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Gc 

942.2301 

V66 

v.l 

1267060 


M. 


GENEALOGY 


COLLECTION 


3  1833  00727  6931 


Zhc  l[)fctoria  Ibistot^  of  the 
Counties  of  Enolanb 

EDITED  BY  WILLIAM  PAGE,  F.S.A. 


A   HISTORY  OF 
KENT 

IN   SIX   VOLUMES 

VOLUME  I 


THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF  THE  COUNTIES 
OF  ENGLAND 

KENT 


LONDON 
ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE 

AND    COMPANY    LIMITED 


This  History  is  issued  to  Subscribers  only 

By  Archibald  Cojistahle    fsf   Company  Limited 

and  printed  by  Butler  i^   Tanner  of 

Frome  and  London 


INSCRIBED 

TO  THE   MEMORY  OF 

HER     LATE     MAJESTY 

QUEEN    VICTORIA 

WHO       GRACIOUSLY       GAVE 

THE      TITLE      TO      AND 

ACCEPTED     THE 

DEDICATION    OF 

THIS  HISTORY 


THE   ADVISORY   COUNCIL 
OF  THE   VICTORIA    HISTORY 


His   Grace  The   Lord    Arch- 
bishop or  Canterbury 

His  Grace  The   Duke  of  Bed- 
ford, K.G. 

President  of  tbe  Zoological  Society 

His  Grace  The  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire, K.G. 

Chancellor  of  the  University  of  Cam' 


Sir  Frederick   Pollock,  Bart., 

LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  etc. 
Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L., 
LL.D.,  F.R.S.,  etc. 


Sir  Edward  Maunde  Thomp- 
son, K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D., 
F.S.A.,  etc. 

Director  of  the  Britiih  Museum 

Sir  Clements  R.  Markham, 
K.C.B.,  F.R.S.,  F.S.A. 

President  of  the  Royal  Geographical 
Society 

Sir  Henry  C.  Maxwell-Lyte, 
K.C.B.,    M.A.,    F.S.A.,    etc. 

Keeper  of  the  Public  Records 

Sir  E.  Ray  Lankester,  K.C.B., 
LL.D.,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  etc. 

Director     of    the     Natural    History 
Museum^  South  Kensington 

President  of  (he  Royal  Agricultural      CoL.   SiR  DuNCAN  A.  JoHNSTON, 

K.C.M.G.,  C.B.,  R.E. 

Late  Director  General  oj  the  OrJnaiice 
Sur'vey 

Sir  Jos.  Hooker,  G.C.S.L,  M.D., 

D.C.L.,  F.R.S.,  ETC. 
Sir  Archibald  Geikie,  LL.D., 

F.R.S.,    ETC 

harles   Cox,   LL.D., 
F.S.A.,  etc. 
Lionel    Cust,    M.V.O.,    M.A., 
F.S.A.,  etc. 

Director   of   the   National   Portrait 


bridge 

His  Gr-^ce  The  Duke  of  Port- 
land, K.G. 

His     Grace     The     Duke     of 
Argyll,  K.T. 

The   Rt.   Hon.   The    Earl   of 
ROSEBERY,  K.G.,  K.T. 

The   Rt.   Hon.   The    Earl   of 
Coventry 


Society 

The  Rt.   Hon.   The  Viscount 


of   the    Society    of 


Dillon 

Late     President 
Antirjuaries 

The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Lord  Lister 

Late  President  of  the  Royal  Society 

The     Rt.     Hon.     The     Lord        f  c  a 
Alverstone,  G.C.M.G. 

Lord  Chief  Justice 

The  Hon.  Walter  Rothschild 
M.P. 


Galler; 

General  Editor — William  Page,  F.S 


Charles  H.  Firth,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Regius  Professor  of  Modern  History, 
Oxford 

Albert  C.  L.  G.  Gunther,  M.A., 
M.D.,  F.R.S.,  Ph.D. 

Late  President  of  the  Linnean  Society 

F.    Haverfield,    M.A.,    LL.D., 
F.S.A. 

Camden  Professor  of  Ancient  History 

Reginald  L.  Poole,  M.A. 

University    Lecturer  in  Diplomatic, 
Oxford 

J.  Horace  Round,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

Walter  Rye 

W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  M.A. 

Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Society  of 
Antiquaries 

Among  the  original  members  of 

tlie  Council  were 
The    late    Duke    of    Rutland 
The  late  Marquess  of  Salisbury 
The       late       Dr.      Mandell 

Creighton,  Bishop  of  London 
The  late  Dr.  Stubbs,  Bishop  of 

Oxford 
The  late  Lord  Acton 
The  late  Sir  William  Flower 
The   late   Professor   F.   York 

Powell  and 
The  late  Col.   Sir  J.  Farqu- 

harson 
.A. 


GENERAL    ADVERTISEMENT 


The  Victoria  History  of  the  Counties  of  England  is  a  National  Historic  Survey  which, 
under  the  direction  of  a  large  staflF  comprising  the  foremost  students  in  science,  history,  and 
archaeology,  is  designed  to  record  the  history  of  every  county  of  England  in  detail.  This 
work  was,  by  gracious  permission,  dedicated  to  Her  late  Majesty  Queen  Victoria,  who  gave  it 
her  own  name.  It  is  the  endeavour  of  all  who  are  associated  with  the  undertaking  to  make  it 
a  worthy  and  permanent  monument  to  her  memory. 

Rich  as  every  county  is  in  materials  for  local  history,  there  has  hitherto  been  no  attempt 
made  to  bring  all  these  materials  together  into  a  coherent  form. 

Although  from  the  seventeenth  century  down  to  quite  recent  times  numerous  county 
histories  have  been  issued,  they  are  very  unequal  in  merit ;  the  best  of  them  are  very  rare 
and  costly  ;  most  of  them  are  imperfect  and  many  are  now  out  of  date.  Moreover,  they  were 
the  work  of  one  or  two  isolated  scholars,  who,  however  scholarly,  could  not  possibly  deal  ade- 
quately with  all  the  varied  subjects  wliich  go  to  the  making  of  a  county  history. 

vii 


In  the  VicroRiA  Hisiory  each  county  is  not  the  labour  of  one  or  two  men,  but  of  many, 
for  the  work  is  treated  scientifically,  and  in  order  to  embody  in  it  all  that  modern  scholarship 
can  contribute,  a  system  of  co-operation  between  experts  and  local  students  is  applied,  whereby 
the  history  acquires  a  completeness  and  definite  authority  hitherto  lacking  in  similar  under- 
takings. 

The  names  of  the  distinguished  men  who  have  joined  the  Ad^■isory  Council  are  a  guarantee 
that  the  work  represents  the  results  of  the  latest  discoveries  in  every  department  of  research, 
for  the  trend  of  modern  thought  insists  upon  the  intelligent  study  of  the  past  and  of  the  social, 
institutional,  and  political  developments  of  national  life.  As  these  histories  are  the  first  in 
which  this  object  has  been  kept  in  view,  and  modern  principles  applied,  it  is  hoped  that  they 
will  form  a  work  of  reference  no  less  indispensable  to  the  student  than  welcome  to  the  man  of 
culture. 

THE  SCOPE  OF  THE  WORK 

The  history  of  each  county  is  complete  in  itself,  and  in  each  case  its  story  is  told  from  the 
earliest  times,  commencing  with  the  natural  features  and  the  flora  and  fauna.  Thereafter 
follow  the  antiquities,  pre-Roman,  Roman,  and  post-Roman  ;  ancient  earthworks ;  a  new 
translation  and  critical  study  of  the  Domesday  Survey  ;  articles  on  political,  ecclesiastical,  social, 
and  economic  history  ;  architecture,  arts,  industries,  sport,  etc.  ;  and  topography.  The  greater 
part  of  each  history  is  devoted  to  a  detailed  description  and  history  of  each  parish,  containing 
an  account  of  the  land  and  its  owners  from  the  Conquest  to  the  present  day.  These  manorial 
histories  are  compiled  from  original  documents  in  the  national  collections  and  from  private 
papers.  A  special  feature  is  the  wealth  of  illustrations  afforded,  for  not  only  are  buildings  of 
interest  pictured,  but  the  coats  of  arms  of  past  and  present  landowners  are  given. 


HISTORICAL  RESEARCH 

It  has  always  been,  and  still  is,  a  reproach  that  England  with  a  collection  of  public  records 
greatly  exceeding  in  extent  and  interest  those  of  any  other  country  in  Europe,  is  yet  far  behind 
her  neighbours  In  the  study  of  the  genesis  and  growth  of  her  national  and  local  institutions. 
Few  Englishmen  are  probably  aware  that  the  national  and  local  archives  contain  for  a  period 
of  800  years  in  an  almost  unbroken  chain  of  evidence,  not  only  the  political,  ecclesiastical, 
and  constitutional  history  of  the  kingdom,  but  every  detail  of  its  financial  and  social  progress 
and  the  history  of  the  land  and  its  successive  owners  from  generation  to  generation.  The 
neglect  of  our  public  and  local  records  is  no  doubt  largely  due  to  the  fact  that  their  interest 
and  value  is  known  to  but  a  small  number  of  people,  and  this  again  is  directly  attributable 
to  the  absence  in  this  country  of  any  endowment  for  historical  research.  The  government  of 
this  country  has  too  often  left  to  private  enterprise  work  which  our  continental  neighbours 
entrust  to  a  government  department.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  to  find  that  although 
an  immense  amount  of  work  has  been  done  by  individual  effort,  the  entire  absence  of  organization 
among  the  workers  and  the  lack  of  intelligent  direction  has  hitherto  robbed  the  results  of  much 
of  their  value. 

In  the  Victoria  History,  for  the  first  time,  a  serious  attempt  is  made  to  utilize  our  national 
and  local  muniments  to  the  best  advantage  by  carefully  organizing  and  supervizing  the  researches 
required.  Under  the  direction  of  the  Records  Committee  a  large  staff  of  experts  has  been 
engaged  at  the  Public  Record  Office  in  calendaring  those  classes  of  records  which  are  fruitful 
in  material  for  local  history,  and  by  a  system  of  interchange  of  communication  among  workers 
under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  general  editor  and  sub-editors  a  mass  of  information  is 
sorted  and  assigned  to  its  correct  place,  which  would  otherwise  be  impossible. 


THE  RECORDS  COMMITTEE 

Sir  Edward  Maunde  Thompson,  K.C.B.      C.  T.  Martin,  B.A.,  F.S..\. 
Sir  Henry  M.\xwell-Lyte,  K.C.B.  J.  Hor.\ce  Round,  M..A.,  LL.D. 

W.  J.  Hardy,  F.S.A.  S.  R.  Scarcill-Bird,  F.S.A. 

F.  Madan,  M.A.  W.  H.  Stevenson,  M.A. 

G.  F.  Warner,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 


CARTOGRAPHY 

In  addition  to  a  general  map  in  several  sections,  each  History  contains  Geological,  Oro- 
graphical,  Botanical,  Archaeological,  and  Domesday  maps  ;  also  maps  illustrating  the  articles 
on  Ecclesiastical  and  Political  Histories,  and  the  sections  dealing  with  Topography.  The 
Series  contains  many  hundreds  of  maps  in  all. 

ARCHITECTURE 

A  special  feature  in  connexion  with  the  Architecture  is  a  series  of  ground  plans,  many 
of  them  coloured,  showing  the  architectural  history  of  castles,  cathedrals,  abbeys,  and  other 
monastic  foundations. 

In  order  to  secure  the  greatest  possible  accuracy,  the  descriptions  of  the  Architecture, 
ecclesiastical,  military,  and  domestic,  are  under  the  supervision  of  Mr.  C.  R.  Peers,  M.A., 
F.S.A.,  and  a  committee  has  been  formed  of  the  following  students  of  architectural  history 
who  are  referred  to  as  may  be  required  concerning  this  department  of  the  work  : — 


ARCHITECTURAL  COMMITTEE 

J.  BiLsoN,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A.  J.  A.  Gotch,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

R.  Blomfield,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  A.R.A.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope,  M.A. 

Harold  Brakspear,  F.S.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.  W.  H.  Knowles,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

Prof.  Baldwin  Brown,  M.A.  Roland  Paul,  F.S.A. 

Arthur  S.  Flower,  F.S.A.,  A.R.I.B.A.  J.  Horace  Round,  M.A.,  LL.D. 

George  E.  Fox,  M.A.,  F.S.A.  Percy  G.  Stone,  F.S.A.,  F.R.I.B.A. 

H.  Thackeray  Turner,  F.S.A. 


The  general  plan  of  Contents  and  the  names  among  others  of 
those  who  are  contributing  articles  and  giving  assistance  are  as 
follows  : — 

Natural  History. 

Geology.     Clement  Reid,  F.R.S.,  Horace  B.  Woodward,  F.R.S.,  and  others 
Palaeontology.     R.  L.  Lydekker,  F.R.S.,  etc. 

{Contributions  by  G.   A.  Boulenger,   F.R.S.,  H.  N.  Dixon,  F.L.S.,  G.  C.  Druce,  M.A., 
F.L.S.,  Walter  Garstang,  M.A.,  F.L.S.,  Herbert  Goss,  F.L.S.,  F.E.S.,  R.  I.  Pocock, 
Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing,  M.A.,  F.R.S.,  etc.,  B.  B.  Woodward,  F.G.S.,F.R.M.S.,  etc., 
and  other  Specialists 
Prehistoric  Remains.     Sir  John   Evans,  K.C.B.,  D.C.L.,  LL.D.,  W.    Boyd    Dawkins,   D.Sc,  LL.D., 
F.R.S.,  F.S.A.,  Geo.  Clinch,  F.G.S.,  John  Garstang,  M.A.,  B.Litt.,  and  others 
Roman  Remains.     F.  Haverfield,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.,  Camden  Professor  of  Ancient  History 
Anglo-Saxon  Remains.     C.  Hercules  Read,  F.S.A.,  Reginald  A.  Smith,  B.A.,  F.S.A.,  and  others 
Domesday  Book  and  other  kindred  Records.     J.  Horace  Round,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  and  other  Specialists 
Architecture.     C.  R.  Peers,  M.A.,  F.S.A.,  W.   H.   St.  John  Hope,  M.A.,  and   Harold    Braks.-ear, 

F.S.A.,  A.R.LB.A. 
Ecclesiastical  History.     R.  L.  Poole,  M.A.,  and  others 

Political  History.     Prof.  C.   H.   Firth,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  W.  H.  Stevenson,  M.A.,  J.  Horace  Round, 
M. A.,  LL.D.,  Prof.  T.  F.  Tout,  M. A.,  Prof.  James  Tait,  M.A.,  and  A.  F  Pollard 
History  of  Schools.     A.  F.  Leach,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 

Maritime  History  of  Coast  Counties.     Sir  John  K.  Laughton,  M.A.,  M.  Oppenheim,  and  others 
Topographical  Accounts  of  Parishes  and  Manors.     By  Various  Authorities 
Agriculture.     Sir  Ernest  Clarke,  M.A.,  Sec.  to  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  and  others 
Forestry.     John  Nisbet,  D.Oec,  and  others 

Industries,  Arts  and  Manufactures  1   t.    xr    •         .     , 

_     .  ,       ,  „  ■    Tj-  r  By  Various  Authorities 

Social  and  Economic  History  J      ' 

Ancient  and  Modern  Sport.      E.  D.  Cuming,  the  Rev.  E.  E.  Dorli.\g,  M.A.,  and  others 

Hunting        \ 

Shooting  l  By  Various  Authorities 

Fishing,  etc  J 

Cricket.     Sir  Ho.me  Gordon,  Bart 


¥ 


^i 


THE 

VICTORIA  HISTORY 

OF  THE  COUNTY  OF 

KENT 

EDITED    BY 

WILLIAM    PAGE,    F.S.A. 

VOLUME    ONE 


LONDON 
ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE 

AND    COMPANY    LIMITED 
1908 


123^C60 
County  (Committee  tor  Ikent. 


The  Most  Hon.  the  Marquess  Camden. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Viscount  Torrington. 
The  Rt.   Hon.  the  Viscount  Hardinge. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  Stanhope. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  Amherst. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Cranbrook. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Earl  of  Darnley. 
The  Rt.  Rev.  the  Lord  Bishop  of  Rochester, 

D.D. 
The  Rt.   Hon.  the  Lord   De  L'Isle  and 

Dudley. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Lord  Kinnaird. 
The     Rt.     Hon.     the     Lord     Sackville, 

G.C.M.G.,  K.C.M.G. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Lord  Brabourne. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Lord  Northbourne. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  the  Lord  Avebury,  P.C. 
The  Hon.  Robert  Marsham-Townshend. 
The  Rt.  Hon.  John  G.  Talbot,  P.C,  M.P. 
Sir  John  W.  Honywood,  Bart. 
Sir  Spencer  P.  Maryon-Wilson,  Bart. 
Sir  Herbert  C.  Perrott,  Bart.,  C.B. 
Sir  William  Geary,  Bart. 
Sir  Edmund  S.  Hardinge,  Bart. 
Sir  Samuel  Scott,  Bart.,  M.P. 
Sir  David  Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons,  Bart. 
Sir  Henry  Lennard,  Bart. 
Sir  Charles  J.  Jessel,  Bart. 
Sir  Mark  Collet,  Bart. 
Sir  James  Whitehead,  Bart. 
Sir  Gilbert  Parker,  D.C.L.,  M.P. 
The  Rt.  Rev.  the  Bishop  of  Dover,  D.D. 
The  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Canterbury, 

D.D. 
The  Very  Rev.  the  Dean  of  Rochester,  D.D. 
A.  A.  Arnold,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
George    Matthews    Arnold,    Esq.,    D.L., 

J.P.,  F.S.A. 
R.  J.  Balston,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P. 


Matthew  Bell,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P. 

Coles  Child,  Esq. 

F.  S.  W.  Cornwallis,  Esq. 

George   J.  Courthope,    Esq.,  M.A.,  D.L., 

JP- 
Thomas  Colyer-Ferguson,  Esq. 
H.   W.  FORSTER,  M.P.,  B.A. 
James  S.  Friend,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
O.  E.  d'Avigdor-Goldsmid,  Esq.  LL.B.,  J.P. 
LiEUT.-CoL.  C.  S.  Hardy,  D.L.,  J.P. 
Laurence  Hardy,  Esq.,  M.P. 
R.  K.  Hodgson,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
CoL.  T.  J.  Holland,  C.B.,  D.L. 
S.  Wayland  Kershaw,  Esq.,  M.A.,  F.S.A. 
Ernest  H.  Lamb,  Esq.,  M.P.,  A.LE.E. 
The  Rev.  G.  M.  Livett,  B.A.,  F.S.A. 
Harry  H.  Marks,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Henry  B.  Mildmay,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
T.  B.  Napier,  Esq.,  LL.D.,  M.P. 
W.  B.  Tylden-Pattenson,  Esq.,  D.L. 
George  Payne,  Esq.,  F.S.A. 
Thomas    Gilbert   Peckenham,    Esq.,    D.L., 

J.P. 
James  Rowlands,  Esq.,  M.P. 
Col.  O.  E.  Ruck,  R.E.,  F.S.A.  (Scot.) 
LiEUT.-CoL.  C.  A.  M.  Warde,  D.L.,  J.P. 
Henry  Weigall,  Esq.,  D.L.,  J.P. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Bromley. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Dover. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Folkestone. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Gilung- 

HAM. 

The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Gravesend. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Hythe. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Margate. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Rochester. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Tenterden. 
The  Worshipful  the  Mayor  of  Tunbridge 
Wells. 


CONTENTS   OF  VOLUME   ONE 


Dedication  ..... 

The  Advisory  Council  of  the  Victoria  Histo: 
General  Advertisement 
The  Kent  County  Committee 
Contents 

List  of  Illustrations     . 
Preface        .... 
Table  of  Abbreviations 
Natural  History 
Geology 
Palaeontology 
Botany 

Introduction     . 

Mosses  (Musci) 

Scale-Mosses  {Hepatica;) 

Freshwater  Alg» 

Marine  Algae    . 

Characeae 

Lichens  {Lichenes)     . 

Fungi 


Zoology 
Marine 
Molluscs 
Insects 


Orthoptera  (Earwigs,  Grass- 
hoppers, Crickets,  etc.)  . 

Neuroptera  {Dragonflies,  Stone- 
flies,  Lacewings,  etc)    . 


By  G.  W.  Lamplugh,  F.G.S 
By  R.  Lydekker,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S, 


By  the  Rev.  E.  S.  Marshall,  M 
By  E.  M.  Holmes,  F.L.S. 


By  the  Rev.  E.  S.  Marshall, 
By  E.  M.  Holmes,  F.L.S. 


By  H.  C.  SoRBY,  LL.D.,  F.R 
By  B.  B.  Woodward,  F.L.S.,  F, 
Edited  by  Herbert  Goss,  F.E.S. 

Entomological  Society)    . 


F.G.S. 


.  F.S.A.   . 
G.S.,  F.R.M.S. 
(late  Secretary 


By  Malcolm  Burr,  B.A.,  F.L.S.,  F.Z.S.,  et( 

By  Wm.  J.  Lucis,  B.A.,  with  notes  by  the  late  Robert 
McLachlan,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  etc.    . 


By  Frederick  W.  L.  Sladen,  F.E.S. 


Hymenoptera    Phyt^ 

(Sawflies,  etc.)    . 
Hymenoptera       Entomophaga 

{Ichneumon-flies,  etc.)  . 
Hymenoptera  Tubulifera 

{Ruby-tailed   flies) 
Hymenoptera  Aculeata  {Ants, 

Wasps  and  Bees)  ...  „  „  „       .  . 

Coleoptera    {Beetles)       .         .       By  the  Rev.  Canon  Fowtler,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.L.S, 
notes  by  Geo.  C.  Champion,  F.Z.S.,  and  Arthur 
Chitty,  M.A.,  F.E.S, 
Lepidoptera  {Butterflies  and  Moths) 

Rhopalocera       ...       By  Herbert   Goss,  F.E.S.,  with   notes  by   Chas. 

F.E.S.,  and  Capt.  Savile  G.  Riid,  late  R.E.,  F.Z, 

Heterocera  ...  „  „  „ 

Micro-Lepidoptera     .         .       By  Benjamin  A.  Bower,  F.E.S. 

XV 


Fenn, 
S.,  etc. 


CONTENTS    OF    VOLUME    ONE 


Natural  History  (ront.) 

Zoology  {coiit.) 

Insects  (cojit.) 

PAGE 

Diptera     (Flies)     . 

By  Col.  John  W.   Yerbury,  late   R.A.,  F.Z.S 

,  F.E.S., 

with   notes   by   H.   Elgar 

209 

Hemiptera  Heteroptera  (Bugs) 

By  Edward  Saunders,  F.R.S.,  F.L.S.,  etc.   . 

. 

214 

Hemiptera   Homoptera   (Cica- 

das, Fiend-flies,  Lantern-flies, 

etc.)            .          .          . 

By  Wm.  West,  with  notes  by  Edward  A.  Butler,  B.A. 

B.Sc,  F.E.S 

222 

Spiders 

By  the  late  F.  0.  Pickard-Cambridge,  M.A.  . 

226 

Crustaceans 

By  the  Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing,  M.A.,  F.R.S., 

F.Z.S. 

237 

Fishes       .... 

By  G.  A.  Boulenger,  F.R.S.,  F.Z.S.   . 

263 

Reptiles  and  Batrachians  . 

» 

266 

Birds        .... 

By  Boyd  Alexander,   F.Z.S. 

267 

Mammals 

By  F.  J.  Baker,  A.R.C.Sc.  (Lond.),  F.R.H.S. 

302 

Early  Man      .... 

By  George    Clinch,   F.G.S.      . 

307 

Anglo-Saxon   Remains 

By  Reginald  A.  Smith,  B.A.,  F.S.A.  . 

339 

Ancient    Earthworks 

Compiled    by   the   late    I.  Chalkley    Gould 

F.S.A., 

principally  from  plans  and  descriptions  by 

the  Rev 

E.  A.  Down  man 

389 

Appendix    I.     The    Deneholes    o 

Kent        .... 

By  T.  V.  Holmes,  F.G.S.,  F.  Anthrop.  Inst.  . 

446 

Appendix    II.     On    the    Embank 

ments  of  the  Thames  in  Kent 

By  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  F.S.A.  . 

454 

Agriculture     .... 

By  C.  W.  Sabin 

457 

Forestry          .... 

.       By  the  Rev.  J.  C.  Cox,  LL.D.,  F.S.A.      . 

471 

Sport,  Ancient  and  Modern 

Edited  by  the  Rev.  E.  E.  Dorling,  M.A.  . 

479 

Hunting       .... 

By  Frank  Bonnett  ('East  Sussex') 

479 

Fox-Hunting    . 

„                „                        „             .         . 

479 

Staghounds 

• 

48s 

The  Mid-Kent  Staghounds 

.. 

'485 

Harriers 

„                „                        „ 

486 

Point-to-Point  Racing 

,.                ,j                       >, 

488 

Draghounds 

„                „                        „ 

489 

Foot  Harriers  and  Beagles  . 

»                        „ 

490 

Otter-Hunting 

„                „                        „ 

490 

Coursing     .... 

„ 

•     491 

Racing         .... 

„ 

492 

Flat  Racing      . 

„ 

493 

Steeplechasing 

J. 

496 

Famous    Owners,    Trainers    anc 

Horses 

„                „                        „ 

498 

Polo             .... 

^)                        V                                   » 

SCO 

Shooting      .... 

„                        „                                   „ 

SOI 

Angling       .... 

>,                        ).                                   J) 

504 

Cricket        .... 

By  Sir  Home  Gordon,  Bart.     . 

509 

Golf 

By  the  Rev.  E.  E.  Dorling,  M.A. 

S13 

AtUetics      .... 

By  Frank  Bonnett  ('East  Sussex') 

. 

516 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

PACE 

Canterbury  Cathedral.     By  William  Hyde frontispiece 

Palaeolithic  Implement  from  Reculver 308 

Palaeolithic  Implements  found  in  Kent  ......     full-page  plate,  facing     310 

Palaeolithic  Implements,  West  Wickham ,,  „        „  310 

Palaeolithic  Implements  from  Thanington       .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .311 

Palaeolithic  Implements  found  in  Kent 312 

Diagrams  showing  Types  of  Neolithic  Hut-floors  and  Cooking  Pits  at  Hayes    Common     .         .315 
Diagram  No.  I.    Remains  of  Stockaded  Enclosures,  Hayes      .         .         .         .         .         .         .316 

Diagram  No.  2.    Enclosures  at  Hayes 315 

Neolithic  Flakes  from  Millfield,  near  Hayes  Common 316 

Kits  Coty  House         .         .         .         .    )  ,„,,•„ 

The  Fallen  Stones  near  Kits  Coty  House! full-page  plate,  ^ac^ng     31^ 

Megalithic  Remains,  Addington „         „  ,,318 

Megalithic  Remains,  Addington ,,        „         „        320 

Megalithic  Remains  at  Coldrum,  Trottiscliffe         .         .  .         .  »        »         ..        320 

Bronze  Knife  from  Isle  of  Harty  ...........     322 

Sword  Hilt  (damaged)  found  at  All  Hallow's,  Hoo 322 


Knife  found  at  All  Hallow's,  Hoo 


322 


Bronze  Age  Antiquities full-page  plate,  facing  324 

Gold  Armilla  found  at  Canterbury     1 

GoldArmillas,  etc.found  at  Aylesford  J-  .-,.,.  »         »         »,  326 

Bronze  Armillae  found  at  Canterbury  J 

Grave-pit,  Aylesford 327 

Sketch-plan  of  Grave-pits,  Aylesford    ...........  327 

Late  Celtic  Antiquities  found  at  Aylesford full-page  plate,  facing  328 

Long-handled  Pan  of  Bronze,  Aylesford        ..........  329 

Metal  Disc  found  at  Greenwich  ...........  329 

Gold  Bracelets  found  at  Bexley  :  First  Hoard full-page  plate,  facing  336 

Gold  Bracelets  found  at  Bexley :  Second  Hoard    ...  .  „  „        ,>  338 

Jewelled  Brooch  with  Engraved  Runes  ..........  340 


Tombstone  of  Raehaebul,  Sandwich 


341 


Gold  Coin-Pendant,  St.  Martin's 342 

Anglo-Saxon  Jewels  from  Kent  (Plate  I) coloured  plate,  facing  342 

Kingston  Brooch,  Side  View  and  Back 3^7 

Bronze  Pin,  Breach  Down 3^g 

Bronze  Ornaments,  Buttsole         .         .~| 

Bronze  Key,  Buttsole           .         .         .  j- full-page  plate,  facing  352 

Bronze  Escutcheon  of  Bowl,  FavershamJ 

Bronze  Bowl  with  Patches,  Gilton 355 

Sword-hilt  with  Gilt  Mounts,  Coombe           ..........  356 

Pottery  Bottles  and  Jug,  Sarre 359 

Anglo-Saxon  Ornaments  and  Glass  from  Kent  (Plate  II)         .          .          .      coloured  plate,  facing  360 

Engraved  Silver  Brooch,  Sarre .         .         .361 

Radiated  Bronze  Brooch,  Lyminge 365 

Bronze  Brooch,  Lyminge 365 

I  xvii  c 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Gilt  Sword-pommel,  Crundale  Down 368 

Gilt  Mount  of  Wooden  Cup,  Faversham 370 

Engraved  Bronze  Plate,  Faversham 371 

Stamped  Pottery  Vase,  Faversham 371 

Bronze  Bowl,  King's  Field,  Faversham 372 

Gilt  Horse-trapping,  Faversham 372 

Olive-green  Glass  Cup,  Faversham 373 

Bronze  Bowl,  LuUingstone  .  .    ) 

.     full-page  plate,  facing  378 


sronze- 


gilt  Hoop  of  Brooch,  Canterbury] 


Enamelled  Escutcheon  of  Bowl,  Greenwich 379 

Pendent  Cross  of  Silver,  Gravesend 381 

Bronze  Cruciform  Brooch,  Canterbury 382 

Silver  Coin-Brooch,  Canterbury  (Obverse  and  Reverse)            .          .          .    full-page  plate,  facing  382 

Enamelled  Gold  Finger-ring,  Canterbury 384 

Ancient  Earthworks  : — 

Cobham  Park  Oppidum 393 

The  Camp,  Coldred 394 

Oldbury  Camp,  near  Ightham 396 

Kenardington  Camp 397 

Holwood  Camp,  Keston 398 

Quarry  Wood  Camp,  Loose       ............  399 

Milbay's  Camp,  Nettlestead 400 

Camp,  West  Wickham 402 

Joyden  Wood  Camp,  near  Dartford 405 

Castle  Hill,  Brenchley 407 

Knox  Bridge  Castle  Bank,  Frittenden 408 

Sheppey  Castle,  Queenborough  ............  409 

Sweyn's  Camp,  Swanscombe 410 

Section  of  Fort  in  Shoulder  of  Mutton  Wood,  near  Wouldham 41 1 

The  Donjon,  Canterbury  .          .  .          .  .          .          .          .          .  .          .          .          .412 

Dover  Castle 414 

'Caesar's  Camp,'  Castle  Hill,  Folkestone 417 

Leybourne  Castle       ..............  418 

Saltwood  Castle,  near  Hythe 420 

Stockbury  Castle        ..............  422 

Binbury  Castle,  Thornham 422 

Thornham  Castle       ..............  423 

Castle  and  Town  Hall,  Tonbridge      ...........  424 

Wilmington  Manor  Moat,  Boughton  Aluph 426 

Broxham  Moat,  Edenbridge        ............  426 

The  Palace,  Eltham      ..............  427 

Moat  at  Share  Farm,  HorsmonJen    ...........  427 

Moat  at  Colbridge  Farm,  Boughton  Malhc-rbe 429 

Cooling  Castle           ..............  430 

Hever  Castle    ...............  431 

Moat  at  Scotney  Castle,  Lamberhurst          ..........  431 

Castle  Rough,  Milton       .         .           ...........  432 

Bayford  Court,  near  Sittingbourne      ...........  433 

Tonge  Castle  .           ..............  434 

Entrenchment  in  Preston  Woods,  Aylesford          .........  435 

Entrenchments  at  Shingleton,  Eastry.          ..........  436 

Entrenchment  at  Amsbury,  Cox  Heath,  Hunton 437 

Enclosure  in  Mangravel  Wood,  Maidstone  .                   438 

Works  at  Lesnes        ..............  441 

xviii 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 

Ancient  Earthworks  {contd)  page 

Castle  Toll,  Newenden 442 

Shallow  Deneholes  near  Crayford        ...........  448 

Pit  near  Lenham      ....                  448 

No.  I     Denehole  at  Stonehall  Farm,  Lydden 449 

No.  2     Denehole  at  StonehaU  Farm,  Lydden 450 

'Moseling's  Hole,'  Church  Alkham              450 

Stankey  Pit 450 

Cavey  Spring  Pit      .............         •  451 

Joyden's  Wood  Pit 4SI 

Hangman's  Wood  Pit 4SI 

Diagram  Sections  showing  necessary  results  of  long  disuse  on  a  Shaft  and  Chamber  at  Blackheath  453 


LIST  OF   MAPS 

Geological  Map ...         between  nviii,  I 

Orographical  Map „  14'  ^S 

Botanical  Map „  44>4S 

Pre-Historical  Map „  306, 307 

Anglo-Saxon  Map „  338, 339 

Ancient  Earthworb  Map jacing    389 


PREFACE 


THE  history  and  topography  of  Kent  are  so  pecuh'arly  attrac- 
tive that  many  historians  have  turned  their  attention  to  the 
county  and  it  has  thus  been  supplied  with  a  continuous  flow 
of  topographical  works  from  the  sixteenth  century  to  the 
present  day.  The  first  of  its  historians,  and  perhaps  the  earliest 
English  county  historian,  was  William  Lambarde,  who  in  1576  pub- 
lished his  Perambulation  of  Kent  containing  the  Description^  Hystorie  and 
Customes  of  that  Shyre.  Lambarde  was  born  in  1536  and  was  the  son 
of  a  draper  and  alderman  of  London.  He  practised  law  and  after 
publishing  some  collections  relating  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  period  com- 
pleted his  Perambulation  of  Kent  in  1570.  This,  his  principal  work, 
although  not  quite  on  the  lines  of  the  more  modern  county  histories, 
gives  most  quaint  and  interesting  descriptions  of  old  customs  which 
during  the  period  of  change  in  which  he  lived  were  fast  passing 
away.  After  serving  the  office  of  Keeper  of  the  Records  for  some 
years  he  died  in  1601.  Lambarde's  work  was  followed  in  1659  by 
Richard  Kilburne's  Topographie  or  Survey  of  the  County  of  Kent  and 
John  Philipot's  Villare  Cantiutn,  published  by  his  son  Thomas  Philipot, 
but  neither  of  these  can  well  be  considered  a  county  history.  In 
1 7 1 9  Dr.  John  Harris,  a  profuse  writer,  published  a  History  of  Kent  which, 
although  not  of  the  strictest  accuracy,  contains  much  information  and 
is  accompanied  by  a  series  of  plates  of  great  interest  by  Kyp. 

It  is  however  to  Edward  Hasted  that  we  naturally  turn  as  the 
historian  of  Kent.  Born  in  1732  he  was  brought  up  to  the  law  and 
was  a  man  of  considerable  property  till,  like  other  county  historians,  his 
work  involved  him  in  pecuniary  difficulties.  His  History  of  Kent 
was  issued  in  four  volumes,  the  first  of  which  appeared  in  1778  and 
the  last  in  1799.  It  is  said  to  have  occupied  over  forty  years  of  his  life, 
and  from  the  care  with  which  it  is  compiled  may  be  classed  among  the 
best  of  our  county  histories.  It  shows  an  enormous  amount  of  research, 
particularly  among  the  records  of  the  ecclesiastical  corporations  which 
were  available  to  him  in  the  county  ;  but  the  public  records,  then  dis- 
tributed in  various  offices  and  not  easily  accessible,  are  somewhat  neg- 
lected. A  new  edition  of  this  history  was  contemplated  by  Mr.  Henry 
H.  Drake,  but  only  the  first  volume  including  the  Hundred  of  Black- 
heath  was  completed  and  published  in  1886.  It  is  much  fuller  in  detail 
than  Hasted's  work  and  considerable  use  has  been  made  of  the  public 
records  now  collected  together  at  the  Public  Record  Office. 


PREFACE 

Writers  such  as  Charles  Seymour,  S.  Henshall,  S.  W.  H.  Ireland, 
T.  Collings  and  many  others  have  followed  with  various  topographical 
works  on  the  county,  which  however  can  hardly  be  classed  among  the 
county  histories  of  Kent. 

This  reference  to  the  histories  of  Kent  would  be  incomplete  with- 
out mention  of  the  Archaologia  Cantiana,  the  publication  of  the  Kent 
Archaeological  Society,  which  was  begun  in  1858  and  contains  invaluable 
records  of  all  matters  affecting  the  history  of  the  county. 

The  Editor  desires  to  express  his  acknowledgments  to  Mr,  G.  M. 
Arnold,  D.L.,  F.S.A.  and  Mr.  G.  A.  Boulenger,  F.R.S.,  F.Z.S.  for  assist- 
ance, and  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries,  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society, 
Sir  John  Evans,  K.C.B.  and  Messrs.  Longmans,  Green  &  Co.  for  permis- 
sion to  reproduce  illustrations. 

Like  many  others,  the  Editor  deeply  deplores  the  death  of  Mr.  L 
Chalkley  Gould,  F.S.A.  whose  ever  ready  assistance  on  the  articles  on 
Earthworks  he  will  greatly  miss.  Mr.  Gould  was  the  first  to  suggest 
that  articles  on  this  subject  should  be  included  in  the  Victoria  County 
History,  and  always  took  great  interest  in  and  gave  much  help  with 
regard  to  them.  Fortunately  he  was  able  to  pass  the  final  proof  of 
the  article  in  this  volume  a  few  days  before  his  death. 


TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Abbrev.  Pkc.  (Rec. 

Com.) 
ActsofP.C.      .     . 

Add 

Add.  Chart.      .     . 

Admir 

Agarde  .... 
Anct.  Corresp.  . 
Anct.   D.   (P.R.O.) 

A  2420 
Ann.  Mon.  .     .     . 

Antiq 

App 

Arch 

Arch.  Cant.  .  . 
Archd.  Rec. 

Archit 

Assize  R.  .  .  . 
Aud.Off.  .  .  . 
Aug.  Off.  .  .  . 
Ayloffe  .... 


Beds  . 
Berks  . 
Bdle.  . 
B.M.  . 
Bodl.  Lib. 
Boro.  . 
Brev.  Reg. 
Brit. 


Abbreviatio  Placitorum  (Re- 
cord Commission) 

Acts  of  Privy  Council 

Additional 

Additional  Charters 

Admiralty 

Agarde's  Indices 

Ancient  Correspondence 

Ancient  Deeds(Public  Record 
Office)  A  2420 

Annales  Monastici 

Antiquarian  or  Antiquaries 

Appendix 

Archasologia  or  Archasological 

Archxologia  Cantiana 

Archdeacon's  Records 

Architectural 

Assize  Rolls 

Audit  Office 

Augmentation  Office 

Ayloffe's  Calendars 

Bedford 

Bedfordshire 

Berkshire 

Bundle 

British  Museum 

Bodley's  Library 

Borough 

Brevia  Regia 

Britain,  British,  Britannia,etc. 


Buck Buckingham 

Bucks     ....     Buckinghamshire 


Cal.  . 

Camb. 
Cambr. 


Campb.  Ch.      .     . 

Cant 

Cap 

Carl 

Cart.  Antiq.  R. 
C.CC.  Camb    .      . 

Certiorari        Bdles. 

(RoUs  Chap.) 
Chan.  Enr.  Decree 

R. 
Chan.  Proc. 
Chant.  Cert.     .      . 


Chap.  Ho.   . 


Calendar 

Cambridgeshire  or  Cambridge 

Cambria,  Cambrian,  Cam- 
brensis,  etc. 

Campbell  Charters 

Canterbury 

Chapter 

Carlisle 

CartE  Antiquce  Rolls 

Corpus  Christi  College,  Cam- 
bridge 

Certiorari  Bundles  (Rolls 
Chapel) 

Chancery  Enrolled  Decree 
Rolls 

Chancery  Proceedings 

Chantry  Certificates  (or  Cer- 
tificates of  Colleges  and 
Chantries) 

Chapter  House 


Charity  Inq. 
Chart.  R.  20  Hen. 

HL  pt.  i.  No.  10 
Chartul. 

Chas 

Ches 

Chest 

Ch.     Gds.     (E.xch. 

K.R.) 

Chich 

Chron 

Close      .... 

Co 

Colch 

CoU 

Com 

Com.  Pleas  . 
Conf.  R.      .     .     . 
Co.  Plac.      .     .     . 

Cornw 

Corp 

Cott 

Ct.R 

Ct.  of  Wards     .      . 

Cumb 

Cur.  Reg.    .      .     . 

D 

D.andC.  .  .  . 
De  Banc.  R.  .  . 
Dec.  andOrd.  .  . 
Dep.  Keeper's  Rep. 

Derb 

Devon    .... 

Dioc 

Doc 

Dods.  MSS.  .  . 
Dom.  Bk.     .     .     . 

Dors 

Duchy  of  Lane. 
Dur.  .      .      . 


Charity  Inquisitions 
Charter  Roll,  20  Henry  III. 

part  i.  Number  10 
Chartulary 
Charles 
Cheshire 
Chester 
Church    Goods    (E.^hequer 

King's  Remembrancer) 
Chichester 

Chronicle,  Chronica,  etc. 
Close  Roll 
County 
Colchester 
Collections 
Commission 
Common  Pleas 
Confirmation  Rolls 
County  Placita 
Cornwall 
Corporation 
Cotton  or  Cottonian 
Court  Rolls 
Court  of  Wards 
Cumberland 
Curia  Regis 

Deed  or  Deeds 

Dean  and  Chapter 

De  Banco  RoUs 

Decrees  and  Orders 

Deputy  Keeper's  Reports 

Derbyshire  or  Derby 

Devonshire 

Diocese 

Documents 

Dodsworth  MSS. 

Domesday  Book 

Dorsetshire 

Duchy  of  Lancaster 

Durham 


East Easter  Term 

Eccl Ecclesiastical 

Eccl.  Com.  .      .      .  Ecclesiastical  Commission 

Edvy Edward 

Ehz Elizabeth 

Engl England  or  English 

Engl.  Hist.  Rev.      .  English  Historical  Review 

Enr Enrolled  or  Enrolment 

Epis.  Reg.    .      .      .  Episcopal  Registers 

Esch.  Enr.  Accts.    .  Escheators  Enrolled  Accounts 

Excerpta  e  Rot.  Fin.  Excerpta   e   Rotulis   Finiura 
(Rec.  Com.)  (Record  Commission) 


TABLE    OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


Exch.  Dep.       .     . 

Exchequer  Depositions 

Line 

Lincolnshire  or  Lincoln 

Exch.  K.B.        .     . 

Exchequer  King's  Bench 

Lond 

London 

Exch.  K.R.        .     . 

Exchequer    King's    Remem- 

brancer 

m 

Membrane 

Exch.L.T.R.    .      . 

Exchequer  Lord  Treasurer's 

Mem 

Memorials 

Remembrancer 

Memo.  R.    .      .      . 

Memoranda  Rolls 

Exch.  of  Pleas,  Plea 

Exchequer  of  Pleas,  Plea  Roll 

Mich 

Michaelmas  Term 

R. 

Midd 

Middlesex 

Exch.  of  Receipt     . 

Exchequer  of  Receipt 

Mins.  Accts.      .      . 

Ministers'  Accounts 

Exch.    Spec.   Com. 

Exchequer  Special  Commis- 

Misc.   Bks.    (Exch. 

Miscellaneous    Books    (Ex- 

sions 

K.R.,          Exch. 

chequer    King's    Remem- 

T.R.     or     Aug. 

brancer,  Exchequer  Trea- 

Feet of  F.    .     .     . 

Feet  of  Fines 

Off.) 

sury   of   Receipt   or  Aug- 

Feod.   Accts.    (Ct. 

Feodaries  Accounts  (Court  of 

mentation  Office) 

of  Wards) 

Wards) 

Mon 

Monastery,  Monasticon 

Feod.  Surv.  (Ct.  of 

Feodaries  Surveys  (Court  of 

Monm 

Monmouth 

Wards) 

Wards) 

Mun 

Muniments  or  Munimenta 

Feud.  Aids  .      .      . 

Feudal  Aids 

Mus 

Museum 

fol 

Folio 

Foreign  R.  .      .      . 

Foreign  Rolls 

N.andQ.    .     ,     . 

Notes  and  Queries 

Forest  Proc.      .      . 

Forest  Proceedings 

Norf 

Norfolk 

Northampt.       .      . 

Northampton 

Gaz 

Gazette  or  Gazetteer 

Northants          .      . 

Northamptonshire 

Gen 

Genealogical,      Genealogica, 

Northumb.        .      . 

Northumberland 

etc. 

Norw 

Norwich 

Geo 

George 

Nott 

Nottinghamshire  or  Notting- 

Glouc  

Gloucestershire  or  Gloucester 

ham 

Guild     C  e  r  t  i  f . 

Guild  Certificates  (Chancery) 

N.S 

New  Style 

(Chan.)  Ric.  II. 

Richard  II. 

Off 

Office 

Hants     .... 

Hampshire 

Orig.  R.       .     .     . 

Originalia  Rolls 

Harl 

HarleyorHarleian 

O.S 

Ordnance  Survey 

Hen 

Henry 

Oxf 

Oxfordshire  or  Oxford 

Heref 

Herefordshire  or  Hereford 

Hertf 

Hertford 

P 

Page 

Herts 

Hertfordshire 

Palmer's  Ind.     .      . 

Palmer's  Indices 

Hil 

Hilary  Term 

Pal.  of  Chest.     .     . 

Palatinate  of  Chester 

Hist 

History,Historical,Historian, 

Pal.  of  Dur.        .      . 

Palatinate  of  Durham 

Historia,  etc. 

Pal.  of  Lane.      .      . 

Palatinate  of  Lancaster 

Hist.  MSS.  Com.    . 

Historical  MSS.  Commission 

Par 

Parish,  Parochial,  etc. 

Hosp 

Hospital 

Pari 

Parliament  or  Parliamentary 

Hund.R.     .      .     . 

Hundred  Rolls 

Pari.  R 

Parliament  Rolls 

Hunt 

Huntingdon 

Pari.  Surv.   .      .      . 

Parliamentary  Surveys 

Hunts    .... 

Huntingdonshire 

Partic.  for  Gts. 

Particulars  for  Grants 

Pat 

Patent  Roll  or  Letters  Patent 

Inq.  a.q.d.    .      .      . 

Inquisitions   ad    quod    dam- 

P.C.C  

Prerogative  Court  of  Canter- 

num 

bury 

Inq.  p.m.     .     .     . 

Inquisitions  post  mortem 

Pet 

Petition 

Inst 

Institute  or  Institution 

Peterb 

Peterborough 

Invent 

Inventory  or  Inventories 

Phil 

Philip 

Ips 

Ipswich 

Pipe  R 

Pipe  Roll 

Itin 

Itinerary 

PleaR 

Plea  Rolls 

Pop.  Ret.     .      .      . 

Population  Returns 

Jas 

James 

Pope     Nich.     Tax. 

Pope  Nicholas'  Taxation  (Re- 

Journ  

Journal 

(Rec.  Com.) 

cord  Commission) 

P.R.O 

Public  Record  Office 

Lamb.  Lib.       .     . 

Lambeth  Library 

Proc 

Proceedings 

Lane 

Lancashire  or  Lancaster 

Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.    . 

Proceedings  of  the  Society  of 

L.    and    P.     Hen. 

Letters    and    Papers,    Hen. 

Antiquaries 

VIII. 

VIII. 

pt 

Part 

Lansd 

Lansdowne 

Pub 

Publications 

Ld.  Rev.  Rec.   .      . 

Land  Revenue  Records 

Leic 

Leicestershire  or  Leicester 

R 

Roll 

Le  Neve's  Ind.        . 

Le  Neve's  Indices 

Rec 

Records 

Lib 

Library 

Recov.  R.    .      .     . 

Recovery  Rolls 

Lich 

Lichfield 

Rentals  and  Surv.  . 

Rentals  and  Surveys 

TABLE    OF    ABBREVIATIONS 


Rep Report 

Rev Review 

Ric Richard 

Rofi Rochester  diocese 

Rot.  Cur.  Reg.        .  Rotuli  Cutis  Regis 

Rut Rutland 

Sarum    ....  Salisbury  diocese 

Ser Series 

Sess.  R Sessions  Rolls 

Shrews Shrewsbury 

Shrops Shropshire 

Soc Society 

Soc.  Antiq.        .      .  Society  of  Antiquaries 

Somers.       .     .     .  Somerset 

Somers.  Ho.      .     .  Somerset  House 

S.P.  Dom.   .     .     .  State  Papers  Domestic 

Staff Staffordshire 

Star  Chamb.  Proc.  Star  Chamber  Proceeding! 

Stat Statute 

Staph Stephen 

Subs.  R.       .     .     .  Subsidy  Rolls 

Suff Suffolk 

Surr Surrey 

Suss Sussex 

Surv.  of  Ch.  Livings  Surveys   of   Church   Livings 
(Lamb.)  or  (Chan.)        (Lambeth)  or  (Chancery) 


Topog Topography  or  Topographi- 
cal 

Trans Transactions 

Transl Translation 

Treas Treasury  or  Treasurer 

Trin Trinity  Term 

Umv University 


Valor    Eccl 

Com.) 
Vet.  Mon. 
V.C.H 
Vic.  . 
vol.  . 


(Rec. 


Warw. 
Westm, 

Westmld 

Will. 

Wilts 

Winton 

Wore. 


Valor  Ecclesiasticus  (Record 

Commission) 
Vetusta  Monumenta 
Victoria  County  History 
Victoria 
Volume 


Warwickshire  or  Warwick 

Westminster 

Westmorland 

William 

Wiltshire 

Winchester  diocese 

Worcestershire  or  Worcester 


Yoria 


Yorkshire 


A   HISTORY   OF 
KENT 


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GEOLOGY 


IF  our  study  of  the  geology  of  Kent  were  to  be  confined  to  the 
strata  which  constitute  the  surface  only,  we  should  find  its  rock 
structure  so  faithfully  reflected  in  its  simple  physical  features  that 

a  knowledge  of  the  shape  of  the  ground  would  almost  necessarily 
convey  an  idea  of  the  broader  outlines  of  its  stratigraphy.  The  rising 
ground  south  of  the  Thames,  composed  of  the  soft  Tertiary  clays  and 
sands  ;  the  bold  range  of  the  North  Downs,  formed  by  the  Chalk 
emerging  from  beneath  these  and  terminating  southward  in  a  steep 
escarpment  ;  the  hollow  at  the  foot  of  this  range,  where  the  underlying 
Gault  Clay  reach  the  surface  ;  the  lower  range  of  hilly  ground  running 
parallel  to  the  Downs,  composed  of  the  harder  beds  of  the  Lower 
Greensand,  which  come  next  in  downward  stratigraphical  succession  ; 
the  broad  plain  south  of  these  hills,  underlain  by  the  Weald  Clay  ;  and 
finally  the  pleasant  rising  ground  along  the  southern  margin  of  the 
county,  where  the  sands  and  sandstones  of  the  Hastings  Series  emerge 
from  beneath  the  Weald  Clay — all  these  features  of  the  surface  are 
directly  due  to  the  character  of  the  strata  and  to  the  direction  in  which 
the  beds  are  sloping. 

As  a  glance  at  the  accompanying  geological  map  will  show,  the 
different  formations  extend  approximately  east  and  west  in  more  or  less 
continuous  belts  across  the  county.  They  are  prolonged  beyond  its 
borders  in  nearly  the  same  direction  westward  through  Surrey  and  into 
Hampshire,  their  course  or  '  strike '  being  boldly  indicated  by  the 
prevalent  lie  of  the  hill-ranges. 

But  our  investigation  must  not  be  limited  to  the  rocks  to  which 
the  surface  features  of  the  county  are  due  ;  for  we  have  of  late  years 
learnt  much  regarding  the  strata  buried  deeply  underground,  that  have 
no  effect  upon  the  present  outline  of  the  land.  Indeed  our  knowledge 
of  the  deep-seated  geology  of  Kent  has  recently  made  more  important 
advances  than  that  of  almost  any  other  part  of  the  British  Islands,  in 
consequence  of  a  series  of  deep  borings  carried  down  in  search  of  coal, 
which  have  given  definite  information  as  to  the  downward  succession  of 
the  strata  to  a  great  depth. 

Thus,  of  the  three  main  divisions  adopted  for  the  fossiliferous  rocks 
in  the  geologist's  time-scale,  the  beds  occurring  at  the  surface  in  Kent 
represent  portions  only  of  the  Cainozoic  or  Tertiary  and  of  the  later  part 
of  the  Mesozoic  or  Secondary  division.  We  now  know  however  that 
the   strata    beneath    the    surface    range    downward    to   the    base   of   the 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Secondary  division  and  embrace  portions  of  the  Paleozoic  or  Primary 
rocks  also.  By  reference  to  Table  I.  on  the  next  page  the  extent  of 
these  additions  to  our  knowledge  will  be  readily  grasped. 

The  geology  of  the  county  therefore  falls  naturally  under  two 
heads  :  {a)  the  study  of  the  outcropping  strata  and  of  the  features  to 
which  they  give  rise  ;  and  (^)  the  study  of  the  deep-seated  rocks  found 
only  in  the  borings  and  having  little  or  no  effect  upon  the  outline 
of  the  present  surface. 

It  is  customary  in  geological  literature  to  commence  with  the 
description  of  the  oldest  formation  and  to  work  upward  through  the 
sequence.  But  for  our  present  purpose  this  method  is  hardly  suitable, 
since  the  most  difficult  and  technical  part  of  our  subject,  and  that  respect- 
ing which  our  knowledge  is  necessarily  restricted,  would  have  to  be 
considered  first.  The  simpler  method  will  be  to  give  precedence  to 
the  description  of  the  surface  formations  of  the  county  in  the  above- 
mentioned  order,  and  to  discuss  the  results  of  the  deep  borings  after- 
wards under  a  separate  heading. 

The  tables  which  follow  will  serve  as  indices  to  the  stratigraphical 
sequence  :  the  first  gives  a  summary  of  the  rock  systems  commonly 
adopted  as  the  geological  time-scale,  with  an  indication  of  the  portions 
known  to  exist  in  Kent  ;  and  the  second  contains  the  fuller  classification 
and  sub-division  of  the  Kentish  strata. 


SUMMARY    OF   ROCK-SYSTEMS 


Classification 

Rock-systems 

Relation  to  Kent 

Cainozoic 

or 
Tertiary 

Recent 

Pleistocene 

Pliocene 

Miocene 

Oligocene 

Eocene       

Fairly  represented 

Partly  represented 

Scantily  represented 

Absent 

Absent 

Widely  represented 

Mesozoic 

or 
Secondary 

Upper  Cretaceous      .... 
Lower  Cretaceous     .... 

Upper  Jurassic 

Middle  Jurassic 

Lower  Jurassic 

Triassic 

Widely  represented 

Widely  represented 

Fully  represented  in  deep  borings 

Fully  represented  in  deep  borings 

Partly  represented  in  deep  borings 

Scantily  represented  in  deep  borings 

Paljeozoic 

or 
Primary 

Permian 

Carboniferous 

Devonian 

Silurian 

Ordovician 

Cambrian 

Not  known  to  exist 

Upper  part  proved  in  two  deep  borings 

Possibly  represented  in  deep  borings 
1  Some   part  certain   to  exist  deep  under- 
V     ground,  and  possibly  reached  in  one 
J      boring 

Unknown 

Eozoic 
Azoic  ? 

Pre-Cambrian 

Archxan 

Unknown 
Unknown 

GEOLOGY 

II.  TABLE    OF   STRATA   IN    KENT  :  a.  Strata  Exposed  at  the  Surface 


Period 


Recent 


Formation 


Alluvium,  Beach- 
shingle,  Blown  Sand, 
etc. 


Character  of  Material 


Mud,  silt,  gravel,  etc.,  at  low 
levels  in  river-valleys,  and 
marine  and  estuarine  deposits 
above  average  high  tides 


Approximate 
thickness  in  feet 


up  to  40 


Pleistocene 


Older 
Pliocene 


Old  River  Drift      .     . 

'  Superficial '     Deposits 
on  the  Chalk 


Gravel,  sand,  loam  (brick-earth), 
etc.,  of  ancient  river-terraces 

Clay  -  with  -  flints,  brick-earth 
and  pebbly  loam 


up  to  45 
up  to  30  ft.  or 
more    in     fis- 
sures, but  thin 
elsewhere 


Lenham  Beds 


Yellow  sand    and  sandy   iron- 
stone 


mainly  in  'pipes' 
or  fissures  of 
the  Chalk 


Eocene 


Upper 
Cretaceous 


Lower  Bagshot  Beds 
London  Clay     .     . 


Oldhaven  or  Black- 
heath  Beds 

Woolwich   and 
Reading  Beds 

Thanet  Beds      .     . 


Sand  and  loam  with  clay  part- 
ings (in  Isle  of  Sheppey  only) 

Stiff  blue  or  brownish  clay  with 
nodules  of  *  cement  stone  ' 
and   pyrites       .     .     . 

Light-coloured  sands  and  beds 
of  smooth  flint  pebbles  . 

Loam,  clay,  and  light-coloured 
sand,  with  some  flint-pebble 
beds 

Fine  pale  sand,  often  rather 
loamy,  with  green-coated 
flints  at  base    .     .     , 


Upper  Chalk      .     . 
Middle  Chalk     .     . 
Lower  Chalk  with 
Chalk  Marl 

Upper  Greensand 

Gault .     . 


I 


Soft  white  chalk,  with  flints 
White  chalk,  with  some  flints 
Grey  chalk  without  flints,  anc 

calcareous  marl      .     .     . 
Grey  marly  sandstone  and  glau- 

conitic  marl      .... 
Stiff  clay,  in  part  marly  .     . 


up  to  about  20 

400  to  480 
20  to  50 

up  to  50 

up  to  65 


450 
26s 


o  to  I o  ? 

[20   to  200 


Lower 
Cretaceous 


Folkestone  Beds 
Sandgate  Beds 

Hythe  Beds  . 

Atherfield  Clay 

Weald  Clay 


.  /Tunbridgc  Wells 
cq  I      Sand 
S>-jWadhurst  Clay  . 

*  vAshdown  Sand  . 


Coarse  sand  with  stone  band: 

Clay,  silt  and  fine  sand  . 

Loamy  sand  and  soft  sandstone 

with    hard    sandy   limestone 

and  some  chert     .     . 

Stiff  brown  or  bluish  clay 

Clay,   usually    dark    blue,    but 

sometimes   mottled   red   and 

yellow,     with      thin     shelly 

limestone  bands     .     .     .     . 

Sand  and  soft  sandstone  .     .     . 

Dark  clay  and  shale,  with  iron- 
stone       

Sand  and  soft  sandstone  .     .     . 


90  to  IK 
5  to  80 


60  to  180 
20  or  more 


up  to  700 
150  to  180 


160  to  180 
300  or  more 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

b.  Strata  Proved  in  Deep  Borings  only 


Period. 

Formation 

Character  of  Material 

Approximate 
thickness 
in  feet 

Upper 
Jurassic 

PurbeckBeds     .     .     . 

Portland  Beds     .     .     . 
Kimeridge  Clay.     .     . 

Corallian  Beds    .     .     . 
Oxford  Clay.     .      .     . 

Clay,   shale    and   cement-stone 
with  gypsum 

Sandstone  and  limestone      .     . 

Dark     clay    and    shale,     with 
nodules  and  bands  of  cement- 
stone 

Coralline  and  oolitic  limestone, 

etc. 
Firm  grey  marly  clay     .     .     . 

Very   variable  ; 
frequently  ab- 
sent;     maxi- 
mum not   yet 
known 

14  at  Brabourne 

up    to    356   ft. 
proved,  but 
maximum  not 
yet  known 

up  to   305  ft. 
proved 

up  to  243  ft. 
proved 

Middle 
Jurassic 

Great  Oolite  Series.     . 

Chiefly  pale  oolitic  limestone    . 

up  to   189  ft. 
proved 

Lower 
Jurassic 

Upper,      Middle      and 
Lower   Lias 

Dark  shale,  marlstone,  etc. 

up  to   173  ft. 
proved 

Triassic 

Trias 

Pebble-conglomerate  ;    also  52 
ft.    red    marl   and    sandstone 
at  Chatham,  either  Trias  or 
Devonian 

48  ft.   at    Bra- 
bourne 

Carboniferous 

Coal  Measures   .     .     . 

Sandstone,  shale  and  coal  seams 

up  to   1 157  ft. 
proved 

Devonian  ? 

Doubtful 

?  Red   marl   and  sandstone    of 
Chatham  boring  ;  see  above. 

Dark  slaty  shale  of  Brabourne 
boring  (Devonian  or  older) 

up  to  52  ft. 

proved 
up  to  88   ft. 

proved 

THE  GEOLOGY  OF  THE  SURFACE  ROCKS » 

General  Structure. — The  predominant  factor  in  the  arrangement  of 
the  strata  forming  the  surface  of  Kent  is  the  general  northward  slope  or 
'  dip '  of  the  beds  already  referred  to,  by  reason  of  which  the  older  rocks 
are  seen  only  in  the  more  southerly  part  of  the  county  and  the  newer 
only  along  its  northern  margin,  every  formation  in  turn  sinking  north- 

'  The  Geology  of  Kent  has  a  voluminous  literature,  to  which  only  passing  reference  can  be  made  in 
this  outline-sketch.  For  detailed  information  regarding  the  stratigraphy  of  the  county  the  following  works 
should  be  consulted  : — Memoirs  of  the  Geological  Survey  :  '  The  Geology  of  the  Neighbourhood  of  Folke- 
stone and  Rye'  (sheet  4  of  I -inch  map)  by  F.  Drew  (1864)  ;  'The  Geology  of  the  Weald'  by  W. 
Topley  (1875),  for  the  beds  below  the  base  of  the  Chalk  and  for  matters  connected  with  the  valley 
systems  of  the  We.ild  and  its  denudation  ;  'The  Geology  of  the  London  Basin'  by  W.  Whitaker  (1872), 
for  the  Chalk  and  Eocene  ;  '  The  Geology  of  London  and  of  part  of  the  Thames  Valley,'  vol.  i.,  by 
W.  Whitaker  (1889),  for  later  information  respecting  the  Eocene,  for  account  of  the  River  Drifts  and 
other  superficial  deposits,  and  for  discussion  of  the  deep-seated  geology  as  then  known  ;  and  vol.  ii. 


GEOLOGY 

ward  until  covered  and  hidden  by  the  next  overlying  formation.  This 
rule  does  not  apply  how^ever  to  the  Pleistocene  and  recent  deposits — the 
gravels,  sands  and  clays  of  comparatively  modern  origin,  often  termed  the 
'  superficial '  beds  in  contradistinction  to  the  '  solid  '  strata  on  which  they 
rest ;  for,  as  we  shall  presently  see,  these  are  scattered  in  patches  indis- 
criminately over  the  whole  district.  There  is  also  a  slight  tilt  of  the 
'  solid '  rocks  in  the  opposite  direction  at  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the 
county,  by  which  the  beds  are  bent  upwards  to  the  north,  so  that  a 
shallow  trough  or  '  syncline  '  is  formed,  wherein  Eocene  deposits  are 
preserved,  with  higher  ground  composed  of  Chalk  on  both  sides. 

To  grasp  the  full  significance  of  the  structural  arrangement  we 
must  look  beyond  the  limits  of  the  county.  It  will  be  found  that  at 
a  short  distance  to  the  southward,  in  Sussex,  the  northerly  dip  of  the 
strata  ceases  to  be  perceptible  ;  and  soon  a  gentle  dip  to  the  opposite 
quarter  sets  in,  which  gradually  carries  down  the  older  rocks  beneath 
the  surface  and  brings  in  newer  formations  the  farther  southward  we  go  ; 
so  that  we  find  the  same  series  of  deposits  in  ascending  sequence  in  a 
southward  traverse  across  Sussex  as  in  a  northward  traverse  across  Kent. 
The  great  arch  of  the  strata  thus  indicated  is  technically  known  as  the 
'  Wealden  anticline.'  In  their  prolongation  westward  through  Surrey 
and  Sussex  into  Hampshire  the  corresponding  formations  on  the 
opposite  sides  of  this  anticline  curve  in  towards  each  other  until  they 
meet,  so  that  the  successive  belts  from  the  Chalk  downwards  may  be 
followed  continuously  from  the  Kentish  coast  westward  and  southward 
around  the  central  Wealden  area  and  then  back  eastward  to  the  coast 
of  Sussex,  Moreover,  although  on  both  sides  they  disappear  eastward 
beneath  the  waters  of  the  Channel,  they  are  evidently  extended  under 
the  sea-floor,  for  they  reappear  in  the  same  order  on  the  French  coast 
to  the  northward  and  southward  of  Bas  Boulonnais ;  after  which,  when 
traced  still  eastward,  the  opposite  belts  soon  again  converge  and  join. 
The  Wealden  anticline  is  thus  rounded  off  at  both  ends,  and  the  central 
area  may  be  pictured  as  an  elongated  dome  from  which  the  strata  dip 
away  all  round.  This  '  dome  of  elevation  '  has  been  so  severely  planed 
down  and  carved  out  by  the  long-continued  denudation  to  be  presently 
described,  that  its  very  core  is  now  laid  bare  in  south-western  Kent  and 
the  adjacent  parts  of  Sussex  and  Surrey.     The  position  of  the  county  on 

of  the  same  memoir  for  details  of  some  Kentish  well-sections  ;  'The  Pliocene  Deposits  of  Great  Britain  ' 
by  C.  Reid  (1890),  for  the  '  Lenham  Beds '  ;  '  The  Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Great  Britain,'  vol.  i.,  by  A. 
J.  Jukes  Browne  (1900),  for  the  Gault  and  Upper  Greensand  ;  and  vol.  ii.  (1902)  by  the  same  author, 
for  the  divisions  of  the  Chalk  ;  also  '  Guide  to  the  Geology  of  London  and  the  Neighbourhood '  by 
W.  Whitaker  (ed.  6,  1 901),  for  a  brief  account  of  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  county.  The  Memoirs 
on  '  the  Weald,'  '  the  London  Basin,'  and  '  the  Pliocene  '  contain  full  bibliographies  of  the  geological 
literature  of  these  subjects  up  to  the  date  of  their  publication  ;  therefore  it  has  not  been  deemed 
necessary  to  give  references  to  the  earlier  authorities  in  the  present  sketch.  References  to  a  few 
important  later  papers  will  be  found  in  subsequent  footnotes,  but  for  further  information  as  to  the 
more  recent  literature  the  reader  should  consult  the  Catalogue  of  Geological  Literature  issued  annually 
since  1894  ^7  ^^^  Geological  Society  of  London.  The  reports  of  excursions  in  Kent  in  Proceeedings  of 
the  Geolopits'  Association  will  also  be  found  useful,  both  for  the  descriptions  of  sections  and  for  the 
references.  The  county  is  embraced  in  the  following  maps  of  the  Geological  Survey,  on  the  scale 
of  one  inch  =  one  mile  :  Sheets  (Old  Series)  i,  3,  4  and  6,  with  very  small  portions  of  Sheets  2  and  5. 

5 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

the  northern  slope  of  the  dome  is  the  cause  of  the  general  northward  dip 
of  its  strata.  Let  us  now  consider  the  composition  and  origin  of  these 
strata. 

HASTINGS    BEDS 

The  deep  borings  have  proved  that  for  a  long  period  preceding  the 
deposition  of  the  oldest  rocks  exposed  at  the  surface  within  the  Wealden 
area,  this  district  was  submerged  beneath  the  sea  and  gradually  covered 
by  a  great  thickness  of  marine  sediments  of  Jurassic  age.  But  this  ancient 
sea  was  at  length  displaced,  either  by  an  elevation  of  the  land  or  by  the 
infilling  of  its  basin,  or  by  a  combination  of  both  causes,  and  the  area 
began  to  receive  the  detritus  brought  down  by  a  large  river  into  a  lake 
or  estuary.  The  freshwater  or  estuarine  deposits  of  this  period  constitute 
the  oldest  strata  visible  at  the  surface  in  Kent.  They  occur  only  in  a 
limited  tract  in  the  south-western  part  of  the  county,  but  have  a  much 
more  extended  outcrop  south  of  the  county  boundary,  in  Sussex.  They 
consist  of  a  somewhat  variable  group  of  sands,  soft  sandstones,  silts  and 
clays,  known  collectively  as  the  Hastings  Beds,  which  form  the  lower 
part  of  the  great  freshwater  Wealden  Series.  These  beds  underlie  the 
pleasant  hilly  ground  to  the  southward  of  the  flat  along  which  the  rail- 
way is  carried  in  a  nearly  straight  line  from  Edenbridge  to  Ashford ;  and 
although  their  area  in  Kent  is  so  limited,  nearly  the  whole  of  the  group 
is  represented,  owing  to  the  relatively  sharp  uplift  and  to  the  presence  of 
'  faults  '  or  dislocations  in  this  quarter,  whereby  blocks  of  strata  are  shifted 
to  higher  levels  than  they  would  otherwise  occupy. 

Ashdown  Sand. — The  lowest  subdivision  is  the  Ashdown  Sand, 
consisting  mainly  of  fine  quartzose  sand  and  soft  sandstone,  with  occa- 
sional layers  of  loam  and  clay  and  of  small  well-rounded  pebbles.  It 
is  well  exposed  in  quarries  and  road  cuttings  on  the  hill  immediately 
south  of  Tonbridge,  being  here  uplifted  by  a  '  reversed  fault '  which  is 
visible  in  the  principal  quarry.  Fossils  are  rare  in  this  deposit,  obscure 
fragments  of  plants,  washed  down  from  the  ancient  land,  being  usually 
its  only  relics. 

Wadhurst  Clay. — Separating  the  underlying  Ashdown  Sand  from 
the  overlying  Tunbridge  Wells  Sand  is  the  Wadhurst  Clay,  the  most 
fossiliferous  subdivision  of  the  Hastings  Beds,  and  also  formerly  of  con- 
siderable economic  importance  as  the  chief  source  of  the  ironstone  which 
was  mined  and  smelted  in  the  Weald.  It  consists  of  alternations  of  clay, 
shale  and  sand-rock,  with  thin  impersistent  bands  and  lenticular  nodules 
of  shelly  limestone,  calcareous  sandstone  or  grit,  and  clay-ironstone.  Its 
chief  outcrops  in  Kent  occur  as  narrow  irregular  strips  along  the  valleys 
of  the  Medway,  Teise,  Rother  and  their  tributaries.  Its  fossils  include 
numerous  freshwater  shells  of  the  genera  Paludina,  Cyrena  and  Uriio,  with 
the  minute  oval  valves  of  Cypris,  a  small  crustacean,  in  vast  abundance ; 
and  the  teeth  and  bones  of  extinct  fish  and  reptiles ;  and  the  remains  of 
plants.  The  best  collections  of  these  fossils  have  however  been  obtained 
from  Sussex,  where  the  gritty  layers  are  sometimes  extraordinarily  rich 

6 


GEOLOGY 

in  reptilian  bones  and  teeth,  belonging  to  the  extinct  genera  Iguanodon^ 
Hylceosaurus,   Cetiosaurus,  etc. 

During  medieval  times  the  ironstone  was  collected  and  smelted  at 
many  places  along  the  outcrop  of  the  Wadhurst  Clay  in  Kent,  as  well 
as  in  the  adjacent  parts  of  Sussex  and  Surrey ;  and  this  industry  continued 
so  long  as  the  forests  of  the  Weald  were  sufficiently  extensive  to  yield  a 
good  supply  of  wood  or  charcoal  for  fuel.  Traces  of  the  old  excavations 
and  of  the  slag-heaps  where  the  stone  was  smelted  are  still  visible  in 
many  places,  as  for  example  on  the  rising  ground  between  Tonbridge 
and  Penshurst.  The  fine  ironwork  railings  which  were  round  St.  Paul's 
in  London  until  about  thirty  years  ago  were  wrought  at  Lamberhurst  on 
the  Kentish  border.  In  the  year  1740  there  were  still  four  furnaces  in 
Kent,  but  these  had  fallen  into  desuetude  before   1788.^ 

Tunbridge  Wells  Sand. — This  term  is  applied  to  the  uppermost  sub- 
division of  the  Hastings  Beds,  from  the  district  where  it  is  widely 
developed.  The  Tunbridge  Wells  Sand  does  not  diffisr  much  from 
the  Ashdown  Sand  in  general  character,  its  material  varying  from  a  fine 
loamy  semicoherent  sand,  with  intercalations  of  silt  and  mottled  red  clay, 
to  a  soft  thick-bedded  sandstone,  often  with  seams  of  small  pebbles  in  the 
upper  part.  In  the  latter  condition  it  forms  the  picturesque  rocks  of 
Rusthall  Common  and  High  Rocks  near  Tunbridge  Wells. 

This  subdivision  occupies  the  greater  part  of  the  tract  covered  by 
the  Hastings  Beds  in  Kent.  It  is  occasionally  sufficiently  indurated  to 
be  quarried  as  a  building  stone,  and  sandpits  are  numerous  in  its  softer 
beds.  The  soils  derived  from  it  are  sometimes  too  '  light '  for  profitable 
tillage,  and  such  tracts  remain  as  uncultivated  moorland  or  woodland  ; 
but  more  frequently  there  is  a  sufficient  admixture  of  loam  and  clay  to 
produce  fertile  arable  land  at  its  outcrop.  It  rarely  contains  fossils  other 
than  fragmentary  traces  of  plants.  Like  the  Ashdown  Sand,  it  is  generally 
a  water-bearing  formation,  the  more  porous  sandy  beds  being  the  source 
of  numerous  springs;  but  the  water  is  liable  to  be  slightly  chalybeate,  as 
in  the  well-known  springs  at  Tunbridge  Wells. 

The  Hastings  Beds  were  evidently  formed  as  sandbanks  in  a  lake  or 
estuary  by  currents  of  considerable  strength,  with  intervals  of  stiller  water 
in  which  the  intercalated  muds  and  clays  were  deposited.  The  sands  are 
very  generally  '  false-bedded,'  i.e.  the  original  stratification  of  the  com- 
ponent layers  has  not  been  horizontal,  but  has  accorded  with  the  slope 
of  the  more  or  less  steeply  inclined  banks  into  which  the  sediments 
were  driven.  Consequently  it  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  although 
the  total  thickness  of  the  series  in  southern  Kent  and  Sussex,  where  the 
greater  part  of  the  material  was  deposited,  exceeds  600-700  feet,  it  has 
been  proved  by  the  deep  borings  to  thin  away  very  rapidly  northward 
and  north-eastward,  and  is  entirely  absent  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
county. 

The  river-system  which  transported  the  sediments  forming  the 
Hastings  Beds  has  usually  been  supposed  to  have   flowed  from  a  land 

'   '  Geology  of  the  Weald,'  p.  331. 
7 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

lying  to  the  westward  and  north-westward  of  the  Weald.  But  this 
matter  will  require  re-discussion  in  the  light  of  evidence  recently 
obtained,  which  seems  to  point  to  the  principal  drainage-area  having 
lain  to  the  eastward. 

The  method  of  classification  by  which  the  whole  of  the  Hastings 
Beds  are  placed  in  the  Lower  Cretaceous  system,  as  in  the  accom- 
panying map  and  in  Table  II.,  though  hitherto  generally  adopted,  has 
lately  given  rise  to  much  discussion  by  reason  of  the  Jurassic  affinities 
of  many  of  the  fossils.  It  is  indeed  probable  that  the  lower  part  of 
the  series  is  the  freshwater  equivalent  of  marine  deposits  in  other  dis- 
tricts which  have  been  classed  as  the  uppermost  beds  of  the  Jurassic 
system.  This  however  is  a  question  of  technical  terminology  into 
which  we  need  not  enter  further.^ 

WEALD    CLAY 

The  northerly  dip  soon  carries  down  the  Tunbridge  Wells  Sand 
beneath  the  surface  in  southern  Kent ;  and  to  the  northward  the  over- 
lying Weald  Clay  occupies  a  broad  belt  of  low  ground  stretching  from 
Romney  Marsh  on  the  east  to  the  Surrey  boundary  on  the  west,  with  a 
width  varying  from  about  4  to  6  miles.  This  thick  mass  of  clay,  with 
a  depth  reaching  700  feet  or  more  in  the  west  of  the  county  and  in- 
creasing to  1,000  feet  in  Surrey,  represents  the  continuation  of  the  same 
freshwater  conditions  that  had  previously  brought  about  the  deposition 
of  the  sandy  Hastings  Beds,  though  the  presence  of  a  few  dwarfed 
oysters  here  and  there  in  the  uppermost  layers  of  the  clay,*  indicates  that 
brackish  water  began  to  find  its  way  into  the  area  toward  the  close  of  the 
period. 

This  clay  represents  the  muddy  detritus  from  the  land,  deposited 
quietly  in  the  deeper  and  stiller  parts  of  the  lake  or  lagoon.  Its  great 
thickness  denotes  the  long-continued  prevalence  of  the  freshwater  con- 
ditions ;  and  also  that  the  lake-floor  was  sinking  gradually  during  the 
period,  so  that  the  complete  infilling  of  the  basin  was  never  effected. 
Slow  subsidence  of  this  kind  appears  to  be  in  progress  at  the  mouths 
of  many  large  rivers  at  the  present  day,  and  may  perhaps  be  caused  by 
the  gradual  depression  of  the  earth's  crust  by  the  weight  of  the  sedi- 
ments accumulated  over  such  tracts. 

Since  the  Weald  Clay  as  a  whole  overlies  the  Hastings  Beds  it  has 
been  usually  assumed  that  the  full  sequence  has  been  successively 
deposited  throughout  the  Wealden  district.  But  we  may  here  note 
that  the  maximum  thickness  of  both  divisions  is  not  known  to  occur 
in  the  same  area  ;  and  after  consideration  of  the  evidence  from  deep 
borings  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  and  from  the  field-relations  of  the  equiva- 

i  See  Prof.  O.  C.  Marsh,  Geo/.  Mag.  (1896),  dec.  4,  iii.  8  ;  A.  S.  Woodward,  Geo/.  Mag.  dec.  4, 
iii.  70  ;  A.  C.  Seward,  Nature  (1896),  liii.  462  ;  and  G.  W.  Lamplugh,  Geo/.  Mag.  (1900),  dec.  4, 
vii.  443. 

*  At  Hythe  in  Kent  (F.  Drew,  Quar(.  Joum.  Geo/.  Soc.  xvii.  280)  ;  also  in  Surrey  (G.  W. 
Lamplugh,  in  Summary  of  Progress  of  the  Geo/offca/  Survey  for  1900,  p.  116)  and  in  the  Isle  of  Wight 
{Mem.  Geo/.  Survey,  '  Isle  of  Wight,'  p.  1 5). 

8 


GEOLOGY 

lent  beds  in  west  Sussex  and  the  Isle  of  Wight,  it  appears  to  the 
writer  that  part  of  the  sediments  classed  as  Weald  Clay  in  one  district 
may  be  equivalent  to  strata  classed  as  Hastings  Beds  in  another  part 
of  the  Weald.  This  point  is  mentioned  because  of  its  practical  con- 
sequence in  cases  where  it  is  intended  to  penetrate  the  Weald  Clay 
by  borings  for  water-supply  or  other  purposes. 

The  Weald  Clay  is  interstratified  at  intervals  with  thin  bands  of 
sand  and  silt,  and  with  layers  of  limestone  made  up  almost  entirely  of 
a  freshwater  shell  of  the  genus  Paludina.  This  limestone,  often  known 
as  '  Bethersden  marble,'  from  a  locality  where  it  was  extensively  dug, 
was  formerly  much  used,  like  the  '  Sussex  marble '  of  similar  origin,  in 
ecclesiastical  architecture,  both  as  a  polished  stone  and  unpolished,  as 
for  example  in  the  church  towers  of  Headcorn,  Smarden,  Biddenden 
and  Tenterden,  and  in  the  polished  altar  stairs  of  Canterbury  Cathedral. 
The  fossils  of  the  Weald  Clay  resemble  those  of  the  Hastings  Beds,  being 
chiefly  freshwater  shells  and  cyprids,  with  the  teeth  and  scales  of  fish 
and  the  remains  of  land  plants.^  Where  exposed  at  the  surface  the  clay 
forms  a  heavy  tenacious  soil,  expensive  and  difficult  to  cultivate.  But 
from  its  low-lying  position  much  of  its  outcrop  is  overspread  by  alluvium 
and  other  superficial  deposits,  and  the  tracts  thus  modified  are  very  fertile 
and  embrace  some  of  the  principal  hop  gardens  of  the  county.  The 
clay  itself  is  dug  in  many  places  for  brickmaking.  Deep  borings  have 
shown  that  this  division  undergoes  the  same  rapid  diminution  in  thick- 
ness in  its  northward  underground  extension  as  the  Hastings  Beds,  and 
that  it  thins  out  entirely  before  reaching  the  north-eastern  border  of 
the  county.^ 

LOWER    GREENSAND 

The  invasion  of  the  sea,  of  which,  as  already  noted,  there  are  slight 
preliminary  indications  in  the  brackish  water  fauna  towards  the  top  of 
the  Weald  Clay,  appears  to  have  become  suddenly  accelerated  at  the  close 
of  the  Wealden  period,  so  that  the  long  prevalent  freshwater  conditions 
were  abruptly  terminated  and  the  whole  district  submerged  beneath  the 
tides  of  an  encroaching  ocean.  The  marine  conditions  thus  established 
were  thenceforward  persistent  throughout  the  remainder  of  the  Lower 
Cretaceous  and  the  whole  of  the  Upper  Cretaceous  times.  During  the 
first  stages  of  this  great  period  of  submergence  the  Atherfield  Clay  and 
Lower  Greensand  were  deposited ;  afterwards  the  Gault  Clay  and  Upper 
Greensand;  and  finally  the  thick  white  mass  of  the  Chalk.  Minor  oscil- 
lations of  level  during  this  long  submergence  were  frequent,  rendering 
the  sea  now  deeper  and  now  shallower,  and  the  coast-line  sometimes  near 
and  sometimes  more  remote  ;  and  thereby  causing  modification  or  change 
of  character  in  the  sediments.  Indeed  it  is  probable  that  during  the 
earlier  stages  the  shore  at  times  approached  within  the  northern  limits 

1  For  description  of  the  scanty  vertebrate  remains  of  the  Kentish  Wealden,   see  subsequent  article 
'Palaeontology,'  p.  31. 

2  See  subsequent  records  of  deep  boring-sections,  pp.  25-8. 

I  q  2 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

of  the  county;  but  in  the  south  the  sea  never  lost  its  grip  of  the  district 
nor  ceased  to  build  up  the  framework  of  the  present  land. 

Atherjield  Clay. — The  first  deposit  of  this  sea  was  the  Atherfield 
Clay,  so  named  from  a  locality  on  the  coast  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  where 
it  is  typically  exposed,  a  brown  or  greenish  blue  clay,  somewhat  sandy 
in  places,  containing  numerous  marine  fossils  such  as  Ammotiites,  Nautilus, 
Exogyra  (an  extinct  oyster)  and  many  other  shells,  with  small  crustaceans, 
fish  teeth  and  other  remains. 

Owing  to  its  soft  perishable  material,  its  comparatively  slight  thick- 
ness, and  the  position  of  its  outcrop  on  steep  foundering  slopes  capped 
by  the  harder  overlying  strata,  it  is  rare  that  natural  sections  of  this  clay 
are  visible  in  Kent,  though  it  was  passed  through  in  the  railway  tunnel 
at  Sevenoaks,  and  was  in  part  recently  exposed  by  artificial  excavations 
near  the  railway  station  at  Hythe  and  at  Bastead  Mills  near  Plaxtole. 
The  mining  shafts  at  Dover  have  however  provided  the  most  favourable 
opportunity  for  studying  this  deposit  in  Kent  ;  its  thickness  here  was 
40  feet,  the  clay  yielding  large  numbers  of  the  characteristic  fossils,  and 
its  base  resting  with  a  sharp  line  of  demarcation  upon  the  Weald 
Clay. 

Hythe  Beds. — As  shown  in  Table  II.,  the  term  Lower  Greensand  is 
generally  extended  to  include  the  Atherfield  Clay  as  well  as  the  over- 
lying sandy  deposits,  but  is  more  strictly  applicable  to  the  latter.  It  has 
reference  to  the  prevalence  of  disseminated  grains  of  glauconite,  a  green 
silicate  of  iron,  in  the  series.  Near  the  surface  however  this  mineral  is 
usually  decomposed  by  weathering,  giving  rusty  red  or  yellow  tints  to 
the  sandy  rocks.  These  deposits,  being  less  readily  erosible,  form  bold 
terraces  or  '  features  '  at  their  outcrop ;  fringing  the  northern  border  of 
the  low  tract  of  Weald  Clay,  they  constitute  most  of  the  rolling  country 
between  this  lowland  and  the  North  Downs,  and  include  much  of  the 
pleasantest  inland  scenery  of  the  county.  They  represent  the  accumula- 
tions of  a  shallow  current-swept  sea  at  a  time  when  the  land  was  not  far 
distant.  The  series  is  admirably  exposed  where  intersected  by  the  present 
coast  in  the  cliffs  between  Folkestone  and  Hythe,  and  the  names  of  its 
subdivisions  are  founded  on  these  sections. 

The  Hythe  Beds,  which  constitute  the  lowest  subdivision  above  the 
Atherfield  Clay,  are  composed  of  irregular  alternations  of  slightly  loamy 
glauconitic  semi-indurated  sand  ('  hassock  ')  and  hard  sandy  limestone. 
These  harder  beds,  known  as  '  Kentish  Rag,'  are  extensively  quarried  for 
building  purposes  and  road  mending  at  Hythe,  Maidstone,  Sevenoaks  and 
other  places.  They  are  frequently  associated  with  thin  layers  of  chert, 
representing  the  nodular  concentration  of  silica  derived  from  the  tiny 
spicules  composing  the  netted  framework  of  the  sponges  that  lived  on 
the  old  sea-floor.  This  chert,  which  is  especially  valued  as  a  road  material, 
is  most  abundant  in  the  upper  part  of  the  division  on  the  high  ground 
south-west  of  Maidstone.  Fossils  are  occasionally  abundant  in  the  Hythe 
Beds,  though  rare  in  many  localities.  At  Hythe  the  series  has  yielded 
many  echinoderms.  Ammonites  of  several    species.  Nautilus,  Belemnites   of 

10 


GEOLOGY 

a  species   useful  in  determining  the  foreign  equivalents  of  the  '  zone,' 
Exogyra,   Trigonia,  and  many  brachiopods  and  other  shells,  besides  some 
interesting  reptilian  bones  ;   while   at  Maidstone  also  they  have  yielded 
some  fine  remains  of  the  Iguanodon,  nowr  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
other  extinct  reptiles,*  along  with  fragments  of  wood  and  coniferous  fruits. 

In  the  higher  portion  of  their  outcrop  west  of  the  Medway  the 
Hythe  Beds  carry  large  stretches  of  woodland  and  common  land, 
including  Westerham  Common  and  Brastead  Chart,  Whitley  Scrubs, 
Knole  Park,  Great  Comp,  Mereworth  and  East  Mailing  Woods  ;  but 
east  of  the  Medway  their  surface  is  generally  very  fertile  and  highly 
cultivated,  supporting  many  of  the  best  hop  and  fruit  gardens  of  the 
Maidstone   district. 

Sandgate  Beds. — The  middle  subdivision  of  the  Lower  Greensand, 
the  Sandgate  Beds,  consists  of  dark  shaly  pyritous  clay  and  muddy 
glauconitic  silt  or  fine  sand,  having  a  thickness  of  about  80  feet  on 
the  coast  between  Folkestone  and  Sandgate,  where  it  attains  its  maximum 
development.  Westward  these  beds  thin  away  or  lose  their  distinctive 
clayey  character,  so  that  at  Maidstone  they  are  represented  by  only 
about  14  feet  of  strata,  and  a  little  farther  to  the  west  they  cease  to 
be  recognizable  as  an  independent  division.  They  are  very  sparingly 
fossiliferous  except  in  a  nodular  phosphatic  band  at  their  base,  which 
has  yielded  many  brachiopods  and  other  shells.^  Their  narrow  outcrop 
is  generally  marked  by  the  presence  of  small  springs,  where  the  water 
percolating  through  the  overlying  sands  is  arrested  and  thrown  out  by 
these  clayey  beds.  The  destructive  landslip  which  occurred  at  Sandgate 
in  1893  was  due  to  the  foundering  of  these  beds  along  their  seaward  out- 
crop during  a  wet  season,  owing  mainly  to  the  action  of  percolating  water.* 

Folkestone  Beds. — As  developed  in  the  coast  section,  the  Folkestone 
Beds,  which  constitute  the  uppermost  division  of  the  Lower  Greensand, 
are  composed  of  clean-washed  light-coloured  sands  with  irregular  layers 
of  sandy  limestone  and  cherty  seams  ('Folkestone  Stone'),  and  darker 
clayey  sand  and  sandstone  at  the  base,  having  a  total  thickness  of  about 
90  feet.  Minute  siHceous  sponge  spicules  are  still  recognizable  in  some 
of  the  stony  layers,  and  their  presence  explains  the  origin  of  the  chert. 
The  extinct  oyster  Exogyra  is  plentiful  in  some  of  the  beds,  and  the 
remains  of  echinoderms,  etc.,  and  casts  of  large  ammonites  in  others,  but 
fossils  are  not  abundant  except  near  the  base  and  again  in  a  band 
of  phosphatic  nodules  which  occurs  at  Folkestone  3  or  4  feet  below 
the  top  of  the  division.  The  characteristic  fossil  of  the  last-mentioned 
band  is  Ammonites  mammillatus,  and  as  this  species  is  found  in  France 
in   a  well-marked  zone  at  the   base  of  the  Gault,  it  has  been  suggested 

'   See  Summary  of  Progfess  of  the  Geological  Survey  for  1897,  p.  129. 

2  For  description  of  these  reptilian  and  other  vertebrate  remains  from  the  Hythe  Beds,  see  subse- 
quent article  '  Palasontolog)-,'  p.  31. 

3  See   F.  G.  H.   Price,  '  On    the  Lower  Greensand   and  Gault  of  Folkestone,'  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc. 
(1875),  iv.    135. 

*  See  W.  Topley,   '  The  Landslip  at  Sandgate,'  ibid.  (1893),  xiii.  40,  and  Geographical  Journal, 
April,  1893. 

II 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

that  the  uppermost  portion  of  the  Folkestone  Sands  should  be  classed 
with  the  Gault,^ 

In  their  prolongation  inland  the  stony  bands  of  the  Folkestone 
Beds  soon  disappear,  so  that  to  the  westward  of  Saltwood  the  division 
consists  for  some  distance  almost  entirely  of  sharp  '  false-bedded '  sands 
with  irregular  lines  of  ironstone.  West  of  the  Medway  however,  near 
Ightham,  the  sands  again  include  impersistent  masses  of  extremely  hard 
glauconitic  siliceous  stone  ('Ightham  Stone'  or  'Firestone'),  and  a 
similar  rock  was  found  in  the  much  attenuated  Folkestone  Beds  passed 
through  in  the  colliery  sinkings  at  Dover. 

The  coarser  sand-grains  of  the  deposit  are  frequently  extremely 
well-rounded  and  polished,  as  though  by  long-continued  attrition  in  the 
shifting  sandbanks  of  the  current-swept  sea  floor,  and  these  smooth- 
worn  grains  are  particularly  noticeable  in  the  band  containing  the 
phosphatic  nodules  near  the  top  of  the  sands.  This  band  probably 
marks  a  falling  off  in  the  supply  of  sandy  material  as  the  waters  became 
deeper  and  the  shore-line  more  distant,  and  foreshadows  the  approach  of 
the  conditions  under  which  the  Gault  was  afterwards  deposited.  Where 
unmodified  by  '  superficial '  accumulations,  the  Folkestone  Beds  make  a 
thin  sterile  soil,  and  such   tracts   are   only  partly  cultivated. 

SELBORNIAN 

Gau/t— With  the  deepening  and  expansion  of  the  sea  basin  the 
sand-bearing  currents  ceased  to  reach  the  district,  and  only  the  finer 
muddy  material  sank  through  the  quiet  waters  to  this  part  of  the  sea- 
floor.  This  sediment  accumulated  to  form  the  Gault,  a  more  or  less 
calcareous  clay,  in  which  are  embedded  the  beautifully  preserved  shells 
and  other  remains  of  marine  organisms  of  the  period  that  gladden  the 
heart  of  the  collector  who  examines  the  famous  section  exposed  on  the 
coast  at  East  Wear  Bay  near  Folkestone.  For  the  splendour  and  variety 
of  its  fossils  this  locality  is  unrivalled  in  Kent  and  is  scarcely  equalled 
elsewhere  in  the  British  Islands. 

They  include  many  species  of  Ammonites,  Hamites  and  other  allied 
cephalopods,  with  Nautilus  and  Belemnites  ;  bivalve  and  univalve  shells 
in  abundance  and  of  wide  variety  ;  crustaceans  of  several  kinds  ;  small 
corals  ;  many  foraminifera  ;  the  teeth  and  bones  of  fish  and  reptiles  ; 
and  a  few  plant  remains.^ 

Many  of  the  shells  still  possess  their  original  pearly  iridescence, 
and  can  be  separated  from  the  soft  clayey  matrix  with  all  their  delicate 
markings  and  ornamentations  intact.  Being  usually  impregnated  with  iron 
pyrites  however,  they  decay  rapidly  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  so  that 
it  is  only  in  freshly-cut  sections  on  the  shore  or  at  the  foot  of  the  cliff 
that  they  can  be  obtained  in  good   condition.     They  are  more  abundant 

'  For  recent  discussion   of   this    point,  with  description   of  the    'zone  of  Am.   mammillalus'  at 
Folicestone,  see  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  'The  Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Great  Britain,'  i.  43,  73. 

2  The  reptilian  and  fish  remains  of  the  Gault  are  described  in  the  context  :  see  article   '  Palsonto- 
logy,'  P-  3'- 

12 


GEOLOGY 

in  the  lower  than  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Gault ;  and  the  majority  of 
the  species  are  confined  to  certain  '  zones '  or  bands  which  represent  the 
thickness  of  sediment  accumulated  during  the  period  that  successive 
species  flourished  in  this  part  of  the  ancient  sea.  The  demarcation  of 
these  life-zones  and  their  comparison  with  the  time-equivalents  in  other 
regions  have  received  much  careful  study/ 

From  the  coast  the  Gault,  increasing  gradually  in  thickness,  stretches 
inland  in  a  narrow  but  uninterrupted  belt  rarely  exceeding  a  mile  in 
width,  to  the  western  limit  of  the  county,  where  it  has  a  thickness  of 
about  200  feet,  or  nearly  twice  that  of  the  Folkestone  section.  Being 
more  perishable  than  the  underlying  and  overlying  formations,  its  course 
is  marked  by  a  tract  of  clayey  land  forming  a  depression  of  the  surface, 
bounded  by  the  bold  escarpment  of  the  Chalk  on  the  north,  and  by  the 
rising  ground  of  the  Lower  Greensand  on  the  south.  It  is  used  in 
several  places  for  brickmaking,  and  a  band  of  phosphatic  nodules  at  its 
base  was  formerly  dug  at  Cheriton  near  Folkestone  for  conversion  into 
chemical   manure. 

Upper  Greensand. — The  upper  part  of  the  Gault  at  East  Wear  Bay 
is  a  light  grey  or  buff-coloured  marl  in  which  fossils  are  comparatively 
rare.  This  is  capped  by  1  o  or  15  feet  of  glauconitic  sandy  marl,  which 
was  originally  considered  to  be  the  attenuated  representative  of  the  Upper 
Greensand,  a  division  that  in  Surrey  attains  a  thickness  of  150  feet  or 
more.  It  is  now  believed  however  that  this  glauconitic  marl  is  really 
the  basement  bed  of  the  Chalk  (' Chloritic  Marl'),  and  that  the  true 
Upper  Greensand  only  commences  in  the  extreme  west  of  the  county, 
probably  near  Brastead,  where  a  firm  grey  micaceous  and  siliceous  rock 
resembling  the  '  Malmstone '  of  the  Upper  Greensand  of  Surrey  may  be 
seen  beneath  the  glauconitic  sandy  marl.''  According  to  this  view  the 
upper  part  of  the  Kentish  Gault  passes  laterally  westward  into  the  Upper 
Greensand  of  Surrey,  the  one  representing  the  calcareous  mud  and  the 
other  the  fine  silt  deposited  at  the  same  time  on  different  parts  of  the 
same  sea-floor.  For  this  reason  it  is  urged  that  the  Gault  and  Upper 
Greensand  should  be  linked  together  as  a  single  formation,  for  which  the 
term  '  Selbornian '  is  suggested.^  This  method  of  classification  has  there- 
fore been  adopted  here  ;  but  it  must  be  remembered  that  in  questions  of 
this  kind  the  system  of  nomenclature  employed  is  of  little  consequence 
so  long  as  the  actual  facts  of  the  stratigraphical  arrangement  be  definitely 
understood. 

CHALK 

From  the  dawn  of  history  to  the  present  day  perhaps  the  best 
known  fact  regarding  the  rock-structure  of  England  has  been  that  the 
principal    part    of    the    framework    of    Kent    is  built    up    of    Chalk. 

1  Our  knowledge  of  the  fossils  of  the  Gault  and  their  zonal  distribution  is  principally  due  to  the 
work  of  F.  G.  H.  Price  {Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  1874,  xxx.  342,  and  monograph,  'The  Gault,' 
separately  pub.  Lond.  1879)  ;  and  of  C.  E.  De  Ranee  {Geol.  Mag.  1868,  v.  163).  The  most  recent 
list   of  these   fossils   is   contained   in   the  Mem.   Geol.  Survey   referred  to  on  the  preceding  page. 

*  Mem.  Geol.  Suix'ey,  '  The  Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Great  Britain,'  i.  9 1 . 

^  A.  J.  Jukes  Browne,  ibid.  p.  30. 

13 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

With  the  great  white  cliffs  of  this  remarkable  formation  fronting  the 
Channel  at  the  nearest  point  of  approach  of  our  shores  to  the  continent, 
in  full  view  of  all  those  who  pass  through  this  gateway  of  our  seas,  and 
with  the  bold  scarp  of  the  North  Downs,  which  marks  its  prolongation 
into  the  interior  no  less  conspicuous  to  the  pilgrim  by  land,  no  other 
feature  could  indeed  be  more  impressively  characteristic  of  the  county. 

The  Downs  form  the  highest  ground  in  Kent,  reaching  elevations 
of  between  700  and  800  feet  in  its  western  part,  and  600  to  700  feet 
farther  eastward.  These  heights  are  attained  close  to  the  steep  escarp- 
ment in  which  the  Chalk  terminates,  the  surface  declining  thence 
gradually  northward. 

It  would  be  superfluous  to  describe  the  general  aspect  of  the  forma- 
tion, but  we  may  dwell  for  a  moment  on  the  remarkably  homogeneous 
composition  of  the  Chalk,  which  is  one  of  its  most  extraordinary  features. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  its  extent  in  England,  from  its  lowest  to  its 
highest  beds,  with  a  thickness  in  some  places  reaching  from  1,000  to 
1,500  feet,  and  from  its  first  appearance  in  the  cliffs  of  the  English 
Channel  to  its  disappearance  in  Flamborough  Head  and  the  Yorkshire 
Wolds,  this  peculiar  white  limestone  preserves  everywhere  its  identity  of 
character,  with  such  minor  modifications  of  structure  as  become  apparent 
only  when  the  formation  is  closely  studied.  It  is  one  of  the  common- 
place '  wonders '  of  geology  that  this  huge  mass  has  been  built  up  almost 
entirely  from  the  remains  of  lime-secreting  organisms,  among  which  the 
minute  shells  of  foraminifera  are  especially  abundant.  For  a  period  of 
time  which  is  admitted  to  have  been  long  even  by  geological  measure- 
ment, and  by  any  standard  of  human  history  would  be  reckoned  inter- 
minable, the  calcareous  ooze  derived  from  generation  after  generation  of 
these  organisms  slowly  accumulated  on  the  floor  of  an  open  sea,  too  far 
from  the  coast  to  receive  more  than  an  inconsiderable  sprinkling  of 
current-borne  detritus,  and  that  usually  of  the  lightest.  At  rare  intervals 
however  stones  rafted  from  the  land,  perhaps  by  floating  ice  or  entangled 
in  the  roots  of  seaweed  or  of  fallen  trees,  were  dropped  to  the  sea  bottom; 
and  are  occasionally  found  in  the  Chalk,  as  for  example  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Gravesend,^  but  their  occurrence  is  quite  exceptional.  Nodules 
of  flint,  often  occurring  abundantly  in  bands  or  in  tabular  masses,  are 
characteristic  of  a  large  part  of  the  Chalk  and  form  an  integral  portion 
of  the  deposit.  Like  the  cherts  of  the  Lower  Greensand,  their  material 
has  been  mainly  derived  from  the  siliceous  spicules  of  sponges,  which 
are  known  to  have  flourished  in  large  numbers  in  the  seas  of  the  period. 

Subdivisions  of  the  Chalk. — The  subdivision  of  this  great  mass  into 
Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Chalk  was  originally  based  mainly  upon 
slight  differences  of  composition — the  Lower  Chalk  being  usually  some- 
what grey  in  colour,  marly  in  its  lower  portion,  and  devoid  of  flints  ; 
the  Middle  division,  white  and  rather  flinty  in  places,  sometimes  with 
a  hard  rock-band  (the  'Chalk  Rock')  at  the  top  ;  and  the  Upper  Chalk, 

'  Mem.  Geo!.  Survey,  'Geology  of  London,'  i.  82. 
14 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

With  the  great  white  cliffs  of  this  remarkable  formation  fronting  the 
Channel  at  the  nearest  point  of  approach  of  our  shores  to  the  continent, 
in  full  view  of  all  those  who  pass  through  this  gateway  of  our  seas,  and 
with  the  bold  scarp  of  the  North  Downs,  which  marks  its  prolongation 
into  the  interior  no  less  conspicuous  to  the  pilgrim  by  land,  no  other 
feature  could  indeed  be  more  impressively  characteristic  of  the  county. 

The  Downs  form  the  highest  ground  in  Kent,  reaching  elevations 
of  between  700  and  800  feet  in  its  western  part,  and  600  to  700  feet 
farther  eastward.  These  heights  are  attained  close  to  the  steep  escarp- 
ment in  which  the  Chalk  terminates,  the  surface  declining  thence 
gradually  northward. 

It  would  be  superfluous  to  describe  the  general  aspect  of  the  forma- 
tion, but  we  may  dwell  for  a  moment  on  the  remarkably  homogeneous 
composition  of  the  Chalk,  which  is  one  of  its  most  extraordinary  features. 
Throughout  the  whole  of  its  extent  in  England,  from  its  lowest  to  its 
highest  beds,  with  a  thickness  in  some  places  reaching  from  1,000  to 
1,500  feet,  and  from  its  first  appearance  in  the  cliffs  of  the  English 
Channel  to  its  disappearance  in  Flamborough  Head  and  the  Yorkshire 
Wolds,  this  peculiar  white  limestone  preserves  everywhere  its  identity  of 
character,  with  such  minor  modifications  of  structure  as  become  apparent 
only  when  the  formation  is  closely  studied.  It  is  one  of  the  common- 
place '  wonders '  of  geology  that  this  huge  mass  has  been  built  up  almost 
entirely  from  the  remains  of  lime-secreting  organisms,  among  which  the 
minute  shells  of  foraminifera  are  especially  abundant.  For  a  period  of 
time  which  is  admitted  to  have  been  long  even  by  geological  measure- 
ment, and  by  any  standard  of  human  history  would  be  reckoned  inter- 
minable, the  calcareous  ooze  derived  from  generation  after  generation  of 
these  organisms  slowly  accumulated  on  the  floor  of  an  open  sea,  too  far 
from  the  coast  to  receive  more  than  an  inconsiderable  sprinkling  of 
current-borne  detritus,  and  that  usually  of  the  lightest.  At  rare  intervals 
however  stones  rafted  from  the  land,  perhaps  by  floating  ice  or  entangled 
in  the  roots  of  seaweed  or  of  fallen  trees,  were  dropped  to  the  sea  bottom; 
and  are  occasionally  found  in  the  Chalk,  as  for  example  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Gravesend,'  but  their  occurrence  is  quite  exceptional.  Nodules 
of  flint,  often  occurring  abundantly  in  bands  or  in  tabular  masses,  are 
characteristic  of  a  large  part  of  the  Chalk  and  form  an  integral  portion 
of  the  deposit.  Like  the  cherts  of  the  Lower  Greensand,  their  material 
has  been  mainly  derived  from  the  siliceous  spicules  of  sponges,  which 
are  known  to  have  flourished  in  large  numbers  in  the  seas  of  the  period. 

Subdivisions  of  the  Chalk. — The  subdivision  of  this  great  mass  into 
Lower,  Middle,  and  Upper  Chalk  was  originally  based  mainly  upon 
slight  differences  of  composition — the  Lower  Chalk  being  usually  some- 
what grey  in  colour,  marly  in  its  lower  portion,  and  devoid  of  flints  ; 
the  Middle  division,  white  and  rather  flinty  in  places,  sometimes  with 
a  hard  rock-band  (the  'Chalk  Rock')  at  the  top  ;  and  the  Upper  Chalk, 

'  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  'Geology  of  London,'  i.  82. 
14 


GEOLOGY 

white  and  with  many  flints  in  some  beds  and  few  in  others.  But  these 
characters  are  found  to  be  more  or  less  impersistent  when  a  wide  area 
is  examined,  and  it  is  now  recognized  that  the  fossils  afford  a  more 
satisfactory  basis  for  classification.  During  the  vast  period  represented 
by  the  Chalk,  the  fauna  inhabiting  the  sea  was  steadily  changing,  most 
of  its  species  being  gradually  modified,  or  extinguished  and  replaced 
by  others.  The  shells  and  other  hard  parts  of  many  of  these  organisms 
were  embedded  in  the  slowly  accumulating  mud  of  the  sea-floor  ;  and 
by  the  succession  of  these  fossil  species  synchronous  divisions  may  be 
recognized  in  widely  separated  districts,  even  where  the  enclosing  rock- 
substance  has  lost  its  distinguishing  peculiarities.  On  this  basis,  by  a 
close  study  of  its  fossils,  the  Chalk  of  Kent  has  been  recently  re-classified, 
divided  into  '  zones '  like  the  Gault,  and  correlated  zone  by  zone  with 
the  Chalk  of  other  districts.^  For  this  purpose  the  tests  of  the  sea- 
urchins  of  the  genera  Micraster  and  Holaster,  which  along  with  other 
genera  are  among  the  commonest  fossils  of  the  Chalk,  have  been  found 
especially  serviceable;  while  certain  other  zones  are  distinguished  by  the 
presence  of  another  echinoderm,  Marsupites  ;  by  the  different  species 
of  the  extinct  cuttle-fish,  Beleninitella  and  Actinocamax  ;  and  by  species 
of  brachiopods,  Terebratulina  and  Rhynchonella.  Besides  the  fossils  which 
have  been  selected  as  '  zonal  '  indicators,  the  Chalk  abounds  in  other 
organic  remains,  including  sponges  of  great  variety  ;  small  corals  ;  a  few 
univalve  and  many  bivalve  shells,  the  latter  including  characteristic 
species  of  Inoceramus  and  Spondylus  ;  a  few  crustaceans  ;  many  cephalo- 
pods  of  the  genera  Ammonites^  Scaphites,  Baculites,  Nautilus,  etc.  ;  and  the 
teeth,  bones  and  other  hard  parts  of  numerous  fish  and  reptiles.^ 

Owing  to  the  prevalence  of  a  covering  of  clayey  earth,  and  in  part 
also  to  the  lower  average  elevation  of  the  hills,  the  Kentish  Downs 
present  a  more  varied  aspect  than  is  usual  in  Chalk  uplands.  Instead 
of  a  dry  thin  soil  and  treeless  surface  covered  only  with  smooth  short 
turf,  the  Chalk  in  this  county  more  frequently  sustains  a  deep  productive 
loam,  with  cultivated  tracts  and  park-lands  in  which  the  beech  and 
other  trees  thrive  well. 

The  Chalk  is  extensively  quarried  in  many  places,  especially  along 
the  margin  of  the  Thames  valley,  for  burning  into  lime  and  for  the 
preparation  of  whiting.  Mixed  with  clayey  material  it  is  also  largely 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  Portland  cement.  As  a  water-bearing  forma- 
tion its  economic  importance  is  very  great,  the  rainfall  upon  its  surface 

I  Dr.  A.  W.  Rowe,  'An  Analysis  of  the  genus  Micraster,'  Quart.  Journ.  Geo!.  Soc.  (1899)  Iv. 
494-544  ;  and  '  Zones  of  the  White  Challc  of  the  English  Coast,  pt.  I,  Kent  and  Sussex,'  Proc.  Geol. 
Assoc.  (1900)  xvi.  289-368  ;  and  '  pt.  2,  Dorset,'  ibid.  xvii.  1-76.  G.  E.  Dibley,  'Zonal  Features 
of  the  Chalk  Pits  in  the  Rochester,  Gravesend  and  Croydon  Areas,'  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  (1900)  xvi. 
484-99.  The  earlier  work  of  Dr.  C.  Barrois,  '  Recherches  sur  le  terrain  cretace  superieur  de 
I'Angleterre  et  de  I'lrlande,'  Memoires  de  la  Soc.  Geol.  du  Nord,  tome  i.  (1876),  should  also  be  referred 
to. 

«  For  the  latest  fossil  lists  see  the  papers  of  Dr.  Rowe  and  Mr.  Dibley  above  quoted  and  the  Mem. 
Geol.  Survey,  'The  Cretaceous  Rocks  of  Britain,  vol.  ii.  The  Chalk'  (1902).  For  description  of  the 
numerous  vertebrate  remains  obtained  from  the  Kentish  Chalk,  see  article  '  Palaeontology,'  p.  31. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

sinking  rapidly  through  the  pores  and  crevices  of  the  rock,  so  that  water 
is  stored  underground  in  large  quantity,  and  is  obtained  in  abundance 
from  many  deep  wells. 

Toward  the  close  of  the  Cretaceous  period  the  ocean  which  for 
so  long  had  covered  the  greater  part  of  the  British  Islands  became 
diminished  in  depth  and  extent  by  reason  of  an  elevatory  movement  of 
this  part  of  the  earth's  crust,  and  finally  the  whole  region  was  brought 
once  more  above  sea-level.  This  change,  so  far  as  our  country  is  con- 
cerned, is  indicated  by  a  gap  in  the  geological  record,  since  it  is  of  course 
only  in  areas  where  at  any  particular  period  deposits  have  accumulated 
that  we  can  read  the  course  of  events  directly  from  the  stratigraphical 
evidence.  In  Kent  we  can  only  judge  of  the  great  lapse  of  time  between 
the  deposition  of  the  highest  beds  of  Chalk  still  preserved  and  of  the  lowest 
of  the  overlying  formations,  by  the  fact  that  in  the  interval  a  vast  change 
had  taken  place  in  the  life-forms,  and  that  every  species  of  the  Chalk 
sea,  except  perhaps  a  few  microscopic  animals  of  low  development,  had 
become  extinct  and  had  been  replaced  by  species  unknown  in  the 
previous  epoch.  To  the  marine  life  of  the  present  time  the  fossils  of 
the  Chalk  bear  scarcely  a  trace  of  specific  or  even  generic  resemblance  ; 
but  those  of  the  immediately  overlying  Eocene  deposits,  although  still 
very  different,  show  a  distinct  and  thenceforward  increasing  relationship 
with  the  existing  life-forms  of  our  seas. 

The  floor  of  the  Chalk  sea  appears  to  have  been  elevated  so  gradu- 
ally and  evenly  in  the  south-east  of  England  that,  when  it  came  within 
reach  of  the  erosive  agency  of  waves  and  currents,  its  destruction  pro- 
ceeded at  approximately  the  same  rate  over  wide  areas ;  so  that  the  newer 
deposits,  in  part  made  up  from  its  waste,  were  spread  out  upon  the  worn 
surface  in  sheets  almost  parallel  with  the  stratification  of  the  Chalk 
itself;  and  the  unconformity  of  bedding  which  usually  accompanies  the 
junction  of  rocks  which  differ  considerably  in  age  is  rarely  noticeable 
where  the  lowermost  Eocene  beds  rest  upon  the  Chalk  in  the  Kentish 
sections. 

LOWER   LONDON   TERTIARIES 

When  our  stratigraphical  record  is  resumed  it  indicates  the  exist- 
ence of  a  shallow  sea  with  shifting  currents,  and  afterwards  marks  the 
approach  of  the  estuary  of  a  large  river  probably  flowing  from  the  west- 
ward into  this  sea.  Under  these  conditions  a  changeful  series  of  sands 
and  clays  with  pebble  beds  was  formed,  which  are  collectively  known 
as  the  Lower  London  Tertiaries  and  constitute  the  lowest  group  of 
the  Eocene  period. 

Thanet  Beds. — The  earliest  member  of  the  group  is  the  Thanet 
Beds,  a  marine  deposit  of  fine  pale-coloured  sand,  often  somewhat  clayey 
or  loamy.  This,  as  its  name  implies,  is  well  developed  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  the  county,  in  the  shallow  trough  or  syncline  of  Chalk 
between  the  Isle  of  Thanet  and  the  North  Downs,  where  it  has  a 
thickness  of  about  60  feet,  and  is  exposed  in   the  cliffs  of  Pegwell   Bay 

16 


GEOLOGY 

and  near  Reculvers.  It  ranges  thence  westward,  with  slight  changes 
of  composition,  along  the  northern  slopes  of  the  Chalk  up  to  the  Surrey 
boundary,  but  dies  out  gradually  in  the  eastern  part  of  that  county. 
From  the  relatively  insignificant  thickness  of  this  subdivision  and  from 
the  sUght  resistance  which  it  can  offer  to  the  erosive  agencies,  its  out- 
crop takes  the  form  of  a  ragged  irregular  fringe  to  the  Tertiaries,  with 
many  detached  patches  or  '  outliers '  surrounded  by  Chalk  where  the 
wasting  back  of  its  mass  has  been  unequal  in  rate  at  different  spots.  A 
layer  of  unworn  green-coated  flints  is  constantly  found  at  its  base,  these 
having  been  derived  from  the  Chalk  either  by  the  slow  solution  of  the 
original  matrix  by  percolating  waters  after  the  deposition  of  the  sands,^ 
or  by  its  removal  under  gentle  current  action  before  their  accumulation. 
The  fossils  of  the  Thanet  Beds  consist  mainly  of  a  few  marine  shells, 
which  are  found  chiefly  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county  and  are  very 
rare  in  the  western  part.  These  beds,  with  the  overlying  members  of 
the  group,  may  be  studied  in  numerous  fine  artificial  sections  in  the 
north-western  part  of  the  county,*  as  for  example  in  the  railway  cuttings 
near  Chislehurst,  where  the  recent  widening  of  the  South-Eastern  line 
has  laid  open  the  whole  sequence.^ 

Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds. — Next  in  the  series  we  find  a  mass 
of  sediments — the  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds — which  represent  a 
period  when  the  northern  part  of  Kent  lay  at  the  mouth  of  a  lagoon  or 
estuary,  with  open  sea  to  the  north-eastward.  In  east  Kent  the  deposits 
of  this  period  consist  of  sharp  light-coloured  false-bedded  sand  contain- 
ing a  few  marine  fossils,  usually  with  a  greenish  clayey  layer  and  rolled 
pebbles  of  flint  at  the  base.  Farther  westward  the  beds  are  more  variable, 
light-coloured  sands  being  interbedded  with  clay  and  loam  and  with 
indurated  bands  of  oyster  shells  and  occasional  layers  of  flint  pebbles. 
These  sediments  are  often  crowded  with  estuarine  shells  of  the  genera 
Cyrena,  Unio,  Corbula,  Ostrea^  Paludina,  Melania,  Cerithium^  etc.,  and  some- 
times contain  fragmentary  plant-remains.  These  estuarine  beds  have 
been  supposed  to  indicate  the  existence  of  a  large  river  flowing  from  the 
west,  but  they  have  also  been  explained  as  representing  the  deltas  of 
smaller  streams  flowing  northward  from  the  tract  now  known  as  the 
Weald.*  The  outcrop  of  the  Woolwich  and  Reading  Beds  and  also  that 
of  the  overlying  Oldhaven  and  Blackheath  Beds  border  that  of  the 
Thanet  Sand,  and  are  subject  to  the  same  general  conditions.  It  is  found 
however  that  the  overlying  division  in  each  case  extends  in  certain  places 
southward  beyond  the  limits  of  the  underlying  bed,  and  then  rests  directly 
upon  the  Chalk.  This  '  overstep '  of  the  newer  upon  the  older  member 
of  the  series  is  held  to  show  that  the  bounds  of  the  sea  were  again 
expanding  over  a  sinking  land. 

*  For  discussion  on  this  subject  and  references  to  literature  see  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  '  The  London 
Basin,'  iv.  58. 

*  For   list  of  Kentish   sections  near  London   see  ibid.  '  Guide  to  Geology   of  London  and   the 
Neighbourhood,'  by  W.  Whitaker,  pp.  38,  4.3,  47,  57. 

'  See  Proc.  Geol.  Assoc.  (1900),  xvi.  523,  533,  and  (1901),  xvii.  69,  136. 

*  See  '  Guide  to  London,'  op.  cit.   p.  40  ;    also    The   Building  of  the   British  Isles,  by  A.  J.   J. 
Browne,  p.  315. 

I  17  3 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Oldhaven  and  Blackheath  Beds. — These  beds,  now  classed  as  forming 
the  uppermost  division  of  the  Lower  London  Tertiaries,  were  originally 
regarded  as  the  '  Basement  Bed '  of  the  London  Clay.^  In  west  Kent 
they  are  principally  composed  of  peculiarly  well-rolled  flint  pebbles 
mixed  with  fine  sand  ;  but  in  the  eastern  part  of  their  outcrop,  except 
in  an  outlier  at  Shottenden  Hill  south  of  Selling,  this  predominant 
pebbly  character  is  lost,  and  they  consist  of  fine  light-buff  sand  with 
dark  grains,  and  sometimes  with  thin  layers  or  patches  of  clay  and  a 
pebbly  band  or  a  bed  of  sandy  brown  iron-ore  at  the  base.  The  rounded 
shape  of  all  the  pebbles  is  very  characteristic  and  indicates  long-continued 
attrition  of  the  flints  on  the  Eocene  shingle  banks.  The  fossils  of  the 
Oldhaven  and  Blackheath  Beds  are  partly  marine  and  partly  estuarine, 
the  marine  species  predominating  in  the  eastern  sandy  portion  of  the 
formation.  Westward  the  division  thins  out  and  disappears  soon  after 
crossing  the  Surrey  border. 

LONDON   CLAY 

The  deposition  of  the  sands,  estuarine  muds  and  shingle  beds  of 
the  shallow-water  Lower  London  Tertiaries  was  brought  to  a  close  by 
a  subsidence  of  the  land,  which  carried  down  the  whole  district  once 
more  beneath  the  sea  and  caused  the  earlier  Eocene  strata  to  be  over- 
spread by  a  deep  mass  of  marine  clay  —  the  London  Clay  —  which 
constitutes  the  thickest  and  most  widespread  division  of  the  Eocene 
sediments  of  the  London  basin.  This  great  bed  of  tenacious  brown  and 
bluish-grey  clay,  attaining  a  thickness  of  from  400  to  480  feet  where 
present  from  base  to  summit,  preserves  the  same  character  over  wide 
areas.  It  has  usually  an  admixture  of  sand  and  flint  pebbles  in  its  lower- 
most stratum,  and  also  contains  here  and  there  layers  of  nodular  calcareous 
concretions,  and  segregations  of  pyrites.  The  calcareous  nodules  generally 
show  shrinkage-cracks  or  septa  lined  with  calcite  or  aragonite,  and  on 
this  account  are  termed  septaria  ;  these  nodules  have  been  collected 
in  large  numbers  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  for  use  in  the  preparation  of 
cement. 

The  widest  tracts  of  London  Clay  lie  beyond  the  boundaries  of 
Kent  to  the  north  and  west,  but  a  glance  at  the  geological  map  will 
show  that  it  also  covers  much  ground  in  the  northern  part  of  our  county, 
lying  always  within  a  fringe  of  the  Lower  London  Tertiaries.  In  the 
west  it  is  broken  up  into  numerous  outlying  patches  and  spurs,  the 
remnants  of  a  once  continuous  sheet  which  has  been  worn  into  shreds 
by  denuding  agencies.  Farther  east,  though  much  obscured  by  the 
alluvium  and  other  '  superficial '  deposits  of  the  Thames  and  its  tributaries, 
it  underlies  the  Hundred  of  Hoo  and  the  Isle  of  Grain ;  and  reappears 
from  beneath  the  alluvium  of  the  Medway  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  where 
its  uppermost  beds  are  in  places  preserved,  and  where  it  is  well  exposed 
in  cliff-sections  long  famous  for  their  numerous  and  diversified  fossils. 
On   the   mainland   farther  eastward    it   underlies   the   undulating   well- 

*  See  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  'The  London  Basin,'  p.  239. 
18 


GEOLOGY 

wooded  tract  known  as  The  Blean,  extending  along  the  seacoast  from 
Whitstable  to  a  little  beyond  Heme  Bay  and  inland  nearly  up  to  the 
valley  of  the  Stour,  but  is  frequently  covered  with  patches  of  Pleistocene 
gravel,  brickearth  and  loam. 

Though  rich  in  fossils,  these  are  unequally  distributed,  being  very 
numerous  in  some  localities  and  rare  or  absent  in  others.  They  are 
essentially  marine,  but  include  many  remains  drifted  from  the  land  ;  and 
it  is  probable  that  the  river  of  which  we  had  glimpses  in  the  earlier 
Eocene  deposits  still  continued  to  pour  its  burden  of  land-waste  into  the 
sea  in  this  quarter,  though  its  actual  estuary  now  lay  at  some  distance 
from  our  district.  Hence  besides  very  numerous  species  of  marine  fish, 
molluscs,  crustaceans,  annelids,  echinoderms,  corals,  etc.,  the  fossils  include, 
in  less  abundance,  the  relics  of  extinct  mammals,  birds,  turtles  and 
crocodiles,^  along  with  many  plant-remains,  chiefly  the  seeds  and  fruits 
which  are  preserved  in  a  pyritized  state.  The  most  prolific  locality  for 
these  fossils,  especially  for  the  plants  and  vertebrate  animals,  is  the  coast 
of  Sheppey,  as  above  mentioned.  The  climate  of  the  period,  as  indicated 
by  these  fossils,  must  have  been  considerably  warmer  than  at  present ; 
and  indeed  throughout  Early  Tertiary  times  the  conditions  appear  to 
have  been  such  as  now  only  prevail  much  farther  south  in  our  hemi- 
sphere. 

Lower  Bagshot  Beds. — Of  the  events  which  succeeded  the  deposition 
of  the  London  Clay  our  evidence  is  meagre  and  all  in  shreds  and  patches. 
Deposits  preserved  in  Surrey  and  the  country  farther  to  the  westward 
indicate  that  there  followed  a  gradual  change,  owing  to  the  re-elevation 
of  the  sea  floor,  so  that  shallow-water  and  estuarine  conditions  once 
more  prevailed  in  this  part  of  England,  whereby  sands  and  pebble  beds 
were  spread  out  over  the  London  Clay.  But  in  Kent,  where  they  may 
once  have  existed,  these  newer  Eocene  beds  have  been  denuded  away, 
except  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  where  in  a  few  places  the  uppermost 
portion  of  the  London  Clay  passes  upward  into  sand  and  loam  with 
clayey  partings,  supposed  to  represent  the  lowest  part  of  the  Lower 
Bagshot  Beds  of  Surrey.  The  largest  of  these  outliers  occurs  between 
Minster  and  Eastchurch  ;  it  is  barely  a  square  mile  in  extent. 

THE   MIOCENE  ELEVATION 

Then  follows  a  long  blank  in  the  stratigraphical  succession,  the 
remainder  of  the  Eocene  and  the  whole  of  the  Oligocene  and  Miocene 
periods  having  no  representatives  in  our  county.  Indeed,  in  no  part 
of  England  is  there  any  deposit  of  Miocene  age,  and  the  Oligocene 
is  represented  only  in  the  '  Hampshire  basin,'  where  there  are  alterna- 
tions of  marine,  estuarine  and  freshwater  strata  of  this  age.  We  know 
however  that  during  this  long  interval  great  changes  in  the  distribution 
of  land  and  sea  took  place  throughout  Europe,  owing  to  powerful  move- 

1  For    particulars  respecting  the  vertebrate  fauna   of  the    London    Clay,   see    subsequent    article 
'  Palaeontology,'  p.  3 1 . 

19 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

ments  of  the  earth's  crust  during  Miocene  times  by  which  huge 
mountain  chains  were  upheaved  in  some  parts  and  vast  sheets  of  molten 
lava  poured  out  over  the  surface  in  others.  In  a  minor  but  still  important 
degree  these  disturbances  affected  the  whole  of  the  south-east  of  England, 
throwing  the  rocks  into  broad  waves,  or  buckling  them  into  sharp  folds 
such  as  may  be  seen  in  the  cliff-sections  of  the  Isle  of  Wight  and  of 
Dorset. 

Although  the  already-described  '  overstep  '  of  the  upper  beyond  the 
lower  divisions  of  the  Lower  London  Tertiaries  indicates  that  the  eleva- 
tion of  the  Wealden  dome  must  have  begun  very  early  in  Eocene  times, 
it  was  probably  under  the  influence  of  these  great  earth-movements  of  the 
Miocene  period  that  the  principal  uplift  took  place.  And  as  we  shall 
presently  see,  the  form  that  was  then  given  to  the  surface  is  still  reflected 
in  the  river-systems  of  the  county,  which  must  have  been  established 
when  the  outline  of  the  land  was  very  different  from  that  which  it  now 
presents.  It  was  after  this  elevation  that  the  chiselling  of  the  surface 
commenced  of  which  the  existing  relief  is  the  distant  outcome. 

Once  however  in  the  interval  between  the  Miocene  uplift  and  the 
present  time  the  area  must  have  been  temporarily  submerged  beneath 
the  sea,  as  the  following  evidence  will  show. 

PLIOCENE   PERIOD 

Lenham  Beds. — Along  the  crest  of  the  Downs  from  the  coast  above 
Folkestone  to  within  a  few  miles  of  Maidstone,  the  Chalk  is  capped  here 
and  there  with  patches  of  rusty  sand  sometimes  indurated  into  lumps 
of  ironstone.  This  material  is  usually  unfossiliferous,  but  in  two  or 
three  places  the  hollow  casts  of  marine  shells  have  been  found  in  the 
ironstone,  and  these  are  sufficient  to  indicate  that  the  deposit  is  of  Older 
Pliocene  age,  equivalent  to  the  Diestian  Beds  of  Belgium  and  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  Coralline  Crag  of  Suffolk.'  The  sands  appear  originally 
to  have  been  glauconitic  and  full  of  shells,  but  have  been  slowly  weathered 
into  their  present  condition  by  the  percolation  of  surface-water  through 
them ;  so  that  were  it  not  for  the  preservation  of  the  casts  in  the  iron- 
stone, from  which  it  is  possible  to  obtain  determinable  moulds  of  the 
shells,*  they  would  have  been  devoid  of  direct  evidence  as  to  their  age. 
The  principal  locality  for  these  fossils  is  at  Lenham,  nine  miles  east  of 
Maidstone,  where  the  sands  and  ironstone  have  sunk  down  into  '  pipes ' 
or  deep  cylindrical  holes  melted  out  in  the  Chalk  by  the  solvent  action 
of  the  surface  drainage  in  passing  along  '  water-sinks.'  The  fauna,  which 
is  exclusively  marine,  comprises  species  of  Turritella,  Pyrula,  Pectunculus, 
Area,  Terebratula,  etc.,  and  is  believed  to  indicate  a  depth  of  the  sea  of 
not  less  than  40  fathoms  during  the  accumulation  of  the  sands. ^ 

1  Mr.  F.  W.  Harmer  has  recently  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  Lenham  Beds  are  slightly  older 
than  the  Coralline  Crag.     See  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Sec.  (1900),  Ivi.  708. 

2  See  C.  Reid,  Nature  (1886),  xxxiv.  341. 

3  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  'Pliocene  Deposits  of  Britain,'  p.  52. 


GEOLOGY 

PLEISTOCENE   AND    RECENT   DEPOSITS 

The  Lenham  Beds,  with  their  tantalizingly  fragmentary  evidence 
of  extensive  submergence,  are  the  latest  marine  deposits  of  Kent,  if 
we  except  the  low-level  shingle  of  recent  accumulation  at  Dungeness 
and  the  estuarine  silt  of  the  marshes  of  the  Thames.  All  the  other 
remnants  of  its  later  geological  history  tell  of  the  long  persistent  waste 
of  a  land  surface  shattered  by  winter  frosts  and  torn  down  by  the 
gathering  of  the  rains  and  melting  snows  into  streams,  or  steadily  lowered 
by  the  solution  of  its  limestones  from  the  percolation  of  the  sub-aerial 
waters  through  its  pores,  each  muddy  stream  and  lime-charged  spring 
incessantly  carrying  its  load  of  particles  downward  to  the  rivers,  that  in 
turn  sank  their  channels  deeper  and  deeper  into  the  land  as  they  swept 
powerfully  onward  to  the  sea. 

The  Denudation  of  the  Weald. — Let  us  now  consider  more  fully  the 
eloquent  testimony  which  these  rivers  in  themselves  bear  to  the  vast 
change  that  the  country  has  undergone  since  they  began  to  flow  in  their 
present  courses.  Although  the  plain  of  Weald  Clay  lies  open  eastward 
to  the  sea,  the  Darent,  the  Medway  and  the  Stour  all  flow  northward 
from  it  to  break  across  the  high  opposing  barriers  of  the  Lower  Green- 
sand  and  Chalk  in  deep  trench-like  valleys  that  they  have  excavated  at 
right  angles  to  the  present  escarpments.  This  behaviour  seems  inexplic- 
able until  we  realize  the  geological  conditions  by  which  their  courses 
were  originally  determined.  We  must  picture  to  ourselves  the  shape 
of  the  land  after  the  uplift  of  the  Wealden  dome,  when  the  Chalk  still 
formed  a  continuous  arch  across  the  interior,  of  which  only  the 
opposite  buttresses  now  remain  in  the  North  and  South  Downs.  From 
this  surface  the  drainage  would  necessarily  flow  northward  and  south- 
ward on  the  opposite  sides  of  the  dome,  which  are  precisely  the  present 
directions  of  the  principal  rivers  of  Kent  on  the  one  side  and  of  Sussex 
on  the  other  side  ;  and  thus  the  problem  no  longer  presents  any  difficulty. 
Since  the  courses  of  these  streams  were  established,  the  crest  of  the  dome 
has  crumbled  away  ;  formation  after  formation  has  been  stripped  off ; 
the  softer  strata  have  been  everywhere  lowered  relatively  to  the  harder, 
and  longitudinal  depressions  formed  in  which  tributary  streams  have 
been  nourished,  thereby  further  accelerating  the  trenching  of  the  surface  ; 
but  still  the  main  rivers  have  held  their  original  direction  and  deepened 
their  channels  across  the  broken  shell  of  the  land,  and  they  will  continue 
to  do  so  until  they  have  sunk  so  deeply  as  to  become  powerless,  or  until 
the  country  sinks  again  for  renovation  beneath  the  ocean. 

Some  relics  of  this  period  of  erosion — mere  shreds  of  waste  left 
scattered  here  and  there  for  a  while  until  the  elements  find  time  to  round 
off  their  work — will  now  claim  our  attention. 

Clay-'with-F lints  and  other  Hill  Drift. — It  is  in  the  river  valleys  that 
such  traces  are  most  abundantly  found  ;  but  they  are  not  wanting  even 
on  the  hills.  Thus,  as  already  mentioned,  the  surface  of  the  Chalk  on 
the  Downs,  where  the  ground  is  not  too  steep,  is  very  generally  over- 
spread  with    an  irregular  sheet,   from  a  few   inches  to  several   feet   in 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

thickness,  of  loam  and  reddish-brown  clay  full  of  unworn  flints,  which 
has  accumulated  deeply  in  the  little  '  pipes  '  and  hollows  of  the  rock  and 
to  a  less  extent  on  the  intervening  spaces.  It  is  believed  that  this '  Clay- 
with-Flints '  represents  the  insoluble  matter  remaining  from  the  gradual 
decay  and  lowering  of  the  Chalk  under  the  action  of  surface  waters, 
mixed  here  and  there  with  a  Httle  detritus  from  Tertiary  beds  that  once 
existed  at  higher  levels.  Occasionally  also  patches  of  water-worn  gravel 
are  found  at  high  elevations,  of  uncertain  origin  but  probably  the  relics 
of  long-vanished  streams  whose  gathering  grounds  have  been  carried 
away  by  the  recession  of  the  escarpments.  Great  interest  has  been 
aroused  in  these  high-level  deposits  of  the  Downs  ^  by  the  discovery  of 
large  numbers  of  weathered  flints  with  rudely  chipped  edges,  supposed 
to  be  of  human  workmanship  and  of  older  date  than  the  '  Paleolithic  ' 
implements  found  in  the  gravels  of  lower  levels,  and  therefore  named 
'  eoliths.'  The  artificial  character  of  these  '  eoliths '  is  denied  by  some 
authorities,  and  the  subject  will  require  further  investigation  before  it 
can  be  regarded  as  settled.^ 

River  Drift. — The  older  river  deposits  of  the  main  valleys  consist 
of  terraces  of  gravel,  sand  and  flood-loam  or  brick-earth,  that  often 
occur  at  levels  high  above  the  present  streams  and  mark  successive 
stages  in  the  deepening  of  their  channels.  These  beds  have  been  care- 
fully studied  in  Kent,  and  much  has  been  written  regarding  them  ; 
but  space-limits  forbid  more  than  a  brief  mention  here  of  the  chief 
exposures.  Below  Woolwich,  where  the  Darent  joins  the  Thames,  the 
slopes  are  bordered  by  a  thick  mass  of  fossiliferous  brick-earth,  inter- 
stratified  with  sand  and  gravel,  into  which  large  pits  have  been  dug 
between  Erith  and  Crayford.  Besides  numerous  land  and  freshwater 
shells,  the  remains  of  mammoth,  elephant,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus, 
lion,  bear,  wolf,  hyena,  bison,  bos,  musk-ox,  elk,  stag,  horse  and  many 
smaller  animals,  including  the  Norwegian  and  the  Arctic  lemmings,^ 
have  been  obtained  from  these  excavations,*  and  also  coarsely-chipped 
Paleolithic  flint  implements,  undoubted  relics  of  ancient  man.  In  one 
of  the  pits  at  Crayford  flint  flakes  were  scattered  plentifully  in  a  well- 
defined  layer,  and  this  was  proved  to  be  an  actual  working-place  of  the 
old  implement-makers  in  chipping  flint  '  baches,'  as  in  one  case  when 
the  contiguous  flakes  were  collected  it  was  found  possible  to  replace  them 
in  their  relative  positions  so  that  the  outline  of  the  original  unworked 

1  The  gravels  of  this  district  and  the  age  of  the  flint  implements  have  been  discussed  in  detail 
by  the  late  Prof.  J.  Prestwich  in  the  following  papers  :  'On  the  Occurrence  of  Palaeolithic  Flint  Imple- 
ments in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ightham,  Kent,'  Quart.  Journ.  Geo/.  Soc.  (1889),  xlv.  270  ;  '  On  .  .  . 
a  Southern  Drift  in  the  Thames  Basin  ..."  ibid.  xlvi.  155;  '  On  the  Age,  Formation  and  Successive 
Drift  Stages  of  the  Darent  Valley,'  ibid.  (1891),  xlvii.  ;  'Flint  Implements  of  the  Chalk  Plateau  of 
Kent,'  Joun.  Anthrop.  Inst.  (1892),  p.  24  ;  and  in  Controverted  Questions  o/Geo/ogy,  London,  870(1895), 
pp.  49-81,  etc.  See  also  W.  Cunnington,  'On  some  Palaeolithic  Implements  from  the  Plateau  Gravels, 
and  their  evidence  concerning  "  Eolithic"  Man,'  Quart.  Journ.  Geo/.  Soe.  (1898),  Ivi.  291. 

2  For  further  discussion  of  these  '  eoliths,'  see  the  article  on  '  Early  Man  '  in  this  volume. 

3  E.  T.  Newton,  '  On  the  occurrence  of  Lemmings,  etc.,  in  the  Thames  Valley,'  Geo/.  Mag. 
(1890),   dec.    3.   vii.   452. 

*  For  further  details,  see  article  on  '  Palaeontology,'  p.  31. 
22 


GEOLOGY 

block  of  flint  was  restored.^  In  the  implement-bearing  gravels  of 
Galley  Hill,  Northfleet,  human  bones  were  found  which  may  possibly 
be  of  Paleolithic  age.^ 

Old  fluviatile  deposits  are  particularly  numerous  in  the  Medway 
valley,  and  must  represent  a  long  period  of  erosion,  as  ancient  river 
gravels  occur  as  high  as  300  feet  above  the  present  stream  at  East 
Mailing/  In  the  brick-earths  belonging  to  this  valley,  which  fill  wide 
'  pipes '  and  open  joints  in  the  Kentish  Rag  around  Maidstone,  many 
mammalian  bones  have  been  obtained,  including  those  of  mammoth, 
rhinoceros,  hyena,  reindeer,  bos,  horse,  etc.,  with  a  few  land  shells. 
Similar  fossils  have  occasionally  been  found  in  other  parts  of  the  valley.* 

Of  still  greater  interest  is  the  large  series  of  remains  which  has  been 
collected  from  a  fissure  in  the  Kentish  Rag  near  Ightham,  in  the  valley 
of  the  Shode  or  Plaxtole  tributary  of  the  Medway.®  These  represent 
most  of  the  large  animals  last  mentioned,  along  with  the  roedeer,  Arctic 
fox  and  common  fox,  and  besides  these,  the  bones  of  numerous  small 
mammals,  birds  and  reptiles,  which  were  obtained  by  carefully  sifting  the 
material  from  the  fissure.  Among  these  smaller  animals  were  several 
bats,  shrews  and  voles,  with  the  Norwegian  and  Arctic  lemmings  and 
the  pika  or  tailless  hare.  Some  of  these  animals  are  characteristic  of 
the  present  '  steppe  fauna '  of  northern  Siberia,  and  they  afford  strong 
support  to  the  view*  that  a  cold  dry  climate  prevailed  in  this  part  of 
England  during  some  portion  of  Pleistocene  times.  The  frog,  toad, 
newt,  slow-worm,  common  snake  and  viper  were  also  recognized  ;  and 
the  birds'  bones  represented  the  skylark,  with  probably  the  song-thrush, 
wheatear,  wagtail,  buzzard,  common  duck  and  gull.  Numerous  land 
and  freshwater  shells,  with  a  few  insect  and  plant  remains,  were  also 
found  in  this  prolific  fissure. 

Another  richly  fossiliferous  deposit  deserving  mention  is  the  small 
patch  of  gravel  and  loam  worked  out  many  years  on  the  western  edge 
of  the  little  valley  at  Folkestone,  under  the  old  Battery,  which  yielded 
remains  of  the  mammoth,  rhinoceros,  hippopotamus,  Irish  elk,  rein- 
deer, bison,  bos,   horse,  etc.'' 

The  valleys  of  the  Stour  and  the  Darent,  though  less  fossiliferous, 
bear  similar  testimony  to  long-continued  fluviatile  erosion,  but  we  have 
no  space  for  further  details  under  this  head.^ 

1  See  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell.  '  On  the  discovery  of  the  place  where  Paleolithic  Implements  were  made 
at  Crayford,'  Quart.  Jouitt.  Geol.  Soc.  (1880),  xxxvi.  544-8. 

2  E.  T.  Newton, '  On  a  Human  Sliull  and  Limb  Bones  found  in  the  Palsolithic  Terrace-Gravel  at 
Galley  HiU,  Kent,'  Quart.  Jourti.  Geol.  Soc.  (1895),  li.  505. 

^  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  'Geology  of  the  Weald,'  pp.  172-88. 

*  e.g.  a  femur  of  rhinoceros  was  recently  obtained  in  drainage-works  at  Tonbridge,  at  the  southern 
edge  of  the  Medway  flat.      See  also  subsequent  article  '  Palaeontology','  p.    31. 

5  W.  J.  Lewis  Abbott,  '  The  Ossiferous  Fissures  near  Ightham  '  ;  and  E.  T.  Newton,  F.R.S., '  The 
Vertebrate  Fauna  from  the  Fissure  .  .  .  ,'  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  (1894),  1.  171-210.  See  also 
'  Palaeontology,'  p.  3  I . 

®  C.  Reid,  'Desert  or  Steppe  Conditions  in  Britain,'  Natural  Science  (1893),  iii.  367-70. 

7  S.  J.  Mackie,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  (1851),  vii.  257.  See  also  'Geology  of  the  Weald,' 
p.    163,  for  other  references. 

8  Among  other  localities  for  Paleolithic  implements  in  Kent,  probably  derived  from  the  River  Drift, 

23 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

In  discussing  this  branch  of  our  subject  it  is  important  to  remember 
that  there  are  no  deposits  in  Kent  that  can  be  directly  assigned  to  the 
glacial  agencies  which  produced  such  widespread  effects  in  the  country 
north  of  the  Thames.  The  great  ice-sheet  that  gradually  crept  over  all 
the  northern  lands  of  Europe  after  the  close  of  Pliocene  times  seems  to 
have  attained  its  southerly  bounds  at  the  estuary  of  the  Thames,  so  that 
Kent  lay  just  beyond  its  margin.  But  during  this  Glacial  Period  the 
conditions  must  have  been  even  more  favourable  to  unequal  or  valley 
erosion  in  the  bare  country,  exposed  to  alternate  freezing  and  thawing  and 
to  heavy  floods  derived  from  the  melting  of  the  winter  snows,  than  in  the 
county  farther  north,  which  was  to  some  extent  protected  by  its  mantle 
of  permanent  ice.  Hence,  while  boulder-clays  and  glacial  gravels  were 
being  outspread  upon  the  land  to  the  northward,  torrential  denudation 
was  rapidly  cutting  into  the  Kentish  hills  and  sending  turbid  floods, 
active  in  erosion,  along  its  main  valleys.  There  has  been  much  dis- 
cussion as  to  the  exact  relationship  between  the  Glacial  drifts  of  the 
north  of  England  and  the  fossiliferous  gravels  and  brickearths  of  the 
Thames  valley,*  the  circumstances  being  of  course  unfavourable  for 
direct  correlation.  Some  part  of  the  older  '  superficial '  deposits  of 
Kent  are  likely  to  be  at  least  of  Glacial  age,  but  as  subaerial  conditions 
were  persistent  throughout  the  period  and  have  continued  to  prevail 
up  to  the  present  time,  the  fragmentary  evidence  which  remains  is 
scarcely  sufficient  to  enable  us  to  recognize  the  limits  of  the  period  in 
Kent. 

Recent  Deposits. — Between  the  deposition  of  the  old  river-drift 
with  remains  of  extinct  mammals  and  present-day  conditions  there 
have  been  many  intermediate  stages,  of  which  some  record  is  pre- 
served in  the  lower  terraces  and  recent  alluvium  of  the  valleys. 
These  newer  deposits  all  indicate  a  shrinkage  in  volume  of  the  rivers, 
and  they  also  show  that  within  comparatively  recent  times  the  land 
has  stood  somewhat  higher  than  at  present.  Excavations  for  docks 
and  other  works  below  the  level  of  high  tide  in  the  Thames  valley 
below  London,  especially  between  Woolwich  and  Erith,  have  revealed 
layers  of  peat  with  trunks  of  trees,  including  the  oak  and  yew, 
indicating  forest  growth  in  situ,  this  peat  being  interstratified  with  beds 
of  marsh  clay,  the  whole  resting  on  river-gravel  and  sand.  Where 
fossils  occur  in  these  deposits  they  are  all  of  species  still  living  ;  and 
traces  of  human  work  of  Neolithic  and  later  date  are  also  occasionally 
found.  The  marshes  of  the  lower  Thames  and  of  the  mouths  of  the 
Medway  and  the  Stour  are  further  examples  of  these  recent  alluvia,  and 
less  extensive  deposits  of  the  same  kind  fringe  the  streams  in  the 
interior. 

are  West  Wickham,  Swanscombe,  Milton  Street,  Ash,  Darent,  Rainham,  etc.  G.  Clinch,  '  On  Drift 
Gravels  at  West  Wickham,'  Quart.  Jouitt.  Geo!.  Soc.  (1900),  Ivi.  8  ;  J.  M.  Mello,  'On  some  Palaeolithic 
Implements  of  North  Kent,'  Re/i.  British  Assoc,  for  1899  (Dover),  p.  753,  etc.  See  also  article 
on  '  Early  Man  '  in  present  volume. 

