered  the  face  of  the  county. 

One  of  the  earliest  of  these  students  of  nature  of  whom  we  have 
any  knowledge  was  James  Crowther,1  born  1768  in  a  cellar  in  Deansgate, 
Manchester,  and  employed  at  the  age  of  nine  as  '  draw  boy  '  at  petti- 
coat weaving.  He  was  a  botanist  as  well  as  an  entomologist,  but  poverty 
necessitated  the  disposal  of  his  collections  before  his  death  (1847),  anc^ 
except  from  oral  traditions  and  a  few  references  in  natural  history  works 
of  the  last  century,  we  know  but  little  of  his  work. 

Jethro  Tinker  of  Staleybridge  is  a  figure  which  stands  out  more 
distinctly.  He  was  born  near  Staleybridge  in  1788,  where  he  died  in 
1871.  Quite  without  education  he  began  life  as  a  hand-loom  weaver, 
becoming  overseer  of  a  mill,  inn  keeper,  and  finally  a  gardener,  but  con- 
tinuing throughout  his  life  an  ardent  and  self-taught  botanist  and  ento- 
mologist. His  entomological  collections  were  left  to  the  Staleybridge 
museum,  where  they  now  are,  and  a  public  monument  in  the  town  park 
attests  the  respect  in  which  he  was  held  by  his  fellow  citizens. 

Edward  Hobson  (after  whom  is  named  a  variety  of  a  beetle,  Chry- 
somela  orkhalcia^  Mull.)  was  born  in  Manchester  1782,  dying  there  in 
1830.  His  claim  to  fame  rests  perhaps  more  in  his  researches  as  a 
muscologist  than  as  an  entomologist,  although  Stephens  was  much  in- 
debted to  him  for  many  of  his  localities  in  his  Manual  of  the  Coleoptera  of 
Great  Britain. 

Other  names  that  occur  are  those  of  George  Crozier,  a  saddler,  born 
at  Eccleston  in  the  Fylde,  who  died  at  Manchester  1847,  an  accomplished 
entomologist  and  a  member  of  the  old  Banksian  Society  of  Manchester, 
and  Samuel  Gibson,  born  near  Hebden  Bridge  1790,  died  1 849,  an  entirely 
self-educated  naturalist.  The  latter's  entomological  collections  were  for 
many  years  in  the  Peel  Park  Museum  in  Manchester,  and  his  fine  collec- 
tion of  fossil  shells  of  the  lower  coal  measures  still  remains  in  the  Owens 
College  Museum  of  that  city.  Samuel  Carter,  a  cabinet  maker,  also 
of  Manchester,  who  rearranged  the  entomological  collections  in  the 
Manchester  Museum  in  1858,  was  one  of  the  same  group. 

More  especially  should  be  mentioned  Joseph  Chappell,  a  mechanic 
in  Sir  Joseph  Whitworth's  works  in  Manchester,  whose  obituary  ap- 
peared in  the  Manchester  City  News,  17  October  1896.  His  know- 
ledge of  the  entomological  fauna  of  Lancashire  was  intimate  and  exhaus- 
tive, his  enthusiasm  and  perseverance  unlimited  ;  he  has  told  the  present 

1  For  particulars  as  to  the  career  of  this  and  of  other  south  Lancashire  artisan  naturalists  I  am 
greatly  indebted  to  Dr.  H.  Bailey  of  Port  Erin,  Isle  of  Man,  some  time  of  Pendleton,  Manchester. — 
W.E.S. 

102 


INSECTS 

writer  how  on  a  Saturday  evening  after  work — and  there  was  no  Saturday 
half-holiday  in  those  days — he  would  walk  some  thirty  miles  to  Burnt 
Wood  in  Staffordshire,  sleeping  in  the  open,  collect  all  day  Sunday  and 
walk  back  on  Sunday  night  in  time  for  work  at  six  o'clock  on  Monday 
morning.  Most  of  Chappell's  knowledge  however  perished  with  him, 
but  his  fine  local  collections  were  purchased  at  his  death  by  Mr.  C.  H. 
Schill  of  Manchester,  in  whose  private  museum  they  remain.  To  coleop- 
terists  his  name  will  be  remembered  in  connection  with  those  rare  species 
Lymexelon  nava/e  and  Cryptocepbalus  biguttatus  ;  and  to  lepidopterists  with 
the  clearwing  moth,  Sesia  culiciformis. 

C.  H.  Gregson,  a  plumber  of  Liverpool,  belonged  to  the  same 
group,  and  was  possibly  the  last  member  of  it.  Born  in  Lancaster  1817, 
he  died  in  1899  in  Liverpool.  His  first  note  on  entomological  subjects 
seems  to  have  appeared  in  the  Annals  of  Natural  History  in  1842,  on  a 
local  moth,  Nyssia  zonaria,  and  from  that  time  to  his  death  his  notes  and 
contributions  appear  constantly  in  the  various  serial  publications  devoted 
to  entomology.  He  had  some  acquaintance  with  the  Coleoptera,  but  was 
more  especially  a  lepidopterist,  and  his  magnificent  collection  of  Lepidop- 
tera,  particularly  rich  in  varieties  and  aberrations,  was  purchased  in  1888 
by  W.  Sydney  Webb  of  Dover,  in  whose  possession  it  still  remains. 

Belonging  to  a  somewhat  different  rank  in  life  were  Noah  Greening 
of  Warrington,  the  brothers  Cooke  of  Liverpool,  and  Hodgkinson  of 
Preston. 

Noah  Greening  was  born  in  1821  and  died  in  1879.  He  is  best 
known  to  the  general  public  as  an  eminently  successful  business  man  and 
the  founder  of  the  Warrington  firm  of  wire  drawers  which  bears  his 
name.  But  he  was  also  an  ardent  student  of  nature,  an  ornithologist 
and  geologist  of  considerable  attainments,  but  more  especially  a  lepidop- 
terist. He  left  little  in  writing,  but  the  assistance  he  rendered  Newman 
is  obvious  to  all  readers  of  that  author's  British  Butterflies  and  Moths,  for 
years  the  standard  work  on  our  Lepidoptera.  Greening  introduced  several 
species  of  moths  to  the  British  list,  and  formed  a  very  complete  and  ex- 
tensive collection  of  British  Lepidoptera,  the  greater  part  of  which  is  now 
in  the  Liverpool  Museum  combined  with  that  of  Nathaniel  Cooke. 

The  brothers  Cooke,  Nathaniel  above  mentioned  and  Benjamin, 
born  respectively  in  1818  and  1817,  were  leading  entomologists  in  south 
Lancashire  during  the  second  quarter  of  last  century.  They  were  both 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  devoting  all  their  leisure  to  their  favourite 
study.  Nathaniel  was  almost  exclusively  a  lepidopterist,  and  to  him  we 
owe  the  discovery  of  Nyssia  zonaria  as  a  British  insect  (1838). 

He  died  in  Liverpool  1885.  His  brother  Benjamin  was  perhaps 
the  better  all  round  entomologist.  He  studied  nearly  all  the  orders, 
and  the  few  records  which  exist  of  the  Hemiptera,  Diptera,  etc.,  of 
south  Lancashire  are  almost  entirely  his  work.  He  died  in  Southport 
in  1883.  Notes  and  articles  by  both  brothers  are  to  be  found  in  all 
the  magazines  devoted  to  natural  history  quite  up  to  the  time  of  their 
deaths. 

103 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

J.  B.  Hodgkinson,  a  yarn  agent  of  Preston,  who  died  in  1897  aged 
73,  and  his  friend,  W.  H.  Threlfall  (who  still  survives)  are  best  known 
as  micro-lepidopterists.  They  collected  together  for  many  years  in  the 
country  round  Morecambe  Bay,  and  their  explorations  of  Witherslack 
have  rendered  that  locality  almost  classic  ground  to  the  student  of 
the  Micro-lepidoptera.  Hodgkinson 's  notes  appear  continually  in  the 
Entomologist  of  twenty  to  thirty  years  ago,  and  to  his  energy  is  due  the 
addition  of  some  six  or  eight  species  to  the  British  list  of  Lepidoptera. 
His  fine  collection  of  some  40,000  specimens  was  sold  at  '  Stevens' '  and 
realized  about  jC5°°- 

As  has  been  already  said,  the  school  of  Lancashire  artisan  entomolo- 
gists appears  to  have  almost  died  out.  The  present  local  students  of  the 
class  belong  to  a  somewhat  different  social  order.  With  better  education 
and  a  wider  grasp  of  the  general  scope  of  biology,  their  contributions 
to  entomological  science  are  more  likely  to  survive  than  was  the  case 
with  an  older  generation.  Such  present  workers  will  be  more  particu- 
larly alluded  to  in  the  more  detailed  treatment  of  the  separate  orders 
which  follows. 

COLLECTING   GROUNDS 

The  special  localities  or  collecting  grounds  whence  most  of  our 
knowledge  of  the  Lancashire  entomological  fauna  is  derived  may  perhaps 
demand  a  few  words.  Since  nearly  all  the  workers  in  this  branch  of 
natural  history  have  been  dwellers  in  towns,  these  localities  are  principally 
in  the  south-west  of  the  county  where  the  population  is  densest.  With 
a  few  exceptions,  such  as  the  district  round  Grange  and  Windermere, 
the  extreme  north  and  north-east  still  remain  entomologically  unexplored, 
and  no  doubt  many  species  occur  there  yet  unrecorded  in  our  lists. 

A  district  which  has  maintained,  and  to  a  great  extent  does  still 
maintain  a  rich  and  exclusive  fauna,  is  the  belt  of  sandhills  which  line 
the  coast  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey  to  that  of  the  Kibble. 

Although  the  lateral  movements  of  this  littoral  zone  have  been,  pro- 
bably even  within  the  historic  period,  extensive,  yet  its  characteristic 
features  are  of  high  antiquity,  and  its  fauna  is  for  this  reason  perhaps  the 
most  specialized  of  the  district.  The  immunity  however  which  these 
sterile  sands  have  enjoyed  for  centuries  from  either  cultivation  or  other 
industrial  operations  has  to  some  extent  been  interrupted  by  the  spread 
of  golf  links,  and  this  pastime  is  probably  responsible  to  a  greater  extent 
for  the  diminution  of  the  littoral  fauna  all  round  our  coasts  than  all  other 
human  agencies  put  together.  Among  these  sand  dunes  occur  many 
otherwise  very  rare  insects,  and  for  a  few  species  this  is  the  only  recorded 
locality  in  Great  Britain.  The  great  peat  mosses  of  the  south  of  the 
county  were  formerly  favourite  collecting  grounds.  These  however 
within  the  last  fifty  years  have  been  very  much  curtailed  and  are  probably 
doomed  to  complete  disappearance  in  the  near  future. 

Of  the  largest  of  these,  Chat  Moss,  which  formerly  extended  over 
some  1,000  acres,  there  now  remain  only  about  300  acres  undrained  and 


INSECTS 

uncultivated,  and  the  greater  part  of  this  remnant  is  being  yearly 
dissipated  as  '  peat-moss  litter  '  over  the  entire  kingdom. 

Risley  and  Carrington  Mosses,  which  however  are  strictly  outside 
the  county,  are  in  no  better  condition  from  an  entomological  point  of 
view,  and  their  special  fauna  and  flora  will  no  doubt  within  a  few  years 
become  a  memory  merely. 

The  '  cloughs  '  or  narrow  gorges  between  the  hills  westward  of  Man- 
chester, often  well  wooded,  were  favourite  haunts  of  the  older  collectors, 
but  of  these  few  would  now  repay  a  visit  from  any  entomologist. 

The  famous  '  Stalybrushes '  was  a  locality  of  this  kind,  and  though 
strictly  in  Cheshire  may  be  considered  almost  as  one  of  the  Lancashire 
collecting  grounds.  Here  a  wooded  glen  runs  up  between  the  hills  a 
couple  of  miles  from  Staleybridge  and  opens  out  on  the  wild  moorlands 
of  the  Peak.  This  was  the  favourite  locality  of  Jethro  Tinker  above 
mentioned.  Of  late  years  however  reservoirs  have  been  erected  in  the 
valley,  the  trees  cut  down,  and  but  little  of  the  wild  charm  of  the  place 
and  but  few  of  the  special  insects  now  remain.  Many  of  the  favourite 
resorts  of  the  old  Manchester  collectors,  such  as  the  Bollin  valley,  Dun- 
ham Park,  and  Delamere  Forest,  are  in  Cheshire.  These  localities  have 
undergone  but  little  change  and  are  still  most  prolific  hunting  grounds, 
but  they  can  hardly  be  considered  or  described  as  Lancashire  collecting 
grounds. 

Traffbrd  Park  near  Manchester,  lately  opened  to  the  public,  al- 
though much  disfigured  by  various  '  works '  as  well  as  by  the  ship  canal, 
has  been  found  by  Dr.  Bailey  (formerly  of  Pendleton)  to  be  an  excel- 
lent collecting  ground  for  Coleoptera. 

The  moors  and  mosses  round  Bolton  have  been  explored  by  Mr. 
Stott  of  that  town,  and  the  Southport  district  has  been  exhaustively 
worked  for  Coleoptera  by  Dr.  Chaster. 

Further  north  the  researches  of  Messrs.  Threlfall  and  Hodgkinson 
of  Preston  have  made  Witherslack  a  name  familiar  to  all  Lepidopterists. 
Witherslack  and  Arnside  is  a  district  of  low  limestone  hills,  woods, 
and  mosses  a  few  miles  north-east  of  Grange  and  extending  partly  into 
Westmorland.  The  locality  is  entomologically  very  rich  and  is  singular 
in  maintaining  a  few  species  of  Lepidoptera  which  are  of  quite  southern 
distribution. 

Near  Preston  the  district  of  Red  Scar  has  been  worked  with  great 
success  for  Lepidoptera  by  Mr.  J.  R.  Charnley  of  Preston,  and  the  Rev. 
A.  M.  Moss  (now  of  Norwich)  has  studied  and  recorded  the  same  order 
as  it  occurs  about  Windermere. 

PUBLIC    COLLECTIONS 

In  most  of  the  museums  of  the  county  there  exist  collections  of 
insects  of  more  or  less  importance.  The  town  museums  of  Liverpool, 
Manchester,  Preston,  Warrington  and  Bolton  may  be  specially  mentioned. 
The  best  collection  of  Lepidoptera  is  probably  the  '  Cooke  '  collection  of 
Liverpool.  This  includes  the  collections  of  N.  Cooke  and  E.  Birchall 
i  105  14 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  Liverpool  and  N.  Greening  of  Warrington.  It  was  rearranged  some 
years  ago  by  Dr.  Ellis  of  Liverpool,  and  the  specimens  being  principally 
of  local  origin  and  in  admirable  condition  it  forms  probably  one  of 
the  best  public  collections  of  Lepidoptera  in  the  provinces.  In  the 
other  orders  Liverpool  possesses  a  fairly  representative  but  small  col- 
lection of  exotic  insects  of  the  several  orders.  The  British  collections 
other  than  Lepidoptera  are  in  process  of  reformation  and  will  probably 
in  course  of  time  be  worthy  of  the  other  excellent  biological  collections 
of  the  Liverpool  Museum. 

In  the  Owens  College  Museum  of  Manchester  the  insect  collec- 
tions are  exceptionally  good.  This  is  particularly  the  case  with  the 
Coleoptera  and  Hymenoptera.  The  fine  and  extensive  collection  of 
exotic  Lepidoptera  presented  by  Mr.  Schill  of  that  town  is  also  a  note- 
worthy feature  of  the  museum.1 

Bolton  in  the  Chadwick  Museum  possesses  excellent  collections  of 
Lepidoptera  and  Coleoptera  and  good  representative  ones  of  Hymenop- 
tera, Hemiptera  and  Diptera.  In  this  museum  also  are  the  exotic 
Coleoptera  collected  by  the  late  Mr.  Gray  of  Bolton  and  presented  to 
the  museum. 

The  Preston  Museum  contains  one  of  the  best  generally  representa- 
tive entomological  collections  in  the  provinces.  It  has  been  formed  to 
illustrate  the  distribution  of  the  Insecta  of  the  world  and  includes  Coleop- 
tera, Orthoptera,  Neuroptera,  Hymenoptera,  Hemiptera  and  Diptera. 
Besides  these  there  is  a  very  good  local  collection  of  over  500  species 
of  Lancashire  Lepidoptera  and  several  cases  illustrating  life  histories  of 
insects,  mimicry,  protective  resemblance,  etc. 

The  Warrington  Museum  is  of  somewhat  recent  date,  and  the  en- 
tomological collections  therein  are  to  a  great  extent  in  process  of  form- 
ation. The  local  Lepidoptera  are  already  fairly  representative  and  the 
other  orders  have  not  been  neglected. 

ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETIES 

At  the  present  time  there  are  two  societies  in  Lancashire  founded 
for  and  exclusively  devoted  to  the  study  of  entomology.  The  elder  of 
these  is  the  Entomological  Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire. 

This  society  was  founded  in  1877  by  Messrs.  S.  J.  Capper,  Ben. 
Cooke,  and  a  few  other  local  entomologists.  The  first  president  was 
Mr.  Capper,  and  he  has  worthily  filled  the  chair  ever  since.  The  meet- 
ings were  held  in  the  Liverpool  Museum  till  about  1901,  when  a 
removal  was  made  to  the  Royal  Institution,  Colquitt  Street,  in  that 
city,  and  periodical  meetings  during  the  session  are  now  held  at  Chester 
and  St.  Helens.  This  society  has  done  much  to  encourage  the  study 
of  entomological  science  throughout  the  district,  and  has  numbered 
amongst  its  members  all  the  local  entomologists  of  the  last  thirty  years. 

Recently  a  somewhat  similar  society   has  been  founded  in   Man- 

1  The  very  complete  and  valuable  collection  of  British  Coleoptera  formed  by  W.  Reston  of  Stretford, 
Manchester,  has  lately  been  acquired  by  this  museum. 

1 06 


INSECTS 

Chester,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Hoyle  of  the  Owens  College 
Museum. 

Besides  these  bodies,  which  are  exclusively  devoted  to  the  study  of 
insects,  nearly  every  town  in  Lancashire  has  its  field  club  or  some  form 
of  natural  history  society.  At  many  of  such  societies  papers  on  en- 
tomology are  read  and  discussed,  but  few  of  them  publish  more  than 
an  abstract  of  their  proceedings.  Larger  and  more  comprehensive 
societies,  such  as  the  Liverpool  '  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire,'  '  Biological  Society,'  and  '  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society,' 
have  from  time  to  time  published  papers  dealing  more  especially  with 
the  entomology  of  the  district. 

In  earlier  days  the  '  Manchester  Banksian  Society,'  which  flourished 
between  1829  and  1836,  formed  a  centre  for  the  naturalists  of  that 
time  in  south-west  Lancashire,  and  most  of  the  early  Lancashire  ento- 
mologists appear  to  have  been  members  of  it. 

At  least  two  other  more  exclusively  entomological  societies  seem 
to  have  existed  in  Manchester  at  a  somewhat  later  date  :  '  The  Northern 
Entomological  Society,'  which  meets  at  the  house  of  one  of  the  members 
at  Old  Trafford,  Manchester,  and  was  in  existence  at  any  rate  in  1862  ; 
and  the  '  Manchester  Entomological  Society,'  which  seems  to  have 
flourished  from  1857  to  some  time  in  the  'sixties.'  These  societies 
appear  however  to  have  published  no  transactions  or  proceedings,  and 
their  meetings  were  probably  of  rather  an  informal  character.  Indeed  it 
is  difficult  now  to  secure  any  authentic  or  consecutive  information  as  to 
their  character  or  results. 

In  the  lists  which  follow,  the  local  distribution  of  the  orders 
Lepidoptera,  Coleoptera,  Hymenoptera  (Aculeata),  Hemiptera,  and  Orth- 
optera  is  given  with  as  much  detail  as  the  space  at  our  disposal  will  admit. 
These  lists  are  far  from  exhaustive,  and  additions  to  all  of  them  are 
yearly  being  made  by  students  of  the  several  orders.  Few  of  the  older 
entomologists  appear  to  have  realized  the  importance  of  the  accurate 
recording  of  the  localities  of  their  captures,  and  the  greater  part  of  these 
lists  is  due  to  the  exertions  of  more  modern  workers. 

In  regard  to  the  other  orders,  Neuroptera,  Trichoptera,  Diptera,  etc., 
there  exists  no  material  for  the  compilation  of  lists  that  would  be 
of  value  for  publication  here.  Of  the  Neuroptera  and  Trichoptera 
no  authentic  records  are  known  to  the  writer.  The  Diptera  have 
been  to  some  extent  studied  by  the  late  Benjamin  Cooke  of  Liverpool 
and  the  late  Rev.  H.  H.  Higgins  of  Rainhill.  The  former  published 
a  list  of  Diptera  taken  near  Manchester  and  Southport  in  the  pages  of 
the  Naturalist^  No.  Ivii.-lx.  vol.  5  (1880),  and  the  latter  a  short  list  of 
the  Syrphidce  of  the  Liverpool  district  in  the  Transactions  of  the  His- 
toric Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  (1858).  Neither  of  these 
lists  however  is  very  complete  and  in  some  cases  perhaps  not  absolutely 
trustworthy,  and  as  neither  professes  to  represent  the  order  as  it  is  gener- 
ally distributed  throughout  the  county  they  are  not  reproduced  here. 

107 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 
ORTHOPTERA 

The  order  Orthoptera,  including  the  Euplexoptera  and  Dermaptera, 
contains  by  far  the  smallest  number  of  species  of  any  order  of  the  Insecta 
as  represented  in  Britain.  Malcolm  Burr,  in  his  recent  work  on  the 
British  Orthoptera,  enumerates  not  more  than  fifty  species  in  all,  and 
many  of  these  are  undoubtedly  of  recent  introduction.  The  Orthoptera 
include  such  familiar  and,  indeed,  generally  unpopular  insects  as  the  cock- 
roaches, the  earwigs,  and  the  grasshoppers. 

The  order  has  been  specially  studied  as  it  occurs  locally  by  Mr. 
E.  G.  Burgess  Sopp  of  Birkdale,  to  whom  is  due  the  substance  of  the 
notes  which  follow. 

As  the  economy  of  many  of  the  Orthoptera,  especially  of  the  cock- 
roaches, has  been  extensively  modified  to  suit  that  association  with  manr 
kind  which  they  in  so  many  cases  unfortunately  adopt,  they  have  been 
particularly  the  subjects  of  accidental  immigration.  Ports  such  as  Liver- 
pool and  Manchester  have  thus  been  the  avenues  for  the  introduction  of 
many  exotic  species,  of  which  some  have  been  able  to  establish  them- 
selves with  more  or  less  success  in  limited  areas  ;  but  the  greater  number, 
if  they  succeed  in  escaping  instant  destruction  at  the  hands  of  some  unsym- 
pathetic discoverer,  are  only  occasionally  noticed  and  recorded  by  the 
entomologist  before  they  succumb  to  a  climate  to  which  they  find  it 
impossible  to  adapt  themselves. 

The  following  are  the  members  of  this  order  which  have  been 
recorded  from  Lancashire  :  — 

EUPLEXOPTERA  BLATTIDJE  (continued) 

(Earwigs]  occurred     in    Liverpool,    Manchester, 

T        c      ,           ,,,  and  some  of  the  other  large    Lan- 

Lab.a    minor,    L.     Southport,   Warnngton,  cashire  towns 

Liverpool  Stylopya-a    (Blatta)    orientalis,      L.     The 

Forficula  aunculana,  L.     Generally  abun-  ^fLiliar  '  blackbeetle  '  of  our  kitchens 

is  only  too  abundant  everywhere. 
There  are  also  a  few  records  of  the 
occurrence  of  strictly  exotic  species 

BLATTID;E  (Cockroaches)  from    the  Liverpool  docks,    such   as 

Ectobia  lapponica,  L.     Liverpool  Blabera  gigantea,  L.,   and  species  of 

—  livida,  F.                         „  the  genera  Epilampra  and  Panchlora, 

Although   a  few  members  of  the  but  these  can   in   no  sense  be   con- 

genus  Ectobia,  including  these  two  sidered  as  part  of  the  fauna  of  Lan- 

species,  are  properly  indigenous,  still  cashire 

it  is  probable  that  these  records  are  of  ACRIDIDJE  (Grasshoppers) 

imported    exotic    specimens,    as  the  Stenobothus  viridulus,  L.~)     Generally    dis- 

normal   range   of  the  genus  in  Eng-  —  bicolor,  Char.             J        tributed 

land  is  exclusively  southern  —  parallelus,  Zett.     Southport  district 

Phyllodromia  germanica,  L.  Gomphocerus    maculatus,    Thun.     South- 

Periplanata  americana,  L.  port  district 

_  australasiae,  F.  Tettix  bipunctatus,  L.     Liverpool,    High- 

Mi    recently    introduced    species  town,  Southport 

which  have  apparently  succeeded  to  Acridium  asgyptium,  L.     Certainly  intro- 

some    extent    in    establishing  them-  duced  ;  is  also  recorded  from  South- 

selves     in  a     few    localities  ;    have  port 
108 


INSECTS 

ACRIDID.S:  (continued")  generally  abundant,    the    cockroach 

Pachtylus  cinerascens,  L.     Manchester  having  in    many    places    supplanted 

—  migratorius,  L.     Bolton  and  even  exterminated  it 

GRYLLID^E  (Crickets)  [The  determination  of  several  of  the  exotic 

The  only  species    recorded   from  species  mentioned  above  is  due  to  the  kind- 

the  county  is  Gryllus  domesticus,  L.,  ness   of  Mr.    Malcolm  Burr,  the  well-known 

the  common  cricket  of  our  houses,  authority  on  the  Orthoptera] 
which  is  locally  common,  but  hardly 

HYMENOPTERA 

The  only  portion  of  this  order  of  which  detailed  and  trustworthy  data 
are  obtainable  is  the  Aculeata^  that  is  the  ants,  wasps,  and  bees.  These 
have  been  studied  by  the  late  Benjamin  Cooke  of  Southport,  and  the 
Rev.  H.  H.  Higgins,  formerly  of  Rainhill  near  Liverpool.  The  result 
of  their  observations,  together  with  those  of  a  few  other  local  students  of 
the  order,  has  been  incorporated  in  a  paper  on  *  The  Hymenoptera- 
Aculeata  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  with  notes  on  the  habits  of  the 
genera,'  by  Willoughby  Gardner,  F.L.S.,  reprinted  from  the  Transactions 
of  the  Liverpool  Biological  Society^  1901.  This  list  deals  however  only 
with  the  southern  part  of  Lancashire.  The  centre  and  north  of  the 
county  are  still  practically  virgin  ground  to  the  Hymenopterist,  and 
probably  many  species  are  to  be  found  there  which  have  no  place  in  the 
list  referred  to. 

As  regards  the  remainder  of  the  order — the  ichneumons,  saw-flies, 
gall-flies,  etc. — a  short  list  exists  compiled  by  Benjamin  Cooke  which 
enumerates  about  150  species  as  having  been  noticed  by  himself  of  the 
Tenthredinidtz,  Xiphydrndce^  Uroceridce,  Cynipidce^  Ichneumonidce,  Braconidce, 
Bethylidce^  and  ILmbolimidce,  and  also  about  23  species  of  Chalcididte  and 
Chrysididce.  These  are  all  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Manchester. 
This  list  was  published  in  the  Naturalist^  vol.  v.  No.  liii.  Dec.  1 879. 
It  makes  no  pretension  to  be  in  any  sense  exhaustive,  and  is  really  not 
much  more  than  a  '  note '  of  species  observed  near  Manchester.  We 
have  however  no  other  accessible  local  information  on  this  part  of  the 
order  known  to  the  writer. 

Reverting  to  the  Aculeata^  it  appears  to  be  unnecessary  to  mention 
in  detail  species  generally  and  everywhere  abundant.  The  following 
records  however  seem  worthy  of  attention  as  of  species  more  or  less  rare 
and  local.  They  are  taken  from  the  list  of  Mr.  Gardner  already  men- 
tioned. 

HETEROGYNA  POMPILIDJE 

FORMICID;E  Pompilus  rufipes,  L.          \   „         ,   ,   , 

Ponera  contracta,  Lat.      Near  Manchester  —  plumbeus,  F.                    Recorded  from 

-niger,F.  \    thecoastsand- 

FOSSORES  —  Pectinipes,V.deLind.J     r 

SAPYGIDJE  Salius  exaltatus,   F.     Bowden    near  Man- 

Sapyga  5-punctata,  F.     Rainhill  near  Liver-  chester 

pool  Ceropalpes  maculata,  F.     Southport 

1  B,  Brown,  Market  Place,  Huddersfield. 
109 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


SPHEGIDJE 

Astata  stigma,  Panz.     One  of  the  earliest 

records  in  Britain  of  this,  till  recently 

rare,  species  was  made  by  B.  Cooke 

(June  1879)  from  specimens  taken  by 

him  at  Southport.     It  is  one  of  the 

most  noteworthy  of  our  local  wasps 

Trypoxylon  figulus,  L.     Bowden 

Ammophila  hirsuta,  Scop.)    Occur  on  the 

—  lutaria,  F.  /      sandhills 
Diodontus  minutus,  F.     Manchester  district 
Psen  pallipes,  Panz.  „  „ 
Gorytes    mystaceus,    L.     Generally    dis- 
tributed, but  not  common 

Oxybelus    uniglumis,    L.     Southport     and 

near  Manchester 
Crabro  podagricus,   V.    d.    Lind.     Hazle- 

giove  near  Manchester 

DIPLOPTERA 

VESPID^E 

Vespa  crabro,  L.  One  nest  of  this  usu- 
ally southern  species  is  recorded  from 
the  county,  found  at  Hawkshead 
near  Coniston,  and  now  in  Owen's 
College  Museum,  Manchester 

—  norvegica,  F.     Not  infrequent   in  pine 

woods  throughout  the  county 

EuMENID^E 

Odynerus,  callosus,  Thorns.     Rainhill 

—  pictus,  Curt.     Bolton 

—  trimarginatus,  Zett.     Near  Manchester 

—  sinuatus,  F.  „  „ 

ANTHOPHILA 

COLLETIDJE 

Colletes  succinta,  L.  Among  heather,  on 
many  of  the  mosses 

—  fodiens,  Kirb.     Southport 

—  daviesana,  Sm.  Banks  of  Mersey,  Bollin, 

etc. 

cunicularia,  L.  This  species  was  first 
recorded  as  British  from  specimens 
taken  at  Wallasey  in  Cheshire.  The 
first  captor  was  the  Rev.  H.  H.  Hig- 
gins  (May  1855),  who  however  did 
not  publish  his  discovery.  In  1867 
the  bee  was  taken  by  N.  Cooke  of 
Birkenhead,  and  recorded  by  F. 
Smith  (E.M.M.  1869),  the  locality 
being  erroneously  given  as  Ventnor. 
Since  then  it  has  occurred  freely 
along  the  Lancashire  coast  from 
Crosby  as  far  north  as  Blackpool,  and 
it  also  seems  to  occur  sporadically  in- 
land 

Prosopis  communis,  Nyl.    Fairly  common 

—  signata,  Panz.  „  „ 

—  confusa,  Nyl.  „  }) 


ANDRENID^ 

Halictus  laevigatus,  Kirb.    Near  Manchester 

—  villosulus,  Kirb.  „  „ 

—  atricornis,  Sm.     Is  another  local  bee  of 

considerable  interest.  When  first 
discovered  by  B.  Cooke  at  Hazle- 
grove  near  Manchester  it  was  not 
only  new  to  Britain,  but  new  to 
science  (Ent.  An.  1870,  p.  26).  The 
species  has  since  been  recorded  from 
Stretford  and  from  Whalley  in  Lanca- 
shire as  well  as  from  other  localities, 
in  the  Midlands,  but  it  still  remains 
exclusively  British 

Other    species   of   the   genus  re- 
corded from  Lancashire  are  : — 

—  minutissimus,  Kirb. 

—  tumulorum,  L. 

—  morio,  F. 

Sphecodes  pilifrons,  Thorns.  Hazlegrove 
Southport 

Andrena  fulvicrus,  Kirb.  Is  only  recorded 
from  Rainhill  near  Liverpool.  The  fol- 
lowing species,  together  with  others 
of  general  distribution,  have  been 
recorded  from  the  Manchester  or 
Southport  districts 

—  cineraria,  L. 

—  angustior,  Kirb. 

—  helveola,  L. 

—  humilis,  Imh. 

—  labialis,  Kirb. 

—  minutula,  Kirb. 

—  nana,  Kirb. 

—  wilkella,  Kirb. 

Dasypoda  hirtipes,  Lat.  Occurs  on  the 
sandhills  and  also  inland  near  Man- 
chester 

Nomada.  The  following  of  the  less 
common  species  of  the  genus  have 
been  recorded,  principally  from  near 
Manchester  : — 

—  jacobasae,  Panz. 

—  lathburiana,  Kirb. 

—  lateralis,  Panz. 

—  ochostroma,  Kirb. 

—  ferruginata,  Kirb. 

—  fabriciana,  L. 
APIDJE 

Epeolus  productus,  Thorns.  Near  Man- 
chester 

Chelostoma  florisomne,  L.     Rainhill 
Ccelioxysquadridentata,L."|  Occur  on  sand- 

—  elongata,  Lep.  /     hills 
Megachile  maritima,  KirbA    „ 

—  willughbiella,  Kirb.       I  Qcfcur  not . In- 
-  circumcincta'  Lep.        J        fre1uently 
Osmia  fulviventris,  Panz.     Crosby 
Anthidium  manicatum,     L.     Near    Man- 
chester, Rainhill 


INSECTS 

APIDJE  (continued')  A.VIDM  (continued) 

Anthophora  retusa,  L.     1    Recorded     from  Marsden,   and   also   on  some  of  the 

—  pilipes,  F.                   /    near  Manchester  mosses  of  the  south-west 

Bombus.     Besides  the  generally   abundant  Psithyrus  vestalis,  Fourc."\    .~ 

species.     B.  lapponicus,  F.,  occurs  on  —  barbutellus,  Kirb.      !<*«»«*« 

the  moors   and  hills  on   the  borders  —  campestris,  Panz       J        "  e     7 
of  the  county  between  Rochdale  and 

COLEOPTERA 
(Beetles) 

The  first  recorded  notice  of  this  order  as  it  occurs  in  Lancashire 
appears  to  have  been  two  papers  on  the  Geodephaga  and  Hydradephaga  of 
the  district  communicated  to  the  Historic  Society  of  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  (Trans.  1861  and  1862)  by  C.  H.  Gregson  of  Liverpool. 
Gregson  was  more  of  a  Lepidopterist  than  Coleopterist,  and  these  lists 
can  only  be  taken  as  approximately  correct.  At  a  somewhat  later  date 
F.  Archer  of  Liverpool  contributed  to  the  '  Liverpool  Naturalists  Scrap- 
book '  (a  MS.  serial  having  a  limited  circulation  among  Liverpool 
naturalists)  a  short  paper  on  the  Coleoptera  of  the  district  (pp.  167-9). 
It  is  however  to  Dr.  Ellis  of  Liverpool  that  we  owe  anything  like  a 
complete  account  of  the  local  distribution  of  this  order.  This  list,  origi- 
nally communicated  to  the  Liverpool  Biological  Society,  13  April  1888, 
was  subsequently  published  in  book  form  in  1889. 

To  Dr.  Ellis's  own  exertions  are  due  the  greater  part  of  these  records, 
but  associated  in  their  compilation  were  Gregson,  Archer,  B.  Cooke, 
Chappell,  Wilding,  Smedley,  and  Willoughby  Gardner,  all  local  students 
of  the  order.  Unfortunately  the  district  embraced  in  this  list  is  only  a 
circle  of  a  fifteen  mile  radius  from  the  Liverpool  Town  Hall.  Hence  a 
large  number  of  the  records  belong  to  Cheshire,  and  only  the  fauna  of 
the  extreme  south-east  of  Lancashire  is  included  in  it. 

The  '  Handbooks  '  of  the  British  Association  meeting  at  Manchester 
in  1886,  and  at  Liverpool  in  1896,  both  contain  short  papers  on  the 
Coleoptera  of  the  respective  districts. 

Much  more  copious  and  informing  is  the  excellent  article  contributed 
by  Dr.  Chaster  and  Mr.  Burgess  Sopp  to  the  Handbook  of  the  Southport 
meeting  of  the  Association  in  1903. 

To  it  and  to  Dr.  Ellis's  Liverpool  list  the  writer  is  greatly  indebted 
in  the  compilation  of  the  following  notes,  which  are  not  intended  to  be 
in  any  sense  exhaustive.  His  thanks  are  also  due  and  hereby  accorded  to 
the  following  gentlemen  for  their  kind  and  valuable  assistance — 

Dr.  J.  Harold  Bailey,  Port  Erin,  Isle  of  Man  (sometime  of  Pendleton, 
Manchester),  who  has  assiduously  collected  in  the  Manchester  district, 
and  re-discovered  many  species  recorded  by  the  older  collectors. 

Dr.  G.  H.  Chaster  and  Mr.  Burgess  Sopp  of  Southport,  who 
have  most  exhaustively  explored  that  part  of  the  county. 

Mr.  J.  F.  Dutton  of  Helsby,  Cheshire,  to  whom  most  of  the 
Warrinp-ton  records  are  due. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Mr.  E.  C.  Stott  of  Swinton,  Manchester,  the  only  explorer  of  the 
Coleoptera  of  Bolton. 

Mr.  R.  Wilding  of  Liverpool,  who  has  collected  in  the  Liverpool 
and  Preston  districts. 

Mr.  J.  R.  le  B.  Tomlin  of  Chester,  who  has  collected  more  especially 
along  the  coast  north  of  Liverpool. 

Mr.  A.  Reston,  Stretford,  Manchester,  an  assiduous  collector  of 
thirty  years  ago,  whose  name  will  be  familiar  to  readers  of  the  localities 
given  in  Canon  Fowler's  British  Coleoptera. 

Mr.  G.  Dunlop  of  Mossley  Hill,  Liverpool,  who  has  discovered 
several  species  near  Liverpool  new  to  the  district. 

Use  has  also  been  made  of  records  by  Chappell,  Sidebotham,  T. 
Morley,  Eddleston  and  Kidson  Taylor,  all  of  Manchester,  who  collected 
in  that  district  fifty  to  thirty  years  ago  ;  of  F.  Archer  and  Constantine, 
former  collectors  of  the  Liverpool  district  Coleoptera  ;  and  of  Father  C. 
Redman,  sometime  of  Stoneyhurst,  Lancashire. 

The  nomenclature  and  arrangement  here  adopted  is  that  of  the 
British  Coleoptera  of  Canon  Fowler,  published  in  1887. 


ADEPHAGA 

ClCINDELID,K 

Cicindela  campestris,  L.  Generally  distri- 
buted but  not  common 

—  hybrida,    L.      Formby    and    Freshjield 

sandhills,  abundant  in  certain  years ; 

Birkdale,  occasional 
CARABID^: 

Cychrus    rostratus,     L.       Generally    but 

sparingly  distributed 
Carabus  catenulatus,  Scop.     Common 

—  violaceus,  L.     Common 

—  monilis,  F.      West  Derby 

—  nemoralis,  Mull.     Rainhill,  Witkington, 

Southport,  Bolton 

—  granulatus,  L.      Chat  Moss,  Parbold     • 

—  arvensis,  F.      Moors  near  Bolton 

—  glabratus,    Payk.     Probably  occurs  on 

the  mountains  of  the  north-east  of 
the  county,  and  one  specimen,  un- 
doubtedly an  importation,  was  taken 
by  Dr.  Chaster  at  Birkdak 

—  nitens,    L.       Chat    and    Risley   Mosses 

(formerly),  Knowsley,  Freshfield  sand- 
hills 
Notiophilus  aquaticus,  L.  \ Generally     dis- 

—  palustris,  Duft.  /     tributed,  and 

more  frequent  in  dry,  heathery  locali- 
ties than,  as  their  names  would  imply, 
in  damp  and  marshy  ones 

—  substriatus,  Wat.      Coast,   under   sea- 

weed, etc. 

Leistus.  All  the  species  with  the  exception 
of  L.  montanus,  Steph.,  have  been 
recorded.  L.  ferrugineus,  L.,  and  L. 


CARABID./E  (continued') 

rufescens,  F.,  sometimes  occur  in 
great  abundance 

Nebria  brevicollis,  F.  Common  every- 
where 

—  gyllenhalii,  Sch.      Under  stones  in  dry 

bed  of  stream,  Lostock  near  Bolton, 
Withington,  Ringley  Wood  near  Man- 
chester 

Blethisa  multipunctata,  L.,  has  been  re- 
corded by  Gregson  from  Crosby 

Elaphrus  cupreus,  Duft.  \    Generally 

—  riparius,  L.  j        distributed 
Loricera  pilicornis,  F.     Abundant   every- 
where 

Clivina  fossor,  L.     Common 

—  collaris,  Herbst.     Banks  of  Alt,  Mersey, 

Irwfll  and  Douglas 
Dyschirius  thoracicus,  Rossi,  j  All  occur  on 

—  impunctipennis,  Daws.     J      the     coast 

—  nitidus,  Dej.  |-     between 

—  politus,  Dej.  Crosby  and 

—  salinus,  Sch.  j      Southport 

—  globosus,     Herbst.      In    wet  ditches; 

abundantly  distributed 

Miscodera  arctica,  Payk.  Recorded  from 
Longridge  Fell  near  Ribchester,  June 
1884,  by  C.  Redman,  Stoneyhurst 

Broscus  cephalotes,  L.  Common  on  the 
shore 

Badister  bipustulatus,  F.  Generally  distri- 
buted, but  not  common  anywhere 

Chlcenius  nigricornis,  F.  Recorded  from 
Knowsley  near  Liverpool,  and  Mere 
Mere  near  Manchester 


INSECTS 


CARABIDJE  (continued) 

Stenolophus  vespertinus,   Panz.      Southport 

district 

Acupalpus  dorsalis,  F.  One  specimen  re- 
corded from  Crosby  shore 

—  meridianus,  L.     Occasional ;  Chat  and 

Carrington  Mosses 
Bradycellus  cognatus,  Gyll.   \  Common  on 

—  verbasci,  Duft.  I    the    moors 

—  similis,  Dej.  J     and  mosses 

—  distinctis,  Dej.     ~|    Not  uncommon  in 

—  harpalinus,  Dej.  J      damp  places 

—  collaris,  Payk.     Also  probably  occurs  in 

the  north,  as  it  is  taken  on  the  West- 
morland mountains 

Harpalus.  Of  this  genus,  besides  the 
universally  common  species,  the  fol- 
lowing have  been  noted  : — 

—  rupicola,  Sturm.      Hightown 

—  latus,  L.      Manchester,  Southport,  etc. 

—  neglectus,  Dej.     Birkdale  sandhills,  not 

common 

—  tardus,  Panz.     Southport,  scarce 

—  anxius,  Duft.    Common  on  coast  sand- 

hills 
Dichirotrichus  pubescens,  Payk.     Common 

on  the  shore 
Anisodactylus    binotatus,    F.       Hightown, 

Chat   and    Hoole    Mosses,    Birkdale, 

Bolton 
Stomis   pumicatus,    Panz.     Occasional  on 

the  mosses,  but  not  common 
Pterostichus.     Besides  the  quite   common 

species — 

—  cupreus,  L.    Crosby,  Lostock,  Withington, 

etc. 

—  versicolor,  Sturm.      Hoole   and   Lostock 

Mosses,  Southport  district 

—  picimanus,  Duft.    One  specimen,  mar- 

gin of  pond,  Rainhill 

—  aethiops,  Panz.     Moors  near  Stoneyhurst 

—  minor,  Gyll.     Southport  district 

—  vernalis,   Gyll.      Northenden,  Birkdale 
Amara  fulva,  De  G.     Mersey  shore,  Crosby, 

Birkdale,  etc. 

—  apriciaria,  Payk.     Withington,  Kearsley, 

and  Kersal  Moors,  Southport 

—  consularis,  Duft.       Banks    of   Douglas 

near  Preston 

—  aulica,  Panz.     Generally  distributed 

—  rufocincta,  Dej.     Lydiate  near  Liver- 

pool, Crosby 

—  livida,  F.      Cratby,  Birkdale 

—  ovata,  F.      Southport  and  Bolton  districts 

—  similata,  Gyll.      Southport,  not  common 

—  tibialis,  Payk.     Generally  common  on 

the  sandhills 

—  lunicollis,    Schiod.      Generally    distri- 

buted, but  not  common 

—  trivialis,  Gyll.     Abundant  everywhere 
I  1 


CARABID^:  (continued) 

Amara  familiaris,  Duft.  Abundant  every- 
where 

—  lucida,  Duft.     Not  rare  on  the  sand- 

hills 

—  plebeia,  Gyll.     Southport  district,  Lan- 

caster ;  scarce 

Calathus.  All  our  species  except  C.  fuscus, 
F.,  and  C.  micropterus,  Duft.,  have 
been  recorded  as  common,  and  C. 
micropterus  almost  certainly  occurs 
on  the  high  moors  of  the  north  and 
north-east 

Taphria  nivalis,  Panz.  West  Derby,  Kearsley 
Moor,  Southport 

Pristonychus  terricola,  Herbst.  Occurs 
generally  in  cellars  and  outhouses, 
and  occasionally  in  the  open,  through- 
out the  county 

Lemosthenus  complanatus,  Dej.  One 
specimen  taken  in  warehouse  in 
Liverpool.  This  species  has  only  re- 
cently been  added  to  the  British  list, 
but  doubtless  occurs  frequently,  and 
is  probably  mixed  with  the  previous 
species  in  most  collections 

Sphodrus  leucopthalamus,  L.  In  cellars  ; 
seems  to  live  in  drains,  and  is  but 
rarely  seen,  but  occurs  in  most  large 
towns  of  the  county 

Anchomenus  dorsalis,  Mall.     Abundant 

—  albipes,  F.  „ 

—  marginatus,  L.  „ 

—  parumpunctatus,  F.  „ 

—  fuliginosus,  Panz.  „ 

—  angusticollis,  F.     Generally  distributed 

under  loose  bark  and  in  damp  places 

—  ericeti,  Panz.     Simonswood,  Chat  Moss 

—  viduus,  Panz.       Southport,  occasional 

var.  maestus,  Leuft.  „  „ 

—  gracilis,    Gyll.      Hightown,   Rivington, 

near  Manchester 

—  puellus,  Deg.     Almost  certainly  occurs 

among  reeds,  although  it  has  not  been 
recorded,  and  is  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish from  A.  fuliginosus 

Olisthopus  rotundatus,  Payk.  Frequent  on 
the  high  moors  among  heather 

Tachys  parvulus,  Deg.  The  first  British 
specimen  of  this  insect  was  taken  in 
September  1884  by  Mr.  J.  H. 
Smedley  of  Liverpool  on  the  Wal- 
lasey  sandhills.  This  locality  is  of 
course  not  within  the  county,  but  it 
is  probable  that  the  insect  may  also 
occur  on  the  sandhills  to  the  north 
of  the  Mersey  estuary.  The  dis- 
covery of  the  species  since  that  date 
near  Plymouth  and  in  the  New  Forest 
rather  discredits  the  suggestion, 
il  15 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CARABIDJE  (continued) 

which  had  been  made,  that  Mr. 
Smedley's  specimen  had  been  im- 
ported in  ballast. 

Tachys  bistriatus,  Duf.  Recorded  from 
Lostock  near  Bolton,  on  daffodils 

Cillenus  lateralis,  Sam.  Banks  of  Alt  and 
Mersey  at  Aigburth 

Bembidium.  Of  this  large  genus  the  fol- 
lowing are  abundant  and  widely  dis- 
tributed : — 

—  obtusum,  Sturm.     Generally  common 

—  guttula,  F.  „  „ 

—  lampros,  Herbst.          „  „ 

—  littorale,  Ol.  „  „ 

—  biguttatum,  F.          \  Generally        but 

—  concinnum,  Steph.    I    sparingly  distri- 

—  minimum,  F.  J     buted 

—  rufescens,  GueY. 

The  following  appear  to  be  more 
local  and  rare  : — 

—  quinquestriatum,    Gyll.      West    Derby, 

Southport,  near  Preston 

—  clarki,  Daws.     In  moss,  Birkdale  sand- 

hills ;   rare 

—  quadrimaculatum,  L.  Northenden,  Cros- 

sens 

—  quadriguttatum,  F.      Wavertree,  High- 

town 

—  bipunctatum,  L.      Banks  of  Alt,  Birk- 

dale 

—  nitidulum,  Marsh.       Banks  of  Douglas, 

Hook,  near  Manchester 

—  femoratum,  Sturm.      West  Derby,  Aig- 

burth, near  Manchester 

—  saxatile,  Gyll.     Shore  near  Garston 

—  bruxellense,  Wesm.     Moors  near  Bol- 

ton 

—  lunatum,  Duft.      Aigburth  shore,   Alt- 

mouth,  Crossens,  Withington 

—  stomoides,    Deg.     Banks  of    Alt   and 

RMle 

—  pallidipenne,   111.       Abundant    on    the 

shore  between  Crosby  and  Southport 

—  flammulatum,  Clair.     Banks  of  Alt 

—  obliquum,  Sturm.      '  Clifton  near  Man- 

chester '  (T.  Morley),  quoted  in  Fow- 
ler's Coleoptera,  i.  121 

—  paludosum,  Panz.      Banks    of    Bollin, 

abundant 

—  tibiale,     Duft.          Clitheroe 

—  atrocoeruleum,  Steph.  „ 

—  decorum,  Panz.  „ 

Tachypus  flavipes,  L.  Birkdale,  banks  of 
Mersey  and  Irwell,  Bolton 

Perileptus  areolatus,  Crantz.  Duddon  sands 
(Fowler's  Coleoptera,  i.  124) 

Trechus  discus,  F.  Banks  of  Alt,  Liver- 
pool, Northenaen 

—  micros,  Herbst.     Banks  of  Mersey 


CARABIDJE  (continued) 

Trechus  secalis,  Payk.     Bolton 

—  longicornis,  Sturm.    First  British  speci- 

mens were  taken  on  the  Duddon  sands 
near  Broughton,  Lancashire  (Fowler's 
Coleoptera,  i.  127) 

—  minutus,  F.     Abundant  everywhere 
Patrobus  excavatus,  Payk.     Hoole,  Preston, 

Manchester  district 

Pogonus  chalceus,  Marsh.  Frequent  on 
the  foreshore 

Cymindis  vaporariorum,  L.  Undoubtedly 
occurs  on  the  moors,  as  it  has  been 
taken  both  in  Cheshire  and  Yorkshire, 
although  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
been  noticed  in  Lancashire 

Demetrias  linearis,  Ol.     Abundant 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L.  „ 

—  melanocephalus,  Deg.        „ 

—  meridionalis,  Deg.     Less  common  but 

—  quadrinotatus,  generally     dis- 

Panz.  tributed 

Metabletus  foveola,  Gyll.     Generally  com- 
mon 
HALIPLID^: 

Brychius  elevatus,  Panz.     Near  Warring- 
ton,  Bolton 
Haliplus  flavicollis,  Sturm. 

—  ruficollis,  De  G. 

—  lineatocollis,  Marsh. 

—  obliquus,  F.     Birkdale 

—  confinis,  Steph.    „ 

—  fulvus,  F.     Hightown,  Ormskirk 

—  fluviatilis.    Near  Liverpool,  Southport 
DYTISCID/E 

Noterus  sparsus,  Marsh.     Southport 
Laccophilus     interruptus,    Panz.        Clifton 
near  Manchester 

—  obscurus,  Panz.     Southport 
Hyphydrus  ovatus,  L.    Generally  abundant 
Coelambus  versicolor,  Sch.     Common 

—  inaequalis,  F.  „ 
Deronectes  assimilis,  Payk.  "1  Generally  dis- 

—  depressus,  F.  V  tributed       if 

—  duodecim-pustulatus,  F.J    not  common 
Hydroporus.  Besides  the  universally  abun- 
dant species  of  this  large  genus  the 
following  have  been  recorded  : — 

—  lepidus,  Ol.     Bolton    and  generally  in 

ditches  near  the  coast 

—  rivalis,  Gyll.     Bolton 

—  halensis,  F.  „ 

—  tristis,  Payk.     Simons-wood  Moss 

—  umbrosus,    Gyll.       Near     Warrington, 

Birkdale 

—  gyllenhalii,    Schio.       Simonsivood    Moss, 

Southport 

—  morio,  Deg.     Simonswood,  Bolton 

—  memnonius,  Nic.     Birkdale 

—  obscurus,  Sturm.      Probably  occurs  on 


(Generally 
abundant 


114 


INSECTS 


DYTISCIDJE  (continued) 

the  mosses,  as  it  is  taken  at  Lindow 
and  Delamere  in  Cheshire 
Hydroporus  nigrita,  F.     Kirkdale 

—  lituratus,  F.      Southport 

—  obsoletus,  Aube.     Recorded  by  Chap- 

pell    from    Chat    Moss    and    from 
Northenden  by  Dr.  Bailey 
Agabus  bipustulatus,  L.  ~\  Everywhere 

—  sturmii,  Schron.          J        abundant 

—  guttatus,  Payk.    Common  under  stones 

in  brooks 

—  biguttatus,  Ol.     Ribble  near  Preston 

—  paludosus,  F.  Bolton  and  near  Manchester 

—  unguicularis,  L.     One  specimen,  Birch 

Fields,  Manchester 

—  nebulosus,  Forst.     Southport 

—  chalconatus,  Panz.      Bolton  and  River 

Douglas  near  Preston 

Platambus  maculatus,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed in  running  water 

Ilybius  fuliginosus,  F.     Common 

—  ater.     De  G.  „ 

—  fenestratus,  F.      Wavertree  near  Liver- 

pool 

—  obscurus,  Marsh.     Southport 

—  guttiger,  Gyll.     Prestwich 
Colymbetes  fuscus,  L.    Common  generally 
Rhantus  bistriatus,  Berg.      Prestwich 

—  exoletus,  Forst.    Hightown  near  Formby 
Dytiscus  marginalis,  L.  1     Recorded     and 

—  punctulatus,  F.          /     fairly  common 
GYRINID;E 

Gyrinus  bicolor,  Payk.    Near  Southport 

—  elongatus,  Aub£.  „  „ 

—  marinus,  Gyll.  „  „ 

—  natator,  Scop.     Abundant  everywhere 
Orechtochilus    villosus,     Mall.      Winwick 

near  Harrington,  near  Manchester 

CLAVICORNIA 
HYDROPHILID.S: 

Hydrocharis  caraboides,  L.  A  single  speci- 
men captured  at  Southport  when  fly- 
ing at  night 

Hydrobius  fuscipes,  L.     Common 
Philhydrus  testaceus,  F.    ^  M  Qccur  ^ 

—  mgncans,  Zett.  ,         , 

-  melanocephalus,  Ol.    f      °r    l<f    fre' 

-  coarctatus,  Gredl.        J       ^^ 
Cymbiodyta  ovalis,  Thorns.     Common 
Enochrus    bicolor,   Gyll.     Near  Liverpool, 

Formby 

Laccobius.  All  the  four  British  species  or 
forms  occur  near  Southport  and  else- 
where 

Berosus  affinis,  Brull£.  Wavertree,  Kirk- 
dale  near  Liverpool 

Limnebius  truncatellus,  Thorns.    Common 

—  nitidus,  Marsh.      Southport 


Recorded  from 
the  Southport  dis- 
trict, but  are  not 
common 


HYDROPHILID^:  (continued) 

Anaccena.     All  our  species  occur 
Choetarthria  seminulum,  Herbst.     Birkdale 
Helophorus  tuberculatus,  Gyll.     This  ex- 
ceedingly rare  species  was  taken  some 
years  ago  in  the  Manchester  district 
by  J.  Chappell  and  named  by  E.  C. 
Rye  (E.M.M.  October  1874) 

—  aquaticus,  L.      Generally  abundant 

—  brevipalpis,  Bedel.     „  „ 

—  nubilus,  F. 

—  intermedius,  Muls. 

—  dorsalis,  Marsh. 

—  arvernicus,  Muls. 

—  aenipenuis,  Thorns. 

Hydrochus  angustatus,  Germ.    Southport  ; 

rare 
Octhebius  pygmaeus,  F.     Common 

—  bicolon,  Germ.  „ 

—  marinus,  Payk.      One  specimen,  South- 

port 

—  rufomarginatus,    Steph.      Recorded    by 

T.  Morley  from  Stretford  near  Man- 
chester in  flood  refuse 

Hydrcena  riparia,  Kug.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  nigrita,  Germ.     ")    Fairy  Glen,  Appleby 

—  gracilis,  Germ.     J      Bridge 

All  species  of  Cyclonotum  and 
Sphasridium  occur  not  uncommonly 

Cercyon.  With  the  exceptions  of  C.  aquati- 
cus, Muls.,  C.  depressus,  Steph.,  and 
C.  minutus,  Muls.,  the  whole  of  our 
British  species  have  been  recorded. 
The  two  species  also  of  Megaster- 
num  and  Cryptopleurumare  abundant 
SILPHID^E 

Clambus.  Our  three  British  species  have 
all  been  taken  near  Southport 

Agathidium  nigripenne,  Kug.  Under  bark, 
Agecroft,  Manchester 

—  marginatum,    Sturm.      Rare,    Birkdale 

sandhills 

Liodes  humeralis,  Kug.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  orbicularis,  Herbst.      One  specimen  in 

Lycoperdon.  Prestwich  near  Man- 
chester 

Anisotoma  dubia,  Kug.,  is  the  only  species 
at  all  common,  but  A.  picea,  111., 
A.  rugosa,  Steph.,  A.  furva,  Er.,  A. 
ciliaris,  Schm.,  and  A.  ovalis,  Schm., 
all  species  generally  considered  rare 
or  very  rare,  have  been  taken  by  Dr. 
Chaster  and  Mr.  Sopp  on  the  South- 
port  coast,  also  by  the  former  one 
specimen  of  A.  punctulata,  Gyll. 

Hydnobius  punctatus,  Sturm.  Recorded 
by  Archer  (1864)  from  Hightown 
near  Crosby 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


SILPHID^E  (continued) 

Hydnobius  punctatissimus,  Steph.    Not  un- 
common by  evening  sweeping  on  the 
sandhills 
Necrophorus  humator,  F.  \Generally  com- 

—  ruspator,  Er.  J    mon 

—  vespillo,  L.     So  on  the  sandhills  only 

—  mortuorum,  F.     Scarce 

Necrodes  littoralis,  L.     Shore   at  Aigburth, 

Birkdale 
Silpha  rugosa,  L.     Generally  common 

—  sinuata,  F.  „  „ 

—  opaca,  L.      Single  specimens,  Birkdale, 

Bolton 

—  tristis,  III.     Bolton 

—  obscura,  L.     Blackpool 

—  atrata,  L.     Crosby 
Choleva  morio,  F.     ^ 

—  nigrita,  Er.  I   Are  the  commonest 

—  tristis,  Payk.          j       species 

—  watsoni,  Spence  J 

—  spadicea,  Sturm.     Recorded  by  Broad- 

bent    from    Drinkwater    Park    near 
Manchester 

—  fusca,  Panz.     Southport 

—  grandicollis,  Er.,  and  C.  kirbyi,  Spence 

(if  these  forms  are   really  of  specific 
value),  have  both  been  recorded 

—  chrysomeloideSjl 

Panz.  j-  Generally  distributed 

—  velox,  Spence    J 

—  colonoides,     Kraatz.         Recorded    by 

Chappell     from   '  near   Manchester  ' 
(E.M.M.  xii.  62) 

—  nigricans,  Spence.     Bolton 
Ptomophagus  sericeus,  F.    Generally  com- 


Eumicrus tarsatus,  Mull.,   and  Scydmasnus 
collaris,  Mull.,  are   the   only  species 
recorded  as  common 
—  exilis,  Er.     Southport  ;    very  rare 

PSELAPHIDJE 

The  only  species  of  the  genera 
Pselaphus,  Tychus,  Bythinus,  Ry- 
baxis,  or  Bryaxis  recorded  is  Tychus 
niger,  Payk.,  from  Southport,  although 
undoubtedly  many  more  occur  within 
the  county.  The  genus  Euplectus 
has  been  specially  studied  by  Dr. 
Chaster,  who  records  E.  signatus, 
Reich.,  E.  sanguineus,  Denny,  E. 
karsteni,  Reich.,  and  E.  piceus,  Mots., 
all  from  the  Southport  district 

TRICHOPTERYGID.S 

The  small  size,  the  difficulty  of  set- 
ting, and  the  still  greater  difficulty  of 
naming  the  members  of  this  family 
have  occasioned  the  general  neglect 
of  this  group  by  collectors,  and  the 


TRICHOPTERYGID.S:  (continued  ) 

few  records,  in  some  cases  of  doubt- 
ful authenticity,  which  exist  afford 
no  criterion  of  the  distribution  of 
the  family  in  Lancashire 

CoRYLOPHID-ffi 

No  records  have  been  found 


Common 


'HXRiiDJE 

No  records  have  been  found 
PHALACRID^ 

Olibrus  asneus,  F.     Southport 
COCCINELLID^: 


Hippodamia  variegata,  Gceze. 

on  the  sandhills 
Coccinella  hieroglyphica,  L.      Not  rare  on 

the  mosses 

Halyzia  i8-guttata,  L. 
-  '4-guttata,  L. 


Scymnus   frontalis,   F.      Common  on  the 
sandhills 

—  suturalis,  Thunb.     Among  fir  trees 

—  redtenbacheri,  Muls.    Birkdale,  sandhills 

—  nigrinus,  Kug.       Recorded   by  Kidson 

Taylor  from  '  near  Manchester  ' 
Chilocorus  bipustulatus,  L.      Common  on 

the  sandhills 
ENDOMYCHID^E 

Mycetsea    hirta,   Marsh.       Generally  dis- 
tributed 
COLYDIID^: 

Orthocerus  muticus,  L.     Sometimes  com- 
mon on  the  sandhills 
Cerylon  ferrugineum,  Steph.     Parbold 
HISTERIDJE 

Hister  unicolor,  L. 

—  cadaverinus,  Hoff. 

—  bissexstriatus,  F.       All    occur  pnncip- 

—  purpurascens,  ally  on  the  sand- 

Herbst.  hills 

—  bimaculatus,  L. 

—  i2-striatus,Sch. 

—  carbonari  us,^  Also      almost      certainly 

111.  I      occur  more    inland,  as 

—  succicola,      j      they    are    common    in 

Thorns.   J      Cheshire 
Gnathoncus  nannetensis,  Mars.       Birkdale 

sandhills  ;  rare 
Saprinus  nitidulus,  Payk.     Abundant 

—  aeneus,  F.  „ 

—  quadristriatus,  HofF.\  More   rarely    on 

—  maritimus,  Steph.     J      the  coast 
Acritus  minutus,  Herbst.  Southport  district, 

common 

Onthophilus  striatus,   F.       Generally  dis- 
tributed 
MICROPEPLID.S: 

Micropeplus   porcatus,   Payk.      Hightown, 
Southport 


116 


INSECTS 


All  recorded  from 
the  Manchester 
district  by  the 
old  collectors 


MICROPEPLID.E:  (continued) 

Micropeplus  margaritae,  Duv.  Generally 
distributed 

—  tesserula,    Curt.       One    specimen  re- 

ported from  Grange,  1863,  by  R.  S. 
Edleston  (E.M.M.  i.  259) 

NlTIDULIOS 

Brachypterus  gravidus,  111.  On  Linaria  vul- 
garis,  Southport 

—  pubescens,  Er.     Generally  abundant 

—  urticas,  Kug.  „  „ 
Carpophilus  hemipterus,  L.     In  a  Liverpool 

warehouse  ;   perhaps  imported 

—  mutilatus,  Er.     This  species  owes  its 

position  on  the  British  list  to  Mr.  T. 
Ray  Hardy  of  Manchester,  who  re- 
corded it  from  Manchester  (Fowler's 
Coleoptera,  iii.  224),  and  it  has  not 
been  since  taken  by  any  one  in  this 
country 

Cercus.  All  our  three  species  have  been 
recorded 

Epureadecemguttata,  F.1 

—  diffusa,  Bris. 

—  melina,  Er. 

—  oblonga,  Herbst. 

—  florea,  Er. 

—  parvula,  Sturm. 

—  angustula,  Er. 

Nitidula  bipustula,  L.  Is  the  only  species 
recorded,  and  that  is  not  uncommon 

Soronia  grisea,  L.  Trafford  Park  near 
Manchester,  Southport 

—  punctatissima,  111.      Southport 
Omosita  colon,  L.     Generally  common 

—  discoidea,  F.  „      '        „ 
Meligethes.       Besides  the   generally  com- 
mon species  the  following  have  been 
recorded  by  Chappell : — 

—  symphyti,  Heer.     Eowden 

—  ovatus,  Sturm.     1  On  flowers  of  Gali- 

—  viduatus,  Sturm.  J      opsis,  Chat  Moss 

—  flavipes,  Sturm.      On  broom,  Lancaster 

—  memnonius,  Er.     Chat  Moss 

By  Ellis  :— 

—  brunnicornis,  Sturm.     '  Occasional ' 

—  lugubris,   Sturm.      '  Two  on  Mentha, 

Hightown ' 

—  viridescens,  F.     Southport 
Rhizophagus  depressus,  F.     Chat  Moss 

—  cribratus,  Gyll.     Manchester 

—  parellelocollis,  Er.     Southport 

—  perforatus,  Er.     Liverpool 

—  dispar,  Gyll.       Generally  distributed 

—  bipustulatus,  F.          „  „ 

—  politus,  Hellw.     Manchester  district 

—  cceruleipennis,   Sahl.       One    specimen 

taken  from  a  decayed  log  at  the 
Crosby  sandhills  '  many  years  ago  '  by 
Mr.  Kidson  Taylor  of  Manchester 


TROGOSITIDJE 

Tenebrioides    mauritanica,    L.         Under 
matting  on  the  shore,  and   in  shops 
and  warehouses 
MONOTOMID^: 

Monotoma  picipes,  Herbst.  Generally 
common 

—  quadricollis,  Aub6.     Southport 

—  rufa,  Red.  „ 

—  longicollis,  Gyll.  „ 
LATHRIDIID^: 

Of  the  genera  Lathridius,  Coninomus  and 
Enicmus  only  the  quite  common 
species  have  been  recorded 

Cartodere  ruficollis,  Marsh.  Abundant  in 
haystack  refuse  at  Birkdale 

Corticiaria  pubescens,  "| 

Gyll.  Not     infrequent    in 

—  crenulata,  Gyll.    f     haystack       debris 

—  denticulata,Gyll.        generally 

—  elongata,  Gyll.    ' 
Melanophthalma  gibosa,  Herbst.    Abundant 

everywhere 

—  fuscula,  Man.     Abundant  everywhere 
CUCUJIDJE 

Silvanus  surinamensis,  L.  Common  in 
grain  warehouses 

—  bidentatus,  Steph.      Near  Manchester 
Lemophlosus  ferrugineus,  Steph.       In  grain 

warehouses 

—  pusillus,  Schon.     In  grain  warehouses 
BYTURID^E 

Byturus  tomentosus,  F.  Common  through- 
out the  district 
CRYPTOPHAGID^ 

Telmatophilus  caricis,  Ol.  Generally  com- 
mon 

Antherophagus  nigricornis,  F.  Southport, 
not  common 

—  silaceus,  Herbst.  Southport,  not  common 

—  pallens,   Gyll.       Ringlej   Wood,   Man- 

chester 

Cryptophagus  pubescens,  Sturm.  Generally 
distributed 

—  lycoperdi,  Herbst.  Generally  distributed 

—  setulosus,  Sturm.  „  „ 

—  saginatus,  Sturm.  „  „ 

—  scanicus,  L.  „  „ 

—  cellaris,  Scop.  „  „ 

—  acutangulus,  Gyll.          „  „ 

—  distinguendus,  Sturm.     Southport 

—  bicolor,  Sturm.  „ 

—  punctipennis,  Bris.  „ 

—  umbratus,  Er.  „ 

—  rufkornis,  Steph.     Rare  ;  has  been  re- 

corded by  Chappell  and  recently 
taken  by  Mr.  Kidson  Taylor  in 
fungus  on  Chat  Moss 

Micrambe  vini,  Panz.  Generally  distri- 
buted 


117 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


CRYPTOPHAGIDJE  (continued) 

Henoticus  serratus,  Gyll.  A  single  speci- 
men recorded  from  under  birch  bark 
near  Manchester,  also  by  Mr.  Kidson 
Taylor 

Atomaria  fimitarii,  Herbst.  Occasionally 
abundant  in  fungus,  Birkdale,  and 

—  nigripennis,  Payk.    In  a  cellar  in  Man- 

chester, are  the  only  two  except   the 
universally  common  species  recorded 
Ephistemus.     Both  species  are  common 

SCAPHIDIIDJE 

Scaphisoma  agaricinum,  L.  Worthy  near 
Manchester 

—  boleti,  Panz.     Southpart 
MYCETOPHAGID^E 

Mycetophagus  piceus,  F.      Traffbrd  Park, 

Manchester 
DERMESTIDJE 

Dermestes  vulpinus,  F.~|  Common    in    car- 

—  murinus,  L.  J     rion  on  the  shore 

—  lardarius,  L.     Generally  distributed 
BYRRHIDJE 

Syncalypta  hirsuta,  Sharp.  Soutbport  sand- 
hills 

Byrrhus  pilula,  L.     Common 

Cytilus  varius,  F.  Common  on  the  sand- 
hills 

Simplocaria  semistriata,  F.      Generally  dis- 
tributed 
GEORYSSID^E 

Georyssus   pygmaeus,  F.     Banks  of  Bollin 

and  jilt  sandhills ;  not  uncommon 
PARNIDJE 

Limnius  tuberculatus,  Mull.  Scarisbrick, 
near  JVarrington 

Elmis  asneus,  Mall.     Halsa/l,  Scarisbrick 

Parnus  prolifericornis,  F.  Abundant  on 
the  sandhills 

—  auriculatus,  Panz.     On  the  sandhills 

—  nitidulus,    Heer.      Very  rare  ;  on  the 

sandhills 
HETEROCERIDJE 

Heterocerus  marginatus,  F.  Common, 
banks  of  Bollin  and  at  Southport 

—  fusculus,  Kies.      One  specimen  of  this 

rare  and  hitherto  quite  southern 
species  was  taken  by  Dr.  Chaster  as 
Birkdale 

STAPHYLINID^  OR 

BRACHELYTRA 
ALEOCHARIN^ 

Aleochara.  Besides  the  more  abundant 
species  : — 

—  bipunctata,  Ol.     Occurs  at  Formby 

—  obscurella,    Grav.        Common    under 

seaweed  on  the  shore 
Microglossa  suturalis,  Man.      Birkdale 


ALEOCHARINJE  (continued) 

Oxypoda    lividipennis,    Man.       Generally 
distributed 

—  opaca,  Grav.       Generally  distributed 

—  longiuscula,  Er.  „  „ 

—  umbrata,  Grav.     Southport 

—  exigua,  Er.  „ 

—  exoleta,  Er.  „ 

—  hsemorrhoa,  Man.        „ 

—  waterhousi,  Rye.          „ 

—  alternans,  Grav.      Not   uncommon   in 

fungi 

Ocyusa  maura,  Er.     Near  Manchester 
Phlceopora.     Both  our  species  occur  under 

bark 

Chilopora  longitarsis,  Er.     Hightown 
Myrmedonia  limbata,   Payk.      Fallowfield 
near  Manchester,  Birkdale  sandhills  ; 
scarce 

Astilbus  canaliculatus,   F.      Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Homalota.     Of  this   large  genus  the  fol- 
lowing are  recorded  : — 

—  insecta,    Thorns.        Hightown,    Man- 

chester 

—  luridipennis,  Man.     Common 

—  elongatula,  Grav.  „ 

—  volans,  Scriba.  „ 

—  gregaria,  Er.  „ 

—  vestita,  Grav.  „ 

—  gyllenhali,  Thorns.     Southport 

—  silvicola,  Fuss.      Stretford    near  Man- 

chester 

—  vicina,  Steph.     Simonswood 

—  crassicornis,      Sharp.       Usually     con- 

sidered a  rare  and  mountain  species  ; 
recorded  from  Drinkwater  Park 
(1870)  by  Morley 

—  halobrectha,  Sharp."!  Beneath     seaweed 

—  algas,  Hardy.  J       on  shore 

—  occulta,  Er.     Generally  distributed 

—  angustula,  Grav.     „  „ 

—  circellaris,  Grav.     „  „ 

—  cuspidata,  Er.          „  „ 

—  analis,  Grav.  „  „ 

—  exilis,  Er.  „  „ 

—  cavifrons,  Sharp.     Hitherto  only  taken 

in  Scotland.  Parbold  near  Southport, 
one  specimen  (Chaster) 

—  depressa,    Gyll.       Birkdale    sandhills  ; 

rare 

—  hepatica,      Er.       'Near     Manchester' 

(Chappell) 

—  aquatica,  Thorns.   Generally  distributed 

—  trinotata,  Kr.  „  „ 

—  triangulum,  Kr.  „  „ 

—  fungicola,  Thorns.          „  „ 

—  coriaria,  Kr.  „  „ 

—  palustris,  Kies.     One  specimen,  Birk- 

dale 


118 


INSECTS 


ALEOCHARIN;E  (continued) 

Homalota  nigra,  Kr.     Common 

—  atramentaria,  Gyll.       „ 

—  germana,  Sharp.     Birkdale 

—  orbata,  Er.  „ 

—  pilosiventris,  Thorns.    „ 

—  villosula,  Kr.      Near  Manchester 

—  setigera,  Sharp.     „  „ 

—  sordida,  Marsh.     Abundant 

—  longicornis,  Grav.       „ 

—  fungi,  Grav.  „ 

—  pygmaea,  Grav.     Birkdale 

—  subsinuata,  Er.  „ 

—  sericea,  Muls.  „ 

—  fungi  var.  clientula,  Er.     Birkdale 
Gnypeta  labilis,  Er.     Common  on  banks  of 

streams,  etc. 
Tachyusa  constricta,  Er.^All  occur  on  the 

—  scitula,  Er.  j-     sandy  banks  of 

—  flavitarsis,  Sahib.         J      the      Mersey, 

Inuell    and     Batten,    and     probably 
other  rivers 
Falagria  sulcata,  Payk.  Generallydistributed 

—  obscura,  Grav.  „  „ 
Autalia.     All  our  three  species  occur,  but 

not  commonly 

Epipeda  plana,  Gyll.     Under  bark,  Bootle 
Leptusa  fumida,  Er.     Chat  Moss,  Birkdale 
Sipalia  ruficollis,  Er.     In  cut  grass,  Birk- 

dale 
Bolitochara  bella,  Maerk.")   Occur,  but  are 

—  obliqua,  Er.  J 

Kr.  \ 
hev.  J 

shore  in    carrion    and    beneath  egg 
capsules  of  the  whelk 
Diglossa  submarina,  Fair.     Hightown  shore 

(EMM.  x.  290) 
Oligota  inflata,  Man.     Very  common 

—  atomaria,  Er.       Also  occurs 

—  punctulata,  Heer.  „       „ 
Myllasna  gracilis,  Mat.     Birkdale 

—  infuscata,  Mat.  „ 

—  brevicornis,  Mat.     Ringley  Wood  near 

Manchester,  Birkdale 
Gymnusa  brevicollis,  Payk.      Chat  Moss 

—  variegata,  Kies.      Near  Manchester 
TACHYPORIN^: 

Hypocyptus  longicornis,  Payk.     Common 

—  ovulum,  Heer.      Ainsdale,    Drinkwater 

Park 
Conosoma  pubescens,  Grav.  "I  Occur     fairly 

—  lividum,  Er.  /      commonly 
Tachyporus.     All  the  common  species  are 

abundant  generally 
Cilea  silphoides,  L.     Not  uncommon 
Tachinus.     Of  the  less  common  species  — 

—  flavipes,  F.      Crosby 

—  subterraneus  var.  bicolor,  Grav.  South- 

port 

119 


not  common 


Phytosus  balticus,  Kr.  \  Are   not  uncom- 
—  nigriventris,  Chev.          mon      on     the 


TACHYPORINJE  (continued) 

Megacronus  analis,  F.     Not  rare 

—  inclinans,  Grav.     Drinkwater  Park  near 

Manchester 

Bolitobius  lunulatus,  L.  Although  not 
recorded  doubtless  occurs,  although 
perhaps  not  commonly 

—  trinotatus,  Er.     Abundant  in  fungi 

—  pygmzus,  F.  „  „ 
Mycetoporus  splendidus,  Grav.     Common 

on  the  sandhills 

—  lucidus,  Er.          ^    „          . 

-  longulus,  Mann.     Hkave  als°  °CCurred 

-  lepidus,  Grav.       ,       ^^  nOt  COm- 

—  nanus,  Er.  J 

The  rare  mountain  species,  M.  angularis, 
Rey.,  and  also  M.  clavicornis,  Steph., 
have  both  occurred  at  Birkdale 

Habrocerus  capillaricornis,  Grav.     Scaris- 

brick 
STAPHYLININ^ 

Heterothops  dissimilis,  Grav.  Probably 
occurs 

—  binotata.    Common  on  the  sandhills 
Quedius  fulgidus,  F.    Generally  distributed 

—  mesomelinus,  Marsh.    „  „ 

—  cruentus,  Ol.  „  „ 

—  cinctus,  Payk.  „  „ 

—  molochinus,  Grav.         „  „ 

—  tristis,  Grav. 

—  fuliginosus,  Grav. 

—  maurorufus,  Grav. 

—  rufipes,  Grav. 

—  semiaeneus,  Steph. 

—  obliteratus,  Er. 

—  boops,  Grav.  „  „ 

—  puncticollis,  Thoms.l  Rare  on  the  sand- 

—  scintillans,  Grav.       J      hills 

—  fumatus,  Steph.     Has  occurred  at  Aig- 

burth 

Creophilus  maxillosus,  L.     Abundant 
Leistotrophus  murinus,  L.    One  specimen, 

Crosby 
Staphylinus   pubescens,  De  G.      Generally 

common 

—  stercorarius,   Ol.      Occasional    on  the 

sandhills 

—  caesareus,  Ceder.     Simonswood,  Coniston 
Ocypus.     Except  O.   cyaneus,  Payk.,  O. 

similis,  F.,  and  O.  pedator,  Grav., 
all  our  species  occur  not  infrequently 
Philonthus.  Of  this  large  genus,  besides 
the  generally  common  species,  the 
following  have  been  recorded  : — 

—  umbratilis,  Grav.      West  Derby,  South- 

port 

—  fumigatus,     Er.       Formby    near  War- 

rington 

—  longicornis,  Steph.     Lynn^  near   W«r- 

rington 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


STAPHYLININJE  (continued) 

Philonthus  debilis,  Grav.      Birkdale 

—  vernalis,  Grav.      Hightown 

—  micans,  Grav.     Sandhills 

—  puella,    Nord.      Traffbrd  Park,   Man- 

chester 
Cafius  fucicola,  Curt.   \Both  occur  on  the 

—  xantholema,  Grav.J      shore 
Actobius  signaticornis,  Rey.)  Bir&da/esand- 

—  procerulus,  Grav.  j      hills 
Xantholinus.     All  our  species  except  X; 

glaber,  Nord.,  X.  distans,  Kr.,  and 

X.  fulgidus,  F.,  occur 
Leptacinus.     All  except  L.  formicetorum, 

Maerk.,  are  recorded 
Baptolinus  alternans,  Grav.     Traffbrd  Park, 

Manchester 
Othius  fulvipennis,  F.     Common 

—  melanocephalus,  Grav.      „ 

—  Izviusculus,  Steph.     Occasional  on  the 

sandhills 

PCEDERINJE 

Lathrobium.  Besides  the  common  species, 
L.  multipunctatum,  Grav.,  L. 
quadratum,  Payk.,  and  L.  longu- 
lum,  Grav.,  occur  rarely  on  the 
Southport  sandhills,  where  also  Cryp- 
tobium  glaberrimum,  Herbst,  has 
been  taken 

Stilicus  rufipes,  Germ.  Southport ;  not 
common 

—  affinis,  Er.     Generally  distributed 

—  orbiculatus,  Er.     „  „ 
Medon  obsoletus,  Nord.     Southport 

—  melanocephalus,  F.     Litherland 
Lithocharis  ochracea,  Grav.     Common 
Prederus  riparius,  L.     Southport 

EV/ESTHETINJE 

Evaesthethus    ruficapillus,    Lac.       Barton 

Moss  near  Manchester 
STENIN;E 

Stenus.  Of  this  extensive  genus,  the  fol- 
lowing are  generally  distributed  : — 

—  biguttatus,  L. 

—  bimaculatus,  Gyll. 

—  guttula,  Mull. 

—  Juno,  F. 

—  bupthalmus,  Grav. 

—  canaliculatus,  Gyll. 

—  speculator,  Lac. 

—  declaratus,  Er. 

—  crassus,  Steph. 

—  brunnipes,  Steph. 

—  impressus,  Germ. 

—  bifoveolatus,  Gyll. 

—  picipes,  Steph. 

—  nitidiusculus,  Steph. 

—  cicindeloides,  Grav. 

—  similis,  Herbst 

. —  tarsalis,  Ljungh. 


STENINJE  (continued) 
Stenus  paganus,  Er. 

—  latifrons,  Er. 

Rarer  species  are — 

—  ater,    Man.          Southport  district 

—  binotatus,  Ljungh.     „  „ 

—  melanopus,  Marsh.     „  „ 

—  pusillus,  Er.  „  „ 

—  exiguus,  Er.  „  „ 

—  ossium,  Steph.  „  „ 

—  subceneus,  Er.,    Crosby,  Aigburth ;   and 

probably  other  members  of  the 
genus  occur,  although  so  far  un- 
recorded 

OXYPORINJE 

Oxyporus    rufus,    L.     Mossley   Hill    near 

Liverpool 
OXYTELIN^ 

Bledius.  Of  this  genus,  the  following 
occur  in  wet  places  among  the  sand- 
hills :— 

—  spectabilis,  Kr. 

—  fuscipes,  Rye 

—  fracticornis,  Payk. 

—  opacus,  Block. 

—  longulus,  Er. 

—  arenarius,  Payk.     On  the  shore  ;   very 

abundant 

—  subterraneus,  Er.     Bollin  Valley 

—  longulus,  Er.  „          „ 

—  pallipes,  Grav.  „          „ 
Platystethus  arenarius,  Fourc.     Abundant 

—  cornutus,  Gyll.     Hightown 
Oxytelus  insecatus,  Grav.    Liverpool  district 

—  inustus,  Grav.     Birkdale  ;  rare 

—  maritimus,    Thorns.     Not  uncommon 

under  seaweed,  etc.,  on  the  shore 

—  rugosus,    F.       Generally  abundant 

—  sculptus,  Grav.             „  „ 

—  laqueatus,  Marsh.         „  „ 

—  sculpturatus,  Grav.      „  „ 

—  nitidulus,  Grav.            „  „ 

—  tetracarinatus,  Block.  „  „ 
Ancyrophorus    omalinus,   Er.       Recorded 

from  Clifton  near  Manchester  by 
Morley 

Trogophlceus  spinicollis,  Rye.  The  only 
specimen  of  this  insect  ever  taken  in 
this  country  was  captured  by  Mr. 
Kidson  Taylor  under  refuse  banks 
of  River  Mersey,  9  August  1868 

—  bilineatus,  Steph.     Southport  district 

—  rivularis,  Mots.  „  „ 

—  corticinus,  Grav.  „  „ 

—  pusillus,  Grav.  „  „ 

—  tenellus,  Grav.  „  „ 
Thinobius  brevipennis,  Kies.     Two  speci- 
mens of  this    rare    beetle,   hitherto 
only  taken  in  the  fens  of  Cambridge- 
shire, are  recorded  from  flood  refuse, 


INSECTS 


OXYTELIN^  (continued) 

Birkdale    sandhills,   May    1902,   by 

Dr.  Chaster 

Syntomium  aeneum,  Mull.     Near  Soutbport 
Coprophilus  striatulus,  F.      Fazackerly  near 

Liverpool,  Manchester  district 
Deleaster    dichrous     var.     Leachii,    Curt. 

Taken  by  Reston   on  the  wing  near 

the  Mersey  at  Stretford 
HOMALIINJE 

Anthophagus  testaceus,  Grav.     '  Southport ' 

(Fowler's  Col.  ii.  399) 
Geodromicus  nigrita,  Mttll.    This  subalpine 

species  is  recorded  by  Morley  from 

Clifton  near  Manchester 
Lesteva  longelytrata,  Goeze.~|   Generally 

—  sicula,  Er.  J       common 

—  sharpi,  Rye.     Probably  occurs,  as  it  is 

recorded  from  Delamere  in  Cheshire 

Acidota  cruentata,  Man.  Near  Manchester 
(Broadbent) 

Olophrum  picium,  Gyll.  Generally  com- 
mon 

Deliphrum  tectum,  Payk.  Rudd  Heath 
near  Manchester 

Lathrimaeum.  Both  our  species  occur  not 
uncommonly 

Homalium  rugulipenne,  Rye.  Very  local ; 
common  under  seaweed,  carrion, 
etc.,  on  the  shore  from  the  Mersey 
to  Southport 

—  rivulare,  Payk.     Abundant 

—  laeviusculum,  Gyll.l  Occasional  on  the 

—  riparium,  Thorns.  J      shore 

—  allardi,      Fairn.         Drinkwater     Park 

(Broadbent) 

—  oxycanthae,  Grav. 

—  excavatum,  Steph. 

—  caesum,  Grav. 


—  concinnum,  Marsh. 


All  occur  more  or 
less  frequently 


—  deplanatum,  Gyll. 

—  vile,  Er. 

—  rufipes,  Fourc. 

—  striatum,  Grav. 

Anthobium  minutum,  F.     Banks  of  Bollin 

—  ophthalmicum,  Payk."|    Generally    dis- 

—  torquatum,  Marsh.     J      tributed 
PROTEININJE 

Proteinus  ovalis,  Steph.     Abundant 

—  macropterus,  Gyll.l  Rare  on  the  South- 

—  brachypterus,  F.     J     port  sandhills 
Megarthus  denticollis,  Beck.     Recorded 

—  depressus,  Payk.  „ 

—  affinis,   Mall.  „ 
PHLCEOBIIN^; 

Phlceobium     clypeatum,     Mull.      Hesketh 

near  Southport 
PHLCEOCHARIN.S: 

Pseudopsis     sulcata,    Newn.      In     garden 
refuse,  Southport 
I  121 


LAMELLICORNIA 


Sinodendron  cylindricum,    L.       Child-wall 
near  Liverpool 

CARASJEIDJE 

Onthophagus  fracticornis,    Preys.     Is    the 

only  species  recorded  ;  coast  sandhills 

The  genus  Aphodius  is  well  represented  :  — 

Aphodius  fossor,  R.     More  or  less  common 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  L.  „  „ 

—  scybalarius,  F.  „  „ 

—  fcetens,  F.  „  „ 

—  fimitarius,  L.  „  „ 

—  ater,  De  G.  „  „ 

var.  terrenus,  Kirby.  „  „ 

—  granarius,  L.  „  „ 

—  rufescens,  F.  „  „ 

—  nitidulus,  F.  „  „ 

—  plagiatus,  L.  „  „ 

—  inquinatus,  F.  „  ,, 

—  conspurcatus,  L.  „  „ 

—  pusillus,  Herbst.  „  „ 

—  merdarius,  F.  „  „ 

—  prodromus,  Brahm.  „  „ 

—  punctato-sulcatus,  Sturm.  „  „ 

—  contaminatus,  Herbst.  „  „ 

—  rufipes,  L.  „  „ 

—  luridus,  F.  „  „ 

—  depressus,  Kug.  „  „ 

—  fcetidus,  F.     Staleybrushes 

—  scrofa,   F.      Very  rare  ;  recorded   from 

Southport  (E.M.M.  v.  44) 

—  lapponum,  Gyll.     Probably  occurs  on 

the  mountains  of  the  north 
[  —  melanosticticus,  Schm.  Had  a  place  in 
the  British  list  introduced  by  Rye 
from  specimens  from  the  Manchester 
district.  These  appear  however  to 
have  been  merely  forms  of  A.  in- 
quinatus, and  the  species  probably 
does  not  occur  in  Britain] 
Heptalaucus  villosus,  Gyll.  Three  speci- 
mens taken  by  Dr.  Chaster  at  Birk- 
dale 

Oxyomus  porcatus,  F.     Crosby,  Southport 
Ammoecius    brevis,    Er.     First    taken    in 
Britain    by    Mr.    Haward    in  May 
1859  at  Southport,  and   occurs  there 
more  or  less  abundantly  every  year 
Psammobius  sulcicollis,  111.  Didsbury,  Man- 

chester, Southport 

./Egialia  sabuleti,  Payk.     Banks  of  Mersey, 
Irwell  and  Bollin 

—  rufa,  F.    So  far  has  only  been  taken  in 

Britain  on  the  coast  sandhills,  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  the  Dee  and 
the  Ribble,  Here  it  occasionally 
appears  in  abundance  as  in  June 
1862,  1885,  1886  and  1902  (see 
Ent.  Record,  xiv.  243) 

16 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


SCARAB;EID/£  (continued] 

./Egialia  arenaria,  F.     Abundant 
Geotrupes  stercorarius,  L.      Recorded 

—  spiniger,  Marsh.  „ 

—  sylvaticus,  Panz.  „ 
Hoplia  philanthus,  Fttss.     Chat  Moss.  Bollin 

Valley 

Serica  brunnea,  L.  Generally  distributed 
but  not  common 

Rhizotrogus  solstitialis,  L.     Bolton 

Melolontha  vulgaris,  F.  Occurs  generally, 
but  not  commonly  anywhere 

Phylopertha  horticola,  L.  Occasional  and 
very  uncertain  in  appearance 

Anmola  frischii,  F.  Common  on  the  sand- 
hills 

Oxythera  stictica,  L.  This  very  doubtfully 
British  species  has  been  recorded  by 
Sidebotham  from  the  '  Lancashire 
coast,'  June  1862  (E.M.M.  i.  235), 
and  also  by  Reston  from  a  garden  at 
Whalley  Range  near  Manchester 

SERRICORNIA 
THROSCID^E 

Throscus  dermestoides,  L.  Rixton  Moss 
near  Warrington 

—  carinifrons,  Bouv.  One  specimen  Church- 

town  near  Southport 
ELATERIDJE 

Lacon  murinus,  L.  Coast  sandhills  ;  not 
uncommon 

Cryptohypnus  riparius,  F.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  quadripustulatus,  F.     Near  Warrington 
Elater   balteatus,   L.       Abundant    on    the 

mosses  and   also  at   Southport  under 

peat 
Melanotus  rufipes,    Herbst.     Mossley  Hi//, 

Liverpool 
Athous  haemorrhoidalis,  F.     \  More  ^  ^ 

~  n!Ser>  L"  f     common 

—  vittatus,  r .  J 

Limonius  cylindricus,  Payk.     Common  on 

the  sandhills 
Sericosomus    brunneus,    L.       Chat    Moss, 

Simonswood 

Adrastus  limbatus,  F.     Common 
Agriotes  sputator,  L.  „ 

—  lineatus,  L.  „ 
• —  obscurus,  L.  „ 

—  pallidulus,  111. 

Dolopius  marginatus,  L.     Abundant 
Corymbites  pectinicornis,  L.     Damp  mea- 
dows near  the  Bollin 

—  cupreus,    F.     Bolton 

var.  aeruginosus,  F.     Bolton 
• —  quercus,  Gyll.  \      Agecroft, 

var.  ochropterus,  Steph.j  Ringley  Wood 

—  aeneus,  L.     Almost  certainly  occurs  on 


ELATERIDJE  (continued} 

the   moors,  although   it  does  not  ap- 
pear to  have  been  recorded 
Campylus  linaris,   L.       Frequent    on    the 

mosses 
DASCILUD^E 

Helodes  minuta,  L.     Common 

—  marginata,  F.      Ringley  Wood 
Microcara  livida,  F.     Abundant 
Cyphon  coarctatus,  Payk.  1  Generall 

—  vanabilis,  Thumb.        } 

-  pallidulus,  Boh.  J     C0mmon 

—  padi,  L.     In  fir  woods  ;  abundant 
LAMPYRID.S 

Lampyris  noctiluca,  L.     Does   not  appear 
to    have    been    recorded    from    the 
county,    although   it  certainly  must 
occur 
TELEPHORID^E 

Podabrus  alpinus,  Payk.      Bollin  Valley 

Ancistronycha  abdominalis,  F.  On  moors 
near  Bolton 

Telephorus.  All  our  species  have  been  re- 
corded except  T.  oralis,  Germ.,  T. 
figuratus,  Man.,  and  T.  obscurus,  L. 
The  latter  however  probably  occurs 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  county. 
The  most  interesting  record  is  that 
of  T.  darwinianus,  Sharp.,  from  the 
Southport  shore 

—  paludosus,  Fall.    Is  recorded  from  Ring- 

ley  Wood,  Mere  dough,  Bolton 
Rhagonycha  unicolor,  Curt.  Ringley  Wood, 

one  specimen 

All  our  other  species  except    R. 

elongata,  Fall.,  occur  commonly 
Malthinus    punctatus,    Fourc.       Generally 

common 
Malthodes  marginatus,  Lat.     Southport 

—  dispar,  Germ.     Bollin  Valley 

—  minimus,  L.     Abundant 

—  misellus,  Kies.  '  Clifton  near  Manchester ' 

—  atomus,  Thorns.     '  Barton  Moss '    (see 

E.M.M.  vii.  107) 
MELYRID^ 

Malachius  bipustulatus,  L.  Very  occasional, 
but  generally  distributed 

Haplocnemus  nigricornis,  Fab.     Recorded 

by  Chappell  near  Manchester 
CLERID^ 

Thanasimus  formicarius,  L.  One  speci- 
men Mossley  Hill,  Liverpool 

Necrobia  ruficollis,  F.     Not  uncommon 

—  violacea,  L.  „  „ 

—  rufipes,  De  G.  „  „ 

LlMEXYLONID^E 

Hylecaetus  dermestoides,  L.")    Recorded    by 

Limexylon  navale,  L.          J     Reston  from 

Stretford    near    Manchester    '  many 

years  ago,'    and   there  is   reason  to 


INSECTS 


LIMEXYLONID/E  (continued) 

suppose   that  both  species  may  have 
been    imported    to   that    locality    in 
timber 
PTINIDJE 

Niptus  hololeucus,  Fald.      Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  crenatus,  F.     Near  Manchester 
Trigonogenius    globulum.       This  species 
has  been  recently  introduced  to  the 
British  list  by  Mr.  Tomlin  on  speci- 
mens occurring  in  a  granary  at  Old- 


Anobium  domesticum,  Fourc.  )  Generally 

—  paniceum,  L.  j    distributed 
Ptilinus  pectinicornis,  L.      Southport,  Stock- 
ton Heath,  IParrington 

Dorcatomachrysomelina, Sturm.  )  In  rotten 
Anitys  rubens,  HofF.  j       oak, 

Tra/ord  Park,  Manchester 

ClSSID.ffi 

Cis  boleti,  Scop.  Is  the  only  member  of 
the  genus  at  all  abundant,  but  the 
following  have  also  been  recorded  : — 

—  villosulus,     Marsh.        Childwall    near 

Liverpool 

—  bidentatus,  Ol.     Bolton 

—  festivus,  Panz.     Near  Manchester 

—  vestitus,  Mell.         „  „ 
Octotemnus  glabriculus,  Gyll.     Generally 

distributed 

LONGICORNIA 

CERAMBYCID^ 

Aromia  moschata,  L.     Not  uncommon  on 

willows    about    Southport    and    near 

Harrington 
Clytus  arietis,    L.     Generally    distributed 

but  not  common 
Rhagium  inquisitor,  F.     Not  uncommon 

—  bifasciatum,  F.  „  „ 
Strangalia  armata,  Herbst.     Frequent 
Grammoptera  ruficornis,  F.     Common 

LAMIIDJE 

Acanthocinus  aedilis,  L.  Has  often  been 
taken  in  South  Lancashire ;  probably 
imported  from  Scandinavia  in  pit 
props 

Leiopus  nebulosus,  L.  Not  uncommon  in 
oak  woods 

Saperda  scalaris,  L.  Formerly  taken  in 
some  abundance  by  the  old  collectors 
in  the  '  cloughs '  round  Manchester 

Stenostola  ferrea,  Schrank.  Manchester  dis- 
trict 

Owing  to  the  presence  in  South  Lan- 
cashire of  large  quantities  of  foreign 
timber,  principally  pine  and  larch  im- 
ported in  the  bark,  and  used  extensively 
I 


L.AMUDJE  (continued) 

in  the  colliery  districts  for  pit  props — 
the  occurrence  of  many  rare  British 
and  European  wood  feeding  Coleop- 
tera  is  not  unusual.  Such  records 
are  of  course  difficult  to  dissociate 
from  those  of  the  indigenous  fauna, 
and  the  possibility  of  such  involun- 
tary immigrants  becoming  tempor- 
arily established  in  the  natural  timber 
of  the  district  adds  to  the  ambiguity 
of  many  of  these  recorded  occurrences 

PHYTOPHAGA 

BRUCHIDJE 

Bruchus  pisi,  L.         )   „  „  , 

-  runmanus,Boh.       Have    a11    occurred 

.„          ,-,'  (       in  warehouses 

—  villosus,  F.  ) 

EuPODA 

Donacia  crassipes,    F.      Windermere,  War- 
rington 

—  versicolorea,  Brahm.      Ballon,  Southport, 

Clifton  near  Manchester 

—  sparganii,  Ahr.    Bolton  Canal  at  Clifton 

-  dentipes,_F.       }     Recorded  from  near 


—  limbata,  Panz 


Manchester 


—  bicolora,  Zsch. 

—  obscura,  Gyll.      Recorded  by  Chappell 

from  '  Castle  Mill,'  Bollin  Valley 

—  simplex,  F.     Bolton,  Clifton 

—  vulgaris,  Zsch.      Ince  Blundell  and  near 

Manchester 

—  sericea,  L.     Generally  distributed 
Zeugophora  subspinosa,  F.      Ormskirk,  on 

white  poplar 
Lema  lichenis,  Voet.    Generally  distributed 

—  melanopa,  L.  „  „ 
CAMPTOSOMATA 

Cryptocephalus  labiatus,  L.      Common  on 
birch  on  all  the  mosses 

—  fulvus,  Goez.     Generally  distributed 

—  biguttatus,  Scop.  Recorded  by  Chappell 

from  Chat  Moss,  August  1865 
(E.M.M.  ii.  85).  Other  species 
probably  occur  in  the  county,  but 
they  do  not  appear  to  have  been  re- 
corded. 
CYCLICA 

Chrysomela  staphylea,  L.\  Generally  com- 

—  polita  J       mon 

—  orichalcea,  Mall.          \  Recorded  from 

var.  hobsoni,  Steph.  /near  Manchester 
Timarcha  tenebricosa,  F.     Bolton 
Phytodecta  olivacea,  Forst,  and  its  varieties 

not  uncommon  on  broom 
Gastroidea.     Both    our   species  occur    not 

uncommonly 
Phasdon  tumidulus,  Germ.] 

—  armoraciae,  L. 

—  cochleariae,  F. 


(Generally  dis 
tributed 


23 


A    HISTORY   OF    LANCASHIRE 


CYCLICA  (continued) 

Phyllodecta  vulgatissima,  L.     Scarisbrick 

—  vitellinae,  L.     Generally  abundant 
Hydrothassa  marginella,  L.  1    Occur    com- 
Prasocuris  phellandrii,  L.     J       monly 

—  junci,  Brahm.     Chat  Moss,  Southport 
Luperus  rufipes,  Scop.     Commonly 

—  flavipes,  L.     Less  frequently  on  birch 

on  the  mosses 
Lochmaea  capreas,  L.     Ainsdale 

—  suturalis,  Thorns.     Abundant  on  hea- 

ther 
Galereucella  nymphasa,  L.     Common 

—  calmariensis,  L.  „ 
Sermyla  halensis,  L.    Abundant  on  Galium 

on  the  sandhills 
HALTIOE 

Longitarsus.  Of  this  large  genus,  difficult 
as  its  members  are  to  determine, 
probably  many  more  occur  than  have 
been  recorded,  viz.  : — 

—  luridus,   Scop.        Chat  Moss  ;  frequent 

—  suturellus,  Duft.  „  „ 

—  melanocephalus,  De  G.  „  „ 

—  suturalis,  Marsh.  „  „ 

—  pusillus,  Gyll.  „ 

—  jacobaeae,  Wat.  „ 

—  ochroleucus,  Marsh.      „ 

—  lasvis,  Duft.  „ 
Haltica  ereceti,  All.  „ 
Phyllotreta    atra,    F.         Birkdale 

—  exclamationis,  Thunb.     „ 

—  undulata,  Kuts.     Common 

—  nemorum,  L.  „ 

Apthona  nonstriata,  Goeze.  Common  on 
iris 

Sphaeroderma.     Both  species  common 

Apteropeda  orbiculata,  Marsh.  Bollin 
Valley 

Mantura  rustica,  L.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  obtusata,  Gyll.      Chat  Moss 

—  chrysanthemum,  Koch.   Near  Southport, 

Chat  Moss 

Crepidodera  transversa,  Marsh.  Generally 
abundant 

—  ferruginea,  Scop.     Generally  abundant 

—  aurata,  Marsh.  „  „ 

—  helxines,  L.      Churchtown,  Southport 

—  chloris,  Foud.      One   specimen,  South- 

port 

Hippuriphila  modeeri,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Chaetocnema  hortensis,  Fourc.     Southport 
Psylliodes  chrysocephala,  L.      Not  uncom- 
mon 

—  affinis,  Payk.     Generally  distributed 

—  picina,  Marsh.       Southport  district 

—  marcida,  111.  „  „ 

—  cuprea,  Koch.  „  „ 


CRYPTOSOMATA 

Cassida  viridis,  F.      Common 

—  flaveola,  Thunb.     Occasional 

—  vibex,  F.     Hightown 

—  sanguinolenta,  F.   One  specimen  taken 

near  Birkdale 

HETEROMERA 

TENEBRIONID^ 

Blaps  mucronata,  Latr.  Generally  abun- 
dant in  cellars 

—  mortisaga,  L.      Recorded  from  Liver- 

pool 

Heliopathes  gibbus,  F.     \Abundant  on  the 
Microzoum  tibiale,  Redt.J      coast  sandhills 
Phaleria  cadaverina,  Latr.    Not  uncommon 
under  refuse  on  the  shore 

Most  of  the  '  grain  warehouse ' 
species  of  the  genera  Tenebrio,  Alphi- 
tobius,  Gnathocerus,  Palorus,  Tribol- 
ium  and  Latheticus  occur  frequently 
in  the  towns  of  South  Lancashire,  but 
as  such  species  as  have  become  estab- 
lished here,  as  well  as  others  which 
appear  incapable  of  the  adaptation 
necessary  to  ensure  permanent  resi- 
dence, must  be  constantly  recruited 
by  immigration  through  such  ports 
as  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  it  be- 
comes impossible  to  decide  whether 
any  particular  record  of  such  species 
refers  to  indigenous  or  imported 
specimens 
Helops  striatus,  Fourc.  Abundant 

—  pallidus,   Curt.       Probably   occurs    on 

the  sandhills,  as  it  has  been  taken  at 
New  Brighton  on  the  Cheshire  side 
of  the  Mersey  estuary 
CISTELID;E 

Cistela  marina,  L.     Common  in  flowers  of 
the  dwarf  rose  which   flourishes  on 
the  sandhills 
LAGRHDJE 

Lagria  hirta.     Also  frequent  on   the  sand- 
hills 
MELANDRYID^E 

Tetratoma.  The  rare  species  T.  desma- 
resti,  Latr.,  and  T.  ancora,  F.,  have 
both  been  recorded  from  near  Man- 
chester by  Chappell 

Abdera  quadrifasciata,  Steph.  Recorded 
by  Edleston  from  Dunham  Park 

Melandrya  caraboides,  L.  Crosby  near 
Liverpool 

Phloeotrya  rufipes,  Gyll.     Simonsivood  Moss 
PVTHIDJE 

Salpingus  castaneus,  Gyll.     Simonswood  Moss 

Lissodema  cursor,  Gyll.  Reported  from 
near  Manchester  by  Chappell  and 
Reston 


124 


INSECTS 


PYTHIDJE  (continued) 

Rhinosimus.  All  the  British  species  occur 
not  uncommonly 

CEDEMERnxS 

Oncomera  femorata,  F.  Silvenlalt,  N. 
Lane. 

Nacerdes  melanura,  Schm.      Common  in 

Liverpool  and  other  towns 
MORDELLID^: 

Anaspis.      Only  the  universally  distributed 

species  have  been  recorded 
RHIPIDOPHORID^E 

Metascus  paradoxus,  L.     Not  uncommon 

in  wasps'  nests 
ANTHICIDJE 

Notoxus  monocerus,  L.  Common  on  the 
coast 

Anthicus  floralis,  L.     Abundant 

—  bimaculatus,  111.  Occurs  not  uncom- 
monly in  carrion  on  the  coast.  Until 
Mr.  Tomlin  discovered  this  species 
in  Glamorganshire  in  1898  it  had 
only  been  recorded  in  Great  Britain 
from  Wallasea  in  Cheshire  and  the 
Formby  coast  in  Lancashire 


Meloe  proscarabzus,  L.      The  only  species 
recorded 

RHYNCOPHORA 

Pl.ATYRRHINID.ffi 

Choragus  sheppardi,  Kirby.     '  Near  Man- 
chester,' Chappell  (E.M.M.xi.  15) 

CuRCULIONID-ffi 

Rhynchites  minutus,   Herbst.       Generally 
distributed 

—  nanus,  Payk.     Abundant  on   birch  on 

the  mosses 

—  uncinatus,     Thorns.        Eirkdale  ;    very 

common 

DeporaOs  megalacephalus,*|  Occur  not  un- 
Germ.  I     commonly  on 

—  betulae,  L.  J      birch 
Apion.     Besides  the  universally  distributed 

members  of  this  large  genus  the 
following  have  been  recorded  in  the 
county  :  — 

—  rubens,    Steph.         Soutbport  district 

—  viciae,  Payk.  „  „ 

—  confluens,  Kirb.  „  „ 

—  aethiops,  Herbst.  „  „ 

—  spencei,  Kirb.  „  „ 

—  unicolor,  Kirb.  „  „ 

—  tenue,  Kirb.  „  „ 

—  pubescens,  Kirb.  „  „ 

—  marchicum,  Herbst.       „  „ 
Otiorrhynchus  atroapterus,   De  G.     Very 

occasional  on  the  coast  sandhills 

—  maurus,  Gyll.       Recorded   from  near 

Staleybridge  by  Chappell 


CURCULIONIDJE  (continued) 

Otiorrhynchus  rugifrons.  Agecroft,  Man- 
chester 

—  muscorum,  Bris.     Hightown  near  Crosby 

—  scabrosus,  Marsh.     Generally  common 

—  ligneus,  Ol.  „  „ 

—  picipes,  F.  „  „ 

—  sulcatus,  F.  „  „ 

—  ovatus,  L.  „  „ 
Strophosomus.     All  our  species   except  S. 

fulvicornis,  Walt.,  have  been  re- 
corded 

Brachysomus  echinatus,  Bonsd.  One  speci- 
men, Aigburth 

Sciaphilus  muricatus,  F.     Common 
Tropiphorus  tomentosus,  Marsh.      Anfield 
Liverpool,  Northenden,  Agecroft 

—  carinatus,     Mull.          Recorded      from 

Chorlton  near  Manchester  by  Mr. 
Kidson  Taylor 

Liophloeus  nubilus,  F.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Polydrusus  pterygomalis,  Boh.  Bollin 
Valley 

—  confluens,  Steph.     Occasional 

—  cervinus,  L.     Abundant 
Phyllobius.     All   the  British   species  have 

been  recorded  more  or  less  com- 
monly 

Philopedon  geminatus,  F.  Abundant  on 
sandhills  and  occasionally  inland 

Occur  not  infre- 
quently 

Alophus  triguttatus,  F.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Sitones  griseus,  F.  Common  on  the  sand- 
hills 

—  flavescens,  Marsh. 

—  suturalis,  Steph. 

—  cambricus,  Steph. 

—  humeralis,  Steph. 

—  sulcifrons,  Thumb. 

—  tibialis,  Herbst. 

—  regensteinensis,  Herbst. 

—  lineatus,  L. 

—  puncticollis,  Steph. 

—  hispidulus,  F. 
Hypera  punctata,  F. 

—  rumicis,  L. 

—  plantaginis,  De  G. 

—  polygon),  L. 

—  variabilis,  Herbst. 

—  nigrirostris,  F. 

—  trilineata,  Marsh. 

—  suspiciosa,   Herbst.        Represented    on 

the  sandhills  by  a  very  elongate 
varietal  form  which  has  been  (in 
other  localities)  erroneously  referred 
to  H.  elongata,  Payk.  The  type 
form  occurs  near  Manchester 


suuuuiua  <um  uc\-asi 

Barynotus  obscurus,  F."| 
—  sch5nherri,  Zett.  J" 
Alophus  triguttatus,  F. 


Are  all  recorded 
from  the  Soutbport 
district,  but  are 
not  common 


Abundant 
everywhere 


All  occur  more  or 
less  frequently, 
principally  on  the 


125 


A   HISTORY   OF    LANCASHIRE 


CURCULIONID^  (continued) 

Cleonus  sulcirostris,  L.  Common  on  this- 
tles on  the  sandhills 

Liosoma  ovatulum,  Clairv.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Hylobius  abietis,  L.  Common  in  fir 
woods 

Pissodes  notatus,  Germ.  Chat  Mass,  on 
moribund  fir  trees 

Orchestes  salicis,  L.  The  only  gene- 
rally abundant  species 

—  stigma,  Germ.    On  birch  on  the  mosses 

—  rusci,  Herbst.  „  „ 

—  ilicis,  F.          Occasional 

—  fagi,  L.  „ 

—  quercus,  L.  „ 

—  avellanae,  Don.      „ 

—  saliceti,  Payk.     Very  rare  ;  Eirkdah 
Rhampus  flavicornis,  Clair.     Not  uncom- 
mon on  willow  on  the  sandhills 

Orthocaetes  setiger,  Beck.  Eirkdah  sand- 
hills ;  not  common 

Grypidius  equiseti,  F.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Erirrhinus  scirpi,  F.       Not  uncommon 

—  bimaculatus,  F.  „  „ 

—  acridulus,  L.  „  „ 
Thryogenes  nereis,  Payk.     Soutbport 
Dorytomus  vorax,  F.   Generally  distributed 

—  maculatus,  Marsh.          „  „ 

—  pectoralis,  Gyll.  „  „ 
Tanysphyrus  lemnx,  F.     Common 
Bagous  alismatis,  Marsh.     Common  wher- 
ever Alisma  plantago  occurs 

—  limosus,  Gyll.     Birkdale,  among  water 

weeds 

Anoplus  plantaris,  Naez.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Tychius  squamulatus,  Gyll.  One  speci- 
men, Birkdale  sandhills 

Miccotrogus  picirostris,  F.       Southport 

Gymnetron  beccabungae,  L.,  with  its  var. 
veronicas,  Germ.  Recorded  by  Mr. 
Kidson  Taylor  from  the  Bollin 
Valley 

—  collinus,  Gyll.,  and    G.  linariae,  Panz. 

On  Linaria  vulgaris  near  Southport  ; 
the  former  rare,  the  latter  very  local 

Mecinus  pyraster,  Herbst.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Anthonomus  ulmi,  De  G.  Bollin  Valley, 
Scarisbrick 

—  pedicularius,  L.     Generally  common 

—  pomorum,  L.  „  „ 

—  rubi,  Herbst.  „  „ 

—  rosinae,  Des  Goz.     Southport,  on  poplar 
Nanophys  lythri,  F.       Common  on  Lyth- 

rum 
Cionus  scropularias,  L.     Recorded 

—  pulchellus,  Herbst.  „ 


, 

I  Generally 
.  I      common 


CURCULIONIDJE  (continued) 

Orobitis  cyaneus,   L.       On  Viola  on  the 

sandhills 
Cceliodes  rubicundus,  Herbst.     Chat  Moss, 

Southport 

—  cardui,  Herbst.      Not  uncommon 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L.     Abundant 
Ceuthorrhynchus.     Besides    the    generally 

abundant     species     the     following 
occur  :  — 

—  erica?,  Gyll.     Commonly  on  heather 

—  viduatus,  Gyll.     Recorded  by  Chappell 

on  Lamium  purpureumat/fl//0w;/W</, 
Manchester 

—  asperifoliarum,  Gyll.     Southport 

—  arcuatus,  Herbst.     Chat  Moss  (Kidson 

Taylor  and  Reston) 

—  euphorbias,  Bris.     Southport  ;  rare 

—  punctiger,  Gyll.  „  „ 
Ceuthorrhynchidius  floralis,  \ 

Payk. 

—  pyrrhorhynchus,  Marsh.  I      common 

—  troglodytes,  F. 

—  terminatus,  Herbst.       Recorded    from 

Chat  Moss 

—  dawsoni,    Bris.       One    specimen    re- 

corded from  the  foreshore  at  South- 

pert 
Rhinonchus.  Except  R.  bruchoides,  Herbst. 

and    R.   denticollis,   Gyll.,    all    our 

British  species  have  been  recorded  as 

more  or  less  common 
Litodactylus  leucogaster,  Marsh.    Southport 
Phytobius  comari.     Occasional 

—  quadrituberculatus,  F.      Rare  at  South- 

port 
Limnobaris  T-album,  L.      Generally  dis- 

tributed 
Balaninus  salicivorus,    Payk.       Generally 

common 

—  pyrrhoceras,  Marsh.     Local  and  rare 
Calandra.      Both   our  species  occur  com- 

monly in  rice  and  flour  mills,  etc. 
Rhyncolus  gracilis,  Ros.      A  large  number 
of  this    rare    species  was    taken   by 
Chappell  at  Greenheys,  Manchester,  in 
a  piece  of  old  timber 


Hylastes  palliatus,  Gyll.     Chat  Moss 
Myelophilus  piniperda,  L.  „ 

Hylesinus  crenatus,  Gyll.    Liverpool,  Swin- 

ton  near  Manchester 
Cryphalus  binodulus,  Ratz.      Drink-water 

Park,  Manchester 

Dryocaetes  villosus,  F.     Not  uncommon 
—  alni,  Georg.      Drinkwater  Park,  South- 

port 
Tomnicus    typographus,    L.,  T.    nigritus, 

Gyll.,    and    T.    acuminatus,    Gyll., 

are  all    recorded   by  Chappell  from 


126 


INSECTS 

CURCULIONID/E  (continued)  CURCULIONIDJE  (continued) 

near  Manchester ;  and  T.  laricis,  F.,  Pityogenes    bidentatus,      Herbst.         Chat 

from  Crosby.    All  however  may  easily  Moss 

have    been    introduced    in    fir    logs  Trypodendron  domesticum,  L.      Agecroft, 

grown  elsewhere  than  in  Lancashire  Manchester 

LEPIDOPTERA 

Butterflies  and  Moths 

The  order  Lepidoptera  is  undoubtedly  better  known  and  more 
widely  studied  than  any  other  order  of  the  Insecta.  This  has  been 
especially  the  case  in  Lancashire,  and  our  Lancashire  records  consequently 
amount  to  a  much  larger  proportion  of  the  total  of  known  British  species 
than  do  those  of  any  other  order.  Nearly  all  the  Lancashire  entomolo- 
gists have  been  firstly  lepidopterists,  and  their  united  efforts  have  left  a 
very  large  mass  of  accumulated  information  in  regard  to  the  local  distri- 
bution of  the  order,  so  that  it  seems  probable  that  very  few  species  occur 
which  have  not  been  put  on  record  by  some  of  them. 

Among  those  to  whom  we  are  more  especially  indebted  for  our 
knowledge  of  the  Lancashire  Lepidoptera  may  be  mentioned  N.  Greening 
of  Warrington,  Chappell  of  Manchester,  Threlfall  and  Hodgkinson  of 
Preston,  Gregson  and  the  Brothers  Cooke  of  Liverpool,  all  of  whom, 
with  the  exception  of  Mr.  Threlfall,  are  now  dead.  Present  students 
of  the  order  are  to  be  found  in  all  the  larger  towns,  and  are  indeed 
too  numerous  to  mention  individually. 

Some  excellent  private  collections  of  British  Lepidoptera  exist  in  the 
county,  that  of  Mr.  S.  J.  Capper  of  Huyton  near  Liverpool  being  one 
of  the  most  complete  in  the  country.  In  all  the  public  museums  also 
the  Lepidoptera  are  without  exception  the  largest  and  most  complete  of 
the  entomological  collections. 

The  first  list  of  Lancashire  Lepidoptera,  as  of  Coleoptera,  was  com- 
piled by  C.  S.  Gregson  of  Liverpool,  and  published  by  the  Historic 
Society  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  (Trans.  1855-85).  About  the  same 
time,  1856,  Isaac  Byerley,  F.L.S.,  published  his  Fauna  of  Liverpool. 
A  fairly  full  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  district  is  given  in  this  work, 
but  the  records  relate  more  to  the  Wirral  peninsula  than  to  Lancashire, 
and  there  are  none  outside  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Liverpool.  The 
preface  acknowledges  the  assistance  rendered  by  Messrs.  Brockholes, 
Warrington,  Diggles  and  Almond  (mostly  Cheshire  collectors)  in  the 
compilation  of  the  Lepidoptera  section  of  the  Fauna. 

After  an  interval  of  several  years  these  lists  were  followed  by  the 
publication  by  Dr.  Ellis  of  Liverpool  of  his  very  complete  Lepidopterous 
Fauna  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  first  published  in  the  pages  of  the 
Naturalist,  and  afterwards  in  book  form  in  1890.  This  list  incorporates 
the  observations  and  records  of  all  the  local  lepidopterists,  and  from  it 
principally  is  drawn  the  substance  of  the  somewhat  condensed  list  which 
follows,  few  additions  having  been  made  since  its  publication. 

The  writer  however  has  pleasure  in  acknowledging  the  assistance 
127 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

rendered  in  its  compilation  by  the  following  gentlemen  :  The  Rev. 
A.  M.  Miles  Moss  of  Norwich  (formerly  of  Windermere)  ;  the  Rev.  R. 
Freeman  of  Repham,  Norfolk  (formerly  of  St.  Helens)  ;  Mr.  J.  R. 
Charnley  of  Preston  ;  Mr.  C.  E.  Stott  of  Manchester  (formerly  of 
Bolton). 

The  arrangement  and  nomenclature  of  Souths  List  of  1884  has  with 
some  hesitation  been  adopted  in  the  notes  which  follow,  as  probably  more 
familiar  to  the  majority  of  readers  than  the  possibly  more  severely 
scientific  systems  which  have  been  published  since  that  date. 


RHOPALOCERA 

Of  the  63  or  64  species  of  butterflies  which  are  recognized  as 
British  about  45  have  been  recorded  from  Lancashire.  -In  the  case 
however  of  three  of  these,  Colias  edusa,  F.,  C.  hyale,  D.,  and  Vanessa 
cardui,  L.,  the  county  has  only  shared  with  the  rest  of  England  in  special 
visitations  caused  by  the  quasi-migratory  movements  of  these  insects 
which  occur  during  certain  years,  and  the  two  first  of  these  cannot  be 
considered  as  in  any  sense  indigenous. 


PIERID.S 

The    three    common    species  of 
Pieris  are  abundant 

Euchoe  cardamines,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed, but  hardly  common 

Leucophasia  sinapis,  L.  Occurs  at  Grange 
and  Witherdack  in  North  Lancashire, 
but  apparently  not  so  abundantly  as 
formerly.  The  two  species  of  Colias 
have  occurred  sporadically  during 
their  years  of  migratory  abundance, 
but  neither  species  seems  to  succeed  in 
perpetuating  itself  beyond  the  second 
generation 

Gonopteryx    rhamni,   L.     Generally  rare, 
but  not  uncommon  at    Grange  and 
some  of  the  northern  mosses 
NYMPHALIDJE 

Argynnis  selene,  Schiff.     Grange,  Silverdale 

—  euphrosyne,  L.  „  „ 

—  adippe,  L.  „  „ 

—  aglaia,  L.     On  the  coast  sandhills  and 

near  Windermere 
Melitasa    aurinia,    Rott.     Very  local    and 

scarce,    and    apparently    much    less 

common  than  formerly 
Vanessa.  The  records  of  V.   polychloros, 

L.,  are  somewhat  doubtful,  and  V. 

antiopa,  L.,  has  only  been  taken  in 

its  '  years.'     All  our   other  species 

occur,  V.  c-album,  L.,  however  very 

rarely 
SATYRIDJE 

Erebia.     Both  E.  epiphron,  Knoch.,  and  E. 

aethiops,   Esp.,  occur  in  the  extreme 


SATYRID^  (continued) 

north  of  the  county  on  mountains 
and  moorlands 

Pararge  cegeria,  L.  Occasional  and  much 
less  common  than  formerly 

—  megaera,  L.     Generally  distributed 
Satyrus  semele,   L.     Abundant  on  all  the 

coast  sandhills  and  on  many  of  the 
moors  and  mosses 

All  our  species  of  Epinephile  and 
Caenonympha  occur  ;  E.  hyperan- 
thus,  L.,  however  is  distinctly  local, 
and  of  C.  typhon,  Rott.  =  davus,  F., 
only  the  var.  Rothliebi,  Stgr.  = 
philoxenus,  Esp.,  seems  to  occur, 
but  rather  frequently  on  the  mosses 

LvCffiNIDJE 

Thecla  betulae,  L.,  and  T.  quercus,  L.,  are 
recorded  from  Grange,  the  latter 
more  commonly 

—  rubi,  L.     Local,  but  not  uncommon 
Polyommatus  phloeas,  L.     Abundant 
Lycaena.  The  quite  southern  forms  usually 

associated  with  the  chalk 

—  minima,  Fues.,    and   L.    corydon,    F., 

have  both  been  taken  on  the  lime- 
stone district  around  Grange,  and 
there  is  a  record  of  the  former  from 
BirkdaU 

—  argiolus,  L.     Locally  not  uncommon 

—  aegon,  Schiff.          „  „ 

—  astrarche,  Bgstr.     „  „ 

—  icarus,  Rott.     Generally  abundant 
ERYCINID.S 

Nemeobius  lucina,  L.     Grange,  Silverdale 


128 


INSECTS 


HESPERIID^ 

Syrichthus  malvae,  L.     Has  been  recorded 

from  Si  her  dale 
Nisoniades  tages,  L.     Not  uncommon 


HESPERIIDJE  (continued} 

Hesperia    sylvanus,    Espr.        Chat 

Simonswood,  Grange,  etc. 
—  thaumas,  Huf.     Silverdalc  only 


Moss, 


HETEROCERA 

Of  the  2,014  species  of  Heterocera  or  moths  recorded  in  South's 
list,  rather  more  than  1,300  have  been  recorded  from -Lancashire. 


SPHINGID.E 

Acherontia  atropos,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and  sometimes  common  in 
potato  districts 

Sphinx  convolvuli,  L.  Generally  distributed 
but  very  irregular  in  appearance ; 
one  specimen  of  S.  ligustri,  L.,  has 
been  recorded  from  near  Charley 

Deilephila  galii,  Schiff.  Has  appeared  in 
some  numbers  on  the  sandhills 
during  certain  years.  The  last  of 
these  was  1888.  Previous  years 
were  1870,  1859  and  1834.  Afew 
larvae  were  taken  by  Rev.  A.  M. 
Moss  also  in  1897.  For  these  ap- 
parently irregular  manifestations  an 
explanation  has  been  sought  in  a 
theory  of  continental  immigration, 
which  however  seems  hardly  ade- 
quate to  support  the  facts  of  the 
case.  More  probably  this  moth 
persists  in  small  numbers  from  year 
to  year  in  suitable  localities,  and  its 
years  of  abundance  are  caused  by 
a  concatenation  of  particularly 
favourable  phenological  conditions 
extending  probably  over  more  than 
one  year.  (The  subject  is  discussed 
more  in  detail  in  a  paper  by  the 
present  author  contributed  to  the 
Liverpool  Biological  Society.  See 
Trans,  vol.  vii.  '  Occasional  Abund- 
ance of  Insects ') 

—  livornica,     Espr.       Some     half-dozen 

stray    captures    are    reported    since 
1846 

Chsrocampa.       All    our     three     British 
species  are  recorded 

—  porcellus,    L.     Most   commonly  from 

the  mosses  and  the  sandhill  zone 

—  nerii.     Two  records  from   near   Man- 

chester (1885  and  1847) 
Smerinthus  populi,  L.     Abundant 

—  ocellatus,  L.  „ 
Macroglossa  stellatorum,  L.     Frequent  and 

generally  distributed 

—  bombyliformis,  Och.     Not  uncommon 

on  the   moors  of  the  northern  part 
of  the  county 


SESIID.S: 

Trochilium  crabroniformis,  Lewin.   Gener- 

ally distributed 
Sesia  sphegiformis,  F.     Chat  Moss  formerly 

—  culiciformis,  L.  „  „ 

—  myopoeformis,    Bord.      Doubtfully  re- 

corded from  near  Grange 

—  tipuliformis,    Clerck.      Generally    dis- 

tributed 

ZYG/ENID.ffi 

Ino  statices,  L.     Chat  Moss,  Crosby,  War- 
rington 

—  geryon,  Hb.     Occasional  on  the  mosses 

and  at  Witherdack 
Zygaena  filipendulae,  L.     Is  the  only  mem- 

ber of  the  genus  at  all  common 
NYCTEOUD^: 

Sarothripus  undulanus,  Hb.      Grange 
Hylophila    prasinana,    L.     Local    on    the 

moors  ;  Silverdale  and  near  Bolton 


Nola  cucullatella,  L.     Generally  common 

—  confusalis,  H.S.    Recorded  from  Grange 

by  Hodgkinson 

LlTHOSIID.ffi 

Nudaria  mundana,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed but  not  common 

Lithosia  mesomella,  "\  Found  on  most  of 
L.  I  the  mosses  of 

—  sericea,  Greg.          J      the   south-west 

—  lurideola,  Zinc.      Generally  distributed 

EUCHELIIDJE 

Gnophria     quadra,    L.      Recorded     from 

Birkdale  and  Maghull 
Euchelia  jacobaeae,  L.     Always  frequent, 

and  sometimes   in    profusion  on  the 

sandhills  and  mosses 
CHELONIIDJE 

Nemophila  russula,  L.\Occuronthe  mosses 

—  plantaginis,  L.        J     and  moors 
Arctia  caia,  L.     Generally  common 
Spilosoma  lubricipeda,  Esp.     Abundant 

—  menthastri,  Esp.  „ 

—  mendica,  Clerck.     Occasional 

—  fuliginosa,  L.     Common  on  the  sand- 

hills and  mosses 
HEPIALIDJE 

All  our  British  species  of  Hepialus 
occur  more  or  less  commonly 


129 


A    HISTORY   OF    LANCASHIRE 


Cossus  ligniperda,  F.    Generally  distributed 

and  fairly  common 
LIPARIDJE 

Porthesia    chrysorrhaea,    L.     Formerly    at 

Crosby,  but  not  seen  there  recently 

—  similis,  Fues.     Abundant  everywhere 
Leucoma   salicis,    L.      Abundant    among 

sallows  near  the  coast 

Ocneria  dispar,  L.  A  male  in  the  collec- 
tion of  Mr.  Hodgkinson, '  taken  near 
Warrington  some  fifty  years  ago ' 

Dasychira  fascelina,  L.  Common  on  the 
sandhills 

—  pudibunda,    L.       Occasional    on    the 

mosses 

Orgyia  antiqua,  L.  Abundant  everywhere 
BOMBYCID.S: 

Trichiura  cratasgi,  L.  Recorded  by  Stain- 
ton  (Manual,  p.  155)  from  the 
Preston  district,  but  there  are  no 
records  of  recent  captures 

Pasliocampa  populi,  L.  Generally  distri- 
buted, but  not  common,  except  in 
the  north 

Eriogaster  lanestris,  L.  Not  uncommon 
in  the  extreme  north  of  the  county 

Bombyx  neustria,  L.  Rare.  Chappell 
records  it  (probably  introduced  on 
fruit  trees)  from  Blackpool 

—  rubi,  L.     Common 

—  quercus,  L.       „ 

var.  callunae,  Palmer.     Common 

—  trifolii,  Esp.      Formerly    common    on 

the  coast  sandhills  and  still  occasional 
there 

Odonestris  potatoria,  L.     Very  abundant 
SATURNIID;E 

Saturnia  pavonia,  L.     Is  common  on  all 

the  mosses  and  moorlands 
DREPANULID.S 

Drepana  lacertinaria,  "j  Common  among 
L.  L  birch  on  the 

—  falcataria,  L.          J       mosses 

Cilex  glaucata,  Scop.  Generally  abundant 
DICRANULID^; 

Dicranura.     All  our  British  species  occur ; 
the  rare  D.  bicuspis,  Bork.,  however 
is   only   recorded    from   the   Preston 
district 
NOTODONTID.S: 

Pterostoma  palpina,  L;     Furness  district 

Lophopteryx  camelina,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Notodonta  dictaea,  L.,  and  N.  dictaeoides, 
Esp.,  are  not  uncommon,  the  latter 
more  especially  on  the  mosses 

—  dromedarius,   L.     Rather  common  on 

all  the  mosses 

—  ziczac,  L.     Generally  distributed 


Phalera  bucephala,  L.    Generally  abundant 
Pygaera  pigra,  Huf.     Has  been  recorded  by 

Gregson  from  Kirkby 
CYMATOPHORIDJE 

Thyatira.     Both  our  species  are  generally 

distributed  throughout  the  county 
Cymatophora    or,    F.       Occasional    near 

Preston 

—  duplaris,  L.     Rare,   but  appears  to  be 

generally  distributed 

Asphalia   diluta,   F.      Recorded  from  near 
Manchester,  Bury,  Kendal 

—  flavicornis,  Haw.     Common  on  all  the 

mosses 

—  ridens,    F.     Recorded   by   Hodgkinson 

from      near     Windermere,    and    by 
Chappell  from  Staleybrushes 
BRYOPHILIDJE 

Bryophila    perla,    F.     The    only    species 
which  occurs ;  common 

BOMBYCOIDJE 

Demas  coryli,  L.     Very  occasional 
Acronycta  psi,  L.     Common 

—  rumicis,  L.  „ 

—  ligustri,  F.  „ 

—  megalacephala,  F.    „ 

—  leporina,  L.     Not  rare  on  the  mosses 

—  menyanthidis,  View.     Not  rare  on  the 

moors 

—  alni,  L.     Very  occasional 

—  aceris,    L.     Has    been    recorded    from 

Ashton-on-Mersey  by  Chappell 
Diloba   caerulocephala,   L.     Generally  dis- 
tributed 
LEUCANIID^E 

—  pallens,  L. 

—  impura,  Hb. 

—  comma,  L. 

—  lithargyria,  Esp.J 

—  littoralis,    Curt.     Confined    exclusively 

to  the  sandhill  zone 

—  conigera,  F.     Rather  rare,   but  widely 

distributed 

Calamia  lutosa,    Hb.    "j    Found    not    un- 
Tapinostola  fulva,  Hb.  L     commonly       in 
Nonagria  arundinis,   F.J      marshy  districts 
APAMEIDJE 

Gortyna  ochracea,  Hb.  Generally  common 
Hydraecia  nictitans,  Bork.     „  „ 

—  micacea,  Esp.  „  „ 

—  petasitis,     Dbl.      Generally    associated 

with  the  beds  of  Petasitis  vulgaris, 
which  grows  in  abundance  on  most 
of  the  river  banks  of  the  southern 
part  of  the  county 

Axylia  putris,  L.      Abundant 

Xylophasia  rurea,  F.         „ 

—  lithoxylea,  F.  „ 

—  monoglypha,  Huf.      „ 


Common,  more  espe- 
cially near  the 
coast 


130 


INSECTS 


APAMEID^  (continued) 

Xylophasia  hepatica,  L.     Not  rare 

—  scolopacina,  Esp.     Recorded  from  Age- 

croft  near  Manchester  and  Preston 

Dipterygia  scabriuscula,  L.  Near  Man- 
chester 

Charaeas  graminis,  L.  Generally  common, 
and  sometimes  in  immense  abundance, 
as  when  the  larvae  appeared  on  the 
moors  near  Clitheroe  in  1 88 1  in  such 
numbers  as  to  attract  public  atten- 
tion to  their  profusion 

Laphygma  exigua,  Hb.  A  single  specimen 
is  recorded  as  having  been  taken  at 
Croiby  by  the  late  Mr.  G.  A.  Harker 
of  Liverpool 

Neuronia  popularis,  F.     Common 

Cerigo  matura,  Huf.  „ 

Luperina  testacea,  Hb.  „ 

—  caespitis,  F.      Local  ;  Carnforth,  Preston, 

Crosby 
Mamestra  abjecta,  Hb.)    Recorded       from 

—  sordida,  Bork.  J         Preston 

—  albicolon,  Hb.  Common  on  the  sandhills 

—  brassicae,  L.    Only  too  abundant  every- 

where 

—  persicariae,  L.     Generally  common 
Apamea  basilinea,  F.       „  „ 

—  gemina,  H.  „  „ 

—  didyma,  Esp.  „  „ 

—  unanimis,  Tr.     Occasional 

Miana.  All  our  species  occur  fairly  com- 
monly 

Phothedes  captiuncula,  Tr.  Recorded 
from  the  extreme  north  on  the 
Westmorland  border 

Celcena    haworthii,     Curt.     Not    rare    in 

most  of  the  moorlands  and  mosses 
CARADRINIDJE 

Grammesia  trigrammica,  Hf.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Stilba  anomala,  Haw.  Rare  ;  recorded  from 
Rochester,  Silverdale,  Staleybrushes 

Charadrina  morpheus,  Huf.     ")      Generally 

—  quadripunctata,  F.  J        common 

—  alsines,  Brab.     Rare  ;  Preston,  etc. 

—  taraxaci,  Hb.          „          „  „ 
Rusina  tenebrosa,  Hb.     Occasional 

NOCTUIDJE 

Agrotis  suffiisa,  Hb.     Generally  abundant 

—  segetum,  Schiff.  „  „ 

—  exclamationis,  L.  „  „ 

—  saucia,  Hb.     Occasional 

—  corticea,  Hb.  „ 


—  vestigalis,  Hf. 

—  cursoria,  Bork. 

—  nigricans,  L. 

—  tritici,  L. 

—  aquilina,  Hb. 

—  praecox,  L. 


More  or  less  common 
on  the  sandhills 


NOCTUID^  (continued) 

Agrotis  agathina,  Dup.jMore  or  less   com- 

—  strigula,  Thumb.    /    mon  on  the  heaths 

—  cinerea,    Hb.      Recorded     from     near 

Grange 

—  ripas,  Hb.      Runcorn 

—  obelisca,  Hb.     Crosby 

—  obscura,  Brab.     Near  Manchester 

—  simulans,  Hf.      Lytham  near  Liverpool 

—  lucernea,  L.     Near  Bo/ton,  Grange 
Noctua  augur,  F.     More  or  less  common 

—  plecta,  L.  „          „         „ 

—  c-nigrum,  L.  „          „          „ 

—  brunnea,  F.  „          „          „ 

—  festiva,  Hb.  „         „ 

—  rubi,  View.  „          „          „ 

—  baja,  F.  ^     „ 

—  xanthographa,  F.    „         „          „ 

—  glareosa,  Esp.     Occasional 

—  triangulum,  Huf.        „ 

—  umbrosa,  Hb.  „ 

—  depuncta,  L.     Staleybrushes 

—  dahlii,   Hb.      Windermere,  Waolton  near 

Liverpool 
Triphaena  orbona,  Huf.\   Abundant  every- 

—  pronuba,  L.  J        where 

—  ianthina,  Esp.,  T.  interjecta,   Hb.,   and 

T.  fimbria,  L.  Generally  distributed, 
but  not  at  all  common,  except  locally 
the    latter,    which   is    frequent    near 
Windermere 
AMPHIPYRID^E 

Amphipyra    tragopogonis,    L.      Generally 
abundant.     Both   species   of   Mania 
are  common  and  widely  distributed 
ORTHOSIIDJE 

Panolis  piniperda,   Panz.      Common  in  all 
fir  plantations 

Pachnobia  leucographa,  Hb.    Preston,  Wm- 
dermere 

—  rubricosa,    F.       Preston,   Chat   Moss  ; 

rather  more  common  than  the  pre- 
ceding 
Orthosia  lota,  Clerck.     Not  very  common 

—  macilenta,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  suspecta,   H.       Recorded    rarely    from 

the  Manchester  district 

—  ypsilon,  Bork.     Preston,  and  the  north 
Taeniocampa.        Of  this    genus    all    the 

British  species  occur    more    or   less 
commonly 

—  opima,    H.       Almost    exclusively    re- 

stricted to  the  coast 
Anthocelis  pistacina,  F.  Generally  common 

—  litura,  L.  „  „ 

—  rufina,  L.     Crosby 

Cerastis  vaccinii,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  spadicea,  Hb.  „  „ 
Scopelosoma  satellitia,  L.      „              „ 
Xanthia  cerago,  Tr.     Fairly  common 


A   HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


ORTHOSIIDJE  (continued} 

Xanthia  ferruginea,  Esp.     Fairly  common 

—  flavago,  F.  „  „ 

—  citrago,  L.    Rare  ;  near  Liverpool,  Pres- 

ton, Windermere,  Manchester 

—  aurago,  W.V.     Recorded  from  Lydiate 

near  Liverpool  by  Gregson 
Cirrhaedia  xerampelina,  H.    Recorded  only 

from  Clitheroe  and  near  Manchester 
COSMIIDJE 

Tethea.     Both  species  occur,   but   neither 

are  at  all  common 

Calymnia  trapezina,  L.  Generally  com- 
mon 

—  affinis,  L.       One    record    by    Gregson 

from  near  Liverpool 
HADENIDJE 

Dianthecia  nana,  Roth.     A  few  records 

—  capsincola,  Hb.    Generally  distributed 

—  cucubali,  Fues.  „  „ 

—  carpophaga,  Bork.     Not  infrequent  at 

Crosby,  Formby,  Morcambe,  and 
Grange 

Hecatera  serena,  F.  Not  uncommon,  es- 
pecially on  the  sandhills 

Polia  flavicincta,  F.  Recorded  by  Gregson 
from  near  Liverpool,  but  the  record 
seems  doubtful 

—  chi,  L.     Generally  distributed 
Dasypolia  templi,  Thumb.    Has  occurred  at 

Crosby,  Windermere,  near  Preston 
Epunda  lichenea,    Hb.       Confined   to   the 
coast,  where  however  it  is  not  com- 
mon 

Aporophyla  nigra,  Haw.  Windermere, 
Chat  Moss 

—  lutulenta,  Bork.     Occasional 
Cleoceris    viminalis,    F.       Recorded  from 

near    Bolton,     Windermere,    and    by 
Gregson  from  near  Liverpool 
Miselia  oxycanthae,  L.    Generally  abundant 
Aplecta  occulta,  L.     Occasional 

—  prasina,  F.  „ 

—  nebulosa,  Huf.     Common 

—  advena,  F.     Recorded  on  two  occasions 

from  near  Liverpool  by  Gregson,  but 
require  confirmation 

—  tincta,    Brahm.         From    Grange    by 

Hodgkinson 
Agriopis  aprilina,  L.     Preston,  Manchester, 

and  more  commonly  at  Windermere 
Euplexia  lucipara,  L.  Generally  abundant 
Phlogophora  meticulosa,  L.  Generally 

abundant 
Hadena  adusta,  Esp.     More  or  less  common 

—  protea,  Bork.  „  „ 

—  dentina,  Esp.  „  „ 

—  oleracea,  L.  „  „ 

—  pisi,  L.  „  „ 

—  thalassina,  Rott.  „  „ 


HADKNID.S:  (continued] 

Hadena  porphyrea,  Esp.\  Local  on  the  moors 

—  glauca,  H.  J      and  mosses 

—  dissimilis,  Knoch.     Very  occasional 

—  contigua,    Vill.        Only  from    Barlow 

Moor  by  Chappell 

—  rectilinea,    Esp.       From    the    extreme 

north  only 
XYLINID./E 

Xylocampa  areola,  Esp.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Calocampa.  All  our  three  species  occur 
but  not  commonly 

Xylina  ornithopus,  Rott.  Chat  Moss,  Man- 
chester district  ;  very  occasional 

—  socia,  Rott.      One  specimen  recorded 

from  the  Dingle  near  Liverpool 
Asteroscopus   sphinx,    Huf.       Hodgkinson 
records  a  specimen  bred  from  a  larva 
found  near  Preston 

Cucullia  asteris,  Schiff.  The  larvae  are  not 
uncommon  near  Grange  and  Winder- 
mere 

—  chamomillae,  Schiff.     Not  uncommon 

—  umbratica,  L.  „  „ 

GoNOPTERIDjE 

Gonoptera  libatrix,  L.     Generally  abundant 
PLUSIID;E 

Habrostola.       Both    species   are    generally 

distributed  but  not  common 
Plusia  chryson,  Esp.     One  specimen  taken 

near  Preston  by  Hodgkinson 

—  chrysitis,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  bractea,  F.    Manchester,  Preston,  Bolton  ; 

occasional 

—  festucae,  L.     Not  uncommon  but  local 

—  iota,  L.  „  „ 

—  pulchina,  Haw.          „  „ 

—  gamma,  L.     Abundant  everywhere 

—  interrogationis,  L.     Not  uncommon  at 

heather  near  Windermere 
HELIOTHID.S: 

Anarta  myrtilli,  L.  Abundant  on  all  the 
heaths  and  mosses 

Heliodes  tenebrata,  Scop.  Local  but  not 
uncommon 

Heliothis  armigera,  Hb.  First  recorded  as 
British  from  a  specimen  taken  near 
Salford  in  1 840  by  Mr.  Jno.  Thomas. 
The  species  has  also  been  recorded 
from  Windermere,  Huyton,  Linacre 
near  Liverpool,  and  from  Staleybridge 

—  peltigera,  Schiff.   Very  rare,  but  has  been 

noted  from  Blackpool  and  Lytham 
Chariclea  umbra,  Huf.       Not  uncommon 
at    Crosby,    but    not    recorded  from 
elsewhere 

PoAPHII.IID.ffi 

Phytometra  viridaria,  Clerck.  Generally 
distributed  on  the  mosses 


132 


INSECTS 


EUCLIDIID/E 

Euclidia  mi,  Clerck.     Locally  common 

—  glyphica,    L.       Recorded    from    Speke 

near  Liverpool  by  Gregson 
CATOCALIDJE 

Catocala  fraxini,  L.  Captures  have  been 
recorded  at  Bolton  and  Charley,  and 
three  or  four  from  near  Manchester 

HERMINHDjE 

Rivula  sericealis,  Scop.     Scarce  and  local 
Zanclognatha  grisealis,  Hb.     Not  common 

—  tarsipennalis,  Tr.  „ 
HYPENID^E 

Hypena  proboscidalis,  L.  Generally  abun- 
dant 

Hypenodes  costasstrigalis,  St.     Wmdermere 

Tholomiges  turfosalis,  W.  R.     Pilling  Moss 

Brephos    parthenias,    L.        Recorded    by 
Gregson  from  a  birch  wood  at  Wool- 
ton  near  Liverpool  and  from  Winder- 
mere 
UROPTERYGID.S: 

Uropteryx  sambucata,  L.     Generally  com- 
mon 
EUNOMID^ 

Epione  apiciaria,  Schiff.  Generally  dis- 
tributed but  not  common 

Rumia  luteolata,  L.     Abundant 

Venilia  macularia,  L.  Grange  and  Silver- 
dale  only 

Metrocampa  margaritaria,  L.  Generally 
distributed 

Ellopia  prosapiaria,  L.  Common  in  most 
of  the  fir  woods 

Eurymene  dolobraria,  L.  Recorded  only 
from  Grange  and  rarely  there 

Pericallia  syringaria,  L.     Very  occasional 

Selenia  bilunaria,  Esp.  Widely  distributed 
and  fairly  common 

—  lunaria,  Schiff.     Recorded  from  only  a 

few    localities   as    Chat   Moss,    near 
Kendal,  Preston,  Pendlebury 
Odontopora  bidentata,  Clerck.      Common 
Crocallis  elinguaria,  L.  „ 

Eugonia  alniaria,  L.  Widely  distributed 
but  not  common 

—  quercinaria,  Huf.      Very  rare 

—  erosaria,  Bork.  „ 

—  fuscantaria,  Haw.  „ 

Himera  pennaria,  L.    Generally  distributed 

but    not    common,    except    in    the 

Wmdermere  district 
AMPHIDASYDJE 

Phigalia  pedaria,  F.     Common 

Nyssia  zonaria,  Schiff.     Abundant  on   the 

sandhills  at  Crosby  and  Hightown 
Amphidasys    strataria,     Huf.        Generally 

distributed 

—  betularia,  L.       Rather     common    on 

the  mosses  in  South  Lancashire.  The 


AMPHIDASYD^  (continued) 

black  form  (doubledayaria,  Mill.)  of 
late  years  has  been  much  more  com- 
mon than  the  type  form 

BoARMIIDjE 

Hemerophila  abruptaria,  Thunb.      Rare  ; 
recorded  only  by  Gregson  from  near 
Liverpool  and  near  Kendal 
Cleora  lichinaria,  Huf.     Preston 
Boarmia  repandata,  L.     Common 

—  gemmaria,  Brahm.  „ 
Tephrosia  consonaria,"!   Recorded,    perhaps 

Hb.  Y     rather  doubtfully, 

—  luridata,  Bork.       J      from  Wmdermere 

—  crepuscularia,  Hb.      Chat  Moss,   Hale, 

Longridge 

—  biundularia,  Bork.     Near  Manchester  ; 

occasional 

—  punctularia,  Hb.    Chat  Moss,  Knowsley, 

Preston,  Silverdale 
Gnophos  obscurata,  Hb.      Not  uncommon 

on  the  heaths 
GEOMETRIDJE 

Pseudoterpna    pruinata,    Hut.       Morcambe 

and  Silverdale  only 
Geometra  papilionaria,  L.     Occasional  but 

not  at  all  common 
lodis  lactearia,  L.     Common 
Hemithea  strigata,  Mttll.       Local  but  not 

uncommon 
EPHYRID^: 

Zonosoma  punctaria,   L.     Recorded  from 

Halt  near  Liverpool  only 

—  linearia,  Hb.     Silverdale 

ACIDALIID^E 

Hyria  muricata,  Huf.     Occasional  on  the 

mosses 
Asthena  luteata,  Schiff."|  Generally     distri- 

—  candidata,  Schiff.      j-     buted    but    not 

—  sylvata,  Hb.  J      common 

—  blomeri,  Curt.      Only  recorded  from 

near  Preston 
Venusia  cambrica,  Curt.    Scarce  ;  northern 

part   of  county,  and  recorded  from 

Bury  and  Bolton 
Acidalia  dimidiata,    Huf.       More    or    less 

common 

—  bisetata,  Huf.       More  or  less  common 

—  remutata,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  imitaria,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  adversata,  L.  „  „ 

—  virgularia,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  ornata,  Scop.     On  the  mosses  only 

—  fumata,  St.  „  „ 

—  inornata,  Haw.       „  „ 

—  immutata,  L.          „  „ 

—  dilutaria,  Hb.     Barlow  Moor,  banks  of 

Wyre 

—  subsericeata,  Haw.    Local ;  near  Man- 

chester, Grange 


133 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


ACIDALIIDJE  (continued) 

Acidalia  rubiginata,  Huf.   Ashton- 
recordcd  by  Chappell 


—  trigeminata,  Haw.lVery  local  on  some 
"*       J      < 


of  the  mosses 
Goeze.        Silverdale 


emarginata,  L. 

—  marginipunctata, 

only 

—  circillata,  Gn.     Formerly  on  Chat  Moss 

but  now  supposed  to  be  extinct 
CABERID/E 

Cabera.  All  our  species  occur  not  un- 
commonly 

Bapta  temerata,  Hb.     Local 

—  bimaculata,  F.     Only  from  Grange 
MACARIID.S 

Macaria  alternata,  Hb.  Recorded  from 
Wmdcrmtre  only 

—  liturata,  Clerck.     Generally  distributed 
Halia  wavaria,    L.       Not    uncommon    in 

kitchen  gardens 
FIDONIIDA 

Strenia  clathrata,  L.     Near  Carnforth 

Panagra  petraria,  Hb.  Silver  dale.  Chat 
Moss 

Numeria  pulveraria,  L.     Very  occasional 

Scodiona  belgiaria,  Hb.  On  most  of  the 
heaths  and  mosses 

Selidosema  ericetaria,  Vill.  Very  local  ; 
Pilling  Mosiy  near  Preston 

Ematurga  atomaria,  L.  Common  on  all 
the  heaths  and  mosses 

Bupalus  piniaria,  L.  Common  in  fir 
woods,  more  especially  on  the 
mosses 

Sterrha  sacraria,  L.  One  specimen  taken 
by  Mr.  S.  J.  Capper  at  Huyton  near 
Liverpatly  and  one  in  Manchester. 
The  species  formerly  occurred  ap- 
parently not  uncommonly  on  the 
sandhills,  but  has  not  been  taken 
there  for  many  years 

Aspilates    strigillaria,   Hb.      Generally  on 

the  mosses 
ZERENIDJE 

Abraxas  grossulariata,  L.  Abundant  every- 
where. This  was  a  favourite  subject 
for  variety  breeding  by  C.  S.  Gregson, 
and  in  his  collection  (now  in  the 
possession  of  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  of 
Dover)  some  extraordinary  aberra- 
tions are  to  be  found 

—  sylvata,  Scop.  Local,  but  generally 
distributed 

Ligdia  adustata,  Schiff.  Grange  district 
only 

Lomaspilis  marginata,  L.    Generally  abun- 
dant 
HYBERNIID^B 

Hybernia.  All  our  species  occur  more  or 
less  commonly 


HYBERNIIDJE  (continued) 
-Mersey;          Anisopteryx    aescularia,   Schiff.       Aigburth, 

Manchester  and  Preston 
LARENTIIDJE 

Chiematobia  brumata,  L.     Abundant 

—  boreata,  Httbn.    Local ;  Chat  Moss,  etc. 
Oporabia  dilutata.     Common 

—  filigrammaria.     Not  uncommon  on  the 

moors 
Larentia  didymata,  L.     Generally  common 

—  multistrigaria,  Haw.          „  „ 

—  viridaria,  Fb.  „  „ 

—  csesiata,  Lang.  \  Occur     not     uncom- 

—  salicata,  Hub.    I     monly       on        the 

—  olivata,  Bork.    J      moors 
Emmelesia  albutata,  Schiff.     Common 

—  decolorata,  Hb.  „ 

—  afEnitata.  Scarce  and  local 

—  alchemillata,  L.        „  „ 

—  unifasciata,  Haw.     „  „ 

—  taeniata,  St.     Only  occurs  in  the  ex- 

treme north,  Wmdermere,  Silverdale^ 
etc. 

Eupithecia.     Of  this  large  genus  the  greater 
part  occur  in  the  county 

—  oblongata,  Thunb.     Common 

—  castigata,  Hb.  „ 

—  virgaureata,  Crewe.        „ 

—  nanata,  Hb.  „ 

—  vulgata,  Haw.  „ 

—  absinthiata,  Clrk.  „ 

—  minutata,  Guen.  „ 

—  abbreviata,  Steph.  „ 

—  exiguata,  Hb.  „ 

—  pumilata,  Hb.  „ 

—  rectangulata,  L.  „ 

—  pulchellata,  St.      Generally  rare  or  local 

—  succentauriata,  L.        „  „ 

—  subvulvata,  Haw.        „  „ 

—  venosata,  F.  „  „ 

—  plumbeolata,  Haw.      „ 

—  pygmasata,  Hb.  „ 

—  satyrata,  Hb.  „ 

—  fraxinata,  Crewe.         „ 

—  pimpinellata,  Hb.        „ 

—  subnotata,  Hb.  „ 

—  albipunctata,  Haw.     „  „ 

—  assimilata,  Dbl.  „  „ 

—  tenuiata,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  lariciata,  Frr.  „  „ 

—  scabiosata,  Bork. 

—  isogrammaria,  H.S.        Recorded     only 

—  helveticaria,  Bdv.  from       quite 

—  trisignaria,  H.S.  the        north, 

—  valerianata,  Hb.  principally 

—  constrictata,  Guen.  the       Grange 

—  expallidata,  Guen.  district 

—  sobrinata,  Hb. 

—  innotata,  Huf.      Lytham 

—  linariata,  W.V.     Ait  ley  Moss 


134 


INSECTS 


(Generally 
abundant 


LARENTIID.E:  (continued) 

Eupithecia  debiliata,  Hb.      Chat  Moss  only 
Lobophora  sexalisata,  Hb.      Recorded  by 
Gregson  from  Croxteth 

—  viretata,  Hb.  )  Scarce  and  local  on 

—  carpinata,  Bork.      r      the    mosses,     at 

—  polycommata,  Hb. )      Grange  and  Win- 

dermere 
Thera  simulata,  Hb.     Grange  only 

—  variata,  Schiff.    Common  in  all  fir  wood 

—  firmata,  Hb.  „  „ 
Hysipetes    1   All  the  British  species  occur 
Melanthia  J       more  or  less  commonly 
Melanippe  sociata,  Bork. 

—  montanata,  Bork. 

—  fluctuata,  L. 

—  hastata,  L.    Chat  Moss 

—  tristata,  L.  „ 

—  unangulata,  Haw.     Scarce  and  local 

—  galiata,  Hb.  „  „ 
Anticlea  badiata,  Hb.     Rather  common 

—  nigrofasciaria,  G8ze.      Rare  and  local 
Coremia  unidentaria,  Haw.     Abundant 

—  designata,  Huf.     Fairly  common 

—  ferrugata,  Clerck.  „ 
Camptogramma  bilineata,  L.     Very  abun- 
dant 

—  fluviata,     Hb.       Birkdale,    Manchester, 

Preston  ;  very  rare 

Phibalapteryx  vittata,  Bork.  Scarce  and 
local 

Triphosa  dubitata,  L.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

Eucosmia  undulata,  L.  Chat  Moss,  Preston, 
Windermere 

Scotosia  vetulata,  Schiff.      Grange  only 

Cidaria.  With  the  exception  of  C.  picata, 
Hb.,  and  H.  sagittata,  L.,  the  whole 
of  our  British  species  have  been  found 
within  the  county.  The  Winder- 
mere  district  was  indeed  the  only 
known  locality  in  this  country  for 
C.  reticulata,  F.,  but  the  species  has 
not  been  taken  there  for  some  years 

—  truncata,  Huf.       \  Generally  common. 

—  immanata,  Haw.  L     The  other  species 

—  testata,  L.  more  or  less  local 

and  rare 

Pelurga  comitata,  L.  Local  and  not 
common 

EuBOLIID.ffi 

Eubolia  limitata,  Scop.  Generally  abun- 
dant 

—  cervinata,  Schiff.l  Not  uncommon,  but 

—  plumbaria,  F.      /    very  local,  the  latter 

confined  to  the  heaths  and  mosses 
Mesotype  virgata,  Rott.     Common  on  the 

sandhills 
Carsia  paludata,  Thunb.     Confined  to  the 

mosses,  where  it  is  common 


EuBOLUD-ffi  (continued*) 

Anaitis  plagiata,  L.     Occasional 
Chesias  spartiata,  )  .-. 

Fues  I  Occur  not  uncommonly 

—  rufata,  F.         j      near  W'lndermere 

SlONIDJE 

Tanagra  atrata,  L.  Local,  but  not  un- 
common in  some  districts 

PYRALIDID.ffi 

Aglossa  pinguinalis,  L.     Common 

—  cuprealis,    Hb.       Barton     near    Man- 

chester 

Pyralis  glaucinalis,  L.  Barton  and  Halebank 
only 

—  farinalis,  L.     Common 
Scoparia  ambigualis,  Tr. 

—  cembrae,  Haw. 

—  murana,  Curt. 

—  mercurella,  L.  All  more  or  less 

—  resinea,  Haw.  frequent 

—  truncicolella,  Sta. 

—  pallida,  Steph. 

—  augustea,  St.  Wd. 

—  dubitalis,  Hb.  Local,    and     re- 

—  conspicualis,  Hodg.    j      corded        only 

—  crataegella,  Hb.  r     from    Winder- 

—  atomalis,  Dbl.  J      mere  or  With- 

erslack,  principally  by  Hodgkinson 
Nomophila  noctuella,  Schiff.     Common 
Pyrausta.     All  our  three  species  occur,  but 
locally,  and  principally  in  the  Grange 
district 

Herbula  cespitalis,  Schiff.     Generally  com- 
mon 
Ennychia  cingulata,  L.     Grange 

—  octomaculata,  F.  „ 
BOTYDJE 

Eurrhypara  urticata,  L.  Generally  com- 
mon 

Scopula.  Except  S.  alpinalis,  Schiff.,  and 
S.  decrepitalis,  H.S.,  all  our  species  are 
generally  distributed  and  more  or 
less  common 

Botys  fuscalis,  Schiff.     Rather  common 

—  terrealis,  Tr.      Grange  only 

Ebulea  crocealis,  Hb.\Both  occur,  thelatter 

—  sambucalis,  Schiff./     more  commonly 
Spilodes  sticticalis,  L.I  Have  both  occurred, 

—  palealis,  Schiff.     J      but  very  rarely 

—  verticalis,  L.     Not  uncommon 
Pionea  forficalis,  L.     Generally  distributed 

HYDROCAMPIDJE 

All   the  members    of  this   family 
occur  and  are  not  uncommon 
PTEROPHORID/E 

Platyptilia  bertrami,  Rossi.  Recorded  only 
by  Hodgkinson  from  near  Ribchester 
and  Grange 

—  ochrodactyla,  Hb.     Not  uncommon 

—  gonodactyla,  Schiff.  „ 


135 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


PTEROPHORIDJE  (continued] 

Amblyptilia  acanthodactyla,  "j  Occur,  but 
Hb.  I  are  not 

—  cosmodactyla,  Hb.  J      common 
Oxyptilus     parvidactylus,      Haw.      From 

Grange  is    the    only  species    of  the 
genus  recorded 

Mimasseoptilus  zophodactylus,  Dup.     The 
first  recorded  British  specimen  was 
taken     at     Southport    by    Gregson, 
August  1857  (Zoologist,  1857,  5855). 
The  other  species,  except  M.  phaso- 
dactylus,  all  occur  at  Grange 
CEdematophorus  lithodactylus,  Tr.    Grange 
Pterophorus  monodactylus,  L.  „ 

Leioptilus  tephradactylus,  Hb.  „ 

—  microdactylus,  Hb.  „ 
Aciptilia  tetradactyla,  L.  „ 

—  pentadactyla,  L.     Generally  distributed 
Alucita   hexadactyla,   L.     Local,  but    not 

uncommon 
CHILIDJE 
Schaenobiusforficellus,Thunb.  Rare  and  local 

—  mucronellus,  SchifF.  „  „ 
Chilo  phragmitellus,  Hb.            „  „ 

CRAMBID.S 

Crambus.  The  majority  of  this  large  genus 
has  been  recorded,  the  exceptions 
being  C.  alpinellus,  Hb.,  C.  ericellus, 
Hb.,  C.  verellus,  Zinck.,  C.  sylvellus, 
Hb.,  C.  uliginosellus,  Zell.,C.  fasceli- 
nellus,  Hb.,  C.  chrysonuchellus,  Scop., 
and  C.  craterellus,  Scop. 

—  furcatellus,   Zett.     Has  only  been  re- 

corded from  Conhton  Old  Man  ;  the 
others  are  all  fairly  common  or  local 
PHYCID^E 

Anerastia  lotella,  Hb.  Lytkam  sandhills 
(Hodgkinson) 

Homaeosoma  nimbella,  Zell.     Morcambe 

Ephestia.  All  the  species  occur  in  mills  or 
warehouses  more  or  less  commonly 

Cryptoblabes  bistriga,  Haw.  Single  speci- 
mens are  recorded  from  near  Preston 
and  near  Liverpool 

Plodia  interpunctella,  Hb.  Liverpool  ware- 
houses 

Phycis  betulas,  Goze.  -\  „ 

-fusca,Haw.  l°<fT   *! 

Dioryctria  abietella,  Zinck.  f     heaths   and 

Pempelia  palumbella,  F.       J      ' 

Phycis  adornatella,  Tr.     From  Prescot  only 

Rhodophoea  consociella,  \  Very  rare  on 
Hb.  j-  some  of  the 

—  tumidella,  Zinck.       J    mosses 

—  advenella,  Zinck.     Banks  of  the  Wyre 
GALLERIDJE 

Aphomia  sociella,  L.     Banks  of  Wyre 
Achrcea  grisella,  F.     Not  uncommon  about 
beehives 


Common  and 
generally  distri- 
buted 


TORTRICIDJE 

Tortrix  podana,  Scop. 

—  xylosteana,  L. 

—  rosana,  L. 

—  heperana,  Schiff. 

—  ribeana,  Hb. 

—  unifasciana,  Dup. 

—  costana,  F. 

—  viridana,  L. 

—  ministrana,  L. 

—  forsterana,  F. 

—  corylana,  F.     Rather  rare  and  local 

—  viburniana,  F.          „  ,, 

—  palleana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  sorbiana,   Hb.     Has    only  been   taken 

near  Liverpool  and  near  Preston 
Dichelia  grotiana,  F.     Recorded  only  from 

the  mosses 
Amphisa.     Both  our  species  occur  locally 

on  the  moors  and  mosses 
Leptogramma  literana,  L.    Liverpool,  Win- 

dermere 
Peronea  sponsana,  F.~\ 

-  comparana,  Hb.     Generall    distributed 

Qrnall^rianii      I.         V  *       .          - 

but  not  abundant 


j , 

schalleriana,  L. 


I 

—  mixtana,  Hb. 

—  ferrugana,  Zr.      J 

—  variegana.  Generally  distributed ;  abun- 

dant 

—  comariana,  Zell.     Local  and  scarce 

—  hastiana,  L.  „  „ 

—  caledoniana,  Zeph.      „  „ 

—  aspersana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  perplexana,  Bar.     Preston 

—  logiana,  SchifF.     Wmdermere 

—  shepherdana,  Steph.     Lytham 

—  lipsiana,  SchifF.     Grange 
Racodia  caudana,  F.     Not  uncommon 
Teras  contaminana,  Hb.     Generally  abun- 
dant 

Dictyopteryx    loeflingiana.      Very  local  on 
some  of  the  mosses 

—  holmiana,  L.  ~\ 

—  bergmanniana,  L.  Generally 
-  forskaleana,L.  distributed 
Argyrotoza  conwayana,  Fb. 
Ptycholoma  lecheana,  L.        J 

PENTHINID^: 

Diluta  semifasciana,  Haw.    Fleetwood,  Crosby 
Penthina  pruniana,  Hb.  Generally  common 

—  ochroleucana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  variegana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  corticana,  Hb.     Local  on  the  mosses 

—  betulaetana,  Haw.     „  „ 

—  sororculana,  Zett.      „  „ 

—  dimidiana,  Zr.          „  „ 

—  sauciana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  marginana,  Haw.      „  „ 

—  sellana,  Hb.     Wmdermere  only 

—  postremana,  Zell.     „  „ 


136 


INSECTS 


PENTHINIDJE  (continued) 

Antithesia    salicella,    L.      Local    and    not 

common 
SPILONOTID^: 

Hedya  ocellana,  Fb.  More  or  less  common 

—  pauperana,  Dup.      „  „          „ 

—  dealbana,  Frol.         „          „          „ 

—  neglectana,  Dup.     „          „          „ 

—  aceriana,  Dup.     St.  dnne's 
Spilonotatrimaculana,  Haw.  Not  uncommon 

—  rosaecolana,  Dbl.  „          „ 

—  roborana,  Tr.  „  „ 

—  incarnatana,  Hb.     Grange 
Pardia  tripunctana,  Fb.     Abundant 

SERICORID/E 

Aspis  udmanniana,  L.     Common 
Sericoris  rivulana,  Scop.         „ 

—  urticana,  Hb.  „ 

—  lacunana,  Dup.  „ 

—  bifasciana,  Haw.     Rare  and  local 

—  cespitana,  Hb.  „          „ 

—  littoralis,  Curt.  „          „ 

—  micana,  Frol.     Pilling  Moss  only 
Mixodia  schulziana,  F.     Common  on  the 

mosses 

Roxana  arcuana,  Clerck.     Windermere 
Euchromia  mygindana,  1  T       i  r 

fSchiff;  \     the  moors 

—  rufana,  Scop.  ) 

Orthotasnia  antiquana,  Hb.  Scarce  and  local 

—  striana,  Schiff.  „         „ 

—  ericetana,  West.  „         „ 

SciAPHILIDjE 

Eriopsela    fractifasciana,    Haw.      Halevjood 
near  Liverpool,  Grange 

—  quadrana,  Hb.      Windermere 
Cnephasia  politana,  Haw.  \  Occur  not  un- 

—  musculana,  Hb.  J      commonly 
Sciaphilasubjectana,Gn.  Generally  common 

—  virgaureana,  Tr.  „  „ 

—  hybridana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  chysantheana,  Dup.     Scarce 

—  octomaculana,  Haw.       „ 

—  abrasana,  Dup.      Preston,  Grange 

—  pascuana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  conspersana,  Doug.  „  „ 

—  sinuana,  St.      Windermere 
Sphaleroptera  ictericana,  Haw.      Generally 

distributed 

Capua  favillaceana,  Hb.     Scarce  ;    Winder- 
mere,  Hale 

Clepsis    rusticana,    Tr.      Scarce    on    the 

mosses 
GRAPHOLITHID^ 

Bactra  lanceolana,  Hb.       Not  uncommon 
where  rushes  grow 

Phoxopteryx  lundana,  F.     Abundant 

—  siculana,    Hb.     Local 

—  unguicella,  L.          „ 

—  biarcuana,  St.  „ 


GRAPHOLITHID^:  (continuea) 

Phoxopteryx  mitterbacheriana,  Schiff.  Local 

—  myrtillana,    Tr.       Common    on    the 

mosses 

—  uncana,  Hb.  "j     Rare ;      Grange, 

—  diminutana,  Haw.  J          Windermere 
Grapholitha  trimaculana,  Don.      Common 

—  noevana,  Hb.  „ 

—  nigromaculana,  Haw.     Scarce  and  local 

—  subocellana,  Don.  „          „ 

—  geminana,  St.  „          „ 

—  cinerana,  H.     Preston  district 

—  penkleriana,  F.      „          „ 

—  nisella,  Clerck.      „          „ 

—  ramella,  L.      Windermere 

—  minutana,  Hb.     Pendleton  near  Man- 

chester 

—  obtusana,  Haw.     Grange 


•f    u    I      where  common 

—  immundana,  r  isch.  J 

Hypermecia  angustana,  Hb.  Locally  abun- 
dant ;  Crosby,  Lytham,  etc. 

Batodes  angustiorana,  Haw.  Rather  com- 
mon 

Pcedisca  bilunana,  Haw.     Common 

—  corticana,  Hb.  „ 

—  opthalmicana,  Hb.     Local 

—  solandriana,  L.  „ 

—  occultana,  Doug.  „ 

-  semifuscana   St.  |  R  ^^  ^ 

_  sordidana,  Hb.      L     ^ 

—  profundana,  r.     J 

Ephippiphora  pflugiana,  Haw.     Common 

—  brunnichiana,   Frol.  „ 

—  similana,  Hb.     More  or  less  local 

—  circiana,  Zell.        „ 

—  turbidana,  Tr.        „ 

—  trigeminana,  St.     „ 

—  tetragonana,  St.      „ 

—  populana,  F.  „ 

—  inopiana,  Haw.      North  Lancashire 

—  nigricostana,  Haw.     „  „ 

—  signatana,  Dougl.       „  „ 
Olindia  ulmana,  Hb.  Near  Preston,  Winder- 
mere 

Semasia  janthinana,  Dup.  \  Rare  ;  North 

—  rufillana,  Wilk.  J      Lancashire 

The  only  record  of  S.  Wceberi- 
ana  is   by   Gregson    from  his    own 
garden  in  Liverpool 
Coccyx  toedella,  Clerck.     Local 

—  splendidulana,  Gn.  „ 

—  argyrana,  H.  „ 

—  ustomaculana.  Cur.          „ 

—  vacciniana,  Fisch.  „ 

—  scopariana,  H.S.  \  Rare  ;  North   Lan- 

—  nanana,  Tr.          J       cashire 
Heusimene  fimbriana,  Haw.     Not  uncom- 
mon 

18 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


GRAPHOLITHIDJE  (continued) 

Retinea  buoliana,  Schiff.   "1    Common  in  fir 

—  pinivorana,  Zell.          J       woods 

—  turionana,  H.     Recorded  by  Eddleston 

from  Rudd  Heath 

Carpocapsa  pomonella,  L.    Not  uncommon 
Opadia  funebrana,  Tr.     Preston  district 
Eudopsia  nigricana,  St.     Wyre  district 
Stigmonota  coniferana,  Ratz.  \  Local  and 

—  regiana,  Zell.  j-     not  com- 

—  roseticolana,  Zell.  J      mon 

—  nitidana,  F.     Preston 
Dicrorampha  petiverella,  L.  Common 

—  consortana,    St.        Grange 

—  acuminatana,  Zell.       „ 

—  plumbana,  Scop.  „ 

—  plumbagana,  Tr.          „ 

—  alpinana,  Tr.  „ 

—  simpliciana,  Haw.   Croxteth  near  Liver- 

pool 

Pyrodes  rheediella,  Clerck.     Very  local 
Catoptria  ulicetana,  Haw.     Common 

—  hypericana,  Hb.     Scarce  and  local 

—  scopoliana,  Haw.          „          „ 

—  Juliana,  Curt.          Grange 

—  aspidiscana,  Hb.          „ 

—  expallidana,  Haw.      „ 

—  citrana,  Hb.     Very  rare  ;  Lytham 
Trycheris  aurana,  F.     Agecroft,  Withington 

near  Manchester 
PYRALOIDIDJE 

Choreutes  myllerana,  F.     Very  local 
Symoethis  oxyacanthella,  L.     Abundant 

CONCHYLIDJE 

Eupoecilia  atricapitana,  St.  Scarce  and  local 

—  maculosana,  Haw.  „  „ 

—  affinitana,  Doug.  „  „ 

—  rupicola,  Curt.  „  „ 

—  ciliella,  Hb. 