1  For  summary,  see  Mem.  Geol.  Survey,  'Geology  of  London,'  pp.  353-87. 
24 


GEOLOGY 

Of  similar  character  is  the  broad  flat  of  Romney  Marsh,  which  Hke 
the  marshes  of  the  Thames  lies  below  the  level  of  high  spring  tides.  It 
is  fringed  along  the  greater  part  of  its  seaward  margin  by  an  accumula- 
tion of  recent  shingle,  arranged  in  '  fulls  '  or  '  storm  beaches,'  and  by  sand 
dunes ;  and  where  these  are  wanting  the  marsh  is  protected  from  the  sea 
by  artificial  embankments.  Within  the  marsh,  marine  sand  and  shingle 
is  generally  found  at  a  depth  of  from  lo  to  20  feet,  but  this  is  overlain 
by  clay  and  peat  with  trunks  of  trees.  Great  changes  have  taken  place 
within  the  recent  period  in  this  tract  both  in  the  shape  of  the  coast  line 
and  in  the  course  of  the  river  Rother  across  the  marsh,  but  as  these  will 
be  dealt  with  by  the  historian,  passing  reference  to  them  will  here 
suffice.'  The  great  shingle  spit  at  Dunge  Ness,  where  the  accumulated 
'  storm  beach  '  is  two  or  three  miles  wide,  is  known  to  be  growing  out 
eastward  at  a  rate  estimated  at  about  six  yards  annually,  through  the 
steady  transference  of  the  shingle  in  that  direction.  Meanwhile  on  the 
coast  of  the  marsh  to  the  westward  the  sea  is  encroaching,  so  that  the 
position  and  shape  of  the  Ness  is  constantly  undergoing  modification, 
and  is  known  to  have  been  quite  diffisrent  a  few  centuries  ago. 

Being  concentrated  upon  a  narrow  shore-line,  the  effisct  of  the  sea 
upon  the  land  is  always  more  obvious  than  the  subtle  all-pervading 
influence  of  the  atmospheric  agencies.  It  seems  scarcely  necessary  to 
mention  that  every  part  of  the  Kentish  coast,  except  where  artificially 
protected,  is  undergoing  change,  though  nowhere  so  rapidly  as  at 
Dunge  Ness.  Its  cliffs  are  being  sapped  and  torn  away  piecemeal — 
rapidly  where  composed  of  soft  material,  as  at  Sheppey  and  Reculvers ; 
and  more  slowly,  but  still  not  very  slowly,  where  of  firmer  build, 
as  in  Thanet  and  the  South  Foreland  ;  while  its  shallow  estuaries 
are  being  gradually  silted  up  and  its  salt  marshes  converted  into  firm 
land. 

DEEP-SEATED    ROCKS 

Having  deciphered  the  later  portion  of  the  geological  history  of 
the  county,  from  the  records  contained  in  the  structure  of  the  present 
surface,  and  having  thereby  incidentally  made  easier  the  reading  of  such 
evidence  as  we  may  possess  regarding  the  rocks  which  do  not  appear  at 
the  surface,  we  will  now  turn  back  to  the  earlier  chapters  of  the 
history  and  consider  the  deep  foundation  of  the  county. 

As  mentioned  at  the  beginning  of  this  article,  very  important 
additions  have  been  recently  made  to  our  knowledge  on  this  subject 
by  the  numerous  deep  borings  which  have  been  sunk  in  search  of 
coal.  Though  the  information  as  yet  published  regarding  these  borings 
is  somewhat  limited,  it  enables  us  to  add  very  considerably  to  the  list  of 
formations  recognized  in  Kent,  and  to  prove  the  existence  of  a  down- 
ward succession  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  Secondary  or  Mesozoic  rocks 
and  even  including  part  of  the  Palaeozoics. 

*  Consult  Mem.  Geo/.  Survey,  'Geology  of  the  Weald,'  chap.  xvii.  p.  302,  for  geological  account 
of  these  changes. 

I  25  4 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

As  regards  the  history  of  these  coal  explorations  it  will  suffice  to 
give  references  to  the  already  extensive  literature  of  the  subject,  and 
to  note  that  so  long  ago  as  the  year  1856  the  opinion  that  Coal  Measures 
might  occur  within  a  workable  depth  in  Kent  was  clearly  stated.^  It 
was  not  until  1890  however  that  this  opinion  was  verified  by  a  deep 
boring  on  the  site  of  the  Channel  Tunnel  Works  at  the  base  of 
Shakspere  Cliff  near  Dover/ which  reached  the  Coal  Measures  at  a  depth 
of  1,157  ^^^^  below  the  surface  and  passed  through  ten'  coal  seams  at 
various  depths  between  1,180  and  2,221  feet,  of  thicknesses  varying  from 
I  foot  to  4  feet  and  giving  an  aggregate  thickness  of  22  feet  of  coal. 
This  discovery  led  to  the  sinking  of  shafts  on  the  same  site,  and  to  the 
commencement  of  several  other  borings  in  different  parts  of  the  interior 
of  the  county  for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  lateral  extension  of  the 
Coal  Measures,  the  work  being  carried  on  entirely  by  private  enterprise. 
Owing  to  engineering  difficulties  and  other  causes  however,  in  spite  of 
the  expenditure  of  very  large  sums  of  money  the  Dover  shafts  have  not 
at  the  time  of  writing,  reached  the  coal  seams ;  and  only  one  of  the 
other  borings — that  at  Ropersole,  8  miles  north-west  of  Dover — is  known 
to  have  entered  Carboniferous  rocks,  while  another  —  at  Brabourne, 
5  miles  east  of  Ashford — has  shown  that  the  Coal  Measures  do  not 
extend  to  that  place.  Sooner  or  later  the  deep-seated  Coal  Measures 
of  Kent  will  no  doubt  become  of  economic  importance,  and  the  pre- 
sent aspect  of  the  north-eastern  part  of  the  county  thereby  greatly 
altered. 

For  the  nearest  places  where  the  Jurassic  and  older  rocks  proved 
in  these  borings  may  be  seen  at  the  surface,  we  have  to  look  eastward 
across  the  Channel  to  France,  or  westward  to  Somerset  and  the  adjacent 
western  counties.  The  intermediate  sections  now  obtained  in  Kent 
are  certain  to  prove  of  high  scientific  value  in  elucidating  the  deep- 
seated  geology  of  the  whole   of  the   south-east  of  England. 

The  following  are  the  records  of  the  Kentish  borings  which 
have   been   published   up    to  the   present  time  : — 

>  R.  A.  C.  Godwin-Austen,  '  On  the  Probable  Extension  of  the  Coal  Measures  beneath  the  South- 
eastern part  of  England,'  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  (1856),  xii.  38.  This  author's  opinion  was  fully 
discussed  and  acquiesced  in  by  Prof.  J.  Prestwich  in  '  Report  on  the  Probabilities  of  finding  Coal  in 
the  South  of  England,'  Reports  of  the  Coal  Commission  (1871),  i.  146.  The  hypothesis  was  sub- 
sequently discussed  by  many  other  geologists.  For  critical  review  of  this  literature  up  to  the  year 
1 888  consult  W.  Wliitaker,  M^ot.  Geol.  Survey,  'The  Geology  of  London  '  (1889),  vol.  i.  chap.  2, 
'Underground  Plain  of  Older  Rocks,'  pp.  10-49  !    ^"'^  ''^   'Joum.  Soc.  Arts  (1890),  xxxviii.  543. 

2  Prof  W.  Boyd  Dawkins,  under  whose  advice  the  boring  was  made,  has  published  several  papers 
on  the  history  of  this  exploration  and  on  the  results  attained  :  see  Trans.  Manchester  Geol.  Soc.  (1890), 
XX.  502  ;  (1892)  xxi.  456  ;  (1894)  xxii.  488  ;  ibid.  'History  of  the  Discovery'  (1897),  xxv.  155  ; 
Reports  British  Assoc:  Cardiff  (1891),  637;  Oxford  (1894),  p.  648;  Dover  (1899),  p.  734; 
Contemporary  Revietv,  April,  1890  ;  ColRery  Guardian,  June,  1894,  etc.  Also  for  detailed  sections  of 
Dover  boring,  see  W.  Boyd  Dawkins  in  third  paper  above  cited  ;  and  joint  paper  by  F.  Brady,  G.  P. 
Simpson  and  N.  R.  Griffith,  'The  Kent  Coalfield,'  Trans.  Fed.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.  (1895-6),  xi.  540  ; 
and  for  later  general  discussion  of  the  subject,  R.  Etheridge,  '  On  the  Relation  between  the  Dover 
and  Franco-Belgian  Coal  Basins,'  Rep.  British.  Assoc.  Dover  (1899),  p.  730. 

»  Or  twelve  seams  ;  see  Prof.  W.  B.  Dawkins,  Rep.  British  Assoc.  Dover  (1899),  p.  736. 


GEOLOGY 


I.     Dover  Colliery,  Shakspere  Cliff  ' 

Formation  Thicknei 

/  Grey  Chalk  and  Chalk  Marl 

tCault 

i  Lower  Greensand 
Weald  Clay 
Hastings  Beds 

(Kimeridge  Clay 
Corallian   Beds  (including  12  feet  of  oolitic 
iron-ore)* 
Oxford  Clay 

Great  Oolite  Series 

Lias 

Coal  Measures,  with  eight  workable  coal  seams 
having  an  aggregate  thickness  of  1 6  ft.  of  coal 
Total  depth  of  boring     .     .     . 
IL     Brabourne  Boring,  5  miles  east  of  Ashford  ^ 

System  Formation  Thickni 

Upper  Cretaceous    .      Gault 

Lower  Greensand  and  Atherfield  Clay.     .     . 

Weald  Clay 

Hastings  Beds 

Portland  Oolite 

Kimeridge  Clay 

Corallian  Beds 

».  Oxford  Clay 

Great  Oolite  Series 

r  Middle  Lias 

\  Lower  Lias 

Triassic  Conglomerates 

Palaeozoic  Rock,  exact  age  unknown  * .     .     . 

Total     .     .     . 

in.     RoPERsoLE  Boring,  8  miles  north-west  of  Dover 


System 

Upper  Cretaceous 


Lower  Cretaceous 


Upper  Jurassic  . 

Middle  Jurassic 
Lower  Jurassic . 

Upper  Carboniferous 


Lower  Cretaceous 


Upper  Jurassic  . 

Middle  Jurassic  . 

Lower  Jurassic  . 

Trias       .     .     . 
Palaeozoic     .     . 


System 

Upper  Cretaceous  . 

Lower  Cretaceous  . 

Upper  Jurassic  . 

Middle  Jurassic . 
Lower  Jurassic  . 
Upper  Carboniferous 


Formation  Thi 

Upper  Chalk 

Middle  Chalk 

Lower  Grey  Chalk 

Glauconitic  Marl 

Gault 

I  Lower  Greensand 

i  Atherfield  Clay 

(  Purbeck-Wealden  Beds 

I  Kimeridge  Clay  (?) 

I  Corallian  Beds 

[  Oxfordian  and  Callovian  Beds    .     .     .     . 

Bathonian  Beds  (Great  Oolite  Series)  .     . 

JUpperLias(?) 

t  Middle  Lias 

Coal  Measures,  with  two  thin  coal  seams. 
Total     .     . 


I  in  feet 
182 


613 

2,314 

;ss:  ft.   in. 

72  6 

231 

198 

206  6 
14 

242 

305 

243 

189  I 
74  8 
98  I 
48  4 
88  5 
2,010  7 


ii» 
220 

16 
119 

51 

21 

55 

10 

157 
142 
164 
3 
24  9 
192  10 

,773  7 


>  From  summary  published  by  R.  Etheridge  in  Report  Bntish  Assoc,  for  1899,  p.  733.  See  also, 
for  full  details  of  section,  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins  in  paper  above  cited  ;  and  F.  Brady,  G.  P.  Simpson,  and 
N.  R.  Griffith,  Tram.  Fed.  Inst,  of  Mining  Engineers  (1895-6),  xi.  540. 

2  W.  B.  Dawkins,  Rep.  British  Assoc.  Oxford  (1894),  p.  648. 

»  From  record  published  by  R.  Etheridge  in  Report  British  Assoc,  for  1899,  p.  733. 

*  In  Prof.  Boyd  Dawkins'  opinion  '  probably  Devonian,'  and  therefore  older  than  Carboniferous. 
See  ibid.  p.  736. 

6  From  record  published  by  Prof  Boyd  Dawkins,  ibid.  p.  735.  The  boring  was  not  then 
completed,  but  no  further  details  have  been  published  (July  1902). 

27 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Four  other  Kentish  Borings,'  viz.  : — 

IV.  Ottinge     V.  HoTHFiELD     VI.  Old  Soar  V^II.  Penshurst 

lo  miles                    3  miles  5  miles  (Ensfield) 

Formation                          west  of                    N.W.  of  N.N.E.  of  3  miles  west  of 

Dover                     Ashford  Tonbridge  Tonbridge 

Lower  Greensand  and)         ^  ,  a  f»  .o^f»    ,  r„  h /f\ 

Atherfield  Clay  .      .}        ^^^  ^'-  '^^^'-^  5o  ft.(?) 

Wealden  and   Purbeck            146  „+  593  „  +  650,,  +  1511  ft. 

Kimeridge  Clay      ..               —                         —  —  356,,+ 

These  coal-exploration  borings  do  not  however  exhaust  our  informa- 
tion as  to  the  deep-seated  rocks  of  Kent.  In  the  north-west  of  the  county 
two  borings  for  other  purposes  had  previously  reached  strata  older  than 
any  at  the  surface.     These  were  as  follows  : 

VIII.     Boring  at  Crossness  near  Erith  ^ 

System  Formation  Thickness  in  feet 

Pleistocene       .      .        Alluvium,  Valley  Drift,  etc 39 

Lower  Eocene      .        Lower  London  Tertiaries 98 

r,         n    .  i  Chalk 696  (?) 

Upper  Cretaceous     i  ^     ,  7     \  / 

'^'^  I  Gault 175 

i^'t^  \     }  Red  Marls  and  Sandstones  (of  doubtful  age)   .        52 

(or  Devonian)    J  ^  b  /  j         . 

Total     .     .     .  i,c6o 
XL     Boring  at  Chatham  Dockyard^ 

System  Formation  Thickness  in  feet 

Pleistocene       .      .        Valley  Drift,  etc \ 

Lower  Eocene      .        Lower  London  Tertiaries /       ' 

Upper  Cretaceous     i  r^     , 
"^"^  ^  Gault 193 

Lower  Cretaceous        Lower  Greensand 41 

Upper  Jurassic      •       Oxford  Clay 22 

Total     .     .     .     965 

We  will  now  briefly  discuss  the  fresh  discoveries  represented  by  the 
above  records  and  indicate  their  principal  bearings,  referring  the  reader 
to  the  literature  mentioned  in  foregoing  footnotes  for  fuller  information. 

The  first  point  which  deserves  attention  is  the  surprising  variety  of  the 
older  divisions  of  the  Secondary  rocks  both  in  character  and  in  thickness, 
and  the  diversity  of  the  underlying  Palsozoic  formations.  The  rapid 
changes  in  the  underground  stratigraphy  thus  indicated  are  in  striking  con- 
trast with   the  simplicity  and  regularity  of  the  surface  geology  of  the 

1  Recorded  by  Prof  Boyd  Dawkins,  Refott  British  Assoc,  for  1899,  p.  737.  Borings  have  also 
been  made  at  Pluckley,  6  miles  west  of  Ashford,  and  at  a  site  between  Ropersole  and  Dover,  but  the 
records  have  not  yet  been  published. 

2  See  Prof  J.  Prestwich,  Quart.  Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  (1878),  xxxiv.  902  ;  also  W.  Whitaker,  'Geology 
of  London  '  (1889),  i.  19,  ii.  66. 

3  See  W.  Whitaker,  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  (1886),  xlii.  26,  and  'Geology  of  London,'!.  27.  Also 
'  The  Deep-seated  Geology  of  the  Rochester  District '  (Presidential  Address),  Trans.  South-Eastern  Union 
of  Scientific  Socs.for  1899. 

28 


GEOLOGY 

same  tracts.  It  is  remarkable  also  that  all  the  Lower  Cretaceous  beds, 
that  at  the  surface  stretch,  as  we  have  seen,  from  east  to  west  across  the 
county  with  only  slight  modification,  are  found,  when  their  underground 
course  is  traced,  to  alter  their  character  or  to  disappear  entirely  within 
a  few  miles  to  the  northward  of  their  outcrop.  Deep  borings  to  the 
north  of  the  Thames  have  shown  that  this  thinning  away  of  the  Second- 
ary rocks  below  the  Chalk  becomes  still  more  pronounced  beyond  the 
Kentish  boundary. 

As  to  the  Palaeozoic  rocks,  beyond  the  fact  that  they  differ  entirely 
in  character  in  different  parts  of  the  county  and  that  the  Coal  Measures 
are  certainly  present  at  Dover  and  Ropersole,  we  have  not  much  definite 
information,  as  it  has  not  been  found  possible  to  determine  the  exact  age 
of  the  lowest  beds  reached  in  the  Brabourne  and  Crossness  borings  on  the 
scanty  evidence  available.  It  is  clear  however  that  at  some  time  before 
the  deposition  of  the  Mesozoic  beds  these  Paleozoic  rocks  had  formed 
a  land  surface,  their  component  strata  having  been  previously  disturbed 
and  tilted  and  brought  within  the  reach  of  erosive  agencies ;  so  that  at 
the  commencement  of  the  Secondary  era  they  had  been  denuded  across 
the  edges  and  planed  down  to  an  uneven  floor  of  diverse  composition, 
upon  which  the  Mesozoic  rocks  were  afterwards  deposited.  The 
Triassic  conglomerate  of  the  Brabourne  section,  made  up  of  pebbles 
of  older   rocks,  bears  witness  to  this  ancient  epoch  of  land  waste. 

Early  in  Secondary  times,  portions  of  this  land  were  submerged 
beneath  the  sea,  and  soon  the  irregular  '  Palaeozoic  floor  '  was  buried 
under  the  newer  sediments,  which  rested  unconformably  across  the  worn 
edges  of  the  older  formations.  By  unequal  movement  or  tilting,  perhaps 
in  gentle  stages  oft  repeated,  this  floor  was  raised  up  northward,  so  that 
the  Secondary  deposits  were  either  unable  to  accumulate  to  so  great  a 
thickness  in  that  quarter  as  in  the  gradually  sinking  area  to  the  south, 
or  were  removed  after  their  accumulation  by  being  brought  within  the 
reach  of  currents  and  wave-action.  Thus  may  we  explain  the  rapid 
thinning  away  northward  of  all  the  Secondary  rocks  below  the  Chalk, 
and  their  great  thickness  in  the  more  southerly  of  the  Kentish  borings 
and  in  Sussex. 

The  Jurassic  (Lower  Mesozoic)  beds  underlying  Kent  consist  of 
thick  alternations  of  clays  and  limestones,  the  latter  frequently  showing 
characteristic  round-grained  '  oolitic  '  structure.  These  beds,  from  the 
Lias  upward  to  the  base  of  the  Purbecks,  indicate  a  continuity  of 
marine  conditions — at  least  in  the  south  of  the  county — and  have 
yielded  numerous  fossils  by  which  they  can  be  identified  and  cor- 
related with  beds  of  the  same  age  in  the  west  of  England.  The 
limestones  of  the  '  Corallian '  division,  like  those  of  that  period  in 
other  parts  of  the  country,  are  crowded  with  fossil  corals,  and  have 
probably  originated  as  true  coral  reefs  of  the  ancient  sea. 

At  Crossness  the  whole  of  the  Jurassic  and  Lower  Cretaceous  beds 
are  absent,  while  at  Chatham  the  attenuated  representative  of  the 
Lower  Greensand  rests  directly  on  Oxford  Clay  although  in  the  south 

29 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

of  the  county  the  borings  indicate  two  or  three  thousand  feet  of  strata 
of  intermediate  age. 

Where  the  uppermost  Jurassic  beds  are  preserved  they  show  that 
after  the  deposition  of  the  Kimeridge  Clay,  which  appears  to  have 
accumulated  in  waters  of  some  depth,  the  sea  became  shallow  and  its 
bottom  covered  with  sand  (' Portlandian '),  and  at  a  later  stage  ('Pur- 
beck  Beds ')  its  site  was  occupied  by  lagoons  of  brackish  water  through 
the  increasing  influence  of  the  rivers  draining  from  the  land ;  until  finally 
the  freshwater  Wealden  conditions  were  established,  under  which  the 
older  surface  rocks  of  the  county  were  accumulated,  as  previously 
described. 

The  northward  overlap  of  the  freshwater  Wealden  deposits  across 
the  boundaries  of  the  marine  Jurassic  series,  and  the  further  overlap 
of  the  Gault  and  Chalk  across  the  limits  of  both,  are  proof  that  the 
relative  uplift  of  the  northern  district  must  have  been  repeated  at 
several  stages  before  the  deposition  of  the  Chalk.  But  after  the  great 
Upper  Cretaceous  subsidence  the  axis  of  main  uplift  was  shifted  farther 
southward ;  and  as  already  shown,  the  Wealden  anticline  was  raised  over 
the  tract  in  which  the  Jurassic  and  Lower  Cretaceous  rocks  had  attained 
their  greatest  thickness.'  The  pressure  which  caused  the  upward  bulging 
of  the  Wealden  dome  appears  to  have  acted  laterally  from  the  south, 
the  thick  masses  of  yielding  Secondary  sediments,  confined  by  the  rigid 
Palaeozoic  slope  on  the  north,  obtaining  relief  from  the  compression  by 
broad  undulation. 

In  this  glimpse  at  the  foundation  rocks  of  the  county  we  have  been 
enabled  to  trace  the  outlines  of  its  evolution  backward  to  the  remoter 
periods  of  geological  time.  But  it  must  be  remembered  that  in  other 
regions  there  are  rocks  now  exposed  at  the  surface  of  far  higher  antiquity 
than  the  oldest  of  those  reached  by  the  deep  borings  in  Kent,  and  that 
although  our  records  have  covered  a  past  that  is  immeasurable  by  any 
time-standard  within  our  grasp,  they  yet  fail  by  many  sons  to  reach 
backward  to  the  known  limits  of  geological  time.  The  Palaeozoic 
sediments  of  Kent  must  themselves  have  had  a  floor  on  which  to  rest  ; 
and  our  knowledge  is  bounded  only  by  the  limitations  of  our  researches. 

1  As  pointed  out  by  Topley  {Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  xxx.  1 86,  and  'Geology  of  the  Weald,' 
p.  241),  the  Wealden  dome  may  have  been  in  part  built  up  by  this  thickening  of  the  Secondary  rocks 
toward  its  centre,  independently  of  the  effect  afterwards  produced  by  unequal  uplift. 


PALAEONTOLOGY 


THE  river  gravels  and  alluvial  deposits,  the  London  Clay  and 
the  Cretaceous  rocks  of  Kent  are  noted  for  the  abundance  and 
fine  preservation  of  their  vertebrate  fossils  ;  and  a  large  number 
of  genera  and  species  have  been  described  from  the  two  last- 
named  formations  on  the  evidence  of  Kentish  specimens.  The  London 
Clay  of  Sheppey  has  in  fact  furnished  practically  all  our  information 
with  regard  to  the  birds  which  inhabited  England  during  the  early 
part  of  the  Eocene  period  ;  and  the  vertebrates  of  the  Folkestone  Gault 
are  to  a  great  extent  unknown  elsewhere.  The  fissure  of  Pleistocene 
age  at  Ightham  has  revealed  the  existence  at  a  time  when  the  mammoth 
and  woolly  rhinoceros  roamed  over  the  south-east  of  England  of  a  fauna 
largely  composed  of  species  still  existing.  Of  the  other  Pleistocene 
deposits  in  the  county  perhaps  the  most  important  are  the  gravels  at 
Aylesford  and  Maidstone  and  the  so-called  bone-bed  at  Folkestone.^  An 
interesting  fact  in  connection  with  the  county  is  the  discovery  of  fossil 
remains  of  the  woolly  rhinoceros  at  Chartham  about  the  middle  of  the 
seventeenth  century,  to  which  further  allusion  is  made  below. 

The  vertebrate  fauna  from  one  of  the  fissures  in  the  Kentish  Rag 
near  Ightham,  which,  as  already  said,  is  considered  to  be  of  Pleistocene 
age,  has  been  described  by  Mr.  E.  T.  Newton,^  and  is  remarkable  for 
the  number  of  species  of  the  smaller  mammals,  whose  remains  are  so 
seldom  preserved  in  formations  of  this  age.  The  remains  include  those 
of  several  kinds  of  bats,  all  apparently  referable  to  existing  species  ;  as 
well  as  of  the  common  and  the  lesser  shrew  and  the  mole.  The 
Ightham  Carnivora  comprise  the  wolf,  fox,  Arctic  fox  {Canis  lagopus), 
wild  cat,  cave-hy^na  {Hycena  crocuta  spelaa),  brown  bear,  badger,  otter, 
weasel,  polecat,  and  a  species  regarded  as  an  extinct  kind  of  polecat  and 
named  Mustek  robusta.  The  rodents  include  an  extinct  species  of  suslik 
[Spermophilus  erythrogenoides)  ;  the  wood-mouse  [Mus  sylvaticus),  and  an 
extinct  species  of  the  same  genus  named  M.  lewisi  ;  six  or  seven  species 
of  voles,  some  of  which  are  unknown  in  the  living  state  in  Britain  ; 
the  Norwegian  lemming  {Lemmas  lemmas)  and  the  banded  lemming 
[Dicrostonyx  torqaatus)  ;  the  common  pica  {Ochotona  pusilla)  ;  the 
common  hare,  the  mountain  hare  {Lepus  timidas),  and  the  rabbit,  the 
remains  of  the  latter  being  probably  of  later  age  than  those  of  the  other 
mammals. 

»  See  S.  J.  Mackie,  Quart.  Journ.  Geo!.  Soc.  (185  i)  vii.  257. 
8   Ibid.  (1894)  1.  188,  and  (1899)  Iv.  419. 

31 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The  hoofed  mammals  include  the  red  deer,  the  reindeer,  the  roe, 
the  wild  boar,  the  horse,  the  woolly  rhinoceros  {Rhhioceros  antiquitatis), 
and  the  mammoth  [Elephas  primigemiis) . 

Mr.  Newton  also  records  a  number  of  species  of  birds  and  a  few  of 
reptiles  and  amphibians  from  the  Ightham  fissure  ;  but  since  all  these 
appear  to  belong  to  living  British  species,  and  the  determinations  are 
in  some  instances  more  or  less  provisional,  it  will  be  unnecessary  to 
mention  them  by  name  on  the  present  occasion. 

The  list  of  mammals  from  Kentish  Pleistocene  deposits  other  than 
the  Ightham  fissure  includes  the  following  species.  Of  the  cave-lion 
{Felis  leo  spelad)  the  British  Museum  possesses  a  fine  skull  collected 
by  Mr.  Spurrell  and  two  fragments  of  the  lower  jaw  from  Crayford 
and  a  couple  of  imperfect  bones  from  Slade  Green  near  Erith  ;  and 
remains  of  the  species  have  also  been  obtained  from  Sittingbourne. 
The  cave-hyaena  [Hycena  crocuta  spelcea),  a  variety  of  the  living  spotted 
African  species,  has  been  recorded  from  Erith,  the  wolf  {Cam's  lupus) 
from  Slade  Green,  and  the  fox  (C  vulpes)  from  Dartford.  Of  the 
other  Carnivora,  the  brown  bear  {Ursus  arctus)  has  left  its  remains 
at  Crayford,  and  the  badger  [Meles  meles)  at  Grovehurst  in  Milton-next- 
Sittingbourne.  The  rodents  from  the  same  deposits  comprise  the  field- 
vole  {Microtus  agrestis)  at  Crayford,  and  the  water-vole  {M.  amphibius) 
at  Crayford  and  Erith,  as  well  as  the  sushk  mentioned  above  under  the 
heading  of  the  Ightham  fauna,  which  has  been  recorded  from  Erith. 

Among  the  hoofed  mammals,  remains  of  the  aurochs,^  or  extinct 
wild  ox  (Eos  taurus  primigenius),  occur  at  Broadmead  near  Folkestone, 
Heme  Bay,  Maidstone  and  Slade  Green  ;  and  those  of  the  Pleistocene 
bison  [B.  bonasus)  at  East  Wickham,  Crayford,  Folkestone  and  Wool- 
wich. Very  noteworthy  is  the  occurrence  of  the  musk-ox  [Ovibos 
moschatus)  in  the  Crayford  deposits,^  and  also  at  Plumstead,  since 
remains  of  that  ruminant  are  very  scarce  in  Britain.  Bones  and 
antlers  of  the  red  deer — probably  the  Caspian  race  [Cervus  elaphus 
marat) — have  been  discovered  at  Crayford,  Folkestone,  Maidstone  and 
Slade  Green  ;  those  of  the  giant  fallow  deer — the  so-called  Irish  elk — 
(C.  giganteus)  at  Folkestone  ;  and  those  of  the  reindeer  {Rangifer 
tarandus)  at  Boughton,  Folkestone,  Otterham  in  Upchurch  and  Sitting- 
bourne.  The  Pleistocene  hippopotamus  [Hippopotamus  amphibius  major) 
has  been  recorded  from  Folkestone,  and  the  wild  boar  {Sus  scrofa)  from 
Maidstone. 

Special  interest  attaches  to  a  fragment  of  the  skull  and  three  upper 
molar  teeth  of  the  woolly  rhinoceros  {Rhinoceros  antiquitatis)  from 
Chartham  near  Canterbury,  which  are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 
These  specimens  were  obtained  in  1668  by  a  Mr.  J.  Somner,  and  are 
described  as  the  remains  of  a  sea  monster  in  a  rare  pamphlet,  published 
the  following  year  in  London,  and  entitled  News  from  Chartham  in  Kent, 
etc.      Of  this  pamphlet   (which  is  reprinted  in  the  Philosophical  T'ransac- 

1  This  name  is  frequently  misapplied  to  the  bison. 

2  See  W.  Davies,  Geo/o^cal  Magazine,  1880,  p.  246. 

32 


PALAEONTOLOGY 

ttons  for  1 70 1,  p.  882)  there  is  a  copy  in  the  King's  Library,  British 
Museum.  The  specimens  are  described,  with  a  woodcut  of  one  of  the 
teeth,  in  Owen's  British  Fossil  Mammals  and  Birds,  under  the  name  of 
R.  tichorhinus. 

Remains  of  the  woolly  rhinoceros  are  also  recorded  from  the 
gravels  of  Aylesford,  Canterbury,  Chatham,  Erith,  Folkestone,  Maid- 
stone and  Sittingbourne.  Teeth  of  two  other  species  of  rhinoceros, 
R.  leptorbinus  and  R.  mercki,  have  been  obtained  at  Crayford  ;  in  both 
these  species  the  upper  cheek-teeth  are  of  a  simpler  type  than  those 
of  the  woolly  rhinoceros.  Teeth  and  other  remains  of  the  wild  horse 
[Equus  caballus  fossilis)  have  been  met  with  at  Chatham,  Crayford,  Erith, 
Maidstone,  Sittingbourne,  Slade  Green  and  other  places  in  the  county. 

Of  the  mammoth,  or  hairy  elephant  [Elephas  primigenius),  molars, 
tusks  or  bones  have  been  found  in  many  localities  in  the  county,  among 
them  Aylesford,  Borstall  near  Rochester,  Canterbury,  Chatham,  Crayford, 
Erith,  Folkestone,  Green  Street,  Maidstone,  the  bed  of  the  Medway, 
Redborough  near  Rochester,  Shoreham  near  Sevenoaks,  Sittingbourne 
and  Slade's  Green  near  Crayford.  Remains  of  the  straight-tusked 
elephant  (E.  antiquus)  are  less  common,  but  have  been  recorded  from 
Aylesford,  Canterbury,  Chatham,  Maidstone  and  Slade's  Green. 

From  the  Pleistocene  to  the  Lower  Eocene  is  a  long  jump,  but  it 
is  not  till  we  reach  the  London  Clay  of  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  that  we 
meet  with  any  other  mammalian  remains  (at  least  of  any  importance)  in 
the  county.  Very  interesting,  but  unfortunately  very  imperfect,  is  part 
of  a  mammahan  skull,  without  the  crowns  of  the  teeth,  which  has  been 
made  the  type  of  a  genus  and  species  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  Davies  under 
the  name  of  Argil lotherium  toliapicum}  It  is  believed  to  indicate  a 
member  of  that  primitive  group  of  extinct  carnivora  known  as  the 
Creodontia.  A  vertebra  from  Sheppey  in  the  British  Museum  has  been 
assigned  to  Coryphodon  eoccenus,  a  primitive  hoofed  mammal  typified  by 
teeth  dredged  off  the  Essex  coast.  More  interesting  is  an  imperfect 
skull  from  the  London  Clay  near  Heme  Bay,  constituting  the  type 
specimen  of  Hyracotherium  leporinum,  a  small  hoofed  mammal  of  the 
approximate  size  of  a  fox,  which  forms  one  of  the  earliest  stages  in  the 
evolutionary  line  culminating  in  the  modern  horse.  Part  of  a  lower 
jaw  from  Sheppey  has  been  provisionally  assigned  to  the  same  animal. 
Both  these  valuable  specimens  are  in  the  British  Museum.  The  palatal 
portion  of  the  skull  of  another  small  mammal  from  Heme  Bay,  now  in 
the  York  Museum,  has  been  described  as  Platychcerops  richardsoni.  It  is 
the  only  known  specimen  of  its  genus  and  species,  and  its  affinities  are 
doubtful  ;  it  is  also  known  by  the  name  of  Miolophus  planiceps.  The 
Kentish  specimens  of  the  three  species  last  mentioned  are  all  recorded  in 
part  iii.  of  the  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Fossil  Mammalia. 

No  less  than  six  genera  and  species  of  extinct  birds  have  been 
estabHshed  on  the  evidence  of  specimens  from  the  London  Clay  of 
Sheppey,  five  of  which  will  be  found  noticed  in   the  British  Museum 

1  See  Cat.  Post.  Mamm.  Brit.  Mm.  i.  41. 
I  33  5 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Catalogue  of  Fossil  Birds.  Among  these  the  one  known  as  Lithornis 
vulturimis  is  represented  by  fragments  of  the  skeleton,  and  is  believed  to 
be  one  of  the  birds  of  prey.  Argillornis  longipinnis,  on  the  other  hand, 
appears  more  nearly  allied  to  the  gannets,  and  had  a  spread  of  wing 
fully  as  great  as  an  albatross.  A  skull  recently  described  by  Dr.  C.  W. 
Andrews  ^  as  Prophaethon  shrubsolei  (appropriately  named  in  honour  of 
Mr.  W.  H.  Shrubsole,  the  enthusiastic  collector  of  Sheppey  fossils)  may 
perhaps  be  regarded  as  indicating  an  ancestral  type  of  tropic-bird 
{Phaethon).  More  remarkable  is  Odontopteryx  toliapica,  a  genus  and 
species  named  on  the  evidence  of  an  imperfect  skull  in  which  the  jaws 
are  strongly  serrated,  these  serrations  being  in  the  bone  itself  and  having 
nothing  to  do  with  true  teeth.  Probably  this  bird  was  distantly  related 
to  the  gannet  group  {Stegampodes).  Another  type  is  Halcyornis  toliapicus, 
originally  described  from  a  small  skull  which  was  supposed  to  show 
affinity  to  the  kingfishers.  Judging  however  from  a  wing-bone  provision- 
ally assigned  to  the  species,  its  relations  seem  to  be  with  the  gulls. 
Lastly,  Dasornis  londiniensis  is  known  by  a  portion  of  a  skull  from 
Sheppey,  which  indicates  a  bird  of  the  approximate  size  of  an  ostrich. 
Although  the  affinities  of  this  gigantic  bird  are  still  problematical,  it 
was  apparently  related  to  Gastornis  klaaseni,  known  by  some  limb-bones 
from  the  Lower  Eocene  strata  of  Surrey. 

Of  the  reptiles  from  the  London  Clay  of  the  county  all  but  three 
belong  to  the  chelonian  order  (tortoises  and  turtles)  ;  the  exceptions 
being  a  crocodile  and  one  or  two  serpents.  The  crocodile  [Crocodilus 
spenceri)  is  a  long-snouted  species  typified  by  a  skull  from  Sheppey  in  the 
collection  of  the  British  Museum  ;  it  has  received  two  other  names, 
C.  toliapicus  and  C.  champsoides.  The  snakes  from  this  formation 
indicate  a  distinct  family  [Palceophida),  and  were  probably  of  marine 
habits.  The  typical  Palceophis  toliapicus,  which  seems  to  have  attained  a 
length  of  from  ten  to  twelve  feet,  was  described  upon  the  evidence  of 
vertebrae  from  Sheppey,  but  is  also  recorded  from  the  Middle  Eocene 
beds  of  Sussex.  The  larger  P.  typhceus,  on  the  other  hand,  is  typically 
from  Sussex,  but  apparently  also  occurs  at  Sheppey. 

Among  the  tortoises  and  turtles  from  the  Kentish  Eocene,  the 
existing  soft  tortoises  [Trionychidce),  characterized  by  their  sculptured 
shells,  devoid  of  horny  shields,  are  represented  by  Trionyx  pustulatus,  a 
species  described  on  the  evidence  of  a  single  plate  of  the  upper  shell  from 
Sheppey.  Another  plate  from  the  same  locality,  in  the  British  Museum,* 
apparently  indicates  a  second  Kentish  species  of  the  genus.  The  soft 
tortoises  are  now  confined  to  the  warmer  regions  of  the  globe,  where 
they  are  widely  spread  ;  and  their  presence  at  Sheppey  is  indicative  of 
the  tropical  or  subtropical  nature  of  the  Lower  Eocene  fauna.  Among 
the  marine  turtles,  or  Chelonidce,  the  extinct  genus  Argillochelys  is  typified 
by  specimens  from  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey,  in  which  formation 

*  Proc.  Zool.  Soc.  London,  1899,  p.  776. 

^  See  Cat.  Foss.  Rept.  Brit.  Mus.  iii.  21  ;  in   the   same  volume  will  be  found   descriptions  of  the 
other  Sheppey  chelonians. 

34 


PALAEONTOLOGY       ^^^.-.^^-^ 

occur  the  remains  of  four  species,  namely,  A.  antiqua,  A.  cunekeps,  A. 
convexa,  and  A.  subcristata.  These  turtles  appear  to  have  been  related  to 
the  existing  loggerhead  [Thalassochelys),  but  were  of  comparatively  small 
size.  The  genus  thalassochelys  itself  is  also  recorded  from  Sheppey, 
although  the  specimens  in  the  British  Museum  on  which  the  determina- 
tion rests  are  scarcely  sufficient  to  afford  specific  characters.  A  second 
extinct  genus  of  the  family  is  represented  in  the  London  Clay  of 
Sheppey  by  Lytoloma  crasskostatum  and  L.  planimentum,  although  both 
these  species  were  originally  described  upon  the  evidence  of  Essex 
specimens.  The  turtles  of  this  genus,  which  were  of  large  size,  differ 
from  their  modern  cousins,  among  other  characters,  by  the  great  extent 
of  the  union  between  the  two  branches  of  the  lower  jaw,  and  the 
backward  position  in  the  skull  of  the  inner  apertures  of  the  nasal 
passage. 

Passing  on  to  the  typical  tortoises  and  terrapins  [Testudinidce)  it  may 
first  of  all  be  mentioned  that  a  tortoise-shell  from  Sheppey  originally 
described  as  Emys  comptoni  has  been  assigned  to  the  existing  African 
genus  Homopus^  the  members  of  which  are  terrestrial  in  their  habits. 
Two  species  of  terrapin  from  the  same  locality  and  formation,  to  which  the 
names  Emys  testudiniformis  and  £.  bkarmata  were  given  by  their  describers, 
are  now  known  to  be  members  of  the  existing  American  genus  Chrysetnys. 
Of  special  interest  are  two  other  freshwater  tortoises  from  the  London 
Clay  of  Sheppey,  since  they  belong  to  the  family  Pelomedusidce,  the  exist- 
ing members  of  which,  like  all  the  tortoises  which  move  their  heads  and 
necks  sideways  {Pleurodira),  are  confined  to  the  southern  hemisphere. 
One  of  these,  Podocnemis  bowerbanki,  belongs  to  a  genus  now  living  in 
South  America  and  Madagascar,  the  typical  Amazonian  P.  expansa  being 
the  largest  of  existing  freshwater  tortoises.  The  second,  Dacochelys 
delabechei,  has  been  made  the  type  of  a  genus  by  itself,  but  might  per- 
haps be  better  included  in  Podocnemis.  It  was  as  large  as  the  existing 
Amazonian  species  mentioned  above. 

The  list  of  chelonians  from  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey  closes 
with  the  huge  Eosphargis  gigas,  a  species  at  first  referred  to  the  true 
turtles,  but  now  known  to  represent  an  extinct  genus  of  leathery  turtles 
{Dermochelyidce),  which  differ  from  the  former,  among  other  characters, 
by  the  upper  shell  being  formed  typically  of  a  number  of  small  bones 
arranged  so  as  to  form  a  mosaic-like  pavement.  Some  idea  of  the  size 
of  the  Sheppey  species  may  be  gathered  when  it  is  stated  that  the  skull 
measures  1 3  inches  in  diameter.  There  are  numerous  remains  of  this 
huge  turtle  in  the  British  Museum,  all  from  Sheppey. 

The  numerous  fishes  from  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey  are  for  the 
most  part  of  great  interest,  several  of  them  being  the  sole  representatives 
of  their  genera.  Some  have  been  quite  recently  named  by  Dr.  Smith 
Woodward  in  the  fourth  part  of  the  British  Museum  Catalogue  of  Fossil 
Fishes  ;  to  which  work  the  reader  may  be  referred  for  full  descriptions  of 
the  fossil  fishes  from  all  the  formations  of  the  county. 

Commencing   with    the  sharks   and   rays,  we  find   two  species   of 
35 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

eagle-ray,  Myliobatis  goniopleurus  and  M.  toliapicus,  described  on  the 
evidence  of  their  roller-like  dental  plates  from  Sheppey.  An  extinct 
species,  Rhinoptera  daviesi,  of  an  allied  living  genus,  is  known  by  a  single 
specimen  of  the  dentition  in  the  British  Museum.  The  long-tailed 
eagle-rays,  whose  dentition  differs  from  that  of  Myliobatis  by  having  no 
lateral  plates,  are  represented  in  this  formation  by  Aetobatis  irregularis,  a 
species  described  on  the  evidence  of  Sheppey  specimens  but  also 
occurring  in  other  Eocene  deposits. 

Among  the  sharks,  the  existing  genus  Notidatius,  characterized  by 
its  comb-like  teeth,  is  represented  at  Sheppey  by  N.  serratissimus,  a 
species  somewhat  widely  spread  in  the  Eocene,  but  typically  from  that 
locality.  Of  sharks  allied  to  the  existing  porbeagle  the  widely  spread 
Lamna  macrota,  Otodus  obliquus,  Odontaspis  elegans,  and  O.  cuspidata  have 
left  their  sharply  pointed  teeth  in  the  clay  of  the  Isle  of  Sheppey,  but 
neither  species  is  typically  Kentish  ;  the  species  of  Odontaspis  also  occur 
at  Heme  Bay.  A  small  relative  {Carcharodon  subserratus)  of  the  great 
Rondeleti's  shark  of  modern  seas  is  typified  by  a  single  tooth  from 
Sheppey  in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum. 

Of  fishes  allied  to  the  existing  chimera,  or  king  of  the  herrings, 
dental  plates  referable  to  two  extinct  genera  are  not  uncommon  at 
Sheppey.  One  of  the  species,  Edaphodon  bucklandi,  was  first  described 
from  the  Middle  Eocene  of  Sussex,  but  the  second,  Elasmodus  hunteri, 
although  also  common  to  the  Middle  Eocene,  is  typified  by  a  Sheppey 
specimen  in  the  Museum  of  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeons. 

Very  interesting  is  the  occurrence  in  the  London  Clay  of  Sheppey 
of  dermal  bones  of  a  sturgeon,  which  have  been  provisionally  assigned 
to  the  typical  living  genus  under  the  name  of  Acipenser  toliapicus  \  they 
afford  the  earliest  known  evidence  of  true  sturgeons. 

Of  the  pycnodont  ganoids — those  hard-scaled  extinct  fishes  with  a 
pavement  of  bean-like  crushing  teeth  in  the  mouth — the  species  Pycnodus 
toliapicus  and  P.  bowerbanki  are  both  peculiar  to  Sheppey,  the  latter 
being  apparently  only  known  by  the  type  specimen  in  the  British 
Museum. 

To  a  more  modern  type  of  fish — the  Elopidce,  relatives  of  the 
herrings — belongs  a  fossil  in  the  British  Museum  from  Sheppey  which  is 
provisionally  assigned  to  the  living  genus  Elops.  Two  extinct  species, 
Megalops  priscus  and  M.  oblongus,  of  the  other  existing  genus  of  the 
family,  are  peculiar  to  the  Sheppey  deposits  ;  the  same  being  the  case 
with  Esocelops  cavifrons,  the  sole  representative  of  its  genus,  and  known 
only  by  a  couple  of  specimens  in  the  national  collection.  In  the  alUed 
family  Albulidce,  the  typical  genus,  of  which  one  tropical  species  still 
survives,  is  represented  by  Albula  oweni  in  the  Sheppey  deposits,  a  species 
apparently  also  occurring  in  the  Middle  Eocene  of  Belgium.  The 
genus  and  species  Brychcetus  muelleri,  belonging  to  the  family  Osteoglossida, 
now  characteristic  of  the  southern  hemisphere,  have  been  described 
recently  by  Dr.  Smith  Woodward  on  the  evidence  of  remains  from 
Sheppey  in  the  British  Museum.     In  the  herring  family   {Clupeidce)    re- 

36 


PALEONTOLOGY 

mains  of  Halecopsis  insignis,  a  genus  and  species  typically  from  the 
Belgian  Eocene,  occur  at  Sheppey. 

A  specially  interesting  Sheppey  fish  is  Bucklandium  diluvii,  the  only 
member  of  an  extinct  genus  of  cat-fishes  {Siluridce),  apparently  only 
known  by  a  single  specimen  in  the  British  Museum.  Two  other  re- 
markable fishes  from  the  Sheppey  Eocene  are  Rhynchorhinus  branchialis 
and  R.  major,  the  sole  representatives  of  a  genus  of  marine  eels 
{Murcenidce)  apparently  nearly  related  to  Eomyrus  of  the  Belgian  Eocene. 
The  tunnies  {Scombrida)  are  represented  by  Eothynnus  salmoneus,  a  genus 
and  species  at  present  known  only  by  Sheppey  specimens  ;  another  ex- 
tinct genus,  with  the  two  species  S.  nuchalis  and  S.  macropomus,  of  the 
same  family  peculiar  to  the  formation  and  locality  being  Scombrinus. 

From  a  still  older  Eocene  deposit,  the  Thanet  Sands  of  Reculvers, 
are  known  four  teeth  of  an  extinct  porbeagle-like  shark,  Odontaspis  rutoti, 
typified  by  remains  from  the  Belgian  Eocene. 

Coming  to  the  fauna  of  the  Cretaceous  formations  of  the  county 
we  find  the  list  of  reptiles  from  the  Chalk  by  no  means  large.  It  in- 
cludes however  two  species  of  gigantic  flying  saurians,  or  pterodactyles, 
assigned  to  the  Cretaceous  genus  Ornithochirus,  under  the  names  of  O. 
compressirostris  and  O.  giganteus.  Of  both  these  species  the  type  speci- 
mens (now  in  the  British  Museum)  were  obtained  by  Bowerbank  from 
the  Lower  Chalk  of  Burham,  the  well  known  locality  at  the  foot  of  the 
Chalk  escarpment  at  Blue  Bell  Hill,  which  has  yielded  such  a  number  of 
vertebrate  remains.  Acanthopholis  horridus,  an  armoured  herbivorous  dino- 
saur, apparently  allied  to  Scelidosaurus  of  the  Lias,  was  named  by  the  late 
Professor  Huxley  on  the  evidence  of  vertebrae  and  dermal  plates  from  the 
Chalk-marl  of  Folkestone.  The  great  Cretaceous  marine  lizards  known 
as  Mosasaurians  (on  account  of  the  remains  of  the  type  species  having 
been  obtained  from  the  valley  of  the  Meuse)  are  represented  in  the 
Kentish  Chalk  by  one  tooth  from  Gravesend  and  a  second  from  Maid- 
stone in  the  collection  of  the  British  Museum,  but  neither  has  been 
generically  determined.  Another  group  of  marine  lizards  is  typified  by 
Dolichosaurus  longicollis,  a  comparatively  small  reptile  described  on  the 
evidence  of  an  imperfect  skeleton  from  Burham,  and  occurring  elsewhere 
in  the  county  at  Liddon  Spout  near  Folkestone.  Part  of  the  lower  jaw 
of  a  reptile  from  the  Middle  Chalk  of  Cuxton  has  been  regarded  by 
Mr.  E.  T.  Newton  as  possibly  belonging  to  the  Rhynchocephalia — a 
group  represented  at  the  present  day  only  by  the  New  Zealand  tuatera 
(Sphenodori) . 

Of  the  chelonian  order  (turtles  and  tortoises)  two  species  are 
definitely  known  from  the  Kentish  Chalk.  One  of  these  is  a  marine 
turtle,  probably  allied  to  the  huge  Chelone  hoffmanni  of  the  topmost 
Cretaceous  of  Belgium,  and  represented  in  the  British  Museum  by  re- 
mains from  Dover  and  Rochester.  The  second  species,  Chelone  (or 
Cimoliocbelys)  benstedi,  is  typified  by  a  specimen  from  Burham,  and  is  also 
known  by  remains  from  Wouldham  and  perhaps  other  localities  in  the 
county.     Possibly  certain  chelonian   remains  from  the  Gault  of  Folke- 

37 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

stone  belong  to  this  species.  All  the  known  specimens  indicate  imma- 
ture individuals. 

Among  the  fish-lizards,  or  ichthyosaurians,  the  common  Cretaceous 
species  Ichthyosaurus  campylodon  is  represented  in  the  county  by  teeth  and 
jaws  from  the  Lower  Chalk  of  Dover  and  the  Chalk-marl  of  Folkestone, 
as  well  perhaps  as  from  the  Gault  of  the  latter  place.  Of  the  plesio- 
saurians,  another  group  of  marine  saurians,  differing  from  the  ichthyo- 
saurians, among  other  features,  by  the  structure  of  the  skeleton  of  the 
paddles,  the  long-necked  Cretaceous  genus  Cimoliosaurus  is  represented 
by  C.  sniithi  in  the  Upper  Chalk  of  Burham,  and  possibly  also  in  the 
Folkestone  Gault.  Large  fluted  teeth  from  the  Chalk  of  Charing, 
Cuxton,  Dover  and  Hailing,  described  under  the  name  of  Polyptychodon 
interruptus,  indicate  a  huge  short-necked  member  of  the  same  order,  the 
type  specimens  of  which  appear  to  be  Kentish.  Other  teeth  from  the 
Chalk  of  the  county  have  been  referred  to  the  closely  allied,  if  not 
identical,  P.  contiriuus,  which  is  typically  of  Lower  Greensand  age. 

The  fishes  from  the  Kentish  Chalk  form  a  list  of  almost  appalling 
length,  including  over  seventy  species.  The  beautifully  corrugated  and 
pustulated  crushing  teeth  of  the  Cretaceous  rays  of  the  genus  Ptychodus 
are  not  uncommonly  met  with  (sometimes  in  associated  sets)  in  the 
chalk  pits  of  the  county,  where  no  less  than  seven  species  are  repre- 
sented. These  are  P.  mammillaris,  from  Chatham,  Cuxton,  Dover, 
Hailing,  Maidstone  and  Rochester  ;  P.  rugosus,  from  Chatham,  Dover, 
Greenhithe  and  Rochester  ;  P.  oweni,  from  Snodland  and  else- 
where ;  P.  decurrens,  from  Burham,  Dover,  Hailing  and  Maidstone  ; 
P.  polygyrus,  from  Bromley,  Burham,  Charlton,  Gravesend,  Hailing, 
Maidstone  and  Northfleet  ;  P.  multistriatus,  from  Burham,  Dover,  Maid- 
stone and  elsewhere  ;  and  P.  latissimus,  from  Maidstone  and  other  local- 
ities. Of  these  only  the  third  and  sixth  were  named  on  the  evidence  of 
Kentish  specimens. 

Of  the  comb-toothed  sharks  remains  of  Notidanus  microdon  occur 
at  Burham,  Charing  and  Maidstone.  In  the  group  of  sharks  {Cestra- 
ciontidce)  allied  to  the  existing  Port  Jackson  species,  so  well  known  for  its 
beautiful  crushing  teeth,  the  existing  genus  is  represented  by  Cestracion 
canaliculatus  at  Bromley,  and  C.  rugosus  at  Charing,  Dover  and  Maid- 
stone, as  well  as  in  the  Folkestone  Gault.  Another  (extinct)  generic 
type  is  represented  in  the  Dover  Chalk  by  Synechodus  illingworthi,  and  in 
that  of  Dover,  Gravesend  and  Margate  by  S.  dubrisiensis  ;  the  latter 
species  being  named  on  the  evidence  of  Kentish  specimens.  Two  species 
of  dog-fish  {Scyllium  antiquum  and  S.  dubium)  are  severally  founded  upon 
single  specimens,  the  one  from  Dover  and  the  other  from  Burham. 
Two  species  of  beaked  sharks  (a  genus  still  surviving  in  Japanese  waters), 
namely  Scapanorhynchus  rhaphiodon  and  S.  subu/atus,  are  known  from  the 
Chalk  of  the  county,  the  latter  being  recorded  from  Charing,  Dover, 
Greenhithe  and  Hailing.  Of  far  greater  local  interest  is  however  Catitio- 
scyllium  decipiens,  an  extinct  genus  and  species  of  shark,  with  striated 
teeth,  known  only  by  part  of  the  skeleton    from    the   Lower   Chalk    of 


PALAEONTOLOGY 

Burham.  Of  the  porbeagle  sharks  the  existing  genus  Lamna  is  repre- 
sented by  L.  appendiculata  in  the  Lower  Chalk,  Chalk-marl  and  Gault  of 
the  county,  L.  semiplicata  at  Charing  and  Rochester,  and  L.  sulcata  at 
Rochester  ;  and  the  extinct  Odontaspis  by  O.  mantelli  at  Burham,  Charing, 
Dover,  Gravesend  and  Greenhithe,  and  O.  angustidens  at  Dover  and 
Hailing,  neither  of  these  species  being  typically  Kentish.  Finally,  the 
broad-toothed  sharks  of  the  Cretaceous  genus  Gorax  are  represented  in 
the  county  by  remains  of  the  widely  spread  C.fakatus,  which  have  been 
recorded  from  the  Chalk  of  Bromley,  Greenhithe,  Margate  and  Maid- 
stone. 

Among  the  chimsroid  fishes  a  lower  jaw  in  the  British  Museum 
believed  to  be  from  Kent  has  been  described  as  Ischyodus  incisus,  but  the 
generic  reference  is  open  to  some  degree  of  doubt.  In  the  allied  genus 
Edaphodon  the  species  E.  mantelli,  typically  from  Sussex,  is  also  known 
from  Burham,  Charing  and  elsewhere  in  Kent,  and  the  Sussex  E. 
agassizi  is  likewise  recorded  from  Burham.  The  Sussex  Elasmodectes 
ivilletti  is  also  known  from  Burham.  The  fringe-finned  ganoids  are 
represented  in  the  Lower  Chalk  of  Dover  and  Maidstone  by  the  well 
known  Macropoma  mantelli,  a  species  first  described  from  Sussex. 

In  the  sturgeon  group  the  existing  family  Polyodontidce  is  represented 
by  the  genus  and  species  Pholidurus  disjectus,  described  by  Dr.  Smith 
Woodward  on  a  fragment  of  the  tail  from  Gravesend  in  the  collection  of 
the  British  Museum.  Quadrangular  polished  scales  of  the  general  type 
of  those  of  the  ganoid  Lepidotus  in  the  same  collection  from  the  grey 
Chalk  of  Folkestone  have  been  provisionally  assigned  to  that  genus  with 
the  name  of  L.  pustulatus.  Among  the  allied  pycnodont  ganoids  a  speci- 
men in  the  British  Museum  of  the  lower  dentition  from  Hailing  has 
been  made  the  type  of  Ccelodus  Jimbriatus,  while  the  continental  Pycno- 
dus  (?)  scrobiculatus  is  represented  in  the  same  collection  by  the  palatal 
dentition  from  Charing.  In  another  group  of  ganoids — the  Eugnathidce 
— the  genus  and  species  Neorhombolepis  excelsus  have  been  established  by 
Dr.  Smith  Woodward  on  the  evidence  of  a  specimen  from  Hailing, 
while  a  Burham  ichthyolite  has  been  made  the  type  of  N.  punctatus. 
To  the  same  family  belongs  Lophostomus  dixoni,  typically  from  Sussex, 
but  also  known  in  the  Maidstone  Chalk.  The  spear-like  teeth  of  the 
widely  spread  Protosphyrcena  ferox  occur  at  Burham,  Cuxton  and  else- 
where in  the  county,  and  those  of  P.  minor  at  Burham  ;  a  third  species, 
P.  compressirostris,  has  been  founded  by  Dr.  Smith  Woodward  on  the 
evidence  of  a  beak  in  the  British  Museum  from  the  Kentish  Chalk.  In 
another  family  of  long-beaked  ganoids,  the  Aspidorhynchidce,  the  Sussex 
fish  Belonostomus  cinctus  is  known  in  Kent  by  remains  from  Burham. 

Passing  on  to  the  herring-like  fishes  of  the  family  Elopidce,  we  find 
the  genus  and  species  Elopopsis  crassus  typified  by  remains  in  the  Brigh- 
ton Museum  from  Mailing,  and  also  represented  by  a  Kentish  specimen 
in  the  British  Museum.  In  another  genus  of  the  same  family  (typified 
by  the  Sussex  O.  lewesiensis)  we  have  Osmeroides  levis  described  on  the 
evidence  of  remains  from  Burham.      A  third  genus  of  the  family   has   a 

39 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

species,  Thrissopater  magnus,  based  on  remains  from  Hollingbourne  ;  while 
in  a  fourth  we  have  the  species  Pachyrhizodus  basalis  and  P.  dibleyi  (Bur- 
ham  and  Maidstone)  based  on  Kentish  specimens,  and  likewise  examples 
of  the  more  widely  spread  P.  gardneri  (Burham,  Cuxton  and  near 
Folkestone)  and  P.  subulidens  (Bromley,  Burham  and  Hailing).  The 
fish  described  by  Dixon  as  Pkthodus  expansus  is  typified  by  a  lower 
dental  plate  from  Mailing,  and  also  occurs  at  Gravesend  and  Maid- 
stone, as  well  as  in  the  Folkestone  Gault  ;  its  serial  position  is  not  de- 
finitely ascertained,  but  it  probably  belongs  to  one  of  two  still  existing 
famihes — the  Osteoglossida  or  the  Albiilidce.  A  second  Sussex  species  of 
the  genus  P.  oblongus  occurs  at  Dover,  while  P.  pentagon^  from  Burham 
and  Dover,  is  typically  Kentish. 

In  the  family  Chirocentridce  the  typically  American  Cretaceous 
Portheus  is  represented  in  the  Chalk  of  the  county  by  P.  daviesi,  a  species 
named  from  a  Maidstone  specimen,  and  likewise  at  Hailing  by  P. 
gaultinus,  typically  from  the  Folkestone  Gault.  In  another  genus  of  the 
same  family  the  species  Ichthyodectes  minor  has  been  recorded  from  Maid- 
stone and  /.  elegans  from  Dover  and  Hailing,  while  /.  tenuidens  has  been 
named  from  a  Burham  specimen.  To  the  same  family  belongs  Clado- 
cyclus  lewesiensis,  a  typically  Sussex  fish  of  which  remains  are  known 
from  Burham  and  Dover.  Saurodon  intermedius,  a  member  of  a  genus 
of  the  same  family  occurring  typically  in  the  North  American  Creta- 
ceous, was  named  on  the  evidence  of  remains  from  Dover ;  and 
Tomognathus  mordax,  a  Sussex  fish  which  may  perhaps  be  included  in 
the  same  family,  is  represented  in  the  Chalk  of  Kent  by  remains  from 
Burham,  Chatham  and  Rochester. 

Three  fishes,  Ctenothrissa  radians,  C.  microcephala  and  Aulolepis  typus, 
of  which  remains  occur  at  Burham,  are  typically  from  the  Sussex  Chalk, 
and  represent  an  extinct  family  [Ctenothrissidce]  nearly  allied  to  the 
modern  herrings.  The  first  genus  takes  its  name  from  the  fact  that  the 
edges  of  the  scales  are  pectinated,  whereas  in  the  second  they  are  smooth. 
To  the  allied  family  Halosauridce  (still  represented  in  deep  water  at  the 
present  day  by  a  member  of  the  type  genus)  belongs  Enchelurus  anglicus,  a 
species  recently  described  by  Dr.  Smith  Woodward  on  the  evidence  of  a 
specimen  believed  to  be  Kentish  ;  the  other  two  members  of  the  genus 
are  respectively  from  Westphalia  and  Syria.  In  the  extinct  family 
Dercetidce,  allied  both  to  the  herrings  and  salmonoids,  we  have  Lepto- 
trachelus  elongatus,  typically  a  Sussex  fish,  recorded  from  the  Chalk  of 
Bromley,  Charlton  and  Dover  ;  while  in  the  Enchodontidce  there  is 
Enchodus  lewesiensis  from  Bromley  and  Burham,  and  E.  pulchellus  from 
an  unknown  locality  in  the  county,  the  former  being  typically  a  Sussex 
and  the  latter  a  Kentish  fish.  To  the  same  family  belong  Hake 
eupterygius,  from  Burham,  Hailing  and  Rochester  ;  Cimolichthys  lewesiensis, 
from  Burham,  Dover,  Hailing  and  Maidstone  ;  and  Prionolepis  atigustus, 
from  Dover — the  two  latter  being  typically  from  Sussex  and  the  third 
from  Cambridgeshire.  In  the  still  living  family  of  scopeloids  {Scopelidce) 
are  included  Apateodus  striatus,  from  Burham,  Cuxton  and  Maidstone,  and 

40 


PALEONTOLOGY 

A.  lanceolatus,   from    Dover — the  former   being    typically  from   Sussex, 
while  the  latter  seems  to  be  known  solely  by  Kentish  examples. 

Syllamus  anglicus,  of  which  remains  have  been  described  from  the 
Chalk  of  Burham  and  Dover  and  the  Gault  of  Folkestone,  as  well  as 
from  Surrey,  is  allied  to  the  atherines  {Crossognathidce).  More  interesting 
still  is  Urenchelys  anglkus,  typically  from  the  Lower  Chalk  of  Dover, 
the  Kentish  representative  of  a  genus  of  eels  [Murcenidce)  first  described 
from  the  North  American  Cretaceous.  In  the  existing  family  Berychidce 
we  have  remains  of  the  well  known  Sussex  fish  Hoplopteryx  leivesiensis 
recorded  from  the  Chalk  of  Cuxton,  Dover,  Folkestone,  Hailing  and 
Rochester  ;  while  those  of  H.  superbus,  likewise  typically  Sussex,  occur 
at  Maidstone  and  other  places  in  the  county.  Another  member  of  the 
same  family,  Homonotus  dorsalis,  was  described  by  Dixon  on  the  evidence 
of  an  imperfect  fish  in  the  Brighton  Museum  from  Mailing,  other 
remains  occurring  at  Bromley,  Charing  and  Northfleet.  A  well  known 
fish  from  the  Sussex  Chalk,  named  Berycopsis  elegans,  perhaps  belonging 
to  the  family  Stromateidce  (allies  of  the  horse-mackerels),  is  represented 
in  the  county  by  specimens  from  Burham,  Cuxton  and  Maidstone. 

From  the  Upper  Greensand  of  Maidstone  has  been  described  a 
species  of  Port  Jackson  shark  under  the  name  of  Cestracion  sulcatus, 
apparently  the  only  fish  named  from  that  formation  in  the  county. 

In  addition  to  teeth  of  the  common  Cretaceous  fish-lizard  Ichthyo- 
saurus campylodon,  the  Gault  of  Folkestone  has  yielded  remains  of  a  few 
reptiles,  all  but  one  of  which  have  been  named  on  the  evidence  of  speci- 
mens from  this  formation.  They  include  two  species  of  pterodactyles  of 
large  size,  namely  Ornithochirus  daviesi  and  0.  diomedius,  the  remains  of 
the  former  having  been  originally  regarded  as  those  of  a  bird.  Also 
three  plesiosaurians,  or  long-necked  marine  saurians,  respectively  named 
Cimoliosaurus  cantabrigiensis,  C.  constrtctus  and  C.  smithi,  the  former  being 
typically  from  the  Cambridge  Greensand  and  the  latter  also  occurring 
in  the  Kentish  Lower  Greensand.  A  species,  Rhinochelys  elegans,  belong- 
ing to  a  genus  of  small  marine  chelonians  occurring  typically  in  the 
Cambridge  Greensand,  and  taking  their  name  from  a  peculiarity  in  the 
structure  of  the  bones  of  the  nose,  has  also  been  named  on  the  evidence 
of  a  Folkestone  skull. 

The  fishes  of  the  Folkestone  Gault,  in  addition  to  a  few  species 
common  to  the  Chalk  already  noticed,  comprise  the  following.  The 
comb-toothed  sharks  are  represented  by  a  species  recently  described 
from  this  formation  by  Dr.  A.  Smith  Woodward  under  the  name  of 
Notidanus  lanceolatus,  while  crushing  sharks'  teeth  from  Folkestone  have 
been  made  by  the  same  author  the  types  of  a  species  of  Acrodus,  as  A. 
levis.  Another  cestraciont  shark,  Synechodus  recurvus,  typically  from  the 
Russian  Cretaceous,  has  also  been  identified  from  the  Folkestone  Gault. 
Among  the  porbeagle  family  there  occur  remains  of  Oxyrhina  macrorhiza, 
a  species  typically  from  the  Swiss  Cretaceous,  and  also  of  Lamna  macro- 
rhiza,  which  was  named  on  the  evidence  of  North  American  specimens. 

Among  the  chimaeroids  the  species  Ischyodus  thurmanni,  originally 
I  41  6 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

described  from  the  Swiss  Cretaceous,  is  represented  both  in  the  Gault  of 
Folkestone  and  the  Lower  Greensand  of  Maidstone.  In  the  alHed  genus 
Edaphodon  we  have  E.  sedgwicki,  typically  from  the  Lower  Greensand  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight,  in  the  Folkestone  Gault,  and  perhaps  also  in  the 
Chalk-marl  of  Dover  ;  while  a  second  species,  E.  laminosus,  is  typically 
from  Folkestone. 

In  a  very  different  group  of  fishes  the  pycnodont  ganoids  are 
represented  by  Ccelodus  ellipticus,  a  large  species  known  only  by  a  single 
specimen  of  the  dentition  from  Folkestone  preserved  in  the  collection  of 
the  British  Museum. 

In  the  herring  group  the  genus  and  species  of  Elopidce  known  as 
Thrissopater  salmoneus  were  described  on  the  evidence  of  Folkestone 
specimens.  In  another  family  Portheus  gaultinus,  already  referred  to,  is 
typically  from  Folkestone  ;  and  the  same  is  the  case  with  Ichthyodectes 
serridens,  of  which  only  the  type  specimen  appears  to  be  known. 

The  remains  of  both  reptiles  and  fishes  appear  to  be  comparatively 
rare  in  the  Lower  Greensand  of  the  county,  although  special  interest 
attaches  to  some  of  the  former.  Most  interesting  of  all  perhaps  is  a 
large  slab  of  sandstone  from  the  Kentish  Rag  (Hythe  beds  of  the  Lower 
Greensand)  from  near  Maidstone,  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
containing  a  considerable  portion  of  the  skeleton  of  the  great  herbivo- 
rous, bipedal,  terrestrial  dinosaurian  reptile  Iguanodon  mantelli.  This  fine 
specimen,  obtained  in  1834  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Bensted,  is  generally 
regarded  as  the  type  of  the  species,  which  is  itself  the  type  of  the 
genus.  The  name  Iguanodon  was  however  given  by  Mantell  on  the 
evidence  of  teeth  from  the  Wealden  of  Sussex,  and  refers  to  a  supposed 
resemblance  existing  between  these  teeth  and  those  of  the  South  Ameri- 
can lizards  known  as  iguanas.  A  cast  of  the  complete  skeleton  of  a 
larger  species  of  Iguanodon,  from  Belgium,  is  exhibited  in  the  Natural 
History  Museum. 

A  dinosaur  known  only  by  a  series  of  broken  bones  of  the  limbs 
and  pelvis  from  Lower  Greensand  of  Hythe  has  been  described  under 
the  name  of  Dinodocus  mackesoni,  and  is  the  sole  representative  of  its 
genus.  It  may  be  allied  to  the  Jurassic  Cardiodon  {Cetiosaurus).  The 
large  marine  saurian  known  as  Polyptychodon  continuus,  to  which  reference 
has  been  made  in  an  earlier  portion  of  this  article,  is  typically  from  the 
Lower  Greensand  of  Hythe  and  Maidstone.  Another  reptile  from  the 
latter  locality  is  one  of  the  long-necked  plesiosaurians,  named  Cimolio- 
saurus  latispinus.  Fragments  of  the  skull  of  a  chelonian  reptile  from  the 
Lower  Greensand  of  Maidstone  have  been  made  the  types  of  a  genus 
and  species  under  the  name  of  Protemys  serrata  ;  but  their  affinity  is 
uncertain,  and  they  appear  to  have  been  lost. 

In  addition  to  Ischyodus  thurmanni,  already  referred  to,  the  fishes  of 
the  Lower  Greensand  of  the  county  are  represented  by  two  sharks, 
Synechodus  tenuis  from  Maidstone,  and  a  species  from  near  Folkestone, 
which  may  be  identical  with  the  Swiss  Odontaspis  studeri.  The  former 
species  is  at  present  peculiar  to  Kent. 

42 


PALEONTOLOGY 

Vertebrate  remains  from  the  Kentish  Wealden,  so  far  at  least  as 
pubhshed  hsts  go,  appear  to  be  singularly  few.  The  carnivorous  dino- 
saur Megalosaurus  oweni,  typically  from  Sussex,  is  however  represented  in 
the  British  Museum  collection  by  a  specimen  from  Tunbridge  Wells.  A 
dinosaurian  sacrum  in  the  British  Museum  from  the  Hastings  Sand  of 
Southborough  has  been  made  the  type  of  a  genus  and  species  under  the 
name  of  Thecospondylus  horneri,  but  its  affinities  are  quite  uncertain. 
Lastly  the  crown  of  a  large  dinosaurian  tooth  from  the  Wealden  of  the 
county  has  been  referred  by  the  present  writer  ^  to  Pelorosaurus  conybeari, 
a  genus  and  species  typified  by  a  gigantic  bone  of  the  fore-limb  (humerus) 
in  the  British  Museum  from  the  Wealden  of  Sussex. 

Few  vertebrate  remains  are  more  common  in  the  Sussex  Wealden 
than  the  knob-like  teeth  and  large  highly  polished  quadrangular  scales 
of  the  fringe-finned  ganoid  fish  Lepidotus  mantelli,  and  similar  remains 
have  been  recorded  from  the  same  formation  at  Tunbridge  Wells. 

•  Cat.  Foss.  Kept.  Brit.  Mus.  iv.  240. 


43 


BOTANY 


AS  would  naturally  be  expected,  from  its  proximity  to  the 
continent,  Kent  possesses  a  remarkably  rich  flora,  probably 
unrivalled  in  number  of  species  by  any  other  counties  except 
Hampshire  and  Sussex.  The  latter  has  not  yet  been  thoroughly 
explored,  in  spite  of  its  general  accessibility.  Its  critical  plants,  such  as 
the  brambles  and  hawkweeds,  are  still  imperfectly  known  ;  and  its  much 
longer  stretch  of  coast,  together  with  its  milder  and  "warmer  cHmate, 
permitting  the  survival  of  such  western  species  as  the  Cornish  money- 
wort {Sibthorpia  europced)^  Bartsia  viscosa,  etc.,  give  it  certain  advantages 
in  this  respect,  as  compared  with  its  eastern  neighbour  :  so  that,  when 
the  botany  of  both  has  been  more  minutely  investigated,  it  is  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  Sussex  will  hold  pride  of  place. 

Kent  is  proverbially  '  the  garden  of  England,'  but  as  regards  at 
least  the  north-west  portion  it  might  more  appropriately  be  called 
England's  '  market-garden,'  so  considerable  is  the  area  devoted  to  raising 
fruit  and  vegetables.  This  preponderance  of  cultivation  has  caused  a 
great  disturbance  of  native  plants  ;  at  the  same  time,  there  has  been  a 
compensating  invasion  of  colonists  and  casuals,  particularly  in  the  sub- 
urban districts.  Although  there  is  still  a  fairly  large  area  of  heathy 
wastes,  they  are  less  extensive  than  those  of  Surrey  ;  nor,  with  the 
exception  of  its  chalk  country,  the  richness  of  which  is  unequalled  in 
Britain,  and  its  littoral  and  estuarine  preponderance,  is  Kentish  botany, 
upon  the  whole,  of  equal  interest  to  the  explorer.  At  the  same  time, 
there  is  (we  believe)  no  county  where  so  many  species  can  be  observed 
during  the  course  of  a  day's  ramble  in  a  few  favoured  spots,  such  as  the 
valley  of  the  Medway  above  Rochester. 

In  our  recently  published  work  ^  we  estimated  the  total  number  of 
species  (including  Characea,  here  treated  among  the  Alga),  not  reckoning 
mere  casuals  or  garden  waifs,  at  about  i,i6o,  1,014  being  considered  as 
likely  natives.  This  census  is  on  the  basis  of  the  London  Catalogue,  ninth 
edition,  in  which  a  large  number  of  critical  species  are  admitted  to 
equal  rank  with  those  of  whose  distinctness  there  is  no  question  ;  a  mode 
of  treatment  which  is  certainly  open  to  some  objection,  but  which  seems, 
in  the  present  state  of  knowledge,  to  be  the  best  preparation  for  a  system 
of  grouping  which  cannot  be  successfully  undertaken  as  yet.  A  few 
interesting  additions  have  already  been  made,  and  others  will  no  doubt 

>  Flora  of  Kent,  by    Frederick  Janson   Hanbury  and   Edward  Shearburn    Marshall    (1899  :   F.J. 
Hanbury,  37  Lombard  Street,  E.G.,  price  iz/.  6d.). 

45 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

be  forthcoming  in  due  time,  mainly  of  course  among  the  more  intricate 
forms,  which  are  '  caviare  to  the  general,'  and  are  accordingly  neglected 
by  most  observers.  Even  in  a  relatively  small  fragment  of  a  small 
country  like  our  ow^n  the  stores  of  Nature  are  not  easily  exhausted. 

Considering  the  inroads  of  cultivation  already  alluded  to,  and  in 
spite  of  the  depredations  of  thoughtless  or  unprincipled  collectors,  which 
have  told  heavily  upon  the  ferns  and  orchids,  the  list  of  proved  extinctions 
is  surprisingly  small.  Leaving  on  one  side  the  case  of  very  doubtful 
natives  like  Echinophora  spinosa  and  ambiguities  like  Elymus  geniculatus, 
the  following  seven  alone  are  certainly  lost.  It  is  quite  possible,  indeed, 
that  two  or  three  of  them  may  yet  be  rediscovered.  Eryngiutn  campestre 
was  found  near  New  Romsey  in  1873,  and  still  held  its  ground  in  1880; 
but  it  has  apparently  since  been  buried  under  sand  cast  up  by  the  sea. 
The  cotton-weed  {Diotis  candidissima),  recorded  from  Sheppey  by  Hudson 
in  1778,  probably  disappeared  owing  to  an  opposite  cause,  the  northern 
coast  of  this  island  having  been  steadily  eaten  away  by  the  waves. 
Cyclamen  hedercefolium,  formerly  abundant  in  woods  near  Sandhurst  (where, 
the  late  Mr.  W.  W.  Reeves  informed  us,  it  looked  perfectly  wild),  was 
exterminated  by  transplantation  into  gardens.  The  fen  orchis  [Liparis 
Lceselii)  appears  to  have  been  only  once  gathered  at  Ham  Ponds  near 
Sandwich,  by  Dillwyn  (in  1802)  ;  it  may  yet  exist,  as  there  is  a  fenny 
tract  suitable  to  it,  and  it  is  everywhere  a  plant  of  uncertain  appearance. 
The  soldier  orchis  [Orchis  militaris),  though  formerly  often  reported 
owing  to  a  confusion  of  names,  O.  purpurea  being  intended,  can  only  be 
credited  to  the  county  on  the  evidence  of  a  specimen  from  Northfleet  in 
the  herbarium  of  Dillenius  at  Oxford;  the  monkey  orchis  (0.  Simia),  on 
the  contrary,  used  to  be  found  not  only  in  the  Dartford  district,  but  also 
near  Faversham  and  Dover.  Carex  depauperata  no  longer  exists  in 
Charlton  Wood,  where  it  was  originally  discovered  and  described  by 
Curtis. 

The  only  British  plant  apparently  restricted  to  Kent  is  the  clove- 
scented  broom-rape  [Orobanche  caryophyllacea),  which  is  however  reported 
from  Suffolk  on  doubtful  evidence. 

The  county  was  divided  by  H.  C.  Watson  into  two  vice-counties, 
fifteen  east  Kent  and  sixteen  west  Kent,  '  separated  by  the  river  Medway 
and  its  tributaries  nearly  up  to  Staplehurst,  and  thence  by  the  high  road 
through  Cranbrooke  to  the  border  of  Sussex,  near  Hawkhurst.'  This 
arrangement  was  not  serviceable  for  our  purpose,  nor  was  it  found  advis- 
able, in  planning  out  the  districts,  to  adopt  the  excellent  watershed 
system  now  generally  in  vogue,  owing  to  local  conditions.  Our  ten 
divisions  may  be  briefly  described  as  follows  ;  they  are  partly  natural, 
partly  artificial  : — 

I.  West  :  Along  the  Surrey  border  from  near  Keston  to  the 
Thames,  which  bounds  it  on  the  north  as  far  as  Erith.  East  :  Through 
Crayford,  Bexley,  St.  Mary  Cray  and  Orpington  to  a  little  south  of 
Keston.  Thence  north-west  to  the  starting  point.  Mainly  Lower  Eocene 
(London   clay,   Woolwich   and   Thanet    beds),   with   alluvium  near    the 

46 


BOTANY 

river,  and  a  little  chalk  in  the  east  and  south.  The  growth  of 
London  and  its  suburbs  has  destroyed  former  stations  for  many  good 
plants.  About  Woolwich,  Plumstead  and  Erith  aliens  are  especially 
numerous. 

2.  Lies  east  of  district  i,  south  of  which  its  border  follows  the 
Surrey  boundary  to  a  point  between  Tatsfield  and  Brasted.  Hence  it 
runs  east  along  the  Pilgrims'  Way,  past  Chevening,  Otford  and  Wrot- 
ham,  to  the  Medway  at  Snodland  ;  then,  turning  north,  descends  this 
river  to  its  junction  with  the  Thames ;  thence  west  to  Erith.  Principally 
chalk,  with  Lower  Eocene  beds,  of  which  the  Hundred  of  Hoo  mainly 
consists,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  alluvium  about  the  two  estuaries. 
This  is,  botanically,  the  richest  tract  in  Kent  (and  perhaps  in  all  Britain), 
owing  to  its  great  diversity  of  soil  and  elevation  and  its  submaritime 
coast.     The  southern  half  is  well  wooded  and  sparsely  populated. 

3.  From  Rochester  down  the  Medway  to  Sheerness  ;  thence  (in- 
cluding Sheppey)  along  the  sea  to  the  channel  separating  Thanet  from 
the  mainland,  and  south  to  Sarr  railway  bridge  ;  from  this  point  west 
along  the  line,  through  Canterbury,  Faversham  and  Sittingbourne  to  the 
Medway.  Lower  Eocene,  with  much  alluvium  in  the  north  and  a  very 
little  chalk.  There  are  extensive  salt  marshes,  particularly  westwards, 
some  of  which  are  not  yet  thoroughly  explored,  and  a  large  area  of 
woodland  stretches  west  and  north  of  Canterbury.  The  flora,  though 
interesting,  is  not  very  varied. 

4.  The  Isle  of  Thanet  ;  bounded  on  the  south  by  the  winding 
Stour.  Entirely  chalk,  east  from  Birchington  and  round  to  Pegwell 
Bay,  where  there  is  a  band  of  Lower  Eocene  (Thanet  beds)  extending 
for  about  four  miles  westward,  with  alluvium  in  the  west  and  south. 
The  smallest  district.  Excepting  the  coast  from  Sandwich  to  Ramsgate, 
it  does  not  seem  to  have  been  much  worked  of  late,  and  should  repay 
further  search. 

5.  From  the  sea,  south  of  districts  4  and  3,  to  Canterbury  ;  then 
south-east  along  the  high  road  by  Barham  and  Lydden  to  Dover,  and 
north  to  Sandwich.  Chalk,  with  extensive  Lower  Eocene  beds  about 
Canterbury  and  Ash  ;  alluvium  near  the  Stour  and  its  tributaries,  and  a 
long  stretch  of  blown  sand  from  Deal  to  Sandwich.  The  coast-flora  is 
very  interesting,  and  has  been  thoroughly  investigated  ;  the  central  (and 
less  attractive)  part  is  not  so  well  known. 

6.  Situated  to  the  south  of  district  3  ;  its  border  runs  from  Roches- 
ter south  along  the  Medway  to  Burham,  thence  south-east  below  the 
downs,  through  Detling,  HoUingbourne  and  Eastwell  to  Wye ;  following 
the  railway  north-east  to  Chilham,  and  thence  north  to  the  junction 
with  district  3  near  Lower  Ensinge.  Chalk,  with  outliers  of  Lower 
Eocene  in  the  north,  and  some  alluvium  in  the  river  valleys.  Well 
wooded  in  the  west  and  south-east,  with  a  typical  chalk  flora. 

7.  Bordered  on  the  north-east  and  north-west  by  districts  5  and  6, 
and  from  Dover  to  East  Wear  Bay  by  the  Channel  ;  thence  west  and 
north-west  by  the  road  through  Beachborough,  Postling  and  Pickersdean 

47 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

to  Wye.  Wholly  chalk.  There  are  large  woods  between  Stouting  and 
Bishopsbourne,  as  well  as  between  Wye  and  Chartham.  Several  of  the 
choicer  orchids  have  their  headquarters  hereabouts. 

8.  The  west  and  south  boundaries  are  formed  by  Surrey  and 
Sussex  ;  on  the  north  it  is  bordered  by  district  2  as  far  as  Snodland, 
afterwards  by  district  6  as  far  as  Grey  Wethers ;  hence  by  the  main  road 
through  Maidstone,  Marden  and  Goudhurst  to  the  Sussex  boundary  near 
Lamberhurst.  A  belt  of  gault  occupies  the  extreme  north,  just  below 
the  chalk,  range  ;  next  comes  the  lower  greensand  series  ;  south  of  this 
are  the  Weald  clay  and  the  Hastings  sands.  Here,  and  in  districts  9 
and  10,  the  geological  formations  run  nearly  due  east  and  west,  with  a 
southerly  trend  as  they  approach  the  sea.  The  woodlands  are  chiefly  in 
the  north  and  south  of  this  district.  Tunbridge  Wells  and  its  neighbour- 
hood produce  many  choice  plants,  and  the  southern  tracts  are  prolific  in 
brambles. 

9.  Bounded  on  the  north  by  district  6,  on  the  west  by  district  8, 
and  on  the  south  by  Sussex,  whence  it  follows  the  railway  from  Rye  by 
Appledore  and  Ashford  to  Wye.  This  and  the  preceding  district  (of 
almost  equal  size)  together  occupy  about  a  third  of  the  county  area. 
Their  geology  is  much  alike,  but  the  gault  is  at  its  widest  between  Ash- 
ford and  Wye,  the  lower  greensand  at  its  narrowest,  with  a  corresponding 
extension  in  breadth  of  the  Weald  clay.  Near  Appledore  and  in  the 
Rother  valley  alluvial  deposits  occur.  There  are  some  large  woods, 
especially  near  Cranbrook.  The  southern  sands  should  produce  some 
novelties  ;  formerly  they  were  rather  difficult  of  access,  but  the  opening 
of  the  new  railway  has  changed  this. 

10.  District  7  lies  to  the  east,  and  district  9  to  the  west.  On  the 
south-west  it  touches  Sussex  for  a  few  miles,  having  the  channel  south 
and  east.  More  than  half  of  its  area  (the  Romney  Marsh  and  Dungeness 
neighbourhood)  is  alluvium,  shingle  or  blown  sand,  the  remainder  being 
lower  greensand — here  broadening  out  again  for  some  miles — gault  and 
Weald  clay.  Between  Shornecliffe  and  Dungeness  many  rarities  occur, 
and  the  dykes  still  harbour  relics  of  a  considerable  marsh  vegetation, 
now  much  reduced  by  drainage. 

The  following  notes  are  condensed  from  Mr.  B.  Daydon  Jackson's 
very  able  summary  of  the  history  of  Kent  botany,  which  he  most  kindly 
contributed  to  the  Introduction  of  our  Flora. 

The  first  notice  of  plants  in  this  county  is  given  by  '  the  father  of 
English  botany,'  Dr.  WilUam  Turner,  Dean  of  Wells,  in  his  Names  of 
Herbes  (1548),  where  he  mentions  Glaucium  Jlavum,  Brassica  oleracea  and 
Crithenum  maritimum  (referred  to  in  Shakespeare's  King  Lear)  as  growing 
on  Dover  cliffs  ;  also  the  Spanish  chestnut  and  butcher's  broom.  His 
Herbal!  {1^^1-6%)  includes  the  earliest  notice  of  the  seakale  [Cranibe 
maritima) . 

Lobelius  and  Pena,  in  their  Stirpium  Adversaria  (1571),  added  eight 
species,  and  the  first-named,  in  his  other  writings,  eight  more. 

48 


BOTANY 

Clusius  mentions  Blackstonia  perfoliata,  Gentia?ia  Amarel/a,  Calamintha 
parvtflora.  Salvia  Verbenaca  and  Orchis  latifolia. 

John  Gerard,  in  his  Herball  (1597),  gives  eighty-three  new  records, 
mainly  noted  in  districts  i  and  2. 

Thomas  Johnson  (Gerard's  reviser)  was  the  first  to  write  works 
dealing  solely  with  Kent  plants,  adding  altogether  no  fewer  than  332 
species,  if  the  identifications  are  correct,  which  is  doubtful  in  a  few 
cases.  He  made  two  excursions  into  the  county,  the  results  of  which 
were  published  in  1629  and  1632. 

John  Parkinson,  author  of  the  Faradisus  Terrestris  (1629),  is  re- 
sponsible for  seventeen  first  notices. 

Christopher  Merrett's  Pimx  (1666)  contains  twenty-six  novelties. 

John  Ray  in  his  various  writings  furnished  twenty-nine  new  records. 

John  Blackstone's  Specimen  Botanicum  (1746)  has  fifteen  additions  of 
his  own,  besides  four  others  in  a  list  of  Faversham  plants  bequeathed  by 
John  Bateman. 

Passing  by  various  minor  contributors,  we  come  to  William  Hudson, 
whose  Flora  Anglica  (1762  ;   ed.  ii.  1778)   contains  nineteen  novelties. 

Flantce  Favershamienses  (1777),  by  Edward  Jacob,  was  the  pioneer 
of  Kent  local  floras.  It  is  a  work  of  considerable  merit,  and  enumerated 
about  140  fresh  species. 

William  Curtis  added  eleven  plants  in  his  beautifully  illustrated 
Flora  Londinensis  (ijyj-gS). 

This  brings  us  down  to  the  period  of  English  Botany  (1790-18 14), 
by  Sir  J.  E.  Smith.  It  includes  half  a  dozen  Kentish  novelties  due  to 
the  author,  and  several  others  sent  by  correspondents. 

L.  W.  Dillwyn's  paper  on  plants  of  the  Dover  neighbourhood  in 
the  Transactions  of  the  Linnean  Society  (1802)  contains  eleven  first  records, 
including  such  rarities  as  Cnicus  eriophorus,  Liparis,  Cladium  and  Poa 
bulbosa.  In  1805  (with  Dawson  Turner)  he  brought  out  the  Botanist's 
Guide^  which  includes  five  additions  for  Kent. 

Robert  Pocock  of  Gravesend  was  an  industrious  field  botanist, 
whose  herbarium  is  now  at  the  British  Museum.  His  Natural  History 
of  Kent  (1809)  is  the  earliest  authority  for  Erysimum  cheiranthoides  and 
Setaria  viridis. 

Of  greater  importance  was  T.  F.  Forster's  F/or^  Tonbridgensis  (18 16), 
with  no  fewer  than  sixty-one  new  species ;  but  its  accuracy  cannot  always 
be  relied  on. 

G.  E.  Smith's  Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  South  Kent  (1829)  deals 
mainly  with  the  neighbourhood  of  Dover,  Folkestone  and  Hythe,  and 
embraces  thirty-six  first  notices. 

T\\^  Flora  Metropolitana  of  Daniel  Cooper  (1835)  furnished  eighteen 
novelties,  but  its  information  is  not  always  trustworthy. 

M.  H.  Cowell's  Floral  Guide  to  East  Kent,  deaUng  chiefly  with  the 
plants  of  the  Faversham  neighbourhood,  gives  twenty-one  first  notices. 

T,  I.  M.  Forster  in  1842  issued  a  supplement  to  his  father's  Flora 
Tonbridgensis,  soon    (1845)   to  be   followed  by  Edward  Jenner's  Flora  of 
t  49  7 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Tunbridge  Wells,  which  sheds  light  upon  some  defects  in  the  earlier  book. 
Among  the  chief  Kentish  botanists  of  this  period  were  Edward  Forster, 
William  Borrer,  Joseph  Woods  and  N.  J.  Winch. 

The  Phytologist  (1841—54)  often  refers  to  plants  of  the  county.  Its 
new  series  (1854-63)  includes  several  discoveries  by  W.  Pamplin  and 
A.  Irvine. 

T.  B.  Flower's  Flora  Thanetensis  (1847)  contains  numerous  errors. 

In  his  various  books  (1835-74)  H.  C.  Watson  brought  to  light 
several  important  additions,  made  by  himself  or  others. 

Professor  Babington,  A.  G.  More  and  W.  W.  Reeves  all  contributed 
to  the  investigation  of  the  county.  A  still  more  energetic  explorer  was 
J.  T.  Syme  (afterwards  Dr.  Boswell). 

Since  1863  the  recognized  organ  of  British  botanists  has  been  the 
Journal  of  Botany.  Its  present  editor,  Mr.  James  Britten,  has  always 
readily  given  us  the  benefit  of  his  assistance  and  advice. 

While  preparing  the  Flora  of  Kent,  began  in  1872  but  not  com- 
pleted until  1899,  we  were  fortunate  in  securing  the  aid  of  many  willing 
helpers  ;  but  we  have  not  space  to  name  them  all  here.  Of  those  who 
have  passed  away,  the  following  may  be  mentioned  :  W.  W.  Newbould, 
Henry  Trimen,  F.  M.  Webb,  Charles  Darwin,  G.  Dowker  and  G.  B. 
WoUaston.  From  those  who  happily  still  survive  we  select  :  J.  G. 
Baker,  W.  H.  Beeby,  Arthur  Bennett,  J.  S.  Clarke,  G.  Claridge  Druce, 
J.  F.  Duthie,  H.  and  J.  Groves,  E.  M.  Holmes,  B.  Daydon  Jackson, 
W.  R.  Jeffrey,  H.  Lamb,  Maxwell  T.  Masters,  J.  Cosmo  Melvill,  Bishop 
Mitchinson,  W.  Moyle  Rogers,  C.  E.  Salmon,  C.  W.  Shepherd,  G.  C. 
Walton,  Sydney  Webb,  W.  Whitwell  and  A.  H.  WoUey-Dod. 

Instead  of  drawing  up  separate  lists  of  rarities  for  each  district,  we 
propose  to  briefly  mention  the  more  uncommon  plants  in  various  Orders, 
which  will  give  a  better  notion  of  the  county  vegetation  as  a  whole. 

Ranunculace^. — Thalictrum  favum,  L.  (meadow  rue)  is  most 
plentiful  in  the  Medway  valley.  T.  collinum,  Wallr.  may  have  been  found 
by  Parkinson  on  Margate  cliffs  ;  if  so,  it  has  long  since  disappeared.  A 
^/a^-flowered  form  of  Anemone  nemorosa,  L.  (wood  anemone)  grows  near 
Tunbridge  Wells.  A.  ranunculoides,  L.  is  recorded  by  Hudson  from 
Wrotham,  and  A.  apennina,  L.  has  been  observed  at  Trottescliffe  and 
Tonbridge  ;  but  they  are  not  natives.  Adonis  autumnalis,  L.  is  well 
established  in  chalky  fields,  though  apparently  decreasing  ;  and  Myosurus 
minimus,  L.  is  thinly  but  generally  distributed.  Among  the  Batrachium 
section  of  Ranunculus,  R.  peltatus,  Schrank  ;  R.  heterophyllus,  Weber  ;  R. 
circinatus,  Sibth. ;  R.  trichophyllus,  Chaix. ;  and  R.  Drouetii,  Godr.  are  all 
more  or  less  frequent.  (Messrs.  Groves  found  a  new  hybrid,  R.  Baudotii 
X  Drouetii,  in  Plumstead  Marshes.)  R.  Baudotii,  Godr.  also  abounds  in 
many  submaritime  localities.  R.  lutarius,  Bouvet  (intermedius,  Hiern, 
non  Knaf )  has  only  been  gathered  near  Tunbridge  Wells ;  and  but  three 
stations  in  districts  8  and  9  are  known  for  R.  Lenormandi,  F.  Schultz. 
Among   the   true    buttercups,   R.    Lingua,    L.    and    R.    sardous,   Crantz 

50 


BOTANY 

{hirsutus.  Curt.)  are  locally  frequent  ;  R.  parvijiorus,  L.  having  a  dozen 
localities  in  six  districts.  Helleborus  viridis,  L.  and  H.  fcetidus,  L.  are 
truly  wild  in  woods  on  chalk,  the  latter  being  confined  to  districts  2  and 
6.  Aquilegia  vulgaris^  L.  (columbine)  is  also  native  and  locally  abundant. 
Delphinium  Ajacis,  Reichb.  (larkspur),  though  found  in  every  district,  is 
hardly  more  than  a  casual. 

Berberide^. — The  barberry  [Berberis  i;«/^^m,  L.) ,  almost  restricted 
to  hedges  in  Kent,  is  rare  and  not  indigenous. 

Nymph^ace^. — Both  the  white  and  the  yellow  water  lily  are 
frequent,  except  near  London.  The  former  has  its  headquarters  in  the 
Weald. 

Pap  AVERAGES. — Papaver  sommyerumjlj. {opium,  poppy)  is  naturalized 
on  the  chalk,  to  which  the  rare  P.  Lecoqii,  Lamotte  is  entirely,  and  the 
local  P.  hybridum,  L.  mainly  confined.  Meconopsis  cambrica,  Vig.  (Welsh 
poppy)  occurs  (planted  or  escaped)  at  Hawkhurst,  and  Glaucium  flavum^ 
Crantz  is  fairly  common  on  the  coast.  Chelidonium  majus,  L.  (celandine), 
though  plentiful,  usually  grows  near  houses  and  in  roadside  hedges. 

FuMARiACE^. — Neckeria  claviculata,  N.  E.  Brown  {Corydalis,  DC), 
though  frequent  in  district  i,  is  scarce  elsewhere.  Fumaria  pallidifora, 
Jord.  has  been  found  casually  but  twice  ;  F.  Borai,  Jord,,  F.  confusa, 
Jord.,  and  F.  muralis.  Sender  are  better  established,  though  uncommon. 
F,  densijlora,  DC.  and  F.  parvifora.  Lam.  abound  in  many  chalky  fields  ; 
but  F.  Vaillantii,  Loisel.  is  recorded  only  from  Chatham,  Cuxton, 
Wouldham,  Bredhurst  and  Maidstone. 

Crucifer^. — Mathiola  incana,  R.  Br.  (hoary  stock)  has  been  found 
on  cliffs  at  Ramsgate  and  Broadstairs  ;  Cheiranthus  Cheiri,  L.  (wallflower) 
is  also  naturalized  on  the  cliffs  of  Thanet,  and  from  Folkestone  to  the 
South  Foreland.  Nasturtium  syhestre,  R.  Br.  and  N.  amphibium,  R.  Br. 
are  both  scarce  ;  N.  palustre,  DC.  being  uncommon  outside  districts  8 
and  9.  Barbarea  arcuata,  Reichb.  has  only  one  ascertained  habitat,  near 
Sittingbourne  ;  and  B.  intermedia,  Bor.  but  two,  at  Leeds  and  Penshurst. 
B.  prcecox,  R.  Br.  (American  cress)  seems  to  be  spreading.  Arabis 
hirsuta.  Scop,  keeps  to  the  chalk,  and  even  there  is  comparatively  rare  ; 
A.  Turrita,  L.  long  since  disappeared  from  a  wall  at  Lewisham,  where 
Martyn  discovered  it ;  and  A.  perfoliata.  Lam.  formerly  frequent  on  sand 
near  London,  has  only  been  met  with  lately  at  Hayes,  Chislehurst, 
Chelsfield  and  Stourmouth.  Cardamine  amara,  L.  and  C.fexuosa,  With, 
are  local  but  not  rare  ;  C.  impatiens,  L.  grows  at  Maplehurst  and  in  the 
Eden  valley,  about  Edenbridge  and  Penshurst  ;  C.  bulbifera,  R.  Br. 
{Dentaria,  L.)  being  found  here  and  there  in  districts  8  and  9.  Draba 
mura/is,  L.  (a  recent  addition)  occurs  on  bare  chalky  ground  near  the 
old  racecourse,  Wye  ;  Prof  Percival  suspects  it  to  have  been  introduced 
with  conifers  from  Carlisle,  but  on  grounds  which  appear  to  us  in- 
sufficient. Frophila  brachycarpa,  Jord.  must  surely  occur  in  other  places 
besides  Faversham,  and  between  Deal  and  Sandwich.  We  have  seen  no 
specimens  of  Cochlearia  officinalis,  L.  (common  scurvy-grass),  recorded  on 
good  authority  from  Greenwich  and  Strood  ;   C.  danica,  L.  has  but  three 

51 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

stations  in  Kent  ;  C.  ang/ica,  L.,  however  is  plentiful  northwards  by 
tidal  rivers  and  salt  marshes.  Its  var.  gemim,  Hort  {Hortii,  Syme), 
erroneously  assumed  to  be  the  type  in  our  flora,  has  occurred  about 
Woolwich  and  Queenborough,  and  may  be  not  uncommon.  Sisymbrium 
Sophia,  L.  is  scarce  except  in  the  north.  Erysimum  cheiranthoides,  L. 
may  be  native  here  and  there  on  river  sides,  but  is  usually  a  colonist  or 
casual,  and  rather  scarce.  Brassica  oleracea,  L.  (wild  cabbage)  is  cer- 
tainly indigenous  on  the  southern  cliffs  from  Folkestone  to  the  South 
Foreland  ;  and  B.  Sinapioides,  Roth  {nigra,  Koch  [black  mustard])  is 
equally  so  on  the  coast,  though  only  a  colonist  inland.  Diplotaxis  temii- 
folia,  DC.  has  many  natural  stations;  and  D.  muralis,  DC.  (first  observed 
in  1778)  has  spread  from  Thanet  over  many  parts  of  the  north  and  east. 
Lepidium  latifolium,  L.,  though  decreasing,  still  occurs  about  Upnor, 
Broadstairs,  Sandwich  and  Folkestone  ;  L.  hirtum,  Sm.  [Smithii,  Hooker), 
a  plant  of  light  soils,  is  uncommon  ;  but  L.  Draba,  L.  accidentally 
introduced  at  Ramsgate  about  a  century  ago,  has  become  abundant  in 
many  places.  Iberis  amara,  L.  (candytuft)  used  to  be  found  at  Shooters 
Hill,  Cobham,  Aylesford  and  Deal.  Hutchinsia  petraa,  planted  (by 
Dillenius  .?)  on  a  wall  at  Eltham,  is  extinct.  Teesdalia  mdicaulis,  R.  Br., 
abundant  on  the  shingly  beach  at  Lydd  and  Dungeness,  also  occurs  about 
Kingsdown,  Stourmouth  and  Cranbrook.  Crambe  maritima,  L.  (seakale) 
is  now  almost  limited  to  the  coast  between  Walmer  and  Folkestone. 
Raphanus  maritimus,  Sm.  has  but  one  station,  at  Broadstairs. 

VioLACE^. — Viola  palustris,  L.  has  its  main  range  in  districts  8, 
9.  V.  odorata,  L.  (sweet  violet)  is  certainly  native  on  the  chalk.  While 
V.  ericetorum,  Schrad.  {canina,  auct.)  is  fairly  general  on  dry  heaths,  V. 
lactea,  Sm.  has  only  been  observed  about  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  between 
Leigh  and  Penshurst  Park. 

PoLYGALE^. — Polygala  oxyptera,  Reichb.  is  scarce,  P.  calcarea,  F. 
Schultz  locally  abundant,  on  the  downs  ;  to  which  also  P.  austriaca, 
Crantz  (only  found  outside  Kent  in  one  British  station)  is  restricted.  It 
has  been  gathered  near  Wye,  Charing,  Hartlip  and  Shoreham,  and 
probably  occurs  elsewhere. 

Frankeniace^. — Fratikenia  Icevis,  L.  (sea  heath)  may  be  found 
here  and  there  from  Sheppey  to  New  Romney. 

Caryophylle^. — Dianthus  Armeria,  L.  (Deptford  pink),  though  not 
rare,  is  decreasing  ;  D.  deltoides,  L.  (maiden  pink)  being  very  scarce. 
D.  plumarius,  L.  and  D.  Caryophyllus,  L.  (aliens)  linger  on  two  or  three 
ruins.  D.  prolifer,  L.  is  native  about  Hythe.  Silene  conica,  L.  abounds 
on  Deal  sandhills  and  at  Romney  Warren ;  S.  anglica,  L.  being  strangely 
rare,  and  S.  quinquevuhiera,  L.  merely  sporadic.  S.  nutans,  L.  (Notting- 
ham catchfly)  has  a  considerable  range  in  the  south-east  ;  its  near  ally 
S.  italica,  Pers.,  long  known  near  Dartford,  also  grows  at  intervals  from 
Dungeness  to  St,  Margaret's  Bay.  S.  noctijiora,  L,  is  not  well  established, 
except  in  Thanet.  Cerastium  quaternellum,  Fenzl  {Mcenchia  erecta,  Sm.)  is 
local  and  of  uncertain  appearance  ;  but  C.  arvense,  L.  occurs  frequently 
on   the  chalk.      Stellaria  palustris,  Retz    {glauca.  With.)    has  been  found 


BOTANY 

near  Deal  and  Tunbridge  Wells ;  S.  umbrosa^  Opiz  at  Darenth,  Elmsden 
and  Folkestone.  Sagina  maritima,  Don,  frequent  from  Hythe  to  Sand- 
wich, has  only  been  noticed  elsewhere  in  Sheppey  and  at  Heme  Bay. 
S.  ciliata,  Fr.  is  doubtless  often  overlooked  in  sandy  ground ;  about  sixteen 
stations  are  known  for  it.  The  only  certain  locality  for  S.  subulata, 
Presl  is  at  Blackheath  ;  while  S.  nodosa,  Fenzl  is  restricted  to  the 
neighbourhood  of  Margate,  Sandwich,  Sandgate  and  Romney.  The 
usual  Kentish  form  of  Lepigonum  salinum,  Kindb.  is  the  glandular  L. 
tieglectum,  Kindb. 

Hypericine^. — Hypericum  Androscemum,  L.  (tutsan)  occurs  in  every 
district,  and  is  rather  common  in  the  south,  H.  dubium.  Leers  has  but 
six  specified  stations,  var.  maculatum,  Bab.  being  reported  from  Hawk- 
hurst.  H.  montanum,  L.  prefers  the  border  line  between  sand  and  chalk ; 
it  is  rare,  and  only  found  in  districts  i,  2,  3,  8.  H.  Elodes,  L.  grows 
about  Keston  and  Chislehurst,  around  Tunbridge  Wells,  on  Hothfield 
Heath,  and  at  Collier's  Green  ;  also  at  Willesborough  and  Westenhanger. 

Malvace^. — Althcea  officinalis,  L.  (marsh  mallow)  may  still  be 
found  in  a  good  many  submaritime  spots  (it  is  common  in  Romney 
Marsh)  ;  and  A.  hirsuta,  L.  holds  its  own  about  Cobham  and  Cuxton, 
where  it  was  discovered  in  1792. 

LiNE^. — Radiola  linoides.  Roth  (all-seed),  though  locally  frequent, 
has  not  been  seen  in  districts  2,  4,  6,  7.  Linum  angustifolium,  Huds.  is 
most  plentiful  in  the  south  and  east,  and  appears  to  be  absent  from 
district  i, 

Geraniace^. — Geranium  pratense,  L.  (meadow  crane's-bill)  has  been 
found  sparingly  in  all  but  three  of  our  divisions  ;  G.  pyrenaicum,  Burm. 
fil.,  though  more  common,  is  a  doubtful  native.  G.  rotundifolium,  L. 
(rare  and  local)  has  over  a  dozen  stations,  several  being  in  the  north- 
west ;  G.  lucidum,  L.  being  rather  more  frequent,  though  local.  The 
var.  purpureum  of  G.  Robertianum,  L.  (herb  Robert)  abounds  on  the 
shingles  of  Dungeness  ;  it  also  grows  at  Hythe,  Kingsdown,  and  between 
Dover  and  Folkestone.  Erodium  moschatum,  L'Herit.  is  possibly  native 
in  Thanet,  near  Hythe,  and  at  Sandgate  ;  E.  maritimum,  L'Herit,  has 
been  gathered  near  Deal  and  on  the  walls  of  Sandgate  Castle,  but  not 
recently.  Oxalis  Acetosella,  L.  (wood  sorrel),  var.  subpurpurascens,  DC, 
with  rose-pink  flowers,  used  to  grow  at  Chislehurst  (Gerard),  and  has 
lately  been  found  between  Seal  and  Ightham.  Impatiens  bijiora.  Walker 
{fuha,  Nutt.)  is  naturalized  near  Catford  Bridge,  Lewisham  and  Darenth. 

Rhamne^. — Rhamnus  catharticus,  L.  (buckthorn),  common  on 
chalk,  grows  in  every  district  ;  the  sand-loving  alder  buckthorn  {R. 
Frangula,  L.)  is  frequent  in  districts  i,  8,  9. 

Leguminos^. — Genista  pilosa,  L,  has  but  one  Kentish  station 
(Wrotham  Heath)  ;  G.  anglica,  L.  (needle  greenweed)  being  also  com- 
paratively scarce,  owing  to  the  paucity  of  damp  commons,  a  remark 
which  applies  to  JJlex  nanus,  Forster.  Trigonella  purpurascens.  Lam., 
rare  inland,  sometimes  grows  in  profusion  on  the  coast,  like  the  choicer 
Medicago   denticulata,  Willd.   and    M.  minima,  Desr.       M.  syhestris,    Fr. 

53 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

was  discovered  in  1896  in  the  Tunbridge  Wells  neighbourhood,  and 
reported  to  us  as  a  true  native.  Trifolium  ochroleucon,  Huds.  has  three 
alleged  stations  (near  Greenwich,  between  Northfleet  and  Gadshill,  and 
at  Sutton  Valence)  ;  but  we  have  seen  no  specimen.  T.  squamosum,  L. 
{maritimum,  Huds.)  and  T.  glomeratum,  L.  are  locally  frequent  in  the 
north,  and  on  the  east  and  south  coasts ;  T  suffocatum,  L.  being  restricted 
to  Chislehurst  Common,  Blackheath,  Upnor,  and  sandy  or  gravelly  shores 
from  Lydd  to  Sandwich.  Lotus  tenuis,  Wald.  &  Kit.  is  fairly  frequent 
on  stiff  soils ;  but  L.  angustissimus,  L.  has  only  twice  been  obtained,  viz. 
in  the  Isle  of  Grain  and  near  Gravesend.  Coronilla  varia,  L.  occurs  in  a 
rough  wood  at  Goodneston  and  on  a  hedge  bank  at  Farleigh,  no  doubt 
introduced ;  and  Astragalus  glycyphyllos,  L.  (milk  vetch)  grows  in  many 
thickets  on  the  chalk.  Sainfoin  {Ombrychis  vicicefolia.  Scop.),  common 
on  the  downs,  is  probably  often  indigenous.  Vicia  gracilis,  L.  has  been 
found  at  Cobham,  Heme  Bay,  between  Whitstable  and  Canterbury,  and 
at  Southborough.  V.  sylvatica,  L.  (wood  vetch)  possesses  twenty  stations ; 
while  V.  lutea,  L.  is  wild  only  about  Lydd  and  Dungeness.  V.  lathyroides, 
L.  is  locally  plentiful  on  the  coast  ;  but  V.  bithynica,  L.  only  occurs  at 
Frinsbury,  Hoo,  Darenth  Wood,  Upnor,  Deal,  Folkestone  and  Sandwich. 
Lathyrus  Aphaca,  L.  has  ten  localities  vouched  for  ;  L.  Nissolia,  L. 
being  frequent  in  many  parts.  L.  hirsutus,  L.  is  considered  by  Mr. 
Holmes  to  be  native  in  a  wood  at  Southborough,  and  L.  sylvestris,  L.  is 
not  uncommon  eastwards  ;  but  L.  latifolius,  L.  (everlasting  pea)  is  only 
an  occasional  escape  from  gardens.  L.  maritimus,  Bigel.  is  now  confined 
to  the  shingles  near  Walmer  and  Dungeness. 

Rosacea. — The  brambles  of  Kent  are  still  in  need  of  much  exami- 
nation, few  neighbourhoods  having  been  thoroughly  worked.  Of  those 
known  to  be  more  or  less  common  we  may  mention  Rubus  Idaus,  L. 
(raspberry) ;  R.  Lindleianus,  Lees ;  R.  rhamnifolius,  L. ;  R.  pulcherrimus, 
Neum.;  R.  argentatus,'?.  J.  Muell.;  R.  rusticanus,  Merc,  {fruticosus,  Sm.; 
discolor,  Bab.) ;  R.  pubescens,  Wh.,  var.  subinermis,  Rogers ;  R.  macrophyllus, 
Wh.  &  N. ;  i?.  Sprengelii,  Wh. ;  R.  leucostachys,  Schleich. ;  R.  radula, 
Wh.;  R.  Babingtonii,  Bell  Salt.;  R.  scaber,  Wh.  &  N.  ;  R.  fuscus,  Wh. 
&  N.  (district  i)  ;  R.  foliosus,  Wh.  &  N. ;  /?.  rosaceus,  Wh.  &  N. ; 
R.  dasyphyllus,  Rogers  {pallidus,  Bab.)  ;  R.  viridis,  Kalt.  ;  R.  hirtus, 
Wald.  &  Kit. ;  R.  dumetorum,  Wh.  &  N. ;  R.  corylifolius,  Sm. ;  and  jR. 
ccesius,  L.  (dewberry).  Other  species  are  hitherto  localized  as  follows  : 
R.  Jissus,  Lindl.:  Hayes,  Chislehurst  and  St.  Paul's  Cray  Commons; 
Paddlesworth  (district  7).  R.  suberectus.  And.:  Bigberry  and  East  Blean 
Woods  ;  Willesborough.  R.  pUcatus,  Wh.  &  N. :  Chislehurst  and  St. 
Paul's  Cray  Commons ;  Dartford  ;  Tunbridge  Wells.  R.  Rogersii,  Linton  : 
Hayes  Common.  R.  opacus,  Focke :  Preston  (district  5).  R.  affinis, 
Wh.  &  N.  :  near  Plumstead  (the  other  records  are  probably  erroneous). 
R.  imbricatus,  Hort :  Tunbridge  Wells.  R.  carpinifolius,  Wh.  &  N. : 
Hayes  and  Chislehurst  Commons;  Barming  Heath.  R.  incurvatus,  Bab.: 
Tunbridge  Wells.  R.  Bakeri,  F.  A.  Lees:  Hayes  and  Chislehurst 
Commons.    R.  Selmeri,  Lindeb. :  Dartford  Heath  ;  Fawke  Common.    R. 

54 


BOTANY 

gratus,  Focke :  Plumstead  Common;  Thorndean  Woods,  etc.  (district  3). 
R.  micans,  Gren.  &  Godr.  {adscitus,  Genev.):  Ryarsh  ;  Tunbridge  Wells. 
R.  hirtif alius,  Muell.  &  Wirtg.  :  Paddlesworth  (district  7).  R.  pyramidalis, 
Kalt. :  East  Wickham,  Highlands,  Mereworth,  Ryarsh,  Sevenoaks.  R. 
mucronatus,  Blox.:  near  Eltham.  R.  Gelertii,  Frid.,  var.  criniger,  Linton: 
Ryarsh,  Leybourne.  R.  anglosaxonicus,  Gelert  :  Shooters  Hill ;  Ryarsh  ; 
Dartford  Heath  (var.  raduloides,  Rogers).  R.  lasioclados,  Focke:  Paddles- 
worth ;  Tunbridge  Wells  ;  Sevenoaks  (var.  angustifolius,  Rogers).  R. 
melanoxylon,  Muell.  &  Wirtg.  :  Bexley  Wood  (WoUey-Dod,  1901).  R. 
infestus,  Wh. :  Tunbridge  Wells ;  Willesborough.  R.  Drejeri,  G.  Jensen  : 
Plumstead  Common  ;  Blean  Wood.  R.  podophyllus,  P.  J.  Muell. :  Plum- 
stead  Common.  R.  echinatus,  Lindley  :  Bostal  Heath,  West  Wood  Lane 
and  Eltham;  Strood,  TrottesclifFe.  R.  oigoclados,  Muell.  &  Lef.  (var. 
Newbouldii  (Bab.):  Tunbridge  Wells;  Leybourne;  Wrotham  Heath. 
R.  rudis,  Wh.  &  N.  :  Chelsfield ;  frequent  about  Ryarsh  and  Sevenoaks ; 
Ham  Street.  R.  Lejeunei,  Wh.  &  N.,  var.  ericetorum,  Lef.  :  Eltham. 
R.  Bloxamii,  Lees  :  Barming,  Highlands  and  Leybourne  ;  Wrotham 
Heath.  R.  pallidas,  Wh.  &  N.  :  Shooters  Hill ;  East  Wickham  ;  var. 
leptopetalus,  Rogers  :  St.  Paul's  Cray  ;  Chislehurst  ;  Shooters  Hill.  R. 
longithyrsiger,  Bab.  :  Shooters  Hill  ;  Eltham.  R.  Powellii,  Rogers  : 
Shooters  Hill.  R.  adornatus,  P.  J.  Muell.:  Keston  ;  Leybourne,  Mailing, 
Bitchet  Common  ;  Sandling  Park.  R.  Koehleri,  Wh.  &  N.  :  Becken- 
ham,  Chislehurst  and  Shooters  Hill ;  Halstead  ;  Canterbury  ;  Wye.  R. 
Marshalli,  Focke  &  Rogers  :  Bostal  Heath  ;  Tunbridge  Wells.  R. 
hostilis,  Muell.  &  Wirtg. :  Ryarsh  ;  Offham  ;  Tunbridge  Wells.  R. 
Bellardi,  Wh.  &  N. :  Fordwich  ;  near  Ryarsh  ;  Sandling  Park  (var. 
dentatus,  Bab.).  R.  serpens,  Wh. :  Halstead;  Shoreham  ;  Tunbridge 
Wells  ;  Shooters  Hill  (var.  R.  rivularis,  Muell.  &  Wirtg.).  R. 
britannicus,  Rogers  :  Keston  Common  ;  Orpington  ;  near  Ryarsh.  R. 
Balfourianus,  Blox.:  Shooters  Hill ;  Wye  ;  Tunbridge  Wells  ;  Ashford  ; 
Ham  Street.  The  American  R.  spectabilis,  Pursh  is  naturalized  near 
Sandling  Junction,  and  R.  laciniatus,  Willd.,  another  escape,  has  been 
gathered  on  Chislehurst  Common. 

Geum  rivale,  L.  (water  avens)  was  said  by  Jacob  (1777)  to  grow  at 
Hothfield,  and  is  not  unlikely  to  occur.  Fragaria  elatior,  Ehrh.  (Hautbois 
strawberry),  has  become  established  in  a  few  places.  Potentilla  procumbens, 
Sibth.,  often  overlooked,  is  pretty  common  ;  while  P.  argentea,  L.,  though 
found  in  all  the  divisions,  is  only  plentiful  in  district  i.  P.  palustris. 
Scop.  {Comarum  palustre,  L.),  perhaps  extinct  at  Keston,  has  also  been 
noted  in  Minster  Marshes  (district  4),  near  Ashford,  and  by  the  ponds 
at  Dungeness.  Alchemilla  vulgaris,  L.  (lady's  mantle)  has  several  stations 
in  district  8,  but  is  very  rare  elsewhere.  Agrimonia  odorata.  Miller,  only 
noticed  at  Plumstead,  Fordwich,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Pounds  Bridge,  and 
near  Penshurst,  is  likely  to  prove  more  frequent  in  the  Weald. 

The  roses  are  fairly  well  represented.  Rosa  pimpinellifolia,  L.  (burnet 
rose)  grows  chiefly  on  the  downs ;  of  its  hybrids  (R.involuta,  Sm.,and  vars.), 
R.  pimpinellifolia  x  rubiginosa  has  been   found  at   Boxley  Warren,  R.  pirn- 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

pinellifolia  x  tomentosa  at  Snodland,  Hailing,  TrottesclifFe,  Crockham  Hill 
and  Southborough.  Of  R.  rubella^  Sm.  (perhaps  also  a  pimpinellifolia 
hybrid),  an  unlocalized  west  Kent  specimen  is  in  E.  Forster's  herbarium 
at  the  British  Museum.  Vars.  cotnosa.  Rip.  and  jenensis,  M.  Schulze  of 
R.  riibiginosa,  L.  (common  on  chalk)  occur  at  Hailing  and  Boxley  War- 
ren respectively  ;  R.  micrantha,  Sm.,  var.  hystrix  (Leman)  grows  on 
Dartford  Heath,  and  var.  permixta  (Des.)  at  Upper  Hailing,  Halstead, 
and  Boxley  ;  R.  micrantha  y~rubigtnosa{\)  at  Boxley  Warren.  R.  tomentosa^ 
Sm.,  R.  obtusifolia,  Desv.  and  its  var.  tomentella  (Leman),  and  R.  systyla. 
Bast,  are  all  frequent  ;  whereas  R.  glauca,  Vill.  is  only  recorded  from 
Chelsfield  and  Cuxton,  and  R.  septum,  Thuill.  from  Adisham,  and  be- 
tween Chilham  and  Crundell.  Pyrus  torminalis,  L.,  P.  communis,  L.  (wild 
pear),  and  P.  germanica.  Hooker  fil.  {Mespilus,  L.  [medlar])  are  quite 
local  ;  Darenth  Wood  being  the  sole  station  for  P.  pinnatijida,  Ehrh. 
(probably  P.  Aria  x  Aucuparia) . 

Saxifrages. — Saxtfraga  granulata,  L.,  known  for  six  divisions,  is 
not  uncommon  in  districts  i,  2,  8  ;  Chrysospletiium  alternifolium,  L.,  being 
the  scarcer  of  our  two  species,  though  it  has  several  stations  in  districts 
8,  9,  lo. 

Crassulaces. — Cotyledon  Umbilicus,  L.  (wall  pennywort),  always 
rare,  is  mostly  extinct,  but  was  observed  lately  near  Chilham.  Sedum 
Telephium,  L.  (orpine)  and  S.  anglicum,  Huds.  are  locally  plentiful  ;  but 
S.  rejiexum,  L.  is  usually  if  not  always  introduced  (the  Wrotham  and 
Ightham  stations  may  be  exceptions  ;  the  plant  found  there  was 
apparently  -S*.  albescens.  Haw.). 

Droseraces. — Drosera  rotundifolia,  L.  (sundew),  for  lack  of  suitable 
situations,  is  of  scanty  occurrence,  and  D.  intermedia,  Hayne  appears  to 
be  absent. 

Halorages. — Myriophyllum  verticil  latum,  L.  has  a  fairly  general 
distribution  ;  M.  alternijiorum,  DC,  only  recorded  from  Preston  (district 
5),  Ham  Ponds  and  Appledore,  should  also  prove  to  be  not  uncommon 
inland.  Callitriche  obtusangula,  DC.  is  frequent  near  the  sea  ;  but  the 
only  home  of  C.  truncata,  Guss.  is  at  Westerham. 

Lythraces. — L.  Hyssopifolia,  L.  has  occurred  between  South  Nor- 
wood and  Elmers  End,  near  Rochester  and  Faversham,  and  possibly  by 
the  old  canal  between  Gravesend  and  Strood. 

Onagraces. — Epilobium  lanceolatum,  Seb.  and  Maur.  grows  be- 
tween Chislehurst  and  Bickley,  in  Woolwich  Arsenal,  at  Swanscombe 
and  River  Hill,  and  between  Whitstable  and  Canterbury.  E.  roseum, 
Schreb.i  £.  adnatum,  Griseb.  (£.  tetragonum.  Curt.,  an  L.?),  and  E. 
palustre,  L.  are  pretty  generally  distributed  ;  a  remark  probably  applying 
to  E.  Lamyi,  F.  Schultz,  which  is  a  perfectly  distinct  but  imperfectly 
known  species.  Several  hybrids  have  been  met  with.  (Enothera  biennis, 
L.  (evening  primrose)  is  rather  freely  naturalized  ;  CE.  odorata,  Jacq. 
being  apparently  well  established  at  Richborough  and  Ightham. 

Umbellifers. — Echinophora  spinosa,  L.,  reported  by  old  writers 
from  Faversham,  Whitstable,  Thanet  and  Sandwich,  was  (if  correct)  only 

56 


BOTANY 

a  ballast  plant.  Smyrnium  Olusatrum,  L.  (Alexanders)  is  frequent  and 
native  near  tidal  waters.  Bupleurum  rotundifolium,  L.  (hare's-ear)  has  its 
chief  range  on  the  chalk  in  district  2  ;  B.  tenuissimum,  L.  being  a  fairly 
common  littoral  species.  Falcaria  vulgaris,  Bernh.,  a  denizen  or  alien, 
grows  in  chalky  fields  at  Birchington  and  Wingham.  Sium  latifolium, 
L.  has  disappeared  from  many  of  its  old  localities,  but  remains  fairly 
common  in  and  near  Romney  Marsh.  Pimpinella  major,  Huds.  [magna, 
L.)  is  unusually  plentiful  in  Kent  (both  type  and  var.  dissecta,  N.  E.  Br.). 
Crithmum  maritimum,  L.  (samphire),  frequent  from  Deal  to  Folkestone,  is 
also  recorded  from  Halstow  and  Romney.  (Enanthe  silaifolia,  Bieb.  (easily 
overlooked),  grows  at  Chiddingstone,  Sarre,  between  Sheerness  and 
Queenborough,  and  between  Seabrooke  and  Appledore  ;  (E.  Lachenalii, 
C.  Gmel.  (in  salt  marshes)  and  CE.  Phellandrium,  Lam.  (especially  in  the 
Weald)  occur  freely  ;  but  CE.  fluviatilis,  Coleman  is  restricted  to  streams 
in  east  Kent.  Peucedanum  officinale,  L.,  lost  from  the  Thames  marshes 
since  Ray's  time,  can  still  be  obtained  about  Faversham,  Whitstable  and 
Heme  Bay.  The  localities  for  Daucus  gummifer.  Lam.  are  in  Thanet, 
and  at  Dover  and  Folkestone.  Caucalis  daucoides,  L.  occurs  sparingly  in 
district  2,  and  was  formerly  found  between  Rochester  and  Maidstone  ; 
C.  arvensis,  Huds.,  though  not  very  common,  grows  in  all  the  districts. 

Caprifoliace^. — Sambucus  Ebulus,  L.  (dwarf  elder)  is  reported  in 
over  twenty  locaHties  ;  and  S.  nigra,  L.  (var.  laciniata,  L.)  in  eleven. 
Lonicera  Caprifolium,  L.  (probably  bird  sown)  grows  at  Bromley,  Short- 
lands,  Knockholt  and  Upper  Hailing. 

RuBiACE^. — Rubia  peregrina,  L.  (wild  madder)  appears  to  be  con- 
fined to  the  south  coast,  about  Dover,  Folkestone  and  Hythe.  Galium 
erectum,  Huds.  has  been  observed  sparingly  in  seven  districts  ;  while  G. 
uliginosum,  L.  is  rare,  except  in  district  i.  G.  anglicum,  Huds.  is  (or 
was)  found  at  Eltham,  Bromley,  Dartford,  Crayford,  Cobham,  Farming- 
ham  and  Lydden  Spout  (near  Dover)  ;  G.  tricorne,  Stokes  being  rather 
common  in  chalky  soil. 

Valeriane^. — Valeriatia  dioica,  L.,  rare  in  the  dry  chalk  districts, 
is  not  unfrequent  elsewhere.  V.  Mikanii,  Syme,  hitherto  known  for  cer- 
tain only  about  Hailing  and  Wye,  should  prove  to  be  more  frequent  in 
copses  on  the  chalk.  Centranthus  ruber,  DC.  (spur  valerian)  is  abun- 
dantly naturalized  ;  but  C.  Calcitrapa,  Dufr.  may  be  extinct  at  Eltham. 
Valerianella  carinata,  Loisel.  seems  to  be  native,  at  least  in  some  of  its 
stations,  which  are  as  follows  :  between  West  Wickham  and  Keston, 
Upper  Deal,  between  Wrotham  and  Ryarsh,  Sutton  Valence,  and  Bough- 
ton  Quarries,  Linton.  V.  rimosa.  Bast.  {Auricula,  DC.)  has  only  occurred 
in  cornfields  about  West  Wickham,  Keston  and  Hayes,  near  Cobham, 
and  between  Oare  and  Sheppey. 

Composite. — Filago  spathulata,  Presl  and  F.  minima,  Fr.  are  both 
rather  uncommon.  F.  gallica,  L.,  formerly  found  about  Dartford,  was 
probably  introduced  with  the  crop.  Gnaphalium  syhaticum,  L.  is  gene- 
rally but  locally  distributed.  Inula  Helenium,  L.  (elecampane),  a  very 
doubtful  native,  occurs  quite  rarely  ;  /.  crithmoides,  L.  (golden  samphire) 
I  57  8 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

has  several  stations  in  district  3,  and  was  recently  discovered  at  Stoke 
(district  2).  Pulicaria  vulgaris,  Gasrtn.  is  on  record  from  Lewisham, 
Mottingham,  Faversham,  Hernhill,  Redleaf  and  Snodland.  Abundant 
in  the  Tunbridge  Wells  neighbourhood,  Anthemis  nobilis,  L.  (chamomile) 
is  scarce  elsewhere.  Petasites  fragrans,  Presl  spreads  fast  ;  and  P. 
officinalis,  Moench  (butterbur)  is  frequent  in  the  Weald.  Senecio  viscosus, 
L.,  a  common  weed  near  London,  is  clearly  native  from  Dungeness  to 
Hythe.  S.  squalidus,  L,  was  originally  introduced  from  Oxford  by  Dr. 
Maxwell  Masters  to  the  old  city  wall  at  Canterbury.  S.  campestris,  DC. 
only  occurs  on  the  downs  above  Burham.  Arctium  nemorosum,  Lej.  and 
A.  intermedium,  Lange  are  not  uncommon,  though  less  plentiful  than  A. 
majus,  Bernh,  Cnicus  eriophorus.  Roth  has  apparently  decreased,  and 
some  of  its  alleged  localities  are  doubtful  ;  it  has  chiefly  occurred  near 
the  south-east  coast.  C.  pratensis,  Willd.,  like  its  usual  companions,  is 
quite  scarce  in  Kent  ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  Scotch  thistle  {Onopordon 
Acanthium,  L.)  has  been  found  in  every  division,  with  many  stations  in 
districts  2,  3.  The  alien  milk  thistle  {Mariana  lactea.  Hill  ;  Silybum 
Marianum,  Gaertn.)  occurs  fairly  often  ;  but  Serratula  tinctoria,  L.  (saw- 
wort)  is  quite  rare,  except  about  Keston,  Bromley,  Cranbrook  and 
Hawkhurst.  Centaurea  Jacea,  L.  and  C.  solstitialis,  L.  have  no  claim 
to  be  native ;  but  C.  Calcitrapa,  L.  is  probably  so  on  the  coast.  Arnoseris 
pusilla,  Gasrtn.  has  been  collected  only  in  sandy  fields  at  Bexley  and 
Sutton  Valence.  Crepis  fcetida,  L.  was  noted  for  a  good  many  suburban 
stations  ;  but  it  is  now  lost  in  several  of  them,  and  may  be  found  princi- 
pally about  Walmer  and  Hythe.  C.  taraxacifolia,  Thuill.,  indigenous  on 
the  chalk,  abounds  in  Kent  more  than  in  any  other  English  county  ; 
which  is  also  probably  the  case  with  C.  biennis,  L.  The  hawkweeds  have 
not  yet  been  properly  worked  out.  Hieracium  murorum,  L.  (usually  var. 
pellucidum,  Lasst.)  is  frequent  in  the  sandy  parts  of  the  Weald.  H.  vul- 
gatum,  Fr.  var.  glaucovirens,  Dahlst.  grows  at  Vill  of  Dunkirk  (district  3) 
and  Stone  Street  (district  7)  ;  var.  maculatum  (Sm.),  an  alien,  has  oc- 
curred on  a  wall  at  Sydenham  and  on  Walmer  beach.  H.  sciaphilum, 
Uechtr.  {H.  sylvaticum,  Sm..?)  is  frequent  on  sand,  especially  in  districts 
8,  9  ;  like  H.  rigidum,  Hartm.,  of  which  vars.  acrifolium,  Dahlst. 
and  scabrescens,  Johanssen  are  probably  the  usual  forms  in  Kent ;  var. 
tridentatum  (Fr.)  has  been  gathered  in  Bedgebury  Woods  near  Cran- 
brook. H.  cantianum,  F.  J.  Hanb.,  found  near  Tunbridge  Wells  and 
Cranbrook,  should  occur  in  a  good  many  places.  H.  boreale,  Fr.  is  quite 
common.  Of  H.  umbellatum,  L.,  frequent  on  heaths  and  in  open  wood- 
lands, var.  monticola  (Jord.)  is  only  known  from  Darenth  Wood  ;  while 
var.  coronopifolium  (Bernh.)  occurs  near  Maidstone  and  Leybourne. 
Hypochceris  glabra,  L.  used  to  be  found  on  Blackheath  and  Woolwich 
Warren  ;  it  still  grows  about  Tunbridge  Wells,  Sevenoaks,  Rodmersham, 
Deal,  Sandwich  and  Romney,  sometimes  in  company  with  var.  Balbisii 
(Loisel.).  Taraxacum  erythrospermum,  Andrz.  (T".  corniculatum,  DC?) 
often  abounds  on  light  sand.  The  type  of  T.  palustre,  DC.  seems  to  be 
much  rarer  than  var.  udum  (Jord.)  ;  which,  in  spite  of  its  name,  is  by  no 

58 


BOTANY 

means  confined  to  wet  places,  being  plentiful  on  the  downs  in  district  2, 
and  doubtless  elsewhere.  Lactuca  virosa,  L.,  though  local,  has  many 
more  localities  than  L.  Scario/a,  L.,  found  sparingly  in  the  maritime  or 
sub-maritime  portions  of  districts  i,  2,  3,  7.  L.  sa/igna,  L.  grows  in  a  few 
places  near  the  Thames  ;  about  Sheerness,  Heme  Bay,  Whitstable  and 
Seasalter  ;  and  at  Wouldham.  Sonchus  palustris,  L.  (marsh  sow-thistle) 
is  almost  restricted  to  the  Thames  and  Medway  valleys  (there  is  an  out- 
lying station  at  Ryarsh  Wood)  ;  the  alleged  east  Kent  localities  were 
most  likely  errors,  as  large  states  oi  S.  arvensis  growing  in  marshes  have 
often  been  mistaken  for  this  species.  Tragopogon  pratense,  L.,  var.  Symei, 
Ar.  Benn.  {grandijiorum,  Bosw.)  has  been  observed  at  Sydenham,  Cobham 
and  Wye  ;  T.  porrifolius,  L.  (salsify)  being  occasionally  found  more  or 
less  naturalized. 

Campanulace^. — Wahlenbergia  hederacea,  Reichb.  (ivy-leaved  bell- 
flower)  has  occurred  on  the  bogs  in  district  i  ;  about  Chevening, 
Knockholt,  Down,  Cudham  and  Westerham  ;  and  at  Seal  Chart.  Phy- 
teuma  orbiculare,  L.,  locally  plentiful  in  Surrey  and  Sussex,  is  very  rare 
in  Kent,  being  restricted  to  a  few  stations  in  district  2  and  the  cliffs 
between  Walmer  and  St.  Margaret's ;  it  appears  to  be  extinct  at  Beacon 
Hill  near  Faversham.  Campanula  glomerata,  L.  (clustered  bellflower), 
though  abundant  in  district  2,  has  a  very  thin  distribution  over  the  rest 
of  the  chalk  country ;  C.  latifolia,  L.  (giant  bellflower)  is  recorded  only 
from  Cobham,  Rainham  and  Canterbury  ;  C.  Rapu?iculus,  L.  from 
Bexley,  North  Cray,  Crayford,  Dartford,  Cobham  and  Harrietsham  ; 
while  C.  patula,  L.  has  but  two  stations,  near  Bexley  and  at  Cobham. 

Vacciniace^. — The  bilberry  {Vaccinium  Myrtillus,  L.)  has  only 
seven  definite  localities  outside  districts  8,  9,  where  it  is  locally  abun- 
dant ;  and  the  cranberry  {Schollera  Oxycoccus,  Roth,  V.  Oxycoccos,  L.) 
possesses  a   solitary  station   at  Oldborough    (district   8). 

Ericace^. — Erica  Tetralix,  L.  (cross-leaved  heath)  is  very  rare, 
except  on  the  moist  sands  of  districts  i,  8,  9  ;  E.  cinerea,  L.  (purple 
heath)  being  also  scarce  in  districts  2,  7,  10,  and  quite  absent  from 
districts  3  to  6.  Pyrola  rotundifolia,  L.  has  one  west  Kent  habitat  in 
Joyden's  Wood,  Bexley  ;  it  also  occurs  at  Millstead  (district  6),  and  in 
seven  parishes — mostly  on  the  chalk — between  Stouting  and  Stourmouth 
(districts  5,  7).  P.  minor,  L.  has  been  found  between  Penshurst  and 
Maidstone,  as  well  as  near  Eastwell,  Nackington,  Wye  and  Stouting. 
Hypopitys  Monotropa,  Crantz  (yellow  birds'-nest)  grows  locally  in  six 
divisions. 

Plumbagine^. — Var.  pyramidalis,  Syme  of  Statice  Limonium,  L. 
(sea  lavender),  which  is  common,  occurs  at  Northfleet,  Cuxton  and 
near  Sheerness  ;  S.  rariflora,  Drejer  being  apparently  confined  to  dis- 
trict 3.  S.  auriculafolia,  Vahl,  fairly  plentiful  on  the  south  coast,  also 
grows  at  Ramsgate,   Margate,  in  Harty  Isle  and  about  Sheerness. 

Primulace^. — Hottonia  palustris,  L.  (water  violet)  is  frequent. 
Anagallis  arvensis,  L.,  var.  carnea  (Schrank)  has  been  seen  at  Higham, 
Shepherd's  Well,  Aylesford  and  Hawkhurst.     A.  ccerulea,  Schreb.  (blue 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

pimpernel),  though  generally  distributed,  is  scarce  outside  district  2  ; 
but  A.  tenel/a,  L.  (bog  pimpernel)  is  fairly  common.  Centunculus 
minimus,  L.  (bastard  pimpernel)  has  been  noted  as  follows  :  Chislehurst, 
Tunbridge  Wells,  Hothfield,  Brabourne,  Willesborough  and  near  Sand- 
ling  Park.  Samolus  Valera?jdi,  L.  (brookweed),  a  frequent  coast  plant, 
grows  inland  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  Snodland,  Kingsnorth  and  Ashford. 

ApocYNACEiE. — Vinca  minor,  L.,  though  often  only  planted,  is 
certainly  native  in  many  of  its  stations,  and  plentiful  in  districts  8,9; 
it  has  been  found  in  all  the  districts. 

Gentiane^. — Erythrcea  pulchella,  Fr.  (dwarf  centaury)  is  scarce, 
but  only  absent  from  district  6  ;  £.  capitata,  Willd.  should  be  searched 
for  in  Thanet  and  on  the  south  coast  cliffs.  Gentiana  Pneumonanthe,  L. 
(marsh  gentian)  has  but  two  known  stations,  at  Tunbridge  Wells  and 
Goudhurst  ;  and  we  distrust  those  which  have  been  alleged  for  G. 
campestris,  L.  (G.  baltica,  Murb.  is  more  likely  to  have  been  found). 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  L.  (bogbean)  seems  to  be  extinct  in  district  i, 
but  grows  freely  in  the  marshes  of  district  5  and  in  a  fair  number  of 
other  east  Kent  localities.  Limnanthemum  peltatutn,  S.  P.  Gmel.  (fringed 
water-lily)  is  said  to  occur  within  the  county  near  Tunbridge  Wells  ; 
whether  planted  or  native  we  have  no  means  of  judging. 

BoRAGiNE^. — Cynoglossum  germanicum,  Jacq.  (C.  montanum.  Lam.), 
is  now  lost  at  Eltham,  Keston,  Bromley,  Northfleet  and  Sandwich 
(some  of  these  cases,  like  that  of  Tunbridge  Wells,  may  have  been 
errors).  G.  E.  Smith's  station  near  Stouting  may  still  produce  it. 
Anchusa  sempervirens,  L.  is  a  very  scarce  alien  ;  while  Pulmonaria 
officinalis,  L.,  said  by  Milne  and  Gordon  (1793)  to  be  abundant  in 
woods  between  Chevening  and  Knockholt,  and  to  occur  between  Cud- 
ham  and  Down,  has  not  been  verified  since.  Myosotis  repens,  L.  is  not 
uncommon  in  district  9,  and  perhaps  elsewhere  ;  but  most  observers 
have  failed  to  distinguish  it  from  the  common  forget-me-not.  M. 
sylvatica,  Hoffm.,  although  locally  plentiful  on  chalk,  cannot,  upon 
the  whole,  be  called  frequent.  Lithospermum  purpureo-cceruleum,  L. 
(blue  gromwell),  only  found  in  and  near  Darenth  Wood,  appears  at 
uncertain   intervals,  and   has  lately  been   sought  for  without  success. 

CoNVOLVULACE^. — Volvulus  Soldamlla,  Junger  [Convolvulus,  L.,  sea 
bindweed)  is  recorded  from  Shellness,  Westgate  (perhaps  extinct  in 
these  places),  Pegwell  to  Deal,  Dover  to  Folkestone  and  New  Romney. 
Cuscuta  europcea,  L.  (greater  dodder)  has  a  station  or  two  noted  in 
every  district  except  10  ;  C.  Epithymum,  Murr.  (lesser  dodder),  frequent 
on  heather  and  furze,  abounds  on  Teucrium  at  Dungeness  ;  and  C 
Trifolii,  Bab.   is  a  troublesome  pest  in   clover  fields. 

SoLANACE^. — Solanum  nigrum,  L.,  var.  miniatum  (Bernh.)  grew 
plentifully  on  the  beach  between  Whitstable  and  Seasalter  in  1875, 
but  we  failed  to  find  it  there  in  1894;  var.  luteo-virescens  (Gmel.)  has 
occurred  at  Faversham  and  Tonbridge.  Atropa  Belladonna,  L.  (deadly 
nightshade)  abounds  on  the  bushy  hills  of  districts  2,  6,  being  found 
more  or  less  freely  in  all  the  districts,  but  probably  not  native  off  the 


BOTANY 

chalk  ;  a  remark  likewise  applying  to  the  generally  distributed  Hyo- 
scyamus  niger,   L.    (henbane). 

ScRoPHULARiACE^. — VerbascuM  Lychnitis,  L.  var.  album.  Miller 
(white  mullein)  is  quite  common  in  district  2,  and  was  formerly  so 
in  district  i  ;  there  are  a  few  stations  in  districts  3,  6,  8,  9.  V. 
nigrum,  L.  (dark  mullein)  seems  to  be  equally  at  home  on  chalk  and 
sand,  avoiding  clay.  V.  virgatum,  Stokes  used  to  grow  at  Erith  ;  it 
has  been  collected  within  living  memory  at  Charlton,  Forest  Hill, 
Dartford,  and  between  Walmer  and  Kingsdown,  but  is  a  doubtful 
native  ;  like  V.  Blattaria,  L.,  which  has  occurred  in  eight  districts, 
though  scarce  and  decreasing.  Linaria  repens.  Miller,  reported  from 
six  places,  was  probably  indigenous  in  most  of  them.  L.  vulgaris,  L. 
(toadflax),  var.  latifolia,  Bab.  is  only  known  from  Northfleet  chalk  pit  ; 
the  monstrosity  called  var.  Peloria  has  occurred  near  Dover  and  Faver- 
sham.  Mimulus  Langsdorffii,  Donn  (M  luteus,  auct.  angl.,  non  L.) 
establishes  itself  here  and  there  by  streams  and  ditches.  Of  the 
critical  eyebrights  but  little  is  yet  known  ;  Euphrasia  Rostkoviana, 
Hayne  and  E.  gracilis,  Fr.  will  no  doubt  be  found  on  most  of  the 
heaths,  and  E.  nemorosa,  Pers.  should  prove  to  be  common.  E.  Kerneri, 
Wettst.  grows  on  the  downs  at  Upper  Hailing  ;  we  have  also  received 
specimens  of  E.  occidentalis,  Wettst.,  gathered  last  year  at  Walmer  by 
Mr.  C.  P.  Hurst.  Melampyrum  arvense,  L.  once  occurred  casually  at 
Dover.  M.  pratense,  L.,  var.  latifolium,  Bab.  is  well  marked  in  chalk 
woods  near  Dartford,  Shoreham,  Adisham,  Boxley,  Hartlip  and  Wye  ; 
but  intermediates  between  it  and  the  type  may  usually  be  met  with. 

Orobanchace^. — Orobanche  major,  L.  (common  broomrape)  has 
occurred,  but  sparingly,  in  every  district  except  4,  10.  O.  caryophyllacea, 
Sm.,  confined  to  the  south-east  coast,  is  locally  plentiful  from  Sand- 
wich to  Folkestone  ;  one  of  its  best  stations  is  destroyed  by  the  recent 
boring  for  coal  near  Dover.  O.  elatior,  Sutton  has  been  rarely  observed, 
viz.  about  Woolwich,  TrotteschfFe,  Bigberry  Woods  (district  3),  Dover 
and  Tunbridge  Wells.  O.  Picridis,  F.  Schultz  only  grows  on  the  under- 
cliff  between  St.  Margaret's  and  Kingsdown,  and  at  Deal  ;  O.  Hedera, 
Duby  (ivy  broomrape)  near  Shoreham,  and  in  an  unspecified  locality 
in  district  10  (WoUaston).  O.  mitior,  Sm.  (lesser  broomrape),  seldom 
native,  is  a  noxious  weed  in  clover  fields  throughout  the  county.  O. 
amethystea,  Thuill.,  limited  to  the  underclifF  near  St.  Margaret's,  and 
at  Abbot's  Cliff  and  Lydden  Spout  near  Dover,  is  parasitical  on  wild 
carrot  and  occasionally  on  restharrow.  Lathrcea  Squamaria,  L.  (tooth- 
wort),  though  locally  abundant,  has  not  been  observed  in  districts 
3   to   5. 

Lentibulariace^. —  Utricularia  vulgaris,  L.  (common  bladderwort), 
plentiful  in  the  marshes  of  district  5,  has  been  found  in  six  other 
divisions  ;  but  U.  neglecta,  Lehm.  has  only  been  detected  near  Faver- 
sham,  at  Ham  Ponds  and  at  Headcorn  ;  JJ.  minor,  L.  at  Ham  Ponds, 
and  Eldergate  in  Romney  Marsh. 

Labiate. — Mentha  rotundifolia,  L.  (round-leaved  mint)  has  a  dozen 
61 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

stations  in  districts  i  to  8  ;  M.  /ongifo/m,  Huds.  {sylvestris,  L.,  horse  mint) 
occurs  in  all  the  divisions,  sometimes  freely  ;  and  M.  sativa,  L.  (a  series 
of  hybrids  between  arvemis  and  hirsutd)  is  not  uncommon.  M.  piperita^ 
L.  (peppermint)  has  been  found  about  Deal,  Luton,  Headcorn,  Boxley 
and  Rolvenden  ;  M.  rubra,  Sm.  at  Keston,  Faversham  (casual)  and  Sturry ; 
M.  gentilis,  L.  only  by  the  Medway  below  Tonbridge.  The  recorded 
stations  of  M.  Pulegium,  L.  (pennyroyal)  are  Chislehurst  Common,  Lewis- 
ham,  Bickley,  Dartford,  Ospringe  (near  Faversham)  and  Dover.  Origanum 
vulgare,  L.  (marjoram),  var.  megastachyum  (Link)  is  a  speciality  of  the 
undercliff  near  Folkestone.  Thymus  Chameedrys,  Fr.,  as  yet  comparatively 
little  known,  is  probably  general  on  dry  soils.  Calamintha  parvijlora. 
Lam.  (C.  Nepeta,  Clairv.)  occurs  in  districts  i  to  8  ;  and  is  sometimes 
abundant,  though  far  less  general  than  C.  officinalis,  Moench  (common 
calamint)  ;  C.  syhatica,  Bromf  has  also  been  reported  from  near  Wye, 
but  we  have  seen  no  Kentish  specimen.  Melissa  officinalis,  L.  (balm)  may 
be  found  naturalized  here  and  there.  Salvia  pratensis,  L.  (meadow  clary) 
is  native  about  Cobham  and  Cuxton,  near  Hartlip,  and  between  West 
Mailing  and  Wrotham  ;  casual  or  sporadic  at  Whitstable  and  Ryarsh, 
and  extinct  at  Mersham  Hatch.  Nepeta  Cataria,  L.  (cat  mint),  recorded 
from  every  district  except  i  o,  is  rather  common  on  the  chalk  ;  Scutel- 
laria minor,  Huds.  (lesser  skullcap)  being  scarce  outside  districts  8,  9. 
Melittis  Melissophyllum,  L.  (bastard  balm)  may  perhaps  be  truly  wild 
in  its  solitary  station  between  Penshurst  and  Maidstone.  Marrubium 
vulgare,  L.  (horehound),  though  not  very  rare,  is  usually  an  evident 
escape  ;  while  Stachys  germanica,  L.,  formerly  found  near  Darenth  and 
Lyminge,  has  not  been  obtained  lately.  S.  annua,  L.  used  to  occur  in 
fields  near  Gadshill  and  Strood  ;  it  has  also  been  met  with  abundantly 
on  the  open  downs  near  Trottescliffe,  as  well  as  near  Sevenoaks,  and 
may  quite  possibly  be  a  native.  Galeopsis  dubia.  Leers  {yillosa,  Huds.) 
was  formerly  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dartford  ;  G.  speciosa. 
Miller  {versicolor.  Curt.)  has  been  observed  only  on  eight  occasions. 
Leonurus  Cardiaca,  L.  (motherwort)  has  occurred,  doubtless  a  mere 
escape,  at  Woodchurch,  Ospringe  and  Saltwood.  hamium  hybridum,  L. 
is  locally  plentiful  in  sandy  ground.  Teucrium  Botrys,  L.  has  a  single 
station  on  the  downs  above  Upper  Hailing  ;  whereas  Ajuga  Chamcepitys, 
Schreb.  is  frequent  on  chalk,  particularly  in  district  2. 

Plantagine^. — Littorella  juncea.  Berg,  (shore  weed)  is  remarkably 
rare,  being  only  found  at  Brabourne  and  Dungeness. 

Chenopodiace^. — Chenopodiufu  poly sper mum,  L.,  abundant  in  district 
I,  is  frequent  off  the  chalk  ;  while  C.  Vulvaria,  L.,  though  local,  mainly 
haunts  the  tidal  rivers  and  coast,  like  C.  Jicifolium,  Sm.  and  C  murale,  L. 
C.  hybridum,  L.  and  C.  urbicum,  L.  are  rather  rare.  C.  botryodes,  Sm. 
only  grows  in  the  Thames  salt  marshes  and  near  Sandwich  ;  and  C. 
glaucum,  L.  in  two  or  three  spots  near  London.  Atriplex  laciniata,  L. 
is  restricted  to  the  shores  of  districts  3,  4,  5,  10  ;  A.  pedunculata,  L.  to 
the  neighbourhood  of  Gravesend,  Heme  Bay  and  Sandwich.  Of  the 
glassworts,   Salicornia  stricta,   Dum.  is  common  ;   S.  procumbens,  Sm.  and 

62 


BOTANY 

S.  ramosissma,  Woods  apparently  not  unfrequent.  S.  appressa,  Dum. 
grows  at  Seasalter  and  New  Romney  ;  S.  radicans,  Sm.  being  plentiful 
in  the  marshes  of  district  3  and  near  Sandwich,  besides  occurring  on  the 
Isle  of  Grain  and  at  Deal  and  Romney. 

PoLYGONACE^. — Polygonum  dumetorum,  L.  has  only  been  noticed 
about  Woolwich,  Faversham,  Trinley  and  Ashford  ;  P.  Raii,  Bab.  on 
Grain  Spit,  and  at  Whitstable,  Sandwich  and  Sandgate.  P.  minus, 
Huds.,  figured  in  English  Botany  from  Blackheath,  has  also  been  found 
at  Seal  Chart,  and  possibly  near  Tunbridge  Wells  on  the  Kent  side. 
P.  mite,  Schrank,  a  species  easily  overlooked,  is  recorded  from  Lewis- 
ham,  Chislehurst,  Minster  (Sheppey),  Hadlow  and  Tunbridge  Wells ; 
P.  maculatum.  Trim.  &  Dyer,  being  widely,  though  somewhat  thinly, 
spread.  Outside  district  8  P.  Bistorta,  L.  (snakeweed)  must  be 
described  as  a  rarity.  Rumex  maritimus,  L.  (golden  dock)  has  only 
been  gathered  in  the  Thames  marshes,  and  about  Hythe  and  Romney  ; 
its  near  ally,  R.  limosus,  Thuill.  {palustris,  Sm.)  from  Charlton  to 
Erith,  at  Whitstable,  and  perhaps  between  Margate  and  Sandwich. 

Thymel^ace^. — Daphne  Mezereum,  L.  (mezereon)  is  extremely 
scarce,  the  only  known  stations  being  at  Cobham,  Godmersham  and 
near  Broome  Park  ;  thus  offering  a  great  contrast  with  the  abun- 
dance of  the  spurge  laurel   (D.  Laureola,  L,). 

EL-ffiAGNACE^. — Hippophce  rhamnoides,  L.  (sea  buckthorn),  though 
extinct  in  Sheppey,  abounds  at  intervals  round  the  coast  from  Deal 
to  Romney. 

LoRANTHACEuE. — Viscum  album,  L.  (mistletoe)  is  uncommon,  but 
grows  in  every  division  except  district    10. 

Santalace^. — Thesium  hutnifusum,  DC,  long  sought  for  in  vain, 
has  recently  been  discovered  by  the  Rev.  E.  EUman  near  Bishopsbourne. 

EupHORBiACE^. — Euphorbia  platyphyllos,  L.  (warted  spurge),  though 
unknown  only  for  districts  5,  6,  is  rare,  especially  northwards.  E. 
Cyparissias,  L.  (cypress  spurge)  may  be  a  true  native  on  chalky  hill- 
sides near  Dover ;  while  E.  Paralias,  L.  (sea  spurge)  has  become 
extremely  scarce  owing  to  the  inroads  of  the  sea.  E.  Lathyris,  L. 
(caper  spurge),  usually  an  obvious  escape,  has  some  claim  to  be 
thought  indigenous  near  Cobham,  Boxley  and  Milton  ;  as  has  Buxus 
sempervirens,  L.    (box)   at   Boxley. 

Urticace^. — Our  two  species  of  elm  are  both  questionable 
natives,  unUke  the  hop  [Humulus  Lupulus,  L.),  though  that  is  so 
extensively  cultivated.  The  Roman  nettle  (Urtica  pilulifera,  L.)  has 
quite  disappeared  from  Romney  and  Lydd. 

Myricace^. — Myrica  Gale,  L.  (bog  myrtle),  not  found  recently 
at  Tunbridge  Wells  or  Willesborough,  may  yet  be  discovered  in  two 
or  three  other  neighbourhoods. 

Salicine^. — Salix  aurita,  L.,  S.  Caprea,  L.,  S.  cinerea,  L.  and  S. 
repens,  L.  are  certainly,  S.  fragilis,  L.  and  S.  purpurea,  L.  probably 
native  ;  the  other  species  are  usually,  if  not  always  planted.  Several 
hybrids  occur  Smithiana  forms  being   common.       Populus  alba,   L.   and 

63 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

P.  canescens,  Sm.  generally  look  like  aliens  ;  but  P.  tremula,  L.  (aspen) 
is  truly  wild,  and  abounds   in   the  Wealden  woods. 

Ceratophylle^. — Both  species  of  hornwort  {Ceratophyllum  demer- 
sum,  L,  and  C.  submersum,  L.)  are  rather  common  ;  but  the  latter  does 
not  grow  at  any  great  distance  from  tidal  waters. 

Hydrocharide^. — Elodea  canadensis,  Michaux  (American  weed) 
has  become  as  plentiful  in  Kent  as  in  the  neighbouring  counties. 
Stratiotes  aloides,  L.  grows  in  a  pond  near  Dymchurch,  where  it  was 
almost  certainly  introduced. 

Orchidace^. — No  British  county  excels  Kent  in  the  number  of 
its  orchids,  though  these  are  sadly  diminished  since  a  century  ago, 
largely  owing  to  the  rapacity  of  collectors.  Malaxis  paludosa,  Sw. 
(bog  orchis)  has  only  been  found  for  certain  near  Tunbridge  Wells 
and  Cranbrook.  Neotfia  Nidus-avis,  Rich,  (birds'-nest  orchis)  abounds 
in  chalky  woods.  Cephalanthera  ensifolia.  Rich,  has  been  obtained  near 
Cobham,  Cuxton,  Falkham  and  Tunbridge  Wells  ;  while  C.  pallens. 
Rich,  {grandijiora,  Bab.)  is  an  ornament  of  most  beech-groves.  Epipactis 
violacea,  Bor.  has  been  recorded  from  Ryarsh,  Cobham,  Cuxton,  Walder- 
share,  Ospringe,  Dunton  Green  and  Cowden  ;  but  it  is  sometimes 
confused  with  the  much  more  frequent  E.  media,  Bab.,  a  species  perhaps 
too  closely  allied  with  the  common  E.  latifoUa,  All.  (broad-leaved  helle- 
borine).  E.  palustris,  Crantz  (marsh  helleborine),  known  for  about 
fifteen  localities,  is  abundant  in  some  of  them.  Orchis  hircina.  Scop, 
(lizard  orchis),  once  locally  frequent  in  district  2,  has  disappeared  from 
nearly  all  the  old  stations  ;  but  a  fine  specimen  is  still  known  near  Wye, 
and  a  trustworthy  informant  tells  us  that  thirty  plants  were  found  at  one 
spot  in  1900.  O.  ustulata,  L.  (dwarf  orchis),  perhaps  extinct  in  district 
2,  still  occurs  in  districts  5,  6,  7,  10  ;  O.  purpurea,  Huds.  being  locally 
plentiful  in  districts  2,  5,  6,  7.  O.  pyramidalis,  L.,  O.  Morio,  L.,  O. 
mascula,  L.,  O.  latifolia,  L.  and  O.  maculata,  L.  are  all  more  or  less 
abundant  ;  whereas  O.  incarnata,  L.  has  been  discovered  only  in  Minster 
Marshes  (Thanet),  and  at  Ham  Ponds  and  Lamberhurst.  Aceras  anthro- 
pophora,  R.  Br.  abounds  in  many  places  on  the  chalk  ;  as  do  Ophrys 
apifera,  Huds.  (bee  orchis),  O.  muscifera,  Huds.  (fly  orchis),  and  the 
more  local  O.  aranifera,  Huds.  (spider  orchis).  O.  arachnites.  Lam.  is 
now  practically  restricted  to  the  south-east  in  districts  7,  10  ;  but  Her- 
minium  Monorchis,  R.  Br.  (musk  orchis)  has  a  wide  range,  and  is  fairly 
common  in  districts  2,  7.  Habenaria  conopsea,  Benth.  (fragrant  orchis), 
H.  bifolia,  R.  Br.  and  H.  chloroleuca,  Ridley  (butterfly  orchis)  occur 
freely  ;  while  the  frog  orchis  {H.  viridis,  R.  Br.)  is  decidedly  scarce, 
and  H.  albida,  Br.   has  only  been  observed  at   Lyminge. 

Iride^. — The  stinking  iris  {Iris  fcetidissima,  L.)  is  pretty  common 
in  several  districts.  /.  Pseudacorus,  L.  (yellow  flag)  usually  occurs  as 
the  var.  acoriformis  (Bor.).  The  pale-flowered  var.  Bastardi  (Bor.)  appears 
to  have  been  once  found  at  Hayes. 

Amaryllide^. — Narcissus  biflorus.  Curt,  and  N.  poeticus,  L.  are  not 
true  natives,   though   the  former   is  well  established    occasionally  ;    the 

64 


BOTANY 

daffodil  {N.  Pseudo-narcissus,  L.)  is  however  frequent,  and  often  grows 
in  great  plenty,  particularly  on  clay.  Only  eight  stations  are  known  for 
Galanthus  nivalis,  L.  (snowdrop),  which  is  usually,  if  not  always,  planted. 
The  snowflake  [Leucojum  cestivum,  L.)  has  perhaps  been  recently  destroyed 
in  Plumstead  Marshes,  where  it  was  certainly  found  up  to  1888  ;  it  is 
extinct  at  Greenwich,  but  probably  survives  by  the   Medway  at  Cuxton. 

LiLiACE^. — Asparagus  officinalis,  L.  formerly  grew  by  the  Thames 
at  Greenwich  and  Gravesend,  and  still  exists  near  Romney.  Polygonatum 
multijiorum.  All.  (Solomon's  seal)  is  rare,  though  found  in  eight  divisions  ; 
the  only  ascertained  habitat  of  P.  officinale.  All.  being  Joyden's  Wood, 
Bexley.  Convallaria  majalis,  L.  (Uly  of  the  valley)  is  local,  rather  than 
rare.  Allium  vineale,  L.  (crow  garlic)  and  A.  ursinum,  L.  (ramsons) 
are  generally  distributed  ;  A.  oleraceum,  L.  chiefly  grows  in  east  Kent, 
and  is  nowhere  common.  Scilla  autumnalis,  L,  lingers  on  Blackheath, 
and  probably  still  occurs  at  Shorne  Warren.  Fritillaria  Meleagris,  L. 
(snake's-head)  used  to  be  found  at  Bromley,  Higham  and  Upnor,  and 
may  yet  exist  in  the  two  last-named  stations.  Gagea  fascicularis,  Salisb. 
has  been  reported  from  West  Coombe  Park  and  Dartford  ;  Colchicum 
autumnale,  L.  (meadow  saffron)  from  Littlebourne  and  Cranbrook,  as 
well  as  (formerly)  from  near  Plumstead.  Narthecium  ossifragum,  Huds. 
(bog  asphodel)  is  quite  scarce  ;  its  only  stations  being  at  Bromley, 
Keston,  Hothfield,  Willesborough  and  near  Tunbridge  Wells.  Herb 
Paris  {Paris  quadrifolia,  L.),  found  in  every  district,  abounds  in  many 
chalk  copses. 

JuNCACE^. — The  scarceness  of  Juncus  squarrosus,  L.  is  strange, 
considering  the  number  of  heaths  in  the  county  ;  we  only  know  of 
about  half  a  dozen  distinct  stations,  though  it  is  frequent  near  Tun- 
bridge Wells.  Some  of  those  assigned  to  J.  compressus,  Jacq.  doubt- 
less belong  to  J.  Gerardi,  Loisel.  y .  maritimus.  Lam.  is  plentiful, 
ascending  the  Thames  up  to  Erith  ;  but  y.  acutus,  L.  only  extends 
along  the  sandy  stretch  between  Deal  and  Pegwell  Bay.  y .  obtusijiorus, 
Ehrh.  is  local  and  mainly  submaritime.  Luzula  Forsteri,  DC.  abounds  in 
many  parts,  often  forming  hybrids  with  L.  vernalis,  DC.  ('  L.  Borreri, 
Bromf ')  ;  and  L.  maxima,  DC.  (great  woodrush),  though  absent  over 
large  areas,  is  not  uncommon  ;  this  also  holds  good  of  L.  erecta,  Desv. 
{multiflora,  Lej.). 

Typhace^. — Both  species  of  bulrush  are  locally  plentiful,  T. 
angustifoUa,  L.  probably  more  so  than  in  any  other  English  county. 
Sparganium  neglectum,  Beeby,  a  recent  segregate,  will  surely  prove  to 
be  frequent  when  better  known  ;  and  S.  simplex,  Huds.  grows  in 
every  district  but  10.  Excepting  a  Tunbridge  Wells  specimen  in 
Dillenius'  herbarium,  the  peat-loving  S.  minimum,  Fr.  appears  to  be 
limited  to  the  brooks,  Margate,  and  the  marshes  about  Deal  and  Sandwich. 

Aroide^. — Arum  italicum.  Mill,  flourishes  near  the  south  coast  at 
Folkestone,  Sandgate,  Shornecliffe  and  Postling.  Acorus  Calamus,  L. 
(sweet  flag)  has  been  found  in  Sturry  Marshes  (district  5),  at  Penshurst, 
and  by  a  pond  in  private  grounds  at  Bexley. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Lemnace^. — Lemna  gibba,  L.  and  L.  polyrhiza,  L.  (great  duckweed) 
are  both  local,  but  occur  in  all  the  districts.  Wolffia  Michelii,  Schleid. 
has  been  found  in  several  parts  of  districts  4,  5,  and  also  near  Lydd. 

Alismace^. — Alisma  ranuiiculoides,  L.,  absent  only  from  districts 
3,  6,  9,  is  yet  rare,  except  near  Canterbury,  Sandwich  and  Deal.  The 
arrowhead  \Sagittaria  sagittifolia,  L.)  abounds  in  the  Weald  and  in  Thanet, 
though  elsewhere  uncommon  ;  Butomus  umbellatus,  L.  (flowering  rush) 
is  frequent  ;  but  Damason'mm  steilatum,  Pers.  {Actinocarpus  Damasonium, 
R.  Br.),  always  very  scarce,  has  not,  we  believe,  been  met  with  lately. 

Naiad ACE^. — Potai7iogeton  polygomf alius,  Pourr.  is  local  rather  than 
rare.  P.  lucens,  L.,  P.  pitsillus,  L.,  P.  pectinatus,  L.,  and  P.  interruptus. 
Kit.  {Jiabellatus,  Bab.)  are  all  frequent  ;  the  last-named  abounds  in 
brackish  water.  Of  the  scarcer  species  we  may  mention  P.  coloratus, 
Hornem.  {plantagineus,  Du  Croz),  found  at  Ham  Ponds,  Preston  and 
Hothfield  ;  P.  aipinus,  Balb.  {rufescens,  Schrad.),  about  Tonbridge, 
Marden,  Staplehurst  and  Sholden  ;  P.  angustifo/ius,  Presl  {Zizii,  Roth), 
in  the  Stour  near  Wye  ;  P.  acutifolius.  Link,  at  Withamdrew  (district 
5)  and  Appledore  ;  P.  obtusifolius,  Mert.  &  Koch,  rare  in  seven  dis- 
tricts ;  and  P.  Friesii,  Rupr.,  at  Dartford,  Marden  and  several  places  in 
Thanet.  Rtippia  spiralis,  Hartm.  occurs  in  six  localities  (districts  2,  3, 
10);  R.  rostellata,  Koch  being  fairly  common  in  saline  pools  and  ditches, 
often  accompanied  by  Zannichellia  pedicellata,  Fr.  Zostera  marina,  L. 
(grass-wrack)  is  apparently  absent  from  the  south  coast,  being  confined 
to   districts   3,   4. 

Cyperace^. — Cyperus  longus,  L.  (galingale)  has  but  a  single  station 
near  Seabrooke  (district  10).  Eleocharis  uniglumis,  Reichb.,  only  found 
on  the  coast,  has  been  noticed  at  Deal,  Ham  Ponds  and  Dungeness  ; 
E.  multicaulis,  Sm.  at  Keston,  Greenhithe,  Faversham,  Hothfield  and 
Tunbridge  Wells.  Scirpus  paiicijiorus,  Lightf  occurs  at  Ham  Ponds  and 
Dungeness  ;  6'.  ccespitosus,  L.,  S.  fluitans,  L.,  and  S.  setaceus,  L.  being 
all  rather  uncommon.  S.  carinatus,  Sm.,  now  lost  at  Greenwich,  grows 
plentifully  with  S.  triqueter,  L.  by  the  Medway  at  Aylesford.  S.  syhaticus, 
L.  has  its  headquarters  in  the  Weald  ;  and  ^S".  Caricis,  Retz  {Blysmus 
compressus,  Panz)  is  scarce  in  six  districts.  Eriophorum  vaginatum,  L. 
(hare's-tail  cotton  grass)  seems  to  be  lost  from  Tunbridge  Wells  ;  its 
alleged  stations  in  Thanet  rest  on  questionable  authority.  E.  angusti- 
folium.  Roth  (common  cotton-grass)  is  thinly  distributed  ;  and  E. 
latifolium,  Hoppe  has  but  two  stations  at  Herringe  and  Willesborough. 
Rhyncospora  alba,  Vahl  has  only  been  found  near  Tunbridge  Wells  ; 
Schcenus  nigricans,  L.  near  Folkestone,  and  perhaps  in  Thanet.  Cladium 
jamaiceme,  Crantz  occurs  in  district  5  at  Ham  Ponds,  Hacklinge,  Sholden 
and  near  Deal.  The  sedges  have  not  yet  been  thoroughly  worked  out 
in  Kent.  Among  the  more  frequent  species  are  Carex  divisa,  L.  (sub- 
maritime),  C.  disticha,  Huds.,  C.  arenaria,  L.  (inland  on  Wrotham 
Heath),  C.  paniculata,  L.,  C.  vulpina,  L.,  C.  muricata,  L.,  C.  divulsa. 
Good.,  C.  remota,  L.,  C.  ovalis.  Good.,  C.  acuta,  L.  (mainly  in  district 
8),  C.  Goodenowii,].  Gay  (vulgaris,  Fr.),  C.jiacca,  Schreb.  [glauca.  Scop), 

66 


BOTANY 

C.  pilulifera,  L.  (dry  heaths,  etc.),  C.  verna,  Chaix.  [pracox,  Jacq.),  C. 
palkscens,  L.,  C.  panicea,  L.,  C.  pefidula,  Huds.  (common  in  the  Weald), 
C.  syhatica,  L.,  C.  binervis,  Sm.  (on  heaths),  C  distans,  L.  (submaritime), 
C.Jiava,  L.  (as  an  aggregate),  C.  hirta,  L.,  C.  Pseudo-cyperus,  L.,  C.  acuti- 
formis,  Ehrh.  {paludosa.  Good.),  C.  riparia.  Curt.,  C.  rostrata,  Stokes,  and 
C.  vesicaria,  L.  (in  the  Weald).  C.  pulicaris,  L.  is  inconspicuous  and 
scantily  recorded  ;  C.  teretiuscula.  Good,  has  been  found  at  Upnor  near 
Faversham  and  at  Ham  Ponds,  Brooke  and  Dungeness  ;  C.  echinata, 
Murr.  (stellulata.  Good.)  being  local  in  six  districts.  C.  axillaris.  Good. 
{remota  x  vulpina)  is  of  occasional,  C,  Boenninghausiana,  Weihe  [paniculata 
X  remota)  of  very  rare  occurrence  (Tunbridge  Wells)  ;  C.  elongata,  L. 
only  grows  near  Tonbridge.  C.  curta.  Good.,  preferring  peat  overlying 
sand,  finds  but  few  places  to  suit  it  ;  and  C.  Hudsonii,  Ar.  Benn.  {stricta. 
Good.)  is  limited  to  the  Deal  and  Sandwich  neighbourhood,  though  there 
abundant.  C.  montana,  L-  grows  near  Faversham  and  in  the  woodlands 
north  of  Canterbury  ;  C.  strigosa,  Huds.  at  Charlton,  Tunbridge  Wells, 
Cranbrook,  Benenden  and  Sutton  Valence  ;  C.  laevigata,  Sm.  in  the  south 
(districts  8,  9,  10).  C.  Hornschuchiana,  Hoppe  is  recorded  by  G.  E. 
Smith  from  Sandgate  and  Smeeth.  C.  extensa.  Good,  is  found  only 
near  Sandwich  and  Reculver.  C.  (Ederi,  Retz  has  occurred  at  Keston, 
Shooters  Hill,  Sandwich  and  Willesborough. 

Gramine^. — Spartina  stricta.  Roth  grows  rather  freely  in  district 
3,  to  which  it  is  apparently  confined.  Alopecurus  fulvus,  Sm.  (a  plant 
of  strong  soils,  easily  overlooked)  has  been  gathered  about  Eltham, 
Hayes,  Faversham,  Sutton  Valence,  Marden  and  Staplehurst ;  A.  bulbosus, 
Gouan  only  in  north  Kent,  near  Erith,  Northfleet,  Cooling  and  in 
Sheppey.  Milimn  effusum,  L.  (millet  grass),  though  local,  flourishes  in 
every  district.  Phleum  arenariiim,  L.  occurs  near  Whitstable,  from  Peg- 
well  Bay  to  Deal,  and  from  Sandgate  to  Romney.  Polypogon  monspeliensis, 
Desf.,  now  lost  near  the  Thames,  except  in  Plumstead  Marshes,  is  also 
found  at  Halstow,  Whitstable  and  Sandwich  Flats.  P.  littoralis,  Sm. 
[Agrostis  palustris  x  P.  monspeliensis)  used  to  grow  at  Plumstead.  Cala- 
magrostis  epigeios.  Roth,  though  scarce,  is  much  less  so  than  C.  lanceolata. 
Roth,  reported  on  good  authority  from  Sellinge,  but  very  doubtfully 
from  Walmer  and  Charlton.  Gastridium  australe,  Beauv.  (nit  grass),  more 
plentiful  in  the  Weald  than  elsewhere,  seems  to  be  sometimes  native  both 
on  the  coast  and  inland  ;  but  Apera  Spica-venti,  Beauv.  is  a  rather  rare 
colonist.  Sieglingia  decumbens,  Bernh.  {T'riodia  decumbens,  Beauv.)  is  less 
frequent  than  in  most  southern  counties  ;  on  the  other  hand,  Molinia 
varia,  Schrank  {coerulea,  Moench)  is  pretty  generally  distributed  off  the 
chalk.  Poa  bulbosa,  L.  abounds  between  Deal  and  Pegwell  Bay  ;  it  has 
also  lately  been  discovered  on  the  greensand  cliffs  at  Folkestone.  P. 
compressa,  L.,  though  rather  uncommon,  has  been  noted  in  eight  districts. 
Glyceria  plicata,  Fr.  is  fairly  plentiful  ;  the  subspecies  (or  variety)  G. 
declinata,  Breb.,  hitherto  recorded  only  from  Eltham  and  Hothfield,  may 
prove  to  be  not  unfrequent  where  water  has  stood  in  winter.  G.  distans, 
Wahl.,  var.  pseudo-procumbens,  Wolley-Dod,  which  its  author   discovered 

67 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

in  marshes  at  Plumstead  and  Higham,  was  suspected  by  him  to  be 
Festuca  prociimbens  x  G.  distans  ;  being  almost  intermediate  and  always 
accompanied  by  both  species.  G.  Borreri,  Bab.  is  locally  abundant  in 
muddy  salt  marshes  of  the  north  and  east,  its  one  station  on  the  south 
coast  being  at  Dymchurch.  Festuca  uniglumis,  Soland.  grows  sparingly 
on  Deal  sandhills  ;  together  with  plenty  of  F.  ambigua,  Le  Gall,  also 
found  about  Sandwich  and  Littlestone.  F.  sylvatica,  Vill.  is  a  Tunbridge 
Wells  rarity.  F.  loliacea.  Curt.  {F.  pratensis  x  Lo/ium  perenne)  has  occa- 
sionally been  met  with.  Bromus  madritensis,  L.,  was  once  found  upon  the 
beach  at  Walmer  and  at  Deal  ;  several  allied  species  are  casuals  near 
Woolwich.  B.  interruptus,  Druce,  hitherto  detected  only  at  Eltham, 
Dartford  and  Barham,  may  easily  have  been  passed  by  as  a  form  of 
B.  mollis,  L.  Lolium  temulentiwj,  L.  (darnel)  is  uncommon.  Our  mari- 
time forms  of  Agropyron  (T'riticum)  are  well  represented  in  the  county. 
Hordeum  syhaticitm,  Huds.  is  reported  from  Riverhill  (district  8),  Hawk- 
hurst  and  Cranbrook  (district  9)  ;  the  two  last  seem  unlikely  places 
for  it.  Flymus  arenarius,  L.  (lyme  grass)  really  grows  at  Dover,  as 
alleged  ;  this  makes  the  Thanet  stations  given  by  Flower  less  improb- 
able than  we  had  supposed. 

FiLiCES. — In  the  suburban  districts  it  is  now  difficult  to  find  any 
fern  except  bracken,  and  the  rarer  species  have  been  sadly  thinned  out 
elsewhere.  Hymenophyllum  tunbridgense,  Sm.  (filmy  fern),  Asplenium 
lanceolatum,  Huds.,  and  Cystopteris  fragilis,  Bernh.  are  nearly,  if  not 
quite,  destroyed  at  Tunbridge  Wells  ;  Osmunda  regalis,  L.  only  exists 
in  a  few  remote  spots,  and  Ceterach  officinarum,  Willd.  is  in  much  the 
same  plight.  Lastrcea  Thelypteris,  Presl,  L.  Oreopteris,  Presl,  and  L. 
spinulosa,  Presl,  still  however  occur  in  fair  quantity.  L.  cetnula.  Bracken- 
bridge  has  two  stations  assigned  to  it  in  district  8.  Botrychium  Lunar ia, 
Sw.  (moonwort)  was  lately  found  near  Goudhurst,  and  may  survive  in 
some  of  its  old  haunts  ;  Ophioglossum  vulgatum,  L.  (adder's  tongue)  is 
frequent,  except  in  the  north-west. 

Equisetace^. — Equisetum  sylvaticum,  L.  (wood  horsetail),  though 
observed  in  six  of  our  divisions,  must  be  called  scarce.  There  are 
specimens  of  E.  hyemale,  L.  from  east  Kent  in  herbaria,  but  we  do 
not  know   the   precise  locality.      Several   other  species  occur  freely. 

Lycopodiace^. — Lycopodium  inundatum,  L.  (bog  clubmoss)  still 
grows  at  Keston  and  Hothfield,  though  probably  lost  at  Chislehurst. 
L.  clavatum,  L.  (stag's-horn  moss)  has  three  stations  in  district  8  and 
four  in  district  9. 

Marsileace^. — Pilularia  globulifera,  L,  (pillwort)  is  only  recorded 
from  Sutton  Valence. 

THE  MOSSES  {Musci). 
The  chief  feature  of  the  Bryological  flora  of  Kent  is  the  absence  of  the  great  majority  of 
subalpine  mosses,  and  of  such  as  would  occur  in  boggy  districts  or  on  elevated  moors,  these 
geographical  features  being  almost  absent  from  Kent.  This  is  the  more  singular  in  that  the 
sand  rocks,  just  over  the  border  of  the  county,  in  Sussex,  furnish  many  subalpine  species, 
especially  south  of  Tunbridge  Wells.     On  the  other  hand  the  mosses  characteristic  of  the 

68 


BOTANY 


chalk  formation  are  as  well  represented  as  they  are  in  the  South  Downs  of  Sussex.  A  list  of  chc 
species  found  in  Kent  was  published  by  the  writer  of  this  article  in  the  Journal  of  Botany, 
1888,  and  a  number  of  species  that  had  not  then  been  discovered  were  pointed  out  as  litely  to 
occur.  Most  of  these  were  subsequently  detected  in  the  county  and  an  additional  list  was 
published  in  the  same  Journal  in  1901,  pp.  179,  227. 

But  in  the  meanwhile  the  nomenclature  of  mosses  had  been  altered,  and  it  is  consequently 
necessary  to  give  the  list  anew  in  order  to  bring  it  up  to  date,  more  especially  as  several  more 
species  have  been  detected  since  1 90 1.  This  increase  of  species  has  been  largely  due  to  the 
investigations  of  the  Rt.  Hon.  Mr.  Justice  Stirling  of  Goudhurst,  Mr.  W.  E.  Nicholson  of 
Lewes,  and  Mr.  E.  S.  Salmon  of  Reigate,  who  have  explored  the  district  around  Goudhurst, 
to  Mr.  L.  J.  Cocks  of  Bromley,  and  to  Mr.  A.  W.  Hudson  of  Cranbrook,  and  in  the  case  of 
Sphagna  to  Mr.  E.  C.  Horrell  of  Chelmsford. 

The  classification  and  nomenclature  that  have  been  followed  in  this  list  are  those  of  the 
second  edition  of  the  Student's  Handbook  of  British  Mosses,  by  H.  N.  Dixon,  M.A.,  and  H.  G. 
Jameson,  M.A.,  published  in  1904.  The  species  rare  in  the  county  are  indicated  by  an 
asterisk.  Those  which  as  yet  have  been  found  only  in  Kent  are  Catharinea  tenella  in  fruit 
and  Ephemerum  stellatum.  A  few  species  are  extremely  rare  in  other  counties,  e.g.  Nanomi- 
trium  tenerum  and  Pottia  ccespitosa,  fVeissia  sterilis,  W.  crispata  and  W.  multicapsularis.  The 
list  includes  283  species,  exclusive  of  numerous  varieties. 


Sphagnace.'e 
Sphagnum     acutifolium,     Ehrh. 

1.9 

var.  rubellum,  Russow.  1 
var.  viride,  Warnst.      I 

—  crassicladum,  Warnst.     8 

—  cuspidatum,  R.  &  W.     I 

var.  falcatum,  Russ.     I 

—  cymbifohum,  Ehrh.     I,  9 

var.  congestum,  Schimp.  9 
var.  versicolor,  Warnst.  9 
var.  pallescens,  Warnst.     i 

—  fimbriatum,  Wils.     I 

—  intermedium,  Hoflm.     I,  8 

—  medium,  Limpr. 

var.  roseum,  Warnst.     I 

—  molluscum,  Bruch.      i 

—  papillosum,  Lindb.     I 

var.  sublaeve,  Warnst.  I,  8 
var.  normale,  Warnst.     I 

—  rigidum,  Schimp.     I 

—  rubellum,  Wils. 

var.  rubrum,  Grav.     I 

—  rufescens,  Warnst.     I 

—  squarrosum,  Pers.     I,  8,  9 

—  subsecundum,  Nees.     I,  S, 

var.     contortum,     Schimp. 

1,9 
var.  obesum,  Wils.     9 

—  subnitens,  R.  &  W. 

var.  violascens,  Warnst.  9 
var.  virescens,  Warnst.     9 

—  trinitense,  C.  Mull.     I 

—  turfaceum,  Warnst.     I 

Tetraphidace^ 
Tetraphis    pellucida,    Hedw. 

I,  2  (fruiting,  Joyden's 
Wood),  8  (near  Ightham), 
9  (fruiting  near  Goud- 
hurst) 

—  'Browniana,  Grev. 

8  {Tunbridge  Wells),  9 
(Goudhurst).     Very  rare. 


POLYTRICHACE^ 

Catharinea     *angustata,     Brid. 
9  (Goudhurst)  (fruiting) 

—  •tenella,      Rohl.     9      (Goud- 

hurst),     fruiting.        Very 
rare. 

—  undulata,  Web.  &  Mohr.  l-io 

var.  attenuata,  Wils.     9 

var.  minor,  H.  &  M.     8 

Polytrichum  aloides,  Brid.     I,  8 

—  commune,  L.     I,  2,  8,  9 

—  formosum,  Hedw.     i,  8,  9 

—  juniperinum,  Wils.     I,  8,  9 

—  nanum,  Brid.     8 

—  piliferum,  Schreb.     8 

—  strictum.  Banks.     10 

—  urnigerum,  Brid.     8,  9 

DlCRANACE^ 

Archidium*alternifolium,Schimp. 

9  (Goudhurst) 
Pleuridium  alternifolium, 

Rabenh.     8  (Ightham). 

—  axillare,  Lindb.     8,  9 

—  subulatum,    Br.    &    Schimp. 

8,9 
Ditrichum     flexicaule,     Hampe. 
2,  5  (Sibertszvold),  8 

—  homomaUum,  Hampe.     I,  9 
Seligeria  calcarea,  Br.  &  Schimp. 

2,8 

—  'paucifolia,  Carr.      8  (Dunton 

Green  ;  Maidstone),        10 
(Folkestone) 

—  *pusilla,    Br.    &    Schimp.     8 

(Kcmsing  ;  Dunton  Green) 
Ceratodon  purpureus,  Brid.  8  9, 
Cynodontium   •Bruntoni,  Br.  & 

Schimp.         8    (Tunbridge 

Wells) 
Dichodontium    'pellucidum, 

Schimp.     8, 9 
Dicranella     cerviculata,     Br.     & 

Schimp.     8, 9 

69 


Dicranella     *crispa,    Schimp.     8 
(Speldhurst) 

—  heteromalla,    Br.   &   Schimp. 

I,  6,  8,  9 

—  "rufescens,  Schimp.     9  (Goud- 

hurst) 

—  *Schreberi,  Schimp.   6  (Bred- 

hurst),  7  (Dover),  8  (Seven- 
oaks) 
var.  *elata,  Schimp.  9  (Goud- 
hurst) 
varia,  Schimp.     2,  8 

Dicranoweissia    cirrhata,    Lindb. 
8,9 

Campylopus  flexuosus,  Brid.  I,  8, 
9 

—  *fragilis,  Br.  &  Schimp. 

8  (Rusthall  Common) 

—  pyriformis,  Brid.     i,  8,  9 
Dicranum  Bonjeani,  De  Not.    8, 

9,  10 
var.  rugifolium,  Bosw.     9 

—  *flagellare,  Hedw.     I  (Bos tall 

Wood,  Abbey  Wood) 

—  majus,  Turn,     i,  8 

—  *montanum,  Hedw.     i   (Ab- 

bey Wood) 

—  scoparium,  Hedw.     i,  8 

—  *Scottianum,  Turn.   8  (Chid- 

dingstone) 
Leucobryum    glaucum,    Schimp. 
8,9 

FlSSIDENTACEvE 

Fissidens  adiantoides,  Hedw.     8, 
9,  10 
var.  coUinus,  Dixon.     8,  10 

—  bryoides,  Hedw.     8 

—  'decipiens,  De  Not.    8  (Seven- 

oaks,  Godden  Green) 

—  'exilis,    Hedw.     i    (Bromley, 

Keston) 

—  incurvus.  Stark,     i 

—  pusillus,  Wils.     8 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Fissidens  taxifolius,  Hedw.    8,  lo 

—  viridulus,  Wahl.     I,  8,  9 

var.  fontanus,  Wils.     8 

GrIMMIACEjE 

Grimmia  apocarpa,  Hedw.     8,  9, 
10 
var.  gracilis,  Wils.     8 

—  *commutata,     Hiibn.         On 

tiled  roofs,  9  (Goudhurst) 

—  *decipiens,  Lindb.     On  tiled 

roofs,  9  (Goudhurst) 

—  *orbicularis,  Bruch.     8  {Seven- 

oaks) 

—  pulvinata,  Smith,     i,  8,  9,  10 

*var.   obtusa,   Hiibn.       8 
{Knole  Park) 

—  •trichophylla,  Grev.    8  {Ight- 

ham,     Tunbridge    Wells), 
9  {Goudhurst) 
Racomitrium  'aciculare,  Brid. 
9  {Goudhurst),  8  {Rusthall 
Common) 

—  •canescens,  Brid.     8  {Rusthall 

Common,  in  fruit ;  Wester- 
ham) 

—  •heterostichum,  Brid.  8  {Ight- 

ham,  in  fruit)  ;    9  {Goud- 
hurst, on  roofs) 

—  *lanuginosum,  Brid.   9  {Goud- 

hurst, on  tiled  roofs) 

ToRTULACEffi 

Acaulon  muticum,  C.  Miill.     i, 

2,8 
Phascum  curvicollum,  Ehrh.     2, 

8,  10, 

—  •Floerkeanum,     \V.     &     M. 

I  {Keston),   2   {Shoreham), 
8   {Otfori) 

—  cuspidatum,  Schreb.     2,  3,  8 
Pottia  *bryoides,  Witt.     2  {Shore- 
ham)  ;   9  {Goudhurst) 

—  'caespitosa,  C.  M.     8    {Shore- 

ham,  Kemsing) 

—  Heimii,  Turn.     5 

— •  intermedia.  Turn.     I,  8,  9 

—  lanceolata,  C.  M.     3,  8,  10 

—  minutula,  Turn.     5,  8,  9 

—  recta.  Mitt.     8,  9  {Goudhurst) 

—  'Starkeana,  C.  M.     8  {Pern- 

bury),  2  {Greenhithe) 

—  truncatula,  Lindb.     I,  5,  8 
Tortula  aloides,  De  Not.     2,  8, 

10 

—  ambigua,  Br.  &  Schimp.     2,  8 
— ■  *atrovirens,  Lindb.    10  {Folke- 
stone) 

—  "cuneifolia.  Roth.     7  {Dover), 

8  {Rusthall  Common) 
■ —  intermedia,  Berk.     8,  9 

—  laevipila,  Schwaegr.  6,  7,  8, 10 

—  marginata,  Spruce.     2,  8 

—  muralis,  Hedw.     8,  9,  10 

var.  rupestris,  Sch.     8 
var.  xstiva,  Brid.     8,  9 


Tortula  •  mutica,  Lindb.  I 
{Chislehurst),  8  {Otford),  9 
{Goudhurst) 

—  "papillosa,    Wils.     8    {Seven- 

oaks),    9    {Postling,    Hoth- 
field),  10  {Lympne) 

—  'pusiUa,    Mitt.       2    {Green- 

hithe),  8    {Keston,    Wrot- 
ham,  Otfori) 

—  'rigida,    Schultz.     8    {Maid- 

stone) 

—  ruralis,  Ehrh.     8 

—  ruraliformis,  Dixon.     5 

—  subulata,  Hedw.     8 
Barbula  convoluta,  Hedw.     I,  3, 

8,  10 

—  cylindrica,  Schimp.    2  {Green- 

hithe, in  fruit),  8 

—  faUax,  Hedw.     I,  8 

var.  brevifolia,  Wils.     6,  8 

—  *Hornschuchiana,   Schultz.    I 

{Shoreham),     8      {Borough 
Green,  BesselFs  Green) 

—  lurida,  Lindb.     2,  8  {Godden 

Green,  in  fruit),  10 

—  revoluta,  Brid.     8,  9 

—  rigidula,  Mitt.     7,  8,  9 

—  rubella.  Mitt.     8,  9 

—  sinuosa,  Braithw.     8,  10 

—  *spadicea.  Mitt.      9    {Goud- 

hurst) 

—  tophacea,  Mitt.     8,  10  {Rom- 

ney  Marsh) 

—  unguiculata,  Hedw.     l-io 

var.  apiculata,  Wils.     8 

—  vinealis,  Brid.     I,  8  {Ightham, 

in  fruit) 
Leptodontium  *flexifolium, 

Hampe.       2      {Halstead), 
9   {Goudhurst) 

—  'gemmascens,     Braithw.       8 

{Riverhead) 
Weisia  crispa,  Mitt.     I  {Keston), 

3,7,8 
*var.  intermedia,  W.  E.  Nich. 
2  {Shoreham) 

—  *crispata,  C.  M.    2  {Shoreham) 

—  microstoma,  C.  M.     2,  8 

var.  obliqua,  C.  M.     8 

—  *multicapsularis.     Mitt.     8 

{Ightham,  Besselfs  Green) 

—  *mucronata,    Br.   &   Schimp. 

I  {Forest  Hill),  3  {Sheerness, 
Whitstable) 

—  *squarrosa,   C.   M.     8   {Stone 

Street,  Bessell's  Green,  Ot- 
ford), 9  {Goudhurst) 

—  *sterilis,    W.    E.    Nicholson. 

8     {Boxley     Hill,     Fawke 
Common) 

—  'tenuis,    C.    M.     8    {Maid- 

stone,    Sevenoaks,     Leaves 
Green) 

—  'tortilis,    C.    M.      8     {Kem- 

sing, Wrotham),  10  {Sand- 
gate), 

70 


Weisia  *  verticillata,  Brid.  8 
{Ightham,  Maidstone),  10 
{Beachhorough) 

—  viridula,    Hedw.     2,   7,   8,   9 
Trichostomum*crispulum, Bruch. 

7  {Folkestone  Warren) 

—  flavovirens,  Bruch.     5,  7,  10 

—  *mutabile,  Bruch.    5  {Siberts- 

wold) 

—  'tortuosum,  Dixon.    2  {Swan- 

ley) 
Pleurochaete  'squarrosa,  Lindb. 

5     {Deal,    Sandwich),     lo 

{New  Romney) 
Cinclidotus    •Brebissonii,  Husn. 

8  {Penshurst    and    Goud- 
hurst in  fruit  ;   Tonbridge) 

Encalyptace.^ 
Encalypta    streptocarpa,    Hedw. 
6,  8,  9 

—  vulgaris,  I,  2,  8  {Cobham) 

Orthotrichace^ 
Zygodon  viridissimus,  Brid.      I, 

2,  7,  8,  9 
var.  rupestris,  Hartm.  8 

(near  Sevenoaks,  in  fruit) 
Ulota  Bruchii,  Hornsch.     3,  8,  9, 
10 

—  crispa,  Brid.     6,  8 

—  phyllantha,  Brid.     5,  9 
Orthotrichum    affine,    Schrad. 

3,8,  10 

—  anomalum,   Hedw.     2,  8,   10 
— *cupulatum,  Hoffm.     8  {Shore- 
ham, Kemsing) 

—  diaphanum,  Schrad.     2,  6,  8, 

9 

—  leiocarpum,  Br.  &  Sch.     2,  3, 

8,9 

—  Lyellii,  H.  &  T.     3,  8  {Pens- 

hurst, in  fruit) 

—  *rivulare,     Turn.     9     {Goud- 

hurst) 

—  *Sprucei,     Mont.     8     {Pens- 

hurst), 9  {Goudhurst) 
Orthotrichum  *stramineum, 

Hornsch.     8  {Sevenoaks) 

—  'tenellum,  Bruch.       8  {Pens- 

hurst), 9  {Goudhurst) 

Splachnace;e 
Splachnum  'ampuUaceum,  Linn. 

Funariace^ 
Nanomitrium  'tenerum,  Lindb. 

9  {Cranbrook) 
Ephemerum  *recurvifolium, 

Lindb.     8  {Sevenoaks, 

Polehill) 

—  serratum,  C.  M.     I,  8 

var.  angustifolium,  B.  &  S.  8 

—  'sessile,    Rabenh.      9   {Goud- 

hurst) 


BOTANY 


Ephemerum  *  stellatum,  Philib. 
9  (Goudhurst) 

Physcomitrella  'patens,  Br.  & 
Sch.  8  {Westerham,  Pern- 
bury  Green) 

Physcomitrium  pyriforme,  Brid. 
3,5,8 

Funaria  *ericetorum,  Dixon.  2 
(Joydens  Wooi),  9  (Goud- 
hurst) 

—  fascicularis,    Br.    &    Sch.     8 

9 

—  hygrometrica,  Hedw.     l-io 

Meesiace^ 
Aulacomnion  androgynum, 

Schwaegr.  I     {Abbey 

Wood,  in  fruit),  8,  9 

—  palustre,  Schwaegr.     8,  9,  10 

BaRTRAMIACEjE 

Bartramia  pomiformis,  Hedw. 
I,  8,  9,  10  {Hythe) 

—  *ithyphyUa,   Bird.      2    {Hal- 

stead),  9  {Charing) 
Philonotis  *capillaris,  Lindb.      8 
{Godden  Green),  9  {Goud- 
hurst) 

—  fontana,  Brid.     i,  9,  10 

Bryaceje 

Leptobryum     pyriforme,     Wils. 

8,9 
Webera  albicans,  Schimp.     I,  8 

—  annotina,     Schwaegr. 

8  {Pembury,  in  fruit),  9 

—  carnea,   Schp.     i,    2    {Green- 

hithe,  in  fruit) 

—  nutans,  Hedw.     I,  8 

—  *Tozeri,  Schimp.     z  {Swans- 

combe    Wood),    9     {Goud- 
hurst) 
Bryum  *alpinum,  Huds.  I  {Spring 
Park  Wood) 

—  argenteum,  L.     2,  5,  8,  10 

—  atropurpureum,    W.    &    M. 

1,3,8 
var.  gracilentum,  Tayl.     I 

—  bimum,  Schreb.     5,  8 

—  casspiticium,  Linn,      i,  3,  6, 

8,  10  (Shorncliffe) 

—  capillare,  L.     3,  5,  8 

var.  cochleariforme.     8 
var.  torquescens,  Husn.  8, 10 

—  Donianum,    Grev.     I,    8   (in 

fruit,  near  Sevenoaks)   and 
10  {Sandgate) 

—  erythrocarpum,  Schwaegr.  z,8 

—  inclinatum.  Bland.     8 

—  intermedium,  Brid.     8 

—  murale,  Wils.     5,  8,  9 

—  pallens,  Sw.     I 

—  pallescens,  Schleich.     8 

—  pendulum,  Schimp.     I,  5,  8 

—  •provinciale,  Philib.     8  {Ight- 

ham) 


Bryum    pseudotriquetrum, 
Schwaegr.     i,  8,  9 

—  'roseum,  Schreb.     I  {Eltham) 

8  {Sevenoaks),  9  (Ashford) 
Mnium  *afSne,  Bland.  8  {Sand- 
ling,  Ightham,  in  fruit  on 
Peneden  Heath),  9  {Cran- 
brook) 

—  'cuspidatum,  Hedw.   5  {Sand- 

wich),    8     {Knole     Park, 
Ightham) 

—  hornum,  L.     I,  7,  8 

—  punctatum,  L.     2,  7,  8 

—  rostratum,    Schwaegr.      I,   8 

(in  fruit  near  Sevenoaks), 
9,  10 

—  *stellare,    Reich.     7  {Dover), 

8  {Langton  Green),  9  {Char- 
ing) 

—  undulatum,    L.     2,    7,    8 

(Tunbridge  Wells,  in  fruit  ) 

FoNTINALACEj* 

Fontinalis  antipyretica,  L.    2,  8, 9 

CRYPH.ffiACE.5; 

Cryphasa  heteromalla,  Mohr. 
3,8,9 

NECKERACE.ff: 

Neckera  complanata,  Hiibn.       I, 

8,9 

—  *crispa,  Hedw.     2,  6,  8,  10 

—  pumila,  Hedw.     6,  8  {Dunton 

Green,  in  fruit),  9 
Homalia  trichomanoides,  Br.  &  S. 
2,8,9 

HoOKERIACEjE 

Pterygophyllum     lucens,     Brid. 

3,8,9 
Leucodontace« 
•Antitrichia  curtipendula,   Brid. 

10  {Lydd  Beach) 
Leucodon    sciuroides,  Schwaegr. 

7,  8,  9 
Porotrichum   alopecurum,   Mitt. 

8 

Leskeace^ 

Anomodon  viticulosus.  Hook.  & 
Tayl.     2,  6,  8 

Heterocladium   *heteropterura, 
Br.  &  Sch.     8  {Sevenoaks, 
Tunbridge  Wells),  9  {Goud- 
hurst) 

Leptodon  'Smithii,  Mohr.  5 
{Waldershare  Park),  7 
{Barham,  Dover) 

Leskea  polycarpa,  Ehrh.     8,  9 

Thuidium  abietinum,  Br.  &  Sch. 
var.   hystricosum,   Mitt.     2, 
8 

—  'Blandovii,    Br.    &    Sch,     8 

{Tunbridge  Wells) 

71 


Thuidium     recognitum,    Lindb. 
I,  2,  8 

—  tamariscinum,  Br.  &  Sch.    1,8 

Hypnace^ 
Climacium  dendroides,  W.  &  M. 

.5 
Cylindrotheciumconcinnum,  Sch. 

2,8 
Camptothecium     lutescens,     Br. 
&  Sch.   2,  8, 10  {Folkestone, 
in  fruit) 

—  sericeum,  Kindb.     I,  8 
Brachythecium    albicans,    Br.    & 

Sch.  I,  2,  5  (fruiting  near 
Dear),  8 

—  csspitosum,  Dixon.     8,  9 

—  glareosum,  Br.  &  Sch.    6,  8 

—  *illecebrum,  De  Not.       i,  8 

(in  fruit  near  Tunbridge 
Wells),  9,  10 

—  plumosum,  Br.  &  Sch.     8,  9 

—  populeum,  Br.  &  Sch.    6,  8,  9 

—  purum,  Dixon.     2,  6  (in  fruit 

near  Charing),  8,  10 

—  rivulare,  Br.  &  Sch.     8,  9 

—  rutabulum,  Br.  &  Sch.     I,  8, 9 

—  'salebrosum,      Br.     &     Sch. 

6  {Bredhurst) 

var.    *Mildei.     5    {Deal), 

9  {Bidden  den) 

—  velutinum,      Br.       &      Sch. 

I,  2,  8,  9 
Eurhynchium    ♦abbreviatum, 

Schmp.     8  {Plaxtol) 
— *circinnatum,  Br.  &  Sch.     10 

{Hythe) 

—  confertum,  Milde.     I,  8,  10 

—  crassinervium,     Br.    &    Sch. 

8  {Polehill,  in  fruit),  9 
— *curvisetum,  Sch.     10  {Hythe) 

—  megapolitanum,  Milde.   I,S,  8 

—  murale,  Milde.     8,  9 

—  myosuroides,  Schimp.     I,  8 

—  myurum,  Dixon.     8 

—  piliferum,  Br.  &  Sch.     2,  8,  9 
— -  praelongum,  Schimp.     2,  7,  8 

—  pumilum,  Schimp.     i,  8 

—  rusciforme,  Milde.     2,  8,  9 
— 'striatulum,     Br.    &    Sch.     8 

{Basted,  S hif borne),  9 
{Goudhurst) 

—  striatum,  Br.  &  Sch.    I,  8,  10 

—  Swartzii,    Hobk.      2,     6,    8 

{Otford  and  Maidstone,  in 
fruit) 

—  tenellum,  Milde.     2,  8,  9 

var.  scabrellum,  Dixon.    2,  8 
Plagiothecium    'Borrerianum, 

Spruce  &  Suld.  8  {Ight- 
ham, Tunbridge  Wells,  in 
fruit) 

—  denticulatum,  Br.  &  Sch.     I, 

8,  10 

—  depressum,  Dixon.     2,  8,   lo 

{Hythe) 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Plagiothecium  •latebricola,  Br.  & 
Sch.  I  {Bromley),  8  {Ide 
Hill,  Chipstead),  9  {Goud- 
hurst,  with  gemmae) 

— 'Silesiacum,  Br.  &  Sch. 
I  {Abbey  JVood),  2  (Joy- 
den's  Wood),  8  {Sevenoaks) 

Amblystegium  filicinsm,  De  Not. 
1,8 

— *irriguum,  Br.  &  Sch.  2  {Farn- 
ingham,  Greenhithe),  8 
{Ivy  Hatch,  in  fruit, 
Maidstone),  9  {Hothfield) 

— *Juratzkanum,       Schimp. 

I  {Bromley),  8  {Kemsing) 

—  serpens,  Br.  &  Sch.     2,  8 

var.    angustifolium,    Limpr. 
8 

— *varium,  Lindb.     8  {Kemsing) 

Hypnum  aduncum,  Hedw.  i,  9, 
10 


Hvpnum  chrysophyllum,  Brid. 
I,  2,  8,  9,  10 

— •commutatum,        Hedw. 
8  {Sottthborough) 

— *cordifolium,  Hedw.  8  {Ton- 
bridge),  9  {Craubrook),  10 
{Westenhanger) 

—  cupressiforme,  L.     I  {Green- 

hithe), 2  {Shoreham) 
var.  ericetorum.     I,  8 

—  cuspidatum,  L.     I,  8,  9 
— *elodes,  Spruce.     5 

—  exannulatum,  Gumb.     I,  2,  8 

var.  falcifolium,  Dixon.     9 

—  fluitans,  L.     I,  2 

—  hispidulum,  Brid. 

var.  Sommerfeltii,  Myr.      2 
8,  10 
• — *lycopodioides,     Schwaegr.     8 
{Tunbridge  Wells) 

—  molluscum,  Hedw.     2,  7,  8 


Hypnum  Patientias,  Lindb.     8 

— *polygamum,  Schimp.  5  {Deal), 

10  {Westenhanger) 

—  riparium,  L.     2,  3,  8,  9 

—  Schreberi,  Schimp.     i,  2,  8 

—  stellatum,    Schreb.     I    {Bex- 

hi  7, 8 

var.  protensum,  B.  &  S.  8 
— 'stramineum,  Dicks.  8  {Tun- 
bridge Wells),  9  {Gotid- 
hurst) 
Hylocomium  *brevirostre,  Br. 
&  Sch.  8  {Hunger  shall 
Rocks,  in  fruit,  Langton 
Green) 

—  loreum,    Br.    &    Sch.     8,    9 

{Charing,  in  fruit) 

—  splendens,  Br.  &  Sch.  3,  5,  8 

—  squarrosum,  Schmp.  I,  8 

—  triquetrum,  Schimp.  2,  8,  9 

{Charing,  in  fruit) 


SCALE-MOSSES  {Hepaticee). 

A  list  of  the  Scale-mosses  of  Kent  was  published  by  the  writer  in  the  Journal  of  Botany 
for  1878,  pp.  43-54.  Since  that  date  a  few  more  species  have  been  added  by  the  writer,  and 
by  Mr.  L.  J.  Cocks,  of  Bromley.  The  species  which  are  met  with  in  the  neighbouring  county 
of  Sussex  on  damp,  shady,  arenaceous  rocks,  are  almost  entirely  absent  from  Kent.  Unlike 
the  mosses  and  lichens,  subalpine  species  of  scale-mosses  have  not  been  observed  on  Lydd 
Beach.  The  arrangement  of  the  species,  and  the  nomenclature  adopted  here,  is  that  of 
Dumortier  in  his  Hepatica  Europecs. 

Marchantiace^  Jungermaniace^  {continued) 

Asterella*hemispherica,  Beauv.         Cephaloziaconnivens,  Lindb.  I 
1,2,9  —  divaricata,  Dumort.    1,2,8 

Conocephalusconicus,  Dumort.         — *Lammersiana,  Hiiben.  I 

— *  lunulsfolia,    Dumort.      8 

{Tunbridge  Wells) 
Gymnocolea    affinis,    Dumort. 

7,8 
Lophocolea  bidentata,Dumort. 

1,8,9 
—  heterophylla,   Dumort.     I, 


7,  »,  9 

Lunularia    cruciata,    Dumort. 

8,9 

Marchantia  polymorpha,  Linn. 

1,8,9 
Preissia  *commutata,    Nees.  5 

RlCCIACE^ 

Riccia  glauca,  Linn.     8,  9 
var.  minima,  Lind.     I 

—  'crystallina,  Linn.     I 
Ricciella  fluitans,  A.  Br.     8,  9 

JUNGERMANIACE^ 

Frullania     dilatata,     Dumort. 
I,  7,  8 

—  Tamarisci,  Dumort. 

2,  8  {Sevenoaks),  10  {Lydd 
Beach) 
Lejeunia     'minutissima,     Du- 
mort.    2  {Morant's  Court 
Hill) 

—  serpyllifolia,  Lib.     2 
Radula    complanata,    Dumort. 

2,8,9 
Porella     platyphylla,     Lindb. 

I,    2,    3,    6      (in     fruit 

sparingly  near  Kemsing) 

8 
Lepidozia     reptans,     Dumort. 

2,8 


{Keston 
8  {Hun- 


Chiloscyphus  *  polyanthus, 
Corda.  I,  8  (in  fruit  at 
Ashurst  and  Abbey  JFood) 

Harpanthus  *scutatus,  Spruce. 
8  {Hungershall  Rocks) 

Kantia  *arguta,  Nees.  8  {Seven- 
oaks) 

—  trichomanis.  Gray.  1,3,7,8 
Blepharostoma     *trichophylla, 

Dumort.     8  {Hungershall 
Rocks) 

—  setacea,  Mitt.     I,  3,  9 
Scapania  compacta,  Dumort.  8 

—  curta,  Dumort.     9 

—  nemorosa,  Dumort.    1,2,8 
Diplophyllum     albicans,     Du- 
mort.    8 

Plagiochila    asplenioides,    Du- 
mort.    2,  7,  8,  9 
Jungermannia  attenuata, Lindb. 


crenulata,  Sm. 
72 


I,  8,  9 


JuNCERMANiACE^  {continued) 
Jungermannia  capitata.  Hook.    8 
— *exsecta,  Schmid.     I,  8 

—  incisa,  Schrad.     8 
— 'inflata,    Huds.     1 

Common) 
— *pumila,  Dumort. 

gershall  Rocks) 
— 'sphaerocarpa,    Dumort.     I 

{Bexley,  Hadloui) 

—  ventricosa,  Dicks.     8,  9 
Nardia    emarginata,    Gray.     8 

{Rusthall  Common) 

—  scalaris.  Gray.     I,  8 
Fossombronia    *caespitiformis, 

De  Not.     9  {Goudhurst) 

—  pusilla,  Nees.     8,  9 
Blasia  *pusilla,  Linn.     8  {Lang- 
ton  Green) 

Pellia  calycina,  Tayl.     I,  8,  9 

—  epiphylla,  Raddi.     3,  5,  7, 

8 
Metzgeria     furcata,     Dumort. 

2,  5  (in  fruit,  near  Deal), 

8  {Seal),  9  {Ashford) 
Riccardia  multifida,  Gray.     I, 

2,7,8 

—  pinguis.   Gray.     I,  9  {Ash- 

ford) 

Anthoceros  'loevis,  Linn.  8 
{Speldhurst,  Goudhurst) 

— 'punctatus,  Linn.  8  {Wool- 
wich Heath,  Rusthall 
Common),  9  {Goudhurst) 


BOTANY 

FRESHWATER  ALGM. 

The  freshwater  algae  of  Kent  have  never  been  carefully  worked  out,  except  in  the  im- 
mediate neighbourhood  of  Tunbridge  Wells.  The  most  complete  list  that  has  been  pub- 
lished is  that  given  in  Jenner's  Flora  of  Tunbridge  Wells.  To  this  list  is  now  added  a  number 
of  species  collected  by  the  writer  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sevenoaks,  and  some  diatoms  col- 
lected by  the  late  Dr.  E.  Capron  at  Northfleet  and  Folkestone.  But  there  are  many  localities 
in  Kent  that  would  probably  yield  a  large  number  of  species  not  yet  detected  in  the  county, 
such  as  the  marsh  ditches  near  the  estuaries  of  the  Thames  and  Medway,  and  those  around 
Minster  and  Grove  Ferry,  and  on  the  coast  near  Deal  and  Reculver.  Others  would 
unquestionably  be  found  in  the  ponds  scattered  throughout  the  county.  The  following 
list  must  therefore  not  be  regarded  as  a  fully  representative  one. 


CYANOPHYCE^ 
Chroococcace^ 

Glaeocapsa    arenaria,    Rabenh. 

Tunbridge  Wells 
Merismopsdia   punctata, 

Meyen.     Tunbridge   Wells 

OSCILLATORIACE^ 

Arthrospira      Jenneri,       Stiz. 

Tonbridge 
Lyngbya     vermicularis,     Hass. 

Rusthall  Common. 
Oscillatoria      nigra,    Vauch. 

Sevenoaks 

—  tenuis,   C.   Ag.      Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  terebriformis,  C.  Ag.     Tun- 

bridge Wells 
Phormidium  autumnale,  Gom. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

RlVULARIACE^ 

Rivularia     haematites,    C.    Ag. 
Riverhead 

NoSTOCACEjE 

Anabsena      spiralis,     Thomps. 

Tunbridge  Wells 
Nostoc       commune,      Vauch. 

Kemsing,  Westerham 

BACILLARIACE^ 

Naviculaceje 

Amphipleura  pellucida,   Kiitz. 
Shoreham,  Tunbridge  Wells 

Navicula  viridis,   Kiitz.     Tun- 
bridge Wells 

Pleurosigma  Hippocampus, 
W.  Sm.     Shoreham 

Scoliopleura  Westii,   Grun. 
Northfleet 

CyMBELLACEjE 

Cymbella      Cistula,      Hempr. 
Westerham 

—  lanceolatum,     Ehr.     Shore- 

ham 
Encyonema  prostratum,  Ralfs. 
Sandhurst 

GoMPHONEMACE^ 

Gomphonema       acuminatum, 
Ehr.     Tunbridge  Wells 

—  augur,  Ehr.     Shoreham 

—  constrictum,  Ehr.      Sfeld- 

hurst,  Shoreham 

—  exiguum,  Kiitz.   Westerhav 


Achnanthace;e 

Achnanthes  minutissima,  Kiitz. 
Westerham,  Shoreham, 

Sevenoaks 

NlTZSCHIACE^ 

Nitzschia  acuminata,   Grun. 
Tilbury 

—  circumsuta,  Grun.     North- 

fleet 

—  navicularis,  Grun.     North- 

fleet 

—  sigmoidea,  W.  Sm.   Otford, 

Shoreham 

SURIRELLACE* 

Suriraya  biseriata,  Breb.  North- 
fleet 

—  striatula,    Turp.        Otford, 

Shoreham 
Campylodiscus   bicostatus,   W. 
Sm.     Northfleet 

—  echeneis,     Ehr.     Folkestone 

—  Thuretii,  Breb.     Folkestone 

DlATOMACE^ 

Diatoma    elongatum,    C.    Ag. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  vulgare,       Bory.       Otford, 

Shoreham,Tunbridge  Wells, 
Sevenoaks 

MeRIDIONACEjE 

Meridion       circulare,       Ralfs. 
Shoreham,  Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  constrictum,   Ralfs.      Tun- 

bridge Wells 
Fragilariace.i 

Fragilaria    capucina,    Desmaz. 
Shoreham 

—  gibba,     Ehr.         Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  pectinalis,    Lyngb.       Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  virescens,  Ralfs.    Tunbridge 

Wells 
Synedra   affinis,   Kiitz.      Pem- 

bury 
-  Ulna,       Ehr.        Shoreham, 
Speld  hurst 
Striatellaceje 
Tabellaria     fenestrata,     Kiitz. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  flocculosa,    Kiitz.  Tun- 

bridge Wells 

73 


EuNOTIACEjE 

Pseudeunotia     lunaris,     Grun. 
Lamberhurst,  Goudhurst 
Biddulphiace.'e 

DenticeUa  rhombus,  Ehr.  Folke- 
stone 

Triceratium   alternans,    Breb. 
Folkestone 

—  favus,  Ehr.  Folkestone 

—  spinosum.  Bail.     Folkestone 

—  striolatum,  Ehr.    Folkestone 

MeLOSIRACEjE 

Lysigonium  varians,  De  Toni. 

Shoreham,  Tunbridge  Wells 
Melosira      arenaria,       Moore. 

Shoreham,  Westerham 

DESMIDIACE^ 
Arthrodesmus  convergens,  Ehr. 

Rusthall  Common 
Closterium    Leibleinii,     Kiitz. 

Rusthall  Common 

—  Lunula,    Nitzsch.        Rust- 

hall Common 

—  Ralfsii,      Breb.        Rusthall 

Common 

—  striolatum,  Ehr.     Kent 
Cosmarium  Botrytis,  Menegh. 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  margaritiferum,     Menegh. 

Rusthall  Common 

—  pyramidatum,  Breb.    Rust- 

hall Common 
Desmidium     Svvartzii,  C.   Ag. 

Rusthall  Common 
Disphynctium  quadratum, 

Hansg.     Rusthall  Common 
Euastrum     oblongum,     Ralfs. 

Rusthall  Common 

—  verrucosum,  Ehr.     Rusthall 

Common 
Hyalotheca     dissiliens,     Breb. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  mucosa,     Ehr.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

Pleurotaenium  TrabecuIa,Naeg. 
Rusthall  Common 

Pleurotaeniopsis  Cucumis, 

Lagerh.      Rusthall    Com- 
mon 

Sphaeroszosma       vertebratum, 
Ralfs.    Rusthall  Common 
lO 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Desmidiaceje   (continued) 

Staurastrum     alternans,   Breb. 
Rnsthdl  Common 

—  dilatatum,     Ehr.     Rusthall 

Common 

—  orbiculare,   Ralfs.       Tun- 

bridge  Wells 
Xanthidium    aculeatum,    Ehr. 
Tunbridge  Jf'ells 

—  armatum,  Breb.    Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  fasciculatum,    Ehr.       Tun- 

bridge Wells 

MoUCEOTIACE^ 

Mougeotia   genuflexa,   C.   Ag. 
Tonbridge 

—  recurva,  De  Toni.    Rusthall 

Common 
Spirogyra     arcta,    Kiitz. 

var.  catenseformis,  Kirchn. 
Rackham   Common 

—  decimina, Kiitz.  Westerham 

—  elongata,     Kiitz.     Pembury 

—  gracilis,   Kutz.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  Hassallii,    Petit.     Sandhurst 

—  inflata,   Rabenh.      Rusthall 

Common 

—  mirabilis,  Kutz.    Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  neglecta,    Kiitz.       Rusthall 

Common 

—  nitida,  Link.     Sevenoaks 

—  porticaEs,  Cleve.     Kemsing 

—  tenuissima,    Kutz.      Hawk- 

hurst 

—  varians,    Kutz.      Speldhurst 


PaLMELLACEjE 

Palmella   hyalina,   Rabenh. 

Tunbridge  Wells 
Pediastrum    Boryanum, 

Menegh.   Tunbridge  Wells 
Scenedesmus     quadricaudatus, 

Breb.     Shoreham 
Tetraspora     lubrica,     C.     Ag. 

Stone  Street 
Ulvace^e 

Enteromorpha    intestinalis, 

Link.     Tonbridge 
Monostroma   buUosum,   With. 

Tonbridge,  Kemsing 
Prasiola  crispa,  C.  Ag.     Tun- 
bridge Wells 
Confervace.s: 

Draparnaldia  plumosa,  C.  Ag. 

Chipstead 
Ch-btophoraceje 
Chaetophora  endiviEfolia,C.Ag. 

Riverhead 

—  tuberculosa,    Hook.      Tun- 

bridge Wells 
Chroolepidace^ 

Trentepohlia      aurea,      Mart. 
Chipstead 
CEdogoniace^ 

Bulbochsete    setigera,    C.    Ag. 
Tunbridge    Wells,     Goud- 
hurst 
Qidogonium  sequale,   Kiitz. 
Rusthall  Common 

—  Boscii,     Breb.          Rusthall 

Common 

—  cardiacum,    Kiitz.        Hook 

Green 


CEdogoniace^  {continued) 
CEdogonium    concatenatum, 
Wittr.     Lamberhurst 

—  inasquale,    Kiitz.      Rusthall 

Common 

—  Mulleri,    Kutz.       Rusthall 

Common 

—  Rothii,    Wittr.        Rusthall 

Common 

—  vernale,    Wittr.       Rusthall 

Common 
Cladophorace.ii 

Cladophora  crispat.i,  Kiitz. 
Riverhead 

—  glomerata,   Kiitz.     Wester- 

ham, Shoreham 

BOTRYDIACE^ 

Botrydium  granulatum,  Grev. 

Ash 
Vaucheriace^ 

Vaucheria   dichotoma,   C.   Ag. 

Sevenoaks 

—  sessilis,  DC.    Rusthall  Com- 

mon 

—  terrestris,   Lyngb.      Seven- 

oaks 

RHODOPHYCE^ 

Bangiace^ 

Porphyridium  cruentum,  Nsg. 
Sevenoaks 

HeLMINTHOCLADIACEjE 

Batrachospermum  moniliforme, 
Roth.  Keston,  Kemsing, 
Riverhead,  Maidstone 

—  pvramidale,  Sirod.        Tun- 

bridge Wells 


MARINE  ALG^ 
The  coast  of  Kent,  owing  to  the  geological  character  of  the  cliffs,  is  not  remarkable  for 
rock  pools,  and  consequently  a  large  number  of  species  of  marine  algse  found  on  the  rocky  western 
coast  of  England  in  much  the  same  latitude  have  not  been  found  in  this  county.  But 
only  a  comparatively  small  portion  of  the  coast  has  been  explored  by  algologists,  with  the 
exception  of  the  neighbourhood  of  Deal  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Neeve.  His  search  was  rewarded  by 
the  discovery  of  three  species,  new  not  only  to  the  British  Isles,  but  to  science,  viz.  Neevea 
repens,  Batt.  Erythropeltis  discigera,  Schm.  var.  Flustres,  Batt.  and  Gonimophyllum  Bu-ffhami, 
Batt.  Rhodynienia  corallicola,  Ardiss.,  aiiother  species  new  to  this  country,  has  as  yet  only 
been  found  in  Kent.  The  neighbourhood  of  Folkestone  has  been  examined  at  intervals  by 
Mr.  J.  Cosmo  Melvill,  that  of  Sandgate  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes,  that  of  Chatham  by  Dr.  J.  W. 
S.  Meiklejohn,  and  that  of  Margate  by  the  late  Mr.  T.  H.  Buffham.  The  list  at  present 
includes  rather  less  than  one-third  of  the  known  British  species,  but  it  is  quite  probable  that 
a  careful  search  near  the  mouth  of  the  rivers  Thames  and  Medway,  and  on  the  coast  of  Romney 
Marsh  might  add  considerably  to  the  number,  especially  of  the  Cyanophycece  and  Chlorophycecs. 


CYANOPHYCE^ 

Cham.ssiphonace« 

Dermocarpa  violacea,  Crn. 
Deal  (E.  B.) 

—  prasina,  Born.  Folkestone 
and  Sandgate  (on  Geli- 
dium  crinale,  J.  Ag.) ; 
Deal,  on  Gigartina  mam- 
millosa  and  on  Laurencia 
pinnatifida 


OsCILLATORIACEjE 

Lyngbya Agardhii,Gom.  Mar- 
gate (E.  B.) 

Hydrocoleum,  lyngbyaceum, 
Kiitz.  \'ar.  rupestre,  Kiitz. 
Folkestone  (E.  B.) 

Calothrix  confervicola,  C.  Ag. 
Dover 

■ —  scopulorum,  C.  Ag. 
Dover 

74 


N0STOCACE.5; 

Nostoc  Linckia,  Born.  Graves- 
end 

CHLOROPHYCE.E 

Palmellace.^; 

Gloeocystis  adnata.  Nag.  Dover 
Ulvace^ 

Pringsheimia  scutata,  Reinke. 
Margate 


BOTANY 


(Jlvace«  {continued) 
Monostroma    fuscum,    Wittr. 
var.  Blyttii,  Wittr. 
Dover 

—  Lactuca,  J.  Ag.     Deal 
Enteromorpha    marginata,    J. 

Ag.     Dover 

—  micrococca,  Kiitz. 

vai.  tortuosa,  J.  Ag.  Sand- 
gate 

—  compressa,    Grev.         Deal, 

Folkestone,    Chatham 
■ —  Linza,  J.  Ag.      Folkestone, 

Chatham 
■ —  intestinalis,    Link.        Deal, 

Folkestone,  Chatham 

—  percursa,    C.    Ag.      Deal 

—  erecta,  J.  Ag.     Deal 
Ulva  Lactuca,  L. 

var.  latissima.     Folkestone, 
Deal,  Chatham 
Ulotrichace^e 

Ulothrix  flacca,  Thur.  Deal, 
Sandgate 

Ch^TOPHORACEjE 

Epicladia  Flustrae,  Batt.  Deal, 
Folkestone 

CLADOPHORACEiE 

Chaetomorpha  Melagonium, 
Kiitz.      Deal,  Folkestone 

—  Linum,  Kiitz.     Folkestone 

—  tortuosa,  Kiitz.    Folkestone 
Rhizoclonium  riparium,  Harv. 

Deal 
Cladophora    pellucida,     Kiitz. 
Folkestone 

—  rupestris,  Kiitz.    N.  and  S. 

Foreland,  Folkestone,  Deal, 
Ramsgate,  Chatham 

—  utriculosa,    Kiitz.       Folke- 

stone 

var.   falcata,   H.   and   B. 
Deal,  on  Cer.  rubrum 

—  glaucescens,  Harv.     Deal 

—  albida,    Kiitz.      Folkestone, 

Sandgate 

—  Hutchinsiae,  Harv. 

var.  distans,  Kiitz.   Folke- 
stone, abundant 

—  arcta,  Kiitz.     Deal 

—  lanosa,  Kiitz.  Dover 
Bryopsidace^ 

Bryopsis  plumosa,  C.  Ag. 
Folkestone,  N.  and  S. 
Foreland 


PH^OPHYCE^ 

Desmarestiace^ 

Desmarestia  aculeata,  Lamour. 

Folkestone,  Dover,  Deal 
—  ligulata,    Lamour.      Folke- 
stone, Dover,  Deal 

DlCTYSIPHONACE^ 

Dictysiphon  foeniculaceus, 
Grev.     Deal 


Punctariace.'e 

Phloeospora    brachiata,     Born. 

Folkestone 
Punctaria    plantaginea,    Grev. 

Folkestone 

—  latifolia,  Grev.     Chatham 
Striaria  attenuata,  Grev.    Deal 

ScYTOSIPHONACE^ 

Scytosiphon  lomentarius,  J. 
Ag.     Dover,  Deal 

AsPEROCOCCACEjE 

Asperococcus  echinatus,  Grev. 
Dover. 

EcTOCARPACEjE 

Ectocarpus  minimus.  Nag.  In 
the  receptacles  of  Himan- 
thalia  lorea,  Lyngb.  Dover 

—  velutinus,  Kiitz.     Deal 

—  siliculosus,    Kiitz.        Folke- 

stone, Sandgate,  Dover 
var.  typica,  Kjellm.    Deal 

—  fasciculatus,   Harv.      Deal, 

Sandgate 

—  tomentosus,  Lyngb.   Dover, 

Folkestone 

—  granulosus,  C.  Ag.     Sand- 

gate 
Pylaiella      littoralis,       Kjellm. 

f.    typica,  Kjellm.     Deal, 

Dover,  Chatham 
Isthmoplea    sphaerophora, 

Kjellm.     Sandgate 
Myriotrichia    clavaeformis, 

Harv.     Deal 

—  filiformis,  Harv.     Deal 
ChordacejE 

Chorda  Filum,  Stackh.  Deal, 
Dover,  Folkestone,  Margate 
Laminariace^ 

Laminaria  saccharina,  Lamx. 
Deal,  Folkestone 

—  digitata.  Lam. 

f.  typica,  Fosl.     Folkestone 

—  Cloustonii,    Edm.       Sand- 

gate, Deal,  Chatham 
Saccorhiza  bulbosa,  De  la  Pyl. 

Dover. 
Fucace^ 

Fucus  vesiculosus,  Linn.    Deal, 

Chatham,  Folkestone 

—  serratus,   Linn.      Sandgate, 

Folkestone,     Deal,     Dover, 
Chatham 

Ascophyllum  nodosum,  Le  Jol. 
Dover,  Sandgate,  Folkestone 
var.  minor,  Turn.    Dover 

Pelvetia  canaliculata,  Decne.  et 
Thur.  Chatham,  Folke- 
stone 

Himanthalia   lorea,   Lyngb. 
Deal 

Cystoseira  fibrosa,  C.  Ag.  Deal 
(floated  in) 

ELACHISTACE.ff: 

Elachista  fucicola,  Fries.    Deal 

—  scutulata,  Duby.     Deal 

75 


Sphacei,ariace.se 

Sphacelaria  cirrhosa,  C.  Ag. 
var.pennata.  Deal, Dover, 
Folkestone 

—  plumigera,   Holmes.      East 

Wear  Bay,  Heme  Bay 
Cladostephus     spongiosus,    C. 
Ag.     Sandgate,  Folkestone, 
Ramsgate,  Deal,  S.   Fore- 
land 

—  verticillatus,  C.  Ag.    Folke- 

stone 
Stvpocaulon  scoparium,  Kiitz. 
Folkestone,     Dover,     Deal, 
Margate 
Myrionemace^ 

Myrionema  strangulans,  Grev. 
var.  typica.  Folkestone, 
Dover 

DlCTYOTACE^ 

Dictyota  dichotoma,  Lamour. 
N.  Foreland,  Folkestone. 
var.      implexa,     J.     Ag. 
Folkestone 
Padina  pavonia,  Gaill. 
Dover,  Margate 

RHODOPHYCEiE 

PoRPHYRACEiS 

Neevia  repens,  Batt.     Deal 
Erythrotrichia  Boryana,  Berth. 

Folkestone 
Erythropcltis   discigera,  Schm. 
var.  Flustrae,  Batt.    Deal 
Bangia  fuscopurpurea,  Lyngb. 

Deal 
Porphyra  laciniata,  J.  Ag. 

var.    umbilicata,    J.    Ag. 
Folkestone,  Deal,  Sheer- 
ness  (E.  B.) 
Helminthocladiace^ 

Acroch^tium  virgatulum,  J. 
Ag.    Dover 

Ch^ETANGIACEjE 

Choreocolax    Polysiphonix, 
Reinsch.    Folkestone,  Deal 

a-  T.  N.) 

Gelidiace^ 

Harveyella   mirabilis,    Schmitz 
et  Rke.     Deal 
Wrangeliace^ 

Naccaria  Wiggii,  Endl.    Folke- 
stone 
Gelidium  crinale,  J.  Ag.  Folke- 
stone, Sandgate 

—  corneum,  Lamour,     Deal 
Gigartinace^ 

Chondrus    crispus,    Stackh. 
Sandgate,    N.  Foreland, 
Folkestone,  Deal 
Gigartina  mamillosa,  J.  Ag. 
f.  genuina,    Batt.     Deal, 

Sandgate,  Folkestone 
f.      acuta.     Good,     and 
Woodw.    Deal 
i.  prolifera.  Turn.    Deal 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


GigartinacEjE  {continued) 

Phyllophora  rubens,  Grev. 
Folkestone,  Dover,  S.  Fore- 
land, Deal,  Ramsgate 

—  membranifolia,  J.     Ag. 

Folkestone,    Deal,    Dover ; 
a  narrow  form  occurs  at 
Deal 
Gymnogongrus     GrifEthsiE, 
Mart.  Sandgate  (E.  M.  H.) 

—  Norvegicus,  J.  Ag.    Dover, 

S.  Foreland,  Deal 
Ahnfeldtia    plicata,    Fries. 

Folkestone,  Deal,  Chatham 
Actinococcus    peltaeformis, 

Schmitz.     Deal 
Colacolepis  incrustans, Schmitz. 

Deal 
Callophyllis     laciniata,     Kiitz. 

Deal 
Rhodophyllidace^ 

Cystoclonium       purpurascens, 

Kiitz.     Dover,  Deal 
Catenella       Opuntia,      Grev. 

Dover 
Rhodophyllis      bifida,      Kiitz. 

Deal 

—  appendiculata,  J.  Ag.    Deal 
Sphaerococcus     coronopifolius, 

Grev.     Deal 
Gracilaria  confervoides,  Grev. 

Deal 
Calliblepharis     ciliata,     Kiitz. 

Dover,     Deal,     Folkestone, 

Ramsgate 

—  jubata,  Kiitz.    Folkestone 
Rhodymenia    palmetta,    Grev. 

f.  typica,  Batt.    Deal 
f.   flabelliformis,      Kiitz. 
Deal 

—  corallicola,  Ardiss.     Deal 

—  palmata,  Grev.     Folkestone, 

Sandgate,  Deal 
Cordylecladia    erecta,    J.    Ag. 

Folkestone 
Lomentaria  articulata,  Lyngb. 

Dover,     Deal,     Folkestone, 

Sandgate 

—  clavellosa,  GaiO.     Deal 

—  rosea,      Thur.       Ramsgate 

(T.  H.  B.) 
Chylocladia    kaliformis,    Grev. 

Folkestone 
Plocamium  coccineum,  Lyngb. 

Folkestone,     Dover,     Deal, 

Chatham 
Nitophyllum  laceratum,  Grev. 

Deal 


Rhodophyllidace^  (continued) 
Nitophyllum    Gmelini,    Harv. 

Deal 
Gonimophyllum         Buffhami, 

Batt.    Deal 
Delesseria    alata,    Lamour. 

Folkestone,     S.     Foreland, 

Chatham 

—  Hypoglossum,  Lamour. 

Folkestone,  Deal 

—  ruscifolia,  Lamour.    Dover, 

Deal 
■ —  sinuosa,    Lamour.       Folke- 
stone 

—  sanguinea,  Lamour.    Folke- 

stone, Deal,  Chatham 

RH0D0MELACE.ffi: 

Rhodomela    subfusca,    C.    Ag. 

Folkestone,     S.     Foreland, 

Chatham 
Laurencia  caespitosa,  Lamour. 

Folkestone,  Sandgate 

—  pinnatifida,  Lamour.  Folke- 

stone,  Dover,   S.   Foreland 
Halopithys  pinastroides,  Kiitz. 

Deal,  Folkestone 
Chondria    dasyphylla,    C.    Ag. 

Folkestone,  Dover,  Deal 
Polysiphonia    elongata,    Grev. 

Deal 

—  fibrillosa,   Grev.     N .  Fore- 

land 

—  fastigiata,     Grev.         Deal, 

Folkestone,  Sandgate 

—  atrorubescens,  Grev.     Deal 

—  nigrescens,    Grev.       Folke- 

stone,  Dover,   S.  Foreland, 
Ramsgate 

var.  affinis,  J.  Ag.   Rams- 
gate 

—  violacea,  Grev.  Kent 

—  Brodisi,  Grev. 

var.  typica.  Holmes   and 
Batt.     Folkestone 
Brongniartella  byssoides,  Bory. 

S.  Foreland 
Heterosiphonia     coccinea, 

Schmitz.    Folkestone,  Deal 

CeRAMIACEjS 

Spermothamnion    Turneri, 
Aresch. 
var.  monoica,  Schm.  Deal 

—  strictum,  Ard.     Sandgate 
Griffithsia     barbata,     C.     Ag. 

Folkestone 

—  corallina,  C.  Ag.    Folkestone 

—  setacea,  C.  Ag.   S.  Foreland, 

Folkestone 


Ceramiace^  {continued) 

Halurus    equisetifolius,    Kiitz. 

Folkestone,  Deal 
Rhodochorton  floridulum,  Nag. 

5.  Foreland 
Callithamnion    polyspermum, 

C.  Ag.     Folkestone 

—  granulatum,  C.  Ag.  Folke- 

stone 

—  roseum,  Harv.    Folkestone 

—  corymbosum,  Lyngb.   Kent 

(E.  B.) 

Plumaria  elegans,  Schm.  Folke- 
stone, Dover,  S.  Foreland 

Antithamnion  Plumula,  Thur. 
Folkestone 

Ceramium  rubrum,  C.  Ag. 
Folkestone,  Sandgate,  Deal, 
Chatham 

—  diaphanum,  Roth.  S.  Fore- 

land 

—  Deslongchampsii,   Chauv. 

Deal 

—  flabelligerum,  C.  Ag.  Folke- 

stone,   Dover,    S.   Foreland 

—  cihatum,  Ducluz.   Chatham 

—  gracilUmum,  Harv.     Folke- 

stone 
Cryptonemiace^ 

Gloiosiphonia  capillaris,  Carm 

Sheerness 
Dumontia      filiformis,      Grev 

Folkestone,  Deal 
Dilsea  edulis,  Stackh.   S.  Fore 

land 
Furcellaria  fastigiata,  Lamour 

Folkestone,     Dover,     Deal 

Chatham 
Rhizophyllidace^ 

Polyides       rotundus,       Grev. 

Folkestone,  Dover,  Deal 
Petrocelis     cruenta,     J.     Ag. 

Folkestone 

Hi  LDEN  BRAN  DTIACEjE 

Hildenbrandtia    prototypus, 
Nardo.     Deal 

CoRALLINACEiC 

Melobesia  zonalis,  Fosl.     Deal 

—  corticiformis,  Kiitz.     Deal, 

Folkestone 

Lithothamnion  polymorphum, 
Aresch.  Folkestone,  Sand- 
gate, Deal 

Corallina    officinalis,    Linn. 
Folkestone,  Sandgate,  Dover, 
Deal,   Chatham, 

—  rubens,  Ellis  et  Sol.   Folke- 

stone 


CHARACE^. 
Chara  fragilis  Desv.  type  has  been  noted  in  four  localities,  and  var.  Hedwigii  Kuetz.  in 
three.  C.  hispida,  L.  is  not  uncommon  near  the  sea  and  tidal  waters  ;  what  we  believe  to  be 
the  var.  rudis  (Braun)  was  found  by  Mr.  Dowker  at  Ham  Ponds.  C.  vulgaris,  L.,  by  far 
the  most  frequent  species  in  the  county,  has  occurred  in  every  district,  either  as  the  type  or 
var.  longihracteata  Kuetz.  or  the  submaritime  var.  -papillata  Wallr.     The  only  known  stations 

76 


BOTANY 

for  folypella  glomerata  Leonh.  are  Plumstead  Marshes  and  Folkestone  Warren ;  the  scarce 
1.  frolifera  Leonh.  being  restricted  to  ditches  near  Snodland.  Nitella  flexilis  Agardh, 
collected  once  near  West  Peckham,  and  TV.  opaca  Agardh,  from  six  stations  in  districts  7,  8 
and  9,  complete  our  somewhat  meagre  list. 

LICHENS  (Lichenes). 
The  lichen  flora  of  Kent  is  peculiar  in   relation  to  subalpine  species,  which  are  mostly 
confined  to  the  district  known  as  Lydd  Beach.     These  probably  have  grown  from  spores 
carried  by  the  wind  from  Devon,  or  from  the  opposite  French  coast. 

The  published  records  of  lichens  for  Kent  are  comparatively  few.  Many  of  those  given  by 
Foster  and  Jenner,  in  the  Flora  of  Tunbridge  Wells,  have  now  disappeared,  and  the  list  given 
by  the  present  writer  in  the  Journal  of  Botany  for  1888  has  since  had  little  added  to  it. 

In  the  following  list  the  rarer  species  are  marked  with  an  asterisk.  The  classification 
adopted  is  that  of  Crombie's  British  Lichens  as  far  as  the  genus  Pertusaria,  and  beyond  that 
genus,  that  of  the  third  edition  of  Leighton's  Lichen  Flora  of  Great  Britain. 

COLLEMACEI  Caliciei  {continued)  Ramalinei  {continued) 

CoUema  cheileum,  Ach.     8,  9  Calicium  parietinum,  Ach.     8  Ramalina   fastigiata,  Ach.      2, 

—  crispum,  Ach.     2,  8  {Wes-         — *phaeocephalum,   Turn,  and  8,  9 

terham)  Borr.  8  {Tunbridge  Wells)        —  fraxinea,    Ach.     i,      6,     9 

—  quercinum,  Pers.     8,  10 

—  trachehnum,  Ach.     6,  8 
Coniocybe    *furfuracea,    Ach. 

I  {Chislehurst) 
Sphinctrina  turbinata,  Pers. 

5,. 8 
Trachylia  tympanella,  Fr.     8 

SpHjEROPHOREI 

Spharophoron       *  coraUoides, 
Pers.  8  {Hungershdl  Rocks) 

B.EOMYCE^I 

Baeomyces  roseus,  Pers.     8 

—  rufus,  DC.    8 
Cladonia  •alcicornis,  Flk.     10 

{Lydd  Beach) 

—  caespiticia,  Flk.     8 

—  cariosa,  Flk.     8 

—  cervicornis,  Schaer.     8 
• —  degenerans,    Flk. 

var.  amoena,  Ach.  I 

—  delicata,  Flk.     2 
var.  subsquamosa,  Nyl.  8 

—  digitata,  Hoffm.     8 
var.    ostreatiformis, 

Leight.     8 

—  fimbriata,  Fr.     2 

—  furcata,  Hoffm.     8 
var.  recurva,  Hoffm.  10 

• —  gracilis,  Hoffm.     10 

—  macilenta,  Hoffm.     I,  8 

—  pungens,  Flk.     8 
f.  foliosa,  Flk.     10 

pyxidata,  Fr.  i,  7,  8,  g 

rangiferina,     Hoffm. 


— *furvum,  Ach.  9  {Staple- 
hurst),  10  {Lympne) 

— *glaucescens,  Hoffm.  2 
{Chelsfieli) 

— *nigrescens,  Ach.  2,  8,  10 
(in  fruit  near  Halstead) 

—  pulposum,  Ach.    I,  5,  9,  10, 

sub-sp.  ceranoides,   Nyl. 
2  {Chelsfield) 

Collemodium  *biatorinum, 
Nyl.     8  {Maidstone) 

— 'microphyllum,  Nyl.  3 
{Selling),    10   {Folkestone) 

— *plicatile,  Nyl.  8  {Maid- 
stone), 9  {Boughton  Mon- 
chelsea) 

—  Schraderi,   Nyl.     2,   8    (in 

fruit    at    Shoreham    and 
Kemsing),  10 

—  turgidum,  Nyl.     8,  10 
Leptogium    *cretaceum,    Nyl. 

10    {Folkestone,  in  fruit) 

—  lacerum,  Ach.     2,  8,  10 
— *microscopicum,     Nyl.        8 

{Maidstone) 
— •minutissimum,  Fr.    2  {Hal- 
stead) 

—  scotinum,  Fr.     5,  6 

var.  sinuatum,Malbr.5 
Collemopsis   *diffundens,  Nyl. 

8  {Maidstone) 
— *SchEreri,   Nyl. 

8   {Maidstone,  Kemsing) 
Pyrenidium   'actinellum,   Nyl. 

8  {Maidstone) 

LICHENACEI 
Caliciei 

Calicium     •chrysocephalum, 
Ach.        8       {Shipbourne, 
Penshurst) 

—  curtum.    Turn,  and    Borr. 

8,  10 

—  hyperellum,  Ach.     8 

—  melanophajum,  Ach. 

var.ferrugineum,Schsr.  8 


{Postling,  in  fruit) 

—  pollinaria,  Ach.     6,  8,  9 

f.  humiUs,  Ach.     8 

USNEI 

Usnea  ceratina,  Ach.     10 

var.  scabrosa,  Ach.    10 
f.    ferruginascens, 
Cromb.    3,  8,  10 

—  florida,  Ach.     10 

—  hirta,  Hoffm.     10 
Alectoriei 

Alectoria   'jubata,   Nyl.     sub- 
sp.   chalybeiformis,   Ach. 
8  {Rusthall  Common) 
Cetrariei 

Cetraria  aculeata,  Fr. 
5  {Sandwich) 

*f.  acanthella,  Nyl.    10 

{Lydd  Beach)  ' 
*f.  hispida,  Cromb.    10 
{Lydd  Beach) 
Platysma  *s2epincola,  Nyl.     5 
Court, 


Cladina 


—  subsquamosa,  Nyl.     8 

—  sylvadca,  Hoffm.     8 
Ramalinei 

Ramalina  calicaris,  Hoffm. 

var.    canaliculata,    Fr. 

5,   9    {Hothfield,    in 

fruit),  10 
var.  subamphata,  Nyl. 


evernioides,  Nyl.     i 
farinacea,  Ach.  I,  3, 

77 


(near   Ripple 
in  fruit) 

—  *diffusum,  Nyl.  8  {Pens- 
hurst, Sevenoaks) 

Parmeliei 

Evernia  prunastri,  Ach.  8 
{Penshurst  and  Wrotham, 
in  fruit),  9,  10 

var  *stictocera.   Hook. 
5    {Sandwich),    lo   {Lydd 
Beach) 
Parmelia     'acetabulum,    Dub. 

7  {Broome  Park),  8  (fruit- 
ing in  Penshurst  Park) 

• —  Borreri,  Turn.  8  (JVester- 
ham,  in  fruit) 

—  caperata,  Ach.     2,  6,  8,  10 

—  exasperata,  Nyl.    I,  8,  9,  lo 
— *fuHginosa,    Nyl.     8    {Ight- 

ham,  Rusthall  Common) 

—  laevigata,  Ach.     2,  6,  8,  9 

—  perforata,  Wulf.     3,  7,  10 

sub-sp.     'ciliata,    Nyl. 

8  {Lydd,  in  fruit) 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Parmeliei  (continued) 

Parmelia  perlata,  Ach.     I,  6,  8 

—  physodes,  Ach.     I,  8 

f.  labrosa,  Ach.  8 
f.  tubulosa,  Mudd.   lo 

—  subaurifera,  Nyl.     3,  8 

—  sulcata,  Tayl.     8 

—  tiliacea,  Ach.     8 
Parmeliopsis     *ambigua,     Nyl. 

8  (Sevenoaks,  Ightham) 
Stictei 

Stictina   'fuliginosa,  Nyl.      10 

{Lydd  Beach) 
— *limbata,     Nyl.     10     {Lydd 

Beach) 
Lobaria  *scrobicuIata,  Nyl.    10 

{Lydd  Beach,  Ightham) 
— *pulmonaria,  Hoffm.    10 
Ricasolia    *laetevirens,    Leight. 

6  {Wye) 
Nephromium     'lusitanicum, 

Nyl.     10  {Lydd  Beach) 
Peltigera  canina,  Hoflfm.    I,  5, 

6,  8 

—  horizontalis,  Hoffm.         8 

{Ightham) 

—  polydactyla,  Hoffm.       i 

{Halstead),  8,  10 
— *rufescens,  Hoffm.  3   {Cant- 
erbury), 8  {Lamberhurst) 
— 'spuria,  Leight.     3  {Canter- 
bury), 8  {Sevenoaks) 
Physciei 

Physcia  •astroidea,  Nyl.  7 
{Broome  Park,  in  fruit), 
8  {Maidstone,  Tunbridge 
Wells) 

—  caesia,  Nyl.     2  (Cobham) 

—  ciliaris,  D.  C.     7,  8,  9 

var.  actinota,  Ach.  10 
— *erosa,  Leight.  8  {Dunton 
Green,  Penshurst),  9 
{Egerton) 
— *flavicans,  D.  C.  10  {Beach- 
borough  Park,  Lydd 
Beach) 

—  lychnea,  Nyl.     2,  8 

—  parietina,  De  Not.     I  {Sid- 

cup),  6,  8,  9 

—  pulverulenta,  Nyl.     8 

sub-sp.    pityrea,    Nyl. 

6,  8,  10 

sub-sp.  venusta,  Nyl.  8 

—  steDaris,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  tenella,  Nyl.    8 

—  ulothrix,  Nyl. 

var.  virella,  Cromb.    i, 
6,8 
Lecanorei 

Pannaria  nigra,  Nyl.     8,  10 
— 'rubiginosa,     Del. 

var. coeruleo-badia, Mudd. 
I   {Charlton) 
Coccocarpia  'plumbea,  Nyl. 

10      {Lydd      Beach      in 
fruit) 


Lecanorei  {continued) 

Squamaria    *saxicola,    Sm.      8 

{Otford) 
Placodium  callopismum,Mudd. 

I,  8,  9,  10 
— *decipiens,  Leight.   2  {Eyns- 

ford),  8   {Borough  Green, 

Sevenoaks) 

—  murorum,     Leight.     I,    6, 

8,  10  {Sandgate) 
— 'teicholytum,    Cromb.        8 

{Maidstone) 
Candelaria  *laciniosa,  Nyl.     2 

{Shoreham),    8     {Brasted, 

Tunbridge  Wells) 

—  vitellina,  Cromb.     8,  10 

sub-sp.    xanthostigma, 
Nyl.     9 
Lecanora  citrina,  Ach.     I,  3,  8 

—  albella,  Nyl.     I,  8 

—  allophana,  Nyl.     I,  6,  8 
- —  atra,  Ach.     i,  3,  8,  10 

— *atro-flava,  Nyl.     10  {Lydd 
Beach) 

—  aurantiaca,  Nyl.     I,  2,  10 
■ —  calcarea,  Somm.     8,  10 

var.  Hoffmanni,  Somm. 
8 

—  cerina,  Ach.     2,  5,  8,  10 
— *coccinea,  Cromb.     8  {Pens- 
hurst Park) 

—  coilocarpa,  Nyl.     8 

—  conizaea,  Nyl.     8 

—  exigua,  Nyl.     2,  6 

—  expallens,  Ach.     3,  8,  9 

var.  lutescens,  Nyl.    10 

—  galactina,  Ach.     8,  10 

— *gibbosa,    Nyl.       10    {Lydd 
Beach) 

var.  zonata.     10  {Lydd 
Beach) 
— 'glaucoma,  Ach.    10  {Folke- 
stone) 

—  intumescens,  Koerb.    8 

—  irrubata,  Nyl.     8 

sub-sp.  calva,  Nyl.    10 
— *luteoalba,    Nyl.     2    {Eyns- 
ford) 

—  pallescens,  Nyl.     2,  8 

—  parella,  Ach.     8 

var.  Turneri,  Nyl.     2 

—  Parisiensis,  Nyl.     I,  9 

—  pruinosa,  Nyl.     8 

f.  nuda,  Nyl.     9 

—  rugosa,  Nyl. 

sub-sp.  chlarona,  Nyl. 
8 

—  subfusca,  Nyl.     I,  6,  8 
— "sulphurea,    Ach.     3    {Can- 
terbury), 9  {Charing) 

—  symmicta,  Ach.     2 

— 'tartarea,  Ach.     8  {Rusthall 
Common,  Ightham) 

■ — *urbana,    Nyl. 
10  {Folkestone) 

—  varia,  Ach.     2,  8 

78 


Lecanorei  {continued) 
Pertusaria   amara,   Nyl.     I,   8, 
9,  10 

—  communis,  D.  C.     I,  8,  9 
— 'dealbata,  Nyl.     8  {Rusthall 

Common) 

—  globuhfera,   Nyl.     2,   8,   9 
■ —  leioplaca,  Schaer.     5,  6,  8 

—  lutescens,  Lamy.     8 
— 'multipunctata,    Nyl. 

3  {Canterbury) 
— *velata,    Nyl.     6    {Wye),    8 
{Ightham,  Sevenoaks) 
f.    aspergilla,    Cromb. 
8     {Sevenoaks),     10 
{Hythe) 

—  Wulfenii,'D.  C.     I,  6,  8,  9 

•f.  carnea,  Fr.  3  {Can- 
terbury), 8  {Toy's  Hill), 
Phlyctis  agelaea,  Koerb.     8,  10 

—  argena,    Koerb.     3,    9,    10 

{Hythe,  in  fruit) 
Thelotrema  *lepadinum,  Ach. 

8  {Ightham) 
Urceolaria  scruposa,  Ach.     I,  8 
Lecidea    *abietina,    Ach. 

8    {Sevenoaks,    Tunbridge 

Wells) 

—  alboatra,  Hoffm.     2,  8 

var.  epipolia,  Ach.  5,  8 
— "arceutina,  Arn.     8  {Maid- 
stone) 

—  aromatica,  Sm.   8  {Ightham, 

B  arming) 

—  calcivora,  Ehrh.    I,  10 

—  canescens,  Dicks,     i,  7,  8, 

ID    {Broome     Park    and 
Hythe,  in  fruit) 

—  Caradocensis,    Leight,       8 

{Sevenoaks,  Westerham) 

—  coarctata,  Sm. 

var.  glebulosa,  Leight.  8 

—  concentrica,  Dav.     8 

—  contigua,  Fr.     8 

— *cyrtella,   Ach.      5   {Siberts- 
tvold),  10  {Netuington) 

—  decolorans,  Flk.     I,  8 

var.  aporetica,  Koerb.  I 
— 'denigrata,  Fr.   8  {Tunbridge 

Wells) 
— 'disciformis,  Fr.     8  {Seven- 

oaks) 
— *dubia,   Borrer.     8   {Otford) 

—  effusa,  var.  fuscella,  Fr.  5,  8 

var.    caesio-pruinosa, 
Mudd.     5,  10 
— *endoleuca,  Nyl.    8  {Dunk's 
Green) 

—  incompta,  Borr.     8 

—  lucida,  Ach.     8 

—  melaena,  Nyl.     2,  8 

—  milliaria,  Fr.     8 

• —  myriocarpa,  D.C.     2,  3,  8, 
10 

—  'nigritula,  Nyl. 

8    {Tofs  Hill),  I  {Hythe) 


BOTANY 


Lecanorei  {continued) 

Lecidea  ostreata,  Hoffm.     1,8 

—  parasema,  Ach. 

var.  elaeochroma,  Ach.  8 
— *pelidna,    Ach.        8    {Sun- 
dridge) 

—  petraea,  Wulf. 

var.     cinerea    lo     {Lydd 
Beach) 
— *premnea,  Ach.     8 

{Cobham,  Penshurst) 

—  quernea,  Dicks.     I,  6,  8 
— *rivulosa,  Ach.     8  {Ightham) 
— *rosella,  Pars.     2  {Chelsfield) 

—  rubella,  Ehrh.     2,  3,  8 

—  sabuletorum,  Flk.     8 

— *sph2eroides,     Sommf.         8 

{Toy's  Hill) 
— *spododes,  Nyl.     2  {Cobham) 

—  tricolor.  With,  i,  2,  10 

—  uliginosa,  Schrad.     2,  3,  8 


Lecanorei  {continued) 

Lecidea  vesicularis,  Hoffm.  5,10 
Graphidiei 

Arthonia  astroidea,  Ach.     8 

—  cinnabarina,  Walk.     8 

var.  anerythrsa,  Nyl.  3 
— *proximella,    Nyl.     5 

{Sibertswold) 
Graphis  elegans,  Sm.     3,  8 

—  scripta,  Ach.     6,  8 

var.  serpentina,  Ach.  8 
Opegrapha  atra,  Pars.     8 

—  herpetica,  Ach.     6,  8 
^*lyncea,   Sm.     8   {Penshurst, 

Cobham) 

—  saxicola,    Ach.     var.    gyro- 

carpa,  Zw.     8 

var.  Persoonii,  Ach.    8 

—  varia,  Pars.     f.  notha,  Ach. 

2,  8 
f .  pulicaris,  Lightf.  6, 8 


Graphidiei  {continued) 

Opegrapha  viridis,  Pars.  2, 8, 10 
Stigmatidium  crassum,  Dub.  I, 

3,8 
Pyrenocarpei 

Normandina  laetevirens,  Turn. 

and  Borr.  8  {Hungershall 

Rocks) 
Verrucaria     conoidea    Fr.     10 

{Hythe) 

—  fuscaUa,  Turn.     8 

—  gemmata,  Ach.     7,  8 

—  glaucina,  Ach.     i,  8 
— *macrostoma,  Duf.     10 

{Hythe) 

—  nigrescans,  Pars.     8,  10 

—  nitida,  Weig. 

var.  nitidella,  Flk.     9 

—  olivacaa,  Borr.     5,  8 

—  rupestris,     Schrad. 

var.  muralis,  Ach.     10 


FUNGL 

The  county  of  Kent  is  comparatively  rich  in  fungi,  due  partly  to  the  large  extent  of 
coppice  wood  laid  down  for  hop  poles,  partly  to  the  numerous  pine  woods  in  the  county, 
and  partly  to  the  number  of  old  trees  in  many  of  the  parks.  The  records  here  given  are  taken 
from  Foster's  Flora  Tunbridgensis,  1816  ;  Berkeley,  in  English  Flora,  vol.  v,  pt.  ii.,  1836  ;  Jenner, 
Flora  of  lunbridge  Wells,  184.5  ;  Hussey,  Illustrations  of  British  Mycology,  1847  ;  Berkeley, 
Outlines  of  British  Mycology,  i860;  Cooke,  Handbook  of  British  Fungi,  1871  ;  W.T.T.,  List 
of  Fungi  found  near  Tunbridge,  Gardener's  Chronicle,  1875  ;  Worthington  G.  Smith,  Drawings 
in  the  British  Museum,  and  Berkeley  and  Broome,  in  various  volumes  of  the  Annals  of  Natural 
History  ;  and  M.  C.  Cooke  and  G.  Massee  in  Grevillea,  vols,  xv.-xviii.  The  species  scattered 
throughout  these  publications  together  with  an  extensive  manuscript  list  compiled  by  Mr. 
E.  M.  Holmes  of  Sevenoaks,  were  brought  together  in  a  list  published  in  the  Journal  of  Botany 
for  1 88 1  by  Mr.  Thos.  Howse.  Since  that  date  numerous  other  species  have  been  detected 
in  the  county,  so  that  the  list  now  given  is  a  fairly  complete  one  of  the  fungus  flora  of  Kent,  so 
far  as  it  has  been  investigated. 

It  will  be  noted,  however,  from  the  localities  given,  that  many  parts  of  the  county  have 
not  been  thoroughly  explored. 

The  records  for  Sydenham  are  almost  entirely  those  noted  by  Mr.  Howse  as  well  as  many 
of  those  from  Kemsing,  Shoreham,  Chislehurst,  and  Deal.  The  species  from  Tunbridge 
Wells  were,  many  of  them,  detected  by  the  late  Mr.  Thos.  Walker,  F.L.S.,  and  those  from 
Southborough  by  Mr.  W.  Fawcett,  B.Sc.  ;  those  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Greenwich  by 
the  late  Mr.  F.  Currey,  F.L.S.,  who  published  a  list  in  the.  Report  of  the  Botanical  Committee 
of  the  Greenzvich  Natural  History  Club  for  December  3,  1857,  those  from  the  neighbourhood 
of  Goudhurst  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Bicknell  and  the  Right  Hon.  Lord  Justice  Stirling,  and  those 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Sevenoaks,  Wrotham,  Canterbury,  Plumstead,  Dover,  and  various 
other  parts  of  the  county  by  Mr.  E.  M.  Holmes,  F.L.S. 

Fuller  details  concerning  localities,  than  can  be  given  in  this  list,  may  be  found  in  the 
Journal  of  Botany,  1879,  since  the  object  here  is  to  indicate  the  distribution  of  species  in  the 
different  sections  of  the  county  as  indicated  in  the  Flora  of  Kent. 


HYMENOMYCETES 
Agaricini 
Amanita     aspara,     Fr.     Near 
Bromley 

—  excelsa,  Fr.     Shorne  Wood 

—  mappa,  Batsch.    Sevenoaks, 

Sandwich 

—  muscari,  L.     Sydenham 

—  pantherina,  D.  C.     Chisle- 

hurst 


Agaricini  {continued) 

Amanita  phalloides,  Fr.  Bex- 
ley,  Bostall  Wood,  Chisle- 
hurst, Witley 

—  rubescens,  Fr.  In  woods, 
Sydenham 

Amanitopus  vaginata,  Roze. 
Common 

Lepiota  procera.  Scop.  Syd- 
enham,   Tonbridge,    Deal 

79 


Agaricini  {continued) 

var.  rhacodes,  Vitt.   Syd- 
enham 
Lepiota  acutasquamosa.  Wainm. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  amianthina,    Scop.     Seven- 

oaks 

—  clypeolaria.      Bull.      Deal, 

Canterbury 

—  cristata,  A.  &  S.    Sydenham 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Agaricini  (continued) 

Lepiota     erminea.       Fr.    S^al 
Park. 

—  Friesii,    Zasch.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  granulosa,    Batsch.     Syden- 

ham, Tunbridge  Wells 

—  holosericea,  C.  R.     Staple- 

kurst 

—  meleagris,    Sow.     On   hot- 

beds 

—  naucina,    Fr.        Tunbridge 

Wells,  Haaik  hurst 
Armillaria      mucida,     Schrad. 

Sevenoaks,  Goudhurst 
Tricholoma     album,     Schaeff. 

Orpington 

—  albo-brunneum,  Pers.  Syd- 

enham, Tunbridge  Wells 

—  cinerascens,     Bull.     Syden- 

ham 

—  columbetta,     Fr.       Chisle- 

hurst,  Bromley 

—  cuneifolium,    Fr.     Crystal 

Palace,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  flavo-brunneum,  Fr.     Syd- 

enham, Chislehurst,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  grammopodium,  BuO.  Syd- 

enham, Shoreham,  Otford, 
Bromley 

—  imbricatum,  Fr.    Bromley, 

Goudhurst 

—  lascivum,  Fr.     Canterbury 

—  melaleucum,  Pers.     Syden- 

ham 

—  nictitans,     Fr.      Shoreham, 

Hayes 

—  nudum.  Bull.     Chislehurst, 

Tunbridge  Wells,Bromley, 
Borough  Green 

—  personatum,  Fr.     Bromley, 

Lydd,  Borough  Green 

—  rutilans,     Schaff.      Syden- 

ham 

—  saponaceum,  Fr.       Chisle- 

hurst, Shoreham,  Seven- 
oaks,  Goudhurst,  Tun- 
bridge Wells 

—  sejunctum,    Somm.     Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  subpulverulentum,       Pers. 

Sydenham,  Sandwich, Deal 

—  sulphureum,     Fr.     Chisle- 

hurst,    Tunbridge     Wells 

—  vaccinum,  Fr.     Be.xley 
Clitocybe      candicans,       Pers. 

Sydenham,  Hadlow 

—  brumalis,     Fr.     Sydenham, 

Canterbury 

—  cyathiformis,    Bull.     Shore- 

ham, Bromley,  Tunbridge 
Wells 

—  dealbata,  Sow.     Bromley 

—  flaccida.     Sow.     Sydenham, 

Chislehurst,  Goudhurst 


Agaricini  {continued) 

Clitocybe  fragrans,  Sow.  Sand- 
wich, Deal,  near  Frith 
Wood,  Bromley,  Shoreham, 
BesseWs  Green 

—  geotropa,  Bull.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  maximus.     Alb.   and  Schu. 

Sevenoaks 

—  gilva,  Pers.     West  Farleigh 

—  metachrous,  Fr.    Sydenham 
■ —  platyphylla,      Fr.       Syden- 
ham 

■ —  radicata,  Relh.  Sydenham, 
Tunbridge  Wells,  Wrot- 
ham,  Sevenoaks 

Collybia     cirrhata,     Schum. 
Sydenham. 

—  inornata,    Sow.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  macula ta,  Alb.  and  Schu. 

var.  immaculata.     Knole 
Park 

—  nebularis,  Batsch.      Syden- 

ham 

—  odora,    Sow.  Bromley, 

Sevenoaks. 

—  phyllophila,    Fr.     Orping- 

ton, Cobham 
Laccaria  beUa,  B.  &  Br. 
Mycena   alcalina,    Fr.     Syden- 
ham, Bostall  Wood,  Shore- 
ham,   Cobham,    Bromley, 
Starvecrow  Wood 

—  capiUaris,     Fr.     Shoreham, 

Darenth  Wood 

—  citrinella,  Pers.     Otford 

—  collariata,     Fr.     Addington 

—  corticola,     Fr.     Shortlands, 

Sevenoaks 

—  debilis,  Fr.     Wrotham 

—  elegans,  Pers.     Canterbury, 

Bromley 

—  epipterygia,   Scop.     Syden- 

ham 

—  filopes.  Bull.     Sydenham 

—  flavo-alba,     Fr.     Shoreham, 

Crystal  Palace 

—  galericulata,  Scop.     Syden- 

ham, Knole  Park 

—  galopoda,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  lactea,  Pers.     Otford,  Chis- 

lehurst,    Bromley,     Mar- 
gate, Canterbury 
■ —  leptocephala,  Pers.     Knole 
Park 

—  metata,  Fr.     Wrotham 

—  polygramma,  Bull.     Syden- 

ham 

—  psammicola,  B.  &  Br.     Ad- 

dington 

—  pterigena,  Fr.     Canterbury 

—  pura,  Pers.     Common 

—  rosella,  Fr.     Shoreham 

—  saccharifera,     B.      &      Br. 

Lower  Sydenham 
80 


Agaricini  {continued) 

Mycena  sanguinolenta,  A.  &.  S. 
Sydenham,  Sevenoaks, 
Canterbury 

—  tenerrima.      Berk.      Seven- 

oaks, Otford 

—  vitilis,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  vulgaris,  Pers.     Sydenham 
Omphalia  camptophylla,  Berk. 

Margate 

—  directa,  B.   &    Br.     Chisle- 

hurst 

—  fibula.  Bull.     Sydenham 

var.  Swartzii,  Fr.      Syd- 
enham, Crystal  Palace 

—  muralis,     Sow.      Ightham, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  pyxidata.       Bull.      Dunton 

Green,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  umbellifera,  Lin.    Ightham, 

Sydenham,       Canterbury, 
Starvecrow  Wood 
Pleurotus  algidus,  Fr.     Syden- 
ham 

—  circinnatus,  Fr.         Staple- 

hurst 

—  corticatus,  Fr.     Staplehurst 

—  dryinus,  Pers.     Hayes 

—  hypnophilus,  Berk.    Bexley, 

Sevenoaks 

—  lignatilis,  Fr.     Knole  Park. 

—  ostreatus,  Jacq.    Sydenham, 

Bromley,  Hayes,  Polehill 
var.  euosmus,  Cke.  Hayes, 
West  Wickham 

—  tremulus,      Cr.       Langton 

Green 

—  ulmarius.    Bull.     Beckenham 
Volvaria    bombycina,   Fr. 

Bromley 

—  Taylori,  Berk.     Sandtcich 

—  volvacea,  BuU.     Bromley 
Pluteus  cervinus,  Schaeff.  Syd- 
enham, Chislehurst,  Seven- 
oaks 

—  chrysophseus,  Schseff.  Shore- 

ham, Otford 
Entoloma     clypeatum,     Linn. 

Sydenham 
■ —  costatum,  Fr.     Maidstone 

—  jubatum,   Fr.     Knole 

Park 

—  nidorosum,  Fr.   Knole  Park. 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  rhodopolium,     Fr.     Syden- 

ham, Chislehurst,  Dar- 
enth Wood 

—  sericeum,     Fr.     Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks 

—  Thomsoni,     Berk.     &     Br. 

West  Farleigh 
Clitopilus  orcella.  Bull.      Syd- 
enham 

—  prunulus,  Scop.     Bromley 
Leptonia    incana,    Fr.     Cray- 
ford 


Agaricini  (continued) 

Nolanea    pascua,   Pers.       Syd- 
enham 

—  picea,  Kalchbr.     Otford 
Pholiota    adiposa,    Fr.     Seven- 
oaks 

—  caperata,  Pers.     Bromley 

—  dura,  Bolt.     Sydenham 

—  heteroclita,  Fr.     Bromley 

—  marginata,  Batsch.     Shore- 

ham 

—  mutabilis,    Schasff.     Syden- 

ham 

—  prECOx,     Pers.     Sydenham, 

Knote  Park,  Pembury 

—  pudica,  Fr.     Canterbury 

—  radicosa,  Bull.     Otford 

—  spectabilis,     Fr.      Between 

Shoreham     and     Dunton 
Green,  Chislehurst 

—  squarrosa,      Mull.        Knole 

Park,    Chislehurst,    Cob- 
ham,  Bromley 

—  terrigena,  Fr. 

f.  minor,  fFest  Farleigh 
Inocybe      fastigiata,      Schsff. 
Starvecrow  JVood 

—  flocculosa,  Berk.     Bromley 

—  geophyUa,  Fr.     Bromley 

—  lacera,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  pyriodora,    Pers.     Canter- 

bury, Langton  Green 

—  rimosa,     Bull.      Sevenoaks, 

Shoreham,  Bromley, 

Sand 

—  scaber,  Fr.     Otford 

—  sindonia,    Fr.        Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  trechispora.    Berk.     Syden- 

ham 
Hebeloma  crustuliniforme,Bull. 
Sydenham,  Shoreham,  Ot- 
ford 

—  elatum,  Fr.     Buckland 

—  fastibile,     Fr.      Sydenham, 

Tonbridge,  Bromley,  Sand- 
wich 
Flammulacarbonaria,  Fr.   Tun- 
bridge If  ells 

—  flavida,  Schsff.     Sydenham 

—  lubrica,      Fr.        Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  sapinea,  Fr.     Bostall  Wood 
Naucoria  cucumis,  Pers.  Seven- 
oaks 

—  melanoides,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  pediades,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  semiorbicularis,  Bull.   Bras- 

ted,  Sevenoaks 

—  vervacti,  Fr.     Bromley 
Galera  hypnorum,   Batsch. 

Sydenham 

—  lateritia,  Fr.     Bromley 

—  ovalis,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  tenera,  Schasff. 

Bromley,  Sevenoaks,  Deal 
I 


BOTANY 

Agaricini  (continued) 

Tubaria       furfuracea,        Pers. 

Sydenham 
Crepidotus     alveolus,     Lasch. 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  mollis,        Fr. 

Sevenoaks,  Shoreham 

—  rubi.  Berk.     Margate,  Tun- 

bridge Wells 

Claudopus  variabilis,  P.  Hal- 
stead,  Otford,  Sydenham, 
Speldhurst 

Psalliota  arvensis,  Schasff. 
Sydenham,  Tunbridge 

Wells,  Chislehurst 

—  campestris,    L.     Sydenham 

var.  silvicola,     Sydenham 
Stropharia     aeruginosa,    Curr. 
Sydenham 

—  semiglobata,  Batsch.     Syd- 

enham, Bromley,  Ide  Hill 

—  squamosa,  Fr.     Knole  Park, 

Tunbridge    Wells,    Seven- 
oaks 
Hypholoma    appendiculatum, 
Fr.     Sydenham 

—  candoUeanum,  Fr. 

St.    Paul's    Cray,    Chisle- 
hurst 
— ■  epixanthum,  Fr.     Otford 

—  fasciculare,   Huds.     Syden- 

ham 

—  hydrophilum,  Bull.     Dover 

—  lacrymabundum,  Fr.   Crys- 

tal Palace 

—  sublateritium,  Fr.     Crystal 

Palace 
Psilocybe  comptula.  Berk.  Crof- 
ton  Woods 

—  foenisecii,  Fr.     Sandwich 

—  nuciseda,  Fr.    West  Farleigh 

—  semilanceata,  Fr.    Dartford 

Heath,  Knole  Park 

—  spadicea,  Schasff.  Sydenham 

—  stercoraria,  Schum.       Cob- 

ham 
Psathyra  corrugis,  P.      Syden- 
ham 

—  fibrillosa,  Pers.       Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  spadiceo-grisea,   SchaflE. 

Sydenham 
Panaeolus  campanulatus,  Linn. 
Sydenham,  Sevenoaks 

—  fimiputris,  Bull.   Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks,  Bromley 

—  papilionaceus.  Bull.      Tun- 

bridge, Sand'jiich 

—  separatus,     Linn.       Syden- 

ham 
Psathyrella  atomata,  Fr.    Crys- 
tal Palace,  Bromley,  Mar- 
gate 

—  disseminata,  P.          Dunton 

Green,  Bromley 

—  gracilis,  Fr.    Bromley 

8i 


Agaricini  {continued) 

Coprinus  atramentarius,  Fr. 
Sydenham,  Chislehurst, 
Shortlands 

—  comatus,   Fr.     Crystal  Pa- 

lace, Chislehurst,  Bromley, 
Beckenham 

—  ephemerus,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  extinctorius,  Fr.     Kemsing 

—  micaceus,    Fr.      Sydenham, 

Bromley,  Wrotham,  Cob- 
ham,  Sa?id:vich 

—  niveus,  Fr.     Deal,  Bromley 

—  plicatilis,     Fr.      Sydenham, 

Bromley,  Sevenoaks,  Had- 
low,  Tunbridge  Wells, 
Wrotham 

—  radiatus,  Fr.     Sydenham 
Bolbitius  apicalis,  Smith. 

Staplehurst 

—  tener,  Berk.     Sydenham 

—  titubans,  Fr.     Bromley 

CORTINARIUS 

(Phlegmacium)  cyanopus,  Fr. 
Sevenoaks 

—  fulgens,  Fr.     Otford,  Wro- 

tham 

—  glaucopus,  Fr.      Wickham, 

Bromley 

—  triumphans,  Fr.     Sevenoaks 
(Myxacium)  coUinitus,  Fr. 

Bromley,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  elatior,       Fr.       Sydenham, 

Bexley,  Chislehurst,  Tun- 
bridge    Wells,     Borough 
Green 
(Inoloma)  bolaris,  Fr.  Shoreham 

—  sublanatus,  Fr.     Sydenham, 

Holzvood 

—  violaceus,    Fr.     Sevenoaks, 

Goudhurst,  Bromley 

(Dermocybe     anomalus)      Fr. 

Sydenham,  Shoreham 

—  caninus,  Fr.       Chislehurst, 

Shoreham,  Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  cinnamomeus,  Fr.     Bostall 

Wood,  Chislehurst,  Sand- 
wich, Keston 

—  sanguineus,  Fr.       Bromley, 

Goudhurst 
(Telamonia)   armillatus,   Fr. 
Chislehurst,  Bromley 

—  gentilis,  Fr.       Canterbury, 

Bromley 

—  iliopodius,      Fr.      Canter- 

bury, Bromley 

—  hemitrichus,    Fr.       Syden- 

ham, 
(Hygrocybe)      castaneus,     Fr. 
Sydenham,      Canterbury, 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  imbutus,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  leucopus,  Fr.     Syddnham 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CoRTiNARius  (continued) 

Hygrocybe  milvinus,  Fr.  Wrot- 
ham 

—  Reedii,  Berk.     Hayes 
Paxillus    atro-tomentosus,    Fr. 

Sydenham 

—  crassus,  Fr.     Blackheath 

—  involutus,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  leptopus,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  pannoides,  Fr.     Charlton 

—  paradoxus,  Kalch.  Wrotham 
Gomphidius     glutinosus,     Fr. 

Sandwich,  Bromley,  Tun- 
bridge  Wells 

—  gracilis,  Berk.  &  Br.      Tun- 

bridge  Wells 

—  viscidus,  Fr.     Goudhurst 
Hygrophorus    arbustivus,    Fr. 

Shoreham,  Wrotham 

—  calyptrsformis.  Berk. 

Sevenoaks 

—  ceraceus,    Fr.       Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks 

—  coccineus,     Fr.         Chisle- 

hurst,       Cobham       Park, 
Bromley 

—  conicus,  Fr.  Sydenham,Orp- 

ington,    Shoreham,  Sand- 
wich 

—  cossus,    Fr.  Tunbridge 

Wells,  Bromley 

—  discoideus,  Fr.      Shoreham, 

Kemsing 

—  eburneus,  Fr.     Chislchurst, 

Dunton  Green,  Shoreham, 
Borough  Green,  Bromley 

—  hypothejus,  Fr.    Sydenham, 

Plumstcad,  Bromley, 

Shoreham 

—  leporinus,  Fr.     Kent 

—  milvinus,  Fr.     Wrotham 

—  miniatus,  Fr.       Sydenham, 

Chislehurst,        Tunbridge 
Wells 

—  niveus,     Fr.     Crystal    Pa- 

lace, Seal 

—  pratensis,  Fr.        Tunbridge 

Wells,   Tonbridge,  Brom- 
ley, Sevenoaks 

—  psittacinus,   Fr.         Crystal 

Palace,     Deal,     Cobham, 
Sevenoaks,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  puniceus,  Fr.       Sevenoaks, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  russo-coriaceus,     Berk.      & 

Mill.       Tunbridge  Wells, 
Deal 

—  unguinosus,  Fr.      Sydenham 

—  virgineus,  Wulf.    Sevenoaks 
Lactarius  blennius,  Fr.  Syden- 
ham, Tonbridge 

—  chrysorrhcEus,  Fr.       Plum- 

stead,  Goudhurst 
deliciosus,  Fr.      Sydenham, 
Sandwich,  Bexley,  Shore- 
ham, Tunbridge  Wells 


CoRTiNARius  {continued) 

Lactarius  fuliginosus,  Fr.  Near 
Bromley 

—  glyciosmus,  Fr.    Sydenham, 

Chislehurst 

—  mitissimus,   Fr.   Otford, 

Sevenoaks 

—  piperatus,  Fr.       Wrotham, 

Southborough,  Hadlow, 
Bromley 

—  plumbeus,  Fr.       Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  quietus,    Fr.         Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks,  Bromley 

—  rufus,  Fr.   Sydenham,  Chis- 

lehurst, Keston,  Sevenoaks 

—  serifluus,   Fr.        Sydenham, 

Bromley,  Hayes 

—  subdulcis,  Fr.      Sydenham, 

Orpington,  Bexley,  Seven- 
oaks, Brasted 

—  torminosus,  Fr.     Sandwich, 

Bromley,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  turpis,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  uvidus,  Fr.     Hadlow 

—  vellereus,  Fr.  Bexley, 

Sevenoaks 

—  volemus,    Fr.       Sevenoaks, 

Maidstone,  Hayes 
Russula  adusta,   Fr.        Chisle- 
hurst, Bromley,  Goudhurst 

—  alutacea,   Fr.         Sandwich, 

Bromley,  Goudhurst 

—  cyanoxantha,  Fr.       Syden- 

ham, Chislehurst,  Seven- 
oaks 

—  decolorans,   Fr.        Borough 

Green 

—  depallens,  Fr.     Seal 

—  emetica,  Fr.       Chislehurst, 

Bexley,  Bromley,  Seven- 
oaks, Borough  Green 

—  foctens,  Fr.    Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks,  Wrotham 

—  fragUis,  Fr.  Sydenham,  Bex- 

ley, Chislehurst,  Wro- 
tham, Sevenoaks,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  furcata,  Fr.     Orpington 

—  heterophylla,  Fr.       Syden- 

ham, Joyden's  Wood, 
Bostall  Wood,  Chisle- 
hurst, Wrotham,  Seven- 
oaks 

—  Integra,    Fr.     Sydenham, 

Seal 

—  lepida,  Fr.     Hayes,  Dunton 

Green 

—  nigricans,  Fr.       Sevenoaks, 

Chislehurst,  Wrotham 

—  ochroleuca,  Fr.     Sevenoaks, 

Chislehurst 

—  rosacea,  Fr.   Chislehurst, 

Sevenoaks 

—  vesca,   Fr.   Sevenoaks, 

Chislehurst 
82 


CoRTiNARius  {continued) 

Cantharellus  aurantiacus,  Fr. 
Sydenham,  Plumstead, 
Sevenoaks 

—  cibarius,   Fr.        Plumstead, 

Sevenoaks 

—  cupulatus,  Fr.     Goudhurst 
Nyctalis  asterophora,  Fr. 

Chislehurst. 

—  parasitica,  Fr.     Chislehurst, 

Tunbridge  Wells 
Marasmius     androsaceus,     Fr. 
Sydenham,       Chislehurst, 
Lewisham,  Bromley 

—  epiphyllus,  Fr.     Sydenham, 

Chislehurst,  Bromley 

—  erythropus,  Fr.    Sydenham, 

Tunbridge  Wells,  Bexley, 
Hadlow,  Cobham 

—  foetidus,  Fr.    Otford,  Seven- 

oaks 

—  insitius,  Fr.     Deal 

—  oreades,    Fr.         Sydenham, 

Plumstead,         Wrotham, 
Deal 

—  peronatus,  Fr.      Wrotham, 

Shoreham,  Dunton  Green, 
Sevenoaks,  Bromley 

—  porreus,  Fr.     Shoreham 

—  ramealis,  Fr.     Shoreham 

—  rotula,    Fr.  Plumstead, 

Sevenoaks,  Bromley 

—  saccharinus,  Fr.     East  Far- 

leigh 

—  terginus,  Fr.     Goudhurst 

—  urens,  Fr.     Sydenham 
Lentinus  cochleatus,   Fr. 

Knole  Park 

—  lepideus,  Fr.     Dartford 

—  tigrinus,  Fr.     Southborough 

—  vulpinus,  Fr.     Margate 
Panus  conchatus,  Fr.      Seven- 
oaks, Margate 

—  stypticus,  Fr.      Sydenham, 

Shooter's  Hill,  Sevenoaks, 
Wrotham,  Shoreham, 

Goudhurst 

—  torulosus,    Fr.  Dunton 

Green,  Sevenoaks 
Lenzites  betulina,  Fr.  Shooter''s 
Hill,     Sevenoaks,    Wrot- 
ham 

—  flaccida,    Fr.         Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks 
Schizophyllum  commune,   Fr. 
Kent 

POLYPOREI 

Boletus  dsstivalis,  Fr.      Staple- 
hurst 

—  alutarius,  Fr.     Kent 

—  badius,   Fr.  Plumstead, 

Chislehurst,  Sevenoaks 

—  bovinus,   L.         Goudhurst, 

Sandwich 

—  calopus,  Fr.     Sevenoaks 

—  castaneus,  Bull.     Hayes 


PoLYPOREi  (continued) 
Boletus  chrysenteron,Fr.  Syden- 
ham,   Sevenoaks,    Chisle- 
hurst,  Bexley,  Plumstead 

—  cyanescens,  Bull.       Staple- 

hurst 

—  edulis,    Bull.        Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks,  Shoreham, 

Bexley,  Goudhurst 
--  elegans,  Schum.    Goudhurst 

—  felleus,  Bull.       Chislehurst, 

Sevenoaks 

—  flavus,  With.    Crystal 

Palace,  Bexley,  Tunbridge 
Wells 

—  granulatus,  L.       Tunbridge 

Wells,  Goudhurst,  Keston 

—  laricinus,    B.  Shoreham, 

Sevenoaks,  Keston 

—  luridus,    Fr.         Sydenham, 

Langton  Green,  Pickhurst, 
Goudhurst 

—  luteus,  L.    Sydenham,  Wro- 

tham,   Shoreham,   Otford, 
Kemsing 

—  pachypus,  Fr.       Sevenoaks, 

Dunton      Green,      Goud- 
hurst 
var.  amarus,  Fr.  Brom- 
ley 

—  piperatus,      Bull.       Syden- 

ham,   Sevenoaks,   Chisle- 
hurst 

—  purpureus,  Fr.     Staplehurst 

—  rubinus,  Smith.     Bexley 

—  sanguineus,  With.     Staple- 
hurst 

—  Satanas,   Lenz.     Goudhurst 

—  scaber,     Fr.        Sydenham, 

Scve7ioaks,  Bexley,  Chisle- 
hurst 

—  subtomentosus,  L.    Bexley, 

Chislehurst,      Sevenoaks, 
Goudhurst 

var.  radicans,   Kromb. 
Staplehurst 

—  variegatus,  Fr.     Goudhurst, 

Tunbridge    Wells,    Seven- 
oaks 

—  versipellis,  Fr.       St.  Mary 

Cray,  Goudhurst 

—  viscidus,  Linn.     Staplehurst 
Strobilomyces  strobilaceus, 

Berk.     Sevenoaks 
Polystichus  abietinus,  Fr. 

Kemsing,  Sevenoaks, 

Stone  Street 

—  hirsutus,  Fr.     Goudhurst 

—  perennis,  Fr.    Bexley,  Tun- 

bridge Wells,  Sevenoaks 

—  velutinus,  Fr.       Tujibridge 

Wells 
Polyporus  adustus,  Fr.     Seven- 
oaks 

—  betulinus,  Fr.       St.  Mary 

Cray,  Sevenoaks 


BOTANY 

PoLYPOREi  {continued) 

Polyporus  chionaeus,  Fr.  Dun- 
ton  Green,  Sandwich 

—  crispus,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  destructor,  Fr.     Otford 

—  dryadeus,   Fr.        Eynsjord, 

Sevenoaks,    Hayes,    Cob- 
ham 

—  fumosus,   Fr.        Sydenham, 

Otford 
■ —  giganteus,  Fr.     Kemsing 

—  Herbergii,   Rost.  Kent 

(Currey  in  Grevillea,  viii. 
5) 

—  hybridus,  Berk.  &  Br.    Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  intybaceus,  Fr.  Chislehurst, 

Shoreham,  Tunbridge 

Wells,  Beckenham 

—  quercinus,    Fr.  Hayes, 

Sevenoaks 

—  rufescens,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  Schweintzii,  Fr.    Goudhurst 

—  sulfureus,  Fr.     Kemsing 
Fomes   annosus,   Fr.        Plum- 
stead,  Sydenham,  Dunton 
Green 

—  conchatus,  Fr.     Shortlands 

—  ferrugineus,   Fr.         Chisle- 

hurst 

—  igniarius,  Fr.      Beckenham, 

Farningham 

—  ribis,  Fr.    Sydenham,  Seven- 

oaks 

—  salicinus,  Fr.       Shortlands, 

Seal 

—  ulmarius,  Fr.       Lewisham, 

Chislehurst 
Poria  mollusca,  Fr.    Sydenham, 
St.  Mary  Cray,  Otford 

—  umbrina,  Fr.     Sevenoaks 

—  vaporaria,  Fr.     Chislehurst, 

Bexley,  Sevenoaks,   M'ro- 
tham 

—  vulgaris,  Fr.      Sevenoaks 
Trametes  gibbosa,  Fr.      Kem- 
sing, Hayes  Common 

Da;dalea  unicolor,  Fr.  Syden- 
ham, Ightham,  Dunton 
Green,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  quercina,  Pers.     Sydenham 
Merulius  corium,  Fr.     Siberts- 

U'old,  Sevenoaks 

—  serpens,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  tremellosus,  Schrad.    Kem- 

sing, Hayes  Common 
Fistulina  hepatica,  Fr.     Chisle- 
hurst,   Sevenoaks,    Barm- 
ing.  West  Wickham 
Hydnei 

Hydnum  auriscalpium,  L.  Syd- 
enham, Shoreham,  Ight- 
ham 

—  farinaceum,  P.    Sydenham 

—  graveolens,    Del.         South- 

borough 

83 


Hydnei  {continued) 

Hydnum  imbricatum,  L.  Near 
Maidstone,  Seal,  Chart 

—  nigrum,  Fr.     Otford,  Shore- 

ham 

—  repandum,  L.     Sydenham 

—  udum,  Fr.     Margate 
Sistotrema  confluens,  P.    Tun- 
bridge Wells 

Phlebia  merismoides,  Fr.  Hayes 
Rectory 

AURICULARINI 

Craterellus  cornucopoides,  Fr. 
Joyden's  Wood,  Halstead, 
Borough  Green 

—  sinuosus,    Fr.  Joyden's 

Wood 
Thelephora    caryophyllea,   Fr. 
Southborough 

—  laciniata,  P.  Ightham, 

Chislehurst,  Canterbury 

—  fastidiosa,    Fr.         Darenth 

Wood 

Soppittiella  sebacea,  Fr.  Joy- 
den's Wood,  Bostall  Wood, 
Tunbridge  Wells 

Stereum  hirsutum,  Fr.  Syden- 
ham 

—  ochroleucum,  Fr.    Brasted, 

Westenhanger 

—  purpureum,  Fr.    Sydenham 

—  rugosum,  Fr.       Sydenham, 

Brasted,  Chart,  Tunbridge 
Wells 

—  sanguinolentum,  Fr.    Ight- 

ham Toy's  Hill,    Dunton 
Green 

—  spadiceum,  Fr.         Dunton 

Green,  Borough  Green 

—  rubiginosum.   Lev.    Syden- 

ham, Sevenoaks 

Auricularia  mesenterica,  Bull. 
Farningham,  Seal, 
Maidstone,  D ov e'r, 
Erith 

Cyphella  capula,  Fr.  Dar- 
enth Wood 

Corticium  arachnoideum,  Berk. 
St.  Mary  Cray 

—  Carlylei,  Mass.        Borough 

Green 

—  comedens,  Fr.       St.  Mary 

Cray 

—  cceruleum,  Fr.     Speldhurst 

—  Ixve,    Br.     Sydenham,    St. 

Mary    Cray,    Maidstone, 
Erith 

—  nigrescens,  Fr.    Sydenham 

—  nudum, Fr.  Sydenham,Mar- 

gate 

—  Sambuci,  P.  Tunbridge 

Wells,  St.  Mary  Cray 
Peniophora  cinerea,  Fr.     Syd- 
enham 

—  gigantea,  Fr.     Sydenham 
na,  Fr.     Chislehurst 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


AuRicuLARiNi  (continued) 

Peniophora  pubera,  Fr.  St. 
Mary  Cray 

—  quercina,  P.  St.  Mary  Cray, 

Southborough 
Clavariei 

Clavaria  aurea,  Schsff.  Tun- 
bridge  Wells 

—  ceranoides,  P.      TunbriJge 

Wells 

—  cinerea,    Bull.  Dunton 

Green 

—  condensata,  Fr.     West  Far- 

leigh 

—  coralloides,  L.     Sevenoaks 

—  cristata,  Holmsk.       Syden- 

ham,    Hythe,     Halstead, 
Seal 

—  fastigiata,  D.  C.    Shoreham, 

Tunbridge  Wells,  Seal 

—  fragilis,  Holmsk.     Seal  Park 

—  fusiformis,  Sow.    Sydenham, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  inaequalis,   Mull.        Syden- 

ham, Tunbridge  Wells 

—  pistillaris,  L.     Sevenoaks 

—  rugosa,   Bull.        Sydenham, 

Tunbridge  Wells,  Seal 

—  umbrina,  Berk.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  vermiculata,  Scop.     Syden- 

ham, Southborough 

Calocera  viscosa,  Fr.  Wrotham, 
Shoreham 

Sparassis  crispa,  Fr.  Goud- 
hurst,  Tunbridge  Wells 

Pistillaria  quisquilaris,   Fr. 
Darenth  Wood,  Kemsing 
Tremellini 

Tremella  foliacea,  P.  Syden- 
ham, Halstead,  Sevenoaks, 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  albida,  Huds.     Kemsing 

—  lutescens,  Fr.   Southborough 

—  mesenterica,   Retz.      Roch- 

ester,    Otford,     Postling, 
Southborough 

—  torta,   Willd.         St.   Mary 

Cray 

—  viscosa,  Pers.     Sydenham 
Exldia  glandulosa,  Fr.      Erith, 

Southborough 

Naematella  nucleata  Fr.  Syd- 
enham 

Tremellodon  gelatinosum,Pers. 
Seal,  Chart 

Dacrymyces  chrysocomus,  Tul. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  deliquescens,  Duby.     Kem- 

sing 

—  stellatus,  Nees.     Sydenham 

G.^STEROMYCETES 

Hypogtei 

Hymenogaster  luteus,  Vitt. 
Greenwich 


HypoG.5:i  {continued) 

Melanogaster  ambiguus,  Vul. 
var.  intermedius,  Seal, 
Chart 

Octaviania  compacta,  Tulasne. 
Otjord 
Phalloidei 

Cynophallus  caninus,  Fr.  Syd- 
enham 

Phallus  impudicus,  L.     Syden- 
ham, Bostall  Wood,  Lang- 
ton     Green,     Westerham, 
Sevenoaks 
Trichogastres 

Geaster  coliformis,  P.  Be.xley, 
East  Wickham,  Westzvood 
near  Southfieet,  Plum- 
stead 

—  fornicatus,    Fr.     Wickham, 

near  Bromley 
■ —  Bryantii,  Berk.      Crockham 
Hill,  Sevenoaks 

—  striatus,  D.  C.     Sevenoaks 
Tulostoma     mammosum,     Fr. 

Greenwich 

Bovista  nigrescens,  P.  Dart- 
ford 

Lycoperdon  coelatum,   Fr. 
Shoreham,  Hayes 

—  gemmatum,   Fr.        Willes- 

borough,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  giganteum,  Batsch.   Crystal 

Palace,  Sevenoaks 

—  pusillum,  Fr.     Deal 

—  pyriforme,  Schaeff.      Shore- 

ham, Wrotham,  Swans- 
combe  Wood,  Jovdni's 
Wood 

—  saccatum,  Vahl.  Abbey 

Wood,  Keston 
Scleroderma  vulgare,  Fr.    Syd- 
enham,  St.    Paul's   Cray, 
Ightham,  Tunbridge  Wells 
Myxogastres 

Physarum  cinereum,   Batsch. 
Sydenham 

—  didermoides,   Ach.     Green- 

wich 

—  sinuosum,  BuU.       Darenth 

Wood 
Tilmadoche  nutans,   Rostaf. 

Greenwich 
Craterium  leucocephalum,Pers. 

Southborough 

—  minutum.    Leers.         Tun- 

bridge Wells 

Leocarpus  fragilis,  Dicks.  Tun- 
bridge Wells 

Fuligo  varians,  Sommf.  Syd- 
enham, Deal,  Tunbridge 
Wells 

Badhamia   inaurata,   Curr. 
Chislehurst 

—  utricularis,  Bull. 

var.  Schimperiana,  Cooke. 
Svdenham 
84 


Myxogastres  (continued) 

Didymium  microcarpon,  Fr. 
Greenwich 

—  squamulosum,     A.     &     S. 

Sydenham 
Chondrioderma  difforme,  Pers. 
St.  Mary  Cray 

—  Michelli,  Lib.     Sydenham 

—  spumarioides,  Fr.      Green- 

wich 

Spumaria  alba,  D.  C.  Syden- 
ham, Darenth,  Deal 

Stemonitis  ferruginea,  Ehr. 
Sydenham 

—  fusca.    Roth.         Sydenham, 

Darenth,  Tunbridge 

Wells 
Comatricha   Friesiana,    De.By. 
var.      obovata,      De.By. 

Sydenham 
var.     oblongata,    De.By. 

Sydenham,      Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  typhina,  Roth.    Greenwich 
Enerthenema    papillata,    Pers. 

Greenwich 
Lamprospore.5: 

Reticularia    lycoperdon,    Bull. 

Sydenham,      Swanscombe, 

Dunton       Green,      Stone 

Street 
Trichia    chrysosperma,    D.    C. 

Sydenham,  St.  Mary  Cray, 

Darenth  Wood 

—  fallax,  Pers.    Kemsing,  Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  turbinata,  With.      Darenlh 

Wood,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  varia,  Pers.     Shoreham 

var.  nigripes,  Pers.  Green- 
wich 
Arcyria  cinerea,  Schum.  Green- 


Pers.    Sydenham, 
Bostall  Wood 

—  nutans,  Fr.     Dunton  Green, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  punicea,  Pers.      Sydenham, 

Shoreham,  St.  Mary 
Cray,  Darenth,  Tunbridge 
Wells 

Lycogala  epidendrum,  Bu.x. 
Sydenham,  Tunbridge 

Wells,  Dunton  Green 

Perichaena  depressa.  Lib.  Syd- 
enham Hill 

NlDULARIACEI 

Cyathus  striatus,  Hoffm. 
Greenwich,  Sevenoaks 

—  vernicosus,  D.  C.  Tunbridge 

Wells,  Sevenoaks 
Crucibulum  vulgare,  Tul. 