—  nana,  Haw.          "|  Not  uncommon  on 

—  angustana,  Hb.    J"       the  mosses 

—  vectisana,  West.     Fleet-wood 

—  notulana,  Zell.  Martinmere  near  Preston 

—  griseana,  Haw.  „  „ 
Xanthosetia  zoegana,  L.    "1  Generally  dis- 

—  hamana,  L.  J      tributed 
Lobesia  reliquana,  Hb.   Grange,  Wmdermere 
Argyrolepia  hartmanniana,    \   „  , 

—  badiana^  Hb.  J        local 
Conchylis  straminea,  Haw.     Local  but  not 

uncommon 

—  francillana,  Fb.     Lytbam 

—  dilucidana,  St.  „ 

—  smeathmaniana,  F.     Recorded  only  by 

Gregson  from  Liverpool  district 

ApHELIID-ffi 

Aphelia  osseana,  Scop.  Local  on  the  mosses 
Tortricodes    hyemana,    Hb.     Common  in 
oak  woods 


EPIGRAPHIIDJE 

Lemnatophila  phryganella,  Hb.     Grange 
Dasystoma   salicella,     Hb.        Very    rare; 

Huyton  (Gregson) 
Exapate   congelatella,    Hb.     Rainhill  near 

Liverpool 

Diurnea  fagella,  F.     Common  in  oak  woods 
Epigraphia  steinkellneriana,  Schiff.    Grange 
PSYCH  mx 

The  only  members  of  this   family   re- 
corded are  : — 

Fumea  nitidella,  Hb.     Near  Preston 
—  roboricolella,  Brd.      From  some  of  the 


Solenobia  inconspicuella.     Very  local 

—  triquetrella,  Fisch.  „ 
INEID^ 

Diplodoma  marginepunctella,  St.    Local  on 

the  mosses 
Ochsenheimeria  birdella,  Curt.*|  Occur,  but 

—  bisontella,  Zell.  j-     are  very 

—  vaculella,  Fisch.  J      local 
Scardia  corticella,  Curt.     Abundant 

—  granella,  L.  „ 

—  picarella,  Clerck.  Local  and  not  common 

—  cloacella,  Haw.          „          „          „ 

—  arcella,  F.  „          „          „ 
Blabophanes  rusticella,  Hb.     Abundant 

—  ferruginella,  Hb.     Very  local 

—  imella,  Hb.  Rare  ;  Linacre  near  Liverpool 
Tinea  tapetzella,  F.       Generally  abundant 

—  pellionella,  L.  „  „ 

—  fuscipunctella,  Haw.       „  „ 

—  fulvimitrella,  Sodof. 
-  albipunctella,  Haw. 


Hh  or  less  rare 

—  lapella,  Hb. 

—  semivulvella,  Haw. 

—  argentimaculella,    St.       Bowden    near 

Manchester 

—  confusella,  H.S.      Morcambe 

—  merdella,  Zell.      In    wool   warehouses. 

This  species   was    first   recorded    as 

British  by  N.  Cooke  of  Liverpool 
Phylloporia  bistrigella,  Haw.     Near  Liver- 

pool, Grange 
Tineola    biselliella,  Hml.     Too   abundant 

everywhere 
Lampronia  quadripunctella,  F.     Common 

—  rubiella,  Bjerk.  „ 

—  luzella,    Hb.       Local  and  rare 

—  przlatella,  Schiff.     „          „ 
Incurvaria  muscalella,  F.     Common 

—  pectinea,  Haw.  Local  and  not  common 

—  oehlmanniella,  Hb.     „          „          „ 

—  tenuicornis,  St.     Preston 

—  canariella,  St.     Grange 

—  capitella,   Clerck.     Recorded   in  Stain- 

ton's  Manual  (ii.   297)  from  Man- 
chester district 


138 


INSECTS 


TINEIDJE  (continued) 

Micropteryx  calthella,  L.    Not  uncommon 

—  seppella,  F.     More  or  less  rare  and  local 

—  aureatella,  Scop.       „          „          „ 

—  thumbergella,  F.      „          „          „ 

—  subpurpurella,  St.     „          „          ,, 


—  unimaculella,  Zett. 


cally     on     the 


—  sparmanella,  Bosc. 

—  mansuetella,  Zell.     Recorded  by  Stain- 

ton    (Manual,    ii.    303)    from    the 

Manchester  district 
Nemophora.     All  our  four    species    occur 

locally,  principally  from  North  Lan- 

cashire, Grange,  Windermere,  Preston 
ADELID^E 

Adela  fibulella,    F.       Local  and  rare 

—  rufimitrella,  Scop.        „  „ 

—  croesella,  Scop.  „  „ 

—  degeerella,  L.  „  „ 

—  viridella,  L.     Not  uncommon 
Nematois  cupriacellus,  Hb.     Recorded  by 

Stainton  (Man.  ii.   301)  from   near 
Manchester 

—  minimellus,  Zell.     Preston  district 
HYPONOMEUTID^E 

Swammerdammia  pyrella,  Vill.     Common 

—  combinella,  Hb.        \ 

—  griseocapitella,  Sta.    I    Occur,  but  only 

—  oxyanthella,  Dup.     j        very  locally 

—  combinella,  Hb.       J 

Scythropia  cratasgella,    L.     Stretford   near 

Manchester 
Hyponomeuta  padellus,  L.    Not  uncommon 

—  evonymellus,  L.  „  „ 

—  plumbellus,  SchifF.     Grange 

—  cagnagellus,  Hb.  „ 

Prays    curtisellus,    Don.      Generally    dis- 

tributed 
PLUTELLID^; 

Eidophasia  messingiella,  Fisch.     Very  local 
Plutella  cruciferarum,  Zell.     Common 

—  porrectella,  L.     Very  local 

—  annulatella,  Curt.     Morcambe 
Cerostoma  vittella,  L."| 

—  radiatella,  Don.      I  Occur,    but  are  all 

—  costella,  F.  j      very  local 

—  lucella,  F. 

Harpipteryx      xylostella,     L.       Generally 
abundant 

—  scabrella,  L.     Local  ;  Preston,   Grange 

—  nemorella,  L.       „  „  „ 
GELECHIID.S: 

Orthotelia  sparganella,  Thunb.     Recorded 
from  Pendleton  only 

Of  the  large  genus  Depressaria, 
only  D.  costosa,  Haw.  ;  D.  flavella, 
Hb.  ;  D.  ocellana,  F.  ;  and  D.  app- 
lana,  F.,  are  common 


GEI.ECHIID.E  (continued] 

The  following  arc  local  and  more 
or  less  rare  :  — 
Depressaria  pallorella,  Zell. 

—  umbellana,  St. 

—  atomella,  Hb. 

—  arenella,  SchifF. 

—  liturella,  Hb. 

—  conterminella,  Zell. 

—  angelicella,  Hb. 

—  ciliella,  St. 

—  pimpinellae,  Zell. 

—  weirella,  St. 

—  chsrophylli,  Zell. 

—  nervosa,  Haw. 

—  badiella,  Hb. 

—  heracleana,  De  G. 

The  following  are  confined  to 
the  sea  coast  and  taken  principally 
at  Lytham  :  — 

—  nanatella,  St. 

—  propinquella,  L. 

—  subpropinquella,  St. 

—  rhodochrella,  H.S. 

—  alstraemeriana,  Clerck 

—  purpurea,  Haw. 

—  yeatiana,  F. 

—  albipunctella,  Hb. 

—  douglasella,  St. 

—  capreolella,  Zell.  Grange,  Preston  district 

—  carduella,  Hb. 

—  discipunctella,  H.S.  „  „          „ 

—  pulcherrimella,  St.    „  „          „ 
Gelechia  ericetella,  Hb.      Not  uncommon 

—  mulinella,  Zell.  „  „ 

—  malvella,  Hb.      "j  Recorded  from  Man- 

—  velocella,  Dup.   I      chester     district    on 

—  peliella,  Tr.        f     the     authority    of 

—  sororcuella,  Hb.J      Stainton's  Manual 

—  longicornis,  Curt.")  Are  not  rare  on  the 

—  diffinis.  /      moors  and  mosses 

—  rhombella,  SchifF.      Cheetham,  Grange 

—  distinctella,  Zell.     Lytham 
Brachmia     moufFetella,     SchifF.       Local  ; 

Cleveleys   on    the    coast,    and     near 
Manchester 

Bryotropha    terrella,    Hb.     Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  domestica,  Haw.     Rather  local 

—  desertella,  Doug.\ 

—  senectella,  Zell.     Local;  confined  prin- 

—  mundella,  Doug.  V     cipally  to  the  coast 

—  affinis,  Doug.  sandhills 

—  umbrosella,  Zell./ 


Coast 


—  instabilella,  Doug 

—  acuminatella,  Sircom. 

—  artemisiella,  Tr. 

—  viscariella,  Staint. 


139 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


GELECHIIDJE  (continued) 

Lita  maculiferella,  Doug.     Coast 

—  marmorea,  Haw.  „ 

—  costella,  West.     One  record  by  Greg- 

son  from  near  Liverpool 

—  junctella,  Doug.     Manchester  district 

—  hubneri,  Haw.  „  „ 

(Staint.   Man.} 

—  atriplicella,  Fisc.     Fleetwood 
Teleia  vulgella,  Hb.     Not  uncommon 

—  notatella,  Hb.    Local  and  not  common 

—  luculella,  Hb.        „  „  „ 

—  dodecella,  L.          „  „  „ 

—  humeralis,  Zell.     Grange 

—  sequax,  Haw.  „ 

—  triparella,  Zell.  „ 

—  fugitivella,  Zell.     Croxtetb  near  Liver- 

pool 
Poecilia  nivea,  Haw.     Recorded  only  from 

Grange 
Argyritis  pictella,  Zell.      By  Gregson    at 

Hightoivn  near  Crosby 
Nannodia  stipella,  Hb.     Grange,  and  near 

Liverpool  ;  very  local 

—  hermannella,  F.     Lytham 

Sitotroga  cerealella,  Ol.     Common  in  grain 

warehouses 
Ptocheuusa    inopella,    Zell.      Cleveleys   on 

the  coast 

—  osseella,  Staint.     Grange 

Ergatis    ericinella,   Dup.      Very  local   on 

the  mosses 
Doryphora  lucidella,  St.   Recorded  by  Greg- 

son  from  Tue  Brook  near  Liverpool 
Monochroa  tenebrella,   Hb.      Local  ;    Ly- 

tham, Liverpool 
Lamprotes  atrella,  Haw.      Grange,  Lytham 


Tachyptilia    populella,    Clerk.     Generally 

abundant 

—  temerella,  Zell.     Lytham,  Crosby 
Brachycrossata  cinerella,  Clerk.    Very  local 
Ceratophora  rufescens,  Haw.          „       „ 
Parasia  metzneriella,  Staint.    Grange,  Long- 

ridge 
Cleodora      cytisella,     Curt.       Manchester 

(Staint.  Man.  ii.  349) 
Chelaria  htlbnerella,  Don.     Occasional  on 

the  mosses 

Anarsia  spartiella,  Sch.     Preston 
Hypsilophus  marginellus,  F.     Grange 
Sophronia    parenthesella,     L.     Manchester 

(according  to  Stainton's  Manual,  ii. 

350. 

Pleurota  bicostella,  Clerck.     Common  on 
the  mosses 


GELECHIIDJE  (continued) 

Harpella    geoffrella,   L.      Very   local    and 

rare  ;   Garston,  Manchester 
Dasycera  sulphurella,  F.     Common 
CEcophora  pseudospretella,  St.     Generally 

common 

—  flavifrontella,  Hb.      \ Local ;      Grange, 

—  fuscescens,  Haw.       J    binder  mere,  etc, 

—  tinctella,  Hb.     ~\ 

—  stipella,  L.          I  Recorded   from   near 

—  minutella,  L.      j      Manchester,  Preston 

—  tripuncta,  Haw.J 

—  woodiella,    Curt.       This   species    was 

taken  in  some  numbers  by  Robert 
Cribb  about  1840  on  Ker sail  Moor 
near  Manchester,  and  has  never  been 
taken  since,  either  there  or  else- 
where. Of  this  capture  three  speci- 
mens alone  are  known  to  exist,  one 
in  the  Curtis  collection  in  Australia 
and  two  in  the  Owens  College 
Museum  at  Manchester 

Endrosis  fenestrella,  Scop.  Generally 
abundant 

Butalis  grandipennis,  Haw.      Common 

—  fusco-aenea,  Haw.    Grange 

—  senescens,  Staint.          „ 

—  laminella,  H.S.  „ 

—  fuscocuprea,  Haw.       „ 
Amphisbatis    incongruella,    Staint.       Very 

local  on  some  of  the  mosses 
Pancalia      leuwenhcekella,     L.        Grange, 

Lytham,  Silverdale 
GLYPH  IPTERYGID.S: 

Acrolepia   granitella,  Tr.     Local   and  not 

common 

—  pygmseana,  Haw.     Grange 
Glyphypteryx  fuscoviridella,>i 

„     c  Local  but  not 

—  thrasonella,  Scop. 

—  haworthana,  Steph. 

—  fischeriella,  Zell. 

—  equitella,    Scop.       North    Lancashire ; 

rare 
Perittia  obscurepunctella,  Staint.    Liverpool, 

Grange 
Heliozele  sericiella,  Haw.     Local 

—  staneella,  F.     Manchester  (Staint.  Man.) 

—  resplendella,  Staint.  „  „  „ 
ARGYRESTHIID^E 

Argyresthia.  The  only  abundant  species 
is  A.  nitidella,  F. 

—  conjugella,  Zell.  \  Local   but  not  un- 

—  gaedartella,  L.       J      common 

Local  and  rare,  principally  on  the 
mosses  and  at  Grange  : — 

—  ephippella,  F. 

—  semitestacella,  Curt. 

—  albistria,  Haw. 

—  spiniella,  Zell. 


uncommon 


140 


INSECTS 


ARGYRESTHIID^:  {continued) 
Argyresthia  semifusca,  Haw. 

—  mendica,  Haw. 

—  glaucinella,  Zell. 

—  retinella,  Zell. 

—  brochella,  Hb. 

—  dilectella,  Zell. 

—  andereggiella,  Dup. 

—  curvella,  L. 

—  sorbiella,  Tr. 

—  pygmseella,  Hb. 

—  arceuthina,  Zell. 

—  aurulentella,  Staint. 

Cedestis  farinatella,  Dup.      Grange,    Chat 

Moss 
Ocnerostoma    piniarella,    Zell.     Not    un- 

common among  firs 
Zelleria  hepariella,  Mann.      Grange 

—  insignipennella,  Staint.        „ 
GRACILARIIDJE 

Gracilaria  alchimiella,  Scop.l  Generally 

—  syringella,  F.  J       abundant 

—  stigmatella,  F. 

—  elongella,  Z. 


—  pnasiampennella,  Hb. 

—  auroguttella,  Steph.      J 

—  semifascia,  Haw.      Grange 

—  populetorum,  L.          „ 

Coriscium   curculipennellum,  Hb.     Rare  ; 
Grange,  Windermere 

—  sulphurellum,  Haw.     Hale  near  Liver- 

pool 
Ornix  avellanella,  Staint.     Very  local 

—  torquilella,  Staint.  „        „ 

—  guttea,  Haw.  „        „ 

—  betulas,  Staint.      -i  Recorded    from  the 

—  loganella,  Staint.          mosses  principally 

—  scutulatella,  V     in      the      north, 

Staint.  Grange,    Wlnder- 

—  scoticella,  Staint.  J      mere 
COLEOPHORID.S: 

Coleophora  alcyonipennella,") 

Koll.  I    Generally 

—  pyrrhulipennella,  Zell.    |        common 

—  nigricella,  Steph.  J 

—  fabriciella,  Vill.    Local  and  uncommon 

—  discordella,  Zell.         „  „ 

—  albicosta,  Haw.  „  „ 

—  murinipennella,  „ 

Zell. 

—  csespititiella,  Zell.       „  „ 

—  anatipennella,  Hb.      „  „ 

—  laripenella,  Zett.         „  „ 

—  juncicolella,  Staint.     „  „ 

—  laricella,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  fuscedinella,  Zell.       „  „ 

—  gryphipennella,  „  „ 

Bouchd 

—  viminetella,  Zell.         „  „ 


COLEOPHORID/E  (continued'] 

Coleophora  lutipennella.      Local  and  un- 
common 

—  fusco-cuprella,H.S.      Grange 

—  paripennella,  Zell.          „ 

—  virgaureae,  Staint.  „ 

—  bicolorella,  Scott.  „ 

—  limosipennella,  Fisch.      „ 

—  wilkinsoni,  Scott.  „ 

—  niveicostella,  Zell.     Manchester 

—  therinella,  Tgstr.     Preston 

—  siccifolia,  Staint.  „ 

—  adjunctella,  Hodg.       „ 

—  salinella,  Staint.     Fleetwood 

—  tripoliella,  Hodg.          ,, 

—  deauratella,  Lien.     Windermere 
ELACHISTID.S 

Batrachedra    praeangusta,     Haw.     Local  ; 

Chat  Moss,  and  the  sandhills 
CEnophila  v-flava,  Haw.      Ashton-on-Ribble 
Chauliodus  chaerophyllellus,   Goez.     Rare 

and  local ;   Grange  district 
Laverna  propinquella,  Staint.     Local 

—  lacteella,  Staint.  „ 

—  ochraceella,  Curt.  „ 

—  atra,  Haw.  „ 

—  miscella,  SchifF.     Grange 

—  rhamniella,  Zell.       „ 

—  decorella,  Sta.  „ 

—  hellerella,  Dup.     Preston  district 

—  vinolentella,  H.S.       „  „ 
Chrysoclysta  aurifrontella,  Hb.     Common 

—  schrankella,  Hb.     Local 

—  bimaculella,  Haw.   Grange,  Windermere 

—  terminella,  West.          „  „ 
Antispila  pfeifferella,  Hb.     Pendlebury  near 

Manchester 

Stephensia  brunnichella,  L.     Grange 
Elachista    albifrontella,     Hb.       Generally 

common 

—  rufocinerea,  Haw.    Generally  common 

—  argentella,  Clerck.  „  „ 

—  trapeziella,  Staint. 

—  apicipunctella,  Staint. 

—  luticomella,  Zell. 

—  kilmunella,  Staint. 

—  nigrella,  Haw. 

—  megerlella,  Zell. 

—  cerussella,  Hb. 

—  gleichenella,  F.         Grant 

—  atricomella,  Staint.         „ 

—  densicornella,  Hodg.       „ 

—  cinereopunctella,  Haw.  „ 

—  subnigrella,  Doug.         „ 

—  bedellella,  Sircom.          „ 

—  adscitella,  Staint.  „ 

—  taeniatella,  Staint.  „ 

—  gangabella,  Fisch.          „ 

—  biatomella,  Staint.          „ 

—  pollinariella,  Zell.          „ 


Local,  but  not 
uncommon 


141 


A    HISTORY    OF   LANCASHIRE 


ELACHISTIDJE  (continued) 

Elachista  dispunctella,  Dup. 


Wmdermere 


—  perplexella,  Staint. 

—  humilis,  Zett.  „ 

—  obscurella,  Staint.  „ 

—  zonariella,  Tgstr.  „ 

—  serricornis,  Logan.     Pilling  Moss 

—  subalbidella,  Schlg.         „          „ 

—  triatomea,  Haw.     Morcambe 

—  rhynchosporella,  Staint.     Generally  on 

the  mosses 

Tischeria  complanella,  Hb.  Generally 
common 

—  marginea,  Haw.     Generally  common 

—  angusticolella,  Z.     Manchester   (Staint. 

Man.  ii.  413) 

—  dodonsea.      Grange,  Wmdermere 

LlTHOCOLLETID^ 

Lithocolletis.  This  extensive  genus  is, 
thanks  principally  to  the  labours  of 
Mr.  Threlfall  of  Preston,  rather 
largely  recorded  from  the  county 

—  cramerella,  F. 

—  alnifoliella,  Dup. 

—  ulmifoliella,  Hb. 

—  pomifoliella,  Zell. 

—  spinicolella,  Staint. 

—  faginella,  Mann. 

—  quercifoliella,  Zell. 

—  corylifoliella,  Haw. 

—  tristrigella,  Haw. 

—  trifasciella,  Haw. 

—  spinolella,  Dup. 

—  viminitorum,  Staint. 

—  salicolella,  Sircom. 

—  coryli,  Nic. 

—  messaniella,  Zell. 

—  scopariella,  Zisch. 

—  ulicicolella,  Vaugh.  Local  and 

—  viminiella,  Sircom.  more 

—  nicellii,  Zell.  less  rare 

—  dunningiella,  Staint. 

—  frolichiella,  Zell. 

—  stettinensis,  Nic. 

—  kleemanella,  F. 

—  schreberella,  F. 

—  emberizaepenella,  Bouch£.y 

—  roboris,  Zell.   Wmdermere  district 

—  amyotella,  Dup.         „  „ 

—  hortella,  F.  „  „ 


not  com- 
mon 


LITHOCOLLETID.S:  (continued) 
Grunge  Lithocolletis    tenella,    Zell. 

m  district 

—  heergeriella,  Z.       Wmdermere  district 

—  irradiella,  Staint.  „  „ 

—  lautella,  Zell.  „  „ 

—  caledoniella,  Staint.        „  „ 

—  torminella,  Frey.     Recorded  by  Stain- 

ton  from  Manchester 

—  vacciniella,     Scott.      Occurs    on    the 

mosses. 

—  quinqueguttella.     From    the    coast    at 

Lytham 

LYONETIID-ffi 

Lyonetia  clerkella,  L.     Grange,  Liverpool, 

Bowdon  near  Manchester 
Cemiostoma  spartifoliella,  HbA  j 

—  wailesella,  Staint. 

—  laburnella,  Staint. 

—  scitella,  Z. 

Opostega  saliciella  ,Tr.|  Mosses  in  Grange 

—  crepusculella,  Z.       }     and  Preston  dists. 
Bucculatrix  nigricomella,  Zell.  Near  Grange 

—  ulmella,  Mann. 

—  demaryella,  Dup. 

—  frangulella,  Goeze. 

—  thoracella,  Thunb. 

—  cristatella,    Zell. 

—  cidarella,  Tisch.      Manchester 

—  maritima,  Staint.     Fleetwood 
NEPTICULID.S: 

Nepticula.  The  only  species  which  can  be 
called  generally  common  are  N. 
aurella,  F.,  and  N.  floscatella,  Haw. 
Otherwise  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
genus  has  been  recorded  from  either 
Grange,  Wmdermere,  the  Preston  dis- 
trict, or  Bowden  near  Manchester. 
The  following  however  as  given  in 
South's  lists  have  not  been  noted  : — 

—  basiguttella,  Hein.    Preston 

—  headleyella,  Staint.          „ 

—  quinquella,  Bedell.          ,, 

—  sericopeza,  Zell.  „ 

—  acetosae,  Staint.  „ 

—  agrimoniae,  Heyd.          „ 

—  continuella,  Staint.        ,, 
Bohemannia  quadrimaculella,  Boh.  Preston 
Trifurcula  pulverosella,  Staint.     Grange 


Fairly  common 
and  widely  dis- 
tributed 


HEMIPTERA    HETEROPTERA 

Plant  bugs 

This  is  an  order  which  has  been  and  is  but  little  studied  by  local 
entomologists,  and  for  the  few  species  enumerated  below  the  writer  is 
indebted  almost  entirely  to  a  list  published  in  the  Naturalist  of  1882  by 
B.  Cooke  of  the  species  taken  by  him  near  Manchester,  and  to  notes 

142 


(continued) 
Lyctocoris  campestris,  F. 


INSECTS 

made  by  Dr.  Chaster  of  Southport  of  occurrences  of  the  order  in  that 
district. 

There  is  no  doubt  that  very  many  more  species  exist  and  will  be 
recorded  as  the  attention  of  local  students  is  directed  to  this  generally 
neglected  order. 

The  nomenclature  here  followed  is  that  of  the  Hemiptera  Heteroptera 
of  the  British  Islands^  by  E.  Saunders,  the  most  recent  work  on  the  order. 

PF.NTATOMiD.flE 

Corimelaena  scarabaeoides,   L.      This   dis- 
tinctly   southern    species    has    been 
taken  near  Southport  by  Dr.  Chaster 
Piezodorus  lituratus,  F.     Manchester 
BERYTIDJE 

Neides  tipularius,  L.     On  the  coast  sandhills 
Berytus  minor,  H.S.  „  „ 

Metacanthus  punctipes,  Ger.    „  „ 

Nysius    thymi,    Wolff.          Southport 
Rhyparochromus  chiragra,  F.       „ 
Stygnus  rusticus,  Fall.  „ 

—  pedestris,  Fall.     Generally  distributed 

—  arenarius,  Hahn.          „  „ 
Ischnorhynchus  geminatus,  Fieb.     General 

on  heather 

Ttapezonotus  agrestfe.  Fall.  )  Generall 
Drymus  sylvaticus,  F.  *       ,.     ., J      , 

Scolopostethus  neglectus,  Ed.) 

TlNGIDID^E 

Serenthia  laeta,   Fall.       Southport  district 
Orthostira  parvula,  Fall.          „  „ 

Derephysia  foliacea,  Fall.        „  „ 

Monanthia  cardui,  L.  „  „ 


Piezostethus  galactinus,        ^ 

Fieb.  \Mancheste 

Acompocoris  pygmasus,  Fall,  j      district 
Triphleps  minutus,  L.  J 

—  majusculus,    Reut.      Southport 
Microphysa  elegantula,  Baer.     „ 


Aradus  depressus,  Fab.     Manchester 
HYDROMETRIDJE 

Hydrometra  stagnorum,  Linn.  1  Generall 
Velia  currens,  Fab.  [distributed 

Gerns  lacustns,  L.  ) 

—  thoracica,  Schum.     Bolton  district 

—  costas,  H.S.  „  „ 

—  odontogaster,  Zett.       „  „ 
REDUVIID^; 

Reduvius  personatus,  L.      Warrington 
Nabis  major,  Cost.     Common 

—  limbatus,  Dahlb.         „ 

—  ferus,  L.     Southport 

—  rugosus,  L.        „ 

Ploiaria  vagabunda,  L.     Manchester 
SALDID^E 

Salda  pilosa,  Fall.     Southport 

—  saltatoria,  L.  „ 

—  littoralis,  L.  „ 

—  orthochila,  Fieb.      Greenfield 

—  scotica,  Curt.     Shores  of  Wmdermere 
CIMICID.* 

Ceratocombus  coleoptratus,  Zett.      South- 
port 

•143 


Pithanus  maerkeli,  H.S.     Manchester 
Miris  calcaratus,  Fall.     Generally  common 

—  laevigatus,  L.  „  „ 
Megaloceraea  erratica,  L.       „  „ 

—  ruficornis,  Fall.  „  „ 
Leptopterna  ferrugata,  Fall.    „  „ 

—  dolobrata,  L.     Near  Manchester 
Phytocoris  tilias,  F.       Not  uncommon 

—  dimidiatus,  Kbm.  „ 

—  ulmi,  L.  „ 
Calocoris  sexguttatus,  F.             „ 

—  fulvomaculatus,  De  G.          „ 

—  bipunctatus,  F.  „ 
Plesiocoris  rugicollis,  Fall.     Southport 
Lygus  pratensis,  F.      Generally  distributed 

—  viridis,  Fall.  „  „ 

—  pabulinus,  L.  „  „ 

—  pastinaca?,  Fall.  „  „ 
Liocoris  tripustulatus,  F.     „  „ 
Poeciloscytus  unifasciatus,  F.     Southport 
Rhopalotomus  ater,  L.     Common 
Orthocephalus  saltator,  Hahn.     Southport 
Dichyphus  epilobii,  Reut. 

—  pallidicornis,  Fieb.          I  Manchester 


Cyllocoris  histrionicus,  L.  district 
./Etorhinus  angulatus,  Fall.J 

Globriceps  cruciatus,   Reut.  Southport 

—  dispar,  Boh.  „ 
Mecomma  ambulans,  Fall.  „ 
Cyrtorrhinus  caricis,  Fall.  „ 
Heterotoma  merioptera,  Scop.  „ 
Macrotylus  paykullii,  Fall.  „ 
Conostethus  salinus,  Sahib.  „ 

—  roseus,  Fall.  „ 
Amblytylus  brevicollis,  Fieb.  „ 
Phyllus  palliceps,  Fieb.  „ 
Psallus  ambiguus,  Fall.  „ 
Plagiognathus  arbustorum,  F.  „ 

—  viridulus,  Fall.  „ 


A    HISTORY   OF   LANCASHIRE 


CAPSIDJE  (continued) 

Plagiognathus  roseri,  H.S.     Soutbport 

—  bohemanni,  Fall.  „ 

—  pulicarius,  Fall.  „ 
NAUCORIDJE 

Nepa  cinerea,  L.       Southport,   Manchester, 

Bolton 

Notonecta  glauca,  L.      Generally  common 
Corixa  geoffroyi,  Leach.        „  „ 

—  fossarum,  Leach.  „  „ 

—  fallenii,  Fieb.  „  „ 

—  atomaria,  Illig.       Bolton  district 


NAUCORID/E  (continued) 

Corixa  lugubris,  Fieb.  Bolton  district 

—  hieroglyphica,  Duf.  „          „ 

—  sahlbergi,  Fieb.  „          „ 

—  limitata,  Fieb.  „          „ 

—  moesta,  Fieb.  „          „ 

—  fabricii,  Fieb.  „ 

—  linnaei,  Fieb.     Southport,  Bolton 

[These  records  of  Corixae  are  due  to  Mr. 
Oscar  Whittaker  of  Bolton,  who  has  specially 
studied  this  genus.] 


HEMIPTERA    HOMOPTERA 

Frog-hoppers,   etc. 

The  only  information  we  have  recorded  as  regards  this  section  of 
the  order  is  contained  in  the  list  of  Ben  Cooke  published  in  the  Natu- 
ralist, 1882,  already  referred  to.  The  following  is  a  summary  of  his 
observations,  which  are  restricted  to  the  district  immediately  round 
Manchester  and  Southport.  As  regards  the  remainder  of  the  county  no 
authentic  information  is  available. 


ClXIID/E 

Cixius  nervosus,  L.  Manchester  district 

—  cunicularis,  L.  „  „ 

—  pilosus,  Ol.  „  „ 
DELPHACIDJE 

Liburnia  pellucida,  F.  Manchester  district 

—  discolor,  Boh.  „  „ 

—  fairmairei,  Ferris.  „  „ 
CERCOPIDJE 

Aphrophora  alni,  Fall.  Manchester  district 
Philaenus  spumarius,  L.  „  „ 

—  lineatus,  L.  „  „ 
BYTHOSCOPID.S: 

Macropsis    lanio,    L.        Manchester 
Bythoscopus  flavicollis,  L.        „ 
Pediopsis  nassatus,  Germ.         „ 
Idiocerus  adustus,  Schaff.          „ 

—  populi,  L.  „ 
Agallia  puncticeps,  Germ.        „ 
Idiocerus  adustus,  Schaff.  Manchester,  Riv- 

ington,  Southport 
TETTIGONIDJE 

Evacanthus  interruptus,  L.     Manchester 
ACOCEPHALIDJE 

Strongylocephalus  agrestis, 

Fall. 
Acocephalus  rusticus,  F.  Manchesle  f 

—  bifasciatus,  L.  '     Southport 

—  albifrons,  L. 

—  flavostriatus,  Don. 


TYPHLOCYBID^ 

Alebra  albostriella,  Fall. 
Dicraneuravariata,  Hardy. 
Eupteryx  tenellus,  Fall. 

—  urticas,  F. 

—  pictus,  F. 

—  stachydearum,  Hardy. 

—  pulchellus,  Fall. 
Typhlocybasexpunctata,  Fall 

—  quercus,  F. 

—  ulmi,  L. 

—  geometrica,  Schr. 

—  rosae,  L. 

—  blandula,  Rossi. 


All  recorded 
from  Man- 
chester dis- 
trict or  from 
Southport 


Athysanus  subfusculus,  Fall. 

—  prasinus,  Fall. 
Deltocephalus  abdominalis,  F. 

—  sabulicola,  Curt. 

—  striatus,  L. 

—  socialis,  Flor. 

—  ocellaris,  Fall. 

—  pulicaris,  Fall. 
PSYLLID.S 

Psylla  forsteri,  Flor. 

—  alni,  L. 

—  salicicola,  Forst. 

—  mali,  Schbdg. 
Psyllopsis  fraxinicola,  FSrst. 


Trioza  urticae,  L. 


Manchester 
district 


Manchester, 
Southport 


144 


SPIDERS 


ARACHNIDA 


As  long  ago  as  1861  a  'List  of  Southport  Spiders,'  by  the  Rev.  O.  Pickard-Cambridge,  was 
published  in  A  Handbook  for  Southport  by  David  McNicoll,  M.D.  and  edition,  pp.  102-109. 
Additions  have  subsequently  been  made  by  Mr.  C.  Warburton,  of  Christ's  College,  Cambridge, 
and  Dr.  A.  Randell  Jackson,  M.D.,  of  Hexham,  to  the  Southport  list,  whilst  Mr.  Linnsus 
Greening,  F.L.S.,  of  Warrington,  the  Rev.  J.  Harvey  Bloom,  and  Mr.  W.  Falconer  have 
contributed  various  species  to  the  county  list.  The  present  author  has  also  been  able  to  add 
considerably  to  the  number  during  rambles  in  the  fell  and  valley  districts  of  Duddon  Vale  and 
Coniston,  as  well  as  on  the  coast  at  Blackpool  and  Grange.  The  number  of  species  of  spiders 
recorded  reaches  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  (231)  ;  of  Pseudo-scorpions  one  only,  and  of 
Harvestmen  seven  ;  the  total  number  of  spiders  recorded  as  British  being  between  five  and  six 
hundred  ;  of  Pseudoscorpions  22,  of  Harvestmen  24  species.  The  list  of  all  these  Arachnida 
might  be  greatly  increased,  for  Lancashire  affords  an  abundant  variety  of  good  localities  with 
its  fells  and  vales,  its  sand-dunes  and  southern  sea-board.  In  the  following  list  where  no 
authority  or  collector  is  quoted  the  author  takes  responsibility. 


ARANE^E 

ARACHNOMORPH& 
DYSDERID.E 


Spiders  with  six  eyes  and  two  pairs  of  stigmatic 
openings,  situated  close  together  on  the  genital  rima  ; 
the  anterior  pair  communicating  with  lung-books,  the 
posterior  with  tracheal  tubes.  Tarsal  claws,  two  in 
Dysdera,  three  in  Harpactes  and  Segestria. 

1 .  Harpactes  hombergii,  Scopoli. 

Grange  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Not  common.     Found    under    bark  of  trees  and 
amongst   moss.     Recognizable    by  its    linear  ant-like 
form,  black  carapace,  pale  clay-yellow  abdomen  and 
three  tarsal  claws. 

2.  Segestria  senoculata,  Linnaeus. 

Grange,     Broughton,     Coniston  ;     Warrington 

(L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Not  common.  Under  bark  of  trees,  in  the  crevices 
of  loose  stone  walls,  and  amongst  detached  rocks. 
Recognizable  by  its  linear  form  and  the  black  dia- 
mond-shaped blotches  on  the  dorsal  surface  of  the 
abdomen. 

3.  Oonops  pulcher,  Templeton. 

Grange  ;  Southport  (A.R.J.). 
Rare.     A  very  small  linear  brick-red  spider,  found 
beneath  stones  and  amongst  dry  grass.     It  possesses  six 
large  oval  pearly-white  eyes. 

DRASSID^E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes  situated  in  two  transverse 
rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie  immediately  in  front 
of  the  spinners.  The  tarsal  claws  are  two  in  number, 
but  the  anterior  pair  of  spinners  are  set  wide  apart  at 
their  base,  and  the  maxillae  are  more  or  less  impressed 
across  the  middle.  They  are  usually  found  beneath 
stones,  logs,  and  bark  of  trees,  amongst  dry  leaves  in 
woods,  and  one  species  usually  occurs  in  outbuildings. 
They  are  all  nocturnal  in  their  habits. 


4.  Drassodes  lapidosus,  Walckenaer. 

Coniston,  Lancaster,   Duddon   Vale,   etc.   etc.  ; 

Southport  (A.  R.J.). 

Very  common  under  stones  all  over  the  fells.  The 
male  dwells  within  a  silken  domicile  together  with  the 
female,  and  becoming  mature  earlier  awaits  patiently 
the  coming  of  age  of  the  female.  Known  also  as 
Drassus  lapidicolens. 

5.  Drassodes  cupreus,  Blackwall. 

Coniston,    Duddon  Vale,  Southport    (O.  P.-C., 

A.R.J.). 

Very  common,  and  in  similar  situations  to  the  last 
species.  It  is  rather  smaller,  coppery  red  in  colour 
with  a  black  marginal  band  to  the  sternum.  The 
mandibles  differ  also  in  their  armature  and  the  vulva 
is  different  to  that  of  D.  lapidosus.  It  may  take  rank 
as  a  sub-species.  Known  also  as  Drassus  cupreus, 

6.  Drassodes  reticulatus,  Blackwall. 

Lancaster,  J.  Blackwall. 

The  types  of  this  species  having  been  lost,  it  is 
difficult  to  say  what  it  may  be. 

7.  Drassodes  pubescens,  Thorell. 

Garstang  (L.  G.). 

A  rare  species,  resembling  a  very  small  D.  lapidosus, 
and  can  be  recognized  by  a  comparison  of  the 
genitalia  in  both  sexes  as  well  as  by  a  different  relative 
position  of  the  eyes  (O.  P.-C.). 

8.  Drassodes  troglodytes,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Coniston,  Dud- 
don Vale. 

This  species  is  common  under  stones  on  the  fells. 
It  is  known  also  as  Drassus  troglodytes  and  D.  clavator 

o.  Prosthesitna  nigrita,  Fabricius. 
Southport  (C.  W.). 


145 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


10.  Prostbesima  Latrrillii,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Southport  (A.  R.J.). 

1 1 .  Prosthesima  electa,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
A  rare  spider  in  England  as  a  rule,  but  abundant 
on  the  sandhills  of  Southport  and  probably  occurring 
all  along  the  coast.     Known  also  as  Draaus  fumllus, 
Blackwall. 

1 2.  Scotophams  blackwallii,  Thorell. 

Garstang  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
A  dark  elongate   mouse-grey  spider,  often  found 
wandering  about  the  walls  of  dwelling  and  outhouses 
at   night.      Known   also   as   Drassus   blackwallll   and 
Drassus  serlceus,  Blackwall. 

CLUBIONID^E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes  situated  in  two  transverse 
rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie  immediately  in  front 
of  the  spinners  ;  but  the  anterior  pair  of  spinners  are 
set  close  together  at  their  base.  The  tarsal  claws  are 
two  in  number  ;  the  maxillae  are  convex  and  not  im- 
pressed across  the  middle.  The  spiders  are  found  in 
a  variety  of  situations,  under  bark  of  old  trees  or  on 
palings,  amongst  dry  grass  or  cut  rushes,  whilst  many 
are  to  be  beaten  from  the  foliage  of  trees  or  may  be 
found  wandering  at  night  on  palings  or  the  walls  of 
outhouses. 

13.  M icaria puficaria,  Sundevall. 

Barton    Moss    (L.   G.) ;    Southport  (O.  P.-C., 

A.  R.  J.)  ;  Coniston,  Duddon  Vale. 
A  brilliant  little  spider  with  iridescent  scales  on  its 
body.      Not   uncommon   running  about  in   the  hot 
sunshine.      Known  also   as   Drassus   nltens    and    D. 
micatis,  Blackwall. 

14.  Micariosotna  festivum,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Lancaster  ;   Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Very  similar    in    general    appearance   to    the    last 
species,  but  small  and  even  more   ant-like.     Known 
also  as   Phrunllthus  festivus   and   Drassus  propinquus, 
Blackwall. 

15.  Zora  maculata,  Blackwall. 

Grange  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Common.      Known  also  as  Hecaerge  maculata,  Bl., 
and  H.  splnlmana,  Bl. 

1 6.  Agroeca  brunnea,  Blackwall. 

Southport,  O.  P.-C.  ;  Lancaster  ;  Grange. 
Rarely  found  amongst  dead  leaves  and  at  the  roots 
of  herbage  in  woods.    Known  also  as  Agelena  brunnea. 

1 7.  Agroeca  pnxlma,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

1 8.  Agroeca  celans,  Blackwall. 

Grange;  (W.  F.). 

19.  Agroeca  gi-acilipes,  Blackwall. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

20.  Clubiona  terrestris,  Westring. 

Grange;  Warrington  (L.G.).  Southport  (O.P.-C.). 

Sub.  Clubiona  amarantha. 

Not  uncommon  on  the  foliage  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
or  running  about  at  night  on  palings  or  on  the  walls 
of  outhouses.  Known  also  as  Clubiona  amarantha, 
Blackwall. 


21.  Clubiona  lutescens,  Westring. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

22.  Clubiona  stagnates,  Kulczynski. 

Grange ;    Lancaster ;     x  Southport    (O.    P.-C., 

A.R.J.). 

Not  uncommon  amongst  sedge-grass  on  the  river 
banks  or  in  the  mosses.  Known  also  as  Clubiona  grisea, 
Thorell. 

23.  Clubiona  reclusa,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Grange  ;  Warrington  (L.  G.). 
A  rather  rare  species,  found  amongst  shrubs  and 
bushes.  The  female  spins  together  two  bramble  or 
other  leaves  and  constructs  therein  an  egg-cocoon. 
Previously  the  male  and  female  may  both  be  found 
together  in  the  domicile. 

24.  Clubiona  phragmitis,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

A  very  common  species  amongst  cut  rushes  near 
the  banks  of  streams,  marshes,  and  mosses.  It  can 
often  be  found  also  under  the  bark  of  posts  or  pollard- 
willows  in  similar  situations.  Known  also  as  Clubiona 
holosericea,  De  Geer,  and  Clubiona  deinognatba,  O.  P.- 
Cambridge. 

25.  Clubiona  neglecta,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Birkdale  Park,  Southport,  W.  Falconer  (A.  R.  J.). 

26.  Clubiona  pallidula,  Clerck. 

Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.R. J.) . 
A   large    species,   usually   fairly   common    amongst 
bramble    bushes,   where   the   female  makes   her  egg- 
cocoon   within    the   folded   leaves.     Known  also   as 
Clubiona  epimelas,  Blackwall. 

27.  Clubiona  trivialis,  L.  Koch. 

Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Coniston.    Birkdale  Park, 

Southport,  W.  Falconer  (A.  R.  J.). 
Rare  amongst  heather  in  the  fell  districts. 

28.  Clubiona  diversa,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

29.  Clubiona  subtilis,  L.  Koch. 

Lancaster  (O.  P.-C.). 

A  rare  species.  Known  also  as  Clubiona  pollens, 
Blackwall. 

30.  Clubiona  comta,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Grange  (A.  R.  J.). 

A  very  pretty  species,  not  uncommon  amongst  trees 
and  bushes.  The  abdomen  is  striped  diagonally  on 
each  side  with  red-brown. 

31.  Chiracanthium  erraticum,  Walckenaer. 

Lancaster  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Grange. 
Not   uncommon   in   the   folded  leaves  of  various 
species  of  brambles  in  the  summer-time.     The  spider 
resembles  a  Clubiona,  but  has  longer  legs  and  a  red 
stripe  down  the  abdomen. 

l  There  appears  to  have  been  some  confusion  in  the  author's 
mind  here.  The  spider  found  by  me  at  Southport,  Handbook 
for  Soutbfort,  1861,  p.  106  (and  supposed  to  be  Clubiona  stag- 
natilis,  Kulcz.  by  the  author),  was  without  a  doubt  Clubiona 
bolosericea,  Blackwall,  and  was  so  identified  for  me  by  Mr.  Black- 
wall.  This  last  species  is  identical  with  Clubiona  grisea,  L.  Koch, 
of  which  I  possess  types  from  L.  Koch,  as  well  as  the  male  type 
of  Mr.  Blackwall's  C.  bolosericea.  What  Kulczynski's  C.  stagnatilis 
may  be  I  do  not  know,  as  I  have  never  seen  a  type  of  it.  The 
spider,  however  (No.  22),  intended  is  probably  Clubiona  holosericea, 
Blackwall,  as  recorded  (Handbook  if  Southport).— O.  P.-Cambridge. 


I46 


SPIDERS 


32.  Chiracanthium  lap'idlcolens,  Simon. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

THOMISID^E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse 
rows,  two  tarsal  claws,  and  anterior  spinners  situated 
close  together  at  their  base.  Maxillas  not  impressed. 
The  crab-like  shape  and  sidelong  movements  of  these 
spiders  are  their  chief  characteristics,  enabling  them  to 
be  easily  distinguished,  as  a  rule,  from  the  more 
elongate  Drassidtf  and  Clubtonid<e. 

3 3 .  Pkilodromus  aureolus,  Clerck. 

Grange,     Southport     (O.  P.-C.)  ;      Warrington 

(L.  G.). 

A  very  abundant  species,  with  usually  a  dull  red- 
brown  abdomen,  with  yellowish  central  pattern.  It 
frequents  the  foliage  of  trees  of  all  kinds,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  immature  condition  will  often  outnumber 
all  other  species  which  fall  into  the  umbrella  beneath 
the  beating-stick. 

34.  Phlhdnmus  cespitico&s,  Walckenaer. 

Grange. 

This  species  is  possibly  only  a  variety  of  the  last- 
named,  and  frequents  similar  situations.  Known  also 
as  P.  cespiticolens,  Blackwall. 

35.  Phllodromus  fallax,  Sundevall 

Southport. 

A  very  pale  species  frequenting  the  sand-dunes 
along  the  coast,  squatting  quite  flat  on  the  sand,  where, 
being  precisely  the  same  colour  as  its  surroundings,  it 
is  scarcely  visible  until  it  moves.  Known  also  as 
Pbilodromus  dektus,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

36.  Tibellus  oblongus,  Walckenaer. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.).  Sub.  Phllodromus  oblongus. 
A  long,  very  narrow,  dull  white  or  straw-coloured 
spider,  often  common  amongst  dry  grass  in  many 
different  localities.  They  attain,  however,  their 
largest  size  amongst  the  sedge  grass  and  rushes  in 
swamps  and  bogs.  The  elongate  form  assists  in  their 
concealment  from  foes  as  they  lie  close  to  the  pale  dry 
rush  stems  and  slender  blades. 

37.  Tbanatui  striatus,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Kirkby,  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  (O.  P.-C.). 

38.  Xysticus  cristatus,  Clerck. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;    Warrington 

(L.  G.). 

It  is  by  far  the  commonest  of  the  '  Crab-spiders,' 
and  is  found  abundantly  on  foliage  or  crouching  on 
bare  places  in  fields  and  commons.  Known  also  as 
Thomisus  cristatus. 

39.  Xysticus  Kochii,  Thorell. 

Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

40.  Xysticus  pint,  Hahn. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

A  rare  species,  found  usually  on  the  foliage  of  trees 
and  shrubs.  Known  also  as  Thomisus  audax,  Blackwall. 

41.  Xysticus  erraticus,  Blackwall. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 


42.  Oxyptila  atomaria,  Panzer. 

Grange.       Lake    District,    Dr.  A.    R.  Jackson 

(O.  P.-C.). 

Not   uncommon    in    marshes    among   long    grass. 
Known  also  as  Thmlsus  versutus,  Blackwall. 

43.  Oxyptila praticola,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

44.  Oxyptila  trux,  Blackwall. 

Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.),  and 
W.  Falconer. 


SALTICID.E 

The  spiders  of  this  family  may  be  recognized  in  a 
general  way  by  their  mode  of  progression,  consisting 
of  a  succession  of  leaps,  often  many  times  their  own 
length.  More  particularly  they  may  be  known  by 
the  square  shape  of  the  cephalic  region  and  the  fact 
that  the  eyes  are  arranged  in  three  rows  of  4,  2,  2,  the 
centrals  of  the  anterior  row  being  much  the  largest 
and  usually  iridescent.  Those  of  the  second  row  are 
the  smallest,  while  the  posterior  pair  is  placed  well 
back  and  helps  to  give  the  quadrate  character  to  the 
cephalothorax.  Otherwise  these  spiders  are  simply 
specialized  Clubionids,  with  two  tarsal  claws  and  other 
minor  characters  possessed  in  common  with  members 
of  this  latter  family. 

They  can  be  beaten  from  foliage  or  found  amongst 
herbage  and  under  stones.  The  commonest,  Salticus 
scenlcus,  will  be  well  known  to  all  observers,  running 
and  leaping  on  the  walls  of  houses  in  the  bright  sun- 
shine. 

45.  'Salticus  scenicus,  Clerck. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,    A.   R.   J.)  ;    Warrington 

(L.  G.). 

A  black  or  grey  species  with  white  oblique  lateral 
stripes.  Known  also  as  Epiblemum  scetiicum  and  Calli- 
etbera  scenlca. 

46.  Salticus  cingulatus,  Panz. 
Warrington  (L.  G.). 

Known  also  as  Epiblemum  cingulatum  and  Cal&etkera 
cingulata. 

47.  Heliophanus  cupreut,  Walckenaer. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

A  shining  black  and  coppery  spider,  found  in  some 
abundance  on  the  coast.  Known  also  as  Salticus 
cupreus. 

48.  Heliopkanusfiavipes,  Hahn. 

Blackpool ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
A  shiny  black  spider   with  yellow    legs,  not   un- 
common  amongst    the    marram   grass    on    the  sand- 
dunes  along  the  coast. 

49.  Euophrys  erratica,  Walckenaer. 

Grange  ;  Coniston  ;   Duddon  Vale.     Lancaster. 
Common  under   the  coping  stones  of  stone  walls. 
Known  also  as  Salticus  distinctus,  Blackwall. 

50.  Euophrys  fnntalis,  Walckenaer. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Kirkby,  Rev.  J. 

H.  Bloom  (O.  P.-C.). 

Not  uncommon  amongst  grass.  Known  also  as 
Salticus  frcntalis. 


'47 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


5  1  .  Attus  pubescent,  Fabricius. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 
Known  also  as  Salticus  sparsus,  Blackwall. 

52.  Attus  saltator,  Simon. 

Blackpool  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
Described  and  recorded  as  Salticus  floricola.  —  Black- 
wall. 

53.  Neon  reticulates,  Blackwall. 

Duddon   Vale;    Kirkby,    Rev.  J.    H.    Bloom 

(O.P.-C.). 
Known  also  as  Salticus  reticulatus. 

54.  Ergane  falcata,  Clerck. 

Grange  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Not  uncommon  on  bushes  in  August.     Known  also 
as  Hasarius  fakatus  and  Salticus  coronatus. 

55.  Marpessa  muscosa,  Clerck. 

Lancaster. 

A  large  species,  elongate,  compressed,  yellowish- 
grey  ;  found  amongst  the  stones  of  walls  or  on  old 
wooden  palings.  Known  also  as  Marpissa  or  Marptusa 
muscosa. 

56.  Marpessa  pomatia,  Walckenaer. 

Southport,  Hamlet  Clark  (O.  P.-C.). 
Very    similar    in    general   appearance    to    the    last 
species,  but  rarer.     Known  also  as  Marptusa  pomatia, 
Hyctia  prompta,  Salticus  promptus,  Blackwall,  and  Salticus 
Blackwallii,  Clark. 

57.  Hasarius  Adansonii,  Savigny. 

Seaton  Mersey,  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom   (O.  P.-C.). 
In  orchid  house. 


PISAURID^ 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes  in  three  rows,  and  three 
tarsal  claws.  The  first  row  of  eyes  consists  of  four 
small  eyes  which  are  sometimes  in  a  straight  line, 
sometimes  recurved,  and  sometimes  procurved.  Those 
of  the  other  two  rows  are  situated  in  a  rectangle  of 
various  proportions.  Pisaura  runs  freely  over  the 
herbage,  carrying  its  egg-sac  beneath  the  sternum, 
while  Dolomedes  is  a  dweller  in  marshes  and  swamps. 

58.  Pisaura  mirabilis,  Clerck. 
Duddon  Vale  ;  Grange. 
Known  also  as  Dolomedes  mirabilis. 


LYCOSID^E 

Eyes  and  tarsal  claws  as  in  the  Pisauridte,  with 
slight  differences.  The  members  of  this  family  are  to 
be  found  running  freely  over  the  ground  and  carrying 
the  egg-sac  attached  to  the  spinners.  Many  of  the 
larger  species  make  a  short  burrow  in  the  soil,  and 
there  keep  guard  over  the  egg-sac. 

59.  Lycosa  accentuata,  Latreille. 

Coniston  ;  Duddon  Vale.    Southport  (O.  P.-C., 
_  A.R.J.). 

This  fine  species  makes  a  short  burrow  in  the 
ground,  where  it  bestows  its  egg-sac  and  constructs  a 
low  wall  of  short  interlaced  grass  stems,  a  sort  of 
zareeba,  round  the  mouth.  Known  also  as  Tarentula 
or  Lycosa  andrenivora. 


60.  Lycosa  pulverulenta,  Clerck. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.).     Duddon  Vale. 
Known  also  as  Tarentula  puherulenta  or  Lycosa  rapax. 

6 1.  Lycosa  acukata,  Clerck. 

Coniston  Fells. 

This  form  is  probably  a  large  variety  of  L.  pulveru- 
lenta.     Known  also  as  Tarentula  acukata. 
6z.  Lycosa  miniata,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
An  abundant  and  small  species,  occurring  on  the 
sand-dunes  along  the  coast.     Known  also  as   Tarentula 
miniata  and  Lycosa  nivalis,  O.  P.-Cam  bridge. 

63.  Lycosa  perita,  Latreille. 

Warrington     (L.   G.) ;     Southport    (O.    P.-C., 

A.  R.  J.),  Blackpool. 

A  beautiful  spider  found  abundantly  on  sandhills 
and  the  gravelly  spots  in  the  heath  districts.  Known 
also  as  Trochosa  picta  and  Lycosa  picta,  Hahn. 

64.  Lycosa  leopardus,  Sundevall. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

This  species  occurs  but  rarely  in  marshy  places,  and 
may  be  known  by  its  black-banded  legs.  Known  also 
as  Trochosa  leopardus  and  Lycosa  cambrica,  Blackwall. 

65.  Lycosa  ruricola,  De  Geer. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
Known  also  as  Trochosa  ruricola  and  Lycosa  catnpes- 
tris,  Blackwall. 

66.  Lycosa  terricola,  Thorcll. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,    A.  R.   I.)  ;     Warrington 

(L.G.). 

This  spider  very  much  resembles  the  last  species, 
but  is  more  orange-brown  or  ferruginous  in  colour, 
the  other  being  of  an  olive-green  tint.  Known  also 
as  Trochosa  terricola  and  Lycosa  agretyca,  Blackwall. 

67.  Pirata piraticus,  Clerck. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,   A.  R.  J.)  ;    Warrington 

(L.G.). 

The  species  of  Pirata  are  marsh  and  swamp-loving 
spiders  par  excellence,  with  two  rows  of  white  spots  on 
the  abdomen,  and  carrying  a  vivid  white  egg-cocoon 
in  the  spinners.  Known  also  as  Lycosa  piratica. 

68.  Pirata  latitans,  Blackwall. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
The  smallest  of  the  genus  and  the  most  abundant, 
very  similar  in  general  appearance  to  the  last.     Known 
also  as  Lycosa  latitans. 

69.  Pardosa  amentata,  Clerck. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;    Warrington 

(L.G.). 

Very  abundant  on  logs  of  wood  or  hatchways  in 
meadows  and  by  riversides.  One  of  our  largest 
Pardosai.  Known  also  as  Lycosa  amentata  and  Lycosa 
saccata,  Blackwall. 

70.  Pardosa  annulata,  Thorell. 

Warrington  (L.  G. ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Somewhat  similar  to,  but    smaller    than,  the   last 
species.     Known  also  as  Lycosa  annulata. 

7 1 .  Pardosa  agricola,  Thorell. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston. 

A  species  confined  to  the  mountainous  districts, 
and  quite  abundant  amongst  the  shingle  fringes  of  the 


148 


SPIDERS 


rivers  and  streams,  or  the  sandy  margins  of  the  lakes 
in  those  regions.  Known  also  as  Lycosa  JtuviatiRs, 
Blackwall. 

72.  Pardosa  nigriceps,  Thorell. 
Coniston  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Occurs  commonly  throughout  the  heather  districts 
on  the  fells.  Known  also  as  Lycosa  nigriceps  and  Ly- 
cosa congener,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

73.  Pardosa  traillii,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Coniston. 

Not  uncommon  among  the  '  screes  '  or  loose  stones 
lying  beneath  the  hills  at  a  natural  angle.  They  dash 
away  amongst  the  stones,  and  are  exceedingly  difficult 
to  capture.  Known  also  as  Lycosa  traillii. 

74.  Pardosa  pullata,  Clerck. 

Duddon  Vale  (E.  T.  C.)  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C., 

A.R.J.). 

The  commonest  of  all  the  species  of  this  genus, 
with  the  exception,  perhaps,  of  P.  amentata.  Known 
also  as  Lycosa  pullata  and  Lycosa  obscura,  Blackwall. 

75.  Pardosa  lugubris,  Walckenaer. 

Grange. 

A  very  abundant  spider  in  the  spring,  running 
rapidly  over  the  dead  leaves  in  the  woods.  Known 
also  as  Lycosa  lugubris. 

76.  Pardosa  palustris,  Linnaeus. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Duddon  Vale. 
A  small  species  with  a  narrow  yellow  line  down  the 
carapace.     Known  also  as  Lycosa  palustris  and  Lycosa 
exigua,  Blackwall  (ad  partem). 

77.  Pardosa  mmticola,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Coniston  ;  War- 

rington  (L.  G.). 

Very  similar  to  the  last,  rather  larger,  found  on 
higher  ground,  with  a  dilatation  of  the  central  yellow 
stripe  on  the  carapace,  behind  the  eyes.  Known  also 
as  Lycosa  montlcola  and  Lycosa  exigua,  Blackwall  (ad 
partem). 

78.  Pardosa  Purbeckensis,  F.  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Birkdale ;    Southport,   W.    Falconer    (O.  P.-C., 
A.R.J.). 

AGELENID^E 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse 
rows.  Legs  with  three  tarsal  claws.  The  species  of 
this  family  spin  a  large  sheet-like  web,  and  construct 
a  tubular  retreat  at  the  back  of  it,  which  leads  to  some 
crevice  amongst  the  rocks,  or  the  herbage,  or  the 
chinks  in  the  walls  of  outhouses,  wherever  the  various 
species  may  happen  to  be  found.  The  posterior  pair 
of  spinners  is  usually  much  longer  than  the  other  two 
pairs. 

79.  Cryphasca  sihicola,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston. 

Not  uncommon  beneath  stones  on  the  fells.  Known 
also  as  Tegenaria  siMcola  and  Habnia  silvlcola  and 
Agelena  byndmanii,  Templeton. 

80.  Amauroblus  atropos,  Walckenaer. 

Duddon     Vale  ;     Coniston     Fells  ;     Southport 

(A.R.J.). 

Abundant  throughout  the  fell  districts  up  to  the 
altitude  of  3,000  feet.  It  is  found  under  logs  of  wood, 


in  stone  walls,  or  beneath  isolated  stones,  where  a 
sheet  of  white  webbing  often  betrays  the  presence  of 
the  spider.  A  long  tube  runs  beneath  the  log  or 
stone,  and  both  male  and  female  can  be  found  living 
together  at  the  end  ;  while  later  the  young  spiders 
will  be  found  spending  the  early  days  of  their  childhood 
with  their  mother.  Known  also  as  Ccelotes  saxatiRs, 
Blackwall,  and  Cables  atropos. 

8 1 .  Argyrmeta  aquatica,  Linnaeus. 

Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 
This  is  the  well-known  water-spider,  which  makes  a 
silken  nest  beneath  the  surface,  and  swims  and  dives 
freely,  hatching  out  its  young  within  the  nest. 

82.  Textrix  dentlculata,  Olivier. 
Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston  Fells. 

A  very  abundant  swiftly-moving  spider  found  under 
the  loose  coping-stones  of  walls  throughout  the  fell 
districts.  It  may  be  recognized  by  the  red  dentate 
band  on  the  abdomen,  which  is  sometimes  almost 
white.  Known  also*~as  Textrix  lycosina,  Sundevall. 

83.  Tegenaria  atrica,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Garstang  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

A  very  large  species,  the  male  having  much  longer 
legs  than  the  female  ;  not  uncommon  in  cellars  and 
outhouses,  and  also  in  holes  in  banks  and  in  rabbit- 
burrows  on  the  sandhills. 

84.  Tegenaria  derhamii,  Scopoli. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,     A.  R.  J.) ;    Warrington 

(L.G.). 

A  smaller,  paler  spider,  and  more  common  than  the 
last  named  ;  almost  entirely  confined  to  houses  and 
outbuildings.  Known  also  as  Tegenaria  chilis,  Walck- 
enaer. 

85.  Tegenaria  sllvestris,  L.  Koch. 
Duddon  Vale. 

A  still  smaller  species,  sometimes  not  uncommon 
amongst  rockeries  in  greenhouses  and  gardens.  Known 
also  to  English  arachnologists  as  Tegenaria  campestris, 
C.  L.  Koch. 

86.  Agekna  labyrinthica,  Clerck. 

Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.R.J  ). 
A  common  spider,  large,  when  full  grown,  and 
spinning  a  huge,  sheet-like,  white  web  over  the 
herbage,  with  a  funnel-shaped  tubular  retreat.  Like 
others  of  the  family,  the  posterior  pair  of  spinners  is 
formed  of  two  distinct  segments,  the  end  one  being 
very  long  and  slender. 

87.  Agelena  longipes,  Carpenter. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.  and  O.  P.-C.). 
The  example  recorded  is  as  yet  unique. 

88.  Hahnia  montana,  Blackwall. 

Coniston  Fells  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Common  in  the  heath  districts. 

89.  Hahnia  nava,  Blackwall. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

90.  Antlstea  elegans,  Blackwall. 
Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Not  uncommon  amongst  the  roots  of  aquatic  plants 
close  to  the  surface  of  the  water,  especially  in  the 
'  Mosses.'  Known  also  as  Hahnia  and  Agelena  elegans, 
Blackwall. 


149 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


ARGYOPID^E 

The  spiders  included  in  this  family  have  eight  eyes, 
situated  in  two  rows,  the  lateral  eyes  of  both  rows 
being  usually  adjacent,  if  not  in  actual  contact,  while 
the  central  eyes  form  a  quadrangle.  The  tarsal  claws 
are  three,  often  with  other  supernumerary  claws.  The 
web  is  either  an  orbicular  (wheel-like)  snare,  or  con- 
sists of  a  sheet  of  webbing,  beneath  which  the  spiders 
hang,  and  capture  the  prey  as  it  falls  upon  the  sheet. 
This  immense  family  includes  those  usually  separated 
under  the  names  Epeirid<e  and  Linyphiida. 

91.  Mela  segmentata,  Clerck. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.),  A.  R.  J.  ; 

Warrington  (L.  G.). 

A  very  abundant  spider  in  the  summer  and  autumn 
amongst  nettles  and  other  herbage  along  hedgerows. 
The  spiders  vary  very  much  in  size,  and  spin  an 
orbicular  web  having  a  clear  space  in  the  centre,  as  do 
others  of  the  genus  and  also  letragnatha,  thus  differing 
from  the  genus  Araneui  (Epeira).  Known  also  as 
Epeira  segmentata,  Epeira  indinata,  Blackwall,  and 
Epeira  mengii,  Blackwall. 

gz.  Meta  merianee,  Scopoli. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
A  larger  species,  common  in  cellars  and  beneath  the 
overhanging  rocks  and  steep  damp  banks  throughout 
the  district.     Known  also  as  Epeira  antriada,  Walck- 
enaer,  and  Epeira  celata,  Blackwall. 

93.  Nest'uus  cellulanus,  Clerck. 

Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

94.  Singa  pygmcea,  Sundevall. 

Kirkby,  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  (O.  P.-C.). 

95.  Tetragnatha  extensa,  Linnsus. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.) ;  Warrington  (L.G.) ;  Dud- 
don Vale. 

A  very  common  species  of  elongate  form,  which  sits 
in  the  centre  of  its  web  with  legs  stretched  out  in 
front  and  behind.  Not  so  entirely  confined  to  marshy 
localities  as  the  next  species,  and  easily  recognized  by 
the  silvery  white  bands  under  the  abdomen.  The 
jaws  in  the  males  of  this  genus  are  very  large  and 
strongly  toothed. 

96.  Tetragnatha  solandri,  Scopoli. 

Grange  ;  Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (A  R.  J.). 
Very  similar  in  appearance  to  the  last  species,  but 
almost  entirely  confined  to  river  banks  and  marshy 
swamps.  Can  be  recognized  by  the  dull  white  bands 
beneath  the  abdomen  and  the  absence  of  any  pale  line 
on  the  sternum. 

97.  Pachygnatha  derckii,  Sundevall. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
Resembles  a  Tetragnatha  in   the  possession  of  very- 
large  mandibles,  but  is  not  elongate  and  spins  no  web 
to  speak  of.     Found  under  leaves  and  at  the  roots  of 
herbage,  especially  in  marshy  places. 

98.  Pachygnatka  listen,  Sundevall. 

Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.J.). 
Very  similar  to  the  last  two  species,  but  of  a   dark 
claret-red   tint.     Found  usually  amongst  dead  leaves 
in  woods. 


99.  Zilla  x-notata,  Clerck. 

Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport 

(O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 

A  very  common  spider,  usually  spinning  its  web  on 
or  in  the  proximity  of  buildings.  The  web  has 
usually  a  vacant  wedge-shaped  piece  with  a  single  free 
ray  from  the  centre.  Known  also  as  Epeira  similis, 
Blackwall. 

i  oo.  Zilla  atrica,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ; 

Warrington  (L.  G.). 

Almost  as  common  as  the  above,  but  more  usually 
confined  to  the  foliage  of  trees  and  bushes,  though 
often  found  on  the  walls  of  the  fell  districts.  The 
males  have  a  very  long  palpus,  while  in  Z.  x-notata 
these  are  very  short.  Known  also  as  Epeira  callophylla, 
Blackwall. 

101.  Araneus  cucurlitinus,  Clerck. 

Warrington    (L.    G.) ;      Southport    (O.    P.-C., 

A.  R.  J.)  ;  Duddon  Vale. 

A  beautiful  green  spider  with  bright  red  tip  to  the 
tail  end,  rendering  it  in  appearance  like  the  bud  of  a 
flower.  Known  also  as  Epeira  cucurbitina. 


102.  Ar 


diadematus,  Clerck. 


Warrington  (L.G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.R.J.) ; 

Coniston. 

By  far  the  commonest  of  our  spiders,  being  usually 
known  as  the  '  garden  spider,'  of  large  size,  red- 
brown  and  black  with  white  lozenge-shaped  spots, 
spinning  an  orb-web.  Known  also  as  Epeira  diadema 
or  diademata. 

103.  Araneus  quadratus,  Clerck. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,    A.  R.  J.)  ;     Warrington 

(L.  G.). 

A  common  spider  in  October  on  most  heathy 
commons,  where  it  spins  a  strong  orb-web  and  makes 
a  tent  for  concealment  under  the  heather  or  gorse. 
Its  food  consists  chiefly  of  the  common  honey-bees,  and 
in  colour  it  is  warm  pink  with  green  shading  and 
four  large  white  spots  on  the  back  of  the  abdomen. 
Known  also  as  Epeira  quadrata. 

104.  Araneus  cornutus,  Clerck. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Manchester,  Liverpool  (L.G.)  ; 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
Abundant  in  the  rushes  and  grass-heads  near  streams 
or  in  swampy  places.     Known  also  as  Epeira  cornuta 
and  Epeira  apoclisa,  Blackwall. 

105.  Araneus  umbraticus,  Clerck. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

A  large  species,  nearly  black  and  much  flattened, 
for  it  lives  under  the  bark  of  trees  and  posts,  spinning 
a  strong  orb-web  and  venturing  out  of  its  lurking 
place  only  at  nightfall.  Known  also  as  Epeira  um- 

106.  Araneus  redii,  Scopoli. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

Common  in  the  heather  districts  in  June  and 
July.  Known  also  as  Epeira  sailers,  Walckenaer,  and 
Epeira  solers,  Blackwall. 


150 


SPIDERS 


107.  Llnyphia  triangularis,  Clerck. 

Duddon  Vale.     Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ; 

Warrington  (L.  G.). 

A  very  abundant  species  in  autumn,  whose  sheet- 
like  snares  glistening  with  dew-drops  form  a  con- 
spicuous feature  on  the  hedges  and  bushes  in  the  early 
mornings.  The  mandibles  in  the  male  are  very  long, 
resembling  those  in  TftragnatAa.  Known  also  as 
Llnyphia  montana,  Blackwall. 

1 08.  Llnyphia  montana,  Clerck. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,   A.  R.  J.)  ;    Warrington 

(L.  G.). 

A  large  species  whose  habits  are  very  similar  to 
those  of  L.  triangulans.  It  is,  however,  often  found 
in  conservatories  and  outhouses.  Known  also  as 
L.  marginata,  Blackwall. 

109.  Llnyphia  hortensls,  Sundevall. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,    A.  R.  J.)  ;     Warrington 

(L.G.). 

Not  a  common  species,  somewhat  similar  to  L. 
pusilla  in  general  appearance  and  habits.  Known  also 
as  Llnyphia  pratensls,  Blackwall. 

1 10.  Llnyphia  clathrata,  Sundevall. 
Warrington  (L.G.  and  A.  R.J.). 

Resembles  L.  montana  but  is  smaller.  Very  common 
amongst  herbage,  chiefly  in  the  immature  condition. 
Known  also  as  Neriene  marginata,  Blackwall. 

111.  Llnyphia  pusilla,  Sundevall. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,   A.  R.  J.)  ;     Warrington 

(L.G). 

A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  with  deep  black 
ventral  region.  The  palpus  in  the  male  sex  has 
a  long  spiral  spine.  It  spins  its  web  near  the  ground 
amongst  herbage.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia  fuliglnea, 
Blackwall. 

112.  Linyphiapeltata,W\di<x. 

Southport    (O.  P.-C.,    A.  R.  J.)  ;     Warrington 

(L.  G). 

A  very  small  and  common  species  found  amongst 
the  foliage  of  trees  and  bushes  in  the  summer  time. 
A  pale  variety  is  known  also  as  Llnyphia  rubea,  Black- 
wall. 

113.  Llnyphia  Inslgnls,  Blackwall. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Very  common  amongst  grass  on  the  banks  of 
streams  and  in  other  localities. 

1 14.  Labulla  thoracica,  Wider. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Abundant     under    overhanging    rocks    and    banks. 

The    male    is    remarkable    for    the    enormously  long 

spiral    spine    on   the    palpal    bulb.     Known    also    as 

Llnyphia  cauta,  Blackwall. 

115.  Stemonyphantes  Kneatus,  Linnaeus. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Warrington  (L.  G.). 

Not  an  uncommon  species.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia 
buceulenta,  Linn,  and  Neriene  tiillneata,  Blackwall. 

1 1 6.  Drapetisca  soclalls,  Sundevall. 
Duddon  Vale. 

Not  uncommon,  often  abundant  on  fir  trees  and 
overhanging  rocks  on  the  margin  of  streams.  It  squats 


close  to  the  bark  or  stone  on  which  it  rests.     Known 
also  as  Llnyphia  soda/is. 

117.  Bolyphantes  buscufentus,  Clerck. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

1 1 8.  Bolyphantes  alllceps,  Sundevall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Blackpool. 

Rare  amongst  the  marram  grass  on  the  sand-dunes. 
Known  also  as  Llnyphia  altlceps. 

119.  Bolyphantes  luteolus,  Blackwall. 

Blackpool  ;    Warrington     (L.    G.)  ;     Southport 

(A.R.J.). 

Abundant  among  marram  grass  on  the  sand-dunes 
in  September.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia  luteola. 

1 20.  Tapinopa  longidens,  Wider. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Common  under  stones  throughout  the  fell  districts. 
Known    also    as  Llnyphia    longidens   and    a  variety  is 
known  as  Tapinopa  unicolor,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

121.  Lepthyphantes  nebulosus,  Sundevall. 

Grange  ;     Warrington    (L.    G.)  ;     Manchester 

(O.  P.-C.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
Rare  in  outhouses.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia  nebulosa 
and  Llnyphia  vlvax,  Blackwall. 

122.  Lepthyphantes  leprosus,  Ohlert. 

Grange  ;  Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 
A  very  common   species  in   stables,  hay-lofts,  and 
outhouses.     Known  also  as  Llnyphia  leprosa. 

123.  Lepthyphantes  blackwallll,  Kulczynski. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Duddon  Vale  ;   Southport 

(O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.J.). 

Often  very  common  at  the  roots  of  herbage  in 
September.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia  tenebrlcola,  Wider 
and  O.  P.-Cambridge,  and  Llnyphia  terricola,  Blackwall 
and  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

124.  Lepthyphantes  cristatus,  Menge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

125.  Lepthyphantes  tenuls,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 

Very  similar  to  the  last  species  and  found  under  the 
same  conditions.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia  tenebrlcola, 
O.  P.-Cambridge  (ad  partem). 

126.  Lepthyphantes  tenebrlcola,  Wider. 
Southport  (A.  R.J.). 

127.  Lepthyphantes  mlnutus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

A  rather  rare  species  under  stones  and  rocks  ;  often 
found  also  in  greenhouses  and  other  outbuildings. 
Known  also  as  Llnyphia  mlnuta. 

128.  Lepthyphantes flavlpes,  Blackwall. 
Warrington  (L.  G.). 

Not  uncommon  at  the  roots  of  grass  or  beneath 
stones.  Known  also  as  Llnyphia  flavlpes. 

1 29.  Lepthyphantes  ericieus,  Blackwall. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Duddon  Vale. 
A  fairly  common  species  at  the  roots  of  grass  and 
under  stones  in  the  fell  districts  ;   also  amongst  the 
marram    grass    on  the    sand-dunes.     Known  also    as 
Llnyphia  erlcita. 
51 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


130.  Bathyphantes  pullatus,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston. 

Common  in  marshy  swamps.  Known  also  as 
Linyphia  pullata  ;  and  probably  is  the  Linyphia  tenella, 
Blackwall  O.  P.-C.  Handbook  of  Soutbport  (1861), 
p.  108. 

131.  Bathyphantes  nigrlnus,  Westring. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ; 

Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Blackpool. 
Common  in  marshes  and  swamps.     Known  also  as 
Linyphia  nigrina  and  Linyphia  pulla,  Blackwall. 

132.  Bathyphantes  approximates,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

133.  Bathyphantes  concolor,  Wider. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 
Very  common  at  the  roots  of  herbage  and  under 
stones  and  pieces  of  rock.     Known  also  as  Linypbia 
concolor  and  Meridian  fiRpes,  Blackwall. 

134.  Bathyphantes  gracilis,  Blackwall. 

Crumpsall  Hall,  Manchester  (Blackwall)  ;  South- 
port  (A.R.J.). 

A  rare  species  found  at  the  roots  of  herbage  and 
beneath  stones  on  the  fells.  Known  also  as  Linyphia 
circumspecta. 

135.  Bathyphantes  parvulus,  Westring. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 

Not  uncommon  at  the  roots  of  herbage  in  swamps 
and  mosses.  Known  also  as  Linyphia  parvula. 

i  36.  Batbypkantes  dorsalis,  Wider. 

Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 
Common  on  the  foliage  of  trees  and  bushes  in  the 
summer    time.      Known    also    as   Linyphia    dorsalis, 
Linyphia  claytonix,  Blackwall,  and  Linyphia  anthracina, 
Blackwall. 

137.  Paeciloneta  variegata,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Coniston. 

Sometimes  abundant  under  stones  in  the  fell  district. 
Known  also  as  Linyphia  variegata  and  Neriene  variegata. 

138.  Porrhomma  pygmceum,  Blackwall. 
Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.R.J.). 

Common  running  on  railings  in  the  sunshine. 
Known  also  as  Neriene  pygmaa. 

1 39.  Hilaira  uncata,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

140.  Tmeticus  Huthtuaitii,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (C.  W.,  A.  R.  J.). 

141.  Tmeticus  sylvaticus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (C.W.,  A.  R.J.). 

142.  Tmeticus  reprobus,  O.  P.-C. 
Kirkby,  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  (O.  P.  C.). 

143.  Tmeticus  Hardii,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

144.  Tmeticus  scopiger,  Grube. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

145.  Tmeticus  expertus,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 


146.  Tmeticus  prudens,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

147.  Centromerus  bicolor,  Blackwall. 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Duddon  Vale. 
Abundant  running  on  railings  in  the  hot  sunshine 
in  September  and  October.     Known  also  as  Linyphia 
bicolor ;  Neriene  bicolor ;  and  Tmeticus  bicolor. 

148.  Centromerus  concinnus,  Thorell. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

A  very  similar  species  to  the  last  named,  but 
smaller  and  not  so  abundant,  though  found  in  similar 
situations.  Known  also  as  Tmeticus  concinnus. 

149.  Macrargus  abnormis,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.R.J.). 

Not  uncommon  amongst  dead  leaves  in  woods  in 
the  summer  months.  Known  also  as  Linyphia  abnormis 
and  Tmeticus  abnormis. 

150.  Mengea  tearburtonii,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (C.  W.,  A.R.J.). 

A  rare  species  found  in  marshy  pkces.  Known 
also  as  Tmeticus  tvarburtonii. 

151.  Microneta  conigera,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport,  C.  Warburton  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.). 

152.  Microneta  viaria,  Blackwall. 
Grange  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Found  in  profusion  in  the  springtime  amongst  dead 
leaves  in  woods.  Known  also  as  Neriene  viaria. 

153.  Microneia saxatilis,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (W.  F.,  A.  R.  J.). 

154.  Microneta  decora,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Liverpool  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Neriene  decora,  O.  P.-C.,  and  Neriene 
clypeata,  F.  P.-C. 

155.  Microneta  rurestris,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

156.  Erigone  dentipalpis,  Wider. 

Duddon  Vale;  Blackpool;  Southport  (A. R.J.). 
Known  also  Neriene  dentipalpis. 

157.  Erigone  atra,  Blackwall. 
Blackpool. 

Known  also  as  Neriene  atra  and  Neriene  longipalpis, 
Blackwall. 

158.  Erigone  longipalpis,  Sundevall. 

Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Kirkby,  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom 

(O.P.-C.,  A.R.J.). 
Known  also  as  Neriene  longipalpis. 

159.  Erigone  promiscua,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Birkdale  Park,  Southport  (W.  F.). 

1 60.  Dicymbium  nigrum,  Blackwall, 
Warrington  (L.  G.). 

Known  also  as  Neriene  nigra. 

161.  Lopbomma punatatum,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (C.  W.,  A.  R.  J.). 

162.  Lophomma  berbigradum,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

152 


SPIDERS 


163.  Styhthorax  apicatus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.)  ;  Blackpool. 

A  very  abundant  species  amongst  the  marram  grass 
on  the  sandhills.  Known  also  as  Neriene  apicata. 

164.  Hypomma  bituberculatum,  Wider. 
Warrington     (L.    G.)  ;     Coniston  ;     Southport 

(A.R.J.) 

A  very  abundant  species  amongst  herbage  in  swamps 
and  moss  in  the  fell  districts  and  elsewhere.  The  male 
may  be  recognized  by  two  large  oblong-oval  tubercles 
on  the  caput,  and  the  female  by  the  lead-coloured 
abdomen  and  bright  orange  carapace.  These  dis- 
tinctions are  not,  however,  sufficient  for  scientific 
purposes.  Known  also  as  Neriene  bituberculata. 

165.  Hypomma  cornuta,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  and  quite  black  and 
shiny  ;  rare  on  railings  in  the  spring  and  early  sum- 
mer. Known  also  as  Neriene  cornuta. 

1 66.  Kukzynskiellum  Juscum,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.R.J.). 

Known  also  as  Neriene  fusca  and  Neriene  agrestis, 
Blackwall,  ad  partem. 

167.  Kukzynskiellum  agreste,  Blackwall. 
Coniston. 

Known  also  as  Neriene  agrestis. 

1 68.  Kukzynskiellum  retusum,  Westring. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

Known  also  as  Neriene  retusa  and  Neriene  elevata, 
O.  P.-Cambridge. 

1 69.  Gongylidium  dentatum,  Wider. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

170.  Gongylidium  rufipes,  Sundevall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

171.  Gongylidium  distinctum,  Simon. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

172.  Gonatium  rubens,  Blackwall. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

Not  a  rare  species  amongst  herbage.  Known  also 
as  Neriene  rubens. 

173.  Gonatium  isabellinum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Very  similar  to  the  last  species  in  general  appearance, 
but  quite  distinct.  Known  also  as  Neriene  rubella, 
Blackwall,  and  Neriene  isabellina. 

1 74.  Gongylidiellum  vivum,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (C.  W.,  W.  F.,  and  A.  R.  J.). 

175.  Tiso  vagans,  Blackwall. 

Southport,  C.  Warburton  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

176.  Entelecara  erythropus,  Westring. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

177.  Entelecara favipes,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Wakkenaera  JJavlpes,  Blackwall. 

178.  Entelecara  thorellii,  Westring. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Wakkenaera  thorellii,  and  Walckenaera 
fastigata,  Blackwall. 


179.  Lophocarenum  parallelum,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

1 80.  Lopbocarenum  nemorale,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

181.  Savignia  frontata,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

182.  Pepmocranium  ludicrum,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

183.  Typhocrestus  dorsuosus,  O.  P.-Cambridgc. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

1 84.  Araeoncus  humilis,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Known  also  as  Walckenaera  humiRs. 

185.  Pocadicnemis  pumilus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.J.). 

1 86.  Troxocbrus  scabriculus,  Westring. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

Known  also  as  Walckenaera  scabricula  and  Walcke- 
naera aggeris,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

187.  Tnxochrus  cirrifrons,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

Known  also  as  Wakkenaera  cirrijrons. 

1 88.  Tapinocyba praecox,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson,  (O.  P.-C.). 

189.  Tapinocyba  subitanea,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson,  (O.  P.-C.). 

190.  Diplocephalus  picinus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

Known  also  as  Wakkenaera  picina. 

191.  Diplocephalus  latifrons,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson,  (O.  P.-C.). 

192.  Diplocephalus  cistalus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

193.  Diplocephalus permixtus,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

194.  Diplocephalus  fuscipes,  Blackwell. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

195.  Cnephalocotes puiillus,  Menge. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

1 96.  Cnephalocotes  curtus,  Simon. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

197.  Cnephalocotes  obscurus,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

198.  Peponocranium  ludicrum,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Lancaster  (W.  F.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

199.  BlackwalKa  acuminata,  Blackwall. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

The  male  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  spiders  we 
possess,  its  eyes  being  carried  up  on  a  slender  turret 
far  above  the  general  level  of  the  caput  ;  the  female 
to  a  less  extent.  Known  also  as  Walckenaera  acuminata. 

200.  Cornicularia  vigilax,  Blackwall. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.,  A.  R.  J.,  and  C.  W.). 

201.  Cornicularia  unicornis,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.,O.P.-C.) ;  Morecambe  (W.F.). 


153 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


202.  Arrecerus  monoceros,  Wider. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

Known  also  as  Wakkcnaera  mmoceros. 

203.  Wideria  antica,  Wider. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

204.  Simula  cornigera,  Blackwall. 
Grange  (W.  F.). 

205.  Maso  Sundevallii,  Westring. 

Kirkby,  Rev.   J.   H.  Bloom   (O.  P.-C.)  ;    Lan- 
caster, Morecambe,  Grange  (W.  F.). 

206.  Walckenaera  nudipalpis,  Westring. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

207.  Walckenaera  turgida,  Blackwall. 
Crumpsall  Hall,  Manchester  (Blackwall). 

This  species  is  not  at  present  known,  no  type  being 
in  existence,  but  may  be  found  at  some  future  time 
and  identified. 

208.  Ceratlnella  brevipes,  Westring. 
Southport,  Dr.  A.  R.  Jackson  (O.  P.-C.). 

209.  Neriene  lapiJicola,  Thorell. 
Crumpsall  Hall,  Manchester  (Blackwall). 

Found  on  railings  and  under  stones,  but  the  species 
is  not  known  at  present.  Known  also  as  Neriene 
i-ufipes,  Blackwall. 

210.  Neriene  dubia,  Blackwall. 
Manchester  (Blackwall). 

Not  at  present  identified.     Type  lost 

211.  Netiene  lugubris,  Blackwall. 
Manchester  (Blackwall). 

Not  at  present  identified.     Type  lost. 


MIMETID^E 

Spiders  of  this  family  are  similar  in  general  respects 
to  the  Theridiidte,  having  eight  eyes  and  three  tarsal 
claws,  but  the  anterior  pairs  of  legs  bear  long  spines  in 
a  series  on  the  tibiee  and  protarsl.  The  species  of  En 
construct  a  small  brown  pear-shaped  or  cylindrical  egg- 
cocoon  suspended  on  a  fine  silken  stalk. 

212.  Enfurcata,  Villers. 
Warrington  (L.  G.). 

Known  also  as  En  thoracica  and  Theridion  varicgatum, 
Blackwall. 


THERIDIID.E 

The  members  of  this  family  have  eight  eyes  situated 
very  much  like  those  of  the  Argyopidce,  but  the  man- 
dibles are  really  weak,  the  maxillae  are  inclined  over 
the  labium,  and  the  posterior  legs  have  a  comb  of 
stiff  curved  spines  beneath  the  tarsi.  The  web  con- 
sists of  a  tangle  of  crossing  lines,  and  the  spider  often 
constructs  a  tent-like  retreat  wherein  the  egg-sac  is 
hung  up. 

213.  Episinus  truncates^  Walckenaer. 

Duddon  Vale  ;  Coniston. 

Not  very  common,  but  found  amongst  dry  grass  or 
on  sunny  banks.  Known  also  as  Theridion  angulatum, 
Blackwall. 


214.  Steatoda  bipunctata,  Linnasus. 

Warrington    (L.  G.)  ;   Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and 

A.R.J.). 

A  dark  brown,  shiny,  rather  flattened  globular 
spider,  living  in  chinks  of  walls,  angles  of  windows, 
and  crevices  in  the  partitions  of  old  stables,  etc., 
emerging  usually  at  nightfall.  The  males  are  re- 
markable for  their  very  large  palpi  and  also  for  the 
possession  of  a  stridulating  organ,  formed  by  a  series  of 
chitinous  ridges  in  a  hollow  at  the  anterior  part  of  the 
abdomen,  which  move  over  some  cusps  on  the  conical 
posterior  portion  of  the  carapace.  Known  also  as 
Steatoda  bifunctata  and  Theridion  yuadripunctatum,  Black- 
wall. 

215.  Pedanottelhtts  Kvidus,  Blackwall. 
Warrington  (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

A  common  species  under  stones  on  the  fells  and  in 
many  other  localities.  Known  also  as  Neriene  livida, 
Blackwall. 

2 1 6.  Theridion  ovatum,  Clerck. 

Warrington   (L.  G.) ;  Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and 

A.R.J.). 

A  very  common  species.  The  female  lives  in  the 
folded  leaf  of  a  bramble,  or  that  of  some  other  shrub, 
spinning  the  edges  together.  Within  this  domicile  she 
constructs  a  round  sea-green  egg-sac  about  as  large  as 
a  very  small  pea.  The  spider  has  a  pale  yellow 
abdomen  with  a  broad  pink  central  dorsal  band,  or 
two  pink  bands  one  on  each  side.  Another  variety 
has  no  pink  bands,  but  a  row  of  black  spots  on  each 
side.  The  male  and  female  can  often  be  found 
together  within  their  leafy  domicile.  This  spider  is 
also  known  under  the  name  Pbyllonetbis  Kneata  and 
Theridion  lineatum. 

217.  Theridion  vittatum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

218.  Steatoda  sisyphium  (Clerck). 

Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.)  ;  Warrington 

(L.G.). 

Very  common  on  gorse  and  holly  bushes,  where 
they  construct  a  tent-like  domicile  and  spin  up  within 
its  shelter  the  small  greenish  egg-sacs.  The  young 
when  hatched  pass  their  earlier  days  within  the  tent, 
but  on  the  death  of  the  mother  spider  they  scatter, 
taking  up  positions  for  themselves  amongst  the  neigh- 
bouring foliage.  Known  also  as  Theridion  sisyphium 
and  Theridion  nervosum,  Blackwall. 

219.  Steatoda  picta,  Walckenaer. 

Warrington    (L.  G.)  ;    Southport   (O.  P.-C.  and 

A.R.J.). 

A  very  beautiful  species,  resembling  a  large 
example  of  T.  varians,  with  a  bright  red  and  white 
dentated  band  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the  abdomen, 
found,  often  abundantly,  on  holly  and  other  bushes, 
where  they  construct  a  large  and  very  perfectly 
formed  thimble-shaped  domicile,  covered  with  dry 
chips  of  leaves  and  twigs,  often  decorated  with  the 
wings,  legs,  wing-cases  and  other  debris  of  the  victims 
which  have  served  them  for  food.  Known  also  as 
Theridion  pictum. 

220.  Steatoda  varians,  Hahn. 

Warrington   (L.  G.) ;    Southport  (O.P.-C.   and 

A.R.J.). 

A  very  much  smaller  species,  varying  considerably 
in  colour,  found  abundantly  in  greenhouses  and  also 


'54 


SPIDERS 


amongst  shrubs  in  the  open  garden.  This  species 
makes  no  tent-like  retreat,  but  sits  close  to  the  one  or 
more  pale  rounded  egg-sacs  usually  spun  up  against  a 
beam  or  window-sill.  Known  also  as  Theridion 
variant. 

221.  Steatoda  denticulata,  Walckenaer. 
Warrington  (L.  G.)  ;  Duddon  Vale  ;  Southport 

(A.R.J.). 

Also  a  very  small  and  abundant  species,  occurring 
on  the  outside  of  windows  and  outhouses  and  also  on 
walls  and  palings.  It  makes  no  tent-like  retreat,  and 
the  habits  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  last  species. 
Known  also  as  Theridion  denticulatum. 

222.  Steatoda  bimaculata,  Linnaeus. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

The  males  can  be  recognized  by  the  sharp  spur  on 
the  coxa  of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs.  Known  also  as 
Theridion  bimaculatum  and  Theridion  carolinum,  Blackwall. 

223.  Steatoda  fallens,  Blackwall. 

Warrington  (L.  G.,  O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 
This  minute  spider,  pale  yellow  in  colour,  often 
with  a  dark  or  paler  dorsal  spot  on  the  abdomen, 
lives  beneath  the  leaves  of  shrubs  and  trees — laurel, 
elm,  lime,  etc. — where  it  spins  its  minute  pear-shaped 
pure  white  egg-sac,  which  rests  on  its  larger  end  and 
has  several  small  cusps  towards  the  sharp-pointed  end. 
Known  also  as  Theridion  fallens. 

224.  Steatoda  tepidariorum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Warrington  (L.  G). 

This  large  species  is  one  of  our  commonest  spiders 
in  conservatories  and  greenhouses,  where  the  curious 
triangular-shaped  female  may  be  seen  hanging  with 
legs  closely  gathered  to  the  body  in  the  middle  of  the 
tangled  web.  Sometimes,  but  not  often,  a  few  chips 
of  dry  leaf  fallen  into  the  web  may  be  utilized  as  a 
sort  of  apology  for  a  tent-like  retreat,  constructed  in 
the  case  of  T.  firmosum  with  elaborate  skill.  When 
prey  of  any  kind  falls  into  the  toils,  the  spider 
hurries  down  and  with  the  tarsal  comb  on  the  fourth 
pair  of  legs  commences  kicking  out  from  the  spinners 
a  silken  fluid,  often  quite  moist  like  treacle,  which 
strikes  against  and  hardens  on  the  victim.  In  this 
way  very  large  spiders,  beetles,  and  wood-lice  are 
ensnared  and  converted  into  food.  With  a  rapid  and 
irritable  movement  of  the  forelegs  also,  small  tufts  of 
fine  silk  are  gathered  and  flung  promiscuously  over  the 
web.  The  male,  a  much  smaller  spider,  may  be  also 
seen  hanging  near  at  hand  in  the  web,  and  the  one 
or  more  brown  pear-shaped  egg-sacs  also  hang  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  toil.  Sometimes  these  spiders  are 
found  outside  the  houses,  but  rarely  amongst  the 
shrubs  in  the  open  garden.  Known  also  as  Theridion 
tepidariorum. 


22$.  Pholcmma  gibbum,  Westring. 

Lancaster(  W.  F.)  ;  Southport  (A.  R.  J.). 

DICTYNIM; 

The  spiders  belonging  to  this  family  possess  three 
tarsal  claws,  and  the  eyes,  eight  in  number,  situated 
in  two  transverse  rows,  the  laterals  being  in  contact. 
The  cribellum  (or  extra  pair  of  spinning  organs)  and 
the  calamistrum  (a  row  of  curving  bristles  on  the 
protarsi  of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs)  are  present  in  all 
members  of  the  family.  They  construct  a  tubular 
retreat  with  an  outer  sheet  of  webbing,  which  is 
covered  with  a  flocculent  silk  made  with  the  cala- 
mistrum from  threads  furnished  with  the  cribellum. 

226.  Cinijla  similis,  Blackwall. 

Warrington   (L.  G.) ;    Southport   (O.P.-C.  and 

A.R.J.). 

A  very  common  species  in  greenhouses,  stables, 
and  other  outhouses.  The  males  may  often  be  found 
wandering  about  the  walls  of  dwelling-houses  after 
nightfall.  Known  also  as  Amaunbius  similis. 

227.  Cintflo  fenestralis,  Stroem. 

Warrington   (L.  G.)  ;      Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and 

A.R.J.). 

A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  and  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  characters  of  the  genitalia.  It  is 
found,  however,  almost  exclusively  in  the  open 
country  under  stones,  bark  of  trees,  or  the  coping 
stones  of  walls  all  over  the  fell  districts,  whereas 
C.  similis  is  almost  entirely  confined  to  the  neighbour- 
hood of  dwelling-houses  and  out-buildings.  Known 
also  as  Amaunbius  fenestralis  and  Cintflo  atrox,  Black- 
wall. 

228.  Cintflo  ferox,  Walckenaer. 
Garstang  (L.  G.)  ;  Southport  (C.  W.). 

A  much  larger  species,  shiny  black  with  pale 
markings,  found  in  cellars  and  also  beneath  rocks  and 
stones  on  the  coast,  or  in  crevices  of  banks  in  the 
open  country.  Known  also  as  Amaunbius  ferox. 

229.  Dictyna  arundinacea,  Linnaeus. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.). 

A  very  common  species,  forming  its  nest  in  the 
rush-heads  and  grass  in  marshy  places.  Known  also 
as  Ergatis  benigna. 

230.  Dictyna  latens,  Fabricius. 
Southport  (O.  P.-C.  and  A.  R.  J.). 

A  fairly  common  species,  usually  found  on  gorse 
bushes. 

231.  Protadia patula,  Simon. 

Kirkby,  Rev.  J.  H.  Bloom  (O.  P.-C.). 
A  rare  species. 


CHERNETES 

CHELIFERID^E 

Out  of  twenty  species  of  false-scorpions    hitherto  usually  extended  wide  open  when  the  Arachnid   is 

recorded  as  indigenous  to  Great  Britain,  only  one  is  alarmed  while   it  hastens  backwards  to   take  shelter, 

recorded  from  this  county.     The  various  species  can  In  spite  of  this  scorpion-like  appearance,  these  little 

be  found  amongst  moss  and  dead  leaves,  or  beneath  creatures  are  closely  allied  to  the  Mites  or  Acaridea. 
stones  and  the  bark  of  trees.     They  are  unmistakable 

on  account  of  their  possession  of  a  pair  of  forcipated  232-   Chthonius  rayi,  L.  Koch. 
palpi,  like  those    of  the    true  scorpion.     These    are  Duddon  Vale. 

155 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 
OPILIONES 

The    Harvestmen   are   spider-like   creatures   with  236.  Oligolophus  mono,  Fabricius. 

eight  long  legs,  the  tarsi  long  and  very  flexible.     Eyes  Coniston 
simple,  two  in  number,  situated  on  each  side  of  an 

eye  eminence.     Body  not  divided  into  two  distinct  Known   also  as  Phalangium    morio   and 

regions     by    a     narrow    pedicle,    as    in    the    spiders,  urnigerum,  Hermann. 
Abdomen  segmentate  ;  breathing  apparatus  consisting 

of  tracheal  tubes  with  external  stigmata  at  the  base  of  237.   Oligolophus  agrestis,  Meade. 

the  fourth  pair  of  legs.  Duddon  Vale. 

233-  Phalangium  opiRo,  Linnaeus.  KnQwn     also    ^                               ^    QRgolopbus 

Blackpool,  ephippiger,  Simon. 

Known  also  as  Phalangium  cornutum,  Linnaeus. 

234.  Phalangium  parietinum,  De  Geer.  238.  Nemastoma  lugubre,  O.  F.  Mailer. 

Duddon  Vale.  Duddon  Vak> 

Found    in    plenty    on    the    walls    of    outhouses,  .                   .      .        .      .           . 

squatting  in  a  small  hollow.     Its  appearance   is   an  ,.  Kn°wn  als°  ,as.  ?**!&*  lugubre  and  Nemastma 

infallible  sign  of  the  approach  of  autumn.  hmoculatum,  Fabncms. 

235'  £££?&  S±co.  p.-c.).  *"-  »<rma  ch"iomelas' Hermann" 

Easily   known    by    the    long  spikes   on    the   eye- 

eminence.  Known  also  as  Phalangium  cbrysomelas. 


I56 


CRUSTACEANS 

The  carcinology  of  Lancashire  is  not  of  a  commonplace  character.  On 
the  one  hand  it  appeals  for  attention  by  the  quaint  simplicity  of  its  earlier 
records,  on  the  other  by  the  scientific  ardour  of  its  modern  exponents. 
Some  of  the  circumstances,  however,  are  rather  tantalizing.  The  highest 
forms  of  Crustacea  are  by  no  means  copiously  represented,  in  spite  of  the 
extensive  and  diversified  sea-board  which  might  be  expected  to  yield  them. 
But  this  seeming  advantage  is  to  a  great  extent  neutralized  by  the  volume  of 
freshwater  and  land  debris  poured  into  the  bays  and  diffused  along  the  shore 
line  from  more  than  one  considerable  river.1  Moreover,  the  naturalists  of 
Liverpool  University  have  found  it  expedient  to  push  their  marine  investiga- 
tions so  far  out  into  the  Irish  Sea  that  many  of  the  rarer  captures  cannot  be 
specially  credited  to  this  county.  Nevertheless  its  home  waters  have  been 
found  to  contain  numerous  species  of  more  or  less  desirable  Entomostraca,  and 
are  still  the  field  for  valuable  researches  into  the  relations  that  exist,  or  should 
exist,  between  crustaceans,  molluscs,  fishes,  and  men,  an  affectionate  readiness 
to  eat  one  another  being  observable  in  all  the  groups,  and  only  standing  in 
need  of  intelligent  regulation. 

Reserving  certain  earlier  authorities  for  a  later  stage  of  this  discussion,  it 
will  be  convenient  for  us  to  begin  with  '  The  Natural  History  of  Lancashire, 
Cheshire,  and  the  Peak  in  Derbyshire,  by  Charles  Leigh,  Doctor  of  Physick,' 
which  was  published  at  Oxford  in  the  last  year  of  the  seventeenth  century. 
From  the  seventh  and  the  ninth  chapters,  which  treat  respectively  of  fishes 
and  of  birds,  something  may  be  gleaned  which  touches  our  present  subject. 
Concerning  fishes  Dr.  Leigh  says,  '  The  Curious  here  have  a  large  Field  of 
Philosophy  to  range  in,  since  both  the  Seas  and  Rivers  in  these  Counties 
present  us  almost  with  an  infinite  variety  of  these  Creatures.' 3  In  the  vague 
classification  of  that  twilight  era,  the  natural  philosopher  counted  almost 
everything  as  fish  that  came  to  his  net,  so  long  as  it  came  out  of  the  water 
and  was  not  of  too  insignificant  a  size.  The  whale-fish  and  the  jelly-fish, 
the  star-fish  and  the  crab-fish,  ranged  alongside  with  a  miscellaneous  host  of 
shell-fishes  which  might  be  either  mollusca  or  Crustacea.  It  was  not  as  yet 
understood  how  incongruous  the  mixture  of  all  these  forms  with  true  fishes 
would  appear  to  later  eyes.  But  in  truth  from  that  very  mixture  we  may 
infer  a  carcinological  fauna  of  considerable  interest,  as  will  hereafter  be  shown. 
A  few  crustaceans  are  directly  mentioned  by  Dr.  Leigh,  though  only  under 
their  vernacular  names.  Thus  he  observes,  '  The  Oyster  and  Lobster  are  very 
common,  and  likewise  the  Shrimp  and  Prawn  ;  the  Prawn  is  a  Fish  not  much 
unlike  the  Shrimp,  but  much  larger  and  far  better  Meat,  and  in  my  thought 
the  most  pleasing  of  any  Shell-Fish  whatever  ;  it  generates  in  Eggs,  and  of 
these  it  deposits  an  infinite  number,  which  by  a  clammy  matter  it  fastens  to 
the  Rocks,  and  piles  them  one  upon  another,  till  they  look  like  a  Pyramid 

1  A.  Scott,  on  Plankton  Work,  Trans.  Liverpool  Blol.  See.  xiii.  93  (1899).  3  Op.  cit.  Book  i.  p.  130. 

«57 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

inverted,  and  hang  like  icicles  on  the  Verge  of  a  Penthouse.' l  Here  we 
have  at  least  three  (if  not  four)  species  and  as  many  genera  of  crustaceans 
indicated.  A  presumption  also  that  other  members  of  the  same  class  were 
observable  in  the  waters  of  the  county  arises  from  Dr.  Leigh's  various  records 
of  star-fishes,  of  '  blebs  '  or  jelly-fishes,  of  salmon  abounding  in  the  rivers 
Kibble,  Lune,  Wire  or  Wyre,  and  Mersey,  as  well  as  from  his  discussion  of 
the  barnacle  goose  and  his  statement  that  '  sometimes  we  have  Whales  and 
Sturgeons.'  No  one,  perhaps,  would  have  been  more  surprised  than 
Dr.  Leigh  himself  to  learn  that  the  parasitic  or  semi-parasitic  companions  of 
his  multifarious  '  fishes '  could  be  lawfully  and  properly  classed  along  with 
the  shrimp  and  the  prawn.  His  apparently  strange  coupling  together  of 
the  oyster  and  the  lobster  will  be  explained,  and  in  a  certain  sense  justified, 
later  on.  The  different  parasitic  organisms  will  also  be  noticed  under  the 
appropriate  heads  of  classification.  But  the  curious  will  have  to  range 
in  rather  a  wide  field  of  philosophy  before  they  can  find  prawns  which  deposit 
their  eggs  on  the  rocks  in  inverted  pyramids  or  pendent  like  icicles.  For 
Lancashire  prawns  the  process  is  undoubtedly  mythical,  whatever  the  marine 
substance  may  have  been  which  led  Dr.  Leigh  to  imagine  it. 

From  the  above-mentioned  more  or  less  garrulous  work  at  the  opening 
of  the  eighteenth  century  to  the  prim  catalogue  by  Isaac  Byerley  at  the 
middle  of  the  nineteenth,  is  a  scientific  stride  of  considerable  importance. 
Yet,  so  far  as  the  Crustacea  are  concerned,  Byerley's  Fauna  of  Liverpool  is 
not  a  little  disappointing  to  a  student  of  Lancashire  zoology,  since  most 
of  the  localities  specified  are  outside  the  boundaries  of  the  county. 
That  the  author's  list  of  species  is  trustworthy  depends  not  so  much  on 
any  intrinsic  evidence,  as  on  the  fact  that  the  animals  named  are  common 
and  easily  identified,  and  on  the  circumstance  that  most  of  them  have 
been  subsequently  again  observed  by  expert  investigators  of  the  same  region. 
In  contrast  to  several  other  maritime  counties  of  England,  Lancashire 
allows  the  Malacostraca,  which  are  of  primary  rank  in  the  class,  to  take  a 
somewhat  secondary  place  in  its  fauna.  Especially,  as  already  suggested, 
the  Brachyura  or  crabs,  which  are  the  leading  members  of  the  leading  sub- 
class, are  here  but  poorly  represented.  The  '  arch-fronted '  Cyclometopa 
supply  in  the  family  Cancridas  the  well-known  Cancer  pagurus  (Linn.),  the 
great  eatable  crab,  of  which  Byerley  says  that  it  is  '  rather  a  plentiful  species 
here,  but  seldom  of  large  size '  ; 2  in  the  family  Portunidas,  Carcinus  mcenas 
(Linn.),  the  common  shore  crab,  mentioned  by  Byerley  as 'very  common 
upon  the  shores  everywhere,' s  and  frequently  referred  to  in  the  reports  of  the 
Liverpool  Marine  Biology  Committee;  Portunus  depurator  (Linn.),  the  cleanser 
swimming  crab,  according  to  Byerley  '  common  both  in  tide  pools  and  in 
deeper  water,'  and  according  to  A.  O.  Walker  '  abundant  everywhere  ; 
generally  on  stony  ground  3  to  7  fath. '  ;  *  Polybius  hensloivii  (Leach),  men- 
tioned incidentally  by  Professor  Herdman  as  by  universal  consent  one  of  the 
worst  enemies  of  the  shrimp  ; 5  and,  lastly,  in  the  family  Corystidae,  Corystes 
cassivelaunus  (Pennant),  the  masked  crab,  which  A.  O.  Walker  speaks  of  as 
'  not  uncommon  on  sandy  ground  at  various  depths  and  between  tide  marks 
throughout  the  district.' 6  These  five  crabs  are  easily  discriminated  one  from 

i  Loc.  cit.  p.  134.  »  Op.  cit.  p.  51  (1854).  »  Ibid. 

4  Trans.  Bio/.  Sec.  Liverpool,  vi.  97  (1892).  "  Loc.  cit.  p.  25.  6  Loc.  cit.  p.  97. 

158 


CRUSTACEANS 

the  other.  The  great  eatable  crab  has  a  carapace  much  broader  than  long, 
with  its  anterior  margin  cut  into  nine  lobes  on  either  side  external  to  the 
orbits,  while  the  masked  crab  has  the  carapace  notably  longer  than  broad, 
with  some  lateral  denticles,  and  on  its  back  in  low  relief  of  natural  sculpture 
the  lineaments  of  a  human  face.  On  the  other  hand  the  three  Portunidas 
show  no  great  differences  in  the  length  and  breadth  of  the  carapace.  They 
are  called  swimming  crabs  because  of  their  agility  in  natation,  which  is 
promoted  by  the  flattened  blade-like  termination  of  their  fifth  pair  of  legs. 
The  shore  crab,  however,  which  is  a  rapid  walker  and  tolerant  of  the  open 
air,  is  distinguished  from  the  other  two  by  having  its  fifth  pair  of  toes  very 
moderately  expanded.  They  all  have  the  anterior  margin  on  each  side  cut 
into  five  teeth  outside  the  orbits,  but  while  in  the  cleanser  crab  these  teeth 
are  prominent,  in  the  nearly  orbicular  carapace  of  '  Henslow's  swimming 
crab '  they  are  flattened,  so  as  only  slightly  to  interrupt  the  circle.  Distinctive 
characters  may  be  drawn  also  from  the  dentation  of  the  '  front,'  that  part  of 
the  anterior  margin  which  lies  between  the  orbits.  In  the  Catometopa  the 
front  is  more  or  less  bent  downward.  Within  this  tribe  is  the  family  Gone- 
placidas,  with  the  species  Goneplax  angulata  (Fabricius),  the  angular  crab, 
which  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker  records  with  what  looks  like  an  air  of  doubt  and 
suspicion,  '  One  specimen  said  to  have  occurred  at  Southport  (C.  H.  Brown). 
A  Mediterranean  species.' *  It  occurs  in  fact  much  nearer  home  than  the 
Mediterranean,  being  not  uncommon  in  the  waters  of  South  Devon,  but  there 
is  reason  to  think  that  it  is  scarce  in  northern  seas.  Byerley  speaks  of 
'  specimens  taken  rarely  in  shrimp-nets,' 2  without  specifying  any  locality. 
Its  quadrate  carapace,  its  long-stalked  eyes,  and  special  colouring  would  not 
allow  it  to  be  easily  mistaken.  In  the  male  the  chelipeds  are  also  of  striking 
elongation.  Any  doubt  as  to  its  occurrence  at  Southport  is  probably  based 
not  on  any  question  of  identification,  but  on  the  possibility  that  the  specimen 
seen  may  have  been  imported  by  fishermen  from  a  distant  cruise.  In  the 
family  Pinnotheridas,  Byerley  records  Pinnotheres  pisum  (Linn.)  as  '  very 
common  in  Muscles  and  Modioli,'  and  adds  that  '  the  females  from  the  latter 
are  often  very  large.' s  Whether  Byerley  selected  the  correct  specific  name 
it  is  impossible  to  say.  His  remark  on  the  size  of  the  females  would  rather 
point  to  Pinnotheres  veferum  (Bosc.).  But  as  the  waters  of  Lancashire  abound 
in  the  molluscs  whose  shells  are  frequented  by  these  little  soft-coated  crabs, 
there  is  little  doubt  that  both  species  are  to  be  found  in  the  district. 

The  Macrura  anomala  are  not  particularly  demonstrative  in  this  region, 
although  the  hermit,  Eupagurus  bernhardus  (Linn.),  is  'abundant  every- 
where,' *  and  the  so-called  porcelain  crabs,  which  are  not  true  crabs,  are 
evidently  also  plentiful.  Byerley  and  Walker  both  represent  the  broad-clawed 
Porcellana  platycheles  (Pennant)  as  less  common  than  its  narrow-armed  con- 
gener, P.  longicornis  (Linn.),  Byerley  supplying  the  information,  presumably 
founded  on  experiment,  that  the  former  species  '  seems  to  live  for  a  long 
time  in  captivity,  even  with  a  small  quantity  of  sea-water.'  6 

The  genuine  Macrura,  or  long-tailed  Decapoda,  including  crawfishes, 
crayfishes,  lobsters,  prawns,  and  shrimps,  make  a  fairer  show  than  the  two 
preceding  groups.  It  is  allowable  perhaps  to  assign  to  the  fauna  of  Lancashire 

1  Loc.  cit.  p.  96.  2  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  p.  5 1 .  8  Ibid. 

*  Trans.  Liverpool  Bio/.  Sac.  vi.  98.  8  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  p.  52. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

an  interesting  member  of  the  burrowing  family  Callianassidas,  Upogebia  deltaura 
(Leach),  on  the  faith  of  Mr.  Andrew  Scott's  account  that  'An  almost  perfect 
specimen  of  this  curious  lobster-like  crustacean,  measuring  two  inches  in 
length,  was  found  in  the  stomach  of  a  haddock  caught  on  the  off-shore  station 
between  Lancashire  and  the  Isle  of  Man,  13  March,  1901.  The  Upogebia 
had  evidently  just  been  swallowed  by  the  fish,  as  it  was  perfectly  fresh,  and 
the  gastric  juices  had  not  had  time  to  act  upon  the  carapace.'1  Another 
crustacean,  which  must  be  rather  credited  to  the  district  than  to  any  particular 
spot  of  tenancy,  is  the  common  sea  crawfish,  Palinurus  vu/garis  (Latreille). 
This  has  a  kind  of  antiquarian  interest;  for  when  Dr.  Leigh,  as  already 
quoted,  in  discussing  the  inhabitants  of  these  waters,  remarks  that  '  the  Oyster 
and  Lobster  are  very  common,'  and  goes  on  to  speak  of  prawns  and  shrimps, 
the  oyster  seems  to  be  unaccountably  introduced  into  very  inappropriate 
company.  It  happens,  however,  that  Borlase,  in  his  Natural  History  of 
Cornwall,  has  supplied  the  same  combination,  but  in  a  more  intelligible  and 
explanatory  fashion.  He  compares  the  'Long  Oyster  (the  Locusta  marina 
Aldrovandi  de  Crustat.  chap.  2,  tab.  2) '  with  the  lobster,2  and,  to  make  the 
explanation  still  more  satisfactory,  we  find  Conrad  Gesner  at  a  much  earlier 
date  writing  '  Ostreorum  nomen,  ut  abunde  explicavimus,  non  raro  com- 
muniter  genus  totum  testatorum  complectitur.' 8  Hence  we  may  safely  infer 
that  the  oyster,  or  long  oyster,  when  compared  by  old  writers  with  the 
lobster,  signifies  not  the  well-known  mollusc,  but  the  marine  crawfish,  which 
is  distinguished  from  the  lobster  by  much  brighter  colouring,  much  less 
powerful  front  feet,  larger  mandibles,  and  the  spiny  peduncles  of  its  long  and 
strong  second  antennas.  As  for  Astacus  gammarus  (Linn.),  the  common 
lobster,  so  often  erroneously  called  Homarus  vu/garis,  it  is  interesting  to  note 
once  more  that  Dr.  Leigh  speaks  of  it  as  '  very  common,'  whereas  Byerley 
makes  the  rather  surprising  statement,  '  Many  years  since  one  of  this  species 
was  caught  at  Hilbre  by  Mr.  C.  Robin.  Some  of  the  oldest  fishermen 
remember  that  they  were  formerly  caught  there,  but  very  rarely,  as  well  as 
many  other  creatures  now  no  longer  found,  the  ledges  between  the  rocks 
being  silted  up  with  sand  and  affording  less  harbour.'*  The  implication  is 
that  in  1854  the  lobster  had  ceased  to  belong  to  the  known  fauna  of  Liver- 
pool. That  this  loss  has  since  been  repaired  may  be  judged  from  Mr.  Andrew 
Scott's  chapter  'On  the  Spawning  of  the  Common  Lobster,'  in  which  he  says, 
'  The  usual  process  by  which  the  eggs  of  the  common  lobster  of  the  British 
coasts  are  shed  and  conveyed  to  the  swimmerets  appears  to  have  been  hitherto 
unknown.  The  following  notes  based  on  observation  made  at  the  Piel 
Hatchery  may  therefore  be  of  interest.'  As  to  the  interest  there  can  indeed 
be  no  question,  but  the  whole  account  is  too  long  for  quotation ;  only  one  or 
two  points  may  here  be  mentioned.  '  As  the  eggs  leave  the  oviducts  they 
become  coated  with  an  adhesive  substance  which  causes  them  to  stick  together 
and  to  the  swimmerets.  The  period  of  oviposition  in  the  lobster  under 
observation  was  just  over  four  hours.'  The  eggs  when  extruded  are  quite 
soft,  of  an  opaque  dark  green  colour,  with  a  thin  transparent  shell.  They 
were  i'8  millimetres,  or  a  fourteenth  of  an  inch,  in  diameter.6 

1  Trans.  Liverpool Biol.  Soc.  xv.  345  (1901).  s  Op.  cit.  p.  274  (1758). 

3  De  jiyuatilibus,  p.  653  (1558,  Edition  1604).  *  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  52. 

6  Trans,  Liverp.  Biol.  Soc.  xvii.  106  (1903). 
1 60 


CRUSTACEANS 

The  lobster  belongs  to  the  family  Nephropsida?,  so  called  from  Nepbrops 
norwegicus  (Linn.),  the  Norway  lobster,  common  in  northern  waters,  but 
apparently  not  definitely  recorded  from  any  actual  point  in  this  county.  The 
nearly  allied  family  of  the  Potamobiidce  supplies  the  river  crayfish,  Potamobius 
pallipes  (Lereboullet),  often  less  accurately  called  Astacus  fluviatilis,  about 
which  Huxley  wrote  his  celebrated  book,  The  Crayfish,  as  an  introduction  to 
the  study  of  zoology.  It  is  rather  singular  that  his  inquiries  as  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  this  species  in  England  should  have  been  comparatively  unsuc- 
cessful. In  his  sixth  chapter,  after  noticing  that  crayfishes  are  abundant  in 
some  of  our  rivers,  he  goes  on  to  remark  that  '  they  appear  to  be  absent  from 
many  others,'  and  says,  '  I  cannot  hear  of  any,  for  example,  in  the  Cam  or 
the  Ouse,  on  the  east,  or  in  the  rivers  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,  on  the 
west.'  In  regard  to  one  of  these  localities,  however,  his  knowledge  was 
subsequently  widened  by  a  letter  from  '  Giggleswick  School,  near  Settle, 
Yorkshire,  28th  June,  1886,'  which  reads  as  follows  :  '  Dear  Prof.  Huxley,  I 
have  read  in  Chapter  VI.  of  your  book  on  the  crayfish  that  you  had  not  heard 
of  any  in  the  rivers  of  Lancashire.  Yesterday  I  went  to  Ling-Gill  one  of 
the  first  affluents  of  Ribble  (which  even  in  Yorkshire  we  count  as  a  Lanca- 
shire river)  and  I  am  trying  to  keep  them  alive.  I  shall  be  glad  to  send  you 
one  if  you  will  tell  me  where  to  send  it.  Yours  faithfully,  Arthur  Style.' 
Though  from  the  wording  of  the  letter  this  intelligent  and  observant  school- 
boy appears  to  be  offering  Huxley  one  of  the  affluents  of  the  Ribble,  it  is 
clear  that  Huxley  accepted  the  spirit  of  the  communication  as  a  trustworthy 
assurance  that  the  river  crayfish  had  been  found  in  Lancashire.  The  letter 
itself  was  given  to  me  on  10  April,  1902,  by  my  lamented  friend,  the  late 
Professor  G.  B.  Howes,  F.R.S.,  Huxley's  assistant  and  successor  at  the  Royal 
College  of  Science.  Professor  Howes  assured  me  that  the  letter  was  taken 
from  Huxley's  own  copy  of  his  book,  and  it  still  bears  the  marks  of  an  honour- 
able adhesion. 

The  tribe  Caridea  is  a  great  group,  including  not  all,  but  the  majority 
of  the  prawns  and  shrimps  that  have  commercial  value,  along  with  many 
that  from  smallness  or  rarity  do  not  influence  our  markets.  This  tribe 
occupies  a  prominent  place  in  the  marine  zoology  of  Lancashire,  although 
only  seven  or  eight  species  can  be  definitely  claimed  for  its  coasts,  and  only 
two  or  three  of  these  have  any  mercantile  importance.  In  the  family 
Crangonidse  there  are  two  species,  Crangon  vulgaris  (Fabricius),  emphatically 
the  common  shrimp,  perhaps  in  England  the  most  familiarly  known  of  all 
crustaceans,  and  Crangon  allmanni  (Kinahan),  the  channel-tailed  shrimp,  dis- 
tinguished from  the  other  by  the  longitudinal  dorsal  groove  or  channel  in  the 
penultimate  segment  of  the  tail.  Professor  Herdman,  in  the  Fifth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Liverpool  Biological  Station,  speaking  of  the  year  1891,  says, 
'  In  January,  in  all  localities,  the  shrimps  were  smaller  than  in  the  previous 
years  ;  the  weather  was  colder,  frosty.'  Mr.  Ascroft  writes  from  Lytham  in 
February  '  that  there  are  a  great  number  of  Crangon  allmani  among  the 
shrimps.'1  Only  a  naturalist  would  be  likely  to  notice  the  difference,  and 
probably  neither  a  naturalist  nor  an  epicure  could  tell  one  species  from 
another  by  his  palate.  With  the  capture  of  these  shrimps  some  unexpectedly 
perplexing  questions  are  connected.  The  ground  that  suits  the  shrimps  is 

1  Trans.  Liverp.  Bio/.  Sue.  vi.  25  (1892). 
I  l6l  21 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

also  the  ground  that  suits  a  number  of  small  flat  fishes,  and  the  unthinking 
trawl  catches  indiscriminately  the  edible  shrimps,  the  useless  solenettes  (Solea 
luted),  and  the  young  soles  (Solea  vulgaris)  in  their  unprofitable  stage. 
Professor  Herdman  has  suggested  that  the  clearing  off  of  solenettes  by  the 
shrimp-trawlers  may  be  indirectly  beneficial  to  the  young  soles,  which  will 
thereby  have  fewer  enemies  and  less  competition  in  pursuit  of  food.1  But  in 
1895  he  writes,  'The  statistics  of  hauls  taken  during  the  past  year  from  the 
steamer  show  once  more,  if  any  showing  is  still  needed,  that  that  destructive 
engine  the  shrimp-trawl  brings  up  along  with  a  miserably  small  number  of 
shrimps,  an  astonishingly  large  number  of  young  food  fishes.  On  2  November, 
off  the  Kibble  estuary,  with  5  quarts  of  shrimps  were  taken  over  5,000 
undersized  food  fishes.  On  the  same  date,  off  Blackpool,  with  ij  quarts  of 
shrimps  were  10,000  fish  ;  on  24  October,  in  Heysham  Lake,  with  2  quarts 
of  shrimps  were  4,000  plaice  about  4  inches  long  ;  and  so  on.  Of  course 
it  is  satisfactory  to  know  that  there  are  so  many  young  fish  on  the  ground,  but 
it  is  deplorable  that  for  the  sake  of  a  quart  or  two  of  shrimps  several  thousands 
of  young  fish  should  run  some  risk  of  being  sacrificed.'3  As  a  remedy  it  has 
been  proposed  that  the  net  should  not  be  attached  to  the  frame,  which  stirs 
up  the  mud,  but  to  a  bar  raised  just  so  far  above  the  frame,  that  the  flat 
fishes  may  glide  away  beneath  the  net  while  the  more  excitable  shrimps  leap 
into  it.  To  the  plan  of  restoring  the  young  fishes  to  the  sea  it  is  objected 
that  only  very  few  of  them  would  be  likely  to  survive  the  rough  handling 
they  meet  with  in  the  process.  It  is  difficult  to  say  whether  even  so  they 
may  not  as  provender  for  other  animals  by  transmigration  of  bodies  ultimately 
become  serviceable  to  man.  This  is  no  more  than  a  pious  hope.  It  should 
not  make  the  fishing  industry  deaf  to  that  wisdom  of  the  ancients  which 
pronounces  that  wilful  waste  makes  woful  want. 

In  the  family  Pandalidae  the  species  Pandalus  montagul  (Leach),  often 
less  correctly  spoken  of  as  P.  annullcornis,  is  probably  the  prawn  on  which 
Dr.  Leigh  bestows  so  high  a  gastronomic  commendation.  Byerley  says  of 
it,  '  This  species,  which  is  the  plentiful  edible  prawn  (or  locally  '  sprawn  ') 
of  our  district,  has  often  been  mistaken  for  the  young  condition  of  the  true 
one.'8  By  '  the  true  one'  he  evidently  intends  Leander  serratus  (Pennant), 
of  the  family  Palaemonida?,  the  common  prawn  of  some  districts,  though  not 
of  all,  as  shown  by  Byerley's  own  remarks  upon  it,  which  follow  the  state- 
ment just  quoted.  He  says  that  it  is  'by  no  means  common.  Sometimes 
the  fishermen  may  bring  in  from  twelve  to  twenty  amongst  a  hamper-full  of 
the  former  species.'  Similarly,  A.  O.  Walker  says  of  the  Pandalus,  'abundant 
everywhere  on  stony  ground,'  but  of  Leander  terrains,  '  stony  ground  ;  not 
abundant.'4  The  more  modern  writers  appear  to  know  nothing  of  '  sprawn  ' 
as  a  local  name  for  P.  montagui,  invariably  in  the  vernacular  calling  it  '  the 
shank.'  Professor  Herdman  supplies  the  information  that  it  '  feeds  to  a  large 
extent  on  Sabellaria  alveolata — a  worm  which  builds  up  masses  of  rock  by 
cementing  together  sand  grains — as  the  stomach  contains  usually  numerous 
setae,  occasionally  the  remains  of  the  worm  itself,'  besides  several  other  items 
of  a  miscellaneous  banquet.6  Another  prawn,  Pasiphtza  sivado  (Risso), 
belonging  not  to  the  family  Pensida?  in  which  Byerley  places  it,  but  to  the 

1  Op.  cit.  vii.  1 16,  118  (1893).  *  Op.  cit.  ix.  152  (1895).  s  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  53. 

*  Trans.  Liverp.  Bio/.  Soc.  vi.  101  (1892).  *  Ibid.  viii.  74  (1894). 

162 


CRUSTACEANS 

Pasiphaeida?,  is  made  the  subject  of  the  following  note  in  the  Fauna  of 
Liverpool,  '  This,  which  appears  to  be  a  rare  British  species,  has  been 
given  to  me  by  a  Dee  fisherman.  All  the  Hoylake  men  know  it,  and  say 
that  they  may,  on  an  average,  meet  with  one  in  a  week.  The  specimen  is  in 
the  Royal  Institution  Museum.'1  That  the  naturalist  should  prize  one  prawn 
above  another  because  it  comes  more  seldom  into  the  net,  is  a  species  of 
idolatry  or  form  of  foolishness  which  the  ordinary  fisherman  is  very  unwilling 
to  encourage.  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker  also  records  P.  sivado  from  the  '  Mouths 
of  the  Dee  and  Mersey,  scarce.'  But  if  every  fishing  boat  finds  on  an 
average  one  every  week,  the  scarcity  for  scientific  purposes  is  rather  artificial 
than  real.  From  the  shrimps  and  from  one  another  the  three  prawns  above 
named  are  easily  distinguished.  The  shrimps  alone  have  the  first  pair  of 
legs  sub-chelate,  by  which  is  meant  that  the  penultimate  joint  or  '  hand  '  is 
not  produced  into  an  elongate  process  or  '  thumb  '  more  or  less  parallel  with 
the  last  joint  or  '  finger."  The  finger  folds  down  on  the  distal  margin  of  the 
hand.  In  Pandalus  montagui  the  first  legs  are  provided  with  minute  chela?. 
In  Leander  the  nippers  are  well  developed,  and  in  Pasiphcea  they  attain  a 
conspicuous  length,  both  finger  and  thumb  being  strikingly  denticulate  along 
their  confronting  margins,  with  curved  apices  which  cross  one  another  when 
the  chela  is  closed.  This  species,  like  the  shrimps,  has  an  insignificant 
rostrum,  while  both  the  other  prawns  are  armed  with  a  long  dentate  frontal 
horn.  In  general  aspect  all  the  three  differ  among  themselves  considerably, 
owing  to  the  superior  size  of  Leander  serratus  and  the  singular  lateral 
compression  of  the  Pasiphcea.  From  the  family  Hippolytidas  Messrs.  F.  W. 
Keeble  and  F.  W.  Gamble  attribute  more  than  one  species  to  this  county. 
Part  of  their  work  on  the  colour  physiology  of  Hippolyte  variant  (Leach) 
was  done  at  the  Piel  Laboratory,  and  they  say, '  Hippolyte  variant  is  one  of  the 
few  Crustacea  which  may  be  considered  abundant  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Piel.  It  keeps  for  the  most  part  to  beds  of  weeds  below  low-water  mark, 
and  hence  its  habits  have  largely  to  be  learnt  from  specimens  in  captivity.' 
They  found  that  '  fresh  weed  or  the  dead  bodies  of  its  fellows  serve  Hippolyte  as 
food.'  In  the  Barrow  Channel,  they  say,  'Shades  of  brown  and  yellow  are  abun- 
dant, whilst  green  and  red  are  sometimes  common,  sometimes  rare.  With  the 
large  Halidrys  siliquosa  a  dark  brown  variety  is  associated ;  among  the  fine 
Polyzoon  (Bowerbankici)  which  clothes  the  lower  parts  of  the  Halidrys  stems, 
a  speckled  variety  of  Hippolyte  occurs  :  in  the  tide-pools  of  Foulney  Island  the 
green  variety,  and  it  alone,  is  found  among  the  Zostera?  As  a  result  of  their 
experiments  they  say,  '  We  have  arrived  at  the  conclusion  that  there  are  two 
colour-phases  in  Hippolyte  variant ;  one  diurnal,  the  other  nocturnal.  The 
recurrence  of  these  phases  is  to  some  extent  independent  of  the  conditions  of 
illumination,  although  the  colour  itself  may  be  profoundly  influenced  by 
varying  the  quality  and  intensity  of  the  incident  light,  and  also  by  other 
stimuli,  which  do  not  act  through  the  eye.'  Lastly  they  say,  '  The  species 
of  Crustacea  we  worked  with  have  been  kindly  identified  by  A.  O. 
Walker,  Esq.  From  the  very  limited  fauna  of  Piel  shore  it  may  be  of 
interest  to  give  the  list,  which,  however,  is  not  quite  complete.  Hippolyte 
variant  (Leach),  common,  just  below  the  level  of  ordinary  spring  tides. 
Hippolyte  fascigera  (Gosse),  a  doubtful  species;  almost  certainly  a  variety  of 

1  0P.  dt.  53. 
163 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

H.  variant.  Hippolyte  cranchii  and  Hippolyte  pusiola  (Kroyer),  less  common, 
but  occurring  with  the  foregoing.  A  species  of  My  sis  which  gave  interesting 
results  and  which  occurs  with  Hippolyte  has  been  determined  as  Mysis  neglecta 
(G.  O.  Sars).' *  These  three  or  four  species  are  too  small  to  be  of  any  direct 
commercial  importance.  The  tufts  of  hair  on  the  body  of  H.  fascigera,  to 
which  the  specific  name  alludes,  are  easily  detached,  and  when  a  specimen 
becomes  bald  there  is  apparently  nothing  left  to  distinguish  it  from  H.  variant? 
On  the  other  hand  there  are  weightier  characters  which  may  justify  the 
assignment  of  the  two  remaining  species  to  a  separate  genus.  Hippolyte^  in  the 
restricted  sense,  has  a  proper  cutting  edge  to  the  mandible,  but  no  palp,  and 
the  fifth  joint  or  '  wrist '  in  its  second  pair  of  legs  is  subdivided  into  only 
three  pieces  or  subarticulations.  In  contrast  to  this  the  genus  Spirontocaris 
(Bate)  has  a  palp  to  the  mandible,  but  the  cutting  edge  is  rudimentary,  and 
in  the  second  pair  of  legs  the  '  wrist '  is  seven-jointed.  It  is  with  these  latter 
conditions  that  H.  cranchii  and  H.  pusiola  appear  to  comply,  so  that  they 
should  rather  stand  under  the  generic  name  Spirontocaris? 

The  occurrence  of  Mysis  neglecta  introduces  us  to  the  sub-order  Schizopoda, 
or  cleft-footed  Malacostraca.  They  derive  their  name  from  a  feature  which 
is  not  exclusively  theirs,  since  trunk-legs  with  two  branches  are  to  be  found 
in  all  the  malacostracan  sub-orders.  The  family  Mysidas  is  in  one  respect 
very  peculiar,  inasmuch  as  the  members  of  it  have  no  true  branchiae. 
Mr.  Andrew  Scott,  in  his  observations  on  the  habits  and  food  of  young  fishes, 
says  that  plaice  and  flounders  ranging  from  two-fifths  to  three-fifths  of  an  inch 
in  length  make  their  diet  almost  entirely  of  Copepoda,  but  later  on  the  stomachs 
of  the  smaller  flat  fishes  '  from  one  inch  up  to  four  inches  in  length,  captured 
on  the  shores  of  our  neighbourhood,  are  usually  almost  entirely  filled  with 
Mysis,'  and  the  young  of  many  round  fishes  also  feed  on  the  same  little 
shrimp.4  For  Mysis  neglecta  the  name  Praunus  neglectus  is  to  be  preferred. 

Leaving  the  stalk-eyed  Malacostraca  we  now  pass  on  to  the  sessile-eyed 
division,  containing  three  sub-orders,  the  Sympoda,  Isopoda,  and  Amphipoda. 
The  Sympoda,  formerly  called  Cumacea,  have  characters  which  connect  them 
pretty  closely  with  the  preceding  podophthalmous  division.  In  examining 
the  food  found  in  the  various  fishes  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker  was  able  to  identify 
Pseudocuma  longicorne  (Bate),  sometimes  called  P.  cercaria  (van  Beneden),from 
plaice  and  pogge  taken  at  Morecambe,  and  Diastylis  rathkii  (Kroyer)  from 
solenette  at  Blackpool.6  The  former  of  these  species  belongs  to  the  family 
Pseudocumidas,  in  which  the  terminal  tail-piece  or  telson  is  distinct,  but  small 
and  unarmed.  The  other  species  belongs  to  the  family  Diastylidae,  which 
have  a  well-developed  telson  ending  in  two  spines.6 

The  Isopoda  of  the  county  have  not  yet  found  a  collector  with  the 
enthusiasm  which  any  thorough  and  effective  knowledge  of  this  sub-order 
imperiously  demands.  They  differ  from  all  the  rest  of  the  Malacostraca  that 
have  been  here  mentioned  by  the  position  of  the  breathing  organs.  These 
in  the  genuine  Isopoda  are  supplied  by  the  pleopods,  appendages  of  the  pleon 
or  tail,  instead  of  being  connected  (as  in  almost  all  the  other  groups)  with 

1  Trans.  Livetp.  B'tol.  Sue.  xiii.  150,  152,  153  (1899). 
3  A.  O.  Walker,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  Ser.  7,  vol.  iii.  147  (1899). 
8  Stebbing,  Hist,  of  Crustacea,  Internal.  Scientific  Ser.  Ixxiv.  234,  236  (1893). 
*  Trans.  Liverp.  Bid.  Soc.  xiii.  90,  91,  92  (1899). 

6  Op.  cit.  vii.  113,  114  (1893).  6  See  further  in  Hist,  of  Crustacea,  307,  310. 

164 


CRUSTACEANS 

appendages  that  precede  the  pleon.  Byerley  speaks  of  Limnoria  Hgnorum 
(J.  Rathke),  the  gribble,  under  the  later  and  now  discarded  name  L.terebrans, 
and  says  that  '  the  wooden  piles  of  the  Rock  lighthouse  are  completely  drilled 
by  this  species.' 1  Mr.  Andrew  Scott,  discussing  surface  collections  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  Lancashire  coast,  says  '  On  a  warm  day,  when  the  sea  is  calm, 
numbers  of  Eurydice  may  be  seen  disporting  themselves  on  the  surface.  In 
their  movements  they  are  not  unlike  the  "  whirligig  "  beetle  of  the  freshwater- 
ponds.'8  The  species  is  not  specified,  but  probably  Eurydice  achata  (Slabber), 
often  called  E.  pulchra  (Leach),  was  the  one  observed.  It  is  a  curious  cir- 
cumstance that  dead  specimens  of  this  family  when  put  into  liquid  often 
display  the  same  whirligig  movements  as  those  executed  by  the  live  animals, 
from  which  it  may  be  inferred  that,  when  the  creature  is  introduced  to  the 
surface  film  of  the  water,  the  structure  of  its  body  has  something  to  do  with 
the  mode  of  motion  independently  of  its  will.  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker  mentions 
Sphceroma  serratum  (Fabricius)  from  the  stomach  of  a  cod  at  Piel  Island,  and 
from  that  of  a  whiting  at  Morecambe,  and  Idotea  marina  (Linn.),  also  from  a 
whiting  at  Morecambe.  Though  it  does  not  seem  to  be  specially  recorded, 
the  occurrence  of  Hemiartbrus  abdominalis  (Kroyer),  so  commonly  parasitic 
beneath  the  pleon  of  Pandalus  montagui,  may  almost  be  taken  for  granted.  Of 
terrestrial  Isopoda,  or  woodlice,  strange  to  say,  I  have  only  found  a  single 
record,  that  of  Oniscus  murarius,  another  name  for  the  very  common  O.  asellus 
(Linn.),  which  Byerley  oddly  includes  among  the  '  Myriopoda,'  with  the 
unimpeachable  comment  that  it  is  '  very  abundant  about  walls,  rubbish,  and 
damp  localities.' 8 

The  Amphipoda  are  associated  with  the  Isopoda  in  classification  on 
account  of  certain  obvious  points  of  resemblance.  The  two  sub-orders, 
besides  being  alike  edriophthalmous  or  sessile-eyed,  agree  also  in  the  distinctly 
tri-partite  arrangement  of  the  body.  The  consolidation  of  head  and  trunk 
which  prevails  in  crabs  and  lobsters  here  gives  place  to  a  severance  of  the 
cephalic  division  from  a  seven-segmented  middle  body  or  perason.  The 
Sympoda  make  an  approach  to  this  arrangement  by  having  five  segments 
between  the  head  and  tail  uncovered  by  the  carapace.  It  is  these  five 
segments  which  throughout  the  Malacostraca  must  be  considered  as  normally 
leg-bearing  segments.  But  in  the  Isopoda  and  Amphipoda  the  two  pre- 
ceding segments  also  carry  legs,  instead  of  having  their  appendages,  as 
generally  elsewhere,  converted  into  mouth-organs.  In  some  respects,  however, 
the  Amphipoda  differ  greatly  from  the  Isopoda.  They  are  usually  com- 
pressed from  side  to  side  instead  of  being  dor  so- vent  rally  depressed.  The 
appendages  of  the  pleon  are  three  pairs  of  pleopods  with  rami,  as  a  rule 
flexible  and  many  jointed,  and  three  pairs  of  uropods  with  inflexible  rami, 
not  many  jointed.  In  the  Isopoda  there  are  five  pairs  of  pleopods  and  one  pair 
of  uropods,  the  flexible  many-jointed  condition  being  found  only  in  the 
uropods,  and  there  as  an  anomalous  character.  Above  all,  the  Amphipoda 
are  distinguished  by  the  simple,  or  comparatively  simple,  branchial  vesicles 
attached  to  some  limbs  of  the  peraeon,  and  by  the  forward  position 
of  the  heart,  in  contrast  to  the  Isopoda,  among  which  the  heart  (except 
in  the  anomalous  group)  is  carried  towards  the  rear  in  connection 
with  the  branchial  system  of  the  pleopods.  When  diligently  searched 

l  fauna  of  Liverpool,  56.  2  Trans.  Llverp.  Bio/.  Soc.  viii.  96  (1899).          8  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  in. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

for  the  purpose,  the  Lancashire  coast  will  probably  yield  many  more 
species  of  Amphipoda  than  can  as  yet  with  certainty  be  assigned 
to  it.  Mr.  A.  O.  Walker  records  '  Ampelisca  brevicornis  (Costa)  = 
A.  Itevigata  (Lilljeborg),'  as  taken  '  off  Southport,  10  to  20  f.,  June  '91. 
Eyes  crimson  with  a  scarlet  line  behind  them,  and  five  black  stellate  spots 
behind  that.  Lower  part  of  head  having  a  scarlet  cloud  extending  to  the 
first  epimere.  Remainder  of  body  transparent  white  with  scattered  black 
stellate  spots.  Length  13mm.'1  Of  Ampelisca  spinipes  (Boeck),  he  says, 
'  Throughout  the  L.M.B.C.  [Liverpool  Marine  Biology  Committee]  district 
in  20  to  50  fath.  Length  17  mm.  This  is  the  commonest  species  in  the 
district,  the  preceding  one  being  the  next  commonest.  I  have  little  doubt 
that  the  species  figured  as  A.  gaimardii  (Kr.)  in  the  British  Sess.-eyed  Crust,  is 
this  species,  and  not,  as  Sars  supposes,  A.  typica  (Bate).  I  have  examined 
Bate's  specimen,  in  the  British  Museum,  and  find  both  it  and  the  figure  to 
confirm  this  view.  The  relative  proportions  of  the  upper  and  lower  antennas, 
which  are  correctly  drawn,  are  alone  sufficient  to  show  that  it  cannot  be 
A.  typica.'  *  There  are,  however,  some  difficulties  in  the  way  of  accepting 
this  view,  because  it  is  Bate  himself  who  identified  the  supposed  A .  gaimardii 
with  his  own  A.  typica,  and,  though  he  was  mistaken  in  that  identification, 
it  is  tolerably  clear  that  the  description  and  figures  of  his  species  which  he 
gave  in  a  succession  of  works  refer  all  to  the  same  specimen,  though  not 
necessarily  or  even  probably  to  the  very  specimen  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.  If  it  could  be  proved  that  A.  spinipes  (Boeck)  is  the  same  species 
as  the  original  A.  typica  (Bate),  the  latter  name  by  its  earlier  date  would 
supersede  the  name  given  by  Boeck.3  From  the  stomachs  of  fishes  Mr. 
Walker  identified  the  following  amphipods,  Bathyporeia  pilosa,  in  plaice  and 
whiting  at  Morecambe  ;  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  this  was  Lindstrom's 
original  species  of  the  genus,  or  one  of  its  near  allies,  such  as  B.  pelagica 
(Bate)  ;  Pontocrates  arenarius  (Bate)  in  Agonus,  the  armed  bullhead  or  pogge, 
at  Morecambe  Bay  ;  Atylus  swammerdamii,  which  should  be  called  Nototropis 
sivammerdamei  (Milne-Edwards),  in  dab  and  whiting  at  Morecambe,  in  cod  at 
Garston  ;  Gammarus  locusta  (Linn.),  in  cod  at  Garston  ;  G.  marinus  (Leach), 
in  cod  at  Morecambe  and  Piel  Island  ;  Microprotopus  macu/atus,  Norman,  in 
plaice  and  whiting  at  Morecambe,  and  Corophium  grossipes  (Linn.),  more 
properly  called  C.  volutator  (Pallas),  in  cod  at  Piel  Island,  and  in  whiting  at 
Morecambe.4  The  same  excellent  authority  records  Lafystius  sturionis 
(Kroyer),  '  one  specimen  from  underneath  the  pectoral  fin  of  a  cod  from 
Liverpool  Bay  (Lancashire  Fisheries  Laboratories,  November,  1893),  length 
3  mm.,' B  and  says  of  Amathilla  homari  (Fabricius),  '  the  young  of  this  species 
is  one  of  the  commonest  Amphipoda  on  our  coasts  in  tidal  pools  during 
spring  and  early  summer';6  and  of  Gammarus  pulex  (de  Geer),  that  'it  is 
found  in  brooks  and  springs  up  to  700  feet  above  the  sea.  Length  16  mm.'7 
Walker  further  records  '  Podoceropsis  excavata  (Bate)  =  Nania  rimapalmata] 
8  mm.  in  length,  as  taken  off  Southport,  and  '  Undo/a  planipes,  Norman  = 

1  Trans.  Liverp.  Bio/.  Sac.  ix.  299  (1895).  *  Ibid.  p.  298. 

8  See  Bate  in   Ann.  Nat.  Hist.   (Ser.  2),  xix.  139   (1857)  ;  in  White's  Popular  Hist.  Brit.  Crust,  p.  171, 

£.  10,  fig.  4  (1857)  ;  in  Brit.   Sess.  Crust,   i.   127,  fig.   in   text  (1862)  ;  Cat.  Amphipodous  Crust.  91,  pi.  15, 
j.  i  (1862)  ;  Sars,  Crustacea  of  Norway,  i.  165,  pi.  57  (1891). 

4  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Soc.  vii.  113,  114  (1893).  &  Op.  cit.  ix.  304. 

6  Ibid.  p.  307.  7  ibid. 

166 


CRUSTACEANS 

U.  leucopis  (Kr.),  Bate  and  Westwood,'  5-5  mm.  long,  as  taken  in  10  to  20 
fathoms,  also  off  Southport.  Pariambus  typicus  (Kroyer),  formerly  called  by 
a  pre-occupied  name  Podalirius,  is  reported  as  occurring  throughout  Liverpool 
Bay  on  the  common  starfish  Asterias  rubens? 

The  Amphipoda,  as  at  present  known,  are  divided  into  three  principal 
groups — Gammaridea,  Caprellidea,  Hyperiidea.  The  first  group  is  by  far  the 
largest,  and  almost  certainly  that  from  which  the  other  two  have  branched 
off.  The  third  group  is  not  represented  in  our  list,  but  no  doubt  members 
of  it  are  sometimes  to  be  found,  floating  about  or  cast  on  the  shore,  domiciled 
in  those  '  Blebs,'  or  jelly-fishes,  of  which  Dr.  Leigh  long  ago  took  notice. 
Of  the  Caprellidea  an  example  has  just  been  mentioned  in  the  little  Pariambus, 
a  fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  very  slender,  with  the  fifth  pair  of  legs  degraded, 
and  the  pleon  almost  obsolete.  This  poor  development  of  the  tail  part  is 
characteristic  of  the  whole  group,  and  easily  explained  by  the  habits  of  the 
various  species.  It  is  all  the  more  notable  by  contrast  with  this  part  of  the 
body  in  the  other  two  groups,  where  for  different  reasons  the  pleon  is,  as  a 
rule,  particularly  conspicuous  and  important.  Whether  the  whales  which 
Dr.  Leigh  has  recorded  brought  with  them  to  Lancashire  any  of  their 
parasites,  the  Cyamidas,  is  matter  for  conjecture.  These  little  companions  of 
the  whale  belong  to  the  same  tribe  Caprellidea,  and  show  a  remarkable  agree- 
ment with  the  skeleton-shrimps  of  the  companion  family  Caprellidas,  except 
in  the  one  particular  that  they  are  much  more  substantially  built. 

The  Entomostraca  of  Lancashire,  although  as  yet  far  from  exhaustively 
investigated,  offer  already  a  rather  large  number  of  species,  in  regard  to  which 
some  brevity  of  treatment  must  be  excused.  An  outline  of  the  general 
classification  shows  three  orders — the  Branchiopoda  with  branchial  feet,  the 
Ostracoda,  shut  up  in  shell-valves,  the  Copepoda  with  rowing  feet.  Some, 
however,  of  the  Branchiopoda  have  shell-valves  like  the  Ostracoda,  while 
some  are  entirely  without  them.  Some  use  their  feet  for  rowing  like  the 
Copepoda,  but  others  have  locomotive  antennae.  One  division,  the  Bran- 
chiura,  has  been  as  it  were  tossed  to  and  fro  between  the  Branchiopoda  and 
the  Copepoda,  and,  according  to  yet  a  third  opinion,  should  be  allowed  an 
independent  position  between  them.  For  the  student  bent  upon  sorting  his 
specimens  correctly  these  facts  may  seem  unpleasantly  perplexing,  but  they 
help  to  teach  us  that  groups  in  some  respects  strangely  dissimilar  are  never- 
theless closely  united  by  bonds  of  relationship.  To  the  order  or  sub-order 
Branchiura  there  belongs  in  England  only  the  little  greenish,  almost  circular, 
fish  parasite  Argulus  foliaceus  (Linn.),  in  which  one  pair  of  maxillae  are  trans- 
formed from  jaws  into  suckers.  Mr.  Andrew  Scott  records  it  '  on  trout  from 
the  Kibble,  which  were  sent  to  University  College,  Liverpool,  for  examina- 
tion.'2 It  makes  its  meals  on  various  freshwater  fishes  and  even  on  tadpoles. 
Mr.  Charles  Branch  Wilson  observes  as  to  species  in  the  United  States  of 
America  that  '  ordinarily  the  Argulidas  roam  about  so  freely  as  to  occasion 
little  discomfort  to  their  hosts.  They  change  frequently  from  one  fish  to 
another,  and  must  of  necessity  desert  their  hosts  at  the  breeding  seasons,  since 
their  eggs  are  deposited  upon  some  convenient  surface  at  or  near  the  bottom, 
and  are  not  carried  about  with  them.  Any  fish,  therefore,  no  matter  how 
badly  it  may  be  infested,  has  a  chance  three  times  a  year  to  get  comparatively 

1  Op.  cit.  p.  313.  2  Op.  cit.  xv.  348  (1901). 

167 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

well  rid  of  its  argulid  parasites.'1  The  late  Professor  Claus,  in  reference  to 
the  similar  habits  of  European  species,  applied  to  them  the  term  '  intermittent 
parasites.'  In  his  opinion,  however,  it  is  not  so  much  breeding  as  a  surfeit 
of  feeding  that  induces  them  to  leave  their  living  tables. 

A  much  more  numerously  represented  and  more  familiar  sub-order,  the 
Cladocera  or  antlered  branchiopods,  derives  its  name  from  the  character  of 
the  second  antennas,  which  are  as  a  rule  two-branched,  with  setae  on  the 
branches  to  augment  their  swimming  power.  To  prevent  our  being  too 
presumptuously  sure  of  anything,  nature  is  fond  of  introducing  unexpected 
exceptions.  Accordingly,  there  is  one  very  singular  member  of  this  group, 
Holopedium  gibberum  (Zaddach),  reported  by  Mr.  Conrad  Beck  from  Lake 
Windermere,2  in  which  the  female  has  the  second  antennas  not  branched 
but  simple.  This  species  belongs  to,  and  in  fact  of  itself  in  this  county 
constitutes,  the  family  Holopediidas,  having  the  animal  remarkably  clothed 
in  a  very  large  gelatinous  involucre.  The  remaining  records  belong  to  a 
different  section  of  the  Cladocera  and  are  distributed  among  three  families. 
All  the  names  appear  to  have  been  supplied  to  Byerley  by  Mr.  W.  H. 
Weightman,  whose  notices  will  be  quoted,  with  occasional  comments  made 
necessary  by  changes  in  technical  nomenclature  since  Byerley's  work  was 
published.  The  accepted  authority  for  each  species  is  also  here  appended, 
there  being  a  fair  general  probability  that  the  specific  names  given  by 
Mr.  Weightman  were  correctly  identified.  In  the  family  Daphniidas,  we 
have  Daphnia  pulex  (de  Geer),  '  in  various  ponds  and  ditches;  sometimes, 
when  of  a  red  colour  and  very  numerous,  giving  the  water  quite  a  blood-like 
tinge';  D.  -vetula,  now  called  Simosa  vefu/a  (O.  F.  Miiller),  'occasionally  met 
with  both  in  Wirral  and  Lancashire :  in  ponds  at  Litherland  and  Scaris- 
brick';  D.  rotunda,  now  Ceriodaphnia  rotunda  (Strauss),  from  'ponds  in 
Lancashire.'  In  the  family  Bosminidae,  Bosmina  longirostris  (O.  F.  Miiller) 
has  been  observed  '  in  the  brook  that  divides  Seaforth  from  Litherland.'  In 
the  family  Chydoridas,  often  erroneously  called  Lynceidae,  Mr.  Weightman 
thus  notices  the  little  universally  distributed  Chydorus  spharicus  (O.  F. 
Miiller):  'Pond  near  Woodchurch,  June,  1852.  Has  bred  freely  in  my 
Vallisneria  jar. — Pond  at  Roby.'  On  Acroperus  nanus,  now  Alonella  nana 
(Baird),  the  remark  is  made,  '  Mr.  Weightman  met  with  one  specimen  at 
Aintree  bearing  much  resemblance  to  this  species,  but  larger  than  it  is 
described  in  Baird's  work.'  He  found  Alona  quadrangular  is  (O.  F.  Miiller) 
'in  the  Litherland  neighbourhood';  Pleuroxus  trigonellus  (O.  F.  Miiller) 
'  tolerably  plentiful  in  the  same  pond  with  the  last  species,  but  none  of  the 
specimens  were  striated  as  in  Baird's  British  Entomostraca ' ;  Peracantha 
truncata  (O.  F.  Miiller),  at  'Waterloo,  October,  i85i.'s  The  ephippium 
or  case  in  which  the  winter  egg  of  Bosmina  longirostris  is  sheltered  during  its 
resting  stage  has  recently  been  described  by  Mr.  D.  J.  Scourfield,  and  shown 
to  differ  in  some  respects  from  the  better  known  ephippium  of  the 
Daphniidas.4 

A  few  Ostracoda  are  catalogued  by  Mr.  Weightman  as  belonging  to  this 
county.  He  names  Cypris  monacha  from  Waterloo,  C.  minuta  from  Roby, 

1  Bulletin  of  the  Bureau  of  Fisheries,  Washington,  1904,  xxiv.  1 18. 

3  Journ.  R.  Microscopical  Soc.  (Ser.  2),  iii.  780  (1883).  8  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  53,  54. 

4  Journ.  Quekett  Microscopical  Club  (Ser.  z),  viii.  51  (1901). 

168 


CRUSTACEANS 

C.  elliptica  from  ponds  in  Lancashire,  and  Candona  reptans  as  found  at  Scaris- 
brick,1  all  these  being,  like  his  Cladocera,  freshwater  species.  The  first  of 
them  is  now  called  Notodromas  monac ha  (O.  F.  Miiller).  Cyprisminuta  (Baird) 
is  recognised  as  a  synonym  of  Cyclocypris  faevis  (O.  F.  Miiller)  ;  C.  elliptica 
(Baird)  retains  its  name,  but  Baird's  Candona  reptans  has  been  transferred  to 
the  genus  Erpetocypris  (Brady  and  Norman),  its  generic  and  its  specific  name 
now  alike  pointing  to  the  fact  that  this  species  has  lost  the  power  of  swimming, 
and  is  content  to  crawl  and  creep.  Cypris  obliqua  (Brady)  has  been  taken  by 
Dr.  Brady  in  High  Cross  Tarn,  Coniston.8  All  the  preceding  species  belong 
to  the  family  Cypridids.  In  the  family  Cytheridae,  Lancashire  has  several 
species  of  the  genus  Cythere  (O.  F.  Miiller),  namely,  C.  lutea  (Miiller)  from 
Scarphole  Scar,  near  Duddon  ;  C.  pellucida  (Baird),  described  by  Brady  and 
Norman  as  essentially  a  brackish-water  species,  obtained  by  Mr.  Andrew  Scott 
at  Piel ;  C,  gibbosa  (Brady  and  Robertson)  from  the  same  locality  ;  and 
C.  Robertsoni  (Brady)  from  the  mussel  beds  at  Morecambe.  Cytheridea  elongata 
(Brady)  was  obtained  at  Morecambe  by  Scott,  and  C.  torosa  (Rupert  Jones)  by 
Dr.  Norman  at  Crossens.8  Loxoconcha  impressa  (Baird)  is  recorded  by  Scott 
from  Piel ;  L.  guttata  (Norman)  from  Morecambe  ;  L.  tamarindus  (R.  Jones) 
from  Piel  and  Duddon  ;  this  species  having  been  also  earlier  supplied  to  Brady 
by  Mr.  E.  C.  Davison  from  the  River  Ribble.4  Cytherura  sella  (Sars)  is 
reported  by  Scott  from  Piel  and  Morecambe  ;  C.  striata  (Sars)  from  More- 
cambe ;  C.  angulata  (Brady)  from  Piel ;  C.  nigrescent  (Baird)  from  Piel  ; 
C.  cellulosa  (Norman)  from  Morecambe.  Cytheropteron  latissimum  (Norman) 
is  recorded  by  Brady  as  found  by  E.  C.  Davison  '  in  shell-sand  from  the  River 
Ribble,'6  and  C.  humile  (Brady  and  Norman),  described  by  those  authors  as  'a 
most  remarkable  little  species,  on  account  of  the  excessive  width  as  compared 
with  the  height,' 6  is  recorded  by  A.  Scott  from  near  Piel.  Sclerocbilus  con- 
tortus  (Norman)  was  found  by  Scott  in  the  mussel  beds  of  Piel,  Duddon,  and 
Morecambe  ;  Cytheridea  subulata  (Brady)  at  Piel  ;  and  of  the  family  (or  sub- 
family) Paradoxostomatidas  the  same  author  has  found  Paradoxostoma  variabile 
(Baird)  at  Duddon,  and  at  Piel  P.  abbreviation  (Sars),  and  P.flexuosum  (Brady). 
All  these  species  belong  to  the  section  of  the  Ostracoda  called  Podocopa,  a  tribe 
in  which  there  is  no  heart.  The  species  obtained  by  Mr.  A.  Scott  from  the 
mussel  beds  at  Piel,  Duddon,  and  Morecambe  were  identified  for  him  by  his 
father,  the  veteran  expert  in  Entomostraca,  Dr.  Thomas  Scott,  LL.D.,  F.L.S.7 
On  some  of  them  Mr.  Andrew  Scott  has  since  published  remarks  of  his  own. 
Of  Cythere  pellucida  (Baird)  he  says  :  '  This  form  is  very  abundant,  especially 
during  the  summer  months,  on  the  muddy  sandy  flats  along  the  coast  ;  common 
on  the  mud  flats  near  Piel  practically  throughout  the  year.'  Of  C.  porcellanea 
(Brady)  he  says  :  '  Usually  associated  with  C.  pellucida ;  some  care  has  to  be 
taken  in  identifying  the  two  forms  owing  to  the  amount  of  variation  that 
occurs  amongst  the  two  species  ;  in  the  same  locality  as  the  last.'  Upon 
C.  gibbosa  (Brady  and  Robertson)  he  remarks  :  '  This  ostracod  is  frequently 
found  in  gatherings  from  the  mud  flats  left  dry  by  the  receding  tide ;  associated 
with  C.  pellucida  and  C.  porcellanea^  but  is  easily  distinguished  from  either  of 

1  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  54.  »  Trans.  Royal  Dublin  Soc.  (Ser.  3),  iv.  77  (1889). 

3  Op.  cit.  p.  175.  *  Monograph  of  British  Ostracoda,  Trans.  Linn.  Sue.  Lond.  xxvi.  436  (1868). 

6  Op.  cit.  p.  448.  «  Trans.  Royal  Dublin  Soc.  (Ser.  z),  iv.  220. 

7  Trans.  Liverp.  Bio/.  Soc.  x.  127-131  (1896). 

I  169  22 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

these  species  :  in  tidal  pools  near  Piel.'1  Discussing  Cytheropteron  humile 
(Brady  and  Norman)  Mr.  Scott  writes  :  '  Many  specimens  of  this  remarkable 
little  ostracod  are  found  by  washing  water-logged  and  decayed  wood  in  weak 
spirit,  and  examining  the  sediment.  My  father,  who  first  found  the  species  in 
material  dredged  in  the  Clyde,  tells  me  that  he  always  finds  it  when  examining 
the  sediment  washed  from  old  wood  brought  up  in  the  trawl  net,  and  remarks 
that  it  seems  to  be  partial  to  that  kind  of  habitat.  In  water-logged  wood 
burrowed  by  wood-boring  Crustacea,  collected  between  tide  marks  in  Barrow 
Channel,  near  Piel,  April  i8th,  1901.'  The  wood-boring  Crustacea  noticed  in 
this  passage  would  no  doubt  be  the  isopod  Limnoria  lignorum  (J.  Rathke)  and 
the  amphipod  Chelura  terebrans  (Philippi). 

.  From  the  minute  forms  of  the  Ostracoda,  self-contained  in  a  kind  of 
natural  boxes  which  they  are  able  to  close  tightly  over  all  their  appendages, 
we  now  pass  to  the  much  more  showy  Copepoda.  These,  however,  attain  to 
no  majesty  of  size,  and,  except  in  some  of  the  parasitic  species,  are  as  a  rule 
diminutive.  But  there  is  a  vast  variety  among  them,  sometimes  great  beauty 
of  microscopic  adornment,  and  no  doubt  some  of  the  species  attain  to  con- 
siderable economic  importance  by  the  dense  masses  of  individuals  with  which 
they  populate  some  waters.  As  to  the  strictly  freshwater  denizens  of  this 
county,  it  happens  that  the  records  are  rather  scanty,  the  attention  of  local 
investigators  having  been  for  the  time  principally  fixed  upon  the  marine 
fauna.  The  chief  specialists  on  this  group  are  not  entirely  unanimous  as 
to  the  principles  on  which  its  internal  classification  should  be  based,  and 
for  the  moment  the  lines  which  the  leading  authorities  propose  to  follow  are 
not  completely  mapped  out.  In  arranging  the  order  of  our  local  species  we 
are  therefore  unable  to  follow  any  single  guide,  but  must  be  content  with  a 
systematic  framework  as  harmonious  as  the  indications  already  divulged  allow 
us  to  make  it.  The  family  Calanidae  has  recently  been  much  subdivided  by 
Professor  Sars.  Accepted  in  the  wider  extension  allowed  it  by  Giesbrecht 
and  Schmeil,8  it  supplies  Lancashire  with  one  of  the  smallest  known  Calanids, 
Paracalanus  parvus  (Claus),  from  the  mussel  beds  at  Piel,3  and  with  Stepbos 
gyrans  (Giesbrecht),  obtained  by  Mr.  A.  Scott  'amongst  material  collected  in 
Laminaria  bed,  near  Piel,  at  a  very  low  ebb.'  *  Mr.  I.  C.  Thompson  speaks 
of  '  Pseudocalanus  elongatus  (Baird)  '  as  'very  common  throughout  the  district, 
and  seldom  absent  in  any  tow-net  gathering.'6  The  name  should  properly 
read  Pseudocalanus  elongatus  (Boeck).  It  is  right  to  mention  that  the  late 
Mr.  I.  C.  Thompson,  F.L.S.,  applied  himself  with  enthusiastic  industry  to 
investigating  the  marine  Copepoda  not  only  of  this  county  but  of  all  the  neigh- 
bouring waters,  and  that  his  labours  have  been  supplemented  in  the  same 
productive  field  by  a  worthy  coadjutor  and  successor,  Mr.  Andrew  Scott,  A.L.S. 
Among  the  numerous  species  brought  to  light  by  their  researches  I  propose 
as  a  rule  to  introduce  to  the  readers  of  this  chapter  only  those  which  have 
been  definitely  assigned  to  Lancashire  localities,  with  merely  an  occasional 
reference  to  those  spoken  of  in  general  terms  as  belonging  to  the  district. 

The  family  Diaptomida?,  corresponding  with  the  Centropagidas  of  Gies- 
brecht and  Schmeil,  may  be  credited  here  with  at  least  four  species,  namely, 
Diaptomus  castor  (Jurine),  of  which  '  Mr.  Weightman  met  with  specimens  of 

1  Op.  cit.  xv.  347  (1901).  s  DM  Tierrelch,  '  Copepoda  Gymnoplea'  (1898). 

8  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Sac.  x.  127.  4  Op.  cit.  xv.  348  (1901).  6  Op.  cit.  vii.  181  (1893). 

170 


CRUSTACEANS 

a  green  variety  at  Roby  in  August  and  September,  1851  ;  and  a  male  of  a 
very  large  green  variety  from  a  ditch  near  Seaforth :  it  was  very  distinct  from 
that  caught  at  Roby,  and  much  more  beautiful';1  D.  hircus  (Brady),  of 
which  the  author,  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady,  F.R.S.,  remarks,  '  I  took  a  few  specimens 
only  of  this,  which  appears  to  be  a  quite  distinct  species,  in  Goat  Water,  a 
tarn  lying  at  a  considerable  elevation  on  the  side  of  Coniston  Old  Man  '  ; 2 
femora  longicornis  (O.  F.  Miiller)  from  the  mussel  beds  at  Piel,  a  species  of 
which  Sars  observes  that  '  it  moves  in  a  peculiar  revolving  manner,  and  this 
seems  to  be  the  case  with  all  the  members  of  this  genus '  ; s  and  Eurytemora 
affinis  (Poppe),  of  which  Temorella  affinis  (Claus)  is  a  synonym,  noticed  by 
Mr.  Thompson  in  the  following  terms  :  '  Length  1-75  mm.  A  large  number 
of  this  species  were  taken  by  tow-net  off  the  sand-banks  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey  in  1886.  It  was  not  subsequently  recorded  in  the  district  until  1891, 
when  the  filter-beds  of  the  Bootle  Corporation  baths  were  found  to  be  swarm- 
ing with  it.  Mr.  Ascroft  has  since  sent  me  specimens  found  in  tidal  pools  at 
Lytbam.  The  males  I  have  found  are  conspicuous  by  the  number  of  sper- 
matophores  attached  to  them.'4  In  1894  Mr.  Ascroft  found  this  species 
filling  the  stomachs  of  fishes  only  half  an  inch  long.6 

The  family  Cyclopidas  appeals  in  this  county  for  further  research.  At 
present  it  claims  the  vague  Cyclops  quadricornis,  of  which  the  Fauna  of  Liverpool 6 
says  in  general  terms :  '  Common  in  most  ponds  and  ditches  ;  all  the  varieties 
are  met  with'  ;  C.  abyssorun  (G.  O.  Sars),  reported  by  Brady  as  'taken  in 
gatherings  made  by  the  deep  net  in  Windermere  and  Coniston  Water,  but 
by  no  means  plentiful';7  C.  scourfieldi  (Brady),  of  which  the  same  author 
says,  '  My  first  knowledge  of  this  species  was  ....  derived  from  specimens 
which  I  took  myself  by  moonlight  in  the  surface-net  at  Coniston,  in  August, 
1883  ;  in  this  gathering  it  occurred  in  considerable  numbers,  as  also  in  a 
subsequent  daylight  surface-gathering  from  the  same  lake ' ; 8  and  recently 
he  writes  :  '  The  form  described  by  me  years  ago  under  the  specific  name 
scourfieldi  has  been  identified  by  other  authors  (Lilljeborg,  Herrick,  Schmeil) 
with  C.  kuckarti  (Claus).  I  am  doubtful  as  to  the  correctness  of  this  identifi- 
cation :  both  Schmeil  and  Herrick  figure,  with  differences,  peculiar  pellucid 
marginal  lamina?  on  the  last  two  joints  of  the  larger  antennas.  I  have  been 
unable  to  detect  any  such  structure  in  my  British  specimens  of  C.  scourfieldi, 
neither  does  it  exist  in  the  Natal  specimens  nor  in  others  from  Ceylon,  which 
I  refer  to  the  same  species.' 9  From  these  remarks  the  student  will  readily 
infer  that  a  very  close  attention  to  details  is  exacted  by  the  requirements  of 
modern  classification.  The  distribution  too  of  a  minute  freshwater  species 
over  several  continents,  though  by  no  means  unexampled,  may  still  excite 
some  surprise.  Concerning  '  Cyclops  magnoctavus  (Cragin)  '  Mr.  Thompson 
says  :  '  One  or  two  specimens  of  this  brackish  species  were  found  along  with 
quantities  of  Temorella  affinis  and  Tachidius  brevicornis  in  tow-net  gatherings 
sent  to  me  by  Mr.  Ascroft,  taken  by  him  in  low-water  marine  pools  at 
Lytham.  It  is  evident  that  a  considerable  amount  of  fresh  water  finds  its 
way  into  the  Lytham  pools.' 10  This  C.  magnoctavus  is  now  regarded  as  a 

1  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  55.  »  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb.  etc.  xi.  pt.  i.  101  (1891). 

8  Crustacea  of  Norway,  iv.  98  (1903).  4  Trans.  L'werp.  Biol.  Soc.  vii.  182. 

6  Op.  cit.  ix.  107.  6  Op.  cit.  p.  55.  1  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumb.  etc.,  xi.  pt.  i.  74. 

8  Ibid.  p.  76.  »  Proc.  Zoo/.  Soc.  Ltmd.  ii.  122  (1904).  10  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Soc.  ix.  99. 

171 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

synonym  of  C.  prasinus  (Fischer).  In  1893  Mr.  Thompson  described  a  new 
species  under  the  name  Cyclops  marinus,  of  which  he  says  :  '  Two  specimens 
only,  both  females,  were  dredged  in  20  fathoms,  about  20  miles  out  from 
Southport  Pier.'1  The  name  is  preoccupied  by  C.  marinus,  Prestandrea,  1833, 
a  species  now  transferred  to  the  genus  Euchata.  Apart  from  the  accident 
of  preoccupation,  the  name  chosen  by  Thompson  is  in  conflict  with  the 
opinion  of  Dr.  Giesbrecht,  whom  I  consulted  on  the  subject,  and  who  at  a 
recent  date  still  refused  to  believe  that  any  species  of  Cyclops  hitherto 
described  could  be  relied  on  as  exclusively  marine.  The  settlement  of  this 
point  may  be  commended  to  the  further  attention  of  Lancashire  naturalists. 