Greenwich,  Borough 

Green 
Sphasrobolus    stellatus,    Tode. 

Sydenham  Hill 


BOTANY 


CONIOMYCETES 

Sph^ronemei 
Phoma  Beckhausii,  Cooke. 
Dartfori 

—  Calystegiffi,  Cooke.       Dar- 

enth 

—  Candollei,  B.  &  Br.   Swans- 

combe 

—  complanata,  Pers.     Darenth 

—  depressua,  B.  &  Br.     Tun- 

bridge  Wells 

—  Durandiana,  Sace  &  Roum. 

Dartfori 

—  errabunda,  Desm.    Darenth 

—  exiguua,  Desm.    Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  glandicola,  Desm.       Dart- 

ford 

—  glyptica,    Cooke    &    Mass. 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  herbarum,  West.       Swans- 

combe 

—  lirella,  Desm.     Swanscombe 

—  MirbeUii,  Fr.     Kent 

—  nebulosua,    Berk.         Tun- 

bridge Wells,  Sevenoaks 

—  petiolorum,  Desm.      Dart- 

ford 

—  planiuscula,    Sacc.     Swans- 

combe 

—  projecta,  Cooke.       Swans- 

combe 

—  rhoina,    Cooke.  Swans- 

combe 

—  samarorum,  Desm.      Dart- 

ford 

—  scobina,  Cooke.     Darenth 

—  subcomplanata,     Cooke     & 

Mass.     Tunbridge  Wells 

—  tamariscella,  Sacc.    W aimer 

—  vulgaris,  Sacc.     Dartford 
Leptothyrium   Castaneas,  Spr. 

Darenth 

—  medium,  Cooke. 

var.  Castaniascola,  Cooke. 

—  litigiosum,  Desm.    Darenth 

—  quercinum,  Sacc.     Darenth 

—  Ribis,  Sacc.     Darenth 
Cryptosporium    amygdalinum, 

Darenth 

—  Neesii,  Corda.    Blackheath 
Acrospermum  graminum,  Lib. 

Dartford 
Diplodia  Crataegi,  West.     Kent 

—  herbarum.  Lev.     Darenth 

—  lantana,  Fiickl.     Darenth 

—  ligustri.  West.     Darenth 

—  mutila,  Fr.     Kent 

—  Sarothamni,  Cooke   &  Hk. 

Swanscombe 

—  Tilix,  Fiickl.     Blackheath 
Hendersonia  Fiedleri,   West. 

var.     Symphoricarpi 
Cooke. 

—  Robini^,    West.         Swans- 

combe 


Sph^ronemei  {continued) 

Vermicularia     dematium,     Fr. 
Darenth 

—  trichella,  Grev.     Dartford 
Septoria  anemones,  Desm. 

Darenth 

—  Astragali,  Desm.     Darenth 

—  castaniascola,  Desm.      Dar- 

enth 

—  Clematidis,  Rob.   Dartford, 

Darenth,  Swanscombe 

—  cornicola,  Desm.     Darenth 

—  Epilobi,  West.     Darenth 

—  Hederas,  Desm.    Dartford 

—  humilis.  West.     Dartford 

—  lamiicola,    Sacc.         Swans- 

combe 

—  Lavandulae,  Desm.    Swans- 

combe 

—  Lysimachiae,  West.       Dar- 

enth, Swanscombe 

—  Populi,  Desm.    Swanscombe 

—  quercicola,  Sacc.     Darenth 

—  scabiosascola,  Desm.     Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  Ulmi,  Kze.     Greenwich 

—  Viburni,  West.     Darenth 

—  Virgaureae,  Desm.   Darenth 
Phyllosticta  Aceris,  Sacc.   Dar- 
enth 

—  Arbuti,  Desm.    Swanscombe 

—  Berberidis,  West.     Darenth 

—  cornicola,  D.  C.     Darenth 

—  destructiva,  Desm.      Dart- 

ford 

—  Humuli,  Sacc.  &  Sp.  Swans- 

combe 

—  Lauri,  West.     Swanscombe 

—  Lonicerae,  West.     Darenth 

—  maculiformis,  Sacc.      Dar- 

enth 

—  Mahoniae,     Sacc.     &      Sp. 

Swanscombe 

—  Medicaginis,  Fiickl.     Dart- 

ford 

—  Mercurialis,  Desm.       Dar- 

enth 

—  Plantaginis,  Sacc.      Swans- 

combe 

—  primulaecola,  Desm.    Dar- 

enth 

—  ruscicola,  Desm.       Swans- 

combe 

—  Vicix,  Lib.     Sydenham 
Cheilaria  Arbuti,  Desm.  Swans- 
combe 

—  Coryli,  Rob.     Swanscombe 
Prosthemium  betulinum,  Kze. 

Blackheath 
Asteroma  Aceris,  Rob.      Dar- 
enth 

—  Cratasgi,  Berk.     Tonbridge 

—  obscurum,  Desm.   Dartford 

—  Ulmi,  Kl.     Darenth 

—  carphospermum,  Fr.  Black- 

heath 

85 


Sph^ronemei  (continued) 

Cytispora  foliicola.  Lib.  Swans- 
combe 

—  leucosperma,  Pers.        Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  rubescens,    Fr.  Swans- 

combe 
Melanconium  bicolor,  Nees. 
Sydenham 

—  stilbostoma,  Fr.         Black- 

heath 
Cystopus  candidus.  Lev.  Seven- 
oaks,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  cubicus,  Lk.     New  Cross 

—  lepigoni,  De  Bay.      North- 

fleet 
Uredine^ 

Caeomma    Mercurialis,  Wint. 
Darenth  Wood 

—  Saxifragae,  Wint.        Green- 

wich 
Coniothecium    amentaceum, 

Corda.     Darenth  Wood 
Sporidesmium  Lepraria,  B.  & 

Br.     Penshurst 
Coleosporium  Campanulae,Lev. 

Darenth  Wood 
EndophyUum  Euphorbi2,D.C. 

Darenth  Wood 
Gymnosporangium     clavariae- 

forme,  Plowr.    Sydenham 
Melampsora  betulina,     Desm. 

Sydenham 

—  Cerastii,   Schrot.        Green- 

wich 

—  Hypericorum,  D.  C.    Dar- 

enth Wood,  Dunton  Green 

—  Vitellina,  D.  C.    Greenwich 
^cidium  Bunii,  D.  C.      Dar- 
enth 

—  Poterii,  Cke.     Dartford 
Phragmidium  acuminatum,  Fr. 

Dartford 

—  bulbosum,  Fr.     Greenwich 

—  gracile,  Grev.     Greenwich 

—  obtusum,  Link.    Greenwich 
Puccinia  Adoxae,  D.  C.  Swans- 
combe Wood 

—  albescens,  Plowr.       Green- 

hithe 

—  Anemones,  Pers.        Abbey 

Wood 

—  Apii,  Corda.     Northfleet 

—  Cardui,  Plowr.      Greenwich 

—  Caricis,  Schum.     Speldhurst 

—  Circeae,  Pers.     Greenwich 

—  clandestina,  Carm.       Joy- 

den's  Wood 

—  coronata,    Corda.         Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  difformis,   Fckl.  Green- 

hithe 

—  discoidearum.  Link.    North- 

fleet 

—  Epilobii,  D.  C.     Tunbridge 

Wells 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Uridines  {continued) 

Puccinia    Galii,    Pers.     Green- 
hithe 

—  graminis,  Pers.     Greenwich, 

Dartford 

—  Iridis,  D.  C.      Swanscombe 

Wood 

—  Lychnidearum,    Fiickl. 

Greenwich 

—  Malvacearum,  Mont.    Syd- 

enham, Greenwich 

—  Menthae,  Pers.     Greenwich 

—  perplexans,  Plowr.     Maid- 

stone 

—  pulverulenta,  Grev.   Green- 

wich 

—  Saniculs,  Grev.       Bidbor- 

ough,    Darenth,    Joyden's 
Wood 

—  Saxifragarum,     Schlecht. 

Greenhithe,  Greenwich 

—  Scorodoniae,  Link.     Green- 

wich 

—  sparsa,  Corda.     Darenth 

—  striola,  Link.     Greenwich 

—  TraiKi,  Plowr.     Greenwich 

—  Tragopogonis,  Pers.     New 

Cross 
— Umbilici,    Guep.      Darenth 

Wood 
— variabilis,  Grev.     Tunbridge 
Wells 

—  Vincae,  Berk.     Greenwich 

—  violarum.    Link.         Abbey 

Wood,  Borough  Green 
Triphragmium  Ulmariae,  Link. 

Greenwich 
Uredo  Agrimoniae,  D.  C.    Syd- 
enham, Maidstone 

—  Iridis,  Thurm.      Darenth 

—  polypodii,  Pers.    Greenwich 
Uromyces  apiculosa.  Lev.  Tun- 
bridge Wells 

—  Orobi,   Wint.        Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  sparsa,   Kze.  &  Schum. 

Northfleet 

—  Valerianae,   Wint.        Speld- 

hurst 
Urocystis  Viols,  B.  &  Br. 

Sevenoaks 
Ustilago  antherarum,  Fr.  Bex- 

ley 

—  carbo,  Tul.     Greenwich 

—  hypodytes,  Fr.     New  Cross 

—  longissima,  Tul.        Green- 

wich 

—  receptaculorum,  Fr.      Nezv 

Cross 

HYPHOMYCETES 

MUCEDINEJE 

Oospora  favorum,  Sacc.  Wool- 
wich 

Fusidium  griseum,  Link.  Dart- 
ford 


MucEDiNE^  {continued) 
Monilia  fructigena,  Pers. 

Swanscombe 
Cylindrium   flavovirens,  Ditm. 

Darenth 
Oidium  Balsamii,  Mont.     Syd- 
enham 

—  erysiphoides,  Fr.     Dartford 

—  Tuckeri,  Berk.     Margate 

—  fructigenum,  Schrad. 

Greenwich,  Darenth 
Aspergillus  candidus.  Link. 

—  flavus.  Link.     Blackheath 

—  glaucus.  Link.      Sydenham, 

Greenwich 

—  virens.  Link.     Sydenham 
Pencillium     candidum.     Link. 

Greenwich 

—  crustaceum,  Fr.    Greenwich 
Polyactis  cana.  Berk.      Syden- 
ham 

—  cinerea.    Berk.        Darenth, 

Greenwich 

—  vulgaris.    Link. 

Sydenham,  Greenwich 

Haplaria   grisea,  Link.     Alar- 
gate 

Rhinotrichum   Opuntia,   B.  & 
Br.   Woolwich 

Asterophora  agaricicola,  Corda. 
Darenth 

Botrytis  argillacea.  Cook. 
Darenth 

—  Jonesii,  B.  &  Br.    Woolwich 

—  Tilletii,  Desm.    Darenth 

—  terrestris,  Pers.     Sydenham, 

Darenth 
Sepedonium    chrysospermum, 
Link.       Greenwich,  Syd- 
enham 

—  roseum,  Berk.         Darenth, 

Greenwich 
Verticillium  agaricinum,Corda. 
Darenth 

—  lateritium.  Berk.     Elmstead 
Peronosphora  grisea,  Ung. 

Margate 

—  infestans,  Mont.        Green- 

wich 

—  parasitica,   Corda.        Tun- 

bridge Wells 

—  pygmasa,    Ung.         Swans- 

combe Wood 

Nematogonium  aureum,  Berk. 
Greenwich,  Sydenham 

Trichothecium   roseum,   Link. 
Darenth 

Dactylium  dendroides,  Fr. 
Darenth 
Dematie^ 

Torula  herbarum,  Link.   Dart- 
ford 

—  monilioides,  Corda.    Green- 

wich 

—  ovalispora.  Berk.    Tunbridge 

Wells 

86 


Dematie.i  {continued) 

Torula      pulveracea,      Corda. 

Darenth 
Hormiscium  hysteroides,  Sacc. 

Chislehurst 
Zygodesmus  terrestris,  B.  &  Br. 

Crundall 
Monatospora  repens,  Mass. 

Chislehurst 
Dematium     hispidulum,     Fr. 

Dartford,  Greenwich 
Cladosporium  herbarum.  Link. 

Greenwich 
Helminthosporium      follicula- 

tum,  Corda.     Darenth 

—  macrocarpum,  Grev.    Dar- 

enth 

—  parvum.  Grove.     Darenth 

—  scolecoides,  Corda.     Syden- 

ham 

—  Smithii,  B.  &  Br.      Green- 

wich, Chislehurst 

—  velutinum.  Link.       Swans- 

combe 
Coniothecium    amentacearum, 

Corda.       Brockley,  Dar- 
enth, Tonbridge 
Brachysporium    apicale,    Sacc. 

Swanscombe 
Dictyosporium  elegans,  Corda. 

Brockley 
Stemphylium    fuscum,    Curr. 

Blackheath 
Macrosporium    cladosporoides, 

Desm.     Dartford 
Triposporium  elegans,   Corda. 

Darenth 

—  Ficinusium,    Preuss.     Bex- 

ley 
Sporidesmium        Cladosporii, 

Corda.    Darenth 
Dendryphium  comosum,Wallr. 

Darenth,  Chislehurst 

—  ramosum,  Cooke.     Darenth 
Heterosporium     echinulatum, 

Cooke.     Chislehurst 
Cercospora    mercurialis,    Pers. 

Darenth 
Stilbe^ 

Stilbum  fimetarium,  Pers. 

Elmstead 

—  tomentosum,  Schr.    Green- 

wich 
Isaria  crassa,  Link.     Ketit 

—  farinosa,      Fr.         Darenth, 

Greenwich,  Blackheath 

—  fuciformis,  Berk.    Ashford 

—  umbrina,  Pers.     Sydenham 
Ceratium  hydnoides,  A.  &  S. 

Sydenham,  Greenwich 
Sporocybe  byssoides,  Pers. 

Darenth 
Graphium    glaucocephalum, 

Corda.     Burnt  Ash  Lane 
Stysanus  stemonitis,  Corda. 

Sydenham,  Chislehurst 


Stilbeje  (continued) 

Graphiothecium  parasiticum, 
Desm.     Dartford 

Cylindrocolla  urtics,  Bon. 

Eltham,    Darenth,     Jon- 
bridge 

Volutella  setosa,  Berk.  Dart- 
ford 

Fusarium  sarcochroum,  Sacc. 
Sydenham 

Epicoccum  neglectum,  Desm. 
Sydenham 

PHYSOMYCETES 
Acrostalagmus      cinnabarinus, 

Corda.  Greenwich 
Mucor  caninus,  Pers.      Chisle- 

hurst,  Greenzvich 

—  fusiger,  Link.    Chislehurst 

—  mucedo,  Linn.     Sydenham, 

Greenwich 

—  ramosus,  Bull.      Sydenham, 

Greenwich 
Pilobolus  crystallinus,  Tode. 
Sydenham 

—  roridus,   Schum.        Green- 

wich 

Saprolegniaferax,  Kutz.  Seven- 
oaks 

Sporodinia  dichotoma.  Cord. 
Sydenham 

PYRENOMYCETES 
Hypocreace^ 
Claviceps  purpurea,  Fr.    Burnt 
Ash  Lane 

—  nigricans,   Tul.         JFands- 

worth      Common,       only 
found     in     Britain     on 
Eleocharis 
Cordyceps  capitata,  Holms. 
Southborough 

—  entomorrhiza,  Dicks.  South- 

borough 

—  militaris,    Fr.  Rusthall 

Common,  Sydenham  Hill 
Epichloe  typhina,  Sacc.  Seven- 
oaks,  Queensdoxn  War- 
ren, New  Cross,  South- 
borough,  West  Mailing 
Nectria  cinnabarina,  Tode. 
Sevenoaks,  Sydenham, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  mammoidea,  Plow.        Seal 

Park 

—  inaurata,  B.  &  Br.     Green- 

wich 

—  episphceria,    Fr.         Green- 

wich 

Dialonectria  aurea,  Grev.  East 
Farleigh 

Hypocreagelatinosa.Fr.  Green- 
wich 

AcTospermum  graminum,  Lib. 
Dartford 


BOTANY 

Xylariace^ 

Xylaria  digitata,  Grev.  Sydeji- 
ham  Hill,  Greenwich, 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  Hypoxylon,  Grev.     Syden- 

ham Hill,  Southborough 

—  polymorpha,  Grev.     Syden- 

ham Hill,  Sevenoaks 

Thamnomyces  hypotrichoides, 
Ehrb.     Cobham 

Ustulina  vulgaris,  Tul.    Seven- 
oaks 

Daldinia  concentrica,  Sacc. 
Sevenoaks,  West  Mailing 

Hypoxylon  argillaceum,  Fr. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  coccineum,  Bull.       Syden- 

ham, Tunbridge  Wells 

—  cohsrens,  Pers.     Darenth 

—  fuscum,    Pers.         Darenth, 

Greenwich,  Ightham 

—  multiforme,  Fr.    Sydenham, 

Sevenoaks,  Greenwich, 
Tunbridge  Wells 

DoTHIDEACE^ 

Phyllachora  Caricis,  Fr.  Seven- 
oaks 

—  Pteridis,   Reb.        Darenth, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  Ulmi,    Sacc.  Tunbridge 

Wells,  Greenwich 
Dothidea  ribesia,  Pers.      Tun- 
bridge Wells 

—  filicina,  Fr.     Southborough 

—  graminis,  Fr.     Greenwich 
Rhytisma  acerinum,  Pers. 

Sevenoaks 
Stigmatea  Robertiani,  Fr. 
Darenth  Wood 

DlATRYPACE.^ 

Diatrype  angustata,  Fr.  Green- 
wich 

—  aspersa,  Fr.    Eltham,  Burnt 

Ash  Lane,  Tunbridge 
Wells 

—  bullata,  Fr.     Greenwich 

—  disciformis,  Fr.     Greenwich 

—  cincta,   B.  &  Br.      Black- 

heath 

—  corniculata,  B.  and  Br. 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  favacea,  Fr.     Chislehurst 

—  ferruginea,  Fr.       Darenth, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  flavovirens,  Fr.       Darenth, 

Greenwich 

—  hystrix,  Fr.     Chislehurst 

—  nigro-annulata,  Grev. 

Chislehurst 

—  quercina,    Pers.     Sydenham 

Hill 

—  stigma,  Hoffm.       Darenth, 

Chislehurst,  Tunbridge 
Wells,  Blackheath,  Green- 
wich 

—  strumella,  Fr.     Dartford 

87 


DiATRYPACE^  {continued) 

Diatrype  turgida,  Fr.    Eltham, 
Eynsford 

—  undulata,  Fr.     Greenwich 

—  varians,  Curr.     Eltham 

—  verrucEeformis,  Ehr.  Dover, 

Greenwich,  Abbey  Wood 
Valsace.e 

Valsa  Aceris,  Fekl.     Darenth 

—  a;sculicola,  Cke.    Sydenham 

—  ambiens,  Fr. 

var.  CratKgi 

—  ceratophora,    Tul.        Elm- 

stead 

—  cornicola,  Cke.     Darenth 

—  dissepta,  Fr.     Blackheath 

—  enteroleuca,   Fr.        Black- 

heath 

—  extensa,  Fr.     Chislehurst 

—  faginea,  Curr.  Eltham 

Grove 

—  leiophemia,  Fr.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  nivea,  Sacc.      Sydenham 

—  oncostoma,  Duby.   Darenth 

—  quernea,  Curr.     Darenth 

—  salicina,    Fr.  Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  stellulata,  Fr.  Eltham  Grove 

—  stilbostoma,  Cke.      Swans- 

combe 

—  suffusa,  Fr.     Godden  Green 

—  tetraploa,  B.  &  C.       Elm- 

hurst 
Melanconis  modonia,  Fr. 
Darenth 

—  stilbostoma,   Fr.        Black- 

heath 

—  thelebola,  Fr.      Chislehurst 

—  Tilias,  Fr.     Blackheath 
Pseudovalsa     Berkeleyi,     Tul. 

Greenwich 

—  lanciformis,  Tul.       Green- 

wich 

—  longipes,   Tul.     Chislehurst 
— -  profusa,  De  Not.      Black- 
heath Park 

Fenestella  vestita,  Fr.     Chisle- 
hurst, Eltham  Grove 

EuTYPACEjE 

Eutypa  lata,  Fr.     Sydenham 

—  spinosa,  Pers.     Eltham 

—  nummularia  Bulliardi,  Tul. 

Greenwich 
Diaporthe      adunca,       Desm. 
Kent  (Massee) 

—  Beckhausii,  Ntke.     Darenth 

—  cryptica,        Ntke.        Kent 

(Massee) 

—  Euphorbia,  Cke.     Darenth 

—  Phyllireae,   Cke.  Kent 

(Massee) 

—  quadrinucleata,  Curr. 

Eltham 

—  Sarothamni,  Awd.   Darenth 

—  scobina,  Ntke.     Darenth 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CUCURBITARIACE^ 

Cucurbitaria  Berberidis,  Sacc. 
Hayes 

—  elongata,  Fr.     Swanscombe 

—  Spartii,    N.     Darenth 

SUPERFICIALES 

Lasiospharia  superficiaIis,Curr. 

Kent  (Massee) 
Coniochsta    capillifera,    Curr. 

Kent  (Massee) 
Venturia  ditricha,  Fr.  Darenth 

—  inasqualis,  Cke.     Darenth 

—  Potentilla;,  Fr.     Darenth 
Chastomium  atrum,  Link. 

Swans  combe 
Sordaria  caudata,  Cke.    Black- 
heath 
Pertus^ 

Amphisphasria  brachythele, 
B.  &  Br.     Chislehurst 

LOPHIOSTOMACE^ 

Lophiostoma  arundinis,  Fr. 
Chislehurst 

—  bicuspidatum,  Cke.      Dar- 

enth 

—  hysterioides,  Curr.     Chisle- 

hurst 
Cerastostomace^ 

Gnomonia  Arise,  Fckl.      Dar- 
enth, Shoreham 

—  Avellans,  Sch.     Darenth 

—  Coryli,    Batsch.         Bexley, 

Darenth 

—  setacea,  Pers.  Bexley,  Dar- 

enth 

—  vulgaris,  Cke.  Bexley,  Dar- 

enth 
Lentomita  ligneola,  B.  &  Br. 
Sydenham 

OBTECT.ffi: 

Massaria    bufonia,    B.    &    Br. 
Eltham 

—  Curreyi,  Tul.     Blackheath, 

Eltham  Park 

—  foedans,   Fr.        Blackheath, 

Eltham 

—  gigaspora,    Fckl.         Black- 

heath, Darenth 

—  inquinans,  Tode.  Sydenham 

—  siparia,  B.  &  Br.       Black- 

heath 
Enchnoa  infernalis,  Kze.  &  Fr. 

Sydenham 
Leptosphaeria  Tamaricis,  Grev. 

Dover 
Delacourea  eustegia,  Cke. 

Swanscombe 
Caulicol^ 

Phomatospora   Berkeleyi,  Sacc. 

Bexley 
Raphidospora   Urtics,   Rabh. 

Darenth 
Heptameria  clara,  Cke.    Sand- 
gate 

—  clivensis,  B.  &  Br.    Darenth 

Wood 


Caulicol-e  {continued) 

Heptameria    maculans,    Desm. 
Darenth 

—  planiuscula,  B.  &  Br.  Chisle- 

hurst 

—  unicaudata,  B.  &  Br.     Dar- 

enth 

—  Vectis,  B.  &  Br.     Darenth 
Pleospora  platyspora,  S.     Dar- 
enth 

Foliicol;e 

Lastadia  acerifera,  Cke.     Dar- 
enth 
Sphxrella  aquilina,  Fr.     Dar- 
enth 

—  arcana,  Cke.     Darenth 

—  atomus,  Desm.     Darenth 

—  hieracii,     Cke.     &     Mass. 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  Ligustri,  Desm.     Dartford 

—  maculsformis,  P.     Darenth 

—  oblivia,  Cke.    Darenth  Wood 

—  sparsa,  Wallr.     Darenth 

ASCOMYCETES 

AsCOMYCEjE 

Ascomyces  deformans,  Berk. 
Sevenoaks 

—  Pruni,  Fckl.     Sevenoaks 

—  turgidus,  Phil.    Sevenoaks 
Hysteriace.5; 

Hysterium  angustatum,  A.  &  S. 
Ightham 

—  pulicare,  Pers.      Chelsfield, 

Ightham 
Hysterographium  elongatum, 
Corda.     Tunbridge  Wells 

—  Fraxini,  De  Not.       Green- 

wich, Tunbridge  Wells 
Hypoderma  virgultorum,  D.  C. 

Greemvich 
Lophodermium  pinastri,  Chev. 

Tunbridge  Wells 
Dichsna  faginea,  Fr.      Seven- 
oaks 

—  quercina,  Fr.     Sevenoaks 

DISCOMYCETES 
Phacideace/e 

Colpoma     quercinum.     Walk. 
Greenwich,  Darenth,  Tun- 
bridge Wells,  Ightham 
Rhytisma  acerinum,  Fr.  Seven- 
oaks 
Trochila  ilicis,  Cr.     Greenwich, 
Chislehurst 
Sticte.^ 

Stictis  radiata,  Pers.       Green- 
wich 
Propolis  faginea,  Karst.   Green- 
wich 
Dermate^ 

Cenangium  Cerasi,  Mass. 

Greenu)ich 
Sderoderris  rubi,  Mass.  Green- 
wich 


Dermate-ie  {continued) 
Sderoderris     fuliginosa,      Karst. 
Greenwich 

—  livida,    Mass.         Sydenham 

Hill 
Bulcarie.^ 

Bulgaria  polymorpha,  Wettst. 
Sydenham,  Hayes,  Green- 
wich, Halstead,  Sevenoaks 

Orbilia  vinosa,  Karst.  Green- 
wich 

—  leucostigma,    Fr.     Green- 

wich 

AsCOBOLE^ 

Ascobolus  furfuraceus,  Pers. 
Greenwich,  Sydenham 

—  immersus,  Pers.     Sydenham 

Hill 
Ascophanus    argenteus.    Bond. 
Eltham 

—  carneus.  Bond.      Sydenham 

Hill,  Chislehurst 
7i.z\zm. 

Pseudopeziza  albella,  Mass. 
Greenwich 

—  palustris,   Mass.         Chisle- 

hurst 
MoUisia  atrata,  Pers.    Darenth, 
Greenwich 

—  cinerea,   Kant.        Darenth, 

Sydenham,  Tunbridge 

Wells 

—  fusca,  Mass.     Darenth 
Belonidium      lacustre,       Phil. 

Darenth,  Blackheath 

—  pruinosum,  Mass.      Syden- 

ham 
Helotium     aquaticum,     Curr. 
Chislehurst 

—  citrinum,  Fr.     Greenwich 

var.  pallescens,  Mass. 
Greenwich 

—  conigerum,  Fr.     Greenwich 

—  cyathoideum,  Karst.  Green- 

wich 

—  fagineum,  Fr.     Greenwich 

■ —  herbarum,  Fr.      Greenwich 

—  luteolum,   Curr.        Chisle- 

hurst 

—  ochraceum.  Berk.      Syden- 

ham Hill 

—  tuba,  Fr.     Chislehurst 

—  virgultorum,  Karst.   Green- 

wich 

Sclerotinia  Curreyana,  Karst. 
Greenwich 

Chlorosplenium     sruginosum, 
De  Not. 
Kemsing,  Sevenoaks 

Diplocarpa  Curreyana,  Mass. 
Joyden's  Wood 

Lachnea  scutellata,  L.  Green- 
wich, Sydenham,  Tun- 
bridge Wells 

—  umhrata,  Phil.      Tunbridge 

Wells 


BOTANY 


Peziz^  {continue^ 

Lachnella  conformis,  Ck.  Dar- 

enth 
Dasyscypha      barbata,     Mass. 

Sevenoaks 

—  Berkeley!,  Mass.  Darenth 

—  bicolor,    Fckl.         Ightham, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  calycina,  Fckl.     Greenwich, 

Sydenham 

—  dematiicola,  Mass.  Darenth 

—  hyalina,  Mass.     Darenth 

—  Pteridis,  Mass.     Darenth 

—  sulphurea,  Mass.     Darenth 

—  Tami,  Mass.     Darenth 

—  virginea,  Fckl.    Greenwich, 

St.    Mary    Cray,    Syden- 
ham, Tunbridge  Wells 
Neottiella  nivea,  Sacc.      Dar- 
enth, Greenwich 

—  Polytrichi,  Mass.        Seven- 

oaks 
Geopyxis       coccinea,       Jacq. 
Maidstone,       St.      Mary 
Cray,  Southborough 

—  cupularis,  Sacc.    Sevenoaks 
Barleaea     constellatio,     Sacc. 

Addington 


PeziZjE  {continued) 

Barlesa    Crouani,  Cke.     Ight- 
ham 

Humaria    domestica,    Mass. 
Greenwich 

—  granulata,  Sacc.    Sydenham, 

Ightham,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  humosa,   Fr.        Greenwich, 

Tunbridge  Wells,  Dover 
Peziza  badia,  Pers.     Hayes 

—  repanda,  Wahlenb.      Kem- 

sing 

—  venosa,  Pers.     Hayes 

—  vesiculosa,   Bull.        Green- 

wich 
Otidea  aurantia,  Mass.    Green- 
wich,   Sydenharn,    Seven- 
oaks 

—  cochleata,   Fckl.         Green- 

wich 
Rhizina   inflata,   Quel.       Seal, 

Chart 
Helvelle^ 

Helvella  crispa,  Fr.       Dunton 

Green,      Godden     Green, 

Tonbridge 

—  elastica.  Bull.      Greenwich, 

Rusthall  Common 


Helvelle^  (continued) 

Helvella  lacunosa,  Afz.  Green- 
wich, Shoreham,  Ot- 
ford 

—  macropus,  Karst.       Green- 

wich 

—  acicularis,  Pers.     Tunbridge 

Wells 

Leotia  lubrica,  Pers.  Green- 
wich, Shoreham,  Tun- 
bridge Wells 

Morchella  esculenta,  Pers. 
Greenwich,  Sevenoaks 

Gyromita  gigas,  Cke.  Black- 
heath 

Mitrula    phalloides,    Chev. 
Keston  Common 

Spathularia  clavata,   Sacc. 
Shoreham 

Geoglossum  difforme,   Fr. 
Tunbridge  Wells 

—  hirsutum,  Pers.     Deal 

TuBERACEjE 

Tuber   excavatum,  Vitt,  Deal. 

Otford. 
Elaphomyces    granulatus,    Fr. 

Sevenoaks,  Tonbridge, 

Tunbridge  Wells 


89 


ZOOLOGY 

MARINE  ZOOLOGY 

IT  is  now  a  number  of  years  since  I  studied  the  marine  animals  in 
any  part  of  Kent,  and  then  only  in  a  few  places  suitable  for  living 
on  board  my  yacht  Glimpse.  There  are  long  stretches  of  coast 
quite  unfit  for  this,  which  I  have  never  examined  ;  and  probably 
the  number  of  animals  which  I  have  been  able  to  collect  falls  far  short 
of  what  could  be  found  if  the  whole  coast  were  adequately  examined.  I 
have  studied  more  or  less  completely  seven  different  localities,  viz.,  the 
Thames  near  Greenhitheand  Erith  ;  the  Medway  at  and  above  Chatham  ; 
the  Swale  at  and  above  Queenborough  ;  Ramsgate  ;  the  Stour  above 
and  below  Sandwich  ;  Dover  and  the  middle  of  the  Straits  of  Dover. 
Some  of  these  can  scarcely  be  called  marine  localities,  but  are  of  interest 
in  showing  the  changes  which  occur  in  passing  down  the  lower  end  of 
rivers  to  the  sea.  My  knowledge  of  the  coast  being  thus  confined  to 
only  a  few  districts,  it  would  have  been  impossible  for  me  to  deal  with 
my  subject  in  anything  like  a  satisfactory  manner,  if  it  had  not  been  for 
the  kind  assistance  of  Mr.  Sibert  Saunders  of  Whitstable,  Mr.  Edward 
Horsnaillof  Folkestone,  and  Mrs.  Hillier,  widow  of  the  late  Dr.  Hillier 
of  Ramsgate.  Fortunately  these  had  studied  quite  different  parts  of  the 
coast,  and  had  collected  animals  belonging  to  groups  which  I  had 
neglected,  whereas  I  had  studied  those  to  which  they  had  paid  little  or 
no  attention.  The  result  is  that  I  am  able  to  give  a  better  account  of 
the  subject  than  at  one  time  I  thought  possible.  On  the  whole  it  seems 
to  me  best  to  describe  my  observations  in  different  localities,  and  to  give 
entire  the  list  of  animals  found  by  my  friends  elsewhere,  modifying 
some  of  the  names  so  as  to  correspond  with  those  in  my  article  on  the 
marine  biology  of  Essex.^  This  plan  will  to  some  extent  show  local 
variations. 

Salinity  of  the  Water. 
Since  the  distribution  of  the  various  animals  depends  so  much  on 
the  salinity  of  the  water,  it  will  be  well  to  consider  this  first.  I  have 
carefully  studied  it  over  a  wide  area  in  the  district  of  the  Thames 
estuary,  along  the  coasts  of  Suffolk,  Essex  and  Kent  during  the  months 
of  May  to  September  inclusive,  and  found  that  no  very  considerable 
difference  materially  influences  the  distribution  of  the  animals,  unless  it 
be  that  other  conditions  influence  both.      My  observations  along  the 

«  r.C.H.  Essex,  i.  69. 
91 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

coast  of  Kent  are  much  more  limited  than  on  the  other  side  of  the 
estuary,  but,  as  far  as  they  go,  they  show  that  in  summer  the  density 
off  Ramsgate  is  about  the  same  as  in  the  North  Sea  off  Lowestoft,  and 
at  the  Nore  about  the  same  as  in  the  Swin,  being  less  than  in  the  Wallet 
along  the  coast  of  Essex,  probably  because  there  is  a  much  larger  area 
of  shallow  water  than  along  the  coast  of  Kent  exposed  to  evaporation  in 
summer.  Possibly  this  is  one  reason  amongst  several  others  why  the 
animals  differ  materially. 

The  Swale  at  and  above  Queenborough  is  really  a  strait  and  not  an 
estuary,  and  at  Queenborough  there  is  only  a  small  difference  between 
the  density  of  high  and  low  water,  which  plays  such  an  important  part 
in  some  estuaries.  There  is  only  a  small  decrease  in  that  part  ot  the 
Swale  near  Milton  Creek,  which  is  farthest  removed  from  the  two 
openings  into  the  sea.  These  facts  probably  explain  why,  on  the 
whole,  the  animals  found  in  the  Swale  differ  considerably  from  those 
met  with  in  the  estuaries  of  Essex  and  Suffolk. 

The  Medway  up  to  and  beyond  Chatham,  the  Stour  up  to  and 
beyond  Sandwich,  and  the  Thames  up  to  and  beyond  Erith,  are 
examples  of  the  opposite  extreme,  the  water  being  in  some  places 
almost  as  salt  as  the  sea  when  the  tide  is  high,  and  almost  fresh  when  it 
is  low.  These  facts  have,  of  course,  an  immense  influence  on  the 
distribution  of  the  animals  along  the  north  coast  of  Kent. 

The  Swale  near  Queenborough. 

I  have  dredged  and  otherwise  studied  the  Swale  from  its  junction 
with  the  Medway  right  up  to  Milton  Creek.  One  thing  which  struck 
me  much  was  the  great  difference  in  the  number  and  species  of  the 
animals  met  with  in  different  years.  For  example,  on  one  occasion  I 
found  the  bottom  almost  covered  with  an  enormous  number  of  small 
mussels,  and  there  were  few  starfish.  The  next  year  these  seemed  to 
have  invaded  the  district,  and  almost  or  entirely  cleared  the  ground  of 
mussels.  One  year  the  beautiful  medusa,  Chrysaora  isosceles  (Linn.), 
was  very  common,  but  in  other  years  almost  or  quite  absent.  In  one 
year  I  saw  off  the  Nore  more  large  individuals  of  Rhizostotna  octopus 
(Linn.)  than  I  ever  saw  there  or  anywhere  else.  The  other  Medusa? 
seen  more  or  less  frequently  were  Aurelia  aurita  (Linn.)  and  Cyanea 
captllata  (Linn.).  Pleurobrachia  pileus  (Modeer)  was  common.  An 
unidentified  Beroe  was  also  found.  The  number  of  Noctiluca  mUiaris 
was  sometimes  very  great.  In  July  1883  the  average  number  from  top 
to  bottom  of  the  water  was  about  750  per  gallon,  and  occasionally  many 
more. 

Before  it  was  burned  down  I  used  to  find  on  the  old  pier  many 
specimens  of  the  white,  the  flesh  coloured  and  the  dark  brown  varieties 
of  Act'moloba  dianthus  (Ellis),  Sabella  pavonia  (Sav.),  and  a  nemertian 
worm,  probably  Serpejitaria  fiisca  (B.M.  Cat.  of  Worms)  which  could 
extend  itself  in  a  remarkable  manner.  From  the  mud  banks  I  obtained 
Nereis  diver sicolor  (Miiller)  ;   but  by  far  the  most  interesting  polychste 

92 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

worm  seen  was  met  with  only  in  the  Heteronereis  condition.  The 
first  occasion  was  at  Sheerness  in  the  evening  of  ii  May,  1882,  when 
a  considerable  number  were  swimming  near  the  surface  at  a  rate  of 
a  few  miles  an  hour.  At  first  I  thought  they  were  small  red  fish, 
and  on  catching  some  was  astonished  to  find  that  they  were  worms. 
Fortunately  some  have  been  preserved  in  the  public  museum  at  Sheffield, 
and  have  been  identified  by  Dr.  E.J.  Allen  as  the  heteronereis  o(  Nereis 
longissima.  He  informs  me  that  Dr.  Jonathan  Herder  observed  a  similar 
display  at  Plymouth  in  April,  1865,  tiut  that  nothing  of  the  kind  has 
been  seen  there  in  more  recent  years.  Those  obtained  at  Plymouth 
were  6  or  7  inches  long,  whereas  those  at  Sheerness  were  only  4|.  The 
only  other  occasion  on  which  I  have  seen  any  was  in  the  evening  of  9 
September,  1889,  at  Queenborough,  when  the  above-named  species  was 
abundant.  I  never  found  this  species  in  an  unmodified  state  in  any  part  of 
the  Queenborough  district.  Though  I  have  been  very  anxious  to  obtain 
other  specimens,  I  never  saw  a  single  individual  in  the  same  or  subse- 
quent years  ;  and  it  thus  appears  that,  as  in  the  case  of  Nereis  dumerilii 
(Aud.  and  M.  Edw.)  found  in  Essex  and  Suffolk,  the  heteronereis  is  very 
seldom  seen,  and  then  great  numbers  almost  simultaneously  appear, 
swimming  at  the  surface  for  a  few  hours,  being  a  most  striking  spectacle. 
About  a  mile  above  Queenborough  the  Swale  makes  a  remarkably 
sudden  turn,  which  has  caused  the  tidal  currents  to  excavate  a  large  hole, 
at  least  8  fathoms  deep,  which  is  about  four  times  the  depth  of  the  water 
above  or  below.  This  is  the  only  locality  in  the  Thames  district  where 
I  have  dredged  Dendronotus  frondosus  (Ascanius).  Higher  up  I  obtained 
a  number  of  fine  specimens  of  the  beautiful  nudibranch  'EoUs  papulosa 
(Linn.)  of  which  I  never  saw  but  one  individual  in  Essex  or  Suffolk. 
Acanthodoris  pilosa  (Miiller)  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Queenborough 
district.  One  of  the  most  striking  peculiarities  in  the  Swale  near 
Kingsferry  is  the  great  number  of  the  common  shore  crab  {Carcinus 
mcenas)  (Linn.),  the  spider  crab  [Stenorhynchus  rostratus)  and  sponges, 
chiefly  Haiichondria  panicea  (Pallas),  and  the  remarkably  small  number 
of  simple  or  compound  ascidians  :  in  fact,  on  the  whole,  this  narrow 
strait  differs  much  from  any  other  locality  in  the  Thames  district, 
probably  because  it  combines  the  shelter  of  an  estuary  with  the  salinity 
of  the  more  open  water.  Besides  the  above-named  animals  I  have 
found  in  the  Queenborough  district  Tubular ia  larynx  (Ellis  and  Sol.), 
T.  indivisa,  Solaster  papposus  (Fabr.),  Ophiura  ciliaris  (Linn.),  Ophiothrix 
fragilis  (O.  F.  Miiller),  Caprella  linearis,  Idotea  linearis  and  many  excellent 
specimens  of  Lerneonema  sprattce,  obtained  from  the  whitebait  caught  in 
such  vast  numbers.  Appendicularians  [Oikopleura  sp.)  occur  in  sievings  of 
the  sea-water. 

Ramsgate. 

I  have  never  examined  any  locality  in  which  several  species  of 
compound  ascidians  were  seen  to  such  great  perfection  as  at  Ramsgate 
in  the  covered  passages  through  which  the  water  could  be  let  out  from 

93 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

the  inner  into  the  outer  harbour.  In  1882  the  surface  was  covered 
with  them,  and  among  the  most  striking  were  various  species  or 
varieties  of  Botryllus.  These  were  not  identified  at  the  time,  and  the 
few  specimens  preserved  in  the  Public  Museum  at  Sheffield  could  not  now 
be  identified  in  a  satisfactory  manner,  but  are  probably  Botryllus  schlosseri 
and  polycyclus.  Botrylloides  rubrum  (M.  Edw.)  or  a  closely  allied  species, 
and  very  fine  specimens  of  Polyclinum  auranthim  also  occurred.  Of 
simple  ascidians  Ascidiella  aspersa  (O.  F.  Miiller),  and  I  think  a  few  in- 
dividuals of  yf.T;/r§-/>;ra  (O.F.  M.)  were  found,  and  Cionaintestinalis  (Linn), 
of  larger  size  than  any  seen  in  Essex  or  Suffolk,  those  6  inches  long 
being  common. 

Straits  of  Dover. 

On  one  occasion  I  dredged  between  Dover  and  Boulogne,  and 
found  many  fine  specimens  of  Alcyoiuum  digitatwn  (Linn.)  and  many 
sponges,  chiefly  if  not  entirely,  Halichondria  panicea  (Pallas). 

The  Thames  at  Greenhithe  and  Erith. 

In  1882  and  1883  I  spent  a  number  of  weeks  on  my  yacht  off 
Greenhithe  and  Erith,  studying  the  water  of  the  Thames  on  behalf  of 
the  Board  of  Works.  The  greater  part  of  my  observations  have  only 
an  indirect  connexion  with  marine  biology,  and  I  describe  only  a 
few  of  my  results.  Much  depends  on  the  very  strong  tide,  which 
causes  a  great  difference  in  the  character  of  the  water  at  different  times 
of  day,  which  alternates  between  fresh  and  very  salt.  Few  or  no 
sedentary  animals  are  able  to  live  under  such  conditions.  Besides 
this  in  some  places  the  material  deposited  at  the  bottom  at  the  period 
of  the  neap  tides  is  carried  away  by  the  much  stronger  current  of  the 
spring  tides.  The  living  animals  swimming  in  the  water,  of  which 
I  determined  the  number  per  gallon,  were  those  which  move  up  and 
down  in  the  water,  and  at  high  tide  many  small  shrimps  were  met  with, 
whereas  the  low  water  is  mainly  characterized  by  the  presence  of  such 
forms  as  Cyclops  and  Daphne.  Gammarus  occurs  in  about  equal  numbers 
in  high  and  low  water.  As  bearing  on  the  removal  of  sewage  from  the 
water  by  Copepoda  I  may  say  that  I  found  they  lived  about  six  times  as 
long  when  small  quantities  of  human  excrement  were  added  to  the  water 
as  when  none  was  added.  Those  living  in  the  low  water  soon  died  in 
the  high  water,  and  one  part  of  sea  water  added  to  two  or  three  of  fresh 
soon  proved  fatal,  which  explains  what  I  observed  where  semi-marine 
conditions  occur  along  the  northern  shore  of  Kent. 

The  Medway. 

In  passing  down  the  Medway  from  AUington  to  Sheerness,  the 
conditions  are  much  modified  by  the  great  extent  to  which  the  tide 
runs  out  in  the  upper  part;  and  the  amount  of  salt  in  the  water  where 
a  well-marked  maximum  in  the  number  of  Copepoda  occurs  appears  not 
to  be  the  same  as  in  the  estuaries  in  Essex  and  Suffolk. 

94 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

Sandwich. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  facts  connected  with  the  marine 
animals  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Sandwich  is  the  evidence  furnished  by 
the  mollusca  of  the  great  changes  known  to  have  occurred  during  the 
historical  period.  Scrobicularia  plana  (da  Costa)  in  a  living  state  is 
found  only  some  way  below  Sandwich,  but  dead  shells  in  good  preser- 
vation, in  the  position  they  had  when  living,  are  found  in  the  mud  of  the 
Great  Stour,  near  Stourmouth,  where  they  no  doubt  lived  when  there 
was  an  open  channel  round  by  Reculver,  which  is  now  completely 
closed. 

Marine  Animals  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Whitstable. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  invertebrate  animals  belonging  to 
certain  groups  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Whitstable,  for  which  I 
am  indebted  to  Mr.  Sibert  Saunders  of  that  place.  The  names  are 
those  given  to  me  by  him,  except  in  the  case  of  the  Nudibranchs  and 
Ascidians,in  which  I  give  those  adopted  respectively  by  the  Conchological 
Society  and  by  Professor  Herdman. 


Noctiluca  miliaris 


PORIFERA 


Tethea  lyncurium 
Halichondria  panicea 
Cliona  celata 
—  gorgonioides 
Dysidea  fragilis 
Grantia  ciliata 


Clava  multicornis 
Hydractinia  echinata 
Coryne  pusilla 

—  ramosa 

Eudendrium  ramosum 
Tubularia  indivisa 

—  larynx 

Halecium  halecinum 
Sertularia  rugosa 

—  rosacea 

—  pumila 

—  gracilis 

—  tamarisca 

—  filicula 

• —  abietina 

—  operculata 

—  argentea 

—  cupressina 
Hydrallmania  falcata 
Aglaophena  pluma 

—  tubulifera 

—  pennatula 
Antennularia  antennina 


Plumularia  pinnata 

—  setacea 
Obelia  gelatinosa 

—  geniculata 

—  dichotoma 

—  flabellata 
Campanularia  volubilis 

—  Integra 

CTENOPHORA 
Beroe  fulgens 
Pleurobrachia  pileus  (Moder) 

anthozoa 

Alcyonium  digitatum 
Actinoloba  dianthus 
Sagartia  troglodytes 
TeaUa  crassicornis 

Though  Actinia  mesembryanthemum  is  not 
found  at  Whitstable,  it  is  plentiful  on  the  shore  to 
the  east  of  Birchington. 

ANNELIDA 
Apoda 

Pontobdella  muricata 

PoLYCHiSTA 

Aphrodita  aculeata 
Lepidonotus  cirratus 
Nereis  sp. 
Nephthys  casca 
Phyllodoce  viridis 
—  lamelligera 
Spio  seticornis 
Cirratulus  cirratus 
Arenicola  marina 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


PoLYCH^TA  (continued) 
Lanice  conchilegia  (Pall.) 
Pectinaria  belgica  (Pall.) 
Sabellaria  tubularia  (?) 
—  alveolata 
Serpula  vermicularis 


POLYZOA 


Tubulipora  sp. 
Scrupocellaria  scruposa 

—  reptans 
Bicellaria  ciliata 
Bugula  purpuratincta 

—  avicularia 

—  plumosa 
Crisidia  cornuta 
Crisia  eburnea 

—  aculeata 

—  geniculata 

—  denticulata 
Flustra  foliacea 
Cellepora  pumicosa 
Membranipora  pilosa 

—  membranacea 
Hippothea  divaricata 


Beania  mirabilis 
Gamellaria  loricata 
Alcyonidium  galatinosum 
—  parasiticum 
Cycloum  papillosum 
Amathia  lendigera 
Vesicularia  spinosa 
Valkeria  cuscuta 
Bowerbankia  imbricata 
Farella  repens 
Pedicellaria  cernua 

NUDIBRANCHIATA 
Facelina  coronata  (Forbes  and  Goodsir) 
Fiona  marina  (Forskol) 
Archidoris  tuberculata  (Cuvier) 

TUNICATA 
Ascidiella  virginea  (O.  F.  Miiller) 
Clavelina  lepadiformis  (O.  F.  Miiller) 
Aplidium  faUax  (Johns) 
Botryllus  violaceus 
—  smaragdeus 
Perophora  listeri 
Leptoclinum  gelatinosum 


Marine  Animals  in  the  Neighbourhood  of  Folkestone. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  animals  of  certain  groups  found  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Folkestone,  kindly  supplied  to  me  by  Mr.  Edward 
Horsnaill  of  that  place ;  but  in  some  cases  I  have  altered  his  names  so  as 
to  correspond  with  those  adopted  in  this  series. 


ANNELIDA 
Apod.4 

Tristoma  molae.     On  a  short  sunfish  caught  off 

Folkestone 
Pontobdella  muricata.     Whitstahle 

Chajtapoda 

Sabellaria  alveolata.  St.  Margaret's  Bay  and 
Kingsdown,  between  Dover  and  Deal 

Terebella.     Common  between  tide  marks 

Serpula  triquetra.    Common  between  tide  marks 

Spirorbis.     Common  on  sea  weeds 

Arenicola.     In  deep  sand 

Aphrodita  aculeata.  Common  on  mud  bot- 
tom. Often  very  plentiful  on  Dungeness 
Beach 

Polynoe  sp.     Common  between  tide  marks 

Sabella.  A  large  species  is  very  common  at 
Whitstahle.     Probably  S.  pavonina  (Sav.) 

MOLLUSCA 

NUDIBRANCHIATA 

Eolis  papillosa  (Linn.).  Fairly  common  under 
stones  between  tide  marks 

Facelina  coronata  (Forbes  and  Goodsir).  Be- 
tween tide  marks  in  summer 

Tritonia  hombergi  (Cuvier).     Dymchurch.    Rare 

Archidoris  tuberculata  (Bergh.).  Not  very  un- 
common in  the  Laminarian  2^ne 


Lamelledoris  bilamellata  (Linn.).  Comes  inshore 
to  spawn  about  May  or  June,  and  may 
be  found  on  rocks  between  tide  marks 

ECHINODERMATA 
Echinus  miUiaris  (Linn.).  Common 
Echinocyamus  pusillus.     From  deep  water  and  on 

Eschara 
Spatangus  purpureus.     From  deep  water 
Palmipes  membranaceus.     Rare,  but  now  and  then 

brought  from  deep  water 
Solaster   papposus   (Fabr.).     Common   in   deeper 

water  and  very  plentiful  on  the  Whitstahle 

oyster  beds 
Cribella  oculata.     Found  occasionally  in  summer  ; 

no  doubt  often  passed  over  as  Asterias  rubens 
Asterias  rubens.  Common  everywhere  on  the  coast 
Ophiothrix  fragilis  (O.  F.  Muller).     Common  in 

deep  water  round  the  coast 
—  neglecta.     Very  plentiful  between  tide  marks 

near  Dover 
Ophiura  ciliaris  (Linn.).     Common  at  Whitstahle 

between  tide  marks 
One  or  two  unidentified  species 

In  addition  to  the  above  the  British  Association 
Handbook  for  Dover  gives  as  found  on  the  Kentish 
coast  Astrophyton  scutatum,  Amphidotus  cordatus, 
Doto  coronata,  Aplysia  punctata  and  Sigartia 
minata 


96 


MARINE    ZOOLOGY 

The  following  is  a  list  of  shells  collected  by  the  late  Dr.  Hillier  of 
Ramsgate  in  that  district,  kindly  supplied  to  me  by  Mrs.  Hillier,  now 
of  St.  Albans.  I  have  adopted  the  nomenclature  of  the  Conchological 
Society  as  given  in  the  Journal  of  Conchology  vol.  x.  p. 9.  1901,  stating  the 
author  of  the  specific  rather  than  of  the  generic  names;  but  in  addition, 
when  different,  I  have  also  given  in  brackets  the  names  used  by  Forbes 
and  Hanley,  which  appear  to  have  been  those  adopted  by  Dr.  Hillier. 


Nucula  nucleus  (Linn.) 

Nuculana  minuta  (Mull.).     (Leda  caudata) 

Anomia  ephippium  (Linn.) 

Glycimeris  glycimeris    (Linn.).     (Pectunculus  g.) 

Barbatia  lactea  (Linn.).     (Area  1.) 

Mytilus  edulis  (Linn.) 

Volsella  modiola  (Linn.).     (Modiola  m.) 

—  barbata  (Linn.).     (M.  b.) 

—  adriatica  (Lam.).     (M.  tulipa) 
Ostrea  edulis  (Linn.) 

Pecten  varius  (Linn.) 

—  opercularis  (Linn.) 
Lima  sp. 

Lucina  sp. 

Montacuta  substriata  (Montagu) 

Lepton  squamosum  (Montagu) 

Scrobicularia  plana  (da  Costa).     (S.  piperata) 

Tellina  crassa  (Gmelin) 

—  donacina  (Linn) 

—  tenuis  (da  Costa) 

—  fabula  (Gronovius) 

Macoma  balthica  (Linn.).     (Tellina  solidula) 

Donax  vittatus  (da  Costa).     (D.  anatinus) 

Mactra  stultorum  (Linn.) 

Spisula  elliptica  (Brown).     (Mactrae.) 

Venus  verrucosa  (Linn.) 

Timoclea  ovata  (Pennant).     (Venus  ovata) 

Chamelcea  gallina  (Linn.)     (Venus  striatula) 

Tapes  virgineus  (Linn.) 

—  pullastra  (Montagu) 

Cardium  exiguum  (Gmelin).     (C.  pygmaeum) 

—  edule  (Linn.) 

Lxvicardium    norvegicum    (Spengler).     (Cardium 

Mya  arenaria  (Linn.) 

—  truncata  (Linn.) 

Corbula  gibba  (Olivi).     (C.  nucleus) 
Ensis  ensis  (Linn.).     (Solen.  e.) 

—  siliqua  (Linn.).     (S.  s.) 

Solen  vagina  (Linn.).     (S.  marginatus) 

Saxicava  rugosa  (Linn.) 

Pholas  dactylus  (Linn.) 

Barnea  Candida  (Linn.)     (Pholas  c.) 

—  parva  (Pennant).     (P.  p.) 
Zirfea  crispata  (Linn.).     (P.  c.) 
Teredo  navalis  (Linn.) 
Lyonsia  norvegica  (Chemnitz) 


SCAPHOPODA 

Dentalium  vulgare  (da  Costa).     (D.  tarentinum) 

GASTROPODA 

Patella  vulgata  (Linn.) 

—  pellucida  (Linn.) 
Acmasa  virginea  (Miiller) 

Emarginula  fissura  (Linn.)     (E.  reticulata) 

—  conica  (Schumacher).     (E.  rosea) 
FissureUa  grceca  (Linn.)     (F.  reticulata) 
Gibbula  tumida  (Montagu).     (Trochus  t.) 

—  cineraria  (Linn.)     (T.  c.) 
Calliostoma  zizyphanus  (Linn.)     (T.  z.) 
Lacuna  divaricata  (Fabricius).     (L.  vincta) 

—  pallidula  (da  Costa) 

Littorina  obtusata  (Linn.).     (L.  littoralis) 

—  rudis  (Maton) 

—  littorea  (Linn.) 

Rissoa  guerini  (Recluz).     (R.  costulata) 
Paludestrina  stagnalis  (Baster).     (Rissoa  ulvce) 
Capulus  hungaricus  (Linn.).     (Pileopsis  h.) 
Calyptrasa  chinensis  (Linn.) 
Trivia  europosa  (Montagu).     (Cyprea  e.) 
Natica  catena  (da  Costa),     (n.  monilifera) 

—  alderi  (Forbes) 
Lamellaria  perspicua  (Linn.) 
Velutina  lavigata  (Pennant) 

Triforis  perversa  (Linn.)     (Cerithium  adversum) 
Scala  clathrus  (Linn.).     (Scalaria  communis) 

—  clathratula  (Adams).     (Scalaria  c.) 
Cioniscus  albidus  (G.  Adams).     (Aclis  unica) 
Aclis  ascaris  (Turton) 

Turbonilla    lactea    (Linn.).     (Chemnitzia  elegan- 

tissima) 
Eulima  polita  (Linn.) 
Coecum  glabrum  (Montagu) 
Turritella  communis  (Lamarck) 
Buccinum  undatum  (Linn.) 
Neptunea  antiqua  (Linn.).     (Fusus  antiquus) 
Ocinebra  erinacea  (Linn.).     (Murex  e.) 
Purpura  lapiUus  (Linn.) 
Nassa  reticulata  (Linn.) 

—  pygmasa  (Lamarck) 

Bela  turricula  (Montagu).     (Mangelia  t.) 

—  rufa  (Montagu).     QA.  r.) 

Tornatina  obtusa  (Montagu).     (Cyclichna  o.) 
Philine  aperta  (Linn.) 


It  will  thus  be  seen  that  by  combining  my  own  observations  with 
those  of  others  who  have  so  kindly  assisted  me,  it  has  been  possible  to  give 
a  fairly  satisfactory  account  of  some  of  the  groups  of  marine  animals  met 
with  both  on  the  north  and  south-east  coasts  of  Kent.     At  the  same 

'  97  13 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

time  several  very  important  groups  have  been  more  or  less  completely 
overlooked  by  all  of  us.  For  example  none  of  the  lists  contain  any  of 
the  Cephalopoda^  which  I  think  I  should  have  obtained  if  I  had  used  my 
small  traw^l  at  Queenborough.  When  the  Copepoda  which  I  had 
collected  and  preserved  in  alcohol  were  examined  it  was  found  that  they 
had  deteriorated  too  much  for  proper  identification.  The  sea  spiders 
{Pantopoda)  seem  also  to  have  been  overlooked,  except  a  small  specimen 
oiPycnogonum  littora le  ionnd  by  me  at  Queenborough.  The  Crustacea 
and  fish  are  dealt  with  by  other  authors.  Making  due  allowance  for 
imperfect  collecting,  there  appears  to  be  a  marked  difference  between 
the  animals  along  the  north  and  south-east  shores  of  Kent,  and  still  more 
so  between  both  and  the  coasts  of  Essex  and  Suffolk.  A  number  of 
animals  which  I  have  found  in  considerable  quantity  on  one  side  of  the 
Thames  estuary  I  have  never  seen  on  the  other  side ;  and  I  am  surprised 
to  find  how  much  difference  there  is  between  the  species  collected  by 
others  near  Whitstable  and  Folkestone  and  those  I  have  myself  collected 
during  many  years  along  the  coasts  of  Essex  and  Suffolk.  I  much 
regret  that  it  is  now  out  of  my  power  to  thoroughly  investigate  this  wide 
and  difficult  question  of  local  distribution. 


gy 


MOLLUSCS 

NON-MARINE 

The  non-marine  mollusca  are  plentifully  represented  in  Kent,  the 
physical  features  of  the  county  being  eminently  favourable  to  their 
development. 

The  terrestrial  forms  are  more  abundant  throughout  the  northern 
portion,  or  chalk  district,  than  in  the  sandy  and  clayey  areas  verging  on 
the  Weald,  and  find  those  varied  conditions  of  bare  dow^n,  or  wooded 
dell  and  hedgerow,  that  suit  the  different  requirements  of  the  several 
species.  One  of  these,  Helicella  cantiana,  takes  its  name  from  the  county, 
though  this  '  Kentish  snail '  is  by  no  means  confined  to  this  area  :  it  was 
apparently  a  late  introduction  into  these  islands,  for  it  has  not  yet  been 
found  in  any  but  the  most  recent  post-tertiary  deposits. 

The  aquatic  forms  are  nearly  all  present  and  abound  in  the  numerous 
ponds  and  streams  as  well  as  in  the  rivers  ;  while  the  salt-marshes  and 
estuaries  of  the  coast  provide  suitable  habitat  for  the  brackish-water 
forms. 

The  literature  on  the  subject  is  very  scattered,  and  consists  mainly 
of  lists  relating  to  isolated  localities  or  notes  concerning  isolated  occur- 
rences. The  most  comprehensive  paper  is  that  on  the  '  Land  Mollusca 
of  Kent,'  by  A,  Santer  Kennard  {Kent.  Mag.  1896,  i.  418).  From 
these  sources  and  the  Records  of  the  Conchological  Society  the  sub- 
joined list  has  been  compiled. 

Of  the  139  species  occurring  in  the  whole  of  the  British  Islands,  no 
less  than  1 1 1  may  be  met  with  in  Kent.  Among  this  number  no  account 
is  taken  of  such  records  as  Helix  pisana,  alleged  to  have  been  found  near 
Folkestone,  that  was  most  probably  only  one  of  the  endless  varieties  of 
the  somewhat  similar  Helicella  virgata.  Nor  is  Clausilia  biplicata  counted, 
two  examples  of  which  were  found  in  rejectamenta  on  the  shore  of 
Dartford  Creek,  whither  they  had  probably  been  wafted  by  the  Thames 
from  some  locality  much  higher  up  on  its  course.  Still  less  is  any  notice 
taken  of  the  Helix  cantianiformis,  a  name  bestowed  by  a  French  con- 
chologist  on  some  unimportant  variety  of  the  '  Kentish  snail.'  Nor  has 
Vivipara  contecta  been  included,  though  it  once  swarmed  in  a  pond  at 
Beckenham,  since  filled  in,  where  it  was  apparently  introduced. 

Three  other  species  occur  in  post-tertiary  deposits  of  the  county 
that  have  not  yet  been  met  with  living  in  the  district,  viz.  :  Vertigo 
antivertigo,  V.  pusilla  and  Succinea  oblonga.  The  first  two  may  have  been 
drifted  down  to  their  present  place  of  sepulture,  but  the  last-named  was 
certainly  at  one  time  a  snail  of  Kent. 

99 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The  two  species  of  more  particular  interest  in  the  assemblage, 
which  is  characteristic  for  the  south-east  of  England,  are  Helicella  cartu- 
siatia  and  Helix  pomatia.  The  former  is  now  a  coastal  species,  practically 
confined  to  Kent  and  Sussex,  but  it  formerly  ranged  into  east  Kent,  being 
found  in  rain-wash  deposits  at  Otford,  Exedown  and  Greenhithe  ;  it  has 
also  been  obtained  from  a  post-tertiary  deposit  at  Felstead  in  Essex,  and 
a  single  dead  (and  possibly  fossil)  example  has  been  picked  up  at  Long 
Stratton,  Norfolk  :  it  has  even  been  reported  from  more  remote  locali- 
ties, though  these  are  doubtful  records.  The  '  Roman  snail '  {Helix 
pomatia),  long  thought  to  have  been  introduced  by  the  Romans,  but  now 
known  to  have  been  a  denizen  of  this  country  before  their  arrival,  is 
confined  to  the  chalky  ridge  of  the  North  Downs,  along  which  it  is  met 
with  at  intervals  to  as  far  east  as  Charing,  so  that  here  as  elsewhere  in 
England  it  stops  short  of  the  sea. 

A  noteworthy  absentee  is  Dreissensia  polyt7iorpha,  so  plentiful  in  the 
Thames  further  west,  but  nowhere  recorded  in  Kent. 

An  introduction  worthy  of  remark  and  one  which  may  perhaps 
ultimately  become  established,  is  the  pretty  little  conical  Helicella  elegans, 
for  a  colony  of  this  species  brought  over  from  southern  Europe  has 
been  settled  near  Dover,  where  it  appears  to  be  flourishing  and  spreading. 

A.  GASTROPODA 


I.  PULMONATA 

a.   Stylommatophora 

Testacella  hal'iotidea,  Drap.    Sevenoaks  ;  Beck- 
enham 

—  scutulum,  Shy.      Faversham  ;   Folkestone  ; 

Mabledon 
Limax  maximus,  Linn. 

—  Jiavus,  Linn. 

—  arborum,  Bouch. -Chant.      Local 
AgrioUmax  agrestis  (Linn.) 

—  lavis  (Mull) 
Amalia  sowerbii  (F^r.) 

—  gagates  (Drap.).      Chatham  ;   Wichling 
Fitrina  pellucida  (Mull.) 

Vitrea  crystallina  (Mull.) 

—  alUaria  (Miller) 

—  glabra  (Brit.  Auct.) 

—  cellaria  (Mull.) 

—  nitidula  (Drap.) 

—  pura  (Aid.) 

—  radiatula  (Aid.) 

—  nltida  (Mull.) 

—  fulva  (Mall.)      Local 
Ar'ion  ater  (Linn.) 

—  hortensis^  Ylr. 

—  circumscriptus,  John. 

—  intermedius,  Norm.      Bromley 

—  subfuscus  (Drap.).      Wichling 
Punctum  pygniaum  (Drap.) 


Pyramidula     rupestris     (Drap.).       Sevenoaks  ; 
Dover 

—  rotundata  (Mull.) 
Helicella  v'lrgata  (Da  C.) 

—  itala  (Linn.) 

—  caperata  (Mont.) 

—  cantiana  (Mont.) 

—  cartudana  (Mull.) 

Hygromia  fusca  (Mont.).      Maidstone 

—  granulata  (Aid.) 

—  hhp'ida  (Linn.) 

—  rufescens  (Penn.) 

Acanthinula  aculeata  (Mull.).      Local 
Vallonia  pulchella  (Mull.) 
Helidgona  lapicida  (Linn.) 

—  arbiistorum  (Linn.) 
Helix  aspersa  (Mull.) 

—  pomatia,    Linn.        Brastead  ;      Cudham  ; 

Otford  ;   near  Maidstorte  ;    Stalisfield  ; 
Charing 

—  nemoralis,  Linn. 

—  hortensis,  Moll. 
Buliminus  obscurus  (Mull.) 
Cochlicopa  lubrica  (Mull). 
Axeca  tridens  (Pult.)      Local 
Cacilianella  acicula  (MqII). 

Pupa    secale^    Drap.       Between     Dover    and 
Folkestone 

—  cylindracea  (Da  C.) 

—  muscorum  (Linn.) 

Sphyradium  edentulum  (Drap.).      Keston 


MOLLUSCS 


Vertigo     minutissima,      Hartm.         Maidstone 
(scarce) 

—  substriata    (JefF.).       Westerham  ;    rejecta- 

menta of  river  Stour 

—  pygmtea  (Drap.) 

—  angustior^  JefF.      Ightham 

Balea  perversa  (Linn.).      Maidstone   (scarce) ; 

Sevenoaks  ;   Downe 
Clausila  lam'inata  (Mont.) 

—  bidentata  (Strom.) 

—  rolphii.  Gray.      Local 
Succinea  putris  (Linn.) 

—  elegans,  Risso.      Greenhithe  ;   Deal 

b.  Basommatophora 


Carychium  minimum,  MqII. 

Alexia  myosotis  (Drap.).     Erith  ;   river  Stour, 

Richborough 
Leuconia  bidentata  (Mont.).      Rejectamenta  of 

river  Stour,  Richborough 
Jncylns  fuviatilis,  Mull. 
Velletia  lacustris  (Linn.) 
Limncea  auricularia  (Linn.) 

—  pereger  (Mull.) 

—  palmtrii  (Mull.) 

—  truncatula  (Mall.) 

—  stagnalis  (Linn.) 

—  glabra  (Moll.).     Erith 

Amphipeplea    glutinosa     (Mull.).        Sandwich  ; 

Deal 
Planorbis  corneus  (Linn.) 

—  albus.  Mull, 


Planorbis   glaber,    Jeff.       Thames    Marshes ; 
Paddock  Wood 

—  nautileus  (Linn.) 

—  carinatus,  Miill. 

—  marginatus,  Drap. 

—  vortex  (Linn.) 

—  spirorbis,  Milll. 

—  contortus  (Linn.) 

—  fontanus  (Lightf.) 

—  lineatus  (Walker).    Sandwich  ;   Deal 
Physa  fontinalis  (Linn.) 

—  hypnorum  (Linn.).      Local 

IL    PROSOBRANCHIATA 

Paludestrina  confusa  (Frau.).    Thames  Marshes 
(almost,  if  not  quite  extinct) 

—  jenkinsi  (Smith).     Thames  Marshes  below 

Crossness  ;  rejectamenta  of  river  Stour  ; 
Hythe  (one  dead  specimen) 

—  ventrosa  (Mont.).      Erith  ;   Ramsgate 

—  stagnalis   (Bast.).      Thames    marshes    and 

dykes  around  the  coast 
Bithynia  tentaculata  (Linn.) 

—  leachii  (Shepp.) 
Vivipara  vivipara  (Linn.) 
Valvata  piscinalis  (Mull.) 

—  cristata,  Mali. 

Assiminea  grayana,  Leach.    Thames  Marshes  ; 

Sandwich 
Pomatias  elegans  (Miill.) 
Acicula  lineata  (Drap.).      Folkestone 
Neritina  fluviatilis  (Linn.).      River  Medway 


B.    PELECYPODA 


Unio  pictorum  (Linn.) 

—  tumidus,  Retz. 
Anodonta  cygncea  (Linn.) 
Sphierium  rivicola  (Leach) 

—  corneum  (Linn.) 

—  lacustre  (Mall.) 


udium  amnicum  (Mull.) 
pusillum  (Gmel.) 
nitidum,  Jenyns.      Chislehurst 
fontinale  (Drap.).      Ebbsfleet. 
milium  (Held.).     Keston  ;   Heme  Bay 


INSECTS" 


There  are  few  English  counties  which  had  a  more  interesting  insect 
fauna  than  Kent,  and  this  was  doubtless  due  to  its  numerous  and 
extensive  woods  and  marshes,  to  the  varied  geological  formations,  its 
vast  extent  of  coast  line  and  river  border  and  its  proximity  to  the 
continent. 

Until  a  comparatively  recent  period  probably  no  county  in  England 
produced  so  many  species  of  insects  and  so  large  a  number  of  specimens  ; 
but  the  advantageous  natural  conditions  of  Kent  have  during  the  last 
fifty  years  been  seriously  injured  by  over-cultivation  and  over-population, 
the  destruction  of  old  woods  and  by  the  gradual  encroachment,  on  the 
north-western  portion  of  the  county,  of  London  and  its  south-eastern 
suburbs.  The  very  small  amount  of  common  and  waste  lands  in  the 
county,  as  compared  with  the  thousands  of  acres  of  forests  or  woods, 
heaths  and  commons  in  Sussex,  Surrey,  Hampshire,  Dorset,  Devon  and 
many  other  counties,  and  the  extensive  acreage  devoted  to  hop  gardens, 
orchards  and  market  gardens,  may  account  for  the  rarity  or  entire  absence 
of  some  species  formerly  abundant  in  the  county.  On  the  other  hand 
certain  species  which  are  common  on  the  continent  are  more  frequently 
found  in  Kent  than  in  any  other  county  in  England.^ 

Probably  no  other  English  county  has  been  so  thoroughly  worked 
for  the  Lepidoptera  (butterflies  and  moths) ;  and  the  Coleoptera  (beetles) 
have  also  been  most  assiduously  collected.  The  Orthoptera  (grass- 
hoppers, etc.),  the  Hymenoptera  (bees,  wasps  and  ants)  and  the 
Hemiptera  (bugs)  have  not  been  neglected ;  but  the  Neuroptera  (dragon- 
flies,  etc.)  and  Diptera  (flies)  seem  to  have  received  less  attention  than 
has  been  given  to  these  orders  in  many  other  counties. 

ORTHOPTERA 

Earwigs,  Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  Cockroaches,  etc. 

With  the  exception  of  Hampshire,  Kent  has  a  longer  list  of  species 
of  this  order  than  any  other  English  county.     Altogether  thirty-three 

'  The  sequence  of  the  orders  here  followed  is  that  adopted  by  Dr.  D.  Sharp,  F.R.S.,  in  the 
Cambridge  Natural  History  (1889-92). — H.  G. 

-  I  have  to  express  my  cordial  thanks,  for  valuable  assistance  received,  to  the  late  Mr.  C.  G.  Barrett, 
F.E.S.;  the  late  Mr.  A.  Beaumont,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  B.  Bower,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  Malcolm  Burr,  Bj\.,  F.L.S.  ; 
Mr.  E.  A.  Butler,  B.A.,  B.Sc. ;  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Chitty,  M.A.,  F.E.S  ;  Mr.  Albert  B.  Earn,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr. 
Charles  Fenn,  F.E.S.-,  Mr.  Hubert  Elgar ;  the  Rev.  Canon  Fowler,  M.A.,  D.Sc,  F.L.S.  ;  Mr.  Edward 
Goodwin;  the  late  Colonel  Howard  L.  Irby,  F.L.S.  ;  Mr.  William  J.  Lucas,  B.A.,  F.E.S.  ;  Dr.  H.  G. 
Knaggs.M.D.,  F.L.S.  ;  the  late  Mr.  Robert  McLachlan,F.R.S.  ;  Captain  Savile  G.  Reid,  R.E.,F.Z.S.  ; 
Mr.  Edward  Saunders,  F.R.S.  ;  Mr.  Frederick  W.  L.  Sladen,  F.E.S.  ;  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt,  F.E.S.  ; 
Commander  J.  J.  Walker,  R.N.,  F.L.S.  ;  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  ;  Mr.  W.  West;  and  Colonel  John  W. 
Yerbury,  R.A.,  F.Z.S.— H.  G. 

103 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

species  are  included,  of  which  twenty-five  appear  to  be  indigenous  ;  five 
are  certainly  introduced,  and  two  are  irregular  or  occasional  visitors.  The 
more  noteworthy  Orthoptera  from  Kent  are  Apterygida  albipennis,  which 
has  been  taken  in  only  one  other  English  county  ;  Platycleis  rceselii,  a 
great  rarity  ;  and  Decticus  verrucivorus,  one  of  our  scarcest  grasshoppers. 
Further  collecting  will  doubtless  show  that  the  Mole  Cricket  {Gryllotalpa 
gryllotalpd)  and  the  Field  Cricket  {Gryllus  campestris),  and  perhaps  also 
Mecostethus  grossus,  Ectobia  lapponica  and  Platycleis  brachyptera,  are  to 
be  found  within  its  borders.  Some  at  least  of  these  species  may  be 
confidently  expected,  and  it  is  easily  within  the  bounds  of  possibility 
that  forms  new  to  the  British  fauna  may  be  discovered.  A  few  localities, 
as  for  instance  the  Folkestone  warren  and  the  Deal  sandhills,  have  been 
well  worked  and  have  produced  interesting  forms.  There  are  without 
doubt  many  other  spots  in  Kent  which  would  equally  repay  the 
collector. 

FORFICULARIA 
Ea?-'wigs 
The  rare  earwig  Labidura  riparia.  Pall.,  which  is  undoubtedly 
indigenous  to  Great  Britain,  has  been  taken  on  the  beach  at  Folke- 
stone by  a  young  lady  who  had  '  sufficient  observation  to  see  that  the 
insect  was  a  peculiar  one,  sufficient  courage  to  capture  it,  and  sufficient 
discrimination  to  send  it  to  '  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood.^  Anisolabis  anmilipes, 
Luc,  has  been  taken  at  Queenborough  and  in  numbers  on  the  Isle  of 
Sheppey  by  Com.  J.  J.  Walker,  R.N.  The  Lesser  Earwig  [Labia  minor,  L.) 
is  frequent  in  the  evening  during  the  early  summer,  flying  often  in 
company  with  Staphylinidce  over  dungheaps  and  flower  beds.  Forjicula 
auricularia,  L.,  the  common  earwig,  is  abundant  everywhere.  F.  lesnei, 
Finot,  is  somewhat  locally  distributed,  but  is  fairly  numerous  on  shrubs 
in  the  Folkestone  warren,  and  may  best  be  taken  by  sweeping.  That 
rarity,  Apterygida  albipennis,  Meg.,  was  captured  many  years  ago  by 
Professor  Westwood  at  Ashford,  and  recorded  by  Stephens.  Since 
then  it  has  only  been  once  taken  in  Britain,  i.e.  in  Norfolk  in  1889. 
A.  arachidis,  Yers.,  is  a  cosmopolitan  form,  and  has  been  taken  in 
numbers  in  the  Chemical  Works  at  Queenborough  by  Com.  J.  J. 
Walker,  R.N. 

BLATTODEA 

Cockroaches 
The  little  cockroach  Ectobia  parizeri,  Steph.,  is  by  no  means  rare 
on  the  sandhills  at  Deal.  E.  livida,  Fabr.,  has  been  taken  at  Broadwater 
Forest  near  Tunbridge  Wells  by  Mr.  F.  Milton.  Phyllodromia  germanica, 
L.,  the  '  German  Cockroach,'  is  numerous  in  many  hotels,  restaurants, 
stores,  etc.  It  has  been  noted  at  Blackheath  and  Folkestone.  Blatta 
orientalis,  L.,  is  of  course  abundant  in  most  houses.  Periplaneta  americana, 
L.,  also  occurs  in  stores  and  warehouses,  especially  in  seaport  towns. 

1  Insects  at  Home,  by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood,   p.  230.     Mr.  Lucas  reports  the  capture  of  a  second 
specimen  in  1902,  so  the  species  may  now  be  considered  as  established  as  a  British  insect. — H.  G. 

104 


INSECTS 

ACRIDIODEA 

Grasshoppers 

TriixalldcB.  Stembothrus  Hneatus,  Panz.,  is  a  local  form,  but  abun- 
dant in  Folkestone  warren,  and  S.  viridulus,  L.,  is  common  on  grassy- 
places  throughout  the  county.  That  handsome  grasshopper  S.  rufipes, 
Zett.,  has  been  taken  at  Bromley,  Heme  Bay  and  Folkestone  warren. 
S.  bicolor,  Charp.,  and  S.  paralklus,  Zett.,  are  our  two  most  abundant 
grasshoppers.  S.  elegans,  Charp.,  is  abundant  on  the  sandhills  at  Deal. 
Gomphocerus  rufus,  L.,  is  by  no  means  common  ;  Com.  J.  J.  Walker,  R.N., 
has  taken  it  at  Chatham,  and  in  1896  it  was  common  at  the  eastern 
end  of  the  Folkestone  warren,  though  in  1898  none  were  to  be  seen 
there  ;  it  frequents  grassy  slopes  and  hillsides  exposed  to  the  sun.  The 
little  grasshopper  G.  maculatus,  Thunb.,  is  common  on  sandy  heaths 
throughout  the  county  ;  it  has  been  recorded  from  Holtye  Common, 
Deal,  Folkestone  warren,  Tunbridge  Wells  and  at  Evington  near  Wye. 

(Edipodidce.  It  is  very  doubtful  whether  the  true  Pachytylus  migra- 
torius,  L.,  has  ever  occurred  in  this  country.  It  is  essentially  an  eastern  or 
levantine  species,  and  swarms  at  times  in  Roumania  and  south  Russia. 
It  has  undoubtedly  been  taken  as  far  west  as  Sicily,  but  almost  certainly 
the  majority  of  so-called  P.  migratorius  recorded  in  Britain  are  to  be 
referred  to  the  following  species.  It  is  included  here  as  most  of  the 
locusts  taken  from  time  to  time  in  Great  Britain  are  recorded  as 
P.  migratorius,  and  it  is  just  possible  that  it  may  have  occurred.  The 
locust  P.  danicus,  L.  {cinerascens,  Fabr.),  usually  reported  as  Gryllus 
migratorius,  has  been  taken  at  various  times  in  the  county  of  Kent. 
In  1846  numbers  of  locusts  were  observed  at  Margate;  in  1848  G. 
migratorius  was  plentiful  at  Heme  Bay  and  frequent  at  Margate,*  and 
in    1859  was  again  plentiful   at  Heme  Bay. 

Of  the  Tettigidce,  I'ettix  subulatus,  L.,  is  widely  distributed  and 
common.      7".   bipunctatus,   L.,   is   still   commoner   than    the   last. 

LOCUSTODEA 

Grasshoppers 

Phaneropteridce.  Leptophyes  punctatissima,  Bosc,  has  been  recorded 
from  Heme  Bay,  Bromley,  New  Eltham,  Folkestone  warren,  and  from 
near  Strood.  It  is  by  no  means  rare,  and  probably  is  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  county. 

Meconemidce.  The  delicate  little  grasshopper  Meconema  varium, 
Fabr.,  is  commoner  than  the  above  ;  it  is  most  probably  common 
throughout  the  county,  and  has  been  recorded  from  Bromley  and  New 
Eltham. 

ConocephalidcE.  That  handsome  grasshopper  Xiphidium  dorsale,  Latr., 
is  one  of  our  rarer  species  ;  it  has  been  recorded  from  Heme  Bay  and 

»  Rye  Ent.  W.  Int.  (Oct.  3,  1857),  iii.  7-8. 
I  103  14 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Deal,  and  should  be  sought  for  in  marshy  places,  and  may  best  be  taken 
by  sweeping. 

Locustida.  The  Great  Green  Grasshopper  {Locusta  'uiridissima,  L.)  is 
one  of  our  largest  British  insects.  It  is  common  along  the  south  coast, 
and  very  numerous  at  Deal,  on  the  cliffs  by  Dover,  in  the  warren  at 
Folkestone,  and  one  was  recorded  from  Broadstairs  by  the  Rev.  Canon 
Fowler. 

Decticida.  That  widely  distributed  and  by  no  means  uncommon 
species  Thamnotrizon  cinereus,  L.,  is  frequently  to  be  heard  chirping  on 
warm  autumn  evenings  in  hedges  and  thickets,  especially  before  rain  ;  it 
is  very  abundant  at  the  Folkestone  warren,  and  occurs  also  at  Edenbridge, 
at  Evington  near  Wye  and  near  Strood.  Platycleis  grisea,  Fabr.,  is  com- 
mon on  open  dry  places,  especially  among  rest-harrow  and  on  chalky  cliffs. 
It  is  abundant  on  the  Deal  sandhills,  on  the  Dover  cliffs,  in  the  warren 
and  on  the  cliffs  at  Folkestone.  Mr.  W.  J.  Lucas  reports  the  capture 
of  one  specimen  between  Walmer  and  Dover.  P.  roeselii^  Hagenb.,  is  one 
of  our  rarest  grasshoppers,  but  has  been  taken  at  Heme  Bay.  The  Wart- 
biter  {Decticus  verrucivorus,  Linn.)  is  one  of  our  finest  grasshoppers,  but 
is  far  from  common.  A  specimen  taken  at  Rochester  by  Professor 
Henslow  is  recorded  by  Stephens  and  Curtis,  and  the  species  has  been 
twice  taken  at  St.  Margaret's  Bay.  D.  albifrons,  Fabr.,  a  purely  meri- 
dional form,  was  taken  at  Ramsgate  in  1850,'  certainly  an  accidental 
occurrence. 

GRYLLODEA 

Crickets 

GrylUda.  Gryllus  domesticus,  L.,  the  House  Cricket,  is  common 
in  many  old  houses  and  in  bakeries.  The  Field  Cricket  (G.  campestris, 
L.)  and  the  Mole  Cricket  {Gryllotalpa  gryllotalpa,  L.)  will  probably  be 
discovered  in  Kent  before  long,  but  cannot  up  to  the  present  be  recorded 
from  the  county. 

NEUROPTERA 

Dragonjiies,  Stom-JIies,  Lacewings,  Caddis-fies,  etc. 

Although  some  divisions  of  the  insect  fauna  (the  Lepidoptera, 
Coleoptera  and  Hymenoptera,  for  instance)  of  the  county  of  Kent  have 
been  well  worked  out,  this  seems  to  be  far  from  the  case  with  most  of 
the  Neuroptera.  The  numerous  marshes  must  produce  a  plentiful  caddis- 
fly  (T'richoptera)  fauna,  and  probably  a  number  of  species  of  may-flies 
{Ephemeridid),  while  no  doubt  the  Planipennia  (lacewings,  etc.)  would 
repay  working,  especially  in  the  hop  gardens  and  orchards.  That  the 
minute  Psocidia  have  not  been  sought  after  is  not  surprising,  and  probably 
owing  to  the  absence  of  rapid  streams  the  stone-flies  [Perlidid)  are  not 
well  represented.     Of  the  distribution  of  the  most  conspicuous  group, 

'  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  xxx.  236. 
106 


INSECTS 

the  dragonflies  [Odonata],  on  the  other  hand,  we  are  fairly  well  acquainted, 
and  of  them  a  useful  list,  including  some  fairly  good  species,  can  be  given  ; 
but  even  these  would  repay  attention. 

Of  the  hibellulidce  nine  species  have  been  recorded.  Sympetrum 
striolatum,  Charp.,  has  occurred  at  Lee  (F.  M.  B.  Carr),  Heme  Bay 
(W.  H.  Bath),  Appledore  near  Ashford  (A.  Beaumont),  Kingsgate 
(H.  A.  Sauze),  Ramsgate  (C.  W.  Colthrup),  Sandwich  (W.  J.  Lucas), 
Deal  and  Dover  district  (C.  G.  Hall),  Folkestone  (H.  J.  Turner).  A 
male  of  S.  fouscolombii,  Selys,  was  taken  in  1881  at  Deal,  and  is  now,  I 
believe,  in  the  Dover  Museum.^  One  specimen  of  S.  Jiaveolutn,  Linn., 
was  captured  (G.  T.  Porritt)  on  the  sandhills  near  Deal  in  August,  1888.^ 
S.  sanguineutn,  Miill.,  seems  to  be  well  distributed,  at  any  rate  in  the 
east,  being  noted  from  Appledore  (Beaumont),  Horsmonden  (R.  South), 
Gravesend  (Turner),  Sandwich  (Lucas),  the  Deal  and  Dover  district 
(Hall).  Libellula  depressa,  Linn.,  has  been  recorded  from  Folkestone 
(Porritt)  and  the  Deal  and  Dover  district  (Hall)  ;  L.  quadrimaculata, 
Linn.,  from  Kingsdown  (Hall)  and  Dover  (Porritt),  sandhills.  Deal 
(Carr)  ;  while  in  1900  an  immigration  of  the  latter  was  noticed  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Margate  by  H.  Stocks  and  A.  J.  Mann.  The 
rare  L.  fuha,  Miill.,  has  more  than  once  occurred  at  Deptford,^  Heme 
Bay,*  a  female  at  Kingsdown  near  Deal  in  1881  (Hall),  and  a  rather 
worn  but  full-coloured  male  near  Sandwich,  22  August,  1898  (Lucas). 
Orthetrum  ccerulescens^  Fabr.,  has  been  noticed  at  Chattenden  (Turner), 
and  0.  cancellatum,  Linn.,  formerly  occurred  at  Lee  (McLachlan).  Turn- 
ing to  the  Mschnidce,  we  have  no  recent  records  oi  Anax  imperator.  Leach, 
but  Evans  gives  Herne,°  and  it  used  to  be  found  at  Lee  (McLachlan). 
Brachytron  pratense,  Miill.,  is  recorded  for  Sandwich,  Deal  and  Dover 
(Hall),  and  Heme.®  Of  the  rare  Mschna  mixta,  Latr.,  Kent  has  produced 
a  good  number  during  the  last  year  or  two,  localities  being  Appledore 
(Beaumont),  Ramsgate  and  Hythe  (Colthrup),  Deal  (R.  J.  McOnie), 
Kingsgate  (Sauze),  Shoreham  (A.  A.  Buckstone),  Folkestone  (S.  G.  Hills). 
M.  cyanea,  Miill.,  has  been  recorded  for  Appledore  (Beaumont),  Chatten- 
den (Turner),  Heme,'  Deal  and  Dover  district  (Hall),  Folkestone  (Porritt) ; 
and  JE.  grandis,  Linn.,  from  Deal  and  Dover  district  (Hall). 

The  last  family,  Agrionidce,  needs  more  attention,  recorded  localities 
being  rather  scanty.  They  are  :  Lestes  sponsa,  Hansem.,  Appledore 
(Beaumont),  Sandwich  (Lucas),  Deal  (Hall)  ;  Platycnemis  petinipes^ 
Pall.,  Sandwich  (Carr)  ;  *  Pyrrhosoma  nymphula,  Sulz.,  Deal  and  Dover 
district  (Hall),  Folkestone  (Turner),  Sandwich  (Carr)  ;  Ischnura  elegans, 
Lind.,  Appledore  (Beaumont),  Horsmonden  (South),  Gravesend  marshes 
(Turner),  Sandwich  (Lucas),  Deal,  Dover  and  Folkestone  (Hall)  ;  Agrion 
pulchellum,  Lind.,  Canterbury,  (H.  M.  Briggs),  Ramsgate  (Colthrup),  Deal 
(Hall)  ;  A.puella,  Linn.,  Deal  and  Dover  district  (Hall),  Sandwich  (Carr)  ; 
Enallagma  cyathigerum,  Charp.,  Gravesend   marshes  (Turner).      Of  these, 

1  Vide  Ent.  Mo.  Mag.  xxi.  21  and  xxv.  163.  ^  Vide  ibid.  (1889),  p.  214. 

'  Stephens'  Ultutrations,  pub.  1836.  *   Evans,  Brit.  Lib.  pub.  1845. 

6  Ibid.  «  Ibid.  7  Ibid.  8  Ibid. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

although  so  few  locaHties  for  them  have  actually  been  recorded,  no  doubt 
Sympetrum  striolatum,  JEschna  grandis  and  Ischnura  elegans  are  all  over  the 
county,  and  probably  the  same  may  be  said  of  Libellula  depressa,  JEschna 
cyanea  and  Agrion  puella} 

HYMENOPTERA 

PHYTOPHAGA 

SawJJies,  IFood-ivasps  and  Gall-flies 

The  saw-flies,  wood-wasps  and  gall-flies  are  chiefly  vegetable  feeders, 
but  some  of  the  species  belonging  to  the  group  of  gall-flies  occur  as 
parasites  inside  the  bodies  of  other  insects. 

The  larvae  of  the  sawflies  [T^enthredinidce)  somewhat  resemble  the 
caterpillars  of  the  Lepidoptera  ;  they  can  however  be  distinguished  from 
these  by  the  larger  number  of  legs.  Most  of  them  feed  upon  the  leaves 
of  various  plants  and  trees,  and  some  of  the  species  are  very  destructive. 
Amongst  these  may  be  mentioned  the  Turnip  Fly  {Athalia  spinarum,  F.), 
also  Nematus  ribesia.  Scop.,  which  attacks  gooseberry  and  currant  bushes 
and  sometimes  almost  strips  them  of  their  foliage.  In  the  Cephida  the 
larvs  are  maggot-like  and  live  inside  the  stems  and  buds.  Cephas 
pygmaus,  L.,  inhabits  corn-stalks  and  occasionally  injures  the  crops 
seriously,  but  it  has  not  been  reported  as  having  done  much  damage 
in   this  country. 

The  wood-wasps  [Siricidce)  are  the  largest  insects  in  this  section. 
The  larvas  bore  galleries  in  the  wood  of  fir-trees.  The  two  species  of 
Sirex  that  have  occurred  in  Kent  are  probably  not  truly  indigenous,  but 
were  originally  introduced  in  timber  coming  from  abroad. 

Most  of  the  gall-flies  [Cynipidce)  produce  morbid  growths  or 
swellings  known  as  galls  on  the  stems,  leaves,  buds,  flowers  or  roots  of 
the  plants  on  which  they  feed.  A  few  species  do  not  make  galls,  but 
feed  on  those  produced   by   others. 

With  regard  to  the  parasitic  Cynipidce^  these  mostly  attack  the 
larvEe  of  certain  Diptera  and  Aphides. 

Few  entomologists  have  up  to  the  present  interested  themselves  in 
this  section  of  the  Hymenoptera,  consequently  the  following  list  is  prob- 
ably far  from  complete  : — 

LIST   OF    KENTISH    PHYTOPHAGA 

Tenthredinid^  Tenthredinid^  {continued) 

Tenthredo   livida,  L.      Maidstone  (Frisby),  Tenthredo     mandibularis,    Pz.        Darenth 

Darenth  (Chitty),  Ripple  (Sladen)  IVood  (Stephens) 

—  velox,  Fab.      Kent  (Stephens)  —  maculata,     Fourc.       Darenth   (Chitty), 

—  rufiventris,     Pz.       Darenth      (Chitty),  Maidstone  (Frisby) 

Maidstone   (Frisby)  —  bicincta,  L.     Throwley  (Chitty),  Ripple 

—  atra,  L.     Darenth  (Stephens)  (Sladen),  Maidstone  (Frisby) 

1  Of  dragonflies  not  yet  taken  Sympetum  scoticum,  Don.  ;  Cordulia  anea,  Linn.  ;  Cordukgaster  annu- 
latus,  Latr.  ;  jEschna  juncea,  Linn.  ;  Calopleryx  spkndens,  Harr.  ;  C.  virgo,  Linn.  ;  and  Erythromma  naias, 
Hansem,  are  almost  certainly  present  ;  while  Gomphus  vulgatissimus,  Linn. ;  Lestes  dryas,  Kirb. ;  Pyrrhosoma 
tenellum,  Vill.  ;  Ischnura  pumilis,  Charp.  ;  and  Jgrion  mercuriale,  Charp.,  are  not  unlikely  to  be  found. 

loS 


INSECTS 


TENTHREDiNiDiE  [continued) 

Tenthredo  mesomela,  L.      Common 

—  punctulata,  Klug.      Darenth  (Chitty) 
Rhogogastera    viridis,    L.      Generally    dis- 
tributed 

—  picta,  Klug.      Widely  distributed 

—  lateralis,  Fab.      Dareyith  and    Throtvley 

(Chitty) 

—  aucuparias,    Klug.    (=    gibbosa,    Fall.). 

Blackheath  (Beaumont),  Dover   (Sla- 
den),    Maidstone    (Frisby),   Throwley 
(Chitty) 
Tenthredopsis  litterata,  GrofF. 

var.    cordata,    Fourc.      Lewisham 

(Beaumont),  Boxley  (Frisby) 

var.  microcephala,  Lep.    Lewisham 

(Beaumont),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

var.  femoralis,  Steph.      Plumstead 

(Beaumont),  Dover  (Stephens) 

var.     caliginosa,     Ste.     Blackheath 

(Beaumont),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  coqueberti,  Klug.  ( =  nigricollis.  Cam.). 

Widely  distributed 

—  scutellaris.  Fab.      Dover  (Sladen) 

—  flavomaculata,  Cam.    Plumstead  (Beau- 

mont) 

—  ornata,  Lep.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  campestris,  Cam.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  dorsivittata,   Cam.      Plumstead   (Beau- 

mont) 

—  inornata.  Cam.    Plumstead  (Beaumont), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  nassata,  L.     Common 
Pachyprotasis  rapae,  L.     Widely  distributed 

—  variegata,     Thoms.        Darenth     Wood 

(Stephens),  Maidstone  (Frisby) 
Macrophya      blanda,       Fab.  Throwley 

(Chitty) 

—  neglecta,  Klug.   Ripple  (Sladen),  Throw- 

ley  (Chitty),  IVrotham  (Elgar), 
Boxley^  Barming  (Frisby,  etc.) 

—  l2-punctata,  L.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  albicincta,     Schr.       Plumstead    (Beau- 

mont), Throwley  (Chitty),  Maid- 
stone (Frisby) 

—  ribis,  Schr.     Darenth  Wood  (Stephens) 

—  rustica,  L.     Boxley  (Frisby) 

—  rufipes,     L.      Plumstead     (Beaumont), 

Ripple,  St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen)  ; 
Darenth,  Dover  (Stephens) 

—  punctum-album,  L.    Throwley  (Chitty), 

Barming  (Frisby) 
Allantus       scrophulariae,      L.        Throwley 
(Chitty),    Folkestone,   Boxley   (Elgar) 

—  tricinctus,  Fab.    Lewisham  (Beaumont), 

Ripple,  St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sla- 
den) ;  Darenth  (Stephens),  Maidstone 
(Frisby) 

—  marginellus.  Fab.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  arcuatus,  Forst.     Common 


Tenthredinid^  (continued) 

Allantus   cingulum,    Klug.       Birch    Wood 
(Smith),   Throzuley  (Chitty) 

—  viduus,     Rossi.       Darenth     Wood    (E. 

Newman),  Dover  (C.   W.   Dale) 
Dolerus   palmatus,    Klug.     Darenth    Wood 
(Stephens) 

—  pratensis,  Fall.     Blackheath  (Beaumont) 

—  picipes,  Klug.     Blackheath  (Beaumont), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  triplicatus,  Klug.     Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  lateritus,  Klug.      Dover  (Sladen) 

—  fulviventris,  Scop.      Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  palustris,  Klug.      Dover  (Sladen) 

—  gonagra,  F.     Common 

—  puncticollis,  Thoms.    Throwiey  (Chitty) 

—  liogaster,  Thoms.      Blackheath  (Beau- 

mont) 

—  hcematodis,     Schr.        Dover     (Sladen), 

Plumstead  (Beaumont) 

—  fissus,     Htg.       Plumstead    (Beaumont), 

Throwley    (Chitty),    Dover    (Sladen), 
Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  intermedius,  Cam.      Lewisham  (Beau- 

mont) 

—  niger,   Klug.      Plumstead  (Beaumont), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  aeneus,    Htg.      Plumstead  (Beaumont), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  elongatus,  Thoms.      Lewisham  (Beau- 

mont) 

—  coruscans,  Kon.      Throwley  (Chitty) 
Strongylogaster  mixtus,  Klug.     Blackheath 

(Beaumont) 
Selandria  serva,  F.     Common 

—  sixii,  Voll.      Blackheath  (Beaumont) 

—  stramineipes,  Klug.    Throwley  (Chitty), 

Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  morio,  F,      Throwley  (Chitty) 
Taxonus 

—  ?  agrorum,  Fall.  Birch  Wood  (Stephens) 

—  equiseti.  Fall.     Blackheath  (Beaumont) 

—  glabratus.  Fall.      Widely  distributed 
Poecilosoma  pulveratum,  Retz.      Lewisham 

(Beaumont) 

—  guttatum.  Fall.     Lewisham  (Beaumont) 

—  ?  submuticum,  Thoms.    Dover  (Sladen) 
Eriocampoides  annulipes,  Thoms.      Chat- 

tenden  (Beaumont) 

—  rosje,  Harris.     Blackheath  (Beaumont) 
Blennocampa  albipes,  Gmel."l     Lewisham 

—  ruficrus  J   (Beaumont) 

—  ephippium,  Pz.       1     Blackheath 

—  alchemillise.  Cam./  (Beaumont) 

—  subcana,  Zad.  1 

—  pusilla,  Klg.      \Lewisham  (Beaumont) 

—  alternipes,  Kl.j 

—  aterrima,  Klug.     Chattenden,  Dodington 

(Chitty) 

—  assimilis.     Throwley  (Chitty) 


109 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Tenthredinid^  [continued) 

Tomostethus     funereus,    KIg.        Appkdore 

(Beaumont) 
Hoplocampa    pectoialis,    Thorns.      Lewis- 
ham  (Beaumont) 

—  plagiata,  Klg.      Lewiiham  (Beaumont) 

—  chrysorrhoea,  Klg.      Appkdore    (Beau- 

mont) 
Emphytus  cinctus,  L.     Blackheath  (Beau- 
mont),   Boxley    (Frisby),    Chattenden 
Roughs,     Throwley     and      Dodington 
(Chitty) 

—  cingulatus,   Lep.       Darenth  (Cameron, 

Brit.  Phyt.  Hym.  i.  271),  Throwley, 
etc.  (Chitty) 

—  melanarius,     Klug.         Darenth     IFood 

(Stephens) 

—  calceatus,  Klg.    Blackheath  (Beaumont), 

Darenth,    Birch    Wood,  Dover    (Ste- 
phens) 

—  tibialis,  Pz.      Blackheath  (Beaumont) 

—  filiformis,  Klg.      Darenth  (Stephens) 
Phyllotoma  vagans.  Fall.    Lewisham  (Beau- 
mont) 

Fenusa  melanopoda,  Cam."! 

—  pumila,  Klug.  I     Lewisham 

—  ulmi,  Sund.  j        (Beaumont) 

—  betulas,  Zad.  J 

Athalia  ancilla,  Lep.  Darenth,  Deal 
(Chitty)  ;  Lewisham  (Beaumont), 
Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  spinarum,   F.      Lewisham    (Beaumont), 

Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  rosae,  L.      Common 

—  lugens,  Klg.      Catford  (Beaumont) 
Dineura  stilata,  Klug.!    ^,        ,      ,„,  .      , 
-verna,Klug.  |    ^^''^^^^^  (^h.tty) 
Croesus     septentrionalis,      L.        Maidstone 

(Frisby) 
Cladius  pectinicornis,  Fourc.      Widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  viminalis.  Fall.  1    r      •  ,        ,r>  % 

—  rufipes,  Lep.      I  L'^^'^''"'"  (Beaumont) 

—  drewseni,  Thoms.    Catford  (Beaumont) 

—  padi,  L.     Throwley  (Chitty),  Blackheath 

(Beaumont) 
Nematus  myosotidis,  F.    Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  ruficornis.         Appkdore       (Beaumont), 

Rippk   (Sladen) 

—  lucidus,  Pz.    Darenth  /^W  (Stephens  ?) 

—  caprese,  Pz.      Lewisham  (Beaumont) 

—  turgidus,     Zad.        Throwley     (Chitty), 

Lewisham  (Beaumont) 

—  pallidiventris,  Fall.\  Plumstead  (Beau- 

—  obductus,  Htg.        J       mont) 


Tenthredinid^  [continued) 

Nematus     lacteus,     Thoms.         Maidstone 
(Frisby),  Plumstead  (Beaumont) 

—  salicivorus,    Cam.       Plumstead    (Beau- 

mont) 

—  tibialis,  Newm."!  „,    ,,      ,  ,r>  n 

^J•     17     [  Blackheath  [iiz3.umont) 

—  myosotidis,  F.   J  ''  ' 

—  fruticum,  Evers.     Darenth    Wood  (Ste- 

phens) 

—  ribesii,  Scop.      Blackheath  (Beaumont) 

—  gallicola,  West.  Plumstead  (Beaumont) 
Pteronus  testaceus.  Appkdore  (Beaumont) 
Cimbex  sylvarum,  F.      Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  femorata,  L.     Maidstone  (Elgar),  Dart- 

ford  (Leach) 

—  lutea,  L.  I  j^^^^^^f^  jf^^^j  (Leach) 

—  connata,  Schr.  J  ^  ' 
Trichiosoma     scalesii.     Leach.        Darenth 

JVood  (Stephens) 

—  vittelinae,  L.     Darenth  Wood  (Leach) 

—  lucorum,  L.     Ripple  (Sladen),  Barming, 

Maidstone  (Elgar) 

—  betuleti,  Klug.    Blackheath  (Beaumont), 

Maidstone  (Frisby) 
Abia  sericea,  L.      Maidstone  (Frisby) 
Hylotoma   fuscipes.   Fall.     Darenth    Wood 

(Stephens) 

—  ustulata,  L.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  cyano-crocea,  Forst.    Blackheath  (Beau- 

mont), Throwley  (Chitty) 
Lophyrus  pini,  L.      Maidstone  (Elgar) 
Pamphilus   sylvarum,   Ste.      Darenth   (Ste- 
phens),  Chattenden   (Chitty) 

—  betulae,  L.     Birchwood  (Stephens) 

—  inanitus,  Vill.      Boxley  (Elgar) 
Cephid^ 

Cephus  femoratus,  Curt.    Darenth  (Chitty) 

—  linearis,   Schrank.      Throwley   (Chitty), 

Chattenden  (Beaumont) 

—  phthisicus,  F.     Chattenden  (Beaumont), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  tabidus,   F.     Rippk   (Sladen),  Darenth 

(Chitty) 

—  pygmaeus,     L.        Throwley      (Chitty), 

Ripple    (Sladen),    Maidstone    district 
(Frisby) 

—  pusillus,  Ste.      Throwley  (Chitty) 
SiRiciDi?: 

Sirex  gigas,  L.     Maidstone  (Frisby,  etc.), 
Burham  (Elgar),  Rippk  (Sladen) 

—  juvencus,  L.     Maidstone  (Frisby,  etc.) 

ORYSSIDyE 

Oryssus    abietinus.   Scop.     Darenth    JVood 
(Stephens) 


1 

2 

Distributed 

throughout  Kent 
/Ty^,  Edenbridge  ; 

common 
Wye,  Edenbridge  ; 

plentiful 
Wye  ;  not  plentiful 

Edenbridge ;  common 
/^j^,  Edenbridge  ; 

fairly  common 
Distributed 

throughout  Kent 

Distributed 
j      throughout  Kent 

Wye  ;  scarce 
/Tj^,  Edenbridge  ; 
fairly  common 

Distributed 

throughout  Kent 
Edenbridge  ;  not 

common 

Wye  ;  scarce 

g 

II 

1 

.h's   It's   -se   It  ^   '8      i  -.              -s   111  -s 

4 

fill  1-1  ill     Ij               II        1 

c 

1 
1 

I 

1 
1 

.          .                 1 

.....  jb    ...    .      .  .              -2.       ;^ 

^-    .    .  i    .^ 1  ^        ." 

1      15        .      1        .  3       2=           .        .            .    .                          .i     -^              8 

1  M  1 II  1  1 !  1.        11     i 
II 1 1  til  1  i  1!       1 1    t 

Z       1        1        1        1^       1           1        1           1    1                         S     h             o 

•2 

M  i  f    i      i'l  -lis  Ji  1  lui"  8  I  J 
1  1  1  1    i      if  |||i||  i||||  1  1  if 

g 

jl=    -    111=    =-  =  4P12I  i    =-2 

H 

ttlt    1  i  II  llfllt  |ll|i  1  till 

1               AAA 

1 

Hfl  irlUHtllHliltM 

^      1      1      1        <      1      II      IMIII      llJISfSc^ll;^ 

A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Mr.  Lewis  has  also  found  eight  galls  formed  by  the  following  Cynipidx  in  Kent : — 
Xestophnes  potentillae,  Cam.  Rhodites  rosae,  Htg. 

Aulax  glechomse,  Htg.  —  eglanteriae,  Htg. 

Diastrophus  rubri,  Htg.  —  nervOsus,  Curt. 

ENTOMOPHAGA 

Ichneumori-Jiies,  etc. 

This  is  by  far  the  most  extensive  and  perplexing  section  of  the 
Hymenoptera.  It  is  also  the  one  that  has  been  studied  least,  and  it  is 
safe  to  say  that  a  large  number  of  the  species  occurring  in  Kent  have  not 
even  been  described.  This  section  therefore  presents  an  exceptionally 
interesting  and  promising  field  for  entomological  research. 

The  Entomophaga  are  parasites  of  the  most  pronounced  kind  ;  they 
deposit  their  eggs  inside  the  bodies  of  other  insects,  and  the  larv£e  feed 
on  the  living  tissues,  avoiding  the  vitals  until  the  fleshy  portions  have 
been  devoured.  For  this  purpose  the  female  is  armed  with  a  sting-like 
ovipositor,  which  varies  in  length.  In  some  of  the  groups  the  ovipositor 
is  visible — sometimes  it  is  long — but  in  others  it  is  concealed. 

The  Entomophaga  prey  mostly  upon  common  species  of  insects.  A 
few  of  them  confine  their  attacks  to  single  species,  but  the  majority  feed 
on  a  variety  of  species,  and  attack  them  in  the  larval  stage.  It  is  usual 
for  a  number  of  specimens  to  inhabit  the  body  of  one  caterpillar,  and  the 
parasites  are  almost  sure  to  cause  death  eventually,  although  cases  are  on 
record  in  which  the  victim  has  arrived  at  the  perfect  stage.  The 
victims  of  many  of  the  Entomophaga  are  destructive  to  crops,  and  were 
it  not  for  the  attacks  of  the  parasites  the  damage  they  might  do  would 
be  very  great.  The  ichneumon-flies  are  therefore  of  the  greatest 
economic  value,  and  few  insects  have  a  more  important  part  to  play  in 
maintaining  the  balance  of  nature. 

The  species  vary  in  length  from  about  an  inch  to  less  than 
a  millimetre.  A  large  number  of  the  species  are  exceedingly  minute, 
and  can  only  be  properly  examined  under  a  powerful  lens. 

The  Entomophaga  have  been  collected  to  some  extent  in  Kent,  and 
several  interesting  species  have  been  taken.  One  or  two  of  these  will  be 
mentioned  in  the  following  brief  notice  of  each  of  the  main  groups. 

Ichneutnonida.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  groups,  and  probably 
over  a  thousand  species  exist  in  the  county,  of  which  only  about  300 
have  been  recorded.  Relative  to  those  of  other  groups  the  majority  of 
the  species  are  large.  They  are  slender  insects.  Many  of  them  are 
black  with  yellow  and  red  markings,  and  the  antenns  and  legs  are  more 
or  less  yellow.  The  large  brightly-coloured  species  chiefly  belong  to  the 
extensive  group  of  which  the  genus  Ichneumon,  L.,  is  the  type.  Rhyssa 
persuasoria,  L.,  has  occurred  lately  near  Dover  ;  it  destroys  the  larvs  of 
Sirex  gigas.  This  ichneumon-fly  is  nearly  an  inch  in  length,  and  the 
ovipositor,  which  is  used  to  drill  holes  into  trees  infested  with  the 
Sirex  larvas,  is  itself  longer  than  the  body. 

Braconidce,     This  is  a  moderate-sized  group,  of  which  probably  over 


INSECTS 

200  species  occur  in  Kent,  although,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Ichneumon- 
ids,  it  is  very  difficult  to  make  an  accurate  estimate.  One  of  the  best 
known  examples  of  this  group  is  Apanteles  glomeratus,  L.,  which  destroys 
the  larv£  of  the  common  Garden  White  Butterfly  {Pieris  brassicce,  L.), 
and  its  little  yellow  cocoons  may  often  be  seen  around  the  shrivelled  skin 
of  its  victim.  Agathis  mahacearum,  Lat.,  an  interesting  and  somewhat 
rare  species,  has  occurred  at  Appledore  and  near  Dover  ;  it  is  parasitic 
on  Parasia  lapella^  L.  Blacus  armatulus,  Ruthe,  has  recently  been  intro- 
duced into  the  British  list  from  a  specimen  taken  at  Appledore. 

Proctotrypidce.  This  group  includes  some  of  the  very  smallest 
insects,  and  they  are  either  parasitic  on  small  insects  or  they  infest  the 
eggs  of  larger  ones.     Several  species  have  been  taken  in  Kent. 

Chalcididce.  A  great  number  of  small  insects  are  included  in  this 
group.  Brachymeria  Jiavipes,  one  of  the  largest  of  the  common  species 
found  in  the  county,  is  only  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  length.  Several  of 
the  species  are  brilliantly  metallic,  but  their  beauties  can  only  be  seen 
under  the  microscope.  Certain  species  of  the  genus  Ptero?»alus  occa- 
sionally swarm  on  the  window  panes  of  dwelling  houses  at  some  seasons 
of  the  year,  principally  in  the  autumn. 

'Evaniida.  Although  the  British  representatives  of  this  group  number 
only  six,  it  deserves  more  than  passing  notice.  These  insects  may  be 
distinguished  from  all  other  Hymenoptera  by  the  fact  that  the  abdomen, 
which  is  petiolated,  springs  from  the  upper  or  dorsal  surface  of  the  thorax, 
and  this  gives  them  a  most  striking  appearance.  Faenus  assectator,  L.,  is 
a  common  insect  at  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  where  it  probably  preys  on 
several  species  of  wasps  and  bees. 

TUBULIFERA 
CHRYSIDID^ 

This  little  group  of  brilliantly  coloured  insects,  popularly  known  as 
'  Ruby-tailed  Flies,'  is  well  represented  in  Kent.  Chrysis  ignita,  L.,  is 
the  commonest  and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  largest  and  prettiest  of 
the  British  species,  and  it  may  be  met  with  in  all  parts  of  the  county, 
hovering  in  hot  sunshine  around  brick  walls  and  old  palings,  its  metallic 
blue-green  head  and  thorax  contrasting  strikingly  with  the  fiery-red 
abdomen,  which  shows  a  greenish-golden  tinge  in  some  lights.  The 
other  species  are  not  frequently  met  with. 

The  Chrysididce  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  cells  of  various  Aculeata, 
and  the  larvae  devour  the  aculeate  larvas.  Chrysis  ignita,  L.,  attacks 
several  kinds  of  wasps  and  bees  ;  C.  viridula,  L,,  is  to  be  found  especially 
around  the  burrows  of  Odynerus  spinipes. 

The  following  species  have  been  recorded  from  Kent : — 

Cleptes  pallipes,  Lep.     Lewhham  (Beaumont)      Ellampus  auratus,  L.     Common 
—  nitidula,  Fab.      Kingsdown,  St.  Margaret's      —  caeruleus,     Dahlb.    (  =  violaceus,    Scop.). 
Bay  (Sladen)  Leiulsham  (Beaumont),  Beamed  (Elgar) 

I  113  15 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Ellampus  aeneus,  Fab.    Lewisham  (Beaumont)  Chrysis  pustulosa,  Ab.     Maidstone  (Elgar) 

Hedychridium    minutum,    Lep.    (  =  ardens,  —  viridula,     L.     (=  bidentata,     L.)-        St. 

Coq.).    Deal,  Dover  (Sladen) ;  Barming  Margaret' i     Bay    (Sladen),    Bearsted 

(Elgar)  (Elgar) 

Chrysis  neglecta,  Shuck.     Maidstone  (Elgar),  —  ignita,  L.     Common  everywhere 

St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen)  —  ruddi,     Shuck.  St.    Margaret's     Bay 

—  cyanea,      L.         Lewisham      (Beaumont),  (Sladen) 

Barming,  Heme  Bay  (Elgar) 

ACULEATA 

Ants,  Wasps  and  Bees 

This  section  of  the  Hymenoptera  has  been  studied  in  Kent  more 
than  any  of  the  others,  and  the  occurrence  of  303  species  is  recorded 
out  of  the  384  that  have  up  to  the  present  been  taken  in  Great 
Britain.  These  include  16  species  of  ants  (Heterogyna),  99  species  of 
sand- wasps  {Fossores),  18  species  of  true  wasps  [Diploptera),  and  170 
species  of  bees  {Anthophild) . 

The  habits  of  the  Aculeata  are  more  diverse  and  interesting  than 
those  of  any  other  insects.  Most  of  them  Uve  solitarily,  each  female 
forming  and  provisioning  her  own  nest  ;  but  in  each  of  the  groups 
except  the  Fossores  there  are  a  few  species  which  dwell  in  colonies,  the 
majority  of  the  occupants  of  the  colonies  being  workers  (imperfect 
females).  The  history  of  the  formation  and  maintenance  of  these 
colonies  is  more  like  that  of  a  romance  than  a  plain  statement  of  natural 
facts.  Amongst  the  bees  several  genera  are  in  a  manner  parasitic  on 
other  bees  ;  they  lay  their  eggs  in  their  nests,  so  that  the  young  of  the 
parasite  feeds  upon  the  pollen  that  another  bee  has  provided  for  her  own 
offspring.  The  name  of  cuckoo-bees  or  '  inquilines  '  has  been  given  to 
these  parasites. 

The  food  of  the  ants  consists  chiefly  of  animal  matter,  but  scarcely 
anything  comes  amiss  to  them  ;  the  wasps,  solitary  and  social,  prey 
mostly  upon  small  insects  which  they  catch  and  give  to  their  young  in 
a  living  or  freshly-killed  condition,  although  many  of  the  adults  are  fond 
of  honey,  etc.  ;  the  bees  subsist  entirely  on  honey  and  pollen  gathered 
from  flowers. 

As  many  as  8  species  of  Aculeata  have  not  hitherto  been  recorded 
from  any  place  in  Britain  outside  of  Kent.  These  are  :  T'achytes  lativahis. 
Thorns.,  Miscopius  maritimus,  Sm.,  Cerceris  emarginata,  Pz.,  Odyfierus  crassi- 
cornis,  Panz.,  and  among  the  bees  Prosopis  piinctulatissbna,  Sm.,  Bofnbus 
pomorum,  Vznz. ,  Andre?ja  polita,^m..,  and  Cilissa  melanura,  Nyl.  The  last- 
named  species  has  only  recently  been  introduced  into  the  British  list.  Of 
the  others  only  two  species  have  been  taken  lately,  Miscophus  maritimus, 
Sm.,  which  occurs  annually  at  Deal,  and  Andrena  polita,  Sm. 

A  considerable  amount  of  collecting  has  been  done  at  intervals 
stretching  over  a  good  many  years  in  certain  spots  in  the  county,  but 
there  are  several  large  districts  that  are  still  entirely  uninvestigated,  and 
these  certainly  contain  many  rare  and  interesting  species  and  probably  a 
few  new  ones.     The  sandhills  at  Deal  have  long  been  known  as  a  good 

114 


INSECTS 

locality  at  which  many  important  captures  have  been  made  ;  the  coast 
between  Deal  and  Dover  has  also  been  a  favourite  collecting  ground  for 
some  time,  the  most  productive  spots  on  it  being  Kingsdown  and  St. 
Margaret's  Bay.  Some  very  good  collecting  has  recently  been  done  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Maidstone,  and  here  Oaken  Wood  near  Barming, 
Ightham  Common  and  Upper  Hailing  have  proved  to  be  the  best 
localities. 

The  late  Frederick  Smith  took  several  species  in  various  parts  of 
the  county  which  have  not  been  met  with  since  his  time.  One  or  two 
of  his  insects  have  however  been  rediscovered  at  or  near  the  original 
locality — some  quite  lately — and  it  is  probable  that  a  careful  search  will 
bring  more  of  them  to  light.  Of  those  that  have  recently  been  redis- 
covered there  are  two  species  that  deserve  special  mention,  Phtlanthus 
triangulum.  Fab.,  and  Andrena  polita,  Sm.  A  single  male  of  the  former 
insect — a  very  handsome  sand-wasp — was  taken  on  the  leas  at  Folkestone 
14  August,  1898.  The  latest  previous  record  of  the  capture  of  this  in- 
sect in  Britain  was  more  than  thirty  years  before.  This  insect  is  particu- 
larly interesting  on  account  of  its  being  the  only  sand-wasp  which  has 
been  observed  to  be  bold  enough  to  attack  honey-bees  for  the  purpose 
of  provisioning  its  nest  with  them.  Andrena  polita,  Sm.,  was  taken  by 
Smith  probably  about  fifty  years  ago  in  the  chalk  pits  at  Northfleet,  and 
there  has  been  no  other  recorded  capture  of  this  rare  bee  in  Britain  until 
a  female  was  taken  at  Upper  Hailing  in  July,  1901. 

Sphecodes  rubicundus,  v.  Hag.,  is  an  interesting  species  of  bee  that 
was  first  discovered  to  be  British  near  Dover  in  1895  ;  it  has  however 
since  been  taken  in  one  or  two  places  in  the  east  and  south  of  England. 
The  males  of  almost  all  the  other  British  species  of  the  genus  Sphecodes 
appear  in  July  and  August,  but  those  of  this  species  were  found  flying 
in  May.  This  and  other  circumstances  pointed  to  the  theory  that  this 
species  associated  with  Andrena  labialis  as  an  inquiline,  and  the  idea  has 
lately  gained  weight.  It  is  the  more  interesting  because  other  species  of 
Sphecodes  are  believed  to  associate  with  the  Halicti. 

Another  bee  that  calls  for  special  attention  is  Botnbus  smtthianus. 
White.  The  variety  of  this  species  that  occurs  in  Kent  resembles 
B.  venustus  very  closely.  It  appears  to  be  quite  common  in  Romney 
Marsh,  where  the  writer  has  taken  the  males  in  abundance  at  the 
flowers  of  the  marsh  mallow  [Althcea  officinalis). 

Andrena  lapponica,  Zett.,  was  discovered  as  a  new  bee  to  Britain 
at  Ightham  near  Maidstone  in  May,  1895.  It  has  however  occurred 
recently  in  Cumberland  and  Scotland. 

The  collectors  in  the  county  are  much  indebted  to  Mr.  Edward 
Saunders,  who  has  identified  a  large  number  of  their  captures  and  has 
done  much  to  arouse  and  maintain  interest  in  this  somewhat  neglected 
order  of  insects. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  following  list  may  form  the  basis  of  a  fuller 
one  in  later  years  when  our  knowledge  of  the  Kentish  distribution  of 
these  insects  is  increased. 

115 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


HETEROGYNA 

FORMICID^ 

Formica,  L. 

—  rufa,   L.     Common   in  some   districts. 

Near  Maidstone  (Frisby),  near  Roches- 
ter and  Bredhurst  (Elgar),  Throwley 
(Chitty) 

—  fusca,  L.  "I  Generally 

„      race  cuniculariaj      distributed 
Lasius,  Fab. 

—  f"''g'"r''^^*'"  I  Generally  distributed 

—  niger,  L.  j 

„  racealienus.  Deal  Sandhilh,  Dover 
(Hall) 

—  flavus,  De  Geer.     Common 

—  umbratus,  Nyl.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

PoNERIDiT 

Ponera,  Latr. 

—  contracta,  Latr.     Rare.     Deal  (C.  W. 

Dale),  Throwley,  Charing  Hill 
(Chitty) 

—  punctatissima,  RoEjer.     Bromley  (Saun- 

ders), Deal  (Hatl) 

MYRMICIDi^: 

Formicoxenus,  Mayr. 

—  nitidulus,  Nyl.      Blean  Woods  (Chitty) 
Myrmecina,  Curt. 

—  latreillei,  Curt.     Near  Down  (White), 

Dodington  (Chitty) 
Tetramorium,  Mayr. 

—  cjEspitum,  L.    Throwley  (Chitty),  Deal, 

Dover  (Smith) 
Leptothorax,  Mayr. 

—  acervorum,    Fab.        Kings   Wood    near 

HoUingbourne,  '  Goddard's  Castle,' 
Thurnham  (Frisby);  Wye  (White), 
Throivley  (Chitty) 

—  tuberum.  Fab. 

„         race  nylanderi.     Lfc  (White), 
Bromley  (Saunders) 
Stenamma,  West. 

—  westwoodi.    West.      Rare.      Maidstone 

(Frisb)'),     Twibridge      Wells,     Deal, 
Charlton  (White) 
Myrmica,  Latr. 

—  rubra,  L. 

„      race  ruginodis    ]  generally 
»         "     l^^>"°d>s  distributed 

„         „     scabrmodisj 
Solenopsis,  West. 

—  fugax,  Latr.      Rare.      Deal  (Smith) 

FOSSORES 

MUTILLID^ 

MutiUa,  L. 

—  europaea,    L.      Rare.      Darcnth,    Binh 

Wood  (Smith)  ;    Rochester  (Marshall) 

—  rufipes,    Lat.     Deal   (Saunders,    etc.)  ; 


MuTlLLlD^  [continued) 

Chatham       (Saunders)  ;      Plumstead, 
Charlton,  St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Smith) 
Myrmosa,  Latr. 

—  melanocephala,    Fab.       Barming    near 

Maidstone  (Elgar)  ;  Chatham,  Heme 
Bay  (Saunders)  ;  Deal  (Smith)  ; 
Kingsdown  near  Deal,  St.  Margaret's 
Bay  (Sladen) 

TlPHID^ 

Tiphia,  Fab. 

—  femorata.   Fab.      Kingsdown,  St.  Mar- 

garet's Bay  (Sladen) ;  Birch  Wood,  Deal 
(Smith) 

—  minuta,  V.  de  Lind.      Ringwould  near 

Dover  (Sladen) 
Sapygid^ 
Sapyga,  Latr. 

—  5-punctata,  Fab.     Bromley  (Saunders), 

Barming  (Elgar),  near  Dover  (Sladen), 
Throwley  (Chitty) 

POMFIUD^ 

Pompilus,  Fab. 

—  unicolor,    Spin.       St.    Margaret's    Bay 

(Sladen),  Dartfird  (Smith) 

—  bicolor,  Lep.      Upper  Hailing  (Lamb) 

—  rufipes,  L.      Deal  (Smith,  etc.) 

—  plumbeus.  Fab.     Deal  (Smith,  etc.) 

—  niger.  Fab.    Maidstone,  Barming  [Elg^r), 

Wychling  (Norton) 
• —  minutulus,  Dalhb.    St.  Margaret's  Bay 
(Sladen),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  spissus,     Schiodte.        Boxlcy,     Barming 

(Frisby),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  chalybeatus,  Schiodte.    Deal  (Saunders) 
■ —  gibbus.  Fab.     Generally  distributed 

—  wesmaeli,  Thoms.      Deal  (Saunders) 

—  unguicularis,    Thoms.        Deal,    Heme 

Bay  (Saunders),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  pectinipes,  V.  de   Lind.     Deal  (Saun- 

ders, etc.),   Sandu'ich  (Marshall),  St. 
Margaret's  Bay    (Sladen),    Throwley 
(Chitty) 
Salius,  Fab. 

—  fuscus,  L.      Widely  distributed 

—  affinis,   V.    de    Lind.       Deal,    Walmer 

(Smith) 

—  exaltatus.  Fab.      Generally  distributed 

—  notatulus,  Saund.    Erith,  Darenth,  Deal 

(Smith) 

—  obtusiventris,  Schiodte.     Erith,  Darenth 

and  Birch  Wood  (Smith),  Dover  (Sla- 
den),  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  pusillus,  Schiodte.  Heme  Bayi^2MnAzx%), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  parvulus,   Dahlb.      Bromley  (Saunders), 

St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen),  Throw- 
ley  (Chitty) 
Calicurgus,  Lep. 

—  hyalinatus.  Fab.      Throwley  (Chitty) 


INSECTS 


PoMPILID.«  {continued) 
Pseudagenia,  Kohl. 

—  carbonaria,   Scop.      Rare.      Canterbury, 

Birch   Wood,   Bexley  (Marshall) 
Agenia,  Schiodte 
■ —  hircana,  Fab.      Boxley  (Frisby) 

—  variegata,  L.      IVychling  (Norton) 
Ceropales,  Lat. 

—  maculata,    Fab.       Birch  IVood  (Smith), 

Throw  ley  (Chitty) 
Sphegid^ 
Astata,  Latr. 

—  stigma,  Panz.      Deal  (Smith,  etc.) 
Tachytes,  Panz. 

—  unicolor,  Panz.     Rare.     Deal  (Smith, 

etc.) 

—  pectinipes,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  lativalvis,  Thoms.     Very   rare.     Deal, 

1882  (Saunders) 
Miscophus,  Jur. 

—  maritimus,  Smith.     Deal  (Smith,  etc.) 
Trypoxylon,  Latr. 

—  figulus,  L.      Maidstone  district  (Frisby, 

etc.),   Heme  Bay  (Elgar),  Throw  ley 
(Chitty) 

—  clavicerum,    Lep.       Maidstone    district 

(Frisby,  etc.).   Throw  ley  (Cliitty) 

—  attenuatum.  Smith.      Barming  (Elgar) 
Ammophila,  Kirb. 

—  sabulosa,   L.       Barming,    King's    IVood 

near  Maidstone  (Elgar) ;  £)?fl/(Smith) 

—  campestris,  Lat.      JVychling  (Norton) 

—  hirsuta,  Scop.      Deal  (Saunders) 

—  lutaria,  Fab.     Deal  (Smith,  etc.) 
Spilomena,  Shuck. 

—  troglodytes,     V.     de     Lind.      Charlton 

(Smith),  8t.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen) 
Stigmus,  Jur. 

—  solskyi,    Mor.      Otham    (Frisby,    etc.), 

Tunbridge   IVells  (Saunders) 
Pemphredon,  Latr. 

—  lugubris,  Latr.     1        r-.  , 

,°  ,      J-    n^r  Common  and 

—  shuckardi,  Mor.   \  n     j-  .    u      j 

—  lethifer.  Shuck.    /  g'^nerally  distributed 

—  morio,  V.  de  Lind.      Blackheath  (Beau- 

mont) 
Diodontus,  Curt. 

—  minutus,  Fab.     Common  and  generally 

distributed 

—  luperus,  Sluick.     Dra/ (Saunders),  iStf«<^- 

wich  (Marshall) 

—  tristis,  V.  de  Lind.     Generally  distri- 

buted 
Passaloecus,  Shuck. 

—  corniger.  Shuck.  J<f<7/V/5/5«^ (Frisby,  etc.) 

—  insignis,  V.  de  Lind.    Maidsione{Frif,hy, 

etc.) 

—  gracilis.  Curt.      Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  monilicornis,  Dhlb.     Rare.     Dodington 

(Chitty) 


Sphegid^  (continued) 
Mimesa,  Shuck. 

—  shuckardi,  Wesm.      Boxlef  (Frisby) 

—  bicolor,Fab.  Erith,Deal,'Dover[?,m\t\\), 

Darenth  (Marshall) 

—  unicolor,  V.  de  Lind.      Charlton  (Smith) 
Psen,  Latr. 

—  pallipes,    Panz.     Common    and    gene- 

rally distributed 
Gorytes,  Latr. 

—  tumidus,   Panz.      Deal   (Saunders),    St. 

Alargarei's    Bay    (Sladen),   Sandwich 
(Marshall),  Boxley  (Frisby) 

—  mystaceus,  L.      Sandling  Woods  (Frisby, 

etc.),    Barming     (Elgar),      Throwley 
(Chitty),   Wychling  (Norton) 

—  quadrifasciatus,     Fabr.       Birch     Wood 

(Shuckard) 
Nysson,  Latr. 

—  spinosus.  Fab.      Barming  (Elgar),  Ring- 

would  (Sladen),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  dimidiatus,    Jur.      Kingsdown    (Sladen), 

Deal  (Smith) 
Mellinus,  Fab. 

—  arvensis,  L.      Generally  distributed 
Philanthus,  Fab. 

—  triangulum.  Rare.  Pegwell Bay{^m'\t\\), 

Folkestone  (Freke) 
Cerceris,  Latr. 

—  ornata,    Schaff.      Maidstone,    Barming, 

Upper    Hailing  (Elgar) ;    Ringwould, 
St.   Margaret's   Bay  (Sladen) 

—  emarginata,  Panz.     Very  rare.      Kings- 

down  (Smith) 

—  quadricincta,     Panz.       Rare.       Faver- 

sham,   Canterbury  (Smith)  ;    Tilman- 
stone  (Sladen)  ;   Xjppcr  Hailing  (Elgar) 
- —  arenaria,  L.      Bearsted  (Frisby),  Maid- 
stone (Elgar) 

—  interrupta,  Panz.      Birch  JVood  {^m\x\i) 

—  labiata.  Fab.    Kingsdown  (Smith),  Rams- 

gate  (Marshall),  Tilmanstone  (Sladen), 
Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 
Oxybelus,  Latr. 

—  uniglumis,  L.      Generally  distributed. 

—  mucronatus,    Fabr.         Rare.         Deal 

(Smith) 
Crabro,  Fab. 

—  tibialis,   Fab.      Rare.      Sandling   Wood, 

near  Maidstone    (Frisby),    Tunbridge 
Wells  (Saunders) 

—  clavipes,   L.     Maidstone  (Frisby,  etc.), 

Ringivould  (Sladen) 

—  leucostomus,  L.     Common  and  gene- 

rally distributed 

—  pubescens,  Shuck.      Dodington,  Throw- 

ley  (Chitty) 

—  podagricus,    V.    de    Lind.       Bromley 

(Saunders),       Faversham       (Chitty), 
Barming  (Lamb) 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Sphegid^  (continued) 

Crabro  gonager,  Lep.  Rare.  Near  Allington 
Locks,  Maidstone  (Bennett)  ;  Boxley 
(Frisby) 

—  palmarius,  Schreb.      Birch  and  Darenth 

Woods  (Smith) 

—  palmipes,  L.   Maidstone  district  (Frisby, 

etc.),  Durenth  (Chitty) 

—  varius,  Lep.      Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  anxius,      Wesm.        Tunbridge      IVells 

(Saunders) 

—  wesmaeli,  V.  de  Lind.   Barming  (Elgar) 

—  elongatulus,  V.  de  Lind.    Boxley,  Maid- 

stone {Frishy, etc.)  ;   Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  quadrimaculatus,   Dhlb.      Widely    dis- 

tributed 

—  dimidiatuSjFab.  Maidstone{^n%\iy,&X.z) 

—  vagabundus,  Panz.     Maidstone,  Barm- 

ing (Elgar) 

—  cephalotes,  Panz.    Generally  distributed 

—  chrysostomus,  Lep.     Maidstone  (Frisby, 

etc.),  Yalding,  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  vagus,    L.      Throwley   (Chitty),    Upper 

Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  cribrarius,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  peltarius,  Schreb.     Boxley  (Frisby,  etc.), 

Barming  (Elgar),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  interruptus,  De  G.      Darenth  (Smith), 

Ringvjould{^\2.Aen),Maidstone{^\gzr), 
Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  lituratus,  Panz.     Upper  Hailing  (Elgar), 

Dodington,  Throwley  (Cliitty) 

—  albilabris.  Fab.      Generally  distributed 

—  panzeri,  V.   de  Lind.      Darenth,  Birch 

Wood  (Smith) 
Entomognathus,  Dahlb. 

—  brevis,  V.  de  Lind.     Common 

DIPLOPTERA 

EUMENID^ 

Odynerus,  Latr. 

—  spinipes,  L.       Throwley    (Chitty),     St. 

Margaret's   Bay  (Sladen) 

—  melanocephalus,    Gmel.      Betteshanger, 

St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen)  ;  Barm- 
ing, Blean  (Elgar);  Deal  (Smith), 
Throwley  (Chitty),  Wychling  (Norton) 


callosus,  Thoms. 


[Generally  distributed 


—  parietum,  L.        _, 

—  pictus.  Curt.     Maidstone  (Frisby,  etc.), 

Birling  (Elgar),  Ripple,  St.  Margaret's 
Bay  (Sladen)  ;    Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  trimarginatus,  Zett.     Heme  Bay  (Saun- 

ders),£)6'(?/(Smith,  etc.),  St.  Margaret's 
Bay  (Sladen),  Dungencss,  Maidstone 
(Eigar)  ;    Throzvley  (Chitty) 

—  trifasciatus,01iv.   Upper Halling{E\gzr), 

Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  parietinus,  L.     Widely  distributed 

—  antilope,  Panz.     Maidstone  (Frisby) 


EuMENID^  [continued) 

Odynerus  crassicornis,    Panz.     Very  rare. 
Near  Darenth   Wood  (Smith) 

—  gracilis,  Brullc.     Boxley  (Frisby,  etc.), 

Barming  (Elgar) 

—  sinuatus,     Fab.      Wychling     (Norton), 

Throwley  (Chitty) 
Vespid^ 
Vespa,  L. 

—  crabro,  L.      Not  common.      Maidstone 

(Frisby,  etc.) 

—  vulgaris,  L.         \        Common  and 

—  germanica,  Fab.j  generally  distributed 

—  rufa,  L.  I  Qg^grally  distributed 

—  sylvestns.  Scop.  )  ' 

—  norvegica.  Fab.    Borough  Green  (Frisby), 

Maidstone  district  (Elgar),  Ringwould 
(Sladen),  Sittingbourne  (Chitty) 

ANTHOPHILA 

COLLETID.*: 

Prosopis,  Fab. 

—  cornuta,  Sm.    Rare.    Throwley  {CW\tty), 

Kingsdown  (Sladen),  Oaken  Wood, 
Barming,  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  masoni,      Saund.        Local.         Walmer 

(Saunders,      etc.),     Kingsdown,     St. 
Margaret's    Bay     (Sladen) 
• —  dilatata,  Kirby.    Rare.    Barming,  Upper 
Hailing,  Folkestone  (Elgar) ;  Kingsdown 
(Sladen),  Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  communis,  Nyl.     Generally  distributed 

—  signata,    Panz.      Kingsdown,    St.   Mar- 

garet's Bay  (Sladen) ;  Maidstone 
(Frisby,  etc.),   Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  punctulatissima,     Smith.      Very    rare. 

Birch  Wood  (Smith) 

—  hyalinata.  Smith.     Common 

—  confusa,  Nyl.   Maidstone  A'KU\cX.{Fnshy, 

etc.),  Throwley  (Chitty),  Ripple  (Sla- 
den) 

—  brevicornis,  Nyl.    Generally  distributed 

—  pictipes,  Nyl.  Maidstone  di\stnzti^\gzr), 

Bromley,  Heme  Bay  (Saunders) ;  Dar- 
enth (Chitty) 
Colletes,  Latr. 

—  succincta,  L.    King's  Wood  near  Maid- 

stone, Ightham  (Elgar)  ;  St. Margaret's 
Bay  (Sladen) 

—  picistigma,  Thoms.  Kingsdown, St.  Mar- 

garet's Bay  (Sladen)  ;  Yalding,  Heme 
Bay,  Upper  Ha lling{E\gaT);  Throwley 
(Chitty) 

—  marginata.  Smith.      Deal  (Smith,  etc.), 

St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Elgar) 

—  daviesana.   Smith.     Maidstone    district, 

Folkestone  (Elgar) 

ANDRENID.ffi 

Sphecodes,  Latr. 

—  gibbus,  L.     Generally  distributed 


ii8 


INSECTS 


ANDRENiDiS  {continued) 

Sphecodes  reticulatus,  Thorns.     Rare.     St. 
Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen) 

—  subquadratus,    Sm.      Common    every- 

where 

—  spinulosus,     V.    Hag.       Rare.       Upper 

Hailing  (Elgar),  St.  Margaret's  Bay 
(Sladen) 

—  rubicundus,    v.    Hag.      Rare.      Ripple^ 

St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen) ;  Faver- 
sham  (Chitty),  Farleigh,  Upper  Hal- 
ling  (Elgar) 

—  pilifrons,  Thoms.      Faversham  (Chitty), 

Maidstone  district,  Hollingbourne 
(Frisby,  etc.)  ;    Hothfield  (Elgar) 

—  similis,  Wesm.     Dover  district  (Sladen), 

Canterbury,  Bromley  (Saunders)  ; 
Maidstone  district  (Frisby,  etc.), 
Favershatn  (Chitty) 

—  ferruginatus,  Schenck.   Ripple,  St.  Mar- 

garet's Bay  (Sladen)  ;  Ightham  (Elgar) 

—  hyalinatus,      Schenck.       Hollingbourne, 

Upper  Hailing,  Hothfield  (Elgar) 

—  puncticeps,  Thoms.      Maidstone,  tipper 

Hailing  (Elgar),  Deal  and  Dover  dis- 
trict (Sladen),  Faversham  (Chitty) 

—  variegatus,  v.  Hag.      Heme  Bay  (Saun- 

ders), Faversham  (Chitty),  Maidstone 
(Elgar),  Deal  and  Dover  district  (Sla- 
den) 

—  dimidiatus,  v.  Hag.      Maidstone  district 

(Frisby,  etc.) 

—  affinis,  V.  Hag.      Generally  distributed 
Halictus,  Latr. 

—  rubicundus,  Chr.    Common  everywhere 

—  quadricinctus.  Fab.     Local.     St.  Mar- 

garet's Bay  (Sladen),  Upper  Hailing 
(Elgar) 

—  maculatus,    Sm.      Very    rare.       Upper 

Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  xanthopus,    Kirb.      Kingsdown   (Smith, 

etc.),  Dartford  (Perkins),  St.  Mar- 
garet's Bay  (Sladen),  Lenham,  Boxley, 
Barming,  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  leucozonius,  Schrank.    Common  every- 

where 

—  -  zonulus.  Smith.     Generally  distributed 

—  quadrinotatus,  Kirb.     Generally  distri- 

buted 

—  lasvigatus,  Kirb.     Greenwich,  Charlton 

(Smith)  ;  Upper  Hailing,  Snodland 
(Elgar) 

—  cylindricus.  Fab.    Common  everywhere 

—  albipes,  Kirb.      Generally  distributed 

—  pauxillus,  Schenck.      Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  subfasciatus,    Nyl.       Generally    distri- 

buted 

—  villosulus,  Kirb.     Common  everywhere 

—  breviceps,  Saund.     Bromley  (Saunders), 

Barming,  Wrotham  (Elgar) 


AndreniDjE  [continued) 

Halictus  punctatissimus,  Schenck.  Deal 
(Saunders),  Barming,  Brasted  Chart 
.  (Elgar) 

—  nitidiusculus,  Kirb.     Common    every- 

where 

—  minutus,  Kirb.    Tunbridge  Wells  (Saun- 

ders), Bearsted  (Frisby,  etc.),  Barm- 
ing (Elgar),  Faversham  (Chitty) 

—  minutissimus,  Kirb.   Widely  distributed 

—  tumulorum,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  smeathmanellus,    Kirb.      Widely    dis- 

tributed 
■ —  morio.  Fab.     Common  everywhere 

—  leucopus,  Kirb.     Generally  distributed 
Andrena,  Fab. 

—  albicans,  Kirb.     Common  everywhere 

—  pilipes.  Fab.     Darenth,  Walmer  (Smith), 

Ramsgate  (Marshall),  Dover  (Walker), 
St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen) 

—  tibialis,  Kirb.      Generally  distributed 

—  bimaculata,    Kirb.      Hothfield   (Lamb), 

Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  rosje,    Panz.   (=    trimmerana,    Kirb.). 

Common  everywhere 
„  var.  spinigera.  Hollingbourne,  Upper 
Hailing  (Elgar) ;  Faversham  (Chit- 
ty), Ripple  (Sladen),  Tunbridge 
Wells,  Canterbury  (Saunders)  ; 
Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  thoracica.    Fab.      Darenth,    Folkestone 

(Chitty)  ;   Wychling  (Norton),  Chat- 
tenden  (Elgar),  Ripple,  Chislet  (Sladen) 

—  nitida,  Fourc.     Widely  distributed 

—  cineraria,  L.     Dodington  (Chitty),  il/^r^- 

worth  (Lamb) 
• —  fulva,  Schr.     Common 

—  clarkella,  Kirb.        Faversham   (Chitty), 

Maidstone    (Frisby,    etc.),    Wychling 
(Norton) 

—  nigroasnea,  Kirb.     Common 

—  gwynana,  Kirb.  „ 

—  angustior,  Kirb.      Boxley  (Frisby,  etc.), 

Maidstone,  Barming  (Elgar)  ;  Faver- 
sham (Chitty),  Wychling  (Norton) 

—  apicata.      Smith.       Maidstone     district 

(Frisby,    etc.),    Wychling    (Norton), 
Faversham    (Chitty) 

—  pratcox.  Scop.     Canterbury  (Saunders), 

Boxley  (Frisby,  etc.) 

—  lapponica,  Zett.   Rare.    Ightham  (Elgar) 

—  varians, Rossi.  Maidstone distnct{FT\sby, 

etc.),   Faversham  (Chitty),  Wychling 
(Norton) 

—  helvola,  L.      Ryarsh  (Elgar),  Faversham 

(Chitty),    Ripple   (Sladen),    Bromley, 
Tunbridge  Wells  (Saunders) 

—  ambigua.  Perk.     Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  fucata,  Sm.    Faversham  (Chitty),  Wych- 

ling (Norton) 


19 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Andrenid^  {continued) 

Andrena  nigriceps,  Kirb.   Rare.    Kingsdown 
(Smith,  etc.) 

—  simillima,  Sm.      Kingsdown  (Smith),  St. 

Matgareis  Bay  (Sladen),  Folkestone 
(Elgar) 

—  fuscipes,     Kirb.        King's     Wood    near 

Hollinghournc  (Frisby,  etc.),  Ightham, 
Brasted  Chart  (Elgar) 

—  denticulata,    Kirb.        Barming,     Upper 

Hailing  (Elgar)  ;  Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  fulvicrus,  Kirb.      Generally  distributed 

—  fasciata,    Nyl.      Canterbury,    Tiinbridge 

Wells  (Saunders)  ;  Maidstone  district 
(Frisby,  etc.),  Faversham  (Chitty) 

—  ferox,  Sm.     Rare.      Dodington,   Throiu- 

ley  (Chitty)  ;   Wychling  (Norton) 

—  hattorfiana,  Fab.,  dark  var.     Between 

Walmer  and  Kingsdotun  (Saunders, 
etc.),  Tilmanstone,  Ringivould  (Sladen) 

—  hattorfiana.  Fab.,  red  var.      Upper  Hal- 

ling  (Elgar)  ;  also  at  Erith,  Darenth, 
Birch  Wood  (Smith) 

—  cetii,     Schrank.       Kingsdown    (Smith, 

etc.),  Dartford  (Smith),  Tilmanstone, 
Ringivould  (Sladen) 

—  cingulata.   Fab.      Boxley,    HoUinghourne 

(Elgar)  ;  Ripple  (Sladen) ;  Faversham 
district  (Chitty) 

—  albicrus,  Kirb.      Widely  distributed 

—  chrysosceles,  Kirb.     Widely  distributed 

—  coitana,     Kirb.      Faversham     (Chitty), 

Kingsdown  (Sladen),  Walmer  (Smith), 
Barming  (Frisby,  etc.),  Kin^s  Wood, 
Luddesdown  (Elgar) 

—  fulvago,  Christ.    Ripple  (Sladen),  Faver- 

sham (Chitty) 

—  polita,Sm.  Very  rare.  Northjieet l^mxth), 

Upper  Hailing  (Elgar  and  Lamb) 

—  humilis,  ImhofF.     Maidstone,   Barming 

(Elgar) ;  King's  Wood  (Frisby),  Tun- 
bridge  Wells  (Smith) 

—  labialis,  Kirb.     Widely  distributed 

—  niveata,  Friese.    Ripple  (Sladen),  Faver- 

sham (Chitty) 

—  minutula,  Kirb.     Common 

—  nana,  Kirb.     Widely  distributed 

—  proxima,  Kirb.      JVrotham,  Boxle\,  Blue 

Bell  Hill,  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar)  ; 
Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  dorsata,    Kirb.       Barming,     Maidstone 

(Elgar)  ;    Faversham   (Chitty) 

—  similis,  Sm.      Barming    (Elgar),   King's 

Wood  near  HoUinghourne  (Frisby), 
Wychling  (Norton) 

—  wilkella,   Kirb.      Generally   distributed 

—  afzeliella,  Kirb.      Common 
Cilissa,  Leach. 

—  h^morrhoidalis,      Fab.      Kingsdoiun 

(Smith),      Upper     Hailing     (Elgar), 


Andrenid^  [continued) 

Ewell   Minnis,   St.  Margaret's    Bay 
(Sladen) 
Cilissa    melanura,    Nyl.     Rare.     St.  Mar- 
garet's Bay  (Sladen),  Upper  Hailing 
(Elgar) 

—  leporina,  Panz.      Deal  and   Dover  dis- 

trict   (Sladen),    Heme  Bay,   HoUing- 
hourne,  Hailing  (Elgar)  ;   Faversham 
(Chitty),  Gravesend,  Frith  (Smith) 
Nomada,  Fab. 

—  solidaginis,     Panz.       Near     Maidstone, 

Hothfield,  Brasted  Chart,  Upper 
Hailing  (Elgar)  ;  Tilmanstone  (Sla- 
den) ;   Throwley  (Chitty) 

—  fucata,  Panz.      Rare.      Boxley    (Elgar), 

Throwley,         Kingsdozvn        (Chitty), 
Darenth  (Smith) 
- — ■  succincta,  Panz.     Common 

—  lineola,     Panz.       Faversham     (Chitty), 

Betteshanger  (Sladen),  Maidstone, 
Boxley,  Bredhurst  (Elgar)  ;  Wychling 
(Norton) 

—  alternata,  Kirb.     Common 

—  jacobaeae,  Panz.      Deal  and   Dover  dis- 

trict (Sladen),  Faversham  (Chitty), 
Hothfield  (Elgar) 

—  alboguttata,    H.    Schf.      Rare.      Farn- 

horough  (Smith) 

—  ruficornis,  L.     Common 

„  var.   signata,  Jur.     Wychling 

(Norton),  Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  bifida,     Thoms.       Canterbury     (Saun- 

ders), King's  //^W (Frisby),  Faversham 
(Chitty),  Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  borealis,      Zett.        Maidstone      district 

(Frisby,  etc.),  Faversham  (Chitty), 
Wychling  (Norton) 

—  ochrostoma,  Kirb.     Faversham  (Chitty), 

Maidstone  district  (Frisby,  etc.),  St. 
Margaret's  Bay,  Ripple  (Sladen)  ; 
Bromley  (Saunders),  //  'ychlingi^oxton) 

—  armata,   H.   SchfF.      Very    rare.     Deal 

(Smith) 

—  ferruginata,  Kirb.     Rare.     King's  Wood 

(Frisby,  etc.),  Farleigh  (Elgar),  Deal 
(Smith) 

—  fabriciana,  L.      Generally  distributed 

—  flavoguttata,  Kirb.    ^a.v/c^' (Frisby,  etc.), 

JVrotham,  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar)  ; 
Faversham  (Chitty),  Betteshanger 
(Sladen) 

—  furva,  Panz.     Widely  distributed 
Dasypoda,  Lat. 

—  hirtipes,     Lat.       Deal    (Smith,    etc.), 

Hothfield,    Lydd    (Elgar)  ;    Charlton, 
Paul's   Cray  (Smith) 
Panurgus,  Panz. 

—  calcaratus.  Scop.     Blackheath  (Smith) 

—  ursinus,  Gmel.      Ramsgate  (Marshall) 


INSECTS 


Apid^ 

Epeolus,  Latr. 

—  productus,  Thoms.      Bearsted,  St.  Mar- 

garet's Bay  (Elgar),  Charing  (Mar- 
shall) 

—  rufipes,  Thoms.      Deal  (Smith,  etc.) 
Ceratina,  Lat. 

—  cyanea,   Kirb.     Boxley^    Upper  Hailing 

(Elgar)  ;  Folkestone  (Lewis) 
Chelostoma,  Lat. 

—  florisomne,      L.      Bromley,      Tunhridge 

Wells  (Saunders)  ;  Maidstone  district 
(Frisby,  etc.),  IVrotham  (Elgar), 
Faversham   (Chitty),  Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  campanularum,  Kirb.  Maidstone{Y\\'i'oy, 

etc.),  Boxley  (Elgar) 
Coelioxys,  Lat. 
- —  quadridentata,  L.    Maidstone,  IVrotham, 

BrastedChart(E\g^r) ;  Ripple {Shden) 

—  rufescens,  Lep.     \  xir-,  i     i-     •,       j 

>       f^  Widely  distributed, 

—  elongata,  Lep.      k  •'  ' 

■  T  but  not  very  common 

—  acuminata,  Lep.  J  •' 

Megachile,  Lat. 

—  maritima,  Kirb.      Occurs  all  along  the 

coast.    Also  at  Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  willughbiella,  Kirb.   Widely  distributed 

—  circumcincta,  Lep.      Folkestone  JVarren 

(Elgar) 

—  ligneseca,  Kirb.     Blackheath  (Saunders), 

Maidstone  district,  Chattenden{E\gnr); 
Faversham  (Chitty),  Deal  and  Dover 
district  (Sladen) 

—  centuncularis,  L.     Common 

—  versicolor,  Sm.    King's  Wood,  Hothfield 

(Elgar)  ;  Faversham  (Chitty),  Wych- 
ling  (Norton) 

—  argentata.     Fab.      Deal   (Smith,    etc.), 

Littlestone   (Elgar),   Ramsgate    (Mar- 
shall) 
Osmia,  Panz. 

—  rufa,  L.     Common 

—  pilicornis,  Sm.    King's  Wood  near  Maid- 

stone, Banning,  Ryarsh,  Detling  (El- 
gar) ;  Dodington,  Torry  Hill  (Chitty) ; 
Wychling  (Norton) 

—  xanthomelana,   Kirb.      Rare.     Darenth 

Wood  (Smith) 

—  coerulescens,  L.      Common 

—  fulviventris,  Panz.     Widely  distributed 

—  bicolor,  Schrank.      On  southern  slopes 

of  chalk  downs  near  Maidstone  (El- 
gar), Faversham  (Chitty),  JVychling 
(Norton),  St.  Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen) 

—  aurulenta,  Panz.      Deal,  Kingsdoivn,  St. 

Margaret's  Bay  (Sladen)  ;  Folkestone, 
Reculver,  Wrotham,  Hailing  (Elgar)  ; 
Mailing  (Frisby),  Heme  Bay  (Mar- 
shall).     Breeds  in  snail  shells. 

—  Icucomelana,    Kirb.        Not     common. 

Barming    Wrotham,     Upper    Hailing 


AviDJE.  [continued) 

(Elgar),  Charlton  (Smith),  Kingsdown 
(Sladen),  Dodington  (Chitty) 

Osmia  spinulosa,  Kirb.  Widely  distributed  ; 
abundant  on  the  chalk 

Stelis,  Panz. 

—  aterrima,    Panz.      Widely    distributed, 

but  not  common 

—  phoeoptera,     Kirb.       Rare.       Allington 

(Elgar) 

—  octomaculata,   Sm.      Rare.      Wrotham, 

Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 
Anthidium,  Fab. 

—  manicatum,  L.      Generally  distributed 
Eucera,  Scop. 

—  longicornis,     L,        Maidstone     district 

(Frisby,      etc.),      Allington,      Upper 
Hailing  (Elgar),  Wychling  (Norton), 
Faversham  (Chitty),  Deal  and  Dover 
district  (Sladen) 
Melecta,  Lat. 

—  armata,  Panz.      Generally  distributed 
Anthophora,  Lat. 

—  retusa,  L.      Bradhurst  (Frisby),  Monk- 

down  Wood  near  Boxley,  Lydd  (Elgar), 
Betteshanger  (Sladen),  IVychling  (Nor- 
ton) 

—  pilipes,  Fab.      Common  everywhere 

—  furcata,   Panz.     Deal  (Saunders,  etc.), 

Dover  district  (Sladen),  Maidstone 
district  (Frisby,  etc.),  JVychling  (Nor- 
ton) 

—  quadrimaculata,  Panz.  Blackheath  i^-A.\xn- 

ders),  Upper  Hailing,  Burham  at 
black  horehound  (Elgar) 

Saropoda,  Lat. 

- —  bimaculata,  Panz.  Apparently  rare. 
Kingsdoivn  (Sladen) 

Psithyrus,  Lep. 

- —  campestris,  Panz.  Faversham  (Chitty), 
Alkham,  Ringivould  (Sladen)  ;  Maid- 
stone, Boxley  (Elgar)  ;  Wychling  (Nor- 
ton) 

—  barbutellus,     Kirb.     Ripple     (Sladen), 

Maidstone  (Frisby) 

—  quadricolor,     Lep.      Barming    (Frisby, 

etc.).   Ripple  (Sladen) 

—  rupestris,  Fab.      Generally  distributed 

—  vestalis,  Fourc.     Common. 
Bombus,  Lat. 

—  smithianus.    White.       Dover    (Latter), 

Deal,  Romney  Marsh  (Sladen) ; 
Sheppey  (Chitty) 

—  venustus,  Sm.     Widely  distributed 

—  agrorum.   Fab.      Common   everywhere 

—  derhamellus,  Kirb.     Widely  distributed 

—  sylvarum,  L.      Common 

—  latreillellus,  Kirb.      Widely  distributed 

„     var.  distinguendus.   Dymchurch 
(Elgar),  ^^vi7j/;V;^  (Norton) 
2J  l6 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Apid«  {continued)  Apid^  [continued) 

Bombus  hortorum,  L.  Common  everywhere  Bombus  pomorum,  Panz.    Very  rare.  Deal 

„  race  subterraneus.    Common  (Smith) 

„  „       var.  harrisellus.  —  lapidarius,  L.  1   ^  , 

"  "  ^  •     T      >•  Common  everywhere 

Common  —  terrestris,  L.  J  ■' 

—  jonellus,  Kirb.    Martin  (Sladen),  JVych-  „         race  lucorum,  Sm.    Common 

ling  (Norton)  Apis,  L. 

—  pratorum,  L.     Common  everywhere  —  mellifica,  L.     Common  everywhere 

COLEOPTERA 

Beetles 

There  is  no  county  which  is  richer  in  Coleoptera  than  Kent.  This 
is  due  to  its  geographical  situation  and  physical  features.  Within  its 
confines  we  find  nearly  all  the  conditions  that  are  most  productive  of 
beetle  life — mud  flats,  salt  marshes,  brackish  ditches  with  abundant 
water  plants,  chalk  cliffs,  sandhills  and  stretches  of  seaweed  covered 
beach,  and  inland  woods  and  undisturbed  park  land  with  plenty  of 
decaying  trees ;  while  over  and  above  all  these  is  the  luxuriant  vegetation 
and  flora  of  the  '  Garden  of  England.'  On  the  north  runs  the  great 
estuary  of  the  Thames,  and  from  its  right  bank  the  deep  estuary  of  the 
Medway  penetrates  inland  for  miles,  while  from  Whitstable  to  Dunge 
Ness  runs  a  varied  coastline,  including  some  of  the  best  collecting 
grounds  in  the  kingdom,  such  as  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  Pegwell  Bay,  and 
the  classic  localities  of  Deal  sandhills  and  Folkestone  warren.  Among 
inland  localities  we  may  mention  Birch  and  Darenth  Woods,  which  have 
been  worked  by  collectors  for  more  than  a  century,  and  which  have  been 
as  productive  of  rarities  as  the  New  Forest  itself  If  the  New  Forest 
has  given  us  Anthaxia  nitidula,  Darenth  Wood  has  yielded  the  equally 
beautiful  Agrilus  biguttatus  in  numbers  ;  and  if  the  New  Forest  and  sur- 
rounding district  has  produced  species  not  found  elsewhere  in  Britain, 
Kent  can  lay  claim  to  the  same  distinction.  We  need  only  mention 
Harpalus  cordatus,  Stenolophus  elegans,  Brachida  ?iotha,  Lafigelandia  anoph- 
thalma,  Cis  bilamellatus,  Lixus  bicolor^  Apion  lavigatum,  A.  semivittatum 
and  Baris  scolopacea,  and  perhaps  we  ought  to  include  the  brilliant 
Rhynchites  bacchus,  of  which  authentic  specimens  appear  to  have  been 
taken  in  Birch  Wood  at  intervals  from  1795  onwards,  although  now  it 
seems  to  be  extinct  in  Britain. 

The  extraordinary  productiveness  of  the  district  around  the  Medway 
is  shown  by  Com.  J.  J.  Walker's  list  of  the  Coleoptera  of  the  Rochester 
district,  which  only  comprises  a  six-mile  radius  round  Chatham  and 
Rochester.  This  list  contains  over  sixteen  hundred  species,  or  nearly  one 
half  of  the  British  Coleoptera.  Com.  Walker  has  thoroughly  worked  the 
northern  part  of  the  county,  and  he  would  doubtless  have  compiled  the 
list  of  Kentish  Coleoptera  but  for  the  fact  that  he  is  absent  on  duty  in 
Australian  waters.  I  take  this  opportunity  therefore  of  acknowledging 
the  use  I  have  made  of  his  valuable  catalogue,  and  also  of  thanking  Mr. 

^  A  single  specimen  of  this  insect  has  been  recorded  from  the  Portsmouth  district,  but  this  may 
possibly  have  been  in  error. — W.  W.  F. 

122 


INSECTS 

G.  C.  Champion  for  the  loan  of  his  exhaustive  hst  of  the  Coleoptera  of 
Kent  and  Surrey.  I  have  been  much  helped  by  having  had  full  access 
to  the  late  Dr.  Power's  collection  while  writing  my  work  on  British 
Coleoptera,  and  I  have  of  course  included  these  records  in  my  list,  as  well 
as  many  others  contributed  by  other  entomologists,  among  them  being 
the  late  Mr.  S.  Stevens,  Mr.  R.  W.  Lloyd,  the  Rev.  T.  Wood,  Mr.  C.  G. 
Hall,  the  late  Mr.  W.  G.  Blatch  and  the  late  Mr.  A.  C.  Horner.  The 
last  mentioned  collector  paid  especial  attention  to  the  small  and  obscure 
Staphylinidce  and  Clavicornia  of  Tonbridge  and  its  neighbourhood,  and 
added  a  considerable  number  of  species  to  the  Kentish  fauna.  The 
total  result  has  been  a  list  which  comprises  the  great  majority  of  the 
British  Coleoptera,  and  which  cannot,  I  feel  sure,  be  beaten  by  any 
other  county   of  Great   Britain. 

Among  the  Carabidee,  Carabus  auratus,  Calosoma  sycophanta  and 
Diachromus  germaiius  are  perhaps  the  most  striking,  but  they  are  very 
doubtfully  indigenous.  The  genera  Dyschirius  and  Harpaius  are  particu- 
larly well  represented,  and  such  insects  as  Atnarafusca,  Anchomenus  livens, 
Bembidium  quaaripustulatum  and  hebia  crux-minor  deserve  more  than  a 
passing  notice. 

The  best  of  the  Dytiscids  appear  to  be  Dytiscus  circumjiexus  and 
Hydaticus  seminiger.  Several  species  of  Gyrinidse  are  found  in  the  brackish 
ditches,  among  them  being  G.  elongatus  and  G.  suffriani.  The  Hydro- 
philida2  are  well  represented. 

It  would  take  too  long  to  enumerate  the  good  species  that  have 
occurred  among  the  Staphylinids.  Aleochara  brunmipennis  has  been  taken 
at  Frindsbury  near  Rochester  by  Com.  Walker  and  also  at  St.  Mary  Cray 
by  Dr.  Sharp  ;  Ilyobates  propinquus  and  /.  forticornis  have  occurred  at 
West  Wickham  and  Snodland  respectively.  About  one  hundred  species 
of  Homalota  are  included  in  the  list,  several  of  them  being  very  rare. 
'Emus  hirtus  has  been  found  on  two  or  three  occasions,  and  the  following 
deserve  mention  :  Euryporus  picipes  (Strood  and  Faversham),  ^edius 
longicornis  (Cobham  ^^.v^),  Staphylinusfuhipes  (Folkestone),  Ocypus  cyaneus 
(Folkestone),  Philonthus  punctus  (Sheerness  and  Gravesend),  P.  fuscus 
(Chatham  and  Cobham  Vzvk),  Medon  castaneus  (Deal),  M.  piceus  (Bexley), 
Acrognathus  mandibularis  (Tonbridge  and  Darenth  Wood)  and  Compsochilus 
palpalis  (Sheerness  and  Tonbridge). 

Among  the  Clavicornia  several  species  of  Atiisotoma  and  Colon  are 
especially  noticeable.  The  very  rare  T'richonyx  sulcicollis  has  been  found 
in  one  or  two  localities.  Oxylcemus  variolosus  has  occurred  under  bark  at 
Charlton,  and  one  specimen  of  Silvatms  sitnilis  has  been  taken  by  Mr. 
Walker  in  a  birch  faggot  in  Cobham  Park. 

Among  the  Scarab^ids  may  be  mentioned  Heptaulacus  villosus  and 
Odontceus  mobilicornis,  and  also  the  beautiful  and  very  rare  Gnorimus  nobilis. 

Several  good  Buprestida2  and  Elaterid^  occur  in  the  county.  We 
have  already  referred  to  Agrilus  biguttatus.  All  the  species  of  Trachys 
and  Throscus  are  found,  and  three  or  four  of  the  red  Elaters.  Ludius 
ferrugineus  is  now  apparently  extinct,  but  has  occurred  at  Darenth  Wood. 

123 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Ischtmies  sangumicoUis,  Athoiis  rhombeiis  and  Agriotes  sordidus  must  not  be 
forgotten,  and  Melanoius  puncto-Uneatus  is  one  of  the  prizes  of  the  Deal 
sandhills,  and  has  also  been  taken  at  Pegwell  Bay  and  at  Dover. 

The  very  rare  Prionocyphon  serriconiis  has  occurred  in  decaying  logs 
in  Darenth  and  Birch  Woods  and  in  Cobham  Park,  and  one  pair  of 
Silis^  rujicollis  has  been  found  at  Snodland  by  Com.  "Walker.  This  species 
is  mostly  confined  to  the  fenny  districts  of  Cambridgeshire  and  Norfolk. 
Mr.  Lewis  captured  one  specimen  of  Dliioderus  substriatus  in  Darenth 
Wood.  We  have  already  alluded  to  the  capture  of  Cis  bilamellatm. 
This  insect  was  found  in  numbers  by  the  Rev.  T.  Wood  in  West 
Wickham  Wood,  and  has  not  occurred  elsewhere. 

Several  good  species  of  Longicornia  are  found  in  the  county,  the 
best  being  perhaps  Hylotntpes  baju/us,  Molorchus  iwibellatariim  and 
Strangalia  scutellata.  The  latter  species,  which  is  not  uncommon  at  times 
in  the  New  Forest,  has  been  found  very  rarely  in  Cobham  Park  by  Com. 
Walker.  Mr.  S.  Stevens  many  years  ago  recorded  the  capture  of  the 
very  rare  S.  revesiita  on  flowers  in  Darenth  Wood. 

The  Phytophaga  are  very  well  represented.  No  less  than  thirteen 
species  of  Cryptocephalus  occur.  The  very  rare  Agelastica  alni  has  recently 
been  taken  at  Deal  by  Mr.  Jennings  and  Mr.  Bedwell.  Nearly  thirty 
species  of  Longitarsus  are  found  in  the  county,  including  L.  agilis,  L. 
distinguendus  and  other  good  insects,  and  Mr.  Hall  has  taken  the  very 
rare  Crepidodera  nitidula  near  Dover.  Eleven  species  of  Cassida  have 
been  recorded,  including  C.  mun-cea,  C.  fastuosa^  C.  sanguinolenta,  C. 
riobilis  and  C.  hemisphcerica. 

Among  the  Heteromera  the  most  notable  species  are  perhaps  the 
following  :  T'etratoma  desmaresti  and  T".  ancora,  Anisoxya  fusciila,  Osphya 
bipunctata,  Oncomera  femorata  (this  strange  insect  is  nocturnal  in  its  habits 
and  is  found  on  ivy  and  sallows  and  also  comes  to  '  sugar  '),  Mordellistena 
abdom'malis,  Anaspis  melanostoma,  several  very  rare  species  of  Meloe  and 
Situris  muralis. 

Judging  from  the  varied  flora  of  Kent,  we  should  naturally  expect 
the  Rhynchophora  to  be  well  represented,  and  such  is  certainly  the  case. 
Many  very  good  bark  and  decayed  wood  species  also  occur,  such  as 
Macrocephalus  albinus  and  Tropideres  niveirostris.  More  than  seventy 
species  of  Apion  are  found,  two  of  them  being  peculiar  to  the  county, 
and  most  of  the  other  genera  occur  in  much  the  same  proportion.  It  is 
hard  to  particularize,  but  the  following  species  are  worthy  of  especial 
notice  :  Ccenopsis  Jissirostris  (Chislehurst  and  Plumstead),  Brachysomus 
hirtus  (Cobham  Park  and  Tonbridge),  Hypera  tigrina  (Folkestone),  Procas 
armillatus  (Darland  Hill),  Ceuthorrhynchus  syrites  (Birch  Wood  and  Erith), 
C.  suturelha  (Hythe,  etc.),  and  C.  pilosellus  (Deal,  etc.),  Phytobius  quadri- 
nodosus  (hte),  Baris  scolopacea  (Sheerness),  and  Cryphalus  fagi  (Westerham 
and  Tonbridge). 

*  In  the  recently  published  List  of  the  Beetles  of  Ireland,  by  the  Rev.  W.  F.  Johnson  and  Mr.  J. 
L.  Halbert,  this  species  is  recorded  as  having  been  taken  abundantly  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Slaney 
estuary  near  Killurin,  Wexford,  by  sweeping  herbage  close  to  high  water  mark. — W.  W.  F. 

124 


INSECTS 


CiCINDELIDii; 

Cicindela  campestris,  L.  Abundant  in 
sandy  places 

—  hybrida,  L.,  var.  maritima,  Dej.      Rare. 

On  the  coast  from  Deal  to  Romsgate. 
There  appears  to  be  no  record  of 
the  capture  of  C.  sylvatica,  L.,  in 
Kent,  but  it  probably  occurs,  as  it  is 
locally  common  in  several  localities 
in  Surrey 
Carabid^ 

Cychrus  rostratus,  L.  In  moss,  at  roots  of 
heather,  under  dead  leaves,  in  rotten 
wood,  etc.  ;  not  common.  Chisle- 
hurst,  Hayes,  Cohham  Park,  Bexley, 
Brcdhunt 

Carabus  catenulatus.  Scop.  Widely  dis- 
tributed and  generally  common. 
Mr.  J.  J.  Walker,  however,  records 
it  from  the  Rochester  district  as 
*  occasional  ;  Cohham  Park,  under 
logs' 

—  nemoralis,  Miill.      Generally  common  ; 

recorded  however  by  Mr.  Walker 
as  found  '  in  moss,  etc.,  near  Strood  : 
rare  ' 

—  violaceus,  L.     Common 

—  auratus,    L.       Very   rare.       Folkestone : 

probably  an  importation.  In  1863 
a  small  colony  was  found  by  Dr. 
Power  and  Mr.  Brewer  between 
Hythe  and  Sandgate,  but  they  may 
have  sprung  from  a  batch  turned 
loose  by  Mr.  Walker  near  Dover 
some  years  before 

—  monilis,    F.      Generally   common,   but 

recorded  by  Mr.  Walker  as  not 
common  in  the  Rochester  district 
var.  consitus,  Panz.  Formerly  taken 
at  Beacon  Court  near  Brompton 
Calosoma  sycophanta,  L.  Very  rare. 
Deal,  Dover,  Folkestone,  Heme  Bay 
and  Gravesend 

—  inquisitor,    L.      On     oaks,    in    woods, 

sometimes    at   '  sugar  '  ;  very    local. 
Darenth  I  Food 
Notiophilus  biguttatus,  F.      Common 

—  substriatus,  Wat.     Not  so  common  as 

the  preceding,  but  generally  distri- 
buted 

—  quadripunctatus,    Dej.      Sandy    places. 

Rare,  but  probably  overlooked.  Tun- 
bridge  Wells,  West  IVlckham 

—  aquaticus,  L.      Common 

—  palustris,  Duft.  ,, 

—  rufipes,     Curt.      Sandy     and     gra\elly 

places,  under  dead  leaves,  etc.  ;   not 
common.     Gravesend,  Darenth  [Food, 
Cohham  Park,  under  logs,  rare 
Leistus  spinibarbis,  F.     Common 


Carabid^  {continued) 

Leistus  fulvibarbis,  Dej.  Scarce.  Snodland, 
Higham,  Cohham  Park,  etc. 

—  ferrugineus,     L.         Generally     distri- 

buted 

—  rufescens,   F.      Damp   places,   at    roots 

of  grass,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  not  common. 
Darenth  IFood,  Lewisham,  Chatten- 
den,  Snodland,  etc. 

Nebria  brevicollis,  F.  Very  common 
everywhere 

Elaphrus  cupreus,  Duft.  Generally  distri- 
buted and  common 

—  riparius,  L.  Generally  distributed 
Loricera  pilicornis,  F.  Very  common 
Clivina  fossor,  L.      Comracn 

—  coUaris,  Herbst.     Not  uncommon.     Lee 

(G.    C.    C),    Snodland,     under     old 
board     in     a    marshy    place  ;     rare 
(J-  J-  w.) 
Dyschirius  thoracicus,  Rossi.      Sandy  places 
on  the  coast  ;  not  common.      Deal 

—  impunctipennis.    Daws.     Sandy  places 

on  the  coast  ;   rare.      Deal 

—  politus,  Dej.     Sandy  and  clayey  places, 

inland  and  maritime  ;  not  common. 
Sheppey,  Sheerness,  West  Wickham, 
Deal 

—  extensus,  Putz.      On    the  coast  only  ; 

very  rare.      Deal  and  near  Folkestone 

—  salinus,  Schaum.      Salt  marshes  on  the 

coast  and  on  the  banks  of  tidal 
rivers  ;  common.  Rochester  district, 
St.  Marys  Island,  Gravesend,  Sheer- 
ness, Whitstahle,  Heme  Bay,  Deal 

—  aeneus,    Dej.      Sandy  banks    of  ponds 

and  ditches,  inland  and  maritime  ; 
not  uncommon.  Gravesend,  Sheerness, 
Snodland,  Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

—  globosus,  Herbst.  Inland  and  maritime  ; 

local  but  not  uncommon 
Broscus  cephalotes,  L.    Widely  distributed  ; 

omitted    however    by    Mr.   Walker 

from  his  Rochester  list 
Panasjsus  crux-major,  L.      Marshy  places  ; 
''  rare.      Shooters  Hill 

—  quadripustulatus,    Sturm.      On    chalky 

hillsides    and    in  sandy    places;   not 
common.     Cuxton,  ^eendown  War- 
ren, Doivn,  Deal 
Badister    unipustulatus,   Bon.       Not    com- 
mon.     Lewisham 

—  bipustulatus,  F.     Common 

—  sodalis.        Not      common.         Darenth 

Wood,  Tonhridge,  Snodland 

—  peltatus,  Panz.     Rare.     Hythe 
Licinus  silphoides,  F.     Not  uncommon. 

—  depressus,    Payk.      Widely  distributed, 

but  much  less  common  than  the  pre- 
ceding species 


125 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Carabid^e  {continued) 

Callistus  lunatus,  F.  Very  local.  Canter- 
bury, Folkestone,  Dover,  Rochester 
district  (one  specimen  only),  ^leen- 
down  Warren 

Chlaenius  vestitus,  Payk.  Widely  distri- 
buted 

—  nigricornis,  F.     Generally  distributed 
Oodes     helopioides,     F.       Not     common. 

Banks  of  Medwax  above  Rochester, 
Chatham,  Tonbr'idge 
Stenolophus   teutonus,    Schr.      Very  local. 
Greenwich 

—  skrimshiranus,   Steph.     Not    common. 

Sheerness 

—  elegans,     Dej.        Salt    marshes;    rare. 

Banks  of  Thames,  towards  Sheerness 
and  Sheppey,  Sheerness,  Deal 

—  vespertinus,  Panz.      Local.       Sheerness, 

Chatham,  Lee,  Higham 
Acupalpus      flavicollis,      Sturm.  Rare. 

Higham,  Chatham,  Deal 

—  dorsalis,  F.  (gyllenhali,  Thoms.).  Local. 

Higham,  Chatham,  Deal 

—  exiguus,  Dej.     Very  local.     Ramsgate 

„  var.  luridus,  Dej.    Widely  dis- 

tributed and  common 

—  meridianus,  L.      Very  common 

—  consputus,    Duft.       Rochester     district, 

rare  ;  Lee,  Chatham  and  Sheerness, 
rather  comrr.on 

[ —  derelictus,  Daws.  One  specimen  re- 
corded as  taken  by  Mr.  F.  Smith  at 
Plumstead,  Kent ;  probably  a  variety 
of  A.  dorsalis] 

Bradycellus  verbasci,  Duft.      Common 

—  harpalinus,  Dej.      Common 

—  similis,  Dej.      Widely  distributed 
Harpalus  sabulicola,  Panz.      Very  local  and 

rather  scarce.  Brcdhurst,  Gravesend, 
Folkestone,  Deal 

—  rotundicollis,  Fairm.      Rather  common 

—  punctatulus,     Duft.         Not     common. 

Chatham,  Dartford,  Darland  Hill, 
Folkestone 

—  azureus,  F.      Locally  common 

var.  similis,  Dej.      With  the  preced- 
ing, but  much  scarcer.      Bredhurst 

—  cordatus,  Duft.      Rare.      Deal 

—  rupicola,  Sturm.    Not  common.    Sheer- 

ness, Deal,  Dover,  Hythe 

—  puncticollis,  Payk.     Common 

—  rufibarbis,     F.        Chattenden,      Cobham 

Park,  etc.,  occasional 

—  parallelus,      Dej.        Rare.        Rochester 

district,  Sheerness 

—  ruficornis,  F.     Very  common 

—  aeneus,  F.  „  ,, 

—  consentaneus,  Dej.     Local,  but  often 

abundant  on  the  coast  ;   rare  inland 

126 


Carabid^  {continued) 

Harpalus  tenebrosus,  Dej.  Very  rare. 
Margate 

—  rubripes,  Duft.     Rather  common 

—  discoideus,  F.      Very   rare.      Gravesend 

—  caspius,  Stev.   Not  uncommon,  but  local 

—  latus,    L.      Generally     distributed    and 

common  as  a  rule 

—  melancholicus,  Dej.    Very  rare.    Plum- 

stead,  one  specimen  taken  by 
myself  between  Broadstairs  and 
Margate,  Deal 

—  tardus,    Panz.     Common    as    a    rule  ; 

rare  in  the  Rochester  district 

—  servus,  Duft.   Rare.  Deal,  Romney  Sands 

and  Covert  Wood,  Sandivich,  Folke- 
stone ;  always  on  or  near  the  coast 

—  anxius,    Duft.      Locally    abundant    on 

the  coast 

—  serripes,  SchOn.    Not  uncommon  on  the 

coast.      Sheerness,  Margate,  Deal 

—  ignavuSjDuft.   Local.   Plumstead,  Hythe 
Dichirotrichus    obsoletus,     Dej.       Local  ; 

salt  marshes.  Rainham,  Whitstable, 
Sheerness 

—  pubescens,    Payk.     Very    common    in 

the  salt  marshes 
Anisodactylus  binotatus,  F.     Not  uncom- 
mon ;   not  recorded,   however,  from 
the  Rochester  district 

—  poeciloides.     Very  local  but  not  uncom- 

mon. Gravesend,  Sheppey,  Sheerness, 
Dover,  Deal 

Diachromus  germanus,  Er.  Very  rare 
and  doubtfully  indigenous ;  a  few 
specimens  were  taken  many  years 
ago  at  Deal 

Zabrus  gibbus,  F.  Very  local,  but  occa- 
sionally common  in  cornfields 

Stomis  pumicatus,  Panz.     Common 

Platyderus  ruficollis.  Marsh.  Local.  Black- 
heath,  Tonbr'idge,  Sheerness,  Margate, 
Folkestone 

Pterostichus  cupreus,  L.     Very  common 

—  versicolor,  Sturm.   Generally  distributed 

—  dimidiatus,  Ol.     Very  rare.      Folkestone 

—  lepidus,  F.   Rare.  Dartford  and  Charlton 

—  madidus,  F.      Very  common 

—  niger,  Schall.     Common 

—  vulgaris,  L.     Very  common 

—  anthracinus,    111.       Not     uncommon. 

Tonbridge,  Sheerness,  Hythe,  Dover 

—  nigrita,  F.        Common 

—  minor,  Gyll.  „ 

—  strenuus,  Panz.       „ 

—  diligens,  Sturm.      „ 

—  picimanus,   Duft.       Local.       Sheerness, 

Chattenden 

—  inaequalis.  Marsh.     Local.      Tonbridge 

—  vernalis,  Gyll.    Common 


INSECTS 


Carabid^  [continued) 

Pterostichus  striola,  F.      Common 
Amara  fulva,  De   G.     Locally  common  ; 
not  recorded  from  the   Rochester  dis- 
trict 

—  apricaria,  Sturm.     Common 

—  consularis,   Duft.     Local,  but  has  oc- 

curred not  uncommonly  in  the  north 
of  the  county  ;  not  recorded  from 
the  south 

—  aulica,  Panz.     Generally  distributed 

—  convexiuscula,     Marsh.      Local ;     not 

uncommon 

—  patricia,  Duft.    Rare.     Burham  Downs, 

^^ueendown  Warren,  Chatham,  Charl- 
ton, Plumstead,  Heme  Bay,  Deal, 
Folkestone 

—  infima,  Duft.     Rare.     Deal 

—  rufocincta,  Dej.     Very  local.     Deal 

—  livida,     F.     (bifrons,     Gyll.).       Local. 

Rochester  district,  Sheerness,  Deal 

—  fusca,     Dej.      Very     rare.      Plumstead 

(W.  West) 

—  ovata,     F.     Not    common.      Darland 

Hill,  Bredhurst,  Chatham 

—  similata,  Gyll.     Common 

—  acuminata,     Payk.        Rare.        Ciixton, 

Darland  Hill,  Faversham,  Chatham, 
Margate 

—  tibialis,  Payk.     Common 

—  lunicoUis,  Schiodte.     Local,  but  not  un- 

common 

—  curta,  Dej.     Very  local.    Common  on 

the  Deal  sandhills 

—  spreta,  Dej.     Very  local.     Deal 

—  familiaris,  Duft.  Very  common 

—  lucida,     Duft.       Local  ;   rare     inland  ; 

sometimes  abundant  on  the  coast 

—  trivialis,  Gyll.     Very  common 

—  communis,  Panz.      Common 

—  continua,  Thoms.     Not  uncommon 

—  strenua,   Zimm.     Very    rare.     Isle   of 

Sheppey  (Dawson) ;  perhaps  recorded 
in  error 

—  plebeia,    Gyll.       Widely    distributed  ; 

not  common   in    the   Rochester  dis- 
trict 
Calathus  cisteloides,  Panz.     Very  common 

—  fuscus,  F.     Local,  but  rather  common 

—  flavipes,  Fourc.     Local,  but    not    un- 

common ;  not  recorded  from  the 
Rochester  district 

—  mollis.  Marsh.     Common  on  the  coast 

from  JV^hitstable  to  Folkestone ;  not 
recorded  from  the  Rochester  district 

—  melanocephalus,  L.     Very  common 

—  piceus.  Marsh.      Not   uncommon,   but 

very    local.       Sevenoaks,    Blackheath, 
Cobham  Park 
Taphria    nivalis,    Panz.      Local    and    not 


Carabid^  [continued) 

common.  Hailing  Downs,  Black- 
heath,  Darenth  Wood,  Tonbridge,  Deal 

Pristonychus  terricola,  Herbst.  Generally 
distributed  and,  as  a  rule,  common  ' 

Sphodrus  leucophthalmus,  L.  Not  com- 
mon ;  in  cellars  and  outhouses. 
Sheerness,  Greenivich,  Deal 

Anchomenus  angusticollis,  F.     Common 

—  dorsalis.  Mall.     Very  common 

—  albipes,  F.  „  „ 

—  oblongus,    Sturm.     Very    local.      Lee, 

Snodland,  Chattenden 
■ —  livens,  Gyll.      Rare.      Snodland, Wester- 
ham,  Hythe,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  marginatus,  L.     Very  common 

—  sexpunctatus,  L.     Doubtfully  recorded 

by  Mr.  Champion  from  Ramsgate. 
I  know  of  no  other  record  ;  it  has 
occurred  in  several  localities  in 
Surrey 

—  parumpunctatus,  F.      Very  common 

—  atratus,  Duft.      Local.      Lee,  Snodland 
■ —  viduus,  Panz.     Not  uncommon 

„  var.  maestus,  Duft.  Very  com- 
mon ;  much  more  abundant 
than  the  type  form 

—  versutus,     Gyll.       Very    local.       Lee, 

Tonbridge 

—  micans,  Nic.      Local.      Strood 
■ —  scitulus,  Dej.     Rare.     Lee 

—  fuliginosus,  Panz.     Very  common 

—  gracilis,    Gyll.     Not    uncommon,   but 

local.  Lee,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Tun- 
bridge Wells,  Hythe 

—  thoreyi,  Dej.    Local.  Higham,  Snodland 

—  puellus,    Dej.     Not    common.      Snod- 

land, in  debris  of  reeds,  Higham 
Olisthopus    rotundatus,    Payk.     Generally 

distributed 
Tachys  scutellaris.  Germ.     Local.     Sheer- 
ness, Whitstable 

—  bistriatus.    Local.  Maidstone,  Tonbridge 
Lymnasum    nigropiceum.    Marsh.      Rare. 

Whitstable,  a  few  specimens 
Cillenus  lateralis,  Sam.  Very  local.  Sheppey, 

Pegwell  Bay 
Bembidium  rufescens,  Gu6r.     Widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  quinquestriatum,  Gyll.      Scarce.      Cob- 

ham  Park,  Gillingham,  Blackheath, 
Tonbridge,  Deal 

*  Since  this  list  was  in  print  Lamostenus  compla- 
itatus,  Dej.,  a  recent  addition  to  the  British  fauna, 
has  been  recorded  by  Mr.  Champion  as  having  been 
taken  by  Com.  J.  J.  Walker,  R.N.,  at  Chatham 
in  1874.,  and  also  by  Professor  Hudson  Beare  from 
Strood  ;  it  is  very  closely  allied  to  Pristonychus  terri- 
cola, with  which  it  has  been  mixed  in  collections. — 
W.  W.  F. 


127 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CARABIDi€  (continued) 

Bembidium  obtusum,  Sturm.     Common 

—  guttula,  F.      Very  common 

—  mannerheimi,  Sahl.     Local.      Diirtford, 

Maidstone 

—  biguttatum,  F.      Very  common 

—  riparium,  Ol.  (iricolor,  Bedel.).    Local. 

Plumitead  marshes,  Sheerness,  St. 
Maryi  Island 

—  aeneum,    Germ.      Local.       Gravesend, 

Chatham^  banks  of  Mediuay  above 
Rochester  ;   rare  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  assimile,  Gyll.     Local,  but  rather  com- 

mon. Gravesend,  Sheerness,  Chatham, 
Snodland,  Deal,  Hythe 

—  clarki,  Daws.      Local.      Higham,   Lee, 

Strood 

—  sturmi,    Panz.      Very    rare.      Bearsted 

near  Maidstone  (Gorham),  Hythe, 
Dover 

—  articulatum,  Panz.      Not  uncommon 

—  doris,  Panz.      Locally  common.      Cob- 

ham,  Chattenden,  Darenth  IVood, 
Strood 

—  minimum,  F.     Near  the  coast  ;  com- 

mon 

—  normannum,    Dej.      Near    the    coast  ; 

common 

—  gilvipes,  Sturm.     Local,  but  sometimes 

abundant. 

—  lampros,  Herbst.      Very  common 

—  tibiale.      Rare.      Tonbridge 

—  nitidulum.  Marsh,  (brunnipes,  Sturm.). 

Common 

—  quadriguttatum,  F.      Common 

—  quadripustulatum,    Dej.       Very     rare. 

Bearsted  near  Maidstone ;  a  few 
specimens  taken  by  Rev.  H.  S. 
Gorham 

—  quadrimaculatum,  Gyll.     Common 

—  concinnum,  Steph.     Locally  common 

—  femoratum,  Sturm.      Common 

—  bruxellense,    Wesm.       Not    common. 

Snodland,  Gravesend,  Maidstone 

—  saxatile,  Gyll.      Local.      Dover 

—  littorale,  Ol.      Very  common 

—  bipunctatum,     L.        Rare.       Dartford 

(Stephens) 

—  ephippium.     Marsh.        Salt    marshes  ; 

locally  common.      Whitstable,  Sheer- 

—  flammulatum,  Clairv.     Common 

—  varium,  Ol.      Locally  abundant  on  the 

coast  ;   rare  inland 

—  obliquum,  Sturm.      Rare.      Maidstone 
Tachypus  flavipes,  Duft.      Common 
Trechus  micros,  Herbst.     Rare.      Darenth 

Wood  (BiUups) 

—  lapidosus.     Sandy  places  on  the  coast  ; 

rare.      DeaL  Dover.  Sheerness 


CARABiDiT  {continued) 

Trechus  minutus,  F.     Very  common 

—  obtusus,  Er.     Not  uncommon 
Patrobus  excavatus.    Payk.   Not  uncommon 
Pogonus  luridipennis.  Germ.    Salt  marshes, 

on  wet  mud  ;  local  and  not  com- 
mon. JVhitstable,  Sheerness,  Sand- 
ivich.  Deal,  Pegiuell  Bay 

—  littoralis,    Duft.      Salt    marshes;    local. 

JVhitstable,  Gravesend,  Sheerness, 
Margate,  Deal 

—  chalceus,  Marsh.      Salt  marshes  ;  abun- 

dant on  the  coast  and  about  the 
mouths  of  the  Thames  and  Medway 

Masoreus  wetterhali,  Gyll.  Sandy  places 
on  the  coast  ;  local.     Deal,  Sheerness 

Cymindis  axillaris,  F.  Rare.  Hailing 
Doivns,  Rochester  district  ;  one  ex- 
ample under  a  stone,  August,  1897 
(J-  J-  W.) 

Odacantha  melanura,  Payk.  Rare.  Birch- 
ington,  Margate 

Lebia  cyanocephala,  L.  Rare.  Darenth 
Wood,  Dover 

—  chlorocephala,  HofF.    Local.    Rainham, 

Cuxton,  Rochester  district,  Dartford, 
Chatham,  Folkestone.  Occasionally 
found  in  abundance  under  junipers 
in  winter 

var.  chrysocephala,  Mots.      Rochester 
district  ;   rare 

—  crux-minor,  L.    Very  rare.    Plumstead, 

Tunbridge  Wells 
Demetrias    unipunctatus.     Germ,     (mono- 
stigma,  Sam.).      Local,  but  not  rare 
where  it  occurs.   Deal,  Ramsgate,  etc. 

—  atricapillus,  L.      Very  common 
Dromius  linearis,  Ol.      „  ,, 

—  agilis,  F.    Rare.    Eltharn,  Cobham  Park, 

Blackheath,  Greenhithe 

—  meridionalis,  L.     Common 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L.     Very  common 

—  quadrinotatus,  Panz.     Common 

—  quadrisignatus,   Dej.      Rare.      Ashford, 

Maidstone 

—  melanocephalus,  Dej.      Very  common 

—  nigriventris,  Thoms.      Local 

—  sigma,  Rossi.    Rare.     Westerbam  (Gor- 

ham) 

—  vectensis,  Rye.  Rare.   Chatham,  Graves- 

end, Sheerness,  Rochester,  Bexley 
Blechrus  maurus,  Sturm.  Common 
Metabletus  foveola,  Gyll.     Very  common 

—  truncatellus,     L.       Locally    common. 

Sheerness,  Chatham,  Deal,  Pegiuell 
Bay,  etc. 

—  obscuro-guttatus,  Duft.    Local,  but  not 

uncommon  and  widely  distributed. 
Lionychus  quadrillum,  Duft.    Rare.    Sheer- 
ness, Whitstable 


INSECTS 


Carabid^  {continued) 

Polystichus  vittatus,  Brull^.  Local  and 
usually  rare.  TFhitstabley  Heme  Bay, 
Sheerness,  Sheppey,  Hythe 

Drypta  dentata.  Very  local  and  rare. 
Faversham,  Chatham,  Chattenden 

Brachinus  crepitans,  L.  Locally  common. 
Gravesend,  Sheerness,  Chatham,  Whit- 
stable,  Folkestone 
[ —  sclopeta,  F.  A  small  series  said  to 
have  been  taken  near  Margate  in 
1830,  but  the  record  is  very  doubtful] 
Haliplid^ 

Brychius  elevatus,  Panz.  Local.  Maid- 
stone, Bexley 

Haliplus  obliquus,  Er.      Local.  Lee,    Deal 

—  confinis,  Steph.    Local.    Lee,  Gravesend 

—  flavicollis,  Sturm.      Common 

—  fulvus,  F.    Common  in  most  localities  ; 

recorded  as  scarce  from  the  Rochester 
district 

—  variegatus,    Sturm.      Rare.       Sheerness, 

St  rood,  Rainham,  Deal 

—  cinereus,  Aub6.     Rare.     Lee 

—  ruficollis,  De  G.     Very  common 

—  fluviatilis,    Aube.      Rare.       Chattenden, 

Snodlatid,  etc. 

—  lineatocollis,  Marsh.     Common 
Cnemidotus    impressus,    F.      Local.       Lee, 

Gravesend,     Birchington,    Whitstable, 

Deal 
Pelobiid^ 

Pelobius    tardus,    F.      Widely    distributed 

and  not  uncommon 
Dytiscid.« 

Noterus  sparsus,  Marsh.     Common 
Laccophilus     interruptus,    Panz.       Rather 

common,    but   apparently  scarce    in 

the  Rochester  district 

—  obscurus,    Panz.     (hyalinus,      De  G.). 

Locally  common 

—  variegatus,    Germ.       Extremely     local 

and  usually  rare.    Pegwell  Bay,  Deal, 

Dover 
Bidessus  geminus,  F.     Very  local.     Lee 
Hyphydrus  ovatus,  L.     Common 
Coelambus    versicolor,    Schall.   (reticulatus, 

F.).      Very  local.      Rainham,  Deal 

—  inaequalis,  F.      Common 

—  decoratus,  Gyll.      Very  local.      Lee 

—  confluens,  F.      Local.      Lewisham,  Cat- 

ford,  Upnor 

—  parallelogrammus,      Ahr.  Brackish 

ditches  ;  common 

—  impressopunctatus,  Schall.   (picipes,  F.). 

Rather  common 
Hydroporus  pictus,  F.     Very  common 

—  granularis,  L.      Not  common.      Lee 

—  fiavipes,  Ol.      Very  local.      Gravesend 

—  lepidus,  01.      Local.      Lee 


Dytiscid^  [continued) 

Hydroporus  dorsalis,  F.  Rather  common. 
Rainham,  Chattenden,  Lee,  Chatham 

—  lineatus,  F.      Rather  local 

—  neglectus,  Schaum.    Rare.    Zf^  (Power) 

—  angustatus,  Sturm.     Local.     Lee,  Deal 

—  gyllenhalijSchiodte.  Locally  common, 
Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

—  vittula,  Er.      Not  common.      Lee 

—  palustris,  L.    Very  common  everywhere 

—  incognitus.  Sharp.  Sheerness ;  one  ex- 
ample taken  by  Mr.  Champion 
which  must  apparently  be  referred 
to  this  species 

—  erythrocephalus,  L.      Common 

—  melanarius,  Sturm.  Rare.  Esher  and 
Lee  Pit  (Power) 

—  memnonius,  Nic.  Local.  Darenth 
JVood,  Lee,  Chattenden 

—  obscurus,  Sturm.      Not  common.     Lee 

—  discretus,  Fairm.     Rare.      Lee 

—  pubescens,  Gyll.  (melanocephalus, 
Marsh.).     Very  common 

—  planus,  F.      Common 

—  lituratus,  F.  Local.  Gravesend,  Chat- 
ham, Lee,  Chattenden 

Agabus  guttatus,  Payk.    Local.     Greenwich 

—  biguttatus,  01.  (nitidus,  Steph.).  Not 
common.     Maidstone 

—  paludosus,  F.     Local.     Lee 

—  unguicularis.  Thorns.     Local.     Lee 

—  didymus,  Ol.      Local.     Lee,  Chattenden 

—  nebulosus,  Forst.     Common 

—  conspersus.  Marsh.  Brackish  ditches  ; 
common 

—  sturmii,  Gyll.  Locally  common.  Lee, 
Rainham,  Chattenden 

—  chalconotus,  Panz.  Locally  common. 
Lee,  Darenth  JVood,  Chattenden 

—  bipustulatus,  L.  Very  common  every- 
where 

—  Ilybius  fuliginosus,  F.    Very  common 

—  ater,  De  G.     Locally  common 

—  obscurus.  Marsh.  Not  uncommon. 
Lee,  Greenwich,  Snodland 

Copelatus  agilis,  F.     Not  uncommon.    Lee, 

Rochester  district.  Deal 
Rhantus  grapii,  Gyll.      Local.      Lee,  Birch 

Wood 

—  exoletus,  Forst.      Local.     Lewisham 

—  pulverosus,  Steph.  Snodland  and  Rain- 
ham, scarce  ;   Lee,  rather  common 

—  notatus.  Berg.  Not  uncommon. 
Gravesend,  Whitstable,  Sheerness, 
Strood,  Chattenden,  etc. 

Colymbetes  fuscus,  L.      Very  common 
Dytiscus  punctulatus,  F.      Rather  common 

—  marginalis,  F.      Very  common 

—  circumflexus,  F.  Local  and  not  common. 
Woodlands  Farm,  Chattenden  and  Lee 

129  17 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


DYTisciDi*  (continued) 

Hydaticus  seminiger,  De  G.  (hybneri,Fab.). 
Very    local,    but    occasionally   com- 
mon.    Lee 
Acilius  sulcatus,  L.     Common 
Gyrinid^ 

Gyrinus  elongatus,  Aube.  Rather  com- 
mon. Rainham^  Gravesendy  Whit- 
stahle.  Deal 

—  natator,   Scop.     Very   common    every- 

where 

—  suffriani,     Scriba.        Rare.        Sandwich 

(Sharp) 

—  marinus,    Gyll.      Local  ;    found    both 

inland  and  near  the  coast 
Orectochilus   villosus,   Mull.     Very   local, 

but  not  uncommon  where  it  occurs ; 

found      in      the      Ravembourne      at 

Letuisham 
Hydrophilid.^ 

Hydrophilus   piceus,  L.     Not    uncommon 

where  it  occurs.  Sheerness,  Lee 
Hydrocharis  caraboides,  L.  Common 
Hydrobius  fuscipes,  L.     Very  common 

—  oblongus,    Herbst.     Brackish    ditches ; 

local.       Rainham,  Gravesend,   Sheer- 
ness, IVhitstahle,  Deal 
Philhydrus  testaceus,  F.     Not  uncommon 

—  maritimus.     Common  near  the  coast 

—  nigricans,  Zett.     Not  common.    Plum- 

stead,  Lee,  Gravesend,  Greenwich,  etc. 

—  melanocephalus,  Ol.     Local 

—  coarctatus,     Gredl.    (suturalis,    Sharp). 

Not  uncommon 

Cymbiodyta  ovalis.  Thorns.     Common 

Enochrus  bicolor,  Gyll.  Local,  but  not 
uncommon 

Paracymus  nigroaeneus,  Sahl.  Not  com- 
mon.    Lee 

Anacaena  globulus,  Payk.  (limbata.  Sharp.). 
Very  common 

—  limbata,  F.  (variabilis,  Sharp.).      Very 

common 

—  bipustulata,  Steph.      Local.      Lee 
Helochares  lividus,  Forst.    Local.    Sheerness 

—  punctatus.  Sharp.     Common 
Laccobius      sinnatus.      Mots,      (nigriceps, 

Thoms.).     Not  uncommon 

—  alutaceus,    Thoms.       Probably  widely 

distributed.      Ramsgate,  Deal 

—  bipunctatus,     F.       Locally     abundant. 

Gravesend,  Folkestone,  Deal 
[L.  minutus,  L.,  is  usually  recorded  as 
abundant  in  the  district,  but  I  be- 
lieve that  L.  bipunctatus,  F.,  has 
been  confused  with  it.  I  have  no 
record  of  L.  minutus,  L.,  as  Dr. 
Sharp  has  determined  it,  from  the 
London  district  or  the  southern 
counties] 


Hydrophilid^^  [continued) 

Berosus  spinosus,  Stev.  Always  in  brackish 
ponds  and  ditches  ;  local.  Sheerness, 
Sheppey 

—  signaticollis,     Sharp.         Local.        Lee, 

JVhitstable 

—  luridus,    L.       Local.       Lee,    Rainham, 

Deal 

—  affinis,  Brulle.     Common 
Limnebius     truncatellus,     Thoms.         Not 

uncommon 

—  papposus,  Muls.     Not  uncommon 

—  nitidus,  Marsh.     Local 
Chastarthria    seminulum,    Herbst.      Com- 
mon 

Helophorus  rugosus,  Ol.     Not  uncommon 

—  nubilus,  F.     Common 

—  intermedius,  Muls.    Occasionally  com- 

mon 

—  aquaticus,    L.      Very    common    every- 

where 
var.  acqualis,  Thoms.  With  the  type  ; 
occasional 

—  dorsalis.  Marsh.      Rare.      Chattenden 

—  aeneipennis,  Thoms.      Common 

—  mulsanti.  Rye.      Not  uncommon.    Lee, 

Chatham,  Rainham,  Darenth  Wood 

—  affinis.  Marsh.      Generally  common 

—  brevipalpis.  Bedel.      Not  uncommon 

—  nanus,     Sturm.        Very     local.        Lee 

(Power) 
Hydrochus    elongatus,     Schall.      Not   un- 
common 

—  angustatus,  Germ.     Common 
Octhebius    exaratus,     Muls.       Chiefly    in 

brackish  ditches  ;  very  local.     Rain- 
ham,  Gravesend,  JVhitstable 

—  margipallens,  Latr.    Chiefly  in  brackish 

ditches  ;   locally  abundant 

—  marinus,  Payk.    Brackish  ditches  ;  com- 

mon near  the  sea 

—  pygmaeus,  F.      Inland  and  maritime  ; 

rather  common 

—  bicolon.  Germ.     Inland  and  maritime  ; 

rather  common 

—  auriculatus,   Rey.      Locally   common  ; 

Isle  of  Sheppey 

—  rufimarginatus,     Steph.        Inland     and 

maritime  ;   not   common.      Sheerness, 
Strood,  Maidstone 

—  nanus,  Steph.  (aeratus,  Steph.).      Inland 

and  maritime  ;  local 

—  punctatus,  Steph.      Very  local  near  the 

sea.      Sheerness,  Pegwell  Bay 
Hydraena  testacea.  Curt.      Scarce.      Lee 

—  riparia,  Kug.    Not  common.     Chatham 

and  Rochester  district 
Cyclonotum  orbiculare,  F.      Common 
Sphaeridium  scarabaeoides,   F.      Very  com- 
mon everywhere 


INSECTS 


Hydrophilid.*;  [continued) 

Sphaeridium  bipustulatum,  F.      Very  com- 
mon 
var.  marginatum,  F.   Not  uncommon 
Cercyon    littoralis,    Gyll.       Abundant    all 
along  the  coast,  on  the  shore 

—  depressus,  Steph.    Not  uncommon  with 

the  preceding 

—  hsmorrhous,  Gyll.      Local.      Snodland, 

Sheerness 

—  hamorrhoidalis,  Herbst.      Common 

—  obsoletus,  Gyll.     Local,  and  as  a  rule 

not  common 

—  aquaticus,     Muls.        Scarce.       Sheppey, 

Sheerness 

—  flavipes,  F.     Common 

—  lateralis,      Marsh.       Local.        Darenth 

Wood,  Blue  Bell  Hill,  Strood,  Lee 

—  melanocephalus,  L.     Very  common 

—  unipunctatus,  L.     Common 

—  quisquilius,  L.  „ 

—  nigriceps,      Marsh.         Not     common. 

Greenwich,  Rochester  district 

—  pygmaeus.  111.     Not  uncommon 

—  terminatus.    Marsh.       Local    and    not 

common.    IVhitstahle,  Cobham,  Green- 
wich 

—  analis,  Payk.     Common 

—  lugubris,  Payk.      Local.      Lee,  Sheerness 

—  minutus,  Muls.     Not  common.    Black- 

heath 

Megasternum  boletophagum,  Marsh.  Com- 
mon 

Cryptopleurum  atomarium,  Muls.  Com- 
mon 

STAPHYLINIDi€ 

Homoeusa  acuminata,  Mark.     In  the  runs 

of  Formica  fuliginosa  and  F.  fusca. 

Rare.       Chatham,     Upnor,     Bromley, 

Tonbridge 
Aleochara  ruficornis,  Grav.     Near  nests  of 

Formica   rufa    and  F.   fusca.     Very 

rare.      Charlton 

—  fuscipes,  F.    Very  common  everywhere 

—  lata,   Grav.     Much  less  common  than 

the  preceding 

—  brevipennis,  Grav.     Rare.     Whitstable, 

Snodland 

—  tristis,  Grav.     Common 

—  bipunctata,  Ol.      Generally  distributed, 

and  as  a  rule  common 

—  cuniculorum,   Kr.      Rare.     Maidstone, 

West  Wickham,  Birch  Wood,  Darenth 
Wood,  Bearsted 

—  lanuginosa,  Grav.     Very  common 

—  lygaea,  Kr.      Rare.      Eltham,  Tonbridge 

—  mcesta,  Grav.      Common 

—  mycetophaga,  Kr.      Rare.     Birch  JVood 

—  maerens,  Gyll.      Rare.      Sheerness,  Birch 

Wood 


Staphvlinid^  {continued) 

Aleochara  brunneipennis,  Kr.  Very  rare  : 
Frindsbury  near  Rochester  (J.  J.  W.)  ; 
St.  Mary  Cray  (Sharp) 

—  nitida,  Grav.      Very  common 

var.  bilineata,  Gyll.      Not  nearly  as 
common  as  the  type  form 

—  morion,  Grav.      Common 

—  grisea,    Kr.     Not    uncommon   on    the 

shore  in  decaying  seaweed.      Heme 
Bay,  IVhitstahle,  Broadstairs 

—  algarum,   Fauv.     Rather    common    in 

decaying  seaweed 

—  obscurella,   Er.      Not    uncommon    in 

decaying  seaweed.   Sheerness,  Margate 
Microglossa  suturalis,  Sahl.     Common 

—  pulla,    Gyll.       In    holes    of  the    sand 

martin  ;  not  uncommon,  but  local 

—  nidicola,  Fairm.     In  holes  of  the  sand 

martin,  etc.;  not  uncommon.    Chisle- 
hurst,  Sevenoaks,  Sheerness 
Oxypoda  spectabilis,  Mark.      Rare.      Wig- 
more  Wood,  New  Brompton,  Darenth 
Wood 

—  lividipennis,  Mann.*     Common 

—  opaca,  Grav.     Common 

—  alternans,    Grav.      Very    common     in 

decaying  fungi 

—  exoleta,  Er.      Rare.      Gravesend,  Sheer- 

ness, Tonbridge 

—  lentula,  Er.     Locally   common.      Leey 

Darenth,  Eltham,  Tonbridge,  etc. 

—  umbrata,  Gyll.     Common 

—  pectita,  Sharp.    Not  common.    Eltham, 

Tonbridge 

—  nigrina,  Wat.     Local 

—  exigua,  Er.      Rare.      Deal 

—  longiuscula,  Er.      Common 

—  formiceticola,  Mark.    Common  in  nests 

of  Formica  rufa 

—  hasmorrhoa,  Mann.     Common  ;  often 

in  nests  of  Formica  rufa 

—  amcena,  Fairm.      Very  rare.      Eltham 

—  waterhousei.  Rye.      Rare.      Sheerness 

—  annularis,  Sahl.,  var.   pallidula,  Mann. 

Scarce.      Tonbridge 

—  brachyptera,     Steph.         Cobham     Park 

(G.  C.  C.) 

—  misella,  Kr.      Rare.      Wickham 
Thiasophila    angulata,    Er.       In    nests    of 

Formica  rufa  ;  common 

—  inquilina,  Mark.     In  nests  of  Formica 

fuliginosa  ;  rare.      Charlton,  Darenth, 
Maidstone 


1  I  have  omitted  O.  vittata,  Mark.,  as  I  can 
find  no  actual  record  for  Kent,  but  it  is  sure  to 
occur,  as  it  is  locally  common  in  Surrey  and  the 
London  district  generally,  in  nests  of  Formica 
fuliginosa.— "f^ .  W.  F. 


131 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


StaphyliniDj«  {continued) 

Ischnoglossa  prolixa,  Grav.  (rufopicea,  Kr.). 
Local.  Chatham,  Cobham  Park, 
Darenth  Wood,  Tonhridge 

—  corticina,  Er.      Rare.      Bromley 
Ocyusa  incrassata,   Kr.      Rare.      Sheerness, 

Cobham  Park 

—  maura,  Er.     Common 

—  picina,  Aube.     Rare.    Maidstone,  Bear- 

sted,  Tonbridge 
Phloeopora    reptans,  Grav.     Under   bark  ; 

not  common 
Ocalea  castanea,  Er.      Rare.     Cobham  Park 

—  latipennis,  Sharp.      Rare.      Tonhridge 

—  badia,  Er.    Usually  common.    Rochester 

district,  scarce 
Ilyobates  nigricollis,  Payk.    Rare.    Snodland, 
Birch  Wood,  Folkestone 

—  propinquus,  Aube.     Very  rare.      West 

Wickham 


—  forticornis,  Lac. 


Very  rare.     Snodland, 
Rare.     Shooters  Hill, 


one  specimen 
Calodera  riparia,  Er. 
Tonbridge 

—  asthiops,  Grav.   Local.    Darenth  Wood, 

Lee,  Gravesend,  Sheerness 

—  rubens,  Er.     Very  local ;   occasionally 

found  in  abundance  in  flood    refuse 
in  early  spring.      Lee  (Power) 

—  umbrosa,  Er.     Not  common.     Darland 

Hill,     Bromley,    Darenth,     Chatham, 
Charlton,  Deal 
Chilopora  longitarsis,  Er.     Common 
Dinarda  markeli,  Kies.     In  nests  of  For- 
mica rufa  ;  not  uncommon 
Atemeles  emarginatus,  Grav.      In  nests  of 
Formica  fusca,  Myrmica  scabrinodis, 
M.  ruginodis  and  M.  Ijevinodis.    Not 
uncommon 

—  paradoxus,  Grav.    In  nests  of  Myrmica 

laevinodis  and  Formica  fusca.     Very 
rare.      Charlton,  Folkestone 
Myrmedonia  limbata,  Payk.    In  association 
vv'ith  Formica  flava,  F.  fusca  and  F. 
fuliginosa  ;   not  uncommon  ^ 

—  humeralis,  Grav.     In  nests  of  Formica 

rufa  ;   rather  common 

—  cognata,  Mark.     In   nests  of  Formica 

fuliginosa  ;  scarce.      Tonbridge 

—  laticollis,  Mark.     In  nests  of  Formica 

fuliginosa.    Locally  common.    Chat- 
ham, Upnor 
Astilbus  canaliculatus,  F.      Very  common 
everywhere 

•  I  cannot  find  an  actual  Kent  record  for 
Myrmedonia  funesta,  Grav.,  but  it  almost  cer- 
tainly occurs  in  the  nests  of  Formica  fuliginosa,  as 
it  is  common  in  Surrey  and  the  London  district 
generally.  M.  lugens,  Grav.,  also  probably  occurs 
in  Kent.— W.  W.  F. 


StaphylinidvI:  [continued) 

Callicerus    obscurus,     Grav.      Local,     but 
widely  distributed 

—  rigidicornis,  Er.    Rare.     Chatham,  Cob- 

ham Park,  Upnor,  Lewisham,  Esher, 
etc. 
Thamiaraea  cinnamomea,  Er.  At  the 
exuding  frass  of  Cossus  infected 
trees.  Local.  Sittingbcurne,  Cobham 
Park 

—  hospita,  Er.     At  frass  as  the  preceding. 

Local.      Sheerness,  Sittingbourne,   Cob- 
ham Park 
Notothecta    flavipes,    Grav.      In    nests     of 
Formica  rufa.     Common 

—  confusa,    Mark.     In   nests  of  Formica 

fuliginosa.      Rare.      Charlton 

—  anceps,  Er.     In  nests  of  Formica  rufa. 

Common 
Alianta    incana,   Er.       Local,    but  widely 
distributed 

—  plumbea,  Wat.     On  the  coast  ;  locally 

common.      Dover,  Folkestone 
Homalota    planifrons,    Wat.     Very     rare. 
Charlton  Pit 

—  gregaria,  Er.      Very  common 

—  eximia,  Sharp.      Very   rare.      Tonbridge 

(Horner) 

—  longula,  Heer.     Rare.      Tonbridge 

—  littorea,   Sharp.      On  the   coast  ;   local. 

Sheerness,  Deal 

—  imbecilla,  Wat.    On  or  near  the  coast ; 

local 

—  luteipes,    Er.      Rare.      Sheerness,    Ton- 

bridge 

—  luridipennis,  Mann.     Local.     Chatham, 

Darland  Hill 

—  gyllenhali,  Thoms  (londinensis.  Sharp). 

Local.     Lee 

—  hygrotopora,  Kr.      Local.      Tonbridge 

—  elongatula,  Grav.     Very  common 

—  volans,  Scriba.     Common 

—  vestita,  Grav.      Abundant  on  the  coast 

—  silvicola,  Fuss.     Rare.    Bexley,  Darenth 

Wood,  Esher,  Tonbridge 

—  vicina,  Steph.     Very  common 

—  pagana,   Er.      Local  and  not  common. 

Cobham  Park,  Darenth,  Tonbridge 

—  graminicola,  Gyll.     Common 

—  halobrectha.    Sharp.     On  or   near  the 

coast  ;  not  uncommon 

—  algae.  Hardy  (puncticeps,  Thoms.).   On 

the  coast  ;  not  uncommon 

—  occulta,  Er.      Rare  ;   Gravesena 

—  fungivora,  Thoms.      Not  uncommon 

—  nigella,     Er.     Not    uncommon.     Lee, 

Sheerness,  Strood 

—  aquata,    Er.     Rather   common    under 

bark  of  various  trees 

—  angustula,  Gyll.      Locally  common 


132 


INSECTS 


Staphylinid^  {continued) 

Homalota  linearis,  Grav.  Under  bark  and  in 
moss  on  trunks  ;  locally  common 

—  debilis,    Er.       Local.       Lee,    Darenth 

Wood,  Tonhridge 

—  fallaciosa,  Sharp.     Rare.     Lee 

—  deformis,    Kr.      Rare.     Eltham,    Tun- 

br'tdge  Wells 

—  cassula,  Er.      Rare.      Shcernas,  Deal 

—  circellaris,  Grav.    Very  common  every- 

where 

—  elegantula,  Bris.   Rare.   Chatham,  Sheer- 

ness,  Wigmore  Wood 

—  splendens,  Kr.    Very  rare.    Lee,  Charl- 

ton, Tonhridge 

—  immersa,  Er.     Not  common.    Cobham, 

Sevenoaks,  Tonhridge 

—  cuspidata,     Er.     Under    bark  ;    local. 

Cobham  Park 

—  gemina,  Er.      Rare.      Lee 

—  vilis,  Er.     Very  rare.     Eltham  (Sharp), 

Lee  (Champion),  Tonhridge  (Hor- 
ner) 

—  laticeps,  Thoms.  (difficilis,  Bris.).  Very 

rare.      Lee  (Champion) 

—  analis,  Grav.      Abundant  everywhere 

—  decipiens,    Sharp.      Rare.      Lee,    Chat- 

ham, Charlton,  Tonhridge 

—  soror,  Kr.      Rare.      Lee,  Tonhridge 

—  exilis,  Er.      Very  local.      Lee,  Higham, 

Tonhridge 

—  palleola,    Er.     Rare.      Wigmore  Wood, 

Birch  Wood,  Darenth  Wood,  Chat- 
ham 

—  depressa,  Gyll.    Widely  distributed  and 

not  uncommon 

—  hepatica,  Er.      Widely  distributed,  but 

always  rare.  Cohham  Park,  Wigmore 
Wood,  Greenhithe,  Chatham,  St.  Alary 
Cray,  Darenth  Wood 

—  aquatica,    Thoms.      Local.      Chatham, 

Lee,  Higham,  Sevenoaks,  Darenth 
Wood 

—  jeneicollis.  Sharp.     Widely  distributed 

and  not  uncommon 

—  xanthoptera,  Steph.      Common 

—  euryptera,   Steph.   (succicola,  Thoms.). 

Rather  common 

—  trinotata,   Kr.      Very   common    every- 

where 

—  xanthopus,    Thoms.      Rare.      Cohham, 

Charlton,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Hythe 

—  triangulum,  Kr.      Widely  distributed 

—  fungicola,    Thoms.      Common     every- 

where 

—  ignobilis.  Sharp.    Rare.     Lee,  Sevenoaks, 

St.  Mary  Cray,  Darenth  Wood,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  boletobia,  Thoms.     Not  uncommon 

—  liturata,  Steph.      Tonhridge  (Horner) 

133 


StaphyliniDjT  [continued) 

Homalota  coriaria,  Kr.  Not  common. 
Darenth  and  West  Wickham  Woods, 
Sittinghourne 

—  sodalis,  Er.  Local.  Darenth  Wood, 
Chatham,  Rochester  district 

—  clancula,  Er.  (atrata,  Kr.)  Very  rare. 
Lee  (Champion) 

—  gagatina,  Baudi.     Generally  distributed 

—  divisa,  Mark.  Rare.  Darenth  Wood, 
St.  Mary  Cray,  Gravesend,  Tonhridge, 
Deal 

—  nigricornis,  Thoms.  Local.  Darenth 
Wood,  Tonhridge 

—  ravilla,  Er.  Chatham,  Rochester  district, 
Bexley 

—  palustris,  Kies.     Not  uncommon 

—  corvina,  Thoms.  Very  local.  Ton- 
bridge 

—  perexigua,  Sharp.  Very  rare.  Sheer- 
ness  (J.  J.  W.),  Tonhridge  (Horner) 

—  scapularis,  Sahb.  Not  common.  Darenth 
Wood,  Chattenden,  St  rood,  Chatham, 
Folkestone 

—  testaceipes,  Heer.  Rare.  Chatham, 
Faversham,  Wigmore  Wood 

—  oblita,  Er.  Local,  but  occasionally 
common.  Darenth  Wood,  Chatham, 
Sheerness,  Deal,  Tonhridge 

—  autumnalis,  Er.  At  the  exuding  sap 
of  Cossus  infected  trees  ;  also  under 
bark  ;   rare.     Hawkhurst,  Tonhridge 

—  sericea,  Muls.     Common 

—  indubia,  Sharp.  Rare.  Sheerness,  Birch 
Wood,  Tonhridge 

—  mortuorum,  Thoms.  Rare.  Birch 
Wood  ;  perhaps  recorded  in  error 

—  atricolor.  Sharp.  Rather  common,  but 
local 

—  inquinula,  Grav.  Local,  but  not  un- 
common 

—  nigra,  Kr.      Very  common  everywhere 

—  germana.  Sharp.  Not  common.  Lee, 
Chatham 

—  celata,  Er.      Rare.      Darenth  JFood 

—  sordidula,  Er.     Not  uncommon 

—  canescens.  Sharp.  Local  and  not  com- 
mon ;  perhaps  overlooked.  Lee, 
Eltham,  Tonhridge 

—  cauta,  Er.  (parva.  Sahib.  ?).     Common 

—  villosula,  Kr.  Not  common.  Lee, 
Darenth  Wood,  Upnor,  Chatham,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  setigera.  Sharp.     Scarce. 

—  laevana,    Muls.      Rare. 
bridge 

—  cinnamoptera,  Thoms. 
ness,  Tonhridge 

—  atramentaria,     Gyll.      Very 
everywhere 


Tonhridge 
Bexley,    Ton- 

Rare.      Sheer- 


common 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Staphylinid^  {continued) 

Homalota  marcida,  Er.  Local,  but  often 
found  in  abundance  in  fungi,  leaves, 
etc.,  in  the  autumn 

—  intermedia.     Thorns.     Not     common. 

Bexley,  T onhndge 

—  longicornis,    Grav.     Common     every- 

where 

—  sordida.    Marsh,    (melanaria.  Thorns.). 

Very  common  everywhere 

—  testudinea,  Er.     Locally  common 

—  aterrima,  Grav.     Common  as  a  rule 

—  pygmaea,  Grav.     Local.    Lee^  Chatham^ 

Sheerness,  Tonhridge 

—  muscorum,  Bris.     Widely  distributed 

—  pilosiventris.     Thorns.       Rare.       Birch 

Wood^  Lee,  Tonhridge,  Deal 

—  laticollis,  Steph.  (fusca,  Sahl.).     Com- 

mon 

—  subsinuata,  Er.      Not  common.      Birch 

Wood 

—  montivagans,     Woll.     (pulchra,     Kr.). 

Rare.      Sheer-ness,  Charlton 

—  orbata,    Er.      On     the    coast  ;     rare. 

Whltitahle,  Deal 

—  fungi,    Grav.     Very    common    every- 

where 
var.  clientula,  Er.     Rather  common 

—  orphana,  Er.      Rare.     Sheerness,  Sheppey 
Gnypeta  labilis,  Er.     Common 
Tachyusa  constricta,  Er.  Very  local.    Ton- 
bridge 

—  scitula,  Er.     Rare.      IVest  Wlckham 

—  flavitarsis,  Sahl.    Local.   Lee,  Tonhridge, 

Bear  St  ed 

—  umbratica,  Er.      Local.    Lee,  Tonhridge 

—  atra,  Grav.    Local.    Lee,  Sheer-ness,  Deal 

—  concolor,  Er.      Rare.      Lee,  Eltham 
Myrmecopora  uvida,  Er.      On    the   coast  ; 

local.      Whltstahle,    Rochester,    Sheer- 
ness,  Hythe 

—  sulcata,   Kies.     On    the    coast ;    local. 

Whltstahle,  Rochester 
Falagria  sulcata,  Payk.     Very  common 

—  sulcatula,     Grav.       Local.       Chatham, 

Sheerness,  Deal 

—  thoracica.  Curt.     Not  common.     Birch 

Wood,    St.    Peter's  {Isle    of  Thanet), 
Dover 

—  obscura,  Grav.     Common 

Autalia  impressa,  Ol.  Generally  distributed 
and  common 

—  rivularis,  Grav.     Local ;   not    uncom- 

mon 

Encephalus  complicans,  Westw.  Not  un- 
common. Upnor,  Lee,  Chatham, 
Sheerness 

Brachida  notha,  Er.  Very  rare.  Only 
taken  in  Britain  in  two  localities  in 
Kent,  viz.  Chatham  district,  banks  of 


Staphylinid^  {continued) 

Medway    at    Ralnham     (Sharp     and 
Brewer),  Folkestone  (Rye) 
Gyrophsena  pulchella,  Heer.     Rare.     West 
JVlckham 

—  affinis,  Mann.     Common 

—  gentilis,  Er.      Not  rare 

—  nana,  Payk.     Not  common.     Tonhridge 

—  fasciata,  Marsh,  (congrua,  Er.).   Rather 

common 

—  minima,    Er.      Occasionally   abundant, 

but  local.      Birch  JVood,  Chatham 

—  lasvipennis,  Kr.     Very  local,  but  abun- 

dant where  it  occurs.  Snodland,  Ton- 
hridge 

—  lucidula,  Er.    Very  local.    Lee,  Eltham, 

Snodland 

—  strictula,  Er.      Very  local.      Maidstone, 

Darenth  Wood 
Agaricochara   laevicollis,   Kr.     Very  local. 

Chathatn 
Placusa    pumilio,    Er.     Not    uncommon. 

Lee,  Tonhridge 

—  infima,  Er.      Rare.      West  JVlckham 
Epipeda    plana,    Gyll.      Local.      Sheerness, 

Chatham 
Silusa  rubiginosa,  Er.     At  the  exuding  sap 

of  the   small   black   poplar  infected 

with    the    larva    of    Cossus  ;    rare. 

Chatham  Dockyard,  Tonhridge 
Leptusa  fumida,  Er.     Very  common 
Sipalia  ruficollis,  Er.      Local.      Westerham, 

Cohham  Park 

—  testacea,  Bris.    One  specimen  taken  by 

Mr.  Champion  at  Whltstahle,  6  June, 
1870,  which  was  unique  as  British 
for  many    years    until    Mr.    Blatch 
found  the  species  at  JVeymouth 
Bolitochara  lucida,  Grav.     Not  uncommon 

—  lunulata,  Payk.      Rare.      Cohham  Park. 

—  bella,  Mark,  (lunulata,  Muls.  et  Rey.). 

Local,  but  not  uncommon,  and 
sometimes  in  great  abundance 

Phytosus  spinifer.  Curt.  On  the  shore 
below  high-water  mark  ;  not  com- 
mon.     Margate,  Broadstalrs 

Diglossa  mersa,  Hal.  Under  shingle  be- 
low high-water  mark  ;  rare.  Sheer- 
ness 

Hygronoma  dimidiata,  Grav.  Local,  but 
common 

Oligota  inflata,  Mann.     Not  uncommon. 

—  pusillima,  Grav.     Generally  common 

—  atomaria,  Er.     Rare.     Charlton,   Ton- 

hridge, Deal 

—  punctulata,    Heer.    (ruficornis,    Sharp). 

Very  common 

—  apicata,  Er.      Rare.      Cohham,  Bexley 
Myllaena  dubia,  Grav.      Local.      Lee,  Coh- 
ham, Strood,  Tonhridge 


134 


INSECTS 


Staphylinid.^  {continued) 

Myllasna  intermedia,  Er.     Common 

—  minuta,  Grav.      Local.      Strood,  Sheer- 

ness,  Lee 

—  elongata,  Matth.    Not  common.    Sheer- 

ness,  Sheppey,  Tonhridge 

—  gracilis,    Matth.     Local.     Lee,    Sheer- 

ness 

—  brevicornis,  Matth.     Rather  common 
Deinopsis  erosa,   Steph.     Local.     Cohham, 

Sheerness,  Lee,  Tonhridge 
Hypocyptus  longicornis,  Payk.    Very  com- 
mon everywhere 

—  laaviusculus,  Mann.      Rare.      Chatham 

—  seminulum,  Er.     Not  common,  though 

occasionally  abundant  where  it  occurs. 
Cohham  Park,  Strood,  Folkestone 
Conosoma  littoreum,  L.     Not  uncommon. 
Strood,  Darenth  Wood 

—  pubescens,  Grav.    Generally  distributed 

and  common 

—  immaculatum,  Steph.     Local 

—  pedicularium,  Grav.     Rare.     Tonhridge 

—  lividum,  Er.      Generally  distributed 

—  bipunctatum,  Grav.    Very  rare.    Chat- 

ham 
Tachyporus  obtusus,  L.     Generally  abun- 
dant 

var.  nitidicollis,  Steph.     Rare.     Ton- 
hridge 

—  formosus,   Matth.      Rare.      Chattenden, 

Chatham,  Tonhridge 

—  solutus,  Er.     Local,   but   not   uncom- 

mon 

—  pallidus,  Sharp.      Very  local.      Lee 

—  chrysomelinus,      L.       Very     abundant 

everywhere 

—  humerosus,  Er.     Generally  distributed 

—  tersus,    Er.      Not    uncommon    in    the 

Chatham      district,      and      probably 
widely  distributed 

—  hypnorum,   F.      Very  abundant  every- 

where 

—  pusillus,  Grav.    Somewhat  local.   Sheer- 

ness,  Darenth  TVood 

—  brunneus,  F.      Generally  common 
Lamprinus    saginatus,    Grav.      Very    rare. 

TFeU  Wickham 
Cilea  silphoides,  L.      Not  uncommon 
Tachinus    humeralis,    Grav.      Very    com- 
mon everywhere 

—  bipustulatus,  F.    Not  common.     Charl- 

ton, Catford 

—  rufipes,  L.     Very  common  everywhere 

—  subterraneus,  L.      Common  and  gener- 

ally distributed 

—  marginellus,  F.     Very  common  every- 

where 

—  laticoUis,  Grav.    Not  common.    Eltham, 

Tonhridge 


Staphylinid^  [continued) 

Tachinus  elongatus,  Gyll.    Rare.   Sheerness, 

IFest  Wickham 
Megacronus  cingulatus,  Mann.   Rare.  Bex- 
ley,  Cobhatn  Park,  Chattenden,  Strood 

—  analis,  F.      Common 

—  inclinans,    Grav.      Rare.     Birch  Wood, 

Sevenoah 
Bolitobius    lunulatus,  L.   (atricapillus,   F.). 
Common  in  fungi 

—  trinotatus,   Er.     Common   everywhere 

in  fungi 

—  exoletus,  Er.     With  the  preceding,  but 

less  common 

—  pygmasus,  F.     Common  in  fungi 
Mycetoporus  lucidus,   Er.     Not  common. 

Bexley,  Maidstone 

—  splendens,  Marsh.     Local 

—  lepidus,  Grav.      Rather  common 

—  longulus,  Mann.     Less  common  than 

the  preceding 

—  nanus,  Er.      Rare.      Chatham,  Darland 

Hill 

—  angularis,  Rey  (reyi,  Panz).    Not  com- 

mon.    Birch  Wood 

—  clavicornis,  Steph.    Very  local  ;  Cohham 

Park,  not  common 

—  splendidus,  Grav.    Generally  distributed 

and  common 

—  longicornis,  Kr.    Rare.    West  Wickham 
Habrocerus     capillaricornis,     Grav.       Not 

uncommon 

Trichophya  pilicornis,  Gyll.  Rare.  Ton- 
bridge 

Euryporus  picipes,  Payk.  Rare.  Strood, 
Chattenden,  Faversham  (J.  J.  W.  and 
G.  C.  C.) 

Heterothops  binotata,  Er.  Locally  com- 
mon in  decaying  seaweed  on  the 
shore 

—  prasvia,  Er.      Rare  ;  among  rubbish  at 

Messrs.  Spencer's  Oil  Mills,  Strood 

—  dissimilis,  Grav.      Common 

—  quadripunctula,  Gyll.    Rare.    St.  Mary 

Cray,  Cohham  Park,  Darenth  Wood, 
Cuxton 
Quedius  longicornis,  Kr.    Very  rare.     Cob- 
ham  Park,  one  specimen 

—  microps,  Grav.      Very  scarce.     Cohham 

Park,  Chatham 

—  ventralis,      Ar.      (truncicola,      Fairm.). 

Rare.  Greenwich,  Maidstone,  Lee, 
Bearsted,  Tonhridge 

—  lateralis,  Grav.     Scarce.     Cohham  Park 

—  mesomelinus,  Marsh.     Common 

—  fulgidus,  F.     Common.     The   variety 

with  red  elytra,  usually  referred  to 
Q.  quadripunctatus.  Thorns,  has 
occurred  rarely  at  Sheerness 

var.  fageti,  Thoms.     Occasional 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Staph VLiNiD^  {continued) 

Quedius    cruentus,    Ol.      Local,    but    not 
uncommon 

—  scitus,    Grav.      Rare.      Chathatn,    Cob- 

ham,  Tonbrldge 

—  impressus,  Panz.  (cinctus,  Payk.).    Very 

common 

—  brevis,  Er.     In  nests  of  Formica   rufa 

and  rarely   of   F.   fuliginosa  ;   local, 
but  not  uncommon 

—  fuliginosus,  Grav.      Local.      Lee 

—  tristis,  Grav.      Very  common 

—  molochinus,  Grav.      Common 

—  picipes,  Mann.  „ 

—  nigriceps,    Kr.      Local.      Bexley,   Chat- 

ham,    Cobham     Park,    Abbey    Wood, 
Darenth  Wood 

—  fumatus,  Steph.  (peltatus,  Er.).     Local. 

Birch   Wood,  Bexley,   Chatham,   Cob- 
ham  Park,  Higham,  Maidstone 

—  maurorufus,  Grav.    Local.    Strood,  Lee, 

Higham,  Snodland 

—  umbrinus,  Er.      Rare.      Sydenham 

—  suturalis,    Kies.      Local,    but    not   un- 

common 

—  scintillans,  Grav.    Local.   Cobham  Park, 

Strood,     Maidstone,    Bearsted,     West 
Wickham 

—  rufipes,  Grav.      Not  uncommon 

—  attenuatus,  Gyll.     Very  local.    Graves- 

end,  Tonbridge 

—  semiaeneus,  Steph.      Local,  but  not  un- 

common 

—  boops,  Grav.     Very  common 
Creophilus  maxillosus,  L.     Very  common 

every  v/here 
Emus     hirtus,     L.      Very    rare.      Sheerness 
(Howard),   Darland   Hill  (Chaney), 
Gore        Court       Park,      Sittingbourne 

(J-  J-  w.) 
Leistotrophus  nebulosus,  F.     Not  uncom- 
mon 

—  murinus,  L.     Common,  but  somewhat 

local 
Staphylinus   pubescens,  De  G.     Not  com- 
mon.    Blackheath 

—  fulvipes,  Scop.      Rare.      Folkestone 

—  stercorarius,  Ol.     Not  common.    Black- 

heath,  Sheerness,  Bredhurst,  Whitstable, 
Deal 

—  latebricola,   Grav.      Rare.      Chattenden, 

Wigmore    Wood,    Faversham,    Folke- 
stone 

—  cxsareus,  Ceder.     Widely   distributed, 

but  not  common 
Ocypus  olens,  Mull.    Very  abundant  every- 
where 

—  similis,     Payk.       Local.       Birchington, 

St.    Peter's    {Isle    of    Thanet),    Ton- 
bridge,  Folkestone 


Staphylinid.^  {continued) 

Ocypus     cyaneus,     Payk.        Very     rare. 
Folkestone 

—  brunnipes,  F.      Not  uncommon 

—  fuscatus,      Grav.       Rare.       Chattenden, 

Tonbridge,  Margate 

—  cupreus,  Rossi.     Very  common 

—  pedator,  Grav.    Rare.    Folkestone,  Sand- 

wich 

—  ater,   Grav.      Rather   common    on    the 

coast,  but  very  rare  inland 

—  morio,  Grav.      Very  common 

—  compressus.  Marsh.     Local.     Lewisham 
Philonthus     splendens,     F.      Local.      Lee, 

Greeniuich,  Darland  Hill 

—  intermedius.     Not  very  common 

—  laminatus,      Creutz.       Common      and 

generally  distributed 

—  aeneus,  Rossi.      Very  common 

—  proximus,     Kr.     (succicola,    Thoms.). 

Scarce.      Sheerness,   Cobham,   Darenth 
Wood 

—  addendus,  Sharp.     Rare.     Cobham  Park 

—  carbonarius,    Gyll.     Not    uncommon. 

Chatham,  Blackheath,  etc. 

—  decorus,  Grav.    Not  common.   Darenth 

Wood,   Cobham   Park,   Cuxton,    Ton- 
bridge 

—  politus,  F.     Very  common 

—  varius,  Gyll.     „  „ 

—  marginatus,  F.      Common 

—  lepidus,  Grav.    Very  local,  but  in  some 

numbers  where  it  occurs.      Deal 

—  albipes,  Grav.      Not  common.      Sheer- 

ness, Maidstone,    Abbey    Wood,    Ton- 
bridge 

—  umbratilis,     Grav.       Rare.       Snodland, 

Whitstable,  Maidstone,  Eltham,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  cephalotes,  Grav.      Local.      Greeniuich, 

Sheerness 

—  fimetarius,  Grav.     Common 

—  sordidus,  Grav.  „ 

—  fuscus,    Grav.      Very    rare.      Chatham 

Dockyard  ;   Cobham  Park,  one  speci- 
men, 1889  (J.J.  W.) 

—  ebeninus,     Grav.      Usually     common  ; 

recorded  however  by  Mr.  Walker  as 
not  common  in  the  Rochester  district 

—  fumigatus,    Er.      Local   and   not   com- 

mon.     Chatham,  Sevenoaks,  Darenth 
Wood,  Lee,  Tonbridge 

—  debilis,  Grav.      Common 

—  sanguinolentus,  Grav.   Common.   Chat- 

ham, Sheerness,  etc. 

—  cruentatus,  Gmel.  (bipustulatus,  Panz.). 

Common 

—  longicornis,  Steph.  (scybalarius,   Nord.). 

Not  uncommon 

—  varians,  Payk.      Common 


[36 


INSECTS 


Staphylinid^  {continued) 

Philonthus  agilis,  Grav.   Local.   TFhitstahle, 
Tonbridge 

—  vernalis,  Grav.     Rare.     Higham,  Chat- 

tenden    and    Strood    (J.  J.   Walker)  ; 
Deal  (Power) 

—  ventralis,  Grav.     Local.    Sheerness,  Lee, 

Tonbridge,  Dover 

—  discoideus,  Grav.      Not  uncommon 

—  quisquiliarius,  Gyll.     Local.     Higham, 

Snodland,  Lee,   Chatham,  Faversham, 

Tonbridge 

var.  dimidiatus,  Er.   Rare.  Maidstone 

—  splendidulus,  Grav.      Rare.      Tonbridge 

(Horner) 

—  thermarum,  Aub6.      Local.       IVester- 

ham 

—  nigrita,  Nord.      Rare.      Eltham 

—  fumarius,  Grav.    Local.    Higham,  Lee, 

Elthain,  Strood,  Folkestone 

—  micans,  Grav.     Local.     Banks  of  Med- 

way,  Lee,  Birch  Wood,  Tonbridge 

—  astutus,  Er.     Very  rare.    Sandgate,  two 

specimens  (Horner) 

—  trossulus,  Nord.     Very  common 

—  fulvipes,      F.       Rare.      Snodland,     one 

specimen  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  punctus,    Grav.      Rare.      Sheerness   and 

Gravesend 

—  puella,  Nord.      Rare.      Gravesend 
Cafius  fucicola,  Curt.      Rare.      Sheerness 

—  xantholoma,   Grav.      Abundant  in  de- 

caying seaweed  all  along  the  coast 

—  sericeus,    Holme.      Local.      JVhitstuble, 

Sheerness,  Margate,  Kingsgate,  Broad- 
stairs 
Actobius  cinerascens,  Grav.      Not  uncom- 
mon,   but   local.      Strood,  Lee,  Sheer- 
ness, Higham,  scarce  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  signaticornis,    Rey.      Rare.      Banks  of 

Medway  below  Strood 

—  villosulus,  Steph.      Rare.     Higham 

—  procerulus,  Grav.      Local.     Whitstahle, 

Lee,  Sevenoaks 
Xantholinus    fulgidus,    F.      Scarce.      Ton- 
bridge 

—  glabratus,  Grav.      Very  common 

—  ochraceus,  Gyll.      Local,   but   not  un- 

common 

—  atratus,    Heer.      In    nests    of   Formica 

rufa  ;   not  uncommon 

—  glaber,   Nord.      Under   bark,   often    in 

company     with     ants  ;      very     rare. 
IVesterhum,  Cobham  Park 

—  tricolor,  F.      Not  uncommon 

—  linearis,  Ol.      Very  common 

—  longiventris,  Heer.      Common 
Leptacinus  parumpunctatus,  Gyll.      Local. 

Lee,  Darenth  JVood,   Sheerness,   Chat- 
ham, Tonbridge,  Kingsgate 
I  I 


StaphyliniDjT  [continued) 

Leptacinus  batychrus,  Gyll.  Local,  but 
not  uncommon  ;  distributed  much 
as  the  preceding 

—  linearis,  Grav.      Very  common 

—  formicetorum,  Miirk.      In  nests  of  For- 

mica rufa  ;  local,  but  not  uncommon. 
Plumstead,  Chatham,  Frith,  Mar- 
gate 

Baptolinus  alternans,  Grav.  Rather  com- 
mon 

Othius  fulvipennis,  F.     Not  uncommon 

—  laviusculus,  Steph.  (punctipennis,  Lac.) 

Local,  but  not  uncommon 

—  melanocephalus,  Grav.     Rare.     Roches- 

ter district ;  perhaps  the  specimens 
should  be  referred  to  the  following 
species 

—  myrmecophilus,    Kies.      Generally   dis- 

tributed and  common 
Lathrobium  elongatum,   L.      Not  uncom- 
mon 

—  boreale,     Hoch.      Widely     distributed, 

but  not  very  common 

—  fulvipenne,  Grav.    Very  common  every- 

where 

—  angustatum,      Lac.       Rare.      Higham, 

Strood,  Gravesend,  Folkestone 

—  brunnipes,     F.       Very     common     and 

generally  distributed 

—  longulum,  Grav.    Generally  distributed 

and  common 

—  punctatum,    Zett.      Local.      Lee,    Da- 

renth JVood,  Tonbridge 

—  quadratum,     Payk.       Rare.       Darenth 

JVood 

—  terminatum,  Grav.      Common 

—  pallidum,    Nord.      Rare.      JVest   JVick- 

harn 

—  multipunctum,    Grav.      Local.      Chat- 

ham, Sheerness,  Darenth,  Hythe 
Achenium    depressum,    Grav.       Generally 
distributed 

—  humile,  Nic.     Not  common.    Chatham, 

Chattenden,  Sheerness,  Lee,  Tonbridge, 
Deal,  Hythe 

Cryptobium  glaberrimum,  Herbst  (fracti- 
corne,  Payk).      Not  uncommon 

Stilicus  fragilis,  Grav.  In  the  damp  bottoms 
of  woodstacks  ;  rare  but  occasionally 
in  numbers.  Darenth  JVood,  Strood, 
Cobham,  Maidstone,  Bearsted,  Chat- 
ham, Tonbridge 

—  rufipes.  Germ.      Common 

—  orbiculatus,    Er.      Local,   but    not    un- 

common 

—  subtilis,    Er.       Local.     Darland    Hill, 

Tonbridge 

—  affinis,  Er.      Very  common 

—  geniculatus,  Er.      Not  uncommon 

37  IB 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Staphylinid^  {continued) 

Scopasus  sulcicoUis,  Steph.  (minutus,  Er.). 
Rare.  Lee,  Higham,  Diirenth,  Ton- 
bridge,  St.  Peter's  [hie  of  Thanet) 

—  cognatus,  Rey.     Very  rare,  one  speci- 

men.      JP^ingham,     near     Sandwich  ; 
perhaps    identical   with   the   preced- 
ing 
Medon  castaneus,  Grav.    Very  rare.     Deal 
(C.  G.  Hall) 

—  piceus,      Kr.        Very      rare.        Bexley 

(Champion),  Darenth    Wood  (Black- 
burn) 

—  brunneus,    Er.     Local.      Birch   Wood, 

Chatham,  Cobham 

—  fusculus,  Mann.     Very  local.     JVester- 

ham,  Tonbridge 

—  apicalis,  Er.      Very  rare.      Erith 

—  propinquus,  Bris.      Very  common 

—  melanocephalus,    F.       Common     and 

generally  distributed 

—  obsoletus,    Nord.      Rare.      Heme    Bay, 

Tonbridge 
Lithocharis     ochracea,    Grav.       Common 

and  generally  distributed 
Sunius  filiformis,  Latr.      Rare.      Folkestone 

—  intermedius,    Er.      Locally    abundant. 

Darland  Hill,  Chatham,   Strood,  Lee, 
Sheerness,  Tonbridge 

—  angustatus,  Payk.    Very  common 
Paederus    littoralis,    Grav.      Common  and 

generally  distributed 

—  riparius,  L.     Local.     Snodland,  Faver- 

sham 

—  fuscipes,  Curt.      Very  local.      Snodland, 

in  profusion,  1874  (J.  J.  W.) 
Evaesthetus  scaber,   Grav.      Local.      Chat- 
ham, Wigwore  Wood,  Lee,  Sheerness 

—  ruficapillus,    Lac.      Locally   abundant. 

Snodland,  Higham,  Strood,  Lee 
Stenus    biguttatus,   L.      Local.       Snodland, 
Darenth  JFood,  Lewisham,  Charlton 

—  bipunctatus,     Er.        Local.        Darenth 

JVood,  Lee,  Sevenoaks,  Charlton 

—  guttula.  Mull.      Not  common.      Sheer- 

ness, Charlton,  Heme  Bay 

—  bimaculatus,      Gyll.        Common      and 

widely  distributed. 

—  asphaltinus,  Er.    Rare.    Cobham,  Charl- 

ton,   Strood,    Erith,    Chatham,    West 
Wickham,  Tonbridge 

—  juno,     F.       Common     and    generally 

distributed 

—  ater,      Mann.        Local.        Greenhithe, 

Sheerness,  Chatham,  Faversham,  Chil- 
ham.  Deal 

—  speculator,    Er.       Very    common    and 

generally  distributed 

—  providus,  Er.,  var.  rogeri,  Kr.     Com- 

mon,  but    less    abundant    than    the 


Staphylinid^  (continued) 

preceding,  and  the  type   form   does 
not  occur  in  Britain 
Stenus  buphthalmus,  Grav.      Common  and 
generally  distributed 

—  melanopus.     Marsh.       Common     and 

widely  distributed 

—  incrassatus,     Er.       Scarce.       Sheerness, 

Maidstone,  Tonbridge 

—  morio,    Grav.     Very    rare.      Tonbridge 

(Horner) 

—  canaliculatus,      Gyll.       Local.       Lee, 

Chatham,  Sheerness,  Deal 

—  pusillus,  Er,      Local,  but  widely  distri- 

buted 

—  exiguus,  Er.      Scarce.      Tonbridge 

—  fuscipes,  Grav.      Very  local.   Cobham 

—  circularis,  Grav.     Not  common.     El- 

tham,  Cobham,  Tonbridge 

—  declaratus,  Er.     Common   and  gener- 

ally distributed 

—  crassus,  Steph.  (crassiventris,  Thoms.). 

Local,  but  not  uncommon.  Lee, 
Eltham,  Sheerness,  Northjleet,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  carbonarius,  Gyll.    Rare.   Sheppey,  Ton- 

bridge 

—  argus,  Grav.      Rare.      Tonbridge 

—  nigritulus,  Gyll.      Local.     Lee,  Wester- 

ham,  Northjleet,  Tonbridge 

—  brunnipes,  Steph.  (unicolor,Er.).  Abun- 

dant everywhere 

—  subaeneus,  Er.      Local.      Chatham,  Up- 

nor,  Sheerness,  Tonbridge 

—  ossium,  Steph.    (impressipennis,   Duv.). 

Generally  common 

—  fuscicornis,  Er.     Not  common.      Cob- 

ham, Charlton,  Greenhithe,  Darenth, 
Tonbridge 

—  geniculatus,  Grav.     Very  local.    JFick- 

ham 

—  palustris.      Rare.     Bearsted  (Gorham) 

—  impressus.  Germ.     Very  common 

—  aerosus,      Er.       (annulatus.       Crotch). 

Darenth  Wood,  Hayes,  Plumstead, 
Deal 

—  pallipes,   Grav.      Local.      Lee,    Eltham, 

Tonbridge 

—  flavipes,   Steph.      Common   and   gener- 

ally distributed 

—  pubescens,   Steph.       Local,    but  rather 

widely  distributed 

—  binotatus,      Ljungh.        Not      uncom- 

mon 

—  canescens,  Rosh.  (major,  Rey).     Local, 

and  as  a  rule  rare.  Darenth  Wood, 
Snodland,  Faversham,  Maidstone, 
Sandiuich 

—  pallitarsis,    Steph.       Local.       Sheerness, 

Maidstone 


13a 


INSECTS 


Staphylinid^  {continued) 

Stenus  bifoveolatus,  Gyll.      Common 

—  nitidiusculus,  Steph.  (tempestivus,  Er.). 

Very  local.      Strood 

—  picipennis,     Er.       Local.       Maidstone^ 

Folkestone 

—  picipes,   Steph.   (rusticus,   Er.).     Com- 

mon and  generally  distributed. 

—  foveicollis,     Kr.    (brevicollis,  Thorns.). 

Rare.     Hayes 

—  cicindeloides,      Grav.      Common    and 

generally  distributed 

—  similis,  Herbst.      Common  and   gener- 

ally distributed 

—  solutus,    Er.      Rare.      Lee,    Birchington 

near  Margate 

—  tarsalis,  Ljungh.     Common  and  gener- 

ally distributed 

—  paganus,  Er.     Local,  but  widely   dis- 

tributed. 

—  latifrons,  Er.     Local,  but  not  uncom- 

mon 

—  fornicatus,  Steph.      Rare.      Maidstone 
Oxyporus  rufus,  F.     Local,   but   not  un- 
common, and  widely  distributed 

Bledius  spectabilis,  Kr.  Locally  common. 
Sheerness,  Gravesend,  St.  Marys  Island, 
Pegwell  Bay,  Dover,  Deal 

—  tricornis,     Herbst.       Very    local,    but 

sometimes  in  profusion.  Sheerness, 
Sandgate,  Deal 

—  bicornis.  Germ.    Very  local  and  scarce. 

Pegwell  Bay,  Deal 

—  subterraneus,  Er.     Scarce.     Maidstone 

—  longulus,    Er.       Very    local.       Bexley, 

Charlton,  West  IVickham,  Maid- 
stone 

—  fracticornis,  Paylc.     Scarce.     Charlton, 

Tunbridge  Wells 

—  opacus.  Block.      Rare.      Charlton 

—  atricapillus.  Germ.      Locally  abundant. 

Strood  and  Vpnor  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  crassicollis,  Lac.      Rare.      Walmer  (Dr. 

Power  and  Mr.  Hall) 
Platystethus    arenarius,    Fourc.      Common 
everywhere. 

—  cornutus,  Gyll.      Generally  distributed 

—  capito,  Heer.      Local.      Darenth  Wood, 

Sheerness,  Chatham,  Cohham,  Seven- 
oaks,  Bearsted,  Folkestone,  Dover 

—  nodifrons,    Sahib.      Local,    but    widely 

distributed 

—  nitens,  Sahib.      Rare.      Lee 
Oxytelus    rugosus,   Grav.      Very   common 

everywhere 

—  insecatus,  Grav.     Local  and   not  com- 

mon, but  widely  distributed  ;  it  has 
occurred  in  some  numbers  in  St. 
Peter's,  Thanet,  in  decayed  potatoes 
(Wood) 

139 


Staphylinid^  (continued) 

Oxytelus  sculptus,  Grav.      Very  common 

—  laqueatus.  Marsh.      Common 

—  piceus,  L.  Very  rare.  Birch  Wood, 
Snodland 

—  inustus,  Grav.     Common 

—  sculpturatus,  Grav.      Very  common 

—  nitidulus,  Grav.      Common 

—  complanatus,  Er.  „ 

—  clypeonitens,  Pand.  (speculifrons.  Rye). 
Rare.  Cobham  Park,  Sheerness,  Plum- 
stead,  Tonbridge 

—  tetracarinatus,  Block.  Very  common 
everywhere 

—  fairmairei,  Pand.  Very  rare,  ^een- 
down  Warren  ;   one  specimen 

Haploderus  ccelatus,  Grav.      Very  common 
Ancyrophorus  aureus,  Fauv.     Very  scarce. 


Trogophloeus  arcuatus,  Steph.  Very  scarce. 
Tonbridge 

—  bilineatus,  Steph.     Very  common 

—  rivularis,      Mots,     (erichsoni,     Sharp). 

Local,  but  rather  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  fuliginosus,  Grav.   Not  common.   Sheer- 

ness, Faversham,  Tonbridge 

—  foveolatus.    Sahib.      Rare.      Whitstable 

and  Sheerness  (Champion),  Darenth 
Wood  (Blatch) 

—  corticinus,  Grav.    Generally  distributed 

and  common 

—  halophilus,     Kries.       Rare.      Sheerness, 

Rochester,  Chatham 

—  pusillus,  Grav.    Not  uncommon.   Chat- 

ham, Rochester  district,  Sheerness, 
Kingsgate,  Deal 

—  tenellus,  Er.     Rare.     Darenth  Wood 

—  subtilis,   Er.      Rare.     Eltham.     (Speci- 

mens in  Dr.  Power's  collection  from 
this  locality  placed  under  T.  tenellus 
ought  apparently  to  be  referred  to 
this  scarce  species) 

Syntomium  aeneum.  Mull.  Not  uncommon. 
Dover,  Folkestone,  Tonbridge 

Coprophilus  striatulus,  F.  Common  and 
generally  distributed 

Acrognathus  mandibularis,  Gyll.  Very  rare. 
Tonbridge  (Horner),  Darenth  Wood 

Compsochilus  palpalis,  Er.  Very  rare. 
Sheerness  (Walker),  Tonbridge  (taken 
by  Mr.  Wollaston,  and  many  years 
after,  1887,  in  some  small  numbers 
by  Mr.  Horner  and  Mr.  Blatch) 

Deleaster  dichrons,  Grav.  Rare.  Lewisham, 
Bromley,  Maidstone,  Bearsted 
var.  leachii.  Curt.  Sometimes  found 
with  the  type,  but  usually  occurs 
in  a  different  locality.  Hythe,  Ton- 
bridge 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Staphvlinid^  (continued) 

Lesteva  longelytrata,  Goeze.  Common 
everywhere  in  moss  in  damp  places 

—  pubescens,     Mann.         Not     common. 

Bromhy 

—  sicula,  Er.  (punctata,  Brit.  Cat.).    Local. 

Chatham,  Snod/and,  Folkeitotie 
Acidota    cruentata,     Mann.      Very     rare. 

Greenwich,  Birch  JVood 
Olophrum    piceum,    Gyll.      Common   and 

generally  distributed 
Lathrimaeum  atrocephalum,   Gyll.     Com- 
mon and  generally  distributed 

—  unicolor,  Steph.      Common  and  gener- 

ally distributed 

Pliilorhinum  sordidum,  Steph.  Not  un- 
common. Darenth  Wood,  Shrer- 
ness 

Coryphium  angusticoUe,  Steph.  Rare. 
Darland  Hill,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Chat- 
ham 

Homalium  rivulare,  Payk.  Abundant 
everywhere 

—  rugulipenne,    Rye.     In    decaying    sea- 

weed ;  very  rare.  Gravesend  ;  per- 
haps described  in  error  from  this 
locality 

—  lasviusculum,  Gyll.      Common   in  sea- 

weed all  along  the  coast 

—  riparium,    Thoms.     In    decaying    sea- 

weed ;  local.  Sheerness,  IVhitstahle, 
Pegwell  Bay 

—  allardi,  Fairm.     Rare.     Eltham,  Mar- 

gate 

—  exiguum,    Gyll.      Rare.    Cobham    Park 

(Walker) 

—  oxyacanths,  Grav.      Local,  but  widely 

distributed 

—  cassum,  Grav.    Common  and  generally 

distributed 

—  nigriceps,  Kries.   Local.   Darenth  Wood, 

Strood,  Faversham 

—  pusillum,  Grav.   Not  uncommon  under 

bark  of  fir 

—  punctipennc,  Thoms.     Not  uncommon 

under  bark  of  birch  and  beech 

—  rufipes,  Fourc.  (florale,  Payk.).     Rather 

common 

—  salicis,    Gyll.      Rare.       Beanted   near 

Maidstone  (Gorham) 

—  vile,    Er.       Generally   distributed    and 

common  under  bark 

—  iopterum,   Steph.      Local   but   not  un- 

common.     Bexley,  Chatham 

—  planum,    Payk.      Under    bark    and    at 

sap  ;  local,  but  not  uncommon.  Cob- 
ham  Park,  Darenth  IVood 

—  concinnum.  Marsh.      Common 

—  deplanatum,    Gyll.       Rare.       Darland 

Hill,  Tonbridge 


Staphylinid^  [continued) 

Homalium  striatum,  Grav.  Not  uncom- 
mon. Cobham  Park,  IVhitstable, 
Sheerness,  Pegivcll  Bay,  Maidstone, 
Deal 

Hapalarasa  pygmaea,  Gyll.  Not  common. 
Sheerness,  Birch  Wood,  Cobham  Pari, 
Darenth  Wood,  Bromley,  Tonbridge 

Eusphalerum  primula,  Steph.  Very  local. 
Chatham,  Chattenden,  Maidstone 

Anthobium  minutum,  F.  Local.  Cobham 
Park 

—  ophthalmicum,    Payk.      Generally   dis- 

tributed and  common 

—  torquatum.    Marsh.      Generally    distri- 

buted and  common 
Proteinus  ovalis,    Steph.   (brevicollis,    Er.). 
Generally  distributed  and  common 

—  brachypterus,  F.     Generally  distributed 

and  common 

—  macropterus,    Gyll.      Scarce.     Cobham 

Park,  Chattenden,  Birch  Wood,  Chat- 
ham, Sheerness,  Tonbridge 

—  atomarius,  Er.    Local.     Darenth  Wood, 

Faversham,  Brasted 
Megarthrus     denticollis.     Beck.       Local. 
Sheerness,     Rochester      district.      Ton- 
bridge 

—  affinis,  Mill.     Not  uncommon 

—  depressus,  Lac.     Generally  distributed 

—  sinuatocollis,    Lac.       Generally    distri- 

buted and  common 

—  hemipterus.  111.     Very  local,  but  com- 

mon where  it  occurs,  in  putrid 
fungi.  Darenth  Wood,  Chatham, 
Sheerness,  Tonbridge,  Mereworth, 
Sevenoaks 

Phlceobium  clypeatum,  Milll.  Widely  dis- 
tributed 

Phloeocharis  subtilissima,  Mann.  Very 
local  and  not  common.  Sevenoaks, 
Tonbridge 

Pseudopsis  sulcata,  Newm.  Very  rare. 
Kingsgate,  one  specimen 

Prognatha  quadricornis,  Lac.     Local.     Cob- 
ham Park,  Chatham,  Erith,  Tonbridge, 
Kingsgate 
Leptinid^ 

Leptinus  testaceus.  Mull.  Rare.  Chatham, 
Cobham  Park  (about  thirty  examples 
in  debris  about  the  entrance  of  a  nest 
of  a  humble  bee  (J.  J.  Walker) 

SlLPHlD^ 

Calyptomerus  dubius.  Marsh.     Local.    Lee 
Clambus    pubescens,   Redt.     Not   uncom- 
mon.    Chatham,  Darenth  Wood,  etc. 

—  armadillo,     De   G.     Not    uncommon. 

Lee,  St.  Mary  Cray 

—  minutus,     Sturm.       Scarce.        Cobham 

Park 


140 


INSECTS 


SiLPHlD.*:  [continued) 

Agathidium  atrum,  Payk.  Local.  Favcr- 
sham,  Bexky,  Rochester  district  ;  very 
scarce 

—  seminulum,     L.        Local.        Chatham, 

Sevcnoaks,  Darenth  Wood,  Rochester 
district 

—  Isevigatum,      Er.        Generally      distri- 

buted 

—  marginatum,  Sturm.     Scarce  as  a  rule. 

Sheerness,  Chatham,  Deal,  Darland 
Hill;   not  rare  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  varians,  Beck.      Local.      Cohhayn  Park, 

Chattendcn,  ^leendown  Warren,  Dar- 
enth Wood 

—  globosum,  Muls.     Rare.     Bexky,  Dar- 

land Hill,  Chatham,  Darenth  and 
Birch  Woods 

—  rotundatum,    Gyll.       Rare.      Chatham, 

Darenth  Wood  ;  sometimes  not  rare 
in  Cobham  Park  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  nigrinum,   Sturm.      As  a   rule  scarce. 

Chatham,  Darenth  Wood,  Cobham 
Park,  Chattendcn,  etc.  ;  frequent 
(J-  J.  W.) 

Amphicyllis  globus,  F.  Not  common,  but 
occasionally  occurs  in  numbers.  As 
a  rule  very  scarce.  Darenth  JVood, 
Chatham,  Sheppey,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Cobham  Park,  ^eendown  Warren, 
etc. 

Liodes  humeralis,  Kug.     Locally  common 

—  orbicularis,    Herbst.     As    a    rule    rare. 

Chattendcn,  Darenth  Wood,  Strood. 
In  snuff-like  fungus  on  decaying 
wood.  Cobham  Park  ;  common, 
1885  and  1889. 

Cyrtusa  pauxilla,  Schmidt.  Not  uncom- 
mon, but  local.  Wigmore  JVood, 
Cobham  Park,  Charlton,  Maidstone, 
Gravesend,  Chatham,  Birch  Wood 

Anisotoma  cinnamomea,  Panz.  By  even- 
ing sweeping  under  beech  trees  in 
autumn  ;  rare.  Darland  Hill, 
^leendown  Warren,  Cobham  Park, 
Chatham,  Eythorne  near  Dover 

—  oblonga,   Er.    (grandis,  Fairm.)      Very 

rare.      Cobham  Park 

—  picea.  111.    Very  rare.    Sandwich  (E.  A. 

Waterhouse) 

—  dubia,  Kug.     Not  uncommon 

—  badia,  Sturm.     Local,  but  not  uncom- 

mon, and  widely  distributed 

—  ovalis,  Schmidt.      Rare.     Cobham  Park, 

Sheppey 

—  punctulata,      Gyll.      (litura,      Steph.). 

Local.  Cobham  Park,  ^leendoiun 
Warren,  not  rare  ;    Folkestone 

—  calcarata,    Er.       Generally    distributed 

and  common 


SlLPHlD^  {continued) 

Anisotoma  curvipes,  Schmidt  (macropus. 
Rye).  Very  rare.  Cuxton  ;  one 
specimen,  22  June,  1895  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  nigrita,  Schmidt.    Very  local.    Darland 

^Hill,  Chatham 

—  lunicollis.    Rye.       Very    rare.       Forest 

Hill    (Marsh.),    Sydenham     (Water- 
house) 

—  triepkei,    Schmidt.      Very  rare.      Forest 

Hill  (Power) 

—  pallens,    Sturm.       Very    rare.       Deal; 

three  examples,  1873  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  rugosa,    Steph.       Very    rare.      Cobham 

Park ;     one    example,    2    October, 
1897  (J.J.  Walker) 

—  parvula,     Sahib.       Rare.       Chattendcn, 

Chatham,     Cobham     Park,     Darenth 

Wood,  Whitstable 
Colenis   dentipes,   Gyll.     Not   uncommon 

and  generally  distributed 
Agaricophagus  cephalotes,  Schmidt.     Rare. 

Cobham  Park,  Chatham,  Sandwich 

—  conformis,   Er.       Rare.      Birch    JVood. 

Perhaps  not  distinct  from   the  pre- 
ceding 
Hydnobius    punctatissimus,    Steph.      Rare. 
^teendown  JVarrcn,  Folkestone 

—  strigosus,  Schmidt.      Rare.    Chattendcn, 

Cobham  Park,  Sheppey,  Darenth  JVood, 
Maidstone 
Necrophorus   humator,   Goeze.     Common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  mortuorum,  F.      Not  uncommon 

—  vestigator,  Hersch.      Rare.     Deal 

—  ruspator,  Er.      Rare.      Cobham  Park 

—  interruptus,     Steph.       Rare.       Hailing 

Downs,  Cobham  Park,  Dover 

—  vespillo,  L.    Local.    Greenwich,  Graves- 

end,  Cobham  Park,  Sheerness 
Necrodes  littoralis,  L.     Very  local  and  not 

common.      Snodland,  Hailing  Downs 
Silpha  tristis.   111.      Local.      Darland  Hill, 

scarce  (J.  J.  W.);  Sheerness,  Chatham, 

Deal,  Dover 

—  obscura,  L.     Local,   but  widely  distri- 

buted 

—  quadripunctata,    L.      Very  local.    Dar- 

enth JVood  ;   Chattendcn,  a  dark  var- 
iety  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  opaca,  L.      Rare.      JVhitstable,  Deal 

—  thoracica,    L.       Very    local    and    not 

common.      Cobham  Park 

—  rugosa,  L.      Generally  distributed  and 

common 

—  sinuata,  F.     Not  uncommon 

—  laevigata,     F.       Not    uncommon     and 

widely  distributed 

—  atrata,    L.      Generally   distributed    and 

common 


141 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


SlLPHlD^  [continued) 

Choleva    angustata,     F.       Rare.       Upnor, 
Sheerncis,  Chatham 

—  cisteloides,  Froh.    Rather  common,  but 

never  plentiful 

—  intermedia,    Kr.      Rare.     Birch   Wood, 

Dover 

—  spadicea,  Sturm.    Rare.     Cohham  Great 

Wood,  Bexley,  St.  Mary  Cray 

—  agilis,    111.     Local.      Sheerness,    Bexley, 

Darenth  Wood 

—  velox,  Spence.     Common  and  generally 

distributed 

—  wilkini,    Spence.     Less  common  than 

the  preceding,  but  widely  distributed 

—  anisotomoides,  Spence.     Local,    ^jeen- 

down,  Chatham,  Darenth  Wood, 
Ramsgate,  Folkestone 

—  fusca,    Panz.      Local   and   never   com- 

mon. Greenwich,  Rochester,  Cohham 
Park,  Chatham 

—  nigricans,  Spence.     As  the   preceding. 

Chattenden,  Cohham  Park,  Lee,  Birch 
Wood,  Sheerness 

—  morio,  F.     Mr.  Walker  records  this  as 

generally  distributed  and  not  rare  in 
the  Rochester  district  ;  as  a  rule  it  is 
not  common.  Sheerness,  Chatham, 
Lee 

—  grandicollis,  Er.    Local.     Cohham  Park, 

Chatham,  Sheerness,  etc. 

—  nigrita,  Er.     Local,  but  w^idely  distri- 

buted 

—  tristis,  Panz.    Generally  distributed  and 

common 

—  chrysomeloides,  Panz.     Generally  dis- 

tributed 

—  fumata,  Spence.     Not  uncommon 

—  watsoni,  Spence.     With  the  preceding, 

but  less  common 

—  colonoides,  Kr.      Very  rare;  one  speci- 

men in  rotten  stump  of  ash,  April, 
1897.      Cohham  Park  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  sericeus,  F.      Common  everywhere 

—  varicornis,  Kr.      Very  rare.      Folkestone 

(Power) 
Colon  viennense,  Herbst.     Rare.     Wigmore 
Wood,  Cohham  Park,  Rainham,  Dar- 
enth Wood,  Birch  Wood,  Lee,  Chat- 
ham 

—  serripes,  Sahib.     Rare.      Cohham  Park, 

Maidstone,  Lee 

—  dentipes,  Sahib.      Very  rare.      Darenth 

Wood  (Champion) 
var.  zebei,  Kr.     Very  rare.   JVigmore 
Wood  near  Chatham   (J.  J.  W.) 

—  brumeum,  Latr.      The  only  member  ot 

the  genus  that  cannot  be  called  rare. 
Sevcnoaks,  Darenth  Wood,  Chatham, 
Cohham  Park,  Chattenden,  etc. 


SlLPHlD^  {continued) 

Colon  appendiculatum.  Sahib.  Very  rare. 
Birch  Wood  (Power) 

—  denticulatum,  Kr.   Very  rare.    Darenth 

Wood  (Power),  Hythe  (Rye) 

—  latum,     Kr.      Very    rare.       Greenhithe 

(Waterhouse) 

[The  members  of  the  genus  Colon  .ire  among 
our  very  rarest  beetles  ;  they  are  all  taken  by 
sweeping  in   the  summer] 

Bathyscia  (Adelops)  woUastoni,  Jans.  This 
species  used  to  be  considered  ex- 
tremely rare,  but  has  occurred  in 
numbers  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet  near 
Broadstairs  in  decaying  seed  potatoes, 
where  I  have  taken  it  with  the  Rev. 
T.  Wood  in  his  garden  ;  it  has  also 
occurred  at  Staple  and  Wingham, 
and  is  probably  general  but  over- 
looked 

ScVDM^NIDi^ 

Neuraphes  elongatulus,  MuU.  Not  com- 
mon.     Lee,  Faversham,  Sandwich 

—  angulatus,  Mlill.      Not  common.     Lee, 

Sheerness,  West  Wickham,  Tonhridge, 
Sandwich 

—  sparshalli,    Denny,       Rare.       Sheerness, 

Lee,  Cohham  Park,  Sittingbourne 

var.      minutus,      Chaud.      (pumilio, 

Schaum).     Rare.     Lee  (Power) 

—  longicollis.     Mots,     (prasteritus,    Rye). 

Rare.    Cohham  Park,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Snodland,     Erith,    Strood,     Folkestone, 
Sandwich 
Scydmsnus  scutellaris.   Mull.      Generally 
distributed  and  common 

—  collaris,  Mull.     Usually  common.    Ro- 

chester district,  scarce  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  pusillus,   Mull.      Rare.      Chatham   dis- 

trict ;  once  found  in  some  numbers 
at  Snowledge  Bottom  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  exilis,  Er.     Under  rotten  beech  bark. 

Cohham  Park,  rare 
Euconnus  denticornis.  Mull.  Rare.  Faver- 
sham, Ashford,  Darenth  Wood,  Chat- 
tenden 

—  hirticollis,  111.     Rare.     Snodland,  Faver- 

sham 

—  fimetarius,    Chaud.       Rare.      Sheerness, 

Bromley,  Darenth  Wood,  Ton- 
bridge 

Eumicrus  tarsatus.  Mull.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and  common 

Euthia  scydmaenoides,  Steph.  Rare.  Black- 
heath,  Dover 

—  plicata,    Gyll.       Very    rare.       Cohham 

Park,  one  specimen  (J.  J.  W.) 
Cephennium  thoracicum,  Mull.      Not  un- 
common 


142 


INSECTS 


PsELAPHID^ 

Pselaphus  heisei,  Herbst.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and  not  uncommon 

Tychus  niger,  Payk.  Common  and  gener- 
ally distributed 

Bythinus  bulbifer,  Reich.  Common  in 
several  localities.  Chatham  district, 
scarce 

—  curtisii.       Local.       Chatham,    Cobham, 

Birch  Wood 

—  securiger,      Reich.        Rare.       Bromley 

(Saunders) 

—  burrellii,    Denny.      Rare.      Faversham, 

Bromley,  Birch  Wood 
Batrisus    venustus,    Reich.       In    or    about 
ants'    nests,   chiefly   Formica   fuligi- 
nosa  ;   rare.     Birch  Wood 
Rybaxis  sanguinea,  L.     Locally  common 
Bryaxis    waterhousei,    Rye.      Very    local. 
Rochester  (bank  of  Medway),  Rain- 
ham,  Strood,  Sheerness,  Whitstable 

—  fossulata,  Reich.    Generally  distributed 

—  helferi,  Schmidt.    Salt  marshes ;  locally 

common.  Gravesend,  Chatham,  Sheer- 
ness, Whitstable,  Strood,  Kingsgate, 
Folkestone 

—  haematica,    Reich.     Local,    but    occa- 

sionally abundant ;  more  frequent 
about  the  banks  of  large  rivers. 
Chatham 

—  juncorum.    Leach.      Generally    distri- 

buted 

—  impressa,   Panz.      Not   common.      Lee, 

Eltham,  Strood 
Trichonyx  sulcicollis,   Reich.      Very  rare. 

Cobham  Park  (J.  J.  W.),  Lee  (Douglas 

and  Scott) 
Bibloporus  bicolor,  Denny.     Under  bark  ; 

not  common.      Cobham  Park,  Bexley, 

Sevenoaks,  Brasted,  Bearsted 
Euplectus  kunzei,  Aube.      In  moss,  dead 

leaves,    etc.  ;     rare.      Cobham    Park, 

Sevenoaks,  Greenhithe,  Darenth  Wood, 

Bearsted 

—  duponti,  Aub^.    Very  rare  ;  one  speci- 

men under  rotten  beech  bark  in 
company  with  B.  bicolor  at  Cobham 
Park  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  karsteni,    Reich.       In    cut    grass,    hot 

beds,  etc.;  rare  under  loose  bark. 
Cobham  Park,  Strood 

—  signatus,   Reich.     In   vegetable  refuse, 

cut  grass,  etc.  ;  rarely  under  bark  ; 
not  uncommon  in  some  localities, 
more  scarce  in  others 

—  nanus,  Reich.     In  haystack  and  vege- 

table refuse,  also  under  bark  ;  rare. 
Lee 

—  sanguineus,  Denny.    As  the  preceding; 

not    uncommon    in   some    localities, 


PsELAPHlD^  {continued) 

scarce  apparently  in  others,  but  prob- 
ably overlooked 
Euplectus  piceus,  Mots,  (nigricans,  Chaud.). 
Under  bark  ;  very  scarce  in  hotbeds  ; 
not  common.  Darenth  Wood,  Cobham 
Park,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Hawkhurst, 
Maidstone 

—  ambiguus,  Reich.     Many  places  at  roots 

of  grass,  occasionally    in   haystacks  ; 
local,  but  sometimes  not  uncommon 
where  it  occurs.      Lee,  Eltham,  Sheer- 
ness, Bromley 
Tp.ichopterygid^ 

Ptinella  aptera,  Gu^r.  Under  bark  of  dead 
trees  ;  not  uncommon.  Cobham 
Park,  Brasted 

Trichopteryx  thoracica,  Waltl.  Rare. 
Lee 

—  atomaria,  De  G.     Not  uncommon 

—  anthracina,    Matth.      Rare.      Chatham, 

Sheerness 

—  grandicollis,  Mannh.      Not  uncommon. 

Lee,  Whitstable 

—  lata.  Mots.      Common  everywhere 

—  cantiana,     Matth.       Rare.       Tonbridge 

(Wollaston) 

—  fascicularis,  Herbst.     Not  uncommon. 

Lee 

—  seminitens,  Matth.     Snodland,  not  un- 

common 

—  attenuata.  Gill.      Rare.      Snodland 

—  sericans,    Heer.     Not    common.     Lee, 

Kingsgate 

—  bovina.  Mots.    Not  uncommon.    Chat- 

ham, St.  Mary  Cray,  etc. 

—  edithia,  Matth.      Very  rare.     Tonbridge 

(Wollaston) 

—  longula,  Matth.      Rare.      Tonbridge 

—  montandonii.  All.      „  „ 

—  chevrolatii,  All.  „  „ 
Nephanes  titan,  Newm.  Locally  com- 
mon. Darenth  JVood,  Tonbridge, 
Kingsgate.  Probably  overlooked  ; 
sometimes  in  profusion  where  it 
occurs 

Ptilium  spencei,  All.  Locally  common. 
Lee,  Tonbridge 

—  exaratum.  All.     Rare,  Tonbridge 

—  myrmecophillum.    All.       In    nests    of 

Formica  rufa.      Chislehurst 

—  foveolatum.    All.       Locally  abundant. 

Kingsgate 
Millidium  trisulcatum.  Local.  Tonbridge 
Actidium  coarctatum,  Hal.  Locally  com- 
mon ;  under  seaweed  on  the  coast, 
and  also  inland  in  hotbeds,  etc. 
Sheerness  (J.  J.  W.),  Kingsgate,  in 
profusion  (T.  Wood)  ;  formerly  con- 
sidered extremely  rare 


143 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Trichopterygid-s:  [continued) 

Nossidium  pilosellum,  Marsh.  Local.  Cob- 
ham  Park,  Birch  IFood,  Darenth  Wood 

Ptenidium  punctatum,  Gyll.  Under  sea- 
weed ;  locally  common.  Whltstable, 
Klngsgate 

—  fuscicorne,  Er.      Local.      Lee,  Eltham 

—  nitidum,  Heer  (pusillum,  Er.).      Local. 

Shecrnesi 

—  evanescens,  Marsli.  (apicale,  Er.).   Com- 

mon everywhere 

—  formicetorum,  Kr.    In  nests  of  Formica 

rufa  and  F.  fuliginosa.  IVigmore  IVood; 
scarce 

—  turgidum,  Thorns.   Strood,  rare  (Cham- 

pion) ;  Cohham  Park,  in  wet  decayed 
ash-wood,  rather  common  (J.  J.  W.) 

CORYLOPHID^ 

Orthoperus,  Kluki,  Wank,  (brunnipes,  Brit. 
Cat.).   Local.   Sheernas,  Cohharn  Park 

—  atomus,     Gyll.        Sheerncss  ;     prob.ibly 

general  but  overlooked 
Corylophus  cassidioides,  Marsh.     Not  un- 
common.     Gravaend,  Sheerness,  Da- 
renth TFood,  Birchington,  etc. 

—  sublasvipennis,  Duv.    Rare.   Gravesend, 

Heme  Bay 
Sericoderus  lateralis,  Gyll.     Generally  dis- 
tributed and  common 
Phalacrid^ 

Phalacrus  corruscus,  Payk.      Common  and 
generally  distributed 
var.  humberti,  Tourn.    Not  uncom- 
mon.   Sheerness,  Chatham,  Darenth 
Wood,  Whitstable,  etc. 

—  brisouti.  Rye.      Rare.      Gravesend,  Lee, 

Rainham,  Lcwisham,  Sheppey,  Deal 

—  brunnipes,     Bris.        Rare.        Chathatn, 

Chattenden,  Sheerness,  Lee 
Olibrus  corticalis,  Panz.     Locally  common 
and  widely  distributed 

—  aeneus,  F.      Common  everywhere 

—  liquidus,  Er.      Common  and   generally 

distributed 

—  particeps,     Muls.   (affinis,    Brit.    Cat.). 

Rare.      Folkestone 

—  millefolii,  Payk.      Rare.     Lee,  Kingsgate 

—  pygmaeus,  Sturm.     Not  common.    Da- 

renth Wood,  Cobham 
Stilbus  testaceus,  Panz.  (geminus.  111.;  con- 
similis.     Marsh.).        Very    common 
everywhere 

—  atomarius,  L.      Rare.      Snodland 

—  oblongus,    Er.       In    stems  of  Typha  ; 

locally  common.  Snodland,  Chatham, 
Gravesend,  Sheppey,  Birchington,  Peg- 
well  Bay 

COCCINELLID^ 

Subcoccinella  24-punctata,  L.  (Lasia  glo- 
bosa,  L.).      Locally  common 


CocciNELLID^  [continued) 

Hippodamia  1 3-punctata,  L.  Marshy  places 
on  reeds,  etc.  ;   rare.      Deal 

—  variegata,     Goeze    (mutabilis,    Scriba). 

Local.  St.  Mary  Cray,  Kingsgate, 
Margate,  Deal 

Anisosticta  19-punctata,  L.  Marshy 
places,  amongst  reeds  and  aquatic 
plants.  Local.  Lee,  Gravesend, 
Birchington 

Adalia  obliterata,  L.  On  firs  ;  not  un- 
common 

—  bipunctata,  L.      Abundant  throughout 

the  kingdom 
Mysia  oblona;oG;uttata,  L.    On  firs.    Local. 

West  Wickham 
Anatis    ocellata,    L.      On    firs.       Locally 

common 
Coccinella   lo-punctata,  L.  (variabilis.  III). 

Common  everywhere 

—  hieroglyphica,  L.     Under  fir  trees,  etc. 

Local.     Brasted,  Chattenden,  Chatham 

—  1 1 -punctata,  L.     Generally  common 

—  7-punctata,  L.      Common  everywhere 

—  distincta,  Fald.  (labilis,   Muls.).     Very 

local  in   sandy   places.      Heme  Ba\, 
JFhitstable,  Kingsgate 
Halyzia  i6-guttata,  Poda.     Local.     JVhit- 
stable,  Sheerness 

—  14-guttata,    L.       Not    uncommon    on 

young  alders,  larch,  whitethorn,  etc. 

—  i8-guttata,  L.   On  firs;   not  uncommon 

—  conglobata,  L.  (14-punctata,  L.).   Com- 

mon and  generally  distributed 

—  22-punctata,  L.     Common  and  gener- 

ally distributed 
Micraspis  i6-punctata,  L.    Marshy  places; 

local,  but  very  common  where  it  occurs 

var.  poweri,  Weise.    Lee  Pit  (Power) ; 
very  rare 
Hyperaspis      reppensis,     Herbst.        Rather 

scarce  and  very  local.      Sheerness 
Scymnus    pulchellus,   Herbst  (4-lunulatus, 

111.).      One  example,  '  Kent '  (Rye's 

collection) 

—  nigrinus,   Kug.     On   the    Scotch    fir ; 

scarce.  Chattenden,  Chatham,  Birch 
Wood 

—  pygmseus,   Fourc.       Local.      Chatham, 

Lee,  Deal,  Dover 

—  frontalis,  F.      Common 

—  suturalis,  Thunb.      Not  uncommon  on 

and  under  the  Scotch  fir 
var.  limbatus,  Steph.  Not  uncommon. 
Lee 

—  testaceus,      Mots,     (mulsanti,      Wat.). 

Marshy  places,  at  roots  of  grass, 
under  seaweed,  etc.  ;  local.  Lee, 
Chatham,  Chattenden,  Sheerness,  Folke- 
stone 


144 


INSECTS 


CocciNELLID^  {continued) 

Scymnus  haemorrhoidalis,  Herbst.  Common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  capitatus,  F.    Local.    Rochester  district, 

Lee,  Faversham 

—  ater,  Kug.     Sandy  places,  at   roots  of 

grass,  etc. ;  rare.     Deal 

—  minimus,    Rossi.     Very    local.     Chat- 

ham, Borland  Hill,  Cobham,  Belve- 
dere, Sheerness,  Darenth  fVood,  Birch 
Wood 

Platynaspis  luteorubra  (villosa,  Fourc). 
Very  local.  Darland  Hill,  Chat- 
ham, in  profusion  under  bark  of 
dead  fir  trees  in  winter  (J.  J.  W.)  ; 
rarely  under  oak  bark,  Queendown 
Warren  (J.  J.  W.) ;  Deal,  Folke- 
stone 

Chilocorus  similis,  Rossi.  Local,  but  not 
uncommon.  Chatham,  Darenth 
Wood,  Chattenden,  Shooters  Hill, 
Folkestone 

—  bipustulatus,  L.    Apparently  very  local. 

Brasted 
Exochomus  4-pustulatus,  L.    Locally  com- 
mon.     Chatham,    Dartford,    Shooters 
Hill.    Under  fir  bark,  Darland  Hill, 
scarce  (J.  J.  W.) 
Rhizobius  litura,  F.     Common  everywhere 
Coccidula  rufa,  Herbst.    Very  common  and 
generally  distributed 

—  scutellata,   Herbst.     Marshy  places  on 

aquatic    plants  ;    local.       Gravesend, 
Sheerness,   St.   Mary's  Island,   Birch- 
ington  (abundant),  Pegwell  Bay 
Endomychid^ 

Mycetaea  hirta.  Marsh.  In  haystack  re- 
fuse, cornbins,  etc. ;  often  in  cellars 
about  beer  drippings  and  in  fungi  in 
wine  cellars.  Generally  distributed 
and  common 

Alexia  pilifera,  Mull.  Locally  common 
and  widely  distributed 

Lycoperdina  bovistas,  F.  In  pufF  balls 
(Lycoperdon  bovistae)  ;  very  local, 
but  generally  common  where  found. 
Birch  Wood 

Endomychus  coccineus,  L.  In  fungoid 
growth,  and  under  bark  of  decaying 
birch,  elm,  etc.  ;  locally  common. 
Sevenoaks,  Lewisham,  Cobham  Park, 
Cuxton,  ^leendown  JVarren,  Boxley, 
Westerham,  Abbey  Wood,  Sittingbourne 

EaOTYLIDiE 

Dacne  humeralis,  F.  In  hard  boleti  on 
beech  and  elms  ;  rare.      Sheerness 

—  rufifrons,   F.     In   fungoid    growth    on 

trees  ;  locally  common 
Triplax  russica,  L.    In  fungi  on  trees  ;  not 
common.      Darenth  Wood 


EROTYLiDiS:  {continued) 

Triplax  lacordairei,  Crotch.  In  fungoid 
growth  on  ash  and  other  trees ; 
very  rare.  Darenth  Wood  (Cham- 
pion), Frith  (Power) 

Cyrtotriplax  bipustulata,  F.  In  fungi  on 
trees  and  rotten  stumps  ;  local  and 
not  common.  Darenth  Wood,  Birch 
Wood 

CoLYDIIDiB 

Aglenus  brunneus,  Gyll.  In  manure  heaps, 
cornbins,  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  rare.  Ash- 
ford 

Oxylaemus  variolosus,  Duft.  (coesus,  Er.). 
Under  bark  ;  very  rare.  Charlton 
(Pelerin) 

Orthocerus  muticus,  L.  Sandy  places ; 
local,  but  not  uncommon.  Sheerness, 
Deal,  Dover 

Cicones  variegatus,  Hellw.  Under  bark  of 
beech  and  hornbeam  ;  rare.  Brom- 
ley, Chatham,  Westerham,  Chilham 

Langelandia  anophthalma,  Aub6.  Very 
rare  ;  the  only  locality  in  Britain  is 
St.  Peter's,  Thanet,  where  I  took  it 
in  decaying  seed  potatoes  in  1886 
in  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood's  garden, 
where  his  son  had  discovered  it  some 
little  time  before 

Cerylon  histeroides,  F.  Under  bark  and 
in  ants'  nests  ;  rather  common 

—  fagi,    Bris.     Under    bark    and    under 

fallen  beech  branches ;  rare.  Cob- 
ham Park,  Chatham,  Sevenoaks, 
St.  Mary  Cray,  Darenth  Wood 

—  ferrugineum,  Steph.  (angustatum,  Er.). 

Under  bark  of  felled  ash  and  beech 
trees  ;  very  local,  but  occasionally 
abundant.  Cobham  Park,  Chatham, 
Chilham 

HlSTERID.«: 

Hister  quadrimaculatus,  L.  Formerly  not 
uncommon  on  or  near  the  coast. 
Gravesend,  Sheerness,  Chatham,  Whit- 
stable,  Heme  Bay,  Ramsgate,  Deal. 
Appears  now  to  be  much  less  often 
met  with 

—  unicolor,  L.     Generally  distributed  and 

common 

—  cadaverinus,     HofF.     Generally    distri- 

buted and  common 

—  succicola,    Thoms.      In    carcases   and 

also  putrid  fungi  and  at  sap ;  not 
common.  Cobham  Park,  Sevenoaks, 
Darenth  and  Birch  Woods 

—  purpurascens,  Herbst.    Local  but  widely 

distributed 

—  neglectus,  Germ.     Not  uncommon   in 

several  localities.  Banks  of  Medway, 
not  common 


145 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


HiSTERiDi^  {continued) 

Hister  carbonarius,  111.  Generally  distri- 
buted and  common 

—  sinuatus,     111.     Very     rare.     Dartford 

Heath  (Stephens)  ;  doubtfully  indi- 
genous 

—  bissexstriatus,   F.     Not    common,    but 

occasionally  in  numbers.  Blackheath, 
Deal  ;  Sheerness  in  profusion  in 
flood  refuse  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  i2-striatus,  Schr.     Local.     Blackheath, 

.  Chatham  Dockyard,  Sheerness,  Deal 

—  bimaculatus,  L.     Common  and  widely 

distributed 

Carcinops  minima,  Aube.  Common  and 
widely  distributed 

Paromalus  flavicornis,  Herbst.  Not  un- 
common. Greenwich,  Chatham,  Cob- 
ham,  Chilham 

Dendrophilus  punctatus,  111.  In  nests  of 
Formica  fuliginosa,  also  in  rotten 
wood  and  dead  animals ;  not  com- 
mon.     Greenwich,  JFest  Wickham 

—  pygmaeus,    L.     In    nests    of    Formica 

rufa  ;  local.  Plumstead,  IVigmore 
Wood 

Myrmetes  piceus,  Payk.  In  nests  of 
Formica  rufa  ;  local.      Plumstead 

Gnathoncus  nannetensis,  Mars.  In  birds' 
nests,  dead  birds,  haystack  refuse, 
etc.  ;  not  common.  Cobham  Park, 
Lee,  Sheerness,  Deal 

Saprinus  nitidulus,  Payk.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and  common 

—  aeneus,     Gyll.     Generally     distributed 

and  common 

—  immundus,   Gyll.      On  sandhills  near 

the  coast  ;   very  local.      Deal 

—  virescens,   Payk.      In  dung,  sometimes 

on  flowers  of  watercress  feeding  on 
the  larvae  of  Phaedon  cochlearise  ; 
rare.  Cobham  Park,  Sheerness, 
Darenth  Wood,  Maidstone,  Sand- 
wich, Deal,  Folkestone 

—  metallicus,  Herbst.     On  sandhills  near 

the  coast  ;   rare.      Deal 

—  rugifrons,  Payk.      On  the  coast  ;   rare. 

^Deal 

—  maritimus,  Steph.    On  the  coast  ;  rare. 

Margate 
Abraeus  globosus,  HofF.     In  rotten  wood  ; 
local.      Cobham    Park,  Abbey    Wood, 
West  Wickham 

—  granulum,   Er.     As  a  rule  very  rare, 

but  taken  in  some  numbers  in  1889 
in  the  rotten  wood  of  an  ash  tree  at 
Cobham  Park 
Acritus  minutus,  Herbst.  In  manure  heaps 
and  hotbeds,  etc.  ;  rather  common. 
Sheerness,  Greenwich,  Whitstable 


HlSTERID.^  {continued) 

Onthophilus  striatus,  F.  In  dung,  vege- 
table refuse,  etc.  ;  not  uncommon 

MlCROPEPLIDi€ 

Micropeplus  porcatus,  Payk.  Local.  Seven- 
oaks,  Birch  Wood 

—  staphylinoides,  Marsh.     Local.     Sheer- 

ness, Faversham 

—  margaritae,  Duv.    Generally  distributed 

NlTIDULlDi€ 

Brachypterus  gravidus.  111.  On  Linaria 
vulgaris  ;  not  uncommon  and  widely 
distributed 

—  pubescens,  Er.     On  nettles  ;  generally 

distributed 

—  urticae,  Kug.     On  nettles  ;  very  com- 

mon everywhere 
Cercus   pedicularius,   L.     On    Spiraea    ul- 
maria  in  marshy  places  ;  not  com- 
mon.    Greenhithe,  Maidstone 

—  bipustulatus,  Payk.     On  Spiraea,  Epilo- 

bium,  Carex,  etc.  ;  local.  Snodland, 
Maidstone,  Wingham  near  Sandwich 

—  rufilabris,  Latr.     Often  on    reeds  and 

rushes  and  on  other[plants  ;  common 
Carpophilus  hemipterus,  L.  Chatham  Dock- 
yard, one  specimen  at  sap  of  a  Cossus 
infected  poplar  (J.  J.  W.) 
Epuraea  decemguttata,  F.  At  sap  of  oaks, 
etc.  ;   rare.      Tonbridge 

—  diffusa,  Bris.     One  specimen  at  sap  of 

a  Cossus  infected  poplar  in  Chatham 
Dockyard  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  asstiva,   L.     In  hawthorn    blossom    in 

spring ;  very  abundant 

—  melina,    Er.     With    the    preceding  ; 

local.      Chatham,  Darenth  Wood 

—  florea,  Er.     Under  bark,  at  sap  and  in 

flowers  ;   local  but  not  uncommon 

—  deleta,  Er.    Usually  in  fresh  Boleti  ;  not 

uncommon.  Snodland,  Darenth  Wood, 
Chatham 

—  parvula,    Sturm.      In     faggots  ;    very 

local.      Darenth  Wood 

—  obsoleta,   F.     Under  bark,   at  sap,    in 

fungi,  etc.     Not  uncommon 

—  neglecta,  Sturm.     At  sap  of  freshly  cut 

trees,  also  in  faggots  ;  very  rare. 
Darenth  Wood  (Champion),  West 
Wickham  (Janson) 

—  pusilla,  Er.     Under  bark  and  at  sap  ; 

local.      Darenth  Wood 

Omosiphora  limbata,  F.  In  fungi,  etc.  ; 
local,  sometimes  plentiful.  Chatham, 
Cobham  Park,  Sheerness,  Dartford 

Micrurula  melanocephala.  Marsh.  On 
flowers  and  trees  in  blossom  in  early 
summer ;  local.  Cobham  Park,  in  pro- 
fusion on  maple  blossoms  ;  Sevenoaks, 
St.  Mary  Cray,  Birch  Wood,  Dover 


146 


INSECTS 


NlTIDULID.^  (continued) 

Nitidula  bipustulata,  L.  Under  bones, 
carcases  of  birds  and  animals,  etc.  ; 
Rather  common 

—  quadripustulata,  F.     As  the  preceding ; 

not  common.  Darenth  TVood^  Black- 
heathy  Chatham^  Sheerness,  Whitstable 

—  rufipes,   L.      As  the    preceding  ;    rare. 

Darenth  Woody  Gravesend,  Chatham, 
Sheerness  * 
Soronia  punctatissima,  111.  At  exuding 
sap,  near  burrows  of  Cossus  ;  not 
common.  Darenth  Wood,  Chatham 
Dockyard,  Cobham  Park,  etc. 

—  grisea,  L.    As  the  preceding,  but  much 

commoner 
Amphotis  marginata,  Er.    Old  beech  trees, 

in  runs  of  Formica  fuliginosa  ;   rare. 