The  Arpacticidae,  in  the  wider  sense  of  the  term,  have  been  variously 
divided  up  into  numerous  sub-families  or  families,  with  which  it  would  be 
inexpedient  here  to  concern  ourselves.  Distributed  over  these  minor  divisions 
are  the  following  Lancashire  species  :  Arpacticus  chelifer  (O.  F.  Miiller)  is 
recorded  by  A.  Scott  from  the  mussel  beds  at  Piel  ;  Canuella  perplexa  (T.  and 
A.  Scott)  from  the  mussel  beds  alike  of  Piel,  of  Duddon,  and  of  Morecambe  ; 
Longipedia  minor  (T.  and  A.  Scott)  from  the  mussel  beds  of  Morecambe.3 
With  regard  to  Sunaristes  paguri  (Hesse)  Mr.  A.  Scott  writes :  '  This  rather 
peculiar  and  interesting  species  was  obtained  by  washing  the  shells  of  Buccinum 
inhabited  by  the  hermit  crabs,  Pagurus  bernhardus,  collected  in  the  trawl-nets 
of  the  steamer  while  working  in  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey  estuary  on  the 
23d  of  July,  1895.  It  seems  to  be  a  comparatively  rare  species,  and  so  far 
as  is  known  this  is  only  the  third  time  it  has  been  found  in  British  waters. 
From  our  present  knowledge  of  its  distribution  it  appears  to  be  confined  to 
areas  having  large  volumes  of  brackish  water  passing  over  the  bottom,  and 
has  not  been  found  in  pure  sea-water.'  Dr.  T.  Scott  has  pointed  out  the 
relationship  between  this  genus  and  Longipedia  and  Canuella?  and  recently 
his  son  has  described  additional  species  of  Sunaristes  from  the  Indian  Ocean. 
Mr.  Thompson  reports  several  specimens  of  Ectinosoma  normani  (T.  and 
A.  Scott)  as  obtained  by  the  latter  in  material  from  Barrow  Channel, 
collected  by  Professor  Herdman,  adding  that  '  when  fresh  this  species  has 
a  brilliant  red  spot  on  the  lower  angles  of  the  cephalothorax,  and  in  this 
respect  it  agrees  with  E.  erythrops  (Brady).'4  E.  curticorne  (Boeck)  is  reported 
by  A.  Scott  from  mussel  beds  at  Piel  and  Morecambe,  and  from  stomachs 
of  young  dabs  at  Blackpool.5  Bradya  minor  (T.  and  A.  Scott),  reported  from 
mussel  beds  at  Morecambe,  has  been  transferred  by  Sars  to  a  new  genus, 
Pseudobradya?  Euterpe  acutifrons  (Dana)  from  Piel,  Tachidius  brevicornis 
(O.  F.  Miiller)  from  Duddon,  Idya  furcata  (Baird)  from  Piel  and  Morecambe, 
are  due  to  the  mussel  beds,  but  as  to  Tacbidius  brevicornis,  under  a  thirtieth 
of  an  inch  long,  Mr.  Thompson  should  also  be  quoted.  He  says  :  '  Length, 
o'Somm.  A  brackish  water  species  :  we  have  taken  it  in  quantity  from 
material  sent  by  Mr.  Dwerryhouse  from  a  brackish  tributary  of  the  Mersey 
at  Hale.'7  He  adds  that  the  broad  square  fifth  feet  of  the  female  serve  to 
distinguish  it.  In  describing  a  new  species,  Idya  elongata,  Mr.  A.  Scott 

1  Op.  cit.  vii.  1 88. 

*  It  will  perhaps  suffice  to  give  here  a  general  reference  for  the  species  recorded  by  Mr.  Andrew  Scott  to 
his  papers  in  the  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Soc.  x.  127-131,  134-158  (1896),  and  vol.  xv.  348-351. 

8  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (Ser.  6),  xx.  489  (1897).  4  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Soc.  ix.  100. 

6  Op.  cit.  ix.  109.  '  Crustacea  of  Norway,  v.  40  (1904). 

7  Trans.  Liverf.  Biol.  Soc.  vii.  192  (1893). 

172 


CRUSTACEANS 

remarks  that  only  a  few  specimens  were  obtained  *  from  the  mud  collected 
on  the  mussel  beds  between  Morecambe  and  Heysham,'  and  that  the  elongate 
form  of  the  animal,  the  short  first  antennas  and  the  small  fifth  feet  are  among 
its  distinctive  characters.  Idya  minor  (T.  and  A.  Scott)  was  taken  by  the 
latter  at  a  very  low  ebb  near  Piel.  Thalestris  harpactoides  (Claus)  has  been 
found  at  Duddon  by  A.  Scott  ;  Canthocampus  minutus  Qurine)  by  Weightman 
at  Seaforth.1  C.  palustris  (Brady)  is  thus  noticed  by  Scott  :  '  A  considerable 
number  of  specimens  of  a  copepod  apparently  belonging  to  this  species 
were  washed  from  mud  adhering  to  samples  of  mussels  (Mytilus  edulis] 
sent  from  the  St.  Anne's  mussel  beds  near  Lytham  ;  one  of  the  samples 
was  from  that  part  of  the  beds  which  never  becomes  dry  at  low  water,  and 
was  obtained  by  means  of  a  "  mussel  rake  "  '  ;  the  specimens,  it  is  added, 
'  differ  a  little  from  the  figures  given  by  Dr.  Brady.' 2  Thompson  reports 
Mesochra  lilljeborgii  (Boeck)  as  '  found  in  mud  taken  in  a  brackish  tribu- 
tary of  the  Mersey  at  Hale  '  ;  Paramesochra  dubia  (Scott),  '  in  mud  collected 
by  Mr.  Corbin  from  the  Duddon  cockle  beds  at  the  mouth  of  the  River 
Duddon,  near  Barrow';  T'etragoniceps  bradyi  (Scott),  'found  only  at  same 
times  and  habitat  as  the  last  named  species  ' ;  and  Cletodes  linearis  (Claus), '  in 
mud  from  Hale  shore  taken  at  low  water.' 8  C.  propinquus  (Brady  and 
Robertson)  is  reported  by  A.  Scott  from  Piel  and  Morecambe  ;  Laophonte 
serrata  (Claus)  and  L.  lamellifera  (Claus)  from  Piel  ;  L.  curticauda  ( Boeck) 
from  Duddon  ;  L.  intermedia  (T.  Scott)  from  Duddon  and  Morecambe. 
De/ava/ia  palustris  (Brady)  is  reported  from  Duddon  by  Scott,  and  from  Hale 
by  Thompson,  who  speaks  of  it  as  a  mud-loving  species,  of  which  the  male  is 
very  rare.  Jonesiella  hycence  (I.  C.  Thompson)  has  been  found  at  Ulverston 
in  the  stomach  of  a  young  dab,4  but,  as  Sars  has  pointed  out,  the  dab  of  the 
future  must  be  entreated  to  consume  it  under  the  earlier  generic  name  of 
Danielssenia  (Boeck).6  Ameira  exigua  (T.  Scott)  has  been  found  by  A.  Scott  in 
the  mussel  beds  at  Piel.  A.  exilis  (T.  and  A.  Scott)  is  noted  by  Thompson, 
who  writes  :  '  This  slender  and  characteristic  species  was  taken  amongst 
material  collected  from  holes  dug  in  the  soft  mud  near  the  remains  of  the  old 
steamboat  pier,  Piel;  not  uncommon;  March,  1899.'  He  also  names 
Stenhelia  intermedia  (T.  Scott)  as  taken  '  in  the  same  locality  as  the  last  ; 
August,  1898  ;  rare."  Concerning  Nannopus  palustris  (Brady),  Mr.  A.  Scott 
writes  :  '  Several  specimens  of  this  species  were  obtained  in  the  mud  collected 
from  the  Fleetwood  oyster  beds.  It  seems  to  be  a  brackish  water  species, 
and  in  general  appearance  is  very  like  PlatycJielipus  littoralis,  another  brackish 
water  copepod  ;  it  can  be  distinguished  from  that  species,  however,  even 
without  dissecting,  by  making  an  examination  of  the  fifth  pair  of  feet  and 
also  of  the  inner  branches  of  the  third  and  fourth  pairs  of  feet.  Nannopus 
palustris  has  two  ovisacs  and  Platyclielipus  littoralis  one  only.'  Of  P.  littoralis 
(Brady)  Mr.  Thompson  had  earlier  reported  that  '  this  striking  species  occurs 
in  abundance  in  mud  taken  at  low  water '  at  Hale  and  various  other  places, 
males  and  females  being  about  equally  plentiful.7 

We  now  leave  the  Arpacticida?,  and  must  pause  over  only  a  few  of  the 
remaining  species,  many  of  which  are  semi-parasitic  or  wholly  parasitic,  and 

1  fauna  of  Liverpool,  55.  «  Trans.  Liverp.  Bio/.  Soc.  x.  140.  »  Op.  cit.  vii.  197,  zoo. 

*  Op.  cit.  ix.  109.  6  Annuaire  Mus.  Zoo/.  Acad.  Infer.  St.  Petersburg,  Jana  Exped.  p.  21  (1898). 

6  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Sac.  xiv.  140  (1900).  1  Op.  cit.  vii.  201. 

'73 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

carry  with  their  variations  and  abnormalities  proportionate  difficulties  of 
description  and  classification.  Writing  in  1893  Mr.  Thompson  entered  in 
his  list  Lichomolgus  agilis  (Scott),  remarking,  'This  species  was  recently 
described  by  Scott  (Ann.  and  Mag.  of  Nat.  Hist.,  Sept.,  1892),  who  found 
it  plentiful  in  the  shell  of  the  cockle  (Cardium  edule)  in  specimens  from 
Morecambe,  Lancashire,  and  from  the  Firth  of  Forth.  Upon  examining 
fresh  cockles  of  our  district,  I  find  several  specimens  of  this  active  little 
Copepod  in  every  bivalve  opened.  They  may  be  readily  found  by  carefully 
taking  up  the  water  contained  in  the  shell  by  means  of  a  camelhair  brush  and 
washing  it  into  water  contained  in  a  watchglass  under  the  microscope,  when 
they  will  probably  be  seen  actively  darting  about.' T  In  a  later  volume,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Thompson  reported  that  '  Lichomolgus  (Doridicola]  agilis  (Leydig) 
was  found  in  the  bottom  of  a  tow-net,  Morecambe  Bay,  May,  1894,'  and  in  a 
subsequent  reference  to  the  occurrence  of  this  species  in  another  locality  he 
observes,  '  This  is  not  the  Lichomolgus  agilis  of  T.  and  A.  Scott  referred  to  in 
the  First  Report  as  having  been  found  in  the  cockles.  The  latter  species  is 
identical  with  Hermanella  rostrata  (Canu),  a  species  which  was  described  and 
published  a  short  time  before  the  figures  and  description  by  T.  and  A.  Scott 
appeared.'3  Canu's  genus  was  apparently  spelt  Hermannella  in  1891,  and 
certainly  Herrmannella  in  1892,  not  Hermanella  as  Thompson  writes  it.  Of 
Lichomolgus  birsutipes  (T.  Scott)  Thompson  says,  '  This  well-marked  species 
was  obtained  from  collections  made  in  the  Zostera  beds  near  Piel '  ;  of 
Hersiliodes  littoralis  (T.  Scott),  that  it  '  occurred  sparingly  in  gatherings  made 
on  the  mud  flats  near  Piel '  ;  and  of  Nicothoe  astaci  (Audouin  and  Milne- 
Edwards),  that  this  'peculiar  parasitic  Copepod,  which  has  all  its  appendages 
fully  developed,  is  found  occasionally  in  considerable  numbers  on  the  branchiae 
of  the  common  lobster  caught  on  our  coasts  ;  we  have  noted  its  occurrence 
on  lobsters  from  Holyhead,  Port  Erin,  and  Piel  ;  the  wing-like  projections 
of  the  fourth  thoracic  segment  give  it  an  unusual  appearance.' 3  It  may  be 
looked  upon  as  the  familiar  spirit  of  the  lobster  ;  and  those  who  would  deprive 
the  lobster  of  its  proper  generic  name  Astacus,  commit  an  outrage  upon  the 
old-standing  designation  of  this  interesting  little  entomostracan,  its  attached 
companion.  Mr.  Andrew  Scott  records  Modiolicola  insignis,  Aurivillius,  living 
as  a  messmate  within  the  mouth  of  the  '  horse  mussel,'  Mytilus  modulus.  He 
relates  that  '  a  number  of  specimens  were  found  in  the  examples  of  this 
Mollusc  which  were  brought  up  in  the  trawl-net  of  the  steamer  while 
working  in  the  vicinity  of  the  north  end  of  "  the  Hole,"  on  March  23rd,  1895,' 
and  adds  that  '  this  appears  to  be  a  widely  distributed  species  of  Copepod,  its 
range  being  probably  co-extensive  with  that  of  the  Mollusc.'  As  he  assigns 
the  species  to  the  family  Sapphirinidae,  Thorell,  it  may  be  convenient  to 
notice  that  Canu  places  it  along  with  Lichomolgus  and  Herrmannella  in  the 
Lichomolgidas,  allotting  Hersiliodes  and  Nicothoe  to  the  Hersiliidas  *  (now 
preferably  known  as  Clausidiidas).  Giesbrecht  thinks  that  the  perplexing 
Nicotboe  might  find  rest  in  a  sub-family  of  its  own  among  the  Asterocherida?.6 
In  the  family  Ascomyzontidas,  A.  Scott  in  1896  described  the  new  species 
Ascomyzon  thompsoni,  first  obtained  off  the  Isle  of  Man,  but  of  which  he  says  : 

1  Loc.  cit.  p.  207.  »  Op.  cit.  ix.  pp.  102,  1 60. 

8  Loc.  cit.  p.  143.  *  Les  Cop'epodes  du  Boulonnais,  pp.  238,  248  (1892). 

6  Fauna  und  flora  des  Golfts  von  Neapel,  Mon.  25,  p.  57  (1899). 

'74 


CRUSTACEANS 

'  A  number  of  specimens  have  since  been  found  in  material  washed  from 
Ophiuroids  (Ophioglypha  and  Qphiothrix)  taken  in  the  trawl-net  off  Blackpool, 
and  sent  to  us  by  Mr.  Ascroft.'  He  further  remarks  that  '  This  species  is 
readily  distinguished  from  the  other  members  of  the  Ascomyzontida?  by  the 
almost  oval  outline  of  the  cephalothorax,  and  on  dissection,  by  the  structure 
of  the  mandible  palp  and  maxillas  ;  the  stout  seta  on  the  larger  lobe  of  the 
maxillas  appears  to  be  a  well  marked  character.' 

For  the  fish  parasites  among  the  Copepoda  of  this  county  the  arrange- 
ment adopted  by  Mr.  P.  W.  Bassett-Smith,  R.N.,  F.Z.S.,  may  suitably  be 
followed.1  In  the  family  Ergasilida?  stands  Bomolocbus  solece  (Claus),  reported  by 
Mr.  A.  Scott,  '  From  small  cod  caught  in  Barrow  Channel,'  with  the  remarks 
that  '  A  number  of  specimens  of  this  copepod  can  usually  be  found  by  pressing 
the  nostrils  of  cod,  so  that  mucus,  etc.,  may  be  ejected:  the  mucus  is  then 
placed  in  a  drop  of  water,  and  the  copepods,  if  present,  are  easily  seen  :  the 
females  have  two  large  white  egg  sacs.'8  The  family  Caligidas  comprises 
C aligns  minimus  (Otto),  '  frequent  in  the  mouth  of  the  Bass  (Labrax  lupus], 
caught  in  Barrow  Channel,  August,  1900';  C.  brevicaudatus  (A.  Scott), 
'  inside  the  mouth  of  the  Common  Gurnard  (Trig/a  gurnardus),  caught  in  the 
vicinity  of  Piel,  August,  1901,'  and  distinguished  in  the  genus  by  'the  ex- 
tremely short  abdomen  and  caudal  stylets,'  as  also  by  *  the  fourth  pair  of  feet, 
the  exopodite  of  which  is  very  slender' ;  Pseudocaligus  bre-vipedis  (Bassett-Smith), 
of  which  a  number  of  specimens  '  were  found  inside  the  operculum  of  a 
three-bearded  Rockling  (Onus  tricirratus]  caught  in  Barrow  Channel,'  the 
new  genus  being  characterized  by  Mr.  Andrew  Scott  as  having  '  Fourth  pair 
of  feet  very  rudimentary,  almost  obsolete,  consisting  of  a  basal  portion  only ; 
no  exopodite  as  in  Caligus' ;  Lepeopbtheirus pollacbii  (Bassett-Smith),  '  attached 
to  the  inside  of  the  mouth  of  Pollack  (Gadus  pollachius),  caught  on  the  off- 
shore stations  between  Lancashire  and  Isle  of  Man  ' ;  L.  pectoralis  (O.  F. 
Miiller),  of  which  a  very  elaborate  study  has  been  made  by  Mr.  A.  Scott, 
using  chiefly  specimens  from  flounders  (Pleuronectes  flesus]  in  the  Piel  fish- 
hatchery.3  To  the  above  must  no  doubt  be  added  L.  salmonis  (Kroyer),  more 
commonly  called  L.  stromii  (Baird),  the  ordinary  parasite  of  the  salmon.  In 
the  family  Dichelestiidas  the  county  no  doubt  also  occasionally  harbours 
Dichelestium  sturionis  (Hermann),  parasitic  on  the  sturgeons,  for  which  Dr. 
Leigh  vouches  as  part  of  the  marine  fauna.  In  the  same  family  is  included 
the  species  recorded  by  Mr.  Scott  as  Cycnus  pallidus  (van  Beneden),  'on  the 
gills  of  the  Conger  (Conger  vulgaris),  caught  in  the  Barrow  Channel.'  The 
name  Cycnus,  however,  is  preoccupied,  so  that  this  species  should  now  be 
called  Congericola  pallidus  (van  Beneden).4  In  the  Lernzeidas,  Mr.  A.  Scott  has 
carefully  studied  Lerncea  branchialis  (Linn.),  of  which  he  says:  'The  adult 
female  is  found  on  the  gills  of  the  Gadidae,  such  as  cod,  haddock,  and  whiting. 
Immature  (cyclops  stage)  males,  and  females  with  adult  males  attached,  are 
found  on  the  apex  of  the  gill  filaments  of  the  flounder,  sometimes  in  large 
numbers.  Full-grown  females  are  not  plentiful  on  the  fishes  caught  in  the 
vicinity  of  Piel.  The  length  of  a  full-grown  female  Lerncea  is  a  little 

1  Proc.  Zoo/.  Soc.  Lend.  pp.  438-507  (1899). 

3  Trans.  Liverp.  Biol.  Soc.  xv.  349  (1901),  when  not  otherwise  mentioned  the  remaining  quotations  are 
from  this  paper. 

s  Op.  cit.  xv.  p.  1 88.     See  also  Thompson  in  op.  cit.  ix.  102. 
*  Stebbing,  in  Wiley's  Zoological  Results,  pt.  v.  672  (1900). 


A    HISTORY   OF    LANCASHIRE 

over  i  inch.  The  adult  female  is  securely  fastened  to  its  host  by  strong 
branched  horns,  three  in  number,  which  are  buried  in  the  tissues  of  various 
parts  of  the  gill  arches.' l  Of  the  family  Chondracanthidx,  Mr.  A.  Scott 
mentions  Ora/ien  asellinus  (Linn.),  '  on  the  gills  of  a  yellow  Gurnard  (Trig/a 
hirundo)  from  the  offshore  station  between  Lancashire  and  Isle  of  Man ' ; 
from  the  same  quarter  Chondracanthus  cornutus  (O.  F.  Miiller),  '  on  the  gills 
of  Plaice  (Pleuronectes  plate ssa),'  and  he  says:  '  What  appears  to  be  a  variety  of 
this  species  occurs  on  the  gills  of  the  Flounder  (P.  fesus]  from  the  Barrow 
Channel  and  other  parts  of  the  Lancashire  coast ' ;  G.  clavatus  (Bassett-Smith), 
'on  the  gills  of  Lemon  Soles  (Pleuronectes  microcepbalus},'  from  Barrow 
Channel;  C.  solece  (Kroyer),  which  Bassett-Smith  regards  as  a  synonym  of 
C.  cornutus.  C.  lophii  (Johnston)  is  recorded  by  Mr.  I.  C.  Thompson  in 
1893  under  the  name  Lernentoma  lophii,  with  the  observations  that  '  numer- 
ous specimens  of  this  species  were  recently  found  by  Mr.  Corbin  adherent 
to  Cod,  Ling  and  Lophius  taken  off  Barrow.  The  female  is  from  J  to  J  inch 
or  more  in  length,  and  is  adorned  with  numerous  blunt  spines  or  tubercles 
over  the  surface  of  the  body.  The  oviferous  tubes  are  very  long,  slender  and 
twisted.  The  males  of  this  genus  are  very  small  and  rudimentary,  living 
parasitically  on  the  body  of  the  female.' 2  In  the  neighbouring  family  of 
Lernasopodida?  A.  Scott  reports  Gharopinus  dalmannii  (Retzius),  '  in  the 
spiracles  of  the  Grey  Skate  (Rata  bails]  from  the  offshore  station  between 
Lancashire  and  Isle  of  Man';  Erachlella  ova/is  (Kroyer),  'attached  to  the 
gill-rakers  of  the  Common  Gurnard  (Trig/a  gurnard/us)  from  the  offshore 
stations,'  and  of  Anchorella  uncinata  (O.  F.  Miiller)  Mr.  Thompson  says  that 
'  several  specimens  were  found  by  Mr.  Corbin  on  the  gills  of  whiting  taken 
in  the  Mersey  estuary.' 3 

Lastly  we  have  to  notice  the  sub-class  Thyrostraca,  better  known  as 
cirripedes  or  barnacles.  The  fact  that  many  of  the  species,  whether  pedun- 
culate or  simply  sessile,  attach  themselves  to  all  sorts  of  moving  objects, 
living  or  lifeless,  makes  their  distribution  wide  and  irregular.  It  is  quite 
unlikely  that  Lancashire  should  have  any  species  peculiar  to  itself,  but,  with 
a  reasonable  share  of  the  ordinary  species  found  round  our  coasts,  it  probably 
has  numerous  exotic  forms  brought  to  it  on  the  hulls  of  vessels  from  all  parts 
of  the  globe.  With  whales  may  come  the  balanid  Coronu/a,  and  on  the  Coro- 
nula  may  appear  the  lepadid  Conchoderma.  It  is  not,  however,  in  these  that 
the  county  has  any  separate  and  individual  right  to  pride  itself.  Its  true 
interest  in  the  Thyrostraca  goes  back  to  ancient  times  and  is  founded  on 
Gerarde's  account  of  '  The  Goose  tree,  Barnacle  tree,  or  the  tree  bearing 
Geese.'  After  explaining  its  shell-bearing  quality,  he  goes  on  to  say,  '  which 
shells  in  time  of  maturity  doe  open,  and  out  of  them  grow  those  little  liuing 
things,  which  falling  into  the  water  do  become  fowles,  which  we  call  Barna- 
cles ;  in  the  North  of  England,  brant  Geese ;  and  in  Lancashire,  tree  Geese ; 
but  the  other  that  do  fall  upon  the  land,  perish  and  come  to  nothing.  Thus 
much  by  the  writings  of  others,  and  also  from  the  mouthes  of  people  of  those 
parts,  which  may  very  well  accord  with  truth. 

'  But  what  our  eies  have  scene,  and  handes  have  touched,  we  shall 
declare.  There  is  a  small  Island  in  Lancashire  called  the  Pile  of  Foulders, 

1  Trans.  L'tverp.  Biol.  Sue.  xv.  220.  *  Op.  cit.  vii.  211.  8  Loc.  cit.  p.  213. 

176 


CRUSTACEANS 

wherein  are  found  the  broken  pieces  of  old  and  bruised  ships,  some  whereof 
haue  been  cast  thither  by  shipwracke,  and  also  the  trunks  and  bodies  with 
the  branches  of  old  and  rotten  trees,  cast  vp  there  likewise  ;  whereon  is 
found  a  certain  spume  or  froth  that  in  time  breedeth  vnto  certain  shells,  in 
shape  like  those  of  the  Muskle,  but  sharper  pointed,  and  of  a  whitish  colour ; 
wherein  is  contained  a  thing  in  forme  like  a  lace  of  silke  finely  wouen  as  it 
were  together,  of  a  whitish  colour,  one  end  whereof  is  fastened  vnto  the 
inside  of  the  shell,  even  as  the  fish  of  Oisters  and  Muskles  are  :  the  other 
end  is  made  fast  vnto  the  belly  of  a  rude  masse  or  lumpe,  which  in  time 
commeth  to  the  shape  and  forme  of  a  Bird  :  when  it  is  perfectly  formed  the 
shell  gapeth  open,  and  the  first  thing  that  appeareth  is  the  forsaid  lace  or 
string ;  next  come  the  legs  of  the  bird  hanging  out,  and  as  it  groweth  greater 
it  openeth  the  shell  by  degrees,  til  it  is  all  come  forth,  and  hangeth  onely  by 
the  bill :  in  short  space  after  it  commeth  to  full  maturitie,  and  falleth  into 
the  sea,  where  it  gathereth  feathers,  and  groweth  to  a  fowle  bigger  than  a 
Mallard,  and  lesser  than  a  Goose,  having  black  legs  and  bill  or  beake,  and 
feathers  black  and  white  spotted  in  such  manner  as  is  our  Magpie  called  in 
some  places  a  Pie  Anret,  which  the  people  of  Lancashire  call  by  no  other 
name  than  a  tree  Goose  :  which  place  aforesaid,  and  all  those  parts  adjoyning 
do  so  much  abound  therewith,  that  one  of  the  best  is  bought  for  three  pence. 
For  the  truth  hereof,  if  any  doubt,  may  it  please  them  to  repaire  vnto  me, 
and  I  shall  satisfie  them  by  the  testimonie  of  good  witnesses.' 

That  there  may  be  no  mistake  about  the  locality,  Gerarde  repeats  that 
'  The  bordes  and  rotten  planks  whereon  are  found  these  shels  breeding  the 
Barnakle,  are  taken  up  in  a  small  Island  adjoyning  to  Lancashire  halfe  a  mile 
from  the  main  land,  called  the  Pile  of  Foulders,'  and  in  the  pious  conclusion 
of  his  volume  he  speaks  of  this  anseriferous  tree  as  '  the  wonder  of  England.' 
His  editor  Johnson,  between  thirty  and  forty  years  later,  will  have  nothing  to 
do  with  this  happy  meeting  ground  of  botany  and  zoology,  but  scornfully 
interpolates  the  remark  that  '  The  Barnakle  whose  fabulous  breed  my  Author 
here  sets  down,  and  divers  others  have  also  deliuered,  were  found  by  some 
Hollanders  to  have  another  originall,  and  that  by  egs  as  other  birds  have.' l 
With  this  it  is  of  interest  to  compare  Dr.  Leigh's  later  discussion  of  the 
subject.  He  writes  :  '  These  Counties  afford  us  great  variety  of  Birds,  and 
in  some  places  even  clog  the  Inhabitants  with  their  Plenty.  Amongst  the 
rest,  the  Barnac/e  being  very  common,  and  the  manner  of  its  Generation 
having  been  a  Matter  of  Controversy,  I  shall  recite  my  Observations  upon  it, 
and  endeavour  to  reconcile  that  Point.  It  is  observable  of  our  Ships  which 
trade  to  the  West-Indies,  that  upon  their  return  home,  an  infinite  number  of 
small  shell-fishes  often  adhere  to  them,  at  the  first  view  not  much  unlike 
young  Geese  ;  these  for  several  Ages  have  pass'd  for  Barnacles,  not  only 
amongst  the  Vulgar,  but  Men  of  Learning  likewise,  wherefore  to  set  things 
in  their  true  Light,  I  shall  in  the  first  place  give  the  Anatomy  of  this  Shell- 
fish resembling  the  Barnacle,  and  afterwards  that  of  the  real  bird,  and  then 
lay  down  some  reasons  to  show  the  Impossibility  of  their  being  bred  after  the 
manner  formerly  receiv'd.  This  shell  sticks  to  the  outward  Planks  of  Ships 
by  a  glutinous  Matter,  it  resembles  the  Head  of  a  Goose,  to  which  there  is  a 
Neck  annex'd,  yet  this  Neck  is  not  conserted  to  the  Body,  whence  it  is 

1  Gerarde,  Herball,  Johnson's  edition,  pp.  1587-1589  (1636). 
I  177  23 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

impossible  that  this  should  be  the  Barnacle  in  Embryo.  Within  the  Shells 
are  Claws,  with  Hairs  like  those  of  Lobsters,  wound  within  one  another  in 
spiral  Lines,  and  are  not  very  unlike  the  wings  of  a  Goose,  but  these  I  found 
to  be  perfect  Shells,  and  not  Quills  or  Feathers  ;  whence  it  is  plain,  that  they 
could  not  appertain  to  the  Barnacle,  that  being  of  the  Feather'd  Kind.  These 
Shell-fishes  are  observable  upon  several  Sea-weeds  in  the  Gulph  of  Florida, 
and  are  there  chiefly  pick'd  up  by  our  Shipping  :  I  never  yet  could  meet 
with  any  Seeman  who  could  affirm  that  he  had  seen  any  fall  from  Ships,  and 
swim,  which  must  have  necessarily  happen'd,  had  they  been  converted  into 
Barnacles ;  besides,  in  the  Anatomy  of  Barnacles,  I  find  them  (as  other  Geese] 
Male  and  Female,  the  one  having  a  Penis,  the  other  Ovaria,  whence  it  is 
evident  that  their  way  of  breeding  is  no  wise  different  from  that  of  other 
Birds ;  what  therefore  has  been  asserted  by  Speed  and  others  concerning  this 
Bird,  is  only  a  Vulgar  Error,  and  they  only  wanted  a  thorow  Enquiry,  to 
give  them  satisfaction  in  this  Matter.'1 

That  a  thorough  inquiry  is  the  one  thing  needed  to  give  satisfaction  in 
matters  of  natural  history  may  readily  be  conceded.  How  to  make  inquiries 
thorough  is  not  so  easily  perceived.  Gerarde  had  long-standing  belief  to  go 
upon,  the  testimony  of  good  witnesses,  the  evidence  of  his  own  senses,  and 
yet  they  only  combined  to  lead  him  completely  astray.  In  Dr.  Leigh's 
discussion  it  is  interesting  to  note  the  comparison  at  one  point  of  the 
cirripedes  with  lobsters,  since  it  was  not  till  well  into  the  nineteenth  century 
that  the  Thyrostraca  were  accepted  as  part  of  the  Crustacean  class.  In  the 
Systema  Natures  of  1758,  Linnasus  preserves  a  remembrance  of  the  old  fable 
in  the  name  Lepas  anatifera,  the  duck-bearing  Lepas,  but  he  places  the  genus 
in  the  Mollusca,  between  Chiton  and  Pbolas,  without  any  suspicion  that  he  is 
dealing  with  near  kinsfolk  of  the  prawn  and  the  crab. 

The  record  of  Lancashire  crustaceans  is  still  at  many  points  incomplete. 
Especially  the  Sympoda,  the  Isopoda  terrestria,  and  the  Thyrostraca  are 
awaiting  fuller  investigation.  But  for  the  class  of  Crustacea  at  large  much 
valuable  work  has  been  already  done.  Some  glimpses  have  been  given  in 
this  chapter  at  the  arduous  operations  by  which  successful  research  has  been 
carried  out.  Among  the  workers  pre-eminence  must  be  awarded  to  A.  O. 
Walker,  F.L.S.,  I.  C.  Thompson,  F.L.S.,  and  Andrew  Scott,  A.L.S.,  a  band 
of  zealous  experts  brought  together  by  the  inspiring  energy  of  the  present 
president  of  the  Linnean  Society,  Professor  W.  A.  Herdman,  F.R.S.  Among 
the  methods  employed  it  is  interesting  to  recall  not  merely  trawling  and 
dredging  on  the  floor  of  the  sea,  digging  and  raking  in  the  mud  of  the  shore, 
but  a  number  of  other  queer  devices  which  experience  has  gradually  evolved. 
Thus  the  naturalist  of  to-day  seeks  for  crustaceans  on  whale  and  weed,  on 
starfish  and  medusa,  on  shipping  and  wreckage,  and  still  more  laboriously 
obtains  them  by  straining  the  liquor  from  a  cockle,  by  examining  the  stomach 
of  a  juvenile  flounder,  or  by  pinching  the  nostrils  of  a  cod. 

1  Hist,  of  Lane.,  etc.,  chap.  ix.  'Of  Birds,'  p.  157. 


I78 


FISHES 

In  the  latest  list  of  marine  fishes  of  the  Irish  Sea — that  of  Herdman  and 
Dawson1 — 141  species  are  recorded,  and  owing  to  the  amount  of  investigation 
that  has  been  carried  out,  both  on  the  English  and  Irish  sides  of  the  Irish  Sea, 
this  list  is  most  probably  a  nearly  exhaustive  one.  The  present  list,  however, 
includes  only  those  fishes  which  have  actually  been  recorded  from  Lancashire 
shore  waters,  and  from  the  sea  within  the  2o-fathom  line  off  the  coast.  Too 
much,  however,  may  be  made  of  these  niceties  of  zoological  distribution,  and 
the  differences  between  the  piscine  faunas  of,  say,  Cumberland,  Lancashire,  and 
Cheshire  are  no  doubt  due  merely  to  the  fact  that  none  of  these  areas  has 
been  thoroughly  investigated.  Taking  wider  areas  we  find  that  Fries,  Ekstrom, 
and  Sundevall,  in  their  History  of  Scandinavian  Fishes,  Sauvage  and  Giard  in 
the  Catalogue  des  Poissons  du  Boulonnais,  and  Day  in  his  British  Fishes,  give 
what  are  practically  the  same  lists  of  marine  fishes.  The  slight  differences 
that  exist  between  the  three  north-west  English  counties  will  no  doubt 
disappear  on  long-continued  investigation.  Thus  both  the  Bonito,  Thynnus 
pelamys  (Linn.),  and  the  Sword-fish,  Xipbias gladius,  Linn.,  have  been  recorded 
from  the  coast  of  Cumberland,  and  the  former  has  been  taken  off  the  Isle  of 
Man,  while  the  latter  has  been  caught  in  the  Bristol  Channel.  Nevertheless, 
neither  has  been,  so  far  as  I  am  aware,  observed  in  strictly  Lancashire  waters. 

But  in  respect  of  the  abundance  and  sizes  of  fishes  very  considerable 
differences  do  exist  even  between  such  adjacent  coastal  waters  as  those  of 
Lancashire  and  Cumberland.  In  the  Solway  Firth,  it  is  true,  we  do  find  a 
fish  fauna  which  resembles  that  of  the  Lancashire  coast,  but  the  Cumberland 
coast  in  its  southern  portion  is  not  characterized  by  that  abundance  of  very 
small  fishes  which  we  find  in  Lancashire  waters.  The  greater  part  of  the 
latter  is  indeed  a  '  fish  nursery '  on  a  gigantic  scale.  This  is  particularly  the 
case  with  regard  to  three  great  areas — the  shallow  water  off  the  mouth  of 
the  Mersey,  the  Kibble  channels  and  their  vicinity,  and  a  great  portion  of 
Morecambe  Bay.  On  these  grounds  we  find  all  through  the  year  immense 
numbers  of  small  pleuronectid  fishes,  principally  dabs,  plaice,  flounders,  soles, 
solenettes,  and  others.  The  cause  of  this  remarkable  segregation  of  immature 
fishes  is  to  be  sought  in  the  peculiar  physical  conditions  which  obtain  off  the 
coast  of  Lancashire.  The  set  of  the  tides  is  such  as  to  convey  small  floating 
objects  from  the  offshore  grounds  and  from  the  deep  water  off  Carnarvon  and 
Cardigan  bays  into  the  shallow  water  on  the  coast  of  Lancashire,  and  to  a  less 
extent  that  of  Cumberland.  This  has  been  proved  by  the  '  drift-bottle  ' 
experiments  made  by  the  Lancashire  Sea  Fishery  Committee,  and  it  is 
familiar  to  coasters  and  others  who  are  generally  on  the  look  out  on  the  north 
Lancashire  and  Cumberland  coasts  for  wreckage  in  the  case  of  vessels  which 
break  up  off  Holyhead  or  off  the  Mersey.  Now  the  deep  water  off  the 
coasts  of  Lancashire  and  Wales  is  frequented  by  mature  pleuronectid  and 

1  Fishes  and  Fisheries  of  the  Irish  Sea  ;  Lancashire  Sea  Fisheries  Memoir,  No.  2.     London  :   Geo.  Philip  and 
Son,  1902. 

179 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

gadoid  fishes,  and  these  spawn  there  in  the  early  part  of  the  year.  Nearly  all 
edible  fishes  except  herring  produce  spawn  which  drifts  at  or  near  the  surface 
of  the  sea ;  and  these  drifting  eggs  are  conveyed  by  the  surface  currents,  due  to 
tidal  streams  and  to  the  prevailing  winds,  towards  the  shallow  inshore 
Lancashire  waters. 

There  these  eggs,  having  undergone  their  embryonic  development  while 
drifting  in  the  sea,  find  their  way ;  and  when  the  metamorphosis  of  the  larvas 
hatching  out  from  the  eggs  is  completed,  the  little  fishes  sink  to  the  bottom, 
and  finding  a  suitable  habitat  in  our  shallow  water  they  undergo  further 
growth.  During  May  and  June  we  may  find  hosts  of  small  pleuronectid 
fishes  in  the  sand  pools  on  the  foreshore,  and  in  the  autumn  incredible  numbers 
of  such  may  be  trawled.  They  are  about  i  to  I  inch  long  when  found  on 
the  shore  in  June,  and  about  2  to  4  inches  long  when  caught  in  the  trawl  net 
in  the  autumn.  They  inhabit  the  shallow  waters  for  the  first  two  or  three 
years  of  their  lives,  moving  along  the  coast,  principally  from  south  to  north, 
in  search  of  food.  When  they  are  three  or  four  years  of  age  they  begin  to 
move  offshore,  and  getting  into  deep  water  they  then  begin  to  produce  spawn. 
Incredible  numbers  of  them  are,  however,  caught  during  the  first  year  or  two  of 
their  lives  by  the  shrimp  trawlers.  Catches  of  10,000  or  more  dabs,  plaice, 
or  whiting,  have  frequently  been  made  in  the  course  of  the  fishery  observation 
carried  out  by  the  Lancashire  Sea  Fisheries  Committee. 

The  most  abundant  fishes  of  the  Lancashire  coast  are  dabs  (Pleuronectes 
limanda),  plaice  (P.  p/atessa),  whiting  (Gadus  mer/angus),  soles  (Solea  vu/garis), 
solenettes  (Solea  lutea)^  skate  and  ray  (various  species  of  Raja,  principally 
R.  maculata,  R.  c/avafa,  and  R.  fiatis),  stingers  (Trachinus  vipera).  Whiting 
are  rather  capricious  as  regards  presence  and  abundance  in  any  one  locality. 
Dabs  are  always  abundant,  but  are  most  numerous  in  the  colder  months. 
Plaice  and  soles  are  most  abundant  in  the  autumn.  Herring  in  the  form  of 
'  sprats '  are  occasionally  very  abundant.  Skate  and  ray  are  ubiquitous  and 
nearly  always  numerous.  The  above  forms  are  those  which  we  may  regard 
as  characteristic  of  Lancashire  waters. 

The  shallow  sandy-bottomed  waters  of  Lancashire,  and  the  scarcity  of 
rocks  and  seaweeds,  constitute  a  habitat  from  which  many  species  of  fishes  are 
naturally  absent.  Rock-loving  fishes  are  therefore  not  abundant  in  our 
district,  and  their  absence  may  be  noted  in  the  following  list.  Fish-collecting 
on  the  coast  of  Lancashire  is  a  matter  to  be  dealt  with  by  the  use  of  the  trawl 
and  line,  and  nearly  all  the  species  I  mention  have  been  caught  by  these 
methods. 

TELEOSTEANS 

ACANTHOPTERYGH  4-  Sea  Bream.       Pagellm    centrodontus,    De    la 

I.  Perch.     Perca  fluviati/is.  Linn.  _  .  .  .  ,    _ 

_  J  jj  Fairly  common  in  north  Lancashire  waters. 

Common  in  streams  and  ponds, 

5.  Norway  Haddock.    Sebastes  norvtgtcus  (Ascan.) 

2.**   Ruff.     Acerma  vulgarh  (Belon.)  There  is  a  specjmen  of  this  fish  in  the  Liver- 

Used  to  be  common   in  streams  running  into      pool  Public  Museum  recorded  from  the  mouth  of 

the  Mersey.  the  Mersey  estuary  in  1871.     It  is,  however,  a 

3.  Bass.  Labrax  lupus  (Lac.)  northern  form,  and  uncommon  in  the  Irish  Sea. 

Common   in   Lancashire  waters,  especially  in      6.     Short-spined   Cottus   or    Bull-head.     Cottvs 

Morecambe  Bay.     It   is  caught  chiefly  by  lines  scorfius,  Linn. 

or  draft  nets  during  the  summer  months.  This  is  the  commonest   Cottus.     It  is  taken 

180 


FISHES 


very  often  in  the  shrimp  nets,  and  it  may  also  be 
found  in  the  shore  pools. 

7.  Long-spined    Cottus    or    Bull-head.      Cottus 

bubalis,  Euphr. 

This  species  is  not  so  common  as  Cottus  scor- 
piust  but  it  occurs  frequently. 

8.  Yellow  'Gurnet  'or  Gurnard.    Trig/a  lucerna, 

Linn. 
(Day,  Trig/a  hirundo.) 


15.  Mackerel.     Scomber  scombrus,  Linn. 

Mackerel  are  usually  abundant  in  north 
Lancashire  waters  in  June,  July,  or  August,  the 
season  varying  somewhat.  They  are  caught 
with  lines,  and  at  Formby  and  at  other  places  in 
stake  nets.  It  is  said  that  with  westerly  winds 
and  seas  they  leave  the  coast.  The  season  is 
always  later  off  Walney  Island  than  further  south. 
Last  year  (1904)  mackerel  were  more  abundant 
than  for  twenty  years  previously.  My  colleague, 
Mr.  A.  Scott,  has  noted  a  relation  between  the 


Taken  commonly  in  the  trawl  nets  all  along     ablmdance  of'mackerei  in  the  irish  Sea  and  that 


the  Lancashire  coast.  It  is  the  least  common  of 
the  three  species  of  gurnards  found  in  our 
waters. 


Noctiluca 


of  the  flagellate 
1  6.  Horse  Mackerel.  Caranx  trachurus  (Linn.) 
This  is  not  at  all  a  common  fish  off  the 
Lancashire  coast,  but  it  has  been  taken  by  the 
Fisheries  steamer  John  Fell  between  there  and 


9.   Red  Gurnet.     Trig/a  pini,  Bloch. 

Day,  T.  cuculus. 

This  gurnard  is  fairly  abundant,  and  is  some-     tjle  jgje  Qf  Man- 
times  taken  in  fair  quantity  out  at  sea. 

17.  John  Dory.     Zeusfaber,  Linn. 

Of  occasional  occurrence  but  never  abundant. 
When  caught  it  is  usually  small,  about  5  inches, 
but  occasionally  it  has  been  taken  about  twice 


10.  Grey  Gurnard.      Trigla  gurnardus,  Linn. 

This    is    the  commonest  of  the  gurnards  in 
Lancashire  waters. 


II.  Pogge,  or  'Toad-fish.'     Agonus  cataphractus 

(Linn.) 
Also    called    the  Armed  Bull-head  ;    a  very 


that  length. 

1  8.  Shade  Fish.     Sciana  aquila  (Lace>.) 

Mr.  J.  T.  Moore  recorded  a  specimen  in  the 


Httle  fish  fn  s^low  waTer  'near  th'e  f  *  b<?S  °f  ^Liverpool  Public  Museum  as 
having  been  caught  in  the  Mersey  estuary  in 
October,  1870. 

19.  Two-spotted  Goby.     Gobius  flavescens  (Fabr.) 

Day  (G.  rutbensparri.} 

There  is  a  specimen  of  this  fish  in  the  Fisheries 
Museum  at  the  University  of  Liverpool,  but  I 
am  uncertain  as  to  its  precise  locality. 

20.  Black  Goby.     Gobius  niger,  Linn. 
Common  in  many  shore  pools. 


mouths  of  the  estuaries. 

12.  Angler    or    Devil-fish.      Lopbius    piscatorius 

(Linn.) 

This  is  a  common  fish,  and  is  frequently  taken 
in  the  trawl  nets.  Sometimes  it  is  exceptionally 
large  (6  feet),  but  in  Lancashire  waters  it  seldom 
exceeds  2  feet  in  length.  Every  adult  specimen 
I  have  dissected  has  had  the  sporozoan  Glugea 
lophii  parasitic  on  the  brain  and  cranial  nerves. 


Formerly  a  valueless. fish,  the  Angler  now  comes      2I>  Spotted  Goby.     Gobius  minutus,  Gmel. 


into  the  market  in  the  form  of  '  cod  steaks,'  a 
portion  of  the  trunk  being  utilized  by  the  fisher- 
men for  this  purpose. 

13.  The  Weever  or '  Stinger.'    Trachinus  vipera, 

Cuv.  and  Val. 

A  very  common  little  fish  on  the  shallow 
water  fishing  grounds  all  along  the  Lancashire 
coast.  It  has  poison  organs  in  connexion  with 
the  spine  of  the  first  dorsal  fin  and  with  the 
opercular  spines.  Shrimp  fishermen  have  a  very 
wholesome  dread  of  this  fish,  and  never  attempt 
to  sort  out  a  catch  of  the  shrimp  trawl  when 
they  see  it  except  with  a  piece  of  stick  or  a 
marlinespike.  The  wounds  made  by  the  poison 
spines  are,  though  not  dangerous,  exceedingly 
painful. 

14.  Larger  Weever.     Trachinus  draco.  Linn. 

Very  uncommon.     I  have  only  known  one      Liverpool  N.  W.  light  vessel  were  identified  by 
specimen  to  be  taken  off  the  Lancashire  coast. 
It  was  sent  to  me  by  a  shrimper  who  caught  it 
off  the  Mersey  estuary. 


Very  common  in  Lancashire  shallow  waters. 

22.  Speckled  Goby.     Gobius  parnelli. 

Day's    G.    Parnelli    is    only  the    estuarine 
'  race  '  of  G.  minutus.1 

23.  Transparent  Goby  or  Nonnat.     Aphia  pellu- 

cida  (Nard.) 

I  have  seen  great  numbers  of  this  little  fish 
near  Roa  Island  in  the  Barrow  Channel. 

24.  Dragonet.     Callionymus  lyra,  Linn. 

The  Gemmous  dragonet,  '  skulpin,'  or  '  bishop.' 
Very  common  everywhere  in  shallow  water. 

25.  The  Spoiled  Dragonet.     Callionymus  macula- 

tus,  Bon. 

Very  rare  in  the  Irish  Sea,  though  no  doubt  it 
is  often  confused  with  C.  lyra.  Some  specimens 
taken  by  Mr.  J.  A.  Clubb  in  1902  off  the 


181 


1  Holt  and  Byrne.  Rep.  Board  of  Agriculture  and 
Technical  Instruction,  Ireland.  Fisheries.  Pt.  2.  Scien- 
tific investigations,  1902. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


my  friend  Mr.  Andrew  Scott.  C.  maculatus  is 
smaller  than  C.  lyra,  and  differs  principally  in 
the  pigmentation  of  the  anterior  dorsal  fin. 

26.  The  Lumpsucker  or  Hen  Fish.     Cydopterus 

lumpus,  Linn. 

Quite  common  on  the  Lancashire  coast.  The 
female  lays  her  eggs  in  rock  pools  in  a  large 
mass  the  size  of  a  man's  head,  and  the  male 
stands  by  and  aerates  them  by  movements  of  his 
tail.  Fishermen  often  mistake  these  eggs  for 
those  of  the  salmon,  which  they  resemble  only  in 
colour,  being,  however,  much  less  in  diameter. 

27.  Sea-snail  or  Sucker.    Liparis  montagui  (Don.) 
Commonly  taken   in   the  shrimp  nets  in   the 

estuaries.  It  has  been  found  in  the  Mersey  as 
far  south  as  Garston  (A.  Scott). 

28.  Sucker.     Liparis  vulgaris,  Flem. 

Not  so  common  as  L.  montagui,  but  with  much 
the  same  distribution. 

29.  Double-spotted  sucker.      Lepadogaster  blma- 

culatus,  Don. 
Frequent  in  shallow  water. 

30.  Cat-fish    or    wolf-fish.       Anarrhichas    lupus, 

Linn. 

Very  uncommon.  A  specimen  in  the  Liver- 
pool Public  Museum  and  another  in  the  Zoology 
Museum  at  the  University  of  Liverpool  are  pro- 
bably local. 

31.  Butterfly  Blenny.      Blennius  ocellarius,  Linn. 
A  single  specimen  was  dredged  by  Capt.  A. 

Wignall  near  Morecambe  Bay  light  vessel,  and 
was  identified  by  A.  Scott. 

32.  Shanny.      Blennius  pholis,  Linn. 

Very  common  in  shore  pools  between  tide 
marks  on  the  Lancashire  coast. 

33.  Butterfish.      Pholis  gunnellus  (Linn.) 

Day,  Centronotus  gunnellus. 
Very  common  in  shore  pools  and  beneath 
stones.  This  pretty  little  fish  lives  well  in  small 
marine  aquaria.  The  female  may  often  be 
found  in  the  spring  coiled  round  a  mass  of  her 
own  eggs. 

34.  Ballan  Wrasse.      Labrus  maculatus,  Bl. 
This  species  has  been  found  in  the  Barrow 

Channel.  The  Fisheries  steamer  has  trawled 
it  from  the  offshore  grounds  between  Lancashire 
and  Isle  of  Man. 

35.  Gold  Sinny.      Ctenolabrus  rupestris,  Linn. 
Herdman  and  Dawson  record  this  fish  from 

Liverpool  Bay. 

ANACANTHINI 

36.  Cod.      Gadus  callarias,  Linn.  (Gadus  morrhua 

of  most  authors.) 

The  cod  is  of  course  very  common  in  Lan- 
cashire waters,  though  in  the  inshore  waters  it  is 


mostly  small  '  codling '  that  are  caught.  The 
cod  spawns  in  deep  water,  and  the  eggs  may  be 
found  about  March.  In  June  young  cod  about 
an  inch  long  may  be  seen  on  the  shore  waters. 
In  Lancashire  waters  these  little  fishes  often 
have  a  peculiar  chess-board  arrangement  of  pig- 
ment on  their  sides.  They  occur  mostly  among 
seaweeds  or  on  rocky  ground.  Towards  the 
autumn  they  disappear.  Codling  are  common 
all  along  Lancashire  inshore  waters,  and  are 
caught  both  by  line  and  trawl,  but  chiefly  by  the 
latter. 

37.  Haddock.     Gadus  /eglefinus,  Linn. 

The  haddock  is  abundant  in  Lancashire  waters, 
but  it  is  rather  a  capricious  fish  and  occasionally 
seems  to  shun  our  inshore  waters.  Some  years 
ago  it  was  very  abundant.  It  is  caught  both  by 
line  and  trawl. 

38.  Whiting.     Gadus  merlangus,  Linn. 
Whiting  are  perhaps  more  abundant  in  Lan- 
cashire waters  than  either  cod  or  haddock.    This 
is  particularly  the  case  with  small  fish  (5  to  7  in. 
long)    in    the    winter,    several    thousands  being 
sometimes  taken  in  one  haul  of  a  shrimp  trawl. 
The    brain    of  whiting    caught    in    Lancashire 
waters  is  very  often  infested  with  the  Trematode, 
Gasterostomum  gradlescens,  and  the  cranial  cartilage 
with  the  Myxosporidian,  Sphaerospora  platessa. 

39.  Coal-fish  or  Bluffin.     Gadus  virens,  Linn. 
Not    so    common    as    the    above    species    of 

Gadidae.  It  is  sometimes  very  abundant  in  the 
Barrow  Channel  off  Roa  Island. 

40.  Bib.     Gadus  luscus  (Will.) 

Not  at  all  abundant.  I  have  seen  it  in 
Barrow  Channel. 

41.  Poor-cod  or  'Power'  Cod.     Gadus  minutus, 

Linn. 

More  common  than  the  bib.  It  is  very  often 
taken  in  the  trawl  in  Lancashire  inshore  waters, 
but  never  in  quantity. 

42.  Pollack.      Gadus  pollachius,  Linn. 

This  fish  is  less  abundant  than  any  of  the 
above  gadoids.  It  has  been  taken  in  the  trawl  off 
Blackpool. 

43.  Hake.     Merluccius  vulgaris,  Cuv. 
Scarce  in  Lancashire  waters. 

44.  Fork-beard.      Phycis  blennoides  (Brun.) 

Mr.  Andrew  Scott  records  a  specimen  which 
came  ashore  on  Roa  Island  in  the  Barrow 
Channel  and  was  killed  by  some  boys  It  is  very 
uncommon  in  the  Irish  Sea. 

45.  Ling.     Moha  vulgaris,  Flem. 

Rare  in  Lancashire,  but  occasionally  taken  in 
the  trawl. 


182 


FISHES 


46.  Five-bearded  Rockling.     Onus  muste/a,  Linn. 

(Day's  Motella  mustela.) 

Not  at  all  uncommon  in  Lancashire  waters.  I 
have  obtained  a  medium-sized  specimen  from 
the  shore  in  Barrow  Channel. 

47.  Three-bearded  Rockling.     Onus  tricirrhatus 

(Bl.) 
Fairly  common. 

48.  Halibut.     Hippoglossus  vulgaris,  Flem. 

The  halibut  is  very  scarce  in  Lancashire 
waters.  I  have  not  seen  a  specimen  myself  from 
inshore  waters.  When  it  does  occur  it  is  usually 
small.  It  is  more  often  obtained  south  of  the  Isle 
of  Man.  A  fisherman  on  Bardsey  Island  told  me 
of  a  specimen  taken  on  a  line  which  weighed 
80  Ib.  It  was  sold  at  Pwllheli  for  8;. 

49.  Long  rough  Dab.      Drepanopsetta  platessoides 

(Fabr.) 

Day,  Hlppoghssoldes  limandoides, 
Very  scarce  in  the  Irish  Sea.  I  have  seen 
three  or  four  specimens  taken  about  midway 
between  Lancashire  and  the  Isle  of  Man.  It  is 
so  uncommon  that  there  is  no  local  name  for  it, 
and  it  is  usually  called  a  '  kind  of  megrim.' 

50.  Turbot.   Rhombus  maximus,  Linn. 

Rather  uncommon.  Small  specimens  are, 
however,  taken  in  shallow  inshore  waters  in 
the  shrimp  net.  We  have  had  it  from  the 
inshore  waters  of  Blackpool,  from  Morecambe 
Bay,  and  from  Barrow  Channel.  Turbot  and 
brill  in  Lancashire  waters  are  usually  infested 
with  the  tapeworm  Bothriocephalus  punctatus. 

51.  Brill  or  'Brett.'      Rhombus  lce<vh,  Rondel. 
More  common  than  the  turbot  and  with  much 

the  same  distribution. 

52.  Norwegian  Top-knot.     Scolophthalmus  nor- 

vegicus,  Gunth. 
(Day's  Zeugopterus  norvegicus.) 
There  is  a  specimen  in  the  Fisheries  Museum 
at  the  University  of  Liverpool  which  is  probably 
local. 

53.  Bloch's  Top-knot.     Scolophthalmus  unimacu- 

latus  (Risso.) 

(Day,  Zeugopterus  unimaculatus.) 
Scarce.       Two    specimens    were    caught    by 
Capt.  Wignall  near  the  Morecambe  Bay  light 
vessel  in  1894.    This  is  the  only  recent  record  I 
am  aware  of. 

54.  Muller's    Topknot.      Zeugopterus    punctatus 

(BL) 

This  is  the  commonest  Topknot  in  Lan- 
cashire waters.  Fishermen  have  no  local  name 
for  any  of  these  little  flukes.  They  are  often 
caught  in  the  shrimp  nets,  especially  in  Morecambe 
Bay  and  about  the  Ribble  Channels. 


55.  Megrim  or  '  Magrim.'    Lepidorhombus  mega- 

ttoma  (Donovan.) 

Not  uncommon,  but  not  abundant  enough  in 
Lancashire  waters  to  be  of  economic  importance. 

56.  Scald-fish.     Arnoglossus  laterna  (Walb.) 
More  abundant    than    the  megrim  which   it 

resembles. 

57.  Plaice.      Pleuronectes  platessa,  Linn. 

Very  abundant  in  Lancashire  waters.  The 
most  valuable  fishery  in  strictly  local  waters 
is  that  for  the  plaice.  It  is  usually  small  and 
immature  here  on  account  of  the  active  exploita- 
tion of  Lancashire  waters  by  fishermen.  It  is  in 
all  probability  this  excessive  fishing  which  has 
produced  the  apparent  correlation  of  the  size  of 
the  fish  with  the  depth  of  the  water  in  which  it 
is  found.  Generally  speaking,  the  size  of  a  plaice 
got  in  the  Irish  Sea  varies  directly  (roughly  of 
course)  with  the  depth  of  water.  Within  the 
three  mile  territorial  limit  the  plaice  obtained  in 
the  trawl  nets  are  small — from  8  to  1 1  inches. 
Occasionally  a  large  fish  may  be  found,  but  not 
often.  The  plaice  becomes  sexually  mature 
at  about  15  inches  in  total  length  in  the  female, 
and  about  12  inches  in  the  male.  It  is  very 
rarely  that  such  sexually  mature  fish  are  caught 
within  the  territorial  waters.  It  is,  however,  to 
be  noted  that  the  cause  of  this  distribution  may 
not  be  that  large  fish  find  a  natural  habitat  in 
deep  water  only,  but  rather  that  because  of  the 
great  amount  of  fishing  in  inshore  waters  these 
large  plaice  have  been  '  fished  out.'  As  a  matter 
of  fact,  we  find  that  in  such  an  area  as  Luce  Bay 
on  the  south  coast  of  Scotland,  where  trawling  is 
prohibited,  large  plaice  from  15  to  22  inches  long 
are  relatively  abundant.  There  is  not  the  same 
intensity  of  fishing  in  offshore  waters  as  within  the 
narrow  zone  of  territorial  waters,  and  as  a  con- 
sequence we  find  that  large  plaice  are  found  on 
these  offshore  grounds. 

There  are  no  doubt  very  definite  migration 
habits  in  the  case  of  the  plaice  (and  of  course 
other  flat  fish),  but  so  far  these  have  been  made 
out  only  very  imperfectly.  The  Lancashire  Sea 
Fisheries  Committee  have,  however,  been  making 
extensive  experiments  quite  recently  with  a  view 
to  determining  the  migration  paths  of  the  plaice, 
and  some  interesting  results  have  been  obtained. 
The  fish  are  marked  by  fastening  a  little  num- 
bered brass  label  to  the  body  by  means  of  silver 
wire.  Records  are  then  made  of  the  size  of  the 
fish,  the  number  of  the  label,  date,  place,  and  so  on, 
and  the  fish  is  liberated.  Experiments  of  this 
kind  have  only  been  made  during  the  winter 
months,  but  they  seem  to  show  that  the  plaice  in 
the  inshore  Lancashire  waters  move  along  the 
shallow  coast  waters  during  the  early  part  of  the 
winter,  and  finally  come  to  rest  in  the  bays  and 
estuaries.  Most  of  the  liberated  and  marked  plaice 
have  been  recovered  from  Morecambe  Bay,  the 


183 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Ribble  estuary,  and  the  Dee.  In  comparatively 
few  cases  have  the  fishes  moved  offshore  into 
deep  water. 

Some  of  the  journeys  made  by  these  marked 
plaice  are  rather  remarkable.  Several  fish  liberated 
near  the  mouth  of  the  River  Mersey  were  re- 


markable  organism  which  produces  white  warts 
on  the  skin  and  fins  of  the  fish.  Fishermen  often 
call  these  parasites  eggs,  and  say  that  the  flounder 
'carries  its  eggs  on  its  back.'  There  is  a  pre- 
judice locally  against  these  flukes,  since  it  is 
believed  that  they  frequent  the  neighbourhood 


caught  in   from  one  to  two  months  near   the     of  sewer  outfalls.       Mr.  A.  Scott  believes  that 


north  end  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  several  fishes 
liberated  near  Blackpool  turned  up  subsequently 
on  the  coast  of  Anglesey.  One  fish  liberated  off 
Great  Orme's  Head  was  caught  some  months 
later  in  Tremadoc  Bay,  having  doubtless  jour- 


flounders spawn  in  shallow  waters. 

61.  Witch  or  '  Whitch.'    Pleuronectes  cynog/ossus, 

Linn. 
Fairly  common.    The  witch  is  a  poor  kind  of 


neyed  south  through  the  Menai  Straits,  through  edible  fish,  but  it  is  often  sold  in  poorer  fish  shops 

Carnavon    Bay    and     through    Bardsey    Sound,  as  '  soles '  or  white  soles  (at  about  3^.  a  lb.). 

Speaking  generally,  however,  the  migration  paths  ,       _  .         0  .         .      .     _ 

ofPplaic!gin    Lancashire  waters    are  very   local  6a"  Sole'     Me*  vulgar*,,  Quens. 

ones>  Individually  the  sole  is  the  most  valuable  fish 

It   is  interesting  to  note  that  nearly  20  per  caught  in  Lancashire  waters.     It  is  found  every- 

cent.   of  the  fish   so  marked    and    liberated   in  where,  but  some  grounds,  as  for  instance  in  the 

Lancashire  waters   were  found  during  the  first  neighbourhood  of  the  Liverpool  N.W.   lightship, 

four  months.     This  shows  the  intensity  of  the  are  very  lucrative.  The  sole  fishery  in  Lancashire 

fishing  that  goes  on  within  territorial  waters.    It  waters  has  been  steadily  improving  for  the  last 

half-dozen  years. 

63.  Lucky  Sole.     Solea  variegata  (Don.) 

Very  uncommon.  Mr.  A.  Scott  recorded 
a  specimen  from  near  the  Morecambe  Bay  light- 
ship in  April  1894.  It  is  a  smallish  fish. 

64.  Solenette.     Solea  lutea  (Risso.) 

This  is  a  small  fish  3  to  5  inches  long  which 
is  abundant  on  the  shrimping  grounds,  especially 
in  the  Mersey  estuary.  It  used  to  be  mistaken 
for  the  true  sole,  which  it  resembles  when  the 
latter  is  young.  It  is  thicker,  redder,  and  has 
coarser  scales  than  the  latter.  About  half,  or 
even  more,  of  the  small  'soles'  got  on  the 
Mersey  shrimping  grounds  are  solenettes.  The 
solenette  becomes  mature  when  about  3  to  5 
inches  long.  There  are  probably  three  species  of 
Solea  which  are  confused  together  by  fishermen, 
especially  offshore  trawlers.  Solea  variegata  and 
Solea  lutea  are  certainly  confounded,  and  are  both 
called  'Lucky  Soles.'  Probably  S.  lascaris  is  also 
found,  but  I  am  not  aware  of  any  indubitable 
record  of  its  occurrence  in  strictly  Lancashire 
waters. 


means  that  20  per  cent,  of  all  the  fish  on  the 
bottom  in  that  area  were  caught  by  fishermen 
during  the  same  period. 

58.  Lemon  Sole.   Pleuronectes  microcepha/us,  Don. 
Not  very  abundant  and  usually  got  in  offshore 

waters. 

59.  Dab.     More  commonly  called  '  Garve  '  and 

'  Skear-back.' 

The  most  abundant  pleuronectid  in  local 
waters.  I  have  known  as  many  as  15,000  to  be 
taken  in  one  haul  of  a  shrimp  net  off  Blackpool. 
The  dab  is  not  regarded  as  a  valuable  food-fish 
and  does  not  command  a  very  good  price.  It 
is  more  distinctively  an  inshore  fish  than  the 
plaice. 

There  appears  to  be  a  curious  complementary 
relation  between  the  abundance  of  plaice  and 
dabs  in  Lancashire  waters.  It  is  often  the  case 
that  when  plaice  are  scarce  dabs  are  abundant 
and  vice  versa.  Of  late  years  dabs  have  become 
more  abundant  here  than  plaice.  It  is  just 
possible  that  the  restrictive  measures  imposed  on 
trawl-fishing  in  Lancashire  waters  have  benefited 
the  dab  to  a  greater  extent  than  plaice.  This  is 
all  the  more  probable  since  the  dab  is  a  species 
which  spawns  when  it  is  (compared  with  plaice) 
relatively  small.  The  relatively  wide  trawl  and 
stake  net  meshes  enforced  now  by  the  Fishery 
Board  may  possibly  have  produced  this  increase 
in  the  number  of  dabs  in  Lancashire  waters. 

60.  Flounder.      Also    called    'White    Fluke.' 

Pleuronectes  flesus^  Linn. 

Common.  The  best  grounds  for  the  flounder 
are  perhaps  in  the  Lune  and  Ribble  estuaries. 
Flounders  obtained  from  the  former  ground  are 
often  infested  with  the  sporozoan  parasite, 
Lymphocystis  johnstonei,  Woodcock,  1  a  most  re- 

1  Woodcock,  Lancashire  Sea  fish.  Laty.  Report  fir 
J9°3>  PP-  63-72,  Liverpool,  1904. 


PERCESCOCES 

65.  Grey  Mullet.     Mugil  chelo,  Cuv. 

This  mullet  is  found  all  along  the  Lancashire 
coast  in  summer.  Large  numbers  of  the  young 
occasionally  enter  Morecambe  Bay  and  have  been 
mistaken  by  fishermen  for  young  salmon.  I 
have  seen  them  in  abundance  in  Fleetwood  Dock, 
and  they  are  said  to  be  very  numerous  in  the 
Cavendish  Dock  at  Barrow.  They  are  frequently 
caught  in  stake  and  seine  nets  at  Southport  and 
in  Morecambe  Bay.  The  other  grey  mullet, 
Mugil  capita,  may  occasionally  turn  up  in 
Lancashire  waters  and  may  have  been  confused 


184 


FISHES 


with  M.  chela,  the  two  species  being  very  simi- 
lar, but  I  am  not  aware  of  any  certain  record  of 
the  occurrence  of  the  former  fish. 

66.  Greater    Sand-eel.       Ammodytes   lanceolatus, 

Lesauv. 

Not  a  common  fish  in  Lancashire  waters,  but 
a  specimen  has  been  taken  in  Morecambe  Bay. 

67.  Lesser  Sand-eel.      Ammodytes  tobianus,  Linn. 
Much   commoner  than  the  greater  sand-eel. 

It  is  caught  almost  everywhere  in  shallow  waters, 
and  is  a  common  fish  in  the  shrimp  nets.  There 
is  a  fishery  for  sand-eels  at  Fleetwood,  where  they 
are  simply  dug  out  of  the  sand. 

68.  Garfish    or    Greenbone.       Be/one   vulgaris, 

Will. 

The  occurrence  of  this  fish  is  rather  capricious. 
It  is  occasionally  taken  in  Ulverston  Channel 
in  stake  nets,  and  it  has  been  caught  in  the 
Queen's  Dock  at  Liverpool  and  in  the  Man- 
chester Ship  Canal  at  Eastham  ! 

HEMIBRANCHII 

69.  Three-spined  Stickleback.     Gasterosteus  acu- 

leatus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Jack  Sharp. 

A  semi-marine   species.     It  occurs  near  Piel 
in  the  Barrow  Channel. 
**yo.  Ten-Spined  Stickleback.    Gasterosteus  pun- 

gitius,  Linn. 

This  stickleback  is  recorded  by  Scott  from  the 
Barrow  Channel. 

7 1 .  Fifteen  -  spined    Stickleback.        Gasterosteus 

spinacbia.  Linn. 

Scott  has  recorded  this  fish  from  Morecambe 
Bay  and  from  the  Barrow  Channel. 

Sticklebacks  are  often  infested  with  the  Myxo- 
sporidian  parasite,  Glugea  anomala,  which  forms 
little  globular  swellings  underneath  the  skin.  A 
number  of  these  fishes  from  a  pond  in  the 
public  park,  Preston,  were  sent  to  me  some  time 
ago,  all  infested  with  this  Sporozoon.  Ap- 
parently the  parasite  caused  no  inconvenience  to 
the  fishes. 

LOPHOBRANCHII 

72.  Broad-nosed  Pipe-fish.     Siphonostoma  typh/e, 

Linn. 

A  shore  fish  which  is  very  rare  in  Lancashire 
waters. 


73.  Pipe-fish.      Syngnathus  am!,  Linn. 

This  is  the  common  pipe-fish.  It  is  got  very 
frequently  in  the  shrimp  nets  and  in  the  shore 
pools. 

PLECTOGNATHI 

74.  Sun  fish.     Orthagoriscus  mala  (Linn.) 

This  fish  must  be  very  rare  off  the  north-west 
coast  of  England.  It  is  recorded  in  the  stock 
books  of  the  Liverpool  Public  Museum  as  having 
been  taken  'off  Southport'  in  1864.  I  am  not 
aware  of  any  other  record  of  its  occurrence  in 
the  North  Sea. 

HAPLOMI 

*75.  Pike.     Esox  lucius,  Linn. 
Common  in  rivers  and  meres. 

OSTARIOPHYSI 
*j6.  Carp.     Cyprinus  carplo,  Linn. 

In  Bryerly's  time l  the  carp  was  common  in 
ponds  and  streams,  but  it  is  certainly  much  rarer 
now. 

77.  Roach.     Leuciscus  rutilus  (Linn.) 
Not  uncommon. 

78.  Chub.      Leuciscus  cephalus  (Linn.) 
Not  at  all  common. 

*79-  Dace.     Leuciscus  vulgaris  (Linn.) 

Bryerly  states  that  Leuciscus  lancastriensis  was 
common  in  1856  in  the  streams  about  War- 
rington.  L.  lancastriensis  is  identical  with  L. 
vulgaris. 

*8o.   Minnow.     Leuciscus  phoxinus  (Linn.) 

Common. 
*8i.   Rudd.      Leuciscus  erythr aphtha Imus  (Linn.) 

This  is  Bryerly's  L.  caeruleus. 

*82.  Tench.      Tinea  vulgaris.  Linn. 

Common  in  ponds. 
*83-  Bream.     Abramis  brama  (Linn.) 

In  ponds  and  streams. 
*84.  White  Bream.     Abramis  blicca  (Bloch) 

Bryerly  recorded  this  fish  from  the  Weaver. 

*85.  Loach  or  '  Beardie.'      Nemacheilus  barbatu- 

tar,  Rond. 

Not  uncommon  in  smaller  streams. 
1  Isaac  Bryerly,  Fauna  of  Liverpool,  1856. 


MALACOPTERYGII 


**86.  Salmon.     Salmo  salar,  Linn.  1901  a  salmon   smolt  about  £  Ib.  in  weight  was 

Taken  by  seine  nets,    'hang-nets,'  'heaves.'     taken    by    the     fishery    steamer   John   Fell,    off 
This  fish  also  occurs  frequently  in  the  stake  nets     Blackpool,  about  two  miles  from   land.       This 

fish   was   feeding  voraciously,    when  taken,    on 
young  fish  (sprats  or  herrings),  and  its  stomach 


in  Morecambe  Bay  and  elsewhere,  and  it  is 
sometimes  taken  in  the  trawl.  Our  knowledge 
of  the  salmon  in  the  open  sea  is  very  scanty.  In 


also   contained   the   remains  of  brittle  stars  and 


185 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


sponges.  I  believe  that  this  is  the  first  recorded 
instance  of  a  salmon  smolt  being  found  in  the 
open  sea. 

The  Lune  is  the  chief  Lancashire  salmon 
river,  and  indeed  this  is  one  of  the  best  salmon 
streams  in  England.  During  late  years  a  deteriora- 
tion in  the  value  of  the  Lune  salmon  fisheries 
has  been  noted,  and  one  cause  assigned  is  the 
excessive  amount  of  netting  at  the  mouth  of  the 
estuary.  But  I  think  the  other  alleged  cause, 
the  growing  pollution  of  the  stream,  is  a  more 
important  factor.  All  the  sewage  from  Lan- 
caster, from  an  infectious  disease  hospital,  and  the 
effluents  from  several  factories,  enter  the  portion 
of  the  estuary  where  salmon  are  found.  The 
effect  of  this  pollution  is  perhaps  not  so  much  to 
kill  the  fish — it  is  not  bad  enough  yet — as  to 
prevent  them  going  up  the  river.  Attempts 
have  been  made  in  recent  years  to  compel  the 
local  authorities  concerned  to  adopt  sewage 
purification  measures,  but  these  have  so  far  been 
fruitless. 

**87.  Sea  Trout.     Salmo  trutta,  Linn. 

Sea  trout  are  very  often  taken  along  the  sea 
coast.  Fishermen  in  Lancashire  distinguish 
between  several  kinds  of  salmonidas,  giving  them 
local  names,  such  as  '  mort,"  '  fork-tails,'  etc., 
but  most  probably  all  these  are  to  be  referred 
either  to  the  salmon  or  the  sea  trout. 

*88.  Trout.     Salmo  fario,  Linn. 

The  Ribble  is  the  best  Lancashire  trout 
stream. 

89.  Sparling.     Osmerus  eperlanus  (Linn.) 

Sparling  are  common  enough  in  Lancashire 
waters  to  form  the  material  for  a  fishery.  They 
are  taken  by  seine  nets  in  Morecambe  Bay  when 
the  fishery  lasts,  (legally)  from  I  November  to 
31  March.  They  are  also  got  occasionally  in 
Barrow  Channel,  and  in  the  shrimp  trawl  nets 
off  Blackpool.  They  are  very  small  (3  ins.  or 
thereabout)  in  the  latter  habitat. 


**go.  Grayling.   Corregous  thymallus  (Linn.) 

In  Bryerly's  time  the  grayling  was  taken 
abundantly  in  the  Mersey  near  Garston  Dock. 

91.  Anchovy.     Engraulis  encrasicholus  (Linn.) 
The  anchovy  is  a  rare  visitant  to   Lancashire 

waters.  I  have  seen  specimens  taken  by  Capt. 
Eccles  in  the  shrimp  trawl  in  the  Mersey  estuary 
and  off  Blackpool.  It  is  so  uncommon  that 
fishermen  usually  fail  to  recognize  it. 

92.  Herring.      Clupea  harenga,  Linn. 

There  is  no  real  fishery  now  for  herring  in 
Lancashire  waters,  though  they  are  caught  off  the 
Isle  of  Man  and  in  Welsh  waters.  They  used 
to  be  abundant  in  Morecambe  Bay,  but  have 
deserted  this  district  for  many  years  on  account 
of  the  increased  steam  traffic  in  the  bay,  some 
fishermen  say.  They  were,  however,  rather 
abundant  in  the  Mersey  between  Rock  Ferry 
and  Eastham  a  few  years  ago,  and  some  boats 
from  Morecambe  followed  the  fishing  there  with 
much  success.  They  occur  very  frequently, 
however,  though  not  in  sufficient  numbers  to 
make  a  remunerative  fishery,  and  are  constantly 
met  with  in  the  trawl  nets. 

93.  Sprat.      Clupea  spratta,  Linn. 

'  Sprats  '  are  always  mixtures  of  the  true  sprat 
and  the  herring.  They  are  very  abundant  at  times. 
In  1902  great  quantities  were  taken  by  the 
shrimp  boats  off  Southport.  In  this  case  the 
fish  were  caught  by  being  '  meshed  '  during  the 
'  shooting  '  and  hauling  of  the  shank  nets.  The 
fish  live  in  the  intermediate  and  upper  layers  of 
the  water  and  were  caught  by  the  net  in 
descending  and  ascending. 

94.  Twaite  Shad.     Clupea  Jinta,  Cuv. 

All  silvery  fishes  in  and  about  Morecambe 
Bay  are  known  as  '  shads.'  The  twaite  shad  is, 
however,  very  uncommon.  It  has  been  taken  in 
the  Mersey  (20  October,  1876,  Moore,  Liver- 
pool Public  Museum),  at  Formby,  and  off 
Blackpool. 


APODES 


95-  Eel.     Anguilla  vulgaris,  Turton. 

Common  along  the  shores  in  many  places. 

96.   Conger.      Conger  vulgaris,  Cuv. 

The  conger  is  common  in  Lancashire  waters. 
It  is  caught  in  the  trawl  and  by  lines.  I  have 
caught  it  on  the  Scars  in  Barrow  Channel  in  low 
water  by  the  'gaff.'  The  immature  stage  is  the 


well-known  Leptocephalus.  Mr.  A.  Scott 
captured  a  number  of  these  in  1898  in  the 
Barrow  Channel  by  placing  a  fine  net  in  the 
sand  gutters  through  which  the  last  of  the  tide 
was  ebbing.  These,  however,  were  rather  the 
transitional  stage  between  Leptocephalus  and  the 
young  congers  than  the  true  leptocephaline  larval 
stage. 


GANOIDS 


96.  Sturgeon.     Acipenser  sturio,  Linn. 

The  sturgeon  is  not  a  true  member  of  our 
local  piscine  fauna,  but  is  to  be  •  regarded  as  a 
rather  rare  visitant.  Still,  it  occurs  now  and 
then.  Frequently  got  at  Morecambe  in  Burrow's 
Balks  ;  a  specimen  caught  at  the  end  of  1  904 


was  between  9-10  feet  long.  One  was  caught 
by  some  salmon  fishermen  using  a  draft  net  in 
the  Leven.  This  example  was  sent  to  Mr. 
Broadbent,  fishmonger,  Barrow,  who  sent  the 
head  to  Mr.  A.  Scott  at  Piel.  The  fish  was 
8  feet  long  and  weighed  4  cwt. 


1  86 


FISHES 


CHONDROPTERYGIANS 


97.  Toper.     Galeus  vulgarh  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Darwen  Salmon. 

This  large  dogfish  has  been  taken  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Mersey,  in  the  river  above  Liver- 
pool, and  elsewhere.  It  is,  however,  rather 
rare.  Along  with  (no  doubt)  other  dogfish  it 
is  sold  occasionally  as  human  food. 

98.  Pike  Dog.     Acanthlas  vulgarh,  Risso. 

The  commonest  '  dog  '  in  Lancashire  waters. 
I  witnessed  a  haul  of  a  fish  trawl  made  by  Capt. 


102.  Monk  or  Abbot.      Rhina  squatina  (Linn.) 
Frequently  taken  in  the  trawl  nets  in  offshore 

waters. 

103.  Torpedo.      Torpedo  nobi/iana,  Bonap. 
The  electric  ray  is  very  rare  in  purely  Lan- 
cashire waters.     The  stock  books  of  Liverpool 
Public    Museum    record    one    as    having    been 
caught    in    Meols    Bay,    Southport,    in     1884. 
This  specimen,  which  does  not  appear  to  be  in 
the  museum,  however,  weighed  thirty  pounds. 


Wignall   off  Liverpool  N.W.  lightship  in  Sep-      104.  Skate  or  Bluet.     Raja  bath,  Linn, 
tember,  1904,  in  which  there  were  350  dogfishes, 
mainly  Acanthlas. 

Dogfishes  have,  during  the  last  few  years, 
proved  a  veritable  plague  to  fishermen.  They 
occur  in  great  numbers,  eat  fish  from  lines,  and 
destroy  nets.  No  method  of  getting  rid  of  them 
is  likely  to  prove  effective,  and  it  is  only  by 
making  use  of  them  as  human  food,  openly  and 
not  surreptitiously,  that  their  evil  effects  may  be 
minimized.  I  have  eaten  dogfish  and  found  it 
not  unpalatable. 

99.  Lesser   spotted    Dogfish.     Scyllium    canicula 

(Linn.) 

Less  abundant  than  the  preceding  species. 
This  and  S.  catulus  are  known  to  fishermen  as 
'  fay-dogs.' 

100.  Larger  spotted  Dogfish.     Scyllium  catulus, 

Gunn. 

Least  abundant  of  the  '  dogs.'  I  have  seen  it 
off  the  Mersey  estuary. 


Very  abundant  in  all  parts  of  the  Lancashire 
district. 

105.  White  Skate.     Raja  alba,  Lac£p. 

I  have  not  known  personally  of  the  capture 
of  this  fish,  but  according  to  Day  it  is  recorded 
from  Liverpool.  Bryerly  recorded  it  from 
Liverpool  as  R.  marginata.  These  records  are, 
however,  very  doubtful. 

1 06.  Ray.      Raja  clavata,  Linn. 

This  is  the  commonest  ray.  It  is  always 
abundant. 

107.  Spotted  Ray.     Raja  maculata,  Mont. 
Also  abundant. 

108.  Starry  Ray.     Raja  radiata,  Don. 
Rarer  than  any  of  the  above  Raj  x. 

109.  Cuckoo  Ray  or  Butterfly  Ray.    Raja  circu- 

laris,  Couch. 

Not  at  all  common,  but  got  in  the  trawl 
now  and  then.  Probably  Raja  miraletus. 


Black-mouthed  Dogfish.    Pristiurus  melano-     Couch  has  been  confused  with  this  species. 


stomus  (RafHn) 
A    specimen    of   this    fish    in    the    Fisheries 
Museum    at   Liverpool    University    is   probably 
local. 


no.   Sting  Ray.      Trygon  pastinaca,  Cuv. 

This  species  is  recorded  in  the  stock  books 
of  the  Liverpool  Museum  as  having  been  found 
off  the  Mersey  estuary. 


CYCLOSTOMES 


**  1 1 1 .  Sea-Lamprey.  Petromyzon  marinus,  Linn. 
These  '  fishes  '  are  rare  in  Lancashire  waters, 
but  have  been  taken  in  the  shrimp  trawl  from  the 
Ribble  estuary,  the  Mersey,  and  the  inshore 
grounds  off  the  latter  estuary. 

**  1 1 2.  Lamprey    or    '  Silver-eel.'      Petromyzon 

fluviatilis,  Linn. 

Common.  It  has  been  got  from  Piel,  Ulver- 
ston  Channel,  and  off  Morecambe.  I  have  seen 
a  flounder  caught  in  the  Lune  which  bears  the 
wound  inflicted  by  the  suctorial  mouth  of  the 
lamprey.  It  '  sucks '  on  to  living  fishes.  Fisher- 


men call   it  the  '  nine  eyes '  or  '  nine  holes,'  a 
name   which  is  curiously  enough   cognate    with 
the    German    popular    name    for    the  species, 
'  Neunauge.' 
113.   Hagfish.     Myxlne  glutlnosa,  Linn. 

I  am  doubtful  as  to  whether  this  species  really 
occurs  in  Lancashire  waters.  Capt.  Wignall, 
however,  informs  me  that  he  has  seen  cod  with 
the  internal  anatomy  destroyed,  leaving  only  skin 
and  bone,  and  my  friend  Mr.  F.  J.  Cole  tells  me 
that  this  is  the  effect  produced  by  hagfishes, 
which  bore  into  the  body  of  dead  fishes  like  the 
cod  and  devour  the  interior  parts. 


An  asterisk  (*)  indicates  occurrence  in  fresh  water  only,  two  asterisks  (**)  in  both  fresh  and  salt  water. 


187 


REPTILES 
AND    BATRACHIANS 


Neither  the  reptiles  nor  batrachians  of  Lancashire  call  for  much  attention. 
Scarce  in  Britain  generally,  these  two  groups  are  scarcer  still  in  Lancashire, 
where  uncultivated  land  now  hardly  exists  except  on  the  sandhills  fringing 
the  coast  and  in  parts  of  the  Furness  district.  This  record  of  the  local 
reptilian  and  amphibian  fauna  is  taken  from  the  lists  given  in  the  British 
Association  handbook  for  Liverpool  and  Southport,  except  those  for  the 
Furness  area,  which  have  been  collected  by  Mr.  Harper  Gaythorpe,  of 
Barrow. 


REPTILES 


LACERTILIA 


i.  Sand  Lizard.     Lacerta  agilis,  Linn. 

This  species  used  to  be,  and  indeed  still  is, 
abundant  on  the  sandhills  of  Formby,  Seaforth, 
and  Southport.  It  is  recorded  from  Walney 
Island,  Piel  Island,  and  Yarlside,  but  it  is  never- 
theless rare.  It  is,  however,  now  becoming 
rarer  than  it  used  to  be. 

2-  Viviparous  Lizard  or  Swift.    Lacerta  vivipara, 
Jacq. 

On  the  mosses  and  rarely  on  the  sandhills.    It 
occurs  at  Weston,  near  Runcorn,  and  on  Latrigg 
Moss  near  Broughton-in-Furness. 
3.  Slow-worm  or  Blind-worm.      Anguis  fragi/is, 
Linn. 

Found  occasionally  in  the  Leyland  district  and 
in  woods  in  the  Lake  district.  On  the  whole 
it  is  fairly  common  in  Furness,  but  more  so  at 
Woodland  than  anywhere  else. 


OPHIDIA 


4.  Viper  or  Adder.      Vipera  ierus,  Linn. 

Very  common  at  Woodland  and  on  the  Fells 
about  Torver  and  among  heather  and  peat  mosses. 
Four  were  destroyed  at  Haverthwaite  station  in 
June  1905,  the  largest  being  4  feet  long 
(R.  Lord,  Kirkby-in-Furness),  also  common  on 
Warton  Crag  and  at  Kellet  (W.  Farrer). 

5.  Common   or   Ringed    Snake.       Tropidonatut 

natrix,  Linn. 

This  snake  has  been  found  at  Crake  Valley 
and  at  Woodland  (M.  Rodgers,  Barrow). 

These  two  species  of  snakes  are  said  to  occur 
in  south-west  Lancashire,  but  it  is  rather  doubt- 
ful whether  they  do  or  not.  Specimens  have 
been  reported  as  occurring  in  the  immediate 
neighbourhood  of  Southport,  but  it  is  easy  in  such 
cases  to  satisfy  oneself  that  such  have  not  been 
imported.  '  Snakes '  in  the  Furness  district  are 
called  'Hag- worms'  by  the  country  people. 


BATRACHIANS 


EC AU DAT A 

1.  Common  Frog.     Rana  temporaria,  Linn. 
Even  the  common  frog  does  not  appear  to  be 

so  common  now  as  was  formerly  the  case. 

2.  The  Toad.     Bufo  vulgaris,  Linn. 
Common  over  the  county. 

3.  Natterjack.     Bufo  calamita,  Laur. 

Both  species  of  toad  are  fairly  common.  They 
are  most  abundant  on  the  Formby  and  Southport 
sandhills  in  the  slacks.  But  owing  to  the  drain- 
ing of  the  latter  B.  calamita  appears  to  be  becom- 
ing less  common.  It  is  said  to  be  common  enough 
at  Mureside  Mosses  (between  Woodland  and 
Broughton-in-Furness)  (T.  Johnstone,  Woodland). 


CAUDATA 


4.  Crested  Newt.     Molge  cristata,  Laur. 

5.  Common  Newt.      Molge  vulgaris,  Linn. 

Both  these  newts  are  said  to  be  well  distributed 
over  Lancashire — that  is,  the  portion  of  Lanca- 
shire still  capable  of  forming  a  habitat  for  them. 
The  crested  newt  is  neither  so  abundant  nor  so 
well  distributed  as  M.  vulgaris. 

Molgepalmata,  Schn.,  was  recorded  byBryerly 
in  1856  as  rare.  Three  small  specimens  were 
taken  in  a  shallow  stream  at  Upton.  It  is  very 
doubtful  if  it  exists  in  Lancashire  to-day. 


BIRDS 

Lancashire  is  rich  in  respect  of  its  bird  life.  It  forms  one  of  the  larger 
counties  of  England,  possessing  an  extensive  sea-board,  and  is  well  endowed 
with  mountain  and  plain,  with  wood,  river,  and  lake.  It  can  consequently 
present  to  the  ornithologist  a  very  representative  series  of  species  in  the 
majority  of  the  avian  families,  and  in  most  districts  numerous  individuals  of 
each.  Situated,  however,  in  the  north  and  west  of  England,  its  position  is 
less  favourable  for  receiving  visits  from  the  stream  of  migratory  birds  passing 
to  and  from  the  continent  of  Europe  than  the  eastern  and  southern  counties, 
where  so  many  tarry  for  a  time  every  spring  and  autumn. 

In  general,  the  entire  coast  of  Lancashire  from  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Duddon  to  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey  is  fronted  by  an  enormous  expanse  of 
sandbanks,  hundreds  of  square  miles  in  extent,  left  dry  by  the  sea  at  low 
water.  In  Furness,  the  country  landward  of  the  high-water  mark  forms 
a  plain  several  miles  in  width,  which  rather  abruptly  rises  to  an  altitude  of 
over  2,500  feet  in  Furness  and  Dunnerdale  fells.  The  whole  district  is  rich  in 
tracts  of  wild  crag,  elevated  moorland  and  forested  slopes,  with  abundance  of 
brakes  and  timbered  parks  interspersed  amid  the  extensively  cultivated  low- 
lands and  the  upland  grass  farms.  In  this  portion  of  the  county  also  occur 
the  largest  stretches  of  fresh  water,  Lake  Windermere,  Coniston  and  Esthwaite 
Waters,  and  numerous  larger  or  smaller  tarns.  Many  rare  species  of  birds, 
therefore,  survive  in  the  seclusion  of  this  safe  sanctuary,  and  hosts  of  water- 
fowl find  here  unmolested  nurseries.  Within  its  boundaries  still  breed  the 
merlin,  the  wood  warbler,  the  dipper,  the  raven,  the  carrion  crow,  the  great 
and  lesser  spotted  woodpeckers,  the  hen-harrier,  the  white-tailed  eagle, 
and  the  peregrine  falcon.  To  Furness  appertains  Walney  Island,  which 
has  long  been  noted  as  one  of  our  chief  safe  nesting  places  for  terns  and 
limicoline  birds.  At  the  southern  extremity  of  the  island  there  is  situated 
the  largest  of  the  two  important  gulleries  in  the  county,  the  other  being  that 
on  Cockerham  Moss  on  the  south-eastern  shore  of  Morecambe  Bay.  Leigh, 
the  historian  of  Lancashire  in  1700,  remarks  that  there  were  there  vast  quantities 
of  sea-gulls :  '  in  the  breeding  time  the  whole  island  is  near  covered  with 
eggs  or  young  ones,  so  that  it  is  scarce  passable  without  injuring  them.' 
In  the  list  of  rare  visitors  to  Walney  Island,  the  Duddon  Sands,  or  the 
adjacent  bay  of  Morecambe,  occur  the  names  of  the  barnacle  goose,  the 
scaup,  the  redbreasted  merganser,  the  avocet,  the  whimbrel,  and  the  eared 
grebe.  During  autumn  and  spring  on  migration,  and  in  winter — 
especially  if  severe  weather  prevail — thousands  of  ducks,  geese,  swans,  curlews, 
and  dunlins  find  these  sands  an  inexhaustible  feeding  ground. 

The  coast  between  Morecambe  Bay  and  the  boundary  of  Cheshire  is 
indented  by  the  estuaries  of  the  Lune,  the  Wyre,  the  Ribble,  and  the 
Mersey.  The  greater  part  of  the  long  sea  line  of  this  region  is  fringed 
with  sand  dunes  varying  from  one  to  four  miles  in  width,  and  from  20  to 

189 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

30  feet  in  height.  Between  these  dunes  and  a  line  drawn  roughly  from 
Lancaster  through  Preston  and  Wigan  to  Manchester,  Lancashire  is  prac- 
tically a  level  plain  undulating  eastward,  rarely  anywhere  rising  over 
400  to  500  feet.  Eastward  of  this  line  the  country  gradually  ascends 
through  the  foot  hills  and  outliers  of  the  Pennine  Range  to  the  boundary  of 
Yorkshire.  A  special  feature  of  the  plains  is  the  extensive  area  covered  by 
peat  mosses.  In  former  days  these  were  vastly  greater  ;  but  now  they  are 
less  continuous  and  more  isolated.  Yet  still  between  the  Ribble  and  the 
Mersey  there  is  an  almost  continuous  belt,  twenty  miles  in  length  by  some 
three  miles  in  width,  dotted  with  numerous  meres  and  pools,  the  remnants  of 
the  more  extensive  water-expanses,  some  of  which  nearly  equalled  Lake 
Windermere  in  size,  so  that  at  one  time  the  name  of  Lake  Lancashire  was 
given  to  these  lowlands.  In  like  manner  the  great  woods  and  smaller  plan- 
tations, still  so  abundantly  preserved,  are  but  the  residue  of  the  almost  un- 
broken forest  which  once  clothed  this  part  of  England  and  harboured  so 
many  now  vanished  species  of  animals  and  plants.  Countless  parks,  shrubberies 
and  orchards  diversify  the  surface  of  the  county  in  the  midst  of  cultivated  farms 
or  extensive  permanent  grass-lands.  Lancashire,  south  of  the  Fells,  therefore 
presents  suitable  cover  and  abundant  food  supply  for  most  species  of  birds. 
Still  year  after  year  constant  drainage,  the  continuous  additions  being  made  to 
the  arable  land,  and  the  growth  of  the  population  with  the  demand  for  wider 
areas  for  human  habitation,  are  curtailing  and  extinguishing  these  pleasant 
habitats  and  driving  their  feathered  tenants  to  other  sanctuaries.  Many  species 
are  now  far  less  frequently  met  with  than  even  a  few  decades  ago  ;  some  have 
entirely  deserted  us  with  little  hope  of  their  ever  returning.  The  little  bittern, 
the  hobby,  and,  it  is  to  be  feared,  the  kite,  are  lost  to  us ;  the  honey-buzzard, 
the  bittern,  the  night-heron  and  the  wryneck  are  aves  rarissimce ;  the  cross- 
bill, the  chough,  the  carrion  crow,  the  buzzard,  the  marsh  harrier,  the  nut- 
hatch, and  the  tree-creeper,  become  rarer  every  season. 

The  almost  entire  absence  of  shore  rocks  deprives  the  county  of  many 
of  our  common  sea-birds  as  breeding  species,  the  majority  of  which  would 
certainly  nest  under  different  conditions,  such  as  the  puffin,  most  of  the 
gulls,  the  guillemots,  the  chough,  the  rock-dove,  the  cormorant,  and  the 
shag.  As  might  be  expected,  however,  from  the  extent  of  our  maritime 
sandbanks,  our  lakes,  meres,  rivers  and  the  wide  river-like  ditches  cut 
through  the  mosses,  the  number  of  sea  or  fresh-water-loving  birds  is  very 
large.  No  fewer  than  seventy-nine  can  be  enumerated  either  as  resident  or 
visiting  species,  and,  as  already  said,  during  migration  and  in  severe  winters 
vast  flocks  congregate  on  the  sandbanks,  on  the  mudflats  of  the  estuaries,  and 
on  our  inland  waters. 

Several  species  have  been  recorded  for  the  first  time  as  British  birds 
from  Lancashire,  namely,  the  black-throated  wheatear,  the  collared  pratin- 
cole, the  sociable  plover,  the  great  snipe,  the  white-faced  petrel,  and  the  lanner 
falcon  ;  while  such  rarities  as  Montagu's  harrier,  the  goshawk,  the  honey- 
buzzard,  the  red-footed  falcon,  the  glossy  ibis,  the  spoonbill,  and  the  Siberian 
thrush,  have  all  been  observed  or  taken  in  it.  Several  of  these  records  are 
becoming  ancient  history  ;  many  of  those  visitors  have  not  for  many  years 
passed  this  way  again.  A  goodly  number  of  the  specimens  upon  which  these 
records  are  founded  were  fortunately  acquired  by  the  thirteenth  Earl  of 

190 


BIRDS 

Derby,  in  whose  magnificent  collection  they  were  preserved  till  they  passed 
by  bequest  to  the  custody  of  the  city  of  Liverpool  in  1851. 

Duck  decoying  is  now  almost  extinct  in  Lancashire.  In  former  days 
it  was  carried  on  in  several  localities  ;  but  Hale,  on  the  Mersey,  the  seat 
of  the  Ireland-Blackburnes,  is  the  only  place  where  a  decoy  still  continues 
to  be  worked.  It  is  provided  with  five  pipes,  and  has  been  operated  for  over 
150  years.  The  chief  species  that  are  captured  in  it  are  mallard  and  teal, 
with  a  fair  proportion  of  wigeon  in  most  years.  Fowlers,  on  the  other  hand, 
are  numerous,  and  are  successful  in  securing  every  season  thousands  of  scoter, 
scaup,  mallard,  curlews,  geese,  and  dunlins  by  means  of  douker  or  fly-nets. 
The  former  are  suspended  a  foot  or  two  over  the  birds'  feeding  grounds 
between  tides,  in  diving  down  to  which  they  get  entangled  by  the  neck  and 
drowned  in  the  rising  water.  The  latter,  often  of  great  length  and  some  four 
feet  in  height,  are  set  on  the  sands  athwart  the  track  of  the  birds  hastening 
to  their  feeding  banks  from  which  the  sea  has  just  retreated.  Vast  numbers 
of  teal  and  snipe  are  also  taken  in  horsehair  snares,  known  as  '  panties,'  set  in 
lone  spots  in  grassy  marshes,  and  on  prepared  and  baited  places  when  the 
ground  is  snow-covered.  The  ignoble  skylark-fowler  employs  the  usual 
clap-net.  Dr.  Leigh's  History  of  Lancashire,  which  contains  numerous  quaint 
observations  on  natural  history,  has  the  following  interesting  note  on  the 
'  fowling  '  of  mallard  without  their  capture  :  '  but  the  most  remarkable  thing 
of  the  Wild  Ducks  is  the  way  of  feeding  them  at  Bold  in  Lancashire.  Great 
quantities  of  these  breed  in  the  summer  season  in  Pits  and  Ponds  within  the 
Demesne,  which  probably  may  entice  them  to  come  into  the  Moat  near  the 
Hall,  which  a  person  accustomed  to  them  perceiving,  he  beats  with  a  stone 
on  a  hollow  wood  vessel  ;  the  Ducks  answer  to  the  sound,  and  come  quite 
round  him  upon  an  Hill  adjoining  to  the  Water.  He  scatters  corn  amongst 
them,  which  they  take  with  as  much  Quietness  and  Familiarity  as  Tame 
ones  ;  when  fed  they  take  their  flight  to  the  Rivers,  Meers,  and  Salt-marshes.' 

The  latest  list  of  birds  enumerated  as  British  contains  475  species  ;  but 
of  these  72  have  been  disallowed  as  not  sufficiently  authenticated.  Those, 
therefore,  with  a  good  title  to  the  designation  number  only  403.  Of  this 
total  269  are  entered  in  the  following  list  as  having  been  observed  in 
Lancashire,  so  that  only  134  have  not  yet  favoured  us  by  residence  or  visit. 
Of  the  269  Lancashire  birds,  136  nest  with  us  as  residents  (93),  or  as  summer 
visitors  (43).  The  majority,  just  over  a  half  (69),  of  these  are  passerine  birds, 
while  larine,  limicoline,  picarian,  and  accipitrine  species  form  the  bulk  of  the 
remainder.  Winter  sojourners  or  migrants  making  a  short  stay  on  their  autumn 
and  spring  passages  number  77 :  46  being  anserine  or  limicoline.  The 
balance  of  56  are  stragglers  and  occasional  visitors,  the  greater  number  (48) 
belonging  to  anserine,  larine,  and  limicoline  species. 

1.  Missel-Thrush.     Turdus  v iscivorus,  Linn.  3.  Redwing.     Turdus  i/iacust  Linn. 

Locally,  Stormcock,  Shirley.  A    common    winter   and    spring  visitor,  fre- 
Common  throughout  the   county,   but  more  quenting  lower  grounds  than  the  fieldfare, 
abundant  year  by  year.     Often  frequents  shrub- 
beries and  orchards  throughout  the  winter.  4.  Fieldfare.      Turdus  pi/aris,  Linn. 

2.  Song-Thrush.      Turdus  musicus,  Linn.  An  autumn  and  winter  visitor,  often  in  large 
Met  with  everywhere  and  apparently  increas-  flocks  in  the  Mersey  Valley  and  on   the   lower 

ing  in  numbers.  Fells. 

191 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


5.   Siberian  Thrush.      Turdus  sibiricus,  Pallas.  1 8.   Blackcap.      Sylvia  atricapilla  (Linn.). 

Seen  by  the  writer  in  his  garden  in  Liverpool          A    summer    immigrant    and    lowland    wood- 
many  occasions  during  the  severe  winter  of     lander,  only  very  occasionally  wintering  in  the 

county. 

19.  Garden-Warbler.      Sylvia    hortensis    (Bech- 


1895. 

6.  Blackbird.     Turdus  merula,  Linn. 
Abundant. 

7.  Ring-Ousel.      Turdus  torquatus,  Linn. 

A    summer   immigrant,   nesting   more   abun-      2Q    QoUrfgct 
dantly  in  the  Fells  than  elsewhere. 

8.  Wheatear.     Saxicola  atnanthe  (Linn.). 

Locally,  Stone-chack,  Wall-chack,  White-rump 


stein). 

A  common  summer  migrant,  often  seen  late 
in  autumn  in  gardens  and  orchards. 

Regulus  cristatus.     K.  L.  Koch. 
A  fairly  common  resident,  more  conspicuous 
after  the  close  of  the  breeding  season,  when  it 
occurs  in  small  companies. 
A  summer   resident,  arriving  at   the   end   of     2i.  Firecrest.     Regulus  ignicapillus  (Brehm). 
March  or  early  in  April.    Common  on  the  low-          Qne   of   twQ  occurrences  of  this  species  are 
lands  and  sandy  hnks  near  the  coast.  recorded,   but  none  of  them    appear  absolutely 

9.   Black-throated  Wheatear.    Saxicola  stapazina,     authentic;  the  record   (Zoologist,  1903,  p.  455) 
Vieillot.  °f  tne  finding  of  a  male  specimen  near  South- 

A   specimen  taken  at  Bury,  8    May,    1875,      P°rt>  in  °Ct°ber  '9°3>  Proved  erroneous. 
was    the    first    record    in    the    British    Islands.      22.  Chiffchaff.     Phylloscopus  rufus  (Bechstein). 
(P.  Z.  S.      1878,     pp.   881-997).     Figured  in  I«v»ty,  Petty-chaps. 

Saunders'  Manual,  p.  23,  and  by  Dresser,  Birds          A  ^  summer  ^.^  arrjving  ear,y  jn  April> 


of  Europe,  under  the  name  of  Saxicola  rufa  (Hart- 
ing,  Handbook  of  British  Birds,  p.  353). 

10.  Whinchat.     Pratincola  rubetra  (Linn.). 

A  summer  visitor  to  all   our  wastes,  moor- 
lands, and  low-lying  open  country. 

11.  Stonechat.     Pratincola  rubicola  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Stone-chack,  Flick-tail. 

A   resident,  frequenting  commons  and  furzy 
wastes.     Irregularly  distributed. 

1 2.  Redstart.     Ruticilla  pboenicurus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Jennie  Red-tail. 

An  early  spring  immigrant  and  summer  resi- 
dent, sparingly  distributed. 

13.  Black  Redstart.     Ruticilla  titys  (Scopoli). 
A  rare  autumn  and  winter  visitant. 

14.  Robin    or    Redbreast.       Erithacus    rubecula 

(Linn.). 
Abundant. 

15.  Nightingale.     Daulias  luscinia  (Linn.). 
The  majority  of  the  records  of  the  occurrence 

of  the  nightingale  in  this  county  are  insufficiently 


23.  Willow  -  Warbler.        Phylloscopus     trochilus 

(Linn.). 

Locally,  White  Wren,  Peggy  Whitethroat. 
A  quite  common  summer  visitor. 

24.  Wood- Warbler.  Phylloscopus  sibilatrix  (Bech- 

stein). 

Locally,  Fell  Peggy. 

A  summer  immigrant,  especially  frequent  in 
the  more  wooded  districts  among  the  Fells. 

25.  Reed- Warbler.      Acrocephalus  streperus  (Vie- 

illot). 

A  summer  immigrant,  local  and  not  uncom- 
mon by  the  margins  of  our  meres  and  osier 
thickets. 

26.  Sedge  -  Warbler.       Acrocephalus    phragmitis 

(Bechstein). 
Locally,  Water  Nanny. 

A  summer  visitor,  common  on  meres  and 
reedy  swamps. 

27.  Grasshopper  -  Warbler.       Locustella    neevia 

(Boddaert). 
A  generally  distributed  species,  arriving  early 


authenticated,    but    its    presence  in    the    Irwell  ;n   M~      and' spending  the  summer  with   us  in 

valley  seems  worthy  of  respect.     No  authentic  {          numbers  than  usually  supposed, 
nest  has  ever   been    taken.      The    writer    may 

mention  here  that  he  saw  it  at  close  quarters  in  28.   Hedge-Sparrow.     Accentor  modulans  (Linn.), 
his  garden  at  Hoylake,  in  Cheshire,  in  1900.  Locally,  Hedge-dunny,  Dunnock,  Dykey. 

,     ....  .     ,  c  ,  •  /TJ     L      •  \  A   resident  common  throughout   the    county 

1 6.  Whitethroat.     Sykta  cmerea  (Bechstem).  ^  ^          ^^ 

Locally,  Peggy  Whitethroat. 
A  common  summer  immigrant. 

17.  Lesser  Whitethroat.    Sylvia  carruca  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Hazel-linnet. 

An  occasional  summer  visitor. 


29.  Dipper.      Cine/us  aquaticus,  Bechstein. 

Locally,     Bessy    Ducker,     Water-Ouzel,    Betty 

Dowker. 

Numerous    in    all   streams,  especially  in    the 
higher  parts  of  the  county. 


192 


BIRDS 


30.  British     long-tailed    Tit.       Acredula    rosea 

(Blyth). 

Locally,  Bottle  Tit. 

A  fairly  abundant  species,  especially  in  wooded 
districts. 

31.  Great  Tit.     Parus  major,  Linn. 
Locally,  Ox-eye  Tit. 

An  abundant  resident. 

32.  British  Coal-Tit.      Parus  britannicus,  Sharpe 

and  Dresser. 

A  resident  but  local.  It  is  numerous  in  some 
districts  of  the  Fells.  More  often  observed  in 
winter  than  at  other  seasons. 

33.  British  Marsh  Tit.     Parus  palustris,  Linn. 
A  resident  nesting  species,  but  not  so  abund- 
ant as  the  last,  except  in  the  localities  it  affects, 
where  considerable  flocks  may  be  seen   in   late 
autumn  and  in  winter. 

34.  Blue  Tit.      Parus  ceeruleus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Blue  Nope. 

A  very  common  resident,  in  winter  tame  and 
familiar,  loving  the  neighbourhood  of  dwellings. 

35.  Nuthatch.      Sitta  cassia,  Wolf. 
Locally,  Kitty  Wren. 

An  extremely  rare  summer  visitor.  It  is  said 
to  have  bred  near  Manchester.  (Mitchell,  Birds 
of  Lancashire,  p.  38.)  Its  last  recorded  occur- 
rence is  September  1880. 

36.  Wren.      Troglodytes  parvulus,  Koch. 
Locally,  Kitty  Wren. 

An  abundant  resident. 

37.  Tree-Creeper.      Certhia  familiaris,  Linn. 

A  resident,  but  becoming  rarer  than  it  formerly 
was.  A  few  pairs,  however,  nest  annually  in 
most  of  the  woods  throughout  the  county. 

38.  Wall-Creeper.     Tichodroma  muraria  (Linn.). 
A  very  rare  straggler.     The  second  specimen 

in  England,  after  1792,  was  shot  at  the  village 
of  Subden,  Pendle  Hill,  8  May,  1872.  (Zoo- 
logist, 1876,  p.  4839  ;  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  I, 
p.  56,  with  plate  ;  ed.  2,  p.  60,  woodcut.) 

39.  Pied  wagtail.     Motacilla  lugubris,  Temm. 
Locally,  Water  Wagtail. 

An  abundant  resident,  but  more  conspicuous 
in  early  autumn,  when  it  frequents  lawns,  moist 
pathways,  and  wet  sandy  patches  in  companies 
of  two  or  three  pairs  together.  It  is  scarcer  in 
winter. 

40.  White  Wagtail.      Motacilla  alba,  Linn. 

A  spring  visitor,  and  less  common  than  the 
preceding  species,  but  occurring  probably  '  more 
frequently  than  is  supposed '  (Mitchelf).  It  nests 
on  many  of  our  mosses. 

4 1 .  Grey  Wagtail.     Motacilla  melanope,  Pallas. 
A  resident,  but  nests  in  Lancashire  less  fre- 
quently   than    the    pied    wagtail,    though    still 


numerous  on  the  rocky  streams  of  Langridge 
Fell. 

42.  Yellow    Wagtail.     Motacilla    rail   (Bona- 

parte). 

Locally,  Yellow  Hand-stir,  Seedfore. 
A  not  uncommon  summer  visitor,  nesting  in 
maritime  and  inland  meadows. 

43.  Tree-Pipit.      Anthus  trivialis  (Linn.). 

A  summer  immigrant,  well  distributed  espe- 
cially near  woods. 

44.  Meadow-Pipit.     Anthus  pratensis  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Titlark. 

Abundant  everywhere. 

45.  Richard's  Pipit.     Anthus  richardi,  Vieillot. 
Specimens  of  Richard's   pipit  were   killed  at 

Crosby  and  on  the  Wyre  in  1869.  (Mitchell, 
Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  48.) 

46.  Rock-Pipit.     Anthus  obscurus  (Latham). 

A  resident  species,  common  along  the  coast 
and  margins  of  our  large  estuaries,  and  on  Walney 
Island,  where  it  breeds.  (Harting,  Zoologist,  1 864.) 

47.  Golden  Oriole.      Oriolus  galbula,  Linn. 
There  are  several   records  of  the  species  as  a 

summer  visitor,  but  none  of  its  having  nested  in 
the  county. 

48.  Great  Grey  Shrike.     Lanius  excubitor,  Linn. 
An  occasional  visitor  in  late  autumn  and   in 

winter.  An  adult  female  specimen  was  shot  at 
Urmston  in  January  1904.  (Zoologist,  1904, 
p.  115.)  It  used  to  breed  at  one  time  among 
the  sandhills.  Mr.  H.  Murray  saw  one  shot  at 
Chorlton  near  Manchester  in  1905. 

49.  Red-backed  Shrike.      Lanius  collurio,  Linn. 
A  summer  visitor.      There  are  frequent   re- 
cords of  its  having  bred   in  the  county.     (Zoolo- 
gist, 1896,  p.  70.) 

50.  Woodchat  Shrike.     Lanius  pomeranus,  Sparr- 

man. 

Two  occurrences  of  this  species  are  on  record. 
(Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  53.) 

51.  Waxwing.      Ampelis  garrulus,  Linn. 
There  have   been   several   invasions  of   con- 
siderable   numbers  at  a  time  of   the   waxwing, 
generally  at  long  intervals,  and  as  a  rule  in  mid- 
winter. 

52.  Pied  Flycatcher.  Muscicapa  atricapilla,  Linn. 
A  summer   visitor  on  migration  ;  some  few 

breed  annually. 

53.  Spotted     Flycatcher.        Muscicapa    grisola, 

Linn. 
A  common  summer  visitor. 

54.  Swallow.   Hirundo  rustica,  Linn. 

A  summer  visitor  universally  distributed. 
First  seen  in  1903  as  early  as  the  end  of  March, 
near  Liverpool.  In  North  Lancashire  during  the 
very  unseasonable  May  of  1886  between  six  and 
3  25 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

seven  hundred  swallows  perished  from  cold  and      67.  Lesser  Redpoll.     Linota  rufescens  (Vieillot). 


wet.  (Zoologist,  1886,  p.  248.)  Great  flocks 
frequent  our  meres  in  autumn  before  their 
migration  flight. 

55.  House-Martin.      Chelidon  urbica  (Linn.). 
Equally  common   with   the    last  species    but 

later  in  arriving.  For  some  unknown  cause  it 
is  often  weeks  later  in  some  years  than  in  others  in 
returning  to  its  annually  frequented  haunts, 
though  abundant  in  neighbouring  districts. 
Numerous  house-martins  succumbed  to  the 
disastrous  weather  of  May  1886. 

56.  Sand-Martin.      Cotile  riparia  (Linn.). 


Locally,  Grey  Bob,  Jitty. 

A  resident,  common  in  the  lowlands  of  the 
northern  districts,  where  it  nests  freely. 

68.  Twite.     Linota  Jlavirostris  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Moor  Linnet. 

A   resident  species  nesting  on  all  heaths  and 
moors  both  in  the  uplands  and  lowlands. 

69.  Bullfinch.      Pyrrhula  europaa,  Vieillot. 
An  abundant  resident. 

70.  Pine-Grosbeak.      Pyrrhula  enucleator  (Linn.). 
There  exist  two  records  of  the  occurrence  of 


A  summer  visitor,  numerous  wherever  it  finds      tne  pine-grosbeak,  one  prior  to  1837  at  Hurlston, 


suitable  sandbanks. 

57.   Greenfinch.      Ligurinus  chloris  (Linn.). 

Locally,  Green  Linnet. 
A   resident  and  generally  distributed  species. 


and  the  second  in  February,  1895,  at  Rochdale. 
(Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  75.) 

71.  Crossbill.      Loxia  curvirostra,  Linn. 

The   crossbill  appears  at    intervals  of  a  few 


In  times  of  hard   frost  it  frequents  dwellings  in      year 


s   in   small  flocks  which    frequent  the  pine 


association  with  starlings,  sparrows,  robins,  and 
gulls. 

58.  Hawfinch.     Coccothraustes  vulgaris,  Pallas. 
Resident  and  fairly   numerous,  and  becoming 

more  so  of  late  years. 

59.  Goldfinch.      Carduelis  elegans,  Stephens. 

A  resident  and  widely  distributed  species,  but 
less  numerous  than  formerly. 

60.  Siskin.      Carduelis  spinus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Aberdevine. 

A  winter  visitor  in  small  flocks.  There  is  a 
record  of  the  siskin  having  bred  near  Lancaster 
in  1836.  (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2, 
P.  63.) 

61.  House  Sparrow.     Passer  domesticus  (Linn.). 
Abundant. 

62.  Tree  Sparrow.      Passer  montanus  (Linn.). 

A  resident  occurring  sparingly  throughout  the 
county. 

63.  Chaffinch.      Fringilla  ccelebs,  Linn. 
Locally,  Pink-pink,  Fleckie. 

A  resident,  and  very  common  everywhere. 

64.  Brambling.      Fringilla  montifringilla,  Linn. 
An  occasional  mid-winter  visitor. 

65.  Linnet.      Linota  cannabina  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Brown  Linnet,  Gorse-finch. 

A  resident  and  common  species  throughout 
the  county  in  whin-covered  moors  and  especially 
in  gorse  fields  not  far  from  the  sea. 

66.  Mealy  Redpoll.     Linota  linaria  (Linn.). 
This  species  was  caught   occasionally  twenty 

years  ago  on  Mellor  Moor,  as  Mr.  R.  J.  Howard 
has  satisfied  himself.  (Saunders,  in  Mitchell's 
Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  73  «.) 

194 


plantations.  The  occurrence  of  a  bird  of  the 
year  at  Morecambe  in  1883  suggests  its  having 
been  bred  in  the  county  (Birds  of  Lancashire, 
ed.  2,  p.  76).  In  former  times  this  species  nested 
regularly. 

72.  Corn-bunting.      Emberiza  miliaria,  Linn. 
A  resident  and  locally  abundant  species,  espe- 
cially on  the  lowlands  of  the  Mersey  Valley. 

73.  Yellow  Hammer.     Emberiza  citrinella,  Linn. 
Locally,    Goldfinch,    Yellow     Yoldring,     Bessy 

Blakeling. 

Abundant  everywhere,  often  frequenting  farm- 
yards and  lawns  in  company  with  sparrows. 

74.  Cirl  Bunting.      Emberiza  cirlus,  Linn. 

A  very  rare  visitor.  It  is  recorded  to  have 
bred  at  Formby  (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire, 
ed.  2,  p.  79). 

75.  Ortolan     Bunting.        Emberiza      hortulana, 

Linn. 

A  male  of  this  species  was  killed  near  Man- 
chester in  November,  1827  (ZoologicalJournal,  iii. 
p.  498),  and  figured  by  Selby.  (Mitchell,  Birds 
of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  79.) 

76.  Reed  Bunting.     Emberiza  schaeniclus.  Linn. 
Locally,  Blackcap,  Reed  Sparrow. 

A  common  resident,  locally  distributed. 

77.  Snow  Bunting.    Plectrophenax  nivalis  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Shore  Lark,  Mountain  Bunting. 

An  annual  winter  visitant  to  our  shores  in 
considerable  numbers. 

78.  Lapland     Bunting.        Calcarius      lapponicus 

(Linn.). 

A  very  rare  winter  visitant,  and  only  four  times 
observed  in  Lancashire  between  the  years  1834 
and  1882. 


BIRDS 


79.  Starling.     Sturnus  vu/garis,  Linn. 
Locally,  Shepster. 

A  resident,  abundant  everywhere,  nesting  in 
hollow  trees  and  about  dwelling  houses  so 
numerously  as  to  amount  now  to  a  nuisance. 
Its  numbers  are  increasing  with  great  rapidity 
every  year.  During  winter  immense  flocks  con- 
gregate in  every  suitable  shrubbery. 

80.  Rose-coloured  Starling.   Pastor  roseus  (Linn.). 
A  rare  visitor  on  migration  during  autumn. 

81.  Chough.     Pyrrhocrax  graculus  (Linn.). 
The  chough,  or  red-legged  crow,  as  it  is  often 

called,  has  no  suitable  breeding  place  nearer  to 
Lancashire  than  Anglesea  and  the  Isle  of  Man. 
It  frequents  the  Fells,  however.  It  is  said  to 
have  nested  formerly,  if  not  now,  at  Whitbarrow 
in  Morecambe  Bay,  just  over  the  Westmorland 
border. 

82.  Jay.      Garrulus  glaudarius  (Linn.). 

A  resident.  Common  in  woods  where  it  is 
not  persecuted  by  gamekeepers. 

83.  Magpie.      Pica  rustica  (Scopoli). 
Locally,  Piet,  Pyanet. 

A  common  resident,  but  more  abundant  in  the 
uplands  and  Fell  districts. 

84.  Jackdaw.     Corvus  monedula,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident  throughout  Lancashire, 
breeding  in  steeples  and  in  old  beeches  and  oaks. 

85.  Raven.     Corvus  corax,  Linn. 

The  raven  is  a  resident  breeding  annually 
among  the  cliffs  in  the  high  Fells  and  on  crag 
ledges  of  the  unfrequented  dales  of  the  northern 
districts. 

86.  Carrion-Crow.     Corvus  corone,  Linn. 
Locally,  Kar-crow,  Doup-crow. 

A  resident  species,  occurring  locally,  but  every- 
where becoming  rarer  through  persecution.  Its 
nesting  places  are  chiefly  in  the  retired  districts 
of  the  Lancashire  lakeland. 

87.  Grey  or  Hooded  Crow.     Corvus  comix,  Linn. 
Locally,  Manx  Crow,  Royston  Crow,  Sea  Crow. 

A  late  autumn  and  winter  visitor  to  our  shores 
from  the  Isle  of  Man  chiefly.  In  the  early  hours 
of  a  November  morning  they  may  often  enough 
be  heard  announcing  their  arrival  to  sleepless 
dwellers  near  the  coast.  In  the  hurricane  of 
3  December,  1821,  a  very  large  number  of  wild 
birds,  such  as  'sea-crows,  snipe,  and  other  aquatic 
birds,'  were  washed  ashore  dead  on  the  Lancashire 
coast.  (Bland,  Annals  of  Southport,  p.  82.) 

88.  Rook.      Corvus  frugilegus,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident.  During  severe  winter 
rooks  may  be  seen  feeding  along  the  shore  singly 
or  in  pairs  widely  separated,  in  company  with 
plovers,  gulls,  and  starlings. 


89.  Sky-Lark.      Alauda  arvensis,  Linn. 
Abundant. 

90.  Wood-Lark.      Alauda  arborea,  Linn. 

A  once  abundant  but  now  very  rare  species, 
yet  still  probably  often  undistinguished  from  the 
sky-lark. 

91.  Shore-Lark.      Otocorys  alpestris  (Linn.). 
A  very  rare  visitor  and  only  in  winter. 

92.  Swift.      Cypselus  apus  (Linn.). 

Locally,  Devil  skirler,  Develin,  Devil  Screamer. 
An  abundant  summer  visitant. 

93.  Alpine  Swift.     Cypselus  melba  (Linn.). 

Of  this  bird  only  two  occurrences  are  on 
record.  (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2, 
p.  102.) 

94.  Nightjar.     Caprimulgus  europcsus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Night  Hawk,  Fern  Owl. 

A  summer  visitant,  common  in  suitable  locali- 
ties. 

95.  Wryneck.     lynx  torquilla,  Linn. 
Locally,  Lang  tongue. 

Formerly  numerous,  but  now  a  very  rare 
summer  visitor.  Observed  on  Stiperden  Moor, 
Burnley,  on  30  August,  1905. 

96.  Green  Woodpecker.     Gecinus  viridis  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Heyhough  (Leigh). 

A  resident  and  not  uncommon  in  thick  woods, 
where  it  nests,  but  scarce  elsewhere. 

97.  Great    Spotted    Woodpecker.       Dendrocopus 

major  (Linn.). 

A  sparsely  distributed  resident,  chiefly  fre- 
quenting our  fir  woods.  Specimens  were  taken 
on  Cartmell  Fell  and  near  Ulverston  in  Novem- 
ber 1889.  It  nests  in  Witton  Park,  Blackburn. 
(Zoologist,  1904,  p.  260.) 

98.  Lesser    Spotted    Woodpecker.      Dendrocopus 

minor  (Linn.). 

A  resident  species,  but  much  more  rarely  seen 
than  the  previous  species,  yet  probably  more 
numerous  than  is  generally  supposed.  Nests  are 
found  every  year. 

[Great  Black  Woodpecker.  Picus  martius, 
Linn. 

Yarrell  (History  of  British  Birds,  ed.  3,  ii. 
138)  records  that  an  individual  had  been  shot  in 
the  county  by  Lord  Stanley,  but  it  was  proved 
to  be  a  mistaken  idea.  (Harting,  Handbook  of 
British  Birds,  p.  304.)] 

99.  Middle    Spotted   Woodpecker.      Dendropicus 

medius  (Linn.). 

One  visit  of  this  species  to  Lancashire  is  on 
record.  (Pennant,  Brit.  Zool.  i.  180.) 

['  The  Brazilian  Magpie.'     Rhamphastidarium 


'95 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Leigh,  writing  in  1700  in  his  History  of 
Lancashire  (i.  195),  records  :  'About  two  years 
ago  in  the  same  violent  hail  storm  [which  brought 
the  Tropic  Bird,  see  p.  198  infra}  the  Brazilian 
magpie  was  "found  dead  on  the  coasts  of  Lanca- 
shire." '  The  figure  2  on  '  Table  ye  I  of  Birds,' 
opposite  p.  195,  represents  unquestionably  a 
Toucan,  but  as  Professor  Newton  suggests  (Diet, 
of  Birds,  s.v.  Toucan,  p.  977),  it  may  have 
escaped  from  captivity.  Some  probability,  how- 
ever, is  given  to  its  having  really  been  brought 
by  the  storm  from  the  occurrence  of  another 
southern  and  western  bird — 'the  Tropic  bird' — 
thrown  on  the  Lancashire  shore  by  the  same 
storm.] 

I  oo.  Kingfisher.     Akedo  ispida,  Linn. 

A  resident  occurring  on  streams  and  meres, 
where  not  too  frequented,  in  large  and  apparently 
increasing  numbers  through  the  operation  of  the 
Protection  Acts.  It  occasionally  nests  on  sea- 
washed  cliffs. 

i  o  I .  Roller.     Coracias  garrulus,  Linn. 

An  irregular  summer  migrant  of  whose  occur- 
rence some  half  dozen  records,  more  or  less 
authentic,  exist. 

1 02.  Hoopoe.      Upupa  epops,  Linn. 
Formerly  an    irregular  visitor   to  Lancashire, 

occurring  generally  in  spring  and  autumn,  more 
rarely  in  winter  and  summer  ;  now  very  rare. 
A  specimen  taken  at  Knowsley  in  1815  is  pre- 
served in  the  Lord  Derby  Museum,  Liverpool. 
A  late  visit  on  record  is  from  Walney  Island  in 
1884.  (Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  169.) 
A  specimen  shot  at  Sale  near  Manchester  in 
1905  passed  through  Mr.  H.  Murray's  hands. 

103.  Cuckoo.      Cuculus  canorus,  Linn. 

A  constant  annual  summer  visitor.  It  is  still 
to  be  heard  in  the  larger  shrubberies  even  within 
the  city  bounds,  generally  in  the  stillness  of  the 
early  morning  before  the  din  of  its  turmoil 
begins. 

104.  White  or  Barn-Owl.     Strix  flammea,  Linn. 
Locally,  Howlet,  White  Owl. 

A  resident  species  and  quite  common. 

105.  Long-eared  Owl.     Am  otus  (Linn.). 

A  resident,  but  more  sparsely  distributed  than 
the  last  species,  yet  plentiful  in  some  parts  of  the 
county.  Nests  in  Witton  Park,  Blackburn. 
(Zoologist,  1904,  p.  259.) 

1 06.  Short-eared  Owl.     Asia  accipitrinus  (Pallas). 
The  short-eared  owl  arrives  in  small  companies 

generally  in  autumn  and  winter,  and  becomes 
fairly  evenly  distributed  over  the  county.  A  good 
few  remain  and  nest  annually  in  suitable  spots, 
such  as  unfrequented  moors  and  dry  mosses.  It 
was  seen  in  considerable  numbers  at  Walney 


Island  in  1891,  and  a  pair  bred  there  in  1885, 
as  certified  by  Mr.  Howard  Saunders.  (Mitchell's 
Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  1 1 7.) 

107.  Tawny  Owl.     Syrnium  aluco  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Wood-owl. 

Resident  and  still  fairly  common  despite  the 
persecution  to  which  it  is  subjected.  It  is  more 
frequent  in  our  wooded  districts. 

108.  Tengmalm's     Owl.        Nyctala     tengmalmi 

(J.  F.  Gmelin). 

A  single  specimen  is  recorded  as  taken  near 
Preston  in  Mitchell's  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2, 
p.  119,  the  bird  being  now  in  the  Nottingham 
Town  Museum. 

109.  Little  Owl.     Athene  noctua  (Scopoli). 
The    single   record  for  Lancashire  occurs  in 

the  Naturalist's  Scrap-book,  1863,  part  5. 

1 1 0.  Scops-Owl.     Scops  giu  (Scopoli). 

One  insufficiently  authenticated  occurrence  of 
this  bird  is  on  record.  (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lan- 
cashire, ed.  2,  p.  1 20). 

in.     Marsh-Harrier.     Circus  aruginosus  (Linn.). 
Formerly    a    not    uncommon    straggler    over 
most  of  the  low-lying  parts  of  the  county,  but 
now  very  rare. 

112.  Hen-Harrier.     Circus  cyaneus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Ringtail,  Blue  Glede. 

Rather  rare.  It  nests  from  time  to  time  a- 
mong  the  Fells,  and  is  seen  occasionally  still  on 
the  low  heather-clad  hills  and  on  the  plain. 

113.  Montagu's    Harrier.       Circus    cineraceus 
(Montagu). 

Has  been  recorded  twice  from  Lancashire, 
once  from  Walney  Island  in  1874,  and  once  from 
Whitendale  Moor  in  1889  (Mitchell's  Birds 
of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  123.) 

114.  Buzzard.     Buteo  vulgaris,  Leach. 

A  local  much  persecuted  resident,  nesting  now 
only  in  our  lake  districts,  where  it  receives  less 
molestation  from  gunners  and  gamekeepers. 
The  bird  breeds  more  abundantly  in  Westmor- 
land and  also  numerously  in  Anglesea,  and  from 
these  localities  many  of  our  Lancashire  frequenting 
individuals  doubtless  come. 

115.  Rough-legged     Buzzard.      Buteo    lagopus 

(J.  F.  Gmelin). 

A  rare  autumn  visitor,  putting  in  an  appearance 
at  intervals  of  a  few  years  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  rabbit  warrens  along  our  coasts  or  in  the 
interior  of  the  county. 

1 1 6.  Spotted    Eagle.      Aquila    maculata   (J.  F. 

Gmelin). 

One  occurrence  of  this  species  is  recorded  for 
1875  from  Walney  Island  by  Mr.  W.  A.  Durn- 
ford  in  his  Birds  of  Walney  (1883). 


196 


BIRDS 


117.  Golden  Eagle.     Aquila  chrysaftus  (Linn.). 
Durnford  in  the  Birds  of  Walney  notes  one 

occurrence  of  the  golden  eagle  near  Furness 
Abbey  in  1815. 

1 1 8.  White-tailed    Eagle.       Haliaetus    albicilla 

(Linn.). 

The  present  writer  thinks  that  the  white- 
tailed  eagle  may  still  probably  breed  from  time  to 
time  somewhere  on  the  heights  of  this  or  the 
neighbouring  counties,  for  several  immature 
specimens  have  been  taken  along  the  coast  and 
at  other  places.  One  killed  at  Blundellsands  in 
1895  was  brought  to  him  in  the  flesh  on 
3  December,  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Lord 
Derby  Museum  in  Liverpool. 

119.  Goshawk.     Astur  palumbarius  (Linn.). 
The  goshawk  has  twice  been  recorded  from 

the  county,  in  the  years  1838  and  1863  respec- 
tively. (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2, 
p.  127.) 

120.  Sparrow-Hawk.     Accip'iter  nisus  (Linn.). 

A  resident  and  still  fairly  abundant  notwith- 
standing the  hostility  of  every  gamekeeper 
towards  it. 

121.  Kite.      Milvus  ictinus,  Savigny. 
Locally,  Gled. 

Formerly  more  frequently  met  with  than  now 
in  Lancashire  as  elsewhere,  where  it  nested, 
though  rarely  in  the  tall  trees,  among  the  Fells 
and  in  a  few  other  favourable  places.  It  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  noted,  however,  during 
the  last  quarter  of  a  century. 

[Swallow-tailed  Kite.  Elanoidesfurcatus(lu\nn.). 

A  specimen  from  the  Macclesfield  Museum 
sold  at  Stevens'  Auction  Rooms  in  London  in 
June  1 86 1  was  said  to  have  been  shot  on  the 
Mersey  in  June  1843,  DUt  lt  mav  **  we^  nave 
escaped  from  captivity  as  been  wafted  to  our 
shores  by  westerly  winds.  A  very  doubtful 
record,  which  is  not  sufficient  to  qualify  for  the 
Lancashire  register.] 

122.  Honey-Buzzard .    Pernis  apivorus  (Linn.). 
An  occasional  summer  visitor  to  Lancashire  ; 

but  it  has  not  occurred  for  many  years  now. 
Two  female  specimens,  one  shot  (in  Knowsley 
Park  by  the  Hon.  E.  G.  Stanley)  in  October, 
1818,  and  a  second  at  Rainford  in  1835,  are 
preserved  in  the  Lord  Derby  Museum,  Liver- 
pool. 

[Greenland  Falcon.  Falco  candicans  (J.  F. 
Gmelin). 

An  insufficiently  authenticated  record  exists  of 
an  adult  specimen  having  been  shot  on  a  vessel 
coming  into  the  port  of  Liverpool  in  the  middle 
sixties.  (Gregson,  Proc.  Hist.  Sac.  of  Lancashire 
and  Cheshire,  1865-6).] 


123.  Peregrine  Falcon.      Falco  peregrinus.  Tun- 

stall. 

A  resident  still  in  small  numbers  in  the  Fells, 
where  amid  their  wild  isolation  a  few  broods  are 
annually  reared.  One  with  a  dunlin  fast  in  its 
talons  was  taken  by  a  fisherman  on  the  marsh 
near  Carnforth  in  1900.  It  is  not  infrequently 
seen  in  some  districts  in  spring. 

124.  Lanner  Falcon.     Falco  feldeggii,  Schl. 

A  female  was  picked  up  newly  shot  on  the 
sea-shore  near  Carnforth,  in  April  1 902,  after  fre- 
quenting the  district  for  some  weeks.  (Robinson, 
Zoologist,  1904,  p.  75.)  No  record  is  forthcoming 
that  the  bird  was  an  escape  from  confinement. 

125.  Hobby.     Falco  subbuteo  (Linn.). 

An  occasional  spring  and  autumn  migrant, 
now  very  rarely  seen,  though  more  frequent  in 
former  times,  and  for  the  last  twenty-five  years 
no  occurrence  has  been  recorded.  A  specimen 
shot  at  Knowsley  is  preserved  in  the  Lord  Derby 
Museum  in  Liverpool. 

126.  Merlin.     Falco  atsalon,  Tunstall. 

A  locally  distributed  resident  nesting  on  the 
hill  sides  and  high  moors  and  visiting  the  low- 
lands but  rarely,  and  usually  chiefly  in  winter, 
and  these  generally  young  birds.  A  very  beau- 
tiful partial  albino,  shot  at  Lower  Darwen,  near 
Blackburn,  in  October,  1891,  is  preserved  in  the 
Lord  Derby  Museum,  Liverpool. 

127.  Red-footed    Falcon.       Falco    vesper tinus, 

Linn. 

A  rare  straggler,  observed  in  the  county  only 
three  times,  all  in  the  year  1843,  one  ^rom 
Heaton  Park  and  two  from  Prestwich  Clough — 
the  latter  record,  however,  leaves  much  to  be 
desired  in  the  way  of  authentication. 

128.  Kestrel.     Falco  tinnunculus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Windhover. 

A  common  resident,  the  best  known  and  the 
oftenest  seen  of  all  our  hawks,  nesting  in  all 
suitable  plantations,  and  often  formerly  among 
the  coastal  sandhills.  It  is  still  much  persecuted 
by  gamekeepers,  although  now  it  derives  some 
indirect,  rather  than  intentional,  benefit  (so  far 
as  its  persecutors  are  concerned)  from  the  Bird 
Protection  Acts. 

129.  Osprey.     Pandion  haliat'tus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Fishing-hawk. 

A  not  infrequent  spring  and  autumn  visitor, 
frequenting  our  inland  meres. 

130.  Cormorant.      Phalacrocorax  carlo  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Scarf. 

A  resident '  common  in  these  parts '  (according 
to  Leigh)  in  1700,  but  not  nesting  within  our 


197 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


area  as  there  are  no  suitable  building  sites,  but  as 
it  breeds  in  North  Wales  and  in  Cumberland  it 
frequents  our  coasts  and  rivers,  often  ascending 
the  estuaries  for  some  distance  chiefly  in  autumn 
and  winter.  It  may  be  noted  that  the  'Liver'  in 
the  arms  of  the  Corporation  of  Liverpool  has 
been  supposed  to  be  the  cormorant,  as  the  same 
appears  in  the  arms  of  the  earl  of  Liverpool  and 
is  described  in  Burke's  Peerage  as  a  '  Cormorant 
holding  in  the  beak  a  bunch  of  seaweed,'  for 
which,  however,  as  Prof.  Newton  remarks,  there 
is  no  authority. 

131.  Shag  or  Green  Cormorant.     Phalacrocorax 

graculus  (Linn.). 

An  occasional  visitor.  The  same  observations 
apply  to  the  shag  as  to  the  cormorant,  except 
that  for  some  reason  it  visits  our  coasts  less  fre- 
quently than  the  latter. 

132.  Gannet    or    Solan    Goose.       Sula    bassana 

(Linn.). 

A  frequent  visitor  to  Liverpool  Bay  ;  more  fre- 
quently seen  8— 10  miles  off  the  coast  and  during 
winter. 

[The     Tropick      Bird.        (?  Phcethon    tsthereus 
(Linn.). 

'About  two  years  ago  (1698)  by  a  violent 
hailstorm  .  .  .  there  was  brought  a  bird  all  white 
(except  only  a  short  red  beak)  about  the  bigness 
of  a  pigeon.  .  .  I  could  apprehend  it  to  be  no 
other  than  what  our  travellers  call  the  Tropick 
Bird,  met  with  usually  in  crossing  that  Line.' 
(Leigh,  History  of  Lancashire,  i.  pp.  164,  165  ; 
Table  ye  I  of  Birds,  fig.  3).  The  illustration 
(1.  c.)  certainly  represents  a  species  of  Phathon 
which  must  no  doubt  have  been  brought  from 
the  S.W.  regions  of  the  Atlantic  by  the  storm]. 

133.  Heron.      Ardea  cinerea,  Linn. 

Locally,  Crane,  Yern,  Longricks,  Jammy,  Heron- 

shaw. 

Many  heronries  have  existed  in  the  county  at 
one  place  and  another  within  the  last  fifteen 
years,  but  the  extension  of  cultivated  land  and 
the  consequent  destruction  of  the  plantations 
frequented  by  the  birds  have  greatly  reduced 
their  number.  Isolated  nests  are  occasionally 
found  in  suitable  places  throughout  the  county. 
The  most  important  heronries  still  remaining  are 
at  Ince  Blundell  near  Waterloo,  where  about  a 
score  of  pairs  breed  annually,  and  at  Scarisbrick, 
near  Southport,  where  there  is  a  colony  of  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  pairs.  Another  colony  of  ten  to 
twelve  pairs  finds  a  home  at  Ashton,  near  Lan- 
caster (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  143). 
Macpherson  (Lakeland,  p.  223)  records  three 
other  heronries  :  one  of  ten  to  twelve  pairs  at 
Roundsea  Wood,  which  was  destroyed  in  1886, 
but  exists  probably  somewhere  not  far  off,  as 
young  birds  were  seen  on  Roundsea  Moss  in 
1891  ;  a  second  in  the  Rusland  Valley,  where 


annually  from  eight  to  ten  pairs  nest,  and  the 
third  at  Whittington  near  Kirkby  Lonsdale.  The 
bird  is  far  from  an  uncommon  fisher  by  the  banks 
of  all  our  streams  and  canals  and  by  our  mere 
margins.  Notwithstanding  Lancashire's  poverty 
in  heronries  large  and  flourishing  colonies  exist  in 
Yorkshire  and  Cheshire,  from  which  come  many 
of  our  very  welcome  visitors. 

1 34.  Purple  Heron.     Ardea  purpurea,  Linn. 
One  visit  of  this  species  is   recorded  in  1887 

(Pickin,  Zoologist,  1887,  p.  432). 

135.  Night  Heron.     Nycticorax grisius  (Linn.). 
No  certain  record  of  the  occurrence  of  this 

species  can  be  traced  during  the  last  twenty  years  ; 
but  Mr.  Davies,  of  Lymm  in  Cheshire,  possesses 
a  specimen,  received  by  him  in  the  flesh,  killed 
at  Newton-le-Willows  some  <  ten  or  twelve  years 
ago'  (Coward,  Zoologist,  1904,  p.  314). 

136.  Little  Bittern.      Ardetta  minuta  (Linn.). 
In  past  years  an  occasional  summer  visitor,  but 

no  record  exists  of  its  presence  within  our  boun- 
daries for  many  years  past. 

137.  Bittern.      Botaurus  stellaris  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Butter-bump,  Bittery,  Bog-bumper,  Mue- 

A  very  frequent  visitor  in  winter,  but  not  now 
known  to  nest  within  the  county,  although  there 
can  be  little  doubt  that  it  once  did  so  when 
drainage  was  less  undertaken,  and  our  meres  and 
mosses  were,  therefore,  more  extensive  and  further 
from  human  habitation  than  to-day. 

138.  American    Bittern.      Botaurus    lentiginosus 

(Montagu). 

One  clearly  authenticated  occurrence  is  re- 
corded from  Fleetwood  on  8  December,  1 895 
(Cooper,  Zoologist,  1846,  p.  1248). 

139.  Glossy  Ibis.      Plegadis  falcinellus  (Linn.). 
This  species  has  been  observed  on  four  occa- 
sions in  Lancashire  during  the  past  century.     A 
specimen,  preserved  in  the  Lord  Derby  Museum, 
Liverpool,  was  shot  at  Ormskirk,  and  bequeathed 
to  the  city  by  the  thirteenth  Lord  Derby  in  1851. 
Some  local  interest  attaches  to  this  bird,  as  to  it, 
amongst  others,  has  been  assigned  the  original  of 
the  '  Liver '  in  the  arms  of  the  City  of  Liverpool. 
'  The  mysterious  bird  that  figured  on  the  ancient 
Corporation  Seal  seems  to  have  been  an  eagle, 
the  well-known  symbol  of  St.  John  the  Evan- 
gelist '  (cf.  Picton,  Memorials  of  Liverpool,  i.  p.  1 8, 
and  Newton,  Dictionary  of  Birds,  sub  voce  '  Lever 
or    Liver';    also    under    Cormorant,   No.    129, 
supra). 

140.  Spoonbill.      Platalea  leucorodia,  Linn. 
The  spoonbill  is  recorded  only  once  from  Lan- 
cashire— the  specimen   now  in  the  Preston  Mu- 
seum having  been  taken  on  the  Ribble  in  1840 
(Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  148). 


198 


BIRDS 


141.  Grey  Lag-Goose.     Anser  cinereus,  Meyer. 
This  bird  is  seen  annually  during  the  spring 

and  autumn  migration  in  flocks  which  rest  on 
the  sandbanks  off  the  mouths  of  the  Mersey  and 
Dee,  and  in  Morecambe  Bay  on  the  large  tract 
of  land  reclaimed  since  1863  in  the  Ribble 
estuary.  While  other  waders  have  ceased  to  find 
it  a  suitable  rendezvous,  geese  of  several  species 
annually  muster  on  it  to  the  number  of  many 
thousands  (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2, 
p.  151).  A  pair  nested  on  the  Formby  Sands  in 
1904,  but  on  their  eggs  being  taken  the  birds 
took  their  departure. 

[Egyptian  Goose.     Chenalopex  eegyptiacus  (Linn.). 
Shot  on  several  occasions  on  the  Ribble,  but 
probably  an  escape  from  confinement  (Mitchell, 
Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  xi.)]. 

142.  White-fronted      Goose.        Anser    albifrons 

(Scopoli). 

A  winter  visitor,  seen  and  obtained  on  several 
occasions  among  flocks  of  migrating  geese. 

143.  Bean-Goose.    Anser  segetum  (J.  F.  Gmelin). 
The  bean-goose  is  often  shot  on  passage  during 

the  spring  and  autumn  migration,  and  so  occa- 
sionally comes  into  the  poultry  markets  of  our 
large  towns. 

144.  Pink-footed    Goose.      Anser  brachyrhynchus, 

Baillon. 

An  annual  winter  visitant,  assembling  with 
other  species  of  geese  in  our  larger  estuaries, 
visiting  the  mouth  of  the  Ribble  in  large  flocks 
every  year  to  feed  on  the  early  bent-grass  shoots 
abundant  there. 

145.  Red-breasted      Goose.      Bernicla     ruficollh 

(Pallas). 

Two  are  said  to  have  been  shot  between  1832 
and  1837  in  the  flooded  marshes  at  Sowerby 
near  Garstang  (Hornby,  Zoologist,  1872,  p.  3236  ; 
Harting,  Handbook  of  British  Birds,  p.  435). 

146.  Barnacle  Goose.      Bernicla   leucopsis  (Bech- 

stein). 

An  annual  winter  visitant,  resorting  in  large- 
flocks  to  Walney  Island  and  to  the  shores  of 
Morecambe  Bay,  and  to  the  sandbanks  in  the 
estuaries  of  the  Ribble  and  the  Mersey. 

147.  Brent  Goose.      Bernicla  brenta  (Pallas). 
An  annual  winter  visitor  to  all  suitable  banks 

and  shores  throughout  the  length  of  the  Lancashire 
coast,  and  to  many  of  the  lakes,  though   not  in 
large  numbers. 
[Canada  Goose.     Bernicla  canadensis  (Linn.). 

Though  often  obtained  on  the  coast,  probably 
an  escape  from  confinement.] 

148.  Whooper    Swan.     Cygnus    musicus,    Bech- 

stein. 

A  winter  visitor,  especially  in  severe  winters 
such  as  1895,  when  they  were  reported  from 


the  meres,  lakes,  and  estuaries  of  the  county  in 
considerable  numbers. 

149.  Bewick's  Swan.      Cygnus  bewicki,  Yarrell. 
A  winter  visitor,  generally  in   flocks,  but   so 

rare  in  Lancashire  that  only  a  few  records  exist 
during  the  past  thirty  years. 

150.  Mute  Swan.     Cygnus  olor  (J.   F.   Gmelin). 
Individuals    of    this     common     domesticated 

species,  which  often  make  their  appearance  for  a 
time  on  formerly  untenanted  waters,  are  doubt- 
less young  birds  driven  from  some  private  enclosure 
by  their  parents  when  about  to  nest  again  in  the 
spring. 

151.  Sheld-Duck.       Tadorna    cornuta    (S.     G. 

Gmelin). 

The  sheld-duck  is  a  resident  and  nests  in  all 
suitable  places  along  our  coasts,  such  as  the 
Formby  sandhills,  among  the  warrens  near  the 
Ribble,  and  abundantly  on  Walney  Island. 

152.  Mallard  or  Wild  Duck.     Anas  boscas,  Linn. 
Locally,  Mere  Duck. 

A  common  resident,  breeding  in  all  our  meres, 
and  occasionally  also  far  from  water.  In  winter 
large  numbers  of  migrants  from  the  Continent 
augment  our  resident  flocks.  Several  hundreds 
are  taken  every  year  in  the  large  decoy  at  Hale. 

153.  Gadwall.      Anas  strepera,  Linn. 

A  rare  winter  visitor  to  our  inland  waters,  of 
whose  occurrence  several  records  exist,  but  pro- 
bably it  is  oftener  seen  than  identified  and 
recorded. 

154.  Shoveler.      Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Spoonbill-duck. 

An  annual  winter  visitant  to  all  the  marshes, 
meres,  river  pools,  estuaries,  and  lakes  of  the 
county  ;  a  few  probably  every  year  remaining  to 
breed. 

155.  Pintail.      Dafila  acuta  (Linn.). 

A  regular  winter  visitor  in  increasing  numbers 
to  our  estuaries  and  inland  waters,  and  probably 
some  remain  to  nest,  though  no  record  so  far 
exists  of  their  having  done  so. 

156.  Teal.      Nettion  crecca  (Linn.). 

A  resident,  breeding  in  all  suitable  heathlands 
in  almost  every  district  of  Lancashire.  During 
autumn  the  home  flocks  are  greatly  increased 
by  migrants  from  the  Continent.  Over  450  teal 
on  an  average  are  annually  captured  at  the  decoy 
at  Hale. 

157.  Garganey.      Querquedula  circia  (Linn.). 

A  rare  spring  and  autumn  migrant,  observed 
three  or  four  times  only. 

158.  Wigeon.     Mareca  penelope  (Linn.). 
During  winter  numerous  flocks  of  this  duck 

visit  the  larger    estuaries   along    the    coast    and 


199 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


some  of  the  meres.  Considerable  numbers  are 
annually  taken  in  the  decoy  at  Hale,  now  the 
only  remaining  one  in  Lancashire. 

159.  Pochard.     Fuligula  ferina  (Linn.). 

A  winter  visitor,  more  numerous  in  some 
seasons  than  in  others. 

1 60.  Ferruginous  Duck.    Fuligula  nyroca  (Gtll- 

denstadt). 
Locally,  White-eye. 

None  of  the  records  of  the  occurrence  of  this 
duck  in  Lancashire  are  sufficiently  authenticated. 
The  same  applies  to  that  reported  from  near 
Runcorn  on  the  Cheshire  side  of  the  Mersey. 
(Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  175.) 

161.  Tufted  Duck.     Fuligula  cristata  (Leach). 
A  winter    visitor,   never    very    common,    but 

apparently  increasing  in  numbers.  Although 
some  pairs  usually  remain  over  the  summer  there 
are  only  a  few  records  of  this  species  breeding 
within  the  county. 

162.  Scaup  Duck.     Fuligula  marila  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Bluebill,  Cockle  Duck. 

An  annual  winter  visitor  to  our  off-shore 
sandbanks  and  estuaries,  where  it  is  caught  in 
vast  numbers  in  the  douker  nets  set  by  the 
Morecambe  Bay  fowlers.  This  very  maritime 
species  has  been  taken  on  our  inland  lakes  (Win- 
dermere)  and  reservoirs  (near  Hyde  Park  Road 
Station,  Manchester). 

163.  Goldeneye.      Clangula  glaucion  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Mussel  Cracker. 

An  annual  winter  visitant. 

164.  Long-tailed      Duck.         Harelda     glacialis 

(Linn.). 

This  species  has  been  recorded  only  three  or 
four  times  from  Lancashire,  and  always  in 
winter.  A  female  specimen  was  shot  in  the 
River  Keer,  in  1901. 

165.  Eider  Duck.      Somateria  mollissirna  (Linn.). 
A  very  rare  winter  visitant. 

1 66.  Common  Scoter.     (Edemia  nigra  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Black  Douker. 

The  Common  Scoter  arrives  in  great  flocks  on 
migration  in  our  larger  estuaries  and  Morecambe 
Bay.  It  derives  its  local  appellation  from  being 
the  duck  taken  in  largest  numbers  by  the  douker 
netters. 

167.  Velvet  Scoter.      (Edemia  fusca  (Linn.) . 
An  infrequent  winter  visitor  to  off-shore  sand- 
banks and  to  the  larger  estuaries  ;  occasionally 
it  frequents  the  lakes  and  inland  open  waters. 

168.  Surf  Scoter.      (Edemia  perspicillata  (Linn.). 
A  specimen  shot  by   Mr.   R.   H.  Thompson 

off  the  shore  at  Lytham,  9  December,  1882 
(Zoologist,  1884,  p.  29),  is  the  only  recorded 
occurrence  of  this  species  in  the  county. 


169.  Goosander.     Mergus  merganser,  Linn. 
Locally,  Sparling-fisher  (Leigh),  Dun-diver  (the 

female),  Sparlin'  Fowl   (Willoughby),  Gravel 
Duck. 
An  occasional  winter  visitor  in  small  flocks. 

170.  Red-breasted  Merganser.    Mergus  serrator, 

Linn. 

A  winter  visitor  in  considerable  numbers  to  the 
larger  estuaries  and  Morecambe  Bay,  visiting  also 
Lake  Windermere. 

171.  Smew.     Mergus  albellus,  Linn. 

A  rare  winter  visitant  during  specially  severe 
weather. 

172.  Ring-Dove    or    Wood-Pigeon.       Columba 

palumbus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Cushat,  Queeze. 
A  widely  distributed  resident. 

173.  Stock-Dove.      Columba  cenas,  Linn. 

A  resident,  common  along  the  coast  on  the 
sand-dunes,  among  which  it  nests.  Its  numbers 
are  increasing.  It  is  met  with  occasionally 
inland. 

174.  Rock-Dove.     Columba  livia,  J.  F.  Gmelin. 
To  the  absence  in  Lancashire  of  rocks  suitable 

for  the  nidification  of  this  bird  is  due  the  rarity 
of  its  occurrence  within  the  county.  Mr.  W. 
Farrer  of  Carnforth  mentions  that  several  breed 
yearly  on  Jackscar,  between  Carnforth  and 
Silverdale. 

175.  Turtle-Dove.      Turtur  communis,  Selby. 
A  rare  straggler  in  summer. 

176.  Pallas's  Sand-Grouse.    Syrrhaptes  paradoxus, 
(Pallas). 

To  two  at  least  of  those  extraordinary  irregular 
(and  at  present  inexplicable)  migratory  move- 
ments, originating  on  the  Asiatic  steppes  in  special 
force  in  1863—4  and  1888—9,  during  which 
hordes  of  this  species  travelled  across  Europe  and 
reached  its  western  shores,  we  are  indebted  for 
the  inclusion  of  a  considerable  number  of  this 
beautiful  species  in  the  avifauna  of  Lancashire. 
During  both  these  irruptions  large  flocks  reached 
the  British  Isles,  of  which  a  portion  appeared  in 
the  Island  of  Walney  on  22  May,  1863,  the  day 
after  their  being  observed  in  Northumberland. 
In  1888  a  larger  number  of  birds  visited  Lanca- 
shire, the  earliest  of  them  reaching  Walney  Island 
on  19  May. 

177.  Black  Grouse.      Tetrao  tetrix,  Linn. 
Locally,  Black-cock. 

An  introduced  species,  at  one  time  fairly 
abundant  on  certain  of  the  Fells  and  Dales,  but 
now  very  rare  if  not  exterminated. 

178.  Red  Grouse.     Lagopus  scoticus  (Latham). 
Resident  and  abundant  on  the  upland  moors,  of 

Furness  specially. 


BIRDS 


179-  Pheasant.     Phasianus  colchicus,  Linn. 
Abundant. 

1 80.  Partridge.     Perdix  cinerea,  Latham. 
An  abundant  resident. 

[The    Red  -  legged    Partridge.       Caccabis    rufa 

(Linn.). 

This  species  was  on  more  than  one  occasion 
introduced  into  Lancashire,  but  none  have  sur- 
vived, as  in  some  other  counties,  to  become 
naturalized  residents.] 

181.  Quail.  Coturnix  communis,  Bonnaterre. 

A  resident,  but  less  numerous  than  formerly. 
[Virginian  Quail.      Ortyx  virginianus  (Linn.). 

Several  attempts  to  introduce  this  species  into 
Lancashire  have  failed,  as  they  have  also  done  in 
other  parts  of  England.] 

182.  Land-Rail.  Crex  pratensis,  Bechstein. 
Locally,  Corn-crake,  Draken  Hen. 

An  abundant  summer  immigrant ;  resting 
abundantly. 

1 83.  Spotted  Crake.     Porzana  maruetta  (Leach). 
An  autumn  immigrant,  less  frequently  observed 

than  other  rails.  It  winters  occasionally  ;  three 
occurrences  are  recorded  in  1898  and  one  in  1904, 
all  from  the  Rusland  Valley  in  Furness  (Zoologist, 
1 904,  p.  460) ;  and  with  little  doubt  it  occa- 
sionally nests  in  Lancashire. 

184.  Little  Crake.     Porzana  parva  (Scopoli). 
Some    half  dozen    specimens  are  recorded  as 

having  been  taken  in  the  county  (Mitchell,  Birds 
of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  2Oi). 

185.  Baillon's  Crake.     Porzana  bailloni  (Vieil- 
lot). 

Two  occurrences  only  of  this  species  are  on 
record  (Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  2OI ; 
Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lakeland,?.  343). 
1 8  6.  Water-Rail.     Rallus  aquaticus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Scarragrise. 

A  numerous  and  widely  distributed  resident. 
[Purple    Gallinule.       Porphyrio    caruleus    (Van- 
delli). 

A  specimen  shot  near  Grange  in  1876  (Zoolo- 
gist, 1877)  was  doubtless  an  escape  from  confine- 
ment.] 

187.  Moor-Hen.     Gallinula  chloropus  (Linn.). 

Locally,  Water-hen. 

A  resident,  frequenting  all  our  tarns  and 
meres. 

1 8  8.  Coot.     Fullca  atra,  Linn. 

Locally,  Lake-hen. 

An  abundant  resident,  frequenting  and  nesting 
on  our  various  lakes  and  in  all  reedy  tarns  and 
pools. 


189.  Crane.     Grus  communis,  Bechstein. 

Only  once  observed  within  the  county 
(Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  206). 

190.  Little  Bustard.      Otis  tetrax,  Linn. 

Four  specimens  of  this  species  have  been  re- 
corded from  Lancashire  (Mitchell,  Birds  of 
Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  206). 

191.  Collared  Pratincole.     Glareola  pratincola, 
Linn. 

This  species  was  taken  for  the  first  time  in 
Britain  at  North  Meols,  near  Ormskirk,  in  the 
spring  of  1805  (cf.  Trans.  Linn.  Sac.  Ix.  p.  198). 
The  specimen  is  now  preserved  in  the  Lord  Derby 
Museum,  Liverpool.  Though  taken  many  times 
since  in  England,  it  has  not  occurred  again  in 
Lancashire. 

192.  Dotterel.     Eudromias  morinellus  (Linn.). 

A  spring  and  autumn  visitor  on  migration, 
spreading  over  the  county,  frequenting  mosses  and 
estuaries,  then  proceeding  on  its  way.  A  few 
probably  occasionally  remain  to  breed. 

193.  Ringed  Plover.    sEgialitis  hiaticula  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Sand-lark,  Tullet. 

An  abundant  resident. 

194.  Golden  Plover.     Ckaradriusp/uvia/is,L,inn. 
Locally,  Sheep's  Guide. 

A  spring  immigrant  distributed  sparsely  over 
the  county,  breeding  in  suitable  localities  and 
frequenting  the  shore  in  winter. 

195.  Grey  Plover.      Squatarola  helvetica  (Linn.). 
A  winter  visitant. 

196.  Sociable  Plover.      Vanellus  gregariu  (Pallas). 
A   solitary   straggler   has   been   recorded  from 

Lancashire.  The  unique  specimen  recorded  first 
as  a  cream  coloured  courser  by  Mitchell  (Birds  of 
Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  212)  is  said  to  have  come 
from  St.  Michael's-in-Wyre  in  1860.  The 
stuffed  specimen  was  exhibited  by  the  late 
Mr.  H.  Seebohm  at  a  meeting  of  the  Zoological 
Society  in  1888  ;  but  there  is  no  actual  authenti- 
cation of  the  bird  having  been  captured  in  the 
county. 

197.  Peewit  or    Lapwing.       Vanellus    vulgaris. 

Bechstein. 

Locally,  Peewit,  Green  Plover,  Puetts. 
Resident  throughout  the  year,  congregating  in 
large  flocks  in  spring  in  their  nesting  quarters. 
Very  abundant  on  Walney  Island.  Some  dis- 
tricts are  entirely  forsaken  by  the  lapwings  after 
their  young  are  reared,  and  are  not  again  visited 
till  the  following  spring.  In  other  districts  they 
remain  the  entire  year  through,  or,  if  not,  immi- 
grants from  elsewhere  fill  their  places. 

198.  Turnstone.      Strepsilas  interpret  (Linn.). 

A  spring  and  autumn  visitor  to  our  coasts.  It 
not  infrequently  appears  in  full  summer  dress  on 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Walney  Island  and  along  the  shores  of  More- 
cambe  Bay  in  May  (Mitchell). 

199.  Oyster-Catcher.        Hiematopus    ostra/egus, 

Linn. 

Locally,  Sea  Pie. 

A  resident  frequenting  the  entire  shore  line  of 
the  county  ;  it  is  specially  abundant  on  Walney 
Island,  where  it  breeds  freely,  as  it  does  on  the 
sandhills  further  south. 

200.  Avocet.     Recurvirostra  avocetta,  Linn. 

A  very  rare  visitor.  It  has  occurred  on  Wal- 
ney Island  and  on  the  Kibble  (Mitchell,  Birds  of 
Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  217). 

201.  Grey    Phalarope.       Phalaridopus  fulicarius 

(Linn.). 

An  irregular  autumn  visitor.  Mr.  Macpherson 
records  specimens  from  Walney  Island  and  Win- 
dermere  (Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  368). 

202.  Red-necked  Phalarope.    Phalaridopus  hyper- 

boreus  (Linn.). 

A  very  rare  autumn  and  winter  visitant  to 
our  estuaries.  One  is  said  to  have  been  shot 
near  Southport  in  1832,  and  during  the  last  ten 

S;ars  eight  specimens  have  been  brought  to  Mr. 
.  Murray,  all  shot  on  Cam  forth  and  Martin 
Marshes. 

203.  Woodcock.      Scolopax  rusticula,  Linn. 

An  autumn  visitor  on  migration,  arriving  in 
large  numbers  and  remaining  over  the  winter. 
It  breeds  in  the  northern  districts  of  the 
county. 

204.  Great    Snipe.       Gallinago     major    (J.     F. 

Gmelin). 

An  autumn  and  winter  visitor.  It  was  first 
recorded  as  a  British  bird  from  this  county.  The 
specimen  passed  into  Sir  Ashton  Lever's 
Museum,  thence  into  the  hands  of  an  unknown 
purchaser  on  the  dispersion  of  that  celebrated 
collection.  A  specimen  in  the  Lord  Derby 
Museum,  Liverpool,  was  shot  by  the  late 
Edward  J.  S.  Hornby,  Esq.,  at  Winwick,  Lan- 
cashire. 

205.  Common  Snipe.     Gallinago  ccelestis  (Fren- 

zel). 

Locally,  Heather-bleat. 

Resident  and  abundantly  distributed  over  Lan- 
cashire, nesting  in  all  suitable  places.  The 
resident  flocks  are  largely  augmented  in  numbers 
during  winter  by  immigrant  visitors. 

206.  Jack  Snipe.      Gallinago  gallinula  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Indcock. 

A  fairly  abundant  winter  immigrant. 

207.  Dunlin.      Tringa  a/ptna,  Linn. 
Locally,  Sealark,  Oxeye,  Sea  Mouse. 

A  winter  visitor  frequenting  in  countless 
thousands  the  off-shore  sandbanks  along  the 


coast ;  some  few  annually  remain  to  breed,  and 
are  known  to  do  so  in  fair  numbers  on  Carnforth 
and  Martin  Marshes. 

208.  Little  Stint.      Tringa  minuta,  Leisler. 

A  scarce  spring  and  autumn  visitor  on  migra- 
tion. 

209.  Temminck's    Stint.       Tringa     temmincki, 

Leisler. 

A  rare  spring  and  autumn  straggler  on  migra- 
tion, more  rarely  observed  than  the  little  stint, 
there  being  only  a  couple  of  records  of  its  occur- 
rence ;  but  probably  it  is  often  unrecognized. 

210.  Curlew    Sandpiper.        Tringa    subarquata 

(Gttldenstadt). 

A  fairly  common  spring  and  autumn  visitant 
to  our  shores,  occasionally  travelling  inland. 

211.  Purple  Sandpiper.      Tringa  striata,  Linn. 
An    annual    winter    visitor,    but    far    from 

common. 

212.  Knot.      Tringa  canutus,  Linn. 

Large  flocks  of  knots  annually  visit  More- 
cambe  Bay  and  the  Mersey  and  Ribble  estuaries 
as  spring  and  autumn  migrants. 

213.  Sanderling.      Calidris  arenaria  (Linn.). 

A  spring  and  autumn  visitor  on  migration  to 
our  off-shore  sandbanks,  often  in  very  large 
flocks. 

214.  Ruff.      Machetes  pugnax  (Linn.). 

A  fairly  common  spring  and  autumn  visitor. 

215.  Buff-breasted  Sandpiper.    Tringites  rufescens 

(Vieillot). 

Very  rare  straggler.  Recorded  only  once, 
from  Formby,  in  1829. 

2 1 6.  Common    Sandpiper.       Tetanus    hypoleucus 

(Linn.) 

Locally,  Sand-snipe,  Sand-lark,  Willie  Liltie. 
A  summer   immigrant    which    breeds  on  the 
Fells  and  uplands  of  the  county. 

217.  American    Spotted    Sandpiper.       Tetanus 

macularius  (Linn.). 

A  North  American  species,  of  which  four 
examples,  well  authenticated,  have  straggled  into 
Lancashire  in  two  closely  set  years,  1863  and 
1865. 

2 1 8.  Wood  Sandpiper.      Tetanus  glareola  (J.  F. 

Gmelin). 
A  rare  autumn  and  winter  straggler. 

219.  Green  Sandpiper.    Tetanus  ochropus  (Linn.). 
A  regular  autumn  visitor  on  migration  to  most 

of  the  inland  streams. 

220.  Redshank.      Totanus  calidris  (Linn.). 

An  autumn  and  winter  visitant,  occasionally 
in  large  flocks  ;  but  a  few  always  reside  through- 


BIRDS 


out  the  year,  nesting  only  in  a  very  few  localities, 
Carnforth  and  Martin  Marshes,  Winster  Valley 
and  Walney  Island  among  them. 

221.  Spotted  Redshank.      Totanus  fuscus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Dusky  Redshank. 

A  spring  and  autumn  migrant  of  rare  occur- 
rence. 

222.  Greenshank.       Totanus     canescens    (J.     F. 

Gmelin). 

An  annual  visitant  in  autumn,  sparsely  distri- 
buted on  the  coast,  usually  in  small  flocks. 

223.  Red-breasted  Snipe.     Macrorhamphus  gri- 

seus  (J.  F.  Gmelin). 

Two  occurrences  of  this  N.  American  species 
are  on  record  (Zoologist,  1875)  in  the  years  1873 
and  1891  respectively,  both  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Hodg- 
kinson  (Harting,  Handbook  of  British  Birds, 
p.  436  ;  Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2, 
P-  235). 

224.  Bar-tailed      Godwit.        Limosa      lapponica, 

(Linn.). 

Locally,  Curlew  Knave. 

A  short  sojourner  in  spring  and  autumn  on 
passage. 

225.  Black-tailed  Godwit.      Limosa  belgica  (J.  F. 

Gmelin). 

A  rarer  visitant  than  the  last,  but  a  few  are 
seen  every  year,  as  a  rule  in  the  autumn. 

226.  Curlew.      Numenius  arquatus  (Linn.). 

A  resident  and  abundant  species,  visiting 
Walney  Island  in  large  flocks,  nesting  on  the 
Fells,  the  upland  moors,  and  on  the  mosses  of  the 
lowlands.  In  autumn  and  winter  frequenting  in 
great  numbers  the  off-shore  sandbanks. 

227.  Whimbrel.      Numenius  phceopus  (Linn.). 
Locally,  Curlew  Hilp  (Leigh),  Curlew  Knave. 

Rarer  than  the  curlew,  the  whimbrel  visits 
our  shores,  especially  off  Morecambe  Bay,  only  in 
autumn  and  spring  on  migration  to  and  from  its 
nesting  grounds. 

228.  Black  Tern.     Hydrochelidon  nigra  (Linn.). 
A  fairly  frequent  sojourner  on  its  passage  in 

spring  and  autumn  to  and  from  its  nesting 
haunts.  A  specimen  is  recorded  from  Ashton- 
on-Mersey  on  3  November,  1893. 

229.  Gull-billed   Tern.     Sterna   anglica,  Mon- 

tagu. 

One  occurrence  of  this  species  is  recorded  from 
Lancashire,  but  it  lacks  sufficient  authenticity. 

230.  Sandwich    Tern.      Sterna  cantiaca,  J.   F. 

Gmelin. 

Locally,  Cat  Swallow. 

A  summer  immigrant  nesting  on  Walney 
Island  among  the  black-headed  gulls.  Rare 
elsewhere  and  taking  its  departure  at  the  end  of 
summer. 


231.  Roseate  Tern.     Sterna  douga Hi,  Montagu. 
A  rare  summer  visitor,  breeding  on  Walney 

Island  from  time  to  time.  It  nested  at  one 
period  on  the  isolated  islet  of  Foulney,  but  does 
so  no  longer. 

232.  Common  Tern.     Sterna  fuviatilis,  Nau- 

mann. 

Locally,  Sea  Swallow,  Sparling. 
A  summer  visitor  breeding  in  many  places 
along  the  coast  in  suitable  and  undisturbed  locali- 
ties, especially  on  Walney  Island  in  association 
with  black-headed  gulls,  and  often  among  the 
Formby  sandhills. 

233.  Arctic  Tern.     Sterna  macrura,  Naumann. 
Locally,  Sea  Swallow,  Sparling. 

A  summer  visitor,  but  few  in  numbers. 
Walney  Island  is  one  of  its  chief  haunts  in  Lan- 
cashire, where  it  nests  in  association  with  gulls 
and  other  terns. 

234.  Little  Tern.     Sterna  minuta,  Linn. 
Locally,  Sea  Swallow,  Sparling. 

A  summer  visitor  nesting  on  Walney  Island. 

235.  Sooty    Tern.     Sterna   fuliginosa,    J.     F. 

Gmelin. 

This  West  Indian  species  was  caught  alive 
9  October,  1901,  in  a  street  in  Hulme,  near 
Manchester  (Bull,  B.O.C.  xii.  26). 

236.  Sabine's  Gull.     Xema  sabinii  (Sabine). 
Two  specimens  from  Morecambe  Bay  are  on 

record,  obtained  in  October,  1893,  and  at  the 
same  place  Mr.  Moor  of  Morecambe  has  shot 
three  specimens  within  the  last  few  years. 

237.  Little  Gull.     Larus  minutus,  Pallas. 

An  irregular  autumn  and  winter  straggler,  of 
which  four  or  five  occurrences  are  recorded 
(Mitchell,  Birds  of  Lancashire,  ed.  2.  p.  254  ; 
Jourdain,  Zoologist,  1904,  p.  193).  A  specimen 
was  shot  by  Mr.  Murray's  son  on  Carnforth 
Marshes  in  1902. 

238.  Black-headed     Gull.      Larus     ridibundus, 

Linn. 

Locally,  Chir-Maws,  Cockle  Maw. 
A    resident,    and    abundant    on    our    inland 
waters  in  great  and  increasing  numbers.     Many 
colonies  breed   in  the  sandhills  and  marshy  parts 
of  Walney  Island.     It  is  often  seen  far  inland. 

239.  Common  Gull.     Larus  canus,  Linn. 

An  annual  visitant  throughout  the  winter, 
but  the  species  breeds  nowhere  in  England. 

240.  Herring-Gull.     Larus    argentatus,    J.    F. 

Gmelin. 

Locally,  Silver  Gull. 

A  resident,  abundant  on  the  coast  at  all 
seasons,  but  nesting  only  in  a  few  places  now, 
mainly  at  Foulshaw  Moss,  near  Morecambe  Bay, 


203 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


in    association    with    lesser    black-backed    gulls. 
(Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  428.) 

241.  Lesser  Black-backed  Gull.     Larus  fuscus, 
Linn. 


251.  Razor-bill.     Alca  torda,  Linn. 

A  resident,  but  chiefly  an  off-shore  living 
species,  rarely,  if  ever,  breeding  in  Lancashire, 
purely  through  lack  of  such  suitable  localities  as 
it  finds  abundantly  on  the  Isle  of  Man  and  in 


Resident,  and  numerous  all  the  year  round  ;      N>  Waks_      Mitchell  records  evidence    of   the 


but  now  its  nesting  places  are  confined   to  small 

colonies  '  on  the  low  grounds  round  the  estuary      coast 

of    the    Kent '   (Mitchell)  ;    also   on    Walney 

Island    and   Foulshaw   Moss,  near    Morecambe      252.  Guillemot. 

Bay.     It  formerly  bred  on  Piling  and  Cockerham 


nesting    of  this   species   once    on    the    Furness 

Uria  troile  (Linn.). 
The    guillemot,    being    like    the    razor-bill  a 


Mosses,  but  of  late  years  it  has  not  been  observed      rock-loving  species,  does  not  nest  in  Lancashi 
nesting  there.  It  is  quite  commonly  met  with  a  few  miles  off 

shore.     After  storms  it  is  very  frequently  thrown 
242.  Great  Black-backed  Gull.     Larus  marinus,     Qn  the  beach  dead> 

Linn. 