Birch  Wood,  Maidstone 
Omosita  colon,   L.     Under    bones,    etc.  ; 

very  common 

—  discoidea,  F.     Under  bones,  etc. ;  very 

common 

Thalycra  sericea,  Sturm.  At  exuding  sap  ; 
near  Cossus  burrows  ;  rare.  Cob- 
ham  Park,  Chattenden,  Bromley,  Birch 
Wood,  Sandwich 

Pocadius  ferrugineus,  F.  In  decaying 
Lycoperdons  and  other  fungi  ;  local. 
Cobham   Great  Wood,  scarce  ;  Dover 

Pria  dulcamarae.  111.  On  Solanum  dulca- 
mara ;  not  uncommon,  but  rather 
local.  Cobham  and  surrounding  dis- 
trict, Sheerness,  Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

Meligethes  rufipes,  Gyll.  On  various 
flowers,  especially  hawthorn  ;  very 
common 

—  lumbaris,     Sturm.     On     Umbelliferas, 

broom  and  other  flowers ;  local. 
Rochester  district,  not  rare  on  haw- 
thorn ;   Snodland,  Darenth  Wood 

—  fulvipes,   Bris.     In   marshy    places    on 

Cruciferae  and  other  flowers  ;  rare. 
Strood,  Chattenden,  Darenth  Wood 

—  coracinus,  Sturm.      On   the  flowers  of 

Galium  and  Prunus  spinosa ;  very 
rare.      Darenth  Wood  (Rye) 

—  aeneus,  F.    On  flowers,  especially  Cruci- 

fers  and  Ranunculaceje  ;  very  abun- 
dant everywhere 

—  viridescens,    F.     With    the    preceding 

and  nearly  as  abundant 

—  difficilis,  Heer.    On  Labiatae,  especially 

Lamium  album ;  locally  common. 
Darland  Hill,  Chatham,  Sheerness, 
St.  Mary  Cray,  Darenth  Wood, 
Maidstone 

1  This  and  the  preceding  species  were  taken 
plentifully  by  Com.  Walker  in  Chatham  Dockyard 
in  1897  and  1898  in  a  bone  laid  down  for  a  trap. 


NiTiDULlD.ffi  {continued) 

Meligethes  kunzei,  Er.  On  Agraphis nutans, 
Lamium  album,  etc.  ;  rare.  Chat- 
ham 

—  memnonius,   Er.     On   Labiatae,   espe- 

cially Lamium  album  and  Stachys 
sylvatica  ;   not  uncommon 

—  brunnicornis,  Sturm.     As  the  preced- 

ing ;  not  uncommon 

—  pedicularius,   Gyll.     On   Lamium    al- 

bum and  Salvia  pratensis ;  local. 
Chatham,  Darenth  Wood 

—  bidens,  Bris.     On  Teucrium  scorodo- 

nia  ;  local.      Chatham,  Birch  Wood 

—  umbrosus,  Sturm.    On  Labiatae,  Genis- 

tae,  Hieracium,  etc.  ;  very  local,  but 
not  uncommon.  Chatham,  Seven- 
oaks,  Darenth  Wood,  Bearsted,  Bra- 
sted,  etc. 

—  incanus,  Sturm.     On  Echium  vulgare  ; 

very  rare.  Darenth  Wood,  one  speci- 
men (G.  R.  Waterhouse) 

—  ovatus,     Sturm.       On    Labiatae  ;     not 

uncommon  in  several  localities. 
Rochester  district,  rare  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  flavipes,   Sturm.     On    Labiatae,    etc.  ; 

locally  common 

—  picipes,   Sturm.      On   various  flowers  ; 

abundant  everywhere 

—  rotundicollis,  Bris.     On  Trifolium  and 

Genista  ;  very  rare.      Chatham 

—  symphyti,  Heer.    On  Agraphis  nutans  ; 

rare.  Darenth  Wood,  St.  Mary  Cray, 
Chatham 

—  serripes,  Gyll.     On    Echium    vulgare, 

etc.  ;  not  common.  Darenth  Wood, 
Faversham 

—  murinus,    Er.    (seniculus,    Er.).     On 

Cynoglossum  and  Echium  vulgare  ; 
locally  common.  Chatham,  Maidstone 
var.  planiusculus,Er.  Very  rare.  Birch 
Wood  (Power) 

—  lugubris,    Sturm.     On    Thymus    ser- 

pyllum,  Helianthemum,  etc.  ;  very 
local.  Chattenden,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Sheerness,  Bearsted,  Maidstone 

—  obscurus,  Er.  (distinctus,  W.  C).     On 

Mentha,  Teucrium,  Cynoglossum, 
etc.  ;   local  and  widely  distributed 

—  erythropus,  Gyll.     On  Helianthemum 

vulgare,  Potentilla  tormentilla,  etc.  ; 
locally  common 

—  solidus,    Sturm.      On     Helianthemum 

vulgare,  chiefly  in  chalky  places  ; 
local,  but  not  uncommon.  Darenth 
Wood,  Chatham,  Dart  ford.  Birch 
Wood,  Bearsted,  Faversham,  etc. 
Cychramus  luteus,  F.  On  flowers  of 
whitethorn  and  also  in  fungi  ;  not 
uncommon 


147 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


NlTIDULID^  {continued) 

Cychramus  fungicola,    Heer.       In    fungi  ; 

not  uncommon 
Cryptarcha  strigata,  F.     At  exuding  sap  of 
Cossus  infested  oaks,  also  under  bark  ; 
rare.       Cobham     Park,     Weiterham, 
Belvedere 

—  imperialis,    F.     With    the    preceding, 

but  more  scarce.      Cobham  Park 
[As  far  as  I   know  no  species  of  Ips  has  been 
recorded  from   Kent,  but  I.  quadripunctata  pro- 
bably occurs,  as  it  is  not  rare  in  Surrey  at  sap  and 
under  bark.] 

Rhizophagus  cribratus,  Gyll.  Under  bark 
and  at  roots  of  trees,  especially  oak  ; 
rare.      Birch  Wood 

—  depressus,  F.     Under  bark  of  oak,  fir, 

etc.  ;   local.      Chatham,  Borland  Hill 

—  perforatus,    Er.     Under    bark    and    at 

sap  ;  not  common  as  a  rule.  Cob- 
ham Park,  Borland  Hill,  frequent 
(J.  J.  W.);  Sheerness,  Barenth,  St. 
Peter's  {Isle  of  Thanet) 

—  parallelocollis,  Er.    Under  bark,  at  sap, 

in  fungoid  growth,  etc.  ;  not  com- 
mon.     Cobham  Park 

—  ferrugineus,  Payk.     Under  bark,  at  fir 

sap,  etc.  ;  local.  Borland  Hill, 
scarce  ;  Sevenoaks,  Barenth  Wood 

—  bipustulatus,  F.     Under  bark,  at  sap, 

etc.  ;  very  common 

—  politus,  Hellw.      Under  bark  of  pines, 

etc.  ;  very  rare.  Lee,  one  specimen 
(Douglas) 

TrOGOSITIDjE 

Nemosoma  elongatum,  L.  Under  bark, 
parasitic  on  Hylesinus  vittatus  ;  very 
rare.      Barenth  Wood  (Stephens) 

Tenebrioides  mauritanicus,  L.  In  granaries, 
etc.  ;  not  uncommon — an  imported 
species 

Thymalus  limbatus,  F.  Under  bark  ;  very 
rare.      Westcrham  (Stephens) 

MoNOTOMIDi^ 

Monotoma  conicicollis,  Aube.  In  nests  or 
Formica  rufa  ;  local,  but  not  uncom- 
mon where  it  occurs.  Plumstead, 
Wigmore  Wood 

—  formicetorum,  Thoms.     With  the  pre- 

ceding ;  perhaps  less  common 

—  spinicoUis,  Aube.     In   cut   grass,    hot- 

beds, haystack  bottoms,  etc.  ;  not 
common.  Chatham,  Barenth  Wood, 
Maidstone,  Forest  Hill,  Kingsgate, 
etc. 

—  brevicollis,  Payk.     As  the  preceding  ; 

rare.  Gravesend,  Sheerness,  Barenth 
Wood,  Maidstone 

—  picipes,    Herbst.     As    the    preceding ; 

very  common 


MoNOTOMID^  {continued) 

Monotoma  quadricollis,  Aube.  In  hay- 
stack bottoms,  dungheaps,  etc. ;  local, 
but  not  uncommon 

—  rufa,    Redt.     In    haystack    refuse,  cut 

grass,  etc.,  sometimes  in  granaries  ; 
locally  common.  Lee,  Sheerness,  El- 
thom.  New  Brompton 

—  sub-4-foveolata,  Wat.     As  the  preced- 

ing ;  very  rare.  Strood  and  Sheer- 
ness  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  longicollis,   Gyll.     As   the   preceding  ; 

not  common.      Sheerness,  St.  Peter  s 
{Isle  of  Thanet) 
Lathridhdj^ 

Anommatus  i2-striatus,  Wesm.  In  de- 
caying wood,  refuse,  rotten  seed 
potatoes  underground,  etc.  ;  rare. 
Sheerness  (Walker),  St.  Peter's  {Isle  of 
Thanet)  and  Kingsgate  (T.  Wood) 

Lathridius  lardarius,  De  G.  In  moss,  vege- 
table refuse,  etc. ;  generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  angulatus,  Humm.    As  the  preceding  ; 

common 
Coninomus  nodifer,  Westw.     In  vegetable 
refuse,    woodstacks,     faggots,    etc.  ; 
very  common 

—  carinatus,  Gyll.     Under  bark,  in  dead 

twigs,  moss,  etc. ;  very  rare.    Syden- 
ham 
Enicmus  minutus,  L.     In  stacks,  vegetable 
refuse,  etc.  ;  abundant  everywhere 

—  transversus,    Ol.     As    the    preceding; 

abundant  everywhere 

—  testaceus,  Steph.     In  powdery   fungus 

on  decaying  wood  ;  as  a  rule  rare, 
but  occasionally  in  numbers.  Barenth 
Wood,  Cobham  Park 
Cartodere  ruficollis.  Marsh.  In  haystack 
and  other  refuse,  fungi,  etc.  ;  locally 
common.  Cobham  Park,  Lee,  Plum- 
stead,  Sheerness 

—  elongata.    Curt.     As    the    preceding. 

Cobham  Park,  plentiful  in  dry  leaves 
under  a  log,  October,  1889  (J.J.  W.), 
Greenwich,  Gravesend,  Bishop's  Wood, 
Barenth  Wood,  Bearsted 
Corticaria  pubescens,  Gyll.  (punctulata. 
Marsh.).  In  haystack  refuse,  moss, 
decaying  seaweed,  etc.  ;  not  uncom- 
mon 

—  crenulata,    Gyll.     As    the    preceding ; 

not  uncommon  on  the  coast,  rare 
inland 

—  denticulata,  Gyll.     As  the  preceding  ; 

rather  local,  but  not  uncommon 

—  serrata,  Payk.      In   refuse,  under  bark, 

also  in  ants'  nests ;  not  common. 
Borland  Hill,  Chatham 


148 


INSECTS 


Lathridiid/e  {continued) 

Corticaria  umbilicata,  Beck,  (cylindrica, 
Mann.).  In  moss  ;  very  local. 
Chattenden,  Strood,  Shooters  Hill. 
Mr.  Walker  records  it  as  being 
much  less  common  than  it  used  to 
be 

—  fulva,  Com.     I  have  a   record  of  this 

species  from  '  Kent,'  but  I  consider 
it  to  be  doubtful 

—  clongata,    Humm.      In     refuse,     moss, 

etc.  ;  generally  distributed  and  com- 
mon 

—  fenestralis,  L.  (rufula,  Zett.).     As  the 

preceding  ;  not  common,  and  usually 
occurs  singly.  Chattenden,  Chatham, 
Darenth  Wood,  Sevenoaks 
Melanophthalma  gibbosa,  Herbst.  In  moss, 
haystack  refuse,  etc.  ;  abundant 
everywhere 

—  transversalis     var.     w^ollastoni,     Wat. 

In  moss,  haystack  refuse,  etc., 
and  also  in  and  among  rushes  on 
the  coast  ;  rare,  but  plentiful  some- 
times where  it  occurs.  Sheerness, 
Darenth  Wood,  Chatham,  Kingsgate. 
We  do  not  apparently  possess  the 
type  form  in  Britain 

—  fuscula,  Humm.     In  moss,  refuse,  etc.  ; 

very  common 

—  fulvipes.  Com.  (curta,  Woll.).     Sandy 

places  on  the  coast,  in  decaying  sea- 
weed and  at  roots  of  grass  ;  locally 
common 
CucujiD^ 

Pediacus  dermestoides,  F.  Under  bark 
and  in  chinks  of  freshly  cut  oaks, 
etc.  ;  very  rare.  Cobham  Park 
(Walker) 

Lsemophloeus  bimaculatus,  Payk.  Under 
bark  of  oak,  beech  and  hornbeam  ; 
very  rare.  Gore  Court  near  Beantal 
(Gorham),  Bromley,  Kent  (under  oak 
bark) 

—  duplicatus,     Waltl.       Under     bark    of 

beech,  oak,  etc.,  also  in  fungus ; 
very  local,  and  as  a  rule  rare.  Cob- 
ham  Park,  rare  in  dry  fungus  ; 
Maidstone,  Farnhorough,  Bromley  (in 
numbers) 

—  pusillus,  Schon.    In  a  granary  at  Strood; 

probably  introduced 

—  ferrugineus,  Steph.    In  haystack  refuse, 

in  granaries  and  under  bark  ;  com- 
mon ;   probably  introduced 
• —  ater,   OI.     In   dead  stems  of   broom  ; 
rare.     Darenth  Wood 

—  clematidis,  Er.     In  dead  stems  of  Cle- 

matis vitalba  ;  rare.  Gravesend 
(Janson),  Dartford  (Champion) 


CucujiD.-E  [continued) 

Brontes  planatus,  L.  Under  bark  of  dead 
beech  trees  ;  very  rare.  Blackheath 
(Douglas) 

Psammachus  bipunctatus,  F.  Marshy 
places,  in  refuse,  etc.  ;  local.  Lee, 
Higham,  Rainham,  Snodland,  Strood, 
Bearsted,  Wickham,  Birchington, 
Folkestone 

Silvanus  surinamensis,  L.  In  sugar,  in 
granaries,  etc.  ;  an  introduced 
species  ;  not  uncommon.  Cobham 
Park,  by  sweeping 

—  unidentatus,      F.         Under      bark     of 

oak,  beech,  etc.  ;  local.  Cobham 
Park 

—  similis,  Er.     Very  rare ;  one  specimen 

in  a  birch  faggot,  Cobham  Park 
(J.  J.  W.).  Mr.  Champion  has 
taken  it  abundantly  at  Esher  in 
Surrey,  but  only  in  dead  branches 
of  Scotch  fir 

BYTURIDiE 

Byturus  sambuci.  Scop.  On  flowers  ;  rather 
common 

—  tomentosus,  F.      On  flowers,  especially 

on  raspberry  blossoms  ;  common 
Cryptophagid^ 

Diphyllus  lunatus,  F.    In  the  black  fungus 

and    under  bark  of  old  ash   trees ; 

rare.      Chatham,  Sheerness 
Telmatophilus  sparganii,   Ahr.     In    stems 

of  Sparganium,   Typha,   etc.  ;   rare. 

Pegwell  Bay,  Hythe,  Sandwich 

—  caricis,  Ol.     In  stems  of  Typha,  also 

by  sweeping  in  marshy  places  ;  com- 
mon. Snodland,  Sheerness,  Lee, 
Hythe 

—  typhsc.  Fall.     In  stems  of  Typha,  also 

in  flood  refuse,  etc.  ;  locally  com- 
mon. Snodland,  Chatham,  Sheerness, 
Hythe 

—  schonherri,  Gyll.     As  the  preceding  ; 

not  uncommon.  Sheerness,  Deal 
■ —  brevicollis,  Aubc.  As  the  preceding  ; 
rare.  Sheerness,  Birchington,  Pegwell 
Bay,  Sandwich,  Hythe 
Antherophagusnigricornis,  F.  On  flowers; 
also  in  and  about  nests  of  humble 
bees,  and  taken  attached  to  the  bees 
in  flight  ;   rather  common 

—  pallcns,    Gyll.     Often    in    and    near 

humble  bees'  nests  ;  rare,  ^teen- 
down  Warren,  Chattenden,  Cobham 
Park,  Darenth  Wood,  Folkestone, 
Dover,  Birchington,  Kingsgate,  etc. 

—  silaceus,  Herbst.     By  sweeping  ;  prob- 

ably with  humble  bees  ;  rare.  Dar- 
land  Hill  (very  rare),  Darenth  (Food, 
Gravesend,  Deal,  Folkestone 


149 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Cryptophagid^  (continued) 

Cryptophagus  lycoperdi,  Herbst.    In  Lyco- 
perdons  ;  locally  common 

—  setulosus,    Sturm.      In     fungi,    refuse, 

etc.,  also  in  nests  of  humble  bees  ; 
not  uncommon  and  widely  distributed 

—  pilosus,    Gyll.     In    haystack    bottoms, 

cut  grass,  etc.  ;  often  in  hotbeds  ; 
common 

—  punctipennis,  Bris.     As  the  preceding  ; 

local 

—  ruficornis,  Steph.     In  black  fungus  on 

old  ash  trees  ;  usually  rare.  Strood 
(Champion),  Cobham  Park.  It  has 
been  taken  in  some  numbers  at 
Strood  by  Mr.  J.  J.  Walker  since 
Mr.  Champion  recorded  it 

—  populi,  Payk.     In  fungi,  rotten  wood, 

etc.,  also  about  the  burrows  of  bees' 
nests,  especially  CoUetes  daviesiana  ; 
local  and  usually  rare.  Sydenham, 
Margate 

—  saginatus,    Sturm.     In    fungi,    refuse ; 

local.      Sheerness,  Gravesend 

—  umbratus,  Er.    In  haystack  refuse,  etc. ; 

rare.  Plumstead,  St.  Peter's  {hie  oj 
Thanet) 

—  scanicus,  L.     As  the  preceding  ;  com- 

mon everywhere 
var.  patruelis,  Sturm.  With  the  type 
form,  but  much  rarer 

—  badius,  Sturm.    As  the  preceding  ;  not 

common.  Sheerness,  Darenth,  Lee, 
Gravesend,  Tonbridge,  Folkestone 

—  dentatus,  Herbst.     As  the  preceding  ; 

very  common 

—  distinguendus,  Sturm.     As  the  preced- 

ing ;   not  uncommon,  but  local 

—  acutangulus,  Gyll.     As  the  preceding  ; 

local.      Sheerness,  Lee,  Deal 

—  fumatus,   Gyll.     In  cellars,  etc.  ;  very 

rare.     Deal 

—  cellaris.     Scop.     In     refuse,     haystack 

bottoms,  etc. ;  not  uncommon.  Cob- 
ham  Park,  Rochester,  Sheerness,  Graves- 
end 

—  affinis,  Sturm.     As  the  preceding  and 

also  in  fungi  ;  not  uncommon  in 
some  localities.    Cobham  Park,  scarce 

—  pubescens,  Sturm.     In  moss  and  hay- 

stack refuse  ;  local.  Chatham,  Cob- 
ham Park  (attached  to  wasps'  nests) 

—  bicolor,    Sturm.      In    haystack     refuse, 

etc.  ;  not  common.  Sheerness,  Strood 
Micrambe  vini,  Panz.  On  the  flowers  of 
gorse  and  broom,  also  in  stable  re- 
fuse ;  common  everywhere 
Paramecosoma  melanocephalum,  Herbst. 
On  sallows,  in  flood  refuse,  etc.  ; 
rare.     Chatham 


Cryptophagid^  [continued) 

Caenoscelis  pallida,  Woll.  Evening  sweep- 
ing, also  in  runs  of  Formica  fuliginosa; 
rare.  Chatham,  Cobham  Park 
Atomaria  barani,  Bris.  Marshy  places,  at 
roots  of  grass  and  in  flood  refuse  ; 
rare.      Eltham,  Lee 

—  nigriventris,  Steph.  (nana,  Er.).     Very 

common 

—  umbrina,  Er.     In    moss,   dead    leaves, 

refuse,  etc. ;  local.    Lee,  Darenth  IVood 

—  linearis,    Steph.     As    the    preceding ; 

common  everywhere 

—  badia,  Er.     In  dead  branches  of  Scotch 

fir  ;  rare.  Gravesend  (Power),  Dover 
(Hall) 

—  fuscipes,     Gyll.     In     haystack    refuse, 

manure  heaps,  and  under  seaweed 
near  the  coast ;  local.  Sheerness, 
Chatham,  Deal 

—  peltata,  Kr.    In  haystack  and  vegetable 

refuse  ;  rare.  Chatham,  Cobham  Park, 
Sheerness 

—  munda,  Er.     As  the  preceding ;  local. 

Strood,  Sheerness,  Lee,  Cowley 

—  impressa,  Er.     As  the  preceding  ;  very 

rare.      Lee,  one  specimen  (Sharp) 

—  fuscata,  Sch.    As  the  preceding  ;   local. 

—  atra,  Herbst.     Damp  places,  by  sweep- 

ing ;  very  rare.  Leigh,  one  speci- 
men (Miss  Shepherd) 

—  pusilla,  Payk.     In   moss,  haystack  re- 

fuse, by  evening  sweeping,  etc.  ; 
local.      Sheerness,  Lee 

—  atricapilla,  Steph.     As  the  preceding  ; 

very  common 

—  berolinensis,    Kr.      As  the   preceding  ; 

local.  Sheerness,  Lee,  Sevenoaks,  IVhit- 
stable.  West  Wickham,  Tonbridge 

—  basalis,    Er.         In    vegetable    refuse ; 

very  scarce.     Darenth  Wood 

—  mesomelinus,  Herbst.  Marshy  places,  in 

flood  refuse  and  at  roots  of  grass  ; 
locally  abundant.  Sheerness,  Higham, 
Snodland,  Eltham 

—  gutta,    Steph.      As     the     preceding  ; 

locally  abundant.  Sheerness,  Chat- 
ham, Rochester,  Maidstone,  Birchington 

—  apicalis,  Er.     In    haystack   and    other 

refuse,  hotbeds,  etc. ;  local.  Lee, 
Chatham 

—  analis,  Er.     As  the  preceding  ;  locally 


common 


—  ruficornis.  Marsh.     Very  common 

—  versicolor,  Er.     In  sheep  dung  ;  rare. 

Shooters  Hill 
Ephistemus  globosus,  Waltl.     In  haystack 
refuse,    in   dung,    under   bark,   etc.  ; 
rare.     Snodland,  Lee,  Cowley,  Charl- 


150 


INSECTS 


Cryptophagid^  {continued) 

Ephistemus  gyrinoides,  Marsh.  In  haystack 
refuse ;  common  everywhere 

—  globulus,    Payk.     As    the    preceding ; 

rare.  Sheerness ;  perhaps  a  variety 
of  E.  gyrinoides 

SCAPHIDIID^ 

Scaphidium  quadrimaculatum,  Ol.  In  rot- 
ten stumps,  logs,  fungi,  etc.  ;  not 
uncommon.  Cobham  Park,  Darenth 
Wood 

Scaphisoma  agaricinum,  L.  As  the  pre- 
ceding ;  not  uncommon.  Chatham, 
Sheerness,  Whhstable,  Darenth  and 
Birch  Woods,  etc. 

—  boleti,  Panz.     As  the  preceding ;  not 

common.   Snodland,  Whit  stable.  Birch 
Wood,  Bishop's  Wood 
Mycetophagid^ 

Typhsea  fumata,  L.  In  haystack  refuse 
and  granaries ;  common  every- 
where 

Triphyllus  suturalis,  F.  In  fungi  on  old 
trees  ;   not  common.      Sheerness 

—  punctatus,     F.      As    the     preceding ; 

common 

Litargus  bifasciatus,  F,  Under  bark  of 
beech  and  other  trees  ;  local.  Dar- 
land  Hill,  Boxley,  Westerham,  Maid- 
stone 

Mycetophagus  quadripustulatus,  L.  In 
fungi,  rotten  wood,  etc. ;  common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  piceus,  F.     In  fungi  on  old  trees  and 

in  damp  logs  ;  very  rare.  Cobham 
Park,  Lee 

—  atomarius,  F.     Under  loose  dry  beech 

bark  ;  locally  common.  Chatham, 
^eendown  Warren,  Holly  Hill, 
Wigmore  Wood,  Brasted,  Sevenoaks, 
Westerham,  Farnborough,  etc. 

—  quadriguttatus,  Mull.     In  decayed  ash, 

cut  grass,  haystack  bottoms,  granary 
refuse,  etc.  ;  rare.  Cobham  Park, 
Dartford,  Sheerness 

—  multipunctatus,    Hellw.     In   fungi   on 

trees,  under  bark,  etc.  ;  very  local. 
Sheerness,    Darenth   Wood,    Sandwich 
(abundant,  Gorham) 
Dermestid^ 

Dermestes  vulpinus,  F.  In  hides,  furs, 
etc.  ;  only  too  common 

—  frischii,  Kug.     In   dead  animals,  etc.  ; 

rare.      Greenwich,  Deal 

—  murinus,    L.     In    small    dry    carcases 

(birds,  mice,  moles,  etc.)  ;  common 

—  undulatus,  Brahm.    In  dead  birds,  fish, 

etc.  ;  usually  on  the  coast ;  local, 
but  widely  distributed 

—  lardarius,    L.     In    skins,    bacon,    dead 


Dermestid^  {continued) 

animals,  etc. ;  far  too  common  in 
houses  and  warehouses,  rarer  out  of 
doors 

Attagenus  pellio,  L.  In  skins,  furs,  natural 
history  specimens,  etc.  ;  common 

Megatoma  undata,  Er.  In  skins  and  furs, 
also  on  palings,  under  bark,  and  even 
in  flowers ;  very  local  and  usually 
rare.      Lewisham,  Lee,  Darenth 

Tiresias  serra,  F.  Under  dry  bark ; 
rare.  Greenwich,  Cobham  Park, 
Sheerness 

Anthrenus  varius,  F.  In  natural  history 
specimens,  also  on  flowers  ;  not  com- 
mon.     Lee,  Cowley,  Dover,  etc. 

—  musaeorum,    L.      As    the    preceding; 

too  common 

—  claviger,    Er.      On     flowers  ;     local. 

Sheerness,   Chatham  district,  Darenth 
Wood 
Byrrhid^ 

Syncalypta  spinosa,  Rossi.  In  chalky  places, 
at  roots  of  grass,  in  moss,  etc. ;  locally 
common  at  times,  but  as  a  rule  rare. 
Darland  Hill,  Cuxton,  Snowledge 
Bottom,  Sheerness,  Faversham,  Deal, 
Folkestone 

—  hirsuta.    Sharp.       As    the    preceding  ; 

locally     common.      Darland     Hill, 
New    Brompton,     Higham,     Cuxton, 
Faversham,  Farnborough,  Deal,  Folke- 
stone 
Byrrhus  pilula,  L.     At  roots  of  grass,  in 

moss,  etc.  ;  generally  common 
var.  dennyi,  Steph.   Sandy  and  chalky 

places ;  at  roots  of  Teucrium  scoro- 

donia;  rare.  Tunbridge  Wells,  Cow- 

ley 

—  fasciatus,  F.     Sandy   places  ;    not  un- 

common, but  very  local.  Chattenden, 
Whitstable,  Sheerness 

—  dorsalis,  F.    Sandy  places ;   rare.    Plum- 

stead,  Cowley,  West  Wickham,  Belve- 
dere, Dover 

—  murinus,   F.      At   roots  of   heath,    in 

moss,  etc. ;  rare.     Plumstead 

Cytilus  varius,  F.  Damp  places,  in  moss, 
at  roots  of  grass  ;  local.  Chatten- 
den, Wigmore  Wood,  Sheerness 

Simplocaria  semistriata,  F.  In  flood  re- 
fuse, moss,  etc.  ;  common. 

Limnichus  pygmaeus,  Sturm.  Sandy  and 
chalky  places,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  rare. 
Higham,  Sheerness,  Sheppey,  Deal 

Aspidiphorus  orbiculatus,  Gyll.  In  brown 
powdery  fungus  or  rotten  wood  ; 
rare.  Cobham  Park,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Bishop's  Wood,  Darenth  Wood,  Faver- 
sham 


151 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Parnid^ 

Elmis  aeneus,  Mull.  In  running  water, 
clinging  to  stones,  logs,  or  bits  of 
wood  ;   locally  common 

—  volkmari,  Panz.       As   the   preceding  ; 

rare.      Maithtone 
Limnius  tuberculatus,  Mull.     In   running 
water  ;  locally  common.  Lnvhbam  ; 
probably   widely  distributed. 

—  rivularis,  Rosenh.      In  running  water  ; 

rare.      Birchingtofi  near  Alargate 
Parnus  prolifericornis,  F.    Pond  sides,  under 
stones  in   damp  places,  etc.  ;    gene- 
rally  distributed   and   common 

—  auriculatus,   111.       As    the    preceding  ; 

local  and  not  uncommon  as  a  rule. 

Snodland  (scarce),  Lee,  Favers/xim 
Heterocerus    femoralis,    Kies.     Banks    of 

ponds   and    ditches  ;    not    common. 

Sheerness,   Gravesend,  Deal 
. —  obsoletus.    Curt.      Banks    of    brackish 

ditches  ;    sometimes   in    tidal    refuse 

and    seaweed  ;     local.       Gravesend, 

Rochester,    Chatham,   Sheerness 

—  marginatus,   F.     Banks  of   ponds  and 

ditches  ;  not  uncommon,  especially 
near  the  coast.  Lee,  Sheerness,  Rain- 
ham,  Gravesend,  JFhitstable,  Maid- 
stone 

—  Isvigatus,  Panz.     Banks  of  ponds  and 

ditches  ;  local.      Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

—  britannicus,    Kuwert.    (sericans,    Brit. 

Col.  ;  nec  Kies).  Rare.  Gravesend, 
Sheerness,  Pegwell  Bay 

LUCANID^ 

Lucanus  cervus,  L.     On  trunks  of   trees 

and  flying  at  dusk  about  midsummer; 

common  and  generally  distributed 
Dorcus  parallelopipedus,  L.     In   decaying 

ash  trees  ;    rather  common 
Sinodendron    cylindricum,   L.      In   rotten 

wood   of  ash,   beech,   willow,   etc. ; 

not  uncommon 

SCARAB.€ID^ 

Copris  lunaris,  L.    Sandy  places  ;  in  dung  ; 

local,  and  as  a  rule  rare.     Greenwich, 

Char/ton,     Bexley,    Chatham,     Birch 

Wood,   Sittingboiirne 
Onthophagus  nutans,  F.      In  dung  ;  rare. 

Darenth   Wood 

—  ovatus,    L,       In    dung    and    decaying 

fungi  ;  generally  distributed  and 
common 

—  coenobita,  Herbst.    In  dung  ;  common 

as  a  rule 

—  vacca,  L.      In  dung  ;   common 

—  fracticornis,   Payk.     In  dung ;     local  ; 

found  especially  near  the  coast. 
Whitstable,   Deal,  Dover 

—  nuchicornis.     In  dung  ;   local.      Green- 


ScARABiUDiE  [continued) 

wich,  Gravesend,  Whitstable,  Belvedere, 
Cobham  Park  (scarce,  in  deer's  dung), 
Deal 
Aphodius  erraticus,  L.*     Common 

—  subterraneus,  L.     Local,  but  not  un- 

common 

—  fossor,  L.     Very  common 

—  haemorrhoidalis,  L.     Common 

■ —  foetens,  F.  Not  common.  St.  Peter's 
{Isle  of  Thanet),  Pegwell  Bay,  Folke- 
stone, Dover 

—  fimetarius,  L.     Common  everywhere 

—  scybalarius,  F.     Common 

—  ater,  De  G.      Common  and   generall) 

distributed 

—  constans,  Duft.      Rare.      Belvedere  (T. 

Wood) 

—  granarius,  L.     Very  common  through- 

out the  county 

—  nitidulus,    F.       Not     very     common. 

Darenth      Wood,     Pliimstead,     Sand- 
wich,  Deal 
■ —  sordidus,  F.      Rare.      Greenwich,  Belve- 
dere, Plumstead 

—  rufescens,    F.         Local.         Greenwich, 

Whitstable,  Belvedere,  Cobham  Park, 
Tonbridge,  Pegwell  Bay,  Hythe, 
Dover 

—  putridus,  Sturm.    Rare.    Cobham  Park, 

Tonbridge 

—  plagiatus,  L.     Under  stones,  in  flood 

refuse,  etc. ;  rarely  in  dung  ;  locally 
common.  Sheerness,  Deal,  Dover 
■ —  lividus,  Ol.  Very  local.  Lee, 
Darenth  Wood,  Greenwich,  Sitting- 
bourne,  Kingsgate  (in  abundance,  T. 
Wood) 

—  porcus,  F.     Not  common.       Chatham 

Lines,  St.  Peter's  {Isle  of  Thanet), 
Kingsgate,    Ramsgate 

—  tristis,  Panz.      Very  local.      Whitstable 

—  pusillus,  Herbst.     Somewhat  local,  but 

by  no  means  uncommon 

—  merdarius,    F.     Generally    distributed 

and  common 

—  inquinatus,  F.     Local.     Birch  and  Da- 

renth Woods,  Chatham,  Deal 

—  tessulatus,  Payk.    Rare.     Darland  Hill, 

Walderslade,  Chatham,  Tunhridge 
Wells,  Kingsgate,  Broadstairs,  Deal, 
Folkestone 

—  sticticus,    Panz.      Very    local.      Belve- 

dere,   Tonbridge,   Darenth   Wood 

—  consputus,  Cr.     Very  local  and  usually 

rare.       Gravesend,    New     Brompton, 

*  All  the  species  of  Aphodius  are  found  in  dung 
of  various  animals  ;  also  in  hotbeds  and  manure 
heaps,  and  very  often  on  the  wing  in  numbers. 


INSECTS 


ScaraBj€id^  {continued) 

Chatham,  Broadstalrs,  Kingsgate,  Ash- 
ford.  Mr.  Walker  records  it  as 
abundant  in  Sheppey  in  late  autumn 
and  early  spring 
Aphodius  punctato-sulcatus,  Sturm.  Com- 
mon everywhere 

—  prodromus,  Brahm.     Common 

—  contaminatus,  Herbst.  Common  every- 

where 

—  obliteratus,  Panz.    Local.    Birch  JVood, 

Darenth  Wood,  Cohham  Park,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  zenkeri,  Germ.     Local  and  rare.     Cob- 

ham   Park,   Sevenoais 

—  luridus,  F.'    Local,  but  not  uncommon. 

Whitstahle,  ^teendoivn  Warren,  Cob- 
ham  Park 

—  rufipes,  L.     Very  common  everywhere 

—  depressus,  Kug.  Local.   Chatham.  The 

typical    red     variety     is     extremely 
rare 
Heptaulacus    sus,    Herbst.     Sandy    places, 
in  dung  ;   local.      Deal,  Sandwich 

—  villosus,  Gyll.  Sandy  and  chalky  places  ; 

by  sweeping,  etc.  Considered  one 
of  the  rarest  British  beetles  until 
Dr.  Sharp  and  Mr.  Walker  took 
it  in  great  profusion  by  sweeping 
in  a  very  limited  grassy  spot  on 
the  south  side  of  Cobham  Park,  on 
20  June,   1889 

Oxyomus  porcatus,  F.  In  vegetable  re- 
fuse, hotbeds,  etc.  ;  not  uncommon 
and  widely  distributed 

Pssamobius  sulcicollis,  Herbst.  On  the 
coast  ;  in  and  on  the  sand,  occa- 
sionally under  seaweed  ;  rare.  Deal, 
Dover 

i^lgialia  arenaria,  F.  On  the  coast ;  prob- 
ably common,  but  I  only  have  a 
record   from  Deal 

Odontaeus  mobilicornis,  F.  In  dung  ; 
usually  taken  on  the  wing ;  very 
rare.  Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood, 
Charlton,  Dartford 

Gcotrupes  typhoeus,  L.  Under  cow  dung. 
Greenwich,  and  probably  general 

—  spiniger,  Marsh.     In  dung  ;  generally 

distributed  and  common 

—  stercorarius,   L.     In    dung  ;    generally 

distributed  and   common 

—  mutator,  Marsh.     In  dung  ;  generally 

distributed  and  common 

—  sylvaticus,  Panz.     In  dung  ;  generally 

distributed  and  common 

—  vernalis,  L.     Local.     Greenwich,  Plum- 

stead,  Belvedere,  etc. 
1  The  entirely  black  variety  is  not  uncommon 
!n  Cobham  Park  and  neighbourhood. 


ScARAB^ffilDi^:  {continued) 

Geotrupes  pyrenaeus,  Charp.  Sandy  heaths  ; 
very  local  and  rare.      Belvedere 

Trox  sabulosus,  L.  Sandy  places  ;  in  dry 
carcases, rams' horns, etc.;  rare.  Sund- 
ridge,  Dover 

—  scaber,  L.  In  dry  carcases,  hides,  bones, 
etc.  ;  local.      Blackheath,  Tonbridge 

Hoplia  philanthus,  FUss.  On  flowers,  etc.  ; 
local,  but  usually  common  where  it 
occurs.  Chatham,  Lee,  West  Wick- 
ham,  Sheerness,  Tonbridge,  Pegiuell 
Bay,   Dover,  etc. 

Homaloplia  ruricola,  F.  The  black  variety 
is  very  rare.  On  flowers  ;  as  a  rule 
rare.  Cobham  Great  JVood,  ^leen- 
doivn  Warren,  Horsted,  Darenth  Wood, 
Dover,  Sandwich  (in  numbers, and  also 
a  black  variety,  C.  O.  Waterhouse) 

Serica  brunnea,  L.  By  sweeping  ;  also  on 
or  about  poplars  and  birch  ;  local. 
Sevenoaks,  Lee,  etc.    Rochester  district. 


not  common 


Rhizotrogus  solstitialis,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and  often  in  profusion,  flying 
about  trees  at  dusk 

Melolontha  vulgaris,  F.  About  trees,  fly- 
ing at  dusk  ;  generally  distributed 
and  often  in  great  abundance.  Mr. 
Walker  records  it  as  '  decidedly  less 
abundant  now  than  in  former  years ' 
in  the  Rochester  district 

[Polyphylla  fullo,  F.  All  the  known  British 
specimens  up  to  Stephens'  time  were 
recorded  as  taken  between  Hythe  and 
Ramsgate,  chiefly  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Deal  and  Sandwich.  One 
has  occurred  at  Belvedere,  Kent,  since, 
but  the  species  is  certainly  not  indi- 
genous] 

Phyllopertha  horticola,  L.  On  flowers, 
young  trees,  etc.  ;  common 

Anomala  frischi,  F.  Sandy  places,  usually 
on  the  coast  ;  not  uncommon  at 
Deal,  and  probably  widely  distri- 
buted 

Cetonia  aurata,  L.  On  flowers  ;  gene- 
rally distributed  and   common 

Gnorimus  nobilis,  L.  On  flowers  and  in 
orchards,  in  the  rotten  wood  of  trees, 
etc. ;  very  rare.  One  specimen,  road 
between  Farningham  and  Darenth 
Wood,   1896  (R.  W.  Lloyd) 

BuPRESTIDit 

Agrilus  biguttatus,  F.  Found  flying  about 
and  settling  on  oak  stumps  and  felled 
timber  ;  in  clearings  in  woods  ;  very 
local.  Darenth  Wood  (in  some  num- 
bers, Power  and  Champion) 

—  laticornis,  111.    By  beating  young  hazel. 


153 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


BuPRESTlD>«  {continued) 

oak,  birch,  etc. ;  very  local.    Darenth 

Wood 
Agrilus  angustulus,  III.     As  the  preceding  ; 

very   local.      Darenth   Wood 
Aphanisticus   pusillus,   Ol.     By  sweeping, 

in     moss,    etc.  ;     rare.      Chattenden, 

Strood,  Deal,  Folkestone 
Trachys    minuta,    L.     On    sallows    and 

hazels  ;  local.    Chattenden,  Chatham, 

Darenth  Wood 

—  pumila,  111.     By  sweeping  short  herb- 

age ;  in  moss  and  at  roots  of  Marru- 
bium  vulgare,  etc. ;  very  rare.  Cob- 
ham  Par-^,  eight  examples  in  1897-8 

—  troglodytes,    Gyll.     In    moss    and    on 

flowers  ;  rare.  Cuxton,  one  speci- 
men (J.  J.  W.)  ;  Chatham  ;  Folke- 
stone (Waterhouse) 

ThROSCIDj^ 

Throscus  dermestoides,  L.  Often  com- 
monly found  by  evening  sweeping  ; 
generally  distributed  and  common 

—  carinifrons,  Bonv.     By  evening  sweep- 

ing ;  very  local.  Cobham  Park,  Chat- 
tenden, St.  Marys  Island  (rather 
plentiful,  J.  J.  W.),  Sheppey,  Chisle- 
hurst,  Tonbridge  (in  numbers,  A.  C. 
Horner) 

—  elateroides,  Heer.  At  roots  of  grass;  often 

in  salt  marshes,  and  by  evening  sweep- 
ing ;  very  local.  Rainham,  St.  Mary's 
Island,  Chatham,  Sheerness,  Cowley 

—  obtusus.     Curt.       In     moss,    haystack 

refuse,  etc.  ;  not  common  as  a  rule 
and  very  local,  but  occasionally  in 
numbers.  Lee,  Sheerness,  Darland 
Hill,   Chatham 

EUCNEMID^ 

Melasis  buprestoides,  L.    In  decaying  beech 
and  hornbeam  ;  local.    Cobham  Park, 
sometimes  plentiful  (J.  J.  W.) ;  Seven- 
oaks,  Darenth  Wood,  Tonbridge 
ElateriDj* 

Lacon  murinus,  L.  On  grassy  hillsides, 
under  stones,  etc.  ;   common 

Cardiophorus  asellus,  Er.  Sandy  places, 
at  roots  of  grass  and  by  sweeping ; 
very  local  and  as  a  rule  rare.  Faver- 
sham,  Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood 

Cryptohypnus  quadripustulatus,  F.  Damp 
grassy  places  ;  scarce.      Lee,  Cowley 

Elater  sanguinolentus,  Schr.  At  roots  of 
heath,  on  nettle  flowers,  etc.  ;  rare. 
Darenth   Wood 

—  pomonas,  Steph.     Very  rare.     Darenth 

IFood  (Stephens),  but  this  record  re- 
quires confirmation 

—  elongatulus,    F.       In    decaying    oaks ; 

very  rare.     Darenth  Wood  (Power) 


ELATERiDii:  [continued) 

Elater  balteatus,  L.  On  birches  ;  occasion- 
ally in  rotten  wood  of  oak  and  birch  ; 
not  uncommon.  Darenth  Wood,  Birch 
Wood,  Abbey  Wood,  Shooters  Hill,  and 
probably  general 

Ischnodes  sanguinicollis,  Panz.  In  rotten 
wood  and  fungus  ;  rare.  Greenwich, 
Blackheath,  Sheerness 

Ludius  ferrugineus,  L.  In  decayed  trees  ; 
very  rare.  Darenth  Wood;  the  species 
has  not  been  taken  for  many  years 

Melanotus  punctolineatus,  Pel.  Sandy 
places,  at  roots  of  grass,  etc.  ;  rare. 
Pegwell  Bay,  Deal,  Dover 

—  rufipes,  Herbst.     In  rotten  wood  and 

on  the  wing  ;  common 
var.    castanipes,    Payk.      In    rotten 

wood;  rare.  Cobham  Par  k{]. ]. W .), 

Tonbridge  (Horner) 
Athous  rhombeus,  Ol.     In  decaying  trees 
and   logs ;    also    on    bracken  ;    very 
rare.      Cobham  Park,  one  specimen, 
(H.  A.  Maling) 

—  niger,  L.     By  sweeping  in  woods  ;  not 

uncommon 

—  longicollis,  01.    By  sweeping  in  woods  ; 

not  uncommon 

—  difFormis,  Lac.    By  sweeping,  especially 

at  night ;  not  common.  Eastry  (Got- 
ham) ;  Ramsgate,'m  alders(Stephens) ; 
Sandwich  (Waterhouse)  ;  St.  Peter's, 
Isle  of  Thanet  (T.  Wood);  Deal 
(Hull) 

—  hasmorrhoidalis,F.   On  bracken,  !;szels, 

birches,  etc.  ;  very  common  through- 
out the  kingdom 

—  vittatus,  F.    As  the  preceding,  but  local. 

Darenth  Wood 
Limonius  cylindricus,  Payk.     By  sweeping 
in  damp  places  ;   rare.     Birch  Wood 

—  minutus,  L.     On  flowers,  etc.  ;  local, 

but  not  uncommon 
Adrastus    limbatus,    F.     By    sweeping    in 
grassy     places     in     woods ;     local. 
Sheerness,   Chatham,   Sevenoaks 

—  pusillus,  F.     By  sweeping  long  coarse 

grass  in  open  ground.  Sandwich 
(E.  A.  Waterhouse),  Deal  and  Dover 
(Hall) 
Agriotes  sputator,  L.  Under  stones,  at 
roots  of  grass,  etc.  ;  common  and 
generally  distributed 

—  obscurus,  L.     As  the  preceding  ;  very 

common 

—  lineatus,  L.     As  the  preceding ;  very 

common 

—  sordidus.  111.     Sandy  coasts  and  banks 

of  rivers,  under  stones  and  in  flood 
refuse  ;   very  local  and  usually  rare. 


INSECTS 


Elaterid^  {continued) 

Chatham,  Strood,  Sheerness  (in   num- 
bers), Sheppey 
Agriotes  sobrinus,   Kies.     By   beating  and 
sweeping   in    woods;     rather    local. 
Chatham,  Darenth  Wood 

—  pallidulus,  111.   As  the  preceding  ;  com- 

mon 
Dolopius  marginatus,  L.    As  the  preceding  ; 

local.      Darenth  Wood,  Chatham 
Corymbites  quercus,  Gyll.     By  sweeping 

and  beating  ;    not  common.     Birch 

and  Darenth  JVoods,  Belvedere 

—  holosericeus,  F.     By  sweeping,   under 

stones,  etc.  ;  local.     Darenth   Wood, 
Lee 

—  asneus,  L.    Grassy  places  ;  rare.    Belve- 

dere, West  Wickham,  Birch  Wood 

—  metallicuSjPayk.   By  sweeping  bracken, 

etc.  ;    sometimes  on  sallows  ;    rare. 
Darenth   Wood 

—  bipustulatus,  L.     In  decaying  willow  ; 

also  by  sweeping.      Tonbridge,  Sand- 
wich 

Campylus   linearis,  L.      By    beating    and 
sweeping  in    woods  ;    not   rare 
Dascillid.^ 

Dascillus  cervinus,  L.  In  chalky  places, 
on  flowers  ;  local,  and  sometimes 
plentiful 

Helodes  minuta,  L.  In  damp  places  by 
sweeping  ;  also  on  sallows  and  alder  ; 
local,  but  not  rare 

Microcara  livida,  F.  By  sweeping  ;  also 
on  hawthorn  ;  local.  Chathatn,  Sheer- 
ness, Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

Cyphon  coarctatus,  Payk.  By  sweeping 
in  damp  places  ;  rare.  Snodland, 
Chattenden,  Sheerness 

—  nitidulus,    Thorns.      As    the     preced- 

ing ;   rather  common 

—  variabilis,  Thunb.     As  the  preceding  ; 

common 

—  pallidulus.    Boh.     As    the    preceding  ; 

rather     common,     but     local.      Lee, 
Chatham,  Chattenden,  Snodland,  Sheer- 


—  padi,  L.   As  the  preceding  ;  local.   Lee, 

Chattenden,  Snodland,  Dover 
Prionocyphon  serricornis.  Mull.  By  sweep- 
ing ;  also  in  decaying  logs  ;  very  rare. 
Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood,  Cobham 
Park 
Scirtes  hemisphaericus,  L.  Marshy  places  ; 
on  sallow  and  alder  ;  local.  Tonbridge, 
Pegwell  Bay,  Deal 

—  orbicularis,  Panz.     As  the  preceding  ; 

very  local  and  usually  rare.  Near 
Cltffe  (in  numbers),  Gravesend,  Sheer- 
ness^ Deal 


LycidjE 

Platycis  minutus,  F.     In  or  on  old  stumps 
of  fir  and  ash  ;   very  rare.      Cobham 
Park,   Birch   Wood,   Darenth    Wood, 
Ashford,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Sandwich 
Lampyrid^e 

Lampyris  noctiluca,  L.  On  grassy  and 
mossy  banks  ;  the  male  often  flies 
to  light  ;  somewhat  local,  but  more 
or  less  common 

Silis  ruficollis,  F.  By  sweeping;  very  rare  ; 
a  pair  on  rushes,  Snodland,  20  June, 

1895  (J.  J.  W.) 
Telephorid^e 

Podabrus  alpinus,  Payk.  On  various  trees  ; 
locally  common.      Darenth  Wood 

Telephorus  fuscus,  L.  By  sweeping  Umbel- 
liferas,  etc.  ;  local.  Gravesend,  Snod- 
land, Chattenden,  Dartford 

—  rusticus.  Fall.    On  flowers  and  shrubs  ; 

common  everywhere 

—  lividus,  L.      On    flowers    and    shrubs  ; 

common  everywhere 
var.  dispar,  F.      Rare.      Folkestone 

—  pellucidus,  F.    On  flowers  and  shrubs  ; 

local.  Darenth  Wood,  Chatham  dis- 
trict, common 

—  nigricans.  Mull.     On  flowers  in  woods 

and   lanes  ;    local.       Darenth  Wood, 

Chatham  district 

var.  discoideus,  Steph.  Not  uncom- 
mon. Darenth  Wood,  Chatham  dis- 
trict, Whitstahle,  etc. 

—  lituratus.  Fall.  Chiefly  on  Umbellifers  ; 

rather  common 

—  figuratus,Mann.  On  hawthorn  blossom. 

Chattenden  and  Snodland,  not  rare ; 
not  however  a  common  insect 

—  bicolor,    F.      On  flowers,    oaks,    etc.  ; 

common 

—  haemorrhoidalis,   F.      Chiefly  on   haw- 

thorn blossoms  ;  local.  Rochester  dis- 
trict, Darenth  JVood,  Lee 

—  oralis.  Germ.  On  flowers,  etc.,  especially 

near  the  coast ;  local.  ^atAfj/^r  dis- 
trict, Gravesend,  Lee,  Sheerness,  Whit- 
stable,  Deal 

—  flavilabris,    Fall.       On    flowers,    etc.  ; 

generally  distributed  and  common 

—  thoracicus,  Ol.    By  sweeping  in  marshy 

places,  on  osiers,  etc. ;  very  local. 
Sydenham,  Belvedere,  Tonbridge,  Peg- 
well  Bay,  Dover 
Rhagonycha  unicolor.  Curt.  By  sweeping 
long  grass  in  woods  ;  rare.  Cobham 
Park,  Snodland,  Citxton,  ^teendown 
Warren,  Darenth  JVood,  Sevenoaks, 
Maidstone 

—  fuscicornis,  Ol.     Chiefly  on  hawthorn 

blossoms   in   woods  ;    local,  but  not 


155 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Telephoridje  {continued) 

rare.       Rochester     district,     Darenth 
IVood,   Lee,   Sevenoais,  Dover 
Rhagoiiycha  fulva,  Scop.     Chiefly  on  Um- 
bellifersc  ;  very  common  everywhere 

—  tcstacea,  L.     On  flowers,  etc.,  especially 

hawthorn  blossom  ;  in  damp  places ; 
not  common.  Rochester  district,  Ton- 
bridge 

—  limbata.  Thorns.     By  sweeping  ;  very 

common 

—  pallida,  F.    Chiefly  in  woods  ;  common 
Malthinus  punctatus,  Fourc.     In  woods  ; 

rather  common 
- —  fasciatus,01.  In  woods ;  rather  common 

—  balteatus,    SufFr.       In    woods ;     rather 

common 

—  frontalis.     Marsh.       By    beating     and 

sweeping  under  fir  trees ;   not  com- 
mon.     Cobham  Park,  Birch  IVood 
Malthodes  marginatus,  Latr.     By  beating 
and  sweeping  in  woods  ;  common 

—  mysticus,  Kies.     By  beating  and  sweep- 

ing ;   rare.      Tonhridge 

—  fiavoguttatus,  Kies.     By  sweeping  in  a 

damp  thicket  at  iSnart'/awa',  rare  (J.  J.W.) 

—  dispar,  Germ.      By  beating  and  sweep- 

ing in  or  near  woods  ;  rare.    Darenth 
Wood 
■ —   pcllucidus,  Kies.      On   young   birches, 
grass,  etc.  ;   rare.      Sevenoaks 

—  minimus,  L.    In  damp  places,  by  sweep- 

ing ;  common 

—  atomus,  Thoms.     In  or  near  woods; 

local  ;    scarce   in   the    Rochester   dis- 
trict ;  rather  common  in  some  places. 
Lee,  Sevenoaks,  Darenth  JVood,  Folke- 
stone, etc. 
Melyrid.^ 

Malachius  aeneus,  L.  On  flowers,  especially 
in  woods,  etc. ;  local.  Chatham,  Chat- 
tenden,  Lee,  Sheerness,  Darenth  JVood, 
Belvedere,  Tonhridge 

■ —  bipustulatus,  L.  By  general  sweeping  ; 
common  everywhere 

—  viridis,  F.      As  the  preceding  ;    rather 

common  and  widely  distributed 

—  marginellus,   Ol.     On   flowers,  mostly 

on  the  coast  ;  locally  common. 
Snodland  and  Cohham  Park,  rare ; 
JVhitstahle,Birchiyigton,Folkestone,Deal 
Axinotarsus  pulicarius,  F.  On  Umbclli- 
fcras  ;   rare.      Charlton 

—  ruficollis,    Ol.     By   sweeping  ;  locally 

common.  Beckenham,  Erith,  Ton- 
hridge, etc. 
Anthocomus  fasciatus,  L.  By  sweeping  ; 
on  Umbellifcr;e  ;  sometimes  on  sal- 
lows and  willows  ;  local,  but  widely 
distributed 


Melyrid.^  (continued) 

Dasytes  flavipes,  F.  (plumbeus.  Mull).  By 
sweeping  herbage  in  lanes  and  woods  ; 
not  uncommon 

—  oculatus,    Kies.       As    the    preceding ; 

rare.  Cobham  Park  under  oaks, 
Chatham,   Darenth   JVood 

—  arosus,   Kies    (plumbeo-niger,  Goeze). 

Local,  but  not  uncommon 

Psilothrix  nobilis,  111.  On  flowers,  especially 
of  Hieracium,  on  the  coast  ;  locally 
common.  JVhitstahle,  Heme  Bay,  etc. 

Dolichosoma  lineare,  Rossi.  Grassy  banks 
on  the  coast  ;  local,  but  not  uncom- 
mon.     Sheerness,  Deal 

Haplocnemus  impressus.  Marsh.  Under 
bark  of  elm,  oak,  pear,  etc.  ;  rare. 
Sheerness 

PhlcEophilus  edwardsi,  Steph.     Under  bark 
and  in  rotten  wood  ;  also  by  sweep- 
ing ;   rare.     Cohham  Park,  Tonbridge, 
Maidstone 
Clerid^ 

Tillus  elongatus,  L.  On  decaying  wood  ; 
sometimes  on  elder  blossom.  Cobham 
Park,  Sydenham,  Darenth  JVood,  Ton- 
bridge 

Opilo  mollis,  L.  By  sweeping  and  beating 
dead  hedges  ;  as  a  rule  rare.  Upnor, 
Darland  Hill,  Lee,  Darenth  JVood, 
Chatham,   Sheerness,   JVhitstahle 

Tarsostenus  univiltatus,  Rossi.  On  flowers, 
etc.  JVinchmore  Hill,  Kent.  Two 
specimens  recorded  by  Stephens  and 
Curtis.  It  has  recently  been  found 
in  some  numbers  at  Harwich  by  Mr. 
VVIiitaker 

Thanasimus  formicarius,  L.  Under  bark 
of  felled  trees,  especially  fir  ;  very 
local.  Sheerness,  Maidstone,  Bearsted, 
Deal,  JValmer,  Dover 

Necrobia  ruficollis,  F.  In  carcases,  old 
bones,  etc.     Common 

—  violacea,  L.     In  dry  carcases ;  also  on 

flowers.  Darland  Hill,  etc.  Rochester 
district,  not  rare  (J.  J.  W.).  I  can 
find  no  other  record 

—  rufipes,  De  G.      In  old  bones  and  car- 

cases ;   local.      Greenwich,  Sheerness 
Corynetes  coeruleus,  De  G.     In  old  bones, 
etc.  ;    also    on    flowers ;    local,    but 
widely   distributed,  and  occasionally 
common 
Drilid^ 

Drilus  flavescens,  Rossi.  By  sweeping  in 
chalky  places  where  snails  occur  plenti- 
fully ;  male  not  uncommon  locally  ; 
female  extremely  rare.  Rochester 
district,  Strood,  etc.  ;  Darenth  JVood, 
Ashford,  Dover,  Folkestone 


156 


INSECTS 


Ptinid^ 

Ptinus  germanus,  F.  In  old  posts ;  rare. 
Orpington   (Power) 

—  sexpunctatus,    Panz.       In    old    wood  ; 

sometimes  in  houses  ;  rare.  Black- 
heath 

—  fur,  L.      In  old  wood,  often  in  houses ; 

far  too  common 

—  subpilosus,  Mull.      In  rotten  wood  and 

small  carcases ;  sometimes  with  ants ; 
very  rare.  Cohham  Park,  one  ex- 
ample (J.  J.  W.) 
[ —  pilosus.  Mull.  Said  to  have  been 
taken  at  Chatham,  but  probably  in 
error] 

Niptus  hololeucus,  Fald.  In  old  houses, 
cupboards,  etc. ;  generally  distri- 
buted 

Hedobia  imperialis,  L.  In  old  hedges,  some- 
times on  the  wing ;  not  common. 
Darenth  Wood,  JVcit  JVickham,  Coh- 
ham Park,  Darland  Hill,  Faversham, 
Tonbridge,  Deal 
Anobiid^ 

Dryophilus  pusillus,  Gyll.  By  sweeping 
under  fir  trees ;  local  and  usually 
scarce.  Darland  Hill,  Cohham  Park, 
Birch  Wood,  Favenham 

—  anobioides,   Chev.      In   old    stumps  of 

broom,  also  bred  from  dead  bramble 
sticks  ;  very  rare.  Plumstead,  Maid- 
stone 

Priobium  castaneum,  F,  In  dead  hedges, 
decayed  hornbeam,  old  posts,  etc.  ; 
rather  common 

Anobium  denticolle,  Panz.  In  old  oak 
trees  ;  very  rare.  Erith,  on  an  old 
fence  (Power) 

—  domesticum,  Fourc.      In  old   wood,  in 

houses,  old  buildings,  hedges,  etc.  ; 
only  too  common 

—  fiilvicorne,   Sturm.      In    dead    hedges ; 

common 

—  paniceum,  L.     A  common  introduced 

species,  found  in  old  flour,  bread, 
biscuit  and  other  stores 

Xestobium  tessellatum.  In  old  wood  of 
willow  and  oak ;  also  in  houses  ; 
common  and  generally  distributed 

Ernobius  mollis,  L.  In  old  posts  ;  also 
under  fir  trees  ;  local.  Sheerness, 
Cohham   Park,   Lee,    Whitstahle 

Ptilinus  pectinicornis,  L.  In  old  posts  ; 
also  in  decaying  oak,  willow  and 
hornbeam  ;    not  uncommon 

Ochina  hederse,  MuU.  In  old  ivy  ;  not 
uncommon 

Xyletinus  ater,  Panz.  In  decayed  wood  ; 
very  rare.  Charlton  (Janson),  Ton- 
bridge  (Horner) 


Anobiid^  {continued) 

Coenocara  bovistae,  HofF.  In  Lycoperdons; 
rare.      Beanted,  Tonbridge,  Deal 

Dorcatoma  chrysomelina,  Sturm.  In  de- 
ca}'ed  oak  trees  ;  very  rare.  Ton- 
bridge  (Horner) 

—  flavicornis,  F.     In  fungi  on  trees  ;  very 

rare.  Cohham  Park,  1889  and  1895 
(J-  J-  w.) 

BOSTRICHID^ 

Dinoderus  substriatus,   Payk.     Very   rare. 

Darenth    Wood,    one     example    (G. 

Lewis) 
Rhizopertha    pusilla,    F.      An    introduced 

species  ;     found    in    old    stores,    on 

walls   of  oil  mills,  etc. 
Lyctid^ 

Lyctus  canaliculatus,  F.     On  oak  palings, 

under  bark,  etc.  ;   locally  common 

—  brunneus,    Steph.       On     oak    palings 

and    in    oak    stumps  ;    very    rare. 
Cohham   Park,  one   specimen,   July, 
1889  (J.  J.  W.) 
Sphindid^ 

Sphindus  dubius,  Gyll.  In  powdery  fungus 
on  old  wood  ;  rare.  Cohham  Park, 
Chatham 

Cis  boleti,  Scop.  In  boleti,  especially  Poly- 
pori,  on  the  bark  of  rotten  trees  ; 
very  common 

—  villosulus,  Marsh.     In  boleti,  also  under 

bark  of  willow  ;  locally  common. 
Rochester  district,  Chatham,  Graves- 
end,   Darenth   Wood 

—  micans,  Herbst.      In   boleti,  etc.  ;   not 

common.  Darland  Hill,  Chatham, 
Gravesend,  Hawkhunt,  West  Wickham 

—  hispidus,     Payk.       In     boleti  ;      local. 

Hailing  Downs  (common),  Chat- 
ham,  Cuxton,   Darenth   Wood 

—  bidentatus,   Ol.      In   boleti  ;    not   un- 

common 

—  alni,    Gyll.      In    boleti,    also    on     old 

stumps  ;  local,  and  as  a  rule  rare. 
Darenth  IVood,  Hawkhurst,  Cohham 
Park  (under  dead  boughs  lying  on 
the  ground) 

—  nitidus,  Herbst.     In  boleti  ;  common 

—  pygmaeus.   Marsh.     In    boleti,  on  de- 

caying hornbeam  and  other  trees. 
Cohham  Park,  not  rare  (J.  J.  W.)  ; 
Tonbridge,  as  a  rule  rare 

—  festivus,    Panz.      In    boleti    and    dead 

bou2;hs  ;  rare.  Cohham  Park,  Dar- 
land Hill,  Whitstahle 

—  fuscatus,  Mell.      In  boleti  ;  very  local  ; 

bred  in  abundance  from  hard  white 
fungus  on  oak.  Cohham  Park, 
1896-7  (J.  J.  W.) 


157 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CissiD^  {continued) 

Cis  bilamellatus,  Wood.  In  boleti  and 
under  wood  ;  taken  in  profusion 
by  the  Rev.  T.  Wood  at  IFest 
IFickham  Wood ;  not  recorded  from 
any  other  locaHty,  either  British  or 
foreign 

Ennearthron  affine,  Gyll.  In  small  boleti 
on  old  trees  and  stumps  ;   common 

—  cornutum,   Gyll.     In   fungoid   growth 

on  trees ;  as  a  rule  very  scarce. 
Cobham  Park,  Chatham,  Sheerness, 
Darenth  JVood,  Hawkhurst,  West 
Wkkham  (in  numbers,  T.  Wood) 
Octotemnus  glabriculus,  Gyll.  In  boleti, 
on  old  stumps,  etc. ;  common 

PRIONIDiE 

Prionus  coriarius,  L.  On  trunks  of  oak 
trees,  also  in  decaying  trees  ;  rare. 
Cobham  Park,  Sevenoaks,  Belvedere, 
Tonbrldge,  Folkestone 

CERAMBYCIDi?: 

Aromia  moschata,  L.    In  decaying  willows  ; 

common 
Hylotrupes  bajulus,  L.     In  old  posts,  etc.  ; 

very    rare.      Belvedere    (T.    Wood), 

Deal 
Callidium  violaceum,  L.     In  decaying  fir 

posts,  etc.  ;  local.      Darenth  Wood 

—  variabile,  L.     In  decaying  trees,  occa- 

sionally at  '  sugar  '  ;  rare.  Black- 
heath,  Sydenhatn  in  numbers  (Power), 
Lee,  Cobham  Great  Wood,  Frindsbury, 
Sheerness,  Tonbrldge,  Dover 

—  alni,    L.       In    dead     hedges,    faggots, 

in  woods,  on  flowers,  etc.  ;  local 
Clytus    arcuatus,    L.     In    decaying    trees, 
old    posts,    etc.  ;     rare.       Chislehurst 
(Stephens),  Greenwich  (West) 

—  arietis,  L.     In  old  posts  and  on  shrubs  ; 

common 

—  mysticus,  L.     On  hawthorn  blossom, 

also  in  old  posts  and  dead  hedges  ; 
local  but  not  uncommon 

Gracilia  minuta,  F.  In  dead  twigs,  old 
hedges,  baskets,  etc. ;  locally  com- 
mon 

Molorchus  umbellatarum,  L.  On  haw- 
thorn blossom,  etc.,  also  in  dead 
hedges  ;  rare.  Darenth  Wood,  Syden- 
ham, Whitstable 

[Cerambyx  cerdo,  L.  Has  occurred  at 
Deptford,  but  is  plainly  not  indige- 
nous] 

Rhagium  inquisitor,  F.  In  decaying  trees, 
also  on  flowers  ;  common 

—  bifasciatum,    F.       In    decaying    trees  ; 

local,  but  not  uncommon 
Toxotus  meridianus,  Panz.     On  Umbelli- 
ferse,  in  woods  ;  not  uncommon 


Cerambycid^  (continued) 

Pachyta  collaris,  L.  On  Umbelliferae,  es- 
pecially in  and  near  hop-gardens  ; 
local  but  usually  common  where  it 
occurs.  Cobham  Park,  Chattenden, 
Wigmore  Wood,  Bexley,  Shooters  Hill, 
Darenth   Wood,  Tonbridge,  Maidstone 

Anoplodera  sexguttata,  F.  On  flowers  in 
woods  ;   rare.      Darenth  Wood 

Leptura  scutellata,  F.  In  old  stumps  of 
beech  and  hornbeam ;  very  rare. 
Cobham  Park 

—  livida,   F.      On   flowers  ;    rather  com- 

mon 
Strangalia    quadrifasciata,  L.      On  flowers 
and  in  rotten  wood  ;  local.      Darenth 
Wood,  Cobham  Park,  Chatham,  Sitting- 
bourne,  JVesterham 

—  revestita,  L.     On  flowers ;  very  rare. 

Darenth  and  Birch  Woods  (S.  Stevens) 

—  armata,  Herbst.      On  flowers  in  woods  ; 

common  and  generally  distributed 

—  nigra,    L.       On     flowers    in     woods  ; 

local  and  not  common.  Darenth 
Wood,  Westerham,  Tonbridge 

—  melanura,  L.     On  flowers  ;  generally 

distributed  and  common 
Grammoptera    tabacicolor,    De    G.      On 
flowers,    especially    hawthorn  ;     in 
woods  and  hedges  ;   not  uncommon 
and  generally  distributed 

—  analis,  Panz.     On  flowers,  and  oak  and 

elm  trees  ;  rare.  Chattenden  (Wal- 
ker), Darenth  Wood  (Stephens), 
Westerham  (Gorham),  Belvedere  (T. 
Wood) 

—  ruficornis,  F.     On   flowers,  in   hedges 

and  woods  ;  very  common 
Lamiid^ 

Leiopus  nebulosus,  L.     In  dead  hedges,  on 

alders  and  other  trees  ;  not  uncommon 
Pogonochaerus    bidentatus.    Thorns.       In 

dead    hedges  and   under    bark  ;  not 

uncommon  but  local 

—  dentatus,  Fourc.     In  hazel  twigs,  old 

hedges,   old   ivy,   under  bark,  etc.  ; 

not  uncommon 
Agapanthia  lineatocoUis,  Don.     On  thistles 

and     Heracleum  ;      rare.        Darenth 

Wood  and  West  Wickham  Wood 
Saperda  populnea,  L.     On  sallows,  poplars, 

aspens,  etc.  ;   local.      Darenth  Wood, 

Chattenden 
Tetrops  prausta,    L.     In   flowers  and   on 

old     hedges  ;     rather    common    and 

sometimes  plentiful 
Phytcecia    cylindrica,  L.     On    flowers    of 

ox-eye     daisy,     UmbcUifera?,     etc. ; 

rare.      Chattenden,    Wigmore    Wood, 

§^eendown  Warren,  Whitstable 


158 


INSECTS 


Bruchid/e 

Bruchus  cisti,  F.  On  Helianthemum 
vulgare  ;  not  uncommon,  but  some- 
what local 

—  canus,  Germ.    On  sainfoin  (Onobrychis 

sativa) ;  rare.  Hailing  Downs,  Chat- 
tenden,  Chatham,  Gravesend,  Darenth 
Wood 

—  pisi,  L.     In  warehouses,  in  peas,  etc.  ; 

not  rare  ;   introduced 

—  rufimanus.    Boh.       On    beans,    under 

bark  in  winter  ;  common 

—  affinis,  Frol.     Imported  in  beans  ;  rare. 

Sydenham,  Bearsted 

—  atomarius,  L.     On  flowers  ;  local  but 

widely  distributed 

—  rufipes,    Herbst.   (nubilus,  Boh.).     On 

Leguminosae  ;  very  rare.  Gravesend, 
three  specimens,  June,  1869  (Power) 

—  loti,    Payk.     On    Lathyrus    pratensis, 

also  on  Lotus  corniculatus  ;  local 
but  widely  distributed 

—  lentis,  Boh.     On  Leguminosx  ;    rare. 

Gravesend  and  Birch  Wood  (Power) 

—  villosus,  F.  (ater,  Marsh.).     On  Legu- 

minosas,  Helianthemum,  Spartium, 
etc.  ;  locally  common  and  widely 
distributed 

EUPODA 

Orsodacna  lineola,  Panz.  (nigriceps,  Latr.). 
On  hawthorn  blossom,  also  on  sallows, 
etc.  ;  rare,  Gravesend  and  Darenth 
Wood 

var.  humeralis,  Latr.  On  blossom 
and  in  decaying  wood  of  haw- 
thorn ;  very  rare.      Darenth  Wood 

Donacia  crassipes,  F.  On  the  white  water- 
lily  and  other  aquatic  plants  ;  rare. 
Tonbridge,  Deal 

—  dentata,  Hoppe.     On    aquatic  plants  ; 

rare.      Sheerness 

—  versicolorea,  Brahm.  (bidens,  Ol.).    On 

aquatic  plants  ;  local.     Lee,  Deal 

—  sparganii,    Ahr.     On    aquatic    plants  ; 

rare.  Pegwell  Bay,  in  ditches 
(Gorham),  Sandwich 

—  limbata,  Panz.  (lemnas,  F.).     On  aqua- 

tic plants  ;  local,  but  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  bicolora,  Zach.    (sagittariae,    F.).     On 

aquatic  plants  ;  local.  Lee,  Maid- 
stone, Deal 

—  thalassina.  Germ.     On  Scirpus,  Carex, 

etc.  ;  rare.     Pegwell  Bay,  Deal 

—  impressa,   F.     On    Carex,    etc.  ;  rare. 

Maidstone,  Sandwich 

—  simplex,    F.     (linearis,     Hoppe).      On 

rushes,  etc.  ;  common 

—  vulgaris,    Zach.    (typhse,    Ahr.).     On 

Typha,  Sparganium,  etc.  ;  local  and 


EuPODA  [continued) 

as  a   rule   rare.      Lewisham,   Pegwell 
Bay,  Deal,  Sandwich 
Donacia  clavipes,  F.  (menyanthidis,  Gyll.). 
On  aquatic  plants  in  May  and  June  ; 
local.      Whitstable 

—  semicuprea,  Panz.  (simplex,  F.  ;   syst. 

El.).  As  the  preceding  ;  local. 
Dover,  Sandwich 

—  cinerea,    Herbst     (hydrochasridis,     F.). 

On  Sparganium,  Typha,  Arundo, 
etc.,  in  May  and  June  ;  rare.  Wool- 
wich 

—  sericea,  L.      On  aquatic  plants  ;  com- 

mon 

—  discolor,    Panz.    (comari,    SufFr.).     On 

aquatic  plants  ;  rare.  Lewisham^ 
Deal 

—  braccata.  Scop,  (nigra,  F.).     On  aquatic 

plants  in  June ;  locally  common. 
Greenwich,  Woolwich,  Gravesend, 
Whitstable,  Bearsted,  Pegwell  Bay, 
Deal 

—  affinis,    Kunze.     On    Carex,    etc.,    in 

May  and  June  ;  local  and  as  a  rule 
scarce.  Snodland  (locally  common), 
Greenwich,  Maidstone,  Birchington, 
Dover 

Haemonia  curtisi,  Lac.  On  Potamogeton 
pectinatus  and  Zostera  marina,  in 
brackish  water  near  the  coast ;  locally 
common,  but  only  found  in  a  few 
localities.  Cuxton,  Gravesend,  Sheer- 
ness, Birchington 

Zeugophora  subspinosa,  F.  On  young 
aspens  in  woods ;  local,  but  not  un- 
common 

—  flavicollis.     Marsh.     In    woods  ;    very 

rare.  yf^A/or^ (Hart.),  5^Ar/^ji  (Stephens) 
Lema  cyanella,  L.  (puncticoUis,  Curt.).  By 
sweeping  in  meadows  ;  as  a  rule  on 
thistles,  especially  Cirsium  arvense  ; 
local.  Chattenden,  Darenth  Wood, 
Maidstone 

—  lichenis,  Voet.  (cyanella,  SufFr.  nee  L.). 

Marshy  places  ;  very  common 

—  melanopa,  L.     On  herbage  ;  common 

and  generally  distributed 
Crioceris  lilii.  Scop,  (merdigera,  F.).     On 
the    white    lily,    in    gardens ;    very 
rare.     Deptford  ;      Chattenden,     one 
specimen,  1895 

—  asparagi,  L.     On  asparagus,  in  gardens  ; 

locally  common 
Camptosomata 

Labidostomis    tridentata,  L.     On  sallows, 

birches,    oaks,  etc.  ;  rare.     Darenth 

Wood 
Clythra    quadripunctata,    L.      On    oaks, 

birches  and  hazels,  also  by  sweeping  ; 


159 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CaMPTosomata  {continued) 

often  connected  with  Formica  rufa  ; 
local.  Lee,  Wigmore  Wood,  Chatten- 
den,  Whititable,  etc. 
Cryptocephalus  coryli,  L.  On  young 
hazels  in  woods  in  June  ;  rare. 
Darenth  JVood,  Cobham  Park  ;  taken 
in  numbers  in  the  latter  locality  in 
1858,  but  not  again  found  until 
4  June,  1898,  when  Mr.  Walker 
took  a  single  specimen  on  hawthorn 
blossom 

—  sexpunctatus,  L.     On  young  hazels  and 

birches  in  woods  in  June  ;  rare. 
Darenth  Wood,  Cohham  Park  ;  like 
the  preceding,  taken  in  numbers  in 
1858  in  the  latter  locality  by  Dr. 
Power  and  others,  but  has  not  oc- 
curred since 

—  bipunctatus,  L.,  var.  lineola,  F.     On 

young  birch,  hazel,  oak,  etc.,  in 
woods  in  June  ;  very  local,  ^een- 
down  JVarren,  abundant  on  stunted 
hazel  ;  Cuxton,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood,  Folkestone 

—  aureolus,  SufFr.      On  flowers,  especially 

Hieracium  ;  common  in  June 

—  hypochasridis,     L.       On      flowers     of 

Hieracium  ;  locally  common.  Roch- 
ester district,  Darenth  Wood,  Dover, 
Folkestone 

—  ochrostoma,  Har.  (nitidulus,  Gyll.)    On 

young  birch  and  hazels  ;  scarce. 
Cobham  Park,  Darenth  IVood 

—  punctiger,    Payk.      As  the  preceding  ; 

rare.      Darenth  Wood,  Lee 

—  parvulus.  Mull,  (fulcratus.  Germ.).    On 

young  birches,  etc.  ;  scarce.  Darenth 
Wood,  Birch  Wood 

—  moraei,    L.     By    sweeping    in    chalky 

places ;  very  local.  Cobham  Park, 
Wigmore  Wood,  ^eendown  IVarren, 
Betteshanger  Park,  Tonbridge 

—  bilineatus,     L.      By    sweeping ;     very 

local.  Lee,  Whitstable,  ^eendozvn 
Warren,  Birchington,  Folkestone 

—  fulvus,     Goeze      (minutus,     F.).       By 

sweeping  ;   local,  but  not  uncommon 

—  pusillus,  F.      On   young   birches,    etc., 

in  woods  ;  local,  but  not  uncommon 
in  several  localities 

—  labiatus,  L.      On  young  birches,  hazels, 

oaks,  etc.  ;  common 
Cycuca 

Lamprosoma  concolor,  Sturm.  By  sweep- 
ing herbage,  sometimes  in  moss  ; 
local,  but  widely  distributed 

Timarcha  tenebricosa,  F.  In  grassy  places, 
on  heaths,  on  Galium  mollugo,  etc.  ; 


very  common 


l\Cl.lCA   [continued) 
Timarcha  violaceonigra,  De  G.    On  Galium 

verum,    on    chalky  hillsides    and   in 

meadows  ;  common 
Chrysomela    marginalis,    Duft.       On    the 

flowers    of  Linaria ;    local    but    not 

uncommon 

—  marginata,  L.    Sandy  and  grassy  places  ; 

rare.      Pegwell  Bay 

—  banksi,  F.     Chalky  and  sandy  places  ; 

local.  Dartford,  Plumstead,  Graves- 
end,  Belvedere,  Darenth  and  Birch 
Woods,  Folkestone,  Dover 

—  staphylasa,    L.      By  sweeping,  also  on 

grass ;  common  and  generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  polita,  L.     As  the  preceding  ;  common 

everywhere 

—  orichalcia,  Mull.       On  Ballota    nigra, 

etc.  ;  local  and  not  common  in  the 
Rochester  district  near  Cuxton  ;  not 
uncommon  in  some  places.  Plum- 
stead,  Darenth  Wood,  Belvedere,  Abbey 
Wood 

—  haemoptera,    L.      On    sandy    coasts  ; 

locally  common.  Sheppey,  Pegwell 
Bay,  Deal,  Sandwich 

—  varians,    Schall.     By    sweeping ;    local 

and  somewhat  rare.  Wigmore  Wood, 
Chattenden,  Bredhurst,  Chatham,  Dar- 
enth JVood 

—  goettingensis,  L.       Sandy  and    chalky 

places ;  not  common.  Upnor, 
Darland  Hill,  Hailing  Downs,  Chat- 
ham, Beckenham,  Darenth  Wood, 
Sittingbourne,  Chislehurst,  Orpington, 
Belvedere,  Ashford,  Bromley,  Folke- 
stone ;  often  occurs  singly 

—  graminis,  L.      Very  local.      Dover 

—  menthrasti,      Suffr.      On     Tanacetum 

vulgare  and  Mentha  aquatica  ;  very 
local.  Westerham,  Kent,  Dover, 
Folkestone 

—  fastuosa,  Scop.     On  Labiate,  etc.,  also 

by  beating  hawthorn  ;  local.  Dar- 
enth Wood,  Deal,  Dover 

—  didymata,    Scriba.      In    grassy    places  ; 

rare.  Cuxton  Doivns,  Darenth  Wood, 
Dover,  Folkestone 

—  hyperici,      Forst.       On      Hypericum  ; 

local,  but  not  uncommon.  Cuxton, 
Cobham  Park,  West  Wickham,  Sheer- 
ness,  Darenth  JVood 
Melasoma  populi,  L.  On  young  poplars 
and  sallows  ;  local.  Folkestone, 
Dover 

—  longicolle,    Suffr.       On    sallows    and 

aspens ;      very     local.        Blackheath, 
Darenth  Wood,  Chattenden,  Dover 
Phytodecta   rufipes,    De    G.     On    hazels. 


j6o 


INSECTS 


Cyclica  [continued) 

aspens,  sallows,  etc.  ;  local.     Darenth 
Wood,  Wat  Wlckham 
Phytodecta  vi'minalis,  L.     On  sallows  and 
willows  ;   local.      Darenth  and  West 
Wlckham  Woods 

—  olivacea,     Forst.        On      the     broom  ; 

locally  common  and  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  pallida,  L.      On  sallow,   hazel,   moun- 

tain ash,  etc.  ;  not  common.  West 
Wlckham,  Folkestone 
Gastroidea  viridula,  De  G.  (raphaiii, 
Herbst).  On  the  dock ;  scarce. 
Snodland  (J.  J.  W.)  ;  there  appears 
to  be  no  other  record  from  Kent 

—  polygoni,  L.      On  Polygonum  aviculare 

and  docks  ;  very  common  and  some- 
times in  profusion 

Plagiodera  versicolora,  Laich.  On  willows 
and  birches  ;  very  local.     Canterbury 

Phsedon  tumidulus,  Germ.  By  sweeping  ; 
common 

—  armoraciae,    L.    (betulae,     Kust.).     In 

damp  places,  by  sweeping  ;  common 

—  cochlearia;,  F.      On  Crucifera  ;   ratlier 

common.  Snodland,  Higham,  Lee, 
SheernesSy  Whitstable 

—  concinnus,     Steph.       Salt    marshes,    at 

roots  of  grass,  in  flood  rubbish,  etc.  ; 
rare.      Banks  of  Medway,  Gravescnd 
Phyllodecta  vulgatjssima,  L.      On  sallows, 
willows,  poplars,  etc.  ;   common 

—  cavifrons.  Thorns.     On  Populus  nigra 

and  P.  tremulas  ;  very  local  and 
scarce.      Darenth  Wood 

—  vitellinas,  L.      As  the  preceding  ;   very 

common 
Hydrothassa  aucta,  F.      Damp  places  ;   not 
uncommon 

—  marginella,  L.      By    sweeping,  also  at 

roots  of  grass  ;  common 
Prasocuris   junci,    Brahm.     On    Veronica 
beccabunga  (the  brooklime)  ;  rather 
common 

—  phellandrii,     L.       On     Phellandrium 

aquaticum,  on  banks  of  ponds  and 
slow  streams  ;  common 

Agelastica  alni,  L.  Very  rare  ;  five  speci- 
mens taken  at  Deal  on  the  pathways 
in  the  streets  on  6  May,  1900,  by 
Mr.  Jennings  and  Mr.  Bedwell 

Luperus  nigrofasciatus,  Goeze.  On  gorse, 
broom,  ling,  etc.  ;   rare.      Westerham 

—  rufipes.  Scop.      On  birch,  willow,  alder, 

etc.  ;  local.  Rochester  district,  Whit- 
stable 

—  flavipes,  L.      On   birch,   willow,  alder, 

hazel,  etc.  ;  local.  Lee,  Walderslade 
in  the  Rochester  district,  scarce 


Cyclica  [continued) 

Loclimasa  caprese,  L.  On  sallows  and 
willows  ;   local.      Rochester  district 

—  cratasgi,  Forst.     On  flowers  of  white- 

thorn ;  local  and  not  common. 
Wigmore  Wood,  Cohham  Park,  Chat- 
tenden,  etc. 
Galerucella  viburni,  Payk.  On  Viburnum 
opulus  (the  guelder  rose)  and  V. 
lantana  ;  local.  Lee,  Darenth  Wood, 
Chattenden,  Wigmore  Wood 

—  nymphaes,     L.      On     aquatic     plants, 

especially  Nymphaea  and  Nupar ; 
local.      Snodland,  Deal 

—  sagittarise,     Gyll.        On      Lysimachia, 

Hydrocharis,  Hypericum,  rushes,  etc. ; 
local.      Lee 

—  lineola,    F.      On    willows,    alders    and 

hazels  ;   local.      Snodland,   Greenhithe 

—  calmariensis,  L.     On  Lythrum  salicaria, 

etc.  ;  local.  Snodland,  Maidstone, 
Dover 

—  tenella,  L.     In  osier  beds  on  willows, 

also  on  alders  and  Spiraea  ulmaria  ; 
locally  common.  Snodland  (abund- 
ant), Lee 

Adimonia  tanaceti,  L.  On  Tanacetum 
vulgare,  also  in  dry,  sandy  and  grassy 
places  ;  apparently  scarce.  Darenth 
Wood,  Chattenden 

Sermyla  halensis,  L.  On  flowers,  especi- 
ally species  of  Galium  ;  generally 
distributed  and  common 

Longitarsus  pulex,  Schr.  Chalky  places, 
on  Teucrium  scorodonia,  Thymus 
serpyllum,  etc.  ;  locally  common  and 
widely  distributed 

—  anchusae,  Payk.      On  Echium  vulgare, 

Cynoglossum,  Anchusa,  etc.  ;  locally 
common.  Hailing  Downs,  Darenth 
Wood,  Bearsted,  Maidstone 

—  parvulus,  Payk.    (ater,    F.).     On    low 

plants  and  on  hornbeam  ;  rare.  Chat- 
ham, Whitstable,  Birchington,   Deal 

—  absinth  ii,     Kuts.       Salt     marshes,    on 

Artemisia  maritima  ;  locally  com- 
mon. Upnor,  Chatham,  Strood, 
Gravesend,  Sheerness,  Whitstable, 
Deal 

—  dorsalis,    F.     In     chalky    places,    on 

Senecio  jacobaea  and  S.  vulgaris  ; 
local  and  not  common.  Bexley, 
Darenth  Wood,  Folkestone 

—  luridus,  Scop.      On  low   plants  ;  com- 

mon everywhere 

—  brunneus,     Dufts.       On    low    plants ; 

widely  distributed 

—  agilis,  Rye.      On  Scrophularia  aquatica 

and  S.  nodosa  ;  very  scarce.  Snod- 
land, Staple,  Bearsted 


161 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Cyclica  {continued)  < 

Longitarsus  suturellus,  Dufts.     On  Senecio 
jacobaea;  very  local.    Chattenden,ct.c. 
var.  fuscicoUis,  Steph.     Locally  com- 
mon 

—  atricillus,  L.     On  Medicago  and  other 

low  plants  ;   common 

—  patruelis,  All.      On  Verbascum  ;   rare. 

Darenth  Wood 

—  melanocephalus,    All.      By    sweeping  ; 

very  common 

—  atriceps,    Kuts.     By    sweeping ;    rare. 

Cobham  Great  Wood,  Darenth 
Wood 

—  distinguendus,    Rye.       On    Teucrium 

scorodonia  and  Scrophularia  nodosa  ; 
very  local  and  usually  rare.  Roches- 
ter district,  Wigmore  Wood  and  Bhie 
Bell  Hill 

—  nasturtii,    F.      On    Echium    vulgare ; 

rare.  Lee,  Darenth  Wood,  Birch 
Wood 

—  piciceps,  Steph.      On  Senecio  jacobaea  ; 

locally  common.  Darenth  Wood, 
Chatham 

—  membranaceus,    Foudr.    (teucrii,  All.). 

On  Teucrium  scorodonia  (the  wood- 
sage)  ;  local.  Wigmore  Wood,  Dar- 
enth Wood,  Chatham,  Gravesend, 
Dover 

—  ballotas,  Marsh.     On  Ballota  nigra  and 

Marrubium  vulgare  ;  locally  com- 
mon. Darenth  Wood,  Faversham, 
Chatham,  Gravesend,  Sheeniess,  Birch- 
ington 

—  waterhousei,  Kuts.     By  sweeping  herb- 

age ;   rare.      Chattenden,  Chatham 

—  exoletus,  L.   (femoralis,  Marsh.).     On 

Echium  vulgare  and  Convolvulus 
sepium  ;  locally  common.  Hailing 
and  Cuxton  Downs,  Darenth  Wood, 
Sheerness,  Whitstahle,  Maidstone, 
Dover 

—  pusillus,  Gyll.    On  Thymus  serpyllum  ; 

locally  common 

—  tabidus,  F.  (and  var.  thapsi,  Marsh.).  On 

Verbascum  thapsus  ;  local  but  not 
uncommon  where  it  occurs.  Cob- 
ham  Park  and  neighbourhood,  Chat- 
ham,  Sevenoaks,  Sheerness,  Darenth 
Wood,  Dover 

—  jacobaeas,  Wat.      On   Senecio  jacobaea 

(ragwort)  ;   very  common 

—  ochrolcucus.     Marsh.       By     sweeping 

herbage  ;   not  uncommon 

—  gracilis,  Kuts.     On  Senecio  jacobasa  ; 

locally  common 
- —  lavis,     Duft.      On     Chrysanthemum, 
Artemisia,    etc.  ;     locally     common 
and  widely  distributed 

162 


'VCLICA  [continued) 
Longitarsus  pellucidus,   Foudr.     On   Tri- 

folium  and   Mentha  ;  not  common. 

Darenth  Wood,   Sheerness,   Whitstahle, 

Maidstone 
Haltica  lythri,  Aube.      Marshy  places,  on 

Epilobium    and    Lythrum  salicaria  ; 

locally  common.      Snodland,  Higham, 

Maidstone 

—  ampelophaga,  Guer.      On  young  hazels 

in  woods  ;  locally  common.  Darenth 
Wood,  Chattenden,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Birch  Wood 

—  oleracea,  L.  (pusilla.   All.   nee  Duft.). 

Probably  common 

—  pusilla,  Duft.  (helianthemi.  All.).       On 

Helianthcmum  and  Epilobium;  local. 
Rochester  district,  Maidstone 

Hermaeophaga  mercurialis,  F.  On  Mer- 
curialis  perennis  ;  common  in  woods 
and  hedges 

Phyllotreta  nodicornis.  Marsh.  On  the 
wild  mignonette.  Reseda  lutea  ;  com- 
mon on  the  chalk,  though  somewhat 
local 

—  nigripes,     F.     (lepidii,      Koch).        On 

Crucifcrae  ;   locally  common 

—  consobrina.  Curt,  (melasna,  111.).      Very 

local  and  as  a  rule  not  common, 
but  taken  in  great  numbers  by  the 
Rev.  T.  Woo^d  at  St.  Peter  s  [Isle  of 
Thanet),  doing  injury  to  cabbage, 
etc.      IVest  Wickham,  Maidstone 

—  punctulata.    Marsh.      On    Cruciferae  ; 

not  common.      Margate 

—  atra,  Payk.      On  Cruciferae  ;   common 

and  generally  distributed 

—  cruciferae,     Goeze      (obscurella.      111.). 

Locally  common.  Lee,  Dartford, 
Sheerness,  Plunistead,  Margate,  Rams- 
gate,  Deal 

—  vittula,  Redt.     On  Nasturtium  amphi- 

bium  and  other  Cruciferae  ;  locally 
common 

—  undulata,  Kuts.     On  Cruciferae,  espe- 

cially turnips  ;  this  is  the  '  turnip- 
fly,'  and  is  only  too  common 

—  nemorum,  L.     As  the  preceding  ;  very 

common  ;  also  spoken  of  as  '  the 
turnip-fly  ' 

—  ochripes.  Curt.      On  the  hedge  mustard 

(Erysimum  alliaria)  and  other  Cruci- 
ferae ;  common  and  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  sinuata,  Steph.     On  Raphanus  rapha- 

nistrum  and  other  Cruciferae  ;  rare. 
Blue  Bell  Hill  [Chatham)  and  Sheerness 

—  tetrastigma.    Com.        On     Cardamine 

amara  and  nasturtium  ;  locally 
common.      Snodland,  Maidstone 


INSECTS 


CvCLICA  {continued) 

Phyllotreta  exclamationis,  Thunb.  (bras- 
sicas,  F.).  Marshy  places,  on  Criici- 
feras  ;  very  local.  Rochester  district 
Aphthona  lutescens,  Gyll.  Marshy  places, 
on  Comarum  palustre,  Ly  thrum 
salicaria,  etc.  ;  very  local.  Snodland, 
Maidstone 

—  nonstriata,  Goeze.  On  Irispseudacorus; 

locally  common.  Snodlandy  Chatham, 
Northfleet 

—  venustula,  Kuts.     On  the  wood-spurge 

(Euphorbia  amygdaloides)  ;  locally 
common.  Rochester  district,  St. 
Peter's  {Thanet),  Chatham,  Darenth 
Wood,  Birch  Wood 

—  atro-coerulea,  Steph.     By  sweeping  in 

chalky  places  ;  locally  common 

—  virescens,    Foudr.      By    sweeping    low 

plants  in  marshy  places  ;  local. 
Maidstone,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  atratula,    All.     In    chalky    places,    on 

Teucrium,  Helianthemum,  etc.  ; 
locally  common.  Rochester  district, 
Chatham,  Sevenoaks,  Margate,   Dover 

—  herbigrada,    Curt.       By    sweeping     in 

chalky  places ;  locally  common. 
Rochester  district,  Chatham,  Maid- 
stone, Dover 
Batophila  rubi,  Payk.  On  Rubus  and  also 
on  low  plants  ;  local.  Blue  Bell 
Hill,nenT  Chatham,  Maidstone,  Dover 

—  serata,  Marsh.     On  Rubus   and   haw- 

thorn ;  common  and  generally  dis- 
tributed 
Sphreroderma  testaceum,  F.      On  thistles  ; 
common  and  generally  distributed 

—  cardui,     Gyll.       On     knapweed     and 

thistles  ;  common    and    widely    dis- 
tributed 
Apteropeda  orbiculata,  Marsh.     By  sweep- 
ing, often  found  in  moss  ;  common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  globosa,    111.     In    moss,    etc.  ;     rare. 

Cohham  Great  Pari  and  Walderslade 

(J-  J-  w.) 
Mniophila  muscorum,  Koch.     In  moss  on 

chalky  banks,  stumps  of  trees,  etc.  ; 

locally  common.      Rochester  district, 

Faversham,     Birch     Wood,     Darenth 

Wood,  Westerham 
Podgacrica     fuscipes,     L.       On      mallows 

(Malva  sylvestris  and  M.  moschata)  ; 

common  and  generally  distributed 

—  fuscicornis,  L.     As  the  preceding 
Mantura    rustica,    L.      By    sweeping,    on 

Rumex,  etc.  ;  not  very  common,  but 
widely  distributed 

—  obtusata,  Gyll.     On    Spirjea    ulmaria, 

Helianthemum,  etc.  ;    local    and   as 


Cyclica  [continued) 

a  rule  rare.  Snodland,  HoUinghourne, 
Maidstone 

Mantura  matthewsi.  Curt.  On  Helian- 
themum, in  chalky  places  ;  very  local. 
Rochester  district  (not  rare),  Chatham, 
Faversham,  Maidstone,  Eastry,  Folke- 
stone 

Ochrosis  salicarias,  Payk.  Marshy  places, 
on  Lysimachia,  Lythrum  and  Hyperi- 
cum ;  very  local.  Cohham  Great 
Wood,  on  Lysimachia  nummularia, 
in  shady  places,  not  rare  (J.  J. 
W.) 

Crepidodera  transversa,  Marsh.  On 
thistles,  etc. ;  somewhat  local  but 
common 

—  ferruginea.  Scop.      On    nettles,   etc.  ; 

common 

—  rufipes,  L.     On  Malva,    Orobus    and 

Vicia  ;   common 

—  ventralis,  111.      By  sweeping,   in  moss, 

etc.  ;  local.  St.  Mary  Cray,  Chat- 
ham, Faversham 

—  nitidula,  L.     On  willows  and  aspens  ; 

very  rare.      Dover  (C.  G.  Hall) 

—  helxines,    L.     On    willows,    sallows, 

aspens  and  poplars  ;  generally  distri- 
buted and  common 

—  chloris,    Foudr.     As    the    preceding ; 

locally  common.  Snodland,  Sheer- 
ness,  Maidstone,  Dover 

—  aurata,    Marsh.     As    the    preceding ; 

very  common 

Hippuriphila  modeeri,  L.  Marshy  places, 
on  Equisetum  arvense  ;  locally  com- 
mon. Snodland,  Sheerness,  Faversham, 
Maidstone,  Deal,  Folkestone 

Epitrix  pubescens,  Koch.  On  Solanum 
dulcamara,  marshy  places ;  rare. 
hvade  (J.  J.  W.),  Sheppey 

Chaetocnema  subccerulea,  Kuts.  By  sweep- 
ing herbage,  in  moss,  etc.  Pegwell 
Bay,  Dover 

—  hortensis,  Fourc.      By  sweeping  herb- 

age ;  common  and  generally  distri- 
buted 

Plectroscelis  concinna,  Marsh.  By  sweep- 
ing ;  abundant  everywhere 

Psylliodes  attenuata,  Koch.  On  hops ; 
generally  distributed  throughout  the 
hop  districts  and  occasionally  very 
destructive 

—  chrysocephala,   L.      On   Cruciferx,  es- 

pecially near  the  coast ;   common 
var.  anglica,  F.     Not  uncommon 

—  napi,  Koch.      On  Cruciferae,  especially 

watercress  ;  common,  but  not  so 
often  met  with  as  the  preceding 
species 


163 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Cyclica  {continued) 

Psylliodes  cuprea,  Koch.  On  Crucifera-, 
poppies,  etc.  ;   not  rare 

—  affinis,  Payk.    On  Solanaceae  ;  common 

and  widely  distributed 

—  marcida,  111.    Sandy  coasts ;  on  Cranibe 

and  Cakile,  etc.;   rare.      Sheerness 

—  dulcamaras,  Koch.      Chalky  places;  on 

Solanum  dulcamara  ;  local.  Rochester 
district,  Chatham^  Dartford,  Darenth 
Wood,  Westerham,  Maidstone 

—  chalcomera.     111.       On    thistles,    etc.; 

local.  Cohham  Park,  Chatham, 
IVhttstahle,  Maidstone,  Folkestone 

—  picina.     Marsh.       Damp     places ;     on 

Lythrum  salicaria,  and  also  on  Cir- 
sium;  not  common.     Snodland,  West 
Wlckham 
Cryptosomata 

Cassida  murrasa,  L.  On  Inula  dysenterica 
(fleabane)  and  Mentha  ;  very  local 
and  scarce.  Greenwich,  Plaistow, 
Dover,  Sandwich 

—  fastuosa,  Schall  (vittata,  F.).    On  Sene- 

cio  jacobaea  ;  very  rare.  Chattenden, 
Greenwich 

—  nebulosa,   L.      On    low    plants  ;    rare. 

Darenth  Wood 

—  vibex,  F.    On  Centaurea,  thistles,  etc.; 

local.  Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood, 
Belvedere,  Cobham  Park,  Chattenden, 
Chatham,  Faversham,  Whitstahle, 
Tonbridge 

—  sanguinolenta,  F.    On  thistles,  Achillea 

millefolium  and  other  low  plants  ; 
not  common.  Blue  Bell  Hill  near 
Rochester,  Chatham,  Deal,  Dover, 
Folkestone 

—  vittata,  Vill.   (oblonga.  111.).      On  Sali- 

cornia  and  other  salt  marsh  plants  ; 
almost  always  found  near  the  coast  ; 
local,  but  widely  distributed 

—  nobilis,  L.      On  low  plants   in   chalky 

and  sandy  places;  local  and  rather 
scarce,  but  very  widely  distributed 

—  flaveola,    Thunb.    (obsoleta,  111.).      On 

starwort  and  other  low  plants,  also  in 
moss,  decaying  seaweed,  etc. ;  common 

—  equestris,  F.      Marshy  places  on  Men- 

tha aquatica;  not  common.  Snodland, 
Maidstone,  Dover 

—  viridis,  F.      On  thistles;   very  common 

—  hemisphasrica,  Herbst.      On  Silene  in- 

flata  and  other  low  plants,  at  roots  of 
Reseda,  etc.;   rare  and  usually  found 
singly.       ^eendown   Warren,   Birch 
Wood,  Lee,  Deal,  Folkestone 
Tenebrionid^ 

Blaps  mucronata,  Latr.  In  houses  and 
cellars;  generally  distributed 


Tenebrionid^  {continued) 

Blaps  similis,  Latr.  In  cellars  and  outbuild- 
ings, also  out  of  doors ;  not  common. 
Strood,  Kingsgate  on  the  seashore  (T. 
Wood),  Dover 

Crypticus  quisquilius,  L.  Sandy  places  on 
the  coast  ;  local.  Sheerness,  Dover, 
Deal,  Sandwich 

Heliopathes  gibbus,  F.  Sandy  places  on 
the  coast  ;  locally  common.  Deal, 
Dover 

Opatrum  sabulosum,  Gyll.  Sandy  places 
on  the  coast  ;  locally  common. 
Whitstable,  Deal,  Dover 

Microzoum  tibiale,  Redt.  Mostly  on  the 
coast,  but  not  always;  locally  com- 
mon.     Deal,  Dover 

Phaleria  cadaverina,  F.  On  the  coast, 
under  seaweed,  at  roots  of  grass,  etc. ; 
local.      Margate,  Dover 

Heledona  agaricola,  F.  In  dry  white 
boleti  on  oak  trees ;  very  local. 
Cobham  Park  (sometimes  very  plenti- 
ful), Chatham,  West  Wickham 

Scaphidema  aeneum,  F.  In  old  stumps, 
among  damp  dead  sticks,  etc. ;  local, 
but  not  uncommon  in  several  locali- 
ties 

Alphitophagus  quadripustulatus,  Steph.  In 
great  numbers  in  a  granary  at  Strood 

Tenebrio  molitor,  L.  In  old  flour  in 
granaries  ;   common 

—  obscurus,  F.     In  old  flour,  etc. ;  much 

rarer    than    the    preceding.      Strood, 
Sheerness,  Whitstable,  Dover 
Alphitobius    diaperinus,    Panz.      In    flour, 
etc. ;  probably  introduced  ;  not  com- 
mon,     ^eenborough  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  piceus,  Ol.      As  the  preceding  ;   rather 

common.      Rainham,  Dover,  etc. 

Gnathocerus  cornutus,  F.  In  flour,  bread, 
etc.,  a  cosmopolitan  species  ;  local. 
Dover,2ind  probably  widely  distributed 

Tribolium  ferrugineum,  F.  A  cosmopoli- 
tan species  occurring  in  flour,  also 
under  bark  of  trees.  Rainham, 
Sheerness,  Dover,  St.  Peter's  {Isle  of 
Thanet)  and  probably  common 

Hypophloeus  bicolor,  Ol.  Under  bark  of 
elms  ;  very  local.  Sydenham,  Chat- 
ham, Charlton,  Lee,  in  old  elms  near 
Chattenden,  also  in  burrows  of  Sco- 
lytus  destructor 

Latheticus  oryzae,  Wat.  A  cosmopolitan 
species.      Lee 

Helops  coeruleus,  L.  In  decaying  willows, 
old  posts,  etc.  ;  very  local.  Chat- 
ham, New  Brompton,  Darenth  JVood, 
Greenwich,  Belvedere,  Gravesend, 
Sheerness,  Dover 


164 


INSECTS 


Tenebrionid^  {continued) 

Helops  pallidas,  Curt.  Sandy  places  on  the 
coast ;  not  common.     Deal 

—  striatus,  Fourc.     In  rotten  wood,  under 

loose  bark,  at '  sugar,'  etc. ;  common 
everywhere 
Lagriid^ 

Lagria  hirta,  L.  In  hedges,  on  flowers  ; 
very  common 

ClSTELID^ 

Cistela  luperus,  Herbst.  On  hazels  and 
young  oaks  ;  local,  but  widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  ceramboides,  L.   On  oaks,  Umbelliferae, 

etc.;  rare.  Sydenham,  Belvedere, 
Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

—  murina,  L.      On   flowers  and   shrubs  ; 

common 
Eryx  ater,   F.     In  decaying  willow,  ash, 

etc.;  nocturnal;  rare.     Cobham  Park, 

Chatham 
Mycetochares  bipustulata.  111.     Under  bark 

and    in    rotten    wood  ;     rare.      Lee, 

Darenth  Wood,  Dover 
Cteniopus  sulphureus,  L.      A  coast  species, 

on    flowers,     rushes,     etc.  ;     locally 

common.      Deal,  Dover,  Folkestone 
Melandryidjs: 

Tetratoma    fungorum,     F.       In     fungoid 

growth  on  decaying  trees,  etc. ;  very 

local,  and   as  a   rule   not   common. 

Erith,  Sheerness 

—  desmaresti,  Latr.     In  rotten  wood  with 

fungus  growth  ;  very  rare.  Becken- 
ham  (Power) 

—  ancora,  F.     In  moss  on  old  stumps  or 

fir,  beech,  etc. ;  very  rare  ;  two  speci- 
mens, one  at  Darland  Hill,  the  other 
in  Cobham  Park  (J.  J.  W.) 

Orchesia  micans,  Panz.  In  fungoid  growth 
on  old  trees  ;  rare.  Westerham, 
Darenth  Wood,  Cobham  Park  (in 
hard  boleti) 

Clinocara  undulata,  Kr.  In  fungoid  growth 
and  under  bark  of  beech  and  horn- 
beam, also  on  hawthorn  blossom  ; 
rare.  Chatham,  Cobham  Park  (in 
plenty,  J.  J.  W.  and  G.  C.  C.) 

Hallomenus  humeralis,  Panz.  In  fungoid 
growth  on  old  trees,  rotten  willow, 
etc.;  very  rare.  St.  Mary's  Island, 
Lee,  Cobham  Park,  Chatham 

Conopalpus  testaceus,  Ol.  In  dead  boughs 
of  trees,  also  by  sweeping  ;  rare. 
Darenth  Wood  (R.  W.  Lloyd), 
Shooters  Hill 

Melandrya  caraboides,  L.  In  old  willow 
stumps  ;  local.  Darenth  Wood,  Lee, 
Charlton,  Sevenoaks,  Belvedere,  Ton- 
bridge,  Dover 


Melandryid^  [continued) 

Anisoxya  fuscula.  111.  In  dead  twigs 
and  by  sweeping  ;  very  rare.  Lee, 
Darenth  Wood,  Cobham  Park 

Abdera  quadrifasciata,  Steph.  In  fungoid 
growth  on  decayed  hornbeam,  also 
in  short  rotten  stumps  of  boughs  ; 
very  rare.      Cobham  Park,  Tonbridge 

—  bifasciata.    Marsh.       In    dead   boughs, 

also  by  beating  hedges  at  the  end  of 
July;  rare.  Cobham  Park,  Chatten- 
den,  Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood 

Phloeotrya  rufipes,  Gyll.  In  decaying  oak, 
etc.;  rare.  Brasted,  near  Sevenoaks, 
Tunbridge  Wells 

Hypulus  quercinus,  Quens.  In  decaying 
oak,  etc.,  also  by  sweeping ;  very 
rare.  Darenth  Wood,  Plumstead 
Wood  (one  specimen,  S.  Stevens) 

Osphya  bipunctata,  F.  On  hawthorn 
blossom  ;  very  rare.  Chattenden 
Roughs  (about  a  dozen  specimens 
taken  by  Mr.  Champion,  Mr.  Walker 
and  Mr.  Chitty) 
Pvthidj« 

Salpingus  castaneus,  Panz.  In  decaying  fir 
branches ;  local.  West  Wickham, 
Darland  Hill,  near  Chatham 

—  aeratus,  Muls.  (ater,  Payk.).      In  dead 

twigs  of  fir,  on  walls  and  palings,  etc.; 
rare.  Gravesend,  Sheppey,Sittingbourne, 
West  Wickham 

—  foveolatus,   Ljungh.      Very    rare  ;    one 

example  taken  by  Mr.  Walker  under 
beech  bark  in  Cobham  Park  on 
21  August,  1895 

Lissodema  quadripustulata.  Marsh.  Among 
dead  sticks  and  twigs ;  very  local. 
Rochester  district,  Darenth  Wood,  Lee, 
Sittingbourne,  Tunbridge  Wells,  Kings- 
gate 

Rhinosimus  ruficollis,  L.  Under  bark  and 
in  dead  twigs ;  local  but  not  un- 
common 

—  viridipennis,    Steph.      As    the    preced- 

ing ;  not  common  but  widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  planirostris,  F.      Under  bark,   in   moss, 

by    sweeping,    etc.  ;    common     and 
generally  distributed 
CEdemerid.*: 

CEdemera  nobilis.  Scop.  On  flowers ; 
generally  distributed  and  common 

—  lurida.  Marsh.      On  flowers,  chiefly  in 

chalky  places  ;  local,  but  widely  dis- 
tributed 
Oncomera  femorata,  F.  On  ivy  bloom 
and  at  sallows ;  nocturnal  in  its 
habits  and  comes  to  '  sugar  ' ;  local, 
but  not  rare.     Wigmore  Wood,  Chat- 


165 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CEdemerid^  {continued) 

ham,  Darenth  Wood,  Tunhridge  JVells, 
IVeiterham,  Dover 

Nacerdes  melanura,  Schmidt.  On  old 
posts  and  timber  on  the  sea  shore 
and  at  the  mouths  of  large  rivers  ; 
rather  common  locally  and  widely- 
distributed 

Ischnomera  coerulea,  L.     In   rotten  wood 
of  ivy,  willow,  etc.,  also   on   haw- 
thorn  blossom  ;    local,    but    widely 
distributed 
Pyrochroid^ 

Pyrochroa  coccinea,  L.  Under  bark  of 
decaying  oak  ;  very  local,  but  some- 
times found  in  numbers  where  it 
occurs.      Darenth  and  Birch  TVoods 

—  serraticornis,   Scop.       On    flowers  and 

herbage  ;  very  common 

MoRDELLID^ 

Mordella  fasciata,  F.  On  flowers  of  Um- 
belliferas  in  woods  ;  local,  but  some- 
times very  common.  Chattenden, 
Cuxton,  Strood,  Maidstone,  Sitting- 
bourne,  Canterbury,  Dover 

—  aculeata,  L.      On  flowers  and  herbage; 

very  rare.  Cobham  Park,  one  speci- 
men, June,  1897  (J.  J.  W.),  Wester- 
ham  (Gorham) 
Mordellistena  abdominalis,  F.  On  flowers 
of  hawthorn  and  Umbelliferae,  in 
and  near  woods  ;  rare.  Chattenden 
Roughs,  Chatham,  Strood,  Darenth 
Wood,   Sevenoaks,  Bearsted,  Folkestone 

—  humeralis,  L.     On  Umbelliferae  ;  rare. 

Cobham     Park,    Hailing,     Sevenoaks, 

Maidstone 

var.  lateralis,  Ol.  Less  uncommon 
than  the  type  form.  Lee,  Darenth 
Wood,  Chatham,  Sevenoaks,  Bear- 
sted 

—  brunnea,  F.      On  flowers  of  Umbelli- 

ferae, by  beating  hawthorn  hedges, 
etc. ;  local,  and  as  a  rule  scarce. 
Chattenden,  Chatham,  Eltham,Darenth 
Wood 

—  pumila,  Gyll.      On  flowers,   especially 

on  the  chalk  ;  locally  common 

—  brevicauda,   Boh.      Chiefly  on   butter- 

cups and  Hieracium  ;  very  local. 
Rochester  district  (not  rare),  Maidstone, 
Folkestone 

—  parvula,   Gyll.,  var.    inaqualis,    Muls. 

On  Artemisia  ;  local,  but  sometimes 
abundant.  Sheerness  (in  numbers). 
Deal,  Folkestone  ;  the  type  form  does 
not  apparently  occur  in  Britain 
Anaspis  frontalis,  L.  On  hawthorn  blos- 
som and  on  herbage  ;  common 
everywhere 


MoRDELLiD^  [continued) 

Anaspis  garneysi,  Fowler.  On  hawthorn 
blossom  ;   rare.      Cobham  Park 

—  pulicaria,  Costa  (forcipata,  Muls.).    On 

flowers,  etc.  ;   locally  common 

—  rufilabris,   Gyll.       On   flowers   and  in 

dead  twigs,  etc. ;  local,  perhaps  over- 
looked.     Darenth  Wood 

—  melanostoma,       Costa       (monilicornis, 

Muls.).  On  flowers  ;  very  rare. 
Darenth  Wood,  one  specimen 
(Power) 

—  geoffroyi.  Mull.    On  flowers,  especially 

hawthorn  blossom  ;  local,  but  not 
uncommon 

—  ruficollis,   F.     On   hawthorn   blossom, 

Umbelliferze,  etc.  ;  very  common 

—  flava,   L.,   var.   thoracica,   L.   (?  costas, 

Emery).  On  hawthorn  blossom  ; 
not  common.  Cobham  Park,  Darenth 
Wood 

—  subtestacea,    Steph.        On     hawthorn 

blossom,  etc.;  local.  Chattenden, 
Sevenoaks,  Darenth  Wood,  West  Wick- 
ham,  Birch  Wood,  etc. 

—  maculata,  Fourc.     On  hawthorn  blos- 

som, etc.;  common  everywhere 
Anthicid^ 

Notoxus  monoceros,  L.  Sandy  places,  in- 
land and  on  the  coast  ;  not  uncom- 
mon and  widely  distributed 

Anthicus  humilis.  Germ.  Salt  marshes  on 
wet  mud  ;  not  uncommon  locally 
and  widely  distributed 

—  salinus.    Crotch.     Salt    marshes  ;  rare. 

Gravesend,  Strood 

—  floralis,  L.    In  hotbeds,  haystack  refuse, 

etc.;  very  common 
var.  quisquilius,  Thoms.      With  the 
type  form  and  equally  common 

—  instabilis,     Schmidt.        Salt     marshes  ; 

locally  common 

—  angustatus,  Curt.     Salt  marshes  and  on 

the  beach  under  seaweed  ;  rare. 
Gravesend 

—  antherinus,  L.     In  moss,  haystack  and 

vegetable  refuse,  etc. ;  common   and 
generally  distributed 
Xylophilid^ 

Xylophilus  populneus,  F.  In  old  trees, 
dead  hedges,  on  flowers,  etc.;  rare. 
Darenth  Wood,  Lee,  Lewisham,  Birch 
Wood,  Sheerness 
- —  oculatus,  Gyll.  In  decaying  oak,  white- 
thorn, etc. ;  rare.  Lee  (Douglas  and 
Scott),  Birch  Wood  (Power) 

MeloS;  proscarabxus,  L,  Found  crawling 
on  heaths,  meadows,  roads,  etc.,  in 
early  spring  ;  common 


INSECTS 


MELOIDiS  {continued) 

Meloe  violaceus,  Marsh.  As  the  preceding 
but  much  less  common.  Cuxton, 
Queendown  JFarren,  Blue  Bell  Hill, 
Strood,  Dover 

—  autumnalis,     Ol.       On    grassy    banks, 

pathways,  etc.,  near  the  coast  ;  very 
rare.  Dartford  (Stephens),  Ramsgate 
(Newman) 

—  cicatricosus,  Leach.    As  the  preceding ; 

extremely  local,  but  sometimes  in 
numbers.  Margate  and  St.  Peter  s, 
Thanct  (T.  Wood),  Ramsgate  in  great 
profusion  (Champion),  Deal  (Syme), 
Dover  (Hall) 

—  variegatus,   Don.      As   the   preceding ; 

very  rare.  Isle  of  Thanet,  between 
Broadstairs  and  Ramsgate  (Stephens), 
Ramsgate  (T.  Wood),  Margate  (T. 
Wood),  Dover  (Hall) 

—  rugosus.    Marsh.     Grassy   banks,   etc., 

in  the  vicinity  of  nests  of  Antho- 
phora;  very  rare.  Afflr^(7/^ (Stephens), 
Broadstairs  (T.  Wood) 

—  brevicoUis,  Panz.      Sandy  heaths  ;  very 

rare.  Dartford  (Spiers),  Faversham 
(Power) 
Sitaris  muralis,  Forst.  Parasitic  on  Antho- 
phora,  and  found  in  and  near  the 
nests  ;  very  rare.  '  Kent '  (Ste- 
phens) 

PLATYRRHINIDi^ 

Brachytarsus  fasciatus,  Forst.  In  decaying 
hawthorn,  elm,  furze,  etc.,  also  by 
sweeping;  local.  Lee,  Darland  Hill^ 
Chattenden,  Dover 

—  varius,  F.     In  decaying  hawthorn,  and 

also  on  firs  and  hazels ;  rare.  Darenth 
Wood 

Macrocephalus  (Anthribus)  albinus,  L.  In 
decaying  trees,  especially  oaks,  wil- 
lows and  birches ;  rare.  Elthatn, 
Gravesend  and  Darenth  IVood 
(Stephens),  Ashford,  Chattenden^  Ab- 
bots Wood,  Folkestone 

Tropideres  niveirostris,  F.  In  dead  wood 
of  birch,  oak,  etc.,  also  in  dead 
hedges  and  faggot  stacks  ;  very  r-are. 
Darenth  Wood  (Champion),  West 
Wick  ham  (Power) 

Choragus  sheppardi,  Kirby  In  dead 
twigs,  also  sitting  at  the  roots  of 
trees  ;  rare.  Wigmore  Wood,  Chat- 
tenden, Chatham,  Sevenoaks,  St.  Peter's, 
Isle  of  Thanet  (where  I  have  found 
several  specimens),  Deal 

CURCULIONID^ 

Apoderus  coryli,  L.  On  the  hazel  ;  local. 
Rochester    district,   Sheppey,    Darenth 


CuRCULIONlDi^  {continued) 

Attelabus  curculionoides,    L.       On  young 

oaks ;    local    but    widely    distributed 

and  not  uncommon 
Byctiscus  betuleti,  F.     In  woods  on  young 

birch  and  hazel ;  very  local.   Darenth 

Wood,  Wesierham 

—  populi,    L.      On  young   aspens ;    very 

local.  Darenth  and  Lee  Woods, 
Blenden 
Rhynchites  auratus.  Scop.  On  Prunus 
spinosa  in  hedges ;  very  rare  and 
doubtful  ;  recorded  by  Marsham  as 
'  taken  in  numbers  at  Crayford  in 
Kent' 

—  bacchus,   L.      On   the  apple  and   vine 

and  Prunus  spinosa  ;  very  rare. 
Crawford  and  Birch  Wood  (Stephens); 
Birch  Wood,  taken  in  1795  by  Lady 
Maryon  Wilson  (Power) 

—  cupreus,    L.      On   the    flowers   of  the 

mountain  ash  and  other  trees  ;  very 
rare.      Darenth  Wood  (Stephens) 

—  aquatus,  L.      On   hawthorn  blossom  ; 

common  and  generally  distributed 

—  aeneovirens.    Marsh.       In    woods    and 

hedges,  on  oaks,  hazels,  etc. ;  not 
uncommon 

—  cceruleus,  De  G.       On    various    fruit 

trees,  apple,  plum  and  pear,  etc.,  also 
on  hawthorn  blossom  ;  local.  Chat- 
tenden Roughs,  Darenth  Wood,  Sheer- 
ness.  Shooters  Hill,  Maidstone 

—  minutus,  Herbst.      On  young  trees  in 

woods,  especially  oaks,  also  on  herb- 
age ;  common  and  widely  distributed 
■ —  interpunctatus,  Steph.  On  young  trees; 
not  common.  Darenth  and  Birch 
Woods 

—  pauxillus,    Germ.       On    young    oaks, 

hazels,  etc.,  in  woods  ;  rare.  Darenth 
Wood 

—  nanus,    Payk.     On   young   birches    in 

woods  ;   local  and  not  uncommon 

—  uncinatus,  Thoms.      On    aspens,  sal- 

lows, oaks,  hazels,  etc.;  local.  Chat- 
tenden Roughs,  scarce  ;  Darenth  Wood, 
Maidstone 

—  sericeus,  Herbst.     On  young  birch  and 

hazel  in  woods  ;  very  local.  Chat- 
tenden Roughs,  rare  ;  Darenth  Wood 

—  pubescens,  F.     On  young  birch,  hazel, 

oak,  etc.,  in  woods  ;  not  common. 
S^ieendown  Warren,  Darenth  Wood, 
Westerham 
Deporaus  megacephalus.  Germ.  On  young 
birches  ;  local.  Shorne,  Darenth 
Wood,  Birch  Wood,  West  Wickham 

—  betula;,   L.      On   various  young  trees, 

but  chiefly  birches  ;  common 


167 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CurculioniDj^:  {continued) 

Apion    pomonas,    F.     On    Vicia    sepium, 
Lathyrus  pratensis,  etc. ;  common 

—  craccae,    L.      On   Vicia   cracca,   etc.  ; 

local.  Darenth  Wood,  Chattenden 
Roughs,  Dover,  Hythe 

—  subulatum,  Kirby.     On  Vicia,  Lathy- 

rus and  Lotus  ;  local.  Chattenden 
Roughs,  Chatham,  Tonbridge,  Maid- 
stone, Heme  Bay,  Dover 

—  ulicis,     Fcirst.       On     Ulex     europasus 

(common  furze)  and  U.  nanus  ;  very 
common  everywhere 

—  genista,    Kirby.       On    Genista  ;    rare. 

Bearsted  near  Maidstone 

—  fuscirostre,  F.     On  Genista  and   Saro- 

thamnus  ;  very  local.  Chattenden, 
JVhitstable,  Plumstead,  Birch  Wood, 
Charlton 

—  malvas,    F.       On    species    of   Malva  ; 

common  and  generally  distributed 

—  urticarium,  Herbst.      On  Urtica  dioica 

(the  common  stinging  nettle) ;  locally 
common.  Darenth  Wood,  Gravesend, 
Dartford,  Sheer ness.  Belvedere,  Sitting- 
bourne,  Deal 

—  miniatum,     Germ.        On      the      dock 

(Rumex  obtusifolius,  etc.)  ;  common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  cruentatum,    Walt.       On     the    sorrel 

(Rumex  acetosella),  and  also  on  sal- 
lows ;  not  common.  Sydenham, 
Cohham  Park,  Chatham,  Birch  Wood, 
Deal 

—  hamatodes,     Kirby.         Sandy     places, 

chiefly  on  the  wood  sage  (Teucrium 
scorodonia)  ;  local  but  not  uncom- 
mon.     Rochester  district,  Deal 

—  rubens,  Steph.     Sandy  places  on  sorrel 

and  wood  sage  ;  not  common.  Cob- 
ham  Park,  West  Wickham 

—  pallipes,   Kirby.      On   Mercurialis  pe- 

rennis  and  Allium,  chiefly  in  chalky 
districts  ;  very  local.  Birch  Wood, 
Scvenoaks,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Birching- 
ton,  Maidstone 

—  semivittatum,   Gyll.      On   Mercurialis 

annua;  very  rare  ;  found  many  years 
asjo  by  Mr.  Walton  in  the  Tivoli 
gardens,  Margate  ;  there  is  no  other 
British  record 

—  rufirostre,  F.     On  mallows ;   common 

everywhere 

—  viciae,  Payk.    On  Vicia  cracca ;  locally 

common.  Chattenden,  Chatham, 
Birch  Wood,  Deal 

—  difForme,   Germ.       Marshy   places,  on 

Polygonum  hydropiper,  etc.  ;  not 
uncommon  locally  and  widely  dis- 
tributed 


CuRCULlONlD^  {continued) 

Apion  dissimile.  Germ.  On  Trifolium  ar- 
vense  ;  very  local.  Sevenoaks,  Birch 
Wood,  Deal,  Sandwich 

—  varipes,    Germ.      On   the    red    clover ; 

very  local.  Birch  Wood,  Dartford, 
Maidstone,  Birchington,  Pegviell  Bay, 
Dover 

—  lasvicolle,   Kirby.      Sandy  and   chalky 

places,  in  stack  refuse,  etc. ;  local. 
Rainham  Marshes,  Darenth,  Graves- 
end,  Sheerness,  Dartford,  Deal,  Dover 

—  schonherri,    Boh.      Probably   on    Tri- 

folium ;  very  local.  Sheerness  {G.C.C 
and  J.  J.  W.) 

—  apricans,   Herbst.      On  the  red  clover 

(Trifolium  pratense)  and  occasionally 
on  trees  ;  generally  distributed  and 
common 

—  bohemani,     Thoms.        On     the     rest- 

harrow  (Ononis)  ;  common  and 
generally  distributed,  but  found 
chiefly  on  the  coast 

—  trifolii,  L.      On  the  red  clover  ;  gener- 

ally distributed  and  common 

—  dichroum.  Bedel.    On  the  white  clover 

(Trifolium  repens).  Spiraea,  etc.  ; 
generally  distributed  and  common 

—  iiigritarse,  Kirby.      On   various  species 

of  clover  ;  common 

—  confluens,     Kirby.        On     Matricaria 

chamomilla  and  Chrysanthemum 
leucanthemum  (ox-eye  daisy);  locally 
common  and  widely  distributed 

—  stolidum.     Germ.        On     the     ox-eye 

daisy ;  not  common.  Chattenden, 
Hailing  Downs,  Birch  Wood,  Sheer- 
ness, Birchington,  Folkestone,  Deal 

—  sorbi,   F.     On    Matricaria,   Anthemis, 

the  wild  cherry,  the  blackthorn,  etc.; 
female  very  rare,  male  extremely 
rare.      Tunbridge  JVells  (male) 

—  hookeri,    Kirby.     On  Matricaria  cha- 

momilla, Hieracium,  red  clover,  etc. ; 
not  uncommon  and  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  seneum,    F.       On    various    species    of 

mallow  ;  very  common 

—  radiolus,  F.      With  the  preceding  and 

equally  common 

—  onopordi,     Kirby.       On     Onopordon 

acanthium  and  other  thistles  ;  very 
common 

—  carduorum,  Kirby.    On  thistles;  gener- 

ally distributed  and  common 

—  laevigatum,  Kirby.      By   sweeping  low 

plants  in  August  and  September  ; 
extremely  rare  ;  a  few  specimens 
have  been  captured  in  Birch  Wood 
many  years  ago  by  Mr.   S.   Stevens 


1 68 


INSECTS 


CuRCULIONlD^  {continued) 


and  others;  it  is  found  on  Gnaphalium 
(Filago)  gallicum,  the  larva  living  in 
a  gall  on  the  terminal  bud  of  the 
plant 
Apion  flavimanum,  Gyll.  Chalky  districts 
on  Teucrium  scorodonia ;  very  local. 
Rochester  district,  not  rare  ;  Graves- 
end,  Faversham,  Bearsted 

—  annulipes,  Wenck.      Chalky  hillsides  ; 

very  rare.  Chattenden,  one  specimen 
(Champion) 

—  vicinum,    Kirby.       On    Thymus    ser- 

pyllum,  Mentha  aquatica,  etc.  ;  rare. 
Pegivell  Bay  (T.  Wood) 

—  atomarium,   Kirby.      Chalky  places  on 

Thymus  serpyllum  ;  very  local. 
Cohham  Park,  Cuxton  Downs,  Dar- 
land  Hill,  Birch   Wood,   Dover 

—  minimum,  Herbst.      On  various  species 

of  Salix  ;  very  local,  and  as  a  rule 
rare.     Maidstone,  Dover 

—  virens,  Herbst.      On  species  of  clover  ; 

common  and  generally  distributed 

—  punctigerum,  Payk.     On  Vicia  sepium 

and  V.  cracca ;  local,  but  widely 
distributed 

—  pisi,  F.     On  clovers  and  vetches  ;   one 

of  our  most  abundant  species 

—  a;thiops,    Herbst.       On    Vicia    sepium 

and   V.   sativa  ;   rather  common 

—  ebeninum,   Kirby.      On  Lotus  corni- 

culatus,  L.  major,  etc.  ;  local,  but 
not  uncommon 

—  filirostre,    Kirby.      Chalky   and  sandy 

places ;  scarce.  Rochester  district, 
Dartford,  Birch  JVood,  Charlton, 
Sheerness,    JVhitstahle,    Maidstone 

—  striatum,  Kirby.      On  Ulex  and  Saro- 

thamnus  ;  common  and  generally 
distributed 

—  immune,    Kirby.       On   Sarothamnus  ; 

local,  but  not  uncommon  where 
found.  Charlton,  Chatham,  Birch 
Wood,   Bearsted,  Dover 

—  ononis,  Kirby.     On   Ononis  spinosa  ; 

locally  common.  Whitstable,  Dover, 
Folkestone 

—  spencei,    Kirby.       On    Vicia    cracca  ; 

rare.     Margate 

—  ervi,   Kirby.     On   Lathyrus   pratensis, 

etc.      Common 

—  vorax,  Herbst.      On   Vicia  cracca  and 

other  Leguminosae  ;  rather  common 
and  widely  distributed 

—  gyllenhali,   Kirby.      On  Vicia  cracca  ; 

also  on  trees  ;   rare.      Whitstable 
-'-  imicolor,    Kirby.       On    Vicia    cracca 
and  other  Leguminosne  ;  rare.    Chat- 
tenden,  Chatham,  etc. 


CuRCULIONlD^  {continued) 

Apion  meliloti,  Kirby.  On  Melilotus  officin- 
alis ;  locally  abundant.  Charlton, 
Bearsted,  Frindshury  chalk  pits,  Snod- 
land 

—  scutellare,     Kirby.      On     furze    (Ulex 

europseus  and  U.  nanus) ;  very  local. 
Charlton 

—  livescerum,    Gyll.       On    the    sainfoin 

(Onobrychis  sativa) ;  local.  Rochester 
district,  JVhitstahle,  Darenth  Wood, 
Dartford,   Birchington 

—  waltoni,    Steph.       Chalky    places,    on 

Thymus  serpyllum,  etc.  ;  very  local. 
Rochester  district,  Sevenoaks,  Dartford, 
Faversham 

—  loti,   Kirby.     On  Lotus  corniculatus  ; 

common 

—  seniculum,  Kirby.     On  Trifolium  pra- 

tense  and  other  low  plants  ;  rather 
common  and  widely  distributed 

—  tenue,     Kirby.       On     Melilotus     and 

Medicago  ;  not  so  common  as  the 
preceding,  but  generally  distributed 

—  simile,     Kirby.        On     birch  ;      local. 

Birch   Wood,   Gravesend,    Whitstable 

—  pubescens,   Kirby.      On    willows    and 

by  sweeping  ;  very  local.  Rochester 
district,  rare  ;  Birch  Wood,  Sheerness, 
Kingsgate,  Deal 

—  curtisi,     Walt.       On     the     Coast,     by 

sweeping  ;   very  local.      Deal 

—  limonii,    Kirby.      Salt   marshes  on   the 

decaying  leaves  and  at  old  roots  of 
Statice  limonium  (the  sea  lavender) ; 
very  local.  Gravesend,  Strood,  Sheer- 
ness, Sheppey,  Whitstable,  Dover,  Folke- 
stone, Hythe 

—  sedi,  Germ.     Sandy  places  on  species 

of  Sedum  ;  very  local,  and  as  a  rule 
rare.      Deal 

—  marchicum,  Herbst.     On  dock,  wood- 

sage,  etc.  ;  local.  Bromley,  Deal, 
Dover 

—  affine,    Kirby.        Under    Sarothamnus 

scoparius  and  by  sweeping  ;  not 
common.      Lee,  Bearsted 

—  violaceum,' Kirby.    On  species  of  dock  ; 

very  common 

—  hydrolapathi,    Kirby.       On    the    great 

water  dock  (Rumex  hydrolapathum), 
and  also  on  R.  obtusifolius  ;  local. 
Snodland,  St.  Mary  Cray,  Chatham, 
Lee,  Sheerness,  Dartford 

—  humile.  Germ.      On  the  dock  and  on 

herbage    generally  ;     very    common 
everywhere 
Otiorrh)nchus    tenebricosus,    Herbst.      By 
beating  hedges,   in   moss,   etc.  ;    not 
uncommon  on   the  chalk 


169 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CuRCULiONiDyi;  {continued) 

Otiorrhynchus    fuscipes,  Walton.     As  the 

preceding  ;   not  common.     Chatham, 

Sheerness,  Folkestone 
- —  atroapterus,  De  G.      On   the  coast,  at 

roots  of  grass,  etc.  ;  locally  common. 

Deal,  Dover 

—  rancus,   F.     By  sweeping   herbage,  in 

chalky  or  sandy  pl.ices  ;  rare.  Dar- 
land  Hill,  Cobham  Park,  Greenhithe, 
Bearsted 

—  scabrosus,   Marsh.       Under   stones,   in 

moss,  at  roots  of  plants,  etc.  ;  also 
on  hedges  ;   common 

—  ligneus,  Ol.     As  the  preceding  but  less 

common,  though  widely  distributed 

—  picipes,  F.     By    beating    young    trees 

and  hedges ;  only  too  common  ; 
sometimes  does  great  damage  to 
raspberry   canes 

—  sulcatus,    F.     At    roots  of    plants 


moss,    etc. 


very    common 


;    ofte 


very  injurious  to  vines,  strawberries, 

ferns,  etc. 
rugifrons,    Gyll.      At    roots    of  grass, 

under     decaying      seaweed,      etc.  ; 

mostly  near  the  coast  ;  local.     Dover 
ovatus,  L.     In  moss,  on  hedges,  etc.  ; 

generally  common 
muscorum,  Bris.     In  moss,  by  sweep- 


mg,   etc.  ;    not   uncommon. 


Dart- 


ford,  JVeit  Wickham,  St.  Mary  Cray 
Trachyphloeus  aristatus,  Gyll.  In  moss  and 
at  roots  of  Lotus  corniculatus,  in 
sandy  or  chalky  places  ;  not  com- 
mon.     Faversham,  Birch   Wood 

—  squamulatus,   Ol.      As  the  preceding  ; 

not  common.  Darland  Hill,  Chat- 
ham, Favenham,  Hythe 

—  scaber,  L.     In  moss  and  by  sweeping  ; 

common 

—  scabriculus,  L.     In  sandy  and  chalky 

places,  in  moss,  and  at  roots  of  herb- 
age ;  common 

—  spinimanus.   Germ.      On    chalky    hill- 

sides, at  the  roots  of  Helianthemum 
vulgare  ;  very  local  and  usually  very 
rare.  Rochester  and  Chatham  dis- 
trict ;  taken  in  large  numbers  at 
Darland  Hill,  ^leendown  Warren, 
etc.,  by  Mr.  Champion  and  Mr. 
Walker.      Sheppey,  Dover 

—  alternans,   Gyll.       As   the  preceding  ; 

very  local.  Darland  Hill,  ^leen- 
dotun  Warren,  Hailing,  Ashford, 
Eastry,  Margate,  Dover  (common, 
J.  J.  W.),  Folkestone 
Cienopsis  fissirostris,Walt.  In  thick  wet  moss 
in  May  in  sandy  places  ;  rare.  Chisle- 
hurst  (Marsh.),  Plumstead  (Smith) 


CuRCULlONlD-«  {continued) 

Canopsis  waltoni,  Boli.  Sandy  and  chalky 
places,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  very  local. 
Chatham,  Dartford,  Plumstead  (abun- 
dant 30  July,  1864,  Power),  Hythe 

Stropliosomus  coryli,  F.  On  young  hazel, 
oaks,  etc.  ;   common  everywhere 

—  capitatus,   De  G.      As  the  preceding  ; 

common 
■ —  retusus.    Marsh.       On     heath,     gorse, 
young    oaks,   etc.  ;    local.      Darenth 
Wood,    Brastcd 

—  faber,   Herbst.      At  roots  of  grass  and 

low  plants,  etc.  ;  local,  but  widely 
distributed 

—  lateralis,   Payk.      On   heath  and   ling  ; 

very  common 
Exomias  araneiformis,  Schr.    In  moss,  etc.  ; 
common  everywhere 

—  pellucidus,   Boh.      Sandy   places  ;    very 

local,  and  as  a  rule  rare,  but  some- 
times in  profusion.  Eastry  near 
Sandwich  (Gorham),  5/.  Peter's,  Isle 
of  Thanet  (T.  Wood) 
Brachysomus  echinatus,  Bonsd.  In  moss 
and  faggots  and  by  sweeping  ;  locally 
common.  Darland  Hill,  ^icendown 
Warren,  Snodhurst,  Cohham  Park, 
Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood,  West 
TFickham 

—  hirtus.  Boh.     Chalky  hillsides  in  moss  ; 

very  rare.  Cobham  Park,  Blue  Bell 
Hill,  Walderslade  (J.  J.  W.),  Ton- 
bridge  (Wollaston) 

Sciaphilus  muricatus,  F.  In  woods  and 
hedges,  often  in  moss  ;    common 

Tropiphorus  carinatus.  Mull.  In  moss, 
under  stones  and  by  sweeping  ;  rare. 
Wigmore  Wood,  Chatham,  Faversham, 
Folkestone,  Hythe 

Liophloeus  nubilus,  F.  On  hedges  and 
herbage  ;   common 

Metallites  marginatus,  Steph.  On  broom 
and  juniper  ;  very  local.  Wigmore 
Wood,  Chatham,  St.  Mary  Cray, 
Birch   Wood,  Maidstone 

Polydrusus  micans,  F.  On  young  birches, 
wild  cherry,  hazels,  sallows,  oaks, 
etc.  ;  local.  Cuxton,  Wigmore  Wood, 
Darenth  Wood,  Shooters  Hill,  Wes- 
terham,  Bearsted,  Sivanscombe  TVood 
near   Gravesend 

—  tereticollis,  De  G.   (undatus,  F.).     On 

young  trees  in  woods  and  hedges ; 
common  and  generally  distributed 

—  pterygomalis.   Boh.       On    young  oaks 

and  hazels ;  somewhat  local  but 
common.  Chatham,  Darenth  JFood, 
etc. 

—  flavipes,    De   G.      On   young   trees   in 


170 


INSECTS 


CuRCULiONiD^  {continued) 

woods  ;    rare.      Lee,    Beamed    near 
Maidstone,  Hythe 
Polydrusus  cervinus,  L.  On  young  trees,  es- 
pecially oaks,  birch  and  fir  ;  common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  chrysomela,  Ol.      On  Artemisia  mari- 

tima,  on  the  coast  ;  rare.  Near 
Strood,   Gravesend,  Sheerness 

—  confluens,    Steph.       On    broom    and 

furze  ;  very  local,  but  not  un- 
common where  it  occurs.  Charlton, 
Plumstead,  Gravesend,  Bearsted 
Phyllobius  oblongus,  L.  On  elms  and 
apple  trees,  also  by  beating  hedges  ; 
common  and  generally  distributed 

—  calcaratus,     F.      On    alders,    also    on 

young  trees  in  woods,  etc.  ;  local. 
Lee,   Darenth   Wood 

—  urticae,  De  G.    On  nettles  ;  very  com- 

mon and  generally  distributed 

—  pyrij  L-     On  hawthorn,  nettles,  young 

trees  in  woods,  etc.  ;  common  and 
generally  distributed 

—  argentatus,    L.       On     young    birches, 

oaks,  etc.  ;  very  common 

—  maculicornis.  Germ.     On  young  oaks, 

hazels,  etc.  ;  local,  but  not  un- 
common and  widely  distributed 

—  pomonae,  Ol.      On  young  trees  ;  local 

but  not  uncommon 

—  viridiaeris,  Laich.   (uniformis,  Marsh.). 

Very  abundant,  and  generally  dis- 
tributed 

Tanymecus  palliatus,  F.  On  burdocks, 
thistles,  nettles,  etc.  ;  local.  Darenth 
Wood,  Chattenden  Roughs  (rather 
scarce),   Chatham,  Sheerness 

Philopedon  geminatus,  F.  Sandy  places 
on  the  coast.  Deal,  abundant,  and 
probably  common  elsewhere 

Atactogenus  exaratus,  Marsh.  On  young 
trees,  also  by  sweeping  ;  local,  but 
very  widely  distributed 

Barynotus  obscurus,  F.  At  roots  of  grass, 
in  moss,  etc.  ;   rather  common 

—  elevatus,  Marsh,  (masrens  auct  nee  F.). 

As  the  preceding ;    local,   and    as  a 

rule  scarce.      St.  Mary  Cray,  Chisle- 

hurst,    banks    of  Medway   (in    flood 

rubbish),  Folkestone 
Alophus  triguttatus,  F.     Sandy  and  chalky 

places,  under  stones,  in  moss,  etc.  ; 

not  uncommon  as  a  rule.      Rochester 

district    (rare),    Chatham,    Ranisgate, 

Dover,   Folkestone 
Sitones  griseus,  F.     Sandy  places,  at  roots 

of  Genistje,   grass,  etc.  ;   very  local. 

Deal 

—  cambricus,   Steph.     Marshy   places,  at 


CuRCULlONlD^  [continued) 

roots  of  grass,  in  moss,  and  by  sweep- 
ing ;   rare.      Chattenden   Roughs,  Lee, 
Charlton,  Plumstead,  Hythe 
Sitones  regensteinensis,  Herbst.     On  broom 
and  furze  ;   abundant  everywhere 

—  crinitus,   Herbst.     On    broom,   clover, 

peas,  etc.,  often  in  sandpits  ;  com- 
mon and  generally  distributed 

—  tibialis,    Herbst.       On    broom,    furze, 

clover,  heath,  etc.  ;   very  common 

—  brevicollis,  Schon.      Chattenden  Roughs, 

etc.  ;  perhaps  a  variety  of  the  pre- 
ceding 

—  hispidulus,  F.     On  clover  ;  very  com- 

mon 

—  humeralis,  Steph.      On  clover,  vetches, 

etc.  ;  common 

—  meliloti,  Walt.      On   Melilotus  officin- 

alis ;  very  local.  Frindsbury  chalk 
pits  (common),   Chatham,  Plumstead 

—  flavescens,  Marsh.    By  sweeping  clover, 

in  moss,  etc.  ;  rather  common  and 
widely  distributed 

—  puncticoUis,  Steph.    On  clover,  vetches, 

etc.  ;   very  common 

—  suturalis,  Steph.    On  vetches  and  other 

low  plants  ;  rather  local.  Chatten- 
den, Heme  Bay,    Whitstable 

—  ononidis.  Sharp.     On  Ononis  spinosa  ; 

very  local.  Heme  Bay,  Whit- 
stable 

—  lineatus,  L.     On  clover,  vetches,  peas, 

etc.  ;  only  too  common  ;  often  very 
injurious  to  peas 

—  sulcifrons,  Thunb.    By  sweeping  clover, 

lucerne,  vetch,  etc.  ;  rather  common 

and  widely  distributed 
Gronops    lunatus,    L.      At    roots    of   low 

plants,    nearly   always   by   the   sea  ; 

local.      Blackheath,  Deal,  Dover 
Limobius  dissimilis,  Herbst.    On  Geranium 

pratense,  also  at  roots  of  Geranium 

sanguineum  ;    rare.      Darland  Hill, 

Holly  Hill,  Boxley  Warren,  Chatham, 

Sandwich  sandhills 

—  mixtus,     Boh.        Sandy     places ;     on 

Erodium     cicutarium  ;     very    local. 
Deal  sandhills  (common),  Dover 
Hypera  punctata,  F.     On  species  of  Tri- 
folium,  in  moss,  etc.  ;  very  common 
everywhere 

—  fasiculata,   Herbst.     Sandy  places  near 

the  sea,  under  Erodium  cicutarium  ; 
extremely  local.  Deal  sandhills, 
Sandwich 

—  rumicis,  L.     Marshy  places,  on  docks  ; 

common 

—  pollux,    F.      On    various    Umbelliferap 

(Sium,    etc.)  ;     local,    but    not    un- 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CuRCULlONlD-«  [continued) 

common  where  it  occurs.  Higham 
(scarce),  'Northfleet,  Pegwell  Bay, 
Sandwich,  Dover,  Folkestone 
Hypera  alternans,  Steph.  (julini,  Sahib). 
Marshy  places,  at  roots  of  plants, 
etc.  ;  not  common.  Lee,  Eastry, 
Sandwich,  Pegwell  Bay 

—  polygon!,   L.     On  various   plants,  es- 

pecially Leguminosas,  Polygonum, 
Lychnis  and  Silene  inflata  ;  widely 
distributed,  but  commoner  in  some 
localities  than   in  others 

—  tigrina,  Boh.      Chalky  places,  on  the 

heads  of  Daucus  carota  (the  wild 
carrot)  ;  very  rare.  Dover,  Folkestone 
(S.  Stevens) 

—  elongata,   Payk.       Very   rare  and   per- 

haps not  indigenous.  Birch  Wood 
(Power  and  Brewer).  Dr.  Power's 
specimen  appears  doubtful 

—  suspiciosa,    Herbst.       On   various   Le- 

guminosae  ;  local,  but  not  un- 
common, and  widely  distributed 

—  variabilis,    Herbst.      On    various    Le- 

guminosae,  Trifolium,  Medicago, 
etc. ;  very  common  and  generally 
distributed 

—  murina,    F.       By    sweeping,    also    at 

roots  of  grass  ;  very  local.  Syden- 
ham, Rochester  district,  Whitstable, 
Gravesend,   Dartford,   Maidstone 

—  plantaginis,  De  G.      Chalky  and  sandy 

places,  in  moss  and  on  low  plants, 
especially  Plantago  ;  not  uncommon 
and  widely  distributed 

—  trilineata.    Marsh.       On   Leguminosa?, 

also  in  moss  and  hay  stack  refuse  ; 
rather  common 

—  nigrirostris,  F.      On   various  species  of 

clover  ;   common  everywhere 
Rhinocyllus  latirostris,   Latr.      On   species 

of  thistles  ;   local  and    usually   rare. 

Canterbury,    Faversham    (where   Mr. 

Walker  found   it  in  abundance) 
Cleonus    sulcirostris,    L.       On    species    of 

thistles  ;     chiefly    but     not    entirely 

on   the  coast  ;   common 
Lixus  algirus,   L.    (angustatus,   F.).       On 

thistles  and  low  growing  Malvaceae  ; 

very  rare.      Sydenham  (Stephens) 

—  bicolor,  Ol.      On  the  coast,  under  and 

at  the  roots  of  Erodium  cicutarium  ; 

very  local   and  usually   rare.       Deal 

sandhills,    Isle    of  Thanet,    Sandwich 

sandhills  (Gorham) 
Larinus   carlina,   Ol.      On   thistles  ;   rare. 