Locally,  Devoke  Water  Maw. 
A    resident    species,  frequently  seen    on    the 
Mersey    during    winter,    and  numerous   a    few 


253.  Black  Guillemot.      Uria  grylle  (Linn.). 

An  extremely  rare  visitor,  and  then   generally 
in  the  winter.     It  would  doubtless  find  a  home 


miles  off  shore  all  the  year  round.      It  nests  on      on  our   coasts  if  they  had  been  furnished  with 
Piling  Moss  in  numbers,  and  on  the  Fells  near      rocks>  whlch  thls  blrd  invariably  loves  to  frequent. 
Rusland,   not  far  from   Morecambe  Bay  (Mac-      254.  Little  Auk.     Mergulus  alle  (Linn.), 
pherson,  Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  432).  -phe  little  auk  is  seen  mainly  on  our  shores  as 

243.  Glaucous  Gull.     Larus  glaucus,  Fabricius.      fl°tsam  and  jetsam   after  very  cold  and  stormy 

weather.     Macpherson   records  the  capture  alive 


A  very  rare  visitant. 

244.  Iceland  Gull.      Larus  leucopterus,  Faber. 
Seen  on  Duddon   Estuary,  24  October,  18 

(Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  437.) 

245.  Kittiwake.      Rissa  tridactyla  (Linn.). 


of  specimens  near  Coniston    and    Windermere 
(Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  446). 

255.  Puffin.     Fratercula  arctica  (Linn.). 

Locally,  Coulterneb. 

The  puffin,  like  the  last  species,  is  generally 
seen  on  our  shores  dead  after  storms.     It  would 


A  resident,  abundant  all   the  year  round,   but      nodoubt  nest  -n  Lancashjre  jf there  ^  such  sites 

as  the  Welsh  coast  and  the  Isle  of  Man  provide. 
256.   Great  Northern  Diver.      Colymbus  glacialls, 


because  of  the  absence  of  rocks  it  does  not  nest 
within  our  boundaries. 

246.  Ivory  Gull.      Pagophila  eburnea  (Phipps). 
This  species  is  said   to  have   been  killed  o 


Linn. 
An  annual  winter 


isitant  in  small  numbers. 


yeral  occasions  in  Morecambe  Bay,  but  none      It  is  occasionally  taken  in  nets  set  for  ducks. 


Colymbus  arcticus, 
Linn. 
Only  a  very  occasional  visitant. 


Podicipes  cristatus 


of  the    records  seem   quite  sufficiently  authenti-  _. 

cated;  Mr.    Macpherson,  however,   vouches  for      257-  Black-throated  Diver. 

one  taken  near   Kendal   'within  a  short  flight  of 

the  sea  coast'  (Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  438).     One 

shot  on  Foulshaw   Moss  in  1847  is  now  in  the      258.    Red-throated   Diver.       Colymbus  septentri- 

collection  of  Dr.  Jackson,  of  Carnforth.  onalh,  Linn. 

An  annual  visitor  in  winter. 

247.  Great      Skua.       Megalestris       catarrhactes 

(Linn.). 

A  rare  visitant  at  various  seasons  of  the  year  ; 
but  as  it  keeps  off-shore  its  visits  are  probably 
not  so  rare  as  supposed. 

248.  Pomatorhine  Skua.       Stercorarius   pomato- 

rhinus  (Temminck). 
A  more  frequent  visitor  than  the  great  Skua. 

249.  Arctic  or  Richardson's  Skua.     Stercorarius 

crepidatus  (J.  F.  Gmelin). 


A  few  specimens  are  observed  in  most  years. 


259.  Great  Crested  Grebe. 

(Linn.). 
Locally,  Diver. 

A  resident,  and  numerous  on  our  inland  meres 
and  lakes,  nesting  annually  in  suitable  localities. 
In  severe  weather  it  frequents  estuaries  and  the 
sea  coast. 

260.  Red-necked     Grebe.       Podicipes    griseigena 

(Boddaert). 

Only  a  very  occasional  winter  visitant, 
especially  in  severe  weather. 


250.  Long-tailed  or  Buffon's  Skua.     Stercorarius      261.  Slavonian  Grebe.    Podicipes  auritus  (Linn.). 


parasiticus  (Linn.). 
A  goodly  number  of  occurrences  have  been 
recorded,  but  at  long  intervals  of  time. 


Of  the  occurrence  of  this  species  only  a  few 
records  exist  ;  but  the  bird  has  not  been  observed 
during  the  past  twenty-five  years. 


204 


262.  Eared  or  Black-necked  Grebe. 

nigricollis  (C.  L.  Brehm). 
Mr.  Hugh  Hornby  possesses  a  specimen  '  killed 
near  Lune  Mouth  late  in  March  or  early 
in  April,  1886'  (Saunders,  in  Mitchell's  Birds 
of  Lancashire,  ed.  2,  p.  262).  An  adult  male 
specimen,  in  full  summer  plumage,  was  captured 
alive  at  Middleton,  near  Lancaster,  28  July, 
1  904  (Robinson,  Zoologist,  1904,  p.  350). 

263.  Little  Grebe  or  Dabchick.      Podicipes  fluvi- 

atilis  (Tunstall). 
Locally,  Douker,  Little  Diver,  Foot-in-arse. 


BIRDS 

Podicipes     stormy  weather, 
viduals  a 


When  it  occurs  several  indi- 


re  generally  observed  together. 

266.  Wilson's  Petrel.      Oceanitesoceanicus(KuM}. 
A  specimen   was  washed  up  '  on   the  north- 

west  shore    of   Walney    Island    in    November, 
1890  '  (Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lakeland,  p.  457.) 

267.  Frigate    or    White-faced    Petrel.      Pelago- 

droma  marina  (Latham). 

A   dead  specimen    was   washed   up  after  the 
severe  gale  of  November,  1890,  'on  the  outside 


A  resident  species  which  breeds  regularly  in      of  Walney  Island '  (Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lake- 


most  suitable  places  throughout  the  county. 

264.  Storm-Petrel.      Procellaria  pelagica,   Linn. 
This  species  is  never  seen  except  after  gales 

and  stormy  weather,  when  it  is  sometimes  cast 
up  on  the  shore  dead,  or  occasionally  blown 
inland. 

265.  Leach's  Fork-tailed    Petrel.      Oceanodroma 

leucorrhoa  (Vieillot). 
This    petrel    reaches    Lancashire    only  after 


land,  p.  458). 

268.  Manx      Shearwater.        Pitffinus     anglorum 

(Temminck). 
A  not  infrequent  winter  visitant. 

269.  Fulmar.     Fulmarus  glacialis  (Linn.). 

A  very  rare  visitant,  reaching  our  coasts 
during  or  after  severe  weather.  There  are 
three  or  four  occurrences  on  record. 


205 


MAMMALS 

The  generally  recognized  British  mammal  fauna  of  the  present  day  com- 
prises seventy-three  species,  of  which,  excluding  the  domesticated  mammals, 
Lancashire  has  forty-seven  representatives.  The  most  notable  absentees  occur 
among  the  Cheiroptera  and  the  Cetacea,  and  of  the  sixteen  species  of  the  former 
admitted  into  the  British  list,  seven  have  so  far  been  recorded  for  the  county. 
Among  the  unregistered  species,  however,  the  hairy-armed  bat  (Pterygistes 
leisleri]  and  the  whiskered  bat  (Myotis  mystacinus),  whose  range  has 
been  recorded  as  extending  to  the  '  Lake  District,'  without  specifically 
mentioning  any  locality  in  Lancashire,  will  almost  certainly  be  yet  discovered 
within  our  limits  when  the  bats  have  been  more  numerously  collected  and 
more  carefully  identified  in  the  northern  part  of  the  shire.  Of  the  remain- 
ing species  of  bats  three  are  doubtfully  British,  and  four  are  confined  to  the 
south  of  England.  Of  the  unrecorded  cetaceans  four  are  unknown  to  have 
visited  the  western  coasts  of  Britain  ;  one,  Risso's  grampus  (Grampus  griseus), 
is  a  very  rare  visitor  to  our  seas  ;  and  the  other  two,  the  black-fish  (Globi- 
cephalus  me/as)  and  the  lesser  rorqual  (Baleenoptera  acufo-rostrata),  will  in  all 
probability,  from  their  known  wide  range,  be  yet  recorded  as  Lancashire 
visitants.  Indeed,  among  the  remains  of  various  animals  found  in  the  excava- 
tions on  the  margin  of  the  Ribble  for  the  Preston  Docks,  no  fewer  than  three 
skulls  of  the  black-fish  were  discovered,  besides  the  jaw-bone  of  a  right  whale 
(Balcena  mysticetus)  and  the  skulls  of  a  porpoise  and  of  a  species  of  grampus. 
The  most  remarkable  cetacean  on  our  list  is  the  great  hump-backed  whale, 
which,  venturing  into  the  Mersey  in  1863,  became  stranded  so  far  from  the 
sea  as  the  mud  flats  near  to  Speke  Hall. 

The  only  other  group  in  which  Lancashire  falls  short  of  the  full  tale  of 
English  species  is  the  Carnivora,  in  which  no  representative  of  the  ringed  seal 
(Pboca  hispida)  has  yet  been  met  with  ;  nor,  indeed,  has  the  species  been 
recorded  from  the  shores  of  any  western  county  of  England. 

The  enormous  and  increasing  sandbanks  fringing  the  whole  coast  line 
from  Cumberland  to  the  mouth  of  the  Dee  are  loaded  with  rich  molluscan 
and  ophiuroid  deposits,  and  the  waters  overflowing  them  teem  with  polyzoa, 
crustaceans,  and  fish-fry.  These  sandbanks  are  just  the  localities  towards  which 
cetaceans  and  marine  carnivores  would  be  attracted  ;  and  doubtless  these 
unsupervised  areas  are  visited  by  species  of  both  groups,  during  their  migrations, 
far  oftener  than  can  be  observed  from  the  shore. 

The  ceaseless  extension  of  the  boundaries  of  our  towns  and  cities  ;  the 
increase  of  chemical  and  other  industries  which  invade  with  their  fatal 
fumes  ever  broadening  tracts  of  country  ;  the  continous  reduction  by  drainage 
of  the  mosses  and  meres  which  in  Lancashire  were  once  (and  even  yet  are)  so 

206 


MAMMALS 

extensive  ;  and,  above  all,  the  intrusion  of  man  into  every  nook  and  corner  of 
districts  which  long  were  sanctuaries  for  every  beast  of  the  field,  are  all  having 
a  reducing  effect  on  its  mammalian,  especially  its  carnivorous,  fauna.  The 
fox,  the  otter,  the  badger,  and  the  pine  marten  are  becoming  rarer  every  year, 
and  will  soon  have  passed  altogether,  if  indeed  the  last-named,  together,  too 
probably,  with  the  wild  cat,  has  not  already  become  extinct  in  Lancashire. 
The  charming  diminutive  harvest  mouse,  whose  grass-ball  nest  filled  with 
tiny  young  was  ever  the  delight  of  the  old-time  scythe-man,  has  been  all  but 
exterminated  by  the  modern  reaping  machine. 

The  present  fauna  has,  however,  long  lost  its  most  imposing  members.  It 
would  have  been  possible  a  few  centuries  ago  to  have  seen  wild,  amid  the 
uplands  of  lakeland  Lancashire  and  in  the  open  glades  and  in  the  once 
dense  but  now  vanished  forests  of  the  plain,  some  noble  and  formidable 
quadrupeds.  The  wolf,  whose  lair  was  among  the  crags  of  the  Pennines 
and  the  Fells,  was  only  finally  exterminated  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
Innumerable  wild  boars  infested  the  woods,  and  large  beaver  communities 
the  banks  of  many  of  the  streams.  Herds  of  red-deer,  generally  more 
splendidly  antlered  than  the  species  is  to-day,  roamed  over  the  opener  parts 
of  the  county  till  the  close  of  the  seventeenth  century.  If  tradition 
may  be  trusted,  one  of  the  last  retreats  where  the  wild  white  cattle  of 
Britain,  the  direct  offspring — probably  mingled  with  other  blood — of  the 
urus,  lived  and  bred  unparked  and  in  a  state  of  nature  was  the  far-extending 
ancient  forest  of  Bowland,  just  as  they  had  '  bredde  in  times  [longer]  paste 
at  Blakele.'  Hence,  doubtless,  was  obtained  the  foundation  of  those  herds 
which  during  the  past  500  years  or  more  were  enclosed  in  parks  in  many 
parts  of  Lancashire,  such  as  at  Houghton  Tower,  Whalley  Abbey,  and 
Middleton  Hall,  where  the  cattle  roamed  in  a  quite  undomesticated  state. 
According  to  Leigh's  History  of  Lancashire,  the  herd  of  Sir  Ralph  Ashton  at 
the  last-mentioned  hall  was  still  wild  as  late  as  the  year  1700,  and  apparently 
the  bulls  still  sported  flowing  manes,  an  ancestral  heritage  which  is  generally 
hardly  to  be  discerned  in  the  majority  of  their  male  descendants  to-day. 
Various  other  domestic  breeds  appear  to  have  been  specially  reared  in  the 
county.  The  author  just  quoted  notes  that 'Lancashire  .  .  .  is  most  remark- 
able for  breeding  Cattle  of  a  size  more  than  Ordinary  large,  particularly 
about  Burnley  and  Maudsley,  from  which  places  I  have  known  Cattle  sold  at 
extraordinary  rates,  an  heifer  sometimes  amounting  to  £15  or  >C2°  »  the 
ground  they  feed  upon  is  usually  upon  an  ascent,  and  the  grass  shorter  than 
in  lower  grounds.'  A  native  breed  of  cattle  which  has  now  become  nearly 
extinct  had  long  horns,  a  thick  firm  textured  hide  with  long  thick  shaggy 
hair  variable  in  colour,  large  hoofs,  and  a  coarse  thick  neck.  Baines,  too, 
speaks  of  '  a  herd  of  black  sheep  which  used  to  graze  on  the  pastures  of 
Higher  Furness,  furnishing  wool  that  in  former  times  rendered  the  woollen 
manufacture  of  Kendal  and  Cartmel  famous  throughout  England.'  The 
Haslingden  sheep  are  probably  the  remains  of  the  ancient  Lancashire  horned 
breed  which  had  a  grey  face  and  carried  a  heavy  fleece.  The  Hardwick 
breed  in  Higher  Furness,  which  is  hornless,  produces  short  wool,  and  has  the 
face  and  legs  speckled.  Any  detailed  notice,  however,  of  the  species  of  mammals 
which  once  inhabited  the  county,  but  have  been  entirely  removed  from  the 
roll  of  living  creatures,  must  be  left  to  the  palaeontologist  to  supply. 

207 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 
CHEIROPTERA 

1.  Lesser    Horse-shoe  Bat.      Rhinolophus  hippo-  5.  Pipistrelle.     Pipistrellus  pipistrt/lus,  Schreber. 

siderus,  Bechstein.  Bell  —  Scotopbllus  pipistrellus. 

Rare.  Locally,  Flittermouse. 

2.  Long-eared  Bat.     Plecotus  auritus,  Linn.  Not  uncommon. 
Common. 

3.  Barbastelle.  Barbastella  barbastellus,  Schreber.  6.  Natterer's  or  Reddish-grey  Bat.     Myotis  nat- 

KM-Barbastellus  daubentonH.  terert>  Lelsler' 

Rare  Bell  —  Vesperl'iKo  nattereri. 

4.  Great  or  White's  Bat  (Noctule).     Pipistrellus  ^V^nT,'     A  specimen  was  taken  at 

.   ,     o  ,     ,        v  Cheetham  Hill.  Manchester,  Christmas  1092. 
noctula,  ocnreDer. 

Bell  —  Scotophilus  noctula;  White  —  Vesper  ARo  alti-  *,     •     ,     ,          -T-T 

volans  ;  Thomas—  Pterygiste,  noctula.  7-  Daubenton  s  Bat.     Mjttu  daubentom,  Leisler. 

Now  very    scarce.       Lancashire  is,  so  far  as 
known,  its  north-western  limit. 


Not  uncommon  in  wooded  localities. 


INSECTIVORA 


8.  Hedgehog.     Erinaceus  europ&us,  Linn. 

Locally,  Urchin. 
Abundant. 

9.  Mole.      Talpa  europaa,  Linn. 

Locally,  Moodiwart,  Mowdywark,  Want. 
Abundant,  occasionally  albino. 

10.  Common  Shrew.      Sorex  araneus,  Linn. 
Quite  common. 


linutus,  Linn. 


11.  Pigmy  Shrew.     Sore* 
Bell—  Sorex  pygmtttu. 

Occurring  sparsely. 

12.  Water  Shrew.     Neomys  fodiens,  Pallas. 
Bell — Crossoput  fodiens. 

Common. 


CARNIVORA 


13.  Wild  Cat.      Felii  catus,  Linn. 

About  a  century  ago  the  wild  cat  was  to  be 
seen  on  Cartmel  Fell  and  other  parts  of  Lake- 
land in  considerable  numbers,  and  it  was,  though 
extremely  rare,  still  to  be  met  with  fifty  years 
ago,  but  it  is  much  to  be  feared  that  it  is  now 
extinct  in  Lancashire. 

14.  Fox.     Vulpes  vulpes,  Linn. 
Bell— Vulpes  vulgaris. 

Numerous. 


18.  Weasel.     Putorlus  nivalis,  Linn. 
Bell — Mustela  vulgaris. 

Abundant. 

1 9.  Otter.  Lutra  lutra.  Linn. 
Bell — Lutra  vulgaris. 

Still  abundant  in  many  of  the  upland  streams 
on  which  they  are  regularly  hunted.  Not  in- 
frequently reported  from  the  River  Alt. 

20.  Badger.     Meles  melts,  Linn. 
Bell— Meles  taxus. 

Locally,  Brock. 

Abundant  about  150  to  200  years  ago.  Now 
rare.  Five  taken  by  Mr.  Gillow's  keepers  on 


15.  Pine  Marten.     Mustela  martes,  Linn. 

Bell — Martes  abletum. 

Locally,  Fox  Cork,  Mart  Cork,  Mart,  Sweetmart.      Warton  Crag  7  or  8  years  ago. 
Tolerably  numerous  in  the  uplands,  Coniston      2i.  Common  Seal.     Phoca  vitulina,  Linn. 
Hills,  Windermere    and  Furness  districts.     An 
old  female  specimen  was  caugl 
Valley,  Furness,  in  May  1902  (Archibald,  Zoolo- 


j    —  Not  uncommon  in  Morecambe  Bay,  in  the  Mer- 

>ld  female  specimen  was  caught  in  the  Rusland     sey  and  Ribble  estuaries,  and  along  our  shores. 


gist,  1904,  p.  455). 

1 6.  Polecat.     Putorius  putorius,  Linn. 
Bell — Mustela  putorius. 

Locally,  Foumart,  Fitchet. 

Not  nearly  so  common  as  the  weasel,  but  more 
numerous  formerly ;  yet  abundant  in  some 
localities. 

17.  Common  Stoat.      Putorius  ermineus,  Linn. 
Bell — Mustela  erminea. 

Common.  Very  rarely  seen  in  the  white 
garb  of  winter  except  among  the  high  Fells,  and 
there  often  partially  changed  only. 


22.  Harp  Seal.     Phoca  grcenlandica,  Fabricius. 
An  occasional   visitor    to   the  estuary  of  the 

Mersey  ;  one  was  taken  in  Morecambe  Bay  on 
23  January,  1868  (Turner,  Journal  Anat.  and 
Phys.  ix.  163). 

23.  Hooded  Seal.     Cystophora  cristata,  Erxl. 

A  specimen  was  found  alive  on  the  Lancashire 
shore  of  the  Mersey  on  3  February,  1873  (Moore, 
Proc.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  Liverp.  xxvii.  p.  Ixxiii.). 

24.  Grey  Seal.     Halicharus  grypus,  Fabricius. 
Bell — HaRchterus  gryphus. 

A  specimen  was  captured  in  1861  in  the 
Canada  Dock,  in  Liverpool. 


208 


MAMMALS 
RODENTIA 


25.  Squirrel.     Sciurus  hucourus,  Kerr. 
Bell — Sciurus  vulgar'u. 

Abundant  in  all  our  thicker  woods. 

26.  Dormouse.     Muscardinus  avellanarius,  Linn. 
Bell — Myoxut  avellanarius. 

Local.  Colonies  occur  here  and  there  in 
woods  in  the  western  and  northern  districts  of 
the  county. 

27.  Common  or  Brown  Rat.     Mus  aecumanus, 

Pallas. 
Too  abundant. 

28.  Black  Rat.     Mus  rattus,  Linn. 

The  black  rat  occurs  from  time  to  time  in 
various  parts  of  Lancashire.  A  few  find  sanctuary 
in  Walney  Island  (Macpherson,  Fauna  of  Lake- 
land, p.  81).  One  was  caught  in  Liverpool  in 
1896. 

29.  House  Mouse.     Mus  musculus.  Linn. 
Abundant. 

30.  Wood  Mouse  or  Long-tailed  Field  Mouse. 

Mus  sylvaticus,  Linn. 
Generally  distributed. 

3 1 .  Harvest  Mouse.     Mus  minutus,  Pallas. 
Very  sparingly  distributed  ;  once  abundant  in 

fields  and  ricks,  but  the  use  of  reaping  machines 
has  destroyed  the  nests  and  young  so  that  now 


the  species  is  almost  extinct.  Advertisement 
extensively  made  recently  for  specimens  brought 
not  a  single  favourable  reply.  There  is  a  speci- 
men from  Halsall  Moss,  Southport,  in  Owens 
College  Museum,  Manchester  University. 

32.  Water  Vole.     Microtus  ampbibius.  Linn. 
Bell — Arvuola  amphibiui. 

Common. 

33.  Field  Vole.     Microtus  agrestis,  Linn. 
Bell — Arvicola  agrestis. 

Fairly  common,  and  generally  distributed. 
More  abundant  in  some  years  than  in  others. 

34.  Bank  Vole.     Evotomys  glareolus,  Schreber. 
Bell — Arvicola  glareolus. 

Locally,  Red  Field  Vole. 

Fairly  common  locally.  It  lives  on  the 
margins  of  thickets,  and  winters  among  heaps  of 
turnips. 

35.  Hare.      Lepus  europteus,  Pallas. 
Bell — Lepus  timiJus. 

Abundant,  but  diminishing  in  numbers. 

36.  Rabbit.     Lepus  cuniculus,  Linn. 

Very  abundant ;  extensive  warrens  exist  along 
the  sea  coast.  Melanistic  varieties  are  not 
uncommon. 


UNGULATA 


37.  Red  Deer.     Cervus  elaphus.  Linn. 

The  red  deer,  indigenous  and  abundant  in 
England  from  prehistoric  times,  was  from  the 
Roman  period  down  to  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth 
centuries  widely  distributed  in  Lancashire  (as  in 
other  counties)  upon  the  wooded  heights  and 
vales  of  the  Fells  and  in  the  forests  of  the 
lowlands.  After  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth 
century  the  herds  in  their  wild  state  became 
fewer  and  fewer,  and  those  now  existing,  though 
probably  retaining  some  of  the  blood  of  their 
feral  ancestors,  are  all  preserved  and  largely 
winter-fed. 


38.  Fallow  Deer.     Cervus  dama,  Linn. 

The  fallow  deer,  though  in  prehistoric  times 
indigenous  to  England,  is  at  the  present  day  to 
be  found — in  Lancashire,  at  all  events — only  con- 
served in  private  parks. 

39.  Roe  Deer.     Capreolus  capreolus,  Linn. 
Bell — Capreolus  caprea. 

There  are  at  the  present  day,  it  is  supposed,  no 
truly  indigenous  roe  deer  in  Lancashire,  unless 
those  in  the  woods  of  Higher  Furness  may  be  so, 
since  it  is  believed  that  in  some  districts  of 
Cumberland  a  few  descendants  of  indigenous 
herds  still  survive. 


CETACEA 


40.  Common  Rorqual.      Balanoptera   muscu/us, 

Linn. 

Remains  of  this  species  have  been  obtained  on 
the  coast  (Silloth  excavations,  Proc.  R.  Phys. 
Soc.  viii.  336). 

41.  Hump-backed    Whale.       Megaptera    boops, 

Gray. 

An  occasional  visitor.  A  specimen  in  the 
Lord  Derby  Museum,  Liverpool,  was  stranded 


on  a  sandbank  near  Speke,  many  miles  up  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Mersey,  on  17  July,  1863. 

42.  Bottle-nosed  Whale.     Hyperoodon   rostratus, 

Chemnitz. 

An  occasional  visitor.  A  specimen  now  in 
the  Nottingham  Museum  was  stranded  near 
Speke,  some  distance  up  the  River  Mersey,  in 
1 88 1.  Examples  have  been  taken  stranded  in 
Morecambe  Bay  (in  1887)  and  at  Cocken-in- 


209 


27 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Furness  ;  others  have  been  taken  on  the  East 
Hoyle  Bank,  which  is  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mersey,  but  towards  the  Cheshire  side. 

[The  Narwhal.     Monodon  monoceros,  Linn. 

This  species,  now  almost  extinct,  has  been 
recorded  within  the  historical  period  from  the 
coasts  of  Lancashire.  H.  H.  Johnston,  British 
Mammals,  p.  380.] 

43.  Grampus  or  Killer.     Orca  gladiator,  Lac£- 

pede. 

A  rare  visitor  to  Morecambe  Bay  and  to  the 
Mersey. 

44.  Porpoise.     Phoccena  communis,  F.  Cuv. 
Very  commonly  seen  off  the  coast,  and  strag- 


glers have  been  taken  in  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey, 
in  Morecambe  Bay,  and  at  Walney  Island. 

45.  Dolphin.      Delphinus  delphis.  Linn. 

Often  seen  off  the  coast,  and  specimens  have 
been  taken  in  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey  and  in 
Morecambe  Bay. 

46.  White-beaked    Dolphin.      Delphinus     albi- 

rtstris,  J.  E.  Gray. 

A  specimen  now  in  the  Lord  Derby  Museum, 
Liverpool,  was  stranded  on  Hilbre  Island,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Dee,  after  apparently  passing  down 
the  Lancashire  coast. 

47.  Bottle-nosed  Dolphin.     Tursiops  tursio. 
Seen  in  the  estuary  of  the  Mersey. 


ADDENDA 

17.  Common  Stoat.     Putorius  ermineus,  Linn.          37.  Red  Deer.     Cervus  elaphus,  Linn. 

Mr.  H.  Murray  received  eight  specimens  in  A  few  are  now  at  large  in  Wyresdale,  Lons- 
winter  coat  (white)  during  the  last  winter,  all  dale,  and  Kentdale,  which  have  been  released 
taken  within  two  miles  of  Carnforth.  for  chase  by  the  late  Wyresdale  deerhounds  and 

the  existing  Oxenholme  pack. 


\ 


EARLY    MAN 


THE  physical  boundaries  of  the  county  of  Lancashire,  which  separate 
it  for  the  most  part  from  its  neighbours,  impart  to   its  story  an 
individuality  that  would  not  have  been  possible  in  a  piece  of  land 
arbitrarily  divided  as  by  a  county  boundary  only.       In  the  extreme 
north-west,    however,    there    lies    a    detached    portion    known    generally   as 
Lancashire  over  Sands,  which  cannot  well  be  separated  physically   from  the 
counties  of  Cumberland  and  Westmorland  :   the  antiquities  of  this  district, 
therefore,  although  described  in  the  present  articles,  do  not  enter  into  the 
general  consideration  of  early  culture-development  in  the  county. 

So  far  as  evidence  shows,  it  was  to  the  moorlands  of  the  Yorkshire 
border,  though  bleak  and  inhospitable,  that  man  was  first  tempted  to  come 
and  settle.  The  undrained  lowlands  around  the  coast  were  for  the  most  part 
marshy  and  uninhabitable,  while  the  uplands  and  valleys  lying  between  were  still 
largely  covered  with  primaeval  forest.  There  can  be  no  certainty,  however, 
in  the  matter.  The  disposition  of  early  man  is  indicated  for  the  most  part  by 
sporadic  finds  in  recent  times  of  a  small  number  only  of  the  objects  and 
implements  he  used;  hence,  while  the  suggestion  remains  of  some  places  in 
which  man  lived,  the  lack  of  finds  in  other  places  does  not  exclude  the 
possibility  of  habitation  there. 

Of  the  people  themselves  scant  traces  have  been  found.  The  human 
skulls  found  in  making  deep  excavations  at  Preston  for  the  Ribble  Docks 
constitute  the  most  reliable  evidence.  They  were  found  associated  with  bones 
of  the  urus,  which  was  already  extinct  at  the  dawn  of  this  era,  and  with 
remains  of  earlier  ages.  The  an thropometrical  analysis  of  these  (p.  256)  shows 
them  to  belong  probably  to  a  population  of  mixed  race — the  original  stock  of 
neolithic  times  upon  whom  had  come  the  Celtic  element  usually  associated 
with  the  rise  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  art;  but  the  numbers  of  examples  are  too 
few  to  warrant  any  general  conclusion.  Other  than  these,  the  perishable 
bones  from  a  few  burials  in  isolated  spots  and  the  charred  remains  of  those 
who  were  cremated  are  all  that  remain  of  man  himself.  Some  of  his  burial 
places,  however,  are  known.  The  long  barrows  characteristic  of  stone-using 
man,  indeed,  are  few  and  uncertain;  but  possibly  some  mounds  on  the  moors 
above  Rochdale,  particularly  those  which  lie  towards  Extwistle  near  to  Burnley 
and  some  few  at  Wavertree  near  Liverpool,  as  will  be  shown  later,  may  be 
assigned  to  this  period.  The  round  barrows  and  burial  mounds  of  the  early 
metal  age,  however,  are  more  numerous  and  more  readily  identified.  The 
neighbourhood  particularly  of  Winwick,  near  to  Warrington,  has  yielded  the 
best  examples.  The  moors  around  Rochdale  and  Bolton  in  the  south,  and 
Bleasdale  and  Lancaster  in  the  north  of  the  county,  are  sites  of  a  fair 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

number  of  interesting  interments  of  that  age,  while  here  and  there  at  different 
places — Bolton,  Darwen,  Blackburn,  and  elsewhere — isolated  burials  have 
from  time  to  time  been  brought  to  light. 

The  evidence  of  burial  places  ranks  first  in  importance.  As  usual  there 
is  little  or  no  trace  of  the  places  where  man  really  lived,  although  the  localities 
where  implements  have  been  found,  particularly  in  accumulation,  is  some 
suggestion.  The  ancient  canoes  found  at  Preston,  Martin  Mere,  Barton,  and 
Irlam,  are  better  evidence  of  settlement,  but  the  precise  period  of  these  objects 
themselves  is  not  at  all  certain.  In  lack  of  direct  testimony  the  most  prob- 
able indication  is,  then,  the  vicinity  of  funereal  mounds.  Save  for  such 
indirect  (and  non-exclusive)  testimony  there  is  little  guide  to  the  problem — 
with  one  notable  exception.  The  moors  and  hilltops  of  the  Pennine  range 
present  a  tract  less  liable  than  elsewhere  to  the  disturbance  of  cultivation,  and 
have  yielded  to  the  patient  researches  of  enthusiastic  investigators  the  know- 
ledge that  at  a  remote  period  numbers  of  flint-using  people  dwelt  there  in 
settlements,  finding  the  situation  probably  as  advantageous  for  their  own 
safety  as  it  was  for  descending  to  the  woods  and  valleys  for  food.  There  is 
little  trace  of  man,  but  certain  evidence  of  his  handiwork  in  myriads  of  flints, 
flakes  and  chips,  arrow-heads  and  knives,  hammer-stones  and  the  cores  from 
which  the  flakes  have  been  chipped,  even  his  stores  of  flint  and  graphite,  etc., 
abounding  chiefly  in  the  range  of  hills  that  lies  eastward  and  northward  from 
Rochdale  and  Ashton-under-Lyne.  The  flint  is  not  geologically  indigenous, 
and  the  absence  of  metal  tools  amongst  the  wealth  of  stone  objects  throughout 
this  tract  points  to  a  settlement  there  of  a  neolithic  population  as  early 
at  least  as  present  evidence  shows  man  to  have  found  his  way  at  all  into  the 
county. 

Of  the  metal-using  or  Bronze  Age  which  followed  there  is  more 
general  evidence  of  remains  though  less  definite  evidence  of  settlement. 
Undoubtedly  the  group  of  bronze  implements  containing  a  great  spear,  dagger, 
and  eight  axe-heads,  found  at  Winmarleigh  in  the  north  of  Lancashire,1 
ranks  first,  though  late  in  date,  among  the  relics  of  that  age.  The  vicinity 
of  Warrington,  and  the  range  of  upland  lying  north  of  Manchester  by  Bolton- 
le-Moors,  also  bear  indirect  witness  of  habitation  in  the  weapons  and  inter- 
ments which  have  come  to  light.  The  mountain  range  to  the  east,  and  more 
particularly  the  river  valleys  and  the  sites  of  former  marshes  now  reclaimed, 
contribute  also  their  portion  of  evidence. 

The  later  Celtic  period,  characterized  by  the  introduction  also  of  iron 
among  the  metals  worked,  is  represented  somewhat  sparsely,  but  some  of  the 
remains  of  this  time  are  of  exceptional  character.  The  iron  sword  from 
Warton,  north  of  Lancaster,  in  the  British  Museum  ;  the  bronze  sword- 
sheath  from  Pilling  Moss,  in  the  museum  at  Salford  ;  and  especially  the 
bronze  torque  found  at  Mow  Road,  near  Rochdale,  now  in  private  possession, 
rank  among  noteworthy  examples  of  late  Celtic  art. 

The  classification  of  objects  under  three  main  divisions  called  the  Stone 
Age,  Bronze  Age,  and  Iron  Age  respectively,  is  conventional  and  generally 
adopted,  but  it  should  be  recognized  at  the  outset  as  a  mere  convenient 
terminology,  liable,  as  is  often  the  case,  to  error  of  general  inference.  The 
basis  of  the  nomenclature  is  the  most  characteristic  material  employed  in 

1  Preserved  in  the  museum  at  Warrington,  Plate  V. 


EARLY    MAN 

three  successive  major  stages  of  development;  but  the  distinction  does  not 
imply  man's  exclusive  use  of  these  materials,  except  at  the  superior  limit  of  time. 
Some  of  the  best  examples  of  stone  implements  are  the  small  polished  hammers 
found  in  '  round  barrows,'  the  burial  mounds  characteristic  of  the  bronze  age 
associated  with  the  early  Celtic  population.1  The  overlap  indicated  is  general, 
and  it  is  by  no  means  possible  to  assign  some  objects  to  any  special  age. 
Since,  however,  some  method  of  classification  is  necessary  for  dealing  with 
numbers  of  ancient  remains,  especially  in  regard  to  the  implements  and 
weapons,  which  are  the  most  plentiful,  a  Bronze  Age  is  usually  supposed  to 
begin  with  the  first  observed  use  of  bronze,  and  similarly  an  Iron  Age 
with  the  incipient  use  of  that  material.  But  neither  the  periods  themselves 
in  respect  of  different  localities  nor  the  materials  involved  in  each  are 
mutually  exclusive. 

In  the  following  pages  the  remains  of  Early  Man  are  described  under 
three  main  heads  as  follows : — 

1.  Stone  implements  and  remains  of  the  Neolithic  Period. 

2.  Bronze  implements  and  remains  of  the  Early  Celtic  Period. 

3.  Iron  implements  and  remains  of  the  Late  Celtic  Period. 

4.  Remains  not  included  in  this  classification,  being  of  doubtful  age  or 

miscellaneous  character. 

This  nomenclature  is  not  so  concise  as  the  usual  '  Stone  Age,  Bronze  Age, 
and  Iron  Age  '  upon  which  it  is  based,  but  it  is  proportionately  less  open  to 
misinterpretation.  It  has  also  one  other  advantage  in  that  it  continues  to 
associate  the  remains  with  the  idea  that  a  people  made  and  used  them.  In 
any  other  regard  the  objects  lose  their  chief  interest  as  material  remains  of 
the  human  past,  and  become  merely  lifeless  examples  of  special  forms  or 
technical  series.  To  separate  archaeology  from  its  relation  to  humanity  is  not 
only  to  deprive  early  history  of  its  fundamental  material,  but  is  inimical  to  a 
proper  interpretation  of  all  early  remains.  It  should  never  be  forgotten  in  the 
study  of  these  objects  that  they  are  the  products  of  man's  hands,  made  by  him 
to  serve  some  purpose  ;  therefore  every  fact  of  human  interest  associated 
with  an  object  of  antiquity  should  be  deemed  equal  in  importance  with  the 
form  and  character  of  the  thing  itself.  Such  facts  are  perhaps  scanty  and  to 
be  gleaned  only  partially  and  indirectly,  as  from  the  position  and  place  in  which 
an  object  is  found,  its  association  with  other  objects,  its  own  use  and  theirs. 
It  is  only  in  this  way  that  it  may  be  possible  for  intelligent  and  tempered 
imagination  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  real  life  of  olden  times. 


I.  STONE  IMPLEMENTS  AND  REMAINS  OF  THE  NEOLITHIC 

PERIOD 

The  county  of  Lancaster  has  yielded  no  evidence  of  man  in  that 
primitive  stage  of  development  which  is  defined  from  the  rough  imple- 
ments of  stone  which  he  used  as  palaeolithic.  Rough  implements  of 
stone  are  found,  indeed,  but  from  their  association  generally  with  objects 

1  E.g.  the  urn  at  Winwick,  near  Warrington,  containing  a  bronze  dagger  and  small  stone  axe-hammer, 
p.  240. 

2I3 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  more  elaborate  workmanship,  such  as  delicate  arrow-heads  with  barbs, 
it  is  plain  that  these  are  merely  the  ruder  implements  of  man  who 
had  already  attained  the  neolithic  culture.  This  in  itself  would  not  be 
evidence  of  a  stone  age,  purely  defined,  for  the  use  of  stone  for  implements 
continued  down  to  historic  times,  and  some  of  the  best  products  of  the  art 
of  stone-working  were  fashioned  during  the  Bronze  Age  which  succeeded ; 
but  in  regard  to  a  variety  of  these,  which  are  both  very  numerous  and 
confined  to  a  particular  region,  there  is  evidence  in  the  absence  of  metal 
among  the  stone,  as  well  as  the  intrinsic  testimony  of  the  finds  themselves, 
that  they  were  produced  by  a  Stone-Age  people  settled  in  the  locality.  The 
region  indicated  is  the  range  of  moorland  that  forms  the  south-eastern  boundary 
of  the  county  and  separates  it  from  Yorkshire ;  and  the  objects  found  freely 
on  hilltops  denuded  by  the  wind,  and  in  other  places  from  4  to  5  .(sometimes 
10)  ft.  below  the  surface,  are  the  cores  of  flint,  the  chippings  and  flakes, 
'  borers  and  gravers,'  scrapers  and  small  hammer-stones,  which  the  flint 
worker  of  the  neolithic  age  lost  or  rejected.  In  one  place,  on  March  Hill, 
have  been  found  '  innumerable  minute  chippings  of  flint,'  and  on  the  same 
hill  a  '  half-made  arrow-head.' 

On  Knoll  Hill  again  was  found  a  core  amidst  numerous  chippings,  one 
of  which,  identified  by  its  patina,  fitted  exactly  in  the  place  whence  it  had 
been  struck.  It  is  interesting  to  read  the  account  of  what  students  of  these 
remains  see  of  the  life  of  neolithic  man  himself  in  the  traces  of  his  handi- 
work. '  He  was  undoubtedly  a  hunter,  from  the  arrow-heads  and  spear- 
heads he  has  left  behind  him.  He  clothed  himself  in  skins,  for  we  find 
the  flaying  knives  which  he  used  to  separate  the  skin  from  the  carcase,  the 
scrapers  with  which  he  removed  the  fat  and  hair  from  the  hides.  We  also 
find  the  perforators  used  for  boring  the  eyes  in  his  bone  needles  with  which 
he  made  his  clothes.  We  find  his  graving  tools  for  ornament  or  possibly 
tattooing,  and  we  find  the  reddle  and  graphite  which  he  used  for  personal 
adornment.  We  have  found  his  hearth  or  dwelling-place,  a  rubble  of  millstone 
grit  ;  the  ruins  of  rude  sandstone  shelters  ;  the  iron  pyrites  and  the  hard 
hsmatite  by  which  he  got  his  light,  and  the  charcoal,  the  remains  of  his 
long  extinct  fire.' l 

The  burial  places  of  these  people,  which  are  usually  the  more  sure 
indication,  are  in  this  case  less  easy  to  identify  from  the  accounts  which  have 
been  published.  Of  the  many  burial  mounds  which  are  found  along  the 
same  range  of  hills  it  seems  probable  that  the  majority  at  least  belong  to  a 
later  age. 

The  area  through  which  these  remains  are  found  is  fairly  extensive. 
The  town  of  Rochdale  is  about  its  centre.  Southward  it  reaches  by  the 
heights  above  Oldham  almost  to  Ashton-under-Lyne.  Westward  it  is 
bounded  only  by  the  edge  of  the  moorland  which  spreads  out  beyond  Bury 
towards  Bolton-le-Moors.  Northwards  it  follows  the  high  crest  of  the 
Pennine  range  as  far  as  Burnley,  while  towards  the  east  it  passes  beyond  the 
Yorkshire  border.  The  small  objects  themselves  are  so  numerous  that  it  is 
not  possible  to  describe  them  in  detail  in  the  manner  subsequently  adopted 
for  the  classes  of  larger  antiquities.  A  few  types  of  worked  flints  are 

1  Vid.  Trans.  Rochdale  Lit.  and  Set.  Sue.  1 897.  '  Flint  Implements,'  W.  H.  Sutcliffe  ;  also  various  contri- 
butions by  Dr.  Colley  March. 

214 


UPPER  Row  :— BROWN  WARDLE  HILL  (four). 

Row  :— MARCH   HILL — RUSH  HILL — BLACKSTONE  EDGE — MARCH   HILL— CUPWITH  HILL K.NOWL  Hi] 

BLACKSTONE  EDGE — BROWN  WARDLE  HILL. 
THIRD  Row  :— FOXSTONE  EDGE— BROWN  WARDLE— RUSH  HILL— MIDDLE  HILL. 


1  M  •  • 


UPPER  Row  :-BROWN  WARDLE-MARCH  HILL  (two)-BROwN  WARDLE-MARCH   H.LL-KKOWL  HILL-BROWN  WARDLE 

SECOND  Row  :— BROWN  WARDLE— ASHWORTH   MOOR— ROUGH   HILL— BROWN  WARDLE  (two)— HUNGER  HILL 

THIRD  Row  :— MARCH   HILL— BROWN  WARDLE-MARCH  HILL— ROUGH   HILL-BROWN  WARDLE— 

ROUGH   HILL — WORSTHORNE   MOOR. 


PLATE   I.— ARROWHEADS  AND  MISCELLANEOUS  SMALL-WORKED  FLINTS  FROM  THE  NEOLITHIC 
FLOOR  OF  SOUTH-EAST  LANCASHIRE. 


Tofat,  faf,  214. 


EARLY    MAN 

selected  as  illustration,  and  the  distribution  of  them  is  indicated  by  lists  of 
'  findspots.'  The  arrow-heads,  however,  are  few  in  number  and  of  special 
interest :  they  are  not  altogether  peculiar  to  this  area,  being  found  also  at 
Manchester,  and  even  towards  the  mouth  of  the  Mersey  at  Wavertree 
near  Liverpool. 

The  flint  chippings  of  the  Pennine  range,  from  their  very  numbers, 
combined  with  the  absence  of  metal  among  the  deposits,  constitute  the 
only  definite  evidence  of  habitation  during  the  neolithic  period.  The  stone 
implements  described  below,  classified  as  celts  and  perforated  implements, 
adzes,  axes,  hammers,  and  the  like,  are  not  necessarily  to  be  considered  as 
the  product  of  a  purely  Stone  Age,  though  of  neolithic  character. 

i.  ROUGHLY-WORKED  STONES 

Cores  and  flakes,  and  evidences  of  flint-working  associated  with  these 
early  inhabitants  of  the  South  Lancashire  moors,  have  been  found  at  many 
sites.  Among  them,  in  the  main  or  central  area,  Brandwood  Moor,  Brown 
Wardle  Hill,  Cow  Heys,  Crow  Knoll,  Culvert  Clough,  Flower  Scar  Hill, 
Foxton  Edge,  Great  Winning  Gulf,  Hades  Hill  (on  the  border),  Haulgh, 
Helpet  Edge,  Hunger  Hill,  Longden  End  Moor,  Lower  Moor,  Rushy  Hill, 
Robin  Hood's  Bed,  Ramsden,  Rough  Hill,  Todmorden  (on  the  border), 
Turnshaw  Hill,  Wardle  Moor,  Well  i'  th'  Lane  ;  especially  also  at  Besom 
Hill,  Blackstone  Edge,  Bull  Hill,  Knoll  Hill,  Middle  Hill  (Wardle), 
Readycon  Dean,  Tooter  Hill,  Trough  Edge,  and  Wardle.  From  Bolton-le- 
Moors  comes  a  '  flint-polisher ; '  and  from  Hollingworth  Lake,  as  from 
Trough  Edge,  Knoll  Hill,  Middle  Hill,  etc.,  roundish  hammer-stones,  and 
'  thumb-stones.' 

Further  south,  in  the  Manchester  area,  similar  finds  are  recorded  :  at 
Broughton,  Cheetham,  Chorlton-upon-Medlock,  Kersal  Moor,  Moss  Side, 
and  RadclifFe,  near  Bury. 

From  the  Irwell  House  grounds,  Lower  Broughton,  is  an  interesting 
specimen  with  serrated  edges,  found  in  the  gravel  about  5  ft.  deep. 

To  the  north  the  boundary  of  the  settlement  seems  to  be  reached  at 
the  Worsthorne  Moor,  though  isolated  finds  of  small  workings  have  been 
made  at  Mellor,  Clitheroe,  Longridge,  Chipping,  Bleasdale,  and  elsewhere 
as  previously  mentioned.  A  selection  of  typical  worked  flints  from  the 
moors  around  Rochdale  is  seen  in  Plate  I.  Other  discoveries  of  miscella- 
neous worked  flints  have  been  made  in  association  with  interments  and 
funeral  deposits,  and  as  such  will  be  referred  to  in  a  later  section. 

2.  ARROW-HEADS 

With  a  few  exceptions  the  finds  of  shaped  arrow-heads  are  associated 
with  the  same  area  of  neolithic  settlements.  The  small  pointed  flints  which 
might  have  been  used  as  tips  of  arrows  have  been  freely  found  wherever  flint- 
working  has  been  evidenced.  A  series  of  these  is  illustrated  in  the  upper 
photograph  of  Plate  I. 

Arrows  fashioned  with  a  definite  form,  lozenge-shaped,  leaf-shaped,  and 
winged,  are  also  common  :  Tooter  Hill  and  Culvert  Clough  have  yielded 
good  examples.  A  fine  class  of  barbed  arrow  also  was  produced  by  these 

215 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

flint  workers.  On  Bull  Hill,  near  Bury,  one  measuring  rj  in.  in  length  and 
i  in.  across  the  barb  was  found  in  the  vicinity  of  numerous  flakes  and  chips 
and  small  shaped  flints.  Others  are  recorded  from  Blackstone  Edge,  Foxton 
Edge,  Great  Winning  Gulf,  Hunger  Hill,  Knoll  Hill,  Middle  Hill,  and 
Walsden  Moor. 

Barbed  arrow-heads  of  similar  workmanship  have  been  found  but  rarely 
elsewhere.  Such  cases  are,  therefore,  the  more  interesting.  One  of  these 
comes  from  the  hilly  ground  north  of  the  Ribble,  where  a  barbed  flint  arrow- 
head, 1 1  in.  in  length  and  i-jj-in.  across  the  barbs,  was  picked  up  on  Long- 
ridge  Fell. 

A  more  notable  instance  is  that  found  at  Wavertree,  near  Liverpool,  a 
beautiful  specimen,  which  was  near  to  and  apparently  associated  with  some 
cinerary  urns  and  interments  of  the  Bronze  Age.  The  explanation  of  this  as  a 
survival  of  flint  usage  among  the  population  during  the  Bronze  Age  would  be 
possible ;  but  there  is  some  suggestion  of  even  earlier  interments  in  the 
vicinity,  and  while  the  sum  of  present  evidence  indicates  only  the  one 
moorland  region  as  certainly  inhabited  during  a  neolithic  age,  that  was  not 
necessarily  the  only  area  so  occupied.  Even  on  those  moors  and  uplands,  at 
an  average  height  of  1,300  ft.  above  the  sea,  the  peat  covers  this  *  neolithic 
floor'  to  an  average  depth  of  4ft.,  which  in  some  instances  is  much  increased. 
But  on  lower  ground,  in  the  great  excavations  made,  for  instance,  for  the  Ribble 
Docks  and  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal,  objects  of  bronze  were  found  even 
more  than  20  ft.  below  the  surface.  Hence  it  is  possible  that  the  cultivated 
tracts  below  still  cover  the  traces  of  the  earliest  population. 

In  Lancashire  over  Sands,  though  not  apparently  connected  in  any  way 
with  the  local  settlements  on  the  Pennine  Hills  of  south-east  Lancashire,  there 
seems  to  be  indication  of  neolithic  population,  particularly  in  some  remains 
found  high  up  in  the  indent  between  the  boundaries  of  Cumberland  on  the 
one  hand  and  of  Westmorland  on  the  other.  Here  in  the  vicinity  of  lakes 
and  hills  and  wooded  valleys  was  a  region  likely  to  attract  early  settlement. 
At  Hawkshead  and  at  Torver,  on  either  side  of  Coniston  Water,  have  been 
found  remains  of  burial  places  associated  with  small  objects  and  implements 
of  flint ;  in  the  former  case  a  '  beautifully-worked  flint  knife.' l  As  before, 
the  presence  of  stone  implements  alone  is  not  a  sufficient  criterion  in  itself  for 
the  determination  of  the  date  of  the  burials  ;  but  in  the  same  region  other 
signs  of  flint-working  have  been  noticed.  Southward,  at  Broughton-in- 
Furness  have  been  found  flakes  and  cores,  scrapers,  small  arrow-heads,  and 
the  general  indications  of  neolithic  habitation,  which  is  traced  as  far  to  the 
south  as  Grange-over-Sands  on  the  east  and  Kirkby  Ireleth  on  the  west. 

3.  STONE  CELTS 

Among  the  more  interesting  stone  implements  of  the  county  must  be 
placed  several  great  stone  celts,  of  polished  surface,  two  of  them  found  in  the 
south  of  the  county  at  Newton-le- Willows  and  Flixton  respectively,  and 
other  two  on  the  hill  slopes  of  Pendle.  A  fifth  was  found  just  over  the 
Yorkshire  border  at  Saddleworth  ;  while  a  sixth  of  analogous  character  is 
exhibited  in  the  museum  at  Preston.3 

1  See  p.  245. 

*  There  is  reason  to  doubt  the  accuracy  of  the  label  which  states  that  this  object  was  found  at  Longridge. 

216 


EARLY    MAN 

These  implements,  which  are  of  the  form  illustrated  by  the  figure  No.  i, 

were  probably  used  as  hoes,  and  the  purposely  flattened  sides  characteristic  of 

them  seem  to  have  been  designed  to  better  secure  the  implement  from  lateral 

movement  in  its  haft.     The  polish  upon  the  broad  ends,  and  occasionally 

small  chips,  show  them  to  have  been  considerably 

used  in  hoeing  and  digging  the  soil. 

The    greatest    of    these,    from    Newton-le- 

Willows,  where  it  was  found    near  the  Vulcan 

Foundry,  now  preserved  in  the  museum  at  War- 

rington,  was    described   when    found   as   a  club, 

owing  to   its   remarkable    length  of   17$  in.      It 

is    3!  in.    in    greatest    width    and    2j  in.    broad. 

The  material  seems  to   be  smoothed  flint,  which 

has   become   coated   with  a   calcareous  skin.     It 

was    found    about     2  ft.    below    the    surface,    in 

cutting  a  drain  in  a  field  near  the  Vulcan  Foundry 

at  Newton.      (See  photo  on  Plate  II.  No.  3.) 

The  flattened  sides,  a  conspicuous  feature  in 

the  Newton  celt,  are  not  apparent  in  that  found 

at  Shaw  Hall,   Flixton,   now   in   the   Blackmore 

Museum  at  Salisbury.     This  object  also  has  the 

comparatively  great   length   of    12$  in.      One  of 

the  Pendle  celts,  now  in  the  museum  of  Black- 

burn, with  a  length  of  i  if  in.  is  next  in  point  of 

size.  Its  width  is  3  Jin.,  thickness  1  1  in.  Itsmaterial 

is  described  as  felspathic  porphyry.     One  side  is 

smoothly  polished  as  if  by  continued  use  in  soil. 

It  was  found  at  Wiswell  near  Whalley  in  1835. 

The  other  celt  from   Pendle,  the  subject  of  the 

figure  No.  i,  is  the  most  remarkable  for  its  ap- 

pearance, though   least  of  the   four   in   size.      Its 

length  is  10  in.  and  breadth  2  in.  It  was  found 
in  a  turf  pit  near 
Windy  Harbour 
Farm  on  the  north 
end  of  the  hill.1 

The  material  is  a  kind  of  green-stone,  mottled, 
and  the  surface  is  beautifully  polished. 

Among  the  small  class  of  stone  celts 
some  of  them  retain  the  flattened  side.  Two 
very  good  specimens  were  found  at  Leagram,8 
the  one  under  the  Hall  itself,  and  the  other 
northward  in  the  Pale  Farm,  near  the  Loud. 
The  former,  which  is  illustrated  by  fig.  2,  is 
4!  in.  by  2|  by  i,  and  the  latter  somewhat 


FIG.  i. — MOTTLED  STONE  CELT 
FROM  WINDY  HAREOUR,  PEN- 
OLE.  Scale,  1:2. 


FIG.   2. — CELT  WITH   FLATTENED  SIDES 
FROM  LEAGRAM  HALL.     Scale,    I  :  2. 


ro-1TEra"?'    StMt    Implements,    2nd    ed.  p.    117—  from    which  the    figure    is    taken    by    kind    permission 
of  Sir  John  Evans. 

*  Where  they  were  preserved  in  the  Hall  by  the  late  John  Weld,  Esq.,  from  whose  MSS.  this  information 
is  derived  by  courtesy  of  his  daughter. 


217 


28 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

larger,  with  a  length  of  5!  in.  These  two  celts  are  similar  in  general 
character,  being  worked  on  the  side  in  three  main  triangular  curved  faces, 
of  which  one  includes  the  cutting  edge.  A  curious  example  is  a  celt 
from  Royton  Park,  of  which  one  side  only  is  flattened.  The  material  is  a 
green-stone,  and  its  size  is  somewhat  great,  being  9  in.  in  length  by  a|  in. 
wide.  '  It  is  well  polished  and  has  a  fine  edge.'1 

The  other  celts  of  the  county  fall  chiefly  under  two  classes,  those  which 
are  smoothed  all  over,  and  those  which,  though  worked  with  care,  are  not 
actually  of  smooth  surface  except  near  the  cutting  edge.  Of  the  smooth 
kind  that  from  Orford,  seen  in  the  photo  No.  i  of  Plate  II.  is  a  remarkable 
example.  Its  size  is  5f  in.  by  2i  by  ij  ;  and  its  material  is  a  'hornstone 
flint.'  The  surface  curves  truly  and  is  smoothly  polished,  while  the  cutting 
edge  is  continuous,  smooth,  and  sharp.  It  is  now  in  the  museum  at 
Warrington,  near  to  where  it  was  found. 

Another  typical  celt  is  seen  in  the  photo,  Plate  II.-2.  It  is  of  rough 
polished  body  which  is  smoothed  towards  the  edge.  Its  length  is  4  in., 
width  i  fin.,  and  thickness  fin.  The  material  is  light-coloured  limestone. 
This  celt  was  found  in  Parliament  Fields,  Toxteth  Park,  Wavertree,  and  it 
remains  appropriately  in  the  public  museum  of  the  city  of  Liverpool.  Most 
of  the  Lancashire  celts,  which  are  somewhat  numerous,  tend  towards  the 
last-named  type.  Two  from  the  vicinity  of  Rochdale  are  examples.  One  of 
these  from  Wardle  is  4!  in.  in  length  ;  *  the  other  from  Milnrow  is  some- 
what larger,  being  5  in.  long  by  2f  broad  :  the  material  is  black  and  very  hard.1 
A  polished  flint  celt  was  found  at  Morecambe  in  1878,  5  ft.  deep  in  the 
clay.8  It  seems  to  have  been  about  5  in.  long  by  2  broad.  Another  celt, 
found  on  Pilling  Moss,  also  in  North  Lancashire,  seems  to  have  been  of 
curious  size,  measuring  7  in.  by  3!  in  breadth. 

Other  celts,  of  which  no  complete  description  is  available,  were  found 
near  Blackpool  in  the  sandhills  toward  Lytham,  at  Chorlton-cum-Hardy  in 
Back  Lane,  at  Droylesden  in  the  Moss,  at  Lancaster,  and  apparently  at 
'  Sawick  '  in  the  Moss,  about  nine  miles  from  '  Martin  Mere.'* 

A  stone  celt  8j  in.  long  by  2  J  wide  was  found  near  Weeton  in  the  Fylde, 
the  site  of  some  British  interments  probably  of  the  Bronze  Age.  A  flint  celt 
of  smaller  size  was  found  at  Walmsley  near  Bolton,  in  a  tumulus  of  boulders 
containing  a  skeleton  and  an  urn,  which  from  its  decoration  seems  to  be  of 
the  Bronze  Age.  This  association  lends  to  the  celt  an  historical  importance. 
Small  flint  instruments  have  been  found  in  tumuli  and  interments  at  Cliviger, 
Littleboro,'  and  Stonyhurst  also. 

Three  curious  implements  should  be  mentioned.  One  of  them  is 
specially  of  interest,  and  seems  to  be  unique  among  the  records  of  the 
celts  found  in  the  county.  This  is  a  stone  celt,  or  '  axe,'  found  in  the 
Liverpool  Docks,6  with  the  rare  feature  of  a  groove  down  the  sides  for 
the  better  fitting  or  fixing  of  the  handle.6  The  second  is  a  roughly  chipped 

1  Information  of  Mr.  S.  Andrew.  s  Fishwick,  History  of  Rochdale,  p.  4.  *  Weld  MSS. 

4  Leigh,  Natural  Hist,  of  Lane.,  Ches.,  and  the  Peak,  Bk.  i.  pp.  17,  181.  Sawick  is  generally  identified  with 
Salwick  in  the  Fylde  :  though  Martin  Mere  is  variously  identified  with  Marton  Mere  in  the  Fylde,  and 
Martin  Mere  near  to  Southport. 

6  Trans.  Hist.  Soc.  of  Lane,  and  Ches.,  1867,  p.  15. 

6  Two  similar  implements  of  interesting  character  are  exhibited  at  Ashton-under-Lyne,  in  the  Stanford 
Park  Museum,  but  the  probability  is  that  they  were  imported.  It  is  interesting  to  compare  these  with  those 
used  in  the  mines  of  Alderley  Edge  (Roeder  :  L.C.A.  xix.  1901). 

218 


3.    GREAT  CELT  or  FUNT,  FROM  NEWTON-LE-WILLOWS  (WARRINGTON  MUSEUM).   .2:5. 


4.    AxE-H 


5.     SMOOTH  AxE-H 


S.     LARGE  ROUN 


PLATE   IF.— STONE  CELTS  AND  HAMMERS  OF  LANCASHIRE 
(Chiefly  in  the  Museum  at  Warrington.) 


EARLY    MAN 

implement  probably  used  as  a  pestle,1  which  seems  to  resemble  a  celt  in 
general  outline  ;  and  the  third  is  an  implement  of  the  form  of  a  rough 
celt.  This  is  in  the  museum  at  Preston,  where  it  is  described  as  *  a  stone- 
hammer  found  at  Longridge,  composed  of  Yoredale  grit.'  Its  dimensions  are 
7  in.  by  aj  by  if. 

In  Lancashire  over  Sands  the  finds  of  stone  celts  are  curiously  localized 
in  an  interesting  manner  to  the  central  district  of  Furness,  with  the 
exception  of  some  implements  found  deep  in  the  peat  at  Wray  Hill  near 
to  Ambleside  on  the  northern  boundary  of  the  county.  From  Furness 
Abbey,  it  is  said,  comes  a  celt  nearly  9  in.  in  length,  with  a  width  of 
2f  in.  and  thickness  ij  in.  Other  celts  are  reported  to  the  east  at  Roose- 
beck  near  Aldingham  and  to  the  north  at  Stainton  near  Dalton.  Further 
to  the  north-east  again  the  area  of  finds  embraces  Ulverston,  where  a  polished 
celt  was  found  in  some  old  workings  of  a  haematite  ore  mine.  At  Penning- 
ton  near  Conishead  a  little  way  to  the  south  was  found  a  celt  somewhat 
peculiar  in  form.  It  is  of  a  green-stone,  and  is  described  as  resembling 
'  the  butt  end  of  a  long  celt  of  a  common  north  country  type,  broken  off 
short,  then  roughly  chipped  to  a  new  edge.  The  edge  thus  formed  has 
never  been  polished  like  the  rest  of  the  weapon.'  Its  present  length  is  about 
3i  in.,  breadth  ijin.,  and  thickness  i  in.  It  was  turned  up  by  the  plough 
in  a  field  on  Castle  Hill.  The  area  of  stone  celts  reaches  eastward  as 
far  as  Cartmel,  where  an  implement  of  grey  schist,  measuring  8i  in.  by  3^  in., 
was  found  on  Winder  Moor. 


4.     PERFORATED  STONE  IMPLEMENTS 

(a)  Adze-like  in  form,  with  the  hole  transverse  to  the  plane  of  the  cutting 
edge. — The  city  of  Manchester  furnishes  the  best  example  of  adze-like  stone 
implements.  Those  preserved  in  the  Uni- 
versity Museum  are  shown  in  the  following 
diagrams,  Nos.  3-5,  as  they  well  illustrate 
the  form  and  character  of  this  class.  The 
first  of  them,  fig.  3,  was  found  at  Green- 
heys,  in  a  brickyard  in  Upper  Lloyd  Street. 
It  is  interesting  typologically  from  its  resem- 
blance in  plan  to  the  rounder  stone  hammers 
described  as  mace-heads,  etc.,  and  in  section 
to  the  rougher  axe-hammers,  having  one  end 
sharp  and  the  other  blunt.  It  has  obviously 
been  considerably  used.  It  is  4^  in.  in 
length  by  2f  in.  in  width,  with  a  thickness 
of  ijin. 

The  second    example,  fig.   4,   shows   a 
more  clearly  adze-like  implement,  longer  in 

proportion,  which  has  been  used  obviously  as  an  adze-hammer.  It  was 
found  in  1870,  in  Corporation  Street,  25  ft.  below  the  surface,  and  is  of 
a  smooth  glacial  rock.  It  measures  5  in.  by  2^  in.,  with  a  thickness  of  ijin. 
It  has  the  feeling  of  a  well-advanced  Bronze  Age  implement. 

i  Described  as  from  near  Blackpool.     Weld  MSS. 
219 


FIG.  3. — STONE  ADZE  FROM   GREENHEYS, 
MANCHESTER.      I  :  2. 


FIG.  4. — STONE  ADZE  FROM  CORPORATIC 
STREET,  MANCHESTER.      1:2. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  third  illustration  of  this  class,  fig.  No.  5,  shows  a  larger  and  rougher 
stone,  unfortunately  broken.  It  was  found  in  clay  which  was  '  undisturbed,' 

at  a  depth  of  1 3  ft.,  in  Cheetwood,  near 
Manchester.  The  preserved  portion, 
however,  well  shows  the  general  cha- 
racter of  the  implement,  which  though 
larger  than  the  foregoing  is  pierced 
with  only  a  small  hole,  measuring  *.in. 
diameter.  The  width  of  this  imple- 
ment is  3 Jin.;  in  thickness  it  narrows 
slightly  from  near  the  end  (if  in.)  to- 
wards the  centre  (i^in.).  It  measures 
4  in.  from  hole  to  end.  The  end  is 
roughly  dressed  to  an  edge  towards  one 
side,  and  the  faces  seem  to  show  patches 
of  the  original  surface  of  the  stone. 
The  form  of  the  implement  indeed 
seems  to  have  been  suggested  very 
largely  by  the  shape  of  the  original  stone 
before  dressing.  The  material  is  a  fine  gritstone. 

A  fourth  example  of  this  class  found  at  Preston  in  or  near  the  docks 
resembles  the  latter  somewhat  closely,  not  only  in  the  fact  that  it  also  is 
broken  in  half,  but  that  it  has  been  fashioned  to  a  similar  form  which  seems 
to  have  been  suggested  by  the  original  stone.  The  end  is  dressed  to  an  edge. 
Like  the  last  described  its  thickness  decreases  from  near  the  end,  where  it  is 
I J  in.  to  I  in.  in  the  middle,  being  about  3^  in.  wide  throughout.  From  hole 
to  end  it  measures  44  in.,  and  it  was  presumably  about  twice  that  length. 

In  this  classification  there  naturally  occur  forms  which  cannot  be  strictly 
separated,  but  rather  link  the  types  naturally.  In  addition  to  that  already 
described  from  Greenheys,  Manchester,  which  links  with  the  class  hereafter 
described  under  'round  hammers  and  mace-heads,'  there  may  be  noted  particu- 
larly the  rounded  hammer  from  Goosnargh,  fig.  12,  which  merges  with  both 
types,  and  might  be  regarded  also  as  a  small  adze-like  implement. 

(b)  Axes  with  one  end  rounded. 
— The  double  axe  proper  is  not 
represented  among  the  stone  imple- 
ments of  the  county.  The  speci- 
men figured  on  Plate  III.  No.  i 
simulates  the  double  axe  in  section, 
but  is  seen  to  belong  to  the  next 
class  of  axes  with  one  end  rounded 
— as  classified  by  Sir  John  Evans. 
It  was  found  near  Mode  Wheel, 
Salford,  in  cutting  the  Ship  Canal, 
1890.  Its  length  is  6jin.,  and 
greatest  width  3  in.;  its  weight  is 
i  Ib.  13  oz.  The  photograph  shows 
the  character  of  this  interesting 
implement,  which  in  one  respect 


FIG.   5. 


-LARGE  ADZE  FROM  CHEETWOOD, 
MANCHESTER,      i  :  2. 


EARLY    MAN 

again  links  the  varieties  of  axes,  in  that  it  seems  to  have  been  used  to  some 
extent  as  an  axe-hammer,  though  not  fashioned  for  that  purpose. 

A  smaller  implement  of  similar  form  was  found  in  the  old  bed  of  the 
Roch  [formerly  Roach}  stream,  near  Oakenrod,  Rochdale,  and  is  thus  described 
by  its  former  owner :  '  It  is  4  in.  long,  and  the  hole  for  the  handle  is  unusually 
large,  being  nearly  an  inch  in  diameter.  The  clearly-marked  ridge  which 
runs  on  two  sides  of  the  stone  would  seem  to  indicate  that  the  implement 
was  made  in  imitation  of  a  cast  metal  one.' l  The  surmise  is  more  than 
possible.  The  smoothed  perforated  implements  of  stone  are  for  the  most  part 
indubitably  of  the  Bronze  Age  ;  indeed  Sir  John  Evans  shows  good  reason  to 
believe  that  perforated  stone  implements  in  general  belong  to  a  time  subse- 
quent to  the  introduction  of  metal-working. 

A  third  example  also  from  near  Manchester,  shown  in  fig.  6,  is 
typical  of  this  class.  It  was  found  near  Turkey  Lane,  Queen's  Park, 
Harpurhey,  3  ft.  from  the  surface,  in  clay.  It  is  of  gritstone,  described  as 
'grained  sandstone,  with  decomposition  on  the  surface.'  Its  length  is  6f  in., 
width  2|  in.,  and  greatest  height  3  in.  The  top  surface  is  gently  hollowed 
towards  the  socket  hole  ;  and  the  lower  side  is  partly  chipped  and  broken 
away.  At  the  one  end  the 
sides  curve  rapidly  to  the 
sharpened  edge,  while  the 
other  end  preserves  its  ori- 
ginal curved  form  unbroken. 
It  is  a  good  specimen.  The 
annexed  diagram  is  due  to 
the  courtesy  of  the  curator 
of  the  Queen's  Park  Mu- 
seum at  Manchester,  where 
the  object  is  preserved. 

To  this  class  must  be 
referred  also  a  series  of  implements  of  larger  and  rougher  character,  all  of 
them  from  North  Lancashire.  The  record  of  them"  is  fairly  clear,  and 
in  some  cases  the  implements  themselves  have  been  preserved.  From 
Bowland  is  a  specimen  loj  in.  long,  with  a  width  and  depth  respectively 
of  3£in.  The  perforation  varies  from  i|.in.  to  ijin.  in  diameter,  and  is 
placed  far  back  from  the  sharp  edge,  dividing  the  implement  at  J  to 
|  of  its  length.  The  edge  is  very  chipped  and  the  opposite  end  preserves  a 
well-rounded  form.  The  object  is  heavy  and  massive  in  appearance ;  it  was 
obviously  designed  as  a  single  axe  and  was  used  as  such.  It  was  found,  it 
is  related,  in  1860,  in  draining  near  Cow  Ark  in  Bowland,  'a  short  distance 
from  the  Roman  Road.' 

A  second  specimen  is  from  Claughton.  It  was  found  near  the  surface 
of  the  ground  in  a  field  near  the  Hall,  where  it  now  remains.  It  is  of  a 
more  solid  and  smaller  design  than  the  last.  Its  length  is  j\  in.,  with  a 
width,  however,  of  4  in.  and  height  of  about  3^  in.  The  hole,  which  is 
more  centrally  placed,  is  unusually  large,  varying  from  i  j  in.,  in  the  middle, 
to  ^\  in.  in  diameter.  As  in  the  previous  instance,  the  broad  cutting  edge 

1  Fishwick,  op.  cit.  p.  1 3,  with  figure.     The  object  is  now  in  the  Rochdale  Museum. 
a  Weld  MSS. 


FIG.  6. — SECTION  OF  STONE  AXE  FROM  HARPURHEY,  MANCHESTER. 
Scale,  I  :  2  linear.     (Queen's  Park  Museum,  Manchester.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

is  much  chipped,  while  the  after  part,  though  originally  rounded,   shows 
also  from  the  wear  of  its  surface  that  it  had  been  used  as  a  hammer.1 

A  third  specimen  was  found  near  Lancaster,  and  is  more  nearly  of  the 
design  of  that  first  described  from  Bowland,  being  9!  in.  in  length,  and 
divided  very  unequally  by  the  perforation.  Though  chipped  at  each  end, 
it  was  designed  as  a  single  axe  with  one  end  rounded,  and  the  surface  hollows 
slightly  towards  the  hole.  It  is  3^  in.  wide,  and  2  J  in.  deep  at  the  cutting 
edge,  which  does  not  expand  as  in  the  former  cases.  The  hole  is  placed 
at  £  of  the  length  from  the  rounded  end.1 

The  fourth  specimen,  fig.  7,  is  from  further  to  the  south,  near  the 
Ribble  valley,  having  been  found  at  Wilpshire  near  Blackburn.  It  somewhat 
resembles  in  form  the  axe-hammer,  described  in  the  next  section,  which 
was  found  in  the  Lune  near  Lancaster  (fig.  8).  It  has  the  same  curious  pro- 
jections to  the  already  great  width,  and  the  same  lack  of  special  character 
in  the  section.  The  edge,  however,  is  better  marked,  while  the  opposite 

end,  instead  of  being  flat  for 
use  as  a  hammer,  is  rounded 
and  well  preserved.  The  per- 
foration is  near  the  centre  and 
varies  from  2  J  in.  to  I J  in.  in 
diameter. 

(c)  Axe-hammers  of  stone. 
— The  distinction  drawn  be- 
tween axes  rounded  at  one  end 
and  axes  flattened  at  one  end 
is  one  of  original  form  rather 
than  of  usage.  The  former,  it 
has  been  seen,  though  not  so 
conveniently  shaped  for  the 
purpose,  were  commonly  used 
as  hammers.  The  latter  class, 
which  it  remains  to  describe, 
is  more  numerously  represented 
in  Lancashire  than  any  other  variety  of  implement. 

The  rough  and  larger  stone  hammer  characteristic  of  the  northern 
counties  is  frequent  in  Lancashire,  particularly  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county.  Other  large  axes  are  noticeably  shaped  with  broadened  cutting  edge. 
Others  again  have  peculiar  flanges  and  projections ;  while  not  uncommonly  there 
occur  the  small  smooth  hammers  often  associated  with  bronze  or  metal  tools. 
The  implements  from  Lancaster  and  Tatham  are  excellent  examples  of 
the  rough  axe-hammer  of  the  north.  The  Lancaster  specimen,  found  in 
the  bed  of  the  Lune,  is  9  J  in.  long,  with  a  width  of  4|  in.  and  depth  of 
2|  in.  The  material  is  a  fine  gritstone.  The  edge,  as  seen  in  the  diagram, 
fig.  8,  is  very  much  dulled,  and  the  flat  hammer  end  also  shows  signs  of 
use.  A  photograph  is  shown  on  Plate  III.  No.  4. 

A  similar  implement  seems  to  have  been  found  at  Barnacre  near 
Lancaster  '  by  a  farmer  while  ploughing  at  Carter  Houses.  It  must  have 
been  originally  about  12  in.  in  length,  and  weighs  61b." 


FIG.   7. — STONE  AXE  FOUND  AT  WILPSHIRE 
BLACKBURN. 


1  Weld  MSS. 


3  Trans.  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soc. 
222 


1.  FROM  MODE  WHEEL  (SALFORD  Mus.). 

2.  „      MELLOR  (BLACKBURN  Mus.). 

3.  „      TATHAM  (SALFORD  Mus.). 


ST.   HF 


.  Mus.). 
Mus.). 


PLATE  III. — PERFORATED  STONE  AXES  AND  AXE-HAMMERS  OF  LANCASHIRE. 
Scale,   2  :  5    (nearly). 


To  face  page  ^^^. 


EARLY    MAN 

An  axe-hammer  found  at  Low  House,  Milnrow,1  might  be  cited  as  a 
further  illustration  of  this  class,  though  smaller,  smoother,  and  generally  of 
more  finished  appearance.  It  is  6|  in.  long,  and  broad  in  proportion  to  its 
length. 

Another  rough  implement,  from  Tatham,  is  shown  in  Plate  III.  No.  3. 
It  was  found  at  Green  Hill  Farm,  10  miles  east  of  Lancaster.  It  is  Sin. 
in  length  and  4  in.  in  width,  with  a  depth  of  about  2  J  in.  The  perforation 
is  large  and  placed  well  back.  The  material  is  '  grey  trap.'  A  feature  of 
some  special  interest  in  connexion  with  this  object  is  the  appearance  of  the 
surface,  which  suggests  that  the  stone  was  naturally  formed  and  had  been 
dressed  down  only  on  one  side  to  this  shape  and  pierced  with  a  handle 
hole.  A  somewhat  similar  implement  is  recorded  also  from  Lindale 
(over  Sands). 

In  the  examples  previously  considered  there  is  an  absence  of  definite 
attempt  to  fashion  the  implement 
to  a  standard  pattern ;  rather  it 
appears  from  the  sections  figured 
that  the  form  of  the  natural  stone 
in  those  cases  determined  the 
ultimate  shape.  The  county, 
however,  provides  a  good  series 
of  axe-hammers  of  a  special  form, 
which  is  distinguished  by  the 
widening  of  the  implement,  in 
section,  towards  the  offensive 
edge,  giving  to  its  contour  a 
curve  outwards  rather  than  in- 
wards in  that  direction.  A 
typical  example  was  found  in 
1855  at  Mellor,  a  small  village 
lying  some  3  miles  westward  of 
Blackburn.  A  photo  of  this  specimen  may  be  seen  on  Plate  III.  No.  2.  It  is 
just  over  8  in.  in  length  and  3  in.  in  breadth.  Its  depth  varies  from  2  in. 
at  the  narrowest  part,  about  the  hole,  to  3!  in.  near  the  edge.  The  head  is 
broad  and  flat  and  the  perforation  is  placed  at  about  5  of  the  length  from 
that  end.  The  material  is  an  igneous  rock  from  the  north. 

Several  implements  not  proportionately  so  broad  resemble  the  Lancaster 
and  Tatham  hammers  as  regards  their  section  and  general  appearance.  That 
found  at  Heaton  Chapel,  5  miles  south-east  of  Manchester,  now  preserved  in 
the  museum  of  that  city,  is  a  good  example.  It  is  about  yj  in.  long  by  3!  in. 
wide  and  3  in.  deep.  The  material  is  familiar  fine  gritstone.  The  surface 
from  patination  has  almost  the  appearance  of  being  original  and  undressed, 
but  the  sides  incurve  uniformly  towards  the  edge  and  the  head  is  fairly 
hammer-like.  Its  general  features  are  indicated  in  the  diagram,  fig.  9. 

A  great  stone-hammer  in  the  museum  at  Preston,  of  similar  general 
character,  is  described  as  having  been  found  at  Longridge,  a  village  7  miles 
north-east  of  that  town.  Its  length  is  ioi  in.,  width  4  in.,  and  depth 
3!  in.  ;  and  its  weight  5  Ib.  i  oz.  The  hole  is  small,  the  head  rough 

1  Roch.  L.  and  Sc.  Soc,  vol.  vi. 
223 


FIG.   8. — AXE-HAMMER  FROM  THE  LUNE,  NEAR  LAN- 
CASTER.    Scale,  1:3.     (Chadwick  Museum,  Bolton.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

and  roundish;  and  the  general  appearance  is  not   that    of  the    Lancashire 
implements. 

A  nice  specimen,  smaller,  and  better  finished,  was  found,  as  it  seems,1 
near  Blackpool,  in  1881.  Its  dimensions  are  8i  in.  by  4  in.  by  3  in.  in 
depth,  and  it  weighs  5  Ib.  It  hollows  slightly  on  the  surface  about  the  hole, 
which  seems  well  cut ;  while  the  hammer  end  seems  especially  to  have  been 
squarely  dressed. 

Several  good  implements  preserved  in  the  county  museums  are  of  the 
same  type  as  that  from  Mellor  (see  Plate  III).  At  Chipping,  which  is  not  far 
distant  to  the  north,  was  found  one  of  9  in.  length  and  4  in.  breadth.  Its 
depth  increases  from  aj  in.  near  the  hole  to  3^  in.  towards  the  edge.  Its 
weight  is  5  Ib.  1 1  oz.  The  head  is  broad  but  not  truly  flat,  and  the  perfora- 
tion is  rather  central.  This  specimen  is  in  the  museum  of  Preston.  In  the 
museum  at  Bolton  there  is  to  be  seen  another  interesting  example,  found  in 
1897  while  ploughing  near  the  church  at  Blackrod,  which  is  not  far  from 

Wigan.  It  measures  8j  in.  in  length, 
about  3  in  breadth,  with  a  depth  vary- 
ing from  2j  to  a|  in.  In  form  it  is  not 
symmetrical,  having  on  one  side  a  con- 
spicuous flattening  where  the  original 
surface  of  the  stone  has  been  used  with- 
out dressing.  The  material  seems  to  be 
a  fine  local  gritstone.  In  the  same 
museum  is  a  portion  of  an  instrument 
which  seems  from  its  preserved  part  to 
have  been  almost  the  largest  of  its  kind 
in  the  county,  measuring  "j\  in.  from 
edge  to  perforation  and  4  in.  in  width. 
It  belongs  also  to  the  type  of  the 
foregoing,  with  a  depth  which  increases 
from  2j  in.  at  the  hole  to  3^  towards  the 
edge.  It  was  found  at  Silverdale  in  North  Lancashire  in  i8/i.2 

A  specimen  with  non-expanding  edge,  lojin.  long,  4$  in.  wide,  and 
2|in.  deep,  was  found  in  1903  on  the  Burnley  side  of  Pendle  Forest  in 
Ogden  Clough.  The  perforation  divides  the  length  in  the  proportion  of 
2  :  5  from  the  hammer  end,  and  measures  about  i|  in.  across.  The  weight 
of  the  object  is  6  Ib.  i  o  oz.,  and  the  material  seems  to  be  a  fine  gritstone, 
with  polished  surface.8  There  is  a  slight  smooth  longitudinal  depression, 
like  a  groove,  running  down  towards  the  edge  from  the  hole,  in  the  middle 
of  one  face.  This  seems  to  have  been  worn  by  use,  for  the  edge  also  shows 
signs  of  greater  wear  and  redressing  towards  that  side. 

Among  the  axe-hammers  of  the  county  are  three  or  four  of  special 
interest.  That  found  at  Dean,  near  Bolton,  as  the  photograph  reproduced 
on  Plate  II.  No.  4  suggests,  has  a  broad  flange  to  the  head  when  viewed 
at  the  side.  It  is  a  nicely  shaped  implement,  9^  in.  long  and  3!  in.  broad, 
with  a  depth  which  gradually  increases  from  2  in.  near  the  perforation  to 
3!  in.  at  the  edge.  The  head  is  2|  in.  across  the  surface,  and  2|  in.  over  the 


FIG.  9.— AXE-HAMMER  FROM  HEATON    CHAPEL 
(Manchester  Museum).      I   :  3. 


Weld  MSS. 


*  Information  of  John  Allen,  Esq. 


Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Ante.  xxix.  p.  304  (No.  2). 


EARLY    MAN 

flanges  by  the  side.  It  is  an  excellent  specimen,  now  in  the  museum  at 
Warrington. 

A  second  special  form  is  in  the  museum  at  St.  Helens,  where  it  was  found 
about  1 2  ft.  from  the  surface  near  the  corner  of  Corporation  Street  and  Hall 
Street  in  1879.  It  is  about  9  in.  long,  with  a  depth  increasing  from  2j  in. 
at  the  hole  to  3^  in.  at  the  edge  and  2j  in.  at  the  head.  Its  special  features 
are  the  lateral  flanges  on  opposite  sides  of  the  hole,  which  increase  its  breadth 
from  3  in.  to  3!  in.  over  all.  The  photograph  of  Plate  III.  No.  5  shows  this 
feature,  which  is  not  common. 

A  hammer  of  similar  form  seems  to  have  been  found  at  Throstle  Nest, 
near  Manchester,  having  a  length  of  1 2  in.,  but  there  is  some  obscurity 
about  the  record :  l  the  description  indicates  a  large  double  hammer,  with 
side  flanges  as  before. 

Another  very  unusual  form  shown  in  fig.  10  is  described  as  found  near 
Lancaster.2  It  is  of  massive  ap- 
pearance, 9  in.  long  and  3  in.  wide, 
with  a  depth  of  3  in.  at  the  cutting 
edge  and  2J  in.  at  the  butt.  It 
seems  to  have  one  side  almost  flat, 
while  the  other  inclines  suddenly 
just  beyond  the  hole  towards  the 
edge,  giving  the  appearance  of  an 
angle  in  the  side  and  a  general  lack 
of  symmetry.  The  edge  is  chipped, 
and  the  head  curved  and  somewhat 
rounded. 

Two  excellent  examples  of 
the  small  smooth  stone  axe- hammers 
of  the  Bronze  Age  are  recorded, 
the  one  from  Winwick,  now  in 
the  museum  at  Warrington,  the 
other  from  Claughton,  where  it  re- 
mains in  the  Hall.  The  former 
was  found  in  an  urn  which  lay  '  in 

some  soft  black  stuff  inside  a  tumulus  '  at  Middleton,  Winwick.  With  it 
was  associated  a  bronze  dagger,  described  on  page  235  (Plate  IV.  No.  7). 
In  length  it  measures  4|  in.  by  i&  in  width.  Its  depth  varies  from  i  in.  to 
2  in.  over  the  outcurved  edge,  and  if  in.  across  the  flanges  of  the  head, 
which  are  shown  in  the  photograph  of  Plate  II.  No.  5.  The  hammer  face 
itself  is  about  f  in.  across,  and  the  weight  of  the  implement  about  9  oz.8 

The  second  example,  from  near  Claughton  Hall,  is  said  to  have  been 
found  in  'cutting  through  a  tumulus  in  1882,  in  a  wooden  cist,  together  with 
an  iron  axe,  spear-head,  sword,  and  hammer.  There  must,  however,  be  an 
error  in  this  account,  and  as  an  urn  containing  burnt  bones  was  found  in  the 
same  tumulus  with  this  Saxon  and  Danish  interment,  it  seems  probable  that 
the  objects  belonging  to  different  burials,  primary  and  secondary  in  the  barrow, 
became  mixed  during  the  27  years  that  elapsed  between  their  discovery  and 


FIG.  10. — AXE-HAMMER  FOUND  NEAR  LANCASTER. 


1  See  a  sketch  hung  in  the  Salford  Museum. 
8  Arch.  Journ.  1860,  xvi.  295,  plate  25. 
225 


Weld  MSS. 


29 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

the  communication  to  the  Archaeological  Institute.' *  The  implement  itself, 
as  seen  in  the  photograph  on  Plate  II.  No.  6,  is  the  best  of  its  kind  which  the 
county  has  provided,  being  true  of  finish,  smooth  of  surface,  and  symmetrical 
in  form.  Its  upper  and  lower  surfaces  are  hollowed  towards  the  hole,  which 
is  centrally  placed  as  regards  the  body  of  the  implement.  The  sides  curve 
round  uniformly,  at  the  one  end  drawing  in  to  the  edge,  which  is  regular, 
at  the  other  end  inclining  more  directly  towards  the  head,  which  is 
dressed  in  a  circle  and  presents  a  disc-like  surface  as  a  hammer.  This  end  is 
partly  chipped  by  use,  and  there  is  a  small  modern  break  in  one  end  of  the 
cutting  edge  ;  the  implement  is  now  broken  in  two  halves  but  accurately 
joined.  It  measures  about  4^  in.  in  length,  2  in.  in  depth,  and  aj  in.  in 
breadth.  The  perforation  measures  ij  in.  across  at  each  end,  diminishing  to 
|  in.  about  the  middle.8 

In  addition  to  the  implements  described  others  have  been  found  but  less 
completely  recorded.  From  Clitheroe,  for  instance,  were  '  a  stone  hammer  and 
two  axes '  ;  from  Hopwood  a  '  stone  axe-hammer  '  ;  from  Martin  Mere  '  a 
hatchet  of  dark  stone  found  in  peat '  ;  from  Turton,  in  Charters  Moss,  a 
'  perforated  stone  hammer  '  ;  from  Heaton  and 
Quernmore,  near  Lancaster,  '  a  rude  stone  ham- 
mer-head.' 

(d)  Round  perforated  hammers,  mace-heads, 
etc. — In  grouping  together  all  the  perforated 
stone  hammers  of  roundish  form,  there  are  neces- 
sarily included  several  which  it  is  hardly  possible 
to  separate  from  the  adze-like  implements  on 
the  one  hand,  and  the  smaller  stone  hammers 
just  described  on  the  other.  That  from  Bolton 
Park  is  an  instance,  fig.  11.  It  is  of  quartzite, 
nicely  formed.  Its  length  is  3!  in.,  width  about 
2!  in.,  and  depth  ij  in.  One  end  is  somewhat 
adze-like,  the  other  is  hammer-like.  It  was 
found  buried  in  sand  at  the  east  end  of  the  pro- 
menade in  Queen's  Park,  Bolton,  where  it  now  remains  in  the  Chadwick 
Museum.  It  is  an  interesting  object. 

The  maul-head  from  Silverdale,  in  North  Lancashire,  preserved  in  the  same 
museum,  is  of  similar  general  character.  It  is  more  definitely  flat  in  form, 
but  without  any  edge,  being  hammer-like  at  both  ends.  The  hole  is  very 
much  aslant  in  the  section  of  this  implement.  Its  length  is  3^  in.,  breadth 
2j  in.,  and  depth  in  general  ij  in. 

A  further  instance  may  be  cited.  There  was  found  in  1 879  while 
draining  at  the  Stakes,  Bowland,  a  perforated  implement  more  round  in  form 
than  the  foregoing,  and  in  this  case  clearly  of  adze-like  section.  Its  extreme 
length  is  4Jin.,  width  3^  in.,  and  depth  ij  in.8 

An  implement  found,  as  it  seems,  at  Goosnargh,  near  to  Longridge, 
north  of  Preston,  is  described  by  a  sketch  in  the  museum  at  Salford.  It 
seems  to  be  definitely  rounded  and  of  adze-like  section,  fig.  12.  Its  length 
is  3J  in.,  and  breadth  2j  in.  :  the  perforation  is  small.  It  links  in  type 


FIG.    ii. — SMALL  HAMMER  FROM 

QUEEN'S  PARK,  BOLTON.      I  :  z. 

(Chadwick  Museum,  Bolton.) 


1  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  p.  1 08. 
rfW.  - 


artesy 


Fitzherbert  Brockholes,  Esq.  of  Claughton  Hall. 
226 


»  Weld  MSS. 


EARLY    MAN 

the  roundish   hammers  just   described  with  those  definitely  round  in  form 
which  follow. 

Of  these  round  perforated  implements,  that  from  Irlam,  in  the  museum 
at  Warrington,  and  two  from  Alexandra  Park,  in  the  Queen's  Park  Museum 
at  Manchester,  are  typical  illustrations.  The  first-named  is  shown  in  the 
photograph  on  Plate  II.  No.  8.  It  is  about  4J  in.  by  4  in.,  with  a  per- 
foration ijin.  by  ig  in.  The  outer  edge  is  chipped  all  around,  but  the  hole 
remains  smoothly  polished.  It  is  of  grey  gritstone,  and  was  found  in  the 
Ship  Canal  works  at  Irlam  in  1890.  The  two  stones  from  Manchester 
are  not  quite  similar.  They  were  found  in  laying  out  Alexandra  Park 
in  that  city.  The  one  is  4|  in.  by  4  in.,  with  a  thickness  of  fin.,  and  a 
perforation  ij  by  i|-  in.  as  in  the  former  instance.  The  other  is  nearly 
round,  being  4!  in.  across,  except  where  it  is  chipped  ;  in  thickness  it  just 
exceeds  i  in.,  and  its  perforation  is  i£  in.  Both  implements  are  badly 
chipped  all  around  their  outer  edge,  preserving,  however,  a  good  surface 
to  their  perforations.  Another  large  round  perforated  stone  is  illustrated 
in  the  Salford  Museum,  where  it  is  described  as  a  '  stone  fishing-net 
weight.'  It  is  apparently  6J  in.  in  diameter,  and 
was  found  at  Stalybridge,  on  the  border  of  the 
county. 

The  beautifully  rounded  specimen  of  a  ham- 
mer, or  more  probably  a  spindle-whorl,  shown  on 
Plate  II.  No.  7,  is  in  the  museum  at  Warrington. 
It  was  found  at  Haydock,  which  is  about  two 
miles  north-east  of  Newton,  in  a  pit,  2  ft.  below 
the  surface,  in  clay.  '  Beneath  was  every  appear- 

r  i»l         TM  u-  •          £    el-     I-  FlG-    I2-— ROUND    STONE    HAM- 

ance  of  a  paved  way.         The  object  is  of     light  MER  FROM  GOOSNARCH. 

grey  burr  stone,'  and   measures   af  in.  in  diameter,  Scale,  i  :  2. 

with  a  thickness  of  f  in.  The  perforation  mea- 
sures TV  in.  across,  and  is  countersunk  from  each  side.  It  is  a  well-finished 
specimen,  and  for  the  county  of  Lancashire  apparently  unique.  An  example 
is  shown  in  a  museum  at  Ashton-under-Lyne,  but  its  provenance  is  doubtful. 
Another,  rough  and  small,  but  fairly  round,  was  found  at  Hollingworth  Lake, 
near  Rochdale. 

(e)  In  Lancashire  over  Sands :  Stone  hammers  have  been  found  through 
much  the  same  area  as  that  already  indicated  in  the  case  of  stone  celts  and 
other  implements. 

Isolated  instances,  indeed,  occur  in  the  region  of  the  Lakes,  as  at  Wray 
Hill,  near  the  head  of  Windermere,  and  at  Torver,  which  is  east  of  Coniston 
Water.  At  Rusland  also,  which  lies  between  Coniston  Water  and  the  pool 
of  Lake  Windermere,  was  found  in  1881  a  comparatively  large  implement, 
measuring  9^  in.  by  3^  in.,  with  a  depth  at  the  hole  of  af  in.  An  even 
larger  hammer  is  recorded  from  Rampside,  in  the  extreme  south  of  Furness, 
with  a  length  of  loin,  and  breadth  4^  in.  It  was  found  there  in  the 
churchyard. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  at  Ayeside,  near  Newby  Bridge,  was 
found  in  a  wood  a  perforated  hammer  8|  in.  in  length,  with  a  width  of  3!  in. 
and  depth  of  3  in.,  weighing  4^  Ib.  '  It  is  considerably  rounded  in  both 

1  Arch.  Journ.  xv.  233. 
227 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

directions  at  the  butt  ;  the  edge  is  narrower,  and  one  side  is  much  more 
rounded  than  the  other.  The  edge  is  carefully  ground,  but  further  up  the 
face  the  surface  shows  that  it  has  been  picked  into  form.'1 

A  little  to  the  south  another  stout  axe-hammer  was  found  at  Lindale. 
The  implement  has  considerable  breadth,  and  the  butt  is  square.  A  per- 
forated stone  hammer  6|  in.  long  was  found  at  Cark,  in  a  ploughed  field. 
Its  width  was  3  fin.  and  depth  aj  in.  It  shows  considerable  signs  of 
abrasion  at  the  pointed  end.  Still  further  south,  at  Flookburgh,  several  stone 
hammers  are  reported  to  have  been  found. 

In  the  Furness  peninsula  a  number  of  stone  hammers  are  recorded. 
One  from  Harbarrow,  near  Dalton,  now  in  the  museum  at  Warrington, 
has  a  length  of  7!  in.,  being  3!  in.  wide  and  about  aj  in.  thick.  It 
bears  evidence  of  use  at  its  shaped  end.  A  hammer  found  in  1886  at 
Barrow-in-Furness,  measuring  loj  in.  in  length  and  4!  in.  in  width,  is 
the  largest  yet  found  in  the  district.  Further  south,  at  North  Scale,  in 
the  Island  of  Walney,  a  perforated  stone  hammer  was  found  as  recently 
as  1 90 1.3 

A  curious  implement  comes  from  Bank  Ground,  on  the  east  margin  of 
Coniston  Water.  It  is  about  8  in.  long,  broad  and  heavy  at  one  end  and 
narrow  at  the  other.  The  thick  end  is  perforated  with  a  narrow  hole.  One 
side  is  flat,  the  other  is  formed  into  two  rounded  ridges.  It  is  suggested 
that  this  implement,  which  was  hardly  a  hammer  of  usual  character,  may 
have  been  carried  and  used  suspended  by  a  cord  to  the  waist.  It  has  been 
considerably  used.3 


5.     CLASSIFICATION  OF  LOCALITIES 

Flint  chippings,  and  small  worked  flints. — Bleasdale  ;  Besom  Hill,  Black- 
stone  Edge,  Bolton-le-Moors,  Broadwood  Moor,  Brown  Wardle  Hill, 
Broughton  ;  Bull  Hill,  Bury  ;  Cheetham,  Chorlton  upon  Medlock  ;  Chip- 
ping, Clitheroe  ;  Cow  Heys,  Crow  Knoll,  Culvert  Clough,  Flower  Scar 
Hill,  Foxton  Edge,  Great  Winning  Gulf,  Hades  Hill,  Haulgh,  Helpet  Edge, 
Hollingworth  Lake,  Hunger  Hill,  Kersal  Moor,  Knoll  Hill,  Longden  End 
Moor  ;  Longridge  ;  Lower  Moor  ;  Mellor  ;  Middle  Hill  ;  Moss  Side, 
RadclifFe  ;  Readycon  Dean,  Rushy  Hill,  Todmorden,  Tooter  Hill,  Trough 
Edge,  Turnshaw  Hill,  Wardle  Moor,  Well  i'  th'  Lane. 

OVER  SANDS. — Broughton,  Cartmel,  Dendron,  Gleaston  Castle,  Grange- 
over-Sands,  Hawkshead,  High  Haume,  Kirkby  Ireleth,  Torver. 

Arrow-heads. — Blackstone  Edge,  Bull  Hill,  Culvert  Clough,  Foxton 
Edge,  Great  Winning  Gulf,  Hunger  Hill,  Knoll  Hill  ;  Longridge  Fells  ; 
Middle  Hill,  Tooter  Hill,  Walsden  Moor  ;  Wavertree. 

Stone  celts. — Blackpool,  Castleshaw,  Chorlton  cum  Hardy,  Droylesden, 
Flixton,  Lancaster,  Leagram  (2),  Liverpool  Docks,  Longridge,  Milnrow, 
Morecambe,  Newton-le- Willows,  Orford,  Pendle  (Windy  Harbour),  Pilling, 
Royton,  Saddleworth,  Salwick,  Walmsley,  Wardle,  Wavertree,  Weeton, 
Wiswell. 

1  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  p.  178.  *  Described  in  the  Antiquary,  Nov.  1901,  p.  323. 

8  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Ser.  II.  xii.  229. 

228 


EARLY    MAN 

OVER  SANDS. — Cartmel,  Conishead,  Dalton-in-Furness,  Furness  Abbey, 
Pennington,  Roosebeck,  Stainton,  Ulverston,  Wray  Hill. 
Perforated  stone  implements  : 

Adzes :  Manchester  (three,  Cheetwood,  Corporation  Street,  and 
Greenheys),  Preston  (R.  Ribble). 

Axes  :    Mode  Wheel,  Oakenrod. 

Axe-hammers  :  Barnacre,  Blackpool  (near),  Blackrod,  Bolton  Park, 
Bowland,  Chipping,  Claughton  (two),  Clitheroe,  Dean,  Heaton, 
Hopwood,  Lancaster  (Quernmore),  Lune  R.,  Longridge,  Manchester 
(two,  Throstles  Nest,  Withington),  Martin  Mere,  Marton,  Mellor, 
Milnrow,  Preston  (Saddleworth),  Silverdale,  St.  Helens,  Tatham,  Turton 
(Charters  Moss),  Walton-le-Dale,  Wilpshire,  Winwick. 

Hound-hammers :  Ashton-under-Lyne,  Bowland,  Haydock,  Irlam, 
Silverdale  (Stalybridge),  Torver. 

OVER  SANDS. — Ayeside,  Barrow-in-Furness,  Cark-in-Cartmel,  Conis- 
ton  Lake,  Dendron,  Flookburgh,  Harbarrow,  Lindale,  Rampside, 
Rusland,  Torver,  Walney  Island,  V/ray  Hill. 


II.    BRONZE  IMPLEMENTS  AND  REMAINS   OF   THE    EARLY 
CELTIC    PERIOD 

The  title  of  this  section,  as  was  previously  explained,  does  not  exclude 
from  classification  as  objects  of  the  Bronze  Age  implements  other  than  those 
of  bronze,  as  for  example  many  of  the  perforated  stone  hammers  already 
described  ;  nor  is  it  intended  to  imply  on  the  other  hand  that  all  the  imple- 
ments described  hereafter  were  made  before  the  introduction  of  iron. 

The  implements  of  bronze  from  Lancashire  are  not  so  numerous  as  those 
of  stone,  but  they  form  an  interesting  series,  which  to  some  extent  illustrates 
in  itself  the  sequence  and  development  of  the  various  types.  The  difficulty 
experienced  in  the  earlier  chapter  in  separating  the  different  classes  of  objects 
is  not  met  with  in  this  section,  for  though  some  types  of  implements  are 
seen  to  be  transitional,  as  for  instance  those  which  mark  the  evolution  of 
palstave  from  celt,  yet  none  are  so  markedly  intermediary  that  they  cannot 
be  assigned  readily  to  one  or  other  of  the  standard  classes  of  bronze  imple- 
ments as  defined  by  Sir  John  Evans  in  his  Ancient  Bronze  Implements  of 
Britain. 

i.  FLAT  CELTS 

Three  flat  celts  of  bronze  apparently  complete  the  record  for  the  county. 
Two  of  these  are  in  the  museum  at  Warrington,  near  to  where  they  were 
found,  while  the  third,  from  Read,  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

The  first  of  these,  from  Risley,  is  plain  and  typical  of  a  simple 
celt.  It  is  4Jin.  in  length,  and  measures  2  in.  across  the  broadest  part  of 
the  curved  edge.  It  is  somewhat  corroded,  but  was  probably  Jin.  in 
thickness. 

The  second  example  is  similar  in  form,  but  decorated.  It  is  said  to 
have  been  found  with  two  others  at  Read  in  Lancashire.  It  is  about  8  in. 
in  length.  The  illustration1  (fig.  13)  shows  its  form  and  decoration.  'The 

1  Taken  by  kind  permission  from  Sir  John  Evans,  indent  Bronze  Implements,  fig.  6,  p.  47. 
229 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

central  space  between  the  two  series  of  ridges,  and  also  the  margins 
of  the  faces,  are  ornamented  with  shallow  chevrons  punched  in.  The 
sides  have  been  hammered  into  three  facets,  and  this  has  produced 
slight  flanges  at  the  margins  of  the  faces.  The  facets  are  ornamented  with 
diagonal  lines.'1 

The  Read  celt  is  seen  to  have  tended  towards  side  flanges.  The  third, 
from  Rixton,  shows  also  an  incipient  feature,  in  a  low  ridge,  just  perceptible 
to  the  touch,  about  midway  of  the  tang,  obviously  designed  to  resist  the 
thrust  of  the  handle  in  use.  See  the  photograph  in  Plate  IV.  No.  i .  The 
Rixton  celt  is  plain,  though  it  has  been  erroneously  described  as  '  decorated 
with  punctured  lines.'  There  seems  to  be  no  information  as  to  its  discovery. 
Its  length  is  6|  in.  The  tang  widens  gradually  from  ijin.  towards  the  cut- 
ting edge,  which  outcurves,  having 
an  extreme  width  of  3!  in. 

The  development  of  ridge  and 
flange  illustrated  by  the  foregoing 
leads  directly  to  the  evolution  of 
the  palstave.3 


2.    PALSTAVES 

Perhaps  the  simplest  form  of 
palstave,  nearest  allied  to  the  flat 
celt,  is  that  found  at  Southworth 
near  Warrington.  It  is  not  in 
good  preservation,  but  it  seems 
to  be  without  side  flanges,  and 
almost  of  flat  section,  broken  only 
by  the  definite  ridge  which  was 
designed  to  hold  back  the  handle. 
Its  length  is  3  in.  from  edge  to 
ridge,  and  4!  in.  over  all  the  pre- 
served portion.  The  edge  is  not 
outcurving,  measuring  only  i|  in. 
at  its  greatest  width.  It  is  possible 
that  the  portion  of  the  tang  which 
is  broken  was  pierced  for  a  rivet 
hole,  a  very  unusual  feature.  See  Plate  IV.  No.  2. 

The  second  of  these  implements,  which  is  also  in  the  museum  at  War- 
rington, illustrates  a  further  stage  of  development,  revealing  the  palstave  in  its 
simple  form.  The  edge  is  still  hardly  outcurving,  but  the  other  end  is  grooved 
for  reception  of  the  handle,  showing  a  narrower  section  than  the  blade  at  that 
point,  and  it  is  supported  on  each  side  by  simple  flanges  and  ridge,  against 
which  to  fix  the  handle.  The  length  of  the  blade  is  3^  in.,  and  of  the  whole 
6  in.,  with  a  width  at  the  edge  of  2j  in.,  and  at  the  ridge  of  i  in.  The  thick- 

1  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  47  and  Fig.  6. 

8  An  instrument  which  from  the  picture  given,  Leigh,  Nat.  Hist.  Lanes,  Plate  iv.  No.  4,  seems  like  a 
palstave,  is  recorded  to  have  been  found  in  a  moss  at  Salwick,  Martin  Mere  ;  but  it  is  not  possible  from 
the  illustration  to  define  its  precise  nature,  nor  from  the  description  to  identify  the  site. 

230 


Fie.  13.— BRONZE  CELT  WITH  SLIGHT  FLANGES  FROM 
READ.     Scale,    i    :  2.     (British  Museum). 


EARLY    MAN 

ness  of  the  blade  is  about  half  an  inch,  and  over  the  flanges  one  inch.     See 
Plate  IV.  No.  5.     This  implement  is  said  to  have  been  found  with  a  small 
bronze  ring  (Plate  IV.  No.  4)   at  Win- 
wick,    which    is    the    site    of  other    dis- 
coveries associated  with  the  interments  in 
Highfield  Lane  and  elsewhere. 

A  very  similar  implement l  seems  to 
come  from  Martin  Mere,  west  of  South- 
port.  It  is  somewhat  timeworn,  but  seems 
to  have  measured  about  4!  in.,  the  blade 
being  2j  in.  long.  The  width  of  the  edge 
is  1 1  in.,  and  of  the  haft  and  blade  i&in. 
The  thickness  at  the  ridge  was  about  I  in. 
The  museum  at  Bolton  contains  one 
of  the  best  palstaves  of  the  county,  found 
in  1810  in  Charters  Moss  at  Turton,  four 
feet  below  the  turf.  It  bears  the  definite 
trace  of  ornamentation  upon  its  face,  as 
shown  in  the  photograph  on  Plate  IV. 
No.  3.  In  other  respects  it  is  simple  in 
design.  The  edge  is  widened  by  the 
broadening  of  the  blade  itself,  being  2f  in. 
across  at  its  widest  point,  and  the  blade 
i  in.  at  the  ridge.  From  ridge  to  edge 
measures  nearly  4  in.  The  groove  and 
flanges  are  well  defined. 

A   palstave    described3    as   found   at 

Ainsworth  near  Bolton  on  Cockey  Moor  has  special  features.  A  loop  is 
provided  at  the  side  near  the  ridge  for  fixing  the  implement  to  the  handle 
by  a  loose  thong  for  security  in  case  the  hafting  should  give  way.  The 
cutting  edge  outcurves,  measuring  2J  in.  from  tip  to  tip.  The  implement 
is  nearly  6  in.  in  length.  Down  the  middle  of  the  face  runs  a  low  rib, 
which  gives  way  on  each  side  to  a  lower  facet  or 
panel  which  constitutes  the  chief  decoration,  as  shown 
in  fig.  14. 

A  second  palstave  from  Martin  Mere1  is  shown 
in  the  annexed  sketch,  fig.  15,  because  of  a  special 
feature.  Unlike  those  previously  described,  the 
grooves  for  fitting  the  handle  are  placed  in  the  plane 
of  the  cutting  edge,  that  is  to  say  at  the  sides,  as  shown 
in  the  figure.  The  object  is  also  unusual  in  shape.  It 
is  5  in.  in  length,  the  blade  being  at  in.  The  width 
is  $  in.  over  the  flanges  and  f  in.  on  the  blade,  which 
is  of  prolonged  form,  widening  suddenly  to  the  edge, 
where  it  measures  i|  in.  across.  The  thickness 
uniformly  decreases  from  |  in.  at  the  end  and  £  in. 
at  the  top  of  the  blade  to  the  edge,  which  is 
sharp. 

1  Now  in  possession  of  Mr.  H.  Taylor.  3  Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant.  Sac.  xii.  209. 

231 


FIG.    14. — PALSTAVE  FOUND  AT  AINSWORTH. 
(From  a  Drawing.)      I  :  2. 


Fig.  15. — PALSTAVE  FROM 
MARTIN  MERE.      I  :  2. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  palstave  latest  found  is  also  among  the  most-  interesting  (fig.  16). 

'A  bronze  palstave  was  found  in  February,  1905,  under  gin.  of  soil  about 

five  miles  to  the  north-west  of  Rochdale,  at  about  900  ft.  above  ordnance 
datum,  during  the  excavations  of  the  Ashworth  Moor 
Reservoir,  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  .Board  in  their 
offices  at  Heywood  near  Manchester.  The  implement  is 
encrusted  with  various  salts  of  copper  and  is  of  an  olive- 
green  colour.  It  measures  5!  in.  in  length,  with  a  maxi- 
mum breadth  of  2yV  in.  across  the  blade.  There  is  a  well- 
marked  stop  3^  in.  from  the  anterior  extremity  of  the  blade. 
The  ridged  wings  are  continued  as  moulding  on  the  face  of 
the  blade,  but  curved  in  a  contrary  direction  so  as  to  enclose 
a  space  below  the  stop  ridge,  thus  producing  a  semi-elliptical 
ornamentation.  The  thickness  of  the  metal  at  this  point  is 
f  in.,  whereas  it  is  f  in.  above  the  stop  ridge.  The  sides  are 
slightly  concave  and  are  roughly  diamond  shape,  measuring 
if  in.  across  at  their  maxima.  There  is  a  slightly  defined 
transverse  ridge  2|  in.  from  the  anterior  extremity.  The 
joint  of  the  two  moulds  in  which  it  was  cast  can  be  traced 
upon  the  sides  of  the  instrument,  and  appears  as  if  one  of 
the  moulds  had  been  somewhat  deeper  than  the  other.  There 
is  no  loop.' * 
A  further  palstave,  of  simple  type,  with  well-preserved  edge,  is  said  to 

have  been  found  in  excavating  for  a  reservoir  in  1884  at  Cant  Clough,  which 

is  3^  miles  north-east  of  Burnley. 

Bronze  palstaves  are  reported  also  from  Egbert  Dean,  Sharpies,  and  from 

Weeton  in  the  Fylde,  but  descriptions  are  wanting. 


FIG.  16.— BRONZE 

PALSTAVE  FROM 

ASHWORTH   MOOR. 


3- 


BRONZE  SOCKETED  CELTS 


Five  examples  of  socketed  celts  preserved  in  the  museum  at  Warrington 
well  illustrate  the  varieties  of  this  class  of  implement  found  within  the  county. 
Four  of  them  indeed  come  from  the  same  site,  Winmarleigh  near  Garstang, 
in  North  Lancashire,  where  two  finds,  possibly  from  the  same  source,  dis- 
closed eight  socketed  celts  with  two  spears  and  a  dagger  of  bronze,  which 
constitute  by  far  the  most  striking  deposit  of  the  age.  These  objects  are  all 
preserved  in  the  same  museum  :  they  are  illustrated  by  photograph  on  Plate  V., 
and  are  described  together  in  connexion  with  the  spears  in  Section  4.  The 
first  sketch,  fig.  17,  shows  the  simplest  of  these 
celts,  without  rim  or  decoration.  The  imple- 
ment is  hollowed  to  receive  the  handle,  and  is 
provided  with  a  loop  whereby  to  attach  it  to  the 
staff.  It  is  2$  in.  in  length,  if  in.  across  the 
mouth,  and  if  in.  across  the  edge  at  its  widest 
point.  This  celt  was  found  with  the  dagger  and 
two  other  celts  at  Winmarleigh,  as  described  in 
the  next  section. 


FIG.   17. — PLAIN  SOCKETE 
FROM  WINMARLEIGH.     : 


CELT 


1  From  MSS.  of  Mr.  W.  Baldwin,  by  courtesy  of  Mr.  W.  H.  Sutclifie. 
232 


PLATE  IV. — BRONZE  IMPLEMENTS  OF  LANCASHIRE. 
(Chiefly  in  the  Museum  at  Warrington.) 


To  face  page  232. 


FIG.  1 8.— RIBBED  SOCKETED  CELI 

WlNMARLEICH.        2    :   3. 


EARLY    MAN 

A  number  of  socketed  celts  are  recorded  l  as  having  been  found  in  the 

River  Ribble,  the  locality  not  being  stated.     They  seem  to  have  been  five  in 

number,  mostly  looped.     Of  these,  one  was  quite  plain  like  the  above,  2  fin. 

in    length,   but   was   provided  with    a    rim 

around  the  mouth,  to  which  the  loop  was 

attached  at  one  end. 

The   next    sketch,    fig.     18,    shows    a 

difference    of   feature    in    the    double    rim 

about  the  mouth  of  the  implement  and  the 

three    elementary    ribs    along    the    length. 

The  blade  is  not  outcurving  to  widen  the 

edge.     Its  extreme  length  is  3!  in.,  breadth 

at  mouth  ijin.,  and  across  the  edge    i|in. 

This  implement  was  found  at  Winmarleigh  with  two  spears  and  four  other 

celts,  as  described  in  the  next  section.     One  other  of  the  celts  from  the  same 

site  is  of  this  character. 

Quite  similar,  too,  is  one  found  at  Walton-le-Dale,  on  the  Ribble  near 

to  Preston  (in  the  parish  of  Cuerdale).  This  one  is  3!  in.  in  length,  with  a 
breadth  of  ij  in.  across  the  mouth  and  1.5.  in. 
across  the  edge.  There  is  a  feeling  to  the  touch 
that  the  ends  of  the  decorative  ridges  are  very 
slightly  bulbed,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Winwick 
celt,  Plate  IV.  No.  6.  The  marks  of  the  casting 
are  quite  plain  around  the  sides  of  the  weapon. 
This  celt  is  in  the  museum  at  Preston,  and  it 
seems  to  correspond  with  that  described  *  as 
having  been  found  at  Cuerdale  in  1838  by  men 
in  deepening  a  ditch,  between  three  and  four  feet 
from  the  surface,  about  three  or  four  yards  from 

a  spear-head  described  in  the  next  section. 

The  next  figure,  fig.  19,  shows  a  third  of  the  Winmarleigh  celts,  varying 

from  the  former  examples  in  the  broad  outcurve  of  the  sides  towards  the  edge, 

which  is  2  in.  across.     The  rim  is  i  J  in.   wide,  and  the  implement  2|  in.  in 

length.      It  is  decorated,  as  before,  with  three  plain  ribs.      It  was  found  with 

the  spear  and  four  other  celts,  as  subsequently 

described.     Three  others  of  the  celts  from  the 

same  site  are  of  this  character. 

The  fourth  of  the  Winmarleigh  celts  is  an 

isolated    specimen,   distinguished    by    the    sharp 

recurve  of  the   ends   of  its   outcurved  edge,  as 

shown    in   the   annexed    drawing,  fig.    20.      In 

other  respects  it  is  similar  to  those  which  have 

been   described,  and   it  is  ornamented   with   the 

same  three  ribs  along  the   face.      Its  length   is 

3  in.,  breadth  across  the  mouth  i  J  in.,  and  across 

the  edge,  extreme   measure,  2  in.      Like  the  previous  example  it  was  found 

in  the  deposit  of  two  spears  and  five  celts  described  on  p.  236,  and  illustrated 

in  Nos.  1—7  on  Plate  V. 

l  Trans.  Manchester  Lit.  andPhil.  Sac.  v.  527,  534,  with  plate.  »  Arch.  Journ.  viii.  331-2. 

1  233  30 


FIG.   19. — CELT  WITH  OUTCURVING 
EDGE  FROM  WINMARLEIGH.       2  :  3. 


FIG.  20. — CELT  WITH  RECURVING 
EDGE  FROM  WINMARLEIGH.     2  :  3 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

A  fifth  celt,  also  in  the  museum  at  Warrington,  is  shown  on  Plate  IV. 
No.  6.  It  is  an  excellent  example  of  celt  elaborately  decorated  with  chev- 
ron ornament,  the  ends  of  the  ribs  upon  its  surface  terminating  in  nodules 
towards  the  edge.1  It  was  found  at  Winwick  near  Warrington.2  It  is  4^  in. 
in  length,  if  in.  across  the  mouth,  and  ai  in.  from  tip  to  tip  of  the  edge.  It 
is  certainly  the  best  specimen  in  the  county. 

Miscellaneous  finds  of  celts  have  been  made  in  various  places.  At 
Wegber  near  Carnforth,  for  example,  several  bronze  celts  are  reported  to 
have  been  found  with  other  implements  about  17  ft.  below  the  surface,  in  a 
fissure  in  a  limestone  quarry.  Also  at  Marton  in  the  Fylde,  it  is  said,  was 
found  near  '  Robbins  Row  ...  a  Celtic  axe,  lying  in  the  peat  about  a  yard 
from  the  surface,  with  a  handle  of  more  than  a  yard  in  length,  nearly  the 
thickness  of  a  man's  wrist.  At  the  side  there  was  a  loop.' 8  A  looped  celt 
or  palstave  seems  to  be  indicated;  and  doubtless  many  others  have  escaped 
record. 

4.  WEAPONS 

The  county  provides  a  fair  series  of  offensive  weapons  in  bronze, 
with  some  of  exceptional  quality.  Some  of  the  accounts  of  discoveries 
are  meagre  and  lead  to  much  difficulty  in  identification.  In  making 
a  selection  for  illustration  the  deposit  from  Winmar- 
leigh  again  becomes  conspicuous,  providing  in  the  great 
spear-head  described  last  in  this  section  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  objects  of  bronze  in  the  country. 

(a)  Knives. — Of  knives  there  are  two  doubtful  re- 
cords, both   found   in  association  with  decorated  pottery 
in  burial  mounds  of  the  Bronze  Age.     The  best  defined 
is  that  from  Haulgh,  where  what  seems  to  have  been  a 
bronze  knife  4$  in.  long  and   igin.  broad  is  recorded  as 
found  in  a  tumulus  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  south-east 
from  Bolton  parish  church.     The  implement  is  provided 
with  three  rivet  holes  for  hafting,  which  is  characteristic, 
but   the   point  is   bent   back    and   the   illustration    of  it 
leaves  its  real  nature  somewhat  uncertain.4 

At  Darwen  was  found  a  piece  of  bronze  of  similar 
outline  in  very  similar  association.  The  object,  however, 
is  very  much  decayed  and  twisted,  and  its  real  character 
is  uncertain.  Its  length  is  6j  in.,  with  a  greatest  width 
of  aj  in. 

(b)  Daggers. — The  bronze  implement  shown  in  an- 
nexed figure  No.  21   is  of  exceptional  interest.     It  was 
found    in    1845  about    2j  ft.    from   the    surface   of  the 
ground  in  a  field  about  half-way  between  the  towns  of 
Burnley    and    Colne.6      It  is  apparently   a    dagger  with 
a    narrow    tane    in   which    is    a    rivet-hole.      The   tane 

r  IG.   21. — DRONZE  DAGGER  i-ii-ti  « 

FROM  NEAR  COLNE.    1:2.     is     smooth    and    the    rivet-hole    seems    to    have    been 


1  See  also  Bronze  Imp.  p.  123,  fig. 
*Ttarnber,56cfeM4  18,328. 
8  Information  of  W.  Farrer,  Esq. 


36. 


Arch.  Journ.  xv.  236. 

Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  iv.  132. 


234 


EARLY    MAN 

wrought.  The  mid-rib  is  rounded.  The  surface  of  the  implement  is 
corroded  in  places,  and  the  edge  also  chipped.  It  is  just  over  9  in.  in 
length,  the  tang  is  3  in.  long,  and  the  greatest  width  ij  in.  Tanged  daggers 
are  extremely  rare,  being  known  chiefly  from  the  Arreton  Down  deposit,  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight.  There,  in  1735-7,  some  nine  blades  of  the  class  (though 
differing  in  detail)  were  found  near  Newport,  upon  the  Down,  with  other 
objects  of  the  same  material.1  Though  rare,  the  geographical  distribution  of 
this  class  is  somewhat  wide.  A  specimen  comes  from  Matlock,  Derbyshire, 
a  second  from  Burwell  Fen  (both  in  the  possession  of  Sir  John  Evans),  another 
from  Swaffham  Fen,  Norfolk  (now  in  the  Cambridge  Museum),  and  another 
from  Plymstock,  in  Devon.  Ireland  and  the  Continent  also  have  yielded 
examples.3  The  class  is  difficult  to  distinguish  from 
a  type  of  spear-head,  to  which  Sir  John  Evans  and 
Mr.  Franks  seem  disposed  to  assign  it.8 

A  fine  offensive  weapon,  sharp  at  both  edges 
and  point,  was  found  at  Winmarleigh  in  association 
with  three  celts  previously  described.  The  details 
of  its  discovery  are  somewhat  dubious,  but  it  is  said 
to  have  been  '  found  in  a  box  near  Garstang '  with 
the  other  implements.  Its  length  is  9!  in.  over  all, 
with  a  7!  in.  blade.  In  width  near  the  handle  it 
measures  1 1  in.  ;  it  then  narrows  slightly  and  recurves 
outwards,  as  shown  in  the  photo,  Plate  V.  No.  u, 
measuring  i  §  in.  before  turning  again  to  the  point. 
The  handle  was  made  firm  by  a  longitudinal  ridge 
on  the  tang  which  it  enclosed. 

The  photograph  on  Plate  IV.  No.  7  illustrates 
a  third  dagger  of  interesting  character,  though 
much  smaller  in  size.  It  was  found  with  an  urn 
and  stone  hammer  (Plate  II.-5)  in  a  tumulus  at 
Highfield  Lane,  Middleton,  Winwick.  The  end  of 
the  handle  or  tang  is  broken  near  and  partly  through 
a  rivet-hole.  Over  all  the  weapon  measures  4^  in., 
with  a  blade  of  length  3  in.,  and  breadth  near  the 
handle  of  i  J  in.  In  shape,  as  may  be  seen  from 
the  illustrations,  it  differs  from  the  foregoing.  From 
its  association  it  seems  to  be  definitely  a  relic  of 
the  Bronze  Age,  and  it  is  characteristic  also  of  the 
deposits  placed  with  interments  early  in  the  Bronze 
Age.  A  bronze  dagger,  with  spear-head  and  arrow-head,  is  vaguely  reported 
from  burials  on  Lancaster  Moor. 

(c)  Spear-heads. — Three  excellent  spear-heads  are  preserved  in  the 
museums  of  Preston  and  Warrington.8  The  former  is  shown  in  fig.  22. 
It  is  the  plain  leaf-shaped  type,  with  long  socket  and  a  rivet-hole  for  fixing 
the  shaft.  It  measures  gin.  over  all,  with  a  6|  in.  blade,  which  is  if  in. 
across  at  its  widest  point.  The  mouth  of  the  socket  is  ijin.  in  diameter. 
It  is  recorded  to  have  been  found  with  many  other  remains,  human  and 

1  Antueohga  xxxvi.  326.  »  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  p.  260. 

s  Mane.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  527,  No.  6. 

235 


FIG.   22. — BRONZE  SPEAR-HEAD 

FROM   PRESTON.      I   :  2. 

(Preston  Museum.) 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

animal,  in  the  excavations  made  in  the  Kibble  in  1885  for  construction  of 
the  Preston  Docks.  It  therefore  seems  to  be  distinct  from  an  entirely 
similar  implement  described  as  a  Roman  spear-head  found  within  three  yards 
of  a  bronze  celt  (previously  mentioned)  in  1840,*  at  Cuerdale  (Walton-le-Dale) 
by  some  men  in  deepening  a  ditch,  at  4  ft.  from  the  surface. 

Another  spear-head  is  recorded  as  found  with  other  bronze  implements, 
socketed  celts,  etc.,  in  the  River  Ribble,  but  the  details  are  wanting.3 

A  finer  example  is  that  from  Winmarleigh,  found  with  the  great 
looped  spear  described  below.  It  is  of  similar  general  character,  but  with  a 
regular  deep  sharpened  edge  along  both  sides.  It  measures  8f  in.  over  all, 
with  a  blade  of  6j  in.,  and  width  ij  in.  The  socket  is  just  over  an  inch  in 
diameter  at  the  mouth,  and  as  in  the  former  case  tapers  gradually  in  straight 
convergence  to  the  point.  It  is  in  excellent  preservation.  See  the  photo- 
graph of  Plate  V.  No.  6,  which  illustrates  this  object  among  its  deposit. 

An  interesting  socketed  spear-head  was  found  at 
Irlam,  near  Manchester,  in  digging  the  Ship  Canal,  at 
a  depth  of  20  ft.,  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  War- 
rington  Museum.  The  blade  is  small,  3  in.  in  length, 
i  Jin.  in  width,  and  the  socket  for  the  most  part  is 
external  to  it,  the  implement  measuring  over  all  5!  in. 
The  socket  is  rimmed  at  its  end,  and  provided  on  each 
side  with  a  prolonged  loop  for  securing  to  the  shaft. 
Between  the  loop  and  the  blade  on  the  side  are  a  series 
of  notches  (fig.  23). 

A  double  looped  spear-head  is  reported  to  have 
been  found  near  Leigh,8  but  the  record  is  deficient. 

The  spear-head  from  Piethorne,  near  Rochdale, 
where  it  was  found  at  the  waterworks,  is  double- 
looped  in  the  blade,  and  though  weather-worn  is  an 
interesting  object.  It  measures  over  all  6|  in.,  with 
a  blade  5  in.  long  and  if  in.  wide  across  the  loops. 
The  socket  is  very  wide  in  proportion,  measuring 
ire  in.  at  the  mouth.  The  implement  is  otherwise 
leaf-shaped,  as  seen  in  fig  24,  and  converges  in  section 
uniformly  as  in  the  other  instances. 

The  great  spear-head  from  Winmarleigh,  now  in  the  museum  at 
Warrington,  is  of  similar  type,  leaf-shaped,  with  loops  in  the  blade.  This 
weapon  surpasses  all  others  of  the  county  not  merely  for  its  size  and  preser- 
vation, but  for  the  fine  workmanship  and  finish  of  detail.  The  photograph 
Plate  V.  No.  7  shows  this  splendid  specimen  with  the  other  implements  found 
on  the  site.  It  measures  19^  in.  over  all,  with  a  blade  about  16  in.  long  and 
3i  in.  wide.  The  loops  are  symmetrical  curves  from  the  socket  in  the  width  of 
the  blade.  The  socket  is  somewhat  slender,  being  ij  in.  wide  at  its  mouth, 
and  it  tapers  elegantly  to  the  point.  A  rivet-hole  is  provided  for  fixing  the 
shaft. 

This  spear-head  and  that  described  previously  (No.  6)  are  recorded  to 
have  been  found,  together  with  the  five  celts  (Nos.  1—5  in  Plate  V.),in  'a  strong, 
rude,  oaken  box,  with  pins  of  the  same,  at  Winmarleigh  near  Garstang.' 


FIG.   23. — SPEAR-HEAD 
LOOPED  ON  SHAFT,  FROM  IRLAM. 

Scale,  I :  2. 
(Warrington  Museum.) 


1  Joan.  Brit.  Arch.  Ass.  viii.  332 


»  Mane.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  Trans, 
236 


527,  No.  6.         »  Ibid.  v.  531. 


To  face  page  236. 


EARLY    MAN 


FIG.  24. — SPEAR-HEAD  LOOPED  i 
BLADE  FROM   PIETHORNE,  NEAR 

RoCHDALS.        I    :   2. 


The  dagger  described  above  (No.  n),  with  the  celts  (Nos.  8-ro),  is 
reported  verbally  to  have  been  found  '  in  a  box  at  Winmarleigh,  near 
Garstang,'  whence  they  were  secured.  It  seems 
very  possible  that  they  form  part  of  the  same 
deposit,  and  that  the  latter  were  retained  by 
those  who  handed  over  the  former.  Otherwise 
the  latter  were  a  distinct  deposit,  and  the  tradi- 
tion of  the  other  discovery  clings  to  them. 
However  that  may  be,  they  form  from  one  site 
a  group  of  implements  and  weapons  of  excel- 
lent quality  and  exceptional  interest,  including 
one  of  the  best  spear-heads  of  the  country,  a 
second  which  is  smaller,  a  dagger,  and  eight 
socketed  celts,  of  which  seven  are  ornamented 
with  ribs.  The  group  is  shown  in  Plate  V. 

5.    BRONZE  IMPLEMENTS  FROM  NORTH  OF 

THE  SANDS 

Several  small  hoards  of  bronze  implements 
are  recorded  from  this  district.  At  Kirkhead, 
near  Allithwaite,  in  the  floor  of  Kirkhead  Cave, 
which  has  yielded  implements  of  the  preceding 
ages  also,  were  found  with  some  pieces  of  rude 

pottery,  a  fluted  earthenware  bead,  three  bronze  rings,  a  bronze  pin 
'  enamelled,'  a  piece  of  a  fibula,  a  bronze  palstave  and  spear-head,  a  large 
bronze  celt ;  also  a  flake  of  flint,  a  bone  amulet  (carved  from  the  head  of  a 
human  femur),  and  a  quantity  of  human  bones.  At  Little  Urswick  also, 
near  Stone  Walls,  some  workmen  discovered  under  a  flat  stone  a  deposit 
which  seemingly  included  several  examples  of  the  later  bronze  work.  The 
record  mentions  a  long  spear-head  (or  possibly  a  sword),  which  was  deliberately 
broken  ;  and  near  to  this  four  or  five  '  celts  or  axes  of  brass,'  which  were 
probably  bronze  socketed  celts,  though  described  as  axe-hammers  ;  also  four 
or  five  rings.  The  latter  were  'large  enough  to  go  over  the  hand,  and 
had  an  external  eye  to  them  as  if  for  the  purpose  of  being  strung.'  Some 
interesting  finds  of  isolated  implements  or  groups  are  also  recorded.  Two 
or  three  bronze  palstaves  were  ploughed  up  at  Flookburgh  ;  a  bronze  celt 
and  armlet  have  been  traced  to  Furness,  and  in  Cartmel  parish  several  bronze 
implements  there  found  seem  to  resemble  socketed  celts  from  the  description 
given.  A  great  bronze  celt,  9  in.  long  and  8  in.  broad,  is  recorded  as  found 
in  the  ruins  of  Gleaston  Castle  :  and  the  find  of  two  bronze  celts  from 
Stainton,  near  Dalton,  was  recorded  in  the  newspapers  of  1894.  A  bronze 
spear-head  is  reported  from  Dalton  in  Furness  ;  and  an  implement  described 
as  found  with  the  fragments  of  a  cinerary  urn  at  Stainton  simulates  a  spear- 
head also.  A  bronze  dagger  was  found  at  Page  Bank,  near  Leece. 

6.  CLASSIFIED  LIST  OF  LOCALITIES 
Flat  Celts. — Rixton,  Read,  Risley  (Martin  Mere). 

Palstaves. — Ainsworth,  Martin  Mere,  South  worth,  Turton,  Winwick, 
Sharpies,  Weeton. 

237 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Socketed  Celts. — Marton,  Kibble,  Walton-le-Dale,  Winmarleigh,  Win- 
wick. 

Weapons. — (a)   Knives  :  Darwen,  Haulgh. 

(b)  Daggers  :  Colne  Winmarleigh,  Win  wick. 

(c)  Spear-heads :  Irlam,  Leigh,  Piethorne,  Walton-le-Dale, 

Winmarleigh. 
OVER  SANDS. — (a)   Palstaves  :   Flookburgh,  Kirkhead. 

(b)  Celts  :   Cartmel,  Furness,  Gleaston   Castle,  Kirkhead, 

Little  Urswick,  Stainton. 

(c)  Weapons  :   Dalton,  Kirkhead,  Leece,  Little  Urswick. 

III.  INTERMENTS  AND  BURIAL  URNS 

Without  considering  the  whole  subject  of  Bronze  and  Stone  Age  burials 
it  would  not  be  possible  with  the  evidence  accessible  to  discriminate  between 
the  periods  of  the  early  interments  in  Lancashire  of  which  there  is  record. 
Those  who  have  given  to  this  branch  of  the  subject  their  closest  attention 
find  in  it  great  difficulties,  and  differ  among  themselves  in  their  interpretation 
of  the  results.  In  general  there  is  a  disposition  to  draw  hard  and  fast  lines 
between  different  types  of  interment  as  representing  different  and  distinct 
epochs  of  culture  and  development,  which  the  evidence  of  observation  does 
not  warrant.  The  Lancashire  burials  do  not  help  to  solve  the  great  problem, 
but  partake  fully  of  its  difficulties.  The  great  area  of  flint  chippings  in  the 
south-east  of  the  county,  which  we  have  accepted  as  evidence  of  a  settled 
stone-working  people  in  a  neolithic  age,  is  still  without  any  representative 
and  analagous  class  of  recorded  burials.  A  number  of  burial  mounds,  indeed, 
with  interments  apparently  all  by  cremation,  are  found  about  these  hills,  but 
the  urns  found  in  these,  the  stone  circles,  and  other  features,  are  for  the  most 
part  of  the  type  usually  assigned  to  the  Bronze  Age,  and  indeed  here  and  there 
a  small  pin  or  other  object  of  bronze  has  confirmed  the  date.  But  not  even 
small  pieces  of  metal  are  found  upon  these  '  neolithic  floors.'  Looking  at  the 
problem  of  the  settlements  and  culture-phases  of  early  man  in  Lancashire 
with  due  regard  to  the  physical  features  of  the  county,  the  possibility  must  be 
admitted  of  an  even  broader  overlap  of  Bronze  and  Stone  Age  than  is  usually 
conceded.  The  aboriginal  workers  of  stone  may  have  still  retained  their 
homes  upon  the  eastern  hills,  while  elsewhere,  nearer  the  coast  or  upon  the 
river  valleys,  bronze-using  man  gradually  made  his  way  ;  possibly  the  use 
of  bronze  might  find  its  way  without  ethnical  movement.  However  that 
may  be,  unfortunately  we  can  only  admit  the  insufficiency  of  local  evidence. 
Hence  in  regard  to  these  interments,  those  which  bear  trace  only  of  stone 
implements  are  distinguished  from  those  showing  bronze,  as  belonging 
possibly  but  not  necessarily  to  an  earlier  phase  of  culture  development  and  ar. 
antecedent  population. 

i.   INTERMENTS  WITH  ASSOCIATED  STONE  DEPOSITS 

On  Hades  Hill,  near  Rochdale,  in  a  depression  which  separates  that  hill 
from  Rough  Hill,  1,380  ft.  above  sea  level,  an  approximately  round,  but 
deformed,  barrow  has  been  explored.  Its  dimensions  give  52  ft.  north  to 

238 


EARLY    MAN 

south  and  45  ft.  east  and  west,  with  a  rise  of  3  ft.  above  the  surface  :  being 
placed  upon  a  slope  it  has  probably  slipped  and  suffered  slight  change  of  form. 
'  It  was  constructed  as  follows :  a  circle  of  large  and  rough  native  sandstones 
was  laid  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  marking  the  extent  of  the  supposed 
mound.  Near  the  centre  of  this  circle  the  urn  was  placed,  mouth  upwards, 
probably  in  a  cairn  of  stones  ;  then  a  quantity  of  rough  sandstone  was  thrown 
in,  and  afterwards  covered  with  sandy  clay  or  loam.' l  The  urn  was  of  the 
two-tier  variety,  hand-made,  decorated  on  the  outside,  on  the  apex,  and  on 
the  interior  by  rope  pattern  in  chevron  designs.  The  contents  were  burnt 
human  bones,  burnt  flint  implements  and  flakes,  and  a  '  broken  nodule  of  jasper 
flint.'  In  the  barrow  itself  were  found  also  the  burnt  tooth  of  an  ox,  animal 
bones,  charcoal,  numerous  flint  flakes  and  implements,  among  them  a  barbed 
arrow-head,  pieces  of  coal  and  quartz  pebbles. 

This  is  a  characteristic  interment.  Technically  this  mound  and  urn 
must  be  assigned  to  the  Bronze  Age  ;  but  the  deposit  itself  is  significantly 
suggestive  of  the  neolithic  area  amid  which  it  is  placed. 

The  excavation  of  a  barrow  at  Littleboro',  further  to  the  east,  showed  it  to 
contain  a  similar  interment,  consisting  of  an  urn,  calcined  bones,  and  small 
pieces  of  flint.  But  it  is  further  to  the  north,  on  the  moorland  hills  that  lie 
away  towards  Burnley,  that  interments  of  this  character  are  more  numerously 
recorded.  These  are  almost  homogeneous,  and  the  single  discrepancy  of  a 
bronze  pin  occurring  in  one  instance,  only  strengthens  the  suspicion  that  the 
real  age  of  these  neolithic  sites  may  have  been  contemporary  with  the  incipient 
use  of  bronze,  and  reciprocally,  that  these  '  round  barrows  '  were  fashioned 
by  a  people  accustomed  to  the  use  of  flint  and  to  whom  bronze  was  rare.  To 
quote  a  few  examples  :  At  Worsthorne,  near  Black  Hameldon  Hill,  was  a  barrow 
30  ft.  in  diameter  and  4  ft.  in  height,  in  which  were  found  '  flint  flakes  and 
arrow-heads,'  the  centre  was  occupied  by  stones  arranged  like  a  long  sarco- 
phagus with  two  large  stones  as  cover  ;  on  the  same  site  a  tumulus  2 1  ft.  in 
diameter  yielded  an  unglazed  urn  ;  a  third  mound  was  surrounded  by  a  stone 
circle,  and  in  it  were  found  calcined  human  remains  ;  at  Briercliffe,  in  the 
same  region,  was  a  tumulus  and  earth  circle,  27  ft.  in  diameter,  with  a  '  food- 
vessel  '  ;  near  it  was  a  circle  of  seven  stones,  from  which  came  '  unglazed  urns, 
human  remains,  and  flint  arrow-heads '  ;  at  Hellclough  was  another  circle  of 
seven  stones,  an  urn,  and  the  bones  of  two  persons,  with  the  bronze  pin 
previously  mentioned  ;  a  third  circle  of  seven  stones  yielded,  in  addition  to 
an  urn  and  bones,  a  flint  axe. 

Further  again  to  the  north,  on  the  hillside  which  forms  the  northern  bank 
of  the  Kibble  near  Stonyhurst,  there  was  examined  a  circular  tumulus  which 
was  1 1 5  ft.  in  diameter,  with  the  result  that  a  '  small  flint  knife  or  scraper  ' 
was  found  with  '  crushed  bones  in  charcoal,'  a  bone  hone  4  in.  long,  and  the 
handle  of  a  vessel  (seen  subsequent  to  the  excavation),  the  edge  of  which  was 
crimped.  The  bone  hone  was  worn  as  by  the  sharpening  of  a  metal  instru- 
ment upon  it. 

At  Wavertree,  near  Liverpool,  there  have  been  made  finds  of  no  less 
importance.  Some  cinerary  urns,  reported  to  be  eight  in  number,  containing 
burnt  human  bones  and  ashes,  seem,  from  those  which  are  preserved  in 
the  City  Museum  of  Liverpool,  to  have  been  possibly  of  very  early  date, 

1  In  Rocb.  Lit.  and  Set.  Sx.  1898.     Sutcliffe,  '  Hades  Hill  Barrow.' 
239 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

lacking  the  decoration  characteristic  of  the  advanced  Bronze  Age.  With 
them  were  found  two  small  scrapers  and  other  objects  of  flint,  includ- 
ing a  barbed  arrow-head,  an  excellent  specimen.  Apparently  near  to 
these  urns  was  another  tumulus  of  sand  with  a  chamber  of  hewn 
stones.  These  vary  in  size  from  about  3  ft.  by  2  ft.  to  about  6  ft.  by  5  ft. 
There  may  have  been  more  of  them,  but  early  last  century  they  were 
removed  to  their  present  position1  where  by  the  name  of  the  Calderstones 
they  are  preserved  at  the  foot  of  Druids'  Cross  Road.  The  arrangement  of 
the  stones,  as  has  been  suggested,2  must  have  been  dolmen-wise.  The 
large  flat  stones  probably  formed  the  cover  of  a  chamber  or  chambers  formed 
by  the  smaller  ones.  Within,  there  is  record  of  the  discovery  of  several 
urns  and  general  evidence  of  burials  by  cremation.  The  suggestion  of 
tradition  implies  that  the  urns  found  did  not  and  would  not  contain  all  the 
ashes  uncovered.  An  additional  interest  is  lent  to  these  stones  by  the  '  cup 
and  ring '  markings,  designs  of  spiraloid  form,  incised  upon  them.  It  is  diffi- 
cult to  believe  that  these  are  earlier  than  a  Celtic  age,  but  they  are  not 
necessarily  contemporary  with  the  construction  of  the  tomb.  The  general 
character  of  the  burial  and  construction  of  the  tumulus  accords  with  an  early 
date,  based  upon  the  results  of  study  in  other  places  of  Britain  and  the  Con- 
tinent. Considering  the  local  history  also,  probably  there  is  no  error  in 
assigning  it  to  a  date  at  least  as  early  as  the  overlap  of  Neolithic  Age  and 
Bronze  Age. 

Some  burials  found  at  Stretton,  near  Warrington,  seem  somewhat  analo- 
gous. '  The  bodies  lay  in  sand,  each  surrounded  with  ashlars  placed  at  the 
side  and  head  and  feet,  the  bones  being  1 6  in.  below  the  surface.  The  side 
bones  had  not  been  placed  perpendicularly,  but  inclining  to  one  another  like 
the  roof  of  a  house.'  Two  small  urns  of  baked  clay,  about  4  in.  deep  and 
3  in.  in  diameter,  were  found,  with  black  ashes,  charcoal,  and  general  indica- 
tions of  firing.  One  of  the  urns  had  a  pinched  ornament  on  the  neck,  and 
another  is  quite  plain. 

2.  INTERMENTS  WITH  ASSOCIATED  BRONZE  DEPOSITS 

Winwick,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Warrington,  has  yielded  up,  in  some 
of  the  interments  which  have  been  recorded,  evidence  of  real  importance  to 
archaeology.  That  period  early  in  the  Bronze  Age  when  as  yet  only  simple 
weapons  and  implements  were  fashioned  of  that  material  seems  to  be  indicated 
by  a  deposit  found  in  one  of  the  tumuli  at  Highfield  Lane.  In  it  were 
found  a  small  bronze  dagger,  with  rivet-hole  in  tang  (described  above  in 
Plate  IV.  No.  7),  and  a  small  polished  stone  hammer  (Plate  II.  No.  5), 
both  within  an  urn.  The  decoration  of  some  pottery  from  the  site  shows  a 
simple  linear  design  resembling  parallel  veins  of  a  leaf.  The  dagger  is  of  a 
type  found  in  the  Yorkshire  '  Round  Barrows,'  and  the  association  of  a 
polished  stone  implement  is  not  uncommon.  The  Bronze  Age  has  certainly 
begun,  and  it  provides  a  better  example  of  a  stone  implement  than  anything 
of  the  Neolithic  Age.  The  terminology  is  obviously  not  adequate  ;  the  word 
'  chalcolithic '  might  be  used  to  represent  this  phase.  At  Winwick  also,  and 

1  E.  W.  Cox,  Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant.  Sor.  x.  252  (1892). 

8  Prof.  Herdman,  'The  Calderstones'  1896,  in  pamphlet. 

240 


EARLY    MAN 

possibly  associated  with  the  tumuli  of  the  place,  were  found  a  flanged  bronze 
palstave  and  flat  ring  about  2  in.  in  diameter  (Plate  IV.  Nos.  4,  5).  Unfortu- 
nately the  evidence  concerning  this  find  is  not  clear.  On  accepted  theory,  the 
palstave  should  belong  almost  to  a  second  phase  of  the  Bronze  Age,  and  it  is 
an  object  rarely  found  in  funerary  deposits  :  a  bronze  socketed  celt  with 
chevron  ornamentation  (Plate  IV.  No.  6)  found  in  the  same  vicinity  seems  to 
indicate  a  continuous  Bronze  Age  population  in  the  locality. 

Not  more  than  a  mile  from  Winwick,  at  Kenyon,  there  have  been  found 
other  funerary  mounds  apparently  of  this  same  age.  One  of  the  most  recently 
discovered  was  disturbed  in  making  a  diversion  of  a  road,  but  a  description 
of  the  tumulus  and  its  contents  has  been  skilfully  rescued.1  The  mound  was 
about  3  3  ft.  in  diameter  and  3  ft.  6  in.  in  height,  of  the  form  shown  in  the 
annexed  section  (fig.  25).  Portions  of  two  urns  were  recovered.  On  one  of 
these  '  the  outside  surface  of  the  lower  portion  for  a  depth  of  3  in.  is  plain, 
An  equal  width  above  this  is  ornamented  with  small  triangular  indentations  and 
short  incised  lines,  forming  chevrons  in  encircling  rows.  The  upper  portion 
is  divided  by  three  angular  cordons  into  two  hollow  grooves,  the  lower 
of  which  is  evenly  marked  with  incised  chevrons,  and  the  upper  one 
filled  with  a  zig-zag  moulding,  dotted  over  with  similar  triangles  and  chevrons. 
The  top  of  the  everted  rim  is  likewise  covered  with  chevron  markings  in 


FIG.  25. — SECTION  OF  A  BRONZE  AGE  TUMULUS  AT  WINWICK. 

three  rows.'  Nearly  eighty  years  ago  fragments  of  an  urn  were  found  in  the 
same  vicinity  decorated  with  'large  triangular  or  lozenge-shaped  grating, 
marked  with  incised  lines,'  and  with  the  urn  a  bronze  pin  or  small  implement 
with  a  flat  tang. 

Further  north,  at  Bolton,  a  tumulus  was  opened  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  south-east  from  Bolton  parish  church.  It  proved  to  be  a  Bronze  Age 
'barrow,  about  30 ft.  in  diameter  and  46.  deep,  made  of  small  boulders. 
About  the  centre  was  a  cist  urn,  4  ft.  6  in.  long  by  1 2  in.  deep,  of  four  up- 
right stones  and  a  coverer,  lying  nearly  north  and  south.  The  skeleton  lay 
in  a  contracted  attitude,  with  head  to  the  north.  Near  to  the  head  lay  an 
incense  cup  4!  in.  by  3 £  in.  high,  and  a  bronze  spear-head  4f  in.  long  by  i  §  in. 
broad.'  The  bowl  was  in  excellent  condition,  with  three  rows  of  pattern 
incised,  of  which  the  first  and  third  were  adjoining  triangles  of  parallel  lines 
enclosed,  with  the  interstices  marked  with  lines  in  the  complementary  direc- 
tion ;  the  second  tier  has  a  deviation  of  vertical  dotted  lines.  The  bronze 
implement  is  a  knife  or  knife-dagger,  apparently  with  two  sharp  edges,  having 
three  rivet  holes  at  the  base  for  affixing  it  to  its  handle.8  The  vicinity  bears 
other  traces  of  burials,  not  only  in  tumuli  which  are  preserved  or  recorded,  as 
that  at  Walmsley,  which  contained  a  skeleton,  urn,  and  flint  celt,  but  in  the 

1  Lane,  and  Chei.  Ant.  Soc.  xxi.  (1904).     Thos.  May,  Notes  on  a  Bronze  Age  Barrow. 
8  Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Cbes.  iv.  p.  132. 
I  241  31 


A  HISTORY  OF  LANCASHIRE 

stone  circles  which  here  and  there,  as  at  Anglezarke  and  in  places  on  the 
Extwistle  and  Lancaster  moors,  give  indication  of  tumuli  which  have  disap- 
peared from  the 
surface. 

At  Darwen, 
further  to  the  north 
on  the  same  upland, 
several  burials  are 
recorded.  In  the 
grounds  of  White 
Hall  was  a  mound 
30  yds.  in  diameter, 
and  of  a  height 
about  i  o  ft.  or  12  ft. 
maximum,  above 
the  contour  of  the 
ground.  The  mound 
is  described  as  '  na- 
tural.' In  it  were 
ten  distinct  inter- 
ments, some  being 

FIG.   26.— PATTERNS  UPON  CINERARY  URNS  FROM   DARWEN.  burnt  bones  without 

urns  or  cist ;    others 

in  urns,  one  of  which  was  in  an  inverted  position.  On  the  top  of  each  of 
the  cinerary  urns  was  a  rough  flat  stone  surrounded  and  covered  by  small 
stones  carefully  filled  in.  The  cinerary  urns  are  mostly  of  the  two-tier 
variety,  with  rectilinear  decoration.  The  variety  of  designs  found  in 
association  is  of  some  special  interest,  and  is  illustrated  in  the  sketch  appended, 
fig.  26.  One  of  them  with  punctuated  decoration  is  less  common,  and 
shown  in  fig.  27.  An  incense-cup,  plain,  and  bronze  implement,  presumably 
a  knife-dagger,  much  corroded,  were  found  in  the  same  place. 

From  the  height  of  Revidge,  above  Blackburn,  comes  also  a  characteristic 
burial  of  the  early  Bronze  Age,  with  a  simple  urn  of  two  decorated  tiers  and 
overhanging  rim  (fig.  28),  a  bone  pin  about  2  in.  long,  and  a  bronze  pin-head. 
The  whole  seems  to  have  been  enclosed  as  usual 
below     a     mound,    while    the     urn    was    found 
inverted  in  a  bed  of  sand. 

Further  north  again,  upon  the  moors 
around  Lancaster,  burials  of  the  Bronze  Age  are 
even  more  numerous  than  elsewhere  recorded. 
In  one  spot  were  found  a  number  of  urns,  about 
2  ft.  below  the  surface,  lying  in  pairs  at  intervals 
of  a  yard,  in  a  row  which  extended  east  and 
west.  One  was  enclosed  in  four  flag-stones, 
with  a  fifth  at  the  top.  A  bone  pin,  '  bronze 
arrow-head  and  spear-head,'  are  recorded  among 
the  deposit.  The  same  alignment  was  noticed 
in  another  instance,  at  a  place  distant  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile,  where  one  of  the  urns  has  two 

242 


FIG.   27. — URN  WITH  PUNCTUATED 
DECORATION  FROM  DARWEN, 


EARLY    MAN 

tiers,  with  the  designs  shown  in  the 
urn  from  Revidge,  only  with  the 
triangular  motive  on  the  upper  tier. 
There  was  found  in  this  instance  also 
an  'ornament  of  limestone,  4  in.  long, 
convex  in  front,  and  flat  at  the  back,' 
with  the  ends  punctured — apparently 
an  armlet. 

But  all  these  yield  in  point  of 
interest  and  detail  of  discovery  to 
that  found  on  the  moors  at  Bleasdale, 
in  the  same  district  of  north  Lanca- 
shire. There  the  late  Mr.  Jackson 
recently  discovered  and  explored  a 
group  of  prehistoric  remains,  placed 
in  a  striking  position  on  a  knoll  of 
boulders  in  the  middle  of  an  amphi- 
theatre of  moorland  hills,  about  650 
yards  due  west  from  Higher  Fair- 
snape  Farm.  Of  these  he  has  handed 
down  an  exact  and  careful  record,1 
which  Professor  Boyd  Dawkins  has  supplemented  with  some  illuminatory 
notes.  In  the  construction  of  the  circles  which  enclosed  some  cinerary  urns, 
wood  was  found  in  this  case  to  have  supplied  the  place  of  stone.  There 
were  two  circles,  one  enclosed  by  and  touching  the  other  towards  the  east. 
The  diameter  of  the  smaller  was  75  ft.,  and  of  the  larger  circle  twice  that 

1  Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant.  Sac.  xviii.  1900,  pp.  1 14-124.. 


FIG.   z8. — URN   FROM  BLACKBURN. 


Plan  of  Sepulchral  Remains. 

Horizontal  Scale  about  3  4  feet  =  I  inch. 

oaken  Principals  and  Secondaries  of  Outer  Circle.  Vertical  Scale  about   34  feet  =  J  inch. 

FIG.  29.— PLAN  AND  SECTION  OF  TIMBER  BURIAL  CIRCLE,  &c.  AT  BLEASDALE.     From  L.  C. 

243 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

figure,  which,  it  is  pointed  out,  is  in  its  turn  half  the  diameter  of  Stone- 
henge. 

The  outer  circle  (see  fig.  29)  consisted  of  round  logs  of  oak,  placed 
closely  side  by  side.  The  lower  ends  of  some  of  them  have  been  noticeably 
trimmed  with  a  metal  axe  or  adze  ;  a  fact  which  serves  as  a  useful  criterion 
in  assigning  a  date  to  the  remains. 

The  inner  circle  is  more  complex  in  structure.  It  is  formed  of  an  outer 
ring  of  earth,  the  '  vallum,'  about  5  ft.  wide  and  9  in.  high,  composed  of  clay 
thrown  out  of  the  ditch  on  the  inside,  which  latter  is  about  5  ft.  deep.  Inside 
this  again  was  a  low  mound,  formed  also  of  clay  out  of  the  ditch,  in  which  lay 
concealed  a  circle  composed  of  eleven  rounded  oak  logs,  forming  a  circle  34  ft. 
in  diameter.  In  the  centre  of  this  were  found  a  group  of  urns,  lying  with 
wooden  ashes,  in  a  small  rectangular  hole.  The  urns  contained  calcined 
bones,  and  inside  one  of  them  was  a  third  smaller  vase  ;  these  are  shown  by 
photograph  on  Plate  VI. 

The  pottery  and  the  cuts  upon  the  wooden  parts  are  evidence  which 
lead  Professor  Dawkins  to  conclude  that  '  this  remarkable  burial  place  falls 
into  line  with  the  large  series  of  burial  mounds  of  the  Bronze  Age  which  lie 
scattered,  not  only  over  the  area  of  the  British  Isles,  but  over  by  far  the  greater 
portion  of  Europe.'  In  other  places  the  material  employed  for  the  circles  and 
fences  is  stone.  Here,  in  place  of  stone,  wood  was  employed.  In  this  respect 
the  Bleasdale  burial  place  is  unique.1 

In  the  vicinity  of  Manchester  also  have  been  observed  traces  of  interment 
by  cremation,  in  the  survival  of  cinerary  urns,  unaccompanied,  however,  by 
any  deposit  of  metal  or  stone.  At  Redbank  was  found  an  urn  '  of  late 
British  period  '  in  1830.  At  Clifton,  on  the  banks  of  the  Irwell,  some  work- 
men in  making  a  trench  through  gravel  came  upon  part  of  a  skull,  with  signs 
of  cremation  also.  A  small  '  incense  cup,'  decorated  in  three  tiers,  was  found 
on  the  spot.  In  1873,  in  the  grounds  of  Broughton  Hall,  in  the  course  of 
excavation,  a  V-shaped  trench  was  observed,  3  ft.  wide,  which  descended  7  ft. 
below  the  surface.  An  urn  was  lying  in  the  middle  of  the  trench  filled  with 
mixed  materials.  It  was  of  coarse  clay  of  a  reddish  colour,  hand  made.  Its 
height  was  5  in.  and  6  in.  across  its  widest  parts  ;  the  pottery  is  i  in.  thick  all 
over.  The  ornamentation  is  composed  of  lines  lying  diagonally,  incised  with 
a  pointed  stick. 

In  the  northernmost  part  of  the  county  also,  at  Yealand,  which  is  z|  miles 
west  of  Carnforth,  have  been  found  traces  of  '  neolithic  settlement,'  and  among 
them  '  many  barrows  of  earth  and  stone.'  In  one  of  them  was  recently  found 
about  *  three  or  four  quarts  of  human  bones  calcined,'  and  adjoining  the  urn  a 
human  skeleton  and  a  large  (?  glass)  bead  of  blue  colour. 


3- 


INTERMENTS  IN  LANCASHIRE  OVER  SANDS 


Passing  north  of  the  Sands  a  remarkable  series  of  barrows  and  burial  urns 
give  evidence  of  the  habitation  of  early  man,  for  the  most  part,  so  far  as  can 
be  judged,  during  the  Bronze  Age.  In  the  nearer  district  of  Cartmel,  at 
Allithwaite,  has  been  found  a  small  earthen  urn  containing  calcined  bones  in 
Yew  Tree  Field.  In  Cartmel  itself,  on  the  site  of  the  new  burial  ground,  an 


Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant.  Sar.  xviii.  1900,  p.  123. 
244 


WOODEN   DUG-OUT  CANOE,  FROM   P 


SMALL   POTTF.RY  VASE,   FROM   WADSWORTH    MOOR. 
Scale,  2  :  3.     (British  Museum.) 


4.    INCENSE  Cup,  FROM  CLIFTON,   MANCHESTER. 
Scale,   2:3.     (British   Museum.) 


PLATE  VI. — WOODEN  CANOE  AND  POTTERY  VESSELS  OF  BRONZE  AGE  FROM   LANCASHIRE. 

To  face  page  244. 


EARLY    MAN 

urn  containing  bones  and  ashes  ;  and  in  Aynsome  Lane,  an  urn  14  in.  high 
containing  a  quantity  of  half  burnt  bones  and  ashes. 

For  the  same  geographical  reason,  probably,  which  results  in  a  scarcity 
of  all  antiquities  in  the  eastern  portion  of  this  district,  where  it  abuts  upon 
Westmorland,  no  burials  are  recorded  between  Cartmel  and  the  head  of  Lake 
Windermere.  At  the  latter  place,  in  Hawkshead  Hall  Park,  a  little  to  the 
south-east  of  the  mill-pond,  was  a  cairn  ;  and  a  stone  circle  occurred  east  of 
Knipe  Ground  plantation,  with  more  cairns  a  little  more  than  half  a  mile 
south-south-west  of  this  last.  Interments  seem  to  have  been  made  in  the 
first  instance  in  a  small  square  hole,  which  had  been  covered  with  a  boulder. 
Amongst  the  burnt  human  remains  was  a  small  flint  knife. 

West  of  Coniston  Water  at  Torver  (Bleaberry  Hawes)  is  recorded  a 
cairn  29  ft.  in  diameter,  amongst  others,  with  a  burial  cist  and  cremated 
interments,  among  the  remains  of  which  were  found  fragments  of  pottery 
and  of  worked  flints.  In  the  first  case  stones  showing  the  action  of  fire  were 
found  all  the  way  through,  as  well  as  small  quantities  of  charcoal. 

From  this  place  southward  there  is  a  continuous  area  of  prehistoric 
interments.  Just  north  of  Knapperthaw,  which  is  near  to  Lowick,  are 
remains  of  a  stone  circle,  which  has  been  erected  upon  a  stone  ring  platform 
or  embankment.  On  the  north-west  side  still  remain  five  stones  of  small  size, 
while  the  position  of  others  is  traceable.  Probably  the  circle  was  about  90  ft. 
internal  diameter.  There  was  sign  of  an  inner  chamber  on  the  north-west, 
and,  to  the  south-west,  of  an  entrance  or  gap  in  the  ring,  supposed  to  be 
ancient.  Near  Kirkby  Ireleth,  at  Heathwaite,  were  two  small  barrows,  close 
to  two  stone  circles,  called  the  '  Giants'  Graves,'  which  on  being  excavated 
about  two  years  ago  were  found  to  contain  the  bones  of  men  covered  by  a  flat 
stone.  '  In  one  was  a  fragment  of  a  stone  ring  about  two  inches  in  diameter.' 
At  Ireleth  Mill,  also,  were  found  eight  urns  without  tumuli,  arranged  in  a 
line  north-east  to  south-west,  each  containing  human  bones. 

At  Stainton,  near  Dalton,  where  some  direct  evidences  of  the  Bronze 
Age  have  been  found,  there  has  been  discovered  also  a  large  cinerary  urn, 
with  upper  band,  and  '  rudely  ornamented  with  diagonal  lines  forming  a 
pattern.'  A  small  bronze  implement  was  found  within.  Another  similar 
urn  found  at  hand  contained  a  smaller  vessel,  which  is  said  to  have  held 
the  calcined  remains  of  a  child. 

At  Birkrigg  Common,  which  is  east  of  Dalton,  on  a  part  overlooking 
the  village  of  Bardsea,  was  a  circle  about  10  ft.  in  diameter  surrounded  by 
ten  unhewn  stones,  each  about  3  ft.  in  height.  It  has  long  been  called  the 
Druids'  Temple.  This  does  not  seem  to  have  been  explored.  But  on 
Kirkby  Moor  there  has  been  found  evidence  of  interments  in  association 
with  stone  circles  and  cairns. 

Further  south,  at  Scales,  near  Aldingham,  as  long  ago  as  1803  there 
were  found  remains  of  cremated  interments  in  an  urn  under  a  small  cairn. 
Near  to  this  spot  was  found  also  '  a  tomb  in  which  two  persons  had  been 
interred,  having  a  broad,  flat  limestone  laid  over  it,  upon  two  upright  stones 
at  the  end.'  At  BayclifF,  near  to  the  same  place,  are  recorded  some 
sepulchral  urns  from  near  the  Moat  and  Colt  Park  ;  while  in  the  southern 
limit  of  the  peninsula,  at  Roose,  has  been  found  a  burial  by  cremation, 
accompanied  by  vases  of  pottery  deposited.  The  body  seems  to  have  been 

245 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

burnt  upon  the  site,  then  covered  over  by  a  pool  or  mere  of  earth,  upon 
which  '  two  or  three  hundred  cartloads  of  earth  '  had  been  piled.  The  vases, 
with  their  punctured  and  incised  chevron  patterns,  may  have  belonged  to 
the  Bronze  Age  ;  but  some  features  of  the  burial  are  apparently  very  early. 

4.  CLASSIFICATION  OF  LOCALITIES 

Bleasdale,  Broughton  Hall,  Broughton  (Manchester),  Clifton,  Cliviger, 
Darwen,  Haulgh,  Kenyon,  Lancaster,  Littleborough,  Manchester  (Red  Bank), 
Revidge  (Blackburn),  Stonyhurst,  Walmsley,  Warton,  Wavertree,  Weeton, 
Winwick,  Yealand. 

Over  Sands  :  Aldingham,Allithwaite,  Aynwine  Lake,  Rawcliffe,  Birk- 
rigg,  Cartmel,  Ireleth  Mill,  Knapperthaw,  Roose,  Scales,  Stainton,  Torver. 


IV.  IRON    IMPLEMENTS    AND    REMAINS    OF   THE  LATE 
CELTIC    PERIOD 

It  is  hardly  possible  to  see  evidence  in  surviving  remains  of  an  Iron  Age 
proper  in  Lancashire,  intervening  between  the  Bronze  Age  and  the  Roman 
occupation.  Our  record  of  iron  implements  of  Celtic  fabric  is  small  indeed  ; 
but  to  these  must  be  added  other  implements  or  their  attachments,  recognized 
by  their  art  as  belonging  to  the  Later  Celtic  phase  of  culture.  There  is  nothing 
apparently  which  special  criticism  would  date  earlier  than  the  first  century 
B.C.  ;  but  in  the  paucity  of  evidence  the  origins  of  this  new  phase  of  civili- 
zation remain  obscure.  The  subject,  however,  is  of  special  interest,  and  a 
reasonable  inference  may  be  made  from  the  condition  of  the  county  as 
revealed  when  the  first  light  of  history  dimly  penetrates  the  darkness  that 
hitherto  has  enfolded  early  man  in  all  respects,  except  the  general  characters 
of  his  art  in  making  weapons.  If  the  account  of  Ptolemy  is  to  be  regarded 
as  evidence,  it  seems  clear  that  there  was  at  least  one  settled  and  organized 
community  in  Lancashire  at  the  time  the  observations  were  being  made  from 
which  his  notes  were  derived.  Its  name,  Rigodunum,  which  is  also  essen- 
tially Celtic,1  suggests  the  headquarters  of  a  considerable  community.  There 
is  reason  to  believe  it  possible  that  the  situation  of  this  place  was  at  or  near 
to  Lancaster  ; 2  and  it  was  precisely  in  that  vicinity  that  such  evidence  of 
Late  Celtic  art  as  exists  is  mostly  to  be  found.  It  must  not  be  forgotten, 
also,  that  the  best  bronze  implements,  already  described,  come  from  the  same 
region ;  and  that  while  they  suggest  at  least  an  earlier  Celtic  settlement,  there 
is  no  reason  to  suppose  they  are  the  tokens  of  a  purely  bronze-using  popu- 
lation. Looking  again  at  the  map,  and  considering  also  the  general  principle 
involved  in  the  slow  movement  of  culture  waves  and  of  people,  it  must  be 
conceded  as  probable  that  in  our  northern  county,  open  as  it  is  to  the  south, 
while  shut  off  to  the  north  and  west  by  its  hills  and  the  sea,  the  successive 
ages  merged  completely,  culturally  and  ethnologically.  That,  in  a  word,  the 
development  of  a  full  Iron  Age,  as  technically  defined,  by  no  means  eradi- 
cated the  blood  and  art  even  of  the  Neolithic  Age,  much  less  of  the 
first  Celtic  people  of  the  Bronze  Age,  which  was  nearer  and  more  akin. 

1  Rlx  rigps,  a  king  ;  Dunon,  a  town  or  fortress. — Prof.  Rhys. 
*  Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant.  Soc.  vol.  Hi.  '  On  the  Rigodunum  of  Ptolemy.' 
246 


EARLY    MAN 

Our  first  example  is  an  iron  sword,  with  bronze  hilt  and  sheath,  from 
Warton,  near  Lancaster.  The  two  portions,  sword  and  sheath,  have  become 
adherent  and  worn  by  corrosion,  but  the  annexed  restoration, 
in  fig.  30,  is  courteously  supplied  by  the  Ethnographical 
department  of  the  British  Museum,  where  the  object  is 
preserved.  It  is  a  simple  type.  The  handle  is  distinguished 
by  the  circular  ball  enclosed  in  the  triangular  end,  in  which 
circles  and  lines  are  blended  with  the  characteristic  geo- 
metrical and  symmetrical  effect.  The  grasp  is  embellished 
by  three  nicked,  rounded  ridges  which  run  around  it,  one  at 
each  end,  and  one  in  the  middle,  where  the  thickness  is 
somewhat  greater.  Opposed  pear-shaped  ornaments  com- 
plete the  decoration  of  the  hilt.  The  sheath  is  much  worn  ; 
but  down  the  attachment,  which  is 
fixed  by  pins,  may  be  recognized  a 
fine  rope  pattern,  lying  vertically  down 
the  middle.  The  date  of  this  interesting 
relic,  if  the  product  of  normal  develop- 
ment, should  be  the  first  century  B.C. 

Another  relic  of  late  Celtic  work 
is  a  dagger-sheath  from  Pilling  Moss, 
south  of  Lancaster,  now  in  the  mu- 
seum at  Salford.  The  figure,  fig.  31, 
illustrates  this  object  in  every  detail. 
The  position  of  the  attachment,  and 
the  binding  rings,  are  of  interest  ;  and 
the  circular  ornament  of  the  tip  is 
apparently  unique  in  character.  There 
seems  to  be  no  record  of  its  discovery. 
It  was  found  in  Pilling  Moss,  near  to 
Garstang.  Its  length  is  nf  in.  Its 
date  might  be  as  late  as  the  first 
century. 

Some  bronze  fittings,  enamelled, 
but  without  decoration,  said  to  have 
been  found  at  Walton-le-Dale,  and 
now  in  the  museum  at  Preston,  may 
be  assigned  to  Celtic  workmanship. 

Passing  from  the  implements  of 
war,  the  most  striking  object  is  a 
bronze-beaded  torque,  or  necklet,  found 
near  Handle  Hill,  at  Mow  Road,  near 
Rochdale,  where  it  now  remains  in  possession  of  the 
lord  of  the  manor.  It  is  figured  in  fig.  3  a.1  A 
workman  found  it  beneath  a  flagstone  at  the  root  of 
an  oak  tree.  Technically  this  object  belongs  to  FIG.  31.— LATE  CELTIC 
the  class  of  beaded  torques  :— '  Rather  more  than  one  DAGGER-SHEATH  FROM  P,L- 

i_    ir     i_  11         •  i       /-   i  i        ,         r  »-INC  Moss.     (Salford 

half  the  collar  is  composed  of  bronze  beads  of  two  Museum.)    i  :  3. 

1  Taken  from  Fishwick,  op.  cit.,  by  courtesy  of  the  author. 
247 


Fie.  30. — SWORD 
AND  SHEATH  FROM 
WARTON.  (BRITISH 

MUSEUM.) 
Scale,  i   :  4. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

different   shapes  (one   convex  and   the  other  concave)   strung  alternately  on 
a  piece   of  iron  of  square    cross  section,  so   as  to  prevent  the  beads   from 

revolving.  The  remaining  segment 
consists  of  a  bronze  tube  of  rectangular 
cross  section  ornamented  with  the 
Late  Celtic  design.' l 

The  two  halves  of  this  necklet 
are  dowelled  together  with  iron  pins, 
fixing  an  iron  tooth  at  each  end  which 
fits  into  an  appropriate  socket  in  the 
other  half.  It  weighs  about  5  oz. 
and  is  about  4  in.  in  diameter.  It 
is  a  splendid  specimen. 

A  torque  of  three  beads,  the  ma- 
terial bronze  and  of  Late  Celtic  fabric, 
was  exhibited  by  the  Lancashire  and 
Cheshire  Historic  Society  in  their 
collection  now  placed  in  the  Liverpool 
Museum.  Unfortunately  much  local 
archaeology  is  lost  together  with  the 
descriptive  papers  of  the  Society.2 

From  Liverpool  also  comes  a  bronze  coin  of  British  workmanship.  The 
description  8  is  as  follows  : — Obi}.  Two  boars  back  to  back  ;  beneath  each  an 
amulet ;  in  the  centre  behind  them  a  wheel  with  a  line  carried  on  between  their 
backs.  Rev.  A  horse  to  the  right  above,  and  below  uncertain  objects.  The  cha- 
racter of  the  coin  is  allied  to  those  which  may  be  assigned  to  the  Icenian  district. 
Naturally  the  list  of  the  Late  Celtic  remains  is  longer  than  is  here 
represented.  But  the  history  of  Late  Celtic  art  in  the  county  is  interwoven 
with  the  Roman  occupation,  and  later  also  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  ;  hence 
the  description  of  further  remains  of  these  dates,  though  Celtic  in  original 
motive,  may  be  sought  in  the  special  sections  dealing  with  those  periods. 


FIG.  32. — BRONZE  BEADED  TORQUE  FROM  Mow 
ROAD  (ROCHDALE).     Scale,  I  :  2. 


V.  CANOES 

There  remains  an  interesting  series  of  wooden  canoes  or  boats,  among 
other  miscellaneous  remains, 
which  cannot  be  ascribed  in 
the  present  state  of  know- 
ledge to  any  particular  place 
in  the  history  of  Early  Man. 
There  is  little  or  nothing  in 
these  objects  intrinsically 
whereby  to  date  them  :  some 
of  them  may  indeed  have 
been  fashioned  after  the  com- 
ing of  the  Anglo-Saxons ; 
hence  evidence  derived  from 
the  circumstances  of  the  dis- 


FIG.  33. — WOODEN  DUG-OUT  CANOE  FROM  BARTON-UPON-!RWELL. 
(Manchester  Museum,  Owens  College.      I  :  96.) 


l  Romilly  Allen,  Celtic  Art,  p.  1 1 1,  w.  photo  to  face  p.  no. 