Dover,   Sandgate 
Liosoma  ovatulum,  Clairv.     In  moss  and 

at  roots  of  grass  ;  common 


CuRCULIONID^  {continued) 

Liosoma  ovatulum  var.  collaris.  Rye. 
Occurs  with  the  type  form,  but 
much  more  rarely.  Lee,  Chattenden 
Roughs 

—  oblongulum.  Boh.      Chalky  and  sandy 

places,  in  moss  and  by  sweeping ; 
rare.  Chattenden  Roughs,  JVigmore 
I  Food,  Cobham  Great  J  Food,  Faver- 
sham 

—  pyrenasum,    Bris.    (troglodytes,    Rye.). 

Chalky  banks,  in  damp  moss  in 
spring  ;  very  rare.  Blue  Bell  Hill, 
Chatham  and  Faversham  (J.  J.  W. 
and  G.  C.  C.) 
Liparus  coronatus,  Goeze.  On  Umbelli- 
feras  (Heracleum  chasrophyllum, 
etc.),  also  under  stones,  on  grass 
stems  and  crawling  on  roads  ;  rather 
common.  Strood,  Darland  Hill, 
Lee,  Darenth  Wood,  Maidstone,  Folke- 
stone, etc. 

—  germanus,  L.     Not  common.      Maid- 

stone, Staple,  Sandgate,  Dover,  Ash- 
ford,  Hythe,  Folkestone 

Curculio  abietis,  L.  On  pines  and  firs  ; 
locally  common  and  widely  dis- 
tributed 

Plinthus  caliginosus,  F.  Under  stones  and 
in  moss,  also  under  faggots  in  woods  ; 
local,  but  not  uncommon  in  some 
places.  Rochester  district,  scarce ; 
Chatham,  Charlton,  Faversham, 
Dartford,  Maidstone,  Westerham, 
Kingsgate,  Sandgate,  Dover,  Folkestone 

Orchestes  quercus,  L.  On  oaks  ;  common 
and  generally  distributed 

—  scutellaris,   Gyll.      On  alder  and  wild 

cherry  ;  rare.  Darenth  Wood  (Ste- 
phens), Bearsted,  Deal 

—  alni,    L.       On    elms,    etc.  ;     common 

everywhere 
var.  ferrugineus,  Marsh.     With   the 
preceding,   but  not  so  common 

—  ilicis,  F.      On  oak,   birch,  holly,  etc.  ; 

somewhat  local,  but  not  uncommon. 

Lee,  Darenth  Wood 

var.  nigripes.  Fowler.    Rare.     Birch 

[Food,    Plumstead    and    Folkestone 

(Power) 

—  avellana,  Don.     On  hazels  and  oaks  ; 

not  uncommon  and  widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  fagi,    L.       On    the    beech  ;     common 

everywhere 

—  pratensis.  Germ.      By  sweeping  thyme 

and  other  low  plants  ;  on  the  chalk  ; 
very  local,  and  as  a  rule  rare.  Chat- 
tenden, Hailing  Doxuns,  Maidstone, 
Folkestone 


172 


INSECTS 


CuRCULlONIDit  {continued) 

Orchestes  rusci,  Herbst.  In  woods,  on  hazel, 
birch,  etc.  ;   not  uncommon 

—  stigma,   Germ.      On   sallows,   willows, 

alders,  etc.  ;  not  uncommon 

—  salicis,  L.     On  willows  and  sallows  ; 

local,  but  not  uncommon.  Chatham^ 
Sheerness,  Darenth  Wood 

—  saliceti,   Payk.      On   willows   and  sal- 

lows ;  very  local,  and  not  common 
as  a  rule.  ChaUenden  (not  rare), 
Smdland 

Rhamphus  flavicornis,  Clairv.  On  willows, 
etc.  ;  locally  common  and  widely 
distributed 

Orthocastes  setiger,  Beck.  Sandy  and 
chalky  places,  in  moss  and  at  roots 
of  low  plants,  especially  ragwort  and 
sorrel  ;  local,  but  not  uncommon  in 
many  places.  Blue  Bell  and  Darland 
Hills  (scarce),  Chatham,  Sheerness, 
Faversham,   Kingsgate,   Dover,  Deal 

Pseudostyphlus  pilumnus,Gyll.  On  Matri- 
caria chamomilla  ;  very  local.  Dar- 
land Hill  (rare),  Chatham,  Lee,  Sheer- 
ness 

Procas  armillatus,  F.  Very  rare  ;  a  single 
specimen  was  taken  by  Mr.  J.  J. 
Walker  in  a  dry  tuft  of  grass  at 
Darland  Hill  on    II    March,    1897 

Grypidius  equiseti,  F.  On  Equisetum  ; 
not    common.       Chattenden,    Hythe 

Erirrhinus  scirpi,  F.  Marshy  places,  on 
Scirpus  ;   not  common.      Gravesend 

—  bimaculatus,  F.      Near  river  banks,  on 

sallows,  etc.  ;  not  common.  Banks 
of  Medway,  Gravesend 

—  acridulus,  L.      Marshy  places,  in  moss, 

flood  refuse,  etc.  ;  very  common 
Thryogenes     festucae,    Herbst.        Marshy 
places,   on   Scirpus  and   Carex  ;  not 
common.      Gravesend,   JVhitstable 

—  nereis,  Payk.      Marshy  places,  in  tufts 

of  grass,  on  reeds,  etc.  ;  locally  com- 
mon. Rainham  Marshes,  Sheerness, 
JVhitstable,  Gravesend,  Faversham, 
Birchington,   Sandivich,  Deal 

—  scirrhosus,   Gyll.       Marshy  places,   on 

water  plants  ;  not  common.      Sheer- 
ness, Eltham,  Pegivell  Bay 
Dorytomus    vorax,    F.       On    poplars    and 
aspens,  often  in  chinks  of  the  bark  ; 
very  local.     Dover 

—  tremulae.      On  young  aspens  (Populus 

tremula),  also  on  P.  alba,  end 
of  June  ;  rare.  Birch  Wood,  Siuans- 
comhe  Wood  (near  Gravesend),  West 
Wickham 

—  tortrix,  L.      On  aspens  and   willows  ; 

very  local.      Darenth   Wood,   Svjans- 


CuRCULiONiD^  [continued) 

combe     Wood,     St.     Peter  s      [Isle     of 

Thanet) 
Dorytomus  maculatus.  Marsh.     On  willows 

and  sallows  ;  common  and  generally 

distributed 

var.  costirostris,  Gyll.  On  young 
aspens  and  sallows ;  rare.  Darenth 
and  Sivanscombe  JVoods,  Chatten- 
den 

var.  silbermanni,  Wenck.  On  wil- 
lows and  aspens  ;  very  local. 
Sheerness,   Darenth    Wood 

—  melanophthalmus,  Payk.,  var.  agnathus, 

Boh.  On  sallows  ;  very  local. 
Sydenham,   Darenth   Wood 

—  pectoralis,    Gyll.       On   sallows  ;   local. 

Chattenden    Roughs     (rather    scarce), 
Darenth     Wood,     Sydenham,     Whit- 
stable,  Sevenoaks,  Dover 
Smicronyx    reichei,     Gyll.       On     dodder 
(Cuscuta   europasa    and    C.    epithy- 
mum)  ;  rare.     Holly  Hill  and  Cuxton 
Downs,  Birch  Wood 
var.     championis,     Fowler.      Rare; 
Folkestone    (E.    A.     Waterhouse), 
between     Folkestone     and     Dover 
(Champion) 

—  jungermannias,    Reich.      On    Cuscuta 

epithymum.  Rare,  but  sometimes 
locally  common.  Hailing  Downs 
near  Rochester 

Tanysphyrus  lemnas,  F.  In  ponds  and 
ditches,  on  Lemna ;  common  and 
widely  distributed 

Bagous  alismatis.  Marsh.  In  ditches  and 
stagnant  ponds,  on  Alisma  plantago 
(the  water-plantain)  ;  local,  but  not 
uncommon.  Smdland,  Lee,  Rams- 
gate,   Deal,  Dover 

—  cylindrus,  Payk.    In  ditches,  on  aquatic 

plants  ;  rare.  Lee,  Gravesend,  Sheppey, 
Whitstable 

—  binodulus,    Herbst.      In   ditches  ;    very 

rare.    Sandwich  (Sharp  and  Saunders) 

—  nodulosus,    Gyll.       In    ditches  ;    very 

rare.      Pegwell  Bay 

—  argillaceus,  Gyll.  (inceratus,  Brit.  Coll.). 

Brackish  ditches  ;  very  local  and 
usually   rare.      Gravesend,   Sheerness 

—  limosus,   Gyll.      In    brackish    ditches  ; 

very  local  and  usually  rare.  St. 
Mary's  Island  and  Cuxton,  Sheerness, 
Gravesend  (in  numbers,  19  April, 
1867,    Power) 

—  tempestivus,  Herbst.      In  ditches  ;  very 

local.  Sheerness,  Gravesend,  Whit- 
stable,  Maidstone 

—  subcarinatus,   Brit.    Coll.      In   ditches  ; 

rare.      Sheerness 


173 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CuRCULiONiD^  [continued)  C 

Bagous  claudicans,  Boh.  (frit,  Brit.  Coll.). 
Rare,  but  more  common  than  the 
preceding,  and  sometimes  found  in 
numbers.      Sheerness 

Anoplus  plantaris,  Naez.  On  young  trees 
in  woods  ;  common 

Elleschus  bipunctatus,  L.  On  sallows 
and  poplars  ;  very  local.  Day-enth 
Wood 

Tychius  venustus,  F.  On  broom  ;  ex- 
tremely local.  Darenth  Wood,  Birch 
Wood,  Sittingiourne 

—  squamulatus,  Gyll.      On  the  chalk,  by 

sweeping  ;  the  larva  feeds  in  pods  of 
Lotus  corniculatus  ;  local.  Darland 
Hill,  Smdland,  Charlton 

—  schneideri,    Herbst.       On    the    chalk, 

on  Anthyllis  vulneraria  ;  very  local. 
Rochester  district,  Charlton,  Kingsgate 
Folkestone 

—  meIiIoti,Steph.  On  Melilotus  officinalis. 

Locally  common.  Rochester  district, 
Charlton,  Maidstone,  Dover 

—  lineatulus,   Bris.       On    the    chalk,   on 

Anthyllis  vulneraria  ;  local  and  not 
common.  Blue  Bell  Hill,  Chatham, 
Darenth  Wood,  Heme  Bay 

—  junceus,   Reich.      By    sweeping   vetch 

and  clover,  chiefly  on  the  chalk ; 
local.  Rochester  district,  Charlton, 
West  JFickham 

—  tomentosus,     Herbst.         Chalky     and 

sandy  places,  on  vetches,  etc.  ;  local. 
Rochester  district,  Tonbridge 

—  tibialis,     Boh.         Sandy      places,      by 

sweeping  ;  rare.      Deal 

—  pygmaeus,  Bris.     On  broom  and  other 

plants  ;  not  common.  Rochester  dis- 
trict, Gravesend,  Hawkhurst,  Maid- 
stone, Deal 

Miccotrogus  picirostris,  F.  By  sweeping, 
in  haystack  refuse,  perhaps  attached 
more  particularly  to  the  red  clover  ; 
common  and  widely  distributed 

Sibinia  potentillae.  Germ.  Sandy  places  ; 
on  Spergula  arvensis,  etc.  ;  very 
local.      Belvedere,  Birch  Wood 

—  arenariae,  Steph.    Sandy  places  near  the 

coast ;  on  Arenaria  maritima ;  locally 
common.      Sheerness 

—  primita,  Herbst.     On  Spergula  arvensis 

and  other  low  plants  ;  local.  Roches- 
ter district.  Birch  Wood,  Chatham, 
Sheerness,  Maidstone,  Dartford,  Dover 
Miarus  graminis,  Gyll.  Chalky  hill- 
sides, in  flowers  of  Campanula 
glomerata  ;  very  local  and  not  com- 
mon.    Cuxton  Downs 

—  plantarum.    Germ.      On    Linaria    vul- 

174 


URCULIONID^  [continued) 

garis,  Lotus,  etc.  ;  very  local  and 
not  common.  Darland  Hill,  Chat- 
tenden,  Darenth,  Greenhithe,  Dart- 
ford 
Gymnetron  villosulus,  Gyll.  Marshy 
places,  on  Veronica  anagallis  ;  rare. 
Snodland,  Deal 

—  beccabungae,    L.       Marshy    places,  on 

Veronica  beccabunga  and  Scrophu- 
laria  aquatica ;  very  local.  Snodland, 
Eastry,  Dartford,  Maidstone,  Dover 

—  melanarius,   Germ.      On   Veronica,   in 

woods,  lanes,  etc. ;  local.  Darenth 
and  Birch  Woods,  Chatham,  Faver- 
sham,  Sevenoaks,  Folkestone 

—  rostellum,    Herbst.       Damp   places   by 

sweeping,  Matricaria,  Achillea,  etc. ; 
rare.  Darland  Hill  and  Wigmore 
Wood  (rarely  by  sweeping  under  fir 
trees,  J.  J.  W.),  Birch  Wood,  Lee, 
Faversham 

—  pascuorum,   Gyll.     Chalky  and    sandy 

places,  by  sweeping  ;  local,  but  not 
uncommon.  Sevenoaks,  Tunbridge 
Wells,  Pegwell  Bay,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  labilis,  Herbst.       On    the    chalk,    by 

sweeping  ;  very  local.  Chattenden, 
Chatham,  Folkestone 

—  antirrhini,   Payk.    (noctis,    Brit.    Coll.). 

On  Linaria  vulgaris  ;  local.  Roches- 
ter district,  common  ;  Dartford, 
Birchington,  Deal 

—  collinus,   Gyll.     On  Linaria  vulgaris  ; 

very  rare.      Charlton  pits  (S.  Stevens) 

—  linaria,    Panz.      Rare.      Charlton     pits 

(S.  Stevens) 
Mecinus  pyraster,  Herbst.     On  species   of 
Plantago  ;   common  everywhere 

—  circulatus.     Marsh.        On     species    of 

Plantago ;  rare.  Darland  Hill, 
Chatham,  Sheerness 

—  collaris.     Germ.       Salt     marshes,    on 

Plantago  coronopus  and  P.  mari- 
tima ;  rare.  Rochester  district, 
Gravesend,  Sheerness 
Anthonomus  ulmi,  De  G.  On  and  under 
elms  ;  not  common.  Chattenden,  St. 
Mary  Cray,  Lee 

—  rosinse,  Des  Gozis.     On  the  hawthorn  ; 

rare.      Chattenden  Roughs 

—  pedicularius,  L.     On  hawthorn  ;  gene- 

rally common 
• —  chevrolati,   Desb.      On   the   hawthorn 
and   the  service   tree  ;   rare.      Syden- 
ham and  Darenth  Wood  (Power),  Chat- 
tenden Roughs  (Walker),  Deal  (Hall) 

—  rubi,    Herbst.      On   various  species  of 

Rubus  and  Rosa  ;  common  and 
generally  distributed 


INSECTS 


CurculioniDjE  {continued) 

Nanophyes    lythri,     F.       On    the     purple 

loosestrife       (Ly thrum       salicaria)  ; 

local,  but  occasionally  in    profusion, 

and  widely  distributed. 
Cionus  scrophularias,  L.      On  Scrophularia 

and  Verbascum  ;  very  local.    Darenth 

Wood 

—  tuberculosus.     Scop.       On     the     same 

plants  as  the  preceding  ;  very  local 
and  not  common.      Lee,  Greenwich 

—  hortulanus.     Marsh.       On    the    same 

plants  in  chalky  districts  ;   common 

—  blattariae,    F.      On    the    same    plants  ; 

local,  but  not  uncommon 

—  pulchellus,    Herbst.      On    Scrophularia 

nodosa  ;  local,  but  occasionally 
found  in  abundance  and  not  un- 
common 

Orobitis  cyaneus,  L.  Sandy  and  chalky 
places,  chiefly  the  latter  ;  on  Orobus, 
and  in  moss  in  winter  ;  not  uncom- 
mon and  widely  distributed 

Cryptorrhynchus  lapathi,  L.  On  willows, 
especially  in  osier  beds  ;  local,  but 
not  uncommon.  Chatham,  Upnor, 
Ramsgate,  Dover 

Acalles  roboris.  Curt.  By  beating  dead 
twigs  of  oaks,  hedges,  etc.  ^leen- 
down  Warren,  by  sweeping  under 
beech  trees  ;  Darenth  Wood,  Bexley, 
Deal 

—  ptinoides.     Marsh.       On     heaths,     by 

beating  dead  branches  of  fir,  etc.  ; 
not  uncommon.  Bexley,  Rochester 
district,  Chatham,  PlumUead,  TFick- 
ham  Wood,  Tonbridge,  Kingsgate,  Deal 

—  turbatus.  Boh.    By  beating  dead  hedges  ; 

in  poplar  faggots,  etc.  Rochester 
district,  Darenth  JVood,  Lee,  Dartford, 
Grave  send.  Deal 
Coeliodes  rubicundus,  Herbst.  On  young 
trees,  especially  birch,  also  by  sweep- 
ing ;  not  common.  Darenth  Wood, 
Faversham,  West  Wickham,  Birch 
Wood,  Belvedere 

—  quercus,   F.       On    young    oaks ;     not 

uncommon 

—  ruber.   Marsh.      On   young  oaks  ;   not 

uncommon 

—  erythroleucus,  Gmel.  (subrufus,  Herbst). 

On  young  oaks,  etc.  ;  not  common. 
Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood,  Charlton, 
Maidstone 

—  cardui,    Herbst     (fuliginosus,    Marsh.). 

By  sweeping,  in  moss,  on  roads 
and  pavements,  etc.  ;  common  every- 
where 

—  quadrimaculatus,  L.     On  the  common 

nettle  ;   very  common  everywhere 


CuRCULlONID^  {continued) 

Coeliodes  exiguus,  Ol.  Chalky  and  sandy 
places,  especially  near  the  coast  ; 
on  various  species  of  Geranium  ; 
local,  but  not  uncommon,  and  widely 
distributed 
Poophagus  sisymbrii,  F.  Marshy  places, 
on  watercress  and  other  Cruciferae  ; 
not  uncommon.  Snodland,  Rainham, 
Hythe 

—  nasturtii.  Germ.     In  ditches,  on  water- 

cress ;   very  scarce.      Hythe 
Ceuthorrhynchus     assimilis,     Payk.       On 
various    Crucifera;  ;     generally    dis- 
tributed and  common 

—  syrites.  Germ.     By  sweeping  herbage  ; 

very  rare.  Birch  Wood,  on  Silene 
inflata  (Power)  ;   Erith 

—  setosus.  Boh.     Sandy  places,  on  Iberis 

amara  and  Nasturtium  officinale  ; 
extremely  local.      Dartford 

—  constrictus.    Marsh.       On     Erysimum 

alliarium  (hedge  mustard)  ;  local, 
but  not  uncommon,  and  widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  cochlearias,  Gyll.     On  Cardamine  pra- 

tensis  and  Cochlearia  officinalis  ; 
local,  but  sometimes  in  abundance 
and  widely  distributed 

—  ericas,    Gyll.     On   ling  and    heather ; 

very  common  on  heaths 

—  erysimi,  F.     On  Erysimum  and  other 

Cruciferae  ;  generally  distributed  and 
common 

—  contractus.    Marsh.       On    Crucifera  ; 

very  common 

—  cyanipennis.   Germ.      On    Sisymbrium 

officinale.  Erysimum  alliaria,  etc.  ; 
locally  common  and  widely  dis- 
tributed 

—  chalybaeus,    Germ.'     On    Sisymbrium 

officinale  and  other  Crucifera;  ;  local, 
but  not  uncommon  where  it  occurs, 
and  widely  distributed 

—  hirtulus.  Germ.    On  Sisymbrium,  etc. ; 

rare.      Deal 

—  suturellus,  Gyll.     On  Cardamine  pra- 

tensis  and  C.  amara ;  very  rare. 
Snodland  (Walker  and  Champion), 
Hythe  (Tylden),  Bearsted  near  Maid- 
stone (Gorham) 

—  pilosellus,   Gyll.     By    sweeping ;    food 

plant  apparently  not  known  ;  very 
rare.  Birch  Wood,  Charlton,  Plum- 
stead,  Deal 


1  The  variety  viridifennis  (C.  viridipemis,  Bris.) 
has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Champion  at  Whitstable 
on    Mercurialis    perennis.      It    may    be    a  separate 

species. 


175 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CuRCULlONID^  {continued) 

Ceuthorrhynchus  quadridens,    Panz.       On 
various  Crucifers  ;   common 

—  geographicus,    Goeze   (echii,   F.).      On 

Echium  vulgare  ;  local.  Hailing 
Doxuns,  TVhitstable^  Deal,  Dover, 
Sandgate 

—  pollinarius,   Forst.      On   nettles  ;   com- 

mon everywhere 

—  viduatus,  Gyll.      On  Stachys  arvensis  ; 

rare.      Sheerness 

—  picitarsis,  Gyll.    On  various  Crucifers  ; 

local,  and  as  a  rule  rare.  Erith, 
Darenth  Wood,  Belvedere  (in  plenty), 
Chatham  Hill,  St.  Marys  Hand, 
Saltwood,  Beanted,  Sheerness,  Folke- 
stone, Hythe 

—  pleurostigma.  Marsh.     On  Crucifera  ; 

common  everyw^here 

—  alliarias,  Bris.      On  Erysimum  alliaria  ; 

local.  Wigmore  Wood,  Snodland, 
Cobham  Park,  Chatham,  Maidstone, 
St.  Mary  Cray,  Folkestone 

—  rapx,   Gyll.      On     Sisymbrium    offici- 

nale ;  rare.  Lee,  Lewisham,  Belve- 
dere 

—  resedx,    Marsh.       On    Reseda   luteola 

and  R.  lutea  ;  very  local,  and  as  a 
rule  rare.  Chatham,  Strood,  Green- 
hithe,  Gravesend,  Dover,  Deal 

—  punctiger,    Gyll.       On   the   dandelion, 

mostly  on  the  chalk ;  rare.  Snodland, 
Darenth,  Deal,  Hythe 

—  marginatus,  Payk.      By  sweeping  ;    the 

larva  lives  in  the  heads  of  Hypo- 
chaeris  ;  local,  but  found  in  a  large 
number  of  places,  and  not  uncommon 
in  the  county 

—  urticae,  Boh.     On  nettles  and  Stachys  ; 

rare.      Snodland,  Maidstone 

—  rugulosus,  Herbst.      Marshy  places,  on 

Corymbiferas  ;  not  uncommon,  and 
widely  distributed 

—  melanostictus.   Marsh.      On   species  of 

Labiatas  ;  not  common.  Lee,  Bear- 
sted,  Folkestone 

—  asperifoliarum,      Gyll.        On      various 

Boraginaceae  (Echium,  Cynoglossum, 
etc.) ;  not  uncommon 

—  euphorbise,  Bris.     By  sweeping  ;    food 

plant  somewhat  doubtful  ;  rare. 
Darenth  (Power),  Dartford  and  Deal 
(Champion).  Mr.  S.  Stevens  found 
it  on  Veronica 

—  chrysanthemi,  Germ.    On  Chrysanthe- 

mum leucanthemum  (ox-eye  daisy) ; 
local.  Chattenden  Roughs,  Lee,  Maid- 
stone, Dover,  Folkestone 

—  triangulum.  Boh.      On  Achillea  mille- 

folium ;      rare.       Birch     Wood     (S. 


CuRCULiONiD^  {continued) 

Stevens),      Deal      (Champion      and 
Garneys),  Folkestone  (Power) 
Ceuthorrhynchus  litura,  F.      On   thistles  ; 
common  and  widely  distributed 

—  trimaculatus,    F.      On   thistles ;    local, 

and  much  less  common  than  the 
preceding.  Rochester  district,  not 
rare  ;  Dover,  Folkestone,  etc. 
Ceuthorrhynchidius  floralis,  Payk.  On 
various  species  of  Cruciferas  (Capsella, 
Erysimum,  etc.)  ;  common  and 
generally  distributed 

—  hepaticus,  Gyll.      On  Brassica  cheiran- 

thus  and  other  Cruciferx  ;  rare. 
Darland  Hill  and  Faversham  (Wal- 
ker), Eastry  and  IVingham  (Gorham) 

—  pyrrorhynchus.    Marsh.       On    Sisym- 

brium officinale  ;  local,  but  not  un- 
common 

—  nigrinus,  Marsh.     By  sweeping,  chiefly 

on  the  chalk  ;  local.  Rochester  dis- 
trict, general  ;  Dartford,  Faversham, 
Maidstone 

—  melanarius,  Steph.     In  marshy  places, 

on  Nasturtium  officinale ;  local. 
Snodland,  Lee,  Staple,  Sandwich, 
Hythe 

—  terminatus,      Herbst.         On      Daucus 

maritimus  ;  local.  Rochester  district, 
rare  ;  Whitstable,  Dover,  Folkestone, 
Hythe 

—  horridus,  F.      On   thistles  ;   very  local. 

Rochester  district,  not  uncommon ; 
Sheerness,  Whitstable,  Dover,  Folke- 
stone 

—  distinctus,   Bris.     By  sweeping  ;    rare. 

Dover 

—  quercicola,  Payk.      By  sweeping  ;  local 

and  seldom  abundant,  but  somewhat 
widely  distributed 

—  troglodytes,  F.    On  plantain  ;  common 

everywhere 

—  chevrolati,   Bris.     On   Achillea    mille- 

folium ;  very  local.  St.  Marys 
Island  (in  plenty  in  1898),  Blue  Bell 
Hill,  Lee,  Birch  Wood,  Deal,  Dover, 
Hythe 

—  rufulus,    Duf.    (frontalis,    Bris.).      On 

Achillea  millefolium  and  Plantago 
lanceolata  ;  very  local.  Darland 
Hill,  Sheerness,  Whitstable,  Kings- 
gate 

—  dawsoni,    Bris.        On    Plantago    coro- 

nopus,  and  perhaps  P.  maritima  ; 
also  at  roots  of  Reseda  with  the 
preceding  species  ;  very  local.  Dar- 
land Hili,  Strood,  Dover,  Folkestone 
Amalus  haemorrhous,  Herbst.  In  moss  and 
by  sweeping  ;   generally  distributed 


170 


INSECTS 


CuRCULIONIDit  {continued) 

Rhinoncus  pericarpius,  F.  On  Polygonum, 
dock,  thistles,  etc.  ;  common  and 
generally  distributed 

—  gramineus,    F.       Marshy    places ;     on 

Polygonum  ;  very  local.  Snodland, 
West  Wickham,  Deal,  Sandgate 

—  perpendicularis,     Reich.         In     damp 

places  ;  on  species  of  Polygonum  ; 
rather  common  and  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  castor,  F.     In  sandy  places  ;    at  roots 

of  docks,  etc.;  generally  distributed 
and  common 

—  denticollis,   Gyll.     Chalky    and    sandy 

places,   by  sweeping  ;    also  in  grass 

tufts  in  winter ;  rare.    Borland  Hill, 

Blue   Bell  Hill,    Chattenden,  Cobham 

Park,  Hythe 
Eubrychius  velatus.     In  stagnant  or  slowly 

moving  water ;  on  Potamogeton,  etc. ; 

rare.      Whitstahle 
Litodactylus  leucogaster,  Marsh.     As   the 

preceding ;  local,  but  not  uncommon 

and  widely  distributed 
Phytobius    waltoni,    Boh.      Very    scarce ; 

sparingly    in    a   dried    up    ditch    at 

Snodland  (J.  J.  W.) 

—  quadrituberculatus,  F.    Marshy  places  ; 

not  uncommon  and  widely  distri- 
buted 

—  canaliculatus,    Fahr.       Marshy    places, 

on  aquatic  plants ;  also  by  sweeping ; 
very  local.  Blue  Bell  Hill  and  Cob- 
ham  Park,  rare  ;  Sheerness 

—  quadricornis,  Gyll.     On  aquatic  plants, 

especially  Polygonum  lapathifolium  ; 
rare.      Sheerness  (Walker) 

—  quadrinodosus,      Gyll.         On     aquatic 

plants,  especially  Polygonum  am- 
phibium  ;  very  rare.  Lee  (Power 
and  Champion) 

Limnobaris  T-album,  L.  In  damp  mea- 
dows ;  not  uncommon.  Rochester 
district,  common  ;  Faversham,  Maid- 
stone 

Baris  laticoUis,  Marsh.  On  Cruciferae  ; 
as  a  rule  rare.  Charlton,  Deal, 
Folkestone  (common) 

—  picicornis.  Marsh.     On  Reseda  lutea  ; 

local,  but  sometimes  abundant,  and 
widely  distributed 

—  lepidii.  Germ.   Marshy  places,  especially 

on  the  sandy  banks  of  rivers  ;  also 
in  grass,  at  roots  of  Tanacetum,  etc.; 
very  local,  but  not  uncommon. 
Cobham  Park,  Snodland,  Shooters  Hill, 
Lewisham,  Bearsted,  Dover 

—  scolopacea.   Germ.     Salt  marshes  ;    by 

sweeping  the  sea  purslane  (Atriplex 


177 


CuRCULIONlD^  {continued) 

portulacoides)  and  other  plants  ; 
extremely  local  and  usually  very 
rare.  Sheerness  (Champion  and 
Walker) 
Balaninus  venosus,  Grav.  On  oaks,  in 
woods  and  hedges  ;  not  uncommon 

—  nucum,  L.     On  hazel ;  common 

—  turbatus,  Gyll.     On  oak,  hazel,  etc. ; 

not  common.  Rochester  district, 
widely  distributed  but  scarce ; 
Darenth  and  Birch  Woods,  Wester- 
ham,  Sheerness 

—  betulae,  Steph.     On   birch  ;    very  rare. 

Plumstead  (S.  Stevens) 

—  villosus,  F.     On  oaks  and  hazels,  also 

on  hawthorn  blossom  ;  local.  Chat- 
tenden, St.  Mary  Cray,  Darenth  and 
Birch  Woods,  Whitstahle 

—  salicivorus,  Payk.     On  willows  ;  com- 

mon 

—  pyrrhoceras.   Marsh.     On  oak,   hazel, 

willow,  etc.  ;  much  less  common 
than  the  preceding.  Chattenden,  Lee, 
Greenwich,  Darenth  Wood,  and  prob- 
ably widely  distributed 
Calandra  granaria,  L.  In  granaries,  bakers' 
shops,  etc.  ;  only  too  common 

—  oryza,  L.    With  the  preceding ;  plenti- 

ful in  granaries  in  Rochester,  Strood, 
Rainham,  etc. 

Cossonus  ferrugineus,  Clairv.  In  decaying 
willows,  elms,  oaks,  etc. ;  not  com- 
mon.     Greenwich 

Rhyncolus  lignarius.  Marsh.  In  decaying 
elms,  oaks,  ivy,  etc.  ;  common 

—  ater,  L.     In  decaying  fir,  also  in  elm  ; 

rare.  Darland  Hill,  Sittingbourne 
Caulotrypis  aeneopiceus.  Boh.  In  old  posts, 
old  wine  casks,  etc. ;  very  scarce. 
5/.  Margaret's  Bay,  Deal 
Codiosoma  spadix,  Herbst.  In  old  posts  on 
the  seashore  and  on  the  banks  at  the 
mouths  of  large  rivers  ;  locally  com- 
mon. Gravesend,  Sheerness,  Pegwell 
Bay 
Magdalis  armigera,  Fourc.  (atramentaria, 
Marsh.).  By  beating  dead  hedges  ; 
also  on  elms ;  not  uncommon. 
Chattenden  (in  profusion,  24  May, 
1894,  J.  J.  W.),  Lee,  Darenth 
Wood,  Belvedere,  Plumstead,  Sheerness, 
Whit  stable,  etc. 

—  cerasi,    L.      In    dead    hedges    and    by 

sweeping ;  not  uncommon 

—  pruni,  L.     As  the  preceding ;  common 

—  barbicornis,  Latr.     By  beating  hedges 

and  by  sweeping  ;  rare.  Lee,  Lewis- 
ham,  Darenth  Wood,  Ashford,  Chat- 
tenden 

23 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


SCOLYTID^ 

Scolytus    destructor,  Ol.     In    elms ;    only 
too  common 

—  pruni,  Ratz.    In  decaying  apple,  cherry 

and  other  fruit  trees  ;  rare.  Lower 
Rainham  (J.  J.  W.)  ;  Tonbr'idge 
(Horner) 

—  intricatus,    Ratz.      In    decaying    oak  ; 

rare.      Cohham  Park,  Darenth  Wood 

—  rugulosus,    Ratz.       In    decaying    oak, 

cherry,  apple,  pear,  elm,  etc.  ;  very 
local.  Cobham  Park  (by  sweeping), 
Chatham,  Birch  and  Darenth  IVoodi, 
Whltstable 

—  multistriatus.   Marsh.     As  the  preced- 

ing ;  local,  but  not  uncommon. 
Birch  and  Darenth  IVoods,  Sheerness 
Hylastes  ater,  Payk.  Under  bark  of  pines, 
and  by  sweeping  under  Scotch  firs  ; 
locally  common.  Darland  Hill, 
Chatham 

—  cunicularius,    Er.      In    decaying    firs ) 

local  and  scarce.      IVesterham 

—  opacus,   Er.     In    and   under    decaying 

firs  ;  not  uncommon  locally.  Dar- 
land Hill,  Wickham,  Tonbridge 

—  palliatus,    Gyll.       As    the     preceding. 

Darland  Hill,  TVest  Wickham 
Hylastinus  obscurus.  Marsh.  On  broom 
and  furze,  also  on  clover.  Ononis, 
etc.  ;  local.  Birch  and  Darenth 
Woods,  Sheerness,  Gravesend,  Dartford, 
Bearsted,  Folkestone 
Hylesinus  crenatus,  F.  In  decaying  ash 
trees ;  as  a  rule  rare,  but  sometimes 
common  where  it  occurs.  Cobham 
Park,  West  Wickham,  Abbey  Wood 

—  oleiperda,    F.       In    decaying  ash,   also 

by  sweeping  ;  local.  Cobham  Park, 
Sheerness 

—  fraxini,   F.     In  decaying  ash,  also  by 

sweeping  ;  generally  distributed  and 
common 

—  vittatus,  F.     In  decaying    elms  ;    very 

local.  Greenwich,  Wickham 
Myelophilus  piniperda.  In  and  under  de- 
caying firs ;  very  local.  Darland 
Hill,  Chatham 
Cissophagus  hederae,  Schmidt.  In  decaying 
ivy  ;  not  common.  Darland  Hill, 
Cobham  Great  Wood,  St.  Mary  Cray, 
Dartford 


ScOLYTID^  {continued) 

Phlceophthorus  rhododactylus,  Marsh.     In 
dead    stems    of   furze,    broom,    etc. 
Darland  Hill  and   Chattenden,  rare  ; 
not  however  uncommon   in   several         ' 
other  localities,  and  widely  distributed 

Cryphalus  abietis,  Ratz.  In  dead  shoots  of 
the  Scotch  fir ;  very  rare.  West 
Wickham  Wood  (Champion) 

Magdalis  fagi,  Nord.  In  decaying  beeches  ; 
very  rare.  Westerham  (Gorham), 
Tonbridge  (Horner) 

Pityophthorus  pubescens,  Marsh.  In  dead 
twigs  of  the  Scotch  fir,  also  by 
sweeping  underneath  the  trees  ;  lo- 
cally common  and  widely  distri- 
buted 

Xylocleptes  bispinus,  Duft.  In  dead  stems 
of  Clematis  vitalba ;  locally  common 
and  widely  distributed 

Dryocaetes  villosus,  F.  In  decaying  oaks  ; 
also  sometimes  in  chestnuts  and 
hollies  ;  common  and  generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  coryli,    Perris.       In    dead    twigs    and 

branches  of  hazel  and  hornbeam, 
also  by  sweeping  ;  very  rare.  Darenth 
and  Birch  Woods,  Chattenden,  and 
near  Cuxton 

Taphrorychus  bicolor,  Herbst.  In  de- 
caying oaks  ;  very  rare.  Down,  near 
Beckenham  (Crotch);  Darenth  Wood 
(Champion) 

Tomicus  laricis,  F.  In  decaying  larches ; 
not  common.      Westerham 

Trypodendron  domesticum,  L.  In  hard 
dead  wood  of  beech,  alder,  birch, 
oak  and  other  trees  ;  rare.  Wester- 
ham, Brasted 

Xyleborus  dryographus,  Ratz.  In  decaying 
oak  and  beech  ;  rare.     Abbey  Wood 

—  saxeseni,  Ratz.     In  oak,  beech,  apple, 

hornbeam  and  other  trees  ;  scarce. 
Cobham  Park,  in  a  sound  oak  log 

SxYLOPIDiS 

A  number  of  Halicti  infested  with  apterous 
Strepsipterous  females  were  once 
found  by  Sir  S.  S.  Saunders  at 
Folkestone.  These  probably  belonged 
to  the  very  rare  Halictophagus 
curtisii.  Dale,  but  no  male  was  dis- 
covered 


LEPIDOPTERA 

Butterjiies  and  Moths 
Kent  was  formerly  a  paradise  for  collectors  of  insects  of  this  order, 


and  in  the  old  days  no  county  produced 

178 


larger  number  of  species  or  a 


INSECTS 

greater  abundance  of  specimens ;  but  over  cultivation,  over  population, 
the  destruction  of  old  woods,  drainage  and  the  spread  of  the  metro- 
politan area  vvrith  its  buildings  and  smoke  have,  during  the  last  half  a 
century,  considerably  reduced  the  numbers  of  species  and  specimens,  at 
any  rate  in  the  north-western  part  of  the  county,  which  has  been  almost 
absorbed  by  London  suburbs.  Such  species  however  as  occur  in  this 
country  chiefly  by  immigration  from  the  continent  are  more  commonly 
taken  in  the  south-east,  east  and  north-east  of  Kent  than  in  any  other 
part  of  the  United  Kingdom. 

RHOPALOCERA 

Butter Jiies^ 

The  Wood  White  [Leucophasia  sinapis,  L.)  was  formerly  common 
in  many  woods  in  the  county,  and  has  been  recorded  from  the  Blean 
Woods  ^  between  Canterbury  and  Heme  Bay,  from  Sturry,  Pembury, 
Wateringbury,'  Tunbridge  Wells,  Tenterden,  and  from  Darenth  and 
Birch  Woods.  From  the  two  localities  last  named  and  from  the  rest  of 
the  metropolitan  district  it  has  long  disappeared.  It  still  occurs  spar- 
ingly in  some  of  the  woods  in  the  county,  but  is  extinct  in  most  of  the 
localities  where  it  was  formerly  common. 

The  Black-veined  White  {Aporia  cratagi,  L.)  was,  up  to  five- 
and-thirty  or  forty  years  ago,  a  common  species  in  the  county,  occur- 
ring plentifully  about  Sheerness,  Ramsgate,  Heme  Bay,  Wye,  Ashford, 
Selling,  Shottenden,  Sturry,  Maidstone,  Chattenden,  Rochester  and 
Strood.  Excepting  in  an  orchard  district  in  east  Kent,  it  disappeared 
from  the  county  about  1868  or  1869  and  is  now  practically  extinct  in 
Kent,  as  it  is  in  Sussex,  Hampshire,  Gloucestershire,  Northamptonshire, 
Huntingdonshire,  Monmouthshire,  Glamorganshire  and  other  counties 
where  it  formerly  abounded.  Possibly,  if  unmolested,  the  species* 
may  increase  its  area  and  be  again  established  in  the  county  under 
favourable  climatic  conditions.  The  Large  Cabbage  White  {Pieris 
brassica,  L.),  the  Small  Cabbage  White  (P.  rapa,  L.)  and  the 
Green-veined  White  (P.  napi,  L.)  are  generally  distributed  through- 
out the  county  and  are  more  or  less  abundant  according  to  the 
season.     That  rare  butterfly  the  Bath  White  (P.  daplidice^  L.)  has  been 

*  Stragglers  of  the  Swallow-tail  {Papilio  machaon,  L.)  have  occasionally  been  captured  or  observed 
on  the  north-east,  east  and  south-east  coast,  as  about  Heme  Bay,  Ramsgate,  Deal  and  Dover.  Dr. 
Knaggs  in  his  Macro-Lepidoptera  of  Folkestone  (1870)  says,  ^Machaon  has  been  met  with  year  after  year 
on  the  East  Cliff,  Dover,  beyond  the  castle.'  Mr.  A.  B.  Farn  informs  me  that  a  few  larvs  were  found 
feeding  on  rue  in  a  herbalist's  garden  at  Stone  near  Dartford  in  1874,  and  the  larvae  have  also  several 
times  been  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Faversham.  At  the  present  day  the  species  in  a  truly  wild 
condition,  in  this  country,  is  confined  to  Wicken  Fen,  Cambridgeshire,  and  to  the  fens  in  the  Norfolk 
Broads.  The  specimens  seen  or  captured  in  Kent  in  recent  years  were  doubtless  immigrants  from  the 
continent,  or  escapes. — H.  G. 

2  Mr.  Charles  Fenn  records  the  species  from  the  Blean  Woods. — H.  G. 

3  Mr.  Edward  Goodwin  of  Canon  Court,  Wateringbury,  states  that  Mr.  R.  H.  Fremlin  used  to 
take  this  species  commonly  at  Wateringbury  forty  years  ago,  but  that  it  has  long  been  extinct  there. — 
H.  G. 

*  Mr.  A.  B.  Farn  says  it  was  very  abundant  in  the  Chattenden  woods  in  the  late  '  fifties,'  and  there 
was  no  difficulty  in  collecting  the  pupae  from  the  stems  of  the  blackthorn. — H.  G. 

179 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

recorded  more  frequently  from  Kent  than  from  any  other  part  of  the 
United  Kingdom,  and  many  specimens  have  from  time  to  time  been 
taken  in  all  parts  of  the  county,  especially  about  Broadstairs,  Margate, 
Ramsgate,  Sandwich,  Deal,^  Dover,  Folkestone  and  Hythe.  This  species, 
being  common  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  would  naturally  be  more 
frequently  found  in  Kent  owing  to  its  proximity  to  the  continent  than 
in  other  English  counties.  The  Orange  Tip  {Anthochar'u  cardamines,  L.) 
is  generally  distributed  in  lanes,  roadsides,  fields  and  woods.  The  Brim- 
stone {Gonepteryx  rhamni,  L.)  occurs  throughout  the  county  and  is  com- 
mon in  most  woods  and  other  places  where  its  food  plant  is  plentiful. 
The  Clouded  Yellow  {Colias  edusa,  Fb.)  is  generally  distributed  through- 
out the  county,  and  is,  in  certain  seasons,  abundant  on  the  chalk  downs 
and  on  railway  banks,  and  in  clover  and  lucerne  fields,  especially  on  the 
coast  about  Dover,  Folkestone,  Deal,  Sandwich,  Margate,  Heme  Bay, 
Westgate,  Broadstairs  and  Ramsgate.  It  is  also  plentiful  nearer  London, 
as  at  Strood,  Greenhithe  and  Dartford,  and  even  in  the  metropolitan 
district  in  certain  seasons.  The  white  variety  of  the  female  (var.  helice) 
generally  occurs  with  the  type  more  or  less  commonly,  and  I  have  taken 
several  forms  of  great  interest  near  Dover.  The  Pale  Clouded  Yellow 
(C.  hyale,  L.)  is  generally  distributed  throughout  the  county  and  is  in 
some  years  abundant  about  Margate,  Ramsgate,  Deal,  Dover  and  Folke- 
stone. It  also  occurs  inland  as  at  Maidstone,  Yalding,  Ashford  and 
Wye  ;  in  the  metropolitan  district  about  Dartford,  Greenhithe  and 
Eltham,  and  even  close  to  London.  I  found  it  commonly  near  Dover 
and  Folkestone  in  1888.  The  Silver-washed  Fritillary  {Argynnis paphia, 
L.)  occurs  in  some  of  the  Kentish  woods,  but  it  is  not  abundant  as  it  is 
in  the  New  Forest  and  in  the  Forest  of  Dean.  I  am  not  aware  of  the 
occurrence  in  Kent  of  the  melanic  variety  of  the  female  (var.  valezina),^ 
but  the  late  Mr.  Ramsay  Cox  reported  having  on  one  occasion  seen 
a  specimen  in  a  wood  near  Sturry,  The  Dark  Green  Fritillary  [A. 
aglaia,  L.)  is  generally  distributed  throughout  the  county  both  on  the 
chalk  hills  and  in  the  wooded  part  of  the  weald.  It  is  common  on  the 
North  Downs  between  Canterbury  and  the  North  Foreland  and  about 
Folkestone,  Dover,  Otford,  Shoreham,  West  Wickham  and  everywhere 
on  the  downs.  I  have  found  it  abundantly  at  the  base  of  the  downs  to 
the  north  of  Folkestone  and  between  Folkestone  and  Dover.  The  High 
Brown  Fritillary  {A.  adippe,  L.)'  is  not  so  generally  distributed  as  the 
last  species,  but  it  is  not  uncommon  in  some  localities  near  Watering- 
bury  and  near  Sevenoaks.  It  also  occurs  in  Kingswood  and  Penny  Pot 
Woods,  between  Wye  and  Canterbury.     I  have  taken  it  in  Eastwell  Park 

1  Colonel  Swinhoe  about  six  years  ago  recorded  in  the  Entomologist  the  capture  of  three  specimens 
at  Deal.— H.  G. 

*  I  doubt  the  occurrence  of  this  variety  in  Kent.  In  my  experience  it  is  confined  to  the  New 
Forest,  where  it  is,  in  some  seasons,  very  common.  I  have  never  seen  it  in  the  Forest  of  Dean  in 
Gloucestershire  or  on  the  banks  of  the  Wye..  It  has  been  reported  as  occurring  singly  in  Devon, 
Dorset  and  Sussex. — H.  G. 

3  Mr.  Farn  records  the  capture  of  one  specimen  at  Chattenden  Woods  in  1876,  and  Mr.  Fenn 
says  it  formerly  occurred  at  Darenth.  Mr.  Goodwin  says  it  is  fairly  common  near  Wateringbury. — 
H.  G. 

itio 


INSECTS 

near  Wye,  and  it  has  been  reported  from  the  Blean  Woods  between 
Canterbury  and  Heme  Bay,  from  West  Wickham  and  elsewhere  in 
the  county.  The  Queen  of  Spain  Fritillary  [A.  lathonia,  L.),  which 
though  very  rare  in  this  country  is  a  common  continental  species,  has 
been  taken  more  frequently  in  Kent  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  United 
Kingdom.  Many  specimens  have  in  the  last  fifty  years  been  captured 
near  Birch  Wood,  Darenth  Wood,  Gravesend,  Milton,  Shoreham,  Heme 
Bay,  Margate,  Ramsgate,  Deal,  Walmer,  Dover  and  Folkestone.  The 
capture  of  thirteen  specimens  near  Canterbury  in  1868  has  been  recorded, 
and  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  states  that  eighteen  specimens  were  taken  near 
Dover  in  September,  1880.  The  number  of  captures  of  this  species  in 
Kent  is  no  doubt  due  to  the  proximity  of  the  county  to  the  continent  of 
Europe.  The  Pearl-bordered  Fritillary  [A.  euphrosyne,  L.)  is  generally 
distributed  in  the  woods  of  the  county  except  in  the  metropolitan  dis- 
trict, where  it  has,  in  common  with  the  majority  of  other  butterflies, 
become  extinct  or  extremely  rare  in  consequence  of  the  extension  of 
buildings,  drainage,  London  smoke  and  over  cultivation.  The  Small 
Pearl-bordered  Fritillary  [A.  selene,  SchifF.)  has  long  since  disappeared 
from  most  of  the  woods  near  London,  but  it  still  occurs,  more  or 
less  commonly,  in  the  Blean  Woods,  near  Heme  Bay,  in  most  of  the 
woods  between  Wye  and  Canterbury,  and  in  the  southern  and  south- 
western side  of  the  county  near  Tenterden.  That  very  local  species  the 
Greasy  Fritillary  {Melitcea  aurinia^  Rott.)  occurred  formerly  in  great 
abundance  in  the  Ham  Marshes  near  Sandwich,  but  owing  to  the 
rapacity  of  London  and  Canterbury  dealers  it  gradually  became  scarcer, 
until  in  1888  or  1889,  in  consequence  of  the  drainage  of  the  low-lying 
meadows,  in  which  it  used  chiefly  to  occur,  it  almost  disappeared,  and  at 
the  present  time  is  practically  extinct.  I  am  unaware  of  the  occurrence 
of  this  local  species  in  any  other  part  of  the  county.  The  Pearl- 
bordered  Likeness  or  Heath  Fritillary  {M.  athalia,  Rott.)  used  to  be 
abundant  in  the  Blean  Woods  near  Canterbury,  and  in  the  south-west 
of  the  county  in  Knock  Wood  and  other  woods  near  Tenterden,  and 
elsewhere  on  the  borders  of  Sussex.  It  also  occurred  in  other  woods  in 
the  Weald,  and  was  abundant  in  Chattenden  Woods  near  Rochester,  but 
disappeared  suddenly  from  this  locality  some  thirty  years  ago.  It  may 
still  occur  near  Tenterden  and  in  other  woods  on  the  borders  of  Sussex. 
The  Small  Tortoiseshell  {Vanessa  urticce,  L.)  is  common  throughout  the 
county.  The  Large  Tortoiseshell '  {V.  polychloros,  L.)  is  generally  distri- 
buted and  sometimes  common,  but  is  much  less  abundant  than  formerly. 

»  The  Granville  Fritillary  {Melittea  ctnxia,  L.)  is  recorded  by  the  late  Mr.  W.  O.  Hammond  as 
having  formerly  occurred  about  the  cliffs  near  St.  Margaret's  Bay  and  near  Folkestone.  I  have  no 
knowledge  of  its  occurrence  anywhere  in  England  within  the  last  forty  years  except  in  the  Isle  of  Wight. 
Mr.  Ullyett  also  includes  M.  aur'mia  in  his  list  of  '  Folkestone  Lepidoptera.'  If  it  ever  occurred  between 
Folkestone  and  Dover  it  has  been  long  extinct. — H.  G. 

2  The  Comma  Butterfly  {Fanessa  c-album,  L.)  is  said  to  have  been  common  in  the  hop  gardens 
about  eighty  or  ninety  years  ago.  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  says  that  although  it  has  now  no  fixed  abode  in 
the  county  a  few  specimens  are  annually  captured  to  the  east  and  west  of  Dover.  It  has  been  taken 
near  Walmer  and  Alkham,  and  also  at  Shepherdswell  in  1894.  The  specimens  are  no  doubt  immigrants 
from  the  continent. — H.  G. 

181 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

It  occurs  in  the  London  district  and  has  also  been  found  near  Tenterden, 
Tonbridge,  Canterbury,  Wye,  Ashford,  Faversham,  and  in  many  other 
places  in  the  county.  Captain  Savile  Reid  says  it  is  rare  about  Yald- 
ing  and  Maidstone.  The  rare  Camberwell  Beauty  {F.  antiopa,  L.) 
occurs  perhaps  more  frequently  in  Kent — from  its  proximity  to  the 
continent — than  in  any  other  English  county.  Lewin,  an  old  naturalist, 
reported  that  in  the  middle  of  August,  1789,  he  saw  two  specimens  near 
Faversham,  one  of  which  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  take,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  week,  he  was  agreeably  surprised  with  seeing  and  taking 
many  of  them  in  the  most  perfect  condition.  Captures  of  this  species 
have,  during  recent  years,  been  made  near  Dover,  Maidstone,  Folke- 
stone, Charlton,  Lee  and  Eltham.^  Mr.  Goodwin  says  he  has  twice 
seen  it  near  Wateringbury,  and  he  records  the  capture  of  a  fine  speci- 
men on  18  August,  1898,  at  East  Farleigh.  Captain  Savile  Reid  states 
that  a  specimen  was  taken  near  Yalding  in  1889  and  another  speci- 
men in  the  same  year  near  Maidstone.  The  Peacock  {F.  to,  L.)  was 
formerly  an  abundant  species  and  generally  distributed,  but  it  has  for 
many  years  past  been  gradually  disappearing  and  has  become  in  many 
places  a  comparatively  scarce  species.  The  Red  Admiral  (F.  atalanta, 
L.)  is  generally  distributed  and  often  common  even  in  metropolitan 
gardens.  The  Painted  Lady  {F.  cardui,  L.)  occurs  in  some  seasons 
all  over  the  county,  but  is  generally  most  'plentiful  in  clover  and 
lucerne  fields,  especially  near  the  coast.  The  Purple  Emperor  [Apatura 
iris,  L.^)  formerly  occurred  in  most  of  the  oak  woods  in  the  Weald  and 
elsewhere,  but  it  has  become  rare  for  years  past,  and  has  entirely  dis- 
appeared from  many  woods  where  it  used  to  be  abundant.  It  has  long 
been  extinct  in  the  London  district.  I  found  it  in  abundance  in  1876, 
1877  and  1878  in  Chattenden  Woods,  about  four  or  five  miles  north 
from  Rochester.  It  has  however  since  died  out  or  been  exterminated 
there.  It  has  also  been  taken  near  Tenterden,  Pembury,^  Ashford,  Wye, 
Canterbury,  Selling,  Sevenoaks,  and  various  parts  of  the  Weald.  Mr. 
Goodwin  says  it  formerly  occurred  in  the  Mereworth  Woods  near 
Maidstone  and  was  common  near  Cranbrook  in  1883.  The  Marbled 
White  {Arge  galathea,  L.)  is  locally  plentiful  in  many  parts  of  the 
county.  I  have  taken  it  in  abundance  in  Eastwell  Park  near  Wye, 
and  it  occurs  commonly  on  the  chalk  near  Wateringbury,  Shoreham 
and  Strood.  It  is  abundant  along  the  eastern  and  south-eastern  coasts 
near  Ramsgate,  Deal,  Walmer,  Dover  and  Folkestone.  The  Wood 
Argus  [Satyrus  egeria,  L.)  is  generally  distributed  in  woods  and  lanes 
throughout  the  county,  but  according  to  Captain  Savile  Reid  and  Mr. 
Goodwin  it   is   gradually   disappearing.      The   Wall    {S.  tnegcera,    L.)    is 

*  The  most  recent  capture  of  Vanessa  anltopa  was  made  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Jones  at  Eltham  in  the 
autumn  of  190 1. 

^  The  occurrence  of  the  White  Admiral  {Limcnith  sybil/a,  L.)  has  been  recorded  from  Tenterden 
and  also  from  the  borders  of  Sussex.  Mr.  Farn  says  it  was  plentiful  in  Chattenden  Woods  in  the 
late  fifties,  but  disappeared  about  the  same  time  as  the  Black-veined  White.  I  have  not  heard  of  its  cap- 
ture in  this  county  during  the  last  forty  years,  and  do  not  think  it  can  now  be  regarded  as  a  Kentish 
species. — H.  G. 

'  It  was  formerly  common  at  Pembury,  and  m.iy  still  occur  there. — H.  G. 

182 


INSECTS 

generally  distributed,  but  Mr.  Charles  Fenn  says  it  is  gradually  dis- 
appearing from  the  London  district.  The  Grayling  (S.  seme/e,  L.)  is 
locally  common  on  the  chalk  hills ;  Mr.  Fenn  says  it  occurs  plentifully 
near  Deal  and  Folkestone,  and  I  have  taken  it  near  Dover.  The  Mea- 
dow^  Brown  [S.  mmra,  L.)  is  generally  common  in  meadows,  marshes, 
and  on  the  hillsides.  The  Large  Heath  {S.  tithoi^us^  L.),  so  common  in 
most  places,  is  not  universally  distributed  in  the  county,  for  according 
to  Mr.  Webb  it  does  not  occur  within  eight  miles  of  Dover.  I  have 
not  found  it  near  Dover  or  Walmer,  but  it  is  reported  from  Bekesbourne 
near  Canterbury  and  other  parts  of  the  county.  Mr.  Fenn  says  it  is  not 
common  as  a  rule  on  the  coast,  and  that  it  is  fast  disappearing  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  London.  The  Ringlet  {S.  hyperanthus)  is  not  scarce  in 
the  county  and  has  been  taken  commonly  near  Sevenoaks,  Shoreham, 
and  in  most  of  the  woods  in  the  Weald.  The  Small  Heath  {Chortobius 
pamphilus,  L.)  is  everywhere  common  in  fields,  marshes  and  hillsides. 
The  Green  Hairstreak  [Thecla  rubi,  L.)  is  generally  distributed  in 
suitable  places,  but  has  disappeared  from  the  London  district.  Captain 
Savile  Reid  says  it  is  common  on  the  chalk  hills  near  Yalding  and 
Maidstone.  The  Purple  Hairstreak  {T.  quercus,  L.)  is  generally  distri- 
buted in  oak  woods  in  the  county,  but  has  disappeared  from,  or  become 
very  scarce  in,  the  London  district.  Mr.  Fenn  records  it  from  Chatten- 
den  and  Chislehurst,  Colonel  Irby  from  West  Wickham,  and  Mr. 
Goodwin  says  it  is  common  near  Wateringbury.  The  White  Letter 
Hairstreak  (T.  w-album,  Knoch.)  is  in  some  years  very  common  in 
many  parts  of  the  county.  I  have  found  it  abundantly  in  and 
near  Chattenden  Woods  and  elsewhere  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Rochester,  Mr.  Goodwin  reports  it  from  Gravesend.  The  Brown 
Hairstreak  (T.  betulce,  L.)  has  been  recorded  from  woods  and  lanes 
about  Sheldwick,  Dartford,  and  from  Darenth  Wood  and  Birch  Wood. 
From  the  two  latter  localities  it  has  long  since  disappeared.  Colonel 
Irby  informed  me  that  he  had  taken  it  commonly  on  the  railway  banks 
near  Ham  Street  Station,  between  Appledore  and  Ashford.  Mr.  Sydney 
Webb  states  that  it  also  occurs  in  some  years  in  numbers  between 
Canterbury  and  Selling.  The  Small  Copper  {Polyommatus  phlceas,  L.) 
is  generally  distributed  throughout  the  county.  I  have  never  met  with 
the  Silver  Studded  Blue  {Lycana  agon,  Schiff.)  in  Kent,  but  Mr.  Arthur 
Rose  informs  me  that  he  takes  it  commonly  on  the  chalk  near  Seven- 
oaks.  It  also  occurs,  or  occurred,  on  Tunbridge  Wells  Common,  in  Frant 
Forest  near  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  on  many  parts  of  the  downs,  particu- 
larly throughout  the  Dover  district.  It  is  also  reported  as  formerly  oc- 
curring in  Darenth  and  Birch  Woods.  The  Brown  Argus  (L.  agestis,  Hb.) 
is  generally  distributed  in  the  chalk  districts  throughout  the  county,  and 
the  Common  Blue  (L.  alexis,  Hb.)  is  common  in  most  places  on  the 
chalk,  sand  and  clay.  The  Adonis  or  Clifden  Blue  (L.  adonis,  Fb.) 
is  locally  abundant  on  the  chalk  near  Shoreham,  Folkestone,  Dover, 
Deal,  Chilham  and  elsewhere.  The  Chalk  Hill  Blue  (L.  corydon, 
Fb.)   is  generally  distributed  in  the  chalk  districts  and  is  abundant  in 

183 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

many  places  near  Dover,  Folkestone,  Deal,  Shoreham  and  elsewhere. 
The  Small  Blue  (L.  alms^  Fb.)  occurs  in  many  places  in  the  chalk 
district.  The  Holly  Blue  (L.  argiolus,  L.)  is  generally  distributed 
throughout  the  county  along  hedgerows  and  woodsides,  and  also  in 
gardens  where  holly  and  ivy  abound.  During  the  past  few  years  it  has 
been  a  very  common  metropolitan  species,  occurring  in  abundance  in 
suburban  gardens.  The  Duke  of  Burgundy  {Nenieobhis  lucina,  L.)  occurs 
in  many  woods,  in  the  Weald  and  in  the  Blean  Woods  and  elsewhere  near 
Canterbury.  It  also  occurs  near  Wye  and  Dover,  and  was  formerly  com- 
mon in  Darenth  Wood,  but  Mr.  Fenn  says  it  has  long  been  extinct  there. 
The  Grizzled  Skipper  {Syrichthus  alveolus,  Hb.)  is  generally  distributed 
and  common  in  most  of  the  woods  in  the  county.  The  Dingy  Skipper 
[Thanaos  tages,  L.)  is  generally  distributed  on  the  chalk  hills.  Mr. 
Webb  states  the  coast  form  is  whiter  and  more  brightly-coloured  than 
inland  specimens.  The  Large  Skipper  [Hesperia  syhanus,  Esp.)  is  of 
common  occurrence  throughout  the  county.  The  Silver  Spotted  Skipper 
[Hesperia  comma,  L.)  is  locally  common  near  Canterbury,  Deal,  Dover, 
and  in  many  places  on  the  chalk  hills.  The  Small  Skipper  [H.  linea, 
Fb.),  is  common  everywhere,  and  H.  lineola,  which  was  originally 
detected  in  this  country  in  east  Essex,  has  been  recorded  by  Mr.  Farn, 
Mr.  Fenn  and  others  from  the  Cliffe  Marshes,  north-east  of  Gravesend. 

HETEROCERA 

Moths 

Kent  contains  a  great  number  of  interesting  moths  which  ought 
to  receive  a  detailed  notice,  but,  in  consequence  of  the  limited  space 
which  can  be  spared  in  this  volume  for  the  Insecta,  little  more  than  a 
list  of  species,  prefaced  with  a  few  notes  on  those  which  are  most  local 
and  characteristic  of  the  county,  can  be  published. 

The  Bedstraw  Hawk  Moth  {Deilephila  galii,  Schiff.),  although  by 
no  means  confined  to  the  county,  has  perhaps  been  found  more  freely  in 
Kent  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  United  Kingdom,  except  on  the 
coast  of  Sussex.  The  larvae  are  sometimes  comparatively  common  on 
the  yellow  bedstraw  in  August  and  September  about  Folkestone,  Dover, 
Walmer,  Deal,  Sandwich,  Ramsgate  and  elsewhere  along  the  coast.  I 
bred  a  good  series  of  the  moth  in  1889  from  the  caterpillars  I  had 
collected  on  the  Kentish  coast  in  the  autumn  of  1888.  That  very  rare 
species  D.  livornka,  Esp.,  has  been  occasionally  found  about  Folkestone 
and  Dover  and  also  at  Lewisham.  The  Silver-striped  Hawk  Moth 
{Gharocampa  celerio,  L.)  is  commoner  and  has  been  taken  at  Tenterden 
and  many  other  places  in  the  county.  The  Oleander  Hawk  Moth 
(C.  nerii,  L.),  one  of  the  grandest  species  of  Sphingidas  occurring  in 
this   country,    was   taken   many  years  ago  at  Dover,  and  Captain  Savile 

'  The  Mazarine  Blue  {Lycana  ads,  SchifF.)  is  stated  by  Mr.  Tutt  to  have  formerly  been  taken  near 
Cuxton  about  187 1.  Mr.  Farn  says  he  worked  the  Cuxton  district  in  1 87 1  and  prior  to  that  year, 
but  he  never  saw  this  species. — H.  G. 

184 


INSECTS 

Reid  recorded  the  capture  of  another  specimen  at  Yalding  near  Maid- 
stone on  September  i8,  1900.  That  very  rare  Clearwing,  Sesia  ai^dre- 
niformis,  Lasp.,  was  first  taken  by  Mr.  Chant  at  Greenhithe  more  than 
forty  years  ago,  and  a  few  other  specimens  have  since  been  met  with 
near  Chattenden  and  elsewhere  in  the  county.  The  beautiful  Fiery 
Clearwing  {S.  chrysidiformis,  Esp.)  is,  in  this'  county,  entirely  confined 
to  the  undercliff  between  Folkestone  and  Dover,  where  it  was  first 
taken  about  1856  by  the  late  Mr.  Brewer  of  Reigate.  The  larva  feed 
in  the  roots  of  the  common  dock.  I  found  the  species  commonly 
in  the  Warren  some  fifteen  or  sixteen  years  ago,  but  it  has  become 
much  rarer  of  late  years  owing  to  the  digging  up  of  the  dock  roots  by 
London  and  Folkestone  dealers  with  the  object  of  breeding  the  species. 
Another  local  species  is  S.  ichneumofiiformis,  Fb.,  which  is  not  uncommon 
along  the  coast  about  Ramsgate,  Margate,  Deal,  Dover  and  Folkestone. 
The  beautiful  little  Nola  albulalis,  Hb.,  formerly  occurred  in  abundance  ^ 
in  Chattenden  Woods  near  Rochester,  where  I  collected  a  fine  series  in 
1876.  The  rare  N.  cetjtonalis,  Hb.,  has  been  taken  near  Deal,  Dover  and 
Folkestone.  One  of  the  most  interesting  species  in  the  county  is  the 
Pigmy  Footman  [Lithosia  liitarella,  Schiff.)  which  was  first  made  known 
as  a  British  species  by  the  late  Mr.  Henry  Doubleday,  who  named  it  L. 
pygmeola.  It  was  abundant  on  the  Deal  sandhills  twenty  years  ago,  but 
it  seems  in  danger  of  being  exterminated  chiefly  by  man's  agency.  I 
am  not  aware  of  its  occurrence  elsewhere  in  the  United  Kingdom. 
The  rare  Deiopea  pulchella,  L.,  has  been  taken  near  Heme  Bay,  Margate, 
Ramsgate,  Deal,  Walmer,  Dover  and  Folkestone.  The  beautiful  Scarlet 
Tiger  {Callimorpha  dominula,  L.)  was  formerly  very  abundant  at  St. 
Margaret's  Bay,  but  the  locality  has  much  changed  and  has  been  partly 
destroyed  by  the  fall  of  the  cliffs.  It  still  occurs  between  Walmer  and 
Deal,  and  sparingly  in  one  or  two  more  inland  localities.  Another  inter- 
esting Kentish  species  is  the  Ground  Lackey  {Bombyx  castrensis^  L.), 
which  is  very  abundant  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  and  elsewhere  in  the  salt 
marshes  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames  below  Erith.  One  of  the  grandest 
of  British  moths,  the  Kentish  Glory  {Endromis  versicolor,  L.),  formerly 
occurred — as  is  obvious  from  its  name — in  the  county,  but  it  has  long 
been  extinct*  in  Kent  as  it  has  been  in  Tilgate  Forest,  between  Worth 
and  Balcomb,  and  in  St.  Leonard's  Forest,  between  Three  Bridges  and 
Horsham  in  north  Sussex,  The  Large  Thorn  {Knnomos  autumnaria, 
Wernb.)  was  formerly  very  rare  in  this  county,  but  it  has  in  the  last 
twenty  years  been  taken  or  bred  in  numbers  about  Deal,  Walmer,  Dover 
and  Folkestone.  The  rare  Acidalia  ochrata^  Scop.,  was  formerly  plenti- 
ful at  Sandwich,  but  its  locality  has  been  almost  destroyed  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  local   golf  links,  and  it  may  disappear.      Another  local 

'  This  is  the  species  referred  to  by  Mr.  Stainton  in  his  Manual  as  Trochllium  allantiforme. — H.  G. 
^  Mr.  Webb  says  this  species  has  also  been  taken  in  Sussex  and  Essex. — H.  G. 
^  Mr.  Fenn  says  it  is  still  common  at  Chattenden. — H.  G. 

*  Mr.  Goodwin  states  that  Mr.  Fremlin  found  a  batch  of  ova  near  Wateringbury  in  i860,  but  he 
knows  of  no  subsequent  record  of  its  occurrence  in  the  county. — H.  G. 

5  It  also  occurs  near  Southend  in  Essex.     I  know  of  no  other  localities. — H.  G. 

X  '  185  24 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

moth  is  A.  emutaria^  Hb.,  which  occurs  in  the  marshes  near  Woolwich 
and  elsewhere  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames.  Another  typical  Kentish 
species  is  the  Black-veined  Moth  {Scoria  dealbata,  L.^),  which  is  plentiful 
in  several  parts  of  the  county,  especially  about  Westwell  near  Wye  and 
in  Chattenden  Woods  near  Rochester.  With  the  exception  of  one 
specimen,  which  I  found  in  a  wood  near  Hailsham  in  east  Sussex,  and  a 
few  specimens  recorded  by  Mr.  T.  H.  Briggs  from  Thurning  in  Hunt- 
ingdonshire, I  am  not  aware  of  the  occurrence,  in  this  country,  of  this 
interesting  species  out  of  the  county  of  Kent.  That  beautiful  little 
species  Sterrha  sacraria,  L.,  has  several  times  been  taken  near  Folkestone, 
Dover  and  elsewhere  on  the  Kentish  coast.  The  scarce  Chocolate  Tip 
[Clostera  anachoreta,  Fb.)  was  originally  discovered  at  Folkestone  by  Mr. 
Sydney  Cooper  and  Dr.  Knaggs.  It  has  since  been  found  at  St.  Leonards 
and  elsewhere  in  south  Sussex,  but  the  great  majority  of  the  specimens 
in  our  collections  were  obtained  from  Kent.  The  scarce  Prominent' 
[Notodonta  carmelita,  Esp.)  was  formerly  found  at  Birch  Wood  and  still 
occurs  sparingly  at  West  Wickham  and  near  Wateringbury. 

Coming  to  the  Noctuae  we  find  that  the  rare  Leucania  albipuncta, 
Fb.,  has  been  taken  more  frequently  about  Folkestone  than  anywhere 
else  in  the  United  Kingdom.  Tapinostola  bondii^  Knaggs,  another  species 
of  very  limited  distribution  in  Europe,  used  to  be  common  on  the 
West  Cliff  at  Folkestone.  The  very  rare  Nonagria  sparganii,  Esp., 
has  only  been  taken  near  Hythe  and  Deal,  and  the  localities  are  known 
to  few  entomologists.  The  local  Pachetra  leucophcea.  View,  has  been 
taken  commonly  on  the  Wye  Downs,  at  Westwell,  and  near  Graves- 
end  ;  and  the  scarce  Mamestra  abjecta,  Hb.,  has  occurred  at  Dartford 
and  Greenwich  and  commonly  near  Gravesend.  One  of  the  most 
interesting  Kentish  species  is  Dianthecia  albimacula,  Bork.,  first  taken 
at  Birch  Wood  in  1816.  It  has  since  been  captured  and  bred  in 
abundance  from  the  Warren  at  Folkestone,  where  its  food  plant,  the 
Nottingham  catchfly  [Silene  nutans),  is  plentiful.  It  also  occurs  on 
Shakespeare's  Cliff  near  Dover,  and  elsewhere  on  the  coast  where  its  food 
plant  occurs.  That  great  rarity  Cucullia  gnaphalii,  Hb.,  was  originally 
taken  in  Darenth  Wood,  and  the  beautiful  scarce  Burnished  Brass  {Plusia 
chryson^  Esp.)  was  first  taken  at  Deal  by  the  late  Mr.  Harding.  P.  moneta, 
which  is  now  almost  generally  distributed,  was  first  taken  near  Dover. 
Mr.  Webb  informs  me  that  the  following  very  rare  species  have  also 
been  taken  in  the  county,  viz.  Hydrilla  palustris,  H.,  Xylina  zinckenii,T., 
Micra  ostrina,  H.,  and  Catephta  alchymista,  S.V. 

*  It  is  plentiful  in  the  New  Forest  in  certain  swamps,  but  prior  to  its  discovery  there  it  was  looiced 
upon  as  mainly  a  Kentish  species,  though  specimens  have  been  recorded  from  Norfolk. — H.  G. 

2  Mr.  H.  T.  Stainton  in  his  Manual  mentions  Charing  and  Faversham  as  localities. — H.  G. 

3  Colonel  Irby  records  this  species  from  West  Wickham,  and  Mr.  Goodwin  refers  to  it  as  being 
scarce  near  Wateringbury. 

■*  The  species  is  locally  abundant  to  the  west  of  Lyme  Regis  on  the  borders  of  the  counties  of 
Dorset  and  Devon.  Except  in  this  locality  I  am  not  aware  of  its  occurrence  anywhere  in  the  United 
Kingdom  out  of  Kent.     Dr.  Knaggs  informs  me  that  it  is  still  common  at  Folkestone. — H.  G. 

6  Plusia  chiyson  (formerly  known  as  P.  onchakca,  Hb.)  has,  during  the  last  sixteen  or  seventeen 
years,  been  taken  or  bred  in  great  numbers  from  Chippenham  Fen  nc.ir  Fordham  in  east  Cambridge- 
shire.—H.  G. 

186 


INSECTS 

Many  other  interesting  Kentish  species  might  be  referred  to  in 
detail  if  space  permitted.  The  following  Hst  of  the  moths  of  Kent  has 
been  compiled  partly  from  my  own  notes  and  partly  from  those  kindly 
suppHed  to  me  by  Mr.  Albert  B.  Farn,  Mr.  Charles  Fenn,  Mr.  Edward 
Goodwin,  Colonel  Howard  L.  Irby,  F.L.S.,  Dr.  H.  G.  Knaggs,  F.L.S., 
Captain  Savile  G.  Reid,  R.E.,  F.Z.S.,  Mr.  J.  W.  Tutt,  Mr.  Sydney  Webb 
and  other  residents  in  the  county.  I  have  also  obtained  assistance  from 
Stainton's  Manual  and  from  the  lists  by  Dr.  Knaggs  and  Mr.  Ullyett  of 
the  Lepidoptera  of  the  Folkestone  district. 


NOCTURNI 1 
Procris    statices,    L.      Sandwich,^    Chattenden, 
etc. 

—  geryon,^  Hb.      Folkestone 

—  globulariae/  H.b       „ 

Zygjena  trifolii,  Esp.      Sandwich,  Deal,  Dover, 
Folkestone,  Wye,  etc. 

—  lonicerae,  Esp.      Chattenden 

—  filipendulas,  L.      Generally  distributed  and 

abundant    at    Deal,    Dover,    Folkestone, 
Wye,  etc. 
Smerinthus  ocellatus,  L.  "]  Generally    distri- 

—  populi,  L.  \  buted,  common  in 

—  tilias,  L.  J  some  places 
Acherontia  atropos,  L.     Deal,  Walmer,  Dover, 

Folkestone,  Lee,  Eltham,  West  Wickham 
Sphinx  convolvuli,  L.      Deal,  Dover,   Water- 
ingbury,    Talding,    Lee,    Eltham,     etc.  ; 
common  in  1898  and  1901 

—  ligustri,  L.     Generally  distributed,  com- 

mon in  some  places 
Deilephila  galii,  Schiff.      Sandwich,  Deal,  St. 
Margaret's  Bay,  Dover,  Folkestone,  etc.  ; 
rare 

—  livornica,    Esp.      Dover,  Folkestone  ;  very 

rare 
Chaerocampa  celerio,  L.     Dover,   Tenterden  ; 
very  rare 

—  porcellus,     L.      Deal,     Dover,     Folkestone, 

Dartford,  Greenhithe,  etc. 

—  elpenor,  L.       Deal,  Dartford,  Greenhithe, 

Erith,  Tenterden 

'  I  am  especially  indebted  to  Mr.  Charles  Fenn 
and  to  Capt.  Savile  Reid,  R.E.,  for  assistance  in 
the  compilation  of  this  list,  and  to  Mr.  C.  G. 
Barrett  and  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  for  icindly  perusing 
the  same  and  making  additions  and  suggestions. — 
H.  G. 

*  The  fact  that  certain  localities  are  mentioned 
does  not  imply  that  a  species  does  not  occur  else- 
where. A  complete  list  of  known  localities  would 
occupy  far  more  space  than  can  be  spared  for  In- 
sects in  a  work  like  the  present. — H.  G. 

^  These  two  species  are  included  by  Mr. 
Ullyett  in  his  list  of  Folkestone  Lepidoptera  con- 
tained in  his  Rambles  of  a  Naturalist  round  Folkestone, 
published  in  1880,  and  Mr.  Webb  says  that  they 
still  occurred  in  the  district  in  1 90 1. — H.  G. 


Ch^rocampa  nerii,  L.  Dover,  Talding ; 
extremely  rare 

Macroglossa  stellatarum,  L.  Generally  dis- 
tributed, some  years  very  common 

—  fuciformis,    L.      Blean    Woods,    Darenth, 

Maidstone,  Wateringbury  •  scarce 

—  bombyliformis,     Och.       Ham     Marshes, 

Sandwich  ;   very  local 
Sesia  myopiformis,  Bork.      Eltham,  Lee,  Folke- 
stone ;  common  in  gardens  and  among 
wild  crab  trees 

—  culiciformis,  L.     Dartford,  Bexley,  Folke- 

stone,   etc.  ;    not    uncommon    amongst 
birch  trees 

—  formiciformis,  Esp.     Dartford  Marshes 

—  chrysidiformis,  Esp.      The  Warren,  Folke- 

stone 

—  ichneumoniformis,  Fb.      Folkestone,  Dover, 

Deal,  Canterbury,  etc. 

—  cynipiformis,  Esp.     Darenth,  Bexley,  Folke- 

stone, etc. 

—  tipuliformis,  Clerck.     Generally  common 

in  gardens 

—  allantiformis,    Wd.      Greenhithe,   Chatten- 

den,    Folkestone,     Shepherdswell ;     very 
rare 

—  bembeciformis,      Hb.       Eltham,     Bexley, 

Folkestone 

—  apiformis,    Clerck.      Dartford,   Watering- 

bury,  Folkestone 
Zeuzera    aesculi,     L.       Eltham,     Greenhithe, 

Lewisham,     Bromley,      Talding,      West 

Wickham 
Cossus  ligniperda,  Fb.     Generally  common 
Hepialus  hectus,  L.     Generally  abundant 

—  lupulinus,  L.  „  „ 

—  sylvinus,  L.     Lee,  Greenhithe,  Dover,  Folke- 

stone, Talding  ;   not  uncommon 

—  velleda,  Hb.      Formerly  common  at  Dar- 

enth ;  occurs  near  Maidstone  and  Folke- 
stone 

—  humuli,  L.     Generally  common 
Limacodes  testudo,  SchifF.    Darenth,  Chatten- 
den 

Nola  cucullatella,  L.     Generally  common 

—  cristulalis,   Dup.      Blean,    Darenth,    West 

Wickham^  Folkestone 


187 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Nola  strigula,  Schiff.  Dartford,  Greenhithe, 
Wat  jyickhain 

—  centonalis,    Hb.      Formerly   at  Deal  and 

Folkestone 

—  albulalis,  Hb.      Not  scarce  at   Chattenden 
Nudaria  senex,  Hb.      Sandwich,  Lee,  Eltham, 

Greenhitbe,  Dartford 

—  mundana,     L.       Formerly    abundant     at 

Eltham  and  Lee;  raiding,  Greenhitht; 
Folkestone 

Setina  irrorella,  Clcrck.  Shoreham,  Otford, 
Folkestone 

Calligenia  miniata,  Forst.  Erith,  Darenth, 
Greenhithe,  Talding,  Tenterden 

Lithosia  mesomella,  Forst.  Chislehurst,  Green- 
hithe, Blean,  Talding,  Tenterden,  Folke- 
stone 

—  muscerda,*  Hufn.      Ham  Ponds  nz^r  Sand- 

wich 

—  aureola,  Hb.      Chattenden,  Blean,  Darenth 

—  pygmeola,   Dbl.      Deal ;   formerly  abun- 

dant ;  getting  scarcer 

—  complanula,  Bdv.     Lee,  Greenhithe,  Bexley, 

Folkestone,  Talding,  etc.  ;   getting  scarce 

—  complana,   L.     Blean,    Folkestone,    Green- 

hithe, Abbey  Wood,  Darenth ;  scarcer 
than  formerly 

—  griseola,^     Hb.       Sandwich,      Greenhithe, 

Eltham,  Talding 

—  rubricollis,  L.     Formerly  at  Darenth  and 

West  Wickham  ;  near  Folkestone  and 
Shepherdswell.  I  have  no  other  records, 
but  the  species  must  occur  in  many 
other  places  in  the  county 

Deiopeia  pulchella,  L.  Dover,  Deal,  Folke- 
stone, etc.  ;   rare 

Euchelia  jacobaeas,  L.     Locally  abundant 

Callimorpha  dominula,  L.  Sandwich,  Deal ; 
abundant  in  some  years 

Euthemonia  russula,  L.  Chislehurst,  Blean, 
Talding  ;  formerly  common  near  Water- 
ingbury 

Chelonia  plantaginis,  L.  Chattenden,  Green- 
hithe, Darenth,  Blean,  Wateringbury, 
Folkestone,  Wye  and  Shoreham 

—  caja,   L.      Generally  distributed,   but  not 

so  common  as  formerly 

—  villica,     L.       Deal,     Folkestone,     Eltham, 

Greenhithe,  Talding,  Wateringbury,  etc. ; 
not  common 

'  This  species  is  abundant  in  Horning  Fen, 
Norfolk.  With  the  exception  of  the  occurrence  of 
a  specimen  or  two  in  Matley  Bog  in  the  New  Forest 
and  a  few  specimens  in  the  Ham  Marshes  near 
Sandwich,  I  am  not  aware  of  its  existence  out  of 
the  Norfolk  fens.— H.  G. 

*  Mr.  Fenn  records  the  occurrence  once  at 
Bexley  of  Lithosia  quadra,  L.,  Mr.  Ullyett  includes 
this  species  in  his  list  of  Folkestone  species,  and 
Mr.  Webb  records  it  from  near  Dover. — H.  G. 


Arctia  fuliginosa,  L.  Eltham,  Greenhithe, 
Wateiingbury,  Talding 

—  mendica,    Clerck.      Generally  distributed 

but  not  abundant 

—  lubricepeda,  Esp.      Generally  common 

—  menthastri,  Esp.  „  „ 

—  urtics,  Esp.      Deal,   Dartford,  Greenhithe, 

Plumstead  ;  very  local 
Liparis  chrysorrhcea,  L.      Ramsgate,  Talding, 
Deal,  Gravesend,  Sheppey,  Tenterden 

—  auriflua,  Fb.      Generally  abundant 

—  salicis,  L.      Lee,  Eltham,  Greenhithe,  Deal ; 

common 

—  monacha,  L.      Wateringbury,  West  Wick- 

ham,     not     common  ;      formerly     at 
Darenth 
Orgyia  pudibunda,  L.      Occurs  generally,  but 
is  not  very  common 

—  gonostigma,^  Fb.      Bexley  formerly 

—  antiqua,  L.      Common  everywhere 
Demas  coryli,  L.      Eltham,  Folkestone,  JVater- 

ingbury.  West  Wickham  ;  scarce 

Trichiura  cratasgi,  L.  Eltham,  Folkestone  ; 
scarce 

Pscilocampa  populi,  L.  Chattenden,  Green- 
hithe, Eltham,  Talding,  Wateringbury 

Eriogaster  lanestris,  L.  Darenth,  Greenhithe, 
Sevenoaks  ;  common   in  the  larval  state 

Bombyx  neustria,  L.  Generally  common  ; 
formerly  too  abundant  in  the  larval 
state,  but  now  scarcer 

—  castrensis,    L.       Cliffe,    Isle     of    Sheppey  ; 

very  local 

—  rubi,    L.     Generally    distributed,    some- 

times common 

—  quercus,    L.     Generally    distributed    but 

getting  scarcer 

—  trifolii,  Esp.      Ramsgate,  Dover,  Dungeness 
Odonestis  potatoria,  L.     Generally  common, 

abundant  at  Deal  and  some  other  places 
Lasiocampa  quercifolia,  L.  Lee,  Eltham, 
Greenhithe,  Plumstead,  Dartford,  Tald- 
ing, Maidstone,  etc.  ;  scarce 
Saturnia  carpini,  Schiff.  Eltham,  Folkestone, 
Greenhithe,  Chislehurst,  etc.  ;  not  gener- 
ally common  in  Kent 

GEOMETRY 

Urapteryx  sambucata,  L.  Generally  com- 
mon, abundant  in  the  London  suburbs 

Epione  apiciaria,  Schiff.  Lee,  Eltham,  Deal, 
Dartford,  Talding,  Greenhithe,  West 
Wickham,  Folkestone 

—  advenaria,      Hb.        Sevenoaks,      Pemhury, 

Wateringbury  ;  very  local 
Rumia  crategata,  L.     Generally  abundant 

3  Mr.  C.  Fenn  records  this  species  from  Bexley, 
but  I  have  no  knowledge  of  its  occurrence  in 
Kent.— H.  G. 


INSECTS 


Venilia  maculata,  L.      Generally  common 

Angerona  prunaria,  L.  Chattenden,  Green- 
hithe,  Dartford^  IVateringbury^  Folke- 
stone 

Metrocampa  margaritata,  L.  Generally  com- 
mon 

Ellopia  fasciaria,  Schiff.  In  most  of  the  fir 
woods  in  the  county 

Eurymene  dolabraria,  L.  Lee,  Greenhtthc, 
Bexley,  Eltham,  Dartford,  Wateringbury^ 
IVeit  IVickham,  Pembury,  Folkestone 

Pericallia  syringaria,  L.  Eltham,  Lee,  Dart- 
ford,  Talding,  Pembury,  Folkestone,  Dover 

Selenia  illunaria,  Hb.  Generally  common, 
sometimes  abundant 

—  lunaria,    SchifF.       Dartford,    Bexley,    Lee, 

Eltham,    Water'inghury,   Talding,   Pem- 
bury, Folkestone 

—  illustraria,  Hb.    Eltham,  Dartford,  Cobham, 

Wateringbury 
Odontopera    bidentata,     Clerck.      Generally 
common.      Mr.  Webb    says    that    the 
Dover  specimens  often  have  a  distinct 
black  band  on  the  wings 
Crocallis  elinguaria,  L.      Generally  common 
Ennomos  alniaria,  Esp.     Deal,  Dover,  Folke- 
stone, Margate 

—  tiliaria,     Bork.      Lee,     Eltham,     Charlton, 

Dartford,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  fuscantaria,    Haw.      Lee,   Eltham,    Green- 

hithe,    Charlton,    Talding,   Deal,    Folke- 
stone 

—  erosaria,     Bork.       Bexley,     Eltham,     Lee, 

Talding,    Chattenden,    West    Wickham, 
Tenterden 

—  angularia,    Bork.       Lee,    Eltham,    Bexley, 

Chislehurst  ;  generally  common 
Hemera  pennaria,  L.     Generally  common 
Phigalia  pilosaria,  Hb.  „  „ 

Nyssia  hispidaria,  Fb.     Bexley,  Shooters  Hill, 

West  Wickham  ;  very  local 
Biston  hirtaria,  Clerck.     Generally  abundant 
Amphidasis  prodromaria,  Schiff.    Lee,  Bromley, 

Eltham 

—  betularia,  L.     Generally  common 
Hemerophila  abruptaria,  Thnb.      Common  in 

and  near  London  and  about  Talding  and 

West  Wickham 
Clcora     lichenaria,    Hufn.      Deal,    Dartford, 

Talding,  Dover 
Boarmia  repandata,  L.      Generally  distributed 

and  not  uncommon 

—  rhomboidaria,  Hb.      Generally  abundant 

—  abietaria/  Hb.      Pembury  and    Shepherds- 

well 


1  Mr.  Stainton  gives  Pembury  as  a  locality  for 
this  species  in  his  Manual.  I  have  no  other  record 
of  its  occurrence  in  Kent  except  Shepherdswell. — 
H.  G. 


Boarmia  roboraria,  Schiff.  Maidstone,  Talding, 
Wateringbury,  West  Wickham,  Tenter- 
den 

—  consortaria,      Fb.        Dartford,      Talding, 

Wateringbury,    West    Wickham,    Folke- 
stone 
Tephrosia  consonaria,  Hb.      Talding,  Water- 
ingbury, Sevenoaks,  West  Wickham,  Pem- 
bury, Folkestone 

—  crepuscularia,  Hb.     Eltham,  Wateringbury, 

Farnborough,  West  Wickham,  Folkestone 

—  biundularia,  Bork.      Generally  distributed 

—  extersaria,  Hb.      Bexley,  Dartford,  JVater- 

ingbury.  West  Wickham,  Folkestone 

—  punctulata,  Hb.      Generally  common 
Gnophos   obscurata,   Hb.      Shoreham,    Otford, 

Deal,  Dover,  Folkestone 
Boletobia  fuliginaria.     Has  been   taken   near 

Deptford,   and    at    Greenhithe    by    Mr. 

Farn  ;  very  rare 
Pseudoterpna  cytisaria,  Schiff.      Erith,  Bexley, 

Abbey  Wood,  Chislehurst 
Geometra    papilionaria,    L.      Eltham,  Bexley, 

Greenhithe,       Talding,        Wateringbury, 

Chislehurst,    Dartford,    West    Wickham, 

Pembury,  Tenterden,  Folkestone 

—  smaragdaria,^    Fb.      Sheppey  ;    very  rare 
lodis    vernaria,    Hb.       Generally  distributed 

on  the  chalk 

—  lactasaria,  L.     Generally  common 
Phorodesma  bajularia,  Schiff.     Bexley,  Eltham 

Erith,  Chislehurst,  Chattenden,  Water- 
ingbury, West  Wickham,  Folkestone 
Hemithea  thymiaria,  Gn.  Generally  common 
Ephyra  porata,  Fb.  Dartford,  Chattenden 
Bexley,  Talding,  West  Wickham,  Folke- 
stone 

—  punctaria,     L.        Dartford,      Chattenden 

Bexley,  Talding,  West   Wickham,   Folke- 
stone 

—  trilinearia,     Bork.        Sevenoaks,      Talding^ 

West  Wickham 

—  omicronaria,     Hb.        Bexley,     Chattenden 

Dartford,  Wateringbury,  Pembury,  Folke- 
stone 

—  orbicularia,     Hb.      Once    at     Blackheath. 

West  Wickham 

—  pendularia,  Clerck.      Common  at  Pembury 

Tenterden,  and  many  other  places 
Hjria    auroraria,   Bork.      Ham    Ponds,    Sand- 
wich 
Asthena    luteata,   Schiff.      Bexley,   Chattenden, 
Talding,  Dartford,  Folkestone 

—  candidata,  Schiff.      Generally  common 

—  sylvata,  Hb.      Greenhithe,  Eltham,  Water- 

ingbury, Tenterden,  Folkestone 

^  Mr.  Farn  says  this  species  has  been  found  in 
Sheppey.  I  am  not  aware  of  its  occurrence  ex- 
cept on  the  Essex  coast. — H.  G. 


189 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Eupisteria  heparata,  Haw.  Eltham,  Bexley^ 
Chattenden,  Chidehunt,  TVest  Wickham 

Acidalia  ochrata,  Scop.  Sandwich  ;  formerly 
abundant 

—  perochraria,  Fisch.      Hezr  Dartford  ;  very 

rare.     Doubtful  if  ever  taken. — H.  G. 

—  scutulata,  Hb.     Generally  common,  often 

abundant 

—  bisetata,  Hufn.     Generally  common 

—  trigeminata,  Haw.      Lee,  Greenhithe,  Dart- 

ford 

—  rusticata,  Fb.     Greenhlthe,  near  Chattenden, 

Folkestone 

—  osseata,  Haw.     Locally  abundant.     Deal 

—  dilutaria.     Common 

—  incanaria,  Hb.      Generally  abundant 

—  ornata.  Scop.      Shoreham,   Greenhlthe,   Ot- 

ford,  Taldlng,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  promutata,  Gn.      Deal,  Lee,  Folkestone 

—  straminata,     Tr.        Chislehurst,     Yalding, 

etc. 

—  subsericeata,  Haw.     Chattenden,  Yalding, 

Eltham,  Dartford,  West  Wickham 

—  immutata,  L.      Dartford,  Gravesend,  Deal, 

West  Wickham 

—  remutata,  Hb.      Generally  common 

—  strigillata,  Hb.      Folkestone  Warren.      Mr. 

Webb  states  that  it  is  now  nearly 
extinct 

—  imitaria,  Hb.     Deal,  Lee,  Bexley,  Eltham, 

Dartford,  Yalding,  West  Wickham 

—  emutaria,   Hb.      Dartford,  Deal,   Graves- 

end,  Sandwich,  New  Romney 

—  aversata,  L.     Generally  abundant 

—  inornata,  Haw.      Lee,  Eltham,  Chislehurst, 

Bexley,  Folkestone 

—  emarginata,    L.      Lee,    Eltham,    Bexley, 

Yalding,  Folkestone 
Timandra  amataria,  L.     Lee,  Eltham,  Water- 

ingbury,    Yalding,    Dartford,    Pembury  ; 

common  in  many  places 
Cabera  pusaria,  L.     Generally  common 

„       var.  rotundaria.  Haw.   Folkestone 

—  exanthemata,  Scop.     Generally  common 
Corycia  temerata,  Hb.      Chattenden,  Dartford, 

Yalding,  Eltham,  West  Wickham,  Folke- 
stone 

—  taminata,     Hb.       Plumstead,     Chattenden, 

Yalding,  Dartford,  West  Wickham,  Folke- 
stone 

Aleucis  pictaria.  Curt.  Formerly  on  Dartford 
Heath 

Macaria  notata,*  L.  Chislehurst,  West  Wick- 
ham, Dartford,  Wateringbury,  Yalding, 
Greenhlthe,  Pembury,  Tenterden 

—  alternata,  L.     Folkestone,  Dover,  Shepherds- 

well.     Sometimes  commoner  than   the 


preceding  species,  according  to  Mr. 
Sydney  Webb 

Macaria  liturata,  Clerck.  Sevenoaks,  Plumstead, 
West  Wickham,  Greenhithe 

Halia  wavaria,  Fb.      Generally  abundant 

Strenia  clathrata,  L.  Lee,  Eltham,  Bexley, 
Chattenden,  Dartford,  Deal,  etc. 

Panagra  petraria,  Hb.      Generally  common 

Numeria  pulveraria,  L.  Eltham,  Bexley, 
Farningham,  Dartford,  Folkestone 

Scodiona  belgiaria,  Hb.  Chislehurst,  Green- 
hithe 

Fidonia  atomaria,  L.     Generally  abundant 

—  piniaria,  L.     Generally  common  amongst 

fir  trees 

—  conspicuata,  s.v.     Formerly  abundant  at 

Greenhithe,  but  now  extinct  according 

to  Mr.  Webb 
Minoa  euphorbiata,  Scop.     Blean,  Dartford, 

Abbey  Wood,  West  Wickham 
Scoria    dealbata,    L.      Chattenden,    common  ; 

near  Wateringbury,  very  local  ;   IVest- 

well    Downs    near     Wye,     abundant  ; 

Charing,  near  Faversham 
Sterrha  sacraria,  L.      Folkestone,  Dover,  etc.  ; 

very  rare 
Aplasta    ononaria,^     Fues.      Folkestone.      Mr. 

Webb  says  '  Formerly  near  Folkestone  ; 

a  few  specimens  taken  prior  to  1880.' 

Very  rare 
Aspilates  strigillaria,  Hb,     Blean,  Chattenden, 

Folkestone 

—  citraria,    Hb.      Dartford,    Eltham,    Deal, 

Folkestone 

—  gilvaria,    Fb.        Shoreham,    Deal,    Dover, 

Folkestone  ;     common     on     the     chalk 
hills 
Abraxas    grossulariata,  L.      Generally  abun- 
dant 

—  ulmata,  Fb.     Abbey  Wood,  Folkestone  ;  rare 

in  the  county  since  i860,  according  to 
Mr.  Webb 

Ligdia  adustata,  SchifF.     Locally  common 

Lomaspilis  marginata,  L.  Generally  abun- 
dant 

Pachycnemia  hippocastanaria,  Hb.  Chislehurst, 
West  Wickham 

Hybernia  rupicapraria,  Hb.  Generally  com- 
mon 

—  leucophearia,    SchifF.       Generally    com- 

mon 

—  aurantiaria,   Esp.     Deal,  Eltham,   Chisle- 

hurst, West  Wickham 

—  progemmaria,  Hb.     Generally  common 

—  defoliaria,  Clerck.  „  „ 
Anisopteryx    aescularia,    SchifF.       Generally 

common 


1   Colonel  Irby  informed  me  that  this   species   is, 
or  was  abundant  at  West  Wickham. — H.  G. 


'  Mr.  Ullyett  includes  this  species  in  his  list  of 
Folkestone  Lepidoptera. — H.  G. 


INSECTS 


Cheimatobia  brumata,*  L.     Generally  far  too 
abundant 

—  boreata,  Hb.     Common 
Oporabia  dilutata.     Generally  common 
Larentia  didymata,  Bork.     Locally  common. 

Dartford,  Talding^  etc. 

—  multistrigaria,  Haw.      Dartford 

—  olivata,  Bork.     Darenth,  IVateringhury 

—  pectinitaria,  Fues.     Generally  common 
Emmelesia  affinitata,  St.      Deal^  Abbey  Wood, 

JVateringbury,  Yalding 

—  alchemillata,  L.    Dartford,  West  Wickham, 

Wateringbury,  Yalding  ;  scarce 

—  albulata,  SchifF.      Bexley,  Lee,   Chattenden, 

Water'tngbury,  Folkestone 

—  decolorata,    Hb.      Eltham,    Erith,    Dart- 

ford,  Wateringbury,  Yalding,  Folkestone 

—  unifasciata,  Haw.      Beckenham,  Chattenden 
Eupithecia    venosata,    Fb.      Darenth,    Erith, 

Wateringbury,  Folkestone 

—  linariata,  Fb.     Lee,  Sidcup,  Eltham,  Yald- 

ing, Folkestone 

—  pulchellata,    St.     Darenth,    Wateringbury, 

Yalding,  Dungeness  Beach 

—  centaureata,  Fb.     Generally  common 

—  succenturiata,  L.     Lee,  Eltham,  Dartford, 

Yalding 

—  subfulvata,  Haw.     Lee,  Eltham,  Dartford, 

Yalding,  Folkestone 

—  plumbeolata,  Haw.    Lee,  Chattenden,  Folke- 

stone 

—  isogrammata,    H.S.      Cliffe,  Deal,    Folke- 

stone, Dartford 

—  satyrata,  Hb.      Chattenden,  Folkestone 

—  castigata,  Hb.     Eltham,  Bexley,   Chatten- 

den, Folkestone 

—  trisignata,  H.S.      Otford,  Sevenoaks 

—  lariciata,  Frr.      Deal,  Dartford 

—  albipunctata,  Haw.     Lee,  Eltham 

—  pusillata,  Fb.      West  Wickham 

—  pimpinellata,  Hb.     Folkestone 

—  fraxinata,  Crewe.     Lee,  Canterbury,  Lewis- 

ham,  Chattenden,  Bexley,  Folkestone 

—  indigata,    Hb.      Abbey    Wood,    Plumstead, 

Yalding,  Sevenoaks 

—  nanata,    Hb.       Dartford  ;     common    on 

heaths 

—  subnotata,  Hb,     Generally  common 

—  campanulata,  H.S.      Darenth 

—  vulgata,  Haw.     Generally  common 

—  expallidata,    Gn.        Darenth,    Greenhithe, 

Yalding,  Folkestone 

—  absynthiata,  Clerck.     Generally  common 

—  minutata,  Gn.    Yalding,  Chislehurst,  Dart- 

ford 

'  This  is  one  of  the  most  injurious  insects. 
The  larvae  periodically  cause  immense  damage  to 
fruit  trees,  sometimes  completely  stripping  them  of 
leaves.— H.  G. 


Eupithecia    assimillata,    Gn.       Lee,    Eltham, 
Yalding,  Folkestone 

—  tenuiata,  Hb.      Chattenden 

—  dodoneata,  Gn.      Lee,  Eltham 

—  subciliata,  Gn.      Hythe,  Folkestone 

—  abbreviata,  St.      Generally  distributed 

—  exiguata,  Hb.      Lee,  Eltham,  Folkestone 

—  sobrinata,    Hb.        Blackheath,     Watering- 

bury 

—  pumilata,  Hb.      Generally  common 

—  coronata,    Hb.       Dartford,     Farningham, 

Wateringbury,     Yalding,    Erith,    Folke- 
stone 

—  rectangulata,  L.     Generally  abundant 
Collix  sparsata,  Hb.     Sandwich 
Lobophora    sexalata,   Vill.      Eltham,    Sidcup  ; 

scarce 

—  hexapterata,  Schiff.     Bexley,  Eltham,  West 

Wickham,  Sandwich 

—  viretata,     Hb.       Eltham,      Wateringbury, 

Folkestone,  etc.  ;    scarce 

—  lobulata,  Hb.     Sidcup,  Wateringbury,  Folke- 

stone ;  not  common 

—  polycommata,   Hb.      Formerly  at   Green- 

hithe, Folkestone 
Thera  juniperata,  L.      Dover,  Wateringbury  ; 
common  on  the  chalk 

—  variata,  SchifF.     Generally  common 

—  firmata,  Hb.      West  Wickham 
Hypsipetes  ruberata,  Frr.     Dartford ;  scarce 

—  impluviata,  Hb.      Bexley,  Sidcup,   Eltham, 

West  Wickham,  Peinbury 

—  elutata,  Hb.     Generally  abundant 
Melanthia  rubiginata,  Fb.     Lee,  Eltham,  Deal, 

Dartford 

—  ocellata,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  albicillata,  L.     Eltham,  Bexley,  Dartford, 

Wateringbury,  Tenterden,  Folkestone 
Melanippe  hastata,  L.    Dartford,  Blean  Woods, 
Tenterden,  Folkestone 

—  procellata,   Fb.     Common   on  the   chalk 

in  some  places 

—  rivata,  Hb.      Common  on  the  chalk 

—  subtristata,  Haw.      Generally  common 

—  montanata,  Bork.      Generally  abundant 

—  galiata,  Hb.     Deal,  Dover,  Folkestone 

—  fluctuata,  L.      Generally  abundant 
Anticlea  rubidata,  Fb.     Lee,  Eltham,  Yalding, 

Deal,  Pembury,  Tenterden 

—  badiata,  Hb.     Generally  common 

—  derivata,    Bork.      Lee,    Eltham,    Bromley, 

Dartford,    Wateringbury,    Folkestone 
Coremia    propugnata,    Fb.       Erith,    Eltham, 
getting    scarce  ;      Wateringbury,     very 
common  ;     West  Wickham 

—  ferrugata,  Clerck.     Generally  common 

—  unidentaria,  Haw.  „  „ 

—  quadrifasciaria,     Clerck.      Erith,     Bexley, 

Dartford,    Wateringbury,    West    JVick- 
ham  ;    rare 


191 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Camptogramma  bilineata,  L.   Generally  abun- 
dant 

—  fluviata,    Hb.       Greenhithe,    Eltham,    Lee, 

Charlton,    JVest   IVickham,   Folkestone 
Phibalapteryx  tersata,  Hb.     Common  on  the 
chalk 

—  polygrammata,    Blc.       Mr.    Webb   states 

that  a  specimen  was  taken  at  the  mill 
pond,  Dartford,  in  1874 

—  lignata,  Hb.     Lee,  Eltham,  Dartford,  Folke- 

stone 

—  vitalbata,  Hb.     Charlton,  Plumstead,  Dart- 

ford, tVateringbury,  Folhstone 
Scotosia  dubitata,  L.     Chhlehunt,  Lee,  Eltham, 
Folkestone 

—  vetulata,   Schiff.      Lewisham,   Chlslehurst  ; 

locally  common 

—  rhamnata,SchifF.  Lewisham,  Talding,  Dart- 

ford, Folkestone 

—  certata,  Hb.      Lee,  Blackheath,  Folkestone 

—  undulata,  L.    Eltham,  Dartford,  Seal,  Pem- 

bury,  Tenterden 
Cidaria  miata,  L.      Lee,  Chattenden,  Watering- 
bury,   Talding,   JFest   fVickham  ;   rather 
scarce 

—  psittacata,  SchifF.      Folkestone 

—  picata,  Hb.  Sevenoaks,  TFateringbury,  Dart- 

ford, Pembtiry,  Tenterden,  Folkestone 

—  corylata,  Thnb.      Generally  common 

—  sagittata,  F.   Near  IFye,  and  one  specimen 

at  Dover   in   1885,   according  to   Mr. 
Webb 

—  russata,  Bork.      Generally  common 

—  immanata,  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  sufFumata,     Hb.       Lee,     Eltham,     TVater- 

ingbury, Folkestone 

—  silaceata,  Hb.    Bexley,  Dartford,  TVatering- 

bury, Talding,  TVest  TVickham,  Folkestone 

—  prunata,  L.      Deal ;  often  common 

—  testata,  L.     Generally  common 

—  fulvata,  Forst.       „  „ 

—  pyraliata,  Fb.    Generally  distributed  ;   for- 

merly abundant 

—  dotata,  L.     Generally  common  in  gardens 
Pelurga  comitata,  L.      Lee,   Greenwich,   Deal, 

TVest   TVickham,   Folkestone 
Eubolia  cervinaria, SchifF.   Lee,  Eltham,  TVater- 
ingbury, Talding,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  mensuraria,  Schiff.      Generally  common 

—  palumbaria,   Bork.      Deal,    TVateringbury, 

Folkestone,    Chattenden,    Shoreham,    TVest 
TVickham 

—  bipunctaria,  Schiff.      Generally  abundant 

on  the  chalk  ;  also  at  Eltham  and  Grove 
Park 

—  lineolata,  Hb.     Deal,  Sandwich  ;  abundant 
Anaitis  plagiata,  L.      Generally  common 
Chesias  spartiata,  Fuess.     „  „ 

—  obliquaria,    Bork.      Eltham,    Abbey    TVood, 

Erith,   TT'ateringbury,   Folkestone 


Tanagra  chaeropyllata,  L.  Plumstead,  Folke- 
stone,   TVest   TVickham 

DREPANULID^ 

Platypteryx  lacertula,  Schiff.  Generally  dis- 
tributed and   not  scarce 

—  falcula,  Schiff.     Generally  distributed  and 

not  scarce 

—  hamula,   Esp.      Dartford,  Lee,  Chislehurst, 

Eltham,     Chattenden,    TVest     TVickham, 
Folkestone 

—  unguicula,   Hb.      Bexle\,    scarce  ;    TVater- 

ingbury,  fairly   comm  on  ;    TP'est   TVick- 
ham 
Cilix  spinula,  Schiff.     Generally  common 

PSEUDO-BOMBYCES 

Dicranura  furcula,  L.  Lewisham,  Greenhithe, 
TVateringbury,  Folkestone  ;  scarce 

—  bifida,  Hb.       Bexley,  Charlton,  Greenhithe, 

TVateringbury,  Folkestone  ;  scarce 

—  vinula,  L.      Generally  common 
Stauropus   fagi,  L.      Dartford,   Bexley,   Farn- 

borough,  TVateringbury,  TVest  TVickham  ; 
scarce 
Petasia    cassinea,    Hb.      Chattenden,    Eltham, 

Talding,   TVateringbury 
Pygaera  bucephala,  L.      Generally  abundant 
Clostera  curtula,  L.      Bromley,  Bexley,  Charl- 
ton, Greenhithe,  TVest  TVickham  ;   scarce 

—  anachoreta,  Fb.    TValmer,  Folkestone,  Deal ; 

very  local 

—  reclusa,  Fb.     Common   in   some  places ; 

TVateringbury,  scarce 

Ptilophora  plumigera, *  Esp.  Chattenden, 
TVrotham  ;    very   rare 

Ptilodontis  palpina,  L.  Lee,  Eltham,  Bexley, 
Talding,  TVateringbury,  Folkestone  ;  com- 
mon 

Notodonta  camelina,  L.  Generally  distributed 
and  not  scarce 

—  cucullina,Hb.^    TVateringbury ;  very  scarce 

—  carmelita,  Esp.  Dartford,  Chislehurst,  TVest 

TVickham,  TVateringbury  ;  very  scarce 

—  dictsa,  L.      TVateringbury,  Talding,  Deal, 

Eltham,  Lee,  Greenhithe,  TVest  TVickham, 
Folkestone 

1  This  species  is  almost  confined  to  Buckingham- 
shire, but  Mr.  Farn  says  he  once  took  the  perfect 
insect  at  Chattenden,  and  Mr.  Goodwin  says  he 
found  a  larva  at  Wroth.im. — H.  G. 

2  This  species  is  almost  confined  to  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Halton  in  Buckinghamshire.  With 
the  exception  of  Mr.  Goodwin's  record  for  the 
neighbourhood  of  Wateringbury,  I  have  no  note 
of  its  occurrence  in  the  United  Kingdom  out  of 
Buckinghamshire ;  but  Mr.  G.  C.  Barrett  states  it 
has  been  taken  in  several  other  counties, — H.  G. 


192 


INSECTS 


Notodonta  dictsoides,  Esp.  Greenhithe,  Dart- 
ford,  Chlskhurst,  TVateringbury,  Wat 
Wickham  ;   scarce 

—  dromedarius,  L.      Dartford,  Bexley,  Chhle- 

hurst,  Talding,  TFateringbury 

—  ziczac,  L.      Greenhithe,  Dartford,  Talding, 

Wateringhury  ;   common  in  some  places 

—  trepida,    Esp.       Eltham,    Dartford,    JFeit 

Wickham,    Talding,    Wateringhury ; 
scarce 

—  chaonia,     Hb.      Eltham,     Lee,     Dartford, 

Folkestone,   Wateringhury  ;    very  scarce 

—  dodonea,   Hb.      Eltham,  Greenhithe,  Tald- 

ing, Folkestone  ;  scarce 
Diloba  c2eruleocephala,L.  Chattenden,  Eltham, 
Deal,  Wateringhury  ;  often  common 

NOCTU^ 

Thyatira  derasa,  L.  Lee,  Eltham,  Dartford, 
Bexley,  Wateringhury,  Talding,  West 
Wickham  ;   scarce 

—  batis,  L.     Lee,  Eltham,  Folkestone,  Dart- 

ford, Bexley,  Wateringhury,  West  Wick- 
ham 
Cymatophora    duplaris,  L,     Deal,    Dartford, 
Eltham,  Bexley,   Chislehurst,   Watering- 
hury,  Folkestone 

—  fluctuosa,   Hb.      West   Wickham,  Eltham, 

Dartford,     Wateringhury,    uncommon  ; 
West   Wickham,   Folkestone 

—  diluta,  Fb.     Common  in  many  places 

—  or,     Fb.       Bexley,     Addington,     Dartford, 

Eltham,  Wateringhury,  West   Wickham, 
Folkestone 

—  flavicornis,  L.      West  Wickham,  Dartford, 

Chislehurst,  Wateringhury,  Folkestone 

—  ridens,^  Fb.      West  Wickham 
Bryophila    glandifera,    Hb.      Deal,  Folkestone, 

West   Wickham 

—  perla,  Fb.     Generally  abundant 
Diphthera  orion,'  E.      Folkestone 
Acronycta  tridens,  SchifF.      Dartford,  Bexley, 

Lee,  Lewisham,  Folkestone 

—  psi,  L.     Generally  common 

—  leporina,    L.     Eltham,    Dartford,    Chisle- 

hurst,   Wateringhury,   West    Wickham  ; 
scarce 

—  aceris,  L.    Lee,  Eltham,  Blackheath,  Water- 

inghury, West  Wickham,  Folkestone 

—  megacephala,  Fb.      Generally  common 

—  ligustri/  Fb.      Bexley,  Eltham,  Dartford, 

Wateringhury 

1  Colonel  Irby  records  this  species  from  West 
Wickham.  I  have  no  note  of  its  occurrence 
elsewhere  in  the  county. — H.  G. 

*  Included  by  Mr.  Ullyett  in  his  list  of  Folke- 
stone Lepidoptera.  I  have  no  other  records. — 
H.  G. 

*  Mr.  Goodwin  states  that  a  larva  of  Acronycta 


Acronycta  rumicis,  L.  Deal,  Eltham,  Water- 
inghury 

—  auricoma,*  Fb.      Blean  Woods,  Folkestone 
Leucania  conigera,  Fb.      Generally  common 

—  vitellina,  Hb.      Folkestone  ;  very  rare 

—  lithargyria,  Esp.     Generally  common 

—  albipuncta,^  Fb.     Folkestone,  not  common  ; 

Talding,  one  specimen  at  '  light,'  Deal 

—  obsoleta,  Hb.      Cliffe,  Greenhithe,  etc. 

—  littoralis,  Cart.      Deal ;  common 

—  pudorina,     Hb.      Greenhithe,     Chislehurst, 

Sandwich  ;   common 

—  comma,  L.      Generally  common   in  suit- 

able places 

—  straminea,  Tr.      Greenhithe,   Cliffe,  Deal, 

Greenwich,  Dartford,  Folkestone 

—  impura,  Hb.     Generally  abundant 

—  pallens,  L.  „  „ 

—  phragmitidis,  Hb.    Greenhithe,  Cliffe,  Deal, 

Greenwich,  Gravesend 
Tapinistola  bondii,  Knaggs.     Folkestone 
Senta    ulvas,   Hb.      Cliffe,  Gravesend,    Green- 
hithe, etc. 

—  despecta,  Tr.     Deal ;  abundant  in  some 

places 

—  fulva,®  Hb.     Greenhithe,  Deal,  etc.  ;  abun- 

dant in  some  places 

—  geminipuncta.  Hatch.      Greenhithe,  Cliffe, 

Gravesend,  Deal,   Folkestone 

—  sparganii,  Esp.      Hythe,  Deal ;   very  rare 
Nonagria    typhae,    Esp.     Common    in    some 

localities 

—  lutosa,     Hb.      Eltham,     Lee,     Greenhithe, 

Wateringhury,  Folkestone 

Gortyna  flavago,  Esp.  Common  in  some 
localities 

Hydrascia  nictitans.  Boric.  Generally  com- 
mon ;    often  abundant 

—  micacea,  Esp.      Eltham,  Lee,   Deal,  etc.  ; 

common 
Axylia  putris,  L.     Generally  common 
Xylophasia  rurea,  Fb.      „  „ 

—  lithoxylea,  Fb.  „  „ 

—  sublustris,  Esp.      Deal;   common 

—  polydon,  L.     Generally  abundant 

—  hepatica,  L.  Bexley,  Dartford,  Lee,  Water- 

inghury, etc.  ;   common 

alni,  L.,  was  once  taken  near  Wateringhury,  and 
Mr.  Ullyett  includes  the  species  in  his  Folkestone 
list.— H.  G. 

*  Mr.  Charles  Fenn  gives  Blean  Woods  as  a 
locality  for  this  species,  and  Mr.  Ullyett  includes 
it  in  his  list  of  Folkestone  Lepidoptera. — H.  G. 

6  Captain  Savile  Reid  records  the  capture  at 
'light'  of  a  specimen  of  this  species  at  Yalding 
on   September    lo,    1896. — H.   G. 

*  Mr.  Ullyett  includes  Nonagria  hellmanni, 
Evers.,  in  his  list  of  Folkestone  species.  I  am 
not  aware  of  its  occurrence  out  of  the  Fen 
districts  of  Cambridge  and  Norfolk. — H.  G. 


193 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Xylophasia  scolopacina,*  Esp.  Once  at  Lewis- 
ham  ;  near  Maidstone  ;   Folkestone,  rare 

Dipterygia  pinastri,  L.  Generally  common 
in  the  London  district  ;  JVateringbury, 
uncommon  ;    West  Wickham 

Xylomiges  conspicillaris,  L.  Formerly  at 
Dartford,   Greenhithe 

Aporophila  australis,  Bdv.      Deal ;  abundant 

Laphygma  exigua,  Hb.  Lee,  Greenwich,  Deal, 
etc.  ;  very  rare 

Neuria  saponariae,  Bork.  Dartford,  Bexley, 
TVateringhury,   Folkestone 

Heliophobus  popularis,  Fb.  Eltham,  Deal, 
West   Wickham,   Folkestone 

Chareas  graminis,  L.      Deal,  Wateringhury 

Pachetra  leucophasa,^  View.  Wye,  JVestwell, 
Folkestone  ;  a  very  local  species 

Cerigo  cytherea,  Fb.  Generally  common  ; 
Deal,  abundant 

Luperina  testacea,  Hb.     Generally  abundant 

—  cespitis,  Fb.      Chislehurst,  West  Wickham, 

Yalding,  Folkestone  ;  not  uncommon  at 
« light  ^ 
Mamestra  abjecta,  Hb.     Dartford,  Greenwich, 
Gravesend,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  anceps,  Hb.      Generally  common 

—  albicolon,  Hb.      Deal ;   common 

—  brassicae,  L.      Generally  abundant 

—  persicarias,  L.      Generally  common 
Apamea  basilinea,  Fb.      „  ,, 

—  gemina,  Hb.  „  ,, 

—  unanimis,  Tr.      Eltham,  Lee,  Deal,  etc. 

—  ophiogramma,   Esp.      Lee,  Eltham,  Green- 

wich,  Deal ;  common   in  some  places, 
but  generally  rare 

—  fibrosa,  Hb.      Deal 

—  oculea,  Gn.    Generally  common  and  often 

abundant 
Miana  strigilis,  Clerck.     Generally  common 
and  often  abundant 

—  fasciuncula.  Haw.      Generally  abundant 

—  literosa.  Haw.      Eltham,  Lee,  Bexley,  Dart- 

ford, Folkestone 

—  furuncula,  Tr.     Generally  common  and 

often  abundant 

—  arcuosa.  Haw.     Lee,  Eltham,   Chislehurst, 

Dartford 
Gramesia  trilinea,  Bork.      Generally  common 
Caradrina  morpheus,  Hufn.      Generally  com- 
mon ;  often  abundant 

—  alsines,  Brahm.  Generally  common  ;  often 

abundant 

—  blanda,  Tr.      Generally  common  ;    often 

abundant 

—  ambigua,  Fb.     Deal,  and  elsewhere 

—  cubicularis,  Bork.     Generally  common 


>   Mr.  Fenn  is  responsible  for  this  record. — H.  G.  ^  Captain   Savile  Reid  has 

^  Mr.  Ullyett  includes  this  species  in   his  list  of      Yalding,  though  he  says  then 
lU-psf/^n,.  T  <.r,;rlr,nrpr-, — H    Q.  neighbourhood. — H.  G. 

194 


_  __,  Ully 

Folkestone  Lepidoptera 


Rusina  tenebrosa,  Hb.  Dartford,  Bexley, 
Chislehurst,   etc. 

Agrotis  valligera,  Hb.  Deal,  abundant  ;  Folke- 
stone 

—  puta,  Hb.      Generally  common 

—  sufflisa,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  saucia,  Hb.     Catford,  Greenhithe,  Lee,  Deal, 

Wateringhury,  Folkestone 

—  segetum,  Schiff.      Generally  abundant 

—  exclamationis,  L.  „  „ 

—  corticea,  Hb.     Generally  common  ;  Deal, 

abundant 

—  cinerea,  Hb.      Greenhithe,  Folkestone,  Wye, 

Dover 

—  ripae,  Hb.      Deal,  Sandwich  ;  scarce 

—  cursoria,  Bork.      Greenhithe,  Deal ;  scarce 

—  nigricans,    L.      Greenhithe,    Deal,    Green- 

wich,   Chislehurst,    etc.  ;     abundant    in 
some  places 

—  tritici,    L.      Chislehurst,   Greenwich,    West 

Wickham,  Dover  ;    abundant  at  Deal 

—  aquilina,   Hb.      Eltham,  Greenwich,  Folke- 

stone 

—  agathina,  Dap.      Chislehurst,   West  Wick- 

ham, etc. 

—  porphyrea,^  Hb.      Wateringhury,  Talding, 

and  common  on  heather 

—  ravida,  Hb.      Greenhithe,  Folkestone 

—  lucernea,  L.      Sandwich 

Triphasna  ianthina,  Esp.      Generally  common 

—  fimbria,     L.        Frith,     Dartford,     Bexley, 

Eltham,  Chislehurst,  Wateringhury,  West 
JVickham 

—  interjecta,    Hb.      Dover,    Folkestone,    West 

Wickham,  Eltham  ;  not  generally  com- 
mon 

—  comes,  Hb.  (orbona,  Fb.).    Generally  com- 

mon 

—  pronuba,  L.      Generally  abundant 
Noctua  glareosa,  Esp.      Abbey  Wood,  now  ex- 
tinct ;    West  Wickham,  Folkestone 

—  augur,    Fb.       Eltham,    Deal,    Chislehurst, 

JVateringbury,  etc.  ;  abundant  in  many 
places 

—  plecta,  L.     Deal,  Eltham,  West  Wickham  ; 

common  in  some  places 

—  c-nigrum,    L.      Deal,    Dartford,   Eltham, 

Folkestone,    West   Wickham 

—  ditrapezium,  Bork.      Dartford  ;   rare 

—  triangulum,  Hufn.      Generally  common 

—  rhomboidea,    Tr.      Bexley,    Abbey    JVood, 

West   Wickham 
■ —  brunnea,  Fb.     Generally  common 

—  festiva,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  dahlii,    Hb.      West    Wickham,    Watering- 

bury,   Yalding 


taken  this  species  at 
is  no  heather  in  the 


INSECTS 


Noctua  rubi,  View.     Generally  common 

—  umbrosa,  Hb.     Lee,  Sandwich 

—  baja,  Fb.      Generally  common 

—  neglecta,   Hb.      Chislehurst,    Abbey    Wood, 

IVateringbury,     JVest     Wickham  ;     not 
common 

—  xanthographa,  Fb.      Generally  abundant 
Trachea  piniperda,  Panz.     Waterlnghury,  IVest 

Wickham,  Folkestone 
Taeniocampa  gothica,  L.      Greenhithe,  Water- 
ingbury  ;   generally  common 

—  leucographa,  Hb.      West  Wickham,  Folke- 

stone 

—  rubricosa,  Fb.      Generally  distributed,  but 

getting  scarce 

—  instabilis,  Esp.      Generally  common 

—  populeti,  Fb.      Lee,  Eltham,  Bexley  ;   com- 

mon in  some  places 

—  stabilis,  View.      Generally  abundant 

—  gracilis,    Fb.      Generally   distributed    and 

not   scarce 

—  miniosa,  Fb.     Eltham,   Chattenden,   Yald- 

ing  ;   abundant  in  some  places 

—  munda,  Esp.      Generally   distributed   and 

common 

—  cruda,  Tr.      Generally  abundant 
Orthosia  suspecta,  Hb.    Chislehurst,  common  ; 

Folkestone 

—  ypsilon,  Bork.      Eltham,  Greenwich,  Abbey 

Wood  Marshes  ;   common 

—  lota,  Clerck.      Generally  common 

—  macilenta,  Hb.      Charlton,  Sevenoaks,  West 

Wickham,  Folkestone 
Anchocelis  rufina,  L.  Dartford,  Bexley,  Water- 
ingbiiry,  Folkestone 

—  pistacina,  Fb.      Generally  common 

—  lunosa,  Haw.      Eltham,  Lee,  Wateringbury, 

Deal,  Folkestone 

—  litura,  L.      Dartford,  Bexley,  Deal,  Water- 

ingbury ;   common 
Cerastes  vaccinii,  L.      Generally  common 

—  spadicea,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  erythrocephala,  Fb.     Darenth,  Wye,  Folke- 

stone ;  very  rare 
Scopelosoma  satellitia,  L.    Generally  common 
Oporina  croceago,  Fb.      Chislehurst,  Eltham, 
Dartford,  Talding,  Wateringbury,  Folke- 
stone 
Xanthia  citrago,  L.      Lee,   Chislehurst,  Black- 
heath,   Talding 

—  cerago,  Fb.      Generally  common 

—  silago,    Hb.      Generally    distributed    and 

not  scarce 

—  aurago,  Fb.      Greenhithe,  Lee,  Sevenoaks 

—  ocellaris.      Bexley  ;   very  rare 

—  gilvago,  Esp.      Greenhithe,  Dartford,  Folke- 

stone, etc.  ;   rare 

—  ferruginea,  Esp.     Generally  common 
Cirhasdia  xerampelina,   Hb.      Eltham,  Charl- 
ton^ Folkestone 


Tethea  subtusa,  Fb.  Lee,  Greenhithe,  Eltham, 
Bexley,  Wateringbury 

—  retusa,  L.      Eltham,    Talding,    Folkestone  ; 

scarce 
Dicycla  00,1  L.      Hayes,  Bexley,  Eltham,  West 

Wickham  ;   rare 
Cosmia  trapezina,.   L.      Generally  abundant 

—  diffinis,  L.      Greenhithe,  Abbey   Wood,  Lee, 

Bexley,  Eltham,  Talding,  Wateringbury, 
West  Wickham 

—  affinis,    L.       Greenhithe,    Lee,   Chattenden, 

Eltham,   Talding 

Eremobia  ochroleuca,  Esp.  Dover,  Graves- 
end,  Greenhithe,  Deal,  Cuxton,  Maid- 
stone,  Folkestone  ;    scarce 

Dianthaecia  carpophaga,  Bork.  Erith,  Green- 
hithe, Folkestone 

—  capsincola,  Hb.      Generally  common 

—  cucubali,    Fues.       Lewisham,    Greenhithe, 

Talding,    Wateringbury,   Folkestone 

—  albimacula,  Bork.    Folkestone  Warren,  com- 

mon ;  and  near  Dover 

—  conspersa,     Esp.       Dartford,     Greenhithe, 

Wateringbury,   Folkestone 
Hecatera  dysodeje,  Hb.      Dartford,  Folkestone 

—  Serena,  Fb.      Generally  common 

Polia  flavicincta,  Fb.  Greenhithe,  Eltham, 
Erith,  Deal,  Wateringbury,  West  Wick- 
ham, Folkestone 

Epunda  lutulenta,  Bork.  Dartford,  Deal, 
Folkestone 

—  viminalis,  Fb.  Generally  common 
Miselia  oxyacanthas,  L.       „  „ 
Agriopis   aprilina,    L.      Dartford,   Greenhithe, 

Wateringbury,  Folkestone 
Phlogophora  meticulosa,  L.     Generally  com- 
mon 
Euplexia  lucipara,  L.     Generally  common 
Aplecta    herbida,*    Hb.       Dartford,    Eltham, 
Wateringbury,  Folkestone 

—  nebulosa,  Hufn.      Generally  common 

—  tincta,     Brahm.       Chislehurst,     Dartford, 

Wateringbury,  West  Wickham,  Folkestone 

—  advena,    Fb.      Occurs    at    Wateringbury, 

Talding,  Folkestone 
Hadena  adusta,  E.      West  Wickham 

—  protea,  Bork.      Bexley,  Dartford 

—  dentina,  Esp.      Generally  common 

—  chenopodii,      Fb.      Generally     common, 

sometimes  abundant 

—  suasa,  Bork.   Greemvich,  Greenhithe,  Graves- 

end,  Cliffe 

—  oleracea,  L.      Generally  abundant 

1  Colonel  Irby  informed  me  that  the  variety  of 
00  known  as  renagp  occurs  at  West  Wickham. — 
H.  G. 

2  Mr.  Fenn  states  that  Aplecta  occulta,  L., 
formerly  occurred  at  Lee  and  Blackheath,  and  Mr. 
UUyett  includes  it  in  his  list  of  Folkestone  Lepi- 
doptera. — H.  G. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Hadena  pisi,  L.     Generally  common   in   the 
larval  state 

—  thalassina,  Rett.      Generally  common 

—  contigua,      Veil.       Darenth,      Greenhithe, 

Taldlng,  JVest  IVickham,  Folkestone 

—  genistae,  Bork.     Lee,  Greenwich,  Dartford, 

Talding,  Wateringbury,  Folkeitone 
Xylocampa  lithoriza,  Bork.     Generally  com- 
mon 
Calocampa    vetusta,     Hb.     Dartford,     Deal, 
Folkestone 

—  exoleta,     L.       fVateringbury,     Folkestone  ; 

scarce 
Xylina    zinckenii,    Tr.      Belvedere ;    one    at 
Erith,  one  at  Darenth  ;  very  rare 

—  semibrunnea,     Haw.       Erith,     Dartford, 

Hythe,   JVatertngbury,    Talding,    Folkes- 
tone 

—  petrificata,  Fb.      Folkestone 

—  rhizolitha,  s.v.      West  Wickham 
CucuUia  verbasci,   L.      Dartford,   Greenhithe, 

Eltham,    Talding,    Wateringbury,    West 
Wickham 

—  scrophulariae,  Esp.     Dartford 

—  asteris,  Schiff.      Bexley,  Eltham,  Dartford, 

Talding,  Wateringbury,  West  Wickham, 
Folkestone 

—  gnaphalii/     Hb.       Greenhithe,     Dartford, 

Wilmington,  Sevenoaks 

—  chamomills,  SchifF.      Lee,  Eltham,  Bexley, 

Dartford ;  sometimes  abundant 

—  umbratica,  L.    Lee,  Eltham,  Bexley,  Dart- 

ford, Talding,  Wateringbury,  West  Wick- 
ham, Folkestone 
Heliothis    marginata,    Fb.     Dartford,    Deal, 
Folkestone 

—  dipsacea,^  L.      Folkestone 

—  peltigera,  SchifF.      Lee,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  armigera,^    Hb.      Folkestone  ;    Mr.   Webb 

says  '  common  at  Dover  in  1879  ' 
Anarta  myrtilli,  L,     Generally  common  on 

heaths 
Heliodes    arbuti,    Fb.     Common     in    many 

places  in  meadows 
Agrophila  sulphuralis,*  L.  Z)(7r//or(/,  formerly ; 

Folkestone,  Dover,  Walmer,  Shepherdswell, 

Canterbury 

1  Mr.  Goodwin  states  that  he  has  taken  the 
larvae  of  this  rare  insect  very  sparingly  in  the 
Sevenoaks  district. — H.  G. 

2  Mr.  Ullyett  includes  both  H.  armigera  and  H. 
dipsacea  in  his  list  of  Folkestone  Lepidoptera. — 
H.  G. 

8  This  species  is  abundant  in  the  Brecksand  dis- 
trict of  south-west  Norfolk  and  west  Suffolk,  but 
casual  specimens  have  been  taken  in  Kent.  Mr. 
Webb  says  it  was  formerly  called  '  the  Margate 
Beauty,'  and  within  the  last  ten  years  he  has  known 
of  the  capture  of  individual  specimens  at  Walmer, 
Dover,  Shepherdswell  and  Canterbury. — H.  G. 

196 


Acontia  luctuosa,  Esp.  Lee,  Dartford,  Tald- 
ing, Wateringbury,  Folkestone 

—  Solaris,  s.v.      Shepherdswell,  Adisham 
Erastria  fuscula,  Bork.      Dartford,  Greenhithe, 

Chattenden,  West  Wickham,  Folkestone 
Hydrelia   unca,   SchifF.     Ham  Marshes  near 

Sandwich 
Brephos     parthenias,     L.       West     Wickham, 
Chislchurst,       Wateringbury,       Talding, 
Folkestone 
Habrostola  urticae,  Hb.    Lee,  Eltham,  Water- 
ingbury, JVest  Wickham 

—  triplasia,  L.  Lee,  Eltham,  Erith,  West 
Wickham 

Plusia  chryson,  E.  (orichalcea,  Hb.).  Formerly 
at  Deal  and  Folkestone 

—  moneta.*  Greenhithe,  Eltham,  Deal,  Water- 
ingbury, Bexley,  Talding  ;  occurring 
now  nearly  everywhere.  First  taken  at 
Dover  and  doubtless  an  immigrant  from 
the  continent 

—  chrysitis,  L.     Generally  common 

—  festucas,  L.      Greenwich,  Deal,  Folkestone 

—  iota,  L.  Dartford,  Eltham,  Talding, 
Wateringbury,  West  Wickham 

—  v-aureum,  Gn.  Dartford,  Talding,  Water- 
ingbury, Folkestone 

—  gamma,  L.     Generally  abundant 
Gonoptera    libatrix,     L.      Generally    distri- 
buted 

Amphipyra  pyramidea,  L.  Bexley,  Dartford, 
Chislehurst,  Wateringbury,  West  Wick- 
ham, Folkestone 

—  tragopogonis,  L.     Generally  common 
Mania  typica,  L.  „  „ 

—  maura,  L.  „  „ 
Toxocampa  pastinum,  Tr.      Gravesend,  Chat- 
tenden, Folkestone 

Catocala  fraxini,  L.  Has  occurred  at  Farn- 
borough  and  Folkestone  ;  very  rare 

—  nupta,^  L.      Generally  common 

—  sponsa,  L.  Mr.  Webb  states  that  it  has 
been  taken  at  Dover 

Ophiodes    lunaris,*  SchifF       Folkestone ;    Mr. 

Barrett  says  it  was  once  taken  at  West 

Wickham 
Euclidia  mi,  Clerck.     Generally  common 

—  glyphica,  L.  „  „ 
Phytometra  asnea,  Hb.    Folkestone,  Watering- 
bury, etc.  ;  common  in  many  places 

*  Captain  Savile  Reid  records  the  capture  of 
two  specimens  at  dusk  in  1896  and  one  at  '  light ' 
in  1 90 1. — H.  G. 

^  Mr.  Ullyett  includes  Catocala  promissa  in 
his  list  of  Folkestone  Lepidoptera.  I  have  no  other 
record  of  the  occurrence  of  this  species  in  the 
county. — H.  G. 

8  Inserted  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Ullyett's 
list.— H.  G. 


INSECTS 


DELTOIDES 


Madopa  sallcalis,  Schiff.  Shooters  Hill,  West 
Wickham,  Tenterden,  formerly  near 
Bexley 

Hypena  proboscidalis,  L.    Generally  common 

—  rostralis,  L.      Greenhithe,  Talding,  Tenter- 

den ;   not  uncommon 

—  crassalis,  Fb.      Sevenoaks,  Seal,  etc. 
Hypenodes    albistrigalis,     Haw.      Greenhithe, 

Chislehurst,  Tenterden,  Folkestone 

—  costaestrigalis,    St.      Chislehurst,    Pembury, 

Folkestone 
Rivula    sericealis,    Scop.     Bexley,    Greenhithe, 

Lee,  Talding,  Tenterden,  Deal,  Folkestone^ 

Sevenoaks 
Herminia    derivalis,     Hb.       Tenterden     near 

Canterbury,  Folkestone 

—  barbalis,    Clerck.     Dartford,     Greenhithe, 

Chattenden,    Tenterden  ;    very  common 
in  some  places 

—  tarsipennalis,  Tr.     Generally  abundant 

—  grisealis,  Hb.     Generally  common 

—  cribralis,  Hb.      Greenhithe,  Dartford,  Deal 
Aventia  flexula,  Schiff.     Sevenoaks 

PYRALIDES 

Odontia      dentalis,      Schiff.       Deal,      Dover, 

Folkestone 
Pyralis  fimbrialis,  Schiff.     Generally  common 

—  farinalis,  L.  „  „ 

—  glaucinalis,  L.      Greenhithe,  Lee,  Eltham, 

Deal,  Tenterden,  Folkestone 
Aglossa  pinguinalis,  L.      Generally  common 
Cledeobia  angustalis,  Schiff.      Deal,  Shoreham, 

Folkestone,  etc. 
Pyrausta  punicealis,  Schiff.     Common  on  the 

downs  everywhere 

—  purpuralis,  L.     Common  on  the   downs 

everywhere 

—  ostrinalis,  Hb.     Common  on  the  downs 

everywhere 
Herbula  cespitalis,  Schiff.     Common  on  the 

downs  everywhere 
Ennychia  anguinalis,  Hb.     Common  on  the 

chalk  downs 

—  cingulalis,  Schiff.      Chalk  downs 

—  octomaculalis,    Fb.     Blean  Woods,    Folke- 

stone, Darenth  formerly 

Agrotera  nemoralis,"^  Scop.  Near  Sturry 
commonly,  and  formerly  near  Folke- 
stone 

Endotricha     flammealis,     Schiff.       Generally 


1  Mr.  Farn  refers  to  this  as  a  Kentish  species. 
I  do  not  know  of  any  localities,  but  Dr.  H.  G. 
Knaggs  informs  me  that  this  species  has  occurred 
commonly  near  Sturry.  Mr.  Ullyett  includes  it 
in  his  list  of  Folkestone  Lepidoptera. — H.  G. 


Cataclysta  lemnalis,  Schiff.  Generally  com- 
mon 

Paraponyx  stratiotalis,  Schiff.  Greenhithe, 
Talding,  Gravesend,  Lee 

Hydrocampa  nymphasalis,  Schiff.  Generally 
common 

—  stagnalis,    Gn.      Greenhithe,    Deal,     Lee  ; 

common 
Botys  pandalis,  Hb.      Dartford,  Talding,  Pern- 
bury,  Folkestone 

—  flavalis,  Schiff.      Folkestone 

—  hyalinalis,  Hb.      Deal,   Greenhithe,   Seven- 

oaks, Folkestone 

—  verticalis,    Schiff.      Generally    common, 

often  abundant 

—  lancealis,  Schiff.     Greenhithe,  Abbey  Wood, 

Eltham,  Tenterden,  Folkestone 

—  fuscalis,     Schiff.       Greenhithe,     Dartford, 

Chattenden,  Folkestone 

—  urticalis,  Schiff.     Generally  common 
Ebulea  crocealis,  Hb.     Greenhithe,  Deal,  Bex- 
ley, Dartford,  Folkestone 

—  verbascalis,  Schiff.      Greenhithe,   Chatham, 

Bexley,  Erith,  Chattenden  ;  often  abun- 
dant 

—  sambucalis,  Schiff.      Generally  common 

—  stachydalis,    Zinc.      Greenhithe,    Talding, 

Chattenden,  Dover 
Pionea  forficalis,  L.      Generally  common 

—  stramentalis,     Hb.      Greenhithe,     Otford, 

Shoreham,  Talding,  Sevenoaks,  Watering- 
bury,  Folkestone 
Spilodes  sticticalis,  L.      Deal,  Pembury,  Folke- 
stone ;   rare 

—  palealis,    Schiff.       Greenhithe,    Maidstone, 

Deal,  Dover,  Folkestone  ;  rare 

—  cinctalis,  Tr.    Greenhithe,  Dartford,  Folke- 

stone 
Scopula  lutealis,   Hb.      Greenhithe,    Dartford, 
Deal 

—  olivalis,  Schiff.     Generally  common 

—  prunalis,  Schiff.  „  „ 

—  ferrugalis,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 
Lemodes    pulveralis,    Hb.       Folkestone;     Mr, 

Webb  states  that  it  has  not  been  taken 
for  ten  years  or  more 

Stenopteryx  hybridalis,  Hb.  Generally  com- 
mon 

Margarodes  unionalis,  Hb.     Near  Dover 

Diasemia  ramburialis,  Dup.  Folkestone,  St. 
Margaret's,  Ashford 

Scoparia  ambigualis,  Tr.     Generally  common 

—  basistrigalis,  Knaggs.      Dartford,  Bexley 

—  cembrae,  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  dubitalis,  Hb.      Generally  common 

—  ingratella,     Zell.      St.     Margaret's    ^oy, 

Folkestone 

—  lineola,  Curt.      Deal,  Folkestone 

—  mercurella,  L.     Generally  common 

—  cratasgella,  Hb.      Bexley,  Folkestone 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Scoparia  truncicolella,  Sta.  Greenhithe,  Chhle- 
hurst  ;  common 

—  angustea,   St.      Greenhithe,    Deal,    Bexley, 

Folkestone 

—  pallida,  St.      Greenhithe,  Deal,  Folkestone 

CRAMBITES 

Platytes  cerussellus,  SchifF.  Greenhithe,  Deal, 
Folkestone,  Sevenoaks  ;   often  abundant 

—  alpinellus,  Hb.      Deal 

Crambus  falsellus,  SchifF.  Lee,  Greenhithe, 
Talding,  Eltham,  Deal,  Dartford,  Folke- 
stone 

—  pratellus,   L.      Generally  common,   often 

abundant 

—  dumetellus,  Hb.      Folkestone 

—  pascuellus,  L.      Generally  abundant 

—  uliginosellus,    Zell.      Sandwich,    Pembury, 

Tenterdcn  ;   common 

—  pinetellus,   L.      Greenhithe,  Dartford,  Elt- 

ham,   Lee,    Chislehurst,    Talding,   Folke- 
stone 

—  perlellus,  Scop.     Generally  common 

var.  warringtonellus,  Zell.      Folkestone 

—  tristellus,  Fb.      Generally  abundant 

—  contaminellus,      Hb.       Deal,     common  ; 

Blackheath 

—  geniculellus,     Haw.       Greenhithe,     Deal, 

Dartford,  Folkestone 

—  culmellus,  L.     Generally  common,  often 

abundant 

—  chrysonuchellus,  Scop.      Greenhithe,  Deal, 

Bexley,  Dartford 

—  hortuellus,  Hb.      Generally  common 
Chile   phragmitellus,  Hb.      Greenhithe,  Green- 
wich, Cliffe,  Deal,  Gravescnd,  Folkestone 

—  mucronellus,  Schiff.      Deal,  Cliffe 
Schaenobius     forficellus,     Thub.      Greenhithe, 

Deal,  Eltham,  Folkestone 
Anerasia  lotella,  Hb.     Deal;  common 
lUythia    carnella,    L.      Greenhithe,    Shoreham, 

Folkestone 


Myclophila    crirella,    Hb.       Greenhithe,    Lee, 

Dartford,  Eltham 
Homosoma  sinuella,  Fb.       Greenhithe,   Deal; 

common 

—  nimbella,  Zell.      Greenhithe,  Folkestone 

—  binxvella,   Hb.      Dartford,   Bexley,   Deal, 

Greenhithe,  Folkestone 
Nyctegretes  achatinella,  Hb.      Deal 
Ephestia  elutella,  Hb.      Lee,  Dartford,  Bexley 

—  semirufa,  St.      Lewisham 

—  pinguis,  Haw.      Eltham,  Folkestone 

—  formosella,  Haw.     Lewisham 
Crypoblabes  bistriga,  Haw.       Eltham,  Dart- 
ford, Folkestone 

Gymnanclya  canella,  Hb.     Minster 
Nephopteryx  angustella,  Hb.    Deal,  Shoreham 
Phycis  betulella,  Goze.      Chislehurst,  Chatten- 
den,  Bexley,  etc. 

—  carbonaella,  Fisch.    Chislehurst,  etc.,  etc. 

—  dilutella,    Hb.      Common    on    the    chalk 

downs 

—  ornatella,  SchifF.     Common  on  the  chalk 

downs  near  the  sea 

—  roborella,  Zinck.      Darenth,  Bexley,  Folke- 

stone 

Pempelia  palumbella,  Fb.  Shoreham,  Folke- 
stone 

Rhodophea  consociella,  Hb.  Generally  com- 
mon excepting  near  the  sea 

—  advenella,  Zinck.     Lee,  Eltham,  Folkestone 

—  suavella,  Zinck.    Dartford,  Eltham,  Folke- 

stone 

—  tumidella,  Zinck.    Dartford,  Bexley,  Chat- 

tenden,  Folkestone 

—  rubrotibiella,  Fisch.      Lewisham,  Folkestone 
Oncocera  ahenella,  Zinck.      Deal,   Shoreham, 

Folkestone 
Melia  sociella,  L.     Generally  common 

—  anella,  Gn.      Deal,  Folkestone.     Mr.  Webb 

says  it  has  not  been  seen  for  years 
Galleria  cerella,  L.  Dover,  Folkestone 

Melephora  alveariella,  Gn.     „  „ 


MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA 


TORTRICES 

Halias  prasinana,  L.      Chislehurst,  Seal,  Chat- 
tenden,  etc. 

—  quercana,  SchifF.     Dartford,  Sevenoaks,  etc. 

—  chlorana,  L.      Lee,  etc. 

Sarrothripa    revayana,     Tr.      Eltham,     West 

IVickham,  Lewisham 
Tortrix  podana,  Scop.      Generally  distributed 

—  cratsgana,   Hb.      Chislehurst,    Gravesend, 

Sevenoaks,  Folkestone,  etc. 

—  xylostcana,  L.      Generally  distributed 

—  sorbiana,  Hb.      Widely  distributed 

—  rosana,  L.     Generally  distributed 


Tortrix    diversana,     Hb.       Lee,     Chislehurst, 
Chattcnden,  Greenhithe,  etc. 

—  cinnamomeana,  Tr.    Dover,  Seal,  Darenth 

—  heparana,  Schiff.      Generally  distributed 

—  ribeana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  corylana,  Fb.  „  „ 

—  unifasciana,  Dup.  „  „ 

—  semialbana,     Gn.       Darenth,     Greenhithe, 

Folkestone 

—  costana,  Fb.    Greenwich,  Lee,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  viburnana,  Fb.      Tunhridge  JFells,  etc. 

—  pallcana,  Hb.      Folkestone,  etc. 

—  \  iridana,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  ministrana,  L.         „  ,> 


198 


INSECTS 


Generally  distributed 
Eltham^   Chattenden, 


West   Wickham, 
^th,   Tim- 


Tortrix  forsterana,  Fb. 
Dichelia   grotiana,  Fb. 

Dartford^  etc. 
Leptogramma    literana,    L. 

Bexley,  Folkestone,  etc. 

—  scabrana,   Fb.      Sevenoaks,   Dare. 

bridge  Wells,  etc. 
Peronea  sponsana,  Fb.      Generally  distributed 

—  rufana,  SchifF.      Dover,  Birch  Wood 

—  schalleriana,  L.      Generally  distributed 

—  comparana,  Hb,  „  „ 

—  variegana,  Schiff.  ,,  „ 

—  cristana,    Fb.      Folkestone,   Darenth,    West 

Wickham,  etc. 

—  hastiana,  L.        Generally  distributed 

—  ferrugana,  Tr.  ,,  „ 

—  logiana,  SchiiF.  „  „ 

—  aspersana,  Hb.     Most  chalk  downs 
Rhacodia  caudana,  Fb.     Generally  distributed 
Teras  contamina,  Hb.  „  „ 
Dictyopteryx  loeflingiana,  L.   ,,               „ 

—  holmiana,  L.  „  ,, 

—  bergmanniana,  L.  „  „ 

—  forskaleana,  L.  „  „ 
Argyrotoza  conwayana,  Fb.  „  „ 
Ptycholoma  lecheana,  L.         „  „ 

PENTHINIDiE 

Diluta  hartmanniana,  L.   Mottingham,  Graves- 
end,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  semifasciana,  Haw.      Widely  distributed 
Penthina  corticana,  Hb.    Generally  distributed 

—  betulsetana,    Haw.,    St.      Generally    dis- 

tributed 

—  caprasana,  Hb.    Darenth,  Tunbridge  Wells, 

Eltham,    West   Wickham,    Seal,    Chisle- 
hurst,  etc. 