»  Hist.  Sac.  Lane,  and  Chei.  xxxi.  1 1 7,  pi.  xii.         8  Sir  John  Evans,  Ancient  British  Coins,  p.  1 20,  with  fig. 

248 


FIG.  34. — WOODEN  DUG-OUT  CANOE  FOUND  AT  IRLAM. 
(Salford  Museum.)     i  :  108. 


EARLY    MAN 

covery  becomes  of  special  importance.      It  is  known  that   dug-out   canoes 
were  used  as  late  as  the  sixteenth  century  for  special  purposes. 

They  have  been  found  in  various  places,  generally  at  considerable  depths 
below  the  ground.  That  found 
at  Barton-upon-Irwell  (Man- 
chester Museum)  was  excavated 
at  a  depth  of  27  ft. ;  that  from 
Irlam  (Salford  Museum)  about 
the  same;  those  from  Martin 
Mere  were  found  'in  the  peat' 
(one  from  Crossens  is  at  Cam- 
bridge Hall,  Southport) ;  two 
from  Preston  (in  the  Harris 
Museum)  at  about  14  ft.  ; 
while  two  were  found  near 
Warrington  (in  the  public 
museum  of  that  place)  at  about 
1 8  ft.  below  the  surface.  These  depths  alone,  whether  caused  by  accumu- 
lation, or  less  often  by  the  object  itself  settling  in  marshy  ground,  indicate 
in  each  case  a  proportionate  antiquity. 

The  canoe  at  Barton-upon-Irwell  lay  about  400  yds.  from  the  present 
bank  of  the  river  at  a  depth  of  27  ft.  It  is  13  ft.  8  in.  in  length,  with  a 
breadth  of  2  ft.  7  in.  fore  and  2  ft.  2  in.  aft.  It  has  suffered  considerable 
damage,  but  its  form  may  be  gleaned  from  the  accompanying  diagram, 

fig-  33- 

There  is  a  hollowed  log  or  small  trough,  sometimes  thought  to  be  a  dug- 
out canoe,  from  the  same  site,  also  in  the  Manchester  Museum.  It  was  found 
in  1889  in  the  Traffbrd  Hall  cutting  of  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal,  about 
six  or  seven  hundred  yards  east  of  Barton  Bridge.  It  is  presumably  modern. 
The  canoe  from  Irlam,  fig.  34,  now  in  the  Salford  Museum,  is  some- 
what similar  in  general  character.  The  stem  is  more  curved  :  .the  bow 
does  not  project  as  a  nose  like  the  former  example,  and  it  has  been  pierced 
at  some,  time  for  a  painter.  Its  greatest  length  is  9  ft.  6  in.,  width  2  ft.  4  in., 
and  depth  1 1  in.  It  was  found  in  cutting  the  Manchester  Ship  Canal,  25  ft. 
from  the  surface. 

Eight  canoes  were  recorded  by  Leigh  1  to  have  been  found  in  the  peat 
of  Martin  Mere.  One  from  this  vicinity  is  in  the  Cambridge  Hall  at  South- 
port.  It  is  longer  than  those  previously  described,  measuring  1 6  J  ft.  over 

all,  with  a  greatest  width  of  3jft. 
and  depth  of  i  ft.  It  differs  also  in 
form  (see  fig.  35),  tapering  regu- 
larly towards  one  end.  Both  ends 
are  narrowed,  and  the  bottom  is 
round.  It  seems  to  have  been 
patched  at  some  time  with  pieces  of 
lead,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that 
the  monks  of  Burscough,  whose  house 
stood  on  the  lake,  may  have  used 


FIG.  35.— DUG-OUT   FOUND    AT    CROSSENS. 
(Cambridge  Hall,  Southport.)     I  :  216. 

1  Leigh,  op.  cit.  bk.  I,  pp.  17,  1 8 1. 
I  249 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

and  repaired  it.  It  was  dredged  up  near  Crossens  :  there  is  no  evidence 
in  this  case  of  great  antiquity. 

The  two  canoes  from  Preston  are  of  greater  interest,  not  only  because 
they  differ  somewhat  in  construction  from  those  previously  described,  but 
also  because  the  circumstances  of  their  discovery  are  known  and  have  been 
carefully  recorded. 

In  a  considerable  excavation  made  for  the  construction  of  the  Kibble 
Docks  at  Preston,  various  objects  of  antiquity  were  come  upon  at  levels 
which  varied  from  10  to  20  ft.  below  the  surface,  including  a  bronze  leaf- 
shaped  spear-head,  shown  in  fig.  22,  and  animal  remains  of  the  urus  or 
wild  ox.  Associated  with  these  were  a  series  of  human  skulls,  described 
in  a  later  section,  p.  256,  which,  though  too  few  in  numbers  to  war- 
rant any  general  conclusion,  suggest  by  their  range  of  indices  that 
mixing  of  races  which,  as  the  evidence  of  art  also  shows,  took  place  at  the 
uprising  of  the  Bronze  Age  with  the  incoming  of  a  Celtic  element  among  the 
population.  The  great  antiquity  of  this  stratum  is  well  substantiated,  and 
is  of  importance  in  considering  the  date  of  unknown  types.  The  first  of 
these  canoes  lay,  when  found,  on  a  bed  of  gravel  14  ft.  below  the  surface,  at 
a  distance  of  130  ft.  from  the  present  river  bank.  It  is  8ft.  9  in.  long,  2ft. 
6  in.  across  in  extreme  width,  and  has  a  greatest  depth  of  i  ft.  Its  stern  was 
closed  by  a  stern-board  inserted  in  a  groove,  cut  in  the  sides  and  bottom. 
The  prow  projects  10  in.  forward  of  the  dug-out  portion.  The  stern  is 
hollowed  from  the  root  of  the  tree-stem. 

The  second  of  the  Preston  canoes  (see  Plate  VI.— i.)  is  smaller  and  less 
elaborate.  Its  length  over  all  is  7  ft.  8j  in.,  with  greatest  width  2  ft.  8  in., 
and  width  at  the  stern  2  ft.  2  in.  Its  depth  is  i  ft.  2i  in.,  while  the  bottom 
remains  i  J  in.  thick  in  the  middle  and  4*  in.  thick  at  the  stern.  In  the  bow 
is  an  irregularly-shaped  hole.  There  are  traces  of  clean  cutting  produced  by 
sharp  metallic  tools.  It  was  found  at  a  depth  of  13  ft.,  about  a  quarter  of  a 
mile  east  of  Penwortham  Church. 

Hitherto  there  has  been  found  no  criterion  for  assigning  a  date  to  such 
dug-out  canoes  from  intrinsic  evidence.  The  mere  fact  of  simplicity  of 
construction  must  not  be  taken  alone  as  a  sign  of  great  antiquity.  Movable 
stern-boards,  also,  are  found  alike  in  association  with  lake  dwellings  of  the 
Bronze  Age,1  and  in  a  deposit  of  Late  Celtic  times  at  Buxton.*  The  only 
satisfactory  dating  of  these  canoes  must  be  separately  done  from  the  special 
associations  of  each  example.  The  Preston  canoes  seem  to  be  as  early  as  the 
Bronze  Age,  and  the  oldest  in  the  county  ;  while  that  from  Crossens  may  not 
be  as  old  as  Norman  times. 

There  remain  two  canoes,8  found  near  Warrington  in  the  Arpley 
Fields,  each  found  about  20  to  25  yards  northward  from  the  former  bank 
of  the  Mersey  at  that  place  before  the  cutting  of  the  Ship  Canal,  and  at 
a  depth  of  about  18  ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  One  canoe  is 
ribbed  in  two  places  and  of  considerable  elaboration.  It  is  furnished  with 
a  seat  in  the  broader  end,  and  several  pegs  are  fitted  regularly  around 
the  gunwale.  Each  one  is  rounded,  and  several  plug  holes  are  provided 

1  Proe.  SK.  Antiq.  Scot.  xi.  21.  »  Ibid.  206. 

8  Admirably  described  and  illustrated,  Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  N.S.  x.  97,  Madeley  on  'Two  Ancient 
Boats  found  near  Warrington.' 

250 


EARLY    MAN 

centrally.     The  whole  length  is   12  ft.  4  in.,  width   2ft.    10  in.,  and  depth 
1 2  to  1 5  in. 

The  other  canoe  is  smaller  and  less  elaborated,  with  a  length  of 
i oft.  8  in.,  breadth  about  2ft.  6  in.  towards  the  prow  and  i  ft.  10  in.  nearer 
the  stern.  The  prow  is  beaked  while  the  stern  is  rounded.  There  is  again 
a  suggestion  of  peg  holes,  but  the  canoe  is  very  poorly  preserved.  The 
evidence  of  association  takes  these  canoes  back  to  considerable  antiquity, 
certainly  before  the  urus  became  extinct  in  the  locality. 


TOPOGRAPHICAL  AND  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL  LIST  OF  PREHISTORIC  ANTIQUITIES 
FOUND  IN  LANCASHIRE 

The  complete  bibliography  on  the  subject  of  Early  Man  in  Lancashire  may  be  found  in  The 
Archaeological  Survey  of  Lancashire,  edited  by  W.  Harrison,  Esq.  and  issued  under  the  auspices  of  the 
Society  of  Antiquaries,  which  constitutes  the  essential  preliminary  index  to  the  antiquities  of  the 
county.  Recent  finds  and  researches  made  since  1896  have  augmented  this  list,  and  are  incorporated 
below.  Much  information  not  separately  acknowledged  has  naturally  been  derived  from  correspon- 
dence with  archaeologists  in  the  county  and  from  personal  inspection  of  the  various  museums  and 
numerous  private  collections. 

AINSWORTH,  COCKEY  MOOR. — Bronze  looped  palstave  [Lane,  and  Ches.Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  249],  p.  231.  fig.  14. 

ANGLEZARKE. — Stone  circle  [Ibid.  x.  249],  p.  242. 

ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE,  Museum. — Perforated  round  stone  hammer  or  mace-head,  p.  227. 

ASHWORTH   MOOR,  near  Rochdale. — Bronze  palstave  [at  Heywood  Waterworks],  p.  232,  fig.  1 6. 

BARNACRE,  near  Garstang. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Ibid.  xii.  135],  p.  222. 

BARTON-ON-!RWELL. — Dug-out  wooden  canoe  [Mane.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  Trans,  xxxii.  243  ;  Manchester   Mus.; 

Owens  College],  p.  249,  fig.  33. 

Hollowed  log  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  249  ;  Manchester  Mus.],  p.  249. 
BESOM  HILL,  near  Oldham. — Flint  chippings,  etc.  [Ibid.  x.  251]  p.  215. 
BICKERSHAW  HALL,  near  Wigan. — 3  celts  [Lane.  C.  iv.  308]. 
BLACKBURN,  Revidge. — Tumulus,  urn,  interment,  bone  pin,  bronze  pinhead  [Lane.  Local  Gleanings,  iii.   382  ; 

Law.  and  Ches.  Antlq.  See.  Trans,  v.  272,  Plate  4  ;  Blackburn  Mus.],  p.  242,  fig.  28. 
BLACKPOOL. — Stone  polished  celt  [Weld  MSS.  ;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soe.  Trans,  vi.  1 80]  p.  218. 

Stone  axe-hammer  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  224. 
BLACKROD,  near  Wigan. — Axe- hammer  of  stone  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soe.  Trans,  xvi.  158  ;  Bolton  Mus.], 

p.  224. 
BLACKSTONE  EDGE. — Neolithic  flints,  arrow-heads,  etc.   [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4  ;  Rochd.  Lit.  and  Phil.   Soc.], 

pp.  215,  216. 
BLEASDALE,  near  Garstang. — Flint  implement   [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,   x.   249]  ;  tumulus,   timber 

circles,  urns,  interments  [Ibid.  xvii.  254-280],  p.  243,  fig.  29,  Plate  VI. 
BOLTON. — Roundish  perforated  hammer  [Bolton  Mus].     Neolithic  chippings,  flint  implement,  etc.     [Ibid.  v. 

329  ;  x.  249],  p.  226,  fig.  II. 
BOWLAND.— Perforated  stone  axe  [Weld  MSS.  ;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soe.  Trans,  iv.],  p.  221. 

Perforated  round  stone  hammer  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  226. 

BRANDWOOD  MOOR,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  314],  p.  215. 
BROUGHTON. — Mound,  urn,  interment  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soe.  Trans,  v.  296  ;  Salford  Mus.],  p.  244. 
BROUGHTON  (LOWER),  Manchester. — Neolithic  chippings,  flint  implement,  etc.  [Ibid.  v.  330  ;  x.  250],  p.  215. 


EDGE. — Flint  chippings,  etc.  [Ibid.  vi.  139]. 
WARDLE  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — I 


BROWN  WARDLE  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 

Flint  knife  [MSS.  of  W.  Baldwin]. 
BULL  HILL,  near  Bury. — Neolithic  chippings  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soe.  Trans,  iv.  304.    Arrow-head  and  flakes 

[Ibid.  iv.  305-6  ;  v.  328-9],  pp.  215,  216. 

BURNLEY,  Cant  Clough. — Bronze  palstave  [Information  of  J.  Allen,  Esq.],  p.  232. 
CASTLESHAW.—  Two  stone  celts.     [Mr.  W.  Andrew.]     See  also  Royton  Park  and  Milnrow. 
CHARTERS  Moss. — See  Turton. 

CHEETHAM,  Manchester. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Ibid.  x.  251],  p.  215. 
CHEETWOOD,  Manchester. — Perforated  stone  adze  [Manchester  Mus.],  p.  220,  fig.  5. 
CHIPPING,  near  Preston. — Stone  axe-hammer  ;  small  worked  flint  [Preston  Mus.],  pp.  215,  224. 
CHORLTON  CUM  HARDY,  Manchester. — Stone  celt  [Ibid.  x.  250],  p,  218. 
CHORLTON  UPON  MEDLOCK,  Manchester. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Ibid.  v.  328],  p.  215. 
CLAUGHTON  HALL. — Perforated  stone  axe  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  221  ;  tumulus,  small  polished  axe-hammer  of  stone 

[Evans,  Stone  Imp.  p.  188  ;  Arch.  Journ.  vi.  74],  p.  225,  Plate  II.-6. 

251 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

CLIFTON,  Manchester. — Urn,  ashes  [Arch,  ix.  191  ;  xliii.  362],  p.  244. 

CLITHEROK. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Sac.  Trans,  v.  331],  p.  215  ;  stone  hammer  and 
two  axe-hammers  (?)  [Mane.  Geol.  Soc],  p.  226  ;  bronze  celts,  looped  [Hist.  Soc.  of  Lane,  and  Ches.  iii. 
p.  26,  pi.  I.]. 
CLIVIGER. — Tumuli,  stone  circles,  urns,  interments,  small  flint  implements  [Lane,  and  Cbes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans. 

xi.  156  ;  Burnley  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.],  218. 

COLNE. — Bronze  dagger  [Information  of  Mr.  W.  Farrer],  p.  234,  fig.  21. 
Cow  HEYS,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  zij. 
CROSSENS  (Martin  Mere). — Wooden  dug-out  canoe  [Lane,  and  Cbes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  xvii.  264  ;  Southport, 

Cambridge  Hall],  p.  249,  fig.  35. 

CROW  KNOLL,  near  Oldham. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4]. 
CUERDALE.— See  Walton-le-Dale. 
CULVERT  CLOUGH,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings  [Ibid.  3,  4],  p.  2 1 5  ;  leaf-shaped  arrow-head  \Rochd. 

Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.],  p.  215. 
DARWEN,  OVER. — Tumulus,  urns,  bronze  dagger  [Alrum,  Hist,  of  Blackburn,  23  ;  Liverpool  Mus.],  pp.  234, 

242,  figs.  26,  27. 

DEAN,  near  Bolton. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  128  ;  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Asm.  xv.  232  ;  Warring- 
ton  Mus.],  p.  224,  Plate  II.-4. 

DROYLESDEN. — Stone  celt  [Higson,  Droylesden,  29,  30]  ;  [rhafted  bronze  axe,  Ibid.],  p.  218. 
EGBERT  DEAN. — See  Sharpies. 

FLIXTON. — Large  stone  celt  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  107  ;  Arch  Journ.  vii.  389  ;  Blackmore  Mus.],  p.  217.  • 
FLOWER  SCAR  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
FOXTON  EDGE,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  barbed  arrow-head  of  flint  [Ibid,  3,  4],  p.  215,  216. 
GARSTANG. — See  Barnacre,  Claughton,  Pilling,  Winmarleigh. 
GOLDSHAW  BOOTH,  Pendle. — Perforated  stone  hammer  [Baines,  Lane.  iii.  234]. 
GOOSNARGH,  near  Preston. — Rounded  stone  hammer,  perforated,  pp.  220,  226,  fig.  12. 
GREAT  WINNING  GULF. — Flint  chippings,  arrowhead,  etc.  [Lane,  and  Cbes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  328],  p.  215. 
HADES  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 

Barrow,  urn,  tumulus,  and  flint  objects  [Rocbd.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  vii.  56-63],  p.  238. 
Arrow-head,  barbed,  from  near  the  barrow. 

HAMELDON  HILL,  BLACK  (Worsthorne). — Barrow  [Burnley  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc],  p.  239. 
HAULGH,  near  Bolton.— Barrow,  stone  chamber,  urn,  interment,  bronze  knife  [Hist.  Soc.  of  Lane,  and  Ches.  iv. 

130],  pp.  234,  241. 
HAYDOCK. — Round  hammer  or  spindle-whorl  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xv.   233  ;  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  206  ; 

Warrington  Mus.],  p.  227,  Plate  II.— 7. 

HEATON  CHAPEL. — Stone  perforated  hammer  [Baines,  Lane.  iv.  484  ;  Manchester  Mus.],  p.  223,  fig.  9. 
HELPET  EDGE,  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
HIGH  HODDER  BRIDGE,  near  Clitheroe. — Stone  hammer  (?)  [Blackburn  Mus.]. 
HOLLINGWORTH  LAKE,  near  Rochdale. — Flint  chippings  and  worked  stones  [Rochdale  Mus.],  p.  216. 

Rounded  perforated  hammer  [Rochdale  Mus.],  p.  227. 

HOPWOOD. — Stone  axe-hammer  (?)  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xv.  232  ;  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  178],  p.  226. 
HUNGER  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  arrow-head  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
IRLAM. — Rounded  perforated  hammer  of  stone  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  250  ;  Warrington  Mus.], 
p.  227,  Plate  II.-8. 

Bronze  looped  spear-head  [Ibid.  x.  250  ;  Warrington  Mus.],  p.  236,  fig.  23. 
Wooden  dug-out  canoe  [Ibid.  x.  250  ;  Salford  Mus.],  p.  249,  fig.  34. 
KENYON. — Tumulus,  urn,  bronze  pin  [Ibid.  x.  250  ;  Warrington  Mus.]. 

Bronze  Age  barrow,  urns,  interments,  [Ibid,  xxi.],  p.  240,  fig.  25. 

KERSAL  MOOR. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Salford  Mus.  ;  Ibid.  v.  238,  x.  250,  xii.  118],  p.  215. 
KNOLL  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.,  arrow-head  [Ibid.  xxi.  v.  328],  pp.  214,  216. 
LANCASTER. — Perforated  stone  axe-hammer  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  225,  fig.  10. 
Perforated  stone  axe  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  222. 
Stone  celts  [Watkin,  Roman  Lane.  164-5]. 
Armlet  of  stone  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  427  (2nd  ed.)]. 

Urns,  interments  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xxxiii.  125  ;  Antiquary,  May  1901],  p.  242. 
LANCASTER  (near,  in  bed  of  the  River  Lune). — Axe-hammer  of  stone  [Chadwick  Mus.  Bolton],  p.  222,  fig.  8. 
LEAGRAM.— Two  stone  celts  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  217,  fig.  2. 

LEES  (Thornley),  near  Oldham.— Bronze  spear-head,  broken  [Lane,  and  Cbes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Tram.  xix.  240]. 
LEIGH. — Bronze  looped  spear-head  [Mane.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  v.  531],  p.  236. 
LITTLEBORO'.— Tumulus,  urn,  interment,  flint  implement  [Rochdale  Mus.],  pp.  218,  239. 
LIVERPOOL. — Stone  axe,  grooved  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  151  ;  Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  xx.  15],  p.  218. 
Stone  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  87  ;  Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  xix.  168]. 
British  coins  [Evans,  Coins,  1 20],  p.  248. 

LONGDEN  END  MOOR,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
LONGRIDGE,  near  Preston. — Perforated  axe-hammer  [Lane,  and  Cbes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  329  ;  Preston  Mus.], 
P.  223. 

Stone  implement  (rough  celt),  p.  219. 
Barbed  arrow-head  [Weld  MSS.],  pp.  215,  216. 

LOWER  MOOR,  near  Todmorden. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 

252 


EARLY    MAN 

MANCHESTER. — See  Cheetham,  Cheetwood,  Chorlton-cum-Hardy,  Chorlton  upon  Medlock,  Clifton,  Heaton, 

Lower  Broughton,  Kersal,  Moss  Side,  Salfbrd,  Withington. 

MANCHESTER,  Alexandra  Park.— Two  round  perforated  stone  hammers  [Queen's  Park  Mus.],  p.  227,  Plate  II.-8. 
Corporation  Street. — Stone  adze-hammer  [Queen's  Park  Mus.],  p.  219,  fig.  4. 
Greenheys. — Stone  adze-hammer  [Manchester  Mus.],  p.  219,  fig.  3. 

Red  Bank.— Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Sac.  Tram.  iii.  254]  ;  arrow-head  [Man- 
chester Mus.]  ;  urn  [Ibid.  v.  295],  p.  244. 

Queen's  Park. — Perforated  stone  axe  [Queen's  Park  Mus.],  p.  221,  fig.  6. 
MARTIN  MERE.— Stone  hatchet,  (?)  eight  wooden  canoes  [Leigh,  op.  cit.  i.  17,  181],  p.  249. 
Two  bronze  palstaves  [Lanes,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Sue.  Trans,  xxi.],  p.  231,  fig.  15. 
Canoe  found  at  Crossens  [Southport,  Cambridge  Hall],  p.  249,  fig.  35. 

MARTON  (Fylde). — Stone  celt,  looped  bronze  celt  or  palstave  [Thornber,  Blackpool,  8,  328],  p.  234. 
MELLOR,  near  Blackburn. — Stone  axe-hammer,  small  worked  flint  [Blackburn  Mus.],  pp.  2 1  5,  223,  Plate  III.— 2. 
MIDDLE  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  arrow-head  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Sue.  Trans,  v.  328]. 
MIDDLETON. — See  Winwick. 
MILNROW,  Rochdale. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Ibid,  xviii.  1 86  ;  Rochdale  Mus.],  p.  223. 

Stone  celt  [private  information],  p.  218. 

MODE  WHEEL.— Perforated  stone  axe  [Ibid.  x.  251  ;  Salford  Mus.],  p.  220,  Plate  III.-I. 
MORECAMBE. — Flint  celt  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  218. 
Moss  SIDE,  near  Manchester. — Neolithic  chippings  [Lane,  and  Cbes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  251],  p.  215. 

Portion  of  bronze  collar. 

Mow  ROAD,  near  Rochdale. — Bronze  torque,  with  iron  pins  [Arch.  xxv.  J95]>  p.  247,  fig.  32. 
NEWTON-LE-WILLOWS. — Stone  celt  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xv.  231-2  ;  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  107  ;  Warrington 

Mus.],  p.  217,  Plate  II.-3. 

OAKENROD. — Perforated  stone  axe  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  13],  p.  2ZI. 
OCDEN  CLOUGH,  Pendle  Forest,  near  Burnley. — Perforated  stone  axe-hammer,  p.  224  [Information  of  J.  Allen, 

Esq.] 

OLDHAM.— See  Besom  Hill,  Crow  Knoll,  Piethorne. 

ORFORD,  near  Warrington. — Stone-celt  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xv.  231;  Warrington  Mus.],  p.  218,  Plate  II.— I. 
PENDLE. — See  Goldshaw  Booth,  Ogden  Clough,  Windy  Harbour,  Wiswell. 
PIETHORNE,  near  Oldham. — Bronze  spear-head  [Lane,  and  Ckes.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  xix.  271  ;  Oldham  Mus.], 

p.  236,  fig.  24. 

PILLING,  near  Garstang. — Stone  celt  [Ibid.  v.  328],  p.  218. 
Bronze  celt  [Ibid.  xix.  248]. 
Bronze  dagger -sheath  [Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  iv.  105  ;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antij.Soc.  Trans,  xiii.  134  ; 

Salford  Mus.],  p.  247,  fig.  31. 
PRESTON. — Stone  celt,  p.  219.     Bronze  spear-head  [Ibid.  v.  343  ;  Preston  Mus.],  p.  235,  fig.  22. 

Two   wooden  dug-out   canoes    [Ibid.    v.    344;     Preston  Mus.],    p.    250,   Plate   VI.— I.       Skulls, 

pp.  250,  256. 

Ribble,  near. — Portion  of  stone  adze  [Ibid.  v.  329;  Preston  Mus.],  p.  220. 
QUERNMORE,  near  Lancaster.— Stone  hammer-head  (?)  [Baines,  Lane.  iv.  484],  p.  226. 
RADCLIFFE,  near  Manchester. — Neolithic  chippings  and  worked  flints ;  arrow-heads  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soc. 

Trans,  v.  328],  p.  215. 

RAMSDEN,  near  Todmorden.— Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 

READ. — Bronze  celt  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant'tq.  Soe.  Trans,  xiii.  127  ;  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  47],  p.  229,  fig.  13. 
READYCON  DEAN,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
REVIDGE,  see  Blackburn. 

RIBBLE,  River.— Five  bronze  celts  and  spear-head  [Mane.  Lit.  and  Phil.  Soc.  v.  527,  534],  p.  233,  236. 
RISLEY,  near  Warrington. — Flat  bronze  celt  [Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.   (Ser.   2)  v.  423  ;  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  46  ; 

Warrington  Mus.],  p.  229. 
RIXTON,  near  Warrington.— Flat  bronze  celt  [Arch.  Journ.  xviii.   154;  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  46 ;  Warrington 

Mus.],  p.  230,  Plate  IV.-i. 

ROBIN  HOOD'S  BED,  Blackstone  Edge. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
ROCHDALE.— See   Ashworth   Moor,    Brown  Wardle  Hill,   Brandwood   Moor,  Culvert  Clough,  Cow  Keys, 
Foxton  Edge,  Flower  Scar  Hill,  Great   Winning  Gulf,  Hunger  Hill,  Helpet  Edge,  Hades  Hill,  Knoll 
Hill,  Longden  End  Moor,  Middle  Hill,  Rushy  Hill,  Rough  Hill,  Readycon  Dean,  Robin  Hood's  Bed, 
Turnshaw  Hill,  Trough  Edge,  Well  i'  th'  Lane,  Wardle  Moor,  Tooter  Hill,  p.  215. 
ROYTON. — Stone  celt  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soe.  Trans,  viii.  1 80],  p.  218. 
ROUGH  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.  213. 
RUSHY  HILL,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings  [Ibid.  3,  4],  p.  215. 
SADDLEWORTH  (on  the  Yorkshire  border). —Stone  celt. 
SALFORD.— See  Broughton,  Mode  Wheel. 

Neolithic  chippings  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  329]. 
SALWICK. — Stone  celt  [Leigh,  Bk.  i.  181],  p.  218. 

SHARPLES,  Egbert  Dean. — Bronze  palstave  [Hist.  Soe.  Lane,  and  Ches.  iv.  131],  p.  232. 

SILVERDALE.— Roundish  perforated  hammer  [Bolton  and  Leicester  Museums ;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soc.  Trans. 
v.  329  ;  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  320],  p.  226. 

Stone  axe-hammer,  broken  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xxix.  304-5  ;  Bolton  Mus.],  p.   224. 
SOUTHWORTH  (Croft)  near  Warrington.— Bronze  palstave  [Warrington  Mus.],  p.  200,  Plate  IV.-2. 

253 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

SNODDLE  HILL. — Circle  of  stones  :  cist ;  flint  objects ;  circular  ornament  perforated  [MSS.  of  W.  Baldwin, 

Esq.  ;  Manchester  Museum]. 

STALYBRIDGE  (Cheshire  border). — Perforated  round  stone  hammers  [Salford  Mus.]. 
ST.  HELENS.— Stone  axe-hammer  [St.  Helens  Mus.],  p.  225,  Plate  III.-j. 
STONYHURST. — Tumulus,  urns,  interments,  flint    implement    [Lane,    and  Ches.   Antlq.   Sue.   Trans,    xii.   30  ; 

xiii.  27],  pp.  218,  239. 

STRETTON,  Warrington. — Fragment  of  urns  [Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  i.-ii.  33],  p.  240. 
TATHAM.— Stone  axe-hammer  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Ant'tq.  Sac.  Trans,  v.  329  ;  Salford  Mus.],  p.  223,  Plate  III.-3. 
THROSTLE'S  NEST,  Manchester. — Stone  hammer  [Salford  Mus.],  p.  225. 
TODMORDEN. — See  Lower  Moor,  Ramsden,  etc.     Neolithic  chippings  [Ibid.  x.  252],  p.  215. 
TOOTER  HILL. —  Neolithic  chippings,  arrowheads  [Ibid.  iv.  305],  p.  215. 
TOXTETH  PARK,  Liverpool. — See  Wavertree. 

TROUGH  EDGE,  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  arrowhead,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.   215. 
TURNSHAW  HILL. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Ibid.  3,  4],  p.  215. 

TURTON,  Charters  Moss. — Stone  axe-hammer  (?),  bronze  palstave  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xxvii.  526;  Lane, 
and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  xii.  48],  pp.  226,  231,  Plate  IV.-3. 

Chetham's  Close. — Stone  circles  [Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.   iv.   131-2;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc. 

Trans,  xi.  1 5  5,  xii.  42]. 

WALMSLEY,  near  Bolton.— Tumulus,  urn,  interment,  stone  celt,  flint  [Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  iv.  1 3 1],  p.  2 1 8. 
WALSDEN  MOOR. — Arrowhead,  p.  216. 

WALTON-LE-DALE  (Cuerdale,  near  Preston). — Bronze  socketed  celt  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  119;  Journ.  Brit.  Arch. 
Assoc.  viii.  332],  p.  233,  Plate  IV.-6. 

Bronze  spear-head  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  314;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  xiii.  130,  155]. 

Bronze  trappings  [Preston  Mus.],  p.  247. 
WARDLE,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  op.  cit.  3,  4],  p.   215. 

Stone  celt  [Ibid.],  p.  218. 
WARRINGTON. — Wooden  dug-out  canoes  [Warrington  Mus.],  p.  250.      See  also  Kenyon,  Orford,  Risley,  Rixton, 

Stretton,  Southworth,  Winwick. 
WARTON. — Tumuli,  urns,  interments  [Arch.  ix.  211,  217]. 

Iron  sword  with  bronze  handle  [B.M.],  p.  247,  fig.  30. 
WAVERTREE. — Remains  of  tumuli,  urns  [Arch,  xliii.  347],  p.  239. 

Calderstones,  disturbed  dolmen  or  chamber  of  tumulus  [Herdman,  The  Calderstones~\,  p.  240. 

Flint  arrow-head  and  flake,  stone  celt  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  347  ;  Liverpool  Mus.],  pp.  216,  218. 
WEETON. — Tumulus,  urns. 

Stone  celt  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  328],  p.  218. 

Bronze  palstave  [Fishwick,  Kirkham,  5],  p.  232. 
WECBER,  near  Carnforth. — Stone  hammer,  bronze  celts  and  spear-heads  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans. 

ii.  116;  v.  327],  p.  234. 
WELL  i"  TH'  LANE,  near  Rochdale. — Neolithic  chippings,  etc.  [Fishwick,  Rochdale,  3,  4],  p.  215. 


WILPSHIRE,  near  Blackburn. — Perforated  stone  axe  [Weld  MSS.],  p.  222,  fig.  7. 

~  3ne  celt  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  1 06;  Hora 
WINMARLEIGH. — Five   bronze  celts  and   two   spearheads   [Arch.   Journ.   xviii.    158],   p.   236,   Plate    V.-I-7, 


WINDY  HARBOUR,  Pendle.— Stone  celt  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  106  ;  Horae  Ferales,  ii.  7,  B.M.],  p.  217,  fig.  I. 


figs.  18-20. 

Three  bronze  celts  and  dagger  [Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xv.  234],  p.  235,  Plate  V.-8-II,  fig.  17. 
Bronze  tubes  [Warrington  Mus. ;  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  1 1 8,  314,  335,  466]. 
WINWICK. — Tumuli,  urns,  stone  axe-hammer  and  bronze  dagger ;  palstave  and  ring  ;  bronze   socketed   celt 

[Warrington  Mus.,  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  xiv.  269  ;  xv.  236  ;  xvi.  295  ;  Arch.  Journ. xviii.  158  ;  Evans, 

Bronze  Imp.  n  8,  314,  335,  466  ;  Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  xii.    190],  p.   225,  Plate  II.-5  ;  p.  231, 

Plate  IV.-4  ;  p.  234,  Plate  IV.-6  ;  p.  235,  Plate  IV.-7  ;  p.  240. 
WISWELL,  near  Pendle. — Stone  celt  [Blackburn  Mus.],  p.  217. 

WITHINGTON,  near  Manchester. — Axe-hammer  of  stone  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  251]. 
WORSTHORNE. — Neolithic  chippings,  tumuli,  urns,  ring  mounds,  etc.  [Booth,  Grave  Mounds,  Burnley  Lit.  and 

Phil.  Soc.],  pp.  215,  239. 
YEALAND. — Urn,  interment  [Arch.  vii.  414],  p.  244. 

LANCASHIRE   NORTH    OF   THE   SANDS 

ALDINGHAM. — Urns  [West,  Antlq.  ofFurness,  389],  p.  245. 

ALLITHWAITE. — Urns,  interments  [Watkin,  Roman  Lane.  215  ;  Baines,  Lane.  iv.  718],  p.  244. 

AYESIDE. — Stone  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  178],  p.  227. 

AYNSOME  (Cartmel). — Urn,  interment  [Stockdale,  Ann.  ofCartmel,  251],  p.  245. 

BARROW-IN-FURNESS. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.    Trans,   v.   328;  Cumb.  and  Westmld. 

Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  xiv.  442],  p.  228. 

Perforated  pebble  [Barrow  Nat.  Field  Club,  xv.  1 1 7]. 

BAYCLIFFE  (Aldingham). — Interments  [Jopling,  Fumess  and  Cartmel,  96],  p.  245. 
BIRKRIGG  COMMON. — Stone  circle  [Arch.  xxxi.  450],  p.  245. 
BROUGHTON-IN-FURNESS. — Stone  implement,  flint  flakes,  and  arrowheads  [Baines,  op.  cit.  iv.  641  ;  Lane,  and 

Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  328],  p.  216 
CARK-IN-CARTMEL. — Perforated  stone  hammer  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Anfiq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.  203],  p.  228. 

254 


EARLY    MAN 

CARTMEL,  Winder  Moor.— Urn,   interment,  stone  celt,  stone   implements,    bronze  implements  [Stockdale, 

op.  cit.  250,  255  ;  Baines,  op.  cit.  iv.  712],  pp.  219,  237,  245. 
CONISHEAD. — Stone  celt  (curious)  [B.M.]. 

CONISTON  LAKE.— Stone  implements  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Sue.  Trans,  ix.  203-4],  p.  228. 
DALTON  IN  FURNESS.— Bronze  spear-head  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  xiii.  139]. 

Weapons  [West,  op.  cit.  345  ;  Sword,  Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  xv.  165]. 

Stone  celt  [Barrow  N.  F.  Club,  xv.  117]. 
DENDRON.— Stone  implements  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.  504]. 

Two  flint  implements. 
FLOOKBURGH.— Stone  implements  [Stockdale,  op.  cit.  250]  ;  bronze  palstaves  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc. 

Trans,  viii.  265],  p.  237. 

FURNESS  ABBEY.— Stone  celt  [Ibid.  xv.  168],  p.  219. 
FURNESS.— Stone  implement  [Arch.  xxxi.  452]  ;  bronze  celt  and  armlet  [Lane,  and  Cbes.   Antlq.  Soc.  Trans. 

Z521.  P-  237- 

GLEASTON  CASTLE. — Stone  implement  [LonsJale  Mag.  iii.  383]  ;  bronze  celt  [Arch.  v.  106],  p.   237. 
GRANGE-OVER-SANDS. — Stone  implement,  flint  implements  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Sac.  Trans,  x.  250],  p.  216. 
HARBARROW,  near  Dalton. — Stone  hammer  [Ibid.  xii.  146  ;  Warrington  Mus.],  p.  228. 
HAWKSHEAD. — Tumulus,  urn,  interment,  flint  implement   [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.   Trans,  iii.  254]. 

Stone  implement,  pp.  216,  245. 
HEATHWAITE. — Interments  [Arch.  xxxi.  452],  p.  245. 

HIGH  HAUME. — Stone  implements  [Lonsdale  Mag.  iii.  383  ;  Barber,  Prehistoric  Furness,  20]. 
IRELETH    MILL. — Urns,    interments    [Ibid.    30  ;  Cumb.    and   Westmld.    Antlq.    Soc.    Trans,    ix.    202 ;    Arch. 

liii.  414],  p.  245. 

KIRKBY  IRELETH. — Flint  implements,  p.  216. 

KIRKBY  MOOR. — Stone  circle,  cairn,  flint  implements,  etc.  [Arch.  xxxi.  450]. 

KIRKHEAD. — Bronze  celts  and  miscellaneous  [Arch.  Journ.  xxv.  324  ;  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  168],  p.  237. 
KNAPPERTH AW.— Stone  circle  [Barber,  op.  cit.  23  ;  A.  liii.  418]. 
LINDALE. — Stone  axe-hammers  [Arch.  xxxi.  452  ;  Evans,  Stone  Imp.  204],  p.  228. 
MOOR  HEAD. — Two  stone  implements  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  xv.  169]. 
PAGE  BANK. — Bronze  dagger  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  251],  p.  237. 
PENNINGTON,  near  Conishead. — Stone  celt  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.  503],  p.  219. 
RAMPSIDE. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  v.  328],  p.  227. 
ROOSE. — Tumulus,  urns,  interments  [Arch.  Journ.  iii.  68],  p.  245. 

Stone  adze  {Barrow  N.  F.  Club,  xv.  1 1 7]. 

ROOSEBECK,  near  Aldingham. — Stone  implement  [Far.  ii.  17],  p.  219. 
RUSLAND. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.  203],  p.  227. 
SCALES. — Urns,  interment  [West,  op.  cit.  392  ;  Barber,  op.  cit.  26],  p.  245. 

Two  stone  celts  [Barrow  N.  F.  Club,  xv.  1 18]. 
STAINTON. — Urn  with  bronze  weapon  [Fur.  ii.  37],  p.  245. 

Urn,  stone  celts,  iron  implements  [Barber,  op.  cit.  31]. 

Two  bronze  celts,  p.  237. 

STATION  (Barrow). — Stone  celt,  stone  axe-hammer  [Barrow  N.  F.  Club,  xv.  1 17-1 18]. 
TORVER. — Stone  hammer,  p.  227. 

Tumuli,  urns,  interments,  bone  and  flint  objects  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.   502], 

p.  245. 

ULVERSTON. — Stone  celt,  stone  implements  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.  204  ;  Salford  Mus.]. 
URSWICK.— Bronze  sword  (?)  [Barber,  op.  cit.  1 8]. 

Six  socketed  celts  [Pres.],  p.  237. 
WALNEY  ISLAND. — Stone  axe-hammer  [Barrotv  N.  F.  Club,  xv.  1 17],  p.  228. 

North  Scale.-Urn. 
WINDER  MOOR. — See  Cartmel. 

WOODLANDS.— Stone  implement  [Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  x.  252]. 
WRAY  HILL. — Stone  implements,  celts  and  hammers  [Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Antlq.  Soc.  Trans,  ix.  204]. 


255 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


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ANGLO-SAXON  REMAINS 

THE  existing   Anglo-Saxon   remains   in   Lancashire   are   few  :    they 
consist  chiefly  of  hoards  or  isolated  finds  of  coins,  some  interesting 
ornaments,  and  sculptured  Christian  monuments.     The  coins  alone 
afford  any  dates,  but  none  of  these  apparently  are  earlier  than  the 
ninth  century.     Most  of  the  other  remains  may  be  deemed  as  late  or  even 
later,  but  in  the  present  state  of  local  evidence  an  appearance  of  exactitude 
as  to  date  could  only  be  misleading.     Hence  archaeology  can  offer  little  direct 
help  to  history  in  the  study  of  this  period.     The  evidence  of  place-names, 
if  this  were  available,  coupled   with  what  is  known  of  the  condition  and 
natural   features  of  the   county  reflected   in  the   account  of  the    Domesday 
Survey,  might  enable  the  historian  and  archaeologist  together  to  unravel  the 
story  of  this  period  almost  stage  by  stage.     While  the  etymological  section 
of  this   evidence   is  still   to  be  furnished  by  special  research,  some  points  of 
interest  may  nevertheless  be  elucidated  by  an  examination  of  the  monuments 
themselves,  having  due  regard  both  to  their  nature  and  to  their  disposition. 

The  sites  of  these  remains  are  indicated  on  the  map  which  accompanies 
this  section.  The  county  itself  requires  no  further  geographical  description.1 
At  the  close  of  the  period  that  portion  which  lies  between  the  Kibble  and 
the  Mersey  contained,  as  Mr.  Farrer  has  shown  from  the  account  of  the 
Domesday  Book,3  246,480  acres  of  wood  in  a  total  area  of  about  700,000  acres, 
of  which  about  56,865  acres  were  cultivated.  The  area  of  woodland 
according  to  this  account  was  thus  more  than  a  third  of  the  whole  when 
the  survey  was  made.  The  greater  part  of  this  woodland  lay  in  the  hundreds 
of  Newton  and  Salford,  with  the  forests  of  Rossendale  and  Pendle  in  the 
hundred  of  Blackburn,  and  it  embraced  also  a  considerable  area  in  the  hundred 
of  Leyland.  The  lowlands  around  the  coast,  with  extensive  tracts  higher  up 
the  Mersey,  were  probably  marshy. 

To  judge  from  the  scanty  notes  of  the  survey,  the  area  of  forest-land 
in  the  tract  which  lies  between  the  Kibble  and  the  Sands  (particularly  in  the 
middle  and  north)  must  have  been  even  larger  in  proportion,  as  it  is  to-day. 
The  most  habitable  portions  were  the  fertile  plains  of  the  modern  Fylde,  in 
which  possibly  the  work  of  reclamation  had  been  already  begun  during  the 
Roman  occupation.  The  district  around  Lancaster  also,  and  thence  along  the 
coast,  seems  to  have  early  attracted  settlement. 

Beyond  the  Sands  the  land  of  hills  and  lakes  to  the  north  was  still  closely 
wooded,  but  in  the  promontory  of  Furness  and  the  vicinity  of  Cartmel  there 
seem  to  have  been  attractive  sites  for  settlement.  Here,  at  any  rate,  in  a 
naturally  defended  home  the  Celtic  element  certainly  survived. 

1  See  Article  on  the  Domesday  Survey  in  this  volume.  »  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antij.  Sue.  Trans,  xvi. 

1  257  33 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

COINS 

The  evidence  afforded  by  literature  as  to  the  history  of  this  county  will 
be  discussed  in  the  article  on  the  Political  History,  but  there  is  one  entry  in 
the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  which  must  be  mentioned  here  as  it  throws  light 
upon  an  archaeological  discovery  of  considerable  importance.  In  9 1 1  the 
Chronicle  records  that  the  Danish  army  among  the  Northumbrians  broke 
the  peace  and  overran  the  land  of  Mercia.  When  the  king  learned  that 
they  were  gone  out  to  plunder  he  sent  his  forces  after  them,  both  of  the 
West  Saxons  and  the  Mercians  ;  and  they  overtook  the  army  as  they  were 
on  their  way  homewards,  and  they  fought  against  them  and  put  them  to 
flight,  and  slew  many  thousands  of  them ;  and  there  were  slain  King 
Eowils,  and  King  Halfdene,  and  Ottar  the  Earl,  and  Scurfa  the  Earl,  and 
Othulf  the  Hold,  and  Benesing  the  Hold,  and  Anlaf  the  Black,  and  Thurforth 
the  Hold,  and  Osferth  the  collector  [i.e.  of  the  revenue],  and  Guthferth  the 
Hold,  and  Agmund  the  Hold,  and  Guthferth. 

There  is  good  reason  to  believe,  as  Mr.  W.  J.  Andrew  shows,1  that  the 
famous  Cuerdale  hoard  of  silver  coins,  which  was  found  in  1840  in  a  leaden 
chest  buried  near  a  difficult  ford  of  the  Ribble  on  the  river  bank  about  two 
miles  above  Preston,  represents  the  treasure  chest  of  this  Danish  army,  over- 
taken in  its  retreat  to  Northumbria  at  this  ford  and  destroyed.  For  amongst 
the  English  coins  contained  therein  8  were  nearly  a  thousand  of  Alfred  the 
Great,  and  forty-five  of  Edward  the  Elder,  and  as  the  latter  reign  was  the 
latest  in  date  of  any  in  this  hoard  the  time  of  deposit  may  be  inferred  as  lying 
between  901  and  925.  It  is  no  difficult  task  for  this  numismatist  to  assign 
an  even  closer  date.  The  fact  that  only  three  issues  of  Edward's  coinage  are 
represented,  allowing  an  average  of  three  or  four  years  for  each  issue,  brings 
the  date  approximately  to  911,  which  is  the  year  of  the  record  quoted. 
Incidentally  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  presence  of  some  continental  money, 
apparently  gathered  from  the  west  coast  of  France,  including  many  coins 
issued  from  the  district  at  the  mouth  of  the  Seine,  is  found  to  tally  with 
two  earlier  records  of  the  Chronicle  ;  the  one  of  897,  which  relates  that  the 
Danish  army  in  England  divided,  some  going  into  East  Anglia  and  some 
into  Northumbria,  and  they  who  were  moneyless  procured  for  themselves 
ships  there  and  went  southwards  over  sea  to  the  Seine ;  the  other  of  thirteen 
years  later,  910,  when  'a  great  fleet  came  hither  from  the  south,  from 
Brittany,  and  greatly  ravaged  the  Severn,  but  they  there  afterwards  almost  all 
perished.'  A  supposition  that  the  remnants  of  this  band  united  with  the 
main  Danish  army  might  well  account  for  the  proportion  of  foreign  money, 

1  Brit.  Numis.  Journ.  i.  9. 

8  The  analysis  of  the  hoard  is  as  follows : — 


English 
Athelstan  of  East  Anglia 
Ceolwulfll.  of  Mercia   . 
Ethelred 

2 

Northumbrian 
Ecclesiastical  
Earl  Sitric      
Siefred 

2,020 

2 
2?8 

Continental 
Principally     French,     but 
some  German  and  Italian 

1,047 

Alfred  the  Great  .     .     . 
Edward  the  Elder      .     . 
Archbishop  Ceolnoth     . 

•     91 

•       S 

Alwald  
Cnut  
Halfden  

L  JO 

2.534 

2 

Oriental 
Various     

31 

Archbishop  Ethelred      . 
Archbishop  Plegmund    . 

5 

1              Total   Northumbrian 

4.797 

Illegible 
About  

65 

Total  English    .     .        1,060  Grand  Total  Examined    7,000 

258 


COINS    FROM    THE    CuERDALE    HOARD. 

1-14.  Pennies  of  Alfred,  871-901.  I.  Burgnoth,  Mauyer.  2.  Heahstan,  Mauyer.  3.  Hereferth,  Mauyer. 
4.  Ceneferth,  Mauyer.  5.  Athelulf,  Mauyer.  6.  Sclamund,  Mauyer.  7-11.  London  Mint.  12.  Tilevine,  London 
Mauyer.  13.  Diarvald,  Canterbury,  Moneyer.  14.  Bernvald,  Oxford,  Money fr.  15-16.  Edward  the  Elder  901-925 
15.  Wlfred,  Mauyer.  16.  Uncertain  Moneyer.  17-20.  East  Anglia,  after  878,  'St.  Edmund'  type,  three  pennies  and  a 
halfpenny.  21-24.  Cnut  (of  Northumbna),  c.  900-910.  21,  22,  24.  Pennies.  23.  Halfpenny,  struck  at  York. 

To  face  page  258. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

The  bulk  of  the  coins,  however,  were  Danish,  issued  by  Danish  kings  of 
Northumbria,  many  of  them  from  York.  From  the  circumstances  of  its 
discovery  it  may  well  be  believed  that  the  hoard  formed  the  treasure  chest 
of  this  defeated  and  retreating  army.  The  evidence,  divested  of  other  stories, 
is  free  from  discrepancies.  By  this  discovery  Mr.  Andrew  has  recovered  a 
page  of  English  history. 

The  Cuerdale  hoard  is  by  far  the  greatest  found  in  Lancashire,  containing 
10,000  silver  coins  and  nearly  1,000  ounces  of  silver  ingots.  With  that 
find,  however,  must  be  classed  another,  though  smaller,  and  made  at  a  much 
earlier  date.  A  hoard  of  some  300  silver  pennies  was  discovered  in  1611  at 
Harkirke,  which  lies  toward  the  sea-coast  between  Crosby  and  Formby. 
The  coins  have  long  since  been  scattered,  but  fortunately  some  thirty-five 
were  engraved  in  the  latter  part  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  from  the 
still  extant  plate  it  may  be  seen  that  they  belonged  to  Alfred,  Edward  the 
Elder,  the  Danish  king  Cnut  (Guthferth)  of  Northumbria,  and  the  ecclesi- 
astical coinages  of  York  and  East  Anglia.  There  was  also  a  certain  number 
of  foreign  coins,  and  the  date  of  deposit  must  have  been  within  a  few 
years  of  that  of  the  Cuerdale  hoard.  There  are  numerous  records  of 
other  finds.  On  Halton  Moor,  five  miles  from  Lancaster,  there  was  found 
in  1815  a  silver  cup  containing  860  silver  coins  of  Canute,  with  certain 
ornaments  which  include  a  torque  of  silver  wire.1  The  coins  are 
described  in  a  letter  by  Mr.  T.  Combe,  written  from  the  British  Museum, 
as  including  21  Danish  and  379  of  Canute.  The  latter  were  nearly  all 
of  one  type,  having  on  the  obverse  the  head  of  the  king  with  helmet 
and  sceptre,  and  on  the  reverse  a  cross  within  the  inner  circle  with 
amulets  in  the  four  angles.  They  were  minted  at  Exeter  (i),  Cambridge 
[GRANT  bricge]  (i),  Leicester  (i),  Lincoln  (4),  London  (4),  Maldon  (i), 
York  (366),  and  Winchester  (i).  The  cup  and  torque  of  silver  will  be 
described  later. 

Though  isolated  finds  of  coins  cannot  be  relied  on  as  evidence  as  to  the 
state  of  the  particular  district  in  which  they  are  found,  the  discovery  in 
northern  Lancashire  of  some  of  the  early  Northumbrian  coins  is  of  sufficient 
interest  to  be  noted.  Some  stycas  3  of  the  Northumbrian  kings  Eanred  and 
Ethelred  and  of  Archbishop  Vigmund  were  found  in  a  cave  with  miscel- 
laneous objects  at  Merlewood,  Grange  over  Sands.  The  cave  floor  as  usual 
seems  to  represent  several  ages.  In  addition  to  some  black  pottery  and 
charcoal  were  a  few  fragments  of  glass.  Besides  these  were  two  rusted 
iron  objects,  perhaps  fibulae.  Below  the  deposit,  it  is  said,  were  suggestions 
of  a  rough  flooring.  The  animal  remains  included  bones  of  a  man,  of  red 
deer,  roe  deer,  bos  /ongifrons,  wolf,  pig,  badger,  and  cat.  In  the  same 
vicinity,  at  Castlehead  near  Grange,  there  were  found,  c.  1775,  a  number 
of  stycas  of  Northumbrian  kings,  stated  in  one  record8  to  be  ninety-five  in 
all,  together  with  animal  remains,  rings  of  silver,  iron,  and  brass,  beads  of 
stone,  lead,  clay,  and  glass,  and  numerous  Roman  coins. 

1  Arch,  xviii.  197,  with  plates  xvii.  xviii. 

s  Cumb.  and  Westmd.  Ant.  Sac.  Trans,  xii.  277.  From  the  description  given  the  stycas  are  apparently  as 
follows: — i.  Obv.,  Eanred  Rex;  rev.,  Gaduteis.  2.  Obv.  Edilred  Rex;  rev.,  Eardulf  [retrograde]. 
3.  Obv.,  Edelred  Rex  ;  rev.,  Fordred.  4.  Obv.,  Erded  Rex  [inscription  blundered] ;  rev.,  Leofdegn. 
5.  Obv.,  Vigmund  Irep. ;  rev.,  Coenred.  6.  Undecipherable.  7.  Broken  and  undecipherable. 

8  Baines,  Hist.  Lanes.  (Harland),  ii.  676. 

259 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

In  south  Lancashire  there  must  be  mentioned  also  two  finds  of  such 
coins,  both  from  sites  of  earlier  Roman  fortresses.  The  one  is  a  styca  of 
Eanred  reported  from  Ribchester;1  and  the  other  consists  of  nine  sceattas 
found  c.  1820,  in  digging  foundations  for  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Campfield, 
Manchester.8 

ORNAMENTS,  ETC. 

Though  belonging  to  a  defensive  weapon,  the  bronze  boss  of  a  shield 
shown  on  the  accompanying  plate  may  appropriately  open  the  list  of 
decorative  remains  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period.  Archaeologists  see  in  its 
design  certain  Celtic  elements,  and  its  decoration  might  be  assigned  by  some 
to  late  Celtic  rather  than  Scandinavian  art.  Even  the  snake-motive  which 
it  embodies  is  to  be  found,  as  Prof.  Ridgway  shows,8  on  objects  of  the  late 
Bronze  and  early  Iron  Age  in  Britain.  This  object  is  in  the  City  Public 
Museum  at  Liverpool,  and  is  described  as  coming  from  Ribchester,  the  site  of 
the  well-known  fortress  of  Roman  times  called  Bremetennacum  upon  the 
Ribble.  It  is  a  small  object  of  about  3  inches  in  diameter,  and  well  worthy  of 
close  study.  It  comprises  six  concentric  rings,  separated  by  plain  circles,  with 
a  broader  plain  band  about  all.  The  outer  ring  consists  of  continuous  triple 
spirals  in  relief,  alternating  with  an  open  knotwork  pattern,  being  separated 
at  the  quarters  by  a  transverse  band.  The  next  ring,  which  lies  on  the  slope, 
is  symmetrically  divided  into  four  quarters  by  portions  of  circles  forming  ovoid 
enclosures  filled  with  snake  pattern  of  graceful  form,  and  the  intervening  spaces 
filled  alternately  with  knotwork  and  spiraloid  patterns  of  symmetrical  design. 
A  fillet  with  radiating  lines  leads  to  the  outer  ring  of  the  central  boss,  which 
is  decorated  with  open  knots  or  plaits,  sinuous  but  symmetrical.  Two  fillets, 
one  plain  and  one  ornamented  as  before,  enclose  the  centrepiece,  which  is  a 
geometrical  rosette  of  seven  petals. 

The  silver  cup  found  on  Halton  Moor  contained,  in  addition  to  the  coins 
of  Canute  previously  described,  a  silver  torque  which  had  been  squeezed  into 
the  vessel.  Both  these  silver  objects  are  highly  decorative  and  instructive. 
The  cup  weighed  just  over  10  ounces  ;  the  metal  was  described*  as  being  of 
silver  alloyed  with  copper  in  the  proportion  of  about  three  of  the  former  to 
one.  It  appeared  to  have  been  originally  gilt,  some  of  the  gold  still 
remaining,  which  was  of  remarkably  pale  colour.  '  The  ornaments  consist 
of  four  circular  compartments,  separated  from  each  other  by  branches 
which  terminate  in  the  heads  of  animals  in  the  arabesque  style.  In  the 
compartments  are  a  panther  and  a  butting  bull  alternately.  These 
ornaments  are  included  within  two  handsome  borders,  which  encircle  the 
cup  in  parallel  lines.' 

The  torque  is  equally  of  interest.  It  is  a  characteristic  example  of  wire- 
work,  twisted  and  plaited,  with  the  ends  beaten  together  for  a  double-hooked 
connexion.  The  face  of  this  portion,  which  is  flattened,  was  decorated  with 
small  triangular  pieces  fixed  by  imitation  rivets.  It  was  of  good  silver 
weighing  6  ounces  6  pennyweights. 

With  the  same  deposit  were  some  gold  pieces,  or  thin  laminae,  struck  on 
one  side  only,  and  rudely  representing  a  human  head.  Similar  pieces  have 

1  Whittaker,  Hist.  Whalley,  i.  37.  »  Lane.  andChes.  Ant.  Soc.  Trans,  iii.  269. 

8  Early  Age  of  Greece,  fig.  87,  etc.  *  Arcb.  xviii.  199-200. 

260 


RONZE   BROOCHES  FROM  CLAUGHTON. 


BRONZE  Boss  OF  SHIELD  FROM  RIBCHESTER. 


To  face  page  z6o. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

been  found  in  Denmark,  and  the  Danish  element  in  the  whole  of  the  decoration 
predominates. 

A  gold  torque,  apparently  plain,  but  of  pure  gold,  is  described  by 
Dr.  Whitaker  l  as  having  been  found  upon  the  surface  of  Red  Moss,  Rossen- 
dale,  apparently  in  the  vicinity  of  other  remains  probably  of  Saxon  times. 
The  torque  weighed  about  ij  ounces,  but  when  found  it  was  very  much 
twisted  and  distorted. 

Other  ornaments  of  much  interest  were  discovered  at  Claughton,  and  are 
now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  W.  Fitzherbert  Brockholes,  of  Claughton  Hall. 
They  came  from  a  tumulus 2  formed  of  sand  in  which  remains  of  several  earlier 
ages  were  also  discovered.  The  mound  had 
covered  a  burnt  burial  or  burials  of  uncertain  date, 
the  ashes  being  found  within  a  clay  vessel.  A 
number  of  objects  seemed  to  the  discoverers  to 
have  been  contained  in  a  box  which  had  decayed. 
Chief  among  these  were  two  bronze  brooches  or 
fibulae,  'joined  together,  forming  a  kind  of  oval 
box,  the  outer  faces  perforated  with  symmetrical 
banded  patterns  with  raised  bosses.' 8  These  are 
similar  to  examples  in  the  Scandinavian  collection 
at  Copenhagen.  In  the  same  deposit  apparently 

were  two  beads,  the  one   of  blue  glass  and  the       FIBULA  OF  WHITE  METAJ  FROM 
other  of  red  paste  ;  also  a  small  fibula  of  white  CLAUGHTON. 

metal,  with   an   interesting  pattern,  of  which  a 

sketch  is  here  figured.  The  box  itself  appeared  to  have  been  lined  with  a 
cloth.  In  the  same  mound  were  an  axe-hammer,  spear-head,  and  sword,  all 
of  iron  and  apparently  of  this  period,  and  the  stone  axe-hammer  previously 
described. 

WEAPONS  AND  MISCELLANEOUS 

Other  interments  of  Lancashire  may  probably,  but  with  less  certainty, 
be  assigned  to  this  period,  as  for  example  the  barrow  of  river  stones  on  Hasty 
Knoll,  at  Blackrod,  near  Wigan,  which  was  found  in  1770  to  contain 
numerous  fragments  of  iron  and  various  military  weapons  ;  while  under  all 
was  a  cavity  7  feet  in  length  filled  with  black  earth  and  decomposed  human 
remains.4 

Near  Stonyhurst,  at  Bullany  Ford,  Brockhall,  south  of  the  Ribble,  a  large 
mound  of  earth  was  removed  in  1 846,  revealing  a  kistvaen  formed  of  rude 
stones,  containing  human  bones,  and  the  rusty  remains  of  some  spear-heads  of 
iron,  which  crumbled  to  dust  on  exposure  to  the  air.* 

In  Lancashire  north  of  the  Sands,  while  excavating  some  cellars  at 
Pennington  a  number  of  bones  were  found  '  in  a  circular  tomb,'  and  with 
them  an  ancient  sword  which  crumbled  on  exposure.  There  were  also 
recorded  from  the  same  site  seven  querns,  some  stone  balls,  and  axes,  found 
i  z  feet  below  the  surface.6 

l  Whitaker,  Hist.  Whalley,  iii.  366.  *  See  '  Early  Man,'  p.  225.  »  Arch.  Jount.  vi.  74. 

*  Lane,  and  Ches.  Hist.  Soc.  Trans,  xxiv.  87.  6  Baines,  Hist.  Lane.  (ed.  Harland),  ii.  86. 

6  Barbour,  Prehistoric  Remains,  30. 

261 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Weapons  not  associated  with  interments  are  reported  from  Rossendale, 
where,  in  the  Red  Moss  which  formerly  lay  within  the  Forest  of  Rossen- 
dale, iron  arrow-heads  were  commonly  found  in  the  same  vicinity  as  the  gold 
torque  already  described.  An  urn,  sword,  and  dagger  are  recorded  as  found 
at  Crossmoor.1 

Two  ancient  '  chessmen '  of  fine  jet  were  found  in  the  tumulus  known  as 
the  Mote  Hill  at  Warrington,  and  are  generally  described,  without  much 
evidence,  as  pre-Norman.8  Another  find  of  miscellaneous  character  contains 
an  object  which  seems  more  likely  to  be  of  Saxon  times.  This  is  a  wooden 
drinking  cup,  with  two  handles  and  bronze  bands  round  it,  found  in  the  moss 
at  Stalmine,  which  lies  3^  miles  south  of  Fleetwood.  A  brass  stirrup  also  is 
recorded  from  the  same  site.* 

SCULPTURED  CROSSES 

The  best  archaeological  evidence  of  Christian  settlements  of  Anglo-Saxon 
date  is  to  be  gleaned  from  the  occurrence  of  ecclesiastical  or  religious  monu- 
ments which  can  be  assigned  to  this  period.  Their  character  and  extent  may 
be  appreciated  from  the  papers  on  this  subject  which  have  appeared  at  various 
times  in  the  transactions  of  the  Historic  and  Antiquarian  Societies  of  Lanca- 
shire.4 As  might  be  expected  from  the  situation  of  the  county,  the  monu- 
ments bear  witness  to  the  influence  not  only  of  the  Anglian  school  of 
Northumbria,  but  also  to  Irish,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  Norse  tradition.  It  is 
probable  that  none  of  these  monuments  are  earlier  than  the  eighth  century, 
but  it  may  be  noted  that  in  the  opinion  of  the  late  Rev.  W.  S.  Calverley  6 
a  few  fragments  in  this  corner  of  England  might  be  survivals  from  the  times 
of  SS.  Ninian,  Patrick,  and  Kentigern. 

In  the  hundred  of  West  Derby  the  most  important  monument  is  the 
fragment  of  a  cross  in  the  churchyard  at  Winwick.  The  centre  and  arms 
alone  remain,  but  they  show  that  the  diameter  of  the  head  of  the  cross  was 
4  feet  1 1  inches,  and  that  it  was  of  Irish  type,  the  arms  being  connected  by 
a  circular  ring.  There  is  a  large  boss  in  the  centre  of  each  face,  and  the 
whole  surface  of  the  best  preserved  face  is  taken  up  with  a  symmetrical 
arrangement  of  two  patterns  of  ornament,  one  consisting  of  a  double  row  of 
Stafford  knots,  the  other  a  diaper  founded  on  the  key  pattern.  The  other 
face  is  much  worn,  but  shows  remains  of  beasts  with  interlacing  tails.  The 
ends  of  the  arms  show  in  one  case  a  man  carrying  two  rectangular  objects 
with  handles,  which  have  been  called  bells  or  buckets,  and  in  the  other  two 
men  holding  a  third  who  is  hung  up  by  one  foot  and  seems  to  have  lost  his 
hands.  The  two  men  seem  to  be  cutting  off  the  legs  of  the  hanging  figure. 
The  dismemberment  of  the  Northumbrian  king  St.  Oswald  is  probably  the 
subject  of  the  sculpture,  for  the  church  and  a  well,  distant  only  three-quarters 
of  a  mile,  are  both  dedicated  to  that  saint.  An  attractive  theory,8  indeed, 
identifies  the  local  Makerfield  with  the  Maserfield  where  St.  Oswald  met 

1  Fishwick,  St.  Michael' s-on-Wyre,  2. 

3  Arch.  Journ.  ix.  304.  *  Lane,  and  Ches.  Hist.  Sac.  Trans,  iii.  120. 

*  '  Pre-Norman  Sculptured  Stones  in  Lancashire,'  G.  F.  Browne,  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Sac.  Trans,  v.  I  ; 
papers  on  the  Heysham  sculptures,  ibid.  be.  30-90 ;  '  The  Ancient  Crosses  of  Lancashire,'  H.  Taylor,  ibid. 
xviii.  I  ;  xix.  136;  xx.  145  ;  xxi.  I  ;  'The  Early  Christian  Monuments  of  Lancashire  and  Cheshire,' 
J.  Romilly  Allen,  Lane,  and  Ches.  Hist.  Soc.  Trans.  (New  Ser.),  ix.  I. 

6  Notes  on  the  Early  Sculptured  Crosses  in  the  present  diocese  tf 'Carlisle,  pp.  3,  iz,  23,  302,  etc. 

6  Baines,  Lancashire  (Harland),  ii.  205. 

262 


SILVER  CUP  FOUND  ON  HALTON  MOOR. 


To  face  page  262. 


SILVER  TORQUE   FOUND  AT  HALTON   MOOR. 


To  face  page  262. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 


FRAGMENT  OP  CROSS-* 


AT  WINWICK,  LANCASHIRE 


his  death  in  battle  with  the  Mercian  Penda  ;  and  applies  to  this  well  the 
account  of  the  Venerable  Bede,  who  mentions  the  miracles  attributed  to  the 
earth  carried  from  the  place.  But  Mr.  Romilly  Allen  considers  the  subject 
to  be  the  martyrdom  of  Isaiah  :  l  Maserfield  is  generally  located  at  Oswestry  ; 3 
and  phonetic  science  does  not  warrant  the  identification  with  Makerfield. 

At  Walton  on  the  Hill8  the  existence  of  a  cross  is  gleaned  from  the 
pedestal  alone,  which  was  dug  up  in  the  churchyard.  It  is  of  three  steps 
carved  in  a  single  block,  3  feet  square  at  the  base,  and  is  much  timeworn. 

1  Allen,  Christian  Symbolism,  p.  329. 

a  Worsley,  Winwick  (Lane,  and  Ches.  Antiq.  Soc.),  iv.  1886. 
*  Lane,  and  Ches.  Hist.  Sot.  Tram.  (1894),  194. 
263 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  analogy  of  the  Halton  cross  and  others  indicates  a  pre-Norman  date, 
which  is  helped  by  the  mention  of  the  church  of  this  place  in  the  Domesday 
Book.  Mr.  Taylor  believes  that  a  cross  from  Simonswood,  which  is  not 
to  be  found,  may  have  been  pre-Norman.1  In  the  east  wall  of  Ormskirk 
church  is  part  of  a  cross-shaft,  the  exposed  face  showing  two  human  figures 
side  by  side. 

At  Manchester,  in  the  Cathedral  Library,  is  a  well-known  sculptured 
stone,  believed  to  be  of  pre-Norman  date,  on  which  is  the  inscription,  '  In 
manus  tuas  domine  commendo  (meum)  spiritum.' 2  The  sculpture  represents 
an  angel,  in  archaic  fashion,  and  recalls,  as  Mr.  Taylor  points  out,  those  over 


CROSS  IN  BOLTON  PARISH  CHURCH,  LANCASHIRE. 

the  chancel  arch  in  the  pre-Norman  church  at  Bradford-on-Avon.  In  the 
Manchester  Museum,  at  the  University  of  that  city,  there  is  a  fragment  of  stone 
found  during  the  excavation  of  the  Ship  Canal  in  the  Barton  reach.  It  is 
recognizably  a  portion  of  a  Saxon  cross-shaft  bearing  a  deeply  cut  and  un- 
usual device. 

Elsewhere  in  this  hundred  of  Salford  are  a  portion  of  a  cross  found 
on  the  banks  of  the  Irwell  near  Eccles,  and  a  cross  and  other  early  sculptures 
at  Bolton  le  Moors.  The  latter  cross  illustrates  some  interesting  varieties  of 
decoration,  as  indicated  by  Mr.  Allen,  in  twisted  bands,  with  and  without 


1  Lane,  and  Cbes.  Hist.  Soc.  Trans.  (1894),  172. 


264 


Ibid.  (1905),  Phelps. 


WHALLEY  :    CROSS  IN  CHURCHYARD  (F 


HEWS). 


To  face  fagi  264. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

angular  bends,  the  broken  plait  of  four  knots  terminating  in  the  Stafford 
knot,  the  figure-of-eight  knot,  the  three-cornered  knot,  and  key  patterns  of 
single  strokes  alternating  with  and  without  the  central  zig-zag  line. 

In  the  churchyard  at  Whalley,  in  the  hundred  of  Blackburn,  are  three 
standing  cross-shafts,  all  now  upon  the  south  side  of  the  church,  and  in  the 
church  are  remains  of  other  crosses. 

The  first  of  these  shafts  here  shown  is  a  monolith  standing  7  feet 
6  inches  above  the  turf,  measuring  15^  inches  by  10  inches  at  the  bottom, 
and  9  inches  by  i  o  inches  at  the  top.  It  carries  '  a  small  mutilated  cross- 
head,  which  apparently  stood  a  foot  or  two  higher  up  on  a  portion  of  the 
shaft,  which  is  missing.  Thus  the  total  height  of  the  monument  from  the 
ground  level  may  have  been  about  n  feet.'1  The  west  front  and  the  sides 
are  much  weathered,  but  the  design  of  the  east  front  may  still  be  made  out. 
It  is  divided  into  six  panels,  the  uppermost  and  the  two  lowest  having  inter- 
lacing patterns,  while  the  three  in  the  middle  have  respectively  a  bird,  a 
nimbed  figure  with  upraised  hands  having  a  serpent  on  each  side,  and  a  beast. 
The  head  of  the  cross  has  clearly  been  of  a  type  rather  Anglo-Saxon  than 
Celtic,  with  expanded  arms  rounded  at  the  ends. 

The  second  cross  is  in  fair  preservation,  although  wanting  a  portion 
of  the  shaft — a  piece  estimated  by  Mr.  Taylor  at  about  2  feet  in  length. 
Its  total  height  would  then  have  been  about  9  or  10  feet.  The  three 
upper  arms  of  the  head,  which  is  of  the  same  type  as  the  preceding,  are 
broken  away,  but  the  central  boss  is  preserved.  Both  faces  of  the  shaft 
have  a  central  roll  ending  in  a  circular  boss,  below  which  two  rolls  curve 
outwards  to  the  angles  of  the  shaft.  The  ground  is  filled  with  spirals.  The 
shaft  stands  in  a  socketed  base-stone.  The  third  cross  is  also  fitted  into  a 
base-stone,  which  has  holes  at  each  end  of  it  suitable  for  supporting  two  other 
crosses  or  possibly  figures  of  SS.  Mary  and  John.1  Much  of  the  shaft  is 
broken  away,  and  the  scrollwork  which  occurs  on  all  four  sides  is  almost 
obliterated.  The  designs  illustrated  by  the  Whalley  crosses  are  chiefly  twisted 
bands  with  angular  bends,  plaits  of  four  and  of  eight  cords,  rings  and  crossbars, 
the  Stafford  knot  and  scroll  foliage. 

Another  cross  of  pre-Norman  work  is  that  at  Burnley,  known  from  its 
former  situation  as  the  Godley  Lane  cross.  It  '  consists  of  a  tapering  cham- 
fered shaft,  terminating  in  a  small  cross  which  has  been  much  mutilated.'  * 
In  the  centre,  at  the  intersection  of  the  arms,  which  are  broken  away,  is  a 
raised  boss  similar  to  that  on  the  cross  at  Whalley,  mentioned  above,  and 
the  head  has  had  expanded  arms  with  rounded  ends.  The  total  height 
above  ground  is  8  feet  6  inches,  and  the  estimated  width  across  the  arms 
about  2  feet. 

The  hundred  of  Lonsdale,  and  in  particular  the  vicinity  of  Lancaster, 
is  that  which  yields  most  evidence  of  pre-Norman  times  in  the  remaining 
early  Christian  monuments.  No  church  in  this  region  is  directly  mentioned 
in  the  Domesday  Book,  possibly  because  there  was  none  which  came  within 
the  purpose  of  the  survey ;  but  the  existence  of  some  may  be  inferred  with 
certainty. 

At  Lancaster  itself  there  have  been  found  the  remains  of  nine  distinct 
crosses.  Some  of  these  monuments  are  of  surpassing  interest  ;  two  of  them 

i  Lane,  and  Cbes.  Hist.  Soc.  Trans.  (1894),  xviii.  pp.  17-19.  a  Ibid.  50. 

I  265  34 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

are  inscribed,  and  nearly  all  the  fragments  variously  decorated.  They  are  all 
carefully  described  by  Mr.  Taylor.1  The  best  known  is  that  which  is 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  bearing  the  inscription  in  Anglian  runes, 

GIBHXiETHFO  o>    R^CUNIBAL    «°  THCUTHBCEREfHTING] 

which  is  translated,  Pray  for  Cynebalth  Cuthbertson. 

The  cross  is  in  fair  preservation,  and  capable  of  full  restoration  as  seen 
from  the  illustration  ;  its  height  may  have  been  6  or  7  feet.  In  the 
centre  and  the  centres  of  the  arms  are  circular  bosses,  and  a  characteristic 
pattern  of  interlaced  ropework  surrounds  them.  The  rope  terminates  below 
in  a  curious  head.  The  ornamentation  of  the  reverse  is  less  decorative,  being 
an  incised  geometrical  pattern  enclosed  in  a  small  incised  circle  at  the  centre. 
The  sides  are  plain. 

The  next  in  importance  of  the  Lancaster  crosses  was  found  as  recently  as 
1903,  built  into  the  north  wall  of  the  church.  Its  shaft  only  is  preserved, 
the  ornamentation  being  scrollwork  of  Anglian  type.  On  one  face  at  the 
top  of  the  shaft  is  an  inscription  : — 

+     ORATE    P[RO]    ANIMA    HARD    •      •      •     I  • 

A  third  fragment  of  a  cross-shaft  has  Anglian  scrollwork  on  all  sides ; 
and  a  fourth  is  a  cross  of  Anglian  type,  with  two  birds  above  the  arms  and 
two  figures  below  which  have  beasts'  heads  and  human  feet.  On  two  sides 
is  the  straight-lined  interlacing  design  known  as  '  cat's  cradle,'  which  is 
also  found  on  one  of  the  crosses  from  St.  Oswald's,  Durham.  A  fifth  stone 
is  part  of  a  standing  slab,  after  the  fashion  of  a  modern  tombstone,  3  feet 
high  and  5  inches  thick,  which  was  originally  finished  with  a  crosshead. 
It  has  on  one  side  a  design  of  double  spiral  knots,  and  on  the  other  a  large 
circular  plait,  above  which  is  a  stag  chased  by  a  hound.  The  decoration  is 
very  like  that  on  a  similar  slab  at  Melling.  Other  fragments  are  (i)  the  centre 
of  a  crosshead,  having  over  the  figure  of  Christ  a  large  circular  boss  with  five 
balls  on  it ;  (2  and  3)  pieces  of  two  cross-shafts  with  Anglian  scrollwork  ; 
and  (4)  part  of  the  shaft  of  a  cross  of  later  style  than  the  rest,  carved  on  all 
four  sides,  but  much  defaced.  One  subject  may  be  Adam  and  Eve  on  either 
side  of  the  Tree  of  Knowledge. 

The  village  of  Bolton-le-Sands,  some  3  or  4  miles  to  the  north  of 
Lancaster,  contains  in  some  fragments  of  sculptured  stone  evidence  of  its 
pre-Norman  origin.  One  of  these  is  a  portion  of  a  cross  decorated  with  bold 
interlacing  design.  Another  is  a  portion  of  a  '  hog-backed'  gravestone.  One 
side  is  decorated  with  the  customary  roofing-tile  pattern,  the  other  with  a 
design  supposed  to -represent  Eve  and  the  serpent. 

In  the  churchyard  at  Halton,  near  Lancaster,  is  a  tall  cross-shaft,  which  is 
of  particular  interest  as  a  specimen  of  what  has  been  called  the  pagan-christian 
overlap.  The  crosshead,  of  which  only  part  is  ancient,  was  ornamented 
with  interlacing  designs.  At  the  top  of  the  shaft  are  the  evangelistic  symbols, 
one  on  each  face.  Below  are  parts  of  four  arched  panels  containing  figures, 
but  this  part  of  the  cross  has  been  broken  and  lost,  and  a  piece  of  plain  stone 

1  Lane,  and  Ches.  Antlq.  Sw.  Trans,  xxi.  44-55. 
266 


HORNBY:    '  LOAVES  AND   FISHES'  CROSS-SHAFT   IN   CHI 


Bart. 


LANCASTKR  :    CROSS  OF  CVNEBALTH  CUTHBERTSON 


Tojace  page  2  56. 


HALTON  :    WEST  FACE  OF  CROSS  IN  CHURCHYARD,  AND  DETAIL  OF  EAST  FACE. 


To  face  page  266. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

is  now  inserted.  At  the  base  of  the  shaft  are  scenes  from  the  Sigurd  legend : 
Sigurd  roasting  the  heart  of  Fafnir,  and  putting  his  burnt  finger  to  his  lips. 
Above  are  birds  in  a  tree  ;  and  below,  Sigurd  is  seated  at  a  forge,  with  Regin's 
headless  body,  and  a  piece  of  knotwork  representing  Fafnir  above  him.  On 
the  north  side  is  Sigurd's  horse  Grani,  riderless,  and  above  him  dragons 
perhaps  representing  the  snakes  of  Gunnar.  On  the  south  side  are  panels  of 
foliage,  and  on  the  west  a  scene  which  may  be  meant  for  the  Resurrection. 
The  style  of  decoration  is  late,  and  probably  the  cross  is  not  earlier  than  the 
eleventh  century. 

Parts  of  several  other  crosses  have  been  set  up  within  the  church  under 
the  tower,  with  figure  subjects  in  panels,  and  scrollwork  of  Anglian  type. 
The  fragments  are  built  up  on  each  other  to  a  height  of  1 1  feet,  but  they 
clearly  belong  to  at  least  two  separate  crosses. 

In  the  same  vicinity  is  Heysham,  which  possesses  the  ruins  of  a  very 
early  church  of  a  type  which  is  Celtic  rather  than  Saxon.  It  stands  on  a 
rocky  knoll  to  the  west  of  the  present  church,  and  close  to  it  are  eight  graves 
cut  in  the  rock,  with  sockets  at  their  heads,  in  which  crosses  have  probably 
been  set.  The  rock  surface  bears  traces  of  having  been  carved  with  an  inter- 
lacing pattern.  In  the  churchyard  of  the  present  church  is  the  lower  part  of  the 
shaft  of  a  cross  with  interlacing  panels  at  the  base,  and  spiral  foliage  pattern  of 
Anglian  type  on  the  sides.  On  one  face  is  a  seated  nimbed  figure  under  an 
arch,  and  on  the  other  a  gabled  building  with  three  windows  in  which  three 
human  heads  appear,  while  below  is  a  central  doorway  in  which  stands  a  figure 
swathed  in  what  may  be  grave  clothes.  It  has  been  explained  as  the  raising 
of  Lazarus,  or  the  Resurrection. 

In  the  churchyard  is  also  a  hogback  stone  6  feet  in  length,  with  zig-zag 
lines  in  imitation  of  tiling  on  the  top,  and  at  each  end  an  animal  clasping 
the  stone,  as  on  other  specimens  of  this  form  of  monument.  The  subjects  on 
the  sides  have  been  variously  explained  as  a  stag-hunt  and  as  scenes  from  pagan 
mythology.1  In  the  latter  case  the  stone  would  belong  to  the  same  category 
as  the  Halton  churchyard  cross. 

Eight  miles  from  Lancaster  is  the  ancient  village  of  Hornby  (the 
'  Hornebie  '  of  Domesday),  where  in  the  church  is  the  upper  portion  of  a 
cross,  which  from  the  decoration  upon  it  is  commonly  called  the  '  loaves 
and  fishes  cross.'  The  portion  is  only  about  2  feet  in  length,  but  the 
sculpture  indicated  is  apparently  unique  in  this  country,  representing  two 
fishes  below  five  loaves,  above  which  is  a  conventional  tree  enclosing  a  figure  on 
either  side.  The  three  other  faces  of  the  stone  are  decorated  with  devices  of 
interlacing  and  coiling  rope,  while  a  panel  at  the  top  of  the  back  seems  to 
enclose  an  angel  figure.  The  details  of  the  work  are  very  highly  finished, 
and  of  unusual  excellence.  A  fragment  of  a  second  cross,  part  of  the  lower 
arm  of  the  head,  with  a  zig-zag  pattern,  is  also  preserved  in  the  church. 
In  the  churchyard  is  a  pyramidal  stone  6  feet  2  inches  high,  with  a 
semi-circular  arch  in  low  relief  on  each  face,  and  on  the  top  the  socket  for 
a  cross-shaft. 

Two  miles  to  the  north-east  is  Melling,  where  there  are  portions  of  a 
sculptured  slab  of  the  same  type  as  that  found  in  Lancaster  parish  church, 

1  This  monument  has  naturally  been  much  discussed  and  described.     See  Lane .  and  Ches.  AnAq.  Soc.  Trans. 
(1841)  ;  Colley  Marsh,  'The  Pagan-Christian  Overlap.' 

267 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

and  a  short  portion  of  a  shaft  of  a  standing  cross,  decorated  with  various 
devices  of  basket-work  or  interlacing  ornament. 

The  early  crosses  so  completely  described  by  Mr.  Allen  and  Mr.  Taylor 
now  become  valuable  material  for  the  history  of  Anglo-Saxon  Lancashire. 
They  are  prima  facie  evidence  of  Christian  churches  at  eleven  sites,  adding 
to  our  certain  list  recorded  in  the  Domesday  Book  a  further  seven  names, 
and  confirming  the  existence  of  churches  in  four  other  cases.  Nothing 
could  be  more  valuable  than  such  evidence  ;  for  the  critical  study  of  these 
monuments,  together  with  the  scanty  evidence  of  records,  coins,  and  other 
remains,  throws  some  light  upon  this  obscure  period.  The  history  of  the 
settling,  the  organization,  and  the  struggles  of  the  successive  peoples,  how- 
ever, cannot  be  traced  in  detail  until  the  evidence  of  the  early  place-names 
is  available  and  Celtic  tradition  has  been  carefully  explored. 

Especial  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Henry  Taylor  for  the  loan  of  photo- 
graphs which  he  has  had  taken  for  his  forthcoming  work  on  early  Lancashire 
crosses,  many  of  which  have  been  reproduced  for  the  illustrations  of  ancient 
crosses  accompanying  this  article.  The  author  also  wishes  to  express  his 
obligations  to  the  curators  of  the  various  museums  in  Lancashire  and  many 
others  who  have  helped  him  in  compiling  this  article. 


268 


HEYSHAM  :    (i)  LOWER  PART  OF  CROSS-SHAFT  IN  CHURCHYARD 
(2)   HOG-BACKED  STONE   IN  CHURCHYARD. 


To  face  fag,   268. 


NOTE    TO    DOMESDAY    MAP 

COMPILED  BY  WILLIAM    FARRER 

In  this  map  the  names  of  places  mentioned  in  Domesday  are 
shown.  Those  marked  *  were  capital  manors,  having  berewicks  or 
dependent  manors  belonging  to  them.  Those  manors  which  had 
belonged  to  the  king  before  1066  have  a  line  under  their  names  ; 
those  which  Tostig  held  before  1066  are  distinguished  with  a  broken 
line.  In  1086  all  the  manors  lying  within  the  regions  which  after- 
wards formed  the  county  of  Lancaster  were  in  the  king's  hand,  ex- 
cept five  manors  between  Cockerham  and  Lancaster. 

The  boundaries  of  hundreds  and  other  territorial  regions  which 
existed  at  the  date  of  Domesday  have  been  constructed  generally  from 
the  evidence  of  the  survey  itself,  and  differ  from  those  which  existed 
in  I2I2.1  'Kendal,'  i.e.  that  part  of  Westmorland  which  lies  in  the 
valleys  of  the  Kent  and  Lune,  was  included  in  Domesday  with  Fur- 
ness,  Cartmel,  Lonsdale  and  Amounderness  in  a  ratable  area  con- 
taining 500  carucates.  Certain  manors  in  Cumberland  territorially 
connected  with  Furness  and  Cartmel,  and  others  in  the  Ewcross  wapen- 
take  of  Yorkshire,  similarly  connected  with  Lonsdale,  do  not  appear  to 
have  belonged  to  this  geldable  area. 

For  convenience  of  reference  it  is  to  be  noted  that  five  manors 
in  'Kendal,'  viz.:  Jalant  (Yealand),  Dalton,  Hotun  (Priest  Hutton), 
Warton  and  Berewic  (Berwick)  were  incorporated  in  the  county  of 
Lancaster  about  the  end  of  the  eleventh  or  early  in  the  twelfth  century, 
when  '  Kendal '  was  added  to  Westmorland. 

The  modern  names  of  rivers  and  lakes — including  Marton  mere 
in  Amounderness  and  Martin  mere  to  the  south  of  the  Ribble,  both 
now  reclaimed— are  given  for  convenience  of  reference  as  landmarks  ; 
they  are  not — with  the  exception  of  the  rivers  Ribble  and  Mersey — 
mentioned  in  Domesday. 

The  sparsity  of  place  names  in  south  and  east  Lancashire  was 
not  entirely  due  to  paucity  of  manors,  but  partly  to  the  character  of 
the  survey,  which  sometimes  omits  the  names  of  manors  or  berewicks 
dependent  upon  capital  manors.  Thus  Domesday  enumerates  15 
manors  in  Newton  hundred,  34  manors  in  Warrington  hundred, 
21  berewicks  in  Salford  hundred,  28  manors  in  Blackburn  hundred, 
and  12  manors  in  Leyland  hundred,  without  recording  their  names. 
In  North  Lancashire,  on  the  other  hand,  the  areas  which  contain  few  or 
no  names  of  manors  were  regions  either  of  peatmoss,  as  in  the  northern 
part  of  Amounderness  and  near  the  coast  between  the  rivers  Kent 
and  Winster  ;  or  moorland  and  wood,  as  in  the  north-east  of  Amoun- 
derness and  between  the  upper  waters  of  the  Wyre  and  the  valley  of 
the  Lune  ;  or  rocky  fells  and  rough  pasture,  as  in  the  mountainous 
parts  of  Kendal,  Cartmel  and  Furness.  The  coast  line  is  taken  from 
the  oldest  Ordnance  survey  maps. 

1  Haigh  is  shown  as  belonging  to  the  hundred  of  Warrington,  Aspull  as 
belonging  to  that  of  Salford. 


w 


DOMESDAY  SURVEY 

EJCASHIRE  as  a  county  finds  no  place  in  Domesday  Book  ;  to 
obtain  a  view  of  it  as  a  whole  it  is  necessary  to  search  for  its 
component  parts  in  the  returns  of  two  other  counties.  At  the 
date  of  the  survey  the  lands  forming  the  southern  half  of  the 
present  county  were  taken  with  Cheshire,1  under  the  title  of  'The  land 
between  Ribble  and  Mersey,'  of  which  the  return  occupies  little  more  than 
a  page  and  a  half  of  the  record  (f.  269^).  The  lands  comprised  within  the 
northern  portion  were  included  in  Yorkshire,  the  details  being  found  at  the 
end  of  the  return  of  the  land  held  by  the  king  (ff.  30 1£,  302),"  except  for 
seven  manors  which  are  entered  in  the  return  of  the  lands  held  by  Roger  of 
Poitou  (f.  332)*;  these  two  sets  of  entries  together  occupy  only  three-quarters 
of  a  page.  That  these  items  were  thus  disconnected  was  due  not  only  to  the 
fact  that  there  was  no  such  comital  entity  as  '  the  shire  of  Lancaster '  at  this 
time,  but  also  to  the  circumstance  that  the  lands  originally  granted  in  this 
district  to  Roger  of  Poitou,  which  embraced  the  greater  part  of  these  regions, 
were  at  the  time  of  the  survey  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  king. 

These  disconnected  returns,  when  brought  together  and  examined,  yield 
but  little  satisfactory  information  as  to  the  holders  of  lands  in  1086,  and  but 
few  details  of  the  condition  and  value  of  these  regions.  Those  for  the  land 
between  Ribble  and  Mersey  are  the  fullest,  but  possess  the  tantalizing  cha- 
racteristic, common  to  other  great  manors  comprising  many  berewicks  or 
dependent  manors,  of  being  a  summary  rather  than  a  detailed  survey.  The 
returns  for  the  district  north  of  the  Ribble  are  even  less  satisfactory,  and 
consist  of  little  more  than  lists  of  manors  with  their  geldable  areas,  or  rather 
assessments,  after  the  manner  of  a  geld-book. 

The  impression  left  upon  the  mind  by  a  careful  study  of  these  returns 
is  that  a  general  picture  of  the  state  of  these  regions  at  the  time  of  the 
conquest  and  immediately  afterwards  may  be  broadly  sketched  from  the 
materials  here  provided,  but  that  no  detailed  or  precise  description  is  possible. 
One  important  feature  which  presents  itself  at  the  outset  of  our  examination 
of  this  record  is  that  we  have  to  deal  with  regions  upon  the  borderland  of  the 
ancient  kingdoms  of  Mercia,  Northumbria,  and  Cumbria,  possessing  all  the 
unstable  characteristics  of  debatable  lands  subject  to  conquest  and  colonization 
by  the  ruler  of  any  one  of  these  three  principalities,  followed  by  re-conquest 
and  re-colonization,  perhaps  often  repeated.  This  position  of  insecurity  and 
instability  was  further  accentuated  by  the  opportunity  for  foreign  invasion 
afforded  by  the  long  irregular  coastline  with  its  bays  and  estuaries,  extending 

1  There  is  no  evidence  that  the  district  was  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  sheriff  and  shire-mote  of 
Chester.  There  is  reference  to  shire-mote  and  (shire-)reeve,  but  nothing  to  show  what  shire-mote  and  sheriff" 
is  meant. 

3  The  facsimile  edition  of  Domesday  Book  (1861)  omits  the  return  of  half  the  manor  of  Burrow,  and 
erroneously  includes  the  Yorks  manor  of  Oulston  (f.  330). 

3  Roger's  name  is  omitted  in  the  list  of  tenants  in  chief  (f.  298^). 

269 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

from  the  Duddon  to  the  Mersey  :  opportunity  which  the  occurrence  of  many 
old  Norse  place  names  along  the  coast,  and  even  inland,  shows  was  abundantly 
seized  by  the  roving  bands  of  Danes  and  Norsemen  who  infested  the  Irish  sea 
during  the  century  preceding  the  Norman  invasion. 

From  these  circumstances  of  position  it  follows  that  boundaries  would 
seldom  be  of  old  standing,  nomenclature  would  bear  the  marks  of  intermixed 
tongues,  and  land  tenure  would  show  customs  more  or  less  foreign  to  each 
other  co-existent.  The  combination  in  this  county  of  Northumbrian,  Mercian, 
and  Danish  place  names,  to  which  so  long  ago  as  1801  the  historian, 
Dr.  Whitaker,  called  attention,1  bears  witness  to  the  intermixture  of  languages  ; 
of  the  confusion  of  customs  and  tenure,  such  features  as  the  overlapping  of  the 
hide  and  the  carucate,  the  simultaneous  use  of  such  terms  as  wapentake,  shire, 
and  hundred,  and  the  incidence  of  thegnage,  drengage,  and  cornage  tenure 
side  by  side,  are  eloquent.  The  question  of  the  boundaries  can  best  be  settled 
by  separate  consideration  of  the  several  regions  which  were  eventually  united 
to  form  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

Of  these  regions,  that  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  was  the  most  homo- 
geneous and  bore  evidence  of  the  oldest  settlement.  The  Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle8  records  the  conquest  of  this  region  by  the  English  king  in  923, 
when  it  appears  to  have  been  severed  from  the  kingdom  of  Northumbria  and 
united  to  that  of  Mercia.  As  one  result  of  this  conquest,  it  was  placed  under 
the  ecclesiastical  administration  of  the  bishop  of  Lichfield,  of  whose  diocese 
it  continued  to  form  part  until  the  foundation  of  the  see  of  Chester  in  1541. 
Another  result  of  the  re-organization  at  this  time  is  probably  to  be  seen  in  the 
remarkable  double  assessment  of  the  district  which  an  examination  of  the 
Domesday  survey  reveals. 

Throughout  England  there  were  two  systems  of  assessment  for  the  geld: 
in  the  one  the  hide,  and  its  quarter,  the  virgate,  were  the  units  ;  in  the  other 
the  carucate,  or  ploughland,  and  its  eighth  part  the  bovate,  or  oxgang.  The 
latter  system,  which  was  prevalent  in  the  counties  colonized  by  the  Danes,  is 
also  marked  by  the  tendency  of  the  vills  to  be  assessed,  either  singly  or  in 
groups,  in  multiples  of  six  carucates  s  ;  the  other  system  being  marked  by 
a  similar  recurring  multiple  of  five  hides.  In  the  southern  portion  of 
Lancashire  we  have  the  unique  feature  of  the  one  system  superimposed 
upon  the  other. 

This  land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  was  rated  at  the  time  of  the 
Domesday  survey  at  eighty  hides,  less  one  —  the  exempted  hide  being  probably 
land  belonging  to  the  parish  churches4  ;  and  the  record  informs  us  (f.  269^) 
that  in  each  of  these  hides  there  were  six  carucates.  At  the  time  of  the 
survey  this  region  was  sub-divided  into  six  hundreds,  which  took  their  names 
from  the  king's  six  capital  manors  of  West  Derby,  Warrington,  Newton  in 


.  52. 

Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  196.  »  Round,  Feudal  England,  pp.  69  et  seqq. 

*  Although  church  lands  were  liable  to  pay  geld  before  the  conquest,  as  stated  in  the  survey,  some  church 
lands  in  this  region  were  evidently  not  included  in  the  total  of  79  hides.  For  example,  Bootle  cum  Linacre 
was  rated  at  2  carucates  and  another  carucate  belonged  to  the  church  of  Walton  ;  records  of  the  thirteenth 
century  prove  that  this  township  contained  3  carucates,  and  yet  only  2  carucates  were  included  in  the  Domes- 
day total  of  79  hides.  The  survey  also  records  holdings  of  3  hides,  2  hides  and  I  hide,  held  by  knights  in 
1086,  with  half  a  carucate  added  in  each  case.  It  seems  probable  that  these  half  carucates  represented  church 
lands,  and  their  attachment  to  fees  of  one  or  more  hides  may  well  have  some  bearing  on  the  question  of  the 
exemption  of  certain  church  lands  from  geld. 

270 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Makerfield,  Salford,  Blackburn,  and  Leyland,  and  it  seems  probable  from  their 
assessments  that  the  five-hide  unit  was  in  force  here  as  in  other  counties. 
Thus,  West  Derby  contained  approximately  120  carucates  or  20  hides, 
Newton  30  carucates  or  5  hides,  Warrington  58  carucates  or  nearly  10  hides, 
Salford  I2ii  carucates  or  just  over  20  hides,  Blackburn  96  carucates  and 
Leyland  54,  or  together  25  hides.  At  the  same  time  the  existence  of  the 
six-carucate  unit  appears  not  only  from  the  assessment  of  six  carucates  as  one 
hide,  but  also  from  the  assessments  of  the  parishes,  so  far  as  it  is  possible  to 
reconstruct  these  by  grouping  the  Domesday  vills  or  manors  and  summing  up 
their  individual  carucage  as  deduced  from  records  of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth 
centuries.  It  will  be  found  that  if  the  hundreds  be  thus  divided  into  parishes, 
the  assessment  of  these  latter  will  as  a  rule  be  approximately  a  simple  multiple 
of  six  carucates.  A  good  example  is  the  hundred  of  West  Derby  where  the 
parishes  are  rated  in  carucates  as  follows  : — Halsall  1 2,  Ormskirk  1 2 J,  Sefton 
23 £,  Walton  36!,  Huyton  12,  and  Childwall  22^.  Allowing  for  the  difficulty 
of  reconstructing  the  groups  this  is  sufficiently  near,  and  a  still  better  case  is 
Leyland  hundred  where  we  find  Penwortham  9  and  Leyland  9,  Croston  17!, 
Eccleston  i8j. 

We  have  thus  what  we  may  call  a  normal  English,  or  hidal,  assessment 
imposed  upon  a  normal  Danish,  or  carucal,  assessment ;  the  latter,  instead  of 
being  abolished,  surviving,  possibly  for  purposes  of  local  taxation  and  jurisdic- 
tion. A  further  interesting  Danish  survival  is  to  be  found  in  the  style  of 
wapentake  applied  to  the  court  of  the  hundred  or  '  shire,'  to  use  the  title 
applied  to  these  hundreds  for  centuries  after  the  conquest,  and  even  now  em- 
ployed colloquially  by  some  of  the  oldest  inhabitants. 

The  boundaries  of  this  interesting  and  unique  region  were  clearly  defined 
by  physical  objects,  the  Mersey  on  the  south,  the  Ribble  on  the  north,  and 
the  Pennine  range  on  the  east,  a  western  spur  of  this  range  which  divides  the 
watershed  of  the  river  Aire  from  the  western  Calder  constituting  a  natural 
boundary  on  the  north-east. 

Immediately  to  the  north  of  the  Ribble  lay  Amounderness,  within  the 
ancient  kingdom  of  Northumbria  and  diocese  of  York,  to  whose  cathedral 
church  this  district  was  granted  by  King  Athelstan  in  93O.1  But,  as  in  the 
case  of  an  earlier  grant  to  the  monastery  of  Ripon,  it  was  not  destined  long  to 
remain  in  the  hands  of  the  church,  and  by  the  end  of  the  Confessor's  reign  it 
was  entirely  in  the  hands  of  Tostig,  earl  of  Northumberland.  The  wasted 
condition  of  Amounderness  in  1086  may  have  been  due  at  least  as  much  to 
the  deposition  and  outlawry  promulgated  against  Tostig  by  the  gemot  at  York 
in  1065,  followed  by  the  slaughter  of  his  followers  and  the  plundering  of  his 
possessions  by  his  enemies,2  as  to  the  Conqueror's  ravages.  The  whole  of 
this  region  was  dependent  on  the  capital  manor  of  Preston,  and  was  probably 
divided  into  four  parishes, — Preston,  Kirkham,  Kirk  Poulton,  and  St.  Michael 
on  Wyre.  After  the  conquest  it  was  treated  as  a  hundred,  and  the  whole 
was  brought  within  the  metes  of  the  Forest  of  Lancaster.  On  the  south 
the  Ribble  formed  the  natural  boundary,  and  on  the  east  its  tributary  the 
Hodder  and  the  fells  of  Bowland  and  Bleasdale,  while  the  vast  peat  mosses  of 
Pilling,  Cockerham,  Winmarleigh,  and  Garstang  formed  a  natural  division 
from  Lonsdale  on  the  north. 

1  Historians  of  the  Church  ofTork  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  I.  a  Freeman,  Norman  Conquest,  ii.  491-5. 

271 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

In  the  regions  to  the  north  of  Amounderness,  Earl  Tostig's  manors  com- 
prised the  greater  part  of  territories  known  as  Lonsdale,  Kendal,  Cartmel,  and 
Furness.  Under  his  capital  manor  of  Grindleton,  which  lay  across  the  Kibble 
facing  the  most  northerly  point  of  the  land  between  Kibble  and  Mersey,  were 
grouped  the  twelve  manors  which  constituted  the  territory  known  as  Bowland. 
Intermingled  with  Tostig's  vast  estate  were:  (i)  Torfin's  chief  manor  of 
Austwick,  in  Yorkshire,  with  two  adjacent  manors  in  that  county,  the  three 
distant  manors  of  Caton,  Claughton,  and  Warton,  in  Lancashire,  and  eight 
manors  in  Westmorland;  (2)  Chetel's  Yorkshire  manor  of  Bentham,  with 
Wennington,  Tatham,  and  Farleton,  in  Lancashire ;  (3)  a  small  group  of 
manors  near  Lancaster  (Ashton  and  Cockerham) ;  (4)  Gillemichael's  great 
Westmorland  manor  of  Strickland,  including  Kirkby  Kendal.  All  these 
manors  we  may  look  upon  as  having  belonged  to  followers  of  Tostig,  holding 
as  thegns  under  the  earldom  of  Northumbria.  Evidence  of  this  seems  to  be 
afforded  by  the  fact  that  the  regions  lying  between  the  Duddon  and  the 
Kibble,  including  Kendal,  but  excluding  those  manors  which  lay  in  Ewcross 
wapentake  and  in  Bowland,  were  united  for  the  levying  of  geld  into  a  division 
assessed  for  500  carucates.1  Perhaps  this  ownership  also  explains  the  com- 
plete break  up  of  these  estates  after  the  conquest  and  their  re-arrangement 
in  new  manorial  groups. 

Having  thus  examined  the  physical  divisions  of  the  embryo  county  of 
Lancaster,  we  may  next  consider  the  personal  and  statistical  condition  of 
these  districts  at  the  time  of  the  conquest,  as  revealed  in  Domesday  Book. 
Passing  over,  for  the  moment,  the  royal  demesne,  and  turning  to  the  manors 
held  in  thegnage  and  drengage,  we  find  a  few  thegns  in  possession  of  a 
larger  franchise  than  the  majority  enjoyed.  Between  Kibble  and  Mersey, 
the  most  important  of  these  was  Ughtred,  thegn  of  Roby,  Knowsley,  Kirkby, 
Little  Crosby,  Maghull,  and  Achetun  (i.e.  Bickerstaffe) ,  in  which  manors  he 
held  two  hides,  woodland  two  leagues  in  length  and  as  much  in  breadth, 
and  two  eyries  of  hawks.  Altogether  seventeen  manors  in  West  Derby 
hundred  had  been  in  the  possession  of  '  Uctred.'  In  the  case  of  Kirkdale  we 
are  able  to  identify  the  owner  with  the  thegn  of  Roby,  because  he  is  sub- 
sequently stated  to  have  certain  franchises  in  connexion  with  Kirkdale  and 
Little  Crosby  ;  it  is  therefore  probable  that  it  was  the  same  Ughtred  who 
held  Aughton,  and  the  three  manors  of  Dalton,  Skelmersdale,  and  Uplither- 
land,  a  manor  in  Lathom,  another  in  Hurleton  (including  Scarisbrick),  and 
a  moiety  of  Martin.  As  Lathom  at  an  early  date  gave  its  name  to  the  family 
who  were  for  centuries  settled  there,  and  under  whom  Hurleton  and 
Scarisbrick  were  held  by  the  yearly  service  of  8s.,  or  at  the  Domesday 
rate  of  32^.  for  the  carucate  ;  and  as  the  same  family  also  held  Roby, 
Knowsley,  Huyton,  and  Tarbock  for  one  knight's  fee,  it  seems  probable  that 
Ughtred  of  1066  was  the  predecessor  of  the  Lathoms,  and  possibly  immediate 

1  In  the  districts  north  of  the  Ribble  the  incidence  of  '  hundreds '  consisting  of  1 2  carucates  in  groups  of 
7  (84  car.)  is  remarkable.  Thus  Amounderness  consisted  of  4  parishes  containing  1 68  carucates,  or  two  groups 
of '7  hundreds.'  Lancaster,  Cartmel,  and  Furness  contained  248^  car.  or  3^  car.  less  than  three  groups  of 
'  7  hundreds,'  Kendal  contained  exactly  84  car.,  or  one  group  of  '  7  hundreds.'  Again,  the  Yorkshire  dis- 
trict of  Craven,  including  Ewcross  wapentake  and  Bowland,  contained  504  car.  6  bov.,  or  6  bov.  more  than 
six  groups  of '  7  hundreds.'  Thus  the  component  parts  of  Lancashire  north  of  the  Ribble,  with  Kendal  and 
Craven,  contained  1,005  car.  2  bov.,  a  total  which  closely  approximates  to  12  groups  of  '7  hundreds' 
(12x7x12  =  1,008  car.).  Mr.  Round  has  called  attention  to  these  groups  of  7  hundreds  in  feudal  England, 
78-9. 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

predecessor  of  that  Dunning1  who  was  living  in  the  early  years  after  the  date 
of  Domesday,  and  with  whom  the  genealogy  of  the  ancient  family  of 
Lathom  commences. 

For  some  of  his  lands  Ughtred  enjoyed  greater  liberties  than  his  neigh- 
bours, in  that  he  was  exempt  from  all  forfeitures,  except  breach  of  the 
peace,  premeditated  assault  (forsteal),  house-breaking,  renewing  a  fray  after 
having  sworn  to  desist,  failure  to  pay  a  debt  when  condemned  to  do  so  by 
the  reeve,  and  disregarding  a  summons  from  the  reeve  to  attend  him  upon  a 
set  day,  for  which  offences  he  was  liable  to  a  fine  of  40^.  Another  thegn, 
by  name  Dot,  held  one  hide  in  Huyton  and  Tarbock  exempt  from  all 
customary  services  except  geld.  No  other  thegns  held  manors  in  West 
Derby  hundred  of  more  than  average  size  or  exempt  from  forfeitures  ; 
except  that  fifteen  manors  rated  at  three  hides  had  been  pardoned  the  rent  of 
4/.  14-c.  8*/.,  which  they  had  formerly  paid  to  the  king.  These  three  hides 
were  also  exempt  from  paying  fines  for  bloodshed  and  rape,  which  fines  were 
retained  by  the  thegns  instead  of  being  handed  over  to  the  king.  These 
remissions  were  possibly  granted  to  compensate  for  the  low-lying  position  of 
these  manors  and  their  liability  to  inundations.  In  Newton  hundred  two  of 
the  fifteen  drengs,  who  held  24  carucates  amongst  them,  had  5  carucates 
in  their  two  manors,  and  took  to  their  own  profit  the  forfeitures  of  bloodshed 
and  rape,  and  likewise  the  pannage  of  swine  belonging  to  their  men  or  under 
tenants.  The  thirty-four  drengs  in  Warrington  hundred,  whose  manors 
averaged  a  carucate  and  a  half,  do  not  appear  to  have  differed  much 
in  status. 

In  Salford  hundred  the  manors  or  berewicks  were  of  much  larger  size, 
twenty-one  berewicks  containing  iij  hides  and  loj  carucates,  being  an 
average  of  3!  carucates  each.  The  survey  makes  particular  mention  of  one 
thegn,  Gamel  of  Rochdale,  who  held  the  whole  of  that  lordship  in  1066, 
but  at  the  date  of  Domesday  had  lost  all  but  two  carucates — possibly  repre- 
senting his  demesne  of  Castleton.  He  was  exempt  from  all  customary 
services  and  forfeitures,  except  for  theft,  house-breaking,  '  forsteal,'  breach  of 
peace,  neglecting  the  reeve's  summons,  and  renewing  a  fray  after  swearing 
to  desist  ;  for  which  offences  a  fine  of  40^.  was  the  penalty.  In  this 
hundred  there  were  in  1066  derelict  or  waste  lands  belonging  to  the  demesne 
rated  at  12  carucates.  The  unfertile,  cold,  and  hilly  nature  of  part  of  this 
hundred  seems  the  most  likely  explanation  of  the  statement  in  the  survey 
respecting  the  thegnslands,  that  '  some  of  these  estates  were  quit  from  all 
custom  except  [Dane-] geld,  and  a  few  are  even  quit  from  [Dane-] geld.'  In 
Blackburn  hundred  the  twenty-eight  manors  held  by  freemen  averaged 
just  over  2j  carucates  each.  It  is,  however,  probable  that  the  individual 
manors  varied  considerably  on  either  side  of  the  average. 

When  we  cross  the  Kibble  to  examine  the  survey  of  the  regions  lying 
to  the  north,  the  question  presents  itself  whether  the  Conqueror's  surveyors 
ever  visited  the  regions  of  Amounderness,  Lonsdale,  Kendal,  and  Furness. 
The  account  of  them  in  Domesday  Book  partakes  more  of  the  nature  of  a  Geld 
book  than  of  a  survey,  and  one  cannot  avoid  coming  to  the  conclusion  either 
that  the  district  was  not  visited,  or  that  it  was  so  nearly  waste  in  1086  that 
it  was  not  possible  to  survey  it  further  than  appears  to  have  been  done. 

1  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  402^, 
I  273  35 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Amounderness  in  1066  consisted  of  62  vills — 3  of  which  belonged 
properly  to  Lonsdale.  All  these  vills  were  berewicks  of  the  capital  manor 
of  Preston,  and  owned  Tostig  as  lord.  Whilst  the  value  of  the  land  between 
Kibble  and  Mersey  was  depreciated  by  the  events  which  followed  the  Norman 
invasion  only  to  the  extent  of  25/.,  or  from  I45/.  2s.  zd  in  1066,  to  iao/. 
when  Roger  of  Poitou  received  it,  Amounderness  fared  grievously.  At  the 
date  of  the  survey  only  16  out  of  62  vills  possessed  inhabitants,  and  these 
but  a  few,  whilst  the  remainder  were  derelict,  and  devoid  of  stock,  crop,  or 
inhabitants.  Probably  this  deplorable  condition  was  not  so  much  due  to  the 
levy  of  oxen,  sheep,  swine,  corn,  and  other  stores  made  by  the  Conqueror's 
army  in  passing  through  these  regions,  as  by  the  devastations  committed  by 
Tostig's  enemies  in  his  lands,  owing  to  his  unpatriotic  attitude,  and  during  his 
prolonged  absence  from  his  earldom  previous  to  the  conquest.  The  survey 
gives  us  no  hint  as  to  the  value  or  condition  of  Lonsdale,  Kendal,  Cartmel, 
or  Furness,  either  before  or  after  the  conquest.  The  reduction  in  the 
assessment  to  Danegeld  made  in  or  before  the  reign  of  Henry  I.  amounting 
to  143  carucates1  in  these  regions,  proves  how  greatly  they  had  suffered 
impoverishment  since  the  days  before  the  conquest. 

Little  can  be  added  to  that  which  is  already  known  concerning  the  pre- 
conquest  lords  of  the  regions  north  of  the  Kibble.  As  already  shown,  Tostig 
held  Amounderness,  Halton,  Whittington,  Beetham,  and  Furness,  with  their 
respective  members,  embracing  a  territory  rated  at  419  carucates,  of  which 
386  lay  in  Amounderness,  Lonsdale,  Kendal,  Cartmel,  and  Furness,  with 
14  carucates  in  Ewcross  wapentake,  co.  York,  and  19  carucates  in  Millom 
('  Hougun  '),  co.  Cumberland. 

Thorfin,  who  held  the  Yorkshire  manor  of  Austwick,  with  its  members 
— of  which  those  in  Kendal  and  Lonsdale  contained  33  carucates — may 
possibly  be  identified  as  the  thegn  who  also  held  the  manor  of  Winterburn 
in  Craven,  with  seven  berewicks  under  Roger  of  Poitou  (f.  332). 

Chetel,  who  held  the  Yorkshire  manor  of  Bentham  (6  carucates)  and 
three  other  manors  in  Lonsdale  rated  at  12  carucates,  cannot  be  certainly 
identified  with  any  of  the  thegns  of  this  name  who  held  manors  in  Craven. 
Other  thegns  in  Lonsdale  were  Ulf  and  Machel,  who  each  had  a  manor  and 
2  carucates  between  them  in  Cockerham  ;  Cliber,  Machern,  and  Gillemichael, 
who  had  manors  rated  at  10  carucates  in  Ashton,  Ellel,  and  Scotforth,  the 
last  named  being  perhaps  the  Gillemichael  who  had  a  manor  in  '  Stercaland,' 
now  Strickland  Ketel  and  Strickland  Roger,  rated  at  20  carucates  in  the 
whole,  with  9  other  manors,  including  Kirkby  Kendal,  of  which  Dalton  alone 
was  in  Lonsdale  ;  Ulf,  who  had  a  manor  rated  at  9  carucates  in  Melling,  with 
Hornby  and  one  moiety  of  Wennington;  Orm,  who  had  a  berewick  of  the 
manor  of  Melling,  supposed  to  be  Wrayton,  rated  at  ij  carucate  ;  the  same 
or  another  Orm,  who  had  a  manor  in  Thornton  in  Lonsdale  (3  carucates), 
co.  York,  and  a  moiety  of  Burrow  rated  at  3  carucates  ;  Duuan,  who  had 
Kirkby  Cartmel  (6  carucates),  that  is  the  village  and  church  of  Cartmel  ; 
Ernulf,  who  held  the  manor  and  vill  of  Aldingham  (6  carucates),  and  his 
neighbour  Turulf,  who  had  a  manor  in  Ulverston  (6  carucates),  of  which 
Bolton,  with  Adgarley  and  Dendron,  were  either  berewicks,  or  were  then 

1  This  total  is  obtained  by  a  comparison  of  the  figures  given  in  Dom.  Bk.  with  those  recorded  in  the  Testa 
de  Neviff. 

274 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

lying  waste.  After  Tostig,  the  most  interesting  person  mentioned  in  the 
survey  of  this  region  is  Ernuin  the  priest,  who  held  Beetham  and  possibly 
its  members  under  Roger,  and  occurs  as  '  the  man  of  Roger  of  Poitou '  in  the 
survey  of  Roger's  fees  in  Lincolnshire1,  in  which  county  and  in  Nottingham- 
shire he  or  his  father  may  perhaps  be  identified  as  the  '  Ernuin  '  who  held 
several  manors  before  the  conquest.2  He  seems  also  to  have  held  a  manor  in 
Bedfordshire,  which  his  father  had  held  under  King  Edward  as  the  king's 
man.8  In  Lincoln  city  he  had  a  house  which  had  been  Earl  Morcar's,  and 
in  the  same  county  a  small  estate  at  Widme,*  which  he  held  of  King  Edward 
in  alms ;  another  at  Ingham,  which  he  had  received  from  the  king  and  queen  ; 
and  a  third  at  Fillingham,  which  he  had  held  of  the  queen.  His  father 
appears  to  have  been  named  Ernuin  Catenase,  and  to  have  held  the  manors  of 
Scagglethorpe  and  Upper  and  Nether  Poppleton,  co.  York,  which  a  jury 
declared  that  Ernuin  the  priest  ought  to  hold  of  Robert  Malet.6  From  these 
references  it  would  appear  that  Ernuin  had  been  one  of  King  Edward's 
priests,  and  had  been  presented  to  more  than  one  church,  Beetham  being  one 
of  them. 

To  roughly  fill  in  the  picture,  of  which  the  outlines  have  been  given, 
and  so  to  obtain  a  more  or  less  complete  view  of  Lancashire  and  its  inhabi- 
tants at  this  early  date,  is  not  difficult. 

In  1066  no  monastic  house  held  a  single  carucate  of  land  in  these 
regions,  notwithstanding  the  gifts  in  time  past  of  Cartmel  and  Amounderness 
to  religious  uses.  The  parishes  were  few  in  number,  and  their  endowments 
did  not  usually  exceed  i  carucate,  sometimes  falling  as  low  as  ^  bovates,  as  at 
Blackburn.  No  large  estates  existed,  nor  does  the  status  of  the  two  or  three 
thegns  who  held  estates  somewhat  larger  than  their  neighbours  point  to  a 
condition  different  from  that  of  the  more  free  thegns  found  in  other  parts  of 
England.  The  land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  was,  with  the  exception  of 
the  demesne,  almost  entirely  in  the  hands  of  thegns,  or  of  their  Northumbrian 
peers,  drengs,  1 57  holdings  consisting  of  a  homestead  and,  on  an  average, 
z\  carucates  of  land.  In  Childwall  there  were  four  '  radmans,' e  the  '  rad- 
chenistres '  of  the  southern  counties,  holding  3  carucates  between  them.  The 
country  may  well  be  described  as  a  huge  manor  of  royal  demesne,  where  the 
ownership  by  the  sovereign  precluded  the  rise  of  any  great  estates  or  changes 
of  any  considerable  moment  in  the  status  of  its  inhabitants.  The  customary 
services  of  the  thegns  in  West  Derby  hundred  are  fully  described  in  the 
survey  (f.  269  b.}  and  with  little  variation  applied  also  to  the  thegns  of  the 
other  hundreds  between  Ribble  and  Mersey.  Each  thegn  by  custom  paid  a 
rent  (called  carucate  geld)  to  the  king  of  two  ores  of  pence — that  is  32^. — 
for  each  carucate  of  land,  apparently  in  addition  to  a  rent  (farm)  of  similar 
amount,  and  likewise  by  custom  assisted  to  build  or  repair  the  king's 
houses  and  other  buildings,  and  all  works  in  or  about  the  king's  halls  and 
demesne  lands.  He  also  assisted  in  the  construction  and  repair  of  '  fisheries ' 
(piscarite),  which  comprised  fish-stalls7  or  weirs  and  traps  for  eels,  the  former 
being  the  primitive  method  for  taking  salmon  then  and  for  centuries  after  in 
vogue,  which  consisted  in  making  pools  or  weirs  in  tidal  water,  where  fish 

1  Dm.  Bk.  i.  f.  352.  2  Ibid.  f.  290  and  352. 

3  Ibid.  f.  211.  *  Ibid.  £371.  5  Ibid.  f.  374,  col.  i. 

6  Of '  riding-men '  and  their  services,  see  Dom.  Bk.  and  Beyond,  pp.  305-7  ;  V.C.H.  Worcestershire,  i.  250 

7  Locally  known  as  '  fish-yards,'  and  further  north  as  '  fish-garths.' 

275 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

which  came  up  with  the  tide  were  left  impounded  after  the  ebb,  and  were 
taken  at  low  water  in  nets,  or  by  spears  ;  he  alscnxssktedjn^  making  enclosures 
(haice)  in  the  woods  and  wastes,  fenced  by  hedges,  walls,  or  pales,  ~  wher-e-caitle 
or  deer  could  be  impounded  and  better  protected  from  the  attack  of  beasts  of 
prey  ;  and  '  deer-hedges  '  (stabiliturtz) ,  also  called  deer-hays  or  deer-stalls,  which 
he  assisted  to  construct  in  the  forest  when  the  king  came  to  hunt,  so  that  the 
deer  might  be  driven  within  reach  of  the  king's  spear  or  bow  in  the  manner 
of  a  modern  '  drive.' x 

Every  thegn  who  should  fail  to  come  at  the  reeve's  summons  to  assist  in 
these  customary  duties  incurred  a  penalty  of  2s.,  and  afterwards  came  and 
laboured  at  the  work  until  it  was  finished.  In  these  duties  it  would  appear 
that  the  thegns  were  by  custom  fellow-workmen  with  the  villeins,  but  in 
Salford  hundred  some  thegns  were  exempt  from  performing  these  customary 
works,  and — as  the  record  elsewhere  states — the  thegns  of  this  hundred  and 
those  of  Leyland  were  exempt  from  working  at  the  king's  hall.  Each  thegn 
in  West  Derby  hundred  was  also  compelled  to  send  his  reapers  for  one  day  in 
August  to  cut  the  crops  on  the  king's  demesne  lands,  and  failing  to  do  so 
incurred  a  penalty  of  2s.  ;  but  whilst  the  drengs  of  Newton  hundred  owed 
this  service  for  two  days  instead  of  one  day  only,  the  thegns  of  Salford  and 
Leyland  hundreds  owed  no  reaping  service  in  August.  Of  ploughing  service 
there  is  no  mention,  and  probably  the  thegns  and  drengs  were  exempt  from 
this  servile  work,  which  the  villeins  performed  at  this  time  and  for  genera- 
tions after,  together  with  many  other  duties  required  in  the  cultivation  of  the 
demesne  lands.3  In  many  parts  of  England  the  '  radmans '  ploughed  and 
harrowed,  mowed  and  reaped,  in  the  king's  or  lord's  demesne  lands,  and  did 
whatever  was  required  of  them,8  but  of  their  services  in  these  districts  nothing 
is  told  us. 

The  survey  makes  no  mention  of  the  number  of  villeins,  bordars,  oxmen, 
or  serfs  existing  in  1066  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  but  gives  some  particu- 
lars thereof  applicable  to  the  demesne  of  Roger  of  Poitou  and  the  demesne  of 
his  knights  in  1086.  These  particulars  are  not  in  any  way  remarkable,  though 
attention  may  be  called  to  the  three  bondwomen  (ancillce)  mentioned  in  the 
hundred  of  West  Derby,  as  the  exact  position  and  significance  of  this  class  is 
still  one  of  the  incompletely  solved  problems  of  Domesday. 

When  we  turn  to  the  consideration  of  the  values  recorded  in  the  survey, 
we  meet  with  several  questions  difficult  of  solution.  The  thegns,  we  are  told, 
paid  for  each  carucate  a  customary  due  of  2  ores  of  pence,  i.e.  32^.  When, 
therefore,  we  find  a  large  number  of  cases  in  which  the  value  of  2  carucates  of 
land  was  64  pence,  or  of  half  a  hide  8  shillings,  it  appears  at  first  as  if  this 
customary  due  was  identical  with,  and  the  sole  constituent  of,  the  annual 
'  render.'  But  the  case  of  the  two  manors  of  Toxteth,4  where  in  each  case 
2  carucates  were  worth  only  4  shillings,  suggests  a  doubt  as  to  this  identity, 
which  is  strengthened  when  we  examine  the  return  of  these  hides  in  the 
parishes  of  Ormskirk  and  Halsall,  which  are  stated  to  have  been  exempt  from 

1  See  also  Dora.  Bk.  \.  56  b  ;  Ibid.  f.  179.  For  examples  of  similar  service,  see  Boldon  Book,  P.C.H. 
Durham,  i. 

»  See  Dam.  Book  and  Beyond,  p.  56.  «  ibid,  p  56,  in  notis. 

4  The  assessment  area  is  recorded  in  each  case  as  I  virgate  (equal  in  this  district  to  i£  carucate)  and  half 
a  carucate  of  land.  Probably  only  the  virgate  paid  rent.  '  Reddebat '  and  '  valebat '  are  here  interchangeable 
terms. 

276 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

all  customary  dues  except  [Dane-] geld,  particular  mention  being  made  of  their 
exemption  from  the  '  geldum  carucatarum  terrae,'  which  must  refer  to  this 
due  of  2  ores.  In  the  manorial  holdings  which  make  up  these  3  hides 
we  find  that  the  value  per  carucate  is  in  most  cases  considerably  higher  than 
in  the  other  manors  of  West  Derby,  the  whole — including  half  a  carucate  in 
Altcar,  which  was  waste  and  valueless — paying  3/.  js.  4</.,  or  i/.  is.  4^. 
more  than  would  have  been  the  case  at  the  normal  rate  of  3  2  pence  the  caru- 
cate.1 The  value,  therefore,  instead  of  having  fallen  owing  to  the  abolition  of 
this  due,  had  risen,  showing  that  the  32  pence  were  additional  to  the  '  value,' 
though  the  land  would  seem  as  a  rule  to  have  been  assessed  for  rent  at  the 
same  rate  of  2  ores  of  pence  for  each  carucate.  There  is  a  further  puzzling 
point  in  connexion  with  these  three  exempt  hides  ;  it  is  stated  that  King 
Edward  remitted  the  rent  (censurn)  of  these  three  hides,  and  that '  they  used  to 
render  4/.  141.  8</.' — a  sum  which  does  not  agree  with  the  total  value  obtained 
from  the  component  items,  but  which  is  within  is.  %d.  of  double  the  '  carucate 
geld '  due  on  that  amount  of  land.  It  is  difficult  to  be  certain  of  the  explana- 
tion of  this,  but  it  is  at  least  possible  that  originally  these  lands  were  farmed 
at  the  normal  rate  of  32  pence  with  the  additional  burden  of  the  'carucate 
geld '  ;  that  these  two  charges  were  taken  off  by  King  Edward,  who  took 
nothing  but  Danegeld  from  these  lands,  but  that  subsequently,  when  Roger  of 
Poitou  held  the  district,  these  lands  were  again  farmed  out,  but  at  a  higher  rate 
than  the  neighbouring  estates  in  consideration  of  their  exemption  from  the 
'  carucate  geld  '  and  other  dues.8 

An  important  item  in  the  extent  of  a  manor  was  the  woodland,  of  which 
the  measurements  are  usually  given.  Any  attempt  to  estimate  the  areas  of 
woodland  in  the  various  manors  can  only  be  very  rough,  and  must  be  received 
with  caution  for  many  reasons.  First,  it  is  evident  that  such  measurements  as 
are  given  are  merely  approximate,  and  it  is  also  evident  that  as  the  woodland 
lay  not  in  neat  rectangular  blocks  but  in  straggling  and  irregular  masses,  of 
which  the  greatest  length  and  breadth  were  no  doubt  roughly  estimated,  the 
product  of  length  and  breadth  will  not  correspond  with  the  superficial  area. 
There  is  the  further  difficulty  of  the  relative  value  of  the  league  and  furlong — 
the  units  in  which  the  woodland  was  measured — as  Mr.  Eyton's  suggestion 
that  the  league  contained  1 2  furlongs  would  apparently  make  the  area  of  the 
woods  in  Newton  hundred  considerably  in  excess  of  the  total  area  of  that 
hundred.  There  is  further  the  question  of  the  size  of  the  perch  to  be  con- 
sidered, for  throughout  the  hundred  of  West  Derby  the  large  or  Cheshire 
perch  of  24  feet  was,  and  still  is,  employed  in  land  measure,  and  in  many 

1  In  the  case  of  Huyton  and  Tarbock  the  release  by  the  king  of  certain  dues  (or  forfeitures)  increased 
the  value  of  those  manors  from  the  normal  161.  the  hide  to  20*.,  an  increase  of  one-fourth.  The  same 
increase  is  observable  in  the  case  of  Kirkdale. 

8  The  '  rent '  paid  in  different  hundreds  (as  distinct  from  the  carucate  geld)  appears  to  have  varied  some- 
what. In  Newton  hundred  the  thegns  paid  only  Jo/,  for  4  hides,  in  addition  to  the  carucate  geld.  The 
carucate  also  seems  to  have  varied  in  value  according  to  the  situation  and  soil,  and  the  yield  of  the  casual  profits 
of  woodlands  and  forfeitures.  Taking  the  total  value  of  the  six  hundreds  T.R.E.,  as  recorded  in  the  survey, 
at  I45/.  2*.  zd.  (the  values  of  the  individual  hundreds  add  to  I4S/.  8.r.  loJ.),  each  of  the  474  carucates  of 
land  between  Kibble  and  Mersey  was  of  the  average  value  of  6s.  I  \d.  The  values  of  the  demesne  lands  in  1086 
are  recorded  as  worth — for  the  part  held  by  Roger  of  Poitou  237.  lot.,  for  the  part  held  by  his  knights  2O/.  I  is. 
(but  the  figures  add  to  22!.  12s.).  Taking  the  area  of  the  demesne  lands  as  recorded,  viz.,  109  caracutes,  and 
the  corrected  total  of  the  value  as  467.  2s.,  we  get  an  average  value  of  8/.  '~,\d.  per  carucate  of  the  demesne. 
Dealing  with  the  364  carucates  7  bovates  of  land  held  by  thegns  in  1066  as  yielding  a  rent  of  5/.  4^.  per 
carucate,  we  obtain  the  sum  of  977.  6s.  This  added  to  the  previous  sum  gives  a  total  of  I43/.  8s.,  as  against 
the  sum  of  1457.  21.  2J.,  recorded  in  the  survey  as  the  value  T.R.E.  of  the  six  hundreds. 

277 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

parts  of  Lancashire  the  perch  of  2 1  feet  is  still  employed.  Many  mediaeval 
records,  however,  mention  a  perch  of  20  feet,  and  it  is  almost  safe  to  assume 
that  this  was  the  perch  or  '  rod-fall '  most  usually  employed  in  Lancashire, 
outside  the  hundred  of  West  Derby,1  and  probably  employed  in  the  survey 
throughout  the  region  under  review.  To  a  great  extent  the  area  of  wood- 
land mentioned  in  the  survey  may  be  located  by  the  aid  of  mediaeval  records. 
The  2  leagues  by  i  league  of  wood  belonging  to  the  demesne  of  West  Derby 
lay  in  the  modern  townships  of  West  Derby,  Croxteth,  Fazakerley,  and  Hale- 
wood.  Ughtred's  2  leagues  by  2  leagues  extended  over  Knowsley,  Kirkby, 
and  '  Achetun,'  i.e.  BickerstafFe.  In  Little  Woolton  there  was  half  a  league 
of  wood  ;  in  Lathom  and  Burscough  i  league  by  half  a  league  ;  in  Melling 
with  Cunscough  the  same  area,  adjoining  Ughtred's  wood  in  Kirkby  and 
Simonswood  ;  in  Lydiate  i  league  by  2  furlongs.  In  Newton  hundred  the 
area  of  wood  measured  i  o  leagues  by  6  leagues  2  furlongs.  The  area  of  wood- 
land in  this  region — known  as  Makerfield — before  the  conquest  must  have 
amounted  to  something  like  one-third  of  the  whole  area.  No  wood  is  recorded 
in  Warrington  hundred,  by  what  appears  to  be  an  oversight  on  the  part  of 
the  commissioners  or  their  clerks.  In  the  demesne  of  Salford  hundred  there 
was  woodland  3  leagues  by  3  leagues,  and  in  the  thegnlands  6  leagues  by 
4  leagues.  The  former  probably  lay  in  Broughton  and  in  and  around  Horwich, 
whilst  the  bulk  of  the  thegns'  woodland  probably  lay  in  Rochdale  and 
Tottington.  In  Blackburn  hundred  there  was  wood  on  the  demesne  lands 
i  league  by  i  league,  probably  lying  in  Ramsgreave,  near  Blackburn,  whilst 
the  thegns  had  woodlands  containing  6  leagues  by  4  leagues,  lying  in  Rossendale 
and  Pendle  forests,  and  in  manors  lying  in  the  Ribble  valley.  In  the  demesne 
of  Leyland  hundred  there  was  2  leagues  by  i  league  of  wood,  probably  in  Ley- 
land,  whilst  the  thegns  had  6  leagues  by  3  leagues  i  furlong  lying  in  the  region  of 
Gunolfsmores,  and  in  Brindle,  Clayton  le  Woods,  Whittle  le  Woods,  and  Chorley. 
Before  passing  to  the  consideration  of  the  infeudations  made  by  Roger 
of  Poitou,  it  is  necessary  to  determine  how  much  of  the  region  under  review 
— as  proved  by  the  wording  of  the  record — he  held  at  or  before  the  date  of 
the  survey.  The  land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  had  been  Roger's,  but 
was  then  in  the  king's  hand  (f.  301^).  Amounderness  had  also  passed  out 
of  Roger's  hand,  and  was  therefore  included  in  the  survey  under  '  the  king's 
land.'  Lonsdale,  Kendal,  Cartmel,  and  Furness  likewise  appear,  immediately 
after  Amounderness,  amongst  the  king's  lands,  except  five  manors  in  Lonsdale 
and  one  manor  in  Kendal,  that  is  Beetham  with  its  members,  which  appear 
under  the  heading  '  The  land  of  Roger  of  Poitou,'  without  any  remark  to 
show  that  he  had  ceased  to  hold  them.  On  the  contrary,  under  Beetham  we 
read  '  Nunc  habet  Rogerius  '  (£332),  and  of  certain  of  his  manors  in  Craven 
we  read  of  Barnoldswick  that  '  Berenger  de  Todeni  tenuit,  set  modo  est  in 
castellatu  Rogerii  pictavensis,'  and  of  Colton — '  Erneis  habuit,  set  modo  est 
in  castellatu  Rogerii'  (f.  332).  Of  his  manors  in  Derbyshire  it  is  recorded, 
'Now  they  are  in  the  king's  hand'  (f.  273^),  but  in  Nottinghamshire  and 
Lincolnshire  nothing  is  recorded  to  suggest  that  he  was  otherwise  than  in  full 
possession  of  his  fief.  In  Norfolk  the  survey  of  his  manors  is  headed  '  The 
lands  which  were  Roger  of  Poitou's,'  *  but  again  in  Suffolk 8  and  Essex 4  the 

1  Cockersand  Chartulary  (Chatham  Soc.  N.  S.  vol.  38),  p.  115. 

*  Dm.  Bk.  ii.  f.  243.  »  Ibid.  f.  346.  *  Ibid.  f.  89. 

278 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

record  shows  that  he  was  in  possession.  Some  writers  have  stated  that  Roger 
temporarily  lost  his  English  fief  in  1077,  during  one  of  the  quarrels  between 
William  I.  and  his  eldest  son  Robert  Curthose,  when  Robert  of  Belesme, 
eldest  brother  of  Roger,  was  one  of  the  duke's  strongest  supporters,1  and  Roger 
a  probable  associate.  But  the  reference  to  manors  in  Yorkshire  being  '  now  ' 
in  the  hands,  honour,  or  castelry  of  Roger,  appears  to  preclude  the  supposition 
of  a  temporary  forfeiture  so  far  back  as  the  year  1077.  In  the  absence  of  any 
reference  in  the  chronicles  to  this  event  it  does  not  appear  at  all  certain  that 
any  such  forfeiture  occurred,  and  a  possible  explanation  is  to  be  found  in  a 
voluntary  surrender  or  exchange  of  these  estates.  The  evidence  that  Lonsdale 
formed  part  of  Roger's  fief  lies  mainly  in  the  fact  that  within  this  region  he 
gave  the  church  of  Lancaster,  the  manors  of  Aldcliffe  and  Newton,  the  churches 
of  Melling,  Bolton-le-sands,  and  Heysham,  and  tithes  of  Middleton,  Overton, 
Skerton,  Slyne,  Bare,  and  Stapelterne  to  the  church  of  St.  Martin  of  Sees  in  the 
year  1 094.*  He  also  made  gifts  of  churches  and  tithes  within  his  demesnes 
in  Amounderness,  Leyland,  Salford,  and  West  Derby.  No  places  in  Cartmel 
or  Furness  are  mentioned  in  any  of  his  charters,  an  omission  which 
possibly  indicates  that  these  two  regions  with  part  of  Kendal  were  the  king's 
land,  and  had  not  been  included  in  Roger's  fief,  although  they  had  formed 
part  of  Tostig's  pre-conquest  estate  within  these  regions.  At  the  same  time 
it  is  possible  that  Furness,  if  not  also  Cartmel  and  part  of  Kendal,  was 
included  in  Roger's  fief  before  1086,  and  that  it  was  resigned  by  Roger 
with  other  manors  in  or  before  1086,  preparatory  to  an  exchange  of  lands  ; 
for  in  a  charter  of  John,  count  of  Mortain,  restoring  Furness  Fells  to  the 
monks  of  Furness,  these  '  Montana  Furnessii '  were  granted  *  per  omnes 
divisas  quas  Rogerus  Pictavensis  vel  Comes  Stephanus  ....  plenius  et 
integrius  tenuerunt.'8 

To  identify  the  knights  who  held  of  Roger  of  Poitou  at  the  time  of  the 
survey  is  by  no  means  an  easy  task.  If  we  are  right  in  supposing  that 
'  Geoffrey,'  the  knight  who  held  two  hides  and  half  a  carucate  in  the  hundred 
of  West  Derby  in  1086,  was  the  predecessor  of  Godfrey,  the  sheriff,  we  can 
trace  the  greater  portion  of  this  fee  by  his  successor's  gifts  to  Shrewsbury 
Abbey  in  1093-4  of  the  church  of  Walton-on-the-hill  with  the  lands  be- 
longing to  it,  and  the  vill  of  Garston,  which  had  formed  part  of  the  royal 
demesne  in  this  hundred  before  the  conquest.4  In  Amounderness  he  gave  the 
church  of  Kirkham,  and  in  1094  he  gave  to  St.  Martin  of  Sees  tithes  of 
Bispham  and  houses,  an  orchard  and  lands  in  Lancaster,  and  the  land  which 
he  had  in  '  Little '  Lancaster.6  His  chief  lord  also  gave  to  Shrewsbury  Abbey 
the  vills  of  Woolston  and  Poulton,  in  the  parish  of  Warrington,  with  the 
moiety  of  a  fishery  in  Mersey,  tithes  of  his  demesne  of  Newton-in-Maker- 
field,  and  in  Amounderness  the  chapel  of  Bispham.6  In  the  extra  half-carucate 
of  Geoffrey's  fee  we  seem  to  trace  the  glebe  of  Walton  church.  This  fee 
reverted  to  the  chief  lord  at  or  before  Count  Roger's  banishment  in  1102. 
In  the  person  of  '  Roger'  holding  a  hide  and  a  half  in  West  Derby  hundred 
and  2  carucates  in  Leyland  hundred  we  seem  to  recognise  Roger  de 

1  Ordertcus  Vitalis,  book  v.,  ch.  x. 

*  Reg.  of  the  Abbey  ofStes,  f.  103^  ;  Reg.  of  Lane.  Priory  (Chetham  Soc.,  N.  S.  vol.  26),  pp.  8-10. 
s  Catcher  of  Furness  (Chetham  Soc.  N.S.  vol.  ix.),  p.  63  ;  vol.  xi.  419. 

*  Reg.  of  Salop  Abbey,  No.  371.  6  Reg_  Of  the  Af,bey  0fSl(Sj  {  JO- 
6  Reg.  of  Mop  Abbey,  Nos.  35,  36  and  337. 

279 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Montbegon,  who  occurs  several  times  in  the  survey  of  Roger's  Lin- 
colnshire manors  as  'Roger  the  man  of  Roger  the  Poitevin '  (f.  352), 
and  was  perhaps  the  predecessor  of  Robert  de  Molyneux,  lord  of  Sefton  in 
the  time  of  Henry  I.1 

'  William,'  holding  a  hide  and  a  half,  was  undoubtedly  William  fitz  Nigel, 
constable  of  Chester  and  lord  of  Halton,  whose  Cheshire  fee  under  the  earl  of 
Chester  is  enumerated  in  the  survey  on  fol.  266,  and  his  Lincolnshire  fee 
under  the  same  earl  on  fol.  349,  col.  2.  His  Domesday  fee  in  Lancashire 
probably  consisted  of  Roby,  Knowsley,8  and  Little  Crosby,  ij  hide  in  West 
Derby  hundred,  which  '  Ughtred  '  had  held  before  the  conquest,  and  Sutton, 
Eccleston,  Rainhill,  Cronton,  Appleton,  Widnes,  and  Astley,  2  hides  and 
4  carucates  in  Warrington  hundred.  Subsequently  other  manors  which 
'  Ughtred '  had  held  in  Maghull,  Kirkby,  and  Little  Woolton  (4^  carucates) 
with  Dot's  manors  of  Huyton  and  Tarbock,  Ulbert's  manor  of  '  Wibaldeslei ' 
and  two  manors  in  Woolton,  and  the  manor  of  Cuerdley  in  Prescot  parish, 
were  added  to  the  fee  created  before  1086  to  complete  the  well-known 
'  barony  of  the  Constable  within  the  Lyme.' 3 

Another  manor  which  '  Ughtred '  had  held,  viz.,  half  a  hide  in  Kirk- 
dale,  may  perhaps  be  identified  with  the  half  hide  which  '  Warin '  held  in 
1086.  Of  this  Warin  we  shall  have  something  to  say  hereafter.  The 
greater  part  of  'Tetbald's'  fee  of  ij  hide  in  West  Derby  hundred  was 
probably  included  in  the  fee  subsequently  held  in  the  hundred  by  Pain  de 
Vilers,  lord  of  Warrington,  viz.,  Ince  Blundell  3  carucates,  two-thirds  of 
Thornton  2  carucates,  Halsall  i  carucate,  Lydiate  and  Egergarth  i  carucate, 
a  moiety  of  Barton  a  half-carucate,  making  /J  carucates.  In  Warrington 
hundred  « Tetbald '  had  i|  carucate. 

It  seems  most  probable  that  Henry  I.  enfeoffed  Pain  de  Vilers  of  the 
demesne  lands  of  Warrington,  with  numerous  vills  in  the  parishes  of  War- 
rington, Prescot,  and  Leigh,  and  of  the  escheated  fee  of  '  Tetbald,'  between 
1 1 02  and  1118,  when  the  king  created  the  honour  of  Lancaster  by  incor- 
porating various  escheated  manors  in  the  counties  of  Notts,  Derby,  and 
Lincoln,  with  the  forfeited  lands  of  Roger  of  Poitou — except  in  Essex — and 
adding  thereto  some  manors  of  royal  demesne,  all  which  he  bestowed  upon 
his  nephew  Stephen,  count  of  Mortain,  between  the  years  1115—18. 
'  Adelard's '  holding  of  i  hide  and  half  a  carucate  in  Warrington  hundred 
may  perhaps  be  identified  as  a  fee  comprising  Whiston  and  the  church  of 
Prescot  (to  which  the  half-carucate  probably  belonged),  which  afterwards 
escheated  and  under  Henry  I.  became  the  nucleus  of  the  fee  held  by  serjeanty 
by  the  family  of  Gernet,  who  were  hereditary  foresters  of  all  the  forest  lands 
between  Ribble  and  Mersey  and  in  Lancaster.*  '  Ralph,'  holding  5  carucates, 
cannot  be  identified.  Perhaps  his  fee  was  afterwards  absorbed  in  the  barony 
of  Warrington.  Newton  hundred  long  continued  in  the  demesne  of  Count 
Stephen.  Here  '  Roger  the  Poitevin '  gave  the  church  of  Wynequic 
[Winwick]  to  the  canons  of  St.  Oswold  of  Nostell  with  2  carucates  of 
land,6  and  before  1121  Stephen,  count  of  Mortain,  either  confirmed  this 
gift  or  re-granted  the  church  to  the  priory  of  Nostell.6  Two  knights 

1  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  Rolls,  pp.  427-9  ;  Record  Soc.,  Lane,  and  Ches.,  vol.  48,  pp.  xvi.  and  12. 
*  Which  the  thegn  of  Lathom  held  under  his  successors  by  knight's  service. 

8  Testa  de  Nevill  (Record  Com.),  p.  403^.  '  *  Record  Soc.,  Lane,  and  Ches.,  vol.  48,  pp.  43-4. 

6  Testa  de  Nevill  (Record  Com.),  p.  405^.  6  Farrer,  Lanes.  Fife  Rolls,  p.  310. 

280 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

were  enfeoffed  of  9!  carucates  of  land  in  Lowton  and  Golborne  with  their 
members  before  the  death  of  Henry  I.,  to  hold  by  the  service  of  one 
knight's  fee,  and  they  or  their  successors  afterwards  took  their  names  from 
these  two  vills.1 

Passing  to  Salford  hundred,  '  Nigel's '  fee  of  three  hides  and  half  a 
carucate  first  claims  attention.  There  is  some  reason  for  believing  that  this 
fee  comprised  Manchester  and  its  members  within  that  parish,  the  half 
carucate  apparently  being  the  glebe  of  the  church  of  St.  Mary  in  Manchester. 
The  details  are  :  Manchester,  2  car.  ;  Ancoats,  3  bov.  ;  Moston,  3  bov.  ; 
Ardwick,  2  car.  ;  Gorton,  3  car.  ;  Openshaw,  6  bov.  ;  Newton,  6  bov.  ; 
Clayton,  i  car.  4  bov.  ;  Crumpsall,  2  car.  ;  Withington  with  its  members, 
including  Denton  and  Haughton,  5  car.  2  bov.,  making  in  all  3  hides.  The 
question  of  Nigel's  identity  has  not  been  satisfactorily  solved,  but  it  is 
not  altogether  improbable  that  he  was  Nigel  de  Stafford  *  whose 
descendants,  the  Gresleys,  subsequently  held  Drakelowe  of  the  honour  of 
Lancaster  as  a  serjeanty.  The  only  manor  which  Nigel  de  Stafford  held  in 
chief  in  Staffordshire,  viz.,  Thorpe  Constantine,  was  also  incorporated  in  the 
honour  of  Lancaster  by  Henry  I.  as  an  escheat.  There  is  no  record  of  the 
date  when  Nigel  lost  his  fee  in  Salford  hundred,  but  there  appears  to  be  some 
reason  for  believing  that  it  was  at,  or  immediately  after,  the  date  of  Domesday. 
His  successor  was  Albert  Grelley,  who  held  large  estates  under  Roger  of  Poitou 
in  the  counties  of  Lincoln,8  Norfolk,4  and  Suffolk,6  and  in  this  county  in  the 
hundred  of  Blackburn,  which  he  held  jointly  with  Roger  de  Busli.  We  read 
in  one  of  Roger  of  Poitou's  charters  to  St.  Martin  of  Sees,  dated  in  1094,  that  he 
gave  '  tithes  of  the  whole  land  of  Albert  Greslet  (Grelley),  and  tithe  of  Warin 
Boissel  of  Brostone  (i.e.,  Preston  in  Amounderness),  and  tithes  of  the  land  of 
Roger  de  Montbegon,  of  Calisei  (South  Kelsey)  and  Tablesbei  (Tealby),  and 
of  Tit  (Tydd  Gout),  and  of  his  whole  demesne  between  Ribble  and  Mersey.6 
In  several  charters  of  this  period  Albert  Grelley,  Roger  de  Montbegon, 
Ralph  Gernet,  Geoffrey  Bussel  and  Albert,  his  brother,  appear  as  witnesses 
to  Roger  of  Poitou's  grants  to  St.  Martin  of  Sees,7  so  that  we  seem  to  be 
justified  in  looking  upon  these  persons  as  representing  his  greatest  feudatories. 

Indications  that  new  military  fees  had  been  created  since  1086  are  not 
wanting.  We  have  seen  that  Roger  de  Montbegon  occurs  in  the  survey  as 
holding  several  manors  of  Roger  of  Poitou  in  Lincolnshire,  and  we  have  sug- 
gested that  he  might  be  identified  as  the  '  Roger '  who  held  i  £  hide  in  West 
Derby  hundred  and  2  car.  in  Leyland  hundred.  In  these  1 1  carucates  we  have 
the  exact  extent  of  the  fee  of  Sefton  which  Roger  of  Poitou  gave  in  these 
hundreds  to  the  ancestor  of  Molyneux,  of  Sefton.8  In  place  of  these  lands, 
and  perhaps  of  one  car.  in  Warrington  hundred,  and  in  augmentation  of  his 
fee,  Roger  de  Montbegon  received  the  fee  of  Tottington,  in  Salford  hundred, 
and  Hornby  with  its  members  in  Lonsdale,  of  which  we  find  evidence  of  his 
tenure  in  a  charter  wherein  he  and  Sezilia  his  wife  gave  to  St.  Martin  of  Sees 
the  tithe  of  their  demesne  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  '  and  even  beyond 

1  Testa  tie  NevllI  (Record  Com.),  405^,  406. 

8  It  is  proper  to  state  that  such  authorities  as  Professor  Tait,  Mr.  Round,  and  General  Wrottesley  do  not 

concur  in  this  suggested  identity. — W.  F.  s  Dom.  Bk.  i.  fol.  352,  s.t.  Haintone. 

*  Dom.  Bk.  ii.  fols.  243^.  244.  5  ^id.  fol.  351^. 

6  Reg.  of  the  Abbey  of  Sees,  fol.  104  ;  Round,  Cal.  ofDocts.  France,  237. 

1  Reg.  of  the  Abbey  of  Sees,  fol.  103*,  109*. 

8  Testa  de  Nevill  (Record  Com.),  402  ;  Record  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  vol.  48,  p.  12. 

i  281  36 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

the  river  called  Kibble  (Ripa).'1  Blackburn  hundred  was  probably  resigned 
by  Albert  Grelley  and  Roger  de  Busli  soon  after  the  accession  of  William 
Rufus,  Grelley  receiving  Manchester  and  an  extensive  addition  thereto, 
whilst  Robert  de  Lacy  received  Blackburnshire,  and  Roger  de  Busli  possibly 
some  of  Roger  of  Poitou's  Craven  manors.  When  Roger  in  1 094  gave  to  the 
abbey  of  St.  Martin  of  Sees  tithes  of  practically  the  whole  of  his  demesne 
lands  in  Lancashire,  he  only  gave  in  the  hundred  of  Salford  tithes  of  his 
demesne  in  Salford,8  so  that  apparently  he  did  not  then  hold  a  very  large 
demesne  in  that  hundred. 

There  is  some  probability  that  the  lordship  of  Rochdale,  which  Gamel, 
the  thegn,  held  before  the  conquest,  as  he  also  did  a  portion  of  it  in  1086, 
descended  during  the  twelfth  century,  as  a  single  estate  in  the  heirs  of  Gamel, 
one  moiety  remaining  in  the  family  of  Elland,  the  supposed  descendants  of 
Gamel,  until  circa  1350,  the  other  passing  to  the  Hipperholme  family  by 
marriage  shortly  before  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century.8 

The  hundred  of  Blackburn  passed  in  its  entirety,  as  already  stated,  to 
Robert  de  Lacy,  lord  of  Pontefract.  In  or  before  1 102  he  obtained  a  grant 
from  Henry  I.  of  the  vills  of  Chipping,  Aighton,  and  Dutton,  which  had 
been  surveyed  in  Domesday  under  Amounderness,  and  before  the  date  of  this 
grant  had  formed  part  of  the  fief  of  Warin  Bussel  of  Preston.4  The  king  also 
confirmed  to  Robert  his  possession  of  Bowland,  a  wide  territory  lying  between 
Craven  on  the  east,  and  Lonsdale,  Amounderness,  and  Chipping  on  the  west 
and  south,  which  he  had  held  of  Roger,  count  of  Poitou,  to  hold  it  thence- 
forth of  the  king.6  The  same  year  Robert  made  a  considerable  feoffment  of 
lands  parcel  of  his  hundred  of  Blackburn,  to  one  of  his  knights,  to  hold  for 
half  the  fee  of  one  knight. 

Roger  of  Poitou  held  no  demesne  in  Leyland  hundred  in  1086,  but  in 
1094  it  would  appear  from  his  grants  to  the  abbey  of  Sees  that  he  held 
Croston  and  one  moiety  of  Eccleston.6  A  moiety  of  Eccleston  (i  carucate) 
was  held  in  the  thirteenth  century  by  the  family  of  Walton,  lords  of  Ulnes- 
walton,  of  Roger  Gernet,  the  master  forester,  by  the  yearly  service  of  4^.,  the 
other  moiety  being  in  demesne,7  so  that  it  would  appear  that  in  the  year  1094 
the  Gernets  had  not  yet  been  enfeoffed  of  the  forest  fee  of  which  -Eccleston 
was  afterwards  a  member.  Between  1088  and  1102  Count  Roger  gave  the 
vill  of  Howick  to  Evesham  abbey.8  '  Girardus '  held  a  fee  of  a  hide  and  a 
hah0,  which  must  have  included  the  greater  part  of  the  pre-conquest  demesne 
of  the  hundred,  probably  including  Penwortham  castle  and  town.  '  Girardus 
homo  Rogerii '  held  a  small  estate  in  Legbourne,  co.  Lincoln,  under  Roger, 
in  Domesday,  which  was  afterwards  held  by  the  priory  of  Marsey,9  but 
although  the  founder  of  Marsey  Priory  possessed  a  considerable  estate  in  .this 
hundred,  we  have  failed  to  find  any  connexion  between  the  de  Marsey  family 
and  the  '  Girardus  '  of  Domesday. 

1  Round,  Cal.  ofDocts.  France,  236.  *  Reg.  of  the  Abbey  of  Sees,  fol.  109. 

8  'Gamel'  was  the  pre-conquest  tenant  of  Elland  and  South  Owram  in  the  adjoining  wapentake  of 
Morley,  co.  York  (Dom.  Bk.  i.  3 1 8 a,  col.  2),  his  successor  under  Henry  de  Lacy  in  the  time  of  Stephen  and 
Henry  II.  being  Hugh  de  Elland,  grandfather  of  Hugh,  who  with  his  kinsmen  held  the  greater  part  of  the 
lordship  of  Rochdale  under  Roger  de  Lacy,  constable  of  Chester,  in  the  time  of  King  John  : — Kirkstall  Coucher 
(Thoresby  Soc.),  193-202  ;  Testa  de  Nevill,  403^. 

*  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Portf.  i.  no.  36.  6  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  Rolls,  382. 

6  Reg.  of  Lane.  Priory  (Chetham  Soc.  N.  S.  vol.  26),  p.  9. 

7  Lanes.  Inquests  (Record  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.),  vol.  48,  p.  188. 

»  Chartul.  of  Evesham  (Chetham  Soc.  O.S.  vol.  xxx.),  I.  »  Testa  de  Nevill  (Record  Com.),  331 

282 


DOMESDAY    SURVEY 

Passing  to  the  north  of  the  Kibble,  no  fee,  with  the  possible  exception  of 
Hornby,  was  of  more  ancient  creation  than  Henry  I.'s  time.  The  incidental 
mention  in  charters  of  the  period  1093-1102  of  the  fee  of  Warin  Bussel  of 
Preston,  and  of  the  lands  of  Roger  de  Montbegon  beyond  the  river 
Ribble,  constitutes  the  entire  evidence  to  prove  that  portions  perhaps  of  the 
fees  of  Penwortham  and  Hornby  had  been  granted  respectively  to  these 
knights  by  Roger  of  Poitou  during  the  reign  of  the  Conqueror  or  his 
successor. 

In  conclusion  it  may  be  suggested  with  some  confidence  that  the 
survival  at  the  dawn  of  Lancashire  history  in  the  reigns  of  Richard  I.  and 
John  of  thegnage  and  drengage  tenure  in  many  manors,  points  to  the 
presumption  that  the  greater  number  of  manors  so  held  had  descended  in 
unbroken  possession  to  their  owners  from  their  pre-conquest  forefathers,1  a 
presumption  which  is  further  strengthened  by  the  prevalence  in  early 
Lancashire  records  of  Anglo-Saxon  and  old  Norse  personal  names  amongst  the 
holders  of  land.  For  eighty  years  or  more  after  the  making  of  the  great 
survey  the  manorial  history  of  these  regions  remains  concealed  by  impenetrable 
darkness.  With  the  commencement  of  the  sheriffs'  accounts  (Pipe  Rolls)  and 
monastic  chartularies,  an  intermittent  and  irregular  light  begins  to  be  shed, 
which  gradually  gains  power  until,  with  the  taking  of  the  great  inquest  of 
service  in  1212,  the  names  of  the  manorial  lords  of  this  county  with  a 
description  of  their  manors,  tenures,  and  services,  stand  revealed  in  the  full 
light  of  history. 

1  Although  there  is  evidence  to  show  that  these  lands  were  sometimes  granted  out  by  John,  count  of 
Mortain,  to  tenants  to  hold  by  these  tenures  (Cat.  of  Charter  R.,  Record  Com.,  26-7),  it  is  not  certain  that 
the  grants  were  always  made  to  new  tenants. 


[THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS] 

CESTRESCIRE  CROSEBI  [Little   Crosby],   MAGELE   [Maghull], 

f.se»b.,coi.  a.  ACHETUN    [Aughton],     There    (are)    2    hides.1 

fn  •        .    i .     .  r>  •  Wood(Iand)    2    leagues     long     and    broad    and 

Roger  of  Poitou  held  the  land   between  Ripe  >     f '.       .      6 

[Ribble]  and  Mersha  [Mersey].     Now  the  king 

holds  (it).  Dot   held    HITUNE     [Huyton]    and   TORBOC 

f.  269  b.  [Tarbock].     There  (is)    i  hide  quit  from  every 

due    (consuetude)    except    (praeter)  geld        There 
BETWEEN   RIPA  [RIBBLE]  AND  MERSHA          is  ^  fof       >,         P    g  ^  ^  2Q  ^ 

[MERSEY]  Ungs. 

Roger  of  Poitou  held  the  under-written  land          T>        iru  u  c  FT         UT      1^1 

between   Rfhhle  and  Mersev  Bernulf  held  STOCHESTEDE  [Toxteth].      There 

between  Ribble  and  Mersey.  (is)  l  yirgate  of  ^  and  ha,f  a  camcate  of  land< 

It  rendered  4  shillings. 
IN  DERBEI  [WEST  DERBY]  HUNDRED 

There  King  Edward   had  one  manor  called          Stainulf  held  STOCHESTEDE  [Toxteth].    There 
DERBEI     [West    Derby],    with     6    berewicks.       ^  v.rgate  of  land  and  half  a  carucate  of  land. 

There  (are)  4  hides.  There  is  land  for  1 5  ploughs.  Il  WaS  W°rth  4  Alllm^ 

(There   is)   forest  2  leagues  long  and  i  (league)          i  These  2    hides  were   thus   distributed  ._Rob 

broad  and  a  hawk's  eyry.  2  carucates,  Knowsley  4,  Kirkby  2,  Little  Crosby  3, 

TT         ,      ,    ,,     ,  _  Maghull    J,    and    Aughton    $.     Total    12    carucates 

Uctred     held 16     manors,     RABIL     [Roby],  =  2  hides.  '  Achetun 'here  represents  the  township  of 

CHENULVESLEI  [Knowsley],  CHERCHEBI  [Kirkby],  Bickerstaffe,  lying  next  Aughton  on  the  east. 

283 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Five  thegns  held  SEXTONE  [Sefton].1  There 
(is)  i  hide.  It  was  worth  16  shillings. 

Uctred  held  CHIRCHEDELE  [Kirkdale].  There 
(is)  half  a  hide  quit  from  every  due  (consuetude) 
except  geld.  It  was  worth  10  shillings. 

Winestan  held  WALETONE  [Walton-on-the- 
Hill].*  There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land  and 
3  bovates.  It  was  worth  8  shillings. 

Elmaer  held  LIDERLANT  [Down  Litherland]. 
There  (is)  half  a  hide.  It  was  worth  8  shillings. 

Three  thegns  held  HINNE  [Ince  Blundell]  as 
3  manors.  There  (is)  half  a  hide.  It  was  worth 
8  shillings. 

Ascha  held  TORENTUN  [Thornton].  There 
(is)  half  a  hide.  It  was  worth  8  shillings. 

Three  thegns  held  MELE  [Ravensmeols]  as 
3  manors.  There  (is)  half  a  hide.8  It  was 
worth  8  shillings. 

Uctred  held  ULVENTUNE  [Little  Woolton]. 
There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land  and  half  a 
league  of  wood.  It  was  worth  64  pence. 

Edelmund  held  ESMEDUNE  [Smithdown].* 
There  (is)  i  carucate  of  land.  It  was  worth 
32  pence. 

Three  thegns  held  ALRETUNE  [Allerton]  as 
3  manors.  There  (is)  half  a  hide.  It  was  worth 
8  shillings. 

Uctred  held  SPEC  [Speke].  There  (are) 
2  carucates  of  land.  It  was  worth  64  pence. 

Four  radmans  held  CILDEWELLE  [Childwall] 
as  4  manors.  There  (is)  half  a  hide.  It  was 
worth  8  shillings.  There  was  a  priest  there 
having  half  a  carucate  of  land  in  alms.8 

Ulbert  held  WIBALDESLEI  «  [part  of  Much 
Woolton].  There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It 
was  worth  64  pence. 

Two  thegns  held  UVETONE  [part  of  Much 
Woolton]  as  2  manors.  There  (is)  i  carucate  of 
land.  It  was  worth  30  pence.7 

1  The  5  manors  in  Sefton  embraced  the  town- 
ship of  Sefton  with  the  hamlets  of  Lunt  and 
Netherton. 

8  There  was  also  one  of  the  6  berewicks  of  the 
manor  of  West  Derby,  also  embracing  Aintree,  the 
modern  township  of  Fazakerley,  and  the  hamlet  of 
Newsham.  The  church  of  Walton  had  also  some 
glebe  land  here,  perhaps  5  bovates.  The  whole  land 
of  Walton  was  probably  one  hide. 

8  Interlined. 

*  Now  involved  in  Toxteth  Park. 

6  As  in  the  case  of  Bootle,  the  half  carucate 
would  be  in  addition  to,  not  included  in,  the  half 
hide. 

6  This  name  is  entirely  lost.  It  does  not  occur 
elsewhere.  The  12- 1 3th  century  rating  of  Much 
Woolton  (3  carucates)  shows  that  the  place  is  involved 
in  that  township. 

1  Perhaps  a  clerical  error  for  32  pence. 


Leving  held  WAVRETREU  [Wavertree].  There 
(are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It  was  worth  64  pence. 

Four  thegns  held  BOLTELAI  [Bootle]  as 
4  manors.  There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It 
was  worth  64  pence.  A  priest  had  I  carucate 
of  land  (here  belonging)  to  the  church  of  Wale- 
tone  [Walton-on-the-Hill].8 

Uctred  held  ACHETUN  [Aughton].  There 
(is)  I  carucate  of  land.  It  was  worth  32  pence. 

Three  thegns  held  FORNEBEI  [Formby]  as 
3  manors.  There  (are)  4  carucates  of  land.  It 
was  worth  10  shillings. 

Three  thegns  held  EINULVESDEL  [Ainsdale]. 
There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It  was  worth 
64  pence. 

Steinulf  held  HOILAND  [Upholland],  There 
(are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It  was  worth  64 
pence. 

Uctred  held  DALTONE  [Dalton].  There  (is) 
I  carucate  of  land.  It  was  worth  32  pence. 

The  same  Uctred  (held)  SCHELMERESDELE 
[Skelmersdale].  There  (is)  i  carucate  of  land. 
It  was  worth  32  pence. 

The  same  Uctred  held  LITERLAND  [Uplither- 
land].9  There  (is)  I  carucate  of  land.  It  was 
worth  32  pence. 

Wibert  held  ERBNGERMELES  [Argarmeols].10 
There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It  was  worth 
8  shillings.  This  land  was  quit  except  of  geld.11 

Five  thegns  held  OTEGRIMELB  [North  Meols]. 
There  (is)  half  a  hide.  It  was  worth  10 

shillings. 

Uctred  held  LATUNE  [Lathom]  with  i  bere- 
wick.  There  (is)  half  a  hide.  Wood(land) 
i  league  long  and  half  (a  league)  broad.  It  was 
worth  10  shillings  and  8  pence. 

Uctred  held  HIRLETUN  [Hurleton]  "  and  half 
MERRETUN  "  [Marton  Hall].  There  (is)  half  a 
hide.  It  was  worth  10  shillings  and  8  pence. 

Godeve   held    MELINGE    [Melling].  There 

(are)  2  carucates  of  land.     Wood(land)  I  league 

long  and   half  a  league  broad.     It   was  worth 
10  shillings. 

8  Later  records  prove  that  Bootle  and  Linacre,  re- 
presenting these  four  manors,  consisted  of  3  carucates 
of  land.     The  church  land  was,  therefore,  not  in- 
cluded in  the  2  carucates. 

9  Now  involved  in  Aughton. 

10  A  township  partly  lost  in  the  sea  and  partly  in- 
volved in  Birkdale. 

11  This    note    applies   to  this  and    the    remaining 
manors  of  the  hundred.     See  the  Introduction. 

18  Comprising  the  joint  townships  of  Scarisbrick  and 
Hurleton,  the  latter  now  involved  in  Scarisbrick. 
18  Now  involved  in  the  township  of  Burscough. 


284 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


Uctred  held  LEIATE  [Lydiate].  There  (are) 
6  bovates  of  land.  Wood(land)  i  league  long 
and  2  furlongs  broad.  It  was  worth  64  pence. 

Two  thegns  held  6  bovates  of  land  as  2 
manors  in  HOLAND  [Downholland].  It  was 
worth  2  shillings. 

Uctred  held  ACRER  [Altcar].  There  (is)  half 
a  carucate  of  land.  It  was  waste. 

Teos  held  BARTUNE  [Barton].       There    (is) 

1  carucate  of  land.     It  was  worth  32  pence. 

Chetel  held  HELESHALE  [Halsall].  There 
(are)  2  carucates  of  land.  It  was  worth  8 
shillings. 

All  this  land  used  to  pay  geld  (geldabai),  and 
15  manors1  used  to  render  nothing  to  King 
Edward  save  geld. 

This  manor  of  DERBEI  [West  Derby]  with 
these  aforesaid  hides  used  to  render  to  King 
Edward  26  pounds  and  2  shillings  of  farm  (de 
firmd).  Of  these  3  hides  were  free,  the  rent 
(censum)  of  which  he  pardoned  to  the  thegns  who 
held  them.  These  used  to  render  4  pounds  and 
14  shillings  and  8  pence. 

All  these  thegns    had    by  custom   to    render 

2  ores  of  pence  for  each  carucate  of  land,  and  by 
custom  used  to  make  the  king's   houses  and  (the 
things)  which  appertained  thereto  (ibi  pertinebant) 
as  the  villeins  (did),  and  the  fisheries  (ptscarias) 
and  the  enclosures  (hatas)  in  the  wood,  and  the 
deer  hays  (stabilituras) ;  and  (he)  who  went  not 
to  these  (tasks)  when  he  ought  paid  a  fine  of 
(emendabaf)  2  shillings  and   afterwards  came  to 
the  work  and  laboured  until  it  was  completed. 

Each  one  of  them  sent  his  reapers  one  day  in 
August  to  cut  the  king's  crops.  If  not  he  paid 
a  fine  of  2  shillings. 

If  any  free  man  committed  theft,  or  'forsteal' 
(foreste[),  or  '  hdmfare  '  (heinfara),  or  broke  the 
king's  peace,  he  paid  a  fine  of  40  shillings. 

If  any  committed  bloodshed  (fadebat  san- 
guinem),  or  rape  (raptum  de  femina),  or  if  he 
(qut)  remained  away  from  the  '  shiremote ' 
(siremet)  without  reasonable  excuse,  he  paid  a 
fine  of  10  shillings.  If  he  remained  away  from 
the  hundred  (court)  or  went  not  to  a  plea  when 
the  reeve  (prepositus)  ordered,  he  paid  a  fine  of 
5  shillings. 

If  (the  reeve)  ordered  anyone  (cut)  to  go  upon 
his  service  and  he  went  not,  he  paid  a  fine  of 
4  shillings. 

If  anyone  wished  to  withdraw  from  the  king's 
land,  he  gave  40  shillings  and  went  whither  he 
wished. 

If  anyone  wished  to  have  the  land  of  his 
deceased  father,  he  paid  a  relief  (relevabat)  of  40 
shillings  ;  (he)  who  would  not,  the  king  had 

1  Those  enumerated  in  the  ten  preceding  para- 
graphs, commencing  with  Erengermeles. 


both  the  land  and  all  the  goods  (pecuniam)  of  the 
deceased  father. 

Uctred  held  CROSEBI  [Little  Crosby]  and 
CHIRCHEDELE  [Kirkdale]  as  one  hide,  and  it  was 
quit  from  every  due  except  these  6  :  breach  of  the 
peace  (pace  infracta),  forsteal,  '  hdmfare,'  and  a 
fray  (pugna)  which  continued  after  oath  made 
(to  desist),  and  if  (when)  bound  by  the  reeve's 
judgment  (constrictus  jus ticia  prepostti)  he  did  (not) 
pay  anyone  a  debt,  and  if  he  did  not  observe  the 
term  given  by  the  reeve  ;  (for)  these  (offences) 
he  paid  a  fine  of  40  shillings.  But  he  paid  the 
king's  geld  (geldum)  like  (sicut)  the  men  of  the 
country. 

In  OTRINGEMELE  [North  Meols],  and  HERLE- 
SHALA  [Halsall],  and  HIRETUN  [Hurleton]  there 
were  3  hides  quit  from  the  geld  (geldum)  of 
carucates  of  land  and  from  the  forfeiture  of 
bloodshed  (sanguinis)  and  ravishment  (violentid) 
of  a  woman.  But  they  rendered  all  other  dues. 

These  men  now  hold  land  of  this  manor  of 
DERBEI  [West  Derby]  by  the  gift  of  Roger  the 
Poitevin  : — Geoffrey8  2  hides  and  half  a  carucate 
of  land,  Roger8  1}  hide,  William*  ij  hide, 
Warin  •  half  a  hide,  Geoffrey  •  I  hide,  Tetbald 
ij  hide,  Robert  2  carucates  of  land,  Gilbert 

1  carucate  of  land.7 

These  have  in  demesne  4  ploughs  and 
46  villeins,  and  i  radman  and  62  bordars,  and 

2  serfs  and  3  bondwomen.  Between  (inter)  (them) 
all  they  have  24  ploughs. 

Their  wood(land  is)  3^  leagues  long  and 
i£  league  and  40  perches  broad,8  and  there 
(are)  3  eyries  of  hawks. 

3  Perhaps  Roger  of  Poitou's  sheriff,  »nd  predecessor 
of  Godfrey  who  was  sheriff  in  1094.  The  fee 
might  consist  of  I  hide  in  Walton,  4  car.  in  Garston, 
2  car.  elsewhere,  and  \  car.  belonging  to  the  church 
of  Walton. 

8  Possibly  I  hide  in  Sefton,  2  car.  in  Toxteth,  and 
I  car.  in  Thornton.  He  was  probably  Roger  de 
Mountbegon.  (See  the  Introduction.) 

*  William  Fitz  Nigel,  lord  of  Halton,  co.  Chester. 
This  fee  consisted  of  the  greater  part  of  Ughtred's 
manors  in  Roby,  Knowsley,  Kirkby,  etc.,  and  subse- 
quently formed  part  of  the  '  fee  of  the  constable  of 
Chester '  within  the  co.  of  Lancaster,  also  known  as 
the  fee  of  Widnes. 

6  Possibly  Warin  Bussel,  and  the  fee  the  manor  of 
Kirkdale,  which  was  afterwards  a  member  of  the 
Bussels'  barony  of  Penwortham. 

8  '  Goisfridus  homo  Rogeri '  occurs  in  the  survey  of 
Roger  of  Poitou's  Lincolnshire  fees  as  tenant  of  Osgodby. 
Dom.  Bk.  i.  f.  352. 

1  Robert  and  Gilbert  were  possibly  officers  of 
Roger's  household. 

8  These  particulars  confirm  the  suggested  identities 
of  the  fees  created  by  Roger  before  1086.  The 
bulk  of  the  woodland  in  the  chief  manor  of  West 
Derby  and  in  Ughtred's  manors  lay  between  Walton 
on  the  west  and  the  boundary  of  this  hundred  on  the 
east,  and  between  Lathom  on  the  north  and  Huyton 
on  the  south. 


285 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


In  each  hide  there  are  6  carucates  of  land. 
The  whole  is  worth  8  pounds  and  1 2  shillings. 
And  the  demesne  of  this  manor  which  Roger 
held  is  worth  8  pounds.  There  are  now  in 
demesne  there  3  ploughs  and  6  oxherds  and 
I  radman  and  7  villeins. 

IN  NEWETON  HUNDRED 

In  NEWETON  [Newton  in  Makerfield]  there 
were  5  hides,  T.R.E.  Of  these  I  was  in 
demesne.  The  churchi  of  that  manor  had  I 
carucate  of  land,  and  St.  Oswold  of  that  vill 
(Winwick)  had  2  carucates  of  land  quit  in  all 
(things)  (per  omnia). 

The  other  land  of  this  manor  1 5  men  who 
were  called  drengs  (drencbsf  held  as  1 5  manors, 
but  they  were  berewicks  of  this  manor,  and 
between  (them)  all  they  rendered  30  shillings. 
The  wood(land)  there  (is)  10  leagues  long  and 
6  leagues  and  2  furlongs  broad,  and  there  (are) 
eyries  of  hawks. 

The  freemen  of  this  hundred,  except  2,  were 
subject  to  the  same  customs  (erant  in  tadem 
consuetudine)  as  the  men  of  DERBERIE  [West 
Derby],  and  in  addition  (phis)  to  those  they 

1  It  is  uncertain  whether  the  church  of  Wigan  or 
the  church  of  Walton-on-the-Hill  is  here  referred  to. 
This  hundred,  as  the  name  suggests,  was  probably 
carved  out  of  the  hundred  of  West  Derby,  in  which 
the  parish  of  Walton-on-the-Hill  was  the  most  impor- 
tant, and  contained  most  of  the  demesne  manors.  The 
great  inquest  of  service  made  in  A.D.  1212  records 
that  '  Robert  de  Walton  holds  the  third  part '  of  the 
church  of  Winwick,  two-thirds  being  held  by  Richard, 
the  parson  of  Winwick.  The  parson  of  Walton-on- 
the-Hill  at  that  date  was  named  Robert  de  Walton, 
so  that  there  appears  to  have  been  some  ancient  con- 
nexion between  Winwick  (the  parish  in  which  New- 
ton lies)  and  Walton-on-the-Hill.  The  fact  that 
Newton  is  not  in  the  parish  of  Wigan  militates 
against  the  identity  of  that  church  as  '  the  church  of 
that  manor '  (Newton).  On  the  other  hand,  the 
ecclesiastical  manor  of  Wigan  has  always  been  taken 
as  rated  at  one  carucate  of  land. 

3  In  the  hundreds  of  West  Derby  and  Salford  the 
tenants  of  manors  are  described  as  thegns,  in  the 
hundreds  of  Newton  and  Warrington  as  drengs,  and 
in  the  hundreds  of  Blackburn  and  Leyland  as  freemen. 
This  apparently  puzzling  classification  was  merely  due 
to  the  variable  names  by  which  the  tenants  of  manors 
were  locally  known,  or  to  the  variable  terms  employed 
by  the  clerks  who  made  the  returns  from  the  different 
manors.  That  there  was  no  real  difference  between 
those  described  by  these  three  names  is  well  illustrated 
by  the  return  for  Newton  hundred.  '  Fifteen  men 
whom  they  call  drenchs  hold  the  other  land  of  this 
manor  as  1 5  manors,  but  they  were  berewicks  of  this 
manor '  (of  Newton).  '  The  freemen  of  the  hundred 
of  Newton,  ercept  two,  were  in  the  same  custom  as 
the  men  of  [West]  Derby.'  The  matter  illustrates 
the  Mercian  conquest  of  this  ancient  portion  of 
Northumbria  in  the  year  923.  Little  wonder  that  a 
century  and  a  half  later  official  terms  belonging  to 
both  these  kingdoms  should  be  found  in  ordinary  use 
within  this  hybrid  region. 


reaped  on  two  days  in  August  in  the  king's 
cornfields  (cv/turis).  Those  two  (men)  had  5 
carucates  of  land  and  the  forfeiture  of  bloodshed, 
and  of  an  outraged  woman  (fem'int  violentiam 
passe),  and  the  pannage  (pasnagium)  of  their  own 
men.  The  king  had  the  other  (forfeitures). 

This  whole  manor  used  to  pay  in  rent  (de 
firma}  to  the  king  10  pounds  and  IO  shillings. 

Now  there  are  there  6  drengs  (drengbi)  and  1 2 
villeins  and  4  bordars.  Between  (them)  all  they 
have  9  ploughs.  This  demesne  is  worth  4 
pounds. 

IN   WAUNTUNB   HUNDRED 

King  Edward  held  WALINTUNE  [Warrington] 
with  3  berewicks.  There  (is)  I  hide.  To  that 
manor  used  to  belong  34  drengs,  and  they  had 
as  many  manors,  in  which  there  were  42  caru- 
cates of  land  and  i^  hide.  Saint  Elfin  held 
I  carucate  of  land  quit  from  every  due  except 
geld.  The  whole  manor  with  the  hundred 
used  to  pay  in  farm  (de  firma)  to  the  king  1 5 
pounds,  less  2  shillings. 

Now  there  are  in  demesne  2  ploughs  and 
8  men  with  I  plough.  These  men  hold  land 
there.  Roger  I  carucate  of  land,  Tetbald  i£ 
carucate,  Warin  I  carucate,  Ralph  (Radulfus) 
5  carucates,  William8  2  hides  and  4  carucates 
of  hind,  Adelard  I  hide  and  half  a  carucate,* 
Osmund  i  carucate  of  land.  This  whole 
(demesne)  is  worth  4  pounds  and  10  shillings. 
The  demesne  (of  the  chief  manor)  is  worth 
3  pounds  and  10  shillings. 


IN   BLACHEBURN  HUNDRED 

King  Edward  held  BLACHEBURNE  [Blackburn]. 
There  (are)  2  hides  and  2  carucates  of  land.  The 
church  had  2  bovates  of  this  land,  and  the  church 
of  St.  Mary  had  2  carucates  of  land  in  WALLEI 
[Whalley]  quit  from  every  due.  In  the  same 
manor  (there  is)  wood(land)  I  league  long,  and 
as  much  broad,  and  there  was  a  hawk's  eyry 
there. 

To  this  manor  or  hundred  belonged  28  free- 
men holding  5^  hides  and  40  carucates  of  land 
as  28  manors.  The  wood  there  (is)  6  leagues 
long  and  4  leagues  broad,  and  they  were  subject 
to  (erant  in)  the  aforesaid  customs. 

In  the  same  hundred  King  Edward  had 
HUNNICOT  [Huncoat]  of  2  carucates  of  land, 
and  WALETUNB  [Walton-le-Dale]  of  2  caru- 
cates of  land,  and  PENILTUNB  [Great  Pendleton] 
of  half  a  hide. 

The  whole  manor  with  the  hundred  used  to 
pay  in  farm  (de  firma)  to  the  king  32  pounds 

»  William  Fitz  Nigel,  baron  of  Halton,  co. 
Chester.  See  above,  note  4,  p.  285. 

*  This  appears  to  be  Whiston  2  car.  with  \  car. 
belonging  to  the  church  of  Prescot,  and  4  car.  in  Parr 
and  elsewhere,  perhaps  in  Windle, 


286 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


and  2  shillings.  Roger  of  Poitou  gave  the  whole 
of  this  land  to  Roger  de  Busli  and  Albert  Gres- 
let,  and  there  are  so  many  (tot)  men  there  who 
have  nj-  ploughs,  whom  those  (two)  have 
granted  to  be  quit  (from  rent)  for  3  years,  and 
therefore  it  is  not  now  valued  (appreciatur). 

IN   SALFORD   HUNDRED 

King  Edward  held  SALFORD  [Salford].  There 
(are)  3  hides  and  12  carucates  of  waste  land  and 
forest  3  leagues  long  and  as  much  in  width  and 
there  (are)  many  enclosures  (hate)  and  a  hawk's 
eyry. 

King  Edward  held   RADECLIVE  [Radcliffe]  as 

1  manor.     There  (is)    i    hide  and   another  hide 
belonging  to  Salford. 

The  church  of  St.  Mary  and  the  church  of 
St.  Michael1  held  in  MAMECESTRE  [Man- 
chester] i  carucate  of  land  quit  from  every  due 
except  geld. 

To  this  manor  or  hundred  belonged  21  bere- 
wicks  which  as  many  thegns  held  for  as  many 
manors,  in  which  there  were  n|  hides  and 
io£  carucates  of  land. 

(There  are)  wood(lands)  there  9^  leagues 
long  and  5  leagues  and  i  furlong  broad. 

One  of  those  (men),  Gamel,  holding  2  hides 
in  RECEDHAM  [Rochdale]  was  (habebat)  quit  of 
his  customs  except  these  six,  theft, '  hamfare,'  fore- 
steal,  breach  of  the  king's  peace,  neglect  of  a 
term  set  by  the  reeve,  continuance  of  a  fray  after 
oath  made  (to  desist).  (For)  these  he  made 
amends  (by)  40  shillings. 

Several  (aliqwg)  of  these  lands  were  quit  from 
every  due  except  geld  and  some  few  (aliquanta) 
are  quit  from  geld. 

The  whole  manor  of  Salford  with  the  hun- 
dred used  to  render  37  pounds  and  4  shillings. 

Now    there   are    in    demesne    in    the   manor 

2  ploughs  and  8  serfs  and  2  villeins  with  i  plough. 
This  demesne  is  worth  100  shillings. 

Of  this  land  of  this  manor  (these)  knights 
hold  by  the  gift  of  Roger  of  Poitou,  Nigel 

3  hides  and  half  a  carucate  of  land,8   Warin 8 
2  carucates  of  land,  and  another  Warin  i  J  caru- 
cate, GeofFrey  i  carucate  of  land,  Gamel  *  2  caru- 
cates of  land.    In  these  (lands)  there  are  3  thegns 
and  30  villeins  and  9  bordars  and  a  priest  and 
10  serfs.     Between    (them)    all  they    have    22 
ploughs.     (This  demesne)  is  worth  7  pounds. 

1  These  are  the  respective  invocations  of  the 
churches  of  Manchester  and  Ashton-under-Lyne. 

*  This   fee   comprised  the  manor   of  Manchester 
with  half  a  carucate  belonging  to  the  parish  church  of 
St.  Mary. 

s  This  was  probably  Warin  Bussel  and  the  2  car. 
the  manor  of  Ashton-under-Lyne,  which  was  after- 
wards a  member  of  the  barony  of  Penwortham.  The 
church  of  St.  Michael  was  not  included  in  this  fee. 

*  Supposed  to  be  Gamel  the  thegn  of  Rochdale 
holding  a  greatly  diminished  fee  there  under  Roger 
of  Poitou  in  1086. 


IN  LAILAND  HUNDRED 

King  Edward  held  LAILAND  [Leyland]. 
There  (are)  i  hide  and  2  carucates  of  land. 
Wood(land)  2  leagues  long  and  i  (league)  broad 
and  an  eyry  of  hawks. 

To  this  manor  belonged  12  carucates8  of  land 
(rectius,  12  berewicks)  which  12  freemen  held 
for  as  many  manors.  In  these  (are)  6  hides  and 
8  carucates  of  land.  (There  is)  wood(land)  there 
6  leagues  long  and  3  leagues  and  I  furlong  broad. 

The  men  of  this  manor  and  of  Salford  used 
not  to  work  by  custom  at  the  king's  hall  nor  to 
reap  in  August ;  they  only  made  one  enclosure 
(haia)  in  the  wood  and  had  the  forfeiture  of 
bloodshed  and  of  an  outraged  woman.  In  the 
other  customs  they  went  with  (erant  consortes) 
the  other  above(mentioned)  manors. 

The  whole  manor  of  Lailand  with  the  hun- 
dred used  to  pay  in  farm  (firma)  to  the  king 
19  pounds  and  18  shillings  and  2  pence. 

Of  this  land  of  this  manor  Gerard*  holds 
ij  hide,  Robert  3  carucates  of  land,  Ralph 
2  carucates  of  land,  Roger  2  carucates  of  land, 
Walter  i  carucate  of  land.  There  are  there 
4  radmans,  a  priest,  and  14  villeins  and  6  bor- 
dars and  2  oxherds.  Between  (them)  all  they 
have  8  ploughs.  (There  is)  wood(land)  3  leagues 
long  and  2  leagues  in  width  and  there  (are) 
4  eyries  of  hawks.  The  whole  is  worth  50  shil- 
lings. In  part  it  is  waste  (ex  parte  est  wasta). 

King  Edward  held  PENEUERDANT  [Pen- 
wortham]. There  (are)  2  carucates  of  land  and 
they  used  to  render  10  pence. 

Now  there  is  a  castle  there,  and  there  are 
2  ploughs  in  the  demesne  and  6  burgesses  and 

L  radmans  and  8  villeins  and  4  oxherds, 
tween  (them)  all  they  have  4  ploughs. 
There  (is)  half  a  fishery,  wood(land),  and  eyries 
of  hawks  as  in  the  time  of  King  Edward.  It  is 
worth  3  pounds. 

In  these  6  hundreds,  Derbie,  Neutone,  Walin- 
tune,  Blacheburne,  Salford,  and  Lailand,  there 
are  188  manors,  in  which  there  are  80  geldable 
hides  less  one. 

In  the  time  of  King  Edward  it  was  worth 
145  pounds  and  2  shillings  and  2  pence.  When 
Roger  of  Poitou  received  (it)  from  the  king  it 
was  worth  120  pounds.  Now  the  king  holds 
(it)  and  has  in  demesne  1 2  ploughs  and  9  knights 
holding  a  fee.  Between  them  and  their  men 
there  are  115  ploughs  and  3  oxen.  The 
demesne  which  Roger  held  is  valued  (at) 
23  pounds  and  10  shillings.7  (That)  which  he 
gave  to  knights  is  valued  at  20  pounds  and 
ii  shillings. 

6  Car.  interlined. 

*  '  Girardus  homo  Rogeri '  held  Legbonrne,  county 
Lincoln,  under  Roger  of  Poitou,  Dm.  Bk.  i.  i.  252  b. 

1  This  total  agrees  with  the  figures  given  in  the 
survey,  but  the  total  value  of  the  demesne  held  by 
the  knights,  without  including  anything  for  Blackburn 
hundred,  was  22/.  iz/.  and  not  2O/.  I  it.  as  stated. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


EURVICSCIRE 
THE  KING'S  LAND   IN  EURVICSCIRE 

[YORKSHIRE],  WEST  REDING 
r.  301  b. 

M.1  In  MELLINGE  [Melling]  and  HORNEBI 
[Hornby]  and  WENNIGETUN  [Wennington]  Ulf 
(had)  9  carucates  to  geld. 

B.1  In  the  same  place  (ibidem)  Orme  had  i 
carucate  and  half  (a  carucate)  to  geld. 

M.  In  TORRETUN  [Thornton-in-Lonsdale, 
co.  York]  and  in  BORCH  [Over  (?)  Burrow] 
Orm  (had)  6  carucates  to  geld.8 

C°AGEMUNDRENESSE  [AMOUNDER- 

NESS] 

In  PRESTUNE  [Preston]  Earl  Tostig  (had)  6 
carucates  to  geld.  Thereto  these  lands  belong  : — 
Estun  [Ashton-on-Ribble],  2  carucates;  Lea 
[Lea],  i  carucate  ;  Salewic  [Salwick],  I  caru- 
cate ;  Clistun  [Clifton],  2  carucates  ;  Neutune 
[Newton  (with  Scales)],  2  carucates  ;  Frechel- 
tun  [Freckleton],  4  carucates  ;  Rigbi  [Ribby 
(with  Wrea)],  6  carucates ;  Chicheham  [Kirk- 
ham],  4  carucates;  Treueles  [Treales  (with 
Wharles  and  Roseacre)],  2  carucates  ;  Westbi 
[Westby],  2  carucates;  Plunton  [(Field) 
Plumpton],  2  carucates;  Widetun  [Weeton], 

3  carucates  ;     Pres     [Preese],     2    carucates  ; 
Wartun       [Warton],      4     carucates  ;     Lidun 
[Lytham],  2  carucates;   Meretun   [(Great  and 
Little)    Marton],    6    carucates;     Latun    [Lay- 
ton    (with    Wardbreck)],    6    carucates;    Stain- 
inghe  [Staining  (now  Hardhorn,  with  Newton)], 
6    carucates;    Carlentun    [Carleton],    4    caru- 
cates; Biscopham  [Bispham  (with  Norbreck)], 
8   carucates  ;  Rushale    [Rossall],   2   carucates  ; 
Brune    [Bourn    Hall],    2   carucates;  Torentun 
[Thornton],  6  carucates  ;  Poltun  [Poulton-le- 
Fylde],    2    carucates;    Singletun    [Great    and 
Little     Singleton],     6     carucates;     Greneholf 
[Greenhalgh   (with  Thistleton)],    3  carucates ; 
Eglestun     [Great    Eccleston],     4     carucates  ; 
another  Eglestun    [Little    Eccleston],    2    caru- 
cates ;  Edeleswic    [Elswick] ,   3    carucates ;  In- 
scip   [Inskip],    2    carucates  ;   Sorbi    [Sowerby], 
i    carucate ;  Aschebi    [a    lost  vill    involved  in 
Myerscough],  i  carucate;  Michelescherche  [St. 
Michael-on-Wyre],  I  carucate;  Catrehala  [Cat- 
terall],    2   carucates;  Clactune   [Claughton],  2 
carucates ;   Neuhuse    [Newsham],    i    carucate  ; 
Pluntun  [Woodplumpton],  5   carucates  ;  Broc- 
tun    [Broughton],   i    carucate  ;    Witingheham 
[Whittingham],  2  carucates ;  Bartun  [Barton], 

4  carucates ;   Gusansarghe  [Goosnargh],  i  caru- 
cate ;   Halctun  [Haighton],  i   carucate  ;  Trele- 

1  In  this  county  manors  and  berewicks  are  indicated 
in  the  survey  by  the  letters  M.  and  B.,  with  a  numeral 
when  the  entry  refers  to  more  than  one  manor. 

8  Then  follow  details  of  the  manor  of  Bolton  in 
Wharfedale  (six  lines  at  the  head  of  col.  2). 


felt  [Threlfall,  in  Goosnargh],  i  carucate  ; 
Watelei  [Wheatley  (with  Thornley)],  i  caru- 
cate ;  Chipinden  [Chipping  and  Chippingdale], 

3  carucates;    Actun    [Aighton],    I    carucate;3 
Fiscuic    [Fishwick],    I    carucate ;    Grimesarge 
[Grimsargh    (with    Brockholes)],    2  carucates ; 
Ribelcastre  [Ribchester],  2  carucates  *  ;  Bilewrde 
[Dilworth],  2  carucates  ;  Suenesat  [Swainseat,  in 
Nether  Wyresdale],  I  carucate  ;  Fortune  [For- 
ton],  I  carucate  ;  Crimeles  [Crimbles],   i   caru- 
cate ;    Cherestanc    [Garstang],    6    carucates 6  ; 
Rodeclif    [Upper    Rawcliffe    (with    Tarnicar], 
2    carucates  ;  another  Rodeclif  [Middle  Raw- 
cliffe],  2  carucates  ;  a  third  Rodeclif  [Out  Raw- 
cliffe],    3  carucates  ;    Hameltune  [Hambleton], 
2  carucates  ;  Stalmine  [Stalmine  (with  Stainall)], 

4  carucates  ;  Pressouede  [Preesall  (with  Hack- 
insall)],    6    carucates ;    Midehope    [Mythop,   a 
hamlet  of  Weeton],  i  carucate. 

All  these  vills  belong  (jacent)  to  Prestune,  and 
(there  are)  three  churches.6  Of  these  (vills) 
sixteen  are  inhabited  by  a  few  people,  but  it  is 
not  known  how  many  the  inhabitants  are. 
The  rest  are  waste.  Roger  of  Poitou  had  (this). 

M.  In  HALTUN  [Halton]  Earl  Tostig  had 
6  carucates  of  land  to  geld.  In  Aldeclif  [Ald- 
clifFe],  2  carucates ;  Tiernun  [Thurnham], 

2  carucates  ;  Hillun  [Hillham,  in  Cockerham], 
I  carucate  ;  Loncastre  [Lancaster],  6  carucates ; 
Chercaloncastre  [Kirk  Lancaster],7  2  carucates  ; 
Hoton  [Hutton,  in  Bulk],  2  carucates  ;  Neutun 
[Newton,  now  in  Bulk],  2  carucates  ;   Ovretun 
[Overton],    4    carucates ;    Middeltun    [Middle- 
ton],  4  carucates ;  Hietune  [Heaton],  4  caru- 
cates ;  Hessam  [Heysham],  4  carucates  ;  Oxene- 
clif  [Oxcliffe],  2  carucates ;   Poltune  [Poulton- 
le-Sands],    2    carucates ;     Toredholme     [Tor- 
risholme],    2    carucates ;    Schertune    [Skerton], 
6   carucates ;  Bare    [Bare],   2   carucates  ;  Sline 
[Slyne    (with    Hest)],    6    carucates ;   Bodeltone 
[Bolton-le-Sands],  4  carucates  ;  Chellet  [Nether 
Kellet  and  Over  Keller.],  6  carucates  ;  Stopel- 
tierne  [Stapleton  Terne],  2  carucates  ;    Neuhuse 
[Beaumont,  in  Skerton  ?]  2  carucates  ;  Chrene- 
forde  [Carnforth],   2  carucates.     All  these  vills 
belong  to  Hal  tune  [Halton]. 

M.  In  WITETUNE  [Whittington]  Earl  Tostig 
had  6  carucates  of  land  to  geld.  In  Neutune 
[Newton,  in  Whittington],  2  carucates  ;  Ergune 
[Arkholme],  6  carucates  ;  Ghersinctune  [Gres- 
singham],  2  carucates  ;  Hotun  [Hutton  Roof], 

3  carucates  ;    Cantesfelt   [Cantsfield],  4  caru- 

8  Including  Bailey  and  Chaigley. 
4  Probably  including  Button. 

6  Including  Winmarleigh,  Cabus,  Cleveley.  Nateby. 
and  Kirkland. 

6  Kirkham,  Poulton-le-Fylde,  and  St.  Michael's  on 
Wyre. 

7  An   ecclesiastical    manor  embracing  part  of  the 
town,  like  the  manor  of  Kirkland  in  Kirkby  Kendal. 


288 


THE    HOLDERS    OF    LANDS 


2  carucates  ;  Clivertun   [Crivelton,  in  Newton, 
in  Yarlside],  4  carucates  ;  Ouregrave  [Orgrave], 

3  carucates  ;    Meretun    [Martin],   4  carucates  ; 
Pennegetun   [Pennington]  2   carucates  ;    Gerle- 
worde    [Kirkby    Ireleth]    2    carucates ;    Borch 
[Broughton  in  Furness],  6  carucates  ;  Berretseige 
[Bardsea],  4  carucates ;  Witingham  [Whicham, 
Cumb.],  4  carucates ;  Bodele  [Bootle],  4  caru- 
cates ;      Santacherche     [Kirksanton,      Cumb.], 
I   carucate ;    Hougenai    [Whitbeck  or  part   of 
Millom  (?),  Cumb.],  6  carucates.     All  these  vills 
belong  to  Hougun  [Millom,  Cumb.]. 

f.  303. 

9  M.  In  STERCALAND  [Strickland  Ketel  and 
Strickland  Roger,  Westml.],  Mimet  [Mint 
House,  or  Mint  Feet,  near  Kirkby  Kendal, 
Westml.] ,  Cherchebi  [Kirkby  Kendal,  Westml.] , 
Helsingetune  [Helsington,  Westml.],  Steintun 
[Stainton,  Westml.],  Bodelforde  [a  lost  hamlet  of 


these 


cates ;  Irebi  [Ireby],  3  carucates  ;  Borch 
[Nether  (?)  Burrow],  3  carucates  ;  Lech  [Leek], 
3  carucates ;  Borctune  [Burton-in-Lonsdale, 
co.  York],  4  carucates ;  Bernulfeswic  [Barla- 
wick,  a  hamlet  of  Burton,  co.  York],  i  caru- 
cate ;  Inglestune  [Ingleton,  co.  York],  6  caru- 
cates ;  Castretune  [Casterton,  co.  Westmor- 
land], 3  carucates  ;  Berebrune  [Barbon,  co. 
Westmorland],  3  carucates  ;  Sedberge  [Sed- 
bergh,  co.  York],  3  carucates ;  Tiernebi 
[Thirnby,  in  Whittington],  2  carucates.  All 
these  vills  belong  to  Witetune  [Whittington]. 

1 2  M.  In  OUSTEWIC    [ Austwick,  co.  York] 
and    Heldetune    [Halgtone1     (?)    co.    York], 
Clapeham    [Clapham,    co.     York],     Middeltun 
[Middleton-in-Lonsdale,  co.  Westml.],  Manz- 
serge    [Mansergh,    co.     Westml.],    Cherchebi 
[Kirkby-Lonsdale,  Westml.],  Lupetun  [Lupton, 
Westml. 
Holme 
Westml. 
[Warton 

These  Torfin  had  as  twelve  manors, 
there  are  43  carucates  to  geld. 

4  M.   In  BENETAIN  [Bentham,  Yorks.],  Win- 
inctune     [Wennington],     Tathaim     [Tatham], 
Fareltun      [Farleton],    Tunestalle     (Tunstall],          M.     In  ULVRESTON  [Ulverston]  Turulf  (had) 
Chetel  had  4  manors  and   in  them  are  18  caru-     6  carucates  of  land  to  geld, 
cates  to  geld  and  3  churches.* 

In  BODELTUN  [Bolton  with  Adgarley],  6  caru- 

M.  In  HOUGUN  [Millom,'  co.  Cumberland]  cates.  In  Dene  [Dendron],  I  carucate. 
Earl  Tostig  had  4  carucates  of  land  to  geld.  In  and  cuaata  respectively7  and  the  correctness  of 
Chilvestreuic  [Killerwick,  m  Monsell,  par.  the  identity  of  the  respective  vills  belonging  to  Mil- 
lom, Furness,  and  Cartmel,  and  the  fact  of  the  reduc- 
tion of  rating,  may  be  proved  by  the  great  inquest  of 
service  of  A.D.  1212,  which  assigns  20 J  carucates  (half 
Furness)  to  the  heir  of  William,  son  of  Michael  de 
Furness,  and  a  like  extent  (making  in  all  41  caru- 
cates) to  the  abbot  of  Furness.  To  William  Marshall, 
to  whom  King  John  had  given  Cartmel,  are  assigned 
9  carucates  of  land. — Testa  de  Nevill (Rec.  Com.),  406^, 
407.  (2)  The  quo  viarranto  rolls  afford  conclusive  evi- 
dence of  the  antiquity  even  in  1292  of  the  jurisdiction 
and  prerogative  of  Millom  as  a  manorial  lordship.  By 
the  verdict  of  a  jury  the  lords  of  Millom  were  declared 
to  have  exercised  from  time  out  of  mind  free  chase 
between  the  waters  of  Esk  and  Duddon,  half  the 
chattels  of  felons  convicted  in  the  court  of  Millom, 
gallows  at  Millom,  and  amends  of  the  assize  of  ale 
broken,  and  infangenethef  in  Millom,  Seaton  (Hall), 
Bootle,  Kirksanton,  'Bretteby,'  andSilecroft  (p.  123^). 
The  erection  of  Dalton-in-Furness  and  Gleaston 
into  centres  of  feudal  administration  belongs  to 


2O  carucates  of  land  to  geld. 


M.     In  CHERCHEBI   [Cartmel]   Duuan  (had) 
6  carucates  to  geld. 


Kirkby  Ireleth],  2  carucates  ;  Sourebi  [Sowerby 
Hall],  3  carucates  ;  Hietun  [Heaton,  in  Dalton], 
4  carucates ;  Daltune  [Dalton  in  Furness], 
2  carucates ;  Warte  [Wart,  in  Dalton],  2  caru- 
cates ;  Neutun  [Higher  and  Nether  Newton,  in 
Cartmel],  6  carucates  ;  Walletun  [Walton  Hall, 
in  Cartmel],  6  carucates  ;  Suntun  [in  Hawcoat], 
2  carucates  ;  Fordebodele  [Fordbootle,  in  Yarl- 
side], 2  carucates ;  Rosse  [Roose,  a  hamlet  in 
Yarlside]  6  carucates ;  Hert  [Hart  Carrs,  in 
Leece],  2  carucates  ;  Lies  [Leece],  6  carucates  ; 
another  Lies  [Leece],  2  carucates ;  Glassertun 
[Gleaston],  2  carucates ;  Steintun  [Stainton], 


1  Burton's  Monasticon  Ebor.  p.  369. 

s  Bentham,  Tatham,  and  Tunstall. 

3  The  identity  of  Witingham  with  Whicham, 
Bodele  with  Bootle,  and  Santacherche  with  Kirksan- 
ton, all  in  Cumberland,  needs  no  remark.  That  of 
Hougun  with  Millom  and  Hougenai  with  Whitbeck 
rests  upon  the  following  considerations  : — (i)  The 
number  of  carucates  in  Hougun,  Cherchebi,  Ulvrestun, 
and  Bodeltun  (comprising  Furness,  Cartmel,  and 
Millom)  amount  to  119  carucates,  of  which  the 
5  vills  assigned  to  Cumberland  contain  19  carucates. 
The  hundred  carucates  which  remain  may  with 
certainty  be  identified  and  apportioned — to  Furness 
82  carucates,  and  to  Cartmel  18  carucates.  This 
rating  was  reduced  after  Domesday  to  41  carucates 


period  much  later  than  Domesday.  Therefore 
the  temporary  association  of  Millom,  Furness,  and 
Cartmel  under  the  ownership  of  Tostig  made  the 
existing  manor  and  court  of  Millom  the  natural  caput 
of  these  regions  for  administrative  purposes  and  for  the 
collection  of  Danegeld  and  all  other  issues  of  land. 
(3)  There  is  apparently  some  etymological  connexion 
between  Hougun  (O.  Norse  Haugr,  a  mound,  a  hill) 
and  Millom  (O.  Norse  Melr,  a  sandhill,  and  holmr, 
here  meaning  a  '  meadow  on  the  shore.') 


289 


37 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


EURVICSCIRE  [YORKSHIRE] 
THE  LAND  OF  ROGER  OF  POITOU1 

col.  ii. 

2  M.  In  LANESDALE  [Lonsdale]2  and  COCRE- 
HAM  [Cockerham]  Ulf  and  Machel  had  2  caru- 
cates  to  geld. 

1  Col.    i    contains  the   survey   of    Roger's    lands 
in  Craven  ;  Col.  2,  the  manor  of  Gretlintone  and  its 
members  in  the  district  adjoining   Craven  known  as 
Bowland.     Next  follow  three  '  Lancaster '  entries. 

2  Perhaps   Bank  Houses  and  Cockersand,  between 
the  rivers  Lune  and  Cocker. 


3  M.  In  ESTUN  [Ashton,  near  Lancaster] 
Cliber,  Machern,  and  Ghilemichel  had  6  caru- 
cates  to  geld.  In  Ellhale  [Ellel],  2  carucates. 
In  Scozforde  [Scotforth],  2  carucates. 

M.  In  BIEDUN  [Beetham,  Westml.],  Earl 
Tostig  had  6  carucates  to  geld.  Now  Roger  of 
Poitou  has  (it)  and  Ernuin  the  priest  under  him. 
In  Jalant  [Yealand],  4  carucates ;  Fareltun 
[Farleton,  Westml.],  4  carucates  ;  Prestun 
[Preston  Richard,  Westml.],  3  carucates  ;  Bere- 
wic  [Berwick],  2  carucates  ;  Hennecastre  [Hin- 
caster,  Westml.],  2  carucates ;  Evreshaim  [Hever- 
sham,  Westml.],  2  carucates  ;  Lefvenes  [Levens, 
Westml.],  2  carucates. 


290 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

THE  growth  of  the  present  county  of  Lancaster  out  ot  the  debatable 
lands  lying  on  the  borders  of  the  ancient  kingdoms  of  Mercia, 
Northufnbria,  and  Cumbria,  has  been  touched  upon  under  the 
Introduction  to  the  Domesday  of  Lancashire,  where  indications 
of  the  formation  of  the  later  baronies  have  been  slightly  traced  ;  but  no 
account  of  these  baronies  would  be  complete  without  a  few  words  upon  the 
origin  and  early  history  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster,  which  extended,  from  the 
time  of  its  creation,  into  eight  counties,  besides  embracing  the  whole  of  what 
is  now  Lancashire.  The  Domesday  fief  of  Roger  of  Poitou,  after  undergoing 
some  modification  after  1086,  and  again  after  1102,  became  the  main  con- 
stituent of  the  honour  of  Lancaster,  also  known  during  the  twelfth  century 
as  the  '  honour  of  Count  Roger  of  Poitou.'  The  creation  of  this  honour, 
by  consolidating  and  establishing  the  redistribution  of  north-western  England, 
made  between  1086  and  1090,  decided  the  boundaries  of  this  and  the 
adjoining  counties,  casting  once  for  all  into  this  county  Furness  and  Cartmel,1 
which  geographically  belong  more  properly  to  Westmorland  ;  the  parish  of 
Warton,  which  had  belonged  to  Kendal  ;  Lonsdale  and  Amounderness  (or 
'  Lancaster,'8  as  these  districts  were  frequently  described),  which  had  been 
surveyed  in  Domesday  under  Yorkshire  ;  and  '  the  land  between  Ribble 
and  Mersey,'  which,  although  a  distinct  region  from  Cheshire3  in  Domesday, 
had  been  surveyed  as  a  district  attached  to  that  county. 

In  1 102  the  honour  of  Count  Roger  fell  by  forfeiture  into  the  hands  of 
Henry  I.  The  question  at  once  arises,  What  were  then  the  component 
parts  of  that  honour  ?  Did  it  comprise  the  fief  which  Roger  had  held  before 
the  survey  was  made,  or  had  the  changes  of  1086-1090  carved  out  the  entire 
fief  which  was  afterwards  known  as  the  honour  of  Lancaster  ?  A  charter  of 
Roger  to  the  abbey  of  Sees,  dated  1094,  throws  some  light  upon  the  question. 
In  it  Count  Roger  bestows  on  the  brethren  of  that  house  the  churches  of 
Heysham  and  Preston  in  this  county,  of  Stainsby  in  Derbyshire,  of  Cotgrave 
and  Crophill  in  Nottinghamshire,  of  Weekley  in  Northamptonshire,  of 
Kelsey,  Wellingore,  Navenby,  and  Boothby  in  Lincolnshire,  and  the  church 
of  St.  Peter  in  Lincoln.*  Four  of  these  manors,  Weekley,6  Wellingore, 

1  On  17  January,  1258,  writs  of  military  summons  were  issued  to  the  marchers  of  Cartmel  and  Kendal 
in  common  with  those  of  Northumberland,  Cumberland,  and  Westmorland.  Close  R.  22  Hen.  III.  m.  12  d. 

8  When  itinerant  justices  were  assigned  in  1 176  to  visit  the  counties  of  England  in  six  circuits, '  Loncastre ' 
was  one  of  those  comprised  in  the  sixth  circuit.  Reg.  Hoveden  (Rolls.  Ser.),  ii.  88.  In  1179,  when  justices 
were  assigned  to  hear  the  complaints  of  the  people,  '  Inter  Rible  et  Meresee '  and  '  Loncastre '  were  included 
in  the  last  of  the  four  circuits.  Ibid.  ii.  191. 

8  In  the  confirmation  charter  of  Henry  I.  to  Pontefract  Priory,  Whalley,  Clitheroe,  Colne,  and  Burnley 
are  described  as  lying  in  '  Cestreschira.'  Chartul.  of  Pontefract,  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xxv.  102. 

*  Chartul.  of  St.  Martin  of  Sees,  103^.  The  church  of  St.  Peter  belonged  to  'Albert 'in  Domesday. 
(Dom.  Bk.  i.  336^).  This  was  probably  one  of  the  churches  of  Albert  Grelley,  tithes  of  which  were  given  to 
St.  Martin  of  Sdes.  It  was  given  to  the  priory  of  Wenghale,  in  Lincolnshire,  a  cell  of  St.  Martin  of  S6es, 
probably  founded  before  1086  by  Roger  of  Poitou,  who  gave  to  it  one  carucate  of  land  in  Kelsey.  Rtt.Hundred. 
(Rec.  Com.),  i.  328,  370.  6  V.  C.  H.  Northants,  \.  307^. 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Navenby,  and  Boothby,  had  belonged  to  the  king  at  the  time  of  Domesday, 
the  church  of  Wellingore  then  belonging  to  the  church  of  St.  Peter  in 
Lincoln.1  We  have  therefore  good  evidence  that  Roger's  Domesday  fief 
had  been  augmented  by  additions  from  the  royal  demesne  between  1086  and 
1094.*  All  the  places  named  in  this  important  charter  afterwards  belonged 
to  the  honour  of  Lancaster,8  except  Weekley  in  Northamptonshire,  and  that 
also  appears  to  have  passed  to  Stephen  of  Blois,  but  as  a  member  of  the 
honour  of  Mortain  and  not  of  Lancaster.4  As  regards  this  county  it  cannot 
be  doubted  that  the  whole  was  in  Roger's  possession  in  1102  and  passed  in 
its  entirety  to  Stephen.  If  doubt  exists  as  to  every  region  of  the  county 
having  been  in  Roger's  possession,  it  would  be  in  reference  to  Furness  ;  but 
even  this  uncertainty  is  set  at  rest  by  a  charter  of  John  of  Mortain  which 
refers  to  Furness  Fells  as  having  been  held  by  Roger  of  Poitou,  and  after- 
wards by  Count  Stephen.6  Four  great  manors  of  Leicestershire  which  were 
crown  lands  in  Domesday6  belonged  to  the  count  of  Mortain  when  the 
Leicestershire  survey  of  r  1 24-9  was  made.7  It  is  impossible  to  say  whether 
these  were  given  to  Roger  of  Poitou  by  Rufus  or  to  Stephen  of  Blois  by 
Henry  I.  ;  nor  is  there  any  certainty  when  Thorp  Constantine  in  Stafford- 
shire, Kirkby  in  Kesteven  and  some  other  Lincolnshire  manors,  Anston  in 
Yorkshire,  and  Drakelow  in  Derbyshire,  were  added  to  the  honour.8  The 
same  uncertainty  exists  as  to  the  exact  period  when  Roger's  three  Essex 
manors,  some  part  of  his  Suffolk  possessions,  Willoughby  in  Nottingham- 
shire, Lound  and  *  Blanghesbi '  in  Derbyshire,  passed  from  his  honour. 

Two  facts  which  may  possibly  have  some  bearing  upon  the  early  history 
of  the  honour  call  for  notice  here:  (i)  Towards  the  end  of  Stephen's  reign 
Ranulf  Gernons,  earl  of  Chester,  confirmed  Howick,  in  the  parish  of 
Penwortham,  to  the  monks  of  Evesham,  to  enjoy  it  as  fully  as  they  had  held 
it  '  tempore  comitis  Rogeri  Pictavensis  et  tempore  Rannulfi  comitis  patris 
mei.' 9  This  assertion  that  Ranulf  Meschin  had  held  the  land  between  Ribble 
and  Mersey  at  some  period  between  1102  and  1118,  in  the  absence  of  any 
confirmatory  evidence,  should  be  received  with  caution.  (2)  In  1176  the 
sheriff  of  Lancaster  accounted  for  the  farm  of  half  the  manor  of  Marton  in 
Amounderness  as  an  escheat  of  the  fee  of  Peverel.10  In  1199  the  sheriff 
claimed  allowance,  when  accounting  for  the  farm  of  the  honour,  'for  £10 
which  he  was  wont  to  receive  yearly  by  the  hand  of  the  sheriff  of  Notting- 
ham towards  the  farm  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,'  this  sum  representing  the 
third  penny  of  the  counties  of  Notts  and  Derby  which  John  had  given  to 
William  Ferrers  when  creating  him  earl  of  Derby.11  The  inclusion  of  the 

1  Dom.  Bit.  i.  wjb. 

9  The  Lindsey  Survey  shows  that  Stephen  of  Mortain  also  held  in  Lincolnshire  1 1  bovates  in  Wadding- 
ham  which  had  been  crown  land  and  land  of  the  king's  thegns  in  1086,  4  bovates  in  Clisby  and  4  bovates  in 
Howsham,  which  had  been  crown  land  in  1 086. 

8  Testa  de  Nevil!  (Rec.  Com.),  325^,  326.  *  V.  C.  H.  Northants,  i.  387. 

6  Coticher  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  vols.  9  and  II,  pp.  63,  419. 

*  Dom.  Bk.  i.  230.  7  Round,  Feudal  England,  202-3. 

8  For  details  of  other  manors  which  were  members  of  this  honour — not  held  by  Roger  of  Poitou — 
cf.  Lane,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  48,  pp.  99-114. 

9  Chartul.of  Evesham,  Cott.  MSS.  Vesp.  B.  xxiv.  fol.  7 56  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  £.319.     The  monks  had 
received  Howick  from  Roger  of  Poitou.     Harl.  MSS.  No.  3,763,  fol.  58. 

10  Farrer,  Lanes.  Fife  R.  3 1 .       '  The  vills  of  Ashton  (near  Preston)  and  the  two  Marions  (in  Amounder- 
ness) are  escheats  of  the  king  of  the  honour  of  Peverel.      The  earl  of  Ferrers  holds  them.     The  same  Earl 
William  holds  Blackrod  of  the  same  honour.'      Exch.  K.  R.  Kts.  fees,  \,  m.  4. 

11  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  104-5,  108  ;  Tait,  Medieval  Manchester,  179  ». 

292 


JOHN,  COUNT  OF  MORTAZN,  c.   1183-1199. 
SEALS  OF  FEUDAL  BARONS  OF  LANCASHIRE. — PLATE   I. 


To  face  page  292 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

third  penny  of  these  counties  in  the  farm  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  is 
difficult  to  explain  except  on  the  supposition  that  when  Henry  II.  gave  the 
honour  to  his  younger  son,  John  of  Mortain,  he  added  this  sum  in  augmenta- 
tion of  the  issues  of  the  honour. 

The  tenure  of  three  Lancashire  manors  by  the  Peverels,  as  part  of  their 
honour  of  Nottingham,  seems  to  suggest  that  Henry  I.  had  given  these 
manors  to  William  Peverel  before  he  gave  the  honour  to  his  nephew,  Stephen 
of  Blois.1  The  date  of  the  grant  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  to  Stephen  can 
only  be  surmised,  as  there  are  no  charters  of  Henry  of  later  date  than  1 102," 
nor  of  Stephen  of  earlier  date  than  1 123,*  to  tell  us  who  was  in  possession  of 
the  honour  during  the  years  intervening  between  these  dates.  But  we  know 
from  the  Lindsey  Survey  that  in,  or  perhaps  a  year  or  two  before,  1118, 
Stephen  was  in  possession  of  the  lands  in  Lindsey  which  had  belonged  to  the 
honour  of  Count  Roger. 

The  principal  acts  recorded  of  Stephen,  whilst  count  of  Mortain,  in 
reference  to  the  honour,  were  the  foundation  in  1123  at  Tulketh,  near 
Preston,  of  a  monastery  in  connexion  with  the  abbey  of  Savigny  in  Mortain;* 
a  confirmation  to  Robert  de  Molyneux  of  Sefton  of  his  land  in  Downlither- 
land; 6  the  translation  in  1127  of  the  monks  from  Tulketh  to  Furness  and 
their  endowment  with  half  the  land  of  Furness; 8  the  re-grant  in  1 123  of  the 
church  of  St.  Oswald  at  Winwick  to  Nostell  Priory,  which  Roger  of  Poitou 
had  formerly  granted; 1  the  infeudation  of  the  ancestor  of  Leon  de  Manvers 
in  lands  in  Anston  in  Yorkshire,  and  in  Holme  and  Gamston  in  Nottingham- 
shire.8 These  grants  were  all  made  while  Stephen  was  count  of  Mortain. 
The  Pipe  Roll  of  1 130  records  some  important  agreements  made  in  the  king's 
court  by  some  of  Stephen's  principal  thegns  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  with 
their  chief  lord.9  As  king  he  confirmed  his  grant  of  Furness  to  the  monks 
from  Savigny  and  also  confirmed  to  them  the  grant  of  Muncaster  made  by 
William  de  Lancaster,  '  quas  est  de  feodo  meo,'  words  which  suggest  that 
Stephen  had  received  Coupland  also,  when  he  acquired  the  honour  of 
Lancaster.10 

The  history  of  the  honour  during  Stephen's  reign  presents  many 
difficulties.  Between  1141  and  1143  we  find  David  of  Scotland  in  possession 
of  the  land  north  of  the  Ribble,11  and  in  1 147  we  find  the  earl  of  Chester  in 
possession  of  the  land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey.1*  The  former  claimed 
'  Lancaster  '  as  part  of  the  ancient  kingdom  of  Northumbria;  the  latter  had 
either  forcibly  seized  the  southern  region  or  claimed  it  on  the  grounds  of  a 
former  grant  to  Ranulf  Meschin,  the  possibility  of  which  we  have  hinted  at 
above.  In  the  former  case,  which  is  the  more  probable,  the  earl's  possession 
of  this  region  may  have  dated  from  the  time  between  1 1 40  and  1 1 46,  when 

1  It  has  been  suggested  by  Mr.  Planche  (The  Cony,  and  his  Companions,  ii.  269)  that  Adeline  de  Lancaster, 
wife  of  William  Peverel  of  Nottingham,  was  a  daughter  of  Roger  of  Poitou.  If  this  were  so,  a  more  probable 
explanation  of  the  connexion  of  these  manors  with  the  honour  of  Peverel  would  be  that  they  had  formed  part 
of  Adeline's  endowment. 

Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  382.  *  Ibid.  427  ;  Symton  of  Durham  (Rolls  Scr.),  ii.  267. 

Ibid.  ii.  267.     The  Coucher  of  Furness  gives  the  date  as  1124.  (p.  8). 
Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  427.  6  Ibid.  301. 

Man.  Angl  vi.  92  ;  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  405^. 

Lane,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  105.  *  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  I. 

i    Coucher  of  Furness  (Chetham  Soc.),  125.  "  Tail,  Medieval  Manchester,  167-8. 

i    Ibid.  169  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  275-7. 

293 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

he  took  advantage  of  the  anarchy  to  possess  himself  of  '  a  third  part  of  the 
realm,' J  the  regions  held  for  a  time  beneath  his  sway  extending  from  sea  to 
sea  and  forming  a  great  triangle  with  Chester  at  its  apex  and  Lincoln  and 
Coventry  at  the  extremities  of  its  base.8  We  may  briefly  note  the  recorded 
facts  which  probably  led  to  the  honour  passing  out  of  Stephen's  hands.  In 
February,  1136,  Stephen  ceded  Doncaster  and  Carlisle  to  Henry,  son  of 
David  of  Scotland,  and  David  then  restored  to  Stephen  the  strongholds  and 
lands  which  he  had  seized.  Three  years  later,  by  the  treaty  of  Durham, 
Henry  was  recognized  by  Stephen  as  earl  of  Northumberland.8  It  is  not 
improbable  that  David  acquired  the  honour  of  Lancaster  north  of  the  Ribble 
by  this  treaty,  as  between  1141  and  1143  David  issued  charters  confirming 
to  the  monks  of  Shrewsbury  their  possessions  in  Amounderness.  Although 
the  charters  are  addressed  to  his  justices,  barons,  etc.,  of  the  whole  honour  of 
Lancaster,4  it  is  most  improbable  that  David  was  at  this  time  in  possession  of 
the  remainder  of  the  honour.  In  1141  the  earl  of  Chester  made  claim  to 
Carlisle  and  Cumberland  as  part  of  his  rightful  patrimony.6  David  however 
continued  to  hold  Carlisle  and  some  portion  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  until 
May,  1 149,  when  the  treaty  of  Carlisle  was  arranged  between  David,  young 
Henry  of  Anjou,  and  the  earl  of  Chester,  one  of  the  conditions  of  which 
included  the  grant  to  the  earl  by  David  of  '  Lancaster '  north  of  the  Ribble 
in  exchange  for  the  withdrawal  of  the  earl's  claim  to  Carlisle.6  There  is  no 
evidence  that  David  ever  held  any  other  part  of  the  honour  than  that  which 
lay  to  the  north  of  the  Ribble.  None  of  his  charters  to  Shrewsbury  Abbey 
relate  to  that  abbey's  possessions  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  and  the  earl  of 
Chester  was  clearly  in  possession  of  Lancashire  south  of  the  Ribble  in  1147 
when  he  confirmed  to  the  monks  of  Shrewsbury  all  the  possessions  which 
they  had  received  from  Roger  of  Poitou  and  his  sheriff.7  The  treaty  at 
Carlisle  in  May,  1149,  was  aimed  against  Stephen,  who  had  regained  much 
of  his  lost  position  since  1 146,  and  the  earl's  desire  to  again  humble  the  king 
explains  why  he  was  willing  to  accept  '  Lancaster '  from  David  and  sacrifice 
his  cherished  desire  for  Carlisle.  But  this  triple  alliance  came  to  nothing, 
for  within  a  few  weeks  of  the  meeting  at  Carlisle,  Stephen,  who  had  led  his 
forces  into  Yorkshire  to  oppose  the  dangerous  confederacy,  won  over  the  crafty 
earl  by  the  grant  of  numerous  castles  and  lordships  in  the  Northern  Midlands, 
including  Tickhill  and  the  honour  of  Blyth,  the  land  between  Ribble  and 
Mersey,  the  land  of  Roger  of  Poitou  from  Northampton  to  Scotland,  except 
the  land  of  Roger  de  Montbegon  in  Lincolnshire,  and  the  whole  honour  of 
Lancaster.  On  27  July,  1 149,  about  two  months  after  the  abortive  treaty  of 
Carlisle,  and  doubtless  after  the  agreement  made  with  Stephen,  the  earl  at 
Lancaster  confirmed  to  the  priory  of  Lancaster  all  the  possessions  and  liberties 
which  they  had  received  from  Roger  of  Poitou.8 

Again,  in  1153  the  honour  was  the  subject  of  barter  in  the  conflict 
between  Stephen  and  Henry  of  Anjou,  for  just  as  in  1 149  Stephen  had  won 
over  the  earl  of  Chester  by  vast  concessions,  so  four  years  later,  when  Henry 

1  Gesta  Stephani  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  117. 

3  Round,  Engl.  Hist.  Rev.  x.  87,  91.  •  Sym.  of  Durham  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  287,  300. 

*  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  274-5.  6  J°kn  ofHexbam  (Twysden),  268. 

6  John  ofHexham,  Surtees  Soc.  vol.  44,  p.  159.  7  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  277. 

8  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  396.     Amongst  the  witnesses  were  William  FitzGilbert  (de  Lancaster),  Richard 
the  Butler,  Michael  le  Flemyng,  and  Roger  Gernet,  all  tenants  of  fees  lying  to  the  north  of  the  Ribble. 

294 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

came  again  to  prosecute  his  claim,  he  lured  back  the  unscrupulous  earl  by 
grants  exceeding  in  magnitude  those  conceded  by  Stephen.1  Henry's  charter 
was  issued  at  Devizes  and  regranted  Stephen's  concessions  to  the  earl,  in- 
cluding '  totum  honorem  comitis  Rogeri  Pictavensis  ubicunque  aliquid 
haberet,'  the  great  honour  of  William  Peverel  and  many  other  fiefs.8  The 
earl  had  hardly  taken  possession  of  these  vast  territories  when  death  removed 
him  from  the  scene,  and  made  way  for  the  conclusion  in  November  of  the 
same  year  of  a  compromise  between  Henry  and  Stephen,  embodied  in  the 
treaty  of  Wallingford.  By  the  promise  to  Stephen's  only  surviving  son, 
William  Earl  Warenne,  of  all  the  fiefs  which  his  father  had  held  before  he 
became  king,  including  of  course  the  honour  of  Lancaster,  Henry  disposed  of 
the  claim  to  the  crown  which  the  son  of  Stephen  might  have  made.3  In 
1 155,  Henry  II.  was  perhaps  in  possession  of  the  honour  during  the  minority 
of  the  earl  of  Warenne,  and  confirmed  to  Shrewsbury  Abbey  the  gifts  of  '  Earl 
Roger,  surnamed  the  Poitevin,'  of  his  sheriff  Godfrey,  of  Pain  de  Vilers,  and 
of  William,  constable  of  Chester.*  Very  soon  after  this,  Warenne  was  in 
possession  of  the  honour,  or  of  the  greater  part  of  it,  for  there  is  no  record  of 
the  date  when  the  king  of  Scots  surrendered  '  Lancaster.'  This  must  in  any 
case  have  occurred  before  the  spring  of  1158,  for  in  January  the  earl 
accompanied  Henry  to  Carlisle,  and  either  in  going  or  returning  confirmed 
an  agreement  and  exchange  of  lands  made  between  Ewan,  abbot  of  Furness, 
and  his  neighbour,  Michael  le  Fleming.6  In  August  of  the  same  year  the  earl 
went  to  Normandy,  and  was  with  the  king  in  the  Toulouse  campaign  of 
1159.  His  death  occurred  in  the  retreat  from  Toulouse  in  October  of  the 
same  year.8  His  dealings  with  the  honour  as  recorded  by  charters  are  few  in 
number.  He  confirmed  Broughton  in  Amounderness  to  Ughtred  son  of 
Huck,  ancestor  of  the  Singleton  family,7  and  gave  land  in  Walton,  Waver- 
tree,  and  Newsham,  near  Liverpool,  to  Waldeve  de  Walton  to  be  his  serjeant 
of  the  wapentake  of  West  Derby.8  The  honour  probably  formed  part  of 
his  widow's  dower  until  her  re-marriage  in  1164  to  the  king's  illegitimate 
brother  Hameline.9  It  was  then  resumed  by  the  crown,  and  from  Michaelmas 
1164  until  Midsummer  1189  the  issues  were  yearly  accounted  for  in  the 
Pipe  Rolls. 

Immediately  after  his  accession  Richard  granted  to  his  brother  John, 
count  of  Mortain,  amongst  other  vast  possessions  the  castle  and  honour  of 
Lancaster,  with  the  county.10  For  the  next  five  years  it  remained  in  John's 
hands.  Many  of  his  charters  of  this  period  have  been  preserved,  and  the 
terms  of  many  others  are  recoverable  from  his  confirmations  of  former  grants, 
made  after  he  succeeded  to  the  crown.11  In  1194  the  honour  was  resumed 
by  the  crown  in  consequence  of  John's  rebellion.  The  king  of  Scots 
promptly  took  occasion  to  press  his  claim  to  the  county  together  with  North- 

1  Round,  Engl.  Hist.  Rev.  x.  91.  *  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  370. 

8  Rymer,  Feedera  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  18.         4  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  284  ;  Tait,  Medieeval  Manchester,  174. 

6  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  315  ;  Duchy  of  Lane.  Anct.  D.,  L.  342. 

6  Eyton,  Itin.  of  Hen.  II.  40,  48  ;  Round,  Cal.  of  Doc.  France,  285.  7  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  430. 

8  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  403. 

9  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  xii ;  Lanes.  Inquests  (Rec.  Soc.),  vol.  48,  p.  23.      During  this  period,  and  in  fact 
during  the  earl's  absence   in  France,  Reginald  de  Warenne   seems  to  have  had  the  charge  of  the  honour 
Ibid.  286. 

1"  Benedictus  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  78  ;  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  6. 
11  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  passim  ;  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  si.  24-8. 

295 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

umberland,  Cumberland,  and  Westmorland  '  de  jure  predecessorum  suorum,'1 
but  without  effect  as  regards  this  county.  The  knights  taken  in  Lancaster 
castle  upon  its  surrender — by  Theobald  Walter,  as  we  may  suppose — were 
summoned  to  Winchester  to  make  their  peace  with  Richard  on  the  day  after 
the  king's  second  coronation.8  The  Pipe  Rolls  of  this  and  the  following  year 
contain  numerous  references  to  the  fines  made  '  pro  habenda  benevolentia 
Regis.'8  From  1 194  until  1267  the  honour  remained  in  the  crown. 

The  reign  of  John  was  an  important  period  in  the  history  of  the  honour. 
Primarily  for  his  own  advantage  the  king  took  steps  to  increase  the  revenue 
and  develop  the  resources  of  the  county,  some  of  his  measures — as,  for 
instance,  the  foundation  of  the  burgh  and  port  of  Liverpool*  and  the  charter 
of  liberties  to  the  knights,  thegns,  and  free  tenants  dwelling  within  the  metes 
of  the  forest  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster6 — having  far-reaching  consequences  in 
the  future  development  of  the  county.  In  the  intervening  period  before  the 
grant  of  the  honour  and  county  to  Henry's  youngest  son,  Edmund,  on 
30  June,  1267,  we  may  notice  the  grant  of  the  king's  demesne  land  between 
Ribble  and  Mersey  in  1229  to  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester  and  Lincoln,  for  a 
goshawk  yearly,6  which,  upon  the  partition  of  the  earl's  possessions  in  1233, 
fell  to  the  share  of  William  de  Ferrers,  earl  of  Derby,  in  right  of  his  wife, 
Agnes,  the  third  sister  of  earl  Ranulf.7  After  the  death  of  Edmund,  the 
honour  descended  to  his  son,  Thomas  of  Lancaster,  upon  whose  attainder  and 
death  in  March,  1322,  it  escheated  to  the  crown.  By  Act  of  Parliament  on 
7  March,  1327,  the  attainder  of  Earl  Thomas  was  reversed,  and  his  brother, 
Henry  Plantagenet,  succeeded  to  his  title  and  possessions  as  earl  of  Lancaster, 
earl  of  Leicester,  and  High  Steward  of  England.  Henry  died  on  22  Sep- 
tember, 1345,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  only  son  Henry,  who  was  created 
duke  of  Lancaster  in  1351  with  Palatine  jurisdiction  for  life  within  the 
county.8  Upon  his  death  in  1361  the  honour  reverted  to  the  crown,  but  his 
daughter,  and  eventually  sole  heir,  Blanche,  having  married  John  Plantagenet, 
styled  '  of  Gaunt,'  fourth  (but  third  surviving)  son  of  Edward  III.,  her  husband 
claimed  and  obtained  the  honour,  and  finally,  in  1362,  the  entirety  of  Duke 
Henry's  possessions,  being  in  the  same  year  created  duke  of  Lancaster  and 
endowed  with  like  Palatine  jurisdiction.9  On  28  February,  1377,  the  county 
was  erected  into  a  Palatinate  for  the  life  of  the  duke,  and  in  1396  these  rights 
were  further  extended  and  settled  in  perpetuity  on  the  dukes  of  Lancaster. 
Gaunt  died  on  3  February,  1399,  when  his  only  son,  by  Blanche,  his  first 
wife,  succeeded  as  duke  of  Lancaster,  and  on  30  September  following  was 
elected  king,  as  Henry  IV.,  when  this  and  all  his  honours  merged  in  the 
crown.10  One  of  Henry's  first  acts  as  king  '  was  to  grant  in  Parliament  a 
charter,  in  which  the  lands  and  possessions  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster  were 
declared  to  be  a  separate  inheritance  distinct  from  the  lands  and  possessions  of 
the  crown.  The  prerogatives  of  the  king  were  annexed  to  all  the  possessions 
so  separated,  but  ....  the  ordering  of  all  matters  connected  therewith  was 

1  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  243.  *  18  April  1194.     Ibid.  243. 

«  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  77,  89.  *  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  7$b. 

*  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  25  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  £.418.  c  Cal.  Chart.  R.\.  101. 

7  Cal.  Close  R.  1231-1234,  169,  267,  283  ;  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  267.  In  1251  William 
de  Ferrers  obtained  a  charter  of  free  warren  in  his  demesne  lands  in  the  manors  of  Liverpool,  West  Derby, 
Everton,  Great  Crosby,  Wavertree,  Salford,  Bolton  le  Moors,  Pendleton,  Broughton,  Sweinshurst,  Burton- 
wood,  and  Chorley.  Cal.  Chart.  R.  i.  373. 

«  Cokayne,  Comp,  Peerage,  v.  7  n.  »  Ibid.  8.  ">  Ibid.  9. 

296 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

vested  in  an  establishment  called  the  Chancellor  and  Council  of  the  Duchy.' l 
Henry  IV.  added  no  new  possessions  to  the  Duchy  as  enjoyed  by  his  father, 
but  Henry  V.,  by  a  statutory  charter  granted  in  Parliament  in  the  second 
year  of  his  reign,  annexed  and  incorporated  the  inheritance  of  the  house  of 
Bohun,  which  he  had  derived  by  hereditary  right  from  his  mother,  with  the 
inheritance  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  which  had  descended  to  him  from  his 
father.  By  this  measure  the  Bohun  possessions  were  absorbed  in  the  greater 
estate  and  thenceforth  clothed  in  like  manner  with  all  the  prerogatives  of  the 
king,  but  in  administration  distinct  from  other  lands  of  the  crown.  From 
the  reign  of  Henry  V.  to  that  of  our  present  sovereign,  King  Edward  VIL, 
the  rulers  of  this  realm  have  enjoyed  the  splendid  inheritance  of  the  Duchy 
of  Lancaster,  both  out  of  and  within  the  county  Palatine,  as  an  estate  with 
sovereign  prerogatives  entirely  distinct  and  separate  from  the  crown  of 
England.9 

In  dealing  with  the  feudal  baronage  of  this  county  those  fees  have  been 
selected  for  notice  which  at  some  period  or  another  were  described  as  baronies, 
and  the  holders  of  them  as  tenants  by  barony,  who  paid  for  their  relief,  not 
the  knight's  customary  relief  of  five  pounds  for  each  fee,  but  an  arbitrary 
sum.  Not  included  in  this  category  are  the  half  knight's  fee  of  the  Moly- 
neux  family  at  Sefton;  the  fee  held  in  this  county  by  the  Marsey  family,  with 
three  knights'  fees  in  co.  Nottingham;  the  extensive  fee  held  by  the  family  of 
Gernet,  chief  foresters  of  Lancashire;  and  the  fee  comprising  the  south-eastern 
half  of  Furness,  which  was  held  by  the  Fleming  family,  and  was  long  known 
as  Micheland,  from  Michel  le  Fleming,  the  first  grantee.  These  may  possibly 
have  ranked  as  baronies  at  one  time  or  another  during  the  first  century  after 
Domesday,  but  of  this  there  is  no  evidence,  nor  can  the  enjoyment  of  special 
franchises,  nor  inclusion  amongst  the  '  barones  comitatus '  of  the  holders  of 
these  fees,  be  considered  as  sufficient  justification  to  include  their  fees  among 
the  Lancashire  baronies.8 

THE  BARONY  OF  THE  CONSTABLE   OF    CHESTER   WITHIN 
THE    LYME* 

The  earliest  infeudation  within  the  district  afterwards  known  as  Lan- 
cashire of  which  there  is  any  indication  was  that  by  which  four  hides  and 
one  carucate  of  land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  were  conferred  upon  the 
constable  of  Hugh  Lupus,  earl  of  Chester,*  but  whether  by  the  Conqueror 
himself  or  by  Roger  of  Poitou,  after  he  had  received  his  English  fief,  and 
whether  to  Nigel,  the  first  constable,  or  to  William,  his  son  and  successor,  it 
is  not  possible  to  determine.8  The  inclusion  among  the  barons  of  Roger  of 
Poitou  of  a  great  Cheshire  feudatory — who  also  held  lands  in  distant  parts  of 
England  under  the  earl  of  Chester — was  probably  due  to  the  dictates  of 

1  Dep.  Keeper's  ^oth  Rep.  p.  vi. 

J  Ibid.  W.  Hardy,  Charters  of  the  Duchy  of  Lane,  in  which  volume  all  the  charters  and  acts  of  Parlia- 
ment affecting  the  Duchy  from  1342  to  1558  are  set  forth  in  full. 

3  Cf.  Tail,  Medieval  Manchester,  pp.  182-197. 

*  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  100  ;  Cotton  MSS.  Cleop.  C.  iii.  f.  332  b  (Man.  Ang.  vi.  315). 

6  See  the  chapter  on  Dom.  Bk.  p.  280  above. 

8  The  statement  which  originated  with  Dr.  Kuerden  that  William  fitz  Nigel  acquired  Widnes  by  mar- 
riage with  the  heiress  of  Yarfrith,  a  supposed  pre-Conquest  baron  of  Widnes,  obtains  no  confirmation  from 
Domesday  nor  from  any  other  known  record,  and  may  well  be  discredited. 

I  297  38 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

policy,  but  an  infeudation  before  the  commencement  of  Roger's  tenure  of  the 
land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey  remains  a  possibility.  In  the  absence  of 
details  in  the  survey  it  is  only  possible  to  hazard  a  guess  that  the  i$  hide  in 
West  Derby  hundred  comprised  the  manors  of  Knowsley,  Roby,  and  Kirkby, 
and  the  2|  hides  and  i  carucate  in  Warrington  hundred,  the  manors  of 
Widnes,  Appleton,  Cronton,  Cuerdley,  Sutton,  Eccleston,  and  Rainhill. 
After  the  date  of  Domesday,  but  whether  by  Roger  of  Poitou  or  by  Henry  I. 
is  uncertain,  some  eight  additional  manors  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  and 
perhaps  also  the  manor  of  Staining  in  Amounderness,  were  added  to  William 
fitz  Nigel's  fief,  which  was  thereafter  known  as  the  lordship  of  Widnes,  and 
is  described  in  the  Inquest  of  Service  of  1212  as  'four  knights'  fees  of 
the  barony  of  the  constable  of  Chester  within  the  Lyme,' l  that  is,  of  the 
Cheshire  honour  of  Halton.  This  lordship  or  barony  occupied  the  curious 
position  of  being  territorially  dependent  upon  the  Cheshire  honour  of  Halton 
and  feudally  dependent  upon  the  honour  of  Lancaster.8 

Few  acts  of  William  fitz  Nigel  in  connexion  with  his  Lancashire  manors 
remain  upon  record.  An  obscure  manuscript  compiled  by  Christopher 
Towneley  contains  a  copy  of  a  charter,  executed  before  1117,  by  which 
William  fitz  Nigel  founded  a  priory  of  Austin  canons  at  Runcorn,8  and 
endowed  it  with  the  churches  of  Periton,  co.  Oxford,  and  of  Castle  Donning- 
ton,  co.  Leicester,  lands  in  the  counties  of  Chester,  Lincoln,  and  Leicester, 
and  in  this  county  two  oxgangs  of  land  in  Widnes,  with  common  right  of 
the  underwoods  and  feeding  grounds  belonging  to  Appleton  and  in  Cuerdley, 
with  two-thirds  of  the  demesne  tithes  in  '  Sutton  beyond  Meree '  (in  the 
parish  of  Prescot),  which  Thurstan  gave,  and  two-thirds  of  the  demesne 
tithes  in  Staining,  in  Amounderness,  with  the  moiety  of  that  vill,  namely 
three  ploughlands.4  His  death  probably  occurred  before  H3O,6  but  he  was 
certainly  living  in  1125,  when  he  attested  Walter  de  Gant's  confirmation  of 
his  former  gifts  to  Bardney.8  He  is  described  in  another  charter7  of  Walter 
de  Gant  as  'nepos  meus,'  which  suggests  that  he  was  cousin-german  of  Walter. 
This  is  rendered  the  more  probable  from  the  cousin's  sister  being  styled  Agnes 
de  Gant.8  The  connexion  may  have  been  by  descent  from  common  grand- 
parents. His  son  and  successor,  William  fitz  William,  removed  the  priory 
of  Runcorn  to  Norton,  and  further  endowed  it  with  the  vill  of  Norton  in 
exchange  for  Runcorn  and  Staining,9  which  latter  vill  was  afterwards  bestowed 
upon  the  abbey  of  Stanlaw.  He  also  confirmed  his  father's  gifts  to  Norton 
Priory  by  a  charter  executed  between  1138  and  ii5o,10  and  he  or  his  suc- 
cessor also  gave  the  moiety  of  the  demesne  tithes  of  Widnes  and  two  oxgangs 
of  land  in  Tarbock.  All  these  gifts  were  confirmed  by  Henry  II.  in  a  charter 
which  passed  at  Wallingford  about  10  April,  1155."  William  fitz  William 
died  in  Normandy,  so  says  the  chronicler  of  Norton,13  presumably  before  1 149, 
when  Eustace  fitz  John,  his  successor,  attested  a  charter  of  Ranulf,  earl  of 

1  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com),  403^. 

8  Dep.  Keeper's  43^  Rep.  App.  212-30  ;  P.R.O.  Lists  and  Indices,  v.  1-9,  75-88. 

»  Towneley  MS.  Chetham  Lib.  C.  8,  8.  *  Ibid. 

1  An  entry  under  co.  Leicester,  in  the  Pipe  R.  0/31  Hen.  7.  (Rec.  Com.),  p.  88,  seems  to  show  that  he 
was  dead  before  1 1 30.  It  records  that  William  fitz  William,  the  constable,  rendered  account  of  40  marks 
for  a  final  agreement  which  the  king  had  made  for  him  against  the  earl  of  Chester. 

«  Mm.  Angl.  \.  6306.  1  Ibid.  629^.  »  Ormerod,  Hist,  of  Ches.  (edit.  Helsby),  i.  69  ij. 

•  Ibid.  10  Ibid. 

11  MM.  Angl.  vi.  3 1 4*.  w  Ibid.  3 1 5  J. 

298 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Chester,  as  '  constabularius  Cestrie.'1  Dying  without  issue,  William's  inheri- 
tance was  divided  between  his  two  sisters,  Agnes,  who  had  married  Eustace 
fitz  John,8  lord  of  Knaresborough  (being  his  second  wife),  and  Maud,  who  had 
married  Albert  Grelley,  lord  of  Manchester.8  The  share  of  the  inheritance 
which  fell  to  Eustace  fitz  John  comprised  the  lordship  of  Halton,  in  Cheshire 
—  except  Daresbury  —  and  the  lordship  of  Widnes  in  this  county  —  except 
Cuerdley  —  together  with  the  office  of  constable  of  Chester,  which  lands  and 
office  were  duly  confirmed  to  him  by  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester.*  He  was  slain 
in  an  ambuscade  of  Welshmen  at  Counsylth,  near  Basingwerk,  in  July,  1  1  57, 
whilst  engaged  in  the  invasion  of  North  Wales.6  Richard,  his  son  by  Agnes 
his  second  wife,  succeeded  him  as  constable  of  Chester,  and  apparently  attested 
a  royal  charter  in  the  autumn  of  1  1  57,  at  Falaise.6  The  date  of  his  death  is 
unknown,  but  probably  occurred  before  1163,  in  which  year,  or  very  soon 
after,  a  royal  charter  was  attested  by  his  son  John,  who  had  succeeded  him  as 
constable  of  Chester,  and  in  1  166  gave  1,000  marks  to  have  the  lands  of  his 
mother,  Albreda  de  Lisours,  lady  of  Sprotborough.7 

In  1172  John,  constable  of  Chester,  founded  the  Cistercian  abbey  of 
Stanlaw,  in  Cheshire,8  and  endowed  it  with  the  vill  of  Staining,  in  Amounder- 
ness,  and  other  estates.9  Early  in  1  1  8  1  he  was  sent  with  Richard  de  Peche 
to  take  charge  of  Dublin  after  the  recall  of  Hugh  de  Lacy.10  To  the  Knights 
Templars  he  gave  one  ploughland,  probably  representing  a  third  part  of  the 
manor  of  Great  Woolton.  The  remainder  of  the  manor  he  conferred  upon 
the  Knights  Hospitallers.11  To  Salop  Abbey  he  confirmed  the  third  part  of 
the  vill  of  Thelwall,  which  his  predecessors,  William  the  constable  and 
William  his  son,  had  given  to  the  monks  of  that  house.13  He  also  founded 
the  hospital  of  Castle  Donnington.13  He  was  present  at  the  coronation  of 
Richard  on  3  September,  i  iSg.14  He  married  Alice,  daughter  of  Robert  de 


1  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  319. 

*  Mon.  Angl.  vi.  955. 

8  Ibid.  315  b  ;   Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  -g%. 

*  Ormerod,  Hut.  of  Ches.  (edit.  Helsby),  i.  52. 

6  Witt.  ofNewburgb  (Rolls.  Ser.),  ii.  c.  5.     Agnes  his  widow  remarried   Robert  fitz  Count,  who  styled 
himself  constable  of  Chester  once  at  least.     Man.  Angl.  iii.  434  ;  vi.  955-6. 

6  Round,  Cat.  ofDocts.  France,  215. 

7  Pipe  R.    Soc.    ix.    51.       At    Michaelmas,    1166,   John,   constable  of  Chester,    paid    100    marks   of 
the  greater  sum    of  1,000    marks  for    livery   of  his  mother's  lands.      Albreda  de  Lisours  married  secondly, 
William  de  Clerfait,  and  thirdly,  about    1170,   William   fitz  Godric,  by  whom  she  had  issue  William  fitz 
William,     lord     of    Sprotborough     in     1194,     who    was    ancestor    of    the    earls    Fitzwilliam     (Pipe    R. 
24  Hen.  II.    Ebor.).     William  de  Clerfait,  whose   name   occurs   on   the   Pipe   Roll  of  2  Hen.  11.  (Rec. 
Com.),   p.    27,   had   married  for  his  first  wife    Avice    de  Tanai,   by   whom   he  had   Sibil,  who   married 
Ralph  de  Till!  ;  Mon.  Angl.    v.  487;  Hunter,  Deanery  of  Doncaster,  i.  333  ;  Round,    Peerage  Studies,  48. 
William  fitz  Godric  was  lord  of  Emley,  co.  York.     His  name  occurs  in  the  Pipe  Roll  of  1170  in  an  entry 
repeated  until  1176,  when  he  renders  account  of  £100  to  have  the  mother  of  John  the  constable  to  wife 
with  her  lands.     Pipe   R.   Soc.   xxv.   102.     His  father  appears  to  have  been  Godric,  son  of  Ketelbern,  or 
Chetelbert.     Burton,  Mon.  Ebor.  332  ;  Pipe  R.  31  Hen.  I.  (Rec.  Com.),  33. 

8  Ann.  Mon.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  187,  the  foundation  charter  is  dated   1278.      Coucher  of  Whalley,  Chetham 
Soc.  x.  i. 

»  Ibid.  xi.  419. 

10  Hweden  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  253.     Round,  Geof.  de  Mandevilk,  390-1. 

11  Inf.  of  1212,  Lane,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  48,  p.  41.     His  brother,  Robert  fitz  Richard,  was  prior  of 
the  English  Hospitallers  from  about  1187  to  1214,  but  not  continuously.       Hist.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  N.S. 
vol.  1  8,  p.  i"j6n. 

i*  Reg.  of  Salop  Abbey,  MS.  penes  W.  Farrer,.  No.  317. 

is  Mon.  Angl.  vi.  765. 

i*  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  80. 

299 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Essex,  by  Alice  his  wife,  sister  of  Aubrey  de  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford,1  and  died 
at  Tyre  in  the  Holy  Land  during  a  crusade  in  the  year  1190.*  Roger,  his 
son,  having  succeeded  him  as  constable  of  Chester,  was  in  1191  appointed 
by  the  chancellor,  during  the  king's  absence,  governor  of  the  castles  of  Not- 
tingham and  Tickhill.  During  the  struggle  between  John,  count  of  Mortain, 
and  the  chancellor,  about  Midsummer,  1191,  two  of  the  constable's  knights 
whom  he  had  left  in  charge  of  these  castles  treacherously  surrendered  them 
to  John.*  For  this  act  the  constable  proposed  to  hang  them,  but  being 
unable  to  find  them  he  hanged  two  of  their  associates  instead.  In  revenge 
John  laid  his  lands  waste  as  far  as  lay  in  his  power.*  Upon  the  death 
of  Robert  de  Lacy,  the  last  of  his  line  in  direct  descent,  in  1193,  the 
Lacy  fee,  including  the  honour  of  Clitheroe  with  the  liberty  of  Rochdale,  in 
this  county,  and  the  honour  of  Pontefract  with  the  liberty  of  Bowland,  in 
Yorkshire,  descended  by  his  will  to  Albreda  de  Lisours,  his  cousin.6  The 
year  following,  by  fine  made  at  Winchester  (21  April),  Albreda  settled  the 
whole  estate  which  had  been  Robert  de  Lacy's  upon  her  grandson,  Roger, 
the  constable,  who  thereupon  assumed  the  name  of  Lacy  and  became  possessed 
of  the  honours  of  Clitheroe  and  Pontefract,  in  addition  to  his  own  patrimony 
of  Halton  and  Widnes.  The  year  following  he  paid  a  fine  of  2,000  marks 
for  the  king's  confirmation  of  this  settlement,  and  had  livery  of  Robert  de 
Lacy's  possessions — which  had  been  in  the  king's  hand  during  part  of  the 
year  1 194 — except  the  castle  of  Pontefract.8 

The  lordship  of  Sprotborough,  a  member  of  the  honour  of  Tickhill  and 
the  inheritance  of  Albreda  de  Lisours,  appears  to  have  been  delivered  to  her 
son  John,  the  constable,  in  1 166,  and  to  have  descended  to  Roger,  his  son  and 
heir,  but  by  force  of  the  fine  of  H94,7  it  was  settled  upon  Albreda  for  life, 

1  Rot.  tie  dominabus,  ed.  Grimaldi,  1 5  ;  Round,  Geof.  de  Mandevllle,  393 1 ».  According  to  the  Coucher  of 
Whalley  he  had  in  addition  to  his  eldest  son  Roger,  four  sons,  Eustace,  Richard,  Geoffrey,  and  Peter,  and  a 
daughter  Alice.  Some,  if  not  all,  of  these  five  children  were  bastards.  Coucher  if  Whalley,  Chetham  Soc.  z; 
Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  (edit.  Helsby),  i.  694  £. 

William  de  Mandevill  ==  Aubrey  de  Vere,  cr.  =  Alice  de  Clare,  dau. 


lain  I 
1141. 

Chamber- 
,3  3,  died 

of  Gilbert  de  Clare, 
diedc.  1131. 

1 

William  de=Beatrice. 
Say. 

(i)Geoffrey= 
deMande- 

I 
=Rohese  de  «s 
Vere,  died  | 

(2)  Payn  de 
Beauchamp, 

(i)  Robert  r= 
de  Essex. 

I 
=AlicedeVere,= 
aged  60  in 

=(2)  Roger  6tz 
Richard  of 

Aubrey   de   — 
Vere,   1st 

vill,  1st 

i 

107  (?). 

of  B 

edford. 

ii 

4-5- 

Warkworth. 

earl  of  Ox- 

earl of  Es- 

ford. 

sex,  died 

1 

"44- 

1 

r^ 

.  I 

T^Kn    fit 

I                          f 

Say,  ancestor      Say. 

Mandev  11, 

Mand 

mlL 

Beauchamp. 

John  ht 
fits  Eus 

tace,  con- 

Roger  of 

Vere,  2nd 

of  Fitz  Piers, 
earls  of  Es- 

2nd earl  of 
Essex,  died 

3rd  earl  of 
Essex,  died 

Arms:'j2nar- 

stable  of  Chester, 
died  IIQO. 

Clavering 
and  Wark- 

earl of  Ox- 
ford. Anns 

sex.    Arms: 

1  1  66. 

1189. 

ffules,  a 

bend.' 

Arms: 

>B*ar 

terlf 

worth. 

'Quarterly, 

'Quarterly,  or 

and  pie,.' 

or  and  gules, 
bend  sable,  o 

ver 

Arms  : 
•Quarterly, 

guleiandor 
a  mullet  ar 

all  a  lab 

cl  arg 

•nt.' 

or  and  gules, 

gent  in  the 

abend 
sable.' 

first  quar- 

»  Rog.  de  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  88  ;  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  148. 

3  Rog.  de  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  134,  172. 

4  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  232-4. 

6  Daughter  of  Robert  de  Lisours,  lord  of  Sprotborough,  by  Albreda  his  wife,  sister  of  Henry,  father  of 
Robert  de  Lacy  (Whitaker,  Hist,  of  Whalley,  edit.  Nichols,  i.  239).  «  Pipe  R.  7  Ric.  I.  Ebor. 

7  Duchy  of  Lane.    Great  Coucher,  ii.  1 10  ;  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  (ed.  Helsby),  i.  695  ;  Rec.  Soc.  Lanes, 
and  Ches.  vol.  39,  p.  I. 

300 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

with  remainder  to  her  younger  son,  William  fitz  William,  by  her  third 
husband,  William  fitz  Godric,1  to  hold  of  Roger  de  Lacy  by  the  ancient 
service  of  eight  knights.  In  1194  Lacy  accounted  of  £43  1 5-r.  of  the  scutage 
of  his  honour  of  Pontefract  for  the  king's  ransom,8  and  the  year  following, 
in  consequence  of  the  agreement  made  with  his  grandmother,  Albreda,  gave 
the  king  a  fine  of  2,000  marks  for  livery  of  Robert  de  Lacy's  honour  of 
Clitheroe,  with  the  lands  and  castles,  except  the  castle  of  Pontefract,  which 
the  king  retained  in  his  own  hand.8  In  1196  he  was  excused  the  scutage 
due  from  8j  knights'  fees  of  the  honours  of  Clitheroe  and  Widnes  for  the 
second  scutage  of  Normandy,*  but  paid  the  quota  due  from  his  Yorkshire 
fees.6  He  was,  however,  excused  the  quota  due  in  that  county  for  the 
third  scutage  of  Normandy,8  and  the  year  following  had  acquittance  to  the 
same  scutage  for  his  8  J  fees  in  this  county.7  Between  1 200-1 205  he  obtained 
three  royal  charters.  The  first  restored  the  land  which  Guy  de  Laval  and  his 
predecessors  had  held  since  the  time  of  King  Stephen,  representing  twenty 
knights'  fees  of  the  honour  of  Pontefract.8  For  this  Roger  proffered  a  fine  of 
500  marks,  which  was  not  discharged  until  1207.'  The  second  granted  to 
him  the  manor  and  soke  of  Snaith,  to  hold  for  the  service  of  one  knight.10  The 
third  granted  to  him  a  fair  with  liberties  to  be  held  yearly  at  Clitheroe  on 
the  feast  day  and  on  the  morrow  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene.11  '  The  constable 
of  Chester  was  a  notable  figure  in  both  English  and  Norman  affairs  in  the 
early  years  of  John's  reign.  He  was  one  of  those  barons  who  swrore  fealty 
to  the  king  at  Northampton,  before  the  chancellor  and  justices,  immediately 
after  his  accession.13  On  16  September,  1199,  he  was  in  the  king's  retinue 
at  Bourg  le  Roi,  in  Maine,13  and  in  1 200  was  sent  to  escort  William  the  Lion 
to  Lincoln,  and  was  present  when  the  Scottish  king  did  homage  there  to 
John  on  22  November.14  In  1201  King  John  sent  him,  in  company  with 
William  Marshall,  earl  of  Striguil,  each  attended  by  zoo  knights,  to  restrain 
the  king's  enemies  in  the  marches  of  Normandy.16  During  the  progress  of 

1  The  Rev.  Joseph  Hunter,  in  his  South  Yorkshire  (i.  334),  mentions  a  transcript,  preserved  among  Hugh 
fitz  William's  MSS.  of  an  agreement  made  between  William  fitz  William  and  Roger  de  Lacy,  at  Darrington, 
in  6  Ric.  I.  respecting  money  to  be  paid  in  consideration  of  the  agreement  of  1194  quoted  above.  In  a  suit 
with  Alex,  de  Crevequer  touching  lands  at  Hopton,  near  Mirfield,  he  is  described  as  '  Willelmus  filius  Willelmi 
filii  Godrici '  (ibid).  He  had  a  brother  described  as  '  Thomas  filius  Willelmi  filii  Godrich  'in  1225:  Close  R. 
(Rec.  Com.),  ii.  74,  81. 

*  Pipe  R.  6  Ric.  I.  Ebor. 

8  Ibid.  7  Ric.  I.  Ebor. 

4  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  94.  He  appears  not  to  have  acknowledged  half  a  knight's  fee  in  Appleton,  a 
recognition  of  which  Agnes  Bonetable  had  sought  against  John,  constable  of  Chester,  in  1182  (ibid.  47),  and 
with  her  husband,  Richard  de  Venables,  sought  against  Roger  in  1199  (ibid.  1 06). 

6  Pipe  R.  6  Ric.  I.  Ebor. 
«  Pipe  R.  8  Ric.  I.  Ebor. 

7  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  98. 

8  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  3.     In  1203  the  knights  and  free  tenants  of  the  fees  late  held 
by  Guy  de  Laval  in  England,  belonging  to  the  honour  of  Pontefract,  were  commanded  by  writ  to  be  sub- 
missive to  the  constable  of  Chester  (Pat.  R.  i.  26). 

»  Rot.  de  Oblat  (Rec.  Com.),  26,  74  ;  Pipe  R.  4  John,  Ebor. 

10  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  152  ;  cf.  Red  Book  of  Exch.  (Rolls  Ser.),  490. 

11  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  3. 

13  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iv.  88. 
18  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  23*. 

14  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iv.  140,  142. 
18  Ibid.  iv.  163. 

3OI 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Philip  of  France's  campaign  in  1202-3,  when  Normandy  was  lost  by  the 
English  and  Philip  became  supreme  in  Maine,  Anjou,  and  Touraine,  the 
constable  of  Chester  was  stoutly  resisting  a  siege  in  the  castle  of  Chateau 
Gaillard.  After  a  strenuous  resistance  lasting  nearly  twelve  months,  during 
which  the  garrison  were  reduced  to  the  necessity  of  eating  horseflesh,  the 
constable  and  his  garrison,  as  a  final  effort,  made  a  sortie,  but  were  eventually 
taken  prisoners  with  much  difficulty  on  6  March,  I2O4-1  Matthew  Paris 
relates  that  the  French  king,  in  recognition  of  the  constable's  gallant  defence, 
put  him  in  free  custody.8 

King  John,  having  lent  the  constable  £  1,000  for  his  ransom,8  sent  word 
on  3  May  to  the  constable's  knights  and  free  tenants  to  raise  money  for 
repayment,*  but  Roger  being  presently  liberated  in  exchange  for  Savari  de 
Mauleon,  the  king  appropriated  the  ransom.6  In  reward  for  his  services 
Lacy  was  appointed  sheriff  of  Yorkshire  and  Cumberland  at  Michaelmas 
following,  which  offices  he  held  until  1209,"  in  which  year  he  also  acted  as 
a  justice  before  whom  fines  were  levied.7  He  was  in  constant  attendance 
upon  or  in  communication  with  the  king,  as  proved  by  the  rolls,8  and  upon 
terms  of  familiarity  and  friendship,  as  shown  by  entries  on  the  Prasstita  Roll 
of  sums  of  4OJ.  and  2§s.  lost  by  the  king  to  the  constable  whilst  playing  'ad 
tabulas,'  i.e.  shovel-board,  at  Freemantle,  on  Sunday,  29  January,  1211.'  In 
the  autumn  of  1210  he  seems  to  have  led  an  expedition  against  the  Welsh.10 
Dr.  Whitaker  and  Mr.  Ormerod  repeat  from  the  Historia  Laceiorum  several 
improbable  stories  relating  to  him.11  Roger  confirmed  his  father's  gifts  to 
Stanlaw  Abbey,12  and  added  of  his  own  gift  the  church  of  Rochdale  and  six 
oxgangs  of  land  there  of  the  Lacy  inheritance  which  had  descended  to  him 
through  his  grandmother."  Within  his  fee  of  Widnes  he  gave  the  manor  of 
Little  Woolton  to  the  same  abbey.1*  He  also  enfeoffed  Robert  de  Flaynsburgh 
in  io§  oxgangs  of  land  within  the  liberty  of  Rochdale  in  marriage  with  the 
daughter  of  Robert  de  Liversedge,  and  Gilbert  de  Lacy,  of  Cromwellbothum, 
in  the  same  extent  of  land  there,  in  marriage  with  Agnes,  daughter  of  John 
de  Hipperholme.16  His  death  occurred  on  i  October,  1211,  after  a  pro- 
tracted illness,  during  which  he  was  invested  with  the  monastic  habit  in  the 
abbey  of  Stanlaw,  where  his  remains  were  buried.18  Accordingly,  we  find 
that  at  Midsummer,  1212,  when  the  great  inquest  of  service  was  taken,  his 
lordships  of  Penwortham,  Clitheroe,  and  Widnes  were  in  the  king's  hands.17 

1  Matth.  Paris,  Chron.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  89,  101.  *  Ibid.  ii.  IOI. 

8  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  \b  ;  Rot.  de  liberate,  103. 

*  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  41*. 

5  Ibid.  73^.     A  graphic  description  of  these  events  will  be  found  in  Norgate's  England  under  the  Angevin 
Kings,  ii.  411,  417-23.      A  letter  from  John  to  the  constable  of  Chester  begs  him   to  hold  the  castle  to  the 
uttermost.     Rymer,  Faedera,  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  90. 

6  Dep.  Keeper's  Thirty-fnt  Rep.  App.  276,  363. 

7  Fines  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  Ixv. 

8  Close,  Pat.  Chart,  and  Liberate  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  passim. 

»  Rot.  de  Prtestit.  (Rec.  Com.),  238.  10  Ibid.  229. 

1  Hist,  of  W 'bailey  (ed.  1876),  i.  241  ;  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  (ed.  Helsby),  i.  695^;  Man.  Angl.  vi.  315^. 

2  Coucher  ofWhalley,  Chetham  Soc.  1 6. 

3  Ibid.  135;  Inq.  0/1212,  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.,  xlviii.  40. 

*  Coucher  ofWhalley,  804  ;  Inq.  0/1212,  41 . 
6  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  38-9. 

16  Cott.  MS.  Titus  F.  iii.  244^,  258.     His  epitaph  is  recorded  in  Cott.  MS.  Cleop.  C.  3,  f.  325*.      See 
Man.  Angl.  v.  648. 

l?  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  34-38. 

302 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

The  following  particulars  of  the  fees  in  this  county  belonging  to  the 
constable's  three  baronies  are  taken  from  the  Inquest  of  I2I21 ;  supplemented 
by  that  of  the  Gascon  scutage  made  in  1242-3.* 


WEST   DERBY   HUNDRED 


Widneifee 


Appleton,    Crouton     and  ) 
Widnes       .     .     .     .    J 

£  knight  .     . 

1212 

(  Roger[rectius  John],Con-) 
(     stable  of  Chester      .    } 

1242-3 
The  earl  of  Lincoln's  heir 
[Edmund  de  Lacy] 

Sutton,     Eccleston,     and) 
Rainhill      .     .     .     .    J 

I  knight.     . 

(William,  son  of  Matthew) 
|      [de  Daresbury]  .     .    j 

William  de  Daresbury 

Knowsley,    Huy  ton.    and  ) 
Tarbock     .     .     .     .    [ 

I  knight.     . 

{Richard,  son  of  Robert  i 
[deLathom]       .     .    j 

Robert  de  Lathom 

Little  Crosby  

£  and  55  knight 

Richard  de  Molyneux 

Adam  de  Molyneux 

Robert  de  Stockport 

Kirkby  

$  knight  .     . 

Hugh  de  Moreton  .     .      .  i  Roger  Gernet 

^Thomas  de  Beetham 

Maghull    

T&  knight       . 

Alan  de  Halsall       .     .     . 

Simon  de  Halsall 

Astley  

J0  knight 

Hugh  de  Tyldesley 

Henry  de  Tyldesley 

Penwortham  fee 

Kirkdale    

J  knight  .     . 

{Quenilda,    daughter    of) 
Roger  [de  Kirkdale]    J 

William,  son  of  William 
de  Walton 

{[Robert  Russell  or  Alanj 

William  de  Coudray 

North  Meols  

J  knight  .     . 

de  Singleton,  Alan  de  ^ 

The    heir   of  Robert    de 

Meols]  3    .     .     .     .    j 

Meols 

Argarmeols  [now  Birkdale] 

£  knight  .     . 

{The  heirs  of  Richard,  son) 
of  Roger  [see  p.  368]  J 

Thomas  de  Beetham 
Robert  de  Stockport 

LEYLAND    HUNDRED 

Ulneswalton  

I  knight  .     . 

f  [Adam,    son    of  Ulf  de) 
{     Walton]*.     .     .     .    j 

Warin  de  Walton 

Richard  Banestre 

Walter  de  Hoole 

Bretherton      

^  knight       . 

[Richard  the  butler]6  .      . 

Richard  de  Thorpe 
William  de  Brexes 

Thomas  de  Garston 

Simon  del  Pool 

Clayton  le  Woods,  Pen-) 
wortham     .     .     .     .    j 

A,  A  knight- 

[Gerald  de  Clayton]«  .     . 

Robert  de  Clayton 

Hutton      

£and  jfoknight 

f[Elias  de  Hutton,  or  the) 
{     abbot  of  Cockersandp} 

The  abbot  of  Cockersand 

Longton 

&  knight       . 

([Richard,  son  of  Warin) 
\     de  Farington]8    .     .    j 

Robert,  son  of  Richard 

Longton,     Ley  land,     and) 
Euxton  j 

^  knight 

Robert  Bussell  .... 

Robert  Bussel 

Shevington,  Charnock-) 
Richard  &  Welsh  Whittle  J 

J  knight  .     . 

[Thurstan  Banastre]9  .     . 

The      heir     of      Robert 
Banastre 

BLACKBURN   HUNDRED 

Clitheroe  fee 

Little  Mitton      .... 

&  knight  •     • 

John  Punchardun 

Wiswell  and  Hapton     .     . 

i  knight  .     . 

f  Henry  de  Blackburn  the'j 
heir    of   William   de^ 
Arches!  10      .          .    ) 

Adam  de  Blackburn 
Roger  de  Arches 

Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  403. 
Farrer,  Hist,  of  North  Meols,  8. 
Cockersand  Chartul.  (dhetham  Soc.),  47 1 . 
Cockersand  Chartul.  (Chetham  Soc.),  408. 
Lanes.  Inj.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  72  ». 


»  Ibid.  396-7. 

*  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  36. 
6  'Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  403*. 
8  Priory  of  Penwortham,  Chetham  Soc.,  o.s.,  xxx. 
10  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  27. 


303 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Clitheroe  fee  —  continued. 
Towneley,  Coldcoats,  and) 
Snodworth'      .     .     .    } 

Twiston    ......  -j^j  knight  . 

Extwisle    ......  -j^j  knight  . 

AteST.MTl!7'}  *kn.ight- 

Downham      .....     ^  knight  . 
Foulridge  ......     £  knight  . 


Rishton     ......  ^  knight  . 

Billington  ......  £  knight  . 

Altham      ......  J  knight 

Great  Harwood  J  knight  . 

Clayton  le  Moors     .     .     .  j  knight  . 

Walton  in  le  Dale    ...  I  knight  . 


/[Geoffrey,  son  of  Robert \ 
I  thedeanofWhalley]8} 

fjohn,constable  of  Chester] 
[Adam  de  Preston  ?]  8 .  . 
[Hugh  de  Mitton]*  .  . 
[John,constable  of  Chester] 

/[John,  constable  of  Ches-) 
I  ter]« } 

[Roger  de  Praers]7.  .  . 
[Eliasde  Billington]8.  . 
[Richard  de  Altham]9  . 

[Richard  Fitton]  10  .  . 
[Ralph  de  Clayton  ?]  .  . 

[Thurstan  Banastre]   .     . 


1242-3 
Henry  Gedleng 

(The  heir  of  the  earl  of 
{     Lincoln 
Adam  de  Preston 

Ralph  de  Mitton 

Robert  de  Chester8 

John  de  Criggleston 
/William  the  Marshal 
(Hugh  de  Mearley  (Parva) 
/Gilbert,  son  of  Henry  [de 
(      Rishton] 

Adam  de  Billington 
| The  heir  of  Hugh  de  Al- 
{     tham 

Hugh  Fitton 

Henry  de  Clayton 
|  The     heir     of     Robert 
I     Banastre 


AMOUNDERNESS   HUNDRED 


Penwortham  fee 

Warton £  knight 

i  knight, 
I  knight 


Frees  and  Newton    . 

Freckleton,  Whittingha 
Newton  and  Elswick 


(The  heirs  of  Richard,  son] 
(  of  Roger  [see  p.  368]] 
/[Robert,  son  of  Gille-) 
1  michael]  .  .  .  .  j 
(Richard,  son  of  Roger) 
1  de  Freckleton  .  .  1 


Thomas  de  Beetham 
William  de  Frees 
Richard  de  Freckleton 


Maud,  the  wife  of  Roger,  survived  her  husband,  and  was  living  about 
1220—1225,  having  had  assigned  to  her  in  dower  28  librates  of  land  in 
Ingoldmells  and  Holton  le  Moor,  co.  Lincoln,  besides  the  demesne  manors 
which  belonged  to  the  honour  of  Pontefract.11  In  addition  to  John,  his  eldest 
son,  he  had  issue  Roger,  who  in  1215  was  in  the  custody  of  the  queen  as  a 
hostage,19  and  subsequently  of  the  earl  of  Chester.18 

John  de  Lacy  was  probably  under  age  at  the  time  of  his  father's 
death,  as  he  did  not  obtain  livery  of  his  possessions  until  about  26-29  Juty> 
1213,  when  he  undertook  within  four  years  to  pay  7,000  marks  for 
livery  of  his  inheritance  and  to  be  discharged  of  his  father's  debts  to  the 
Exchequer,  further  binding  himself  by  oath  and  by  his  charter  to  serve  the 
king  faithfully  under  pain  of  forfeiture.14  His  castles  of  Pontefract  and 
Donnington  were  withheld  until  the  following  year,  when  the  king,  being 


In  Billington. 

Pontefract  Chart.  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xxv.  226. 
Brother  of  John  de  Lacy,  constable  of  Chester. 
Ormerod,  Hist,  of  Ches.  (edit.  Helsby),  iii.  301. 
Ibid.  267. 


8  Whitaker,  Hist.  of  fPballey,  e&t.  1876,  ii.  189. 
4  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  34. 
'  Whitaker,  Hist.  ofWhalley  (edit.  1876),  ii.  in. 
8  Whitaker,  Hist,  of  Whalley  (edit.  1876),  ii.  377. 
10  Ibid.  388. 

Testa  de  Nev  ill  (Rec.  Com.),  348^,  370.  The  statement,  which  originated  in  the  Historia  Laceiorum 
(Man.  Angl.  vi.  315),  that  Roger  de  Lacy's  wife  was  Maud,  sister  of  [Bevis]  de  Clare,  treasurer  of  York,  is,  of' 
course,  a  grotesque  error,  seeing  that  Bevis  de  Clare,  alias  de  Fairfax,  was  treasurer  of  York  from  1285  to  about 
1291.  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  pp.  193,  435. 

13  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  143^.  In  1226  Roger  was  receiving  £30  a  year  for  his  maintenance  in  the 
king's  service,  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  113.  Another  son,  Robert,  is  said  to  have  been  appointed  constable 
of  Flamborough,  and  to  have  been  ancestor  of  the  constables  of  that  place.  Add.  MSS.  26,741,  f.  263  ; 
Peachman,  Compleat  Gentleman  (1622),  171.  1s  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  189*. 

1*  Rot.-  de  Finibus  (Rec.  Com.),  48  3 ,  494  ;  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  1 47,  1 69  ;  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  1 1 9^. 

3°4 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

favourably  inclined  to  the  young  constable,  remitted  part  of  his  fine.1  During 
the  greater  part  of  the  years  1213  and  1214  he  appears  to  have  been  with 
the  king  in  Poitou.2  Nevertheless,  in  1215  he  joined  the  confederate  barons, 
and  was  one  of  the  twenty-five  appointed  to  see  to  the  observance  of  the 
Great  Charter.3  On  the  last  day  of  1 2 1 5  he  had  a  safe-conduct  to  make  his 
peace  with  the  king,  who  was  anxious  to  secure  his  service,4  which  being 
done,  the  next  day  he  had  warrants  to  the  sheriffs  of  cos.  Northumberland, 
York,  Nottingham  and  Derby,  Lincoln,  Leicester,  Northampton,  and  Oxford 
for  the  restoration  of  his  estates  ; 6  and  three  months  later,  having  pledged  his 
fealty  to  the  king,6  was  commissioned  to  bring  three  other  Yorkshire  barons 
to  the  king  for  pardon,7  and  at  the  end  of  April  had  letters  of  protection  to 
visit  his  estates  in  seven  counties.8  During  the  summer  of  1216  he  was  in 
attendance  upon  the  king,  but  soon  after  withdrew  himself,  and  in  Sep- 
tember his  land  of  Naseby  in  Northamptonshire  was  delivered  to  Ernald  de 
Amblevill.9  In  the  meantime  his  castle  of  Donnington  had  been  destroyed 
by  the  king's  order,10  whilst  he  also  shared  in  the  excommunication  imposed 
upon  the  confederate  barons  by  Innocent  III.11 

After  Henry's  accession  he  had  letters  of  safe-conduct  on  27  April,  1217, 
to  William  Marshall  to  treat  about  his  pardon,13  and  in  August  following  his 
estates  were  restored  to  him.13  In  November  he  was  commissioned  to  conduct 
the  king  of  Scots  and  Robert  de  Ros  from  Berwick  to  the  king.14  The 
following  year  (1218)  he  accompanied  the  earl  of  Chester  to  the  Holy  Land, 
and  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Damietta.16  As  far  back  as  March,  1215,  he 
had  taken  the  cross.18  After  his  return  to  England  towards  the  end  of  1220, 
he  obtained  the  king's  approval  for  levying  an  aid  from  his  Oxfordshire  tenants 
towards  his  expenses  in  the  crusade.17  He  led  the  Lancashire  forces  which 
were  engaged  in  February,  1221,  in  the  reduction  of  Skipton  Castle,  then  held 
against  the  king  by  the  party  of  William  of  Aumale,18  and  the  year  following 
was  one  of  the  justices  appointed  to  see  to  the  perambulation  of  the  forests  in 
cos.  York  and  Nottingham.19  At  the  end  of  1223  he  joined  the  earl  of 
Chester  in  the  opposition  to  the  government  by  the  justiciar,  but  the  earl, 
being  threatened  with  excommunication,  surrendered  his  castle,  whereupon 
his  constable  did  the  same.20  Six  months  later  he  assisted  to  quell  the  rebellion 
of  Falkes  de  Breaute,  and  was  with  the  king  in  June  and  July  at  the  siege, 
and  probably  at  the  capture,  of  Bedford  castle.21  In  October  the  king  made 
him  a  present  of  a  valuable  goshawk.22  In  May,  1225,  he  was  appointed  to 
escort  the  young  Roger  Bigod,  who  had  married  the  king  of  Scots'  sister,  to 

1  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  151^.  His  sureties  were  twenty  knights.  By  26  July,  1214,  he  had  found 
further  sureties,  viz.,  his  brother  Roger  and  four  of  his  principal  vavassours,  and  obtained  possession  of 
Donnington  Castle.  Ibid.  167,  169  ;  Pat.  R.  li<)b.  8  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  196-201^, pass. 

s  Stubbs,  Select  Charters  (ed.  1870),  298.  *  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i6z£. 

5  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  245.  6  Rymer,  Feed.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  137. 

1  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  176.  8  Ibid.  179.  9  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  289. 

10  Matth.  Paris,  Chron.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  171.  "  Ibid.  ii.  1 66. 

U  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  112.  13  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  318. 

i*  Rymer,  Toed.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  149  ;  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  I22- 
'«  Matth.  Paris,  Chron.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  230. 

16  Gervase  of  Cant.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  109.  "  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  284. 

18  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  474^,  546^.  i»  Ibid.  503^. 

so  Matth.  Paris,  Chron.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  260-1  ;  Stubbs,  Constitut.  Hist.  ii.  36  :  cf.  Pat.  R. 
1216-25,  481. 

21  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  606,  6106,  635.  22  Ibid.  627,  652*. 

i  305  39 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

spend  a  visit  at  the  Scottish  court.1  Early  in  1226  he  had  a  warrant  for 
holding  his  courts  of  Penwortham  and  Rochdale  with  the  pleas  belonging  as 
he  and  his  predecessors  had  held  them  before  the  war,2  and  the  same  year 
was  appointed  a  justice  in  eyre  in  cos.  Lancaster  and  Lincoln.3  The  year 
following  the  king  granted  to  him  the  vill  of  St.  Botolph  (Boston)  and  Holland 
with  its  fairs  for  his  maintenance  in  the  king's  service,4  and  in  September  sent 
him  on  an  embassy  to  Antwerp.6  In  January,  1229,  he  was  appointed  to 
conduct  the  king  of  Scots  from  Berwick  to  meet  the  king  at  York,6  and  in 
September,  1230,  was  a  commissioner  to  treat  for  a  truce  with  France,7  while 
in  July,  1231,  he  was  in  the  king's  service  in  Wales.8  Upon  the  death  of  the 
earl  of  Chester  in  1232,  John  de  Lacy,  his  nephew,  succeeded  him  as  earl  of 
Lincoln,9  in  right  of  his  second  wife  Margaret,  only  daughter  and  heir  of 
Robert  de  Quincy  and  Hawise,  fourth  sister  and  co-heir  of  Earl  Ranulf.  He 
had  previously  married  Alice,  daughter  of  Gilbert  de  L'Aigle,  by  whom  he 
appears  to  have  had  no  issue.10  He  married  Margaret  de  Quincy  before  2 1  June, 
122 1,  when  he  had  livery  of  Winborneholt  Chace,  co.  Dorset.11  In  1233  he 
joined  the  confederacy  under  the  Earl-Marshal  against  Peter  des  Roches,  but 
the  bishop  corrupted  him  by  a  bribe  of  1,000  marks13  and  won  his  adherence 
to  the  king,  to  whom  he  continued  loyal  for  the  remainder  of  his  life.  He 
was  constable  of  Whitchurch  Castle  at  this  time,13  and  of  Chester  and  Beeston 
castles  in  i237,u  m  which  year  he  was  one  of  the  witnesses  to  the  confirmation 
of  the  charters15  and  present  at  the  queen's  coronation.16  On  20  November  he 
was  one  of  three  sent  by  the  king  to  the  legate  Otho  and  the  prelates  at  the 
council  held  at  St.  Paul's  to  forbid  them  to  do  anything  against  the  dignity  of 
the  crown.17  Having  attached  himself  completely  to  the  court  party,  he  now 
became  one  of  the  king's  unpopular  counsellors,18  and  using  his  influence  over  the 
king,  obtained  a  conditional  grant  of  the  marriage  of  Richard  de  Clare,  first 
earl  of  Gloucester,  for  his  eldest  daughter  Maud,  promising  5,000  marks  for 
the  grant,  2,000  of  which  the  king  afterwards  remitted.19  This  marriage,  being 
arranged  without  the  consent  of  the  barons,  caused  grave  dissatisfaction, 
especially  on  the  part  of  the  king's  brother,  Richard,  earl  of  Cornwall,  who 
reproached  the  king  for  being  thus  influenced  by  Lincoln.20  The  latter  made 
his  peace  with  the  king's  brother,  who  was  also  Richard  de  Clare's  step-father, 
by  means  of  prayers  and  gifts.21  The  earl  was  appointed  sheriff  of  Chester  in 

1  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  527-  *  close  R-  (Rec-  Com.),  ii.  93$. 

s  Ibid.  151.  *Ibid.  202*. 

5  Rymer,  Feed.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  187  ;  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  162. 

6  Rymer,  Toed.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  193  ;  Close  R.  1227-31,  229. 
1  Rymer,  Toed.  i.  198  ;  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  359,  394-5. 

8  Close  R.  1227-31,  534. 

9  Matth.  Paris,  Chnn.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  230.     The  letters  patent  creating  him  earl  of  Lincoln  and 
granting  him  £20  in  lieu  of  the  third  penny  of  the  county,  were  dated  23  November,  1232,  Pat.  R.  17  Hen.  III. 
pt.  ii.  m.  9  ;  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  (edit.  Helsby),  ii.  697. 

10  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  315^  ;  Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  v.  90.     Alice  was  apparently  the  daughter  of  Gilbert 
by  Isabella,  relict  of  Robert  de  Lacy  (d.  1193).      Seep.  319  below.      Also  cf.  Mon.  Angl.  vi.  315^.  ;  Close  R. 
(Rec.  Com.),  i.  14*. 

11  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  462*. 

12  Matth.  Paris,  Chrm.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  356-7. 

13  Pat.  R.  1 8  Hen.  III.  m.  17.  u  Pat.  R.  21  Hen.  III.  m.  5. 

15  Stubbs,  Select  Charters,  ed.  1870,  356. 

16  Matth.  Paris,  Chrm.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  338.  "  Ibid.  Hist.  Angl.  ii.  400. 

"  Ibid.  Chnn.  majora,  iii.  412  ;  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  xxxi.  380.  19  Pat.  R.  21  Hen.  III.  m.  5. 

20  Dugdale,  quoting  Matth.  Westm.,  Baronage,  i.  102^. 
81  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  xxxi.  3803. 

306 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

1236  and  again  in  1239.'  He  died  22  July,  1240,  after  a  long  and  tedious 
sickness,*  and  was  buried  at  Stanlaw  Abbey,  to  which  he  had  given  the  church 
of  Eccles,  half  the  church  of  Blackburn,  and  land  in  Staining,  Hardhorn,  and 
Newton  in  Amounderness.8  His  wife  Margaret  survived  him,  and  afterwards 
married  Walter  Marshall,  earl  of  Pembroke,  her  dower  being  assigned  in  1241, 
in  the  counties  of  Lincoln,  Nottingham,  York,  and  Lancaster,  viz.,  40  knights' 
fees,  besides  many  demesne  manors.4 

Edmund,  only  son  of  John  de  Lacy  by  Margaret  de  Quincy,  his  second 
wife,  was  a  minor  at  his  father's  death,  being  born  after  26  May,  1228.* 
Through  the  influence  of  Peter  of  Savoy  he  married  Alicia,  elder  daughter  of 
Manfred  III.,  marquis  of  Saluzzo,6  a  marriage  which,  according  to  Matthew 
Paris,  occasioned  much  discontent  among  the  nobles  of  England.7  Edmund 
was  never  formally  invested  with  the  earldom  of  Lincoln.  He  is  named 
simply  as  Edmund  de  Lacy  in  a  commission  of  2  September,  1255,  with  the 
king's  brothers  Geoffrey  and  William,  and  the  earls  of  Norfolk,  Warenne, 
and  Albemarle,  to  conduct  the  king  and  queen  of  Scotland  to  the  king,  but  in 
the  letters  of  safe-conduct  to  the  same  king  and  queen,  dated  three  days  later, 
as  Edmund  de  Lacy  'earl  of  Lincoln.'8  But  again  on  17  January,  1258,  he 
is  summoned  with  his  knights  to  do  military  service  in  Scotland  as  Edmund 
de  Lacy.9  Again,  in  1249,  I25I>  an(^  I257>  ^e  was  tne  recipient  of  charters 
of  free  warren  in  his  demesne  lands,  of  markets  at  Bradford  in  Yorkshire  and 
Rochdale,  and  of  a  market  and  fair  at  Tanshelf  in  his  manor  of  Pontefract, 
but  in  no  case  is  he  styled  '  earl  of  Lincoln.' 10  The  fact  was  that  his  mother 
being  countess  of  Lincoln  in  her  own  right,  her  son  could  not  be  earl  during 
her  lifetime,  and  dying  before  her  never  attained  to  that  title.11  Notwith- 
standing this  he  seems  to  have  enjoyed  the  third  penny  of  co.  Lincoln,  as  his 
father  had  done.13  He  is  said  to  have  founded  the  hospital  of  White  Friars 
at  Pontefract.13  To  Stanlaw  Abbey  he  gave  the  other  half  of  the  church  of 
Blackburn  with  his  body,  and  the  vill  of  Cronton.  By  Alice  his  wife  he  had 
issue  Henry,14  his  heir,  John,  and  Margaret,  who  both  died  young.15  He  died 
5  June,  1258,  and  was  buried  at  Stanlaw.16 

Henry  de  Lacy  was  born  on  Christmas  Day,  1 249,"  and  on  22  December, 
1256,  was  contracted  to  be  married  by  his  father  (with  the  king's  consent, 
obtained  by  a  fine  of  ten  marks  of  gold) 18  to  Margaret,  eldest  daughter  and  heir 

1  Pat.  R.  21  Hen.  III.  m.  5  ;  Pipe  R.  24  Hen.  III.  Ches. 

2  Matth.   Paris,  Hist.  Angl.   (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  436,  where  his  arms  are  given  in  trick.     Examples  of  his 
seal  are  given  by  Ormerod  and  by  Whitaker. 

s  Mm.  Angl.  v.  647*. 

4  Close  R.  25  Hen.  III.  m.  9  and  m.  16  ;  Rec.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  vol.  48,  p.  157. 

6  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  54.  6  Matth.  Paris,  Chron.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  iv.  628. 

7  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  lozb.      The  king  in    1246   had  promised  Philip,  count  of  Savoy,  that  he  could 
marry  one  of  the  count's  granddaughters  to  Edmund  de  Lacy,  '  qui  si  vixerit  comes  erit  Lincolnie.'     Rymer, 
Toed.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  264. 

8  Pat.  R.  39  Hen.  III.  m.  3.     Rymer,  Foed.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  327. 

»  Close  R.  42  Hen.  III.  m.  izd.  10  Cal.  Chart.  R.  i.  346,  356,  362,  472. 

11  She  is  repeatedly  styled  countess  of  Lincoln  in  the  Rolls.     She  lived  until  shortly  before  Michaelmas 
term,  1267  ;  Curia  Reg.  R.  181,  m.  n. 

12  Cal.  Close  R.  1307-13,  285.  «  Man.  Angl.  vi.  1581. 

1*  Coucher  ofWhalley  (Chetham  Soc.),  77,  811.  16  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  103. 

1°  Cott.  MS.  Cleop.  C.  iii.  330*.     His  epitaph  is  given  on  f.  325^.  Man.  Angl.  v.  647-8. 

W  Inj.  p.  m.  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xii.  51.  See  the  Lanes.  Inq.p.m.  Rec.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  vol.  48,  213-9. 
In  Cal.  of  Close  R.  1272-9,  p.  462,  he  is  said  to  have  been  of  full  age  on  St.  Hilary,  56  Hen.  III.  i.e. 
13  January,  1272.  This  perhaps  refers  to  the  date  when  he  was  entitled  to  be  styled  earl  of  Lincoln. 

«  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  249. 

307 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  William  Longespee,  third  earl  of  Salisbury,  and  in  her  own  right  countess 
of  Salisbury.  She  predeceased  her  husband  and  died  22  November,  13IO.1 
During  his  minority  he  and  his  lands  were  under  the  guardianship  of  his 
mother,  who  gave  a  fine  of  >C3>755  f°r  ^is  privilege.8  Henry  was  involved 
in  1 269  in  a  quarrel  with  the  earl  of  Surrey  as  to  certain  pasture  lands,  and  a 
threatened  appeal  to  arms  was  only  prevented  by  the  king's  intervention.8  He 
was  one  of  the  most  prominent  figures  of  Edward  I.'s  reign,  and  throughout 
a  strenuous  life  both  at  home  and  abroad  never  wavered  in  his  devotion  to  his 
sovereign.  In  1267  he  had  an  allowance  of  £300  out  °f  ^e  issues  of  Lincoln 
and  Grimsby  by  the  king's  appointment,  and  the  year  following,  upon  doing 
his  homage,  with  Margaret  his  wife,  had  livery  of  her  inheritance.*  In 
November,  1270,  he  executed  an  agreement  with  his  mother  Alice  confirming 
the  appointment  of  her  dower  made  by  the  king,  and  granting  to  her  the 
manors  of  Holton  le  Moor,  Alkborough,  and  Wadenhoe,  in  exchange  for  her 
dower  in  Halton  in  Cheshire,  Widnes,  and  Almondbury,  except  the  herbage 
of  Marsden,  co.  York.6  On  5  April,  1272,  he  was  appointed  governor  of 
Knaresborough  Castle,6  and  the  next  month  went  abroad  for  a  short  time,7  but 
returning  was  knighted  on "  1 3  October  by  King  Henry,  and  girt  with  the 
sword  as  earl  of  Lincoln  on  the  occasion  of  the  wedding  of  Edmund,  earl  of 
Cornwall,  together  with  the  earl  and  fifty-four  besides.8  In  1273  he  was  at 
the  siege  of  Chartley  Castle,  from  which  Robert  de  Ferrers  had  recently  ejected 
Hamon  Lestrange,  to  whom  the  king  had  given  it.9  In  1274  he  was  com- 
missioned to  pursue  malefactors  in  cos.  York  and  Nottingham,  and  to  lodge 
them  in  the  county  gaols.10  In  1276  he  served  in  the  Welsh  campaign  and 
led  the  forces  which  laid  siege  to  Castle  Baldwin.  The  year  following  he 
besieged  and  took  the  castle  of  Dolvorwyn.11  He  was  appointed  to  escort 
Alexander  III.  of  Scotland  on  his  visit  to  England  in  the  summer  of  izj%™ 
and  was  appointed  joint-lieutenant  of  England  on  27  April,  1279,  during  the 
king's  absence  in  France.13  In  1282  and  1283  he  was  engaged  in  Wales,  and 
for  his  aid  in  the  subjection  of  that  principality  received  from  the  king  the 
land  of  Denbigh  and  there  built  Denbigh  Castle.1*  On  Christmas  eve,  1283, 
he  had  licence  to  alienate  the  church  of  Whalley  to  the  monks  of  Stanlaw, 
whom  he  encouraged  to  translate  their  convent  to  Whalley,  which  they  did 
in  April,  I296.15  He  had  licence  to  sport  along  the  banks  of  the  river  Stour, 
without  falcons,  during  the  winter  of  1284-5,  an<^  seems  to  have  indulged  in 
this  sport  with  similar  licence  in  the  winters  of  1292-3  and  ^oS-g.16  He 
accompanied  the  king  on  his  three  years'  visit  to  Gascony,17  from  April,  1286, 
to  early  in  1289,  and  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  treat  with 
the  guardians  of  Scotland  in  1290  touching  the  interests  of  their  queen  and 

Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  v.  91.  *  Pat.  R.  54  Hen.  III.  m.  27. 

floret  Hist.  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  17  ;  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  103^. 

Close  R.  52  Hen.  III.  m.  5,  m.  12.  6  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Bks.  No.  2,  fol.  242,  No.  49. 

Pat.  R.  56  Hen.  III.  m.  16.  1  Cal.  Close  R.  1272-9,  45. 

Annales   Man.   (Rolls  Ser.),   ii.  1 1 1  ;  Cal.   Close  R.    1272-9,  383.     Arms  of  '  Le  Conte  de   Nichole, 


esqua 


tele  d'or  et  de  goulz  ung  bend  sable  &  ung  labell  argent.'     Armytage,  Glovei's  Rolle  of  Armes,  No.  9. 


Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  53.  10  Ibid.  1272-81,  67. 

Ibid.  1 89-229, pass.     Brut y  Tytvyjogion  (Rolls  Ser.),  365-6. 

Cal.  Pat.  R.  1272-81,  268.  1S  Ibid.  309. 

14  Ibid.  1281-92,  13  to  %2,pass. ;  Leland,  Itin.  v.  46-48. 
is  Cal.  Pat.  R.  281-92,  109  ;  Coucber  of  Whalley,  188-90  ;  Mm.  Angl  v.  639. 

16  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  134  ;   1292-1301,  3  ;    1307-13,  146. 

17  Ibid.  1281-92,  23 1-302, pass. 

308 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

realm,  in  which  capacity  he  was  present  at  the  Parliament  of  Brigham.1  In 
November,  1290,  he  was  given  extensive  power  to  inquire  of  and  punish 
those  guilty  of  homicides  and  depredations  throughout  the  realm.2  Early  in 
1291  he  made  preparations  to  go  abroad,8  but  in  June  was  in  the  king's  service 
in  Scotland.  That  year  he  was  present  at  Norham,  and  in  1292  at  Berwick, 
during  the  deliberations  relative  to  the  Scottish  succession.*  The  same  year 
he  was  one  of  those  appointed  to  decide  on  the  claims  of  William  de  Ros  and 
John  de  Vaux  ; 6  and  was  one  of  the  executors  of  the  will  of  Eleanor,  the  late 
queen  consort."  At  this  time,  having  lost  both  his  sons  by  unfortunate  acci- 
dents,7 he  resigned  to  the  king  his  lordships  of  Ponterract,8  Clitheroe,  Halton, 
Denbigh,  and  other  lands,  which  the  king  afterwards  granted  to  him  and  to  the 
heirs  of  his  body,  with  remainder  to  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster,  the  king's  brother, 
and  the  heirs  of  his  body.9  Two  years  later  ( 1 274)  his  possessions  in  the  counties 
of  Chester  and  Lancaster  and  elsewhere  were  settled  upon  him  for  life,  with 
remainder  to  Thomas,  son  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  Alice  his  wife, 
only  daughter  of  Henry,  and  the  heirs  of  their  bodies,  with  remainder  to 
Thomas's  right  heirs.10  The  earl  of  Lincoln  was  sent  in  May,  1293,  to 
Philip  of  France  to  treat  for  peace,  and  about  the  merchant  ships  of  Normandy 
which  had  recently  been  captured  by  the  English.11  In  June,  1294,  he 
obtained  a  charter  for  a  market  and  fair  at  Burnley,  and  free  warren  in  his 
demesne  lands  of  Penwortham,  Tottington,  and  Cliviger.13  The  same  year,  in 
October,  he  was  on  his  way  to  Gascony,  but  whilst  still  at  Portsmouth  was 
recalled  by  the  outbreak  of  war  in  North  Wales.  On  1 1  November,  whilst 
proceeding  to  the  relief  of  his  castle  of  Denbigh,  he  was  defeated  by  his  own 
Welshmen  with  great  slaughter,  himself  escaping  with  difficulty.13  He  was 
occupied  in  the  Welsh  war  until  May,  1295.  On  14  January,  1296,  he 
sailed  from  Plymouth  with  the  earl  of  Lancaster  on  his  way  to  Gascony. 
After  pillaging  St.  Matthieu,  near  Cape  Finisterre,  they  landed  at  Blaye  in 
mid-Lent  and  marched  against  Bordeaux,  which  they  unsuccessfully  besieged. 
On  the  death  of  the  earl  of  Lancaster  on  5  June  Lincoln  was  chosen  to 
succeed  him  as  the  king's  lieutenant  by  the  voice  of  the  whole  army.  He 
defeated  Robert  of  Artois  before  Bourg-sur-Mer,  and  besieged  Aux  for  seven 
weeks  in  July  and  August  with  great  vigour,  but  was  at  length  forced  to  retire 
to  Bayonne.  In  February,  1 297,  the  citizens  of  Bellegarde,  then  besieged  by 
the  French,  appealed  for  assistance.  The  earl  marched  out  to  their  aid,  but 
was  defeated  and  forced  to  retreat  once  more  to  Bayonne.  However,  in  the 
summer  he  made  a  successful  raid  towards  Toulouse,  which  lasted  until 
Michaelmas.  He  then  retired  to  Bayonne  for  Christmas,  and  about  Easter, 
1298,  returned  to  England.1*  On  15  May,  1299,  Prince  Edward  appointed 

1  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  372  ;  Bain,  Cal.  of  Docs.  Scotland,  i.  159,  163,  171. 

3  Ibid.  1281-92,  408.  3  Ibid.  410-2,  420 

*  Will.  Rishanger,  Chron.  (Rolls  Ser.),  253-4.  6  Ibid.  266.  «  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  476-8. 

7  His  eldest  son  Edmund  was  drowned  by  falling  down  a  well  at  the  Red  Tower  in  Denbigh  Castle, 
and  his  second  son  John  was  killed  by  falling  from  a  tower  at  Pontefract  Castle.  Cott.  MSS.  Cleop.  C.  iii. 
328^;  Leland,  I  tin.  v.6i. 

»  Cal.  Pat.  £.1281-92,512.  »  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Bks.  No.  1 1,  ff.  37  d,  69  d. 

1°  Dugdale,  Baronage,  ii.  104  ;  Fine  R.  20  Edw.  I.  mm.  I,  7  ;  Chart.  R.  21  Edw.  I.  No.  29  ;  22  Edw.  I. 
Nos.  2-4. 

11  Tho.  Walsingham,  Hut.  Angl.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  43  ;  Ypodigma  Neustriae  (Rolls  Ser.),  190. 

»  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Bks.  No.  n,  f.  25. 

13  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1292-1301,  87,  116  ;  Tho.  Walsingham,  Hist.  Angl.  (Rolls  Ser.),  1.48. 

14  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  xxxi.  374,  from  the  Chron.  (Rolls  Ser.)  ;  Nicolas,  Caerlavcmk,  95. 

309 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

him  to  arrange  the  marriage  between  himself  and  Isabella  of  France.1  He 
was  one  of  the  nobles  who  swore  on  the  king's  behalf  that  he  would  reconfirm 
the  charters  on  his  return  from  the  Scottish  war,  in  which  campaign  he 
accompanied  the  king,  and  was  present  at  the  battle  of  Falkirk  on  22  July.8 
The  same  month  he  was  summoned  to  the  council  at  York  to  deliberate  on 
the  affairs  in  Scotland,  and  in  July,  1 300,  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Caerlave- 
rock,  where  he  commanded  the  first  division.'  In  October  he  went  with 
Hugh  Despenser  on  a  mission  to  Rome  to  complain  of  the  injury  done  by  the 
Scots,  and  later  to  arrange  the  terms  of  peace  between  the  kings  of  England 
and  France.4  In  February,  1301,  he  was  appointed  governor  of  Corfe  Castle,6 
and  in  March  was  directed  to  attend  the  Prince  of  Wales  on  his  invasion  of 
Scotland  at  Midsummer.  During  September  and  October  he  was  engaged  in 
the  subjection  of  Galloway,8  and  early  in  1302  was  appointed  one  of  the 
envoys  to  treat  for  peace  with  Philip  of  France,  and  in  connexion  with  these 
negotiations  was  constantly  in  France  until  the  proclamation  of  peace  at  Paris 
on  20  May,  1 303^  In  October  he  went  abroad  to  take  possession  of  Gascony 
in  the  king's  name,  remaining  there  for  the  following  year.8  On  1 6  Sep- 
tember, 1305,  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  in  the  Parliament 
at  Westminster  to  arrange  the  affairs  of  Scotland,  and  in  the  same  Parliament 
was  a  receiver  and  trier  of  petitions  from  Gascony.9  On  1 5  October  he  was 
sent  on  a  mission  to  Lyons  with  presents  to  Pope  Clement  V.10  When  he 
returned  to  London  on  16  February,  1306,  he  was  publicly  received  by  the 
mayor.11  Later  in  the  year  he  went  to  Scotland  with  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
who  was  ordered  to  act  by  his  advice.12  In  July,  in  this  year,  contemplating 
the  foundation  of  a  college  at  Oxford,  he  obtained  licence  to  alienate  in  mort- 
main the  advowsons  of  five  churches  in  cos.  Lincoln  and  Northampton  to 
thirteen  scholars  to  dwell  in  the  proposed  house.13  In  January,  1307,  he  was 
one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  hold  a  Parliament  at  Carlisle,1*  and 
during  the  summer  accompanied  King  Edward  on  his  march  to  Scotland,  and 
was  present  at  his  death  at  Burgh-on-the-Sands  on  7  July.15  Towards  the  end 
of  the  year  he  was  engaged  in  a  mission  to  France.16 

Having  attended  Edward  II.  into  Scotland,  he  was  present  at  the  king's 
coronation  at  Westminster  on  25  February,  1308,  when  he  carried  one  of  the 
swords  of  state.17  He  advised  the  king  in  the  first  council  after  his  coronation 
to  confirm  by  writ  his  promise  to  ratify  whatever  the  nation  should  deter- 
mine.18 The  monk  of  Malmesbury  says  that  Lincoln  gave  his  assent  to  the 
creation  of  Piers  Gaveston  as  earl  of  Cornwall  in  August,  1307,  and  advised 

1  Rymer,  Foedera  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  905.  3  Diet.  Nat.  Siog.  xxxi.  374. 

8  Ibid.  Nicolas,  Caerlavenck,  96.     « Henri  le  bon  Conte  de  Nichole  '  bore  a  banner  of  yellow  silk  with  a 
purple  lion  rampant  (p.  5). 

*  Cat.  Pat.R.  1292-1301,  538-43  ;  Rishanger  (Rolls.  Ser.),  195-6,  451. 

5  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1292-1301,  564.  6  Bain,  Cal.  of  Docs.  Scot.  ii.  1191,  1224,  1235,  1240. 

7  Rymer,  Foedera  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  952-5  ;    Cal.  Pat.  R.   1301-7,  30-128  pass.;  Chron.  Edw.  I.  and  II. 
(Rolls  Ser.),  1.127-9  5  Hemingburgh  (Eng.  Hist.  Soc.),  ii.  230. 

8  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1301-7,  157,  209.  •  Rolls  of  Par!.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  126,  159. 

10  Rymer,  Foedera  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  974;  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1301-7,  380. 

11  Chron.  Edw.  I.  and  II.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  143-4.  ls  Chron.  Lanercost  (Bannatyne  Club),  204. 
13  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1301-7,  455  ;   1307-13,  1 1  ;  Rymer,  Foedera,  i.  990. 

i*  Rolls  of  Par/.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  188-9;  Parl-  Writs.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  183. 

15  T.  Walsingham,  Hist.  Angl.  (Roll  Ser.),  i.  1 16. 

1«  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1307-13,  13,  32.  "  Parl.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  10. 

18  Stubbs,  Constit.  Hist.  edit.  1880,  ii.  346. 

310 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

the  king  that  the  separation  of  this  earldom  from  the  crown  was  within  his 
power.1  From  being  Gaveston's  chief  supporter  after  the  king,  he  later 
became,  through  the  former's  ingratitude,  one  of  his  chief  enemies,3  his  hos- 
tility to  the  favourite  being  already  active  in  February,  1308.*  But  in  July, 
1309,  he  was  once  more  won  over  to  Gaveston's  side,  only,  however,  to  be 
speedily  alienated  by  Gaveston's  coarse  familiarity  in  styling  him  '  pot-belly  ' 
(boele  crevee),  in  reference  to  his  figure.  As  a  consequence,  Lincoln  joined 
with  his  son-in-law,  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster,  and  other  earls,  in  refusing  to 
attend  the  council  summoned  to  York  in  October,  1309.*  At  Stamford  on 
6  August  previously  he  had  joined  in  the  letter  of  the  barons  to  the  Pope.5 
He  was  one  of  the  petitioners  for  the  ordinances  and  one  of  the  ordainers 
elected  on  20  March,  1310,  to  supersede  the  king's  authority  until  Michael- 
mas, 1311.'  Lincoln,  however,  seems  to  have  acted  with  some  duplicity,  as 
he  is  alleged  to  have  had  a  secret  understanding  with  the  king,7  who  appointed 
him  to  be  guardian  of  the  kingdom  during  his  absence  in  Scotland  in  Sep- 
tember, 1 3 1  o.8  Lincoln  spent  Christmas  at  his  manor  of  Kingston  in  Dorset, 
probably  engaged  in  sporting  for  wildfowl,9  but  early  in  the  next  year  he 
returned  to  London,  where  he  died  at  his  house  in  Holborn,  afterwards  called 
after  him  '  Lincoln's  Inn,'  on  5  February,  and  on  the  28th  of  the  same  month 
was  buried  in  the  Lady  Chapel  of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral.10  He  had  been  a  large 
contributor  to  the  '  new  work '  at  the  cathedral.11  Bishop  Stubbs,  quoting 
some  chronicler,  describes  him  as  'the  closest  counsellor  of  Edward  I.' li!  His 
uncertain  action  in  1310  was  perhaps  due  to  the  conflicting  feelings  of  loyalty 
to  his  old  master's  son  and  of  perpetuating  his  old  master's  policy.13  On  his 
death-bed  he  is  represented  as  counselling  his  son-in-law  to  opposition  to  the 
royal  authority.14  Hemingburgh  describes  him  as  '  courteous,  handsome,  and 
active,'15  and  elsewhere  he  is  represented  as  '  active  in  war  and  ripe  in  counsel.'16 
The  '  Compoti '  of  the  earl's  Lancashire  and  Cheshire  manors  were  published 
by  the  Chetham  Society  in  1884,"  the  Lancashire  inquest  after  his  death 
having  been  printed  in  1868." 

Alice,  his  daughter  and  heir,  was  born  in  1283,  and  was  contracted  in 
marriage  to  Thomas,  son  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster,  the  king's  brother,  in 
1292,  whom  she  married  on  28  October,  I294.19  She  left  him  in  1318,  and 
took  refuge  with  John,  earl  of  Warenne.20  After  Thomas's  death  she  married 
(before  1326)  Eubolo  L'Estrange.  He  died  in  1335  and  his  widow  married 
in  February,  1336,  Hugh  de  Freyne,  who  died  the  same  year.  The  countess 
herself  died  2  October,  1348,  having  borne  no  issue. 

1  Chron.  Edto.  I.  and  II.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  155  ;  Stubbs,  Constit.  Hist.  ii.  347*. 

2  Chron.  Edw.  I.  and  II.  I  5  8.  «  Chron.  Lanmost  (Bannatyne  Club),  211. 

*  Hemingburgh  (Eng.  Hist.  Soc.),  ii.  275.  6  Chron.  ofEdtv.  I.  and  II.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  161. 

6  Rymer,  Foedera  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  105  ;  Rolls  of  Par!.  (Rec.  Com),i.  445  ;  Hemingburgh,  ii.  276  ;  Stubbs, 
Constit.  Hist.  ed.  1880,  ii.  356. 

1  Bain,  Cat.  of  Docs.  Scot.  iii.  177.  8  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1307-13,  282. 

»  Ibid.  146  ;  Cal.  of  Docs.  Scot.  iii.  197. 

10  A  magnificent  tomb  supporting  a  cross-legged  statue   of  the  earl  in  linked  mail   perished   in  the  great 
fire  of  London,  but  a  representation  has  been   preserved  by   Hollar.     Whitaker,   Hist,  of  Wkalley,  ed.    1876, 
i.   248  ;  Wever,  Funeral  Monts.   366.       His  arms  are  described  by  Ormerod,  Hist,  of  Ches.  (ed.  Helsby),  i. 
6993. 

11  Dugdale,  St.  Paul's,  ed.  1818,  ii.  w  Stubbs,  Constit.  Hist.  ed.  1880,  ii.  346. 

13  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  xxxi.  375.  i*  Walsingham,  Hist.  Angl.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  130. 

15  Op.  cit.  ii.  74.  i«  Trokelowe  (Rolls  Ser.),  72. 

n  (Old  Ser.),  vol.  112.  is  (Old  Ser.),  vol.  74  (i). 

i»  Chron.  Edto.  I  and  II.  (Rolls  Ser),  ii.  54-  w  Ibid. 

3" 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  baronies  of  Clitheroe,  Penwortham,  and  Widnes,  with  the  lordships 
of  Rochdale  and  Tottington,  remained  in  the  hands  of  the  crown  from  the 
attainder  of  Earl  Thomas  in  1322,  until  the  reversal  of  the  judgment  in  1327, 
when  they  were  delivered  to  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster,  brother  and  heir  of 
Thomas.1  In  1351,  upon  the  creation  of  his  son  Henry,  as  duke  of  Lan- 
caster, they  became  merged  in  the  duchy  of  Lancaster  with  the  rest  of  the 
county  and  honour. 

CHART  TO  ILLUSTRATE  THE  DESCENT  OF  THE  EARLDOMS  OF  LINCOLN  AND 
SALISBURY  TO  ALESIA,  WIFE  OF  THOMAS,  EARL  OF  LANCASTER 


Hugh,  earl  of  = 
Chester. 

=  Bertrada,  daughter  of  Simon,          Sayer  deQuinci,  created  =  Margaret,  daughter  and 
count    of     Montfort    and              earl  of  Winchester              co-heir  of  Robert,  earl 
Evreux.                                            1207,  died  1219.               of  Leicester,  died  1  23  5. 

Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester,     Hawise,    4th    daughter  = 
created  earl  of  Lincoln        and  coheir  of  her 
1217,  died  s.p.  1232,        brother,  suo  jure  coun- 
left  the  latter  dignity          tess  of  Lincoln, 
to  his  4th  sister. 

1 
=  Robert,  eldest  son,  pre- 
deceased his  father  in 
1217. 

William  de  Longespde,  = 
jure  uxoris  earl  of 
Salisbury,  died  1226, 
created  earl  of  Salis- 
bury by  Ric.  I. 

Roger,  earl  of  Winches- 
ter, died  s.p.  1264. 

=  Ela,  daughter  and  heir 
of  William,  earl  of 
Salisbury  (died  s.p. 
in  1  196),  countess  of 
Salisbury,  died  1261. 

Alice,  daughter  of=(i)  John  de  Lacy,: 
Gilbert  de  constable  of 

L'Aigle,  died  s.p.        Chester,  earl  of 
before  1221.  Lincoln,  1232, 

jure  uxoris,  died 
1240. 


r 


(2)  Margaret, mar.=  (2)  Walter  Mar-  William     Longe-  = 
before  June,                shall,  earl  of  spec,  earl  of 

1 22 1,  suo  jure  Pembroke,  died          Salisbury,  died 

countess  of  Lin-         s.p.  1245.  1250. 

coin,  died  1267. 


Edmund  de  Lacy,  con- =  Alice,  daughter  of  Man- 
stable  of  Chester,  died  I     fred  III,  marquis  of 
1258.  Saluzzo,  living  131 1. 


William  Longespee,  earl  =  Matilda,  daughter  and 
ofSalisbury,dieds.p.m.  heir  of  Walter  Clifford. 
1256. 


Henry   de    Lacy,    con-=(i)   Margaret,    suo  jure  =(2)  Joan,  daughter  of 


stable  of  Ch. 

of  Lincoln  1272,  died 

s.p.m.  1311. 

r 


countess  of  Salisbury 
from  1 26 1, died  1310. 


William,  lord  Martin 
of  Kemys. 


Alice,  suo  jure  countess  of  Lincoln,  =Thomas  Plantagenet, 
and  probably  countess  of  Salisbury,       earl  of  Lancaster  and 
died    s.p.    1 348.       Married     three       Leicester,  died  s.p. 
times.  1322. 


THE  BARONY  OF  LACY,  OF  CLITHEROE 

Of  the  various  baronial  families  which  obtained  a  footing  in  this  county 
as  feudatories  of  Roger  of  Poitou  that  of  Lacy  was  the  most  powerful,  and 
destined  to  become  pre-eminently  the  greatest.  Its  first  appearance  in  the 
county  was  not  at  so  early  a  date  as  that  of  the  constable  of  Chester, 
or  that  of  Montbegon,  dating  after  the  completion  of  the  survey,  and 


L.  T.  R.  Misc.  Enrolled  Accts.  No. 
312 


68-78. 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

perhaps  early  in  the  reign  of  Rufus.  The  original  fee  then  received  was 
the  honour  of  Clitheroe,  consisting  of  the  hundred  of  Blackburn,  to  which 
it  is  probable  that  Henry  I.  added  the  parish  of  Rochdale  in  the  hundred 
of  Salford,  part  of  the  parishes  of  Ribchester  and  Chipping  in  the  hundred 
of  Amounderness,  and  the  vill  of  Little  Mitton,  all  of  which  were  afterwards 
held  by  the  service  of  five  knights.  After  the  termination  of  the  original 
line  in  1193  by  the  death  of  Robert  de  Lacy,  the  honour  of  Clitheroe 
passed  to  Roger,  constable  of  Chester,1  and  augmented  the  constable's  fief 
within  the  county  to  nine  knights'  fees.  In  1205  this  fief  was  further  in- 
creased by  Roger  de  Lacy's  purchase  from  the  Bussels  of  the  barony  of 
Penwortham.3  A  further  augmentation  took  place  in  1235,  when  John  de 
Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  acquired  the  fee  of  Tottington  from  Henry  de 
Monewden.8  From  this  time  the  Lacy  fee  within  the  county  consisted  of 
144,  out  of  a  total  of  less  than  26  knights'  fees,  or  rather  more  than  half. 

Ilbert  de  Lacy,  the  first  of  his  line,  received  a  large  fief  from  the  Con- 
queror in  the  counties  of  York,  Lincoln,  and  Nottingham.*  He  seems  to 
have  belonged  to  a  family  which  held  two  knights'  fees  of  the  bishop  of 
Bayeux  at  Lassy,  and  Campeaux  in  La  Calvados.6  He  was  the  founder  of 
the  castle  of  Pontefract,  the  '  caput  '  of  his  Yorkshire  fief,  in  which  he 
founded  the  church  of  St.  Clement  during  the  reign  of  the  Conqueror.8  To 
Selby  Abbey  he  gave  the  manor  of  Hamilton,7  and  to  St.  Mary  of  York  lands 
at  Stretton  and  Garforth  with  the  church  there,  which  Rufus  confirmed  in 
1088— 9. 8  He  survived  until  early  in  the  reign  of  Rufus,  from  whom  he  had  a 
charter  confirming  to  him  the  custom  from  the  castellary  of  his  castle  (of 
Pontefract),  as  he  had  it  in  the  time  of  the  king's  father  and  in  the  time  of 
the  bishop  of  Bayeaux.9  After  his  death  his  son,  Robert  de  Lacy,  was  con- 
firmed by  King  Rufus  in  the  possession  of  all  the  land  which  his  father  had 
held  and  of  which  he  had  died  possessed,  both  within  his  castellary  of  Ponte- 
fract and  outside  of  it.10  An  exchange  which  Robert  made  with  Urse 
d'Abetot  of  the  manor  of  Ingoldmells  for  that  of  'Witchona'  was  confirmed 
by  the  king,  probably  in  1095." 

The  circumstances  in  which  the  honour  of  Clitheroe  and  hundred  of 
Blackburn  were  apparently  conferred  upon'  Robert  de  Lacy  in  the  time  of 
Rufus  have  been  touched  upon  in  the  chapter  of  the  Domesday  survey,12  and 
will  also  be  referred  to  in  the  account  of  the  barony  of  Grelley  of  Manchester. 
During  the  reign  of  Rufus  he  also  received  from  Roger  of  Poitou  the  manors 
of  Great  Mitton  and  Slaidburn  with  the  region  of  Bowland,  in  the  district 
of  Yorkshire  known  as  Craven,  a  gift  subsequently  confirmed  by  Henry  I., 
in  or  about  the  year  1102,  to  be  held  of  the  king,  as  it  had  been  held  of 
Count  Roger.18  This  region  was  conterminous  with  Blackburn  hundred  on  the 

1  See  p.  300  above.  3  See  p.  336  below.  s  See  p.  325   below. 

4  He  was  also  tenant  of  many  manors  in  counties  Oxon.,  Bucks,  and  Lincoln,  under  the  bishop  of  Bayeux, 
Dom.  Bk.  i.  145,  155^-6^,  342-3. 

6  Red  Book  of  the  Excb.  (Rolls  Ser.),  646.  In  1 146  Robert,  earl  of  Gloucester,  released  to  Philip,  bishop 
of  Bayeux,  the  fiefs  of  Ilbert  and  of  Gilbert  de  Lacy,  which  they  held  of  the  church  and  bishop  of  Bayeux 
at  Lassy  and  Campeaux,  or  elsewhere  ;  Stapleton,  R.  Scacc.  Norman,  ii.  p.  Ixx. 

6  Torks.  Arch.  Journ.  xiv.  155,  where,  however,  many  of  the  gifts  to  this  church  attributed  to  him  were 
given  by  his  grandson  Ilbert.     See  Dodsworth's  MSS.  cxviii.  76. 

7  Chartul.  of  Selby  (Yorks  Rec.  Soc.),  i.  282-3.  8  Mm.  Angl.  iii.  54.7. 
»  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  6.                                              w  Ibid. 

11  Pipe  R.  Soc.  \.  i  ;  Duchy  of  Lane.  Royal  Charters,  i.  13  See  p.  282. 

13  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  382. 

1  313  40 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

north-west,  the  river  Kibble  forming  the  boundary,  and  was  afterwards  sub- 
ject in  many  feudal  respects  to  the  honour  of  Clitheroe.  The  supposition 
that  Robert  de  Lacy  received  these  territories  from  Roger  of  Poitou  in  the 
reign  of  Rufus  is  further  strengthened  by  the  fact  that  after  Roger's  fall  in 
1 1 02,  Henry  I.  granted  by  charter  to  Robert  five  carucates  of  land,  which 
had  previously  belonged  to  Warin  Bussel's  fee  of  Preston,  or  perhaps  of  Pen- 
wortham  in  Chippingdale,  Aighton,  and  Dutton,  three  manors  lying  adjacent 
on  the  south-western  border  of  Bowland.1  By  charter  dated  in  the  court  at 
Pontefract,  on  the  feast  of  St.  Clement,  3  Henry  I.  (23  November,  1102), 
Great  Mitton,  within  the  region  of  Bowland  and  Aighton,  one  of  the  three 
manors  comprised  in  the  last-recited  gift  of  Henry  L,  was  granted  with 
other  lands  in  the  honour  of  Clitheroe  to  Ralph  le  Rous  by  Robert  de  Lacy, 
to  hold  by  knight's  service.*  This  charter  is  of  two-fold  importance,  for  it 
not  only  testifies  that  Robert  was  at  this  time  in  possession  of  Clitheroe, 
Bowland,  and  lands  in  Amounderness  hundred,  west  of  the  Ribble,  but  it  goes 
some  way  towards  contradicting  the  statement  of  the  monk  of  St.  Evroul, 
which  is  also  at  variance  with  later  evidence,  that  Robert  was  brought 
to  trial  in  1102  for  participation  in  the  rebellion  of  Duke  Robert  of 
Normandy,  and  condemned  in  the  king's  court  to  forfeit  his  honours  and 
depart  the  realm.' 

In  1325  several  royal  charters  in  favour  of  Robert  de  Lacy,  besides  those 
already  cited,  were  preserved  at  Pontefract  Castle.  In  one  of  these  Henry  I. 
gave  him  all  the  lands  which  remained  out  of  his  possession  belonging  to  his 
castellary  of  Pontefract,  which  the  king  had  deraigned  against  him,  to  hold  in 
fee  and  inheritance  with  soke  and  sake.4  In  the  reign  of  Rufus,  Robert  de 
Lacy  founded  a  house  of  Cluniac  monks  at  Pontefract  and  endowed  them  with 
lands  and  churches  in  his  fief  of  Pontefract,'  and  early  in  the  reign  of  Henry  I. 
he  gave  to  certain  Austin  canons  the  site  upon  which  was  afterwards  built  the 
abbey  of  St.  Oswald  of  Nostell,  and  land  in  Hardwick.'  After  Robert's  for- 
feiture and  banishment,  Henry  I.,  whilst  the  castle  and  honour  of  Pontefract 
were  in  his  hands,  gave  to  the  canons  there  established  the  woodlands  which 
lay  around  the  site  of  their  church,  and  twelvepence  a  day  out  of  his  farm  of 
Yorkshire.7  But  this  was  some  years  after  the  king's  accession,  for  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  year  1 109,  we  find  Robert  de  Lacy  attesting  the  royal  con- 
firmation charter  in  favour  of  the  church  of  St.  Cuthbert  of  Durham,  granted 
at  a  great  council  held  at  Nottingham.5  Somewhat  later  he  attested  an 
agreement  made  by  Archbishop  Thomas  II.  (1109-1114),  by  which  the 
clerks  of  St.  Oswald  released  to  the  monks  of  Charite  at  Pontefract  and  to  the 
priest  of  Featherston  the  parochial  rights  of  the  monks  over  the  land  of  Nostell 
and  Hardwick.'  Of  about  the  same  date,  viz.,  in 2,  was  his  charter  to 
the  monks  of  Pontefract,  made  by  the  advice  of  Archbishop  Thomas  and  with 
the  king's  consent,  of  his  demesne  of  Dodworth.1*  But  shortly  after  these  acts 

>  Farrcr,  Ltma.  Ptft  R.  381.  This  gnat,  like  that  o£  Rowland,  was  found  among  the  records  preened 
at  Pontefract  Castle  in  1315,  when  a  calendar  of  them  was  made  by  the  order  of  Edw.  IL,  which  is  now  prc- 
serred  amongst  the  Duchy  of  Lane,  records  in  the  Publk  Record  Ofice.  (Mbc.  Pt£  L  No.  36.) 

*  Towndey  MSS.  roL  H.H.  fna  W.  Fairer,  No.  3896,  from  the  Gt.  Coocber  of  the  Dody  ofLaac.  ; 
L~a.PjftR.  385. 

»  Ordericos  Vit.  x.  t.  rriii.  ;  xL  a.  L  and  ii.  *  Dnchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Pt£  L  No.  36,  m.  I . 

*  CtcrtmL  tfPmtrfnct  (Yorfcs.  Rec.  Soc.),  17.  *  Aim.  Jmg/L  TU  9*. 

•Ibid.  *  Durham  Ckan.L  ;9  ;S*r*»&r.L  PL  xniL 

i.  putt.  »  Ibid.  L  »5  j  aba  No,  H.  p.  18. 

3*4 


ROGER  DE  LACY,  CONSTABLE  OF  CHESTER,   1193-1 


ROGER,  CONSTABLE  OF  CHESTER,   1190- 


JOHN  DE  LACY,  EARL  OF  LINCOLN,   1232-1240. 

SEALS  OF  FEUDAL  BARONS  OF  LANCASHIRE,   PLATE  III. 


HENRY  DE   LACY,  EARL  OF  LINCOLN,    1272-1311. 


to  face  page   314. 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

he  lost  his  English  fief  and  departed  the  realm.  The  chronicles  throw  no 
light  upon  the  causes  of  his  banishment,  although  his  supposed  attitude  on 
the  occasion  of  duke  Robert's  rebellion  in  1102  suggests  that  his  sympathies 
lay  with  the  duke  against  his  sovereign.  Perhaps  the  events  which  passed 
in  Normandy  between  the  seizure  and  imprisonment  of  Robert  of  Belesme  in 
November,  1112,  and  the  insurrection  of  Villerai  and  other  lords  of  Belesme 
and  Ponthieu,  which  terminated  with  the  fall  of  the  castle  of  Belesme  in  May, 
1114,  may  account  for  de  Lacy's  fall.  Whatever  the  causes  it  is  certain  that 
this  event  happened  shortly  before  the  date  of  the  Lindsey  survey,  which  was 
made  between  1115  and  1 1 18,  for  in  that  record  we  find  Hugh  de  Laval  in 
possession  of  the  extensive  estates  which  Ilbert  de  Lacy  had  held  under  Odo, 
bishop  of  Bayeux,  or  in  chief,  at  the  compilation  of  Domesday.1  The  date  of 
Robert's  death  is  unknown.  By  Maud  his  wife,  who  survived  until  after 
1 1 50,*  he  had  issue  Ilbert,  Henry,  a  third  son  who  was  slain  at  the  battle  of 
the  Standard,  and  a  daughter  Albreda,  married  in  or  before  1130  to  Robert 
de  Lisours,8  from  which  marriage  descended  the  later  line  of  Lacy.  In  or 
before  the  year  1120  Hugh  de  Laval  made  great  gifts  of  lands  and  churches 
in  his  honour  of  Pontefract  to  the  priory  founded  there  by  his  predecessors, 
adding  thereto  the  church  of  Slaidburn  in  Bowland,  and  in  '  Cheshire  '  the 
church  of  Whalley,  the  chapel  of  his  castle  of  Clitheroe  with  tithes  of  the 
demesne  of  the  castle,  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Magdalene  in  Clitheroe,  and 
the  churches  of  Colne  and  Burnley.4  His  bestowal  upon  the  canons  of 
Nostell 6  of  many  churches  and  much  land  within  his  honour  of  Pontefract 
was  effected  about  the  same  time  as  the  gifts  to  Pontefract,  being  confirmed 
by  Henry  I.,  together  with  the  earlier  gifts  of  Robert  de  Lacy  and  many  of 
his  chief  feudatories,6  by  a  charter  said  to  have  been  dated  on  4th  of  the  Ides  of 
January  (10)  ii2i.7  Hugh  de  Laval  died  shortly  before  Michaelmas,  1130, 
at  which  time  Richard  Guiz  owed  two  war-horses  for  confirmation  of  land 
in  Yorkshire  given  to  him  by  the  said  Hugh,8  and '  William  Maltravers  a 
thousand  marks  for  Hugh's  lands  for  fifteen  years,  and  one  hundred  pounds  for 
the  marriage  of  his  widow  and  her  dower  after  the  lapse  of  the  said  term.' 
Maltravers  appears  to  have  withheld  the  church  of  Whalley  from  the  monks 
of  Pontefract  and  to  have  stayed  their  action  to  recover  the  same  by  the 
grant  of  a  mark  yearly,  so  long  as  he  might  hold  the  honour  of  Pontefract.10 
This  was  for  no  long  time,  for  as  soon  as  the  death  of  Henry  I.  was  known, 
Maltravers  was  mortally  wounded  by  the  hand  of  one  of  his  own  knights, 
Pain  by  name,  and  having  taken  the  monastic  habit  died  three  days  later.11 

1  Lindsey  Survey,  edit.  Greenstreet,  passim.  3  Chartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  469. 

s  Pipe  R.  3 1  Hen.  I.  (Rec.  Com.),  8.  The  reference  to  Albreda  as  the  sister  of  Ilbert  de  Lacy  points  to 
the  death  of  Robert  de  Lacy  having  occurred  previously. 

*  Chartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks  Rec.  Soc.),  i.  21.  The  position  of  Richard,  bishop  of  Hereford  (consecrated 
1 6  January,  1 120),  last  amongst  the  witnesses,  suggests  that  this  charter  was  expedited  at  a  date  very  near  the 
bishop's  consecration. 

6  Man.  Angl.  vi.  92^.  «  Ibid.  92. 

7  Ibid.  90.      The  possessions  of  the  canons  of  Nostell  were  also  confirmed  by   Pope  Calixtus  II.  in  the 
first  year  of  his  pontificate  (1119-20).     The  charter  attributed  to  Robert  de  Lacy  I.   by  the  editors  of  the 
Monasticon,  and  by  them  described  as  the  charter  of  foundation,  belongs  to  Robert,  the  last  of  the  old  line  of 
de  Lacy,  who  died  in   1193.     Many  writers  of  histories  (cf.  Hunter,  Doncaster,  ii.   201-2)  and  compilers  of 
chartularies  have  wrought  great  confusion  by  mistaking  the  charters  of  the  later  Ilbert  and  Robert  for  those 
of  the  Ilbert  of  Domesday  and  of  his  son. 

8  Pipe  R.  3 1  Hen.  1.  (Rec.  Com.),  34.  9  ibld. 

10  Chartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  535. 

11  Chron.  of  Stephen,  Ric.  ofHexbam  (Rolls  Ser.),  140. 

315 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

King  Stephen  immediately  restored  the  honours  of  Pontefract  and  Clitheroe 
to  Ilbert  de  Lacy,  son  of  Robert,1  and  pardoned  his  men  all  forfeitures  com- 
mitted after  the  death  of  King  Henry  until  the  king's  coronation,  and 
especially  of  the  forfeiture  for  the  murder  of  Maltravers.2  Ilbert  was  a 
staunch  supporter  of  King  Stephen,  and  is  found  in  frequent  attendance  upon 
him.  At  Easter,  in  1136,  he  attested  at  Westminster  a  royal  charter  con- 
firming the  bishopric  of  Bath  to  Robert,  bishop  elect,8  and  the  same  year  he 
attested  the  royal  charter  to  Winchester  and  the  second  charter  of  liberties 
granted  by  the  king  at  Oxford,*  and  another  to  Cluny  Abbey  dated  at  Win- 
chester.6 He  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  English  at  the  battle  of  the 
Standard,  fought  near  Northallerton  on  22  August,  1 138,  where  his  younger 
brother  was  slain,  the  only  life  lost  amongst  the  English  knights.6  He  fought 
for  his  sovereign  at  the  battle  of  Lincoln  in  February,  i  I4i,7  where  it  would 
seem  that  he  was  either  slain  or  taken  captive  and  died  in  captivity,  for  there 
is  no  further  chronicle  of  his  acts.  He  married  Alice,  daughter  of  Walter 
de  Gaunt,  the  founder  of  Bridlington  Abbey,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue. 
She  married,  secondly,  Roger  de  Mowbray,  and  gave  to  Pontefract  Priory  a 
carucate  of  land  in  Ingoldmells,  with  which  she  had  been  endowed  by  her  first 
husband.8  Ilbert's  next  heir  was  his  brother  Henry,  but  the  latter  did  not 
at  once  succeed  to  his  brother's  fief.  Possibly  he  was  under  age  at  the  time 
of  Ilbert's  death.  The  honour  of  Pontefract  is  said  to  have  been  conferred 
by  Stephen  upon  William  de  Roumare,9  who  had  then  recently  been  created 
earl  of  Lincoln  ; 10  but  the  statement  must  be  entirely  discredited,  and  is 
probably  due  to  confusion  with  Gilbert  de  Gaunt — created  earl  of  Lincoln 
by  King  Stephen  in  1 147,  apparently  during  the  lifetime  of  the  other  earl — who 
laid  claim  to  the  honour  of  Pontefract  against  Henry  de  Lacy,  who,  how- 
ever, seems  to  have  been  then  old  enough  and  powerful  enough  to  resort  to 
force  for  the  recovery  or  defence  of  his  inheritance.11  The  contention 
between  the  two  claimants  was  waged  without  apparent  interference  by  the 
king,  and  eventually  ended  in  favour  of  de  Lacy,  but  not  until  the  priory  of 
Pontefract  had  been  laid  in  ruins.13  Possibly  de  Lacy  at  this  time  obtained 

1  Chron.  of  Stephen  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  140  ;  Sitrtees  Soc.  xliv.  64-5,  119. 

2  Duchy  of  Lane.     Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  I.  s  Madox,  Hist,  of  the  Exch.  i.  14. 
*  Ric.  ofHexham  (Rolls  Ser.),  150  ;  Round,  Gee/.  ofMandevllk,  263. 

6  Round,  Cal.  of  Docts.,  France,  509. 

6  Alfred  ofRicvaux,  182  ;  Matth.  Paris,  Chron.  majora  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  258,  260  ;  Hove  Jen  (ibid.),  i.  196. 

7  Ord.  Vitalis,  Hist.  Ecd.  xiii.  c.  xliii.  «  Chartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  527. 
9  The  authority  for  this  statement  is  Yorke's  Union  of  Honour,  where  it  is  stated  that  Stephen  gave  the 

earl  in  1141  the  manor  of  '  Chirchecon '  (Kirketon,  i.e.  Tickhill),  the  castle  of  Gainsborough  (rectius  Conis- 
borough),  and  the  castle  of  Pontefract.  So  far  as  the  first  two  places  are  concerned  the  statement  is  correct, 
as  an  abstract  of  this  grant — in  which  Kirkton  and  Gainsborough  are  mentioned — remains  on  record.  But  as 
regards  Pontefract  Castle,  the  same  record,  by  its  failure  to  make  any  mention  of  that  place  or  castle,  entirely 
refutes  the  statement.  Dtp.  Keeper's  3 1st  Rep.  App.  i.  i. 

10  Round,  Geof.  de  Mandeville,  271. 

11  Gilbert  de  Gaunt  married  Roesia,  daughter  of  Richard  fitz  Gilbert,  styled  '  de  Clare,'  and  sister  of  the 
half-blood  to  William  de  Roumare,  earl  of  Lincoln,  the  date  of  whose  death  is  very  uncertain,  but  apparently 
occurred  some  years  after  Gilbert  de  Gaunt  had  been  created  earl  of  Lincoln.     The  fact  that  Alice  de  Gaunt, 
relict  of  Ilbert  de  Lacy,  was  sister  of  Gilbert,  and  at  this  time  held  one-third  of  the  de  Lacy  estates  in  dower, 
in  some  measure  may  account  for  her  brother's  designs  upon  the  honour  of  Pontefract. 

12  Chartul.  of  Pontejract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  49.     Gilbert  de  Gaunt,  under  sentence  of  excommunication, 
covenanted  to  pay  the  monks   of  Pontefract  6  librates  of  rent  yearly  in  consideration   of  the  great  injuries 
which  he  had  caused  to  them  during  the  war  between  him  and  Henry  de  Lacy.   Ibid.  520-1.     The  gift  of 
I  carucate  of  land  in  Ingoldmells  by  Alice  de  Gaunt,  relict  of  Ilbert  de  Lacy,  for  which  she  had  the  consent 
of  Henry  de  Lacy  (ibid.    527),  and  the  gift  of  Alice  de  Rumelli  of  a  carucate  in  Broughton  in  Craven 
(ibid.  476),  were  probably  made  in  consideration  of  the  injury  suffered  by  the  monks  of  Pontefract  at  this  time> 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

succour  at  a  critical  moment  by  coming  to  terms  with  Guy  de  Laval,  by  a 
compact  which  seems  to  have  involved  the  sacrifice  of  one-third  part  of 
the  honour.1  These  events  transpired  about  the  year  1147,  a  year  notable 
in  the  history  of  this  family  for  the  foundation  by  Henry  de  Lacy  of  an 
abbey  of  Cistercian  monks  brought  from  Fountains  at  Barnoldswick,  in 
Craven,  a  vill  which  he  held  of  Hugh  Bigod,  earl  of  Norfolk,8  having 
probably  been  acquired  by  one  of  Lacy's  predecessors  by  reason  of  its  con- 
tiguity to  the  hundred  of  Blackburn.  In  1 153  the  abbey  was  removed  to  a 
more  genial  site  in  Airedale,  afterwards  called  Kirkstall.3  Amongst  other 
benefactions  Henry  de  Lacy  gave  to  this  house  half  a  mark  yearly  for  altar 
lights,  and  a  mark  yearly  for  the  abbot's  vestment,  charging  his  farm  of 
Clitheroe  with  the  payment.4  Before  1 153—4  he  gave  lands  in  Grindleton  to 
the  abbey  of  Salley,  which  William  de  Percy  had  founded  in  H47.B  It  is 
difficult  to  arrive  at  the  proximate  date  of  Stephen's  charter  to  Henry  de 
Lacy,  granting  to  him  in  fee  the  castle  of  Almondbury,  near  Huddersfield, 
the  land  of  Dalton,  near  the  same,  and  the  castle  of  Barwick  in  Elmet.6 
These  places  had  belonged  to  the  honour  of  Pontefract  since  the  Conquest, 
and  had  doubtless  been  taken  into  the  king's  hand  during  the  civil  war  for 
the  sake  of  the  castles,  which  may  have  been  built  during  the  war.  The 
restoration  of  these  places  probably  took  place  during  the  lull  which  lasted 
from  1147  to  Ir52-  There  is  no  evidence  that  Henry  de  Lacy  actively 
supported  either  side  during  the  period  of  war  which  lasted  from  1141  to 
1147,  perhaps  by  reason  of  his  youthfulness  or  on  account  of  the  sickness 
from  which  he  at  that  time  suffered,  as  we  are  told  ; 7  but  Henry,  after 
his  accession  to  the  crown,  pardoned  Lacy  anything  that  the  latter  had 
forfeited  in  the  war  previous  to  the  pact  made  between  Duke  Henry  and 
Stephen.8  Another  royal  charter  of  the  same  period  testified  that  the  king 
and  his  mother,  the  Empress  Matilda,  had  pardoned  Henry  de  Lacy  and 
his  heirs  the  anger  and  illwill  which  Henry,  the  king's  grandfather,  had 
borne  towards  Robert  de  Lacy,  the  father  of  Henry,  and  whatever  Henry  had 
forfeited  before  he  did  homage  to  the  king,  and  further  granted  and  con- 
firmed to  him  and  his  heirs  the  honour  of  Pontefract,  with  all  its  appurte- 
nances both  in  England  and  in  Normandy.9 

In  1158  Henry  de  Lacy  was  pardoned  the  sum  of  £38  6s.  %d.  in 
Yorkshire  due  towards  the  '  donum '  assessed  in  H56.10  This  relief  was 
probably  in  respect  of  military  service  performed  in  the  Welsh  campaign  of 
1157,  in  which  Eustace  fitz  John  was  slain.  So  also  in  1165  he  was 
pardoned  the  scutage  due  upon  the  five  knights'  fees  of  his  honour  of 

1  Dugdale,  Baronage,  \.  99  ;  Madox,  Hist,  of  the  Exch.  i.  643,  note  b. 

3  Man.  Angl.  v.  530.  His  charter  declaring  the  boundaries  between  Barnoldswick  and  the  forest  of 
Blackburnshire,  and  a  letter  to  Henry  II.  praying  for  confirmation  of  the  grant  of  Barnoldswick  to  the  monks 
of  Kirkstall,  are  in  the  Coucher  of  that  abbey.  Thoresby  Soc.  viii.  1 89.  The  bounds  of  Barnoldswick  were 
perambulated  at  the  time  of  the  foundation  of  the  abbey  to  establish  the  boundary  between  that  vill  and  the 
forest  of  Blackburnshire.  Man.  Angl.  v.  532  ;  Co.  Plac.  Lane.  No.  u.  Coucher  of  Kirkstall  (Thoresby  Soc.),  54-?. 

3  Surtffs  Soc.  xlii.  90.     De  Lacy's  confirmation  of  the  place  of  Kirkstall  and  Barnoldswick,  and  other  lands 
given  by  his  feudatories,  was  attested  by  Henry  Murdac,  archbishop  of  York,  who  died  in  October,   1153. 
Coucher  of  Kirkstall  (Thoresby  Soc.),  5o». 

4  Man.  Angl.  v.  535.  6  Jbid.  v.  5153. 

6  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  2  d.  ;  Torks.  Tofog.  Jourti.  xv.  1 1 8. 

7  Man.  Angl.  v.  530.  «  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  3. 

9  Ibid.  m.  I .     Apart  from  any  consideration   that  Hen.  II.  may  have  had  for  de  Lacy's  possible  services 
in  the  past,  it  is  obvious  that  he  would  be  eager  to  win  over  to  the  crown  the  support  of  so  potent  a  noble 
10  Pipe  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  147. 

317 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Clitheroe,  because  his  knights  had  served  with  the  king  in  Wales  that  year.1 
Three  years  later  he  accounted  for  the  scutage  due  from  42^  and  j\  knights' 
fees  of  the  honour  of  Pontefract  and  13!  of  new  feoffment.*  In  1171  he 
was  amerced  >£ioo  by  the  justices  in  eyre  of  the  forest  for  a  hart  killed  in 
the  royal  forest,8  and  next  year  he  rendered  account  of  the  scutage  due  from 
his  Yorkshire  fief.4  In  1173  he  was  with  the  king  at  Breteuil  in  the 
campaign  against  the  French  king.6  In  1175  he  attested  the  royal  confirma- 
tion in  favour  of  Welbeck  Abbey,  dated  at  Nottingham,8  and  in  1 1 77 
attested  the  king's  award  between  the  kings  of  Castille  and  Navarre.7  About 
the  month  of  May  that  year  he  set  forth  with  the  earl  of  Essex  and  other 
notables  to  join  the  count  of  Flanders  in  a  crusade.8  From  this  expedition 
he  never  returned,  dying,  as  it  was  believed,  in  the  Holy  Land  on  25  Sep- 
tember following.9  His  wife  is  said  to  have  been  Albreda,10  sister  of  William 
de  Vesci,  parson  of  Barwick  in  Elmet.11  By  her  he  had  issue  an  only  son 
Robert.  Only  three  infeudations  which  he  made  in  the  honour  of  Clitheroe 
have  remained  upon  record.  To  Hugh,  son  of  Leofwin,  he  gave  the  manors 
of  Altham,  Clayton  le  Moors,  Accrington,  and  a  moiety  of  the  manor  of 
Billington  ; ia  to  Robert  Banastre,  lord  of  Makerfield,  he  gave  Walton  in  le 
Dale,  Mellor,  Eccleshall,  Little  Harwood,  Over  and  Nether  Darwen,13  and 
to  Richard  Fitton  he  gave  Great  Harwood.1*  All  these  grants  belong  to  the 
period  1 160-1 177. 

Robert  de  Lacy  is  first  mentioned  in  one  of  his  father's  charters  belong- 
ing to  the  year  ii6o.16  Before  1183  he  gave  an  oxgang  of  land  in  Great 
Marsden  to  his  maternal  uncle,  William,  son  of  Eustace  de  Vesci,16  and  two 
oxgangs  there  to  the  monks  of  Pontefract.17  In  1185  he  gave  40  marks  to 
have  certain  of  his  men,  who  were  said  to  have  slain  outlaws,  tried  in  the 
king's  court.18  He  was  present  at  the  king's  coronation  in  i  iSg,19  and  about 
this  time  gave  to  Kirkstall  Abbey  a  vaccary  and  woodland  at  Roundhay;30  and 
for  the  welfare  of  the  soul  of  Isabel  his  wife,  and  of  his  own  soul,  gave  all 
Accrington,  with  the  wood  there  called  the  Hay,  and  also  Rushton  Grange, 
in  Bowland,31  and  confirmed  many  grants  to  the  priory  of  Nostell.28  He  like- 
wise warranted  by  charter  to  William  de  Arches  the  grants  of  his  ancestors 
to  William's  predecessors  of  the  liberty  to  take  venison  in  their  fee  in 
Wiswall,  Hapton,  and  Osbaldeston.23  To  Efward  Brun  he  gave  half  a  caru- 

1  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  6  ;  Pipe  R.  Sac.  52  ;  Staff.  Collect,  i.  45. 

8  Pift  R.  Soc.  xii.  88.  In  1 166  Henry  de  Lacy  returned  his  fees  of  this  honour  as  yyf  fees,  including 
i8J  held  by  Guy  de  Laval,  2  held  in  alms,  his  own,  viz.  -foj  of  old  feoffment,  and  just  over  1 8  of  new 
feoffment.  Red  Book  of  the  Exch.  (Rells  Ser.),  421-4-  In  1 172  the  numbers  were  43!  and  31^  respectively. 
Madox,  Hist,  of  the  Exch.  i.  629. 

3  Pipe  R.  Soc.  xvi.  73.  *  Pipe  R.  Soe.  xviii.  61.  '  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  51. 

«  Man.  Angl.  vi.  875.  1  Hove  Jen  (Rolls.  Ser.),  ii.  131. 

8  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  159.     A  great  battle  was  fought  at  Rames  in  Palestine  on  26  November,  1177. 

9  Men.  Angl.  v.  533*. 

10  Towneley  MSS.  Chetham  Lib.  C.  8,  8  ;  Brooke,  Discovery  ofErnrs  (1723),  63. 
U  Man.  Angl.  v.  533$. 

18  Whitaker,  Hist,  oj  Whalley,  edit.  1876,  ii.  265.  A  Hugh,  son  of  Lefwin,  was  amerced  in  Yorkshire 
in  1175  for  having  received  goods  from  Flanders  into  his  shop.  Pipe  R.  Soc.  21  Hen.  II.  180. 

is  Hist.  ofWbattf),  ii.  330.  u  Ibid.  388  n.  16  Cbartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  30. 

is  Ibid.  42.     William  de  Vesci  died  before  Easter,  1183  ;  Grimaldi,  Rot.  de  dominabus,  5. 

17  Chartul.  of  Pontefract,  26.  "  Pipe  R.  3 1  Hen.  II.  Yorks.  ro.  5  d. 

i»  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  80. 

so  Man.  Angl.  (Dodsworth),  vi.  862  ;  Chartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  315. 

si  Coucher  of  Kirkstall  (Thoresby  Soc.),  196,  199.  S3  Man.  Angl.  71.92. 

S3  Duchy  of  Lane.,  formerly  Cl.  xxv.  bdle.   R.    1 3,  v. 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

cate  of  land  in  Briercliffe  and  30  acres  of  wood  in  Rowley.1  To  Adam  de 
Blackburn,  his  clerk,  he  gave  the  moiety  of  the  church  of  Blackburn,  which 
Adam's  ancestor  Richard  had  held,  and  the  benefice  which  the  said  Richard 
held  in  the  church  of  Whalley.2  To  Robert  son  of  Henry  he  gave  half  the 
vill  of  Ribchester  in  thegnage  for  7  shillings  yearly,  reserving  the  advowson  of 
the  church.3  His  wife's  name  was  Isabella,*  in  one  place  named  Sabina,6  of 
unknown  parentage,  by  whom  he  had  no  issue.  She  afterwards  married 
Gilbert  de  L'Aigle.6  Robert  died  on  21  August,  1193,  shortly  before  the 
commencement  of  John's  rebellion,  and  was  buried  in  the  abbey  of  Kirkstall.7 
With  his  death  terminated  the  old  line  of  Lacy.  His  two  honours  of 
Clitheroe  and  Pontefract  passed  at  his  death  to  the  daughter  of  his  aunt, 
Albreda,  wife  of  Robert  de  Lisours,  named  after  her  mother  who  died  in 
1 1 66.  The  younger  Albreda  had  married  before  1 142  Richard  fitz  Eustace, 
constable  of  Chester  in  right  of  his  mother,  who  died  before  1 163,"  leaving 
issue  John,  constable  of  Chester,  who  predeceased  his  mother.  In  the  account 
of  the  barony  of  the  constable  of  Chester  it  has  already  been  shown  that 
Albreda,  the  relict  of  Richard  fitz  Eustace,  after  the  death  of  Robert  de  Lacy, 
released  to  her  grandson,  Roger,  constable  of  Chester,  the  honours  and  estates 
which  had  descended  to  her  upon  the  death  of  her  kinsman  in  1193,  tne  ^ee 
of  Sprotborough  being  reserved  to  her  for  life  with  remainder  to  her  son 
William  fitz  William,  to  hold  of  Roger  and  his  heirs  by  the  ancient  service 
of  eight  knights'  fees.9  Under  this  settlement  the  honours  of  Pontefract  and 
Clitheroe  passed  to  the  line  of  the  constables  of  Chester,  who  assumed  the 
surname  of  Lacy,  and  eventually  became  earls  of  Lincoln  of  that  line. 


THE    BARONY    OF    MONTBEGON10 

There  is  ample  evidence  of  the  creation  of  this  fee  soon  after  the  Con- 
quest in  the  references  in  Domesday  to  manors  held  by  Roger,  the  man  of 

1  Towneley  MSS.  Chetham  Lib.  C  8,  8.  *  Coucber  of  Whalley  (Chatham  Soc.),  76. 

8  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.   I,  No.  36,  m.  7. 

*  Comber  <f  Kirkstall  (Thoresby  Soc.),  196.  5  Man.  Angl.  v.  5 1  $6. 

6  In  1209,  Roger,  constable  of  Chester,  was  demanding  against  them  lands  held  by  her  in  dower 
which  she  was  considered  to  have  forfeited  by  her  second  marriage.  Abbrev.  Placit.  (Rec.  Com.)  65^  ; 
Cbartul.  of  Pontefract  (Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  xxii.  In  1194  John  de  Birchin  brought  a  plea  of  land  against 
Isabella  de  Lasci,  Rot.  Cur.  Reg.  (Rec.  Com.)  i.  127.  Isabella  survived  until  1234.  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec. 
Com.),  i.  269. 

1  Mm.  Angl.  v.  533*  ;  Duchy  of  Lane,  formerly  Cl.  xxv.  A.A.  8  (7). 

8  See  the  barony  of  Widnes,  p.  299. 

*  Lane.  Fines,  Lane,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  i.     See  above,  p.  300. 

10  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  6i8i.     In  this  county  the  lands  belonging  to  this  barony  included — 

Hornby  cum  membris  : — Arkholme  with  Cawood,  Tunstall,  Cantsfield,  Melling  with  Wrayton,  Wenning- 
ton,  Hornby  with  Farleton,  Wray  with  Botton,  Roeburndale  ;  containing  28  J  carucates  of  land  and 
originally  held  in  demesne. 

Croston  cum  membris : — Croston,  Mawdesley,  Bispham,  Tarleton  ;  containing  loj  carucates  of  land  and 
held  in  demesne  until  circa  1 200. 

Tottington  cum  membris  : — Tottington  Higher  End,  Tottington  Lower  End,  Musbury,  Walmersley  cum 
Shuttleworth,  Bury,  Elton,  Birtle  cum  Bamford,  Ainsworth,  Great  Lever,  Heap,  Pilsworth,  Hopwood, 
Thornham,  Middleton,  Tonge,  Alkrington,  Chadderton  ;  containing  approximately  12  carucates  of  land,  and 
held  by  the  service  of  2  knights. 

In  Lincolnshire  lands  lying  in  the  following  townships  belonged  to  this  barony  : — Northorpe,  Southorpe, 
Thonock,  Dunstall,  Laughton,  Scotton,  Yawthorpe,  Tealby,  Walesby,  Otby,  Market  Rasen,  South  Kelsey, 
Waddingham,  Stainton,  Thornton  le  Moor,  Holton  le  Moor,  Nettleton,  Elsham,  Clixby,  Howsham,  Cux- 
wold,  Blyton,  Tydd  Gote,  Sutton,  Fleet  ;  these  lands  were  held  by  the  service  of  5  knights. 

In  Suffolk  :— Monewden  ;  held  by  the  service  of  I  knight. 

Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  4.00,  405,  411;  Lanes.  /»?.,  Rec.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches.  vol.  48,  pp.  59-60. 

319 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Roger  of  Poitou,  in  South  Kelsey,  Thornton-le-Moor,  Holton-le-Moor, 
Tealby  and  elsewhere  in  Lincolnshire.1  Between  Ribble  and  Mersey, 
Roger,  the  knight  of  Roger  of  Poitou,  held  lands  in  three  out  of  the  six  hun- 
dreds into  which  that  district  was  divided.3  In  1094  his  chief  lord  confirmed 
to  the  abbey  of  St.  Martin  of  Sees,  inter  alia,  the  tithe  of  the  land  of  Roger  de 
Montbegon8  at  South  Kelsey,  Tealby,  and  Tydd  Gote,  and  of  all  his  demesne 
between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  which  Roger  and  Sezilia  his  wife  had  previously 
granted  by  their  charter,  with  tithes  also  of  their  demesne  beyond  the  river 
called  '  Ripa'  (Ribble).4  Roger  did  not  participate  in  the  forfeitures  of  1 102 
and  1 1 06,  but  upon  the  creation  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  by  Henry  be- 
came tenant  of  lands  held  of  that  honour  by  the  service  of  eight  knights, 
which  service  his  descendant  owed  to  the  honour  in  the  time  of  Henry  II. 
At  the  date  of  the  Lindsey  survey  (1115-8)  Roger  held  under  Stephen, 
count  of  Mortain,  lands  in  Waddingham,  Laughton,  Thorpe,  Thonock, 
Dunstall,  Scotton,  Yawthorpe,  Blyton,  Tealby,  South  Kelsey,  Thornton-le- 
Moor,  Holton-le-Moor,  Walesby,  Market  Rasen,  Nettleton,  Elsham,  Clixby, 
and  Howsham,6  which  his  descendants  afterwards  held.6 

Roger  de  Montbegon,  probably  son  of  the  last-named  Roger,  was 
amerced  30  marks  in  1129-30  by  Richard  Basset  and  William  de  Albini, 
justices  in  eyre  in  co.  Lincoln.7  When  Stephen,  circa  1149,  temporarily 
resigned  to  the  earl  of  Chester  his  land  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  and,  the 
honour  of  Lancaster  beyond  the  Lyme,  the  lands  of  Roger  de  Montbegon 
in  Lincolnshire  were  expressly  excepted  from  the  grant,  a  reservation  which 
points  to  the  king's  desire  to  retain  the  service  of  a  favourite  and  powerful 
baron.8  Roger  de  Montbegon  II.  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Adam  about  the 
commencement  of  the  reign  of  Henry  II.9  A  few  years  later  Adam  attested 
the  confirmation  by  William,  count  of  Boulogne,  of  an  agreement  made 
between  the  monks  of  Furness  and  Michael  le  Fleming,  lord  of  one  half  of 
Furness.10  Between  1160  and  1170  he  pledged  Crofton,  in  Yorkshire,  to 
Henry  de  Lacy,  of  Pontefract,  who  subsequently  obtained  the  king's  charter 
ratifying  the  transfer.11  He  married  Maud,  younger  daughter  and  co-heir  of 
Adam  fitz  Swain,  lord  of  Silkstone,  co.  York,13  and  of  Kirkandreas,  Melmerby, 
and  Ainstable,  co.  Cumberland.13  Perhaps  in  connexion  with  his  wife's  in- 
heritance in  this  county,  consisting  of  the  manor  of  Croston  with  its  members 
and  one  moiety  of  the  region  formerly  known  as  Kaskenmoor,  which 
embraced  the  townships  of  Crompton  and  Oldham  with  their  hamlets,  a 
debt  of  75  marks  is  recorded  in  1 170  as  due  from  Adam  de  Montbegon  from 
the  time  of  the  shrievalty  of  Geoffrey  de  Valoignes  (circa  n 60-64). u  This 
debt  was  pardoned  in  1172,  after  Adam's  death,  by  the  king  to  John 
Malherbe,  who  had  married  Adam's  widow.16  Amongst  the  various  acts  of 

lDom.Bk.\.   352.  s  Ibid.  269^-270. 

3  The  name  was  perhaps  derived  from  the  village  of  Montbizot  on  the  Sarthe. 
*  Round,  Cal.  of  Docs.  France,  236-7. 

6  Lindsey  Survey,  edit.  Greenstreet,/<w.  6  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  co.  Line. 

1  Pipe  R.  3 1  Hen.  I.  (Rec.  Com.),  1 16.  8  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  368. 

9  To  Roger  de  Montbegon  II.  may  be  attributed  the  feoffment  of  the  ancestor  of  Gilbert  de  Notton  in 
the  vill  of  Chadderton,  in  this  county.     Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  405. 

10  Coucher  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  xi.  456  ;  Duchy  of  Lane.    Anct.  D.,  L.  342  ;  Farrer, 
Lanes.  Pipe  R.  307. 

11  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Ptf.  i.  No.  36,  m.  2.  12  Chartul.  of  Pontefract,  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xxx.  pass. 
13  Prescott,  Reg.  ofWetherhal,  40*.  "  Farrer,  Lanes.  PipeR.  15. 

15  Ibid.  23  ;  Reg.  ofWetbtrbal,  312. 

320 


ROGER  DE  MONTBEGON,  c.   1172-1226. 


ROBERT  GRELLEY,   1194-1230 


SEALS  OF   FEUDAL  BARONS  OF  LANCASHIRE. — PLATE  IV. 


To  face  pagf   320. 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Adam  de  Montbegon  are  to  be  noted  the  grant,  with  his  wife's  consent,  of 
Kirkandreas  to  the  monks  of  Wetherhal1  ;  their  confirmation  of  the  gifts 
made  by  Adam  son  of  Swain  to  the  priory  of  Monkbretton2  ;  the  feoffment 
of  Geoffrey  de  Valoignes  in  the  vills  of  Farleton  and  Cantsfield,  members 
of  Hornby3;  the  foundation  of  the  priory  of  Premonstratensian  canons  at 
Hornby,  a  filiation  of  Croxton  Abbey ;  and  the  grant  of  his  lands  of  Kelsey, 
Thornton,  and  '  Biestorp  '  to  Gilbert  Hansard.4 

Roger  de  Montbegon  III.,  son  of  Adam,  was  probably  a  minor  at  his 
father's  death  in  1171—2.  In  1187  he  had  acquittance  of  the  scutage  of 
Galwey  upon  six  of  his  knights'  fees  outside  this  county.6  In  the  spring  of 
1 194  he  took  part  in  the  rebellion  of  his  chief  lord,  John,  count  of  Mortain," 
being  one  of  the  defenders  of  Nottingham  Castle  against  the  bishop  of 
Durham,  vicegerent  during  the  king's  absence.7  Whereupon  some  part  of 
his  lands  were  seized  and  committed  to  William  de  Albini  of  Belvoir.8  On 
27  March  he  submitted  himself  to  the  king's  clemency 9  by  joining  in  the 
surrender  of  Nottingham  Castle,  and  was  afterwards  pardoned,  compounding 
for  his  adherence  to  the  king's  rebellious  brother  by  the  payment  of  a  fine  of 
500  marks.10  In  the  year  1200  he  was  with  the  king  in  the  expedition  to 
Normandy,  and  had  acquittance  of  scutage  upon  his  eight  knights'  fees.11 
About  this  time  he  gave  the  Holmes  in  Tarleton,  adjoining  Martin  Mere, 
with  lands  in  Tarleton  and  Little  Hoole,  parcel  of  his  lordship  of  Croston, 
and  in  Cawood,  parcel  of  his  lordship  of  Hornby,  to  the  Cluniac  monks  of 
Thetford,  who  subsequently  gave  the  Holmes  to  Cockersand  Abbey,  during 
the  abbacy  of  Abbot  Roger  (i  199-1 205). 13  He  also  released  to  the  church 
of  St.  Martin  of  Sees  and  to  Lancaster  Priory  his  right  in  the  chapel  of 
Gressingham,  and  secured  to  the  church  of  Lancaster  for  altar  lights  a  yearly 
rent  of  two  shillings  out  of  the  issues  of  the  church  of  Melling,  for  the  wel- 
fare of  his  own  and  his  ancestors'  souls.13  To  the  priory  of  Monkbretton  he 
gave  the  wood  of  Holcombe  and  common  rights  in  Tottington.14  He  married, 
in  1 199,"  Olive,  formerly  the  wife  of  Robert  de  St.  John,  daughter  and  heir 
of  Alan  son  of  Jordan,  lord  of  Broughton  Brant,  co.  Lincoln,  and  Tuxford, 
co.  Notts,16  for  whose  marriage  he  gave  500  marks.17  From  1201  to  1204  he 
was  mostly  engaged  in  the  king's  service  in  Normandy,  having  acquittance 

1  Prescott,  Reg.  of  Wetherhal,  368.  »  Mm.  Angl.  v.  138. 

3  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.)  406^.  *  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  23.  *  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  64. 

6  Perhaps  his  adherence  was  purchased  by  a  grant  of  lands  in  Legherton,  Stretton,  Littlebury,  and  Cotes, 
co.  Notts,  to  be  held  by  the  service  of  one  knight's  fee,  the  service  of  William  de  Tatham,  in  Tatham  and 
Ireby,  co.   Lane. — Close  R.  i.  2 1  ^b — and  the  manor  of  Oswaldbec,  co.  Notts,  for  the  service  of  one  knight, 
which  latter  John  confirmed  when    king  in    1199  (Cartae  Antiqua;,  G.  8;   Pipe  R.  I  John,  Ebor.   m.    10). 
Perhaps  he  also  had  at  this  time  the  manor  of '  Waverton,'  co.  Sussex,  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  241. 

7  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  240. 

8  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  93,  95,  99,  101.     Also  cf.  Rot.  de  Oblatis  (Rec.  Com.),  123. 

9  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  240.  10  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  99.  n  Ibid.  114,  134. 

13  Cockersand  Chartul.  (Chetham  Soc.),  466,  469.  Dugdale  erroneously  attributes  this  gift  to  Roger  de 
Montbegon  II,  Baronage,  6 1 86. 

13  Rtgiit.  of  Lane.  Priory  (Chetham  Soc.),  20. 

i*  Lansd.  MS.  No.  405,  43*;  Whitaker,  Hist.  ofWkalley,  edit.  1876,  i.  325-5. 

16  Possibly  he  had  married  as  his  first  wife  the  eldest  daughter  of  Thomas  D'Arcy,  of  co.  Lincoln  ; 
Grimaldi,  Rot.  de  Dominabus,  8. 

i«  See  Round,  Peerage  Studies,  pp.  vii,  1 1 5  et  seqq.  The  Genealogist,  xviii.  i  et  seqq.  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc. 
xlviii.  8 1.  William  de  St.  John  was  suing  Roger  in  a  plea  of  land  in  this  county  in  Easter  term,  1206, 
Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  42,  m.  \\d. 

!7  Rot.  de  Oblatis  (Rec.  Com.),  41.  Roger  held  Broughton  Brant  and  the  soke  in  demesne  and  Tuxford 
with  the  soke  in  1 2 1 2  of  the  honour  of  Richmond.  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  22  £,  343  b. 

I  32I  41 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  scutage  on  his  fees  in  the  first  five  scutages  of  John's  reign.1  In  1202  the 
castle  of  Tillieres  was  delivered  into  his  custody  by  the  king,8  but  in  De- 
cember, 1205,  he  incurred  the  royal  displeasure  in  connexion  with  the 
imprisonment  of  a  certain  Wenhunwen  by  the  earl  of  Chester,  whereupon 
his  castle  of  Hornby  and  all  his  lands  were  seized,  but  within  three  months 
restored,  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  and  the  constable  of  Chester  being 
sureties  for  his  future  fidelity  to  the  king 8  and  himself  finding  hostages, 
viz.,  Gilbert  son  of  Gilbert  de  Notion,  and  Warin  son  of  Ralph  de  Mare.*  In 
August,  1208,  he  was  with  the  king  at  Kirkby  Kendal.6 

The  following  particulars  of  the  fees  belonging  to  this  barony  are  taken 
from  the  great  inquest  of  service  made  at  Midsummer,  12 12,8  supplemented 
by  the  inquest  of  the  Gascon  scutage  made  in  124.2-3.''  It  will  be  noted 
that  whilst  the  barony  was  held  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  by  the  service  of 
eight  knights,  the  total  service  due  to  Henry  de  Monewden  in  1242—3 
amounted  to  over  eleven  knights'  fees. 


Hornby  Castle  cum  mem- 
bris 


IN   CO.   LANCASTER 


In  demesne    .     Roger  de  Montbegon 


Farleton  and  Cantsfield. 

Wennington  
Farleton    

fy  knight's  fee 
(^     fee     in 
1242-3).     . 
•^  knight  . 
T^j  knight 

Hugh  de  Morewich. 
Elias  de  Wennington 
Elias  de  Wennington 

Tottington  and  Holcome  . 
Bury  with  the  hamlets  . 
Middleton  with  the  hamlets 

Chadderton  with  Foxdenton 
Croston  cum  membris  . 

In  demesne     . 
I   knight  . 
I   knight  .     . 

£  knight  .     . 
I   knight  .     . 

Roger  de  Montbegon 
Adam  de  Bury    . 
Roger  de  Middleton 

Gilbert  de  Norton   . 
John  Malherbe    .     . 

1242-3 

Hubert  de  Burgh,  holding 
of  Henry  de  Monewden 


Hugh  de  Morewich 
Adam  de  Wennington 

Henry  de  Monewden 

Adam  de  Bury 

Roger  son  of  Robert    de 

Middleton 
Gilbert  de  Barton 
John  de  la  Mare 


Fleet  (6  car.)  *    .     .     . 
Sutton  (9  car.  6  bov.) 


IN  CO.  LINCOLN 


|   knight 


Tydd  Gote10  (2  car.  2  bov.)     l  knight 
Howsham11 £  knight 


Nettleton13  .  . 
Clixby.  .  .  . 
Holton  le  Moor. 
Market  Rasen  ls . 


knight 
knight 


Thomas  de  Multon .     .     Lambert  de  Multon 
William  Lungspee  (?)     .     William  Lungspee  (7  car.) 

Prior  of  Spalding  (2  car. 

6  bov.) 

William  de  Ros(?)  .     .     Hugh  de  Rous 
Adam  de  Tydd  (?)   .     .     Reginald  de  Tydd 
Roger  de  Montbegon  (?)     John  son  of  Benedict,  of 

Simon  de  Hundon 


Richard  Blanchard 
Richard  Blanchard 


William  Blanchard 

Grace  delnsula,  of  William 
Blanchard 


1  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  pass.  *  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  18. 

8  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  16,22;  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  48^. 

4  Rot.  deFmibus  (Rec.  Com.),  275  ;  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  53^.  «  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  182 

«  Exch.  K.R.  kts.  fees,  •&• ;  Testa  de  Nevi//(R.ec.  Com.),  Lanes.  404,5,  408^,  Line.  334-48. 

7  Testa  de  Nevi//  (Rec.  Com.),  Lanes.  400,  411,  Line.  304,  312-332. 

8  Ibid.  313^,  345,  411.  9  Ibid.  10  Said  to  be  held  in  chief  of  the  honour,  Ibid.  400. 
11  Ibid.  315.                                    «  Ibid.  315-5.  is  Ibid.  3 i 66. 

322 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

IN    CO.    LINCOLN    (continued) 


Holton  le  Moor1  . 
South  Kelsey8  .  . 
Thornton  le  Moor. 
South  Kelsey 

I   knight  . 
'     1      I   knight  . 
^  knight  . 

1212 

.     Richard  (?)  de  Houton  . 
(Gilbert,   son   of  Gilbert) 
•  {      Hansard*    .     .     .     .} 

1242-3 
William  de  Houton 

John  Hansard 
John  de  Thornton,  Ralph 

1  knight 

le  Paumer 

Stainton*  .... 
Stainton6  .... 

.     .     |  knight  . 

.     Roger  de  Montbegon  (?) 

William  Dawnay 

Waddingham 
Waddingham6     .      . 
Laughton  7 
Thorpe8   .... 
Thonock  .... 
Dunstall    .... 
Yawthorpe9   .     .     . 
Walesbyi°      .      .      . 

.     .     %  knight  . 
.     .     £  knight  . 

.     L     In  demesne 

J  knight  . 
.     .     £  knight  . 

.     Richard  Blanchard    .     . 
.     Roger  de  Montbegon    . 

.     Walter  de  Vere(?)   .     . 
.     Jollan  de  Nevill  (?)  .     . 

Simon  de  Waddingham 
William  Blanchard 

Henry  de  Monewden 

Simon  de  Vere 
Jollan  de  Nevill 

Northorpe"  .  .  . 
Cuxwold  12 

.     .     £  knight  . 
i  knight  . 

Roger  de  Montbegon  (?) 
.     Richard  Blanchard    .     . 

Simon  de  Hale 
Grace  de  Insula   of  Wil- 

liam Blanchard 

IN  CO.  SUFFOLK 

Monewden 13 i   knight  .     .     Roger  de  Montbegon    .     Henry     de  Monewden, 

John     de  Monewden 

holding  £  knight's    fee 
of  him  l* 

Roger  de  Montbegon  '  standing  up,'  as  Dugdale  says,  '  with  the  rebellious 
barons  against  the  king,'16  suffered  the  seizure  of  his  lands,  which  were  given  in 
the  early  spring  of  1 2 1  5  to  Oliver  de  Albini,16  while  he  himself  underwent  the 
sentence  of  excommunication  by  the  pope.17  On  20  June,  1215,  he  was  with 
the  barons  at  Runymede,18  but  about  New  Year's  day,  1216,  made  his  peace 
with  the  king  and  had  livery  of  his  lands  in  six  counties,  including  a  grant 
for  his  life  of  Wheatley,  co.  Notts.,19  which  the  king  had  granted  in  1205,  for 
term  of  life  to  John  Malherbe,  deceased,  Roger's  brother  of  the  half  blood.20 
About  the  same  time  John  Malherbe's  manor  of  Appleby,  co.  Lincoln,  was 
delivered  to  Eudo  de  Lungvilers,  a  knight  of  the  earl  of  Chester,  and  to 
William  de  Mare,  as  kinsmen  and  heirs  of  John  Malherbe.21  Henry  III., 
immediately  after  his  accession,  seized  the  lands  of  Roger  de  Montbegon  and 
Robert  Grelley,  and  delivered  them  to  William  Marshall,  the  younger,23 
afterwards  committing  Roger's  lands  to  Robert  de  Vaux  for  his  maintenance 
in  the  royal  service.23  But  afterwards  having  letters  of  safe-conduct  to  repair 

1  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  400  ;  Richard  de  Houton  in  1236,  Ibid.  41 1. 
8  Ibid.  316^.  Line,  final  Concords,  84.  *  Testa  de  Nevill,  304,  317. 

6  Ibid.  304.  Ibid.  304.  1  Ibid.  304,  398. 

8  Ibid.  411.  Ibid.  304.  i"  Ibid.  3 1 64. 

11  Ibid.  304.  i    Ibid.  318.  "Ibid.  411. 

14  Ibid.  291.  !    Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  6i83.     Flares  Hist.  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  297. 

is  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  244.  "  f 'lores  Hist.  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  355. 

is  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ziob.  i»  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  244^,  245.  *°  Ibid.  415. 

81  Ibid.  247,  249.  Before  1212  Roger  gave  the  manor  of  Croston  with  the  members  to  his  uterine 
brother,  John  Malherbe,  as  part  of  the  inheritance  of  their  mother.  After  Malherbe's  death  in  1216,  Roger 
gave  it  to  John  de  la  Mare,  who  was  probably  first  husband  of  Malherbe's  sister  Mabel,  dementia,  the  other 
sister  and  co-heir,  afterwards  married  Eudo  de  Lungvilers.  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  405^,  411^; 
Chartul.  of  Pontefract,  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xxx.  306. 

M  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  311.  23  ibid.  327^. 

323 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

to  William  Marshall,  earl  of  Pembroke,  to  make  his  peace,  Roger  recovered 
possession  of  his  lands  of  Oswaldbec  and  Wheatley,  together  with  his  other 
lands  in  seven  counties.1  But  the  sentence  of  excommunication  promulgated 
against  him  in  1215,  was,  in  1220,  still  being  used  by  his  enemies  to  his 
annoyance,  until  the  king  addressed  a  letter  to  the  primate  requesting  him  to 
surcease  ecclesiastical  censure  against  Roger.3  The  same  year  he  obtained  a 
warrant  to  the  sheriff  of  Nottingham  for  timber  in  his  demesne  woods  of 
Oswaldbec  and  Wheatley  for  the  rebuilding  and  repair  of  his  houses,  which 
had  possibly  suffered  destruction  during  the  late  troubles.8  Early  in  1221  he 
was  appointed  with  William  de  Lancaster  to  lead  the  king's  forces  for  the 
siege  and  destruction  of  Cockermouth  Castle,  then  held  against  the  king,  as 
were  those  of  Skipton  and  Skipsey,  by  the  adherents  of  William  of  Aumale.4 
In  March,  1225,  he  was  obliged  by  infirmity  to  withdraw  from  service  with 
the  king  at  the  siege  of  Bedford,  leaving  his  knights  there.6  He  died  in 
March  of  the  following  year,6  and  on  6  April,  the  castle  and  lordship  of 
Hornby  were  committed  to  the  custody  of  William,  earl  of  Warenne,7  and 
Thorpe  and  Thonock  to  the  constable  of  Chester.  His  other  lands  were  also 
taken  into  the  king's  hand,  except  those  belonging  to  the  dower  of  Olive,  his 
wife,  who  survived  him.8  Having  no  heir  of  his  body,  several  claimants 
arose  in  co.  Lincoln,  making  themselves  his  heirs.  Their  respective  affinities 
were  tried  before  Martin  de  Patshull  and  his  associates  by  a  jury  of  14  visors 
from  this  county,  and  5  from  co.  Lincoln,  at  the  eyre  held  at  Lincoln  in 
mid-September,  1226,  when  Henry  de  Monewden  was  found  to  be  next 
heir 9  (namely,  son  of  Robert,  brother  of  Henry,  son  of  Robert,  son  of  Agnes, 
only  daughter  of  Roger  de  Montbegon,  the  elder,  grandfather  of  Roger,  then 
lately  deceased),10  who  was  accordingly  put  in  seisin  of  Roger's  lands  and  of 
the  eight  knights'  fees  belonging  to  his  barony,  by  writ  dated  25  September.11 
More  than  a  year  before  his  death  Roger  is  alleged  to  have  given  the  castle  and 
manor  of  Hornby  to  John  de  Lungvilers,  who  is  stated  to  have  tilled  the  land, 
taking  the  grain  and  rendering  a  fifteenth  of  the  grain  and  cattle  to  the 
justices  sent  to  assess  the  fifteenth  13  granted  on  1 1  February,  1225.  Probably 
the  true  facts  were  as  alleged  in  evidence  in  a  suit  in  1260,  that  John  de 
Lungvilers  intruded  himself  into  the  lordship  after  Roger's  death.  Although 

1  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  339,  3396.  *  Ibid.  418.  s  Ibid.  4.23. 

*  Ibid.  4743  ;  Stubbs,  Cmitit.  Hist.  ii.  35.  6  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  24. 

6  Excerfta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  140.  1  Fine  R.  10  Hen.  III.  m.  7. 

8  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  105^,  130.  9  Bracton's  Note  Ek.  iii.  304. 

10  Assize  R.  No.  48  2,  m.  17.  See  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  3  7,  pp.  1 44-6*.  The  jurors  from  the  co.  were 
Robert  Bussel,  Richard  de  Thorington,  William  de  Tunstall,  John  de  Tuitefeld,  Adam  de  Weninton,  Richard 
de  Wraton,  William  de  Tatham,  Alexander  de  Pilkington,  Henry  de  Brodeshagh,  Roger  Gernet  of  Burrow, 
Alan  de  Penington,  William  de  Millum,  Gilbert  de  Kellet  and  John  Gernet. 

11  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  148.     A  writ,  directing  William,  earl  of  Warenne,  to  give  Henry  de 
Monewden  possession  of  Hornby  Castle  and  manor,  dated  13  February,  1227,  states  that  the  jury  who  gave  a 
verdict  before  Martin  de  Patshull  and  his  fellows  were  afterwards  convicted  by  24  of  co.   York  and  1 2  of 
co.  Lancaster  of  a  false  oath,  the  said   36  jurors  finding  before  the  same  justices  in  eyre  in  co.  Lincoln  that 
Henry  de  Monewden  was  next  heir  of  Roger  de  Montbegon  (Pat.  R.  1225-32,  no).     The  other  claimants 
were  (i)  William  de  Ros,  Adam  de  Tid  and  Thomas  de  Scoteny,  claiming  descent  respectively  from  three 
daughters  of  Roger  de  Montbegon,  senior,  namely,  Beatrice,  Agnes,  and   Emma  ;   (2)   John  de  Mikeham, 
Robert  de  Talewrth  and  Robert  de  Hamesden,  claiming  descent  respectively  from  three  daughters  of  the  said 
Roger,  namely,  Maud,  Beatrice,  and  Emma ;  (3)  John  de  Cume,  claiming  descent  from  an  only  daughter, 
Maud  ;  and  (4)  Adam  de  Beri  (Bury,  co.  Lane.)  claiming  descent  from  Alice,  daughter  of  Adam  de  Montbegon, 
son  of  Roger,  senior.     The  jury  (of  19)  found  that  Roger,  senior,  had  but  one  daughter,  Agnes,  from  whom 
Henry  de  Monewden  descended,  as  above  stated.     Assize  R.  No.  482,  m.  17. 

18  Assize  R.  No.  482,  m.  17. 

324 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Henry  de  Monewden  failed  in  1226  to  oust  him,  owing  to  the  false  recogni- 
tion of  a  suborned  jury,  he  succeeded  the  year  following  in  obtaining 
possession  of  the  lands  of  Hornby.1  Immediately  after  obtaining  possession 
of  his  inheritance  Henry  de  Monewden  enfeoffed  Hubert  de  Burgh  (earl  of 
Kent,  1227),  and  Margaret  his  wife,  of  the  castle,  honour,  and  soke  of  Hornby, 
with  the  advowson  of  the  priory  there,  and  of  the  church  of  Melling,  which 
grant  the  king  confirmed  14  September,  12  27.*  In  Easter  term  following, 
Hubert  and  Margaret  impleaded  Henry  to  warrant  Hornby  to  them,3  and  in 
November,  1229,  Henry  confirmed  his  grant  of  the  honour  to  them  by  fine, 
to  hold  of  him  during  their  lives  by  the  service  of  half  a  knight's  fee,  con- 
ditionally that,  failing  issue  of  their  bodies,  it  should  revert  to  Hubert's  heirs.* 
In  November,  1232,  after  the  seizure  of  his  lands  for  having  given  the  king 
displeasure,  Hubert  de  Burgh  recovered  his  lands  and  stock,  but  Hornby  with 
other  castles  he  did  not  recover  until  later.6  In  1236,  Olive  de  Montbegon 
released  to  Hubert  and  Henry  de  Monewden  her  right  of  dower  in  Hornby 
in  exchange  for  8j  marks  of  yearly  rent  from  Thonock.6  In  1229  Henry 
resigned  his  manor  of  Oswaldbec  to  the  king  in  exchange  for  an  annuity  of 
20  marks,7  which  however  he  was  obliged  to  resign  in  1239  in  consideration 
of  the  king's  aid  against  his  creditors,  certain  Jews  of  York  and  London.8  In 
1230  he  was  serving  abroad  in  the  retinue  of  the  earl  of  Kent.9  In  1235  he 
alienated  his  fee  of  Tottington  to  John  de  Lacy,  earl  of  Lincoln,  to  hold  of 
him  for  z\  knights'  fees,10  which  the  king  confirmed  on  10  September.11  In 
Easter  term,  1242,  John  de  Lungvilers  commenced  process  at  law  against 
Margaret,  countess  of  Kent,  to  substantiate  his  title  to  the  manors  of  Hornby 
and  Melling.12  In  consequence  of  the  earl's  death  Hornby  Castle  was  put  in 
charge  of  Alexander  Bacon  on  the  king's  behalf,  but  was  restored  on  29  July, 
1243."  The  proceedings  dragged  on  until  the  beginning  of  1252."  This 
John  was  son  of  Eudo  de  Lungvilers  by  Clemence,  sister  and  co-heir  of 
John  Malherbe,  the  half  brother  of  Roger  de  Montbegon,  the  younger.15 
Maud,  the  other  sister  and  co-heiress,  married  before  1227,  probably  as  her 
second  husband,  Geoffrey  de  Nevill.16  Early  in  1252  the  king  took  steps  to 
terminate  the  suit  which  had  long  been  in  progress  between  John  de 
Lungvilers  and  John  son  of  John  de  Burgh,  grandson  of  the  earl  of  Kent.17 
John  de  Lungvilers  died  in  I254,18  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  John,  who 
probably  survived  his  father  only  a  few  years.  Early  in  1259,  Ellen,  probably 
the  widow  of  the  younger  John  de  Lungvilers,  was  suing  John  de  Burgh, 

i  Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  169,  m.  \id.  *  Cal.  Chart.  R.  i.  60,  83. 

s  Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  102,  m.  1 6.  *  Lanes.  Fines  (Rec.  Soc.),  i.  57. 

6  Close  R.  17  Hen.  III.  m.  17.  There  is  a  rental  of  Hornby  for  16-18  Hen.  III.  in  the  P.R.O.,  Min. 
Accts.  1117,  No.  13. 

8  Lanes.  Fines,  147.  7  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  239. 

8  Orig.  R.  23  Hen.  III.  m.  4.  9  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  361. 

10  Duchy  of  Lane.  Gt.  Coucher,  i.  63.  n  Cal.  Chart.  R.  i.  213. 

18  Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  123,  m.  15.  See  also  No.  I24,m.  23  ;  No.  128,  m.  I  ;  No.  I35,m.  35^;  No.  139, 
m.  15. 

13  Pat.  R.  27  Hen.  III.  m.  2.  u  Assize  R.  No.  1046,  m.  73. 

16  Upon  the  death  of  John  Malherbe  in  or  before  1216  she  received  half  the  manor  of  Appleby, 
co.  Lincoln,  as  her  pourparty  (p.  323). 

18  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  158.  Henry  de  Monewden  was  suing  Maud  and  her  sister  Clemence  with 
their  respective  husbands  in  1227  for  the  half  of  the  church  of  Penistone,  co.  York.  Cf.  Torks.  Inq.  p.  m. 
(Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.),  i.  279  ;  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  192. 

"  Assize  R.  No.  1046,  m.  73.  Cokayne,  Compl.  Peerage,  iv.  350,  note  e.  See  also  Plac.  de  quo  war.  (Rec. 
Com.),  381.  18  Cal.  Inq.  p.m.  i.  77. 

325 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

senior,  and  John  de  Burgh,  junior,  for  dower  in  Hornby  and  Melling,1  but 
apparently  failed,  on  the  grounds  that  her  husband  had  never  been  in 
possession  of  the  lordship  except  by  intrusion.3  In  1269  Henry  de 
Monewden  released  to  Edmund,  the  king's  son,  the  feudal  rights  belonging 
to  all  the  knights'  fees  and  lands  held  by  him,  or  of  him,  in  the  county 
and  honour  of  Lancaster.3  He  was  at  this  time  well  advanced  in  years  and 
living  in  straitened  circumstances.  Probably  he  did  not  out-live  his  sovereign, 
Henry  III.  John  de  Lungvilers,  the  younger,  left  issue  at  his  death, 
Margaret,  his  daughter  and  heir,  who  was  married  before  1269  to  Geoffrey 
de  Nevill,  younger  brother  of  Robert  de  Nevill  of  Raby.*  In  September, 
1271,  John  de  Burgh,  the  younger,  was  suing  his  father  for  the  manors  of 
Hornby  and  Melling,6  and  in  December  of  the  same  year  his  father  was 
defendant  with  Geoffrey  de  Nevill  and  Margaret  his  wife  in  the  same  plea.8 
This  seems  to  point  to  the  acquisition  of  these  manors  by  Geoffrey  and 
Margaret  from  the  elder  John  de  Burgh.  In  1279  died  John  de  Burgh, 
junior,  leaving  issue  three  daughters,  one  being  the  wife  of  Robert  Grelley.7 
As  it  does  not  appear  that  he  was  possessed  of  Hornby  at  his  death,  the 
suggestion  that  his  father  had  alienated  the  manor  to  Geoffrey  de  Nevill  and 
Margaret  his  wife,  in  or  before  1271,  gains  some  strength.  Geoffrey  was  in 
possession  of  Hornby  in  right  of  his  said  wife  at  the  time  of  his  death,8  and 
in  his  line  this  lordship  continued  for  many  generations.  With  the  death  of 
Henry  de  Monewden  the  barony  of  Montbegon  may  be  considered  to  have 
terminated. 

THE  BARONY  OF  GRELLEY9 

Albert  Grelley  10  resigned  his  fee  in  Blackburn   hundred  sometime  after 
1086  and  obtained  instead  a  grant  of  the  manor  of  Manchester,  possibly  with 

1  Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  162,  m.  ijd.     John  de  Burgh,  senior,  was  in  possession  of  the  castle.     The  writ  of 
pone  was  granted  in  February,  1258.     Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  271. 

Ibid.  No.    169,  m.  izd.      The  parties  were  to  hear  judgment  in  Michaelmas  term   1263,  but  none 
was  r  corded.     Ibid.  No.  173,  m.  id. 

Duchy  of  Lane.  Gt.  Coucher,  i.  63. 

Inq.  p.m.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  48,  p.  263  ;  Torks.  Rec.  Sac.  vol.  23,  p.  25. 
Assize  R.  No.  1210,  m.  7  (Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xlvii.  124). 

Pat.  R.  56  Hen.  III.  m.  $od.  (Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  251-2).  ?  Cal.  Geneal.  i.  293. 

Inq.  p.m.  13  Edw.  I.  No.  19  ;  Lane,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  261. 

This  barony  comprised  the  following  townships  and  hamlets  in  this  county.  In  Salford  hundred  : — 
Manchester,  Ancoats,  Crumpsall,  Blackley,  half  of  Moston,  Harpurhey,  Newton,  Clayton  and 
Droylsden,  Bradford,  Beswick,  Ardwick,  Openshaw,  Gorton,  Withington,  Chorlton  cum  Hardy  ; 
Didsbury,  Moss  Side,  Rusholme,  Levenshulme,  Burnage,  Heaton  Norris,  Denton,  Haughton,  Barton 
upon  Irwell,  Pilkington,  Kearsley,  Farnworth,  Little  Lever,  Darcy  Lever,  Westhoughton,  Aspull, 
Lostock,  Rumworth,  Heaton,  Horwich,  Halliwell,  Harwood,  Bradshaw,  Turton,  Longworth, 
Sharpies,  Anglezark.  These  lands  were  rated  at  about  46  carucates  of  land,  and  were  held  by  the 
service  of  5  \  knights. 

In  Leyland  hundred  : — Coppull,  Wrightington,  Parbold. 
In  West  Derby  hundred  :  — Dalton,  Childwall,  Allerton. 
n  Amounderness  : — Brockholes. 
n  Lincolnshire,  2  knights'  fees  in  Kirton-in-Lindsey,  Swineshead,  Sixhilh,  Bloxholm,  Hainton,  Canwick, 

Bracebridge. 

n  Nottinghamshire,  one  knight's  fee  in  Cotgrave. 
n  Norfolk,  one  knight's  fee  in  Spixworth,  Tunstall. 

n  Suffolk,  2$  knights'  fees  in  Willisham,  Little  Blakenham,  Risby,  Almesburn,  Blakenham. 

Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  291,  404^,  411  ;  Lanes.  Inq.  (Rec.    Soc.),  xlviii.   52-9.     See  Dugdale, 

Baronage,  i.  608.     Hist.  Soc.  of  Lanes,  and  Ches.  (New  Ser.),  xvii.  23  ;  Tait,  Medieval  Manchester,  1 20. 

10  He  probably  owed  the  nick-name  of '  Greslet '  (crematus  in  Dom.  Bk.  ii.  347^),  to  some  personal  peculiarity. 

'  Grelet/  in  old  French  '  greslet,'  signifies  marked  as  by  hail,  i.e.  pitted,  or  pock-marked.         '  Gresiller,'  some- 

326 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

large  additions  thereto.  We  have  already  stated  that  at  the  date  of  Domes- 
day he  held  lands  under  Roger  of  Poitou  in  cos.  Lincoln,  Norfolk,  and 
Suffolk,  and  that  he  probably  succeeded  to  Nigel's  estates  in  Manchester  not 
long  after  the  date  of  the  survey.1  It  is  evident  from  the  wording  of  Roger's 
charter  to  St.  Martin  of  Sees  in  1094,  that  Albert  Grelley  then  held  a  con- 
siderable estate  under  him.3  He  did  not  share  in  the  forfeitures  of  1102  or 
1 1 06,  but  by  Henry's  favour  retained  his  former  estates,  and  perhaps  received 
some  addition  thereto,  so  that  upon  the  creation  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster 
he  apparently  became  the  largest  tenant  of  the  honour  with  a  fee  held  by  the 
service  of  1 2  knights,  which  his  descendant  held  in  1 1 87,"  of  which  5  J  knights 
represented  the  service  due  from  Manchester,  with  its  members.  He  seems 
to  have  been  still  living  between  1115  and  1 1 1 8  as  the  tenant  under 
Stephen,  count  of  Mortain,  of  Hainton,  in  Lindsey,4  where  he  had  been  tenant 
of  Roger  of  Poitou  in  Domesday.  To  about  the  same  date  we  must  ascribe 
the  grant  by  '  Albertus  Gredle,  senex,'  of  one  knight's  fee  in  Dalton,  Par- 
bold,  and  Wrightington  to  Orm  son  of  Ailward  in  marriage  with  Albert's 
daughter  Emma,  and  another  grant  by  '  Albertus  Gredle,  senior,'  to  the  same 
Orm  and  Emma  of  one  carucate  of  land  in  Ashton-under-Lyne.6 

Robert  Grelley,  son  of  Albert  I.,  was  apparently  tenant  in  chief  of 
Nettleton  and  Goltho,  in  Lindsey,  between  1115  and  1118,"  which  he  had 
no  doubt  received  from  Henry  after  the  fief  of  Erneis  de  Burun  fell  into  the 
king's  hand.  He  was  a  witness  to  Stephen's  foundation  charter  to  Furness 
in  1 1 27-7  Three  years  later  he  was  engaged  in  a  suit  in  co.  Notts  with 
Serlo  de  Burgh,  and  in  another  suit  in  co.  Lincoln  with  his  chief  lord, 
Stephen,  count  of  Mortain.8  In  1 134  he  and  his  son  Albert  II.  founded  an 
abbey  of  Cistercian  monks  from  Furness  at  Swineshead,  in  Lincolnshire, 
endowing  it  with  the  site  and  lands  in  cos.  Lincoln  and  Nottingham, 
including  in  the  latter  county  the  church  of  Cotgrave  and  all  the  land  they 
had  there,  and  in  this  county  the  mill  of  Manchester.9  Robert  appears  to 
have  survived  until  after  1153,  for  he  was  one  of  the  witnesses  to  William, 
earl  of  Warenne's  charter  of  confirmation  to  Furness10  in  1 154  or  1 155,  so 
that  we  are  probably  correct  in  attributing  to  him  the  grant  of  Heaton  in 
Lonsdale,  the  remaining  part  of  Ashton-under-Lyne,  and  other  land,  to  Roger 
son  of  Orm  (son  of  Ailward),  which  was  confirmed  by  his  son  Albert  II. 
some  few  years  later,11  as  also  were  Robert  Grelley's  gifts  to  the  brethren  and 
nuns  of  St.  Mary  at  Haverholme  in  Lincolnshire.13  He  died  soon  after  1 154, 

times  '  grediller,'  signifies  to  shrivel,  as  parchment  does  when  placed  too  near  the  fire.  Cf.  Littr£,  Diet. 
Franfuise,  s.v.  'grele'  and  'gresiller.'  Possible,  but  less  probable,  derivations  are  from  'greslet,'  'grailet,'  old 
French,  signifying  slim  of  figure  ;  or  on  account  of  harshness  of  voice,  from  '  Greille,' '  instrument  qui  rend  un 
son  aigu,'  which  also  appears  in  the  variants  grelsle,  gredle, greille  (Ducange,  Glossary,  ed.  1887,  ix.  225^). 

1  P.  281  above.  3  Ibid.  8  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe R.  64.  *  Greenstreet,  LMtey  Survey,  22. 

6  Exch.  K.R.  Kts.  fees,  £,  m.  5.  The  evidence  as  to  the  date  of  this  infeudation,  and  the  identity  of 
the  grantor  with  Albert -I.  rests  upon  the  fact  that  Albert  Grelley  II.  did  not  succeed  his  father,  Robert,  son 
of  Albert  I.  until  after  1154,  whilst  William,  son  of  Roger  son  of  Orm,  grandson  of  Orm  son  of  Ailward,  was 
in  possession  of  his  inheritance  before  1 1 84,  and  apparently  attested  the  important  charter  of  the  division  of 
Furness  Fells  about  1163.  (Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  311,  403,  442  ;  cf.  Furness  Comber  (Chetham  Soc.),  318, 
346.)  Professor  Tait  finds  difficulty  in  accepting  this  identification,  on  the  ground  that  '  Albertus  senior,' 
elsewhere  refers  to  Albert  Grelley  II.,  and  also  upon  some  other  grounds  ;  Medieval  Manchester,  127-130. 

6  Lindsey  Survey,  17,  22.    Robert  Grelley  II.  held  the  land  in  Nettleton  in  1212  in  chief;  Testa  de  NeviU 
(Rec.  Com.),  347. 

7  Coucher  of  Furness  (Chetham  Soc.),  186.  8  Pipe  R.  31  Hen.  I.  (Rec.  Com.),  31,  114. 
9  Man.  Angl.  v.  337  ;  Thoroton,  Hist,  of  Notts,  ed.  Throsby,  i.  167. 

10  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  306.  U  ibid.  403.  1*  Lansd.  MS.  No.  207,  A.  207. 

327 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

having  had  issue  by  his  wife  Maud,  a  daughter,  Amabil,  married  to  Geoffrey 
Tregoz,1  who  had  in  marriage  with  her  the  vill  of  Bilsthorpe,  co.  Notts,8  and  a 
son,  Albert  II.,  of  whom  an  anecdote  is  related  in  the  Life  of  St.  William  of 
Norwich,  under  the  date  1154.  The  story  tells  of  the  miraculous  restoration 
to  life  of  a  favourite  falcon  of  Robert  Grelley's  son  Albert,  which  had  fallen 
sick  and  had  been  taken  to  the  saint  by  the  owner  in  earnest  belief  of  the 
saint's  powers  of  healing.8  During  his  father's  lifetime,  Albert  II.  married 
Maud,  sister  and  co-heiress  of  William  fitzWilliam,  constable  of  Chester, 
whose  pourparty  of  her  brother's  estate  consisted  of  the  manor  of  Cuerdley, 
in  this  county,  Daresbury,  co.  Chester,*  the  manor  of  Woodhead  with  the  vill 
of  Casterton,  co.  Rutland,  the  lordship  of  Pirton,  alias  Periton,  co.  Oxon.,  and 
ij  and  J  part  of  a  knight's  fee  in  Barnetby,  Bigby,  Somerby,  Hainton,  and 
Sixhills,  co.  Lincoln.6  He  made  several  feoffments  in  his  Lancashire  lands,6 
and  was  benefactor  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Benet  of  Holme,  co.  Norfolk,  remitting 
to  the  abbot  all  claim  in  the  church  of  St.  Peter  of  Hoveton,  for  the  good 
of  the  souls  of  his  father  Robert,  and  grandfather  Albert.7  To  Holy  Trinity 
of  Ipswich  he  gave  the  church  of  Willisham,  co.  Suffolk.8  At  this  time  the 
Grelleys  lived  at  Tunstead  in  co.  Norfolk,  or  at  Sixhills,  co.  Lincoln.9  Albert 
probably  died  not  long  after  attesting  the  agreement  for  the  partition  of 
Furness  Fells,  made  in  or  soon  after  1163,  probably  before  the  honour  of 
Lancaster  came  into  the  hand  of  Henry  II.10  and  certainly  before  1 170."  By 
Maud  his  wife  he  had  beside  other  issue 1S  a  son,  Albert  III.,  described  in  the 
inquest  of  service  of  1212  as  '  Albertus  juvenis,  or  junior,'  who  made 
numerous  infeudations  in  his  fee  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,18  and  gave  lands 
and  a  corn  mill,  parcel  of  his  manor  of  Woodhead,  co.  Rutland,  to  the  abbey 
of  Swineshead,u  and  pasturage  for  nine  score  sheep  in  the  fields  of  Bloxham,  to 
the  nuns  of  Haverholme."  He  confirmed  to  Norton  priory  the  grants  made 
within  his  fee  by  William  FitzNigel,  his  maternal  grandfather,  and  by 
William  FitzWilliam,  his  uncle.18  He  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Thomas 

1  Grimaldi,  Rot.  de  dominabus,  41. 

3  Testa  de  AVp;#(Rec.  Com.),  \b.     In   1215,  custody  of  Bilsthorpe  was  committed  to  Robert  Grelley, 
apparently  after  the  death  of  William  de  Tregoz.     Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  215. 
8  Op.  cit.  Camb.  Univ.  Press,  1896,  Bk.  vi.  No.  19,  p.  258 
*  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofCkes.  edit.  Helsby,  i.  732*. 
6  Tata  de  Nev ill  (Rec.  Com.),  101,  106,  308,  315,  332. 

6  To  Wlvric  de  Mamecestre  (probably  Wulfrich,  lord  of  Withington,  and  ancestor  of  the  Derbyshire 
Hathersages,  whose  estates  passed  by  marriage  to  the  Longfords)   4  oxgangs  of  land  of  the  demesne  ;    to  the 
church  of  Manchester  4  oxgangs  of  the  demesne  ;  to  Henry  son  of  Siward  (of  Lathom)   i  carucate  of  land 
in  Flixton.     Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  404^. 

7  Cott.  MSS.  Galba  E.  ii.  xxxiii. 

8  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  1 1 6. 

9  Grimaldi,  Rot.  de  dominabus,  4,  25. 

10  Hist.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Cbes.  (New  Ser.),  xvii.  37. 
"Mm.Jngl.v.  337. 

13  Seifred  or  Seffray  had  the  manor  of  Grimsthorpe,  co.  Line.,  but  dying,  s.p.,  the  manor  passed  to  his 
brother  Albert.     Assize  R.  No.  482,  m.  1 8.     Perhaps  Bernard  was  another  son.     Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  403. 

13  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Hist.  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  xvii.  23',  where  a  facsimile  of  a  fine  charter  with  Albert  Grelley's 
seal  is  given.     He  gave  to  Thomas  Pierpont  3  carucates  of  land  in  Rumworth  and  Lostock  for  the  service  of 
•J-  knight ;  to  Robert  de  Bracebridge  2  oxgangs  of  the  Manchester  demesne ;  to  William  le  Norreys  2  carucates 
of  land  in  Heaton  (Norris) ;  to    Alexander  son  of  Uvieth  2  oxgangs  of  land  in  Little  Lever ;   to  Ellis  de 
Pendlebury  the  land  of  Snydal  in  Westhoughton  ;    to  Richard  son   of  Henry  (of  Lathom)   2   oxgangs  in 
Anlezargh.     Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  404  ;  to  William,  the  clerk  of  Eccles,  the  fourth  part  of  the  church 
of  Eccles.    Coucher  of  If  bailey,  40. 

14  Hund.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  53.  16  Lansd.  MS.  2O7A,  207. 

16  Ormerod,  Hist,  of  Cbes.  edit.  Helsby,  i.  7  3  23.     The  witnesses  to  his  charter  were  Robert  de  Byron, 
William  son  of  Wulfric  (of  Withington  and  Hathersage),  and  Richard  son  of  Henry. 

3*8 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Basset,  the  justiciar,1  and  died  about  1 1 80.  She  re-married  after  his  death 
Guy  son  of  Maurice  de  Creon.8  In  1 190  tallage  was  levied  from  the  men  of 
Tunstall,  co.  Norfolk,  which  had  been  Albert  Grelley's.8 

Robert  Grelley,  son  of  Albert  III.  was  aged  1 1  in  1 1 84-5,  and  in  1191  was 
in  ward  of  his  uncles,  Gilbert,  Alan,  and  Thomas  Basset,4  and  attained  his 
majority  in  1 194,  when  his  quota  of  £12  to  the  scutage  levied  for  the  king's 
redemption  was  pardoned  because  his  twelve  knights  had  accompanied  the  king 
to  Normandy.6  His  equestrian  seal,  attached  to  a  fine  charter  granting  lands 
in  Norfolk  and  this  county  to  Robert  de  Byron,  may  be  seen  amongst  the  Duchy 
of  Lancaster  charters  preserved  in  the  Public  Record  Office.6  During  his  life- 
time he  enfeoffed  Robert  de  Byron  of  the  hamlets  of  Clayton  (i  carucate), 
Droylsden  (4oxgangs),and  half  Failsworth  (2oxgangs),7these  being  parcel  of  his 
Manchester  demesne.  He  enfeoffed  Ralph  de  Ancotes  of  2  oxgangs  of  land, 
representing  the  hamlet  of  Ancoats,8  and  Aca,  the  clerk,  of  a  field,  parcel  of 
the  demesne  of  Manchester.9  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  and  heir  of 
Henry  de  Longchamp,  lord  of  Werlingham  and  Weston,  co.  Suffolk,  brother 
of  the  chancellor.10  From  1195  to  1203  he  and  his  knights  were  almost  every 
year  engaged  in  military  service.11  In  1203  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester,  Roger 
de  Montbegon,  Robert  Grelley,  and  William  le  Boteler  of  Warrington  were 
requested  by  the  king  as  a  favour  to  give  him  the  aid  of  their  men  in  the 
work  then  being  done  upon  the  ditches  of  Lancaster  Castle.18  In  1215  he 
had  a  warrant  for  six  harts  to  be  taken  in  the  royal  forest  of  Clive,  probably 
for  restocking  his  park  at  Blackley  or  Horwich  Chase.13  He  was  one  of  the 
northern  barons  who  were  prominent  in  extorting  the  Charter  of  Liberties 
from  John,14  for  which  cause,  towards  the  end  of  1215  he  underwent  the 
sentence  of  excommunication  by  the  pope,16  and  his  estates  were  seized,  the 
king  giving  Periton  to  Ralph  Gernon,18  and  placing  Adam  de  Yealand  in 
charge  of  the  castle  of  Manchester  and  the  lands  dependent  upon  it.17  On 
20  June,  1215,  five  days  after  the  date  of  Magna  Carta,  he  was  at  Runy- 
mede,  between  Windsor  and  Staines,  in  the  king's  company.18  In  1217 
Henry  III.  restored  to  Robert  his  estates  in  cos.  Oxford,  Lincoln,  and  Rutland,19 
those  in  this  county  having  been  previously  restored.  In  1218  he  was  with 
the  king's  forces  at  the  siege  of  Newark,20  and  in  1221  at  the  siege  of  Bytham 
Castle,21  and  the  same  year  was  appointed  with  three  others  to  pursue  and 
arrest  the  rebel  Richard  Siward,  with  his  adherents,22  for  opposing  the  king 
in  the  last-mentioned  siege.23  In  1224  he  was  with  the  king's  forces  at  the 
siege  of  Bedford,  and  the  year  following  witnessed  the  reissue  of  the  Great 

1  Grimaldi,  Rot.  de  dominabus,  3-4,  where  an  account  of  the  issues  of  Albert  Grelley's  Lincolnshire  estate 
for  about  4-5  years  will  be  found,  and  at  p.  25,  of  his  Norfolk  estates. 

Pipe  R.  28  Hen.  II.  co.  Line.  s  Pipe  R.  I  KM.  I.  (Rec.  Com.),  46. 

Grimaldi,  Rot.  de  dominabus,  3  3  ;  Pipe  R.  2  Ric.  I.  co.  Line. 

Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  78. 

See  also  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Hist.  Sot.  (New  Ser.),  xvii.  41. 

Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  404^.  8  Ibid.  »  Ibid.  405. 

fo  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  295  ;  Cal.  Close  R.  1216-25,  6S- 

11  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  past.  ™  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  87. 

is  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  215. 

i*  Matth.  Paris,  Cbron.  majora  (Rolls   Ser.),  ii.    585  ;  Flares  Hist,   (ibid.),  iii.  297  ;  Rymer,  foedera,  ed. 
1816,  i.  144. 

is  Flares  Hist.  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  356.  i«  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  241. 

17  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  165.  18  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  2io3. 

w  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  337.  2°  Ibid.  447*.  «  Ibid.  475. 

M  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  282-3.  23  N>"*.  3°°- 

I  329  42 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Charter.1  He  was  appointed  also,  with  Richard  de  Copeland,  a  justice  of  the 
forest  in  this  county,  for  the  perambulation  and  disafforesting  of  those  places 
so  to  be  dealt  with  according  to  the  carta  de  foresta?  and  was  himself  served 
with  a  writ  to  disafforest  wood  and  moor  in  Heaton  under  Horwich,  which 
Henry  de  Boulton  claimed  as  his  tenement,  and  in  Anderton,  which  Thomas 
de  Burnhull  so  claimed.8  In  1222  he  proffered  5  marks  and  a  palfrey  to  have 
a  fair  yearly  at  his  manor  of  Manchester  on  the  eve  and  the  feast  of  St. 
Matthew  the  Apostle,4  and  in  1227,  when  the  king  attained  his  majority, 
obtained  a  charter  of  this  privilege.6  He  died  towards  the  end  of  the  year 
1230,'  after  returning  to  England  from  the  expedition  to  Poitou,  where 
his  health  had  been  undermined  by  exposure  and  improper  food.7  The 
abbot  of  Vaudey,  the  executor  of  his  will,  had  livery  of  his  chattels  in 
January,  1231." 

The  inquest  of  service  of  1212  contains  full  particulars  of  his  fee  in 
this  county,  from  which  it  may  be  of  interest  to  tabulate  the  names  of  the 
tenants  by  knight's  service,  their  tenements  and  quota  of  service,  comparing 
the  same  with  similar  particulars  for  the  years  1242-3. 


IN  CO.  LANCASTER" 

1212 


242-3 


-„.  ,  .  i    •  u       j    (Matthew,    son    of    William    de") 

Withmgton  cum  mem-      ikiughtandl      Hath  Matthew  de  Hathersage 

bns '  Jud8e      (Roger,  son  of  the  said    William] 


Barton  upon  Irwell  cum  ) 
membris    .     .     .     .  j 

i£  knight  , 

(Gilbert    de    Notton,  jure    uxoris} 
\Edith,  lady  of  Barton    .     .     .     .J 

•   Gilbert  de  Barton 

Worthington      .      .      ,\ 
Coppul 

i  knight     , 

Thomas  de  Worthington  . 

jWilliam  de  Worthing- 
{     ton 

Childwall      ...     A 

Aspull           .     .     .     .1 
Turton          .           .     .  j 

|t  knight 

Richard,  son  of  Robert  de  Lathum 

Robert  de  Lathum 

Brockholes    .     .     .     J 

Harwood       .... 

4  knight     . 

f  Roger  de  Samlesbury    .... 
(Alexander  de  Harwood      .     .     . 

('[William     de     Samles- 

([John  de  Harwood] 

Dalton     1 

Parbold    L 

I  knight     . 

[Roger,  son  of  William  de  Kirkby] 

Robert  de  Lathum 

Wrightington     .     .     .j 

Pilkington     .     .     .     .   • 

(i  knight     . 
1  1  judge       . 

t   Alexander  de  Pilkington     . 

Roger  de  Pilkington 

Rumworth    .     .     .     .) 
Lostock    J 

J  knight     . 

[Richard  de  Pierpont]    .... 

Richard  de  Pierpont 

Clayton    i 
Droylsden      .      .      •      •  f 

J  knight     . 

[Richard,  son  of  Robert  de  Byron] 

((Changed     to      socage 

JFaikworth      .     .     J 

(      enure) 

Cotgrave  . 


CO.  NOTTS 
i  knight     .     Robert  Grelley  1Z Abbot  of  Swineshead 13 

8  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  57°  »  cf.  575. 


i  Ann.  de  Burton  (Rolls  Ser.),  i-  232. 

s  Ibid.  576. 

*  Fine  R.  6  Hen.  III.  m.  3. 

'  Chart.  R.  1 1  Hen.  III.  m.  4 ;  Cal.  Chart.  R.  56.  «  Fine  R.  15  Hen.  III.  m.  8. 

1  Matth.  Paris,  Hist.  Angl.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  328.    The  chronicler  describes  him  as '  vir  nobilis  et  potens. 

8  Cal.  Close  R.  1227-31,  474. 

9  Exch.  K.R.  Kts.  fees.  Bdle.  i,  No.  9,  m.  5  ;  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  4.04*. 

10  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  397^.  "  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  ixxix.  90. 

12  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  22*.  ls  Ibid.  3^,  76,  i  ib. 

33<> 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

CO.  LINCOLN 


Bloxholme     .     . 
Swineshead    . 


Sixhills     .     .     . 
Hainton 
Bracebridge  . 
Canwick .      .     . 


Tunstead 


Risby.     .     .     . 

Willisham     .     . 
(Little  Blakenham ] 
(Almesburn 1B     . 


|  knight 
I  knight 


J  knight 
i  knight     . 


1212  1242-3 

[Robert  Grelley]  i Thomas  Grelley8 

Robert  Grelley  s Thomas  Grelley,  Mar- 
garet his  mother  hold- 
ing in  dower  * 

m   L       o    11     T  R  f   Thomas  Grelley 8 

[Robert  Grelley] B <  J  7 


CO.  NORFOLK 

I  knight     .     [Robert  Grelley] 8    , 


I  knight 
i  knight 
i  knight) 
J  knight) 


CO.  SUFFOLK 

[Robert  Grelley]  »  . 
Robert  Grelley "      . 


Thomas  Grelley  ! 


Robert  le  Breton  u 
Thomas  Grelley13 


On  3  January,  1231,  the  king  received  the  homage  of  Thomas  Grelley, 
son  and  heir  of  Robert.18  In  June,  1242,  he  was  summoned  with  horses  and 
arms  to  accompany  the  king  in  the  campaign  for  the  recovery  of  Saintonge.17 
In  the  summer  and  autumn  of  the  following  year  he  was  in  Gascony  in  the 
king's  service,  and  had  acquittance  of  his  yearly  render  for  ward  of  Lancaster 
Castle.18  In  the  summer  of  1244,  in  obedience  to  the  royal  summons,  he  was 
in  Scotland  on  the  king's  service.19  In  1245  tne  king  presented  him  with  five 
bucks  and  fifteen  does,  taken  alive  in  the  park  of  Macclesfield,  for  the  restocking 
of  his  park,20  and  four  years  later  he  obtained  a  charter  of  free  warren  in  his 
demesne  lands  in  Manchester.21  In  the  spring  of  1258  he  was  summoned  to 
serve  in  the  Welsh  expedition,22  and,  taking  a  prominent  part  in  the  crisis  of 
that  year,  was  one  of  the  twelve  elected  by  the  barons  under  the  Provisions 
of  Oxford  to  treat  with  the  king's  council  on  behalf  of  the  commonalty 
touching  the  common  need,  and  also  one  of  the  twenty-four  elected  to  treat 
about  the  raising  of  an  aid.23  In  1259  he  was  appointed  warden  of  the  king's 
forests  south  of  the  Trent.2*  Two  years  later  we  find  his  name  amongst  those 
summoned  to  assemble  before  the  king  in  London  after  Easter,25  and  the  same 
year  he  was  summoned  to  serve  in  the  expedition  against  Llewelyn.28  In  1259 

3  Tata  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  319. 

4  Ibid.  312^,  there  '  Crek '  appears  for  '  Grelley.' 

6  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  411.  7  ibid.  324^. 

9  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  411.     For  '  Constude  '  read  '  Tonstude.' 
11  Tata  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  291^.  ™  Ibid.  295^. 

i*  Inq.  p.m.  25  Edw.  I.  51.  1B  Ibid. 


1  No  return  in  1212. 

s  Ibid.  346. 

6  No  return  in  1212. 

8  No  return  in  1212. 
10  No  return  in  1212. 
13  Ibid.  411. 
i"  Fine  R.  1 5  Hen.  III.  m.  7. 

17  Close  R.  26  Hen.  III.  pt.  i.  m.  3  d.     In   response   to  an  earlier  summons   in  May,   1 242,  he  gave 
100  marks  besides  his  ordinary  scutage  to  be  freed  from  foreign  service,  but  afterwards  accompanying  the  king 
had  acquittance  of  castleguard  (Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  608  ;  Roles  Gascons,  1013,  1556),  was  allowed  I oo  marks 
for  his  passage,  and  was  excused  debts  amounting  to  £70  mostly  due  to  Aaron  of  York  ;  Roles  Gascons,  i^6c, 
1460,  1556. 

18  Close  R.  No.  56,  m.  7.    He  had  proffered  100  marks  not  to  transfrete,  but  had  afterwards  accompanied 
the  king.     Ibid.  m.  2. 

19  Ibid.  No.  58,  m.  4  ;  Rot.  de  Summon.  28  Hen.  III.  m.  I. 

20  Close  R.  29  Hen.  III.  No.  59,  m.  I.  si  Cal.  Chart.  R.  i.  342. 
&  Close  R.  42  Hen.  III.  m.  1 1  d. 

23  Annales  Man.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  449,  450  ;  Stubbs,  Select  Charters,  ed.  1870,  381,  385. 
**  Pat.  R.  43  Hen.  III.  m.  2.  «  close  R.  42  Hen.  III.  m.  \(>d.  ««  Ibid.  m.  9<t. 

S3' 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  state  of  the  forests,1 
and  in  1261  was  twice  summoned  to  Parliament,  once  at  London  and  once  at 
St.  Albans,  on  2 1  September.8  His  death  occurred  about  five  months  later.8 
He  was  twice  married,  having  issue  by  his  first  wife,  whose  name  is  unknown, 
at  least  two  sons  who  lived  to  man's  estate.  He  took  for  his  second  wife 
Christiana  Ledet,  widow  of  Gerard  de  Furnival,  and  previously  of  Henry  de 
Braybroc,  and  in  her  right  possessed  a  life  estate  in  the  barony  of  Warden,  in 
co.  Northampton,*  and  possibly  also  in  the  manors  of  Sutton,  Potton,  and 
Cadebury.6  In  respect  of  the  former  he  had  respite  of  the  scutage  of  Gannoc 
in  1248."  In  1261  he  enfeoffed  his  younger  and  surviving  son,  Peter  Grelley, 
for  the  benefit  of  his  grandson,  of  the  manors  of  Manchester  and  Cuerdley 
together  with  the  advowsons  of  the  churches  of  Manchester  and  Childwall, 
and  chapels  of  Ashton  under  Lyne,  Hale,  and  Garston,  and  also  of  the  manor 
of  Barton,  which  he  had  purchased  from  his  knight,  Gilbert  de  Barton.7  The 
king,  however,  set  aside  this  feoffment  as  of  too  recent  date  before  Thomas 
Grelley's  death  to  debar  the  sovereign  of  his  right  of  wardship  of  the 
heir,  and  of  the  lands  which  Thomas  Grelley  had  held  in  chief '  by  barony.' 8 
Robert  Grelley,  eldest  son  of  Thomas,  predeceased  his  father  in  1261, 
leaving  issue,  Robert  his  son,'  whose  wardship  fell  to  the  king  on  the  death  of 
Thomas  Grelley.  Subsequently  the  wardship  passed  to  Edmund,  earl  of 
Lancaster,  who  distributed  the  inheritance  amongst  his  favourites  to  the  grave 
detriment  of  the  ward,  upon  whose  petition  an  inquiry  and  extent  of  the 
Grelley  possessions  south  of  the  Trent  was  made  in  1272.™  Robert  Grelley 
made  proof  of  being  of  full  age  in  1275,  and  had  livery  of  his  lands.11  In 
1 277  he  was  summoned  to  serve  in  the  Welsh  expedition,13  and,  having 
acknowledged  that  the  service  of  two  knights  was  due  from  his  barony,  him- 
self served,  and  John  Grelley,  William  Byron,  and  Peter  de  Wotton  with 
him.13  The  year  following,  upon  going  beyond  seas,  he  had  letters  of  pro- 
tection.1* In  Charles's  Roll  of  Arms  the  coat  of  Robert  '  de  Greleie  '  bears — 
Gules,  three  bends  or.18  He  married,  before  1278,  Hawise,  younger  daughter 
and  co-heir  of  John  de  Burgh,  junior,  by  which  union  the  manor  of  Wakerley, 
co.  Northampton,  parcel  of  the  barony  of  Lanvaley,  and  the  manor  of  Port- 
slade,  co.  Sussex,  passed  to  Grelley.18  Upon  the  death  of  Robert  Grelley, 
before  12  March,  1282,  his  widow  had  assignment  of  dower  in  various  places 

1  Annales  Mm.  (Rolls  Sen),  i.  478. 

8  Close  R.  45  Hen.  III.  m.  igd.  and  m.  6d.  His  arms  are  given  in  Nicolas's  Roll,  temp.  Hen.  III. — 
•  Thomas  Greiley,  de  goules,  a  trois  bendes  d'or  embelief.'  See  Glover's  Roll,  73. 

8  Writ  of  D.C.E.  tested  1 8  February,  1262. 

*  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  23,  34-5  ;  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  728,  736. 

6  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  243,  252.  Cal.  Inq.  p.m.  Hen.  III.  259.  Walter  Ledet,  son  and  heir  of 
Henry  de  Braybroc  and  Christiana  Ledet,  had  two  daughters,  who  were  heirs  of  this  barony  in  1272. 

8  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  32. 

1  Close  R.  No.  82,  m.  int. 

8  Inq.  p.m.  56  Hen.  III.  Nos.  6  and  60  ;  Cal.  Inj.  p.m.  Hen.  III.  No.  786  ;  Rec.  Sac.  Lane,  and  Ches. 
xlviii.  238.  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  372. 

»  Abbrev.  Plac.  (Rec.  Com.),  172*. 

10  Inq.  p.m.  56  Hen.  III.  Nos.  6  and  60  ;  Cal.  Inq.  p.m.  Hen.  III.  No.  786  ;  Rec.  Soc.  Lane,  and  Ches. 
xlviii.  238  ;  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  372. 

11  Cal.  Close  R.  1272-9,  166,  171,  173.     He  entered  pleas  in  the  king's  court,  in  Trinity  term,  the 
same  year,  against  those  who  had  been  keepers  of  his  lands  for  having  made  waste.     In  this  county  Peter 
Grelley,  his  uncle,  was  complained  against.     De  Bane.  R.  No.  10,  m.  "jjd. 

12  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1272-81,  221.  "  Mil.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  206.  "  Ibid.  255. 
16  Roll  ed.  by  G.  J.  Armytage,  bart.,  No.  53.     See  also  Planche's  Roll,  614. 

16  Cal.  Close  R.  1279-88,  107,  126,  128-9,  l8^- 

332 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

in  cos.  Lancaster,  Lincoln,  and  Cheshire.1  The  wardship  of  Thomas  Grelley, 
the  heir,  who  was  then  but  three  years  of  age,  was  given  to  Amadeo  of 
Savoy.3  In  1291  his  marriage  was  given  to  Joan,  wife  of  John  Wake,  for 
the  benefit  of  one  of  her  sisters,8  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  marriage 
resulted.  He  proved  his  age  in  1300,*  and  was  the  same  year  summoned  to 
serve  against  the  Scots,5  and  again  in  1301,  1303,  I3o6,6  and  yearly  from 
1308  to  13 1 1.7  He  was  summoned  to  Parliament  as  a  baron  no  less  than 
six  times  between  1308  and  13 n.8  The  year  after  attaining  his  majority  he 
granted  a  charter  of  liberties  to  his  burgesses  of  Manchester.9  In  1304  he 
sold  his  manor  of  Willisham,  co.  Suffolk,  to  William  de  la  More,10  and  in 
1308  that  of  Periton,  co.  Oxon.,  to  John  de  Guise,11  and  in  1309  he  alienated 
the  manor  or  lordship  of  Manchester  to  the  husband  of  his  sister  Joan,  John 
la  Warr,  knight.12  The  year  following  he  practically  completed  the  dispersal 
of  his  barony  by  the  sale  of  the  manor  of  Wakerley,  co.  Northampton,  to  the 
same  John  la  Warr.13  Nevertheless  he  retained  a  life  estate  in  some  of  these 
manors,  and  the  presumption  seems  to  be  that  he  alienated  them  because  he 
had  no  heir  of  his  body  and,  being  unmarried,  no  expectation  of  any.  On 
Whitsunday,  1306,  he  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Bath  with  Prince  Edward 
and  some  300  noble  youths,  preparatory  to  the  expedition  to  Scotland.14  In 
1 307  he  was  required  to  do  homage  to  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster.16  In  1310 
the  king  seized  the  manor  of  Wakerley,  on  the  grounds  that  it  had  been 
acquired  from  Thomas  Grelley  without  licence,  but  it  was  restored  to  John 
la  Warr  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  as  the  result  of  an  inquiry  made  at 
Wakerley  on  20  September,  at  which  time  Thomas  Grelley  was  holding  the 
manor  of  Manchester  in  this  county  and  the  manor  of  Swineshead,  co. 
Lincoln,  for  the  term  of  his  life.16  On  23  December,  1 3  1 3,  he  was  summoned 
to  attend  the  array  at  Berwick  on  Tweed  on  10  June,  I3I4,17  but  his  name 
was  included  amongst  the  summonses  in  error,  as  the  writs  to  take  his  lands 
into  the  king's  hand  after  his  decease  had  been  already  tested  at  Windsor  on 
1 8  October,  1 3 1 1 ,18 

Thomas  Grelley's  heir  was  his  sister  Joan,  the  wife  of  John  la  Warr,  son 
and  heir  of  Roger  la  Warr,  lord  of  Isfield,  co.  Sussex,  and  Wickwar,  co. 
Gloucester,  who  was  present  at  the  siege  of  Carlaverock,19  and  died  in  I32O.20 
John  la  Warr  was  made  a  Knight  of  the  Bath  in  1306  by  the  Prince  of  Wales, 
and  was  frequently  summoned  to  Parliament,  both  in  his  father's  lifetime  and 
after,  between  1307  and  1342.  He  took  part  in  the  Scotch,  Flemish,  and 

1  Cal.  Close  R.  1279-88,  155,  251,  &c.  She  was  living  in  1297,  being  then  summoned  to  perform 
military  service  beyond  the  seas.  Mi/.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  289,  294. 

8  CaL  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  24.  s  Ibid.  445. 

*  Cal.  Genea/.  ii.  314,  569.  He  was  born  at  Sixhills,  co.  Line,  on  the  eve  of  St.  Lawrence  7  Edw.  I. 
(9  August,  1279). 

6  Mil.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  333-4.  6  Ibid.  349,  377.  1  Ibid.  i.  and  \\.paisim. 

8  Ibid.   Cf.  Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  iv.  93.       His   arms  are  given  among   those  of  the   bannerets   of 
England—'  Sire  Thomas  de  Greley,  de  goules,  a  iii  bendes  de  or '  (Cott.  MS.  Calig.  A.  xviii.). 

9  Harland,  Mamecestre  (Chetham  Soc.),  Ivi.  212  ;  Tait,  Medieval  Manchester,  60-119. 

10  CaL  Pat.R.  1301-7,  267. 

11  Ibid.  1307-13,  68.     Acknowledgements  for  payment  of  £7,000  by  John  de  Guise,  and  of  £4,000  by 
John  la  Warr  were  made  on  14  May,  1308.     Cal.  Close  R.  1307-13,  65. 

13  Harland,  Mamecestre,  248.     Confirmed  by  fine  levied  20  January,  1310. 

13  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1307-13,  287.  u  Dugdale,  Baronage,  6o8<5.  16  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1301-7,  502. 

16  Inq.  a.q.d.  4  Edw.  II.  No.  82.  "  Close  R.  7  Edw.  II.  m.  14. 

18  Writ  of  D.C.E.  tested  1 8  Oct.  5  Year;  Fine  R.  Edw.  II.  MS.  in  P.R.O.  12.  Also  Orig.  R. 
5  Edw.  II.  No.  5.  i»  Nicolas,  Carlaverock,  155.  20  Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  iii.  45. 

333 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

French  wars;  was  at  the  sea  fight  off  Sluys  in  1340,  captain  of  twenty  men- 
at-arms  and  twenty  archers  at  the  siege  of  Nantes  in  1342,  and  was  at  Crecy 
in  1346.  He  died  in  1347,  his  will,  with  codicil  directing  his  burial  to  be 
in  Swineshead  Abbey,  was  proved  at  Lincoln,  in  June,  1347.*  By  inquest 
taken  at  Manchester  after  his  death  it  was  found  that  he  held  jointly  with 
Joan  his  wife,  who  survived  him,3  of  Henry,  earl  of  Lancaster,  by  knight's 
service,  the  manors  of  Manchester  and  Cuerdley  by  the  gift  and  feoffment  of 
Thomas  Grelley,  brother  of  the  said  Joan,  made  to  the  said  John  la  Warr  and 
Joan  Grelley  and  their  heirs.  Roger  la  Warr,  son  of  John,  son  of  the  said 
John  la  Warr,  was  his  heir,  then  aged  eighteen  years.8  In  1331  John  la 
Warr,  the  son,  was  paying  a  rent  of  £100  a  year  to  his  father  for  a  lease 
of  the  manors  of  Manchester,  Cuerdley,  Barton,  Heaton  Norris,  and  the 
chase  of  Horwich.4 

Roger  la  Warr,  eldest  son  and  heir  of  Sir  John  la  Warr  (by  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Robert  Holland),  who  died  during  his  father's  lifetime,  was 
knighted  in  1360,  and  summoned  to  Parliament  in  1362  and  I363-6 

Thomas,  fifth  Lord  la  Warr,  brother  and  heir  of  John,  fourth  Lord  la  Warr, 
was  a  priest,  and  rector  of  Manchester  from  1373  to  1426.  By  his  instru- 
mentality the  church  of  Manchester  was  made  collegiate  in  1421.  He  died 
unmarried  in  1426,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Reginald  West,  sixth  Lord  la 
Warr,  being  second  but  only  surviving  son  and  heir  of  Thomas,  Lord  West, 
by  Joan,  only  daughter  of  Roger,  third  Lord  la  Warr,  by  his  second  wife, 
Eleanor  Mowbray,  the  said  Joan  being  sister  of  the  half  blood  to  John  la  Warr 
and  Thomas  la  Warr,  fourth  and  fifth  lords.6  He  succeeded  his  elder  brother 
Thomas,  Lord  West,  in  the  family  estates  in  1415,  and  his  maternal  uncle  in 
the  manors  of  Manchester,  Wickwar,  and  other  entailed  estates  of  the  la  Warr 
family  in  1426,  being  summoned  to  Parliament  the  year  following  by  writ 
directed  to  Reginald  la  Warr,  chivaler,  as  Lord  la  Warr.7 

The  fifth  in  descent  from  Reginald,  sixth  Lord  la  Warr,  was  Thomas, 
second  Baron  la  Warr,  who  succeeded  to  his  father's  peerage  in  1575.  In 
1579  he  alienated  the  lordship  of  Manchester  to  John  Lacye,  citizen  and 
clothworker  of  London,  in  consideration  of  £3,000,  subject  to  the  right  of 
redemption,  which  was  not  exercised  within  the  stipulated  time.8  In  1596 
Lacye  sold  the  lordship  to  Nicholas  Mosley,  esquire,  citizen  and  alderman  of 
London,  and  to  Rowland  Mosley,  his  son  and  heir  apparent,  for  the  sum  of 
£3,500.*  The  eleventh  in  descent  from  Nicholas  Mosley,  viz.  Sir  Oswald 
Mosley,  bart.  of  Rolleston  Hall,  co.  Stafford,  sold  the  lordship  in  1845  to  the 
mayor  and  corporation  of  Manchester  for  the  sum  of  £2oo,ooo.10 

1  Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  iii.  45.  *  She  died  in  1353.     Inq.  p.m.  27  Edw.  III.  (l)  59. 

»  Inq.  p.m.  21  Edw.  III.  pt.  i,  No.  56. 

*  Campbell,  Chart,  ii.  20.  Dr.  Hibbert-Ware,  historian  of  the  Foundations  in  Manchester,  erroneously 
records  an  imaginary  alienation  of  the  manor  of  Manchester  by  John  la  Warr  to  the  abbey  of  Dore,  co. 
Hereford.  Following  him,  John  Harland,  in  his  historical  collections  relating  to  Manchester,  fell  into  the 
same  error  (Mamecestre,  ii.  268-71).  The  true  facts  are  these  :  As  the  result  of  an  inquest  ad  q uod  damnum, 
made  in  1327,  licence  was  given  to  John  la  Warr  to  alienate  to  the  abbey  of  Dore  one  acre  of  land  in 
Albrighton,  co.  Stafford,  together  with  the  advowson  of  the  church  there.  (Abbrev.  R.  Orig.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii. 
1 1).  The  Calendar  of  Inquests  ad  quod  damnum  (Rec.  Com.),  20  Edw.  II.  No.  42,  not  only  recites  the  locality 
of  the  intended  alienation  to  Abbey  Dore,  but  also  the  usual  particulars  of  estates  remaining  to  John  la  Warr 
after  making  this  gift,  amongst  which  was  the  manor  of  Manchester,  worth  ^200  a  year.  The  authors 
referred  to,  basing  their  remarks  upon  the  bare  details  given  in  the  calendar,  supposed  that  the  alienation 
comprised  all  the  places  named  in  the  calendar,  and  thus  fell  into  an  error  which  an  examination  of  the 
original  document  would  have  prevented.  6  Cokayne,  Comp,  Peerage,  iii.  46. 

«  Ibid.  1  Ibid.  8  Harland,  Mamecestre,  523.  »  Ibid.  10  Ibid.  530. 

334 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

THE   BARONY   OF   PENWORTHAM l 

The  date  of  the  creation  of  this  barony  has  not  been  ascertained,  but 
there  is  evidence  in  Domesday  of  the  existence  of  a  fee  held  in  1086  by 
a  certain  Warin  which  became  the  nucleus  of  this  barony.8  A  charter  of 
1 094  in  favour  of  the  abbey  of  Sees  appears  to  prove  that  Warin  Bussel  then 
held  Preston  in  Amounderness,8  and  a  grant  of  Henry  I.  made  in  1102  in 
favour  of  Robert  de  Lacy  tells  us  that  the  same  Warin  had  then  recently 
held  5  carucates  of  land  in  Chippingdale,  Aighton,  and  Button,  also  in 
Amounderness.4  In  another  charter  of  1094  the  brothers  Warin  and  Albert 
Bussel  are  associated  with  Pain  de  Vilers  and  Albert  Grelley  as  witnesses.5 

To  the  foundation  charter  of  Furness  Abbey,  bearing  the  date  1 1 27, 
Geoffrey  Bussel  was  a  witness  with  Robert  Grelley,  baron  of  Manchester.6 
Neither  grants  to  religious  houses  nor  feoffments  to  vassals  assist  in  fixing  the 
date  of  creation  of  this  barony,  if  we  except  a  document  which  records  an 
agreement  which  Warin  Bussel,  in  conjunction  with  his  wife  and  children, 
made  with  Robert  (sic),  abbot  of  Evesham,  for  the  confirmation  of  certain 
gifts  of  churches  and  lands  within  this  barony  which  Warin  had  previously 
made.7  The  date  of  this  instrument  cannot  be  earlier  than  1140,  and  may 
be  as  late  as  1147.  Where  so  little  evidence  is  forthcoming  for  fixing  the 
exact  date  of  the  creation  of  this  fee,  it  is  probably  safe  to  attribute  it  to  the 
reign  of  Stephen.8  Warin  Bussel  died  about  1 150,  leaving  issue  by  his  wife 
Maud  three  sons  and  six  daughters,  two  of  the  latter  being  then  unmarried.9 
Richard,  his  heir,  confirmed  to  Evesham  his  father's  gifts  of  the  church  of 
Penwortham,  the  vill  of  Farrington,  and  other  lands  and  tithes,  and  added 
thereto  the  gift  of  the  church  of  Leyland,  the  chapel  of  North  Meols,  and 
lands  in  Longton  and  Penwortham.10  His  brothers  Albert  and  Geoffrey 
were  assenting  parties  to,  and  his  sisters  Sibil  and  Maud  witnesses  of,  the 
grant  of  Leyland  Church.11  He  attested  several  charters  of  William  de 
Blois,  count  of  Boulogne,  and  of  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester,  between  1 1 49 

1  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  593  ;  Priory  of  Penwortham,  Chetham  Soc.  (Old  Ser.),  vol.  30,  p.  xviii.  The 
barony  of  Penwortham,  so  styled  in  the  Inquest  of  Service  taken  1212  (Testa  de  Nevill,  Rec.  Com.  403), 
comprised  the  following  townships  in  this  county  :  Heaton  in  Lonsdale,  in  the  hundred  of  Lonsdale  ;  Elswick, 
Claughton  (pronounced  Clyton),  Whittingham,  Newsham,  Elston,  Mythorp,  Frees,  Warton,  Freckleton,  and 
Newton,  in  Amounderness  hundred  ;  Penwortham,  Howick,  Hutton,  Longton,  Farington,  Leyland,  Euxton 
(pronounced  Exton),  Ulneswalton,  Bretherton  (exclusive  of  Thorp),  Ruffbrd,  Clayton-le-Woods,  Whittle-le- 
Woods,  Brindle,  Hoghton,  Withnell,  Wheelton,  Charnock:  Richard,  Welch  Whittle,  Heath  Charnock,  Duxbury, 
Adlington,  Anderton,  Standish  with  Langtree,  and  Shevington,  in  Leyland  hundred  ;  North  Meols,  Birkdale, 
and  Kirkdale,  in  West  Derby  hundred  ;  and  Ashton-under-Lyne,  in  Salford  hundred.  These  vills,  rated  at 
6yf  carucates  of  land  (Lanes.  Inquests,  Rec.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  vol.  48,  pp.  35-6),  were  held  by  the  service 
of  three  knight's  fees.  Thorp-Morieux,  in  Suffolk,  and  Nether  Broughton,  in  Leicestershire,  were  also  held  of 
this  barony  by  the  service  of  two  knights,  making  a  total  service  of  five  knights.  (Ibid.) 

8  In  West  Derby  hundred  Warin  held  J  hide  (Kirkdale),  in  Warrington  hundred  I  car.,  and  in  Salford 
hundred  2  car.  (Ashton-under-Lyne). 

8  Round,  Col.  of  Docs.  France,  237.  *  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  382. 

6  Reg.  of  Lanes.  Priory,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  xxvi.  10.  The  names  of  the  witnesses  are  extended  in 
Duchy  of  Lanes.  Great  Coucher,  \.  129.  Professor  Tail  points  out  that  '  G.  Boisel '  in  the  first  reference  stands 
for  'Guarinus  Boisel'  (Medieval Manchester,  19 i »),  as  in  the  Chartul.  of  Sees,  fol.  104. 

8  Coucher  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  ix.  123,  186. 

1  Priory  of  Penwortham,  Chetham  Soc.  (Old  Ser.),  xxx.  2. 

8  Unless  it  can  be  shown  that  the  five  fees  comprising  the  barony  were  of  ancient  feoffment  ;  cf.  Testa 
de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  410^.     No  infeudations,   either  within   the   county  or  without,  can  be  traced   to  an 
earlier  grantor  than  Richard  Bussel  (1153-1160).     Cf.  Lanes.  laa.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  28-9. 

9  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  403. 

10  Priory  of  Penwortham,  Chetham  Soc.  (Old  Ser.),  xxx.  3.  u  Ibid.  40. 

335 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

and  1 159.*  To  Richard  Fitton  he  gave  8  carucates  of  land  in  the  fee  of 
Penwortham  ;*  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Werburgh  of  Chester  the  vill  of  Ruffbrd;* 
to  Hervey,  father  of  Ranulf  de  Glanvill,  one  knight's  fee  in  Thorp  Morieux, 
co.  Suffolk  ;*  and  to  the  predecessor  of  Henry  Falconer  one  knight's  fee  in 
Nether  Broughton,  co.  Leicester.6  At  the  foundation  of  Croxton  Abbey, 
before  1 1 60,  he  gave  one  carucate  of  land  in  Nether  Broughton.8  In  the 
same  place  he  also  gave  to  the  priory  of  Lenton  the  church  and  12  bovates 
of  land,7  and  died  before  1 164,  leaving  no  issue  by  his  wife  Margaret.  Albert, 
his  brother,  seems  to  have  paid  half  his  relief  upon  five  knights'  fees  before 
Michaelmas,  1 164,  when  the  honour  of  Lancaster  was  resigned  to  the  crown 
by  the  representatives  of  William  de  Blois.8  Albert  Bussel,  with  his  wife 
Leticia,  confirmed  his  father's  and  brother's  gifts  to  Evesham,  Albert  adding 
some  further  gifts  thereto.9  He  died  in  or  before  1 193,  when  his  son  Hugh 
made  fine  with  John,  count  of  Mortain,  by  40  marks  for  his  relief.10  Between 
1 189  and  1 194  he  was  engaged  in  litigation  with  his  uncle,  Geoffrey  Bussel, 
touching  this  honour,  to  which  he  established  his  title  in  the  court  of  John, 
count  of  Mortain.11  In  1199  Hugh  Bussel  obtained  the  king's  confirmation 
of  the  Lancashire  portion  of  this  honour  which  he  had  so  recovered,12  but 
the  year  following,  Robert,  son  of  Geoffrey  Bussel,  gave  100  marks  for  an 
inquest  touching  this  plea,  averring  that  his  father  had  been  wrongfully  and 
without  judgment  disseised  whilst  '  in  the  essoins  of  Langvoie.' 1S  For  illegal 
procedure  in  this  plea  and  concealment  of  the  truth  on  the  part  of  Hugh,  the 
barony  was  taken  into  the  king's  hand  and  committed  to  the  custody  of 
Benedict  Gernet.14  In  1202  Hugh  gave  400  marks  of  an  amercement  for  his 
default  and  for  restitution  of  the  barony ; "  but,  failing  to  meet  the  due  terms 
for  payment,  he  and  his  kinsman  Robert  were  constrained  to  alienate  the 
barony  in  1205  to  Roger  de  Lacy,  constable  of  Chester,  in  return  for 
acquittance  against  the  king  of  the  sum  of  390  marks  still  remaining  unpaid.16 
From  that  time  so  much  of  the  barony  as  lay  within  this  county  was 
annexed  to  the  possessions  of  the  constables  of  Chester  and  earls  of 
Lincoln,  and  passing  with  the  possessions  of  Henry  de  Lacy  to  the  earls 
of  Lancaster,  was  ultimately  merged  in  the  duchy  of  Lancaster.  Hugh 
Bussel  married  Antigonia,17  but  died  without  surviving  issue  soon  after 
1 2 10.  His  kinsman  Robert,  who  had  brothers,  Thomas  and  Henry,  living 
in  1214,  and  William,  then  deceased,18  was  styled  lord  of  Leyland,  and  with 
Geoffrey  his  son  made  many  grants  to  Evesham  Abbey.19  From  the  sons  of 
Geoffrey  Bussel  descended  various  branches  of  this  ancient  family,  whose 
representatives  possibly  continue  to  this  day  in  the  families  of  Leyland  and 
Farington,  and  possibly  amongst  those  bearing  the  name  of  '  Bushell.' 

i  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  pats.  8  Ibid.  374.  8  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  32. 

*  Abbrev.  Plae.  (Rec.  Com.),  6jb.     Elsewhere  it  is  stated  that  Thorp  was  given  by  Richard  Bussel  to 
Geva,  sister  of  Ranulf  de  Glanvill,  in  dower  ;  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  403. 

«  Testa  de  Nevitl  (Rec.  Com.),  408.  •  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  877.  1  Ibid.  v.  1 1 3. 

8  From  the  death  of  the  earl  in  1159  to  Michaelmas,  1164,  the  honour  seems  to  have  been  administered 
by  Reginald  de  Warren,  Geoffrey  de  Valoignes  being  his  sheriff.     In  1 170  Albert  owed  18^  marks,  apparently 
a  moiety  of  37^  marks,  the  relief  upon  five  fees.     Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  £.15. 

9  Priory  of  Penwortham,  Chetham  Soc.  5.  10  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  78. 

11  Rot.  de  Oblat.  (Rec.  Com.),  49.  ™  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  27*. 

13  Rot.  de  Oblat.  (Rec.  Com.),  49.  u  Farrer, Lanes.  Pipe R.i-jo.  « Rot.  de  Oblat.  (Rec.  Com,),  1 8 8. 

16  Duchy  of  Lane.  Gt.  Coucher,  i.  73  ;  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  6ob. 

"  Priory  of  Pentvortbam,  Chetham  Soc.  7.  «  Rot.  de  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  535. 

i»  Kuerden's  folio  MS.  Chetham  Lib.  pass. 

336 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

BUTLER,  BARON  OF  WARRINGTON 

No  evidence  of  the  existence  of  the  barony  of  Warrington  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Domesday  Survey,  either  in  the  region  between  Ribble  and  Mersey,  or 
in  cos.  Lincoln,  Notts.,  and  Derby,  where  part  of  this  barony  afterwards  lay. 
It  was  probably  created  by  Stephen  of  Blois  after  1 1  iS.1  The  Lindsey  Survey 
shows  that  three  of  the  manors  afterwards  belonging  to  this  barony,  viz. 
Croxton,  Ingham,  and  Fillingham,  were  respectively  held  at  that  date 
(1115—8)  by  Hugh  de  Croxton,  Reynold  Purcell,  and  Godfrey,  whilst 
Ranulf  Bilion  held  Fillingham  immediately  of  Stephen  of  Mortain.8  In  fact 
the  Pain  de  Vilers  whose  name  occurs  in  the  Lindsey  Survey  as  tenant  of 
i  carucate  5  oxgangs  of  land  in  Upton,  in  Well  wapentake,  under  Stephen,  was 
probably  of  an  earlier  generation  than  the  first  recorded  baron  of  Warrington.3 
This  is  the  more  probable  because  Upton  did  not  afterwards  belong  to  the 
honour  of  Lancaster,  nor  did  it  descend  to  the  heirs  of  Pain  de  Vilers,  but 
seems  to  have  fallen  into  the  honour  of  Brittany,  of  which  it  was  held  by  the 
family  of  Trehamton.4  The  Pain  de  Vilers  of  the  Lindsey  Survey  may  no 
doubt  be  identified  as  the  '  Paganus  de  Vilers '  who  in  1088  attested  a  charter 
of  Robert,  duke  of  Normandy,  to  the  abbey  of  Mont  St.  Michel,6  and  six 
years  later  attested  the  grant  of  the  church  of  Lancaster  and  other  churches, 
lands,  and  tithes  in  this  county  by  Roger  of  Poitou  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Martin 
of  Sees.8  At  a  later  date  we  find  Robert  de  Vilers  attesting  a  Lancashire 
charter  of  Stephen,  count  of  Boulogne  and  Mortain,  about  the  year  H2^-7 
Whilst  it  is  probable  that  Pain  held  some  fee  of  Roger  of  Poitou  between 
1088  and  1 1 02,  which  his  descendants  may  have  held  of  the  honour  of  Lan- 
caster, we  should  not  be  justified  in  ascribing  the  creation  of  the  barony  of 
Warrington,  and  the  infeudation  of  Pain  de  Vilers  in  the  same,  to  an  earlier 
date  than  1118  to  1123.  That  Pain  was  the  first  to  be  infeoffed  we  know 
upon  the  authority  of  the  great  inquest  of  service  made  in  1 2 1 2.8  Only  one 
act  of  ascertained  date  in  connexion  with  this  barony  can  be  attributed  to 
Pain  I.  By  a  charter  of  confirmation  in  favour  of  Salop  Abbey,  expedited 
at  Bridgenorth  in  1 155,  the  king  confirmed  the  grant  from  Pain  de  Vilers  of 
the  tithes  of  Laton  and  Warbreck.9  The  same  inquest  records  many  other 
grants  and  infeudations  made  by  Pain.  To  the  Knights  Hospitallers  he  gave 
the  vill  of  Becconsall,  in  Leyland  hundred,  being  i  carucate  of  land  ; 10  to 
Alan  de  Vilers,  his  son,  5  carucates  of  land  (probably  Cropwell  Butler, 
co.  Notts),  and  Treyford,  co.  Sussex  ;u  to  William,  another  son,  the  vill  of 
Newbold,  including  part  of  Kinalton,  and  the  moiety  of  Owthorpe,  co.  Notts.  ;12 
to  Thomas,  another  son,  the  other  moiety  of  Owthorpe,  Calverton,  co.  Notts., 

1  The  only  fees  in  the  pre-conquest  hundreds  of  West  Derby  and  Warrington  which  may  possibly  have 
formed  the  nucleus  of  the  later  barony  of  Warrington  were  those  of  l£  hide  in  West  Derby  hundred,  and  of 
li  carucate  in  Warrington  hundred  which  Theobald  held  in  1086,  and    I  hide  and  $  carucate  in  the  latter 
hundred  which  Adelard  held.      The  survey  gives  no  indication  that  any  of  the  manors  in  the  cos.  of  Lincoln, 
Notts.,  and  Derby,  which  were  afterwards  included  in  the  barony  of  Warrington  '  without  the  Lyme,'  were  in 
the  possession  of  the  Vilers  family  at  that  date. 

2  The  Lindsey  Survey,  edit.  Greenstreet,  5  and  17.  3  Ibid.  9. 

*  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  345  ;  Gale,  Repst.  Honor.  Richmond,  App.  29. 
'  Round,  Cal.  of  Docs.  France,  257. 

8  Chartul.  of  Sees.  No.  cclxv.  ;  Chetham  Sac.  (New  Ser.),  xxvi.  10.  1  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  427. 

8  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  402  ;  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  6. 

•  Reg.  of  Salop  Abbey,  No.  36  ;  see  also  Hen.  III.'s  confirmation,  Man.  Angl.  iii.  523. 

1°  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  402  ;  Lanes,  and  Ches.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  6.  u  Ibid,  13  Ibid. 

I  337  43 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

and  in  this  county  Hoole,  in  Leyland  hundred  ;  to  Roger  de  Stainsby,  Ince 
Blundell  (3  carucates)  and  half  of  Barton  near  Halsall  (4  oxgangs)  ;  to 
Robert  de  Molyneux  the  third  part  of  Thornton  near  Sefton  (i  carucate)  ; 
to  Elwin,  the  third  part  of  Thornton  (i  carucate)  ;  to  William  Gernet,  the 
vill  ofLydiate  (6  oxgangs)  ;  to  Vivian  Gernet,  in  marriage  with  his  daughter 
Emma,  the  vills  of  Windle  and  Halsall  (each  i  carucate)  ;  to  Gerard  de  Sankey, 
the  carpenter,  Little  Sankey  (i  carucate)  ;  to  Adam  the  Violer,  i  carucate, 
which  was  probably  the  vill  of  Penketh.1  About  the  year  1 156  he  was  one 
of  the  witnesses  to  William  de  Roumare's  confirmation  charter  to  Reading 
Abbey,8  and  probably  died  soon  after.  Matthew  de  Vilers,  son  and  heir  of 
Pain,  with  his  brothers  William,  Alan,  and  Thomas,  gave  to  the  priory  of 
Thurgarton  the  church  of  Warrington,  in  this  county,  and  the  church  of 
Tythby,  with  the  chapel  of  Crophill,  co.  Notts.,  all  his  land  of  Lound,  with 
the  service  of  Ralph  de  Sankey — evidently  a  native  of  Warrington  parish — 
and  i  carucate  of  land  in  Crophill.3  Matthew  does  not  appear  to  have  long 
survived  his  father.  Shortly  before  his  death — which  probably  occurred 
about  the  year  1 1 60 — he  took  the  religious  habit  in  the  priory  of  Thur- 
garton, and  with  the  consent  of  his  heirs,  Robert  fitz  Helgod  and  his  wife 
Beatrice,  Matthew's  daughter,  confirmed  to  the  canons  of  that  house  in  free 
alms  the  carucate  of  land  in  Crophill  which  he  had  assigned  to  them  out  of 
his  demesne  there.*  Beatrice,  his  daughter  and  heir,  had  no  issue  by 
Robert  fitz  Helgod,6  who  died  before  1159,  in  or  before  which  year  she  had 
married  Richard  '  Pincerna,' '  generally  supposed  to  have  been  a  younger 
brother,  but  more  probably  a  cousin,  of  Robert,  the  earl  of  Chester's  butler. 

The  first  upon  record  of  this  family,  to  which  belonged  the  heredi- 
tary office  of  butler  to  the  earls  of  Chester,  seems  to  have  been  Richard  the 
butler,  who  held  in  Cheshire,  at  the  date  of  the  Domesday  Survey,  Pontone, 
now  Poulton  by  Pulford,  and  Caluintone  (unidentified).7  He  was  one  of 
the  witnesses  to  William  de  Malbanc's  grant  to  St.  Werburgh,  upon  the 
foundation  of  that  abbey  by  Earl  Hugh  of  Chester.8  Before  1 1 20  he  gave 
to  the  same  abbey  the  church  of  St.  Olave,  in  Chester.'  Robert  the  butler, 
living  in  the  time  of  Stephen  and  Henry  II.,  was  either  his  son  or  grandson, 
probably  the  latter.  Before  1 153  he  founded  the  abbey  of  Pulton,  afterwards 
removed  to  Deulacres,  to  which  he  gave  half  the  mill  of  Pulton,  his  wife 
Ivetta  and  son  Robert  being  witnesses.10  He  appears  to  have  held  Ingleby, 
co.  Derby,  under  the  earl  of  Chester,  a  manor  which  afterwards  descended  to 
his  eldest  son,  Robert  '  Pincerna'  of  Ingleby.11  Before  1 155  he  had  a  grant 
from  the  crown  of  10  solidates  of  rent  in  Budiford,  co.  Warwick,  which 
Robert  his  son  still  held  in  H77.ia  In  that  year,  as  Robert  the  butler,  he 

1  Testa  tie  Nev'tll  (Rec.  Com.),  402  ;  Lanes,  and  Cbes.  Rec.  Sac.  xlviii.  6.  z  Arch.  Journ.  xii. 

3  Mon.  Angl.  vi.  190-2  ;   Beamont,  Annals  of  Harrington  (Chetham  Soc.),  Ixxxvi.  18-19. 

*  Reg.  of  Thurgarton  at  Southwell  ;  Annals  ofWamngton,  1 8. 

6  He  was  perhaps  a  scion  of  the  house  of  Helgot,  barons  of  Castle  Holgate,  co.  Salop.  See  Eyton,  Antiq. 
of  Shropshire,  iv.  56. 

6  The  date  of  Robert  fitz  Helgod's  death  and  his  widow's  marriage  to  Richard  Butler  is  approximately 
fixed  by  an  entry  in  the  Pipe  Roll  of  23  Henry  II.  1 177,  Notts,  and  Derby,  to  which  reference  will  be  made. 

">  Dom.  Bk.  i.  265.  8  Mm.  Angl.  ii.  386.  »  Ibid.  387. 

10  Ibid.  v.  628  ;  Ormerod,  Hist,  of  Cbes.  edit.  Helsby,  ii.  862. 

11  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  ii.  864-6  ;  Beamont,  Annals  rf  Warrington,  31. 

i»  Pipe  R.  2  Hen.  11.  (Rec.  Com.),  45 ;  ibid.  23  Hen.  II.  (Pipe  R.  Soc.),  26.  Ralph  son  of  Robert  Pincerna 
held  10  solidates  of  rent  in  Budiford  in  I  Ric.  I.,  ibid.  (Rec.  Com.),  I  Ric.  I.  117  ;  and  in  3  John,  ibid. 
3  John,  I. 

338 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

proffered  10  marks  for  a  recognition  of  his  land  of  Cossington,  co.  Leicester,1 
an  estate  which  his  heirs  held  of  the  earls  of  Chester.  Robert  de  Ingleby, 
the  son,  dying  without  issue  between  1175  and  1189,  was  succeeded  by  his 
sister  Edelina,  wife  of  Walter  de  Somervill,  by  whose  marriage  the  greater 
part  of  her  brother's  inheritance  passed  to  that  family.* 

The  only  document  which  in  anywise  connects  Richard  the  butler,  of 
Warrington,  with  the  above  family  is  a  deed  addressed  to  Walter,  bishop  of 
Lichfield  (1149-1159),  by  which  Richard  Pincerna  grants  to  God,  St.  Mary, 
and  St.  Giles  of  Calk,  8  virgates  of  his  demesne  land  in  Durandesthorp 
(Donasthorpe,  co.  Derby),  to  which  Beatrice,  his  wife,  Ranulf  the  clerk,  and 
Hugh,  his  brothers,  and  several  Derbyshire  men  were  witnesses.8  Donas- 
thorpe was  a  member  of  the  earl  of  Chester's  fee  in  Derbyshire,*  and,  like 
Ingleby,  had  probably  been  added  to  the  earl's  fief  in  that  county  after  the  for- 
feitures of  i  io2.6  The  attestation  of  the  grantor's  wife,  Beatrice,  and  the  fact 
that  Calk  Priory  was  found  in  possession  of  burgage  property  in  Warrington 
at  a  later  date,  seem  to  confirm  the  opinion  that  the  grantor  was  Richard, 
the  first  of  the  family  of  Butler  who  were  barons  of  Warrington.  As  Richard 
the  butler,  he  attested  many  charters  of  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester,  in  the  last 
decade  of  Stephen's  reign.8  In  1165  he  had  acquittance  of  the  sheriff's 
demand  for  8  marks  of  a  scutage  in  connexion  with  the  Welsh  campaign  of 
that  year,  having  performed  military  service  with  the  king  in  person.7  The 
only  recorded  feoffment  which  he  made  in  his  Warrington  fee  was  to  Waldeve 
de  Walton,  master  serjeant  of  the  wapentake  of  West  Derby,  of  lands  in 
Eggergarth,  in  Lydiate.8  His  death  occurred  in  or  before  1176.'  William, 
his  son,  was  in  ward  of  Ralph  fitz  Bernard,  sheriff  of  Lancaster,  during  his 
minority,10  and  probably  attained  his  majority  between  1185  and  1 190.  He 
was  in  arms  against  the  king  with  his  chief  lord,  John  of  Mortain,  in  1 193—4, 
but  made  his  peace  with  Richard  in  1194  by  payment  of  a  small  fine  of 
30  marks.11  He  confirmed  to  the  priory  of  Thurgarton  the  church  of  War- 
rington, the  church  of  Titheby  with  the  chapel  of  Cropwell,  and  the  carucate 
of  land  in  Cropwell  which  Matthew  de  Vilers,  his  grandfather,  gave  to  that 
house.18  His  first  wife,  whose  name  was  Dionisia,  was  probably  the  mother 
of  his  issue.  She  died  before  1215,  in  which  year  William  the  butler 
obtained  a  letter  from  the  king  in  support  of  his  suit  for  the  hand  of  Aline, 
the  relict  of  William  de  Furness,  who  died  in  1 2O4-13  He  married  this  lady 
shortly  after.  About  the  year  1205  he  attested  a  charter  of  Ranulf,  earl  of 
Chester,  as  the  latter's  butler.11 

1  In  1237  Roger  de  Somervill  held  half  a  fee  in  Cosinton,  viz.  one  half  of  the  earl  of  Ferrers,  the  other 
of  the  seneschal  of  Mohaut  (Montalt).  Testa  de  Ntvitt  (Rec.  Com.),  92. 

»  See  Mm.  Angl.  ii.  362;  Inq.  p.m.  18  Edw.  I.  No.  113;  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  ed.  Helsby,  ii.  864-6; 
Testa  de  Nevill,  cos.  Derby,  Staff,  and  Leicester,  pass. 

8  From  the  original  formerly  in  the  possession  of  the  Rev.  W.  Massie  of  Chester.  Beamont,  Annals  of 
Warrington,  34. 

*  Durandestorp  was  part  of  Nigel  de  Stafford's  fief  in  Domesday  (Dom.  Bk.  i.  278).  Engelebi  was 
divided  between  Nigel  de  Stafford,  Ralph  fitz  Hubert,  the  king,  and  the  king's  thegns  (ibid,  passim). 

6  Beamont,  Annals  o/ Warrington,  35. 

8  Ibid.  3  3  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  passim.  The  earliest  appears  to  be  a  charter  dated  at  Lincoln  on 
the  eve  of  the  feast  of  SS.  Simon  and  Jude  (27  October),  probably  in  the  year  1145.  Dep.  Keeper's 
l^th  Rep.  App.  i.  7,  No.  65. 

7  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  6. 

8  Inq.  0/1212,  Rec.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  xlviii.  10.  »  Pipe  R.  23  Hen.  II.  Notts. 
10  Int.  0/1212,  Rec.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  xlviii.  6.  "  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  77. 
18  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  191.                   "  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  180,  252.  "  Cat.  Pat.  R.  1317-21,  26. 

339 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  details  of  his  knights'  fees  and  the  names  of  his  tenants  by  knight's 
service  are  as  follows  : 


BETWEEN  RIBBLE  AND  MERSEY— 2  FEES 


Tyldesley  (i  car.)1  .  . 
Culcheth  (4  car.)2  .  . 
Rixton  and  Glazebrook 
(2  car.)8  .  .  .  . 
Atherton  (i  car.)*.  .  . 
Little  Sankey  (i  car.)6  . 

Penketh  (i  car.)8  .  .  . 

Lydiate  (6  oxg.)     •  •  •] 

Eggergarth  (2  oxg.)  .  J 

Thornton  (i  car.)  .  .  . 

Thornton  (i  car.)  . 

Ince  Blundell  (3  car.) .  .1 
Barton  (4  oxg.)  .  .  .  J 
Hoole  (2  car.)  .... 
Halsall  (i  car.)  .... 

Windle  (i  car.)  .  .  . 
Becconsall  (i  car.) .  .  . 


Laton  with  Warbrcck 
Bispham  with  Norbreck 


Cropwell  Butler  (6  car  ?) 
Kinelton       .... 

Calverton  (i  car.)  .     . 

Owthorpe    .... 
Newbold  .     .     . 


1212  1242-3 

Hugh,  son  of  Henry  de  Tyldesley  Henry  de  Tyldesley 

Hugh,  son  of  Gilbert  de  Culcheth  Gilbert  de  Culcheth 

Alan  de  Rixton  .  .  Alan  de  Rixton 


A  fee 
«* 


Henry,  son  of  William  de  Atherton 
Robert,  son  of  Thomas      .     .     . 

Robert,  son  of  Robert  de  Sankey 

f  Benedict,  son  of  Simon  de  Halsall  ^ 

\  Henry,  son  of  Gilbert  de  Walton  8 

Robert,  son  of  Richard  de  Moly- 

neux9 

Gilbert,  son  of  Eawin  de  Thorn- 
ton™ 


William  de  Atherton 

Robert  de  Samles- 
bury 

Roger  de  Sankey 
(William  de  Lydiate 
1  William  de  Walton 

Adam  de  Molyneux 

Robert,  son  of  Robert 
de  Thornton 


Jfee 

ifee 

A  fee 

A  fee 
In  alms  . 


William  Blundell Richard  Blundell 

Robert  de  Vilers Robert  de  Vilers 

Alan,  son  of  Simon  de  \ 

Halsall  of  Robert)    ~,          .     ,  ^ 

AI  c  AI       j      r  j    \r-\       \  The  earl  of  Ferrers 

Alan,  son  of  Alan  de       de  Vilers  ) 

Windhull  ) 

Hospitallers  of  Jerusalem    .     .     .     Same  as  1212 


IN  AMOUNDERNESS— i  FEE 


i  fee 


In  demesne f  The   heir   of  Emery 

(       the  Butler 


IN  NOTTINGHAMSHIRE11 
Walter  de  Stanton     .     . 


/•Walter  de  Stanton 
J  Alina,  relict  of  Emery 
I     the  Butler 


Treyford  « 


Croxton  . 
Fillingham   .     . 
Ingham  . 
Cold  Hanworth 
Ellsham  .     .     . 
Bultham .     .     . 
Fillingham    . 
Ingham  . 


i  ,  (Robert  de  Vilers      .... 

e  '  I  William  de  Vilers    .... 

£  fee  .  William,  son  of  Pain  de  Vilers 

i  fee  .  William,  son  of  Pain  de  Vilers 

IN  CO.  SUSSEX 


John  de  Vilers 

John  de  Vilers 
John  de  Vilers 


Robert  de  Vilers Robert  de  Vilers 


IN  CO.  LINCOLN1* 

("Robert,  son  of  Richard 
I  fee  .  I  Robert,  son  of  Richard 

(.Robert,  son  of  Richard 

/Robert  Breton  .  .  . 
£  fee  .  |  Robert  Breton  .  .  . 

(Robert  Breton  .  .  . 
I  fee  .  Henry,  son  of  Ralph  . 
i  fee  .  William,  son  of  Winnoc 


Richard,son  of  Robert 

de  Croxton  £  fee 
John  de  L'Isle  £  fee 

Robert  le  Breton,  i 
fee 

Henry  and  Simon  de 
Fillingham 


1  Cocktrsand  Chart.  (Chetham  Soc.),  714  ;  Testa  de  Nevilt  (Rec.  Com.),  402. 

*  Laves.  Inf.  Rec.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  xlviii.  9.  *  Ibid.  9. 

*  Ibid.  *  Ibid.  10.  «  Ibid.  10. 
1  CoekenanJ  Chart.  (Chetham  Soc.),  632  ».;  Lanes.  Inq.,  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  xlviii.  8. 

8  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  xlviii.  10.  »  Ibid.  7.  10  Ibid.  8. 

11  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  3,  7,  n,  22  ;  Lanes.  Inq.,  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  xlviii.  5-11. 
i'  This  manor  was  not  a  member  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  but  of  that  of  Arundel. 
18  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  304,  315,  326,  408  ;  Lanes.  Inq.,  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  xlviii.  10-11. 

340 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

William  the  butler  died  before  20  November,  1233,  when  Emery  his 
son  had  livery  of  six  knights'  fees  which  he  held  in  chief,  the  two  fees 
between  Ribble  and  Mersey  being  then  held  of  the  earl  of  Ferrers.1  Emery 
died  before  4  September,  1235,  when  the  earl  gave  the  king  £100  for 
wardship  of  the  heir.3  His  wife  Alina  had  her  dower  in  Cropwell.8  She 
was  probably  the  daughter  and  heir  of  Stephen  de  Upton,  lord  of  Upton, 
co.  Warwick,  who  was  returned  in  1236  as  holding  one  knight's  fee  in 
Upton,4  which  fee  the  heir  of  Emery  le  Botiler  held  in  1242.'  William,  his 
son  and  successor,'  attained  his  majority  about  the  year  I245.T  In  1249  he 
held  Exhall  and  Foleshill  of  Roger  de  Montalt  of  Hawarden,  co.  Flint,  as 
of  his  manor  of  Coventry,8  and  in  1268,  after  the  death  of  William  Mauduit, 
earl  of  Warwick,  was  returned  as  holding  of  him  one  knight's  fee,  probably 
in  Upton.9  On  20  October,  1255,  he  had  a  grant  of  a  yearly  fair  at 
Warrington  to  be  held  on  the  vigil,  the  feast,  and  the  morrow  of  the  Trans- 
lation of  St.  Thomas  the  Martyr.10  The  grant  of  a  weekly  market  on 
Wednesday  at  the  manor  of  Laton,  in  Amounderness,  was  made  on 
26  October,  1257,  in  error  to  'Robert'  the  Butler.11  On  5  February, 
1259,  upon  his  appointment  as  sheriff,  the  county  and  castle  of  Lancaster 
were  delivered  to  William  the  butler  as  custos,13  and  so  continued  in  his  charge 
until  Michaelmas  following.  In  1260  he  was  summoned  to  attend  a  council 
in  London  with  other  magnates  of  the  kingdom.13  About  the  year  1 260  William 
the  butler  acquired  Burtonwood  from  Robert  de  Ferrers,  earl  of  Derby,  with 
vert  and  venison  in  his  woods  and  lands  in  Sankey,  Penketh,  and  Dallam  for 
a  yearly  quit-rent  of  one  penny.14  The  earl  also  resigned  his  mesne  lordship 
over  the  manors  of  Halsall  and  Windle,  which  had  been  created  by  Pain  de 
Vilers  I.,  and  had  been  acquired  by  the  earl's  grandfather  apparently  from 
Warin  de  Vilers,  lord  of  Hoole,  a  supposed  younger  brother  of  Robert  de 
Vilers,  living  in  1 2 1 2.1B  He  also  enfeoffed  William  the  butler  in  the  mesne 
lordship  of  Bold,  quit  of  suit  to  the  wapentake  court  of  West  Derby,  and 
from  the  yearly  thegnage  rent  of  los.  due  for  this  manor.1'  As  a  vassal  of 
the  earl  of  Derby  he  took  part  in  the  barons'  rebellion  of  1264,  but  after  the 
battle  of  Evesham  made  his  peace  with  Henry,  in  September,  1265,  and 
recovered  his  lands,"  only,  however,  to  be  again  dispossessed  the  year 
following.  On  25  October,  1266,  his  lands  in  cos.  Notts,  Warwick, 
Leicester,  and  Lancaster  were  given  to  David,  son  of  Griffin,  for  200 
librates  of  land,18  but  seem  to  have  been  restored  to  him  a  few  days  later 

1  Rot.  Fin.  1 8  Hen.  III.  m.  1 1  ;  Close  R.  17  Hen.  III.  m.  4. 
»  Fine  R.  19  Hen.  III.  m.  4.  s  Testa  de  NeviU  (Rec.  Com.),  398. 

*  Ibid.  83,  89.  *  Ibid.  99^  ;  cf.  Close  R.  29  Hen.  III.  m.  2. 

'  In  a  deed  granting  to  the  priory  of  Lancaster  the  site  of  a  grange  in  Laton  he  is  described  as  '  Willelmus 
filius  Almarici  le  Botyler'  (Reg.  of  Lane.  Priory,  438). 

7  When  he  contributed  £8   for  eight  fees   to   the  aid  to  marry  the   king's   eldest   daughter  (Pipe   R. 
30  Hen.  III.  Lane.  m.  I2</.).     See  also  a  fine  at  Lancaster  in  1246  ;  Rec.  Sue.  Lane,  and  Ches.  mix.  100, 
104,  109. 

8  Sir  Peter  Leycester's  MSS.  Liber  C.  26  ;  quoted  in  Annals  of  Warrington,  65. 

»  CaL  Inq.  p.m.  Hen.  III.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  2 1 3.  »  Cal.  of  Chart.  R.  i.  45 1. 

"  Ibid.  476.  1*  Rot.  Orig.  43  Hen.  III.  m.  2  ;  Pat.  R.  43  Hen.  III.  m.  13. 

13  Rep.  on  the  Dignity  of  a  Peer,  App.  i,  20. 

14  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  73.       The  consideration  for  the  purchase  of  Burtonwood  seems  to 
have  been  900  marks,  of  which  only  105  marks  had  been  paid  on  12  February,  1270.    Ibid.  p.  87. 

16  Ibid.   (See  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  vol.  xlviii.  8,  147.)  "  Ibid. 

W  Close  R.  49  Henry  III.  m.  2  ;  Dugdale,  Baronage,  653. 
18  Miscel.  R.  Chanc.  Bundle  16,  m.  2,  m.  2  d. 

341 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

under  the  'Dictum  de  Kenilworth.' l  Between  1266  and  1271,  during  the 
shrievalty  of  John  de  Cantsfield,  William  the  butler  and  Richard  his  brother 
attested  an  important  agreement  made  between  the  abbots  of  Shrewsbury  and 
Deulacres,  touching  the  vills  of  Norbreck  and  Little  Bispham.8  In  Hilary 
term,  1276,  the  burgesses  of  Warrington  complained  in  the  King's  Bench 
that  William  the  butler  was  distraining  them  to  render  toll,  tallage,  and  aids 
and  to  perform  other  customs  and  services  than  those  which  they  and  their 
ancestors  had  hitherto  done,  and  to  sell  fish  taken  in  their  free  fisheries  in 
Mersey  at  a  less  price  than  they  sold  to  others,  contrary  to  the  terms  of  the 
charter  of  liberties  granted  to  them  and  their  ancestors  by  William  the 
butler,  his  grandfather,  and  they  sought  redress.8  The  complaint  was 
renewed  before  the  justices  at  Lancaster  in  1292,  when  William  the  butler 
confirmed  the  charter  of  liberties  mentioned  below.4  On  7  November,  1 277, 
he  obtained  a  charter  for  a  weekly  market  at  Warrington  on  Friday,  and  for 
a  fair  yearly  for  eight  days,  on  the  vigil,  the  feast,  the  morrow  of  St.  Andrew 
the  Apostle,  and  five  following  days.5  In  1277  he  took  part  in  the 
campaign  against  the  Welsh8  and  again  in  1282,  when  he  was  a  com- 
missioner for  the  levying  of  1,000  Lancashire  men  to  serve  in  the  Welsh 
war.7  In  1285  he  obtained  a  charter  transferring  the  weekly  market  at 
Warrington  from  Friday  to  Wednesday  and  the  annual  fair  from  29  November 
— 6  December  to  the  vigil  and  feast  of  the  Translation  of  St.  Thomas  the 
Martyr,  and  five  following  days  (6—13  July).  He  likewise  obtained  a  charter 
of  free  warren  in  his  demesne  lands  of  Sankey,  Penketh,  Warrington,  and 
Laton,  in  this  county,  in  Cropwell-Butler,  co.  Notts,  and  in  Eccleshall, 
Foleshill,  and  Summercotes,  co.  Warwick  ; 8  pontage  for  four  years  upon 
goods  passing  over  Warrington  bridge,9  and  again  for  five  years  in  1305  and 
1310  for  Warrington  and  Sankey  bridges.10  In  1287  he  was  again  in  Wales,11 
and  in  June  that  year  was  summoned  with  other  magnates  to  attend  the 
council  at  Gloucester, ia  while  in  1291  he  was  summoned  to  Norham  with 
other  knights  of  the  northern  counties  to  attend  the  king  with  horse  and 
arms  against  the  Scots.13  In  1292  he  established  his  title  to  market,  fair,  and 
gallows  at  Warrington,  and  to  wreck  of  the  sea  in  Laton,14  and  on  22  July  in 
the  same  year  granted  a  charter  of  liberties  to  his  men  of  Warrington.16  In 
1294  he  was  summoned  to  attend  the  king  at  Portsmouth,  about  to  set  forth 
to  prosecute  the  campaign  against  the  French  in  Gascony,18  and  was  further 
summoned  to  Parliament  as  a  baron  by  writs  of  8  June,  1294,"  23  June, 
1295,  26  August,  1295,"  26  January,  1297,  and  6  February,  I299.19  He 
was  summoned  in  October,  1297,  to  ^e  w^^  horse  and  arms  at  Newcastle- 
upon-Tyne  on  the  day  of  St.  Nicholas  following  to  take  part  in  the  war  in 

Stubbs,  Constit.  Hist.  edit.  1880,  ii.  105.  »  Reg.  of  Salop  Abbey, penes  W.  Farrer,  No.  270. 

De  Bane.  R.  No.  13,  m.  75  d.     The  charter  there  referred  to  has  not  been  preserved. 

Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  102.  6  Chart.  R.  13  Edw.  I.  pt.  z,  No.  97. 

Cal.  Pat.  R.  1272-81,  220.  1  Palgrave,  Mil.  Writs,  222,  228. 

Plac.  de  quo  war.  (Rec.  Com.),  386.  9  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  229. 

Ibid.  1301-7,  334  ;    1307-13,236.  u  Ibid.  272. 

Rep.  on  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  App.  1,52.  ls  Ibid.  54. 

Plac.  de  quo  war.  (Rec.  Com.),  386.    There  was  a  wreck  at  Laton  in  1296;  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1292-1301,  216. 

Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  102-113. 

Par/.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  260  ;  Rep.  on  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  App.  i.  57.  17  Annals  of  Warrington,  1 16. 

Cokayne,    Comp.   Peerage,   i.    382  n.     The   writs    of   1294   and    1297   are  not  considered   as   regular 
monses  to  Parliament.     See  also  Rep.  on  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  i.  78. 
l9  Par!.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  79. 

342 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Scotland.1  In  the  year  1300  he  granted  charters  to  his  chief  tenants  of  the 
fee  of  Warrington,  releasing  them,  their  heirs  and  tenants,  from  finding 
thenceforth  more  than  one  beadle  to  do  service  at  the  three  weeks'  court  of 
Warrington,  acquitting  them  from  any  claim  in  respect  of  waste  land  brought 
under  cultivation  and  enclosed,  saving  always  puture  of  one  beadle  from  their 
oxgangland,  and  from  bode  and  witness,  stallage,  and  forstal.8  In  1301  he 
was  summoned  to  Berwick  to  serve  in  the  war  against  the  Scots.8  He  died 
before  the  middle  of  the  year  1304.*  Henry  his  son,  who  was  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  shire  returned  to  the  Parliament  of  1297,"  predeceased  his 
father  before  August  1299,  leaving  by  his  wife  Isabel,  said,  but  on  insufficient 
grounds,  to  have  been  a  daughter  of  the  first  Richard  the  butler  of  Marton,6 
a  son  William,  who  succeeded  to  the  barony  on  his  grandfather's  decease.7 
In  1299,  as  William  the  butler,  son  of  the  late  Henry  the  butler,  kt.,  he 
granted  lands  in  Foleshill,  co.  Warwick,  to  William  le  Warner  of  Exhall.8  In 
Trinity  term,  1304,  John  son  of  John  de  Vilers  was  suing  William  son  of 
Henry  le  Boteler  to  perform  the  service  due  to  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster, 
for  some  unspecified  lands  in  co.  Lancaster.9  In  1313  he  participated  in  the 
pardon  granted  to  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster,  for  complicity  in  the  murder  of 
Peter  de  Gaveston.10  He  is  frequently  described  as  '  of  Bewsey,'  in  the 
charters  and  leases  of  his  time.11  In  the  years  1314,  1316-7,  and  1321-3,  he 
served  in  person  against  the  Scots  in  response  to  various  summonses.12  His 
arms — azure,  a  bend  between  6  covered  cups  or — are  preserved  in  a  MS.  of 
the  time  of  Edward  II.18  William,  his  son,  sealed  with  these  arms  in  the 
2  Edward  III.  (i328).u  On  12  November,  1321,  he  was  inhibited  from 
attending  the  meeting  of  the  '  Good  Peers,'  illegally  convened  by  Thomas  of 
Lancaster,  and  the  year  following  appears  to  have  attended  upon  the  king 
with  some  forces  in  the  brief  campaign  against  the  earl.15  In  1 320  the  manors 
of  Laton,  Great  Marton^and  Great  Sankey  were  settled  upon  him  and  his  wife 
Sibyl  and  the  heirs  of  their  bodies.1"  In  1323  he  was  appointed  one  of  the 
chief  keepers  of  the  peace  in  the  county,17  and  the  following  year  was  sum- 

1  Rep.  on  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  \.  89,  104. 

3  dnnals  of  Warrington,  121  ;  Lanes.  MSS.  Chetham  Lib. 

8  Par/.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  355  ;  Rep.  on  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  App.  i.  138. 

*  In  Easter  term,  1305,  there  is  reference  to  a  claim  for  relief  made  by  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster,  after 
the  death  of  William  the  butler  for  a  tenement  in  Kinalton,  co.  Notts.;  Abbrev.  Plac.   (Rec.  Com.),   254. 
There  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  William  le  Boteler  was  in  possession  of  the  barony  from  1245  to  1303,  a 
period  of  fifty-eight  years.     Not  only  is  there  the  evidence,  given  in  the  plea  of  'quo  waranto'  in  1292,  that 
he  had  obtained  royal  charters  in    1257,   1277,  and    1285,  but  in  a  plea  in  the  King's  Bench   in    1313 
respecting  a  tenement  in  Warrington  which   his  grandson  William  was  called  by  the  defendant  to  warrant, 
the  said  tenement  was  described  as  having  been  given  by  William   son  of  Emery  le  Boteler  to  the  plaintiff's 
father,  one  William  the  clerk.    De  Bane.  R.  No.  201,  m.  68. 

5  Par!.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  58. 

6  On  8  January,  1 304,  by  deed  dated  at  Summerby,  co.   Lincoln,  Walter  de  Hepaym  released  a  debt  of 
£29  to  Isabel,  formerly  the  wife  of  Henry  le  Boteler,  in  which  sum  she  was  bound  to  him  on  8  September, 
1303.     She  had  lands  in  Lincolnshire  worth  £17  a  year.    De  Bane.  R.  No.  149,  m.  1 8  d. 

1  He  is  described  as  '  William  son  of  Henry  le  Boteler '  in  a  deed  of  I  Edw.  II.    Annals  of  Warrington, 
135  ;  and  in  a  plea  against  Robert  son  of  Roger  de  Sonky,  at  Martinmas,  1306.  Assize  R.  No.  420,  m.  1 1. 
8  Anct.  D.,  A.  3273. 
»  De  Bane.  R.  No.  152,  m.  178.  ™  Cat.  Pat.  R.  1313-17,  24. 

1  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  133-160. 

2  Mil.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  428-631,  passim  ;  Rep.  on  the  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  App.  i.  256-339  passim. 

3  Harl.  MSS.  No.  337,  f.  29^,  No.  3.     See  Tie  Genealogist  (New  Ser.),  iii.  120.     The  arms  of  <  Sire 
Will  am  le  Botiler  de  Wemme '  [tic  for  Werinton]  were  '  de  azure,  a  une  bende  e  vj  coupes  de  or.'     Nicolas, 
Roll  /Arms,  temp.  Edw.  II.  82  ;  Roll,  temp.  Edw.  III.,  i6th  cent,  copy  few  W.  Farrer. 

*  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  plate  facing  p.  149.  "  Par/,  (frits  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  (2),  545^,  549^. 
6  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xlvi.  40.                                           17  Par/.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  (2),  App.  238. 

343 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

moned  as  holding  lands  of  £1$  yearly  value  to  the  Great  Council  of  West- 
minster.1 About  this  time  Richard  son  of  Henry  de  Trafford,  kt.,  was 
living  with  him  '  de  son  conseil  et  a  ses  robes '  as  one  of  the  servants  of  his 
house.3  In  1328  he  settled  his  manor  of  Crop  well-Butler  upon  his  son 
Matthew,  in  tail,  with  remainder  to  his  other  son  William.8  As  the  latter 
re-settled  two-thirds  of  the  manor  in  1332  upon  himself  and  Elizabeth  his 
wife  and  the  heirs  of  their  bodies,  it  would  appear  that  Matthew  died  during 
his  father's  lifetime.4  William  the  butler  the  father,  married  Sibyl,  whose 
family  and  parentage  are  unknown,  and  died  in  1329.*  In  1332  two- 
thirds  of  the  manor  of  Warrington  and  other  lands  were  settled  upon  his 
son  and  heir  William,  and  Elizabeth  his  wife,  and  their  issue.6  This  lady 
appears  to  have  been  sister  and  co-heir  of  Richard  son  of  Nicholas  de 
Havering,  who  died  in  1335,  in  whose  right  her  husband  acquired  half  the 
manor  of  Chalk  well,  co.  Essex,  which  Thomas  Butler,  kt.,  alienated  in  I498.7 
In  1335  he  was  summoned  to  be  at  Newcastle-upon-Tyne  with  horse  and 
arms  to  attend  the  king  in  the  campaign  against  the  Scots,  this  being  the  last 
occasion  in  which  he  was  summoned  in  the  same  form  as  the  barons  of  the 
realm.8  In  1336^5  'William  le  Boteler,  son  and  heir  of  William  le  Boteler 
of  Weryngton,'  he  confirmed  the  gift  of  an  annuity  of  40^.  yearly  to  Cocker- 
sand  Abbey  made  by  his  great-grandfather,  William  the  butler,  kt.,  in  con- 
sideration of  the  remission  of  a  mark  yearly  of  the  annuity  during  the  lifetime 
of  his  mother  Sibyl.'  In  1337,  together  with  Thomas  de  Lathum,  he  was 
ordered  to  raise  a  force  of  1,500  men-at-arms  in  the  county,  and  to  lead  them 
into  Scotland.10  On  16  July,  1338,  he  and  John  the  butler,  being  about  to 
set  out  on  the  king's  service  in  France,  had  letters  of  protection  from  pleas 
whilst  absent  from  the  kingdom.11  From  this  time  he  is  described  as  'chivaler.'13 
In  1 340,  shortly  after  the  marriage  of  his  eldest  son,  Richard,  to  Joan,  daughter 
of  Thomas  de  Dutton  of  Dutton,  kt.,  he  settled  his  Lancashire  estates  and  his 
manor  of  Exhall,  co.  Warwick,  upon  himself  and  Elizabeth  his  wife  for  their 
lives,  remainder  to  Richard  his  son  and  Joan  his  wife,  and  the  heirs  of  their 
bodies,  with  remainder  to  his  younger  son  John  and  the  heirs  of  his  body.13 
In  1341  he  was  in  the  king's  service  either  at  Berwick-upon  Tweed,  in  the 
marches,  or  elsewhere  in  Scotland.14  The  following  year  '  Sir  John  Boteler 
of  Warrington,'  whilst  taking  part  in  the  war  of  succession  in  Brittany  on  the 
side  of  the  comte  de  Montfort,  was  wounded  in  the  assault  of  the  castle  of 

i  Par/.  Writs  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  (2),  638.  *  Anct.  Deeds,  C.  3295. 

»  Annals  of  Warrington,  159.  *  Notts.  Feet  of  F.  6  Edw.  III. 

'  Cf.  Cal.  Close  R.  1330-3,  146  ;  Assize  R.  No.  1404,  m.  18.  In  Trinity  term,  1329,  Sibyl,  late  the 
wife  of  William  le  Boteler,  of  Warrington,  was  suing  Adam  de  Southworth  in  a  plea  of  dower.  De  Bane.  R. 
•  No.  278,  m.  ii</.  A  wooden  effigy  of  a  cross-legged  knight,  habited  in  mail  from  head  to  foot  with  a  heater- 
shape  shield  on  his  left  arm,  and  both  hands  upon  his  sword's  hilt,  which  was  formerly  in  the  Friary  church 
at  Warrington,  possibly  represented  the  above  William  the  butler.  Harl.  MSS.  No.  139,  f.  22. 

•  Lanes.  Fines  (Rec.  Soc.),  xlvi.  82-6. 

7  Inq.  p.m.  9  Edw.  III.,  No.  20  ;   10  Edw.  III.  (2nd  Nos.),  No.  25  ;  and  20  Edw.  III.    Morant,  Hist, 
of  Essex,  ed.  1768,  i.  296.     Elizabeth,  wife  of  William  le  Boteler,  kt.,  seals  with  a  coat  having  a  bend  between 
6  covered  cups    (Boteler)  impaling  a  lion   rampant   double  queued  (Havering).     See  Nicolas,   Roll  of  Arms, 
Edw.  III.  (W.  Pickering,  1829),  9. 

8  Rep.  on  Dig.  of  a  Peer,  App.  i.  443. 

»  Cockenand  Chartul.  Chetham  Soc.  161.  10  R.  Scot.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  48  6£. 

11  Cal.  Close  R.  1337-9,  S23-  John  Butler  was  slain  in  this  campaign.  Chron.  de  Lanercost  (Rolls  Ser.), 
s.  d.  1340. 

i»  Assize  R.  No.  1425,  m.  6J.  ls  Lanes.  Fives  (Rec.  Soc.),  xlvi.  195. 

»  Rot.  Scot.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  606,  61 1-2,  627. 

344 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Roche  Perion  and  taken  a  prisoner  to  the  stronghold  of  Favuet.  The  story 
of  his  rescue  from  the  camp  of  Charles  of  Blois  before  Hennebon,  where 
he  and  another  English  knight  were  detained  captives,  is  recorded  by 
Froissart.1  There  is  some  doubt  as  to  the  identity  of  this  John  the  butler, 
but  it  seems  probable  that  he  was  a  kinsman  of  the  lord  of  Warrington, 
and  of  the  family  of  Butler  of  cos.  Warwick  and  Stafford.3  William  the 
butler  was  probably  in  the  French  war  before  Calais  and  at  Crecy  in  1346, 
his  name  appearing  in  a  list  of  those  to  whom  wages  of  war  were  due.8 
At  a  muster  of  Lancashire  men-at-arms  and  archers  made  in  1359,  William 
the  butler,  chivaler,  had  Robert  de  Sankey  and  Richard  de  Rixton  assigned  to 
his  aid,  because  a  great  part  of  his  lands  and  tenements  were  not  in  his  hands.* 
He  died  on  17  March,  1380,  John  Butler,  kt.,  being  his  son  and  heir,  aged 
52  years.6  Sir  John  Butler,  chivaler,  had  held  the  office  of  sheriff  of  the  county 
for  three  years  from  Christmas,  I37i.6  In  1366  he  was  elected  one  of 
the  knights  of  the  shire  to  the  Parliament  which  sat  on  4  May  in  that 
year,7  and  again  in  1372."  In  1369  and  1370  he  was  in  the  retinue  of  John, 
duke  of  Lancaster,  in  the  expedition  to  Gascony.9  In  the  beginning  of 
1374,  being  then  described  as  'chivaler,'  he  was  appointed  seneschal  of 
West  Derbyshire  and  Salfordshire,10  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  constable  of 
Liverpool  Castle  and  warden  of  the  parks  of  Toxteth,  Croxteth  and  Simons- 
wood,  and  of  the  forest  and  chase  of  West  Derbyshire  for  life.11  In  July, 
1372,  he  was  summoned  to  attend  the  duke  with  other  knights  of  the  county, 
each  accompanied  by  twenty  good  archers,  to  join  the  king  in  the  contem- 
plated expedition  to  Aquitaine,12  and  from  13  September,  1372,  to  9  August, 
I373>  was  *n  the  retinue  of  Robert  de  Assheton,  kt.  banneret,  in  the  king's 
service  in  Ireland.13  About  the  year  1364,  Butler  married  Alice,  daughter  of 
William  de  Plumpton,  kt.,  and  relict  of  Richard  Sherburn,  kt.u  In  1376 
he  was  returned  to  the  Parliament  summoned  to  meet  at  Westminster  on 
12  February,16  again  in  1377  to  the  Parliaments  summoned  for  27  January 
and  13  October,16  which  latter  sat  for  sixty-six  days,  and  again  to  the  Parlia- 
ments of  1378  and  1380."  In  1386  he  was  one  of  the  king's  commissioners 
in  the  Scrope  and  Grosvenor  trial,  being  styled  '  Baro  de  Weryngton,'18  and 
the  same  year  with  other  Lancashire  knights  led  ten  men-at-arms  and  thirty 
archers  of  his  own  retinue  into  Ireland  on  the  king's  service.19  In  1388  he 

1  Chron.  (ed.  Berners,  1812),  i.  109.  *  Staff.  Collections  (New  Ser.),  vi.  (2),  40,  52. 

8  Ibid,  xviii.  (2),  214.  *  Misc.  R.  Chanc.  bdle.  20,  No.  23,  m.  2. 

6  Chetham  Soc.  (Old  Ser.),  xcv.  7  ;  Dep.  Keeper's  ^th  Rep.  App.  No.  3,  535.  Writ  of  D.C.E.  tested 
18  April  ;  Dep.  Keeper's  ^znd  Rep.  App.  No.  4,  353.  Sir  John  Butler  had  livery  6  August,  1380.  Ibid. 

6  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Bks.,  No.  xiii.  48^,  55^,  214. 

7  Parl.  Rei.\.  177.     He  and  his  colleague  each  received  4*.  a  day.  8  Ibid.  1 88. 

9  Dugdale,  Baronage,  653.     French  R.,  43  Edw.  III.  Staff.  Coll.  viii.  112. 

10  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Bks.,  No.  xiii.  64! 

11  Ibid.  651$.     In  1378  the  duke  of  Lancaster  directed  the  Chancellor  to  send  the  great  seal  of  the  duchy 
into  the  castle  of  Liverpool  to  remain  in  the  custody  of  Mons.  John  Butiller,  constable  of  the  same,  during  the 
chancellor's  absence  from  the  duchy.     Palat.  of  Lane.  Chan.  Misc.  bdle.  i.  file  9.  m.  4. 

i»  Duchy  of  Lane.  Misc.  Bks.  xiii.  154^.  Letter  dated  18  July.  On  22  November  the  receiver  was 
ordered  to  pay  him  £56  8/.  8</.  due  for  his  wages  in  that  expedition.  Ibid.  f.  1606. 

18  Exch.  K.R.  Accts.  bdle.  32,  No.  25,  m.  2.  Assheton  had  in  his  retinue  six  knights,  forty-nine  men- 
at-arms,  and  ninety-four  horse  archers. 

u  Whitaker,  Hist.  ofWhalley,  1 10  ;  Plumpton  Papers,  Camden  Soc.  xxviii. 

is  Parl.  Ret.  i.  193.  i»  Ibid.  196,  198. 

17  Ibid.  200,  204,  206  ;  Dep.  Keeper's  1,2nd  Rep.  App.  4,  352-3. 

18  Nicolas,  Scrope  and  Grosvenor  Roll,  i.  245. 
i»  Cal.  Pat.R.  1385-9,  163. 

I  345  44 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

was  again  returned  as  one  of  the  knights  of  the  shire.1  In  1389  he  took  part 
in  the  expedition  to  Barbary,8  in  which  he  appears  to  have  been  taken 
prisoner,  but  was  subsequently  ransomed.3  In  1395  he  and  his  son  William, 
with  Gilbert  de  Haydock,  of  Bradley  and  Haydock,  and  others  were  defend- 
ants in  a  plea  at  Lancaster  in  which  William  Daas,  parson  of  Winwick, 
successfully  resisted  an  attempt  to  set  up  a  right  of  way  through  his  close 
called  '  Wyndmylnflat,'  near  Warrington.4  In  1397-8  he  was  again  returned 
as  one  of  the  knights  of  the  shire.6  He  died  early  in  the  year  1400.  The 
inquest  after  his  death  has  not  been  preserved,  but  writs  for  livery  of  his  estates 
to  William  Butler,  kt.,  his  son  and  heir,  and  for  the  assignment  of  dower  to  his 
widow  Alice  are  dated  on  2 1  March  in  that  year.6  William  Butler  was  made 
a  Knight  of  the  Bath  at  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV.  in  1399^  He  married, 
in  the  spring  of  1403,  Elizabeth,  eldest  daughter  of  Robert  Standish,  of 
Standish,  kt.,  relict  of  John,  son  of  Hugh  de  Wrottesley,  kt.8  In  1406  he 
was  summoned  to  Parliament  as  one  of  the  knights  of  the  shire.9  In  1415 
he  undertook  to  attend  the  king  to  Guienne  for  a  year  with  nine  men-at-arms 
and  thirty  archers,10  but  in  the  siege  of  Harfleur  was  attacked  by  the  pestilence, 
which  proved  fatal  to  so  many  of  the  English  in  that  siege,  and  died  on 

26  September,  leaving  John  Butler  his  son  and  heir,  then  aged  twelve  years.11 
His  widow,  having  re-married  without  the  king's  licence,  found  security  for 
payment  of  her  fine,  and  had  assignment  of  her  dower  on  30  January,  I4i6.12 
John  Butler,  who  was  born  at  Bewsey  on  26  February,  1402—3,  proved  his  age 
on  8  March,  1424,"  and  had  livery  of  his  father's  lands  a  week  later.1*     His 
father  had  married  him  in  1411  to  Isabel,  daughter  of  William  Harrington, 
of  Hornby,  kt.,  and  had  settled  upon  them  and  their  issue  his  lands  in  the 
cos.  of  Wilts,  Beds,  and  Essex.16     In  1426  he  was  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
shire  summoned  to  Parliament,18  and  was  probably  knighted  the  same  year  by 
the  king  at  Leicester.17     He  died  in  his  twenty-eighth  year  on  12  September, 
1430,  leaving  his  wife  Isabel,  him  surviving,  a  son  and  heir,  John  Butler, 
aged  one  year,  and  three  daughters.18     John  Butler,  the  son,  was  born  on  the 
feast  of  St.  Bartholomew  (24  August),  I429.1'     In    1437  Isabel,  widow  of 

1  Parl.  Ret.  i.  232.  »  Holinshed,  Chnn.  (ed.  Hooker,  1587),  iii.  473. 

3  Palat.  of  Chcs.  Rec.  13-4  Ric.  II.  Dcp.  Keeper's  Rep. 

*  Palat.  of  Lane.  Chanc.  Misc.  bdl.  i.  fol.  i.  m.  7.  6  Parl.  Ret.  i.  256. 

6  Dep.  Keepers  33^  Rep.  App.  i.  i.  7  Baines,  Hist,  of  Lane.  1st  ed.  ii.  532. 

8  Staff.  Hist.  Calls.  (New  Ser.),  vi.  (2)  191-2.     She  married  in    1416  as  her  third  husband,  William  de 
Ferrers,  kt.,  baron  of  Groby. 

9  Parl.  Ret.  i.  269. 

10  Rymer,  FoeJera,  ix.  223  ;  Beamont,  jfnnals  of  Warrington,  232-3.     The  indenture  was  dated  29  April, 
3  Hen.  V.     The  wages  of  himself  and  his  retinue  commenced  on  8  July  and  ended  on  6  October  following, 
when  many  of  his  retinue  returned  to  England  sick.     Exch.  K.R.  Army  Accts.  bdle.  46,  No.  35,  m.  7.     On 

27  June  at  Winwick  he  gave  an  acquittance  to  the  sheriff  for  £113    lt,s.  for   payment  made  to  fifty  archers 
retained  in  the  king's  service  for  a  year  to  come,  which  he  sealed  with  a  hexagonal  signet  in  red  wax,  having 
a  covered  cup,  between  the  initials  7KH.  $3.     Exch.  K.R.  Army  Accts.  bdle.  46,  No.  35,  m.  7. 

11  Chetham  Sec.  xcv.  114.  13  Dep.  Keeper's  ^yd  Rep.  App.  No.  I,  13  bis. 
"  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,104,  f.  317*.    John  Shrewsbury,  abbot  of  Norton,  and  Katherine  Bruche,  were  his 

godparents. 

14  Dep.  Keeper's  3 yd  Rep.  App.  No.  i,  25.     Inquest  taken  at  Lane,  on  Wednesday  in  the  first  week  of 
Lent,  2    Hen.  VI.     Palat.  of  Lane.  Chanc.  Misc.  bdle.  i,  file  I,  20. 

16  Beamont,  dnnals  of  Warrington,  230  ;  Chanc.  Inq.  p.m.  9  Hen.  VI.  No.  1 1. 

i«  Parl.  Ret.  i.  3 1 1.  17  Metcalfe,  Book  ofKti.  i. 

18  The  inquests  taken  after  his  death  show  that  he  held  by  the  gift  of  his  father  half  the  manor  of  East 
Grafton,  co.  Wilts  ;  half  the  manor  of  Chalkwell  ;  half  a  messuage  called  Hoghtons,  and  lands  in  Little  Bard- 
field,  co.  Essex.     Chanc.  Inq.  p.  m.  9  Hen.  VI.  No.  1 1. 

19  Palat.  of  Lane.  Inq.  p.  m.  Nos.  27-8.     Writ  of  D.C.E.  4  Nov.     Dep.  Keeper's  33^  Rep.  App.  i.  31. 

346 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

John  Butler,  was  peaceably  living  with  her  children  at  Bewsey,  when  in  the 
early  morning  of  22  July  her  house  was  broken  into  by  William  Poole,  of 
Wirrall,  gent.,  younger  brother  of  John  Poole,  of  Poole  Hall,  kt.,  who 
violated  her  and  carried  her  away  naked — save  for  her  kirtle  and  smock — to 
Birkenhead,  whence  on  the  following  day  he  took  her  to  Bidston  church  and 
by  menaces  compelled  her  to  marry  him.  Subsequently  he  led  her  into  the 
wild  and  desolate  parts  of  Wales,  and  at  length  brought  her  back  to  Birken- 
head, where  she  was  found  by  Sir  Thomas  Stanley,  of  Hooton.  She  subse- 
quently petitioned  Parliament  for  redress,  but  her  ravisher  does  not  appear  to 
have  ever  surrendered  himself  to  justice.1  She  died  in  1441,  when  an  inquest 
was  taken  after  her  death.8  Elizabeth  Ferrers,  relict  of  William  Ferrers,  of 
Groby,  died  the  same  year,  when  the  lands  which  she  had  held  in  dower  in 
Warrington  and  Great  Sankey  were  delivered  to  William  Mascy,  of  Rixton, 
esq.,  during  her  grandson's  minority.8  John  Butler  received  knighthood 
before  20  July,  1447,  when  he  obtained  a  grant  of  view  of  frankpledge  in 
Warrington,  Burtonwood,  and  Great  Sankey.*  On  16  January  following  he 
had  livery  of  all  his  lands  within  the  palatinate.6  In  1449  he  was  summoned 
to  Parliament  as  one  of  the  knights  of  the  shire,'  and  in  1452  had  a  grant  of  an 
annuity  of  £20  for  life.7  In  1444  he  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Peter 
Gerard,  of  Kingsley  and  Bryn,  esq.,8  by  whom  he  had  issue  two  sons  and  four 
daughters.  His  wife  died  in  or  before  1452,'  in  which  year  Sir  John  Butler 
married  his  eldest  son,  John,  to  Anne,  daughter  of  John  Savile,  of  Howley,  kt., 
but  his  son  died  before  the  consummation  of  the  marriage.10  About  the  year 
1454  Sir  John  married  Isabel,  daughter  of  Thomas,  lord  Dacre  of  Gillesland, 
but  in  1458  the  union  was  dissolved  on  the  grounds  of  a  former  marriage 
contracted  in  1453  with  Thomas,  late  lord  Clifford.11  Subsequently,  in  1460, 
he  married  Margaret,  daughter  of  Thomas,  first  lord  Stanley,  and  relict  of 
William  Troutbeck  of  Dunham-on-the-Hill,  kt.19  He  died  on  26  February, 
1 463,"  leaving  issue  William,  his  eldest  surviving  son,  then  aged  13  years  and 
married  to  Joan,  daughter  of  William  Troutbeck,  kt.u  This  William  Butler 
was  knighted  on  the  field  of  Grafton  in  1471  by  Edward  IV.,16  but  died  the 
same  year  without  issue,  having  but  recently  succeeded  to  his  inheritance. 
By  the  inquest  taken  after  his  death  it  was  found  that  Thomas,  his  brother 

1  Rolls  of  Part.  (Rec.  Com.),  iv.  497-8. 

»  Chetham  Soc.  xcix.  48-50.  She  held  at  her  death  the  manor  of  Exhall,  co.  Warwick,  of  the  king,  as 
of  his  manor  of  Cheylsmore,  the  reversion  being  to  John,  son  of  John  Boteler  of  Bewsey,  and  his  heirs.  Inq. 
p.  m.  20  Hen.  VI.  No.  29.  Her  father,  William  Harrington,  kt.,  died  on  22  February,  1440,  holding  as 
trustee  two-thirds  of  the  Butler  estates  in  Bewsey,  Warrington,  Penketh  and  Great  Sankey,  as  appears  by  the 
inquest  taken  after  his  death.  Towneley  MSS.  vol.  D.D.  1510,  penes  W.  Farrer. 

«  Palat.  of  Lane.  Chanc.  Misc.  bdle.  I,  file  I,  No.  12.  The  lands  which  she  held  in  dower  are  let 
forth  in  the  inquest  after  her  death.  Towneley  MSS.  vol.  D.D.  1476,  penes  W.  Farrer. 

*  Dep.  Keeper's  ±oth  Rep.  App.  4,  539.  *  Ibid.  •  Part.  Ret.  i.  34.2. 

1  Palat.  of  Lane.  Chanc.  Misc.  bdle.  l,  file  I,  Nos.  13-4. 

8  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  ii.  263.  »  Ibid.  270.  ">  Ibid.  270-1; 

11  Lichfield  Epis.  Reg.  Bothe. 

12  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  284,  288.        In  January,  1463,  the  custody  of  William,  son  and  heir 
of  William   Troutbeck,  kt.    was   committed    to   John    Butler,  kt.    and    Margaret   his  wife.      Cal.  Pat.  R. 
1461-7,  209. 

13  The  late  Mr.  Beamont,  in  Annals  of  Warrington,  303-23,  disproves  the  ancient  tradition  of  the  murder 
of  Sir  John  Butler  in  his  bed  at  Bewsey  by  '  Lord  Stanley,  Sir  Piers  Leigh  and  Mr.  William  Savage.'  The  different 
accounts  of  the  tragedy  are  interesting  and  curious,  but  no  satisfactory  theory  as  to  the  origin  of  the  story  has 
yet  been  put  forth. 

^Chetham  Soc.  xcix.  73-4.  Writ  of  D.C.E.  dated  28  April,  1463.  Dep.  Keeper's  37^  Rep.  App. 
ii.  177-  18  Metcalfe,  Book  ofL.  3. 

347 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  the  half  blood,  son  of  John  Butler  and  Margaret  Stanley,  was  his  next 
heir,  then  aged  10  years.1  Thomas  Butler  had  livery  of  his  inheritance  upon 
attaining  his  majority  on  4  July,  1482.*  He  married  Margaret,  daughter  of 
John  Delves  of  Doddington,  kt.s  At  the  intended  coronation  of  Edward  V. 
in  1483  he  was  summoned  to  receive  the  order  of  knighthood,4  but  did  not 
receive  it  until  the  coronation  of  Elizabeth,  queen  to  king  Henry  VII. 
on  25  November,  148 5.*  In  1486  he  was  placed  on  the  commission  of  the 
peace  for  the  county.8  In  1498  he  was  summoned  to  show  his  title  to 
markets  and  fairs  at  Laton  and  Warrington,  free  warren  in  his  demesne  lands, 
wreck  of  the  sea  and  gallows  in  Warrington  and  Laton,  a  court  with  view  of 
frankpledge  in  his  manor  of  Bewsey,  waif  and  stray,  and  amends  of  the  assize 
of  bread  and  ale  broken,  a  free  fishery  in  Warrington  and  Laton,  and  a  ferry 
over  Mersey.7  In  reply  he  cited  the  charters  shown  by  his  ancestor  William 
the  butler  to  the  justices  at  Lancaster  in  1292,  and  declared  his  descent  as 
kinsman  and  heir  of  the  said  William,  namely  as  son  of  John,  son  of  John, 
son  of  William,  son  of  John,  son  of  William  [son  of  William,  son  of  Henry], 
son  of  the  said  William,  lord  of  Warrington.8  In  1505  the  king  appointed 
him  master  forester  of  the  forests  and  chases  of  Toxteth,  Croxteth,  and  Simons- 
wood,  and  seneschal  of  Liverpool.9  In  1513  he  was  present  at  the  battle  of 
Flodden  Field,  when  several  of  his  free  tenants  and  retainers  were  slain.10  By 
his  will  dated  in  1520  he  founded  a  grammar  school  at  Warrington,  which 
he  endowed  with  lands  purchased  at  Chaddock,  in  Tydesley.11  He  died  on 
27  April,  1522,  and  was  buried  in  Warrington  Church,  where  Dodsworth 
saw  his  marble  epitaph  in  1625,  and  his  arms  impaling  Delves  in  the  east 
window.12 

His  only  son  and  heir,  Thomas  Butler,  was  aged  28  at  his  father's 
death.13  He  was  knighted  at  Greenwich  before  the  coronation  of  Queen 
Anne  Bullen,  on  Sunday  before  Whitsunday,  I533-1*  Soon  after  coming 
into  possession  of  his  inheritance  he  incurred  great  debts,  probably  by  gaming 
and  cock-fighting,16  to  meet  which  he  alienated  the  manor  of  Cropwell- 
Butler,  co.  Notts.18  In  1534  he  served  the  office  of  sheriff  of  the  county,17 
and  the  same  year  alienated  his  manor  of  Exhall,  co.  Warwick,  to  Julius 
Nethermill,  alderman  of  Coventry.18  In  1508  he  was  married  to  Cecily, 
daughter  of  Piers  Legh,  of  Lyme,  kt.,  but  this  union  was  dissolved  before 
I542,19  in  or  before  which  year  he  had  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of 
Edward  Sutton,  kt.,  and  relict  of  John  Huddleston  of  Sawston,  co.  Cam- 

1  Metcalfe,  Bk.  of  Kts.  81-3  ;  Inq.  p.  m.  exemplified  17  May,  1482.  Duchy  of  Lane.  Enrollments  in 
Chanc.;  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,108,  f.  239.  It  was  during  the  minority  of  William  Butler  that  the  Legh  rental 
of  1465  was  compiled.  Cbetkam  Soc.  (Old  Ser.),  xvii. 

8  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,108,  240.  3  Beamont,  Annah  of  Warrington,  337. 

Ibid.  339-40.  6  Metcalfe,  Book  of  Kts.  19. 


•  Dep.  Keeper's  4O/A  Rep.  App.  iv.  540. 

7  Palat.  of  Lane.  Writs,  Lent,  13  Hen.  VII. 


«  Dodsworth  MSS.  cxlix.  no.  9  Dep.  Keeper's  40/4  Rep.  App.  iv.  544. 

10  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  384-6.  n  Ibid.  408,  41 1. 

12  Ibid.  414.     The  epitaph  is  now  in  the  Warrington  Museum. 

13  Duchy  of  Lane.  Inq.  p.m.  vol.  v,  No.  13.     The  record  contains  a  list  of  the  free  tenants  of  the  barony 
of  Warrington  circa  1326. 

w  Metcalfe,  Book  of  Kts.  62.  ls  Beamont,  Annals  of  Wcrringion,  424-5. 

18  Thoroton,  Hist,  of  Notts,  edit.  Throsby,  i.  193. 
"  P.R.O.  Lists  and  Indexes,  vol.  ix. 

is  Dugdale,  Hist,  of  Warwick,  1 14,  796. 

19  Annals  of  Warrington,  422,  452. 

348 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

bridge.1  In  1543  he  sold  to  the  king  lands  in  Burtonwood  and  Great 
Sankey  of  the  yearly  value  of  £50  i2s*  He  died  on  15  September,  1550, 
being  succeeded  by  Thomas,  his  son  and  heir,  then  aged  37  years.3  Thomas 
Butler,  esq.,  married  in  1543  Eleanor,  daughter  of  John  Huddleston,  of 
Sawston,  co.  Cambridge,  whose  widow,  Thomas  Boteler,  the  father,  had 
married  in  1542.*  He  was  returned  to  serve  the  county  in  the  Parliament  of 
1553."  About  the  year  1560  he  married,  as  his  second  wife,  Thomasina, 
whose  family  name  is  unknown.6  She  died  in  1573  and  was  buried  in  the 
church  of  St.  Andrew  by  the  Wardrobe,  in  London.7  In  1574  he  married 
as  his  third  wife,  Anne,  daughter  of  Edward  Norris  of  Speke.8  He  was 
knighted  in  the  house  of  Sir  Nicholas  Bacon,  Lord  Keeper  of  the  Great  Seal, 
in  May,  1 577.'  Shortly  before  his  death,  being  in  fear  that  his  son  and  heir, 
Edward  Butler,  would  dissipate  his  patrimony,  he  made  a  lease  of  the  whole 
of  his  estate  to  his  daughter  Elizabeth,  to  commence  from  the  death  of  his 
said  son,  if  the  latter  died  without  issue.10  He  died  on  22  September,  1579, 
Edward  his  son  being  26  years  of  age.11  Edward  Butler,  the  last  of  his  line, 
was  a  man  of  singularly  weak  character.  Four  years  previous  to  his  father's 
death,  and  in  anticipation  of  that  event,  he  caused  his  father  grievous  distress 
by  an  attempt  to  alienate  the  family  estate  to  Sir  William  Boothe  of  Dunham. 
This  proceeding,  which  is  believed  to  have  been  the  outcome  of  a  visit  made 
by  Edward  Butler  to  his  distant  kinsman,  the  earl  of  Leicester,  at  Kenilworth 
in  1575,  upon  the  occasion  of  the  Queen's  memorable  visit,  was  discovered 
by  his  father  in  1579,  who  immediately  repaired  the  contemplated  mischief 
by  obtaining  a  re-grant  of  the  estates  to  himself  from  Sir  William  Boothe.12 
But  immediately  after  his  father's  death  Edward  Butler  proceeded  to  bar  all 
claims  upon  the  estates,  so  as  to  secure  to  himself  an  estate  in  fee  simple. 
Having  secured  this  result,  he  conveyed  his  estates  in  1581  to  his  kinsman 
.the  earl  of  Leicester,  subject  to  certain  powers  of  appointment  to  wife  or 
wives,  sons  and  daughters,  and  to  certain  unusual  provisions  affecting  the 
earl  and  himself.13  By  various  subsequent  deeds  the  estates  were  further 
secured  to  that  unscrupulous  nobleman.  In  1586  Edward  Butler  died 
childless,  having  married  firstly  in  1563,  Jane,  daughter  of  Richard  Brooke  of 
Norton,  co.  Chester  ;  from  whom  and  at  whose  instance  he  was  divorced  in 
1569  or  1570,  owing  to  his  extraordinary  behaviour  in  refusing  to  consum- 
mate the  marriage.14  He  married  secondly,  in  or  before  1586,  Margaret, 
daughter  of  Richard  Maisterson,  of  Nantwich.16  His  will  is  dated  on 
2  November,  I586.18  With  the  death  of  this  weak  and  capricious  youth 
terminated  the  line  of  the  Butlers,  barons  of  Warrington. 

1  Beamont,  Annals  of  barring/on,  452.  *  Ibid.  455. 

8  Duchy  of  Lane.   Inq.  p.m.  vol.  ix.  No.  22.  *  Annals  ofWanington,  468. 

6  Par!.  Ret.  i.  379. 

6  Perhaps  she  was  a  Croston  of  Croston  Hall,  near  Chorley.     See  the  Visit.  ofWartu.  Harl.  Soc.  xii.  357  ; 
Annals  of  Warrington,  473. 

7  Harl.  MSS.  No.  3,610,  39  ;  Stowe,  Survey,  ed.  1618,  641. 

«  Annals  of  Warrington,  482.  »  Metcalfe,  Book  ofKts.  130. 

10  Annals  of  Warrington,  485. 

11  Duchy  of  Lane.  Inq.  p.  m.  vol.  xiv.  No.  2. 

12  Beamont,  Annals  of  Warrington,  482,  484-5,  493.  U  Ibid.  498-500. 

W  The  story  is  recorded  in  Chetham  Soc.  xcviii.  100.  16  Annals  of  Warrington,  509. 

18  Ibid.  512-5.  A  survey  made  for  the  earl  of  Leicester  on  his  acquiring  this  inheritance  is  quoted  in  the 
introduction  to  the  ballad  entitled  Sir  John  Butler  in  Bp.  Percy's  folio  manuscript  (N.  TrUbner  &  Co.  1868), 
iii.  205. 

349 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

THE  BARONY  OF  BUTLER  OF  AMOUNDERNESS1 

Hervey  *  Walter,  the  first  of  this  family  upon  record,  was  the  tenant  in 
the  time  of  Henry  I.  of  a  small  fee  which  he  held  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster, 
comprising  the  chief  manor  of  Weeton  (or  Witheton,  as  it  was  formerly  and 
more  correctly  written)  in  Amounderness,  held  by  the  service  of  half  a  knight, 
and  the  manor  of  Boxstede,  co.  Suffolk,  held  by  the  same  service,8  and 
Newton,  co.  Suffolk,  for  one  seventh  of  a  knight's  fee.  He  also  held  lands  in 
Belaugh  and  '  Hulmested,'  co.  Norfolk.4  He  or  his  son  may  possibly  be 
identified  as  Hervey  son  of  Hervey  who  in  1130  rendered  account  in  co. 
Suffolk  of  10  marks  for  his  land  which  he  had  recovered  from,  or  held  of, 
Hamon  Peche.6  In  the  great  inquest  of  service  taken  for  this  county  in  1212, 
he  is  specifically  named  as  the  father  of  Hervey  Walter,  and  also  as  having 
enfeoffed  Orm  son  of  Magnus  in  marriage  with  his  daughter  Aliz  of  4  caru- 
cates  of  land  in  Rawcliffe,  Thistleton,  and  Greenhalgh,  members  of  his  fee  of 
Weeton.'  The  issue  of  this  marriage  was  Roger  son  of  Orm,  lord  of  Hutton 
in  Leyland  hundred,  father  of  Elias  de  Hutton,  who  gave  his  manor  of  Hutton 
to  the  canons  of  Cockersand  between  the  years  1201  and  I2io.7  Hervey 
Walter  II.,  son  and  heir  of  the  above  Hervey,  advanced  the  fortunes  of  the 
family  by  his  marriage  with  Maud,  daughter  of  Theobald  de  Valoignes,  lord 
of  Parham,  co.  Suffolk,  and  sister  of  Bertha,  wife  of  Ranulf  de  Glanvill,  the 
justiciar  under  Henry  II.8  To  this  kinship  with  the  house  of  Glanvill  was 
undoubtedly  due  the  great  advancement  obtained  by  the  sons  of  Hervey 
Walter  under  Henry  II.  and  Richard.  Upon  the  foundation  of  Butley  Priory 
by  Ranulf  de  Glanvill  in  1171,  Hervey  gave  to  that  foundation  all  the  land 
he  had  in  the  vill  of  Wingfield  and  elsewhere,  doubtless  of  his  wife's  inherit- 
ance.9 In  this  county  he  gave,  with  the  consent  of  Theobald  his  son,  land 
in  Medlar  to  Roger  de  Heaton,  of  Heaton,  near  Lancaster.10  William  son  of 

1  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  633.  This  barony  consisted  of  the  following  townships  and  hamlets,  situate  within 
the  hundred  of  Amounderness : — Weeton,  half  of  Marton,  Greenhalgh  with  Thistleton,  Wesham,  Treales, 
Wharles,  and  Roseacre,  Out  Rawclifte  including  Middle  Rawcliffe.  These  vills  were  rated  at  1 6  carucates  of 
land  and  were  held  by  the  service  of  half  a  knight.  To  the  barony  originally  belonged  Boxstede,  co.  Suffolk, 
held  by  the  service  of  half  a  knight,  and  Old  Newton,  in  the  same  county,  held  by  the  service  of  one-seventh 
part  of  a  knight. 

3  Mr.  Round  has  called  attention  in  his  Peerage  and  Family  History  (122  note)  to  the  '  Herveus  pincerna' 
and  '  Herveus  botellarius,'  who  attests,  with  other  officers  and  tenants  of  the  castle  of  Dol  in  Brittany,  two 
charters  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Florent,  one  bearing  the  date  1086  (Cal.  of  Docs.  France,  416),  as  the  possible 
ancestor  of  the  Butlers  of  Ireland.  This  Hervey  may  perhaps  be  identified  as  the  Hervey,  son  of  Hubert,  who 
with  his  father  attested  a  charter  ofBaderon  to  the  nunnery  of  St.  George  at  Rennes  circa  1080-90  (Genealogist 
(New  Ser.),  xviii.  l).  It  is  also  to  be  noted  that  Edmund  Butler,  styled  earl  of  Carrick,  held  in  1298  of 
Richard  Fitz  John,  his  uncle,  part  of  the  manor  of  Skelbrook,  co.  York  (forks.  Inq.  p.m.  (Rec.  Soc.),  xxxi.  86), 
which  had  formed  part  of  the  Domesday  fief  of  Hervey  de  Campels,  the  bishop  of  Bayeux's  vassal.  There  is, 
however,  nothing  to  show  that  the  Butlers  of  Ireland  descended  from  either  of  these  Herveys.  Nor  is  there 
anything  to  show  that  the  Butlers  had  any  interest  in  Skelbrook  before  the  marriage  of  Theobald  IV.  to  Joan, 
sister  of  Richard  Fitz  John.  Mr.  Glanville-Richards  has  collected  much  information  relative  to  the  bearers  of 
the  name  of  Hervey  in  the  twelfth  century,  and  suggests  as  the  possible  ancestor  of  Hervey  Walter  a  certain 
Hervey  of  Gisors,  eldest  son  of  Theobald  Pain,  whose  family  held  the  hereditary  office  of  castellan  of  Gisors, 
and  were  Bretons  by  race  (House  of  Glanville,  xviii.).  Hervey  appears  to  have  been  a  common  name  amongst 
the  Bretons. 

8  Testa  de  Nevilt  (Rec.  Com.),  i-jb,  403^  ;  Pipe  R.  Soc.  xvii.  20.  *  Ibid. 

6  Pipe  R.  31  Hen.  I.  (Rec.  Com.),  98.     For  the  connexion  between  Glanvill  and  Peche  see  Glanville- 
Richards,  Ho.  of  Glanville,  18. 

8  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  403^  ;  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  37. 

7  Chartul.  of  Cockersand,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser ),  xliii.  408. 

8  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  633^  ;  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  1 128.  »  Mm  4ngl.  vi.  380. 
lOFarrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  437. 

350 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Hervey,  who  held  lands  in  Selfleet  temp.  Henry  II.,  given  by  Ranulf  de  Glan- 
vill  or  Henry  II.  to  Butley,1  was  probably  a  younger  brother  of  Hervey  II. 
and  father  of  William  Hervey,  who  held  Boxstede  in  1212,  for  the  service  of 
half  a  knight's  fee  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster  ; 3  which  fee  continued  in  his 
descendants  for  some  generations.  In  1158  Hubert  Walter,  possibly  a 
younger  brother  of  Hervey  Walter,  rendered  account  of  40^.  of  the  pleas  of 
Wandelbery  in  cos.  Norfolk  and  Suffolk.3  Hervey  Walter  had  issue  five  sons, 
Theobald,  Hubert,  Walter,  Roger,  and  Hamon.*  Hubert  was  born  at  West 
Dereham,  in  Norfolk,  where  he  founded  an  abbey  in  1188.  He  was 
educated  in  the  house  of  his  uncle  the  justiciar,  to  whom  on  his 
ordination  he  became  chaplain.6  In  1186  he  was  dean  of  York;  in 
1189  was  elected  bishop  of  Salisbury;  and  from  1193  to  his  death 
in  1205  held  the  see  of  Canterbury.  His  bones  were  identified  in 
Canterbury  Cathedral  in  1890."  He  joined  with  his  brother  Theobald  in 
the  gift  to  the  canons  of  West  Dereham  of  land  in  Ickleton,  co.  Cambridge, 
which  Hamon  Walter,  probably  their  younger  brother,  held  ; 7  to  which 
foundation  Peter  Walter,  probably  another  kinsman,  also  gave  a  rent  out  of 
his  mill  of  Istede.  Whilst  Ralph  fitz  Robert  of  Middleham,  co.  York,  was 
in  his  custody,  Hubert  gave  land  in  Saxthorpe,  co.  Norfolk,  to  his  brother 
Theobald  ;  to  recover  which  Ranulf,  brother  of  Ralph,  paid  a  fine  in  1205.* 
Theobald,  the  eldest  son  and  heir,  inherited  his  grandfather's  estate,  as  appears 
by  an  agreement  which  he  made  in  the  king's  court  in  1195  with  his  kinsman, 
William  Hervey,  whereby  the  latter  took  half  a  knight's  fee  in  Boxsted,  half 
a  knight's  fee  in  Hulmestead,  and  the  third  part  of  a  fee  in  Belaugh  (which 
Peter  Walter  held)  to  hold  of  Theobald,  releasing  in  return  all  claim  to 
Theobald's  other  lands.9  Theobald  first  comes  into  notice  circa  1 182  as  one 
of  the  witnesses  with  John,  the  king's  son,  of  Ranulf  de  Glanvill's  charter  to 
Leystone.10  It  was  probably  through  the  instrumentality  of  Glanvill  that 
Theobald,  in  1185,  accompanied  John  to  Ireland.  The  expedition  crossed 
from  Milford  Haven  to  Waterford  in  the  latter  part  of  April,  whilst  five 
vessels  sailed  later  from  Chester  with  the  '  harnesium '  of  those  of  John's 
company  who  had  been  left  behind  for  lack  of  transport.11  Immediately  upon 
landing,  Theobald  received  from  John  a  grant  to  Glanvill  and  himself  of 
5J  cantreds  in  Limerick  ;1S  and  the  same  year  with  the  men  of  Cork  he  fought 
and  slew  Dermot  Mac  Arthy.13  Before  1 189  he  received  from  John  the  fief 

1  Man.  Angl.  vi.  380  ;  cf.  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  295. 

*  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  ijb,  408^.      His  descendant  William  Hervey  died  seised  of  Boxstede  in 
1256  ;  Cal.  Inq.p.  m.  Hen.  HI.  i.  101. 

8  Pipe  R.  4  Hen.  II.  (Rec.  Com.),  130. 

*  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  380.     Theobald  and  Roger  attested  Ranulf  de  Glanvill's  foundation  charter  of  Ledstone 
Priory  in  1182.     Ibid.  vi.  881. 

s  Man.  Angl.  vi.  899 ;  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  310. 

6  For  particulars  of  the  numerous  offices  he  held  and  his  acts  see  Hook,  Lives  of  Archbps.  of  Cant.  ii. 
584-656  ;  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  xrviii.  137  ;   Mem.  ofRic.  I.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  pass. 
1  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  zib. 

8  Rot.  de  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  369.     Waleran,  Ralph,  and  Ranulf,  the  three  sons  of  Robert  fitz   Ralph  of 
Middleham,  by  his  wife  Helewise,  daughter  of  Ranulf  de  Glanvill,  the  justiciar,  were  each  in  turn  in  ward  of 
Hubert  Walter.     Gale,  Regist.  Honoris  tie  Richmond,  App.  235  ;  Genealogist  (New  Ser.),  iii.  32-3. 

9  Pipe  R.  Soc.  xvii.  20  ;  Rot.  Cur.  Reg.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  105.    This  fine  is  interesting  as  affording  evidence 
by  the  endorsement  which  it  bears  that  Hubert  Walter  and  the  king's  barons  of  the  exchequer  at  this  time 
introduced  the  chirograph  of  a  fine  in  three  parts,  of  which  the  foot  was  to  be  preserved  in  the  Treasury. 

10  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  88 1  ;  Eyton,  Itinerary  of  Hen.  II.  24.  n  Eyton,  Itinerary  of  Hen.  II.  263-4. 

1*  Carte,  Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde  ;  Glanville-Richards,  Records  of  Glanville,  65. 
M  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  Expugnatio  (Rolls  Ser.),  v.  386. 

351 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

of  Arklow,  afterwards  confirmed  to  him  by  William  Marshall  on  becoming 
jure  uxoris  lord  of  Leinster,1  and  in  1 188  he  attested  the  charter  of  his  brother 
Hubert,  then  dean  of  York,  founding  the  abbey  of  Premonstratensian  canons 
at  West  Dereham.*  In  1189  he  accompanied  his  uncle  Glanvill  to  France, 
witnessing  with  him  a  charter  of  Henry  II.,  confirming  the  translation  of 
the  canons  of  Swainby  to  Coverham  in  Richmondshire.8 

Soon  after  his  accession  to  the  honour  of  Lancaster  in  1 189,  John  granted 
to  Theobald  for  his  homage  and  service  all  Amounderness  for  the  service  of 
three  knights'  fees,  the  grant  comprising  the  town  of  Preston  with  the 
demesne  lands  belonging  to  it,  all  the  demesne  lands  of  the  hundred  or  wapen- 
take  with  the  service  of  knights  and  freemen  in  the  hundred,  the  wapentake 
court  with  the  pleas,  and  the  forest  of  Amounderness  with  pleas  of  the  forest, 
reserving  only  pleas  of  the  crown.*  Mr.  Round  tells  us  that  from  1185  to 
1193  Theobald  'was  in  constant  attendance  on  John,  witnessing  his  charters 
to  St.  Augustine's,  Bristol  (Mon.  Angl.  xi.  367),  and  Jerpoint  Abbey  in  Kil- 
kenny (ibid.  vi.  1 132),  and  receiving  from  him,  as  lord  of  Ireland,  the  office 
of  his  'butler.'  He  first  assumes  this  style  (' Pincerna ')  when  testing  John's 
charter  to  Dublin,  15  May,  1192,  at  London  (Mun.  Doc.  p.  55;  St.  Mary's 
Chart,  i.  266-70) ;  and  it  was  apparently  about  this  time  that  he  received  a 
grant  from  the  archbishop  of  Dublin  as  '  pincerna  domini  comitis  Moretoniae 
in  Hibernia'  (Cott.  MS.  fol.  266),  a  style  proving  that  he  was  appointed  by 
John.  He  now  adopted  a  fresh  seal,  adding  to  his  name  (Theobald  Walter) 
the  style  '  Pincerna  Hiberniae.'  This  has  escaped  notice.  Hence  he  is 
occasionally,  in  his  latter  days,  spoken  of  as  '  le  Botiller,'  or  '  Butler,'  which 
latter  became  the  surname  of  his  descendants.'6  Towards  the  end  of  1192 
he  was  with  John  at  Nottingham,8  and  on  12  June,  1193,  with  John  at 
Dorchester.7  Mr.  Cokayne  considers  that  the  grant  of  the  office  of  '  Butler 
of  Ireland '  would  probably  comprise  baronial  rank  and  position  for  the 
holders  of  that  office.8  Theobald  is  said  to  have  subsequently  obtained  the 
valuable  monopoly  of  the  prisage  of  wines  in  Ireland,  which  was  purchased 
by  Act  of  Parliament  in  1811,  from  his  successor,  the  first  marquess  of 
Ormonde,  for  £216,000.'  Some  strength  is  given  to  this  statement  by  the 
petition  to  Parliament  in  1335,  of  James  Butler,  first  earl  of  Ormonde,  in 
which  he  declared  that  his  ancestors,  time  out  of  mind,  had  enjoyed  the 
prisage  of  wines  in  the  four  towns  of  Dublin,  Drogheda,  Waterford,  and 
Limerick,  by  rendering  40^.  for  each  cask  at  the  exchequer  in  Dublin.10  He 
adhered  to  John  in  the  rebellion  of  1 193-4,  when  he  held  the  castle  of  Lan- 
caster on  the  latter's  behalf;  u  but  in  February,  1 194,  being  summoned  by  his 
brother  Hubert,  then  justiciar,  to  surrender,  he  delivered  it  to  him,  and 
through  his  mediation  made  his  peace  with  Richard,12  who  immediately 
appointed  him  sherifF  of  the  county  (which  office  he  retained  until  John's 
accession)18  and  on  22  April,  1 194,  re-granted  to  him  the  hundred  of  Amoun- 
derness, to  hold  as  before  by  the  service  of  three  knights.14  In  August  of  the 

1  Carte,  quoted  by  Round  in  Diet.  Nat.  Blog.  viii.  77-8. 

*  Mon.  Angl.  vi.  900.  s  Mon.  Angl.  vi.  920^. 

*  Cott.  MS.  Titus  B.  xi.  fol.  252.  *  Diet.  Nat.  Biog,  viii.  78. 

«  Cott.  MS.  Titus,  B.  xi.  347.  '  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  416. 

8  Complete  Peerage,  ii.  94.  *  Carte,  Life  of  James  D.  of  OrmonJt. 

10  R.  Pad.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  90.  "  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  237. 

12  Ibid.  is  P.R.O.  Lists  and  Indexes,  vol.  9. 

14  Cart.  Antiq.  R.  24^. ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  81,  434. 

352 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

same  year  he  was  appointed  by  his  brother,  then  archbishop,  collector  of  the 
money  for  his  tournament  licences.1  In  1 196  he  was  pardoned  the  quota  from 
his  three  Amounderness  fees  to  the  second  scutage  of  Normandy,  assessed  the 
preceding  year,2  and  the  year  following  had  similar  remission  in  respect  of  the 
third  scutage,3  having  doubtless  performed  personal  service  with  his  knights 
and  men-at-arms.  Shortly  after  this,  Theobald  endowed  certain  Cistercian 
monks  from  Furness  with  the  church  of  St.  Michael  on  Wyre  and  lands 
there,  including  the  Hay  of  '  Wirisvalle '  (Wyresdale),  but  within  a  year  or 
two  translated  them  to  his  possessions  in  Ireland,  and  established  them  at 
Wotheny,  or  Wythney,  in  the  parish  of  Abington,  co.  Limerick.*  This  was 
his  first  foundation  in  Ireland,5  but  subsequently  as  butler  of  Ireland,  he  en- 
dowed another  house  of  Cistercian  monks  at  Arklow,  who  likewise  came  from 
Furness,  for  the  welfare  inter  alias  of  his  father,  Hervey  Walter,  and  mother, 
Maud  de  Valoignes,6  and  about  the  year  1 200  founded  a  house  of  canons  at 
Nenagh,  in  the  county  of  Tipperary.7  Between  1 1 94,  and  the  accession  of 
John,  he  endowed  the  canons  of  Cockersand  with  the  Hay  of  Pilling,  in  the 
wapentake  of  Amounderness.8  Owing  to  this  benefaction  he  has  been  erroneously 
described  by  Dugdale,  and  by  innumerable  writers  since  Dugdale's  time,  as 
the  founder  of  Cockersand  Abbey.  In  1 196  he  obtained  from  the  monks  of 
Shrewsbury  a  recognition  of  his  title  to  the  advowson  of  Kirkham  Church,* 
and  from  the  monks  of  Sees,  a  like  recognition  touching  Preston  Church, 
subject  to  a  fine  upon  presentation,  whilst  to  the  last-named  monks  he  re- 
leased all  claim  to  the  advowson  of  the  churches  of  Poulton  and  Bispham.10  In 
1197  he  acted  as  a  justice  itinerant,  assessing  a  tallage  in  Colchester.11  Upon 
the  accession  of  John,  who  was  incensed  at  his  defection  to  Richard  in  1 194, 
Theobald  lost  possession  of  Amounderness,  and  was  removed  from  the  office 
of  sheriff  of  Lancaster,  held  by  him  since  Easter,  1194.  His  Irish  posses- 
sions were  also  seized  and  his  fief  of  Limerick13  sold  on  12  January,  1201,  to 
the  king's  favourite,  William  de  Braose,  but  by  the  interest  of  his  brother, 
the  archbishop,  he  redeemed  his  lands  for  500  marks,  and  within  a  year 
became  Braose's  tenant.13  On  2  January,  1202,  he  obtained  a  re-grant  from 
John  of  the  wapentake  of  Amounderness.1*  Theobald  married  Maud,  daughter 
of  Robert  Vavasour,  of  Denton  and  Askwith,  co.  York,  and  had  with  her  the 
manors  of  Edlington  and  Shepley  and  lands  in  Bolton  by  Bowland,  co.  York, 
and  Narborough,  co.  Leicester.16  He  probably  died  before  8  October,  1205 
(when  Narborough  was  delivered  to  Thomas  Basset),16  and  is  said  to  have 

1  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  268.  *  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  94. 

"  Ibid.  98.  *  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  336-40,  Cott.  MS.  Titus,  B.  xi.  fol.  252^. 

Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  340.  •  Man.  Angl.  vi.  1128. 

Ibid.  vi.  1 145.  8  Chartul.  of  Cockersand  (Chatham  Soc.),  375. 

Lanes.  Finis  (Rec.  Soc.),  xxxix.  2.  10  Ibid.  6.  "  Pipe  R.  9  Ric.  I.  ro.  t,d. 

Hoveden  states  (iv.  1 5  2-3)  that  all  his  Irish  possessions  were  sold  to  William  de  Braose,  but  Mr.  Round 
has  pointed  out  that  only  his  Limerick  fief  was  sold.     (Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  viii.  78^.) 
18  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iv.  153. 

u  Liberate  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  25.  Theobald  seems  to  have  acted  with  harshness  and  injustice  to  his  tenants 
of  Amounderness.  There  are  numerous  references  to  complaints  and  pleas  instituted  against  him  whilst  out  of 
favour  with  John  (l  199-1201)  by  those  whom  he  had  dispossessed,  in  Rot.  Cur.  Reg.,  Rot.  de  Oblatls,  Abbrev. 
Plac.  (Rec.  Com.),  and  other  contemporary  records.  At  an  inquest  held  in  1253  an  Amounderness  jury 
declared  on  oath  that  Theobald  had  been  deprived  of  Amounderness  by  King  John  by  reason  of  the  manifold 
transgressions  done  by  him  against  sundry  liege  men  of  that  wapentake,  who  had  complained  to  the  king. 
Inq.  p.  m.  37  Hen.  III.  No.  16  ;  Lanes.  Inquests,  191. 

16  Dodsworth  MSS.  xxxiii.  17,  21  ;  Cal.  of  Close  R.  1227-31,  87.  Mr.  Cokayne  identifies  Norbury  as 
Newbourgh,  co.  York,  but  Narborough,  co.  Leicester,  is  clearly  the  place  referred  to.  Cf.  Testa  de  NeviU  (Rec. 
Com.),  98  ;  feud.  Aids,  iii.  101.  i«  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  54. 

1  353  45 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

been  buried  at  Wotheney.  His  widow  was  married  by  her  father  to  Fulk 
fitz  Warin,1  and  duly  obtained  her  dower  in  Amounderness,  and  in  her  late 
husband's  Irish  estates.8  Theobald's  estates  in  Norfolk  and  Suffolk,  which  he 
held  of  Robert  fitz  Roger,  were  committed  to  the  latter  in  ward,  whilst  his 
Irish  estates  were  delivered  to  William  Marshall,  earl  of  Pembroke.8  The 
heir  was  only  five  years  old  at  his  father's  death,  and  with  his  sister  was  first 
committed  to  the  charge  of  his  kinsman,  Robert  Vavasour,*  afterwards  to 
Gilbert  fitz  Reinfred,5  in  1213  to  Philip  Mark,  sheriff  of  Nottingham,6  and 
in  February,  1214,  to  the  bishop  of  Winchester,7  the  justiciar.  In  1214 
Reginald  de  Poinz  obtained  the  marriage  of  the  heir  in  favour  of  his 
daughter,  and  possession  of  his  lands,  including  the  manor  of  Saxton,  co.  Nor- 
folk, but  the  king  retained  Amounderness.8  The  same  year  Geoffrey 
de  Mareys,  justiciar  of  Ireland,  was  commanded  to  deliver  Theobald 
Walter's  castles  of  Roscrea,  Thurles,  Lusk,  '  Armolen,'  and  '  Kakaules ' 
to  Reginald  de  Poinz,9  who  answered  the  year  following  for  the 
scutage  of  a  knight's  fee  in  this  county  and  of  another  in  co.  Norfolk, 
as  guardian  of  Theobald's  lands.10  In  1219  young  Theobald  was  in  the 
care  of  Geoffrey  de  Mareys,  justiciar  of  Ireland,  who  had  charge  of  his 
Irish  estates.11  The  year  following,  his  sister  Maud,  who  had  been  brought 
up  in  the  household  of  Gilbert  fitz  Reinfred,  baron  of  Kendal,  and  after  his 
death  by  his  son,  William  de  Lancaster,  was  delivered  to  his  charge.12  About 
Midsummer,  1221,  Theobald  attained  his  majority  and  was  put  in  possession 
of  his  English  and  Irish  estates.13  He  at  once  entered  upon  active  service, 
being  with  the  earl  of  Pembroke  in  Lincolnshire  in  1223."  The  year 
following  he  obtained  a  grant  of  half  the  manor  of  Marton  in  Amounderness 
for  his  maintenance  in  the  king's  service,15  and  for  two  years  had  charge  of 
the  king's  castle  of  Roscrea.18  Two  years  later  he  obtained  remission  of  a 
great  part  of  his  father's  debts,  in  consideration  of  three  years  (1226-8)  to  be 
spent  in  the  king's  service  in  Ireland.17  In  1228  he  was  one  of  the  main- 
pernors  to  secure  the  delivery  of  the  king's  castles  in  Ireland  by  Geoffrey 
de  Mareys  upon  his  resignation  of  the  office  of  justiciar  of  Ireland  in 
favour  of  Richard  de  Burgh.18  By  his  marriage  with  Joan,  eldest  sister 
and  eventual  co-heir  of  Geoffrey  de  Mareys  the  justiciar,19  he  had  issue 

1  Robert  Vavasour  gave  1,200  marks  and  two  palfreys  to  have  his  daughter's  marriage  with  her  dower  in 
Ireland,  and  in  England,  except  in  Amounderness.  Rot.  de  oblat.  (Rec.  Com.),  383. 

3  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  6$b,  223^,  352  ;  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  74^,-  Rot.  tie  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  383. 

3  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  65^,  68,  6<)b.  *  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  59.  '>  Ibid.  35. 

«  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.   151^.  1  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  i  lob. 

8  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  163^,  167,  208  ;  Testa  de  Nevili  (Rec.  Com.).  In  1212  Anselm  de  Newton 
held  the  seventh  part  of  a  knight's  fee  in  Newton  by  Stow,  co.  Suff.,  of  the  heir  of  Theobald  Walter. 
Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  i-jb. 

»  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  I2ob,  1216.  10  Ibid.  140*. 

11  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  400  ;  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  1 106. 

12  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  235.     She  is  said  to  have  married  Thomas  de  Hereford  (Lodge,  Peerage  of  Ireland}, 
but  it  is  clear  that  she  became  the  wife  of  Gerald  de  Prendergast,  a  great  Irish  baron  ;  Cal.  Inf.  p.  m.  i.  64. 
Their  only  daughter  and  heir  married  John  de  Cogan,  father  of  another  John  de  Cogan.    Gerald  de  Prendergast 
married  secondly  the  daughter  of  Richard  de  Burgh,  feudal  lord  of  Connaught,  and  by  her  had  issue  an  only 
daughter,  aged  10  years  in  Lent,  1252  ;  Cal.  Gen.  i.  45.  Carte  (Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde,  pp.  xii.-xiv.) 
has  suggested,  on  the  strength  of  a  Plea  Roll  of  1295-6  (Plac.  24  Edw.  I.  m.  68),  that  Theobald  Walter  had 
by  a  previous  marriage  a  daughter  Beatrice,  who  married,  first,  Thomas  de  Hereford,  and,  secondly,  in  her 
father's  lifetime,  Hugh  Purcell.     Mr.  Round  considers  this  not  improbable.     Diet.  Nat.  Sing.  viii.  78^. 

13  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  463*,  505-}.  "  Ibid.  573.  «  Ibid.  60 1 b. 

18  Pat.  R.  1216-25,  4*6,  43°  ;  1225-32,  62. 

17  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  92^  ;  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  41.  18  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  178. 

19  Lodge,  Peerage  of  Ireland,  iv.  5,  describes  her  as  Joan,  sister  and  co-heir  of  John  de  Marisco. 

354 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

Theobald  III.,  his  son  and  heir.1  This  wife  lived  but  a  few  years,  for  in 
1225  he  married,  through  the  instrumentality  of  his  royal  patron,  Roesia, 
daughter  and  ultimately  sole  heiress  of  Nicholas  de  Verdon.2  In  the  autumn 
of  1 2 29  he  crossed  with  the  king  to  Brittany,3  continuing  abroad  at  least  seven 
months  engaged  in  the  Gascon  campaign,  in  which  almost  all  the  Lancashire 
barons,  and  indeed  the  strength  of  the  nation,  took  part.*  From  this  expedi- 
tion he  apparently  did  not  return,  for  he  was  dead  on  1 9  July,5  and  his  lands 
in  this  county  and  in  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Ireland,  as  well  as  those  of  his 
first  wife's  inheritance  in  the  hundred  of  Norton,  co.  Somerset,  together  with 
the  heir  and  his  marriage,  were  committed  to  the  charge  of  Richard,  earl  of 
Cornwall.8  His  widow  Roesia  survived  him,  and  upon  the  death  of  her 
father,  Nicholas  de  Verdon,  about  a  year  after  her  husband's  death,  inherited 
a  great  estate,  giving  700  marks  for  her  relief  and  that  she  might  not  be 
constrained  to  marry.7  By  Theobald  Butler  she  had  with  other  issue  a  son, 
John  de  Verdon,  who  gave  1,300  marks  in  1247,  after  his  mother's  death,  for 
livery  of  his  inheritance.8  From  him  descended  the  Lords  Verdon,  who  in 
1857  were  represented  by  the  Lords  Stourton  and  Petre,  the  Baroness  le 
Despencer,  and  the  duke  of  Buckingham  and  Chandos.9  The  direct  heir  of 
Theobald  II.  was  Theobald  III.,  who  was  under  age  at  his  father's  death, 
still  under  age  in  1236,  when  he  held  half  a  knight's  fee  in  Weeton  and 
RawclifFe,  of  ancient  feoffment,10  and  in  1243,  wnen  the  'heir  of  Theobald 
Walter '  was  returned  as  holding  one-third  part  of  a  knight's  fee  in  Weeton 
and  Treales.11  In  1 247  he  held  four  knights'  fees  in  Gowran,  co.  Kilkenny, 
of  the  earl  of  Gloucester.12  He  is  said  to  have  married  Margery,  eldest 
daughter  of  Richard  de  Burgh,  feudal  lord  of  Connaught  and  Lord  Deputy  of 
Ireland.  Theobald  did  not  long  enjoy  his  inheritance,  for  he  died  before 
5  November,  1248,  and  was  buried  in  the  conventual  church  of  the  Friars 
Preachers  at  Arklow.18  The  year  following,  his  Irish  estates,  together  with 
those  of  Richard  de  Burgh,  were  committed  to  the  custody  of  Peter  de 
Birmingham.14  He  also  held  in  addition  to  his  estate  in  this  county  the  vill 
of  Shepley,  co.  York,  and  the  manor  of  Belaugh,  co.  Norfolk.  Theobald  IV., 
his  son  and  heir,  was  aged  about  six  years  at  his  father's  death.16  In  1250  the 
issues  of  the  land  and  the  marriage  of  the  heir  were  given  to  Peter  of  Savoy,16 
but  the  following  year  John  fitz  Geoffrey,  justiciary  of  Ireland,  gave 
3,000  marks  for  the  custody  of  the  same.17 

Theobald  IV.  attained  his  majority  about  1265.     The  same  year  he  was 
one  of  the  Irish  nobles  who  aided  Prince  Edward  against  the  Mortimers  in 

1  Geoffrey,  reporting  to  the  king  in  1226  that  Theobald  was  ill-affected  and  counselling  his  removal  from 
the  castle  of  Roscray,  mentions  that  Theobald  had  married  his  daughter  and  had  issue  by  her.  Royal  Letters 
Hen.  III.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  293. 

8  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  60,  6ob.  s  Close  R.  1227-31,  256. 

4  Ibid.  413  ;  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  360.  6  ibid.  421-3. 

«  Close  R.  1227-31,  370;  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  200;  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  i6ib. 

7  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  217-8  :  cf.  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  472. 

8  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  ii.  1 1.  »  Cokayne,  Camp.  Peerage,  viii.  24-5. 

10  Testa  Je  Nevill  (^c.  Com.),  411  ;  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  145. 

11  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  397*. 

"  Cat.  Pat.  R.  1272-81,  353.  He  is  said  to  have  been  lord  justice  of  Ireland  in  1247  with  John  de  Cogan 
(Haydn,  Bk.  of  Dignities,  ed.  1851,  438),  but  this  appears  very  unlikely,  and  is  probably  an  error  founded  on 
the  fact  that  Edmund  Butler  acted  in  1312  as  deputy  of  John  Wogan.  See  p.  357  below. 

"  Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  ii.  95.  1*  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  44. 

'«  Cal.  Inq.  p.  m.  i.  37  ;  Inq.  p.  m.,  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xii.  1 8. 

M  JUnv.  R.  Original.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  1 2.  17  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  96. 

355 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

his  successful  campaign  which  culminated  at  Evesham.1  By  charter  dated  at 
Denewell,  11  January,  51  Henry  III.  (1267),  he  granted  to  his  beloved 
kinsman  Richard  le  Botiller  (brother  of  William  le  Botiller  of  Warrington) 
all  the  lands  he  had  in  Out  Rawcliffe.8  In  1275  he  was  plaintiff  in  a 
plea  in  the  King's  Bench  to  recover  land  in  Edlington,  co.  York.  The 
pleadings  prove  the  correctness  of  the  descent  given  above.3  He  married 
John  fitz  John's*  sister  Joan,  fourth  daughter  of  John  fitz  Geoffrey  fitz 
Peter  and  sister,  and  ultimately  co-heir,  of  Richard  fitz  John,6  baron  of 
Berkhamstead,  co.  Herts.6  Joan  survived  her  husband,  and  in  1298  had 
her  pourparty  of  her  brother's  inheritance  assigned  to  her.7  She  died 
early  in  1303."  Theobald  IV.  sat  in  the  Irish  Parliaments  of  Edward  I.  In 
1 277  he  was  summoned  to  send  his  service  against  Llewelyn,  and  again  in 
1282  to  serve  in  person  against  the  Welsh.9  He  died  in  Ireland10  26  Sep- 
tember, 1285." 

Theobald  Butler  V.  was  under  age  at  his  father's  death,  William 
the  Butler  of  Warrington  having  custody  of  two-thirds  of  the  lands 
in  this  county  during  the  minority  of  the  heir.12  In  1291  Theobald  was 
commanded  to  do  homage  to  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster,  in  respect  of  the 
fee  which  he  held  of  the  honour  of  Lancaster.13  In  1294  he  pledged  his 
manor  of  Weeton  to  Richard  fitz  John  as  security  for  a  debt  of  560  marks 
which  had  not  been  redeemed  at  the  latter's  death.1*  The  same  year  he  was 
summoned  to  perform  military  service  in  Gascony,15  and  in  that  and  the  two 
following  years  was  enjoined  as  one  of  the  '  Fideles '  of  Ireland  to  place 
himself  under  the  orders  of  the  justiciar  of  Ireland  touching  military  service.18 
His  name  stands  the  fifth,  without  any  territorial  designation,  on  the  roll  of 
the  Parliament  of  1295.  He  accompanied  the  king  to  Scotland  in  1296, 
and  died  unmarried  at  his  manor  of  Turvey,  14  May,  1299,  and  was  buried 
in  Wotheney  Abbey.17  Edmund  Butler,  brother  and  heir  of  Theobald,  sat  in 
the  Parliament  of  1302.  He  was  knighted  by  the  king  in  1309  in  London.18 

I  Annaks  Mon.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  365. 

*  Sealed  with  a  chief  indented  (Dodsworth  MSS.  cxlix.  114,  1166),  arms  evidently  of  affection  adopted 
with  variations  by  Butler  from  Glanvill,  as  also  were  the  arms  of  the  lords  of  Middleham.     In  Charles's  roll 
(No.  665)  the  arms  of  'Tebaud  le  Botiler '  are  given  as  or,  a  chief  indented  azure,  similar  to  those  assigned  to 
Raulf  le  Fitz  Randolf  in  Glover's  Roll  (No.  136). 

3  In  the  King's  Bench  in  1275  he  demanded  against  Agnes  Bacun — who  called  to  warrant  Fulk,  son  of 
Fulk  fitz  Warm,  and,  further,  John  Vavasour—  I  carucate  of  land  in  Edlington  which  he  pleaded  had  been  in 
the  seisin  of  his  ancestress  Maud  in  the  time  of  King  John,  from  whom  the  right  descended  to  Theobald, 
as  son  and  heir,  from  whom  it  descended  to  another  Theobald  as  son  and  heir,  and  from  that  Theobald 
to  another  Theobald  as  son  and  heir,  and  from  that  Theobald  to  this  Theobald,  the  plaintiff,  as  son  and 
heir.  De  Bane.  R.  3  Edw.  I.  No.  7,  m.  29. 

*  John   fitz  John,  Theobald's  guardian,  was  grandson  of  Geoffrey  fitz  Peter,  chief  justice  of  England. 
Chanc.  Inq.  p.  m.  4  Edw.  I.  No.  47. 

6  Chanc.  Inq.  p.  m.  52  Edw.  I.  No.  50. 

«  The  lands  which  Richard  fitz  John  held  in  chief  of  the  king  were  extended  at  £45  I  1 2s.  id.  Inq.  p.  m. 
Yorks  Rec.  Soc.  xxxi.  87  note. 

7  Fine  R.  26  Edw.  I.  m.  9  ;  27  Edw.  I.  m.  2. 

8  Chanc.  Inq.  p.  m.  31  Edw.  I.  No.  32.  »  Palgrave,  Part.  Writs,  i.  485. 
1°  The  Patent  Rolls  of  Edward  I.  prove  that  he  spent  most  of  his  time  in  that  country. 

II  Inquests  were  taken  after  his  death  in  cos.  Lane,  and  York.      Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  264  ;    Turks. 
Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xxiii.  44,  68.     The  escheator  accounts  for  £33  zs.  %tl.  assized  rent  of  Weeton,  co.   Lane,  and 
for  £5  from  Shepeley,  co.  York,  which  had  been  Theobald  le  Botiler's  '  qui  obiit  in  Hibernia,  a  festo  Sancti 
Mathei,  apostoli,  anno  xiii.  finiente,  quo  die  rumor  venit  de  morte  ejusdem,'  to  20  Feb.  I4th  year.      Pipe  R. 
1 6  Edw.  I.  Esch.  Acct. 

i«  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1281-92,  226.  1S  Ibid.  417. 

1*  Chanc.  Inq.  p.  m.  25  Edw.  I.  No.  50*.  u  Gascon  R.  22  Edw.  I.  m.  <)</. 

i«  Palgrave,  Parl.  Writs,  i.  485.  "  Cokayne,  Comp.  Peerage,  ii.  95.  18  Ibid. 

356 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

He  acquired  lands  in  cos.  Warwick,  Bucks,  Suffolk,  and  Essex,  in  the  year  1310 
from  John  Pypard,1  and  the  same  year  obtained  a  charter  of  free-warren  in  his 
lands  in  Skelbrook  and  Shepley,  co.  York.2  In  r  3  1 2  he  acted  as  deputy  of  John 
Wogan,  justiciary  of  Ireland,3  to  which  office  he  was  himself  appointed  in 
1315."  As  Edmund  Walter  he  granted  about  this  time  to  Nicholas  de  Mareys 
for  the  term  of  his  life  the  hamlet  of  Roseacre,  near  Kirkham,  in  this  county.6 
From  1312  to  1313,  and  again  from  1315  to  1317,  he  was  chief  governor  of 
Ireland,  under  the  style  of  Lord  Keeper,  and  was  active  in  dispersing  the 
rebellion.  At  a  feast  in  Dublin  in  1313  he  created  no  less  than  30  knights. 
For  his  services  against  Edward  Bruce  and  the  Scots,8  as  also  against  the  rebel 
Irish,  he  received  in  1315  the  fee  '  of  the  castle  and  manors  of  Karryk  Mac- 
griffyn,  and  Roscrea,'  to  hold  in  fee  '  under  the  name  and  honour  of  the  earl  of 
Karryk.'7  Mr.  Cokayne  shows  that  this  grant  failed  to  confer  upon  the 
recipient  the  earldom  of  Carrick,  notwithstanding  that  on  26  November, 
1315;  3  and  8  October,  23  November  13 16,8  and  28  April  1317,'  he  is 
styled  in  Letters  Close  and  Patent  '  Edmund  le  Botiller,  earl  of  Carryk.'  He 
married  in  1302  Joan,  daughter  of  John  fitz  Thomas  fitz  Gerald,  first  earl 
of  Kildare.  He  died  in  London  on  13  September,  1321,  after  returning  from  a 
pilgrimage  to  St.  James  of  Compostella  in  Spain,  and  was  buried  at  Gowran. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  held  the  manor  of  Weeton  of  the  king  by  barony, 
and  in  addition  to  his  Irish  and  Yorkshire  estates  held  the  manor  of  Shere, 
co.  Surrey,  of  the  earl  of  Warenne  by  the  service  of  two  knights,  and  the 
manor  of  Sopley,  co.  Hants.10  Of  his  son  James  Butler,  created  earl  of 
Ormonde  in  November,  1328,"  and  of  his  successors  to  the  present  day,  a 
full  account  will  be  found  in  Mr.  Cokayne's  Complete  Peerage  (vi.  139-154), 
from  which  source  many  items  of  information  have  been  taken  for  this 
account.12 

THE  LANCASTER  FEE  OF  WARTON  AND  GARSTANG18 

The  origin  of  the  family  of  Lancaster,  lords  of  Ulverston,  Warton,  and 
Garstang  in  this  county,  and  barons  of  Kendal  in  Westmorland,  is  obscure. 

1  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1307-13,  207.  -  Cat.  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  144. 

3  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1309-13,  595.  *  Ibid.  1313-7,  207. 

&  Cott.  MSS.  Titus,  B.  xi.  f.  252^.  Nicholas  de  Mareys  was  bailiff  of  Weeton  to  Theobald  Butler  V. 
(Chanc.  Inq.  p.  m.  25  Edw.  I.  No.  50^).  According  to  Lodge  (iv.  5)  the  Butler  family  succeeded  to  considerable 
estates  in  England  and  Ireland  on  the  death  of  Stephen  de  Mareys,  which  occurred  in  February  1373  (Chanc. 
Inq.  p.  m.  5  Ric.  II.  No.  39),  in  right  of  Joan  Butler,  great  aunt  of  the  said  Stephen.  Cokayne  makes  the 
strange  suggestion  (Camp.  Peerage,  ii.  95,  note  c)  that  this  Joan  was  the  first  wife  of  Theobald  Butler  II. 
whose  first  wife  died  before  1225  ! 

8  Chron.  Edw.  1.  and  II.  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  21 1.  1  Chart.  R.  9  Edw.  II.  m.  5  I. 

8  Also  possibly  as  late  as  1320.     Cal.  Pat.  R.  1317-21,  442  ?  9  Palgrave,  Par!.  Writs,  ii.  (3)  576. 

10  Inq.  a.  q.  d.  16  Edw.  II.  No.  32.     The  manors  of  Shire  and  Sopley  were  the  pourparty  of  Joan  (died 
1303),  wife  of  Theobald  Butler  IV.  (Inq.  p.  m.  4  Edw.  I.  No.  47  ;   25  Edw.  I.  No.  50  ;   31  Edw.  I.  No.  32). 
"  Cbron.  Edw.  1.  and  II.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  343. 

12  See  also  Carte,  Life  of  James,  Duke  of  Ormonde,  1736,  and  other  authorities  cited  by  Mr.  Round  in 
Foster,  Collect.  Geneal.,  84-93,  and  in  Diet.  Nat.  Biog.  viii.  79. 

18  Dugdale,  Baronagf,  i.  421.  The  following  townships  composed  the  fee  in  this  county  which  belonged 
to  the  barons  of  Kendal.  The  parish  of  Warton,  containing  Warton  with  Lindeth,  Silverdale,  Yealand 
Redmayne,  Yealand  Conyers,  Priest  Hutton,  Borwick,  and  Carnforth  ;  in  Lonsdale  and  Wyresdale,  part  of 
Lancaster,  Scotforth,  Ashton  with  Stodday,  Thurnham  and  Cockersand,  Ellel,  Holleth,  Forton,  Cleveley, 
Nether  Wyresdale,  Cockerham,  Winmarleigh,  Cabus,  Garstang,  Barnacre  with  Bonds,  Nateby,  Kirkland, 
Catterall,  Upper  Rawcliffe  with  Tarnicar,  Inskip  with  Sowerby,  Great  Eccleston,  Little  Eccleston  with 
Larbreck,  and  Great  and  Little  Carleton.  This  fee  was  said  to  contain  36^  carucates  of  land  in  1246 
(Inq.  p.  m.  31  Hen.  III.  No.  45.  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  166),  but  the  Domesday  assessment  was 
about  58  carucates.  It  was  held  by  the  service  of  one  knight. 

357 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

The  family  first  had  its  origin  as  small  landowners  within  the  barony  of  Coup- 
land,  where  they  probably  received  a  grant  of  lands  from  William  Meschin 
when  the  latter  received  this  fief  from  Henry  I.1  Within  this  barony  they 
held  the  vills  of  Muncaster,2  Hensingham,  Preston,  Lamplugh,  and  Work- 
ington,  and  within  the  barony  of  Westmorland  a  great  part  of  the  parishes  of 
Barton  and  Morland,8  where  their  lands,  although  lying  within  the  limits  of 
that  barony,  were  actually  members  of  the  barony  of  Kendal,  a  fact  pointing 
to  the  early  date  of  the  original  feoffment  of  these  lands.4  In  Yorkshire  the 
greater  part  of  the  vills  of  Middleton  and  Kneeton  were  held  by  this  family 
of  the  honour  of  Richmond  at  least  as  early  as  I235,5  and  the  wapentake  of 
Ewcross  with  some  half  dozen  manors  or  more  was  held  of  the  barony  of 
Mowbray  from  about  the  middle  of  the  twelfth  century,  if  not  earlier.' 

Of  the  first  recorded  member  of  this  family  there  is  little  to  mention 
beyond  the  bare  fact  that  his  name  was  Gilbert  and  his  wife's  name  Godith.7 
To  this  the  monkish  chroniclers  have  added  the  fiction  that  he  was  the  son 
of  Ketel,  son  of  Eldred,  son  of  Ivo  Taillebois,8  whereas  he  was  almost,  if  not 
quite  contemporary  with  Ivo,  by  whom  Gilbert  or  his  predecessor  was 
probably  enfeoffed  of  those  manors  within  the  barony  of  Westmorland  of 
which  his  descendants,  the  barons  of  Kendal,  were  chief  lords.9  The  connexion 
which  existed  between  the  heirs  of  Ketel  son  of  Eldred,  namely  the  Curwens 
of  Workington,  and  the  Lancasters,  of  whom  the  former  held  several  manors 
in  Cumberland  and  Westmorland,  was  probably  of  tenure  rather  than  of 
consanguinity.  Intimately  connected  with  this  subject  is  a  charter,  of  which 
an  ancient  transcript  is  preserved  at  Levens  Hall,  by  which  Roger  de  Mowbray 
grants  to  William,  son  of  Gilbert  de  Lancaster,  in  fee  and  inheritance,  '  all  my 
land  of  Lonsdale,  and  of  Kendal,  and  Horton  in  Ribblesdale,'  to  hold  by  the 
service  of  four  knights.10  It  would  be  interesting  to  discuss  the  question  as  to 
whether  this  charter  represents  an  original  grant  or  merely  a  confirmation  of  a 
much  older  infeudation,  but  this  belongs  to  the  history  of  Westmorland,  and 
cannot  with  propriety  be  dealt  with  here. 

William  son  of  Gilbert  was  the  first  to  be  enfeoffed  of  lands  in  Lancashire. 
This  seems  evident  from  the  inquest  of  service  taken  in  1212,  where,  in  the 
enumeration  of  feoffments  made  by  him,11  he  is  described  as  '  Willelmus  filius 
Gilberti,  primus.'  He  is  not  always  described  as  '  de  Lancaster,'  from  which 
it  may  be  inferred  that  he  was  the  first  of  his  line  to  be  associated  with  the 
county  and  its  lords.  The  monastic  chronicle  to  which  allusion  has  already 
been  made  tells  us  that  he  caused  himself  to  be  called  '  de  Lancaster  '  by  the 
king's  licence,  and  to  be  styled  before  the  king  in  Parliament  (sic)  '  William 
de  Lancaster,  baron  of  Kendal.'  The  same  chronicle  states  that  he  married 
Gundreda,  formerly  countess  of  Warwick,  whose  husband,  Roger  de  Newburgh, 
died  in  1 1 53.  She  was  the  eldest  daughter  of  William,  second  earl  Warenne, 

1  V,  C.  H.  Cumb.  i.  421.  *  Coiuher  efFurness,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Sen),  is.  125. 

8  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  2 1 3-4. 

4  Hackthorpe  and  Melkanthorpe,  in  the  parish  of  Lowther,  and  a  great  part  of  the  parish  of  Morland, 
were  all  members  of  the  barony  of  Kendal,  although  by  situation  falling  within  the  barony  of  Westmor- 
land. Nicholson  and  Burn,  Hist,  of  Cumb.  and  Westmld.  i.  441-53. 

1  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  6 1  ;  Kirkby's  Quest,  Surtees  Soc.  xlix.  170. 

«  Farrer,  Lanes.  Fife  R.  389.  "     1  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  392. 

8  Man.  Angl.  iii.  553  ;  Cockersand  Chartul.  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  zxxix.  305. 

9  Gilbert  fitz  Reinfred  and  Helewise  his  wife  confirmed  some  of  Ivo's  grants  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Mary, 
York.     Mm.  Angl.  iii.  566  ;  Prescott,  Reg.  of  Wetherhal,  338. 

10  Reg.  of  Deeds  at  Levens  Hall,  f.  79  ;  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  389.  u  Exch.  K.R.  Kts.  fees,  J,  m.  3*. 

358 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

by  his  wife  Isabel,  or  Elizabeth,  of  Vermandois,  widow  of  Robert,  count  of 
Meulan,  who  died  in  1 1 1 8.  There  is  nothing  in  respect  of  her  age  to  render 
improbable  her  marriage  to  William  fitz  Gilbert  after  1 153,1  for  although  the 
information  springs  from  a  doubtful  source,  there  is  a  copy  extant  of  a  charter 
of  William  fitz  Gilbert,  in  which,  as  William  de  Lancaster,  he  grants  free 
right  of  pasturage  throughout  his  fee  in  Lonsdale  and  Amounderness  to  the 
canons  of  St.  Mary  de  Pre  of  Leicester,  by  the  advice  and  consent  of  William 
his  son  and  heir,  and  of  Gundreda  his  wife,  and  for  the  health  of  the  souls  of 
his  lord  Henry,  king  of  England,  Queen  Eleanor,  and  their  children,  and  of 
Gilbert  his  father,  Godith  his  mother,  Jordan  his  son,  and  of  Margaret, 
daughter  of  the  countess.  This  charter  was  attested  by  '  Gundreda,  daughter 
of  the  countess.' 2  William  fitz  Gilbert  made  many  donations  to  religious 
houses.8  One  of  the  earliest,  which  was  confirmed  by  King  Stephen,  was  the 
grant  of  Muncaster  to  Furness  Abbey.*  The  grant  did  not,  however,  long 
continue  in  force.  He  also  gave  the  manor  and  church  of  Cockerham,  the 
chapel  of  Ellel,  2.  carucates  in  Cockerham  and  the  hamlet  of  Crimbles,  on 
either  side  of  the  River  Cocker,  to  the  canons  of  St.  Mary  de  Pre  at  Leicester,' 
land  in  Swarthof,  or  Swarthead,  in  Hensingham  (or  Preston)  to  St.  Bees, 
which  William  Meschin  confirmed,6  land  in  the  same  place  to  St.  Mary's 
Abbey  in  York,7  land  in  Bartonhead  to  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard  of  York,8  and 
a  fishery  in  the  River  Lune,  called  Chil  or  Childe,  to  Fountains  Abbey.'  An 
important  matter  arising  during  his  time  was  the  agreement  made  before  the 
king,  in  or  about  1 163,  between  William  and  the  monks  of  Furness  for  the 
demarcation  of  Furness  Fells  from  the  barony  of  Kendal,  and  a  partition  of  this 
mountainous  district  between  them.  Before  that  time  there  had  been  no 
set  limit  to  the  great  forest  area  extending  from  the  Duddon  to  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Lune.  William  and  his  predecessors  had  been  wont  to  chase 
buck  and  doe,  and  to  take  hawks  from  the  eyries  found  there.  By  this 
agreement  he  took  the  western  part  of  the  fells,  retaining  venison  and  hawks 
throughout  the  whole  area,  but  paying  to  the  monks  a  yearly  service  of 
20  shillings,  whilst  the  monks  took  the  eastern  part  of  these  fells.10  The 
kinship  which  would  exist  between  Lancaster's  wife  (if  she  was  the  countess 
Gundreda)  and  Isabel  de  Warenne,  the  wife  of  William  of  Blois,  who  was 
jure  uxoris  suce  fourth  earl  of  Warenne,  may  well  have  been  the  origin  of 
the  feoffment  to  Lancaster  of  the  lordships  of  Warton  and  Garstang  by 
Warenne,  and  the  association  of  William  fitz  Gilbert  with  the  castle  and 
district  of  Lancaster,  as  governor  or  seneschal,11  which  led  to  his  assumption 
of  '  Lancaster  '  as  a  surname.  The  service  of  one  knight  due  for  Warton  and 

1  Gundreda,  countess  of  Warwick,  had  ten  knights'  fees  assigned  to  her  in  dower  in  1 159.  Pipe  R.  Sac. 
i.  26.  Cf.  RedBk.  o/Excb.  (Rolls  Ser.),  326. 

a  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  392-3. 

8  His  lay  feoffments  included  2  carucates  in  Ellel  to  Grimbald  de  Ellel  ;  2  carucates  in  Scotforth  to  Hugh 
Norman  ;  J  carucate  in  Lancaster  to  Ralph  de  Torrisholme  ;  J  carucate  in  Ashton  to  Gilbert  de  Ashton  ; 
and  2  bovates  in  Carnforth  to  Robert  the  falconer.  Exch.  K.R.  Kts.  fees,  £,  m.  34 ;  Lanes.  Inj.  Rec.  Soc. 
xlviii.  4-5. 

4  Coucker  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  N.S.  ix.  125. 

6  Exch.  K.R.  Kts.  fees,  $,  m.  3<J  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  391-2.  Roger  fitz  Gilbert,  his  brother,  gave 
to  St.  Bees  the  vill  of  Hensingham,  which  Alan  held  of  him  in  drengage,  for  the  health  of  the  souls  of  William 
his  brother  and  William  his  nephew.  Ibid.  No.  223. 

6  Reg.  of  St.  Bees,  Harl.  MSS.  No.  434.  ch.  3. 

7  Man.  Angl.  iii.  550.     Roger  fitz  Gilbert  gave  2  bovates  in  Hensingham  to  the  same  house.     Ibid. 

8  Men.  Angl.  vi.  613.  »  Burton,  Man.  Ebor.  178. 

1"  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  310-31 1.  "  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  421^,-  cf.  Round,  feudal  England,  168. 

359 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

Garstang  was  extended  by  the  barons  of  Kendal  in  the  thirteenth  century  to 
include  estates  in  Ulverston  granted  to  their  tenants  to  hold  by  knight's 
service.1  This  was  perhaps  a  straining  of  feudal  rights,  for  Ulverston  was 
held  of  the  monks  of  Furness  at  fee  farm  by  the  yearly  service  of  i  o  shillings.2 
This  infeudation  had  probably  been  made  to  William  de  Lancaster,  or  to 
Gilbert  his  father,  before  the  date  (i  127)  of  Stephen  of  Mortain's  gift  of  half 
the  territory  of  Furness  to  the  Cistercian  monks  from  Savigny.  If  this  was  not 
so,  it  is  inexplicable  that  the  monks  should  have  let  Ulverston  go  out  of  their 
hands  for  a  paltry  rent  of  10  shillings  a  year.  In  1 166  William  de  Lancaster 
appears  in  the  return  of  the  fees  held  by  Roger  de  Mowbray  in  chief  as 
tenant  of  two  knights'  fees,  representing  the  wapentake  of  Ewcross.3  The 
Mowbray  interest  in  Kendal  had  been  extinguished  or  relinquished  before 
this  time,  and  before  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  the  Lancasters'  interest  in 
the  wapentake  of  Ewcross  also  appears  to  have  been  relinquished. 

William  de  Lancaster  I.  died  in  or  before  1170.*  Besides  William,  his 
son  and  successor,  he  had  a  son  Jordan,  named  above,  who  probably  died  in 
his  father's  lifetime;  and  at  least  three  daughters:  (i)  Avice,  who  married 
Richard  de  Morevill,  eldest  son  of  Hugh  de  Morevill,  the  friend  and  subject 
of  David,  king  of  Scots,  and  founder  of  the  abbeys  of  Dryburgh  and  Kilwin- 
ning,  which  Richard  had  Great  and  Little  Eccleston  and  Larbrick  in  this 
county  s  and  considerable  estates  in  Ewcross  wapentake,  co.  York,  of  his 
wife's  dowry,  and  was  father  of  William  de  Morevill,  who  died  childless, 
having  confirmed  his  parents'  grants  to  the  monks  of  Furness  of  pasture  in 
Selsete  and  Birkwith  ; 6  (2)  Agnes,  married  to  Alexander  de  Windsore,  who 
had  with  her  in  frank  marriage  the  manors  of  Heversham,  Grayrigg,  and 
Morland,  co.  Westmorland  ; 7  (3)  Siegrid,  married  to  William  the  clerk  of 
Garstang,  who  had  with  her  lands  and  a  mill  in  Garstang  in  frank  marriage,8 
and  was  father  of  Paulin  de  Garstang,  named  with  his  father  in  an  agreement 
made  between  1194  and  1199  by  the  abbot  and  monks  of  Wyresdale  with 
H.,  chaplain  of  St.  Michael's  on  Wyre.9  From  this  William  descended  the 
family  of  Wedacre.10 

William  de  Lancaster  II.  is  chiefly  noted  as  the  founder  of  the 
Premonstratensian  Hospital  at  Cockersand,11  which  was  erected  into  an  abbey 
in  1190.  He  confirmed  to  the  monks  of  St.  Bees  his  father's  and  uncle's 
grants  to  that  place.12  To  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard  of  York  he  gave  land 
called  Dochergh  (now  Docker,  par.  of  Kendal)  in  exchange  for  land  in 
Kendal,  which  had  been  given  to  the  hospital  by  Ketel,  son  of  Eldred,  and 
land  in  Bartonhead  which  his  father  gave."  He  was  a  liberal  benefactor  to 
the  canons  of  Conishead,  to  whom  he  gave  land  between  Ulverston  and 
Bardsea,  the  church  of  Ulverston  and  the  estate  of  Gascow,  near  Ulverston.1* 

1  Exch.  K.R.  Kts.  fees,  $,  m.  3*  ;  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  2,  159. 

2  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  5.      The  service  was  increased  in  1 196  to  30  shillings. 
»  Red  Bk.  of  Exch.  (Rolls  Ser.),  420. 

*  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  1 6  ;  '  Richard  de  Morevill,  200  m.  pro  recto,'  etc. 
6  Lanes.  Inq.  (Rec.  Soc.),  xlviii.  3  note. 

6  Duchy  of  Lane.  Anct.  Chart.  Dtp.  Keeper's  $6tA  Rep.  App.  2,  181-2. 

7  Anct.  transcript  at  Levens  Hall,  Regist.  £.41. 

8  De  Bane.  R.  No.  321,  m.  294.  •  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R,  337  et fast. 
10  Cockersand  Chartul.  Chetham  Soc.  pass.                               "  Ibid.  758. 

i«  Reg.  of  St.  Bees,  Harl.  MSS.  No.  434,  eh.  223.  1S  Man.  Angl.  vi.  613. 

!*  Mm.  Angl.  vi.  556  ;  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  359. 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

In  1 1 80  he  became  in  respect  of  the  barony  of  Kendal  the  tenant  of  Theobald 
de  Valoignes,  who  had  received  the  barony  of  Westmorland  from  the  crown 
through  the  influence  of  his  son-in-law,  Ranulf  de  Glanvill.1  He  died  in 
1 1 84,  and  was  buried  in  the  presbytery  at  Furness.  Robert  of  Torigni 
describes  him  as  '  magnas  honestatis  et  possessionis  vir.' 3  He  married 
Helewise,  said  to  be  daughter  of  Robert  de  Stutevill,  of  Lazenby,  co.  Cumber- 
land,3 by  whom  he  had  an  only  daughter  Helewise,*  afterwards  in  the  charge 
of  William  Marshall,  to  whom  Henry  II.  gave  her  with  her  inheritance.6 
Not  being,  however,  a  great  enough  lady  to  become  the  wife  of  the  king's 
marshal,  although  his  dear  friend,6  she  was  given  to  Gilbert,  son  of  Roger 
fitz  Reinfred,7  an  elder  brother  of  the  half-blood  to  Reinfred  fitz  Roger  and 
Ralph  de  la  Bruere.8  She  was  of  tender  age  at  her  father's  death,  for  the 
marriage  was  not  .consummated  until  after  the  accession  of  Richard,  who 
confirmed  the  grant  of  her  marriage  at  Rouen  on  20  July,  1189.'  William 
de  Lancaster's  widow  married  secondly,  Hugh  de  Morevill  of  Burgh-upon- 
Sands,  who  died  3  John.10  From  the  issue  of  this  marriage  descended  the 
family  of  Multon,  one  of  whom,  Lambert  de  Multon,  held  Upper  Rawcliffe 
in  1 242-3  of  the  baron  of  Kendal."  Helewise  afterwards  fined  with  John 
not  to  marry  against  her  will.  Between  1216  and  1222  she  held  lands  in 
this  county  and  in  Cumberland  worth  £30  per  annum.13  She  was  living  in 
September,  I226.13 

Gilbert  fitz  Reinfred,  who  succeeded  to  the  barony  jure  uxoris,  was 
steward  to  Henry  II.14  and  Richard  I.  He  was  constantly  in  the  retinue  of 
Henry  whilst  in  France  between  1180  and  nSg.15  In  1185  he  acted  as  a 

1  Hodgson  Hinde,  Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Pipe  R.  xlvi-ii. 

2  Cbron.  ofSlepb.  Hen.  11.  and  Rich.  I.  (Rolls  Ser.),  iv.  309. 

3  Dodsworth's  MS.  ii.  8  (?)  ;  Cockersand  Chartul.  Chatham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  xxxix.  279,  305. 

*  He  had  at  least  one  bastard  son,  Gilbert  de  Lancaster,  who  attested  a  number  of  his  father's  charters 
(Coucber  of  Fatness,  346  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  402,  440-3),  was  living  in  1208  (Lane.  Fines,  \.  33),  and  was 
probably  father  of  Gilbert  de  Lancaster,  constable  of  Kendal  in  1246  (Coucher  of  Furness,  350), .who  held 
Hartsop  in  Patterdale  of  Roger  de  Lancaster  by  knight's  service  (Lanes.  Inf.  i.  167,  Westmld.  Feet  of  F.  file  4, 
No.  21).  He  was  ancestor  of  the  Lancasters  of  Sockbridge  and  father  of  Roger,  whose  name  stands  near  the 
head  of  the  pedigree  of  this  family  in  the  Visitation  of  Cumb.  and  Westmld.  (Foster,  75).  Gilbert  de  Lancaster 
was  of  Sockbridge  in  1318  (Cal.  Pat.  R.  1317-21,  291),  in  which  year  the  manors  of  Sockbridge  and 
Hartsop,  a  messuage,  I  carucate  of  land,  and  3,000  acres  of  pasture  in  Strickland  Kettle  were  settled  upon 
Gilbert  and  Alice  his  wife  and  their  issue,  with  remainder  to  John,  son  of  Gilbert  de  Lancaster  (Cal.  Pat.  R. 
1476-85,  286).  6  Meyer,  Guillaume  le  Marechal,  ii.  p.  264.  6  Ibid.  i.  v.  7317. 

7  Ibid.  ii.  338  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  395.     One  of  his  charters  with  an  equestrian  seal  appendant  is 
preserved  at  Lowther  Castle. 

8  Cockersand  Chartul.    (Chetham   Soc.),  976-7   in  notis ;  Hoveden  (Rolls    Ser.),    iii.    153.      Roger  fitz 
Reinfred,  father  of  Gilbert,  witnessed   a   feoffment   executed  in    1 1 69   before  the  barons   of  the   Exchequer 
(Eyton,  Itin.  of  Hen.  III.  130),  and  is  mentioned  in  1176  as  a  justice  itinerant  (ibid.  199),  in  which  capacity 
he  acted  regularly  in  the  king's  court  during  Henry's  reign  (ibid.  pass.).     Fines  were  levied  before  him  as  late 
as  1198.     He  was  a  witness  to  the  king's  will  (Foss,  Judges  of  England,  1870,  267).     He  served  the  office  of 
sheriff  of  Sussex  from   Michaelmas,  1 176,  to  Easter,  1 187,  and  of  Berks  from  Michaelmas,  1 186,  to  Michael- 
mas, 1187  (Dep.  Keeper's  ^ist  Rep.   263,  347).     He  is  said  to  have  married   (first)   Rohaise  (or  Hawise), 
daughter  and  heir  of  William  de  Romare  and   widow  of  Gilbert  de  Gant,  who  died  in    1156  (Foss,  267  ; 
Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  400),  by  whom  he  had  issue  Gilbert.     He  married  (secondly)  Alice,  sister  of  Ralph  le 
Breton,  and  by  her  had   Reinfred  and   Ralph,  usually  styled  'de  la  Bruere,'  who  was  heir  to  his  brother 
Reinfred.    Abbrev.  Plac.  (Rec.  Com.),  48^,  82^. 

9  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  7  ;  Benedict  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  73. 

10  Rot.  de  Otlat.  (Rec.  Com.),  54,  88,  184.  "  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  398. 

12  Ibid.  401.  1S  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  155^.  u  Dugdale,  Baronage,  \%\b. 

16  He  attested  Henry's  charters  to  Holy  Trinity  of  Caen,  dated  at  Caen  in  1180  ;  to  Walter  the  Usher, 
dated  at  Chinon  in  1 181  ;  to  Henry  de  Marreys,  dated  at  Gorron  in  Maine  circa  1183;  to  Croxden  Abbey, 
dated  at  Lyons-la-Foret  circa  1184;  to  Witham  Priory,  dated  at  Marlborough  in  1186;  to  the  abbey  of 
St.  Peter  at  Preaux,  dated  at  Caen  in  1187  ;  and  as  '  Dapifer'  he  attested  the  same  king's  charter  to  Swainby 
Abbey  in  Lincolnshire,  dated  at  Chinon  in  1189,  a  day  or  two  before  the  king's  death.  Eyton,  Itin.  of 
Hen.  II.,  pass.;  Round,  Cal.  of  Docs.  France,  pass. 

I  361  46 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

justice  of  the  king's  court.1  In  April,  1190,  Richard  I.  acquitted  him  from 
payment  of  neatgeld  in  respect  of  his  Kendal  and  Westmorland  possessions, 
and  confirmed  to  him  his  forest  of  Westmorland,  Kendal,  and  Furness,  with 
6  librates  of  land  in  Kendal,  to  hold  as  freely  as  Nigel  de  Albini,  or  William 
fitz  Gilbert  de  Lancaster,  had  held  that  forest.2  He  was  excommunicated 
in  1191  by  Longchamp  with  many  others,  including  his  father  and  brother 
Reinfred.8  In  1194  he  was  summoned  to  answer  the  monks  of  Furness  in 
the  king's  court  in  a  plea  that  he  had  taken  from  them  1,009  wether  sheep  with 
their  wool,  and  88  lambs.*  This  matter  was  no  doubt  connected  with  the 
old  dispute  about  the  division  of  Furness  Fells,  and,  like  the  former  dispute, 
was  settled  by  an  agreement  made  in  the  king's  court,  in  February,  1196, 
confirming  the  previous  agreement  made  before  Henry  II.,  and  containing  in 
addition  a  clause  by  which  Gilbert  and  Helewise  released  to  the  monks  all 
right  of  venison  and  hawks  in  the  monks'  part  of  the  fells,  and  all  claim  to 
lands  in  Newby,  near  Clapham  ;  the  monks  on  their  part  granting  to  them 
Ulverston  with  all  its  belongings  for  the  yearly  rent  of  ioj.6  He  was 
appointed,  in  1197,  with  Richard  Briwere,  receiver  of  the  issues  of  the 
bishopric  of  Durham  whilst  in  the  king's  hand.6  He  and  his  wife  Helewise 
confirmed  many  grants  of  land  made  by  their  predecessors,  including  the 
grants  of  churches  and  lands  in  Ewcross  wapentake,  and  in  Lonsdale,  Kendal, 
Westmorland,  and  Cumberland,  made  by  Ivo  Taillebois  to  St.  Mary's  Abbey 
in  York.7  To  Cockersand  Abbey  they  gave  the  church  of  Garstang,  and 
confirmed  all  other  gifts  made  to  that  house  within  their  fee.8 

After  John's  accession  Gilbert  obtained,  in  1200,  a  confirmation  of  the 
royal  grants  made  to  him,  and  a  new  grant  of  gallows  and  pit  in  his  Lan- 
cashire fief."  The  year  following  he  gave  30  marks  in  respect  of  his  one 
knight's  fee  in  Lancashire  and  two  fees  in  Westmorland  in  lieu  of  performing 
military  service.10  In  April,  1205,  he  was  appointed  sheriff  of  the  honour 
and  county  of  Lancaster,  which  office  he  retained  until  the  end  of  John's 
reign,11  and  in  1209  was  also  appointed  sheriff  of  Yorkshire,  which  office  he 
held  for  three  years.12  In  May,  1213,  he  was  one  of  the  twelve  barons  whom 
the  king  named  in  his  letter  to  the  primate  and  episcopate  as  pledged  to 
support  the  king's  declaration  for  the  defence  of  the  Church  and  its  pro- 
perty.13 In  March,  1215,  he  was  one  of  the  delegates  sent  by  the  king  to 
negotiate  with  Llewelyn  and  Madoc,  princes  of  Wales,1*  and  the  same  year 
had  the  king's  writ  authorizing  payment  of  his  expenses  in  munitioning 
castles  and  raising  forces  on  his  behalf.16  But  before  the  end  of  the  year  he 
was  won  over  to  the  party  of  the  barons  against  the  king,  who  seized  his 
land  in  Dunnington,  co.  Berks,  on  16  November,  in  revenge  for  his  defec- 
tion.18 A  fortnight  later  Gilbert's  son  and  heir,  William  de  Lancaster,  was 
captured  at  the  fall  of  Rochester  Castle,  and,  the  lives  of  the  defenders  being 

1  Eyton,  Itin.  of  Hen.  II.  261.  2  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  396-9. 

»  Hoveden  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  153.  *  Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  I,  m.  I  d. 

6  Feet  ofF.  Pipe  R.  Soc.  vol.  xvii.  101-4. 

6  Gauf.  de  CMngham,  Surtees  Soc.  ix.  1 6  ;  Hodgson  Hinde,  Cumb.  and  Westmld.  Pipe  R.  197. 

7  Man.  Angl.  iii.  566. 

8  Cockersand  Chartul.  (Chetham  Soc.),  56,  278-9. 

9  Rot.  tie  Oblat.  (Rec.  Com.),  67  ;  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  107. 

10  Rot.  de  Oblat.  (Rec.  Com.),  1 67.  u  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  5  3  J. 

u  Dep.  Keeper's  i\st  Rep.  363.  ls  Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  98-9,  I  i\b. 

"  Ibid.  131^.  "  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  193.  "  Ibid.  237. 

362 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

spared,  was  committed  with  his  companions  to  Corfe  Castle.1  A  few  days 
later  the  king  sent  a  messenger  to  confer  with  Gilbert  touching  his  sub- 
mission and  his  son's  redemption,2  and  on  4  January,  1216,  Gilbert  had  letters 
of  safe-conduct,  the  king  being  then  in  the  north  parts.8  On  22  January  he 
obtained  the  king's  pardon  for  his  confederacy  with  the  rebel  barons,  and 
secured  the  redemption  of  his  son  and  his  knights,  Ralph  de  Aincurt  and 
Lambert  de  Bussey,  by  finding  ten  hostages  from  among  the  young  sons  and 
daughters  representing  the  heirs  of  his  principal  vassals,  by  delivering  up  his 
castles  of  Morhull  in  Warton  and  Kirkby  Kendal,  and  by  consenting  to  pay 
a  fine  of  1 2,000  marks,4  binding  himself  to  observe  these  conditions  by  a 
remarkable  charter  in  which  he  also  pledged  himself  to  faithfully  serve  the 
king  and  his  heirs  by  Queen  Isabella  all  the  days  of  his  life.6  The  following 
June  he  had  letters  of  safe-conduct  to  negotiate  about  his  son's  pardon  and 
release,  similar  letters  being  granted  to  his  bailiffs  to  gather  the  money 
required  for  this  purpose,8  his  son's  release  being  shortly  afterwards  effected 
at  the  instance  of  the  earl  of  Chester7  by  a  ransom  of  £1,850. 8  Upon  Henry's 
accession*  he  made  his  peace  with  the  young  sovereign  and  was  com- 
missioned in  1217  to  escort  the  king  of  Man  to  do  homage  to  Henry  at 
Solway,  Carlisle,  or  Lancaster;10  a  commission  which  was  renewed  the  year 
following.11  He  died  early  in  1220,  when  his  son  William  de  Lancaster  III.,12 
giving  £100  for  relief  of  his  barony,  had  livery  of  his  possessions  on 
1 6  June.13  Gilbert's  debts  to  the  crown  at  his  death  included  12,000  marks 
for  his  pardon,  and  £436  arrears  of  old  accounts  belonging  to  the  time  when 
he  was  sheriff  or  receiver  of  the  king's  moneys.1*  Immediately  after  suc- 
ceeding to  his  barony,  William  paid  £1,950  to  Peter  de  Mauley  in  payment 
of  the  sum  due  for  his  redemption  and  towards  his  father's  debts."  During 
his  lifetime  these  debts  were  only  reduced  to  £6,228,  the  repayment  being 
made  by  agreement  at  the  rate  of  only  £40  per  annum.18  He  appears  to 
have  been  engaged  in  the  king's  service  early  in  life,  having  attended  John 
in  his  expedition  to  Picardy  in  1214."  On  3  February,  1221,  he  was  sum- 
moned to  the  siege  of  Cockermouth  Castle  with  other  north  county  magnates.18 
In  1225  he  received  a  peremptory  command  to  observe  the  terms  of  the 
forest  charter  by  disafforesting  the  lands  which  his  predecessors  had  put  into 
the  forest  since  the  coronation  of  Henry  II.,  and  so  to  act  towards  his 

1  Matth.  Paris  (Rolls  Ser.),  ii.  165-6  ;  Flora  Historiarum  (Rolls  Ser.),  iii.  335  ;  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  422. 

Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  i6oi.  3  Ibid.  162^. 

Roe.  de  Finibus  (Rec.  Com.),  570-1.  5  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  22 1£. 

Pat.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  187*. 

Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  335^  ;  Rymer,  Fotdera,  N.  Ed.  i.  (i),  146. 

Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  48 1£.  On  19  May,  1222,  three  of  Gilbert's  hostages — Norman  son  of 
Henry  de  Redman,  Richard  son  of  Roger  de  Kirkby,  and  the  son  of  William  de  Windsore — were  still 
detained  by  Philip  Mark  in  Nottingham  Castle,  who  had  wrongfully  seized  them  whilst  on  their  way  home 
Ibid.  497*. 

»  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  373^.  w  Close  R.  1216-25,  15°-  u  Ibid.  166. 

15  William  de  Lancaster's  arms  were  :  '  D'argent  a  deux  barre  de  goules  ung  quartier  de  goules,  et  ting 
leopard  en  la  quartier  d'or.'     Armytage,  Glover's  Rolle  of  Armes,  No.  49. 

18  Pipe.  R.  5  Hen.  III.  Lane.  m.  ±d.  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  47-8.  His  relief  as  a  knight 
would  have  amounted  to  no  more  than  £15,  as  a  baron  he  made  the  best  terms  he  could.  See  Hist,  of 
English  Law,  i.  260. 

"  Pipe  R.  6  Hen.  III.  Lane.  m.  5  d. 

16  Pipe  R.  5  Hen.  III.  Somers.  and  Dors.     See  Dugdale,  Baronage,  i.  422$. 

16  Pipe  R.  20  Hen.  III.  Lane.  m.  7  d.  W  Close  R.  1227-31,  175. 

18  Close   R.   (Rec    Com.),    i.    474*.      He  was  with  the  king  at    Bedford,   18    Aug.   1224.      Pat    R 
1216-25,465. 

363 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

tenants  as  the  king  had  acted  towards  his  magnates.1  In  1226  he  was 
appointed  a  justice  itinerant  in  Cumberland,2  and  again  in  1228  to  do  justice 
at  Appleby  upon  those  appealed  by  one  John  Scot,  an  approver.3  On 
10  March,  1226,  he  received  a  military  summons  to  go  to  Winchester,  pre- 
pared with  his  two  knights  to  go  abroad  in  the  king's  service,4  and  in  1230 
had  letters  of  protection  whilst  over  sea,6  pleas  pending  with  Robert  de  Kyme 
touching  15  librates  of  land  in  Ulverston,  and  with  William  de  Arundel 
touching  the  bounds  between  Firbank  and  Hay,  near  Kirkby  Kendal,  being 
put  in  respite.6  He  was  one  of  the  witnesses  to  the  great  charter  of  liberties 
executed  by  Henry  at  Westminster  on  28  January,  1237.*  From  Michaelmas 
1233  to  the  same  feast  in  1246  he  was  sheriff  of  Lancaster,8  and  in  1241  had 
the  custody  of  the  honour  committed  to  his  trust.9  He  was  one  of  the  persons 
appointed  for  the  assize  of  arms  in  the  county  in  I242,10  in  which  year  he  was 
summoned  to  perform  military  service  in  France,11  and  in  1244  against  the  Scots.13 
He  married  Agnes  de  Brus,and  by  deed  dated  at  Kirkby  Kendal  a  few  days  before 
his  death  granted,  for  the  health  of  his  soul  and  that  of  Agnes  his  wife,  to  the 
monks  of  Furness  lands  in  Ulverston  called  Scathwaite  and  Egton,  two  boats 
on  Windermere  and  two  on  Coniston  water,  one  upon  each  mere  for  the 
carriage  of  timber  and  other  necessaries,  and  another  with  20  nets  for  fishing, 
and  bequeathed  his  body  for  burial  in  the  presbytery  of  Furness,  near  the 
tomb  of  his  grandfather,  William  de  Lancaster  II.13  To  the  canons  of  Conis- 
head  he  gave  his  fishery  of  Leven,  meadow  land  near  Elterwater,  and  land 
between  Ulverston  and  Conishead  adjoining  the  estate  of  Gascow  which  his 
grandfather  had  given  to  the  canons  of  that  house,1*  to  whom  he  also  gave  the 
advowson  of  the  hospital  of  St.  Leonard  at  Kirkby  Kendal.15  Upon  his  death- 
bed he  bequeathed  to  the  abbot  of  Cockersand,  with  his  heart,  4  oxgangs  of 
land  in  Garstang,  and  at  the  same  time  made  numerous  feoffments  to  his 
friends  and  retainers,  the  validity  of  which  seems  to  have  been  afterwards 
called  in  question.  He  died  on  28  November,  I246,16  without  issue,  Agnes 
his  wife  surviving  him,  who  had  for  assignment  of  her  dower  the  manors  of 
Garstang,  Ashton,  Scotforth,  Stodday,  and  Carnforth,  in  this  county,  and 
Grasmere,  Langdale,  Crosthwaite,  and  Lyth  in  Westmorland.17  His  barony 
and  possessions  were  divided  between  his  nephews,  Peter  de  Brus,  son  of 
Peter,  by  Helewise,  his  eldest  sister  ;  and  Walter  de  Lindsay,  son  of  William, 
by  Alice,  his  second  sister ;  the  third  sister,  Sarot,  wife  of  Alan  de  Multon, 
dying  without  issue.18  Peter  de  Brus  had  the  castle  of  Kirkby  Kendal  assigned 
to  him  for  his  chief  seat,  and  Walter  de  Lindsay  had  Moreholme  Castle  in 
Warton,19  but  afterwards  a  new  partition  was  made,  the  nature  of  which  is 
indicated  by  the  inquests  taken  after  the  death  of  Walter  de  Lindsay  in 

l  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  575.  a  Ibid.  ii.  \$ib.  *  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  218. 

*  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  151.  6  Pat.  R.  1225-32,  360.  8  Close  R.  1227-31,  347,  349. 

1  Annul.  Man.  (Rolls  Ser.),  i.  104;  Cott.  MSS.  Vesp.  F.  xiii.  Art.  3,  fol.  5*. 

8  Dep.  Keepers  3111  Rep.  301,  »  Pat.  R.  25  Hen.  III.  m.  7. 

10  Close  R.  26  Hen.  III.  pt.  2,  m.  10  d.  n  Ibid.  pt.  3,  m.  3  d. 

12  Rep.  on  Dig.  of  Peer,  App.  iii.  10. 

l»  Coufher  of 'Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  xi.  348,  350. 

1*  Dep.  Keeper's  36  Rep.  194  ;  Man.  Angl.  vi.  556^.  «  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  168. 

l«  Ibid.  167.  "  Close  R.  31  Hen.  III.  m.  1 1. 

18  Man.  Angl.  iii.  553.     A  similar  genealogy  in  the  Cockersand  Chartul.  (Chetham  Soc.),  pp.  305-6,  gives  an 
erroneous  account  of  the  descent  of  William  de  Lancaster's  heirs. 

19  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  ii.  7. 

364 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

1271,  of  his  son  William  in  1282,' and  of  Peter  de  Brus  in  1272. 2  The 
subsequent  descent  of  this  barony,  and  its  ultimate  division  into  the  Marquis, 
Lumley,  and  Richmond  fees,3  does  not  belong  to  the  history  of  this  county, 
but  will  be  pertinent  to  the  history  of  the  neighbouring  county  of  West- 
morland. 

Roger  de  Lancaster,4  bastard  brother  of  William  de  Lancaster  III., 
had  large  estates  in  Barton,  Patterdale,  Morland,  and  Witherslack,  parcel  of 
the  barony  of  Kendal,  and  in  this  county  had  half  the  manor  of  Diversion 
by  his  brother's  grant,  to  hold  of  the  abbot  of  Furness.6  In  1255  he  had  a 
warrant  to  the  keeper  of  the  forest  of  Lancaster  for  2  harts  and  8  hinds  which 
the  king  had  given  him,  probably  for  stocking  his  park  at  Witherslack.*  In 
1267  he  obtained  the  custody  of  the  heir  of  Henry  de  Croft  of  Dalton  in 
Kendal,  with  his  lands,  for  >£6o  a  year.7  His  wife  was  Philippa,  the  eldest 
of  the  four  daughters  and  co-heirs  of  Hugh  de  Bolebeck  (died  1262),  who, 
as  son  of  Margery,  eldest  sister  and  co-heir  of  Richard  de  Munfichet  (died 
1267)  was  entitled  to  the  third  part  of  the  barony  of  Munfichet,  including 
the  manors  of  Stansted  Mountfichet,  Great  Holland,  Tolleshunt  Tregoz,  East 
Ham  and  West  Ham,  co.  Essex,  and  Barrington,  co.  Cambridge.8  In  1265 
and  1266  Roger  was  sheriff  of  Lancaster;  in  1271  keeper  of  Ingle  wood 
Forest.9  In  1275  he  obtained  the  king's  confirmation  of  the  grant  from 
Margaret  de  Brus,  daughter  and  co-heir  of  Peter  de  Brus  by  his  wife  Helewise 
de  Lancaster,  of  the  forest  of  Rydal  and  of  her  pourparty  of  Ambleside  and 
Loughrigg.10  In  1276  certain  encroachments  which  he  had  made  upon  land 
belonging  to  Furness  were  the  subject  of  an  agreement  with  the  monks  of 
that  house.11  In  1280  he  obtained  a  charter  for  a  market  and  fair  at 
Diversion,13  and  four  years  later  granted  to  the  burgesses  of  that  town  a 
charter  of  liberties  similar  to  those  enjoyed  by  Kirkby  Kendal.13  He  died 
before  18  April,  1291,  when  John  his  son,  who  was  probably  a  minor  at  his 
father's  death,  did  homage  and  had  livery  of  his  inheritance.1* 

John  de  Lancaster  of  Rydal15  was  summoned  to  Parliament  as  a  baron  from 
1297  to  1 30 1,16  and  in  the  former  year  was  also  summoned  to  protect  the 
Scotch  marches,  in  which  service  he  seems  to  have  been  constantly  employed 
during  the  three  following  years.17  He  was  one  of  the  signatories  to  the 
barons'  letter  to  the  pope  in  i3oo.18  In  1306  he  had  licence  to  alienate  in 
mortmain  the  advowson  of  the  church  of  Barton,  co.  Westmorland,  to  the 

1  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  235,  253. 
3  Torks.  Inq.  Yorks.  Rec.  Soc.  xii.  147-8. 

3  See  Nicholson  and  Burn,  Hist.  ofCumb.  and  WeitmU.  i.  29-63. 

4  Roger  de  Lancaster's  arms  were,  '  Argent   two  bars  gules,  on  a  canton  of   the  second  a  lion  passant 
guardant  or.'     Armytage, '  Charles'  Role  of  Armes,'  No.  264. 

6  Couc/ter  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  (New  Ser.),  xi.  328-9,  347. 

«  Close  R.  39  Hen.  III.  m.  3.  7  Ibid.  5  I  Hen.  III.  m.  6  d. 

8  Ibid.  52  Hen.  III.  m.  8  ;  Cal.  Inq.  p.m.  i.  150,  217  ;  Cal.  Gen.  i.  224  ;  Feud.  Aids,  ii.  149,010. 

9  Close  R.  55  Hen.  III.  m.  3. 

10  Chart.  R.  3  Edw.  I.  m.  4,  No.  u. 

11  Coucher  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  384.  «  Chart.  R.  8  Edw.  I.  m.  4,  No.  28. 
13  Courier  of  Furness,  Chetham  Soc.  425.  1*  Fine  R.  19  Edw.  I.  m.  iz. 

15  '  Sire  Johan  de  Lancastre  '  bore  arms — '  de  argent,  a  ij  barres  e  un  quarter  de  goules ;  en  le  quarter  un 
lupard  de  or.'     Nicolas,  Roll  of  Arms,  p.  12, 
18  Cokayne,  Complete  Peerage,  vol.  iii. 

17  Cal.  Pat.  R.  \  292-1 301,  pass. 

18  Rep.  on  Dignity  of  a  Peer,  App.  i,  126  ;  The  Ancestor,  vii.  256,  where  an  illustration  of  his  seal  is  given, 
No.  35. 

365 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

prior  and  convent  of  Warter.1  Having  settled  his  estates,2  he  died  without 
issue  in  1334,  when  the  barony  became  extinct.3  A  short  time  previous  to 
his  death  he  sold  his  half  part  of  Ulverston  to  John  de  Harrington.*  He 
appears  to  have  had  an  elder  brother  of  the  half  blood,  Robert  de  Lancaster, 
who  in  1282,  during  the  lifetime  of  his  father,  held  the  manors  of  Barton 
and  Witherslack  of  William  de  Lindsay.6  John  de  Lancaster  and  Annora 
his  wife  had  licence  in  1320  to  settle  the  manor  of  Rydal  and  a  messuage  in 
Barton  upon  John,  son  of  this  Robert  de  Lancaster  of  Howgill,  and  his  heirs, 
reserving  to  themselves  life  estates6  and  after  their  lives,  a  life  estate  to  Roger, 
brother  of  the  first-named  John.  After  Annora's  death  John  de  Lancaster  of 
Howgill  succeeded  to  the  manor  of  Rydal,  which  continued  in  his  line  until 
the  failure  of  male  issue,  when  it  passed  by  marriage  to  Thomas  Fleming,  kt., 
ancestor  of  the  present  possessor.7 


THE    BARONY   OF    NEWTON    IN    MAKERFIELD8 

This  liberty  is  almost  conterminous  with  the  Domesday  hundred  of 
Newton.  During  the  twelfth  century  it  was  charged  in  the  '  corpus  comi- 
tatus,'  or  sheriffs  charge,  at  the  assized  rent  of  £8  i6j.  4</.,  increased  to 
_£n  i  u.  4*/.  in  the  year  1201.'  When  Robert  Banastre  received  it  from 
Henry  II.  these  lands  appear  to  have  been  subject  to  the  yearly  payment  of 
the  former  sum.  When  delivered  to  his  son  by  the  crown  in  1204  the 
tenure  was  partly  by  knight's  service  and  partly  in  socage. 

The  name  of  Banastre  appears  to  be  a  corrupted  form  of  the  Italian 
'balastro'  (Lat.  Balistarius) ,  one  who  manipulates  the  '  balestra,'  or  machine 
for  hurling  stones  against  a  fortification.10  From  Balestro  the  name  became 
changed  to  Banastre  by  the  same  process  by  which  baluster  (the  handrail  of  a 
staircase)  has  taken  the  now  accepted  form  of  banister.11  In  the  court  of  the 
earls  of  Chester  the  Balestro,  or  Banastre,  appears  to  have  been  an  official  of 
great  importance.  The  late  Mr.  Langton  deduced  the  name  from  old 
French,  'Banaste'  (Lat.  Banasta),  a  basket  or  creel,  such  as  may  be  slung  in 

^  Cal.  Pat.  R.  I3I3-7,  523. 

8  In  1319-20  John  de  Lancaster  settled  his  Northumbrian  estates  upon  William  de  Herle  and  his  heirs 
(Cal.  Pat.  R.  1317-21,  389,  431),  his  Essex  estates  upon  Robert  de  Vere,  earl  of  Oxford  (ibid.  437);  his 
manor  of  Barington,  co.  Cambridge,  upon  John  de  Wauton  (ibid.  509,  but  see  1324-7,  p.  333  and  1327-30, 
p.  389)  ;  and  a  messuage  in  Barton  upon  Ranulf  de  Dacre  (ibid.  513)  ;  reserving  in  each  case  a  life  estate  for 
himself,  Annora  his  wife,  and  after  their  decease  for  his  brother  Roger  de  Lancaster. 

3  Cokayne,  Comf.  Peerage,  v.  3. 

*  Coucher  ofFurness,  Chetham  Soc.  481.  6  Lanes.  Inq.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  256. 

6  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1317-21,  523  ;  Close  R.   1333-7,  27°-     Jonn  son  of  Robert  de  Lancaster  of  Holegill 
was  pardoned  for  the  death  of  John  de  Helton  on  1314.     Cal.  Pat.  R.  1313-7,  177. 

7  Foster,  Visit,  of  Cum.  and  Westmld.  46. 

8  The   reputed  barony,  fee,  or  liberty  of  Newton  in   Makerfield,  comprises   the   several   townships  of 
Newton,  Golborne,  Lowton,  Kenyon,  Haydock,  Croft,  Southworth,  Middleton,  Arbury,  Houghton,  Fern- 
head,  Poulton,  Woolston,  Hulme,  Winwick,  Ashton,  Pemberton,  Orrell,  Billinge,  Winstanley,  Wigan,  Ince, 
Hindley,  and  Abram. 

9  Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  131,  249  ;  Lanes.  Inquests,  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  79. 

10  See  Ducange's  Glossary,  ed.  Henschel,  i.  537^. 

11  '  Banister,'  the  handrail  of  a  staircase,  has  for  centuries  been  accepted  as  a  proper  word,  although  a 
corruption  of  the  older  word  '  baluster.'     See  New  Eng.  Diet.  s.v.   banister.     Variants  of  this  name  may  be 
seen  in  that  of  Helpo  Balistarius,  the   Domesday  tenant  in   chief  in  Lincolnshire,  whose  descendant,  Helpe 
Balista,  occurs  in  the  Lincolnshire  Pipe  Roll  of  Hen.  II.  ;  also  in  Roger  Baneista  (possibly  a  brother  of  Richard 
Banastre) ,  who  attests  a  charter  between  1121  and  1129  of  Ranulf  Meschin ,  earl  of  Chester,  to  the  abbey  of 
St.   Evroul,  in  the  diocese  of  Lisieux  (Cal.  of  Docs.  France,  222).      Adam  Banastre,  kt.,  is  mentioned   in   a 
record  of  eirca  1320  as  'Adam  Ballaster '  ;  Gale,  Reg.  Honor,  de  Richmond,  App.  72. 

366 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

pairs  across  the  back  or  over  a  pack-saddle,  hence  the  heraldic  emblem  known 
as  the  water  bouget.  He  further  adduces  in  support  of  this  derivation  the 
appearance  of  the  water  bouget  in  the  early  arms  of  the  Banastres.1  If  we 
may  believe  the  statement  of  a  notable  petition,  made  by  one  of  the  sub- 
jects of  this  notice  in  1278,  the  family  of  Banastre  descended  from  Robert  de 
Roelent  (Rhuddlan),  who  held  a  large  fee,  described  in  Domesday  as  including 
half  the  castle,  burgh,  and  manor  of  Rhuddlan,  and  some  thirty-three  berewicks 
in  Englefeld,  now  part  of  co.  Flint.3  If  so,  the  descent  was  probably  through 
a  daughter  of  Robert  de  Roelent.  Richard  Banastre,  the  first  of  this  family 
upon  record,  occurs  among  the  attestants  of  a  charter  of  Richard,  earl  of 
Chester,  and  the  Countess  Ermentrude,  his  mother,  confirming  to  the  monks 
of  Abingdon  the  grant  of  '  Wudemundeslai '  made  by  Drogo  de  Andely. 
The  first  three  witnesses  of  this  charter  are  William  fitz  Nigel  (the  constable), 
Hugh  fitz  Norman  (the  steward),  and  Richard  Balasta.  The  date  is  stated 
to  be  circa  May,  no6.8  In  another  charter,  reciting  William  Malbanc's 
gifts  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Werburgh,  of  Chester,  Banastre's  name  appears  next 
after  that  of  the  countess  in  the  testing  clause.*  About  1115  he  attests  an 
important  charter  of  Richard  de  Belmeis,  bishop  of  London,  then  viceroy  of 
Salop,  touching  the  claim  of  Wenlock  Priory  to  St.  Milburg's  land  in  Shrop- 
shire, he  being  the  second  lay  witness.5  Between  1120  and  1128  he  is  a 
prominent  witness  to  Ranulf  Meschin's  charter  of  confirmation  to  St.  Wer- 
burgh.6 In  the  history  of  Shropshire,  Mr.  Eyton  adduces  evidence  to  show 
that  Richard  Banastre  was  probably  lord  of  Munslow  and  Aston  Munslow  in 
that  county.7  His  successor,  both  in  Cheshire  and  Shropshire,  was  Thurstan 
Banastre,  probably  his  son.  In  proof  of  his  dignity,  as  one  of  the  earl's  chief 
barons,  we  find  his  name  standing  as  the  third  witness,  following  William, 
earl  of  Lincoln,  and  William  de  Percy,  of  the  charter  by  which  Ranulf 
Gernons,  fourth  earl  of  Chester  of  his  line,  acknowledges  and  appoints  Eustace 
fitz  John  to  be  his  hereditary  constable.8  This  charter  probably  passed  in  the 
earl's  palatinate  court  between  1149  and  1154.  Of  about  the  same,  or  per- 
haps rather  earlier,  date  is  the  charter  of  Earl  Ranulf  releasing  to  the  monks 
of  Shrewsbury  his  toll  in  the  city  and  county  of  Chester.  This  was  given  at 
Shrewsbury  and  is  tested  by  Ralph,  abbot  (of  Shrewsbury  ?),  Robert,  the 
earl's  steward,  and  '  Thurstan  Bannestre.'  *  Evidence  is  wanting  to  enable  us 
with  absolute  certainty  to  connect  other  contemporary  members  of  this  family 
with  Thurstan  Banastre,  but  Robert  Banastre,  the  first  of  the  Lancashire 
family  of  that  name,  and  Alard  Banastre,  sheriff  of  Oxfordshire  from  Easter, 
1 170,  to  Michaelmas,  1 175,  may  have  been  younger  sons  of  this  Thurstan. 
No  doubt  exists  as  to  the  ultimate  successors  of  Thurstan  in  his  Cheshire, 
Lancashire,  and  Shropshire  estates.  These  were  two  sisters,  Maud,  the 
younger,  wife  of  Henry  II. 's  steward,  William  de  Hastings10  (occurs  1 159-1 168, 
dead,  1 182),  whom  she  married  in  or  before  1 168,  and  Margery  or  Margaret, 
the  elder,  wife  of  Richard  fitz  Roger,11  thegn  of  Woodplumpton,  in  this  county, 

1  Chetham  Soc.  xcviii.  19.  3  Dom.  Bk.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  269. 

s  'Testimonies  ....  Ricardi  Balaste,'  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  ed.  Helsby,  i.  16. 
*  Man.  Angl.  ii.  386.  *  Eyton,  Hist.  ofShrops.  iii.  233. 

«  Man.  Angl.  ii.  387*  ;  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  ed.  Helsby,  i.  19. 
7  Hist.  ofShrops.  v.  131.  8  Ormerod,  Hut.  of  Ches.  i.  52. 

'  Chartul.  of  Salop  Abbey,  No.  3 1 2,  from  a  MS.  copy  penes  W.  Farrer.  10  Eyton,  I  tin.  of  Hen.  II.  pass. 

11  Eyton,  Hist,  of  Shropshire,  v.  135.     She  gave  lands  in  Appleby,  co.  Leic.,  to  the  nuns  of  Pollesworth. 
MM.  Angl.  ii.  363. 

367 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

and  the  founder  of  Lytham  Priory,  whom  she  married  before  1176.  Mar- 
gery's husband  is  mentioned  in  the  Pipe  Roll  of  1180,  as  owing  a  fine  of 
£100  for  the  recovery  of  his  Lancashire  lands,  which  had  been  seized  by  the 
crown  because  he  had  given  his  eldest  daughter  and  heir  in  marriage  to 
Robert  de  Stockport  without  the  king's  licence.1  He  died  in  1201,  and  his 
wife  was  deceased  in  I2o6.2  Although  the  sisters  Margery  and  Maud  were 
daughters  of  Thurstan  Banastre,3  it  is  probable  that  they  were  grandchildren 
of  the  Thurstan  who  occurs  between  1141  and  1154,  and  daughters  of 
Thurstan  II.,*  seeing  that  Maud,  the  younger,  was  married  before  1 168  and 
survived  until  I222.5  In  1219  she  was  still  a  widow  and  had  lands  in 
Kirmington,  co.  Lincoln,  worth  ten  marks  per  annum.6  In  the  division  of 
their  father's  estates,  which  was  not  effected  without  recourse  to  the  king's 
court,7  the  Shropshire  estates  of  Munslow  and  Aston  fell  to  the  share  of 
Maud,  in  whose  descendants,  the  barons  of  Abergavenny  and  earls  of  Pem- 
broke, these  manors  descended.8  To  Margery  and  her  heirs  fell  the  manor 
of  Appleby,  in  Leicestershire,  with  the  church,  the  manor  of  Kirkby  in  this 
county,  held  of  the  constables  of  Chester,  together  with  Simonswood  appur- 
tenant to  it,  and  the  manor  of  Aughton,  of  which  the  family  of  Waleys,  or 
Walsh  (Walensis),  were  undertenants'  ;  but  so  far  as  can  be  ascertained  the 
Cheshire  estates  descended  in  the  line  of  Robert,  younger  brother  of  Thurstan 
Banastre  II.  The  skeleton  pedigree  given  below  illustrates  these  descents  :• — 

Richard  Banastre  = 
occurs  1106,  1115,  ! 
and  nzo-8. 


Thurstan  Banastre  I., 
occurs  between  1141 
and  1154. 


Thurstan  Banastr 
dead  in  it 99. 


Robert, 
1141-9. 


Robert  Banastre, 
tutis  with  hit 
brother  circa 


Margery,  =  Richard  fitr  Roger, 

thcgn  of  Woodplumpton, 
founder  of  Lytham 
Priory,  ob.  1201. 


Warin  Banastre 
of  Adburgham 
(Abram),  co. 


(Abram  and  Bispham  families.) 


William  de  Hastings, 
stewardtoHen.il., 
occursn59-68,dead 


(Hastings,  barons  of  Abergavenny  and  earls  of  Pembroke.) 


Robert    de • 
Stockport, 
mar.  be- 
fore 1 1 80, 
dead  in 
1206. 

(Stockport 
Pojr 


••  Maud,  Margery,         Avice,  mar. 

called  mar.  1205        William 

Banastre        Hugh  de          de  Millum. 


I 

Jordan     de  =  (i)  Quenilda,  =  (2)  Roger  Gernct, 
Thornhill,         Inq.  p.m.  chief  forester  of 

of  co.  York.        36Hen.III.        Lancs.    Inq.  p.m. 
s.p.  s.p.  36  Hen.  III. 


Thomas  de 
Beetham,  of 
Beetham, 
co.  West- 


(Beetham  of  Beetham.) 


1  Farrer,  Lancs.  Pipe  R.  32,  43  ;  Rot.  de  Oblatis  (Rec.  Com.),  1 16.  3  Ibid.  352.  »  Ibid.  213. 

4  The  younger  Thurstan  attests  between    1189  and    1194.  the  grant  by   John,  count  of  Mortain,  to 
Geoffrey  Arbalaster,  of  the  manors  of  Preesall  and  Hackensall.     Farrer,  Lancs.  Pipe  R.  431. 

5  Exeerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  87.  •  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  348. 

7  Rot.  Cur.  Reg.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  227,  301,  359. 

8  Eyton,  Hist,  of  Shropshire,  v.  133  et  seqq.    It  is  possible  that  the  manor  of  Haselor,  in  Warwickshire,  also 
descended  to  Hastings  from  Banastre. 

8  Lancs.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xxxix.  63. 

368 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

We  now  return  to  Robert  Banastre,  the  younger  brother  of  Thurstan  II. 
In  a  petition  presented  in  Parliament  in  the  sixth  year  of  Edward  I.,  1278, 
the  great-grandson  of  this  Robert  declared — 

that  his  ancestor  Robert  Banastre,  came  to  England  with  the  Conqueror  and  had  the  manor 
of  Prestatyn  'in  Englefeld '  (co.  Flint)  and  other  lands1  which  the  petitioner  still  holds  of 
conquest  by  the  Conqueror  (du  Cunquestre  par  le  Cunqueror),  which  the  said  Robert  held  for 
a  long  time.  Who  died  possessed  of  that  land,  leaving  his  son  Robert  Banastre,  who  during 
the  time  of  King  Richard  built  a  tower  at  Prestatyn  which  still  remains.  In  whose  time 
Owen  Gwynedd,  lord  of  Wales,  made  war  in  the  land  whilst  the  king  was  over  the  sea, 
and  having  taken  the  king's  castle  of  Rhuddlan,  drove  all  the  king's  subjects  out  of  the  land. 
Thus  Robert,  the  son  of  Robert  Banastre,  lost  his  land  in  Wales  and  brought  all  his  people 
from  Prestatyn,  and  from  thence  into  Lancashire,  where  they  are  still  called  Le  Westroys.3 
At  his  death  Robert  left  three  sons,  Richard,  Warin,  and  Thurstan,  and  during  all  his  time 
Llewelyn,  the  elder,  made  war.  When  Thurstan  died  he  left  one  son  named  Robert,  aged 
but  one  year  at  his  father's  death,  being  twenty  years  in  ward,  who  when  he  came  of  age, 
lived  but  three  years  before  he  died,  leaving  one  son,  Robert,  the  petitioner,  who  was  in 
ward  nineteen  years.  He  prays  the  king  for  an  inquest  to  be  held  by  Englishmen,  to  declare 
his  right  to  the  manor  of  Prestatyn,  because  the  king  has  twice  before  commanded  inquest  to 
be  made  by  Englishmen  and  Welshmen  jointly  assembled,  but  the  Welsh  refused  to  attend, 
declaring  it  to  be  contrary  to  their  franchises,  unless  all  the  people  of  the  district  be  at  the 
inquest,  whereby  Robert  suffers  delay  to  his  great  loss,  and  prays  the  king  for  remedy,  if  it 
pleases  him.3 

By  inquest  held  in  accordance  with  the  king's  writ  dated  24  October,  1279, 
it  was  found  that  King  Richard  gave  the  manor  of  Prestatyn  to  Robert 
Banastre,  the  petitioner's  grandfather  (sic),  to  hold  by  his  service  in  fee  and 
inheritance,  that  Robert  thereafter  held  the  manor  in  peace  by  the  space  of 
3^  years,  within  which  time  he  built  a  tower  which  remained  in  part  to  that 
day,  and  thereupon  Owen  Gwynedd,  Prince  of  Wales,  drove  him  out  of  the 
manor  and  threw  down  his  tower  there.4 

Whilst  the  petition  and  inquest  contain  some  genealogical  and  chrono- 
logical inaccuracies,  they  no  doubt  in  the  main  record  the  true  fact  that 
Prestatyn  was  granted  by  Henry  II.  to  Robert  Banastre,  possibly  for  his  good 
services  in  the  war  of  1165,  when  he,  with  Randle  de  Bylines  and  William  de 
Curcy,  was  commissioned  to  munition  and  defend  the  castles  of  Basingwerk, 
Rhuddlan,  and  Prestatyn.5  Between  1 1 54  and  1 1 57  the  king  confirmed 
various  grants  to  the  abbey  of  Basingwerk,  including  land  called  Kethlenedei 
given  by  Robert  Banastre.8  The  grantor  of  these  lands  was  no  doubt  that 
Robert  who  takes  an  important  place  in  the  attestation  clause  of  several  of 
the  charters  of  Ranulf,  third  earl  of  Chester  of  his  line,  which  belong  to  the 
period  I I4I-9,7  but  he  belongs  rather  to  the  generation  of  Thurstan  I.,  whilst 
the  grantee  of  Prestatyn  was  a  younger  brother  of  Thurstan  II.  About  the 
year  1165  the  vills  of  Walton-le-Dale,  Mellor,  Eccleshill,  Little  Harwood, 
Over  and  Nether  Darwen,  all  within  the  hundred  of  Blackburn  and  honour 
of  Clitheroe,  were  granted  by  Henry  de  Lacy,  lord  of  Pontefract  and  Clitheroe, 
to  Robert  Banastre  to  hold  by  the  service  of  one  knight's  fee.8  Soon  after 
Robert's  expulsion  from  Prestatyn  with  his  Welshmen  or  Westreys  as  they 

1  This  no  doubt  refers  to  Robert  de  Rhuddlan  named  above,  amongst  whose  lands  Prestatyn  was  included. 

*  This  happened  in  the  year  1 167.  8  R.  of  Par/.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  *a. 

*  Lanes.  Inquests  (Rec.  Soc.),  xlviii.  242.  6  Pipe  R.  Soc.  ix.  67. 

6  Man.  Angl.  v.  263.     A  charter  of  Ranulf  Gernons,  earl  of  Chester,  to  the  monks  of  Lancaster  which 
passed  at  Lancaster  in  or  about  1149  is  attested  by  Robert   Banastre  (Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  296).     This 
Robert  may  have  been  a  younger  brother  of  the  elder  Thurstan. 

7  Ches.  Sheaf,  iv.  114,  from  the  Chartul.  of  St.  Werburgh.      Farrer,  Lanes.  Pipe  R.  296. 

8  Kuerden  MS.  Chetham  Lib.  Fol.  vol.  248,  No.  268. 

I  369  47 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

were  called,  and  doubtless  in  compensation  for  the  loss  of  Prestatyn,  he  ob- 
tained a  grant  from  the  crown  of  lands  within  the  lordship  of  Makerfield, 
including  the  demesne  lands  of  Newton  and  the  rectory  manor  of  Wigan 
with  the  advowson  of  the  church.  The  absence  in  the  Lancashire  Pipe  Rolls 
of  any  reference  to  this  grant  before  the  time  of  John  seems  to  suggest  a  doubt 
whether  Robert  Banastre's  tenure  was  more  than  that  of  farmer  or  bailiff. 
One  of  the  tenants  of  this  lordship  at  the  date  of  the  great  inquest  of  service 
taken  in  1212  was  Robert  de  Adburgham,  who  is  described  as  holding  4  ox- 
gangs  of  land  in  Adburgham,  now  Abram,  by  the  gift  of  King  Henry  in  fee 
farm  by  rendering  4*.  yearly.1  Now  the  original  grantee  of  this  land  from 
Henry  II.  was  undoubtedly  Warin,  son  of  Godfrey  Banastre,  father  of  Richard 
de  Adburgham  and  of  Henry  de  Bispham,  and  donor  of  one  oxgang  of  his 
demesne  land  in  Abram  to  the  canons  of  Cockersand.  By  his  charter,  to 
which  Thurstan  Banastre  and  Robert,  brother  of  Thurstan — note  the  relation- 
ship— and  Richard,  the  grantor's  son,  are  attestants,  he  confirmed  the  grant 
of  land  in  Abram,  called  Ockelshaw,  made  by  his  nephew  William  de  Ockel- 
shaw  to  the  same  canons  for  the  health  of  the  soul  of  King  Henry,  and  of 
the  soul  of  Warin  Banastre.8  These  grants  were  made  about  1 190,  and  supply 
the  only  contemporary  evidence  that  we  have  found  of  the  settlement  of  the 
Banastres  in  Makerfield  before  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  and  of  the 
probable  nature  of  their  tenure. 

To  the  circumstances  related  above  is  to  be  traced  the  settlement  in  the 
county  of  numerous  families  of  Welshmen,  who  soon  exchanged  their  native 
patronymics  for  territorial  names.  Certain  letters  close  of  Henry  III.,  directed 
to  the  sheriff  in  the  year  1229,  afford  evidence  of  the  very  considerable  num- 
bers of  these  settlers,  then  and  long  after  known  as  '  Banastre's  Welshmen.'  In 
accordance  with  a  precept  to  tallage  the  demesne  manors,  and  manors  for- 
merly in  the  demesne  of  the  county,  the  sheriff  had  assessed  these  men  to  a 
tallage  of  20  marks,  against  which  they  had  protested,  as  being  entirely 
contrary  to  the  custom  under  which  they  and  their  predecessors  had  enjoyed 
immunity  from  tallage.  The  demand  was  put  in  respite,  and  nothing  more 
heard  of  it.8 

Robert  Banastre  probably  died  during  Richard's  reign,  leaving  three  sons, 
Richard,  Warin,  and  Thurstan,  all  probably  under  age.*  Richard,  the  eldest, 
died  during  his  minority  without  issue.  In  1201  Adam  de  Lowton  and 
Thomas  de  Goldborne  answered  for  the  scutage  of  one  knight's  fee,  by  which 
service  Newton,  Lowton,  Kenyon,  Arbury,  and  half  of  Golborne  were  held.' 
Upon  attaining  his  majority  Warin,  the  second  son,  in  1204  proffered 
400  marks,  payable  within  four  years,  to  have  the  land  of  Makerfield,  and  was  put 
in  seisin  shortly  before  Michaelmas  that  year.8  A  grant  of  land  in  Walton, 
apparently  made  by  this  Warin  to  one  Alvred,  has  a  seal  appendant,  bearing 

1  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  406. 

8  Cockersand  Chartul.  Chetham  Soc.  660-1.  3  Cal.  ofChie  R.  1227-31,  159. 

4  Warin  and  Thurstan  attested  Theobald  Walter's  grant  to  the  canons  of  Cockersand  of  the  Hay  of  Pilling, 
between  1 1 94  and  1199.     Cockersand  Chartul.  375. 

5  Rot.  de  Oblatis  (Rec.  Com.),  167.     The  great  extent  of  1322-3   specifically  states  that   the  manor  of 
Newton,  with  Lowton,  Kenyon  and  Arbury,  and  half  of  Golborne,  was  held  by  the  service  of  one  knight,  and 
the  render  of  I  os.  at  Midsummer  for  the  castle-guard  and  3  J.  4^.  (for  sake  fee),  and  the  remainder  of  the  lordship 
or  barony,  including  Wigan  with  the  advowson  of  the  church  and  half  of  Golborne,  by  fealty  in  socage  without 
any  other  service.     Dodsworth  MSS.  cxxxi.  33. 

6  Rot.  de  Oblatis  (Rec.  Com.),  207. 

37° 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

either  two  water  bags  suspended  in  netting,  or  a  pair  of  wickerwork  panniers.1 
Before  3  April  following,  Warin  was  dead,  and  Sarah  his  widow  had  obtained  a 
small  annuity  for  her  living  from  an  ungenerous  sovereign.3  A  few  days  later 
the  king  exercised  his  right  of  presentation  to  the  church  of  Wigan,  in  his  gift 
by  reason  of  Warin's  death.3  In  1213,  Thurstan,  the  third  son,  having  attained 
his  full  age,  proffered  by  the  hand  of  Geoffrey,  dean  of  Whalley,  60  marks 
for  an  inquiry  touching  his  right  to  Makerfield,  which  by  inheritance  ought 
to  descend  to  him  from  Robert  Banastre,  his  father,  and  Warin,  his  brother, 
and  pending  a  favourable  verdict  proffered  500  marks  for  seisin.4  A  month 
later  he  was  put  in  possession.6  In  addition  to  lands  holden  of  the  honour  of 
Clitheroe,"  he  held  Standish  and  Langtree  of  the  honour  of  Penwortham,  as 
mesne  tenant.7  To  Cockersand  Abbey  he  gave  half  the  vill  of  Arbury.8  He 
died  in  1219,  leaving  a  son,  Robert,  and  other  children  all  of  tender  age. 
Philip  de  Orreby,  justice  of  Chester,  having  given  50  marks  for  the  wardship 
of  the  heir  with  his  marriage,  had  livery  of  the  inheritance.9  The  widow, 
Cecilia,  at  the  king's  request,  married  Richard  de  Monhaut.10  One  of  the 
few  recorded  acts  of  Robert  was  the  grant  to  his  brother  Thurstan,  of  lands 
in  Newton  in  Wirral,  by  charter  sealed  with  three  chevronels.11  This  manor 
long  descended  in  the  family  of  Venables  of  Kinderton,  who  held  it  of 
Banastre  of  Bank,  in  this  county,  a  younger  line  of  some  importance,  said  to 
be  descended  from  Thurstan  Banastre,  the  grantee.12  Robert  Banastre  married 
dementia,  whom  conjecture  assigns  as  daughter  to  Philip  de  Orreby,  by 
reason  of  the  fact  that  this  Robert  was  the  first  to  use  for  arms  three  chev- 
ronels, a  charge  said  to  have  been  used  by  the  family  of  Orreby.18  She 
survived  her  husband,  but  died  before  1258."  The  petition  of  1278  already 
quoted  records  the  death  of  this  Robert  within  three  years  after  attaining 
manhood's  estate,  that  is  to  say,  in  1241  or  1242.  He  left  issue  two  sons, 
John,  who  died  before  the  end  of  February,  1242,  and  Robert,  who  was  a 
minor  at  his  brother's  death.  He  possessed  in  1242  in  demesne  half  a  knight's 
fee  in  Makerfield,  held  of  the  earl  of  Ferrers,16  and  the  fourth  part  of  a 
knight's  fee  in  Shevington,  Charnock  Richard,  and  Welch  Whittle,16  held  of 
the  fee  of  Penwortham,  in  addition  to  his  fee  in  Walton-in-le-Dale,  held  of 
the  honour  of  Clitheroe,  which  latter  had  been  granted  during  his  minority 
to  the  prior  of  Penwortham  at  the  rent  of  £15  izs.  \\d,  per  annum.17  He 
was  a  ward  nineteen  years,18  and  therefore  did  not  come  of  age  until  1260  at 

1  Chetham  Sac.  xcviii.  20,  where  a  woodcut  representation  is  given. 

2  Clou  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  26.  3  Chart.  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  itfb. 
4  Rat.  de  T'mlbus  (Rec.  Com.),  488;  Writ  d.  10  Sept.  6  Ibid.  497. 

6  A  release  for  1 5  marks  by  Maud  and  Hawise,  daughters  of  Emery  de  Bernevill,  to  Thurstan  Banastre, 
of  their  right  in  Walton,  is  attested  by  Adam  Banastre  and  William,  his  brother.  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,106. 
No.  453. 

?  Testa  de  Nev'tll  (Rec.  Com.),  403.  8  Cockersand Cbartul.  Chetham  Soc.  674. 

»  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  35. 

10  Close  R.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  565^;  cf.  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  372. 
u  Harl.  MS.  No.  2074,  f.  55. 
12  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  ed.  Helsby,  ii.  499. 

1»  Ormerod's  Hist.  ofChes.  ed.  Helsby,  iii.  548,  note  b.    Nicolas's  Roll  of  Arms  records  the  coat  borne  temp. 
Edw.  II.  by  '  Sire  William  Banastre '  (of  Bretherton)  as  '  de  goules  a  iii  cheverons  de  argent '  (p.  80). 
i*  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,106,  No.  537. 

16  Close  R.  17  Hen.  III.  m.  4.     Knights'  fees  formerly  of  Ranulf,  earl  of  Chester,  which  were  assigned  to 
William  de  Ferrers  in  right  of  his  wife. 

18  Testa  de  Nevill  (Rec.  Com.),  397. 

17  Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  370.  W  Seethe  petition  of  1278,  above. 

371 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

the  earliest.  He  was  thus  only  five  years  old  in  124.6*  when  he  manumitted 
two  of  his  natives  of  Poulton,  near  Warrington,8  a  liberty  extended  to  other 
natives  of  Ashton  and  Newton,  in  Makerfield,  in  1256*  He  obtained  on 
13  January,  1257,  a  charter  of  free  warren  in  his  demesne  lands  of  Walton- 
in-le-Dale,  Newton-(in)-Makerfield,  and  Woolston,  near  Warrington,*  and  in 
December  of  the  same  year  a  weekly  market  on  Tuesday,  and  an  annual  fair 
on  the  eve,  the  feast,  and  the  morrow  of  St.  German  the  bishop,  at  his  manor 
of  Newton.6  In  November,  1268,  he  was  appealing  Richard  de  Holand  and 
eight  others  in  the  king's  court  for  the  destruction  of  his  fish  pond  at  Newton, 
and  for  carrying  away  and  imprisoning  his  wife  and  sons.6  He  was  commis- 
sioned in  1 279  with  two  others  to  inquire  of  those  in  the  county  having  land 
to  the  value  of  £20  yearly  who  had  not  taken  up  knight's  service.7  The  same 
year  he  was  commissioned  to  inquire  of  trespasses  done  in  the  forests  of 
Lancaster.8  In  1280  he  was  one  of  the  justices  appointed  for  the  gaol  delivery 
at  Lancaster.9  We  have  dealt  at  length  with  the  petition  which  he  presented 
in  Parliament  in  1278  for  the  recovery  of  the  manor  of  Prestatyn,  lost  by  his 
great-grandfather  a  hundred  years  before.  He  failed  to  obtain  a  re-grant  of 
this  estate,  but  there  is  some  evidence  that  in  lieu  thereof  the  king  gave  him 
the  manor  of  Little  Mollington,  co.  Chester,  afterwards  known  as  Mollington 
Banastre,  to  hold  by  the  service  of  a  fourth  part  of  a  knight's  fee.10  In  1284, 
whilst  Richard  was  prior  of  St.  Oswald's  of  Nostell,  Robert  Banastre  obtained 
licence  for  a  chantry  in  his  manor  of  Rokeden  in  Newton,  in  return  for 
which  he  endowed  the  church  of  Winwick  with  a  yearly  rent  of  1 2d.  for 
lights  for  the  altar  of  St.  Mary  the  Virgin.11  To  Cockersand  Abbey  he  con- 
firmed all  grants  of  land  made  by  his  tenants  in  Makerfield,  but  reserved 
'  Infangenthef  et  Utefangenthev  '  over  the  tenants  of  those  lands,  as  pertain- 
ing to  him  by  reason  of  his  barony.18  To  the  monks  of  Stanlaw  he 
gave  ten  acres  of  land  adjoining  the  chapel  of  the  Low  in  Walton, 
and  estovers  in  his  wood  there."  He  married  Alice,  daughter  and  heir 

1  The  arms  of  Robert  Banastre  are  recorded  as  Argent,  3  chevrons  gules  ;  Greenstreet,  '  Harleian  Roll  of 
Arms,'  Genealogist,  N.  S.  vol.  3,  p.  izo.  One  of  his  earliest  charters  granting  lands  in  Woolston  to  Robert  de 
Samlesbury,  and  attested  by  William  le  Botiller,  Richard  le  Botiller,  Richard  Phyton,  then  seneschal  of  Maker- 
field,  and  others,  is  sealed  with  a  seal  bearing  a  water  bouget  and  the  legend  S'  ROBERTI  BANASTRE. 
(Ibid.  403.  Chetham  Soc.  xcviii.  zi.)  This  latter  seal  was  evidently  used  by  the  grantor  immediately  after 
attaining  possession  of  his  inheritance,  and  may  possibly  have  been  an  old  seal  of  his  father's.  Another  charter, 
attested  by  Richard  Fitun,  then  seneschal  of  Makerfield,  who  died  before  May,  1246  (Lanes.  Inquests,  Rec. 
Soc.  xlviii.  161),  grants  lands  in  Newton,  between  Receruding  and  Kocshaewet,  to  Paulin,  son  of  Richard  de 
Neuton.  (Raines*  Lanes.  MSS.  xxxviii.  113.)  Another  charter,  granting  to  Philip,  the  clerk,  of  Chester,  a 
ridding  in  Walton  is  attested  by  Adam  de  Blakeburn,  Henry  de  Whalley,  Adam  de  Hoghton,  Thurstan  de 
Holand,  Adam  de  Holand,  Hugh  de  Haydock,  Gilbert  de  Suthworth,  William  de  Sonky,  Hugh  de  Hyndelegh, 
Gilbert  de  Haydock,  Jordan  de  Kenyan,  Richard  de  Golburne,  and  Robert  de  Lauton.  (Ibid.  121.)  Most 
of  these  were  his  tenants  in  Makerfield.  His  usual  sealings  are  made  with  a  small  circular  seal  of  green  wax 
bearing  3  chevronels  upon  a  small  triangular  shield  with  two  long  sides,  surrounded  by  the  legend  S'  ROB  : 
BANASTRE  >J<.  In  some  of  his  seals  a  rather  larger  shield  appears  between  2  water  bougets  with  the  legends 
— SIG :  ROBERTI  DE  BANASTR'  fa  or  S'  ROBERTI  BANASSTER  %.  This  seal  is  exemplified  by 
Chris.  Towneley  from  the  de  Hoghton  charters  in  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,106,  ch.  520.  All  his  later  sealings 
were  made  with  the  3  chevronels. 

3  Lanes.  Fines  (Rec.  Soc.),  xxxix.  100.  z  Ibid.  125. 

*  Cal.  Chart.  R.  i.  458. 

6  Chart.  R.  No.  53,  42  Hen.  III.  m.  5.  6  Cur.  Reg.  R.  No.  1 86,  m.  24^. 

1  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1272-81,  342.  8  Ibid.  406. 

9  Ibid.  450  ;  Cal.  Close  R.  1279-88,  395. 
10  Ches.  Inq.  41  Edw.  III.  No.  3.  "  Chartul.  of  Nostel,  Cott.  MS.  Vesp.  E.  xix.  f.  179. 

18  '  Prout  ad  me  pertinet  racione  baronie  mee  occasione  hujusmodi  latrocinii  ubi  sacrabel  sequitur.' 
Cockersand  Chartul.  Chetham  Soc.  643. 

13  Coucher  of  W bailey,  Chetham  Soc.  113-6. 

372 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

of  Gilbert  Woodcock,  who  had  lands  in  Cuerden  by  the  feoffment  of 
Roger,  son  of  Henry  de  Cuerden.1  She  survived  her  husband,8  whose 
death  occurred  in  lagi.8  He  had  issue  one  son,  James,  who  predeceased 
his  father,  and  a  daughter  Clemence,*  who  had  Mollington  Banastre  in 
marriage  with  William  de  Lea,  of  Lea,  near  Preston,  whose  son  Henry  de 
Lea,  kt.,  was  beheaded  in  1315^  participation  in  the  rising  which  Adam 
Banastre,  kt.,  led  against  Thomas,  earl  of  Lancaster  ; 6  and  a  daughter  Sibil, 
married  to  Richard  de  Hoghton,  of  Hoghton,  kt.  James  Banastre  married 
Elena,  daughter  of  William  the  butler,  of  Warrington,  and  had  issue  an  only 
daughter  Alesia,  who  was  contracted  in  marriage  to  John,  son  of  John  de 
Byron,  kt.  John  de  Byron,  the  father,  was  guardian  of  Alesia  and  of  a  portion 
of  her  inheritance  in  1292,  at  which  time  she  is  described  as  being  under  age 
and  the  wife  of  the  younger  John  de  Byron,  in  the  record  of  a  plea  at  Lan- 
caster, in  which  she  and  her  husband  had  been  summoned  to  prove  their 
warrant  to  hold  a  market  and  fair  in  Newton  and  to  have  free  warren  there 
and  in  Makerfield,  Woolston,  and  Walton-in-le-Dale.6  Before  November, 
1295,  young  John  Byron  was  dead  without  issue,  and  the  earl  of  Lancaster 
had  granted  the  marriage  of  his  widow  to  his  friend  John  de  Langton  for 
250  marks.7  The  grantee  was  probably  John  de  Langton,  Keeper  of  the 
Rolls  to  Edward  I.,  appointed  chancellor  in  1292,  and  bishop  of  Chichester 
in  1305.®  If  so  he  married  the  heiress  to  his  younger  brother,  also  named 
John,  before  the  end  of  1297,  when  John  de  Langton  and  Alesia  his  wife 
were  found  to  hold  a  knight's  fee  in  Newton  of  Edmund,  earl  of  Lancaster.9 
Early  in  1301  John  de  Langton,  brother  of  the  chancellor,  at  the  latter's 
instance,  obtained  a  grant  of  a  weekly  market,  two  fairs  yearly,  and  free 
warren  in  Newton  in  Makerfield  and  also  in  Walton-in-le-Dale.10  His  wife, 
who  was  living  in  1310,  predeceased  him.11  As  John  de  Langton,  kt.,  he  had 
frequent  letters  of  protection  from  Edward  II.  whilst  in  his  service.1*  He  was 
living  in  1328,  but  died  before  July,  I333-1*  In  1325  he  was  in  the  retinue 
of  the  earl  of  Warenne  in  Guyenne,  and  the  year  previous  was  summoned  from 
co.  Leicester  to  attend  a  great  council  at  Westminster.14 

His  son  Robert  de  Langton,  chr.,  was  one  of  the  commissioners  of  array 
in  this  county  in  1335  to  raise  troops  in  the  county  and  lead  them  to  the 
marches  of  Scotland.16  In  1341  he  had  a  licence  to  crenellate  his  mansion  of 
Newton  in  Makerfield.18  In  1344  he  was  one  of  the  commissioners  of  array 
for  the  raising  of  500  archers  in  the  county  for  service  in  Scotland.17  Upon 

1  Dr.  Kuerden's  MSS.     See  Ormerod,  Hist.  ofChes.  ed.  Helsby,  ii.  574. 

3  Coucher  ofWhallty,  Chetham  Soc.  117. 

8  He  was  living  on  3  Feb.  1291,  when  lands  in  Walton-in-le-Dale  were  released  to  him  (Add.  MSS. 
32,106,  f.  150^).    In  Michaelmas  term,  1291,  Alesia,  the  relict  of  Robert  Banastre,  was  claiming  dower  against 
a  large  number  of  the  tenants  of  Alesia,  wife  of  John,  son  of  John  de  Byron,  of  lands  in  Hindley,  Walton,  and 
Cuerden,  and  against  Ellen,  the  relict  of  James  Banastre.    Alesia  de  Byron's  lands  were  partly  in  the  custody  of 
her  father-in-law,  John  de  Byron,  and  partly  of  Edmund,  the  king's  brother.     (De  Bane.  R.  No.  91,  m.  157.) 

4  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,106,  ch.  338. 

6  Dodsworth's  MS.  cxlii.  f.  37.  «  Plac.  de  Quo  War.  (Rec.  Com.),  373^. 

7  Dodsworth  MS.  cliii.  136.  8  Foss,  Judges  of  England,  1870,  395*. 

9  Lanes.  Inj.  Rec.  Soc.  xlviii.  298.  10  Chart.  R.  29  Edw.  I.  m.  12. 
»  Cal.  Chse  R.  1307-13,  257.  ™  Cal.  Pat.  R.  temp.  Edw.  II. 

1'  Cal.  Chse  R.  1327-30,  336  ;  1333-7,  IZI-  In  !332  ne  sealed  a  letter  of  attorney  with  his  paternal 
coat  Vair.  Chetham  Soc.  (Old  Ser.),  xcviii.  23.  Seal  of  [?  Ralph]  de  Langton,  Argent,  3  chevronels  gules. 
Roll  of  Lanes,  arms,  temp.  Edw.  III.  penes  W.  Farrer.  See  Hut.  Soc.  Lanes,  and  Ches.  (New  Ser.),  i.  p.  154. 

1*  Gascon  R.  1 8  Edw.  II.  m.  1 1  d.  ;  Palgrave,  Par!.  Writs,  i.  640.  16  Rot.  Scot.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  321^. 

18  Cal.  Pat.  R.  1340-5,  304.  17  Rot.  Scot.  (Rec.  Com.),  i.  649*. 

373 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 

the  collection  of  the  aid  granted  in  1346  he  was  returned  as  holding  of  Henry, 
earl  of  Lancaster,  one  knight's  fee  in  Walton-in-le-Dale,  and  one  knight's  fee 
in  Newton  in  Makerfield,  Lowton,  Kenyon,  Arbury,  and  the  moiety  of  Gol- 
borne.1  He  died  in  1 36 1,  his  eldest  son  John  having  predeceased  him,  leaving 
issue  Ralph,  who  was  found  heir  to  his  grandfather  in  January,  1362,  being 
then  aged  twenty-one  years  and  upwards.2  During  his  grandfather's  lifetime 
the  manors  of  Newton  and  Walton  had  been  settled  upon  his  father,  whilst 
the  third  part  of  the  manor  of  Langton,  co.  Leicester,  the  manor  of  Hindley, 
and  half  the  manor  of  Golborne  were  settled  upon  Robert,  younger  brother  of 
John  de  Langton.8  Ralph  de  Langton,  kt.,  was  a  witness  in  the  Scrope  and 
Grosvenor  case  in  1386.  In  1391  he  settled  lands  upon  his  son  and  heir, 
Henry,  in  marriage  with  Agnes,  daughter  of  John  de  Davenport,4  and  five 
years  later,  in  conjunction  with  his  wife  Joan,  daughter  of  William  de  Radcliffe 
of  the  Tower,  settled  lands  on  his  three  younger  sons,  Nicholas,  Thomas,  and 
Geoffrey.6  He  died  7  April,  1406,  leaving  Henry  his  son  aged  40  years.6 
Henry  Langton  paid  £8  for  relief  of  his  lands  in  January,  1407,*  and  died 
in  1419,  Ralph  his  son  and  heir  being  then  aged  twenty-three  years.8 
Ralph  Langton,  chr.,  married  Alice,  whose  parentage  is  unknown,  and  died 
in  1431,  leaving  issue  an  only  son,  Henry,  then  aged  twelve  years,9  in  ward 
of  Thomas  Longley,  bishop  of  Durham,  and  others,  who  were  returned 
the  same  year  as  holding  half  the  manor  of  Newton;  Alice,  relict  of 
Ralph  Langton,  chr.,  and  Agnes,  relict  of  Henry  Langton,  each  holding  a 
fourth  part  of  the  manor  in  dower.10  Henry  Langton,  esq.,  died  in  1471, 
and  two  years  later  his  son  Richard  was  found  to  be  of  full  age.11  Richard 
Langton,  kt.,  was  made  a  knight  banneret  by  Lord  Stanley  at  Hutton  Field 
in  1482,  on  the  return  of  the  army  from  Scotland.18  He  married  Isabel, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Gerard  of  Bryn,  kt.,  and  died  in  1500,  leaving  issue 
Ralph,  aged  twenty-six  years,  who  had  been  married  to  Joan,  daughter  of 
Christopher  Southworth  of  Samlesbury,  during  his  father's  lifetime.  Thomas 
Langton,  styled  baron  of  Newton,  great  grandson  of  Ralph,  was  made  a 
Knight  of  the  Bath  at  the  coronation  of  James  I.  In  1589  he  was  concerned 
in  a  fatal  affray  at  Lea  Hall,  when  eighty  of  his  tenants  and  servants  engaged 
with  thirty  tenants  and  servants  of  the  owner  of  that  place,  Richard  Hoghton 
of  Hoghton  Tower,  esq.,  in  an  attempt  to  recover  cattle  seized  by  Mr.  Hoghton, 
and  as  a  result  of  other  mutual  provocations.  Mr.  Hoghton  was  unfortunately 
slain,  and  although  no  jury  could  be  empanelled  to  try  the  indictment  preferred 
against  Sir  Thomas  and  his  accomplices  for  murder,  the  latter  was  in  the 
end  constrained  to  alienate  his  manor  of  Walton-in-le-Dale  to  the  murdered 
man's  representatives  for  the  sake  of  peace ;  in  whose  descendant  it  remains 
vested  at  this  day.1*  Sir  Thomas  died  without  issue  in  1604,  when  his 
inheritance  by  virtue  of  a  settlement  made  in  1594,  passed  to  his  cousin 
Richard  Fleetwood,  afterwards  created  a  bart.,  of  Col  wick,  co.  Stafford, 

1  feudal  Aids,  iii.  85,  91.     This  aid  was  collected  in  1355.         *  Inq.  p.m.  36  Edw.  III.  pt.  I,  No.  116. 
8  Chetham  Sot.  (Old  Ser.),  xcviii.  23-4  ;  Lanes.  Fines,  Rec.  Soc.  xlvi.   194.     From  the  younger  Robert 
descended  the  family  of  Langton  of  the  Lowe  in  Hindley. 

*  Add.  MSS.  No.  32,106,  ch.  620.  «  Ibid.  ch.  571. 

6  Inq.  p.m.  Towneley  MS.  D.D.  No.  1,501  penes  W.  Farrer.      The  inquest  is  fully  abstracted  in  Dep. 
Keeper's  3  yd  Rep.  App.  p.  6. 

7  Add  MSS.  ch.  32,106,  ch.  840.  8  Jnj.  p.  m.  Chetham  Soc.  xcv.  137. 

»  Ibid.  xcix.  31.  W  Feudal  Aids,  iii.  1 94.  u  Inq .  p.  m.  Chetham  Soc.  xcix.  93. 

12  Metcalfe,  Book  ofKts.  7.  "  Whitaker,  Hist,  of  Wballey,  ed.  1876,  ii.  334. 

374 


FEUDAL    BARONAGE 

grandson  of  John  Fleetwood  of  Penwortham,  and  of  Joan,  eldest  daughter  of 
the  first  Thomas  Langton,  kt.1  Thomas  Fleetwood,  bart.,  son  and  heir  of 
Richard  Fleetwood,  the  first  baronet  of  Colwick,  sold  the  reputed  barony  of 
Newton  with  the  members  in  1660  to  Richard  Legh  of  Lyme,  esq.,  for  a 
consideration  of  jC3»5°°»  having  previously  alienated  to  the  same  purchaser 
other  portions  of  his  estates  in  the  years  i6$$-6-j?  From  Mr.  Legh  the 
reputed  barony  has  descended  to  his  present  representative,  Thomas  Wode- 
house  Legh,  second  Baron  Newton  (cr.  1892),  who  is  the  twenty-fourth 
reputed  baron  of  Newton-in-Makerfield  in  succession  from  Robert  Banastre, 
the  first  grantee. 

1  Chetham  Sw.  xcix.  93-100  ;  ibid.  li.  (Old  Ser.),  746-255.     A  pedigree  of  the  Langton  family  will  be 
found  in  Baines,  Hist,  of  Lanes,  ed.  Croston,  iv.  382-3  ;  and  of  Legh  of  Lyme  and  Golborne,  384-90. 
»  MS.  Abstr.  of  title,  penes  W.  Farrer. 


375 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY    OF 
LANCASHIRE 


Adelard,  280,  2863 
Ascha,  284* 
Athelstan,  King,  271 

Belesme,  Robert  of,  279 

Bernulf,  283* 

Busli,  Roger  de,  281,  282,  287* 

Bussel,  Albert,  281 

Bussel,  Geoffrey,  281 

Bussel,  Boissel,  Warin,   280,  281, 

282,  283,  2853,  2874,  zndnotes. 

See  also  Warin 

Catenase,  Ernuin,  275 

Chester,  earl  of,  280 

Chetel,  a   thegn,  272,  274,  285*, 

289* 
Cliber,  a  thegn,  274,  290^ 

Dot,  a  thegn,  273,  280,  2833 

Dunning,  273 

Duuan,  a  thegn,  274,  289* 

Edelmund,  2844 

Edward,    King    (The    Confessor), 

z75,277,'283<7, 2863,287*,  2873 
Elland,  family  of,   282.     See  also 

Gamel 

Elland,  Hugh  de,  note  282 
Elmaer,  2844 
Erneis,  278 

Ernuin  the  priest,  275,  2903 
Ernulf,  a  thegn,  274 
Evesham  Abbey,  282 

Furness  Abbey,  abbot  of,  note  2893 

,  monks  of,  279 

Furness,  Michael  de,  son  of.     See 
William  son  of  Michael  de  Fur- 


Gamel  (of  Rochdale),  a  thegn,  273, 

282,  2874 
Geoffrey,   a    knight,    279,    285*, 

287* 
Gerard  [Girardus],  282,  2873,  and 

note 

Gernet,  family  of,  280,  282 
Gernet,  Ralph,  281 
Gernet,  Roger,  282 
Gilbert,  285* 
Gillemichael    [Ghilemichel,    Gile- 

michel],   a    thegn,     272,    274, 


PERSONAL    NAMES 

Godeve,  284* 

Godfrey  the  sheriff,  279,  note  2853 

Grelley [Greslet],  Albert,  281,282, 

287* 
Gresley,  family  of,  281.     See  also 

Stafford,  Nigel  de 

Henry  I.,  King,  280,  282 
Hipperholme,  family  of,  282 

John,  King,  note  289$ 

Lacy,  Henry  de,  note  282 

Lacy,  Robert  de  (lord  of  Ponte- 
fract),  282 

Lacy,  Roger  de  (constable  of  Ches- 
ter), note  282 

Lathom,  family  of,  272,  273 

Leving,  284* 

Machel,  a  thegn,  274,  290/8 
Machern,  a  thegn,  274,  290^ 
Malet,  Robert,  275 
Marsey,  de,  family  of,  282 
Marsey,  Priory,  282 
Marshall,  William,  note  289* 
Molyneux,  Robert  de,  280,  281 
Montbegon,  or  Mountbegon,  Roger 

de,  280,  281,  283,  2853,  2873 

,  Sezilia,  wife  of,  281 

Morcar,  Earl,  275 

Mortain,  John,  count  of,  279,  note 

283 
,  Stephen,  count  of,  279,  280 

Nigel,  a  knight,  281,  287*.     See 

also  Stafford,  Nigel  de 
Northumberland,  Tostig,  earl  of, 

271,272,  274,  279,288*,  288*, 

289*,  290$,  note  2893 
Northumbria,  earldom  of,  272 
Nostell,  Priory  of  St.  Oswold  of, 

280 
,  canons  of,  280 

Orm,  Orme,  a  thegn,  274,  288* 
Osmund,  286^ 

Poitou  [Poitevin],  Roger,  count  of, 
269,  274-283*,  2853,  286*, 
2870,  2873,  290*,  2903,  note 
277 

Priests,  unnamed,  284*,  284^.  See 
also  Ernuin 

377 


'Radmans'  ('  radchenistres '),  275, 

276,  284* 

Ralph,  280,  2863,  287^ 
Richard,  the  parson   of  Winwick, 

note  286* 

Ripon,  Monastery  of,  271 
Robert,  2853,  2873.  See  also 

Belesme,  Robert  of 
Roger,  2863.    See  also  Montbegon, 

Roger  de 
Roger,    count    of    Poitou.       See 

Poitou,  Roger,  count  of 

Saint  Elfin,  2863 

Sees,  Abbey  of  St.  Martin  of,  279, 

281,  282 

Shrewsbury  Abbey,  279 
Stafford,  Nigel  de,  281.       See  also 

Nigel 

Stainulf,  2833.  See  also  Steinulf 
Steinulf,  2843.  See  also  Stainulf 
Stephen.  See  Mortain,  Stephen, 

count  of 

Teos,  285* 

Tetbald,  280,  2853,  2863 
Todeni,  Berenger  de,  278 
Torfin,  Thorfin,  a  thegn,  272, 

274,  289* 
Tostig,  earl  of  Northumberland.  See 

Northumberland,  Tostig,  earl  of 
Turulf,  a  thegn,  274,  2893 

Uctred.     See  Ughtred 

Ughtred  [Uctred],  a  thegn,  272, 
273,  278,  280,  283*,  284*, 
2843,  285*,  2853,  note  2853 

Ulbert,  280,  284* 

Ulf,  a  thegn,  274,  288*,  290* 

Vilers,  Pain  de,  280 

Walter,  2873 

Walton,  family  of,  282 

Walton,  Robert  de,  note  286* 

Warin,  2863.   See  also  Bussel,  Warin 

Wibert,  2843 

William  fitz  Nigel  (constable  of 
Chester),  280,  2853,  2863 

William,  King  (The  Conqueror), 
278,  283*,  288* 

William,  son  of  Michael  de  Fur- 
ness,  note  2893 

Winestan,  284* 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


'  Achetun.'     See  Aughton 

'Acrer.'     See  Altcar 

'  Actun.'     See  Aighton 

Adgarley,  274 

'  Agemundrenesse.'      See   Amoun- 

derness 

Aighton  [Actun],  282,  2883 
Ainsdale  [Einulvesdel],  2843 
Aintree,  note  2843 
AldclifFe  [Aldeclif],  279,  2883 
Aldingham,  274 
Allerton  [Alretune],  284*7 
'  Alretune.'     See  Allerton 
Altcar  [Acrer],  277,  285^ 
Amounderness    [Agemundrenesse], 

271,  272,  273,  274,  275,  278, 
279,  282,  2881;,  note  272 

Ancoats,  281 

Appleton,  280 

Ardwick,  281 

Argarmeols  [Erengermeles],  2843, 

note  285* 

Arkholme  [Ergune],  2883 
'Aschebi,'  288*7 
Ashton     near    Lancaster    [Estun], 

272,  274,  2903 
Ashton-under-Lyne,  note  2870 

,  church  of  St.  Michael,  2874 

Ashton-on-Ribble  [Estun],  2884 

Astley,  280 

Aughton    [Achetun],    272,    2833, 

2843,  and  note 
Austwick  [Oustewic]  (Yorks),  272, 

274,  289* 

Bailey,  note  2883 

Bank  Houses,  note  290** 

Barbon     [Berebrune]     (Westmld.) 

2894 

Bardsea  [Berretseige],  2893 
Bare  [Bare],  279,  2883 
Barlawick   [Bernulfeswic]  (Yorks.), 

2894 

Barnoldswick,  278 
Barton     [Bartun,     Bartune],    280, 

2854,  2884 
Beaumont   in    Skerton    (?)    [Neu- 

huse],  2883 
Beetham  [Biedun]  (Westmld),  274, 

278,  2903 

,  church  of,  275 

'  Benetain.'     See  Bentham 
Bentham  [Benetain]  (Yorks),  272, 

274,  2894 

'  Berebrune.'     See  Barbon 
'  Berewic.'     See  Borwick 
'  Bernulfeswic.'     See  Barlawick 
'  Berretseige.'     See  Bardsea 
Bickerstaffe,  note  2833.      See  also 

Aughton 

'  Biedun.'     See  Beetham 
'  Bilewrde.'    See  Dilworth 
Birkdale,  note  2843 
'  Biscopham.'     See  Bispham 
Bispham  (with   Norbreek)   [Bisco- 
pham], 279,  2880 


PLACE   NAMES 

Bispham,  chapel  of,  279 
'  Blacheburne.'     See  Blackburn 
Blackburn [Blacheburne],  27 1,  275, 
286* 

,  church  of  St.  Mary,  2863 

Blackburn  [Blacheburne]  Hundred 

273,  278,  281,  282,  286^,  2873, 
note  286/1 

'  Bodele.'     See  Bootle 

'  Bodelforde '  (in  Helsington,  West- 
mid.),  2893 

'Bodeltone.'     See  Bolton-le-Sands 

'Bodeltun.'  See  Bolton  with 
Adgarley 

'Boltelai.'  See  Bootle  cum  Lin- 
acre 

Bolton  with  Adgarley  [Bodeltun], 

274,  2893,  note  28911 
Bolton-le-Sands  [Bodeltone],  2883 

,  church  of,  279 

Bolton  in  Wharfedale,  note  288* 
Bootle   [Bodele]    (Cumb.),    2893, 

notes  289*;,  2893 
Bootle  cum  Linacre  [Boltelai],  2843, 

notes  270,  284* 

'  Borch.'  See  Broughton  in  Fur- 
ness  and  Burrow 

'  Borctune.'  See  Burton  in  Lonsdale 
'  Bortun.'     See  Burton 
Berwick  [Berewic],  2903 
Bourne  Hall  [Brune],  288* 
Bowland,  272,  282,  notes  272,290*7 
'  Bretteby,'  note  289^ 
Brindle,  278 

Brockholes.     See  Grimsargh 
'  Broctun.'     See  Broughton 
Broughton  [Broctun],  278,  288* 
Broughton    in    Furness    [Borch], 

2893 

Brune.     See  Bourne  Hall 
Bulk.     See  Hutton  and  Newton 
Burrow,  note  269.  See  also  Burrow, 

Over 

Burrow,  Nether  (?)  [Borch],  2890 
Burrow,    Over  (?)    [Borch],    274, 

2880 

Burscough,  278,  note  2843 
Burton  [Bortun]  (Westmld.),  289* 
Burton  in  Kendal  [Bortun]  (West- 
mid.),  2893 

Burton -in -Lonsdale  [Borctune], 
(Yorks.),  2894 

Cabus,  note  2883 
'  Calisei.'     See  Kelsey,  South 
Cantsfield  [Cantesfelt],  2883 
'  Carlentun.'     See  Carleton 
Carleton  [Carlentun],  288* 
Carnforth  [Chreneforde],  2883 
Cartmel    [Cherchebi],    272,   274, 

275,  278,  279,  2893,  notes  272, 
2890,  2893.     See  also  Newton, 
Higher  and  Nether,  and  Walton 
Hall 

Casterton  [Castretune]  (Westmld.), 
289* 

378 


Castleton,  273 

'  Castretune.'     See  Casterton 

Caterall  [Catrehala],  2885 

Caton  [Catun],  272,  289*2 

'  Catrehala.'     See  Caterall 

'  Cestrescire.'     See  Chester 

Chaigley,  note  2883 

'  Chellet.'     See  Nether  and  Over 

Kellet 

'  Chenulveslei.'     See  Knowsley 
'  Chercaloncastre.'     See  Lancaster, 

Kirk 
'Cherchebi.'      See    Cartmel    and 

Kirkby 

'  Cherestanc.'     See  Garstang 
Chester  [Cestrescire],  269,  283.2 
,    fee    of  constable    of,    note 

2853 

,  see  of,  270 

'  Chicheham.'     See  Kirkham 
Childwall  [Cildewelle],  271,  275, 

2840 

'  Chilvestreuic.'     See  Killerwick 
'  Chipinden.'     See  Chipping  and 

Chippingdale 

Chipping  and  Chippingdale  [Chi- 
pinden], 282,  2883 
Chippingdale.     See  Chipping 
'  Chirchedele.'     See  Kirkdale 
Chorley,  278 

'  Chreneforde.'     See  Carnforth 
'  Cildewelle.'     See  Childwall 
'  Clactun,' ' Clactune.'  See  Claugh- 

ton 

Clapham[Clapeham](Yorks.),  289^ 
Claughton     [Clactun,     Clactune], 

272,  288*;,  2894 
Clayton,  281 
Clayton  le  Woods,  278 
Cleveley,  note  2883 
Clifton  [Clistun],  288* 
'  Clistun.'     See  Clifton 
'  Clivertun.'     See  Crivelton. 
Cockerham  [Cocreham],  272,  274, 

290*.     See  also  Hillham 
Cockersand,  note  2900 
'  Cocreham.'     See  Cockerham 
Col  ton,  278 
Craven  (Yorks.),  274,  278,  282, 

notes  272,  2904.    See  also  Win- 

terburn 

Crimbles  [Crimeles],  2883 
'  Crimeles.'  See  Crimbles 
Crivelton  in  Newton  in  Yarlside 

[Clivertun],  2893 
Cronton,  280 
Crosby,  Little  [Crosebi],  272,  280, 

2833,  2853 
Croston,  271,  282 
Croxteth,  278 
Crumpsall,  281 

Cuerdley  (in  Prescot  parish),  280 
Cunscough.     See  Melling 

Dalton    [Daltone,    Daltun],    272, 
274,  2843,  2893.    See  also  Wart 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


Dal  ton  in  Furness  [Daltune],  289*7, 

note  2893 

Dendron  [Dene],  274,  2893 
'  Dene.'     See  Dendron 
Denton,  281 
Derby,   West    [Derbei,  Derberie], 

270,    278,    283*7,    2850,    2853, 

nates  284*7,  2853 
Derby,    West  [Derbei]    Hundred, 

270,  271,  272,  273,  275,  276, 

277,  278,  279,  280,  281,  283*7, 

286*7,  287*5,  note  286*7 
Dilworth  [Bilewrde],  2883 
Downholland  [Holand],  285** 
Down  Litherland.   See  Litherland, 

Down 

Drakelow  (Derby),  281 
Duddon,  river,  note  289/5 
Dutton,  282,  note  2881* 


Eccleston,  271,  280,  282 
Eccleston,  Great  [Eglestun],  288*7 
Eccleston,  Little  [Eglestun],  288*7 
'  Edeleswic.'     See  Elswick 
Egergarth,  280 
'  Eglestun.'     See  Eccleston,  Great 

and  Little 

'  Einulvesdel.'     See  Ainsdale 
Ellel  [Ellhale],  274,  2903 
'  Ellhale.'     See  Ellel 
Elswick  [Edeleswic],  288*7 
'  Erengermeles.'     See  Argarmeols 
'  Ergune.'     See  Arkholme 
Esk,  river,  note  2893 
'  Esmedune.'     See  Smithdown 
'  Estun."     See   Ashton    near   Lan- 

caster and  Ashton  on  Kibble 
'  Eurvicsire.'     See  Yorkshire 
'  Evreshaim.'     See  Heversham 
Ewcross  Wapentake  (Yorks.),  272, 

274 

'  Fareltun.'     See  Farleton 
Farleton  [Fareltun],  272,  289*? 
Farleton     [Fareltun]     (Westmld.), 

2903 

Fazakerley,  278,  note  284*7 
Fillingham  (Line.),  275 
'Fiscuic.'     See  Fishwick 
Fishwick  [Fiscuic],  288*5 
Fordbootle  in  Yarlside  [Fordebo- 

dele],  289* 

'  Fordebodele.'     See  Fordbootle 
Formby  [Fornebei],  284^ 
'  Fornebei.'     See  Formby 
Forton  [Fortune],  2883 
'  Fortune.'     See  Forton 
'  Frecheltun.'     See  Freckleton 
Freckleton  [Frecheltun],  288*7 
Furness,  272,  273,  274,  278,  279, 

notes  272,  289*7,  2893 
Furness  Fells,  279 

Garstang  [Cherestanc],  2883 
Garston,  279,  note  28  ;3 
•  Gerleworde.'     See  Kirkby  Ireleth 
'  Ghersinctune.'     See  Gressington 
'  Glassertun.'     See  Gleaston 


Gleaston   [Glassertun],  289*7,  note 

289*5 

Golborne,  281 
Goosnargh     [Gusansarghe],    288*7. 

See  also  Threlfall 
Gorton,  281 
Great  Marton.     See  Marton,  Great 

and  Little 
Great  Pendleton.     See  Pendleton, 

Great 
Great   Singleton.     See    Singleton, 

Great  and  Little 
Greenhalgh       (with      Thistleton) 

[Greneholf],  288*7 
'  Greneholf.'     See  Greenhalgh 
Gressingham  [Ghersinctune],  2883 
Gretlingtone,  note  290*7 
'  Grimesarge.'     See  Grimsargh 
Grimsargh       (with       Brockholes) 

[Grimesarge],  2883 
Grindleton,  272 
Gunolfsmores,  278 
'  Gusansarghe.'     See  Goosnargh 

Hackinsall.     See  Preesall 

Haighton  [Halctun],  288*7 

'  Halctun.'     See  Haighton 

Hale  wood,  278 

Halgtone  (?)  [Heldetune]  (Yorks), 

289*7 
Halsall  [Heleshale,Herleshala],  271, 

276,  280,  285*7,  285^ 
Halton   (Ches.),  280,  notes  2853, 

286*5 

Halton  [Haltune],  274,  2883 
Hambleton  [Hameltune],  2  8  83 
Hardhorn    with     Newton.        See 

Staining 

Hart  Carrs  in  Leece  [Hert.],  289*7 
Haughton,  281 
Hawcoat.     See  Suntun 
Heaton  [Hietune],  2883 
Heaton  in  Dalton  [Hietun],  289*7 
'  Heldetune.'     See  Halgtone 
'  Heleshale,'  Herleshale.  See  Halsall 
Helsington  [Helsingetune]  (West- 
mid.),  2893 

'  Hennecastre.'     See  Hincaster 
'  Hert.'     See  Hart  Carrs 
'  Hessam.'     See  Heysham 
Hest.     See  Slyne 
Heversham  [Evreshaim],  2903 
Heysham  [Hessam],  church  of,  279, 

'  Hietun,'  '  Hietune.'    See  Heaton 
Hillham  [Hillun],  2883 
'  Hillun.'     See  Hillham 
Hincaster    [Hennecastre]     (West- 
mid.),  2903 

•  Hinne.'     See  Ince  Blundell 
'  Hirletun,' '  Hiretun.'    See  Hurle- 

ton 

'  Hitune.'     See  Huyton 
« Holland.'     See  Upholland 
'  Holand.'     See  Downholland 
Holm  [Holme]  (Westmld.),  289*7 
Hornby  [Hornebi],  274,  281,  283, 
288*7 

379 


Horwich,  278 

'Hoton.'     SeeHutton 

'  Hotun,'  '  Hotune.'     See  Hutton 

'  Hougenai.'     See  Whitbeck 

'  Hougun.'    See  Millom 

Huncoat  [Hunnicot],  2863 
'  Hunnicot.'  See  Huncoat 
Hurleton  [Hirletun,  Hiretun],  272, 

2843,  2853 

Hutton  in  Bulk  [Hoton],  2883 
Hutton,  Old  [Hotun]  (Westmld.), 

2893 

Hutton,  Priest  [Hotune],  289*7 
Hutton  Roof  [Hotun],  2883 
Huyton  [Hitune],  271,  272,  273, 

280,  2833,  notes  277,  2853 

Ince  Blundell  [Hinne],  280,  284*7 

Ingham  (Line.),  275 

Ingleton      [Inglestune],     (Yorks.), 

289*7 

Inskip  [Inscip],  288*7 
Ireby  [Irebi],  289** 

'Jalant.'     See  Yealand 

Kellet,  Nether  and  Over  [Chellet], 

2883 

Kelsey,  South  [Calisei],  281 
Kendal,  272,  273,  274,  278,  279 
Killerwick    in    Monsell     [Chilves- 

treuic],  289*7 
Kirk  Poulton,  271 
Kirkby    [Cherchebi],    272,    278, 

280,  283*7,  notes  2853,  289*7 
Kirkby  Cartmel.  See  Cartmel. 
Kirkby  Ireleth  [Gerleworde],z89<J. 

See  also  Killerwick 
Kirkby  Kendal  [Cherchebi]  (West- 
mid.),  272,  274,  2893,  note  2883 
Kirkby      Lonsdale       [Cherchebi] 

(Westmld.),  289* 
Kirkdale  [Chirchedele],  272,  280, 

284*7,  2853,  notes  277,  2853 
Kirkham  [Chicheham],  271,  288*7. 

,  church  of,  279,  note  2883 

Kirk    Lancaster.     See     Lancaster, 

Kirk. 

Kirkland,  note  288* 
Kirksanton[Santacherche](Cumb.), 

2893,  notes  289*7,  289*5 
Knowsley  [Chenulveslei],  272,  278, 

280,  283*7,  note  2853 

'  Lailand.'     See  Leyland 
Lancaster  [Loncastre],  279,  2883, 

note  272 

Lancaster,  Forest  of,  271,  280 
Lancaster,  Kirk  [Chercaloncastre], 

2883 

Lancaster,  Little,  279 
Lancaster,  Honour  of,  280,  281 
'  Lanesdale.'     See  Lonsdale 
Lathom  [Latune],  272,  278,  284^, 

note  2853 

'  Latun.'     See  Layton 
'  Latune.'     See  Lathom 


A    HISTORY    OF    LANCASHIRE 


Layton  (with  Wardbreck)  [Latun], 

288,7 

Lea  [Lea],  288,7 
'  Lech.'     See  Leek 
Leek  [Lech],  289* 
Leece  [Lies],  289*.     See  also  Hart 

Cans      " 

'  Lefvenes.'     See  Levens 
Legbourne  (Line.),  282,  note  2876 
'  Leiate.'     See  Lydiate 
Leigh,  280 

Levens  [Lefvenes]  (Westmld.),29o3 
Leyland  [Lailand],  271,  278,  279, 

note  2873 
Leyland  [Lailand]  Hundred,  271, 

276,  278,  279,  281,  282,  2873, 

note  28  da 

Lichfield,  see  of,  270 
'  Liderlant.'     See  Litherland 
'  Lidun.'     See  Lytham 
'Lies.'     See  Leece 
Linacre,  note  2843.    See  also  Bootle 
Lincoln,  275 

Litherland,  Down  [Liderlant],  2844 
Litherland,   Up   [Liderlant],   272, 

284* 
Little   Lancaster.     See   Lancaster, 

Little 
Little  Marlon.    See  Marlon,  Great 

and  Little 
Little   Singleton.     See   Singleton, 

Great  and  Little 
Little    Woolton.      See    Woolton, 

Little 

'  Loncastre.'     See  Lancaster 
Lonsdale     [Lanesdale]     Hundred, 

271,  272,  273,  274,  278,  279, 

281,  282,  2904 
Lowton,  281 
Lunt,  note  2844 

Lupton      [Lupetun]     (Westmld.), 

2894 

Lydiate  [Leiate],  278,  280,  2850 
Lyme,    barony  of  the    constable, 

within  the,  280 
Lytham  [Lidun],  2880 

<  Magele.'     See  Maghull 
Maghull  [Magele],  272,  280,  283$ 
Makerfield,  271,  278 
'Mamecestre.'     See  Manchester 
Manchester     [Mamecestre],    281, 

282,  287/1 

,  church  of   St.   Mary,   281, 

287,; 
Mansergh  [Manzserge]  (Westmld.), 

2890 

'  Manzserge.'     See  Mansergh 
Martin  [Meretun],  272,  2893 
Marton,  Great  and  Little  [Mere- 
tun],  2880 

Marton  Hall  [Merretun],  284* 
'  Mele.'     See  Ravensmeols 
Melling  with  Cunscough  [Melinge, 
Mellinge],  274,  278,  2843,  288* 

,  church  of,  279 

Meols,  North  [Otegrimele,  Otringe- 
mele],  284^,  285^ 


'Meretun.'  See  Martin  and  Mar- 
ton,  Great  and  Little 

'  Merretun.'     See  Marton  Hall 

Mersey  [Mersha],  river,  279.  See 
also  Ribble  and  Mersey,  land 
between 

'  Mersha.'     See  Mersey 

'  Michelscherche.'  See  St.  Michael 
on  Wyre 

Middle  Rawcliffe.  See  RawclifFe, 
Middle 

Middleton  [Middeltun],  279,  2883 

Middleton  in  Lonsdale  [Middel- 
tun] (Westmld.),  2894 

'  Midehope.'     See  Mythop 

Millom  [Hougun]  (Cumb.),  274, 
2890,  note  2893.  See  also  Whit- 
beck 

'  Mimet.'  See  Mint  House  or 
Mint  Feet 

Mint  House  or  Mint  Feet,  near 
Kirkby  Kendal  [Mimet]  (West- 
mid.),  289^ 

Monsell.     See  Killerwick 

Morley  Wapentake  (Yorks.),  note 
282 

Moston,  281 

Much  Woolton.  See  Woolton, 
Much 

Myerscough.     See  Aschebi 

Mythop  [Midehope],  288/5 

Nateby,  note  2883 

Nether  Kellet.    See  Kellet,  Nether 

Nether  Poppleton.  See  Poppleton, 
Upper  and  Nether 

Netherton,  note  284/7 

Nether  Wyresdale.     See  Swainseat 

'  Neuhuse.'  See  Newsham  and 
Beaumont 

'  Neutun,'  '  Neutune.'  See  New- 
ton 

'  Neweton.'  See  Newton  Hun- 
dred 

Newsham  [Neuhuse],  288,7,  note 
2*4* 

Newton  [Neutun],  279,  281,  288/7, 
2883 

Newton,  Higher  and  Nether 
[Neutun],  289,4 

Newton  [Neutone,Neweton]  Hun- 
dred, 273,  276,  277,  278,  280, 
286/7,  2873,  note  277 

Newton  in  Makerfield  [Neweton], 
270,  279,  286/7 

Newton  (with  Scales)  [Neutune], 
x88d 

Newton  in  Whittington  [Neutune], 
188* 

Newton  in  Yarlside.     See  Crivelton 

Norbreck.     See  Bispham 

North  Meols.     See  Meols,  North 

Openshaw,  281 
Orgrave  [Ouregrave],  2893 
Ormskirk,  271,  276 
Osgodby  (Line.),  note  285* 
380 


'  Otegrimele,'  '  Otringemele.'     See 

Meols,  North 
Oulston  (Yorks.),  note  269 
'  Ouregrave.'     See  Orgrave 
'  Oustewic.'     See  Austwick 
Out  RawclifFe.    See  RawclifFe,  Out 
Over  Kellet.     See  Kellet,  Over 
Overton  [Ovretun],  279,  2883 
Owram,  South,  note  282 
OxclifFe  [Oxeneclif],  2  8  83 
'  Oxeneclif.'     See  OxclifFe 

Parr,  note  286^ 

Patton  [Patun]  (Westmld.),  2893 
Pendle  Forest,  278 
Pendleton,  Great  [Peniltune],  2  8  63 
'  Peneuerdant.'     See  Penwortham 
'  Peniltune.'     See  Pendleton,  Great 
'  Pennegetun.'      See  Pennington 
Pennington  [Pennegetun],  2893 
Penwortham   [Peneuerdant],   271, 
282,  283,  2873 

,  barony  of,  notes  2853,  287/7 

Plumpton,  Field,  [Plunton],  28  8/» 
'  Plunton.'     See  Plumpton  (Field) 

and  Woodplumpton 
Poppleton,     Upper     and     Nether 

(Yorks.),  275 

Poulton  (in  Warrington),  279 
Poulton  le  Fylde  [Poltun],  288,1 

.church  of,  note  2883 

Poulton  le  Sands  [Poltune],  2883 
Preesall  (with   Hackinsall)    [Pres- 

souede],  2883 
Preese  [Pres],  288/7 
'  Pres.'     See  Preese 
Prescot,  280 

,  church  of,  280,  note  2863 

'  Pressouede.'     See  Preesall 
Preston  [Prestune],  271,  274,281, 

288,*,  2883 

Preston-Patrick    [Prestun]    (West- 
mid.),  289,7 

Preston  Richard  [Prestun]  (West- 
mid.),  2903. 

'  Rabil.'     See  Roby 
RadclifFe  [Radeclive],  2874 
Rainhill,  280 

Ramsgreave,  near  Blackburn,  278 
Ravensmeols  [Mele],  284/7 
RawclifFe,  Middle  [Rodeclif],  2  8  83 
RawclifFe,  Out  [Rodeclif],  2883 
RawclifFe,  Upper,   with    Tarnicar 

[Rodeclif],  2883 
'  Recedeham.'      See  Rochdale 
Ribble  [Ripa]  and  Mersey  [Mer- 
sha],   the    land    between,    269, 
270,  272,  274,  275,  276,  278, 
280,  281,  282,  283,7,  note  277 
Ribby  (with  Wrea)  [Rigbi],  288,7 
Ribchester  [Ribelcastre],  2883 
' Ribelcastre.'     See  Ribchester 
'  Rigbi.'     See  Ribby 
'  Ripa.'     See  Ribble 
Roby  [Rabil],  272,  280,  283,7,  note 

2853 

Rochdale  [Recedham],   278,  282, 
287,7,  note  282 


INDEX    TO    DOMESDAY 


'  Rodeclif.'     See  Rawcliffe 
Roose  in  Yarlside  [Rosse],  289,2 
Roseacre.     See  Treales 
Rossall  [Rushale],  2884 
'  Rosse.'     See  Roose 
Rossendale  Forest,  278 
'  Rushale.'     See  Rossall 

Saint  Michael  on  Wyre  [Michels- 
cherche],  271,  288/7 

,  church  of,  note  2883 

'Salewic.'     See  Salwick 

Salford  [Salford],   271,    279,   282, 

2874 

Salford  [Salford]  Hundred,  273, 
276,278,  281,  282,  287,;,  2873, 
note  286/7 

Salwick  [Salewic],  2884 
'  Santacherche.'     See  Kirksanton 
Scagglethorpe  (Yorb),  275 
Scales.     See  Newton 
Scarisbrick,  272,  note  2843 
'  Schelmeresdele.'   See  Skelmersdale 
'  Schertune.'     See  Skerton 
Scotforth  [Scozforde],  274,  2903 
'  Scozforde.'     See  Scotforth 
Sea  ton  (Hall),  note  2893 
Sedbergh  [Sedberge]  (Yorks.),  2894 
Sefton,  280,  281 
Silecroft,  note  2893 
Simonswood,  278 
Singleton,  Great   and  Little  [Sin- 

gletun],  288/7 
Skelmersdale  [Schelmeresdele],  272, 

2843 

Skerton  [Schertune],  279,  2883 
Slyne  (with  Hest)  [Sline],  279, 2883 
Smithdown  [Esmedune],  284*7 
'  Sorbi.'     See  Sowerby 
South  Kelsey.     See  Kelsey,  South 
Sowerby  [Sorbi],  288,7 
Sowerby  Hall  [Sourebi],  289* 
Speke  [Spec],  284,7 
Stainall.     See  Stalmine 
Staining     (now     Hardhorn     with 

Newton)  [Staininghe],  2$8a 
Stainton     [Steintun]     (Westmld.), 

289^,  2893 
Stalmine  (with  Stainall)  [Stalmine], 

2883 

'  Stapelterne.'  See  Stapleton  Terne 
Stapleton  Terne  [Stapelterne,  Sto- 

peltierne],  279,  2883 
'  Stercaland.'     See  Strickland  Ketel 

and  Roger 

'  Stopeltierne.'  See  StapletonTerne. 
Strickland  (Westmld.),  272 
Strickland    Ketel    and    Strickland 

Roger  [Stercaland],  274,  2893 
Strickland  Roger.     See  Strickland 

Kettle 
*  Suenesat.'     See  Swainseat 


'  Sunton  '  (in  Hawcoat),  2894 
Sutton,  280 

Swainseat  in  Nether  Wyresdale 
[Suenesat],  2883 

'Tablesbei.'     See  Tealby 

Tarbock  [Torboc],  272,  273,  280, 
2833,  note  277 

Tarnicar.     See  Rawcliffe,  Upper 

Tatham  [Tathaim],  272,  289/7 

Tealby  [Tablesbei],  281 

Thirnby-in-Whittington  [Tier- 
nebi],  289* 

Thistleton.      See  Greenhalgh 

Thornley.     See  Wheatley 

Thornton  [Torenton,  Torentun], 
280,  284/7,  288,7,  note  2853 

Thornton-in-Lonsdale  [Torretun] 
(Yorks.),  274,  288,7 

Thorpe  Constantine  (Staffs.),  281 

Threlfall  (in  Goosnargh)  [Trele- 
felt], 2883 

Thurnham  [Tiernun],  2883 

'  Tiernebi.'     See  Thirnby 

'  Tiernun.'     See  Thurnham 

'Tit.'     See  Tydd  Gout 

'  Torboc.'     See  Tarbock 

'  Toredholme.'     See  Torisholme 

'  Torenton,'  '  Torretun.'  See 
Thornton 

Torrisholme  [Toredholme],  2883 

Tottington,  278,  281 

Toxteth  [Stochestede],  2833,  note 
2853 

Toxteth  Park,  note  284/7 

Treales  (with  Wharles  and  Rose- 
acre)  [Treueles],  288,7 

'Trelefelt.'     See  Threlfall 

'  Treueles.'     See  Treales 

Tunstall  [Tunestalle],  289* 

Tydd  Gout  [Tit],  281 

Ulneswalton,  282 

'  Ulventune.'     See  Woolton,  Little 

Ulverston  [Ulvreston],  274,  2893, 

note  289,7 

'  Ulvetone.'     See  Woolton,  Much 
Upholland  [Holland],  2843 
Uplitherland.     See  Litherland,  Up 
Upper  Poppleton.     See  Poppleton, 

Upper  and  Nether 
Upper  Rawcliffe.     See   Rawcliffe, 

Upper 

'  Walei.'     See  Whalley 
'Waletune.'     See  Walton. 
'  Walintune.'     See  Warrington 
Walton  le  Dale  [Waletune],  2863 
Walton   on  the   Hill  [Waletone], 

271,  284/7,  notes  2853,  286/1 
.church  of,  279,  2843,  notes 

270,  284/7,  2853,  286/7 


Walton  Hall  in    Cartmel  [Walle- 

tun],  289* 

Wardbreck.     See  Layton 
Warrington  [Walintune],  270,  271, 

280,  2863.     See  also  Poulton 
Warrington  [Walintune]  Hundred, 

270,  273,  278,  280,  281,  2863, 

2873,  note  2%6a 
Wart  in  Dalton  [Warte],  289* 
Warton  [Wartun],  272,  2884, 289* 
'Watelei.'     See  Wheatley 
Wavertree  [Wavretreu],  2843 
Weeton    [Widetun],    288*.       See 

also  Mythop 
Wennington   [Wininctune,    Wen- 

nigetun],  272,  274,  2881?,  289^ 
Westby  [Westbi],  288* 
West  Derby.     See  Derby,  West 
Whalley  [Wallei],  2863 
Wharles.     See  Treales 
Wheatley  with  Thornley  [Watelei], 

2883 
Whicham    [Witingham]    (Cumb.), 

2893,  note  289,2 
Whiston,  280,  note  2863 
Whitbeck    [Hougenai]     (Cumb.), 

2893,  note  2890 

Whittingham  [Witingheham],  288 a 
Whittington      [Witetune],       274, 

2883.     See  also  Thirnby 
Whittle  le  Woods,  278 
•  Wibaldeslei.'  See  Woolton,  Much 
'Widetun.'     See  Weeton 
Widme  (Line.),  275 
Widnes,  280,  note  2853 
Wigan,  church  of,  note  2863 
Windle,»«*  2863 
'Wininctune.'     See  Wennington 
Winmarleigh,  271,  note  2883 
Winterburn    in    Craven    (Yorks.), 

274 
Winwick   [Wynequic],  church    of 

St.  Oswold  of,  280,  286* 
'  Witetune.'     See  Whittington 
Withington,  281 
'Witingham.'     See  Whichham 
'Witingheham.'    See  Whittingham 
Woodplumpton  [Pluntun],  2884 
Woolston,  279 
Woolton,  Little  [Ulventune],  278, 

280,  2844 
Woolton,  Much  [Wibaldeslei,  Uve- 

tone],  280,  2844 
Wrayton,  274 
Wrea.     See  Ribby 
'  Wynequic.'     See  Winwick 


Yarlside.    See  Crivelton  and  Roose 
Yealand  Qalant],  2903 
Yorkshire  [Eurvicsire],  269,  288/7, 
2904 


381 


The  Victoria  history  of  the 
county  of  Lancaster