—  sororculana,  Zett.      Generally  distributed 

—  pruniana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  ochroleucana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  variegana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  sauciana,  Hb.     lunbridge  Wells,  Seal,  etc. 

—  gentiana,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  sellana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  marginana.  Haw.    Tunbridge  Wells,  Chat- 

tenden,  Dover,  Folkestone,  Greenhithe,  etc. 

—  fuligana,  Hb.     Folkestone,  Lee,  Chattenden, 

Eltham,  etc. 
Antithesia  salicella,  L.     Generally  distributed 

SPILONOTID^ 

Hedya  ocellana,  Fb.      Generally  distributed 

—  laricina,  Zell.  „  „ 

—  pauperana,  Dup.,  Frr.     Darenth 

—  aceriana,  Dup. 

—  dealbana,  Frol. 

—  neglectana,  Dup. 

—  servillana,     Dup. 

Eltham,  etc. 


Generally  distributed 


nth,     Chattenden, 


Hedya  simplana,  Fisch.      Darenth 
Spilonota  incarnatana,  Hb.      Bexley 

—  trimaculana.  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  rosEColana,  Dbl.  „  „ 

—  roborana,  Tr.  „  „ 
Pardia  tripunctana,  Fb.           „  „ 

SERICORID^,  Gn. 

Aspis  udmanniana,  L.      Generally  distributed 
Sideria  achatana,  Fb.  „  „ 

Sericoris  euphorbiana,^  Frr.  Folkestone,  Shore- 
ham 

—  bifasciana,  Haw.,  St.      Chislehurst,  Bexley, 

West  Wickham,  etc. 

—  littoralis.  Curt.      Gravesend,  Hythe,  etc. 

—  fuligiana,   Haw.   (non   Hb.)  D.L.      Folke- 

stone, Gravesend 

—  cespitana,  Hb.    Generally  on  chalk  downs 

—  rivulana,  Scop.      Generally  distributed 

—  urticana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  lacunana,  Dup.  „  „ 
Roxana    arcuana,     Clerck,      L.         Darenth, 

Greenhithe,  etc. 

Euchromia  purpurana.  Haw.  Shoreham, 
Chattenden,  etc. 

Orthotasnia  antiquana,  Hb.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  striana,  Schiff.     Generally  distributed 

—  branderiana,    L.      Bexley,   Eltham,    Folke- 

stone, Darenth,  etc. 

—  ericetana,  Westw.      Chislehurst,  etc. 

SCIAPHILID^,  Gn. 
Eriopsela  fractifasciana,  Haw.      Generally  on 
chalk  downs 

—  quadrana,    Hb.      West    Wickham,    Dover, 

Folkestone,  Darenth,  etc. 

Phtheocroa  rugosana,  Hb.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Cnephasia  cinctana,  Schiff.  Near  Dover  and 
near  Canterbury 

—  musculana,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 
Sciaphila  nubilana,  Hb.       „  „ 

—  conspersana,  Dougl.      Folkestone,  etc. 

—  subjectana,  Gn.,  St.    Generally  distributed 

—  virgaureana,  Tr.  „  „ 

—  pascuana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  chrysantheana,  Dup.         „  „ 

—  sinuana,  St.      Chislehurst,  Sidcup 

—  hybridana,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 
Sphaleroptera    ictericana,    Haw.       Generally 

distributed 
Capua  favillaceana,  Hb.    Generally  distributed 

GRAPHOLITHID^ 

Bactra  lanceolana,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 

1  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  says  that  this  species 
(euphorbidiui)  occurs  sparingly  in  some  woods,  but 
is  extinct  at  Folkestone. — H.  G. 


199 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Bactra  furfurana,  Haw.  Folkestone  ;  now  al- 
most extinct 

Phoxopteryx  siculana,  Hb.  West  JVickham, 
Darenth,  etc. 

—  uncana,    Hb.       Chislehurst,    Bex/ey,    Seal, 

Tunhridge   Wells,  etc. 

—  biarcuana,  St.     Darenth,  Tunhridge  Wells, 

etc. 

—  inornatana,     H.S.       Darenth,     Tunhridge 

Wells,  etc. 

—  comptana,  Frol.  Generally  on  chalk  downs 

—  myrtillana,  Tr.      Sevenoaks 

—  lundana,  Fb.     Generally  distributed 

—  derasana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  diminutana,    Haw.      Chattenden,    Eltham, 

Folkestone,   Greenhithe,  etc. 

—  mitterbacheriana.      Generally  distributed 

—  upupana,     Tr.,     H.S.       Tf^est     Wickham, 

Chislehurst,   Eltham,   Darenth,   etc. 

—  lactana,  Fb.  Generally  distributed 
Grapholitha  ramella,  L.    „  „ 

—  nisella,  Clerck.  „  „ 

• — •  cinerana,  Haw.    Bexley,  Folkestone,  Darenth 

—  nigromaculana,     Haw.       Generally    dis- 

tributed 

—  subocellana,  Don.     Generally  distributed 

—  minutana,    Hb.      Lee,   Bexley,  Blackheath, 

Eltham,  etc. 

—  trimaculana,     Don.,    Wilk.       Generally 

distributed 

—  penkleriana,  Fisch.     Generally  distributed 

—  obtusana,    Haw.       Folkestone,    Chattenden, 

Darenth,  Eltham,  Tunhridge  Wells,  etc. 

—  nffivana,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 

—  geminana,  St.      Seal 

—  cascana,  Schl.    Between  Deal  and  Dover  ; 

now   apparently   extinct    according    to 
Mr.  Webb.— H.  G. 
Phloeodes    tetraquetrana,    Haw.        Generally 
distributed 

—  immundana,  Fisch.    Generally  distributed 

—  demarniana,  Fisch.      Chislehurst,  Darenth, 

Bexley,  Swanscomhe,  etc. 

Hypermecia  angustana,  Hb.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Batodes  angustiorana.  Haw.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Pasdisca  bilunana,  Haw.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  oppressana,Tr.  Eltham,  Folkestone,  Lee, etc. 

—  ratzeburghiana.      Seal,  Stone 

—  rubiginosana,  H.S.      Chislehurst,  Seal 

—  corticana,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  profundana,    Fb.,   Wilk.      Generally   dis- 

tributed 

—  ophthalmicana,    Hb.      Bexley,    Folkestone, 

Elihtim 

—  occultana,  Dougl.      Chislehurst,  Bexley 

—  solandriana,  L.      Generally  distributed 

—  semifuscana,  St.  „  „ 


Ephippiphora  similana,    Hb.       Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  cirsiana,    Zell.       Chattenden,   Forest   Hill, 

West   Wickham,  Bexley,   etc. 

—  pflugiana,  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  brunnichiana,  Frol.       „  „ 

—  inopiana,    Haw.       Chattenden,    Folkestone, 

Darenth,  Dover 

—  fcenella,    L.,     Wilk.       Dartford,    Bexley, 

Eltham,  etc. 

—  nigricostana,  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  signatana,      Dougl.        Folkestone,     Dover, 

Chattenden 

—  trigeminana,  St.     Generally  distributed 

—  tetragonana,  St.     Chattenden,  Stone,  Folke- 

stone 

—  populana,     Fb.        Chislehurst,     Folkestone, 

Darenth,   Eltham 

—  obscurana,  St.     West  Wickham,  Eltham, 

Bexley,   Chattenden,  Darenth 
Olindia  ulmana,   Hb.      Seal,  Folkestone 
Semasia  spiniana,    Fisch.,  Dup.      Lee,   West 

Wickham,   Darenth,  etc. 

—  ianthinana,  Dup.     Generally  distributed 

—  rufillana,  Wilk.,  Zell.     „ 

—  woeberiana,  Schiff.  „  „ 
Coccyx    splendidulana,    Gn.     Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  argyrana,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 

—  tasdella,  Clerck,  L.     „  „ 

—  nanana,  Tr.      Bexley,  Sevenoaks 
Heusimene  fimbriana,  Haw.      West  Wickham, 

Chislehurst,   etc. 
Retinia  buoliana,  SchifF.   Generally  distributed 

—  pinicolana,  Dbl.    Tunhridge  Wells,  Bexley, 

West  Wickham,  etc. 

—  turionana,    Hb.       West    Wickham,    Tun- 

hridge  Jf^ells,   Sevenoaks 

—  pinivorana,  Zell.      Generally  distributed 

—  sylvestrana.  Curt.,  Wilk.      Bexley,   West 

JVickham 
Carpocapsa  splendidana,  Hb.     Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  grossana.  Haw.     Bexley 

—  pomonella,  L.      Generally  distributed 
Opadia  funebrana,  Tr.     In  most  gardens  and 

plum  orchards 
Endopisa  nigricana,  St.    Generally  distributed 
Stigmonota,  Gn.  ;    ravulana,  H.S.      Folkestone 

—  coniferana,  Ratzb.      Bexley,  Chislehurst 

—  leplastrierana,     Curt.        Deal,     Folkestone, 

Dover,   etc. 

—  perlepidana.  Haw.      Chattenden,  Darenth, 

Folkestone 

—  internana,    Gn.       Blackheath,    Chislehurst, 

Tunhridge   TFells,  etc. 

—  compositella,  Fb.      Generally  distributed 

—  nitidana,  Fb.,  Wilk.        „  „ 

—  trauniana,    SchifF.       Darenth,    Plumstead, 

Bexley 


INSECTS 


Eltham,  Stone,  Chattenden, 
Lee,    Folkestone,    Darenth, 


Stigmonota  regiana,  Zell.  Generally  distributed 

—  roseticolana,  Zell.  „  „ 

—  germarana,  Hb.   Eltham,  Chattenden,  TFest 

JVickhatn,  etc. 
Dicroramphia  politana,  Hb.     Lee,  Chattenden, 
Mottingham,   etc. 

—  alpinana,  Tr. 

etc. 

—  sequana,    Hb. 

Bexley 

—  petiverella,  L.     Generally  distributed 

—  plumbana,  Scop.  „  „ 

—  plumbagana,  Tr.         „  „ 

—  acuminatana,   Zell.       Cuxton,   Lee,  Shore- 

ham,   Folkestone,  etc. 

—  simpliciana,  Haw.    Dover,  Bexley,  Eltham, 

Dartford,  etc. 

—  consortana,  S.     Charlton,  Shoreham,  Folke- 

stone, etc. 

Pyrodes  rheediella,  Clerck,  L.  Generally 
distributed 

Catoptria  albersana,  Hb.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  ulicetana,  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  Juliana,  Curt.     Lee,  Bexley,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  microgrammana,   Gn.      Dover,  Folkestone, 

Walmer 

—  hypericana,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  cana,    Haw.,    St.,   Wd.      Generally  dis- 

tributed 

—  fulvana,  St.,  Wilk.     Folkestone,  Dover,  etc. 

—  candidulana,   Nolck.       Gravesend,   Green- 

hithe,  etc. 

—  scopoliana.    Haw.,   St.,    Wd.     Generally 

distributed 

—  caecimaculana,   Hb.     Darenth,  etc. 

—  conterminana,  H.S.      Dartford,  Folkestone 

—  aemulana,     Schil.        Darenth,     Plumstead, 

Swanscomhe 

—  tripoliana,  Bar.      Gravesend 

—  expallidana.   Haw.       Dover,   Stone,   Folke- 

stone,  Shoreham 

—  citrana,  Hb.      Folkestone 

—  pupillana,  Clerck,  L.      Folkestone 
Trycheris  aurana,    Fb.       Chattenden,  Eltham, 

St.  Mary  Cray,  Greenhithe,  Folkestone 


PYRALOIDID^,  Gn. 

Choreutes  bjerkandrella,  Thnb.    Folkestone 

—  myllerana,  Fb.     Fairly  distributed 
Symasthis  pariana,  Clerck,  L.     Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  oxyacanthella,  L.     Generally  distributed 


CONCHYLID^,  Gn. 
Eupoecilia  nana,  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  dubitana,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  atricapitana,  St.      Charlton,  Bexley,  Folke- 

stone, Dover,  Shoreham 


Eupoecilia  maculosana.  Haw.      Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  amandana,     H.S.        Darenth,     Folkestone, 

Cuxton,   etc. 

—  hybridella,  Hb.    Shoreham,  Chattenden,  etc. 

—  ambiguella,  Hb.      West  tVickham 

—  angustana,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  curvistrigana,  Wilk.     Dover,  Bexley,  Deal, 

near  Gravesend,  etc. 

—  affinitana,  Dougl.      Gravesend 

—  vectisana,  Westw.  „ 

—  mussehliana,  Tr.     Deal 

—  udana,  Gn.     Deal 

—  notulana,  Zell.      Folkestone 

—  rupicola,  Curt.     Dover,  Deal 

—  flavicillana,  Dbl.       Deal,  Shoreham,  Folke- 

stone 

—  roseana.  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  subroseana,    Haw.      Seal,   near    Dartford, 

Dover 

—  implicitana,  H.S.     Eltham,  Darenth,  Lee, 

Chattenden,  Plumstead 

—  sabulicola,  Wlsm.      Cuxton,  Shoreham 
Xanthosetia  zoegana,  L.    Generally  distributed 

—  hamana,  L.  „  „ 
Chrosis  alcella,  Schulz.           „  „ 

—  bifasciana,    Hb.       Chattenden,    Tunhridge, 

Darenth,  Swanscomhe 
Lobesia  reliquana,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 
Argyrolepia  subbaumanniana,    Wilk.      Folke- 
stone, Cuxton,  Stone,  Shoreham,  Dover,  etc. 

—  zephyrana,    Tr.     Lee,    Dover,    Shoreham, 

Tunhridge   Wells,  etc. 

—  maritimana,  Gn.      Deal 

—  badiana,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 

—  cnicana,  Dbl.  „  „ 

—  aeneana,  Hb.,  Haw.    Chattenden,  Folkestone 
Conchylis  dipoltella,  Hb.      Folkestone,  Charlton 

—  francillana,  Fb.     Generally  distributed 

—  dilucidana,  St.  „  „ 

—  smeathmaniana,  Fb.      Lee,  Darenth,  Elt- 

ham,  Stone,  Dover,  etc. 

—  straminea.  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  alternana,  St.      Folkestone,  Deal,  Dover 

APHELIID^,  Gn. 

Aphelia  osseana.  Scop.     Generally  distributed 
Tortricodes  hyemana,  Hb.     „  „ 


TINEM 
EPIGRAPHIID^,  Gn. 
Lemnatophila  phryganella,  Hb.,  Sta.     Gene- 
rally distributed 
Exapate  congelatella,  Clerck.     Eltham 
Diurnea   fagella,   Fb.,  Sta.    Generally  distri- 
buted 
Semioscopus    avellanella,     Hb.         Generally 

distributed 
Epigraphia  steinkellneriana.      Bexley 
201  26 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


PSYCHID^,  Brd. 

Talneporia  pseudo-bombycella,  Hb.  Gene- 
rally distributed 

Epichnopteryx  puUa,  Esp.  Chattenden,  Dover, 
Cuxton,  etc. 

—  reticella,  Newm.,  Brd.     Gravesend,  Sheer- 

ness 
Fumea  crassiorella,  Brd.      Deal 

—  casta,  Pall.      Generally  distributed 
Solenobia    inconspicuella,   Sta.     Bexley,    Pem- 

hury,  Plumstead,  Beckenham,  etc. 

—  douglasi,  Sta.  (praec.  var.  r).      Birch  Wood 
Luffia     ferchaulella,     St.       Deal,     Leiuisham, 

Darenth 


TINEID^,  Sta. 

Diplodoma  marginepunctella,  St.  Bexley, 
Pemhury,  Alkham,  Darenth,  Plumstead 

Xysmatodoma  melanella,  Haw.  Lee,  Chhle- 
hurst,  Bexley,  etc. 

Ochsenheimeria  birdella,  Curt.,  Sta.  Lee, 
Lewisham,  Bexley 

—  bisontella,  Zell,  Sta.      Dartford  Heath 

—  vaculella,     Fisch,     Sta.      Lee,    Lewisham, 

Shooters  Hill,  Mottingham 
Scardia   boleti,  Fb.,  Sta.      Bexley 

—  corticella,   Curt.,  Sta.       Lee,    Blackheath, 

Bexley,  etc. 

—  parasiteila,    Hb.,    Sta.       West     Wickham, 

Chislehurst,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  granella,  L.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  cloacella.  Haw.,  St.       „  „ 

—  ruricolella,  Sta.      Swanscombe 

—  arcella,  Fb.,  Sta.      Bexley,  Lee,  Chislehurst, 

Greenhithe,  etc. 
Blabophanes  ferruginella,    Hb.,    Sta.      Gene- 
rally distributed 

—  rusticella,  Hb.,  Sta.    Generally  distributed 
Tinea    tapetzella,    L.,    St.,    Sta.     Generally 

distributed 

—  albipunctella,  Haw.      Dartford  Heath 

—  caprimulgella,  H.S.      Blackheath 

—  angustipennis,  H.S.,  Hein. 

—  misella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  pellionella,  L.,  Sta.  „  „ 

—  pallescentella.      Dover 

—  fuscipunctella,  Haw.,  Sta.     Generally  dis- 

tributed 

—  argentimaculella,  Sta.      Blackheath,  Sidcup, 

Eltham 

—  lapella,  Hb.,  Sta.     Generally  distributed 

—  simplicella,  H.S.,  Sta.    Deal,  Dover,  etc. 

—  nigripunctella.  Haw.      Folkestone 

—  semifulvella,  Haw.      Generally  distributed 
Phylloporia  bistrigella.  Haw.,  Sta.      Pemhury, 

Eltham,  Bexley 
Tineola  bisclliclla,    Hml.,    Zell.       Generally 
distributed 


Lampronia  quadripunctella,  Fb.      Lee,  Bexley, 
Alkham,  Pemhury,  etc. 

—  luzella,  Hb.,  St.,  Sta.      Tenterden,  Eltham, 

Bexley,  Chattenden,  etc. 

—  praslatella,  SchifF.,  Sta.     Bexley,  Pemhury 

—  rubiella,  Bjerlc.,  Sta.    Generally  distributed 
Incurvaria    muscalella,  Fb.,  Sta.      Generally 

distributed 

—  pectinea.    Haw.,    Sta.     Generally    distri- 

buted 

—  tenuicornis,  Sta.,  Hein.      Chislehurst 

—  oelilmanniella,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  capitella,  Clerck,  Sta.         ,,  „ 
Micropteryx    cathella,    L.,    Sta.       Generally 

distributed 

—  aruncella.     Scop.        Pemhury,      Tenterden, 

Darenth,  near  Penge 

—  seppella,  Fb.     Generally  distributed 

—  mansuetella,  Zell.,  Sta.     West  Wickham, 

Pemhury 

—  aureatella,  Scop.      Chislehurst,  Pemhury 

—  thunbergella,Fb.,Sta.  Generally  distributed 

—  purpurella.   Haw.,    St.        „  ,, 

—  semipurpurella,  St.,  Sta.     „  „ 

—  unimaculella,  Zett.,  Sta.     „  „ 

—  sangii.  Wood.      Bexley,  Chislehurst 

—  sparmanella,      Bosc,     Sta.        Chislehurst, 

Bexley,  Eltham,  Pemhury 

—  subpurpurella.    Haw.       Generally    distri- 

buted 
Nemophora  swammerdammella,  L.    Generally 
distributed 

—  schwarziella,   Zell.,   Sta.      Generally  dis- 

tributed 

ADELID^ 

Adela  fibulella,   Fb.,   Sta.      Generally    distri- 
buted 

—  rufimitrella.  Scop.,  Sta.      Generally  distri- 

buted 

—  croesella.  Scop.      Alkham,  Farningham 

—  degeerella,  L.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  viridella,  L., Scop.,  Sta.       „  „ 
Nematois  cupriacellus,  Hb.,  Sta.     Pemhury 

—  fasciellus,   Fb.,    St.      Darenth,   Gravesend, 

Greenhithe 

—  minimellus,  Zell.,  Sta.      Pemhury 

HYPONOMEUTID^,  St. 

Swammerdammia  combinella,    Hb.      Eltham, 
Pemhury,  Alkham,  Tenterden 

—  cassiclla,  Hb.  Generally  distributed 

—  oxyacanthella,  Dup.     „  „ 

—  pyrella,  Vill.,  Sta. 

—  spiniella,  Hb.,  Zell.     Chattenden,  Lee,  etc. 
Scythropia  cratasgella,  L.,  St.,  Sta.     Bexley, 

Pemhury,  Chattenden,  Lewisham 
Hyponomeuta  vigintipunctatus,  Retz.      Bcck- 
enham 


INSECTS 


Hyponomeuta  plumbellus,  Schiff.,  Sta.  Gene- 
rally distributed 

—  padellus,  L.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  cagnagellus,  Hb.  „  „ 
Anesychia  bipunctella,  Fb.,  Sta.      Dover 

—  decemguttella,  Hb.  Sta.      Darenth,  Folke- 

stone 

—  funerella.      Dover 

Prays  curtisellus,  Don.      Generally  distributed 

PLUTELLID.E,  Sta. 

Eidophasia  messingiella,  Fisch.  Eltham^Dart- 
fordy  Pembury 

Plutella  maculipennis,  Curt.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  porrectella,  L.,  Sta.      Lee,  Lewisham,  Alk- 

ham,  etc. 
Cerostoma  sequella,  Clerck,  L.,  Sta.       Shore- 
ham 

—  vittella,  L.,  Sta.       Generally  distributed 

—  radiatella,  Don.,  Sta.       „  „ 

—  costella,  Fb.,  Sta.  „  „ 

—  sylvella,     L.,     Sta.        Chis/ehurst,     Bex/ey, 

E/tham,  Petnbury,  etc. 

—  alpella,  SchifF.,  Sta.      Lewisham,  Pembury 

—  lucella,  Fb.,  Sta.      Lee,  etc. 
Harpipteryx  scabrella,  L.,  St.,  Sta.    Beckenham, 

Bromley,  Chislehunt,  Eltham,  Bexley 

—  nemorella,  L.,  St.,  Sta.     Bexley,  etc. 

—  xylostella,  L.,  Sta.     Generally  distributed 
Theristis  mucronella,  Scop.      Eltham,  Bexley, 

Darenth,  Swanky 


GELECHIIDiE,  Sta. 


Lee,  etc. 
Smu' 


Orthotelia  sparganella,  Thnb.,  Sta. 
Henicostoma  lobelia,     SchifF.,     Sta. 

Kidbrooke,  Lee,  etc. 
Phibalocera  quercana,  Fb.,    Sta.       Generally 

distributed 
Depressaria    costosa,    Haw.,   Sta.      Generally 

distributed 

—  flavella,  Hb.     Dover,  Lee,  Bexley,  Eltham, 

etc. 

—  pallorella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Dover 

—  assimilella,  Tr.,  Sta.      Lee,  Bexley,  Chatten- 

den,  Tenterden,  etc. 

—  nanatella,  Sta.,  Zell.      Dover,  Birch  Wood, 

Shoreham,  Charlton,  etc. 

—  scopariella,  Hein.      Lee,  etc. 

—  atomella,  Hb.      Charlton,  etc. 

—  arenella,    SchifF.,    Sta.      Generally   distri- 

buted 

—  propinquella,  Tr.,  Sta.      Generally  distri- 

buted 

—  subpropinquella,  Sta.      Folkestone,  Darenth, 

Falkham,  Swanky 

—  rhodochrella,  H.S.      Folkestone,  Darenth 

—  alstroemeriana,  Clerck.      Generally  distri- 

buted 

203 


Depressaria  purpurea,  Haw.,  Sta.  Alkham, 
Darenth,  Falkham,  Green  Street  Green, 
Swanky,  Tenterden 

—  liturella,  Hb.     Lee,  Lewisham,  West  Wick- 

ham 

—  conterminella,  Zell.,  Sta.     Generally  dis- 

tributed 

—  angelicella,  Hb.,  Sta.      Tenterden 

—  carduella,    Hb.,    Sta.       Bexley,    Pembury, 

Dartford  Heath 

—  ocellana,  Fb.,  Sta.      Eltham,  Bexley 

—  applana,  Fb.,  Haw.,  Sta.      Generally  dis- 

tributed 

—  zephyrella,  Hb.      Deal 

—  rotundella,  Dougl.,  Sta.      Folkestone,  Shore- 

ham 

—  depressella,  Hb.,  Sta.      Folkestone 

—  discipunctella,  H.S.  „ 

—  douglasella,  Sta.     Folkestone,  Darenth 

—  weirella,  Sta.     Eltham,  Lewisham 

—  cha;rophylli,  Zell.      Generally   distributed 

—  ultimella,  Sta.     Folkestone 

—  nervosa.  Haw.,  Sta.      Alkham 

—  badiella,  Hb.,  Sta.      Dartford  Heath,  near 

Foot's  Cray 

—  heracleana,   De  Geer.      Generally  distri- 

buted 
Psoricoptera  gibbosella,  Zell.      Chiskhurst 
Gelechia  vilella,  Zell.      Folkestone 

—  nigra,  Haw.      Lee,  Bexley,  Alkham 

—  hippophaslla,  Schr.     Deal,  Folkestone 

—  malvella,  Hb.     Lee,  Chiskhurst 

—  lentiginosella,  Zell.      Tunbridge  Wells 

—  ericetella,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 

—  mulinella,  Zell.  „  „ 

—  sororculella,  Hb.  Bexley,  Eltham,  Shooters 
Hill,  Lee,  Chiskhurst,  etc. 

—  diffinis.  Haw.,  Sta.      Bexley,  Chiskhurst 

—  rhombella,  SchifF.  Lee,  Eltham,  Grove 
Park 

—  distinctella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Bexley 

—  scalella.  Scop.  Swanscombe,  Chattenden, 
Chiskhurst,  Bexley,  Shooters  Hill,  Dar- 
enth 

Brachmia  moufFetella,  Schiff.  Lee,  Pembury, 
Eltham,  Bexley,  Chiskhurst 

Bryotropha  terrella,  Hb.,  Sta.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  desertella,  Dougl.,  Sta.      Deal 

—  senectella,  Zell.,  Sta.  Lee,  Stone,  Shore- 
ham,  Chiskhurst,  etc. 

—  similis,  Dougl.     Lee,  Charlton 

—  affinis,  Dougl.  Mottington,  Cliffe,  Charl- 
ton, Bexley,  Lee,  Lewisham 

—  basaltinella,  Zell.,  Sta.  Swanscombe,  Chat- 
tenden 

—  domestica.  Haw.,  Sta.  Bexley,  Lee,  Ten- 
terden, Dartford,  Chiskhurst 

Lita  acuminatella,  Sircom.  Dover,  Bexley, 
Shoreham 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Lita  artemisiella,  Tr.      Bexley^  Alkham,  Shore- 
ham 

—  costella,     Westw.,     Sta.      Lee^     Petnhury, 

Leiuhham 

—  maculea,    Haw.,   St.     Lewisham,   Tenter- 

den,  Lee,  Chislehurst,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  blandulella,  Tutt.      Deal 

—  tricolorella,  Haw.,  Sta.      Generally  distri- 

buted 

—  fraternella,  Dougl.   Lee,  Leivisham,  Eltham, 

Chislehurst 

—  maculiferella,     Dougl.       Lewlsham,     Lee, 

Eltham 

—  semidecandrella,  Sta.  &  Thelf.     Deal 

—  marmorea.  Haw.,  Sta.      Deal 

—  obsoletella,  Fisch.,  Sta.     Lee 

—  salicorniae,  Hernig. 

—  atriplicella,  Fisch.,  Sta.     Generally  distri- 

buted 
Teleia  proximella,  Hb.,  Sta.     Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  notatella,  Hb.,  Sta,      Chislehurst,  Pemhury, 

Darenth,  Eltham 

—  vulgella,  Hb.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  luculella,  Hb. 

—  scriptella,  Hb.,  Sta.      Lewisham,  Pembury, 

Eltham,  Kidbrooke,  Lee 

—  fugitivella,   Zell.,  Sta.     Generally  distri- 

buted 

—  sequax,      Haw.,     Sta.       Dover,     Alkhain, 

Shoreham,  Stone,  Bexley,  etc. 

—  dodecella,  L.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  triparella,    Zell.,    Sta.       JVest    Wickham, 

Lee,  Kidbrooke,  Darenth,  etc. 
Recurvaria  leucatella,  Clerck,  L.     Generally 
distributed 

—  nanella,  Hb.      Bexley,  Lee,  Pembury,  Charl- 

ton, Eltham,  etc. 
Pcecilia  nivea,  Haw.     Darenth,  Bexley,  Eltham 

—  albiceps,  Zell.,  Sta.      Eltham,  Lee,  Lewis- 

ham,  Bexley,  etc. 
Argyritis  pictella,  Zell.,  Sta.     Deal,  Dover 
Nannodia    stipella,     Hb.       Bexley,     Alkham, 

Lee,  Chislehurst,  Pembury 

—  hermannella,     Fb.,     Sta.      Eltham,     Lee, 

Chislehurst,  Bexley,  Greenwich 
Apodia  bifractella,   Mann.,  Sta.        Shoreham, 

Dover,  Stone 
Ptocheuusa  inopella,   Zell.,  Sta.       Folkestone, 
Northjleet,  Shoreham,  Chattenden,  Lewis- 
ham,  Pembury 

—  osseella,  Sta.     Deal,  Chattenden 

—  subocellea,  St.      Alkham,  Dover,  Shoreham, 

Pembury 
Ergatis  ericinella,  Dup.,  Sta.     Dartford  Heath, 

West  Wickham 
Doryphora  palustrella,  Dougl.      Deal 

—  arundinetella,  Zell.      Lee 

—  lutulentella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Dartford  Heath 

—  servella,  Hb.      Shooters  Hill 


Monochroa  tenebrella,   Hb.,   St.       Generally 

distributed 
Lamprotes  atrella.    Haw.,  Sta.       Lee,    Perry 

Street,  Bexley 
Anacampsis  albipalpella,  H.S. 

—  ligulella,  Zell.,  Sta.     Alkham,  Chattenden, 

Pembury 

—  vorticella,  Scop.      Pembury 

—  tasniolella,  Tr.      Generally  distributed 

—  immaculatella,  Dougl.      West  Wickham 

—  anthyllidella,    Hb.,    Sta.     Generally  dis- 

tributed 

Acanthopila  alacella,  Dup.     Bexley 

Tachyptilia  populella,  Clerck.  Generally 
distributed 

Brachycrossata  cinerella,  Clerck.  Darenth, 
Shoreham,  Pembury,  Bexley,  Chattenden 

Ceratophora  rufescens.  Haw.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Cladodes  gerronella,  Zell.  Chislehurst,  Lee, 
Bexley,    Tunbridge   Wells 

Parasia  lappella,  L.  Shoreham,  Folkestone, 
Dover,  Bexley 

—  metzneriella,    Sta.       Chattenden,   Alkham, 

Charlton 

—  carlinella,  Dougl.      Shoreham,  Folkestone 

—  neuropterella,  Fisch.      Deal,  Dover,  Stone 
Cleodora  cytisella.  Curt.      Bexley,  Lee,  Chisle- 
hurst, Pembury 

—  striatella,  Hb.      Lewisham 

Cheleria  hiibnerella,  Don.  Bexley,  Eltham, 
West   Wickham,   Shoreham,  Perry  Street 

Anarsia  spartiella,  Schr.  Dover,  Chislehurst, 
Pemhury,   Alkham 

—  genistae,  Sta.      Lee,  Alkham,  Pemhury 
Hypsilophus  schmidiellus.      Dover,  Greenhithe 

—  marginellus,  Fb.      Shoreham 
Sophronia  parenthesella,  L.    Bexley,  Shoreham, 

West  Wickham,  Alkham,  Lewisham 
Pleurota  bicostella,  Clerck.     Chislehurst,  Pem- 
bury 
Harpella  geoffrella,  L.      Generally  distributed 
Hypercallia  citrinalis,  Scop.  Shoreham,  Darenth, 

Kemsing,  Greenhithe,  Sevenoaks 
Dasycera    sulphurella,    Fb.       Generally    dis- 
tributed 

—  olivierella,  Fb.      Tenterden,  Lee,   Chatten- 

den, Darenth,  Pembury,  Eltham,  Bexley, 
Stone 
CEcophora  minutella,  L.     Bexley,  Swanscombe, 
Chattenden,  Darenth,  Pemhury 

—  fulviguttella,  Zell.      Pembury,  Lee 

—  tripuncta.    Haw.      Greenhithe,    Tenterden, 

Pembury 

—  augustella,  Hb.      Bexley,  Mottingham 

—  lunaris.  Haw.     Lewisham,  Bexley,  Eltham, 

Pembury,  Chislehurst,  Lee,  Darenth 

—  lambdella,  Don.      Charlton 

—  tinctella,  Hb.    West  Wickham,  Chattenden, 

Pembury 


INSECTS 


CEcophora  panzerella,  St.  Plumstead^  Bexley, 
Swanscombe,  Sea/,  Darenth 

—  unitella,  Hb.      Lee,  Pembury,  Stone,  Bexley 

—  flavifrontella,   Hb.      Eltham,    West   Wick- 

ham,   Pembury,  Bexley,   Chislehurst 

—  fuscescens,  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  pseudospretella,  Sta.         „  „ 
CEcogenia  quadripuncta,  Haw.     Lee,  Eltham, 

Chislehurst,  Forest  Hill 

Endrosis  fenestrella,  Scop.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

Butalis  grandipennis,  Haw.      Pembury 

—  senescens,  Sta.      Shoreham,  Alkham 

—  laminella,  H.S.     Cuxton 
Amphisbatis  incongruella,  Sta.    West  Wickham 
Pancalia  latreillella,  Curt.      Pembury 

—  lewenhcekella,    L.        Shoreham,    Alkham, 

Bexley,  Farningham,  Pembury,  Darenth 

GLYPHIPTERYGIDiE 

Acrolepia  perlepidella,  Sta.     Darenth 

—  pygmasana,  Haw.,  St.     Lewisham 
Roslerstammia    erxlebenella,    Fb.       Darenth, 

Bexley,   Chislehurst,   Eltham,   Pembury 
Glyphipteryx  fuscoviridella,  Haw.     Generally 
distributed 

—  thrasonella,  Scop.     Generally  distributed 

—  equitella,  Scop.,  Sta.      Lee,  Cliffe 

—  forsterella,     Fb.       Chattenden,     Pembury, 

Tenterden 

—  fischeriella,  Zell.     Generally  distributed 
^chmia   dentella,   Zell.      Plumstead,   Bexley, 

Greenhithe 

Perittia  obscurepunctella,  Sta.  Lee,  Tenterden, 
Lewisham,  Pembury 

Heliozele  sericiella.  Haw.  Generally  distri- 
buted 

—  stannella,  Dover 

—  resplendella,  Dougl.      Chislehurst,  Eltham, 

West  Wickham,  Beckenham,  Pembury 

—  betulz,  Sta.      Chislehurst 
Douglasia  ocnerostomella,  Sta.     Dover 

ARGYRESTHIIDiE 

Argyresthia  ephippella,  Fb.,  Sta.     Pembury 

—  nitidella,  Fb.,  Sta.     Generally  distributed 

—  semitestacella,     Curt.        Pembury,      West 

Wickham,  Bexley,   Shoreham 

—  spiniella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Pembury 

—  albistria.  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  conjugella,  Zell.     Plumstead,  West  Wick- 

ham, Bexley 

—  semifusca.  Haw.     Generally  distributed 

—  mendica.  Haw.     Greenhithe,  Bexley,  Chat- 

tenden, Darenth,  Pembury 

—  glaucinella,  Zell.    Eltham,  Darenth,  Bexley 

—  retinella,  Zell.      Generally  distributed 

—  dilectella,  Zell.     Lee 


Argyresthia  curvella,  L.,  Sta.  West  Wickham, 
Lee,  Bexley,  Charlton,  Chattenden,  Pem- 
bury, Tenterden 

—  pygmasella,  Hb.     Generally  distributed 

—  goedartella,  L.  „  „ 

—  brochella,  Hb.  „  „ 

—  atmoriella,  Bnks.      Bexley,  Chislehurst 

—  arceuthina,  Zell.      Shoreham 

—  aurulentella,  Zell.      Tenterden 

Cedestis  farinatella,  Dup.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  gysselinella,Dup.   Near  Walmer  and  Dover 
Ocnerostoma     piniariella,    Zell.       Generally 

distributed 
Zelleria  hepariella,  Mann.     Dartford  Heath, 
Pembury 

GRACILARIIDiE 

Gracilaria  alchimiella,  Scop.  Generally  dis- 
tributed 

—  stigmatella,  Fb.     Generally  distributed 

—  hemidactylella,  Fb.     Pembury 

—  populetorum,  Zell.     Birch  Wood 

—  elongella,  L.      Eltham,  Chislehurst,  Bexley, 

Tenterden 

—  tringipennella,     Zell.       Lee,     Chattenden, 

Chislehurst,  Alkham,   Pembury 

—  syringella,  Fb.     Generally  distributed 

—  omissella,  Dougl.      Darenth,  Bexley,  Stone, 

Lee,  Plumstead,  Mottingham 

—  phasianpennella,  Hb.      Pembury 

—  auroguttella,  St.      West  Wickham,  Eltham, 

Lee,  Bexley,  Lewisham,  Tenterden 

—  ononidis,  Zell.      Pembury,  Dover 
Coriscium  brongniartellum,  Fb.  Bexley 

—  cuculippennellum,  Hb.     Dartford  Heath, 

Pembury 
Ornix  avellanella,  Sta.     Generally  distributed 

—  anglicella,  Sta.  „  „ 

—  betulae,  Sta.  „  „ 

—  scutulatella,  Sta.     Dartford  Heath 

—  torquillella,  Sta.      Pembury 

—  guttea,    Haw.      Lee,   Eltham,   Chattenden, 

Darenth,  Pembury,    Tenterden 

COLEOPHORIDiE 

Goniodoma  auroguttella,  Fisch.      Gravesend 
Coleophora  fabriciella,  Vill.     Lee,  Forest  Hill 

—  deauratella.  Lien.      Pembury,  Lee 

—  fuscocuprella,    H.S.       Plumstead,    Bexley, 

Darenth,   Chattenden,  Stone 

—  alcyonipennella,    Kol.     Lee,   Bexley,  Alk- 

ham, Mottingham 

—  paripennella,  Zell.,  Sta.    Kidhrooke,  Chisle- 

hurst, Lee,  Darenth,  Bexley 

—  potentillae,  Sta.      Chislehurst 

—  wockeella,  Zell.      Canterbury,  Pembury 

—  ochrea.  Haw.      Alkham 

—  lixella,  Zell.      Shoreham,  Alkham,  Cuxton 


205 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Coleophora  vibicella,  Hb.      Chattenden 

—  conspicuella,  Mann.      Cuxton 

—  pyrrhulipennella.      Dartford  Heath 

—  albicosta,  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  vulnerarias,  Zell.      Deal 

—  anatipennella,  Hb.     Chattenden^  Folkestone, 

Lee,  Puddle  Dock,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  palliatella,     Zinck.       Eltham,     Pembury, 

Chattenden,    JFest    Wkkham,    Darenth, 
etc. 

—  ibipennella,  Heyd.    Chhlehunt,  Lewishani, 

Darenth,  JVeit  JVickham,  Bexley,  etc. 

—  ardeaspennella,  Scott.      Darenth,  Chatten- 

den, Eltham,  Bexley 

—  currucipennella,  Fisch.      Chattenden,  Ten- 

terden 

—  niveicostella,   Fisch.      Shoreham,  Dartford 

Heath,  Cuxton 

—  discordella,     Zell.       Shoreham,     Pembury, 

Forest  Hill 

—  genistas,  Sta.      Chlslehurst,  Dartford  Heath 

—  saturatella,   Sta.      Chattenden,    Lee,    Stone, 

Charlton 

—  onosmella,  Brahm.      Dover,  Alkham 

—  conyzas,  Zell.      Shoreham,  Cuxton,  Dover 

—  inflatae,  Sta.      Lee,  Swanlef,  Greenhithe 

—  therinella,  Tgstr.     Lee,  Mottlnghatn 

—  maritimella,  Sta.      Thames  marshes 

—  troglodytella,  Dup.     Generally  distributed 

—  lineolea,  Haw.  „  „ 

—  murinipennella,  Fisch.     Pembury 

—  casspititiella,  Zell.      Generally  distributed 

—  laripennella,  Zett.      Lee,  Shoreham 

—  apicella,  Sta.      Tunhridge  Wells 

—  argentula,  Zell.      Lee 

—  tripoliella,  Hodgn.      Thames  marshes 

—  virgaureae,     Sta.        Darenth,      Plumstead, 

Bexley,   etc. 

—  hemerobiella,  Scop.      Charlton 

—  juncicolella,  Sta.     Dartford  Heath,  Chlsle- 

hurst 

—  laricella,  Hb.    TVest  Wkkham,  Chlslehurst, 

Bexley 

—  albitarsella,  Zell.,  Sta.    Mottingham,  Dover, 

Plumstead,  Tenterden,  Lewisham 

—  nigricella,  St.,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  fuscedinella,    Zell.,    Sta.      Generally    dis- 

tributed 

—  gryphipennella,  Bouche.      Plumstead,  Lee, 

Tenterden,  Hither  Green 

—  siccifolia,  Sta.      Lewisham,  Tenterden 

—  bicolorella,   Scott.     Eltham,    West   Wkk- 

ham,  Greenhithe,  Mottingham 

—  viminetella,  Heyd.      Lee,  Eltham 

—  olivaceella,   Sta.      Bexley,    Lee,    St.   Mary 

Cray,    West   Wkkham 

—  solitariella,  Zell.      Generally  distributed 

—  lutipennella,  Zell.      Eltham,  Bexley 

—  badiipennella,   Fisch.       Erlth,    Lee,   Mot- 

tingham 


Coleophora  limosipennella,  Fisch.  Chlsle- 
hurst, Stone,  Bexley,  Darenth,  Abbey 
Wood,  Lewisharn 

—  wilkinsoni,     Scott.       Chlslehurst,     Bexley, 

Darenth 

ELACHISTIDiE 

Bedellia  somnulentella,    Zell.      Leiuisham 
Stathmopoda  pedella,  L.      Lewisham 
Cosmopteryx  eximia,  Haw.    Lewisham,  Seven- 
oaks 
Batrachedra  prasangusta,  Haw.    Lee,  Pembury, 
Bexley,  Eltham,  etc. 

—  pinicolella,  Dup.      Bexley,  Lee,  Dover 
CEnophila  v-flava,  Haw.      Beckenham 
Chauliodus  insecurellus,  Sta. 

—  illigerellus,  Hb.      Deal,  Chlslehurst,  Dover 
Laverna  propinquella,  Sta.    Chattenden,  Bexley 

—  miscella,  SchiiF.     Dover,  Greenhithe,  Alk- 

ham 

—  Stephens!,  Sta.      Greenhithe 

—  epilobiella,  Schr.      Generally  distributed 

—  ochraceella.  Curt.      Eltham,  Lee 

—  decorella,  St.      Pembury 

—  subbistrigella.     Haw.       Bexley,    Darenth, 

Pembury,  Falkham,  Halstead,  Chelsfield 

—  vinolentella,  H.S.      Lee 

—  hellerella,  Dup.      Bexley,  Lee,  Swanscombe, 

Eltham 

—  atra,  Haw.      Alkham,  Lewisham 

—  rhamniella,  Zell.      Greenhithe,  Pembury 
Chrysoclysta  linneella,  Clerck.      Lee,  Eltham 

—  bimaculella.      Elthatn,  Chattenden 

—  aurifrontella,  Hb.      Lee,  Eltham,  Pembury, 

Bexley,  Chattenden,  Charlton,  Chlslehurst 
Asychna  profugella,  Zell.      Kemsing 

—  modestella,     Dup.       Eltham,     Lewisham, 

Chattenden,   Pembury,   Stone 

—  asratella,  Zell.      Darenth,  Pembury 

—  terminella.  Dale.      West   JVkkham,  Pem- 

bury 
Antispila    pfeiiFerella,    Hb.      Eleham,    Bexley, 
Mottingham,  Alkham,    Let,  Stone,  Pem- 
bury, etc. 

—  treitschkiella,  Fisch.      Lewisham,   Dover, 

Plumstead,   Lee 
Stephensia  brunnichella,  L.,  Sta.      Shoreham 
Elachista    gleichenella,    Fb.,    Sta.      Pembury, 

West    Wickham,    Bexley,    Chattenden 

—  magnificella,  Tgstr.      West  Wickham 

—  albifrontella,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  atricomella,    Sta.      Alkham,    Lee,    Swans- 

combe,   Eltham,    Pembury,     Chattenden, 
Bexley 

—  luticomella,  Zell.,  Sta.    Beckenham,  Eltham, 

Lee,  Bexley,  Chattenden 

—  poae,  Dougl.      Leivisham,  Greenwich,  Lee 

—  cinereopunctella.  Haw.      Chattenden,  Ten- 

terden, Pembury 

—  trapeziella,  H.S.      West  Wkkham 


INSECTS 


Elachista  stabilella,  Sta.      Eltham,  Bexley 

—  nigrella,    Hb.      Eltham,    Alkham,   Becken- 

ham,  Sivanscombe,  Pembury,  Chislehunt 
— -  subnigrella,  Dougl.      Eltham 

—  humifis,  Zell.      IFest  Wkkham 

—  perplexella,  Sta.      Beckenham 

—  bedellella,  Sircom.      Pembury 

—  obscurella,  Sta.      Generally  distributed 

—  zonariella,  Tgstr.      Lee 

—  gangabella,    Fisch.     Alkham^    Chattenden, 

Beckenham,   Siuanscombe 

—  tasniatella,  Sta.      Bexley^  Chattenden,  West 

Wickham 

—  megerlella,  Zell.      Eltham,  Lee,  Darenth, 

Alkham,    Stone,     Chattenden,     Pembury, 
etc. 

—  adscitella,  Sta.     Eltham 

—  cerussella,  Hb.      Lewisham 

—  biatomella,  Sta.      Lee,  Dover,   Chattenden, 

Shoreham 

—  triatomea,  Haw.      Alkham,  Shoreham,  Lee, 

Dover 

—  pollinariella,     Zell.      Bexley,     Chattenden, 

Shoreham 
— -  rufocinerea,  Haw.      Generally  distributed 

—  subalbidella,  Schl.      IVest   Wickham,  Pem- 

bury, Chhlehunt 

—  argentella,  Clerck.   Folkestone,  Lee,  Eltham, 

Dover,  Chislehurst,  Darenth,  Alkham 
Tischeria  complanella,  Hb.     Chattenden,  Pem- 
bury, Mottingham,  West  Wickham,  Bex- 
ley, etc. 

—  dodonasa,   Heyd.      West  Wkkham,  Abbey 


Lithocolletis   salicicolella,    Sircom.       Eltham, 
Chislehurst,  Pembury,  Leivisham 

—  viminetorum,  Sta.      Lewisham,  Chislehurst 

—  carpinicolella,  Sta.     Mottingham,  Lee,  Bex- 

ley, Lewisham,  Pembury 

—  ulmifoliella,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  spinolella,  Dup.  ,,  „ 

—  quercifoliella,  Fisch.       „  „ 

—  messaniella,  Zell.  „  „ 

—  corylifoliella,  Haw.        ,,  „ 

—  viminiella,  Sircom.      Chislehurst,  Eltham 

—  scopariella,  Fisch.      Lee,  Dartford  Heath 

—  ulicicolella,  Vaughan.      Dartford  Heath 

—  alnifoliella,  Hb.      Generally  distributed 

—  heergeriella,  Zell.     Pembury,  Tenterden 

—  cramerella,  Fb.      Generally  distributed 

—  tenella,  Zell.      Mottingham,  Lee,  Bexley 

—  sylvella,  Haw.      Lewisham,  Pembury,  Bex- 

ley, Mottingham,  Kidbrooke,  Eltham,  Lee 

—  emberizoepennella.      West  Wickham,  Pem- 

bury, Bexley,  Eltham,  Darenth 

—  frolichiella,  Zell.      Tenterden 

—  dunningiella,  Sta.      Pembury,  Bexley 

—  nicellii,  Zell.      West  Wickham,  Plumstead, 

Bexley,  Lee,  Eltham 

—  settinensis,  Nicelli.      Eltham,  Beckenham 

—  schreberella,  Fb.     Lewisham,  Lee,  Dart- 

ford, Erith,  etc. 

—  tristrigella,  Haw.      Lewisham,  Bexley 

—  trifasciella,    Haw.       Tenterden,    Darenth, 

Bexley,   Seal,   Pembury 
- —  comparella,   Fisch.       Eltham,   Blackheath, 
Lee,  Beckenham 


—  marginea,  Haw.     Bexley,  Chislehurst,  Pem- 

bury, Eltham,  Tenterden,  etc. 

LITHOCOLLETID^ 

Lithocolletis  roboris,  Zell.      Tenterden 

—  lantanella,  Schr.     Greenhithe,  Stone,  Bexley, 

Pembury,  Shoreham,  Otford,  etc. 

—  irradiella,  Scott.      Beckenham 

—  bremiella,  Zell.      Bexley,  Darenth,  Stone 

—  lautella,  Zell.      Eltham,   Chislehurst,   Ten- 

terden, Pembury 

—  cavella,   Zell.      Chislehurst,    Bexley,    IVest 

Wickham,  Darenth 

—  concomitella,  Bkns.    Generally  distributed 

—  blancardella,  Fb.  „  „ 

—  oxyacanthae,  Frey.  „  „ 

—  sorbi,  Frey.     Lee 

—  cerasicolella,  H.S.      Greenhithe,  Bexley 

coryli,  Nicelli.      Kidbrooke,  Pembury,   Lee, 

Bexley 

—  spinicolella,    Kol.     Eltham,   Bexley,  Pem- 

bury 

—  faginella,   Mann.      West   Wickham,  Mot- 

tingham, Pembury 

—  mespilella,  Hb.     Lewisham,  Lee 

207 


LYONETIID^ 

Lyonetia  clerckella,  L.  Bexley,  Greenhithe, 
Pembury 

Phyllocnistis  suffusella,  Zell.  Beckenham,  Bex- 
ley, Chislehurst,  Mottingham,  Eltham, 
Riverhead,  Halstead 

—  saligna,  Zell.      Chislehurst,  Pembury 
Cemiostoma    spartifoliella,     Hb.        Pembury, 

Lee 

—  laburnella,  Heyd.      Lee,  Eltham,  Shoreham, 

Charlton 

—  scitella,  Zell.      Lee,  Tenterden,  Bexley 

—  wailesella,  Sta.     Tunhridge  Wells,  Pembury 
Opostega  salaciella,  Tr.      Dartford  Heath,  Lee 
Bucculatrix  nigricomella,  Zell.     Lee,  Motting- 
ham 

—  cidarella,    Tisch.      Eltham,   Bexley,   Pem- 

bury 

—  ulmella,  Mann.  Bexley,  Pembury,  Darenth, 

West  Wkkham 

—  artemisiella,  H.S.      Folkestone 

—  cratasgi,  Zell.     Bexley,  Chattenden,  Lewis- 

ham, Pembury 

—  demaryella,  Dup.      Darenth,  Pembury 

—  maritima,  Sta.      Thames  marshes 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Bucculatrix  boyerella,  Dup.      Eltham^  Bexley, 
Grcenhlthe,  Sidcup,  Mottingham,  Pembury 

—  frangulella,    Goze.      Darenth,    Tenterden, 

Pemlmry 

—  thoracella,  Thnb.      Bexiey 

—  cristatella,  Fisch.      Lee,  Black  Fen 

NEPTICULID^ 
Nepticula    atricapitella,    Haw.      Lewlsham, 
Eltham,    Beckenham,    Chattenden,    JVeit 
JVlckham 

—  ruficapitella,    Haw.      Chattenden,    Becken- 

ham,  Ehham,  TVest  JFickham,  Lewisham 

—  basiguttella,  Hein.      TVest  Wickham 

—  anomalella,  Goze.      Tenterden,  Beckenham, 

Lee,  Leivisham 

—  pygmaeella,  Haw.     Lewisham,  Mottingham 

—  pomella,  Vaughan.     Lewisham 

—  oxyacanthella,  Sta.      Lewisham,   Charlton, 

Dartford  Heath,   Mottingham 

—  aucuparias,  Frey.  (?)      West  Wickham 

—  viscerella,    Dougl.      Lewisham,    Norwood, 

Woodside,   West  Wickham 

—  catharticella,  Sta.      Alkham,  Darenth,  Lee, 

Leivisham 

—  septembrella,   Sta.      Chattenden,    Darenth, 

Beckenham,   Lewisham,    West    Wickham 

—  intimella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Dartford  Heath 

—  subbimaculella,  Haw.      Chattenden,  Chisle- 

hurst,  Lewisham,  Northfleet,  Pembury 

—  argyropeza,  Zell.      Beckenham 

—  subapicella,  Sta.  „ 

—  trimaculella,  Haw.  Eltham,  Lee,  Lewisham 

—  quinquella,  Bedell.,  Sta.     Beckenham,  West 

Wickham 

—  sericopeza,  Zell.      Dartford  Heath,  Lewis- 

ham 

—  floslactella,     Haw.       Bexley,     Chattenden, 

Darenth,  Eltham,   Lewisham,  Pembury, 
Tenter  den 

—  salicis,  Sta.      Chattenden,  Eltham,   Lewis- 

ham,  Southhorough 

—  microtheriella,  Wing.      Beckenham,   Chat- 

ham, Darenth,  Lewisham,  Plumstead 

—  betulicola,  St.      Chislehurst,  Darenth,  West 

Wickham 

—  ignobilella,  Sta.     Beckenham,  Lewisham 

—  argentipedella,  Zell.     Bexley,   Chislehurst, 

Darenth,  Eltham,  Dartford  Heath,  West 
Wickham 

—  plagicolella,  Sta.  Darenth,  Dartford  Heath, 

Eltham,  Lewisham 

—  turicella,  H.S.     Bexley 

—  basalella,  H.S.     Lewisham 

—  malella,  Sta.  „ 

—  angulifasciella,  Sta.      Beckenham,  Lewisham 

—  atricollis,  Sta.      Lewisham 

—  arcuatella,  H.S.      West  Wickham 

—  gratiosella,  Sta.     Lewisham,  Beckenham 

—  poterii.      Folkestone  Warren 


Nepticula  acetosa.      Folkestone  Warren 

—  ulmivora,  Hein.      West  Wickham 

—  marginicolella,  Sta.     Beckenham,  Lewisham, 

West  Wickham 

—  alnetella,  Sta.      Beckenham,  Eltham,  Leivis- 

ham 

—  glutinosae,  Sta.      Eltham 

—  continuella,  Sta.      Lewisham 

—  aenofasciella,  H.S.      Folkestone 

—  aurella,   Fb.     Lewisham,  West    Wickham, 

Tenter  den 

—  gei,  Wk.      Chislehurst 

—  splendidissimella,  H.S. 

—  luteella,  Sta.      Dartford  Heath,  Lewisham, 

West  Wickham 

—  regiella,  H.S.      Darenth,  Dartford  Heath 
Trifurcula  atrifrontella,  Sta.   Bexley,  Lewisham 

—  squamatella,  Sta.      Charlton 

—  immundella,  Zell.,  Sta.      Charlton,  Lee 

—  pulverosella,  Sta.     Lewisham,  Eltham 

PTEROPHORI 

Agdistes  bennettii,  Curt.      Gravesend,  Sheerness 
Cncemidorphus  rhododactylus,  Fb.  Chattenden, 

Lewisham,  Plumstead 
Platyptilia    bertrami,    Hb.      Dover,    Alkham, 

Pembury 

—  gonodactyla,  SchifF.    Generally  distributed 

—  zetterstedtii.      Sydenham,  Dover 
Amblyptilia    acanthodactyla,  Hb.     Generally 

distributed 

—  cosmodactyla,  Hb.      Pembury,  Dover 

—  parvidactylus.      Alkham,  Charlton,  Cuxton, 

Pembury,  Shoreham 

—  teucrii.  Greening.      Shoreham,  Dover 

—  laetus,  Zell.     Dover,  St.  Margaret's  Bay 

—  pilosellae,  Zell.      Dover,  Folkestone 
Mimoeseoptilus  phaeodactylus,  Hb.      Alkham, 

Bexley,  Cuxton,  Lee,  Shoreham 

—  bipunctidactylus.  Haw.  Chattenden,  Dover, 

Pembury,  Alkham 

—  plagiodactyla,  Stn.      Chattenden,  Shoreham 

—  pterodactylus,  L.      Generally  distributed 
CEdematophorus  lithodactylus,  Tr,      Chatten- 
den, Dover 

Pterophorus    monodactylus,     L.       Generally 

distributed 
Leioptilus    lienigianus,    Zell.      Deal,    Dover, 

Eltham,  Lee,  Bexley,  Mottingham 

—  tephradactylus,  Hb.      Pembury,  Dover 

—  osteodactylus,  Zell.      Darenth,  Dover 

—  microdactylus,  Hb.     Alkham,  Dover,  Pem- 

bury 
Aciptilia  galactodactyla,  Hb.    Bexley,  Ightham, 
Darenth,  Shoreham,  Pembury,  Tcnterden 

—  baliodactyla,  Zell.      Dover 

—  tetradactyla,  L.    Shoreham,  Dover,  Alkham, 

Pembury 

—  pciitadactyla,  L.      Generally  distributed 
Alucita  polydactyla.  „  „ 


208 


INSECTS 


DIPTERA 

Flies 

In  consequence  of  the  paucity  of  collectors  of  this  order,  especially 
in  Kent,  I  am  only  able  to  supply  the  following  meagre  list  of  Diptera. 
It  contains  the  names  of  such  species  as  are  known  by  me  to  occur  in 
Kent,  supplemented  by  the  names  of  species  whose  occurrence  in  the 
county  has  been  recorded  by  Walker,  Curtis,  Haliday,  Verrall  and 
others. 

A  large  number  of  species  are  recorded  by  Verrall  in  his  British 
Flies,  vol.  viii.,  and  in  his  '  List  of  British  Tipulidse'  {E.M.M.  vol.  xxiii. 
1888),  with  indefinite  localities,  such  as  '  Penzance  to  Tongue.'  Probably 
all  these  occur  in  the  county,  but  they  have  not  been  collated  where  a 
definite  Kentish  locality  cannot  be  assigned  to  them. 

Many  common  species,  e.g.  Ciilex  pipiens,  Musca  domestica,  etc.,  etc., 
must  occur,  but  as  they  have  not  been  recorded,  nor  are  specimens  of 
them  in  local  collections,  they  are  omitted. 

A  list  of  Diptera  taken  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Maidstone  has  been 
sent  me  by  Mr.  H.  Elgar,  and  thirty-one  species  therefrom  have  been 
added  to  my  list.  Mr.  Elgar  has  also  sent  many  additional  localities, 
which  are  also  enumerated,  for  species  already  recorded. 

After  all  the  total  number  of  species  for  the  county  does  not  reach 
350,  a  poor  proportion  out  of  the  2,800  named  in  Verrall's  'List' 
ed.  2. 

PULICIDit 

Hystrichopsylla  talps,  Curt.     Halstow 
Cecidomyid^ 

Cecidomyia  reaumurii,  Brein.      JVye  (galls 
only) 

Diplosis  botularia,  Wim.    Kent  (Theobald) 
Mycetophilid^ 

Empheria  pictipennis,  Hal.    Kent  (Walker) 

Platyura  marginata,*  Mg.    Barming  {E\g2.r) 

Macrocera  vittata,  Mg.      Bearsted 

—  stigma,  Curtis.  „ 

BlBIONID^ 

Scatopsc  notata,  Linn.     Maidstone 

—  incompleta,  Verr.      Abbey  Wood 

—  brevicornis,  Mg.      Folkestone 
Dilophus  febrilis,  Linn.       „ 
Bibio    venosus,    Mg.       Birch    Wood,    ?  St. 

Mary  Cray  (Curtis) 

—  laniger,  Mg.      Folkestone 

—  varipes,  Mg.      Bexley  (Haliday) 

—  marci,  Linn.      Common  (Elgar) 

—  hortulanus,  Linn.      „  „ 

—  johannis,  Linn.      Folkestone 

—  sp.  inc  near  hortulanus.     Bearsted 


Note. — Of  species  marked  with  an  *  either  the 
record  is  doubtful,  or  doubts  exist  as  to  whether 
the  locality  is  within  the  boundaries  of  the  county. 

—J.  w.  y. 
I  209 


Chironomid^ 

Chironomus  viridis,  Mcq.      Folkestone 
Ceratopogon  pictus,  Mg.      Kent  (Walker) 

CULICID^ 

Anopheles  maculipennis,  Mg.      Wye 

—  nigripes,  Stasg.     Wye  (Nuttall) 
Culex    diversus,    Theob.     Tunbridge  Wells 

(Theobald) 

—  dorsalis,  Mg.     Lewisham 

TiPULIDit 

Ptychoptera  contaminata,   Linn.      Graves- 
end 

—  paludosa,  Mg.      Bearsted 
Limnobia  nubeculosa,  Mg.      Folkestone 

—  analis,  Mg.,  Verr.      Plumstead 

—  nigropunctata,  Schum.      Darenth 

—  macrostigma,  Schum.     Tunbridge  Wells 
Dicranomyia  sericata,  Mg.      Kent  (Verrall, 

E.M.M.  vol.  xxiii.) 

—  pilipennis,Egg.    KentiVtrtzW,  E.M.M. 
vol.  xxiii.) 

Rhamphidia   longirostris,    Mg.      Tunbridge 

Wells 
Molophilus    appendiculatus,     Staeg.      Kent 

(Verrall,  E.M.M.  vol.  xxiii.) 

—  propinquus,       Egg.       Kent       (Verrall, 
E.M.M.  vol.^xxiii.) 

Erioptera  macropthalma,   Lw.      Tunbridge 
Wells 


27 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


TiPULiD^  (continued) 

Ephelia  submarmorata,Verr.  TunbridgefFel/s 
Limnophila    dispar,    Mg.     Kent    (Verrall, 
E.M.M.  vol.  xxHi.) 

—  ferruginea,  Mg.  Kent  (Verrall,  E.M.M. 

vol.  xxiii.) 

—  filata,  Walk.     Kent  (Verrall,  E.M.M. 

vol.  xxiii.) 
Adelphomyia   senilis,   Hal.      Kent  (Verrall, 

E.M.M.  vol.  xxiii.) 
Pachyrrhina    imperialis,     Mg.      St.    Mary 

Cray,  Tunbridge  Wells 

—  quadrifaria,  Mg.     Maidstone 

—  annulicornis,  Mg.      Tunbridge  JVells 
Tipula  varipennis,  Mg.      Folkestone 

—  scripta,  Mg.      Maidstone 

—  flavolineata,  Mg.      Darenth 

—  lateralis,  Mg.      Gravesend 

—  vernalis,  Mg.      Belvedere 

—  oleracea,  Linn.      Folkestone 

—  fascipennis,  Mg.  Kent  (Verrall,  E.M.M. 

vol.  xxiii.) 

—  ochracea,  Mg.      Tunbridge  Wells 
Dictenidia    bimaculata,     Linn.       Darenth 

(Curtis) 
Ctenophora  pectinicornis,  Linn.     Darenth 
(Curtis) 
Rhyphid^ 

Rhyphus  fenestralis,  Scop.      Bearsted 
Stratiomyid^ 

Pachygaster  atra,  Panz.      Maidstone 
Ephippium     thoracicum,      Ltr.       Darenth 

(Walk.  Dip.  Brit.) 
Nemotelus  pantherinus,  Linn.    North  Cray 
(Curtis) 

—  uliginosus,  Linn.      Gravesend 
Oxycera  pulchella,  Mg.     Belvedere 

—  trilineata.  Fab.     Belvedere,  Gravesend 
Stratiomys  furcata,  Fab.      Gravesend 

—  furcata  var.    riparia,    Mg.      Gravesend, 

Plumstcad 

—  longicornis,  Scop.    Gravesend,  Belvedere 
Odontomyia  ornata,  Mg.      Gravesend 

—  tigrina,  Fab.      Gravesend 

—  viridula.  Fab.  „ 

Chloromyia     formosa.     Scop.       Gravesend, 

Folkestone 
Microchrysa  polita,  Linn.      Bearsted 

—  flavicornis,  Mg.     Dover  (Curtis) 
Beris  clavipes,  Linn.      Bearsted 

—  vallata,  Forst.      Maidstone 

—  chalybeata,  Forst.      Darenth 
Leptid.* 

Atherix  ibis,  Fab.      Darenth  (Curtis) 

—  marginata.  Fab.         „  „ 
Symphoromyia  immaculata,  Fab.     Darenth 

(Walker) 
Chrysopila     helvola.*      Sandivich    (Curtis). 
Recorded    by    Curtis,    but     collated 
with  doubt 


AsiLiDi^; 

Dioctria  atricapilla,  Mg.      Gravesend 

—  rufipes,  Deg.      Gravesend 

—  baumhaueri,  Mg.      Bearsted 
Isopogon  brevirostris,  Mg.   Darenth  (Curtis) 
Laphria  marginata,  Linn.        „  „ 
Asilus     crabroniformis,    Linn.      Maidstone 

(Elgar) 
Neoitamus  cyanurus,  Lw.      Darenth 
Dysmachus  trigonus,  Mg.      Bearsted 

BOMBYLID^ 

Bombylius  discolor,  Mik.      Maidstone 

—  major,  Linn.      Maidstone,  Talding 
Systcechus  ctenopterus  (?)  *  and 
Exoprosopa     pandora  (r).*     Recorded    by 

Curtis,  but  probably  incorrect 
Anthrax  hottentota,  Linn.      Upper  Hailing 

(Elgar) 
Therevid^i: 

Thereva  plebeia,  Linn.     Folkestone 

ScENOPINIDjE 

Scenopinus  fenestralis,  Linn.     Bearsted 
Empid^ 

Empis  pennaria.  Fin.      Darenth 

—  lutea,  Mg.     Dover  (Curtis,  Platyptera 

ochrea) 

—  tessellata  Fab.  Common  (Elgar) 
Hilara  maura,  Fab.  St.  Mary  Cray 
Stilpon  graminum,  Fin.     Bexley  (Haliday) 

DoLICHOPODID^ 

Dolichopus  virgultorum,*   Hal.     Mailing 

—  clavipes,*  Hal.     Mailing 

—  asneus,  Deg.      Hythe 
Pcecilobothrus  nobilitatus,  Linn.    Gravesend 
Hercostomus  cretifer,   Wlk.      Harrietsham 

(Walker,  alulifer) 
Porphyrops  pencillata,  Lw.     Deal  (Verrall, 
E.M.M.  1894) 

—  nasuta.  Fin.     Deal  (Verrall,  E.M.M. 

1894) 
Xiphandrum  caliginosum,  Mg.   Abbey  Wood 
Scellus  notatus,  Fab.      Bromley  (Curtis) 
Platypezid^ 

Platycnema  pulicaria.  Fin.    St.  Mary  Cray 
Callimyia  amceiia,  Mg.      Kent  (Verrall) 

—  speciosa,  Mg.      St.  Mary  Cray 
Platypeza  consobrina,  Ztt.    St.  Alary  Cray 

—  rufa,  Mg.      St.  Mary  Cray 

—  fasciata,  Mg.        „  „ 

—  infumata,  Hal.      Kent  (Verrall) 

PlPUNCULID^ 

Chalarus  spurius,  Fin.      Kent  (Verrall) 
Verrallia  aucta,  Fin.  „  „ 

—  pilosa,  Ztt.  „  „ 

—  villosa  v.  Ros.  „  „ 
Pipunculus  furcatus.  Egg.  „            „ 

—  modestus,  Hal.      Kent  (Haliday) 

—  hasmorrhoidalis,  Ztt.      Abbey  Wood 

S^RPHID.^ 

Paragus  tibialis,  Fin.      Folkestone 


INSECTS 


Syrphid^  [continued) 

Pipizella  virens,  Fab.      Belvedere 

—  flavitarsis,*  Mg.     Barming  (Elgar) 

—  heringi,  Ztt.      5^.  Mary  Cray 
Pipiza  luteitarsis,  Ztt.      Darenth 

—  quadrimaculata,  Panz.      Folkestone 

—  bimaculata,*      Mg.       Upper      Hailing 

(Elgar) 

—  signata,  Mg.      Folkestone 
Chrysogastcr  solstitialis,  Fin.     Heme  Bay 
Chilosia  antiqua  (r),  Mg.    Deptford  (Curtis) 

—  scutellata,*  Fin.      Maidstone,    Barming 

(Elgar) 

—  variabilis  (?),  Panz.      Darenth  (Curtis) 

—  grossa,  Fin.     Darenth,  Talding 

—  soror,  Ztt.      Folkestone 

—  albipila,  Mg.      Kent  (Verrall) 

—  proxima,  Zett.     „  „ 
Platychirus  manicatus,  Mg.      Old  Charlton 

—  albimanus,  Fab.    Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  fulviventris,   Mcq.      Gravesend,    Belve- 

dere 

—  clypeatus,  Mg.      Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  angustatus,  Ztt.      Kent  (Verrall) 
Pyrophsena  granditarsa,  Forst.      Gravesend 

—  rosarum,  Fab.     Kent  (Verrall) 
Melanostoma  ambiguum,  Fin.      Darenth 

—  mellinum,  Linn.      Folkestone 

—  scalare,  Fab.      Plaxtol  (Elgar) 
Xanthandrus  comtus,  Harr.    Kent  (Verrall) 
Leucozona  lucorum,  Linn.      Folkestone 
Ischyrosyrphrus  laternarius,  Mull.      Heme 

Bay 
Catabomba  pyrastri,  Linn.      Dover 

—  selenitica,*  Mg.     West  Wickham  Wood 

(Verrall) 
Syrphus  albostriatus,  Fin.      Folkestone 

—  tricinctus,     Fall.      Barming,    Ightham, 

Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  venustus,  Mg.      Folkestone  (Elgar) 

—  vitripennis,    Mg.     Maidstone,    Ightham 

(Elgar) 

—  nitidicollis,  Mg.     Kent  (Verrall) 

—  latifasciatus,  Mcq.     „  „ 

—  coroUae,  Fab.     Maidstone 

—  luniger,  Mg.      Old  Charlton 

—  bifasciatus,     Fab.      Barming,     Ightham, 

Upper  Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  balteatus,    Deg.        Conheath,    Holling- 

bourne,  Barming  (Elgar) 

—  umbellatarum,  Fab.     Bearsted  (Elgar) 
Sphaerophoria  scripta,   Linn.    (var.    dispar, 

Lw.).     Old  Charlton 

—  menthasthri,     Linn.         Boxley,     Upper 

Hailing,  Barming  (Elger) 

—  flavicanda,  Ztt.      Darenth 
Xanthogramma        citrofasciatum,        Deg. 

Belvedere,  Folkestone 

—  ornatum,  Mg.    Talding,  Merton,  Fawk- 

ham 


Syrphid^  {continued) 

Bacchaobscuripennis,  Mg.  Bromley  (Curtis) 
Ascia  podagrica,  Fab.      Maidstone 

—  floralis,  Mg.     Maidstone 
Brachyopa  bicolor,  Fin.      Bearsted 
Rhingia  campestris,  Mg.      Belvedere 
Volucella  pellucens,  Linn.      Bearsted 

—  inflata,  Fab.    Barming  and  Upper  Hal- 

ling  (Elgar)  ;   Darenth  (Curtis) 

—  bombylans,  Linn.      Dover  (Curtis) 
Eristalis  sepulchralis,  Linn.      Old  Charlton 

—  aeneus,  Scop.      Heme  Bay,  Gravesend, 

Upper  Hailing 

—  tenax,  Linn.      Belvedere 

—  intricarius,    Linn.      Barming,  Barham, 

Abbey  Wood,  Boxley 

—  arbustorum,  Linn.     Heme  Bay 

—  pertinax,    Scop.     Hollingbourne,    Bred- 

hurst,  Boxley 

—  nemorum,  Linn.    Kent  (Curtis),  Barm- 

ing, Boxley 

—  horticola(?).    Kin£s  Wood,  near  Maid- 

stone (Elgar) 
Myiatropa  florea,  Linn.     Heme  Bay 
Helophilus    trivittatus,    Fab.     Dover,    Old 

Charlton 

—  hybridus,  Lw.      Old  Charlton 

—  pendulus,  Linn.      Old  Charlton,  Folke- 

stone 

—  transfugus,  Linn.      Old  Charlton 

—  lineatus,  Fab.     Kent  (Verrall) 

—  vittatus,  Mg.      Gravesend,  Belvedere 
Merodon  equestris,  Fab.      Beckenham 
Tropidia  scita,  Harr.      Gravesend 
Criorrhina  berberina,  Fab.    Banning,  Upper 

Hailing  (Elgar) 

—  oxyacanthas,  Mg.     Kent  (Verrall) 

—  floccosa,  Mg.      Maidstone  (Elgar) 

—  asilica,  Fin.      Kent  (Verrall) 
Xylota  segnis,  Linn.     Dover  (Curtis) 

—  sylvarum,  Linn.     Heme  Bay 

—  florum  (?),  Fab.      Barming  (Elgar) 
Syritta  pipiens,  Linn.      Folkestone 
Eumerus    strigatus,    Fin.     Darenth,   Abbey 

Wood,  Lee 

—  ornatus,  Mg.   Darenth,  Barming,  Upper 

Hailing 
Chrysochlamys    cuprea,    Scop.      Darenth, 

St.    Mary    Cray,    Tunbridge    Wells, 

Folkestone 
Chrysotoxum  cautum,  Harr.   Kent  (Verrall), 

Barming,  Upper  Hailing 

—  octomaculatum,  Curtis.   Merton,  Maid- 

stone 

—  elegans,  Lw.      Kent  (Verrall) 

—  festivum,  Linn.      Deal,  Upper  Hailing 

—  bicinctum,  Linn.      Deal,  Heme  Bay 

CoNOPIDiE 

Conops  quadrifasciatus,  Deg.     Birch  Wood, 
St.  Mary  Crayi))  (Curtis) 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CoNOPlDi*  {continued) 

Conops    flavipes,      Linnc.        Birch     Wood 

(Curtis) 
Physocephala  rufipes,  Fab.      Deal 
Oncomyia  atra,  Fab.      Dover  (Curtis) 
Sicus  ferrugineus,  Linn^.     Darenth,  Fawk- 

ham 
Myopa    buccata,    Linn.      Barming,    Bred- 
hunt  (Elgar) 

MuSCIDyE 

Meigenia       bisignata,      Mg.        Maidstone 

(Meade,  E.M.M.  1892) 
Ceromasia    senilis,    Mg.      Gravesend,    Old 

Charlton 
Gymnochaeta  viridis,  Fin.      Folkestone 
Exorista    fimbriata,    Mg.       Kent    (Meade, 

E.M.M.  1 891) 
Epicampocera  ambulans,  Mg.      Darenih 
Blepharidea  vulgaris.  Fin.  „ 

Myxexorista  macrops,  Br.  &  Berg.  Darenth 

(Verrall,  E.M.M.  1894) 
Eutachina  rustica,  Mg.      Old  Charlton 
Gonia  fasciata,  Mg.     Maidstone,  Bearsted, 

Dover 

—  divisa,  Mg.     Darenth,  Maidstone 

—  ornata,  Mg.      Darenth 

Somoleja    rebaptizata,    Rnd.       Gravesend, 

Old  Charlton 
Macquartia  tenebricosa,  Ing.      Darenth 

—  grisea,  Fin.      Darenth 

Thelaira  leucozona,  Panz.     Maidstone 
Myobia  sp.  inc.      Maidstone 
Olivieria  lateralis,  Fab.    Maidstone,  Graves- 
end 
Micropalpus  pudicus,  Rnd.      Bearsted 
Echinomyia  grossa,  Linnd.      Deal 

—  fera,  Linn.      Common  (Elgar) 
Servillia  ursina,  Mg.     Maidstone,  Barming 
Digonichaeta  setipennis.  Fin.     Maidstone 
Thryptocera  minutissima,  Ztt.    Old  Charl- 
ton 

Siphona   geniculata,    Deg.     Belvedere,   Old 

Charlton 
Allophora  pusilla,  Mg.      Gravesend 
Trixa  oestroidea,  Desv.      Belvedere 
Melanophora  atra,  Mcq.     Bearsted 

—  roralis,  Linn.      Maidstone 
Rhinophora  atramentaria,  Mg.      Belvedere 

—  simplicissima,  Lw.      Belvedere 
Sarcophaga  carnaria,  Linn.      Maidstone 

—  nigriventris,  Mg.      Folkestone,  Belvedere 

—  ofFuscata,  Schiner.      Folkestone 
Onesia  sepulchralis,  Linn.     Maidstone 
Nyctia  halterata,  Panz.     Maidstone,  Fawk- 

ham 
Melanomyia  nana,  Mg.      Maidstone 
Macronychia  agrestis.  Fin.      Blackheath 
Dexiosoma  caninum.  Fab.      Maidstone 
Stomoxys     calcitrans,     Linn.       Maidstone, 

Ramsgate,  Folkestone 


MusciD^  {continued) 

Pollenia  rudis,  Fab.      Maidstone 

—  vespillo.  Fab.     Maidstone,  Old  Charlton 
Musca  corvina.  Fab.       „  „ 
Graphomyia  maculata.  Scop.      Old  Charl- 
ton 

Myiospila  meditabunda,  Fab.  Old  Charl- 
ton, Folkestone,  Gravesend 

Mesembrina  meridiana,  Linn.  Maidstone 
(Elgar) 

Cyrtoneura  curvipes,  Mcq.     Maidstone 

—  hortorum,  Fin.      Maidstone,  Folkestone 

—  stabulans,  Fin.      Old  Charlton 
Protocalliphora   grcenlandica,   Ztt.     Belve- 
dere 

Calliphora  cognata,  Mg.     Maidstone 

—  micans,  Mg.     Belvedere 

—  erythrocephala,  Mg.    Folkestone,  Maid- 

stone 
Pyrellia  lasiophthalma,  Mcq.      Darenth 

—  eriophthalma,  Mcq.     Maidstone 
Lucilia  cornicina.  Fab.      Folkestone 

—  casar,  Linn.      Old  Charlton 

—  ruficeps,  Mg.      Maidstone 
Gastrophilus  equi,  Fab.     Deal 

[Recorded  by  Dr.  Meade,  but  collated 

with  doubt  : — 
?  Plesina  nigrisquama.    Maidstone  {E.M.M. 

1894) 
?  Aphria  ?  angustifrons.  Folkestone{E.M.M. 

1894) 
?  Exorista  biserialis.     Maidstone  {E.M.M. 

1891) 
?  Metopia  argyrocephala.     Kent  {E.  M.M. 

1892) 
?  Anachastopsis  ocyptenna.  Kent  {E.M.M. 

1892)] 
Anthomyid^ 

Mydea  urbana,*  Mg.      Mailing 

—  allotala,  Mg.      Lee  (Meade) 
Spilogaster  depuncta,*  Fin.      Mailing 
Hydrotasa  armipes.  Fab.     Darenth  (Curtis) 
Hydrophoria  conica,  W.      Darenth 
Hylemyia  puella,  Mg.  „ 
Chortophila  albescens,  Ztt.      Plumstead 

—  striolata,  Fin.      Darenth 

Allognota    agromyzella,    Rnd.      Tunhridge 

Wells 
Hoplogaster     mollicula,      Fin.       Darenth 

(Walker) 
Lispe  tentaculata,  Deg.     Old  Charlton 

CoRDYLURIDit 

Cordylura  umbrosa,  Mg.      Abbey  Wood 
Paralleloma  albipes,  Fin.      Darenth 
Cnemopogon  apicalis,  Mg.        „ 
Norellia  spinimana.  Fin.  „ 

Spathiophora  hydromyzina.  Fin.      Graves- 
end 
Ceratinostoma  ostiorum,   Hal.      Gravesend, 
Folkestone 


INSECTS 


CoRDYLURID.?:  {continued) 

Scatophaga  lutaria,  Fab.      Bearsted 

—  inquinata,  Mg.      Darenth 

—  stercoraria,  Linn.      Old  Charlton 

—  merdaria,  Fab.      Gravesend 

—  dalmatica,  Beck.         „ 

—  litorea,  Fin.  „ 

PHYCODROMIDiT 

Oiygma  luctuosum,  Mg.      Folkestoni 
Helomyzid^ 

Helomyza    olens,    Lw.    (pallida,     Fin.  ?). 
Darenth 

—  pectoralis,  Lw.     St.  Mary  Cray 

SCIOMYZID^ 

Dryomyza  flaveola,  Fab.      Bearsted 

—  flaveola    var.     zawadskii,     Schummel. 

Plumitead 
Sciomyza  dorsata,  Ztt.      Gravesend 
Tetanocera  elata,  Fab.      Maidstone 

—  laevifrons,  Lw.     Blackheath 

—  ferruginea,  Fin.      Gravesend 

—  robusta,  Lw.      Plumstead,  Belvedere 

—  reticulata,     Fab.     ( =  coryleti,    Scop.). 

Plumstead 

—  punctulata,  Scop.      Bearsted,  Folkestone 
Limnia  marginata.  Fab.    Gravesend,  Heme 

Bay 

—  unguicornis.  Scop.     Bearsted 

—  obliterata,  Fab.     Maidstone,  Belvedere 
Elgiva  albiseta.  Scop.      Plumstead 

—  rufa,  Panz.  Kidhrook,  Plumstead,  Graves- 

end 
Sepedon  spinipes.  Scop.      Blackheath 

—  sphegeus.  Fab.    Old  Charlton,  Darenth, 

Maidstone 

PsiLIDiE 

Chyliza  leptogaster,  Panz.     Bearsted 

MlCROPEZID.5: 

Micropeza  corrigiolata,  Linn.      Bearsted 
Ortalid^ 

Dorycera  graminum.  Fab.      Gravesend 
Ptilonota  centralis,  Fab.      Darenth 
Pteropsectria  nigrina,  Mg.      Bearsted 

—  frondescentise,   Linn.      Fawley 
Ceroxys  picta,  Mg.      Gravesend 

—  omissa,  Mg.  „ 
Anacampta     urtica;,      Linn.        Gravesend, 

Belvedere 
Platystoma  seminationis.    Fab.      Folkestone, 

Maidstone 
Rivellia    syngenesias.     Fab.     North    Cray 

(Curtis) 
Seoptera  vibrans,  Linn.     Bearsted,  Belvedere 
Ulidia  erythropthalma,  Mg.      Bearsted 
Chrysomyza  demandata,  Fab.     Old  Charl- 
ton 
Trypetid^ 

Acidia  heraclei,  Linn.   Old  Charlton,  Black- 
heath, Belvedere 


Trypetid^  [continued) 

Spilographa   zoe,   Mg.      Lewisham,   Maid- 
stone 
Trypeta  cornuta,  Fab.     Sittinghourne  (Cur- 
tis) 

—  onotrophes,  Lw.      Lexuisham 
Urophora  stylata.  Fab.      Heme  Bay 
Carpotricha  guttularis,   Mg.     Heme  Bay, 

Lewisham 
Tephritis  miliaria,  Schrk.     Catford 

LONCH^ID^ 

Palloptera  ustulata,  Fin.     Maidstone 

—  angelicas  v.  Ros.  „ 

—  (Toxoneura)   muliebris,   Harr.      Black- 

heath 
Sapromyzidj* 

Peplomyza  wiedemanii,  Lw.  Blackheath 
Sapromyza  lupulina,  Fab.      Bearsted 

—  fasciata,  Fin.      Gravesend 

—  pallidiventris.  Fin.      Bearsted 

—  obsoleta,  Fin.      Blackheath 

—  difformis,  Lw.     Maidstone 
■ —  rorida.  Fin.  „ 

—  praeusta,  Fin.  „ 

—  decipiens,  Lw.      Bearsted 

—  flaviventris,  Costa.      St.  Mary  Cray 
Lauxania  asnea,  Fin.      Barming  (Elgar) 

Opomyzid^ 

Opomyza  germinationis,  Linn.     Bearsted 
Pelethophila  flava,  Linn.     Bearsted,  Maid- 
stone 

Sepsid^ 

Henicita  annulipes,  Mg.      Bexley  (Curtis) 
Sepsis  pilipes,  v.  d.  Wulp.     Abbey  Wood 
Piophila  nigriceps,  Mg.      Gravesend 

EphydridjE 

Discomyza  incurva.  Fin.     St.  MargaretU 
Bay 

Chloropid^e 

Eurina  lurida,  Mg.      Plumstead 
Centor  nudipes,  Lw.        Bearsted 
Chloropisca  glabra,  Mg.       „ 
Anthracophaga  frontosa,  Mg.    Abbey  Wood 
Meromyza  lata,  Mg.      Lewisham 
Camarota  flavitarsis,  Mg.    Bexley  (Haliday, 
aurifrons) 

Agromyzid^ 

Ochthiphila  juncorum.  Fin.     Bearsted 

Phytomyzid^ 

Chromatomyia  obscurella.  Fin.      Tunbridge 
Wells 

HiPPOBOSCIDiE 

Hippobosca    equina  (?),    Linn.      Maidstone 

(Elgar)  ;   very  doubtful 
Ornithomyia  avicularia,  Linn.      Ramsgate  ; 

on  long-eared  owl 
Stenopteryx    hirundinis,    Linn.       Mailing, 

Larkfield  ;  on  house  martin  (Elgar) 


313 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


HEMIPTERA    HETEROPTERA 

Bugs 

In  this  division  of  the  Hemiptera  the  county  is  very  well  repre- 
sented, 330  species  having  been  recorded.  Darenth  Wood,  Birch  Wood 
and  Deal  are  all  historical  hunting  grounds,  and  have  produced  a  great 
number  of  rarities.  Three  species  only  figure  as  peculiar  to  the  county 
so  far  as  records  will  allow  me  to  judge,  viz.  Eurygaster  nigra.  Fab.,  Jalla 
dumosa,  Lin.,  and  Aradus  aterrimus,  D.  &  S.  The  first  two  have  only 
occurred  at  Deal,  the  last  one  only  at  Darenth.  Another  Deal  rarity, 
Emblethis  verbasci.  Fab.,  has  only  occurred  elsewhere  in  the  Scilly  Islands, 
where  Mr.  Champion  took  it  in  some  numbers.  It  is  also  abundant  in 
Jersey. 


GYMNOCERATA 

PENTATOMIDit 

Odontoscelis,  Lap. 


knapweed 
Deal    (Hall), 


August ' 

Margate 


Generally  distributed 


fuliginosa,    Lin.      Deal   (Douglas    and 
Scott,  etc.) 
Corimelsena,  White 

—  scarabaoides,    Lin.       Deal  (Saunders), 

Margate  (Billups),  Chatham,  Darenth 
(Champion),   Folkestone   (Rye),    Dod- 
ington,  etc.   (Chitty) 
Eurygaster,  Lap. 

—  maura,  Lin.      Folkestone  (Douglas  and 

Scott,  etc.).  Deal  (Billups),  St.  Mar- 
garet's    Bay     (Newbery),     Chatham 
(Champion),     Dover,    '  common    by 
sweeping 
_  (Hall) 

—  nigra,    Fab. 

(Billups) 
Podops,  Lap. 

—  inuncta,  Fab, 
Sehirus,  Am.  S. 

—  bicolor,  Lin.      Generally  distributed 

—  biguttatus,  Lin.      Chalky  lanes  Dover, 

'not  common  '  (Hall),  Deal (B'Mups), 
Darenth,  Chatham  (Champion),  Dod- 
ington  (Chitty) 

—  morio,  Lin.     Higham,  Kent  (Billups) 
Gnathoconus,  Fieb. 

—  albomarginatus,  Fab.    Dover,  'common 

by  sweeping  in  lanes'  (Hall),  Deal 
(Billups,  etc.),  Hythe  (Blatch),  Hunt- 
ingfield  (Chitty),  Lee  (West) 

—  picipes,  Fall.      Bromley  (Saunders) 
Sciocoris,  Fall. 

—  cursitans,    Fab.       Deal   (Douglas    and 

Scott,  etc.) 
iElia,  Fab. 

—  acuminata,      Lin.  Darenth      Wood 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Huntingfield 
(Chitty),  Bickley  (Jennings) 

214 


PENTATOMiD^ffi  {continued) 
Neottiglossa,  Curt. 

—  inflexa,  WolfF.     Generally  distributed 
Eysarcoris,  Hahn. 

—  melanocephalus.  Fab.  Darenth  Wood 
(Douglas  and  Scott),  Chatham  (Cham- 
pion), Tonbridge  (Blatch),  Dodington 
(Chitty),  Tunbridge  Wells  (Billups), 
Farleigh,  Bredhurst,  BIrling  (Elgar), 
Hawkhurst  (Butler) 

—  aeneus.  Scop.     Faversham  (J.  J.  Walker) 
Pentatoma,  Oliv. 

—  baccarum,  Lin.  Cliffs,  Dover  (Hall), 
Bickley  (Jennings),  Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  prasina,  Lin.  Bromley,  bred  from 
larva  beaten  from  ivy  (West),  Maid- 
stone (Elgar),  Heme  Bay  (Butler), 
Huntingfield  (Chitty) 

Piezodorus,  Fieb. 

—  lituratus,  Fab.  Dover  (Hall),  Plumstead, 
Brockley,  Abbey  Wood  (West),  Mail- 
ing (Elgar) 

Tropicoris,  Hahn. 

—  rufipes,  Lin.  Dover  district  '  gene- 
rally distributed'  (Hall),  Shooters 
Hill  (West),  Huntingfield  (Chitty) 

Strachia,  Hahn. 

—  festiva,  Lin.  Lee  (Douglas  and  Scott), 
Kingswood,  near  Maidstone,  Oaken 
Wood,  Barming  (Elgar),  Dodington 
(Chitty) 

—  oleracea,  Lin.  CliSs,  Dover  (Hall), 
Deal  (Saunders),  Huntingfield  (Chitty) 

Picromerus,  Am.  S. 

—  bidens,  Lin.  Folkestone  on  ragwort 
(West),  Boxley  (El^ar),  Deal  (New- 
bery) 

Podisus,  H.S. 

—  luridus.  Fab.  Darenth  (Champion), 
Abbey  Wood  (West) 

Jalla,  Hahn. 

—  dumosa,  Lin.      Larva,  Deal  (Saunders) 


INSECTS 


Pentatomid^  (continued) 
Zicrona,  Am.  S. 

—  coerulea,   Lin.       Chatham,  Canterbury, 

Hlgham  (Champion) 

ACANTHOSOMID^ 

Acanthosoma,  Curt. 

—  haemorrhoidale,     Lin.        Deal     (Hall), 

Abbey  Wood,  Lewisham  (West), 
Barming  (Elgar),  Dodington 
(Chitty) 

—  dentatum,  De  G.     Plumstead  (Billups), 

Shooters  Hill,  on  oaks  (West) 

—  interstinctum,  Lin.      Shooters   Hill,  on 

birches  (West),  Her>ie  Bay  (Butler), 
Dodington  (Chitty) 

CoREIDiE 

Enoplops,  Am.  S. 

—  scapha.  Fab.      Folkestone  (Douglas  and 

Scott),    St.    Margaret's     Bay    (Hall, 
etc.).      Sandwich      (Billups),      Dover 
(Newbery) 
Syromastes,  Latr. 

—  marginatus,  Lin.      Dover  (Hall),  Deal, 

Blean   Woods  (Chitty) 
Verlusia,  Spin. 

—  rhombea,  Lin.    Deal  (Douglas),  Darenth 

(Champion) 
Pseudophlasus,  Burm. 

—  fallenii,    Schill.       Deal    (Douglas    and 

Scott,  etc.) 
Bathysolen,  Fieb. 

—  nubilus.  Fall.      Deal  (Scott) 
Ceraleptus,  Cost. 

—  lividus.    Stein.      Deal    (Power,    etc.), 

Chattenden   (Champion) 
Coreus,  Fab. 

—  denticulatus,  Scop.     Darenth,  Folkestone, 

Eltham  (Douglas  and  Scott,  etc.), 
Plumstead  (Champion),  Tonbridge 
(Blatch),  Margate  (Billups),  Lee 
(West),  Deal  (Newbery),  Dodington 
(Chitty) 
Alydus,  Fab. 

—  calcaratus,     Lin.      Plumstead    Common, 

Folkestone  (Douglas  and  Scott) 
Stenocephalus,  Latr. 

—  agilis,  Scop.      Folkestone  (Hall),  Darenth 

(Champion),   Oaken    Wood,  Barming 
(Elgar) 
Corizus,  Fall. 

—  crassicornis,  Lin.     Deal  (Champion) 

—  maculatus,  Fieb.      Sandwich  (Billups) 

—  capitatus.      Fab.       Sheppey,       Chatham 

(Champion),  Heme  Bay  (Saunders, 
etc.).  Oaken  Wood,  Barming  (Elgar), 
Huntingfield  (Chitty) 

—  parumpunctatus,  Schill.    Deal  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Chatham  (Champion), 
Huntingfield  (Chitty),  Abbey  Wood 
(West) 


CoREID^  {continued) 
Myrmus,  Hahn. 

—  myriformis,      Fall.        Dartford     Brent 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Folkestone,  Dover, 
Deal     (Hall),     Swalecliffc      (Butler), 
Kidhrook  (West),  Dodington  (Chitty) 
Chorosoma,  Curt. 

—  schilling!,  Schml.     Deal  (Douglas  and 

Scott,  etc.),  Yarmouth  (J.  C.  Dale), 
Margate  (Billups),  Swalecliffe  Marsh 
(Butler) 
Berytid.*; 
Neides,  Latr. 

—  tipularius,  Lin.    Deal,  Folkestone  (Doug- 

las and  Scott) 
Berytus,  Fab. 

—  clavipes.  Fab.      Darenth   Wood,  Folkes- 

stone  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Whitstable 
(Champion) 

—  minor,  H.S.     Deal,  Charlton  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Lee  (West) 

—  signoreti,  Fieb.     West  Wickham  Wood, 

Deal  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall) 

—  montivagus,  Fieb.      Folkestone,  Charlton 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Sheppey,  Chatham 
(Champion),  Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  crassipes,    H.S.      Bexley    (Douglas    and 

Scott) 
Metacanthus,  Cost. 

—  punctipes.     Germ.        Folkestone,     Deal 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 

Lygaeus,  Fab. 

—  equestris,    Lin.       5/.    Margaret's    Bay 

(Hall) 
Nysius,  Dall. 

—  lineatus.  Cost.      Plumstead  (West) 

—  thymi,    WolfF.      Deal    (Douglas    and 

Scott,     etc.),     Swalecliffe,     abundant 
(Butler) 
Cymus,  Hahn. 

—  glandicolor,  Hahn.      Lee  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Grove  Park  (West) 

—  claviculus.  Fall.    Deal,  Dartford,  Lewis- 

ham  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Plumstead 
marshes  (West) 
Ischnorhynchus,  Fieb. 

—  resedas,  Panz.      Deal  (Butler),  Darenth 

(Champion),  Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  geminatus,  Fieb.      Plumstead  (West) 
Ischnodemus,  Fieb. 

—  sabuleti,  Fall.     Folkestone  (Lewis) 
Henestaris,  Spin. 

—  laticeps.  Curt.      Deal  (Billups) 

—  halophilus,  Burm.    Hampton, nar  Heme 

Bay    (Saunders),    Whitstable,  Sheppey 
(Champion),      Szvalecliffe       (Butler), 
Dodington   (Chitty) 
Chilacis,  Fieb. 

—  typhae,  Perr.      Deal 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


LvG^IDiC  {continued) 
Heterogaster,  Schill. 

—  urticEC,  Fab.      Deal,  Charlton  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Abbey  Wood  (West) 
Rhyparochromus,  Curt. 

—  antennatus,    Schill.       Sheerness,    JVhit- 

itable,  Chatham  (Champion),  Heme 
Bay  (Saunders) 

—  prastextatus,  H.S.      Deal  (Douglas  and 

Scott,  etc.). 

—  dilatatus,  H.S.      Deal  (Billups),  Shooters 

Hill,  Blackheath  (West),  near  Faver- 
sham  (Chitty) 

—  chiragra.      Fab.       Deal     (Billups), 

Heme     Bay    (Saunders),     Dodington 
(Chitty) 
Ischnocoris,  Fieb. 

—  angustulus,  Boh.      Dartford,   Tunhridge 

^JVelh  (Douglas  and  Scott) 
Macrodema,  Fieb. 

—  micropterum.    Curt.      Plumstead,    Tun- 

bridge  JVells  (Douglas  and  Scott) 
Pionosomus,  Fieb. 

—  varius,  WolfF.      Sandwich  (Curtis,  etc.). 

Deal  (J.  J.  Walker) 
Plinthisus,  Fieb. 

—  brevipennis,      Latr.       Deal,     Dartford 

Heath  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Sheemess, 
Sheppey,  Chatham  (Champion),   Dod- 
ington   (Chitty),     Folkestone    (West), 
Dover   (Hall) 
Lasiosomus,  Fieb. 

—  enervis,    H.S.       Chatham    (Champion), 

Huntingheld  (Chitty) 
Acompus,  Fieb. 

—  rufipes,     WolfF.        Snodland,     Chatham 

(Champion) 
Stygnus,  Fieb. 

—  rusticus,  Fall.    Lee,  Beckenham  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Swalaliffe  (Butler) 

—  pcdestris.  Fall.  Dartford  Brent  {Dous}2S 

and  Scott),  Deal,  Dover  (Hall),  Tole- 
hurst  (Chitty),  Lee  (West) 

—  arenarius,  Hahn.      Deal,  Dover  (Hall), 

Lee     (West),      Swaleclife     (Butler), 
Dodington   (Chitty) 
Peritrechus,  Fieb. 

—  geniculatus,  Hahn.    Lee  (West),  Sivale- 

cliffe  (Butler),  Bickley  (Jennings) 

—  nubilus.  Fall.      Dartford  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Whitstable,  Deal,  ^Southend 
(Champion),  Heme  Bay  (Saunders), 
Swaleclife  (Butler) 

—  luniger,       Schill.        Darenth,       Bexley 

(Douglas    and    Scott),    Deal   (Saun- 
ders),   Dover    (Hall),    Shooters    Hill 
(West),  Hothfield  Heath  (Elgar) 
Trapezonotus,  Fieb. 

—  distinguendus,  Flor.    Whitstable  (Cham- 

pion), Dodington  (Chitty) 


h\GJS.lV)M  {continued) 

Trapezonotus  agrestis,  Panz.  D^o/ (Douglas 
and  Scott),  Darenth  Wood  (Douglas), 
SwalecHffe{^\xt.\cx),  Dodington  iCWMly) 
Aphanus,  Lap. 

—  rolandri,  Lin.      Darenth  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Dartford,  Plumstead  (Cham- 
pion) 

—  lynccus.  Fab.     Dartford  Heath  (Scott), 

Deal  (Douglas,  etc.). 

—  pedestris,    Panz.       Lee    (Douglas    and 

Scott,  etc.),  Ashford  (Marshall), 
Gravesend 

—  pini,  Lin.      Chatham,  Darenth  (Cham- 

pion), Dodington  (Chitty) 
Emblethis,  Fieb. 

—  verbasci.  Fab.      Deal 
Eremocoris,  Fieb. 

—  fenestratus,  H.S.     Chatham  (Champion) 
Drymus,  Fieb. 

—  pilicornis,  M.  &  R.      Sheppey  (Cham- 

pion) 

—  sylvaticus.     Fab.       Donjer     (Hall),    Lee 

(West),  Deal  (Newbery),  Swalecliffe 
(Butler),   Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  brunneus.  Sahib.      Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  piceus,  Flor.      Broadivater  Forest,  Tun- 

hridge Wells  (Saunders) 
Notochilus,  Fieb. 

—  contractus,  H.S.     Generally  distributed 
Scolopostethus,  Fieb. 

—  affinis,  Schill.     Dover  district,  common 

(Hall)  ;  Lee,  Lewisham,  Kidhrook, 
West  Wickham  Wood  (West),  Hunt- 
ingfield  (Chitty) 

—  grandis,  Horv.    Tunhridge  Wells  (Saun- 

ders) 

—  neglectus,    Edw.      Dover    (Hall),    Lee, 

Lewisham,  Kidhrook  (West),  St. 
Margaret's  Bay  (Saunders) 

—  decoratus,  Hahn.      Dover  (Hall),  Plum- 

stead (West),  Tolehurst  (Chitty) 
Gastrodes,  Westw. 

—  ferrugineus,   Lin.      Birch   Wood  (Mar- 

shall) 

TlNGIDID^ 

Piesma,  Lap. 

—  quad  rata,     Fieb.       Plumstead    Marshes 

(West),  Dover,  St.  Radegunds  (New- 
bery), Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  capitata,  WolfF.     Lee,  Bickley  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Deal  (New- 
bery), Dodington  (Chitty) 
Serenthia,  Spin. 

—  Iseta,     Fall.       Deal,     Tunhridge     Wells 

(Douglas    and     Scott),     Heme    Bay 
(Saunders),         Sheppey,        Whitstable 
(Champion) 
Campylostira,  Fieb. 

—  verna,  Fall.     Chatham  (Champion) 

i6 


INSECTS 


TiNGlDlD/E  (continued) 
Acalypta,  West. 

—  brunnea,       Germ.        Darenth       Wood 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 

—  parvula,   Fall.      Dover  district,   'abun- 

dant'     (Hall),      Deal      (Newbery), 
Whitstable     (Butler),     Bickley     (Jen- 
nings), Dodington   (Chitty) 
Dictyonota,  Curt. 

—  crassicornis,   Fall.       Eltham,   Plumstead 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Deal  (Hall), 
Dover  (Newbery),  Dodington  (Chitty), 
Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  strichnocera,     Fieb.       Dartford    Brent 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Blackheath  (West) 

—  fuliginosa,    Costa.      Plunutead    (West), 

Maidstone  (Elgar) 
Derephysia,  Spin. 

—  foliacea.      Fall.        Blackheath     (West), 

Dover  (Newbery),  Heme  Bay  (But- 
ler),     Dodington     (Chitty),      Bickley 
(Jennings) 
Monanthia,  Lep. 

—  ampliata,  Fieb.    Lee,  Chidehurst  (Doug- 

las and  Scott),  Chatham  (Champion), 
Kidbrook  (West) 

—  cardui,  Lin.      Dover,  Deal  (Hall),  Kid- 

brook  (West),  Swaleclife  (Butler) 

—  ciliata,  Fieb.      Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  costata,  Fab.     Tunbridge  TVelh  (Cham- 

pion), Folkestone  (Rye),  Margate, 
Deal  (Billups),   Chatham  (West) 

—  dumetorum,   H.S.     Lee  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Swalecliffe  (Butler),  Darenth 
(Champion) 

—  simplex,  H.S.     Bexley  (Scott),  Folkestone, 

Darenth,  Chatham  (Champion) 
- —  humuli.  Fab.     Lee  (Douglas  and  Scott) 

ARADIDiE 

Aradus,  Fab. 

—  depressus,    Fab.       Bromley    (Saunders), 

Darenth  Wood  (Marshall),  Tonbridge 
(Blatch),  Dodington  (Chitty),  Chat- 
ham,  Sevenoaks  (Champion) 

—  corticalis,  Lin.      West  Wickham  (Doug- 

las and  Scott) 

—  aterrimus,    D.   &   S.       Darenth    Wood 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 
Aneurus,  Curt. 

—  Isvis,  Fab.    Bromley  (Saunders),  Darenth 

Wood  (Marshall),   Chatham    (Cham- 
pion) 
Hebrid^ 

Hebrus,  Curt. 

—  pusillus,      Fall.        Plumstead     Marshes 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 

HYDROMETRIDiE 

Hydrometra,  Latr. 

—  stagnorum,   Lin.      Dover  (Hall),   Cat- 

ford  (West),    Tolehurst  (Chitty) 


Hydrometrid^  [continued) 
Microvelia,  West. 

—  pygmaea,  Duf.  Plumstead  Marshes 
(Douglas  and  Scott),  Grove  Park, 
Lee  (West) 

Vclia,  Latr. 
•    —  currens,     Fab.        Dover     (Hall),     Lee, 
Catford  (West),  Allington  (Elgar) 
Gerris,  Fab. 

—  paludum,  Fab.      Eltham 

—  najas,  De  G.      Catford  (West) 

—  thoracica,  Schum.  Dover  (Hall),  Plum- 
stead Marshes  (West),  Sandwich  (New- 
bery) 

—  gibbifera,  Schum.  Lee,  Catford 
(West) 

—  lacustris,  Lin.  Lee,  Catford  (West), 
Swaleclife  (Butler) 

—  odontogaster,  Zett.  Lee  (West),  Folke- 
stone Warren  (Newbery) 

—  argentata,  Schum.      Catford  (West) 
Reduviid^ 

Ploiaria,  Scop. 

—  vagabunda,  Lin.  Lee  (Douglas  and 
Scott),  Blackheath  (West),  Swaleclife 
(Butler) 

Reduvius,  Fab. 

—  personatus,  Lin.  Deal,  Dover  (Hall), 
Maidstone,  Boxley  (Elgar) 

Coranus,  Curt. 

—  subapterus,  De  G.  Deal  (Douglas  and 
Scott,  etc.) 

Prostemma,  Lap. 

—  guttula,  Fab.  Sandwich,  1837  (Ken- 
nedy),  Charlton   (Janson) 

Nabis,  Latr. 

—  brevipennis,  Hahn.  Darenth  (Mar- 
shall), Bromley  (Saunders),  Dover 
(Hall),  Lee  (West) 

—  lativentris.  Boh.  Dover  (Hall),  Lee 
(West),  Kingsdown   (Newbery) 

—  major.  Cost.  Dover  (Hall),  Lee,  Lewis- 
ham,  Kidbrook  (West),  Deal  (New- 
bery),  Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  flavomarginatus,  Scholtz.  Deal,  Heme 
Bay  (Saunders),  Swalecliffe  Marsh, 
Whitstable  (Butler),  Kidbrook  (West) 

—  limbatus,  Dahlb.  Dover  (Hall),  Kid- 
brook (West),  Deal  (Newbery),  Swale- 
cliffe (Butler) 

—  lineatus,  Dahlb.  Heme  Bay  (Saun- 
ders, etc.) 

—  ferus,  Lin.  Dover  (Hall),  Kidbrook 
(West),  Deal  (Newbery),  Swalecliffe 
(Butler) 

—  rugosus,  Lin.  Dover  (Hall),  Lee, 
"Lewisham,  Plumstead  (West),  Maid- 
stone (Elgar) 

—  ericetorum,  Scholtz.  Dover  (Hall), 
Plumstead  (West) 

217  28 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Salda,  Fab. 

—  pilosa,  Fall.    Sandwich  (Curtis),  Pegwell 

Bay  (Saunders),  Margate  (Billups), 
Sheppey  (Champion) 

—  saltatoria,     Lin.       Lee     (West),     Deal 

(Newbery) 

—  pallipes,     Fab.       Deal    (Douglas     and 

Scott) 

—  pilosella,    Thorns.       Gravesend,    Mar- 

gate (Billups),  Deal  (Newbery), 
JVhitstable  (Butler) 

—  orthochila,      Fieb.       Tunbridge      JVelh 

(Saunders) 

—  littoralis,  Lin.      Deal^  Sheerness  (Doug- 

las and  Scott),  JVhitstable  (Butler) 

—  lateralis.     Fall.       Deal    (Douglas    and 

Scott),  Sheppey,  Whitstable  (Cham- 
pion, etc.),  Margate  (Billups),  Peg- 
well  Bay  (Saunders) 

—  cincta,    H.S.      Lee,    Eltham    (Douglas 

and  Scott,  etc.) 

ClMICID^ 

Ceratocombus,  Sign. 

—  coleoptratus,  Zett.      Bexley  (Champion) 
Cimex,  Lin. 

—  lectularius,  Lin.    Dover,  '  perhaps  rarer 

than  in  some  towns '  (Hall)  ;  Green- 
wich (West) ;   possibly  occurs    else- 
where but  not  recorded  (E.S.) 
Lyctocoris 

—  campestris,   Fall.      Dover  (Hall),   Kid- 

brook  (West),  Swalecliffe  (Butler) 
Piezostethus,  Fieb. 

—  galactinus,    Fieb.       Lewisham    (West), 

Swalecliffe  (Butler) 
Temnostethus,  Fieb. 

—  pusillus,    H.S.      Darenth    Wood,    Tun- 

bridge   JVelh    (Douglas   and    Scott), 
Stvalecliffe  (Butler) 
Anthocoris,  Fall. 

—  confusus,  Reut.      Darenth  (Champion), 

Blackheath,  Lee,  Lewisham  (West) 

—  nemoralis.  Fab.      Dover  district,  abun- 

dant (Hall),  Blackheath,  Lee,  Lewis- 
ham   (West) 

—  sarothamni,  D.  &  S.     Lee  (Billups) 

—  sylvestris,   Lin.      Dover  district,  abun- 

dant  (Hall),   Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  gallarum  ulmi,  De  G.    Kidbrook  (West), 

St.   Radegunds  (Newbery) 
Tetraphleps,  Fieb. 

—  vittata,  Fieb.     Darenth  IVood  (Billups), 

Bostol  JVood,  Plumstead  (West) 
Acompocoris,  Reut. 

—  pygmaeus,    Fall.      Bostol    JVood,    Plum- 

stead  (West) 
Triphleps,  Fieb. 

—  nigra,  WolflF.     Tunbridge   JVells,  Heme 

Bay  (Saunders),  Plumstead  (West) 


ClMIClD^  {continued) 

Triphleps  majuscula,  Reut.  Heme  Bay 
(Saunders),  Deal  (Billups),  Lewisham 
(West),   Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  minuta,   Lin.      Lee,  Plumstead  Common 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Deal  (Hall) 
Cardiastethus,  Fieb. 

—  fasciiventris,  Garb.    Sheppey  (Champion) 
Xylocoris,  Duf. 

—  ater,  Duf.      Sittingbourne  (Champion) 
Microphysa,  Westw. 

—  pselaphiformis.     Curt.       Lee,    Darenth 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Bromley,   Tun- 
bridge JVells  (Saunders) 

—  elegantula,     Baer.       Tunbridge     JVells 

(Saunders) 
Myrmedobia,  Baer. 

—  distinguenda,  Reut.    Swalecliffe  (Butler) 
Capsidj^ 

Pithanus,  Fieb. 

—  masrkeli,  H.S.      Eltham  (Douglas  and 

Scott),    Dover    (Hall),    Lee    (West), 
Deal     (Newbery),     Dodington,     etc. 
(Chitty),   Swalecliffe  (Butler) 
Acetropis,  Fieb. 

—  gimmerthalii,      Flor.         Birch      JVood 

(Power),      Deal     (Dale),      Kidbrook 
(West) 
Miris,  Fab. 

—  calcaratus.    Fall.       Lewisham,   Darenth 

(Douglas       and      Scott),     Folkestone, 
Deal  (West) 

—  lasvigatus,  Lin.      Generally  distributed 
Megalocera;a,  Fieb. 

—  erratica,  Lin.      Dover,  etc.  (Hall),  Kid- 

brook, Lee,  Lewisham  (West),  Little- 
stone     (Elgar),      Dodington     (Chitty), 
■       Deal,   Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  longicornis.   Fall.      Lee,    Bexley,   Dart- 

ford    (Douglas    and     Scott),    Dover 
(Hall),  Folkestone  (West) 

—  ruficornis,   Fourc.      Dartford,   Charlton 

(Douglas  and   Scott),   Dover   (Hall), 
Kidbrook,     Lee     (West),     Dodington, 
etc.   (Chitty),   Swalecliffe   (Butler) 
Teratocoris,  Fieb. 

—  antennatus,  Boh.    Hampton  near  Heme 

Bay  (Butler),  Sheppey  (Champion) 

—  saundersi,  D.  &  S.      JVhitstable  (But- 

ler), Deal  (Saunders) 
Leptopterna,  Fieb. 

—  ferrugata.  Fall.      Eltham  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Folkestone,  Kid- 
brook (West) 

—  dolobrata,  Lin.      Lee,  Eltham  (Douglas 

and    Scott),    Kidbrook,   Shooters    Hill 
(West),   Huntingdeld  (Chitty) 
Monalocoris,  Dahlb. 

—  filicis,   Lin.      Plumstead  (West),  Brom- 

ley (Saunders),   Tolehurst  (Chitty) 
I8 


INSECTS 


Capsid^  {continued) 
Bryocons,  Fall. 

—  pteridis,  Fall.     Tunbridge  IVelh  (Doug- 

las and  Scott) 
Pantilius,  Curt. 

—  tunicatus,  Fab.     Darenth  Wood  (Doug- 

las  and   Scott),   Bromley   (Saunders), 
Dover   (Hall),   Abbey    Wood  (West), 
Huntinglield  (Chitty) 
Lopus,  Hahn. 

—  gothicus,  Lin.      Birch  Wood  (Marshall) 

—  flavomarginatus,  Don.      Halfway  Street 

(Douglas    and    Scott),    Abbey    Wood 
(West),  Blean   Woods  (Chitty) 
Miridius,  Fieb. 

—  quadrivirigatus,  Costa.      Deal  (Douglas 

and  Scott,  etc.),  Sheppey  (Champion), 
Dover  (Hall),  Swalecliffe  (Butler) 
Phytocoris,  Fall. 

—  populi,  Lin.      Blackheath  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Dffuer  (Hall) 

—  tilise,  Fab.       Dover  (Hall),  Blackheath, 

Lee,  Leiuisham  (West) 

—  longipennis,   Flor.      Blackheath  (Doug- 

las and  Scott),  Abbey   Wood   (West) 

—  dimidiatus,  Kb.    Darenth  Wood  (Doug- 

las and  Scott),  Hither  Green,Lee  (West) 

—  reuteri,  Saund.     Dartford  Brent  (Doug- 

las and  Scott),  Blackheath,  Kidhrook 
(West) 

—  varipes.  Boh.     Dover  (Hall),  Folkestone 

(West),  Boxley  (Elgar),  Heme  Bay 
(Saunders) 

—  ulmi,    Lin.       Darenth    (Douglas    and 

Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Lee,  Leiuisham 
(West),  Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 
Calocoris,  Fieb. 

—  striatellus,     Fab.       Lewisham,     Bexley, 

Darenth  Wood  (Douglas  and  Scott), 
Shooters  Hill  (West),  Chattenden 
(Chitty),  Tunbridge  Wells  (Saunders) 

—  fulvomaculatus,      De      G.        Darenth 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall), 
Abbey   Wood  (West) 

—  bipunctatus.  Fab.    Dover  district  (Hall), 

Lee,  Lewisham  (West),  Barrning 
(Elgar),  Heme  Bay  (Saunders), 
Swalecliffe   (Butler) 

—  chenopodii.  Fall.    Dover  district  (Hall), 

Lee  (West),  Heme  Bay  (Saunders), 
Swalecliffe  (Butler),  Huntingfield 
(Chitty) 

—  roseomaculatus,  De  G.    Darenth,  Folke- 

stone (Douglas  and  Scott),  Kingdown 
(Hall),  Huntingfield  (Chitty) 

—  marginellus.  Fab.     Charing,  Kent,  ^ rare' 

(Marshall) 

—  infusus,  H.S.     Lewisham  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Lee,  Greeniuich  Park  (West), 
Bromley  (Saunders) 


^APsiD^  [continued) 

Calocoris  striatus,  Lin.  Darenth  Wood,  Tun- 
bridge Wells  (Douglas  and  Scott), 
Plumstead  (West),  Chattenden  Roughs 
(Chitty) 

Oncognathus,  Fieb. 

—  binotatus.  Fab.    Bexley,  Darenth  (Doug- 

las and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Hunt- 
ingfield (Chitty) 
Dichrooscytus,  Fieb. 

—  rufipennis.      Fall.        Dartford       Heath 

(Douglas  and   Scott) 
Plesiocoris,  Fieb. 

—  rugicollis.      Fall.       Deal      (Saunders), 

Plumstead  (West) 
Lygus,  Hahn. 

—  pratensis.  Fab.      Generally  distributed 

—  rubricatus.    Fall.      Brotnley  (Saunders), 

Darenth  (Champion),  Dover  (Hall) 

—  contaminatus.    Fall.       Darenth,   Dart- 

ford (Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover 
(Hall),  Lewisham,  West  Wickham 
Wood  (West),  Sevenoaks  (Butler) 

—  viridis.    Fall.     Darenth    (Douglas    and 

Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Blackheath 
(West) 

—  lucorum,  Mey.     Dover  (Hall) 

—  spinolas,  Mey.      Eltham  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders),  Sevenoaks 
(Butler),  Dover  (Hall) 

—  pabulinus,       Lin.        Tunbridge       Wells 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall), 
Lee,  Lewisham  (West),  Dodington, 
Tolehurst  (Chitty) 

—  viscicola.  Put.      Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  pastinacae.  Fall.     Strood  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Abbey  Wood  (West),  Swale- 
cliffe (Butler) 

—  cervinus,    H.S.       Blackheath    (West), 

Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  kalmii,  Lin.    Dmjer  (Hall),  Deal  (New- 

bery) 
Zygimus,  Fieb. 

—  pinastri.     Fall.       Bromley     (Saunders), 

Bostol  Wood,  Plumstead  (West) 
Pceciloscytus,  Fieb. 

—  gyllenhalii,  Fall.      Dover  (Hall),  Kings- 

down  (Newbery) 

—  nigritus,    Fall.     Deal   (Billups),    Dover 

(Hall),  Darenth  (Chitty) 

—  unifasciatus.      Fab.       Lee,       Folkestone 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall) 
Camptobrochis,  Fieb. 

—  lutescens,    Schill.     Bromley   (Saunders), 

Dover  (Hall),  Blackheath,  Plumstead, 
Lee,  West  Wickham  Wood  (West) 
Liocoris,  Fieb. 

—  tripustulatus,  Fab.     Dover  (Hall),  Kid- 

brook,  Lee,  Lewisham  (West),  Dod- 
ington, etc.  (Chitty) 


219 


Capsid^  [continued) 
Capsus,  Fab. 

—  laniarius,     Lin.       Dover     (Hall),    Lee, 

Lewhhiun  (West),  Maidstone  (Elgar) 

—  scutellaris,       Fab.       Dartford      Heath 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 
Bothynotus,  Fieb. 

—  pilosus.    Boh.       Between     Heme    Bay 

and   Canterbury  one  _?_  (Butler) 
Rhopalotomus,  Fieb. 

—  ater,  Lin.      Dover  (Hall),   Lee,   Lewis- 

ham,   Kidhrook  (West),  Harrietsham, 
Barming  (Elgar),  Dodington  (Chitty) 
Pilophorus,  Hahn. 

—  cinnamopterus,     Kb.        Firs    between 

Heme  Bay  and  Canterbury  (Butler), 
Plumstead  (Douglas  and  Scott) 

—  perplexus,   Scott.      Lewisham    (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders),  Deal 
(Hall),  Blackheath  (West),  Swalecliffe 
(Butler) 

—  clavatus,  Lin.    Lee  (Douglas  and  Scott) 
Systellonotus,  Fieb. 

—  triguttatus,  Lin.      Dover  (Hall) 
AUodapus,  Fieb. 

—  rufescens,   Burm.      Plumstead  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Swalecliffe  Marsh  (Butler) 
Halticus,  Burm. 

—  luteicollis,  Panz.      Sirood  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders) 

—  apterus,   Lin.     Darenth    (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 
Orthocephalus,  Fieb. 

—  saltator,      Hahn.        Eltham,     Folkestone 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Brockley  (West), 
Deal     (Newbery),     Dodington,     etc. 
(Chitty) 
Macrolophus,  Fieb. 

—  nubilus,  H.S.      Lewisham  (Douglas  and 

Scott),   Tunbridge    Wells    (Saunders), 
West  Wickham  Wood  (West) 
Dicyphus,  Fieb. 

—  epilobii,     Reut.      Folkestone,     Lewisham 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall), 
Kidbrook  (West),  Sandwich  (New- 
bery) 

—  errans,     Wolff.        Lewisham,     Eltham, 

Darenth  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Abbey 
Wood  (West) 

—  stachydis,   Reut.     Dover    (Hall),  Dod- 

ington (Chitty) 

—  pallid  icornis,  Fieb.     Plumstead,  Darenth, 

Tunbridge  Wells  (Douglas  and  Scott), 
Abbey  Wood  (West) 

—  globulifer,     Fall.      Lewisham,     Eltham, 

Bexley    (Douglas  and    Scott),    Abbey 
Wood  (West),  Dodington  (Chitty) 
-^   annulatus,     Wolff.        Deal,     Folkestone 
(Douglas     and     Scott),    Heme     Bay 
(Saunders) 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Capsid^  [continued) 


Campyloneura,  Fieb. 

—  virgula,  H.S.      JFickham,  Bromley,  Bex- 

ley  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall), 
Blackheath,    Lee     (West),    Dodington 
(Chitty) 
Cyllocoris,  Hahn. 

—  histrionicus,      Lin.        Darenth      Wood 

(Douglas    and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall), 
Abbey  Wood  (West) 

—  flavonotatus.  Boh.     Lewisham  (Douglas 

and     Scott),     Darenth     (Champion), 
Shooters  Hill  Wood  (West),  Dodington 
(Chitty) 
/Etorhinus,  Fieb. 

—  angulatus.    Fab.       Lewisham    (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Blackheath, 
Lee  (West),  Dodington  (Chitty) 
Globiceps,  Latr. 

—  fiavomaculatus,  Fab.     Eltham  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Dodington 
(Chitty) 

—  cruciatus,      Reut.         Dartford     Brent 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Deal  (Saunders) 
Mecomma,  Fieb. 

—  ambulans,    Fall.      Plumstead    (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Abbey  Wood,  Grove  Park, 
Lee  (West) 
Cyrtorrhinus,  Fieb. 

—  caricis.  Fall.      Tunbridge  Wells  (Butler) 

—  pygmasus,  Zett.      Deal  (Butler),  Sand- 

wich (Billups) 

—  flaveolus,  Reut.      Whitstable  (Butler) 
Orthotylus,  Fieb. 

—  bilineatus.     Fall.       Plumstead,     Shooters 

Hill  (West) 

—  flavinervis,     Kb.     Lewisham     (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders),  Forest 
Hill  (Champion),  Catford  (West) 

—  marginalis,  Reut.     Lewisham  (Douglas 

and     Scott),    Lee    (West),    Tolehurst 
(Chitty) 

—  nassatus.    Fab.      Eltham   (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders),  Blackheath 
(West) 

—  viridinervis,  Kb.     Blackheath  (West) 

—  prasinus,  Fall.      Kidbrook  (West) 

—  scotti,  Reut.      Bromley  (Saunders) 

—  ochrotrichus,     D.     &     S.         Folkestone 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 

—  diaphanus,  Kb.      Lee,  Eltham  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders),  Lewis- 
ham (West) 
- —  flavosparsus.  Sahib.  Lee  (Douglas  and 
Scott),  Pegwell  Bay,  Whitstable, 
Swalecliffe  (Butler),  Kidbrook,  Lewis- 
ham (West) 

—  chloropterus,  Kb.      Plumstead  (West) 

—  concolor,  Kb.      Tunbridge  Wells  (Doug- 

las and  Scott) 


INSECTS 


Capsid.^  {continued) 

Orthotylus    adenocarpi,    Perr.       Plumstead 
(BiUups) 

—  rubidus,   Fieb.   &   Put.      Pegwell   Bay, 

WhiUtable,  Sivaledife  (Butler),  Heme 
Bay  (Saunders) 

—  ericetorum,     Fall.        Plumstead,     West 

Wickham     Wood    (West),    Tolehurst 
(Chitty) 
Hypsitylus,  Fieb. 

—  bicolor,   D.  &  S.      Blackheath,  Charlton 

(Douglas  and  Scott) 
Loxops,  Fieb. 

—  coccinea,    Mey.      Abbey   Wood  (West), 

Sevenoaks  (Butler) 
Heterotoma,  Latr. 

—  merioptera,  Scop.    Eltham,  Bexley,  Dar- 

enth     (Douglas    and     Scott),    Dover 
(Hall),  Kidbrook  (West),  Huntingfield 
(Chitty) 
Heterocordylus,  Fieb. 

—  tibialis,  Hahn.      Dartford  Heath,  Birch 

Wood  (Douglas  and  Scott),  Plumstead 
(West) 
Malacocoris,  Fieb. 

—  chlorizans,  Fall.      Bexley  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Lee,  Lewisham  (West) 
Onychumenus,  Reut. 

—  decolor.  Fall.      Eltham,  Dartford  Brent 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Tunhridge  Wells, 
Deal  (Butler),  Dover  (Hall),  Hunting- 
field  (Chitty) 
Oncotylus,  Fieb. 

—  viridiflavus,  Goeze.      Hurst  Wood,  Tun- 

bridge    Wells    (Douglas    and    Scott), 
Sevenoaks  (Butler) 
Macrotylus,  Fieb. 

—  paykulli.  Fall.     Folkestone  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Dover  (Hall) 
Conostethus,  Fieb. 

—  salinus,       J.       Sahib.         Gravesend 

(Power) 

—  roseus,    Fall.       Eltham    (Douglas    and 

Scott) 
Hoplomachus,  Fieb. 

—  thunbergi,  Fall.      Birch  Wood  (Power), 

Darenth  Wood  (Billups),  Boxley  Hills 
(Marshall) 
Macrocoleus,  Fieb. 

—  hortulanus,  Mey.      Darenth  Wood 

—  molliculus.  Fall.     Folkestone,  Lee  (Doug- 

las and   Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Sivale- 
dife (Butler) 
Amblytylus,  Fieb. 

—  affinis,    Fieb.       Eltham    (Douglas    and 

Scott),  Tunhridge  Wells  (Saunders), 
Lee  (Billups),  Dover  (Newbery), 
Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  brevicollis,  Fieb.      'Shooters  Hilt  (West) 
Harpocera,  Curt. 


Capsid.^  [continued) 

Harpocera     thoracica.     Fall.        Lewisham, 
Eltham,  Bexley  (Douglas  and  Scott), 
Grove    Park,    Lee    (West),    Bromley 
(Saunders),  Dodington  (Chitty) 
Byrsoptera,  Spin. 

—  rufifrons,    Fall.      Blackheath,   Tunhridge 

Wells    (Douglas    and    Scott),    Abbey 
Wood     (West),      Deal     (Newbery), 
Dodington  (Chitty) 
Phylus,  Hahn. 

—  palliceps,  Fieb.      Darenth  Wood  {Doug- 

hs and  Scott),  Shooters  Hill  (West), 
Bromley  {Sounders),  Dodington  (Chitty) 

—  melanocephalus,    Lin.      Darenth   Wood 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall), 
Shooters  Hill  (West),  Bromley,  Tun- 
bridge  Wells  (Saunders) 

—  coryli,   Lin.      Darenth   Wood  (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Dover  (Hall),  Shooters  Hill 
(West),  Tunbridge  Wells  (Saunders) 
Atractotomus,  Fieb. 

—  mali,  Mey.      Catford  (West) 

—  magnicornis.     Fall.       West     Wickham, 

Bromley     (Saunders),     Bostol     Wood, 
Plumstead  (West) 
Psallus,  Fieb. 

—  ambiguus.  Fall.     Eltham  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Tunbridge  Wells  (Saunders), 
Kidbrook  (West) 

—  betuleti.  Fall.     Darenth  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Shooters  Hill,  West  Wickham 
Wood  (West) 

—  obscurellus.      Fall.       Dartford     Heath 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Bostol  Wood, 
West  Wickham  Wood  (West),  Brom- 
ley (Saunders) 

—  variabilis.  Fall.      Darenth  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Shooters  Hill,  West  Wickham 
Wood  (West),  Tunbridge  Wells  (Saun- 
ders) 

—  querctis,    Kb.      Darenth  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Bromley  (Saunders),  Shooters 
Hill,  West  Wickham  Wood  (West) 

—  lepidus,  Fieb.      Dartford  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Abbey  Wood  (West),  Bromley 
(Saunders) 

—  alnicola,  D.  &  S.     Catford  (West) 

—  fallenii,  Reut.      Lnuisham  (West) 

—  varians,    H.S.      Dover    (Hall),    Shooters 

Hill  (West),  Bromley,  Tunbridge  Wells 
(Saunders) 

—  albicinctus,  Kb.      West  WickhamQ) 

(Chaney) 

—  sanguineus.     Fab.        Deal,     Lewisham 

(Douglas  and  Scott),  Lewisham,  Folke- 
stone (West) 

—  salicellus,     Mey.      Wickham,    Darenth, 

Tunbridge  Wells  (Douglas  and  Scott), 
Lee  (West),  Tolehurst  (Chitty) 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Capsid^  {continued) 

Psallus     rotermundi,    Schltz.        Blackheath 
(Douglas    and    Scott),     Heme    Bay 
(Saunders) 
Plagiognathus,  Fieb. 

—  albipennis,  Fall.      Sheppey  (Champion), 

Swaleclife    (Butler),    Deal    (Billups), 
Eltham,  Lee  (Bignell) 

—  viridulus,  Fall.      Generally  distributed 

—  arbustorum.  Fab.        „  „ 

—  roseri,  H.S.     Bromley  (Saunders),  Lewi$- 

ham  (West) 

—  bohemanni,  Fall.      Deal  (Douglas  and 

Scott,  etc.) 

—  nigritulus.    Fall.      Deal   (Douglas    and 

Scott,  etc.) 

—  pulicarius.    Fall.     Deal   (Douglas    and 

Scott,  etc.),  Brockley  (West) 

—  saltitans.  Fall.     Deal  (Newbery) 
Asciodema,  Reut. 

—  obsoletum,  D.  &  S.    Blackheath  (Douglas 

and  Scott) 

CRYPTOCERATA 
Naucorid^ 

Naucoris,  GeofFr. 

—  cimicoides,  Lin.     Dover  (Hall),  Plum- 

stead  Marshy    Ponds,  Lee,   Lewlsham 
(West),        Sheppey,       Iwade,        Deal 
(Chitty) 
Nepid^ 
Nepa,  Lin. 

—  cinerea,  Lin.      Iwade  (Chitty) 
Ranatra,  Fab. 

—  linearis,  Lin.      Lee 

NoTONECTIDiS 

Notonecta,  Lin. 


NoTONECTlD^  [continued) 

Notonecta  glauca,  Lin.  Dover  (Hall), 
Plumstead  Marsh,  Lee,  Catford 
(West),  Swaleclife  (Butler) 

Plea,  Leach. 

—  minutissima.  Fab.      Dover  (Hall),  Folke- 

stone  Warren   (Newbery),  Swalecliffe 
(Butler),  Deal  (Chitty) 

CORIXID^ 

Corixa,  Geoffr. 

—  geoffroyi,  Leach.  £)^^/(Hall),Z«(West) 

—  atomaria.  111.      Gravesend  (Douglas  and 

Scott),  Deal  (Hall),  Catford  (West), 
Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  lugubris,    Fieb.       Gravesend    (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Plumstead  (West),  Swale- 
cliffe (Butler) 

—  hieroglyphica,  Duf.      Deal  (Hall),  Lee, 

Catford  (West) 

—  sahlbergi,  Fieb.     Deal  (Hall),  Lee,  Cat- 

ford (West) 

—  linnasi,  Fieb.     Deal  (Hall) 

—  limitata,  Fieb.      Lee  (West) 

—  semistriata,   Fieb.     Lee    (Douglas    and 

Scott) 

—  striata,  Lin.     Deal  (Hall),  Lee,  Catford 

(West) 

—  fallenii,  Fieb.      Deal{llz\\),  Lee  (West) 

—  distincta,     Fieb.      Lewlsham     (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Lee  (West) 

—  mcesta,  Fieb.      Deal  (Hall) 

—  fabricii,  Fieb.      Deal  (Hall),  Lee  (West) 

—  prasusta,  Fieb.      Lee  (West) 

—  concinna,    Fieb.      Lewisham    (Douglas 

and  Scott),  Gravesend  (Champion) 

—  coleoptrata.    Fab.      Whitstahle  (Cham- 

pion), Folkestone  (Hall),  Lee  (West) 


HEMIPTERA    HOMOPTERA 


Cicadas,  Fiend-Jiies,  Lantern-Jiies 
Aphides, 

CICADINA 

Centrotus  cornutus,  Linn.      Abbey  Wood 

Tettigometra  impressopunctata.  Sign. 
Folkestone  (Douglas) 

Issus  coleoptratus,  GeofFr.  Blackheath ; 
beating  ivy 

Oliarus  panzeri.  Low.  Kidbrook,  near  Black- 
heath, on  elm  ;  Lee,  Kent,  on  sallows  ; 
Deal,  Heme  Bay,  Bromley  (Saunders) 

Cixius  pilosus,  Ol.  Lee,  on  oaks  ;  all  three 
varieties  equally  common 

—  cunicularis,  Linn.   Crown  Wood,  Shooters 
Hill 
var.  dionysii.      West  Wickham  ;  beat- 
ing hazel 


,  Frog-hoppers,  Grass-flies, 
etc. 

Cixius  nervosus,  Linn.  Wickham  Wood,  on 
birch  ;  Lee,  on  oak  ;  Kidbrook  Lane, 
on  elm 

—  stigmaticus.  Germ.      Deal  (Douglas) 

—  brachycranus,  Fieb.     Catford,  on  Popu- 

lus    alba  ;    Hurst    JVood,    Tunbridge 
Wells  (Douglas) ;  Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 

—  scotti,    Edw.      Deal;    sweeping;    Tun- 

bridge JVells  (Saunders) 

—  remotus,  Edw.      Deal  (Douglas) 
Abiraca  clavicornis.  Fab.      Dartford  (Rye, 

Douglas  and  Scott) 

Delphax  pulchella.  Curt.  Sandwich  (Mar- 
shall), Lee  (Scott) 

Liburnia  vittipennis,  J.  Sahl. 


INSECTS 


Liburnia  scotti,  Fieb.      Sallow  Pit,  Lee  and 
Abbey  Wood  Marshes  (Scott) 

—  unicolor,    H.S.       Plumstead    Marshes ; 

common  on  reeds  ;  Heme  Bay 
(Saunders),  Seasalter  (Butler) 

—  signoreti,  Scott.      Abbey  Wood  (Scott) 

—  capnodes,  Scott.      Lee  (Scott) 

—  scutellata,  Scott.      Darenth  (Marshall) 

—  pellucida,   Fab.      Lnuisham,   Plumstead, 

Blackheath,  Brockley  ;  very  common 
amongst  grasses 

—  difficilis,    Edw.      Lee,    Plumstead,   Cat- 

ford  ;   common  sweeping  grasses 

—  discolor,  Boh.     Abbey  Wood  ;  sweeping 

—  forcipata,    Boh.       Grove    Park,     Lee ; 

sweeping 

—  discreta,  Edw.     Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 

—  aubei,  Ferris.  „  „ 

—  fairmairei,    Ferris.      Grove  Park,    Lee ; 

sweeping 

—  limbata.  Fab.      Kidhrook,  Lee  ;  on  rushes 

—  douglasi,  Scott.      Folkestone  (Douglas) 

—  lineata,   Ferris.      Grove  Park,  Lee  ;   on 

grasses 
Dicranotropis     hamata.     Boh.       Plumstead 

Marsh,  Lee,  Brockley  ;  sweeping 
Stiroma    pteridis,    Boh.      Wickham   Wood ; 

common  on  ferns,  Macropterous  form 

rare 

—  affinis,  Fieb.      Abbe^  Wood  ;   sweeping 
Triecphora  vulnerata,  Illig.   Lee,  on  sallows  ; 

Darenth   Wood  (Curtis),  Heme   Bay 
(Butler) 
Aphrophora  alni,  Fall.     Lewisham,  on  alders 
and  poplars 

—  salicis,  De  G.      Lee,  on  willows 
Fhilaenus    spumarius,     Linn.     This    well 

known  species  can  be  taken  in  abund- 
ance everywhere  by  sweeping,  beat- 
ing or  searching  almost  any  tree  or 
plant 

—  campestris,    Fall.     Very    common    on 

waste  grounds.      Lee,  Kidbrook 

—  exclamationis,  Thunb.      Dover  (Dale) 

—  lineatus,    Linn.       Abundant.       Black- 

heath,  Lewisham,  Brockley,  and  many 

other  places  by  sweeping 
Ledra  aurita,  Linn.     This  fine  species   I 

have  taken  ( (?    ?  )  by  beating  oaks. 

Wickham  Wood 
Ulopa  reticulata,  Fab.   Plumstead,  on  heath  ; 

Darenth  Wood  (Marshall) 
Megophthalmus     scanicus,     Fall.        Abbey 

Wood,  Brockley ;  by  sweeping ;  Heme 

Bay  (Saunders) 
Macropsis    lanio,     Linn.     Very    common 

beating  oaks.      Shooters  Hill  IVood 
Bythoscopus  alni,  Schr.     Catford,  on  alders  ; 

very    common    on    hazel    at    Grove 

Park,  Lee 


Bythoscopus  rufusculus,  Fieb.      Lewisham, 
on  willows 

—  flavicoUis,  Linn.      Shooters  Hill,    Wick- 

ham Wood,  on  birch  ;  all  the  varieties 
equally  represented 
Fediopsis  tiliz.  Germ.  This  rare  species  I 
beat  out  of  the  common  lime  trees 
in  Wickham  Wood.  Although  re- 
ported on  limes  on  the  continent,  I 
think  there  has  been  a  doubt  as  to 
its  food  plant  in  this  county.  Mr.  J. 
Edwards  has  also  taken  it  on  limes 
at  Cheltenham 

—  scutellatus.    Boh.       Abbey    Wood,    Lee, 

Kidbrook  ;   on  sallows 

—  tibialis,    Scott.      Lee,  Lewisham  ;  beat- 

ing brambles ;  Dartford  Heath  (Scott) 

—  fuscinervis.    Boh.      Shooters    Hill ;     on 

aspens 

—  distinctus,  Scott.      Darenth  (Douglas) 

—  ulmi,  Scott.      Kidbrook  ;  on  elm  ;  very 

common  on  fences,  Blackheaih,  during 
stormy  weather 

—  cereus.  Germ.      Grove  Park,  Lee  ;  beat- 

ing sallows 

—  virescens,    Fab.     Lewisham  5    on    wil- 

lows 
Idiocerus  adustus,  H.S.      Plumstead,  Black- 
heath,  Catford ;  on  willows 

—  distinguendus,  Kbm.      Lee,  Blackheath, 

Brockley  ;  common  on  Fopulus  alba ; 
Lewisham  (Douglas) 

—  tremulas,     Estl.       Shooters    Hill ;     on 

aspens 

—  laminatus,  Flor.     Plumstead,  on  Lom- 

bardy     poplars ;     Shooters    Hill,     on 
aspen 

—  lituratus.  Fall.      Deal  (Butler) 

—  tibialis,  Fieb.     Darenth  (Douglas) 

—  vitreus.  Fab.     Blackheath,  Brockley  ;  on 

Lombardy  poplars 

—  fulgidus,  Fab.     Blackheath,  Lewisham  ; 

on  poplars 

—  populi,  Linn.    Lewisham,  Shooters  Hill ; 

common  on  aspen 

—  confusus,  Flor.     Lewisham  ;  on  sallows 

—  albicans,    Kbm.      Blackheath,    Brockley, 

Lee  ;  very  common  on  Fopulus  alba 
Agallia     puncticeps,      Germ.        Plumstead 
(Beaumont) 

—  venosa,  Fall.     Deal  (Marshall) 
Evacanthus  interruptus,  Linn.    Bromley ;  on 

nettles 

—  acuminatus,  Fab.     Abbey  Wood,  Wick- 

ham Wood  ;  on  various  bushes 
Tettigonia    viridis,    Liv.      Lewisham ;    on 

nettles 
Acocephalus    nervosus,  Schrk.      Lewisham, 

Lee,  Kidbrook,  and  many  other  places  ; 

very  common  amongst  thistles 


223 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Acocephalus  albifrons,  Linn.      Blackheath  ; 


very  common  under  furze  bushes  ; 
IVhltstable  (Butler) 

—  brunneo-bifasciatus,     GeofF.      Kidbrooi, 

Blackheath ;  with  albifrons  under 
furze  bushes  ;  Catford  ;  abundant  at 
roots  of  grass  ;  Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 

—  histrionicus,  Fab.      Deal  (Marshall) 

—  flavostriatus,  Don.      Catford ;    at  roots 

of  grass  ;   Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 

Eupelix  cuspidata,  Fab.  Shooters  Hill ; 
sweeping  ;  Deal  (Marshall) 

Graphocroerusventralis,  Fall.  Grove  Park, 
Lee  ;  sweeping  in  meadows  ;  Abbey 
Wood  (Douglas  and  Scott) 

Doratura  stylata,  Boh.  Greenwich  ;  at 
roots  of  grass  ;  Kidbrook,  Lee  ;  sweep- 
ing 

Paramesus  nervosus,  Fall.  Sandwich  (Mar- 
shall), Heme  Bay  (Butler) 

Stictocoris  preyssleri,  H.S.  Plumstead ; 
sweeping  ;  Heme  Bay  (Butler) 

• —  flaveolus,  Boh.  Kidbrooi  ;  in  damp 
places  very  common.  This  species 
is  a  recent  addition  to  the  British 
fauna  (See  E.  M.  M.,  January, 
1902) 

Athysanus  sordidus,  Zett.  Catford ;  at 
roots  of  grass  abundant ;  Blackheath  ; 
under  furze  bushes 

—  grisescens,    Zett.     Shooters    Hill;     in 

damp  places 

—  communis,    J.    Sahl.      Lee,    Lewisham, 

Shooters  Hill,  Deal,  on  the  sandhills, 
September  ;   Swalecliffe  (Butler) 

—  obscurellus,  Kbm.     Lee,  Lewisham,  and 

many  other  places  ;  sweeping 

—  obsoletus,     Kbm.        Kidbrook,     Shooters 

Hill,  Lee  ;  Deal  (Butler) 
Deltocephalus    abdominalis,    Fab.      Elmers 
End ;  sweeping  along  the   roadsides 

—  striifrons,  Kbm.    Heme  Bay  (Saunders) 

—  pascuellus,    Fall.      Lewisham    and    dis- 

trict ;  abundant 

—  ocellaris,     Fall.       Plumstead    Marshes, 

Lewisham,  Greenwich,  Lee ;  abun- 
dant 

—  coronifer.   Marsh.     Blackheath  ;    under 

furze  bushes 

—  repletus,    Fieb.      Shooters    Hill    Wood  ; 

sweeping 

—  flori,  Fieb.     Shooters  Hill  Wood  ;  sweep- 

ing 

—  distinguendus,    Flor.       Shooters     Hill; 

sweeping 

—  striatus,  Linn.      Blackheath  and  district ; 

abundant 

—  punctum,  Flor.      Plumstead 

—  argus,  Marsh.     Wickham  JVood  ;  sweep- 

ing in  open  spaces 


Deltocephalus  pulicaris.  Fall.  Kidbrook, 
Catford,  Shooters  Hill,  Grove  Park,  Lee 

Allygus  commutatus,  Fieb.  Abbey  Wood  ; 
beating  wych  elm  ;  Tunbridge  Wells 
(Saunders) 

—  modestus,     Fieb.       Grove    Park,    Lee, 

Blackheath  ;  on  fences  during  stormy 
weather 

—  mixtus,  Fab.      Lee,  Lewisham  ;  on  oaks 
Thamnotettix  prasina.  Fall.      Abbey  Wood  ; 

beating 

—  dilutior,    Kbm.       On    oaks  ;    Wickham 

Wood 

—  subfuscula,  Fall.      Grove  Park,  Lee,  on 

oak  and  hazel  ;    Wickham   Wood,  on 
hazel 

—  variegata,   Kbm.       Plumstead   Marsh  ; 

sweeping 

—  splendidula,  Fab.      Blackheath  ;   beating 

ivy 

—  crocea,  H.S.    Blackheath,  Lee,  Plumstead 
Limottetix  4-notata,  Fab.     Lee,  Kidbrook, 

Shooters  Hill 

—  sulphurella,    Zett.      Grove    Park,    Lee, 

Lewisham,  Brockley 
Cicadula  variata.  Fall.      Wickham  Wood 

—  sexnotata,  Fall.      Lewisham,  Brockley 
Alebra  albostriella,  Fall.      The  three  varie- 
ties fairly  represented  in  the  Black- 
heath district 

Dicraneura  citrinella,  Zett.  Wickham 
Wood;  Deal  {M?irshz\\) 

—  pygmaea,      Dougl.         Darenth      Wood 

(Douglas) 

—  variata.  Hardy.      Shooters  Hill ;  sweep- 

ing near  furze  bushes 

K}'bos  smaragdula,  Fall.  Blackheath,  Lee, 
Lewisham  ;  on  sallows,  poplars,  and 
alder 

Chlorita  viridula.  Fall.  Kidbrook,  Lewis- 
ham ;  August  sweeping  and  beating 

Eupteryx  notatus,  Curt.  Folkestone  Warren 
(Douglas) 

—  urticae,     Fab.       Blackheath,     Lewisham 

district  ;  common  on  nettles 

—  stachydearum,         Hardy.         Lewisham 

(Douglas) 

—  melissae,    Curt.      Lee  ;     sweeping    low 

plants 

—  auratus,    Liv.       Blackheath,    Lewisham, 

and  several  other  places  ;  on  nettles 

—  atropunctatus,  Goeze.    Greenwich,  Cat- 

ford ;   in    gardens    on    a    variety    of 
plants 

—  abrotani,  Dougl.      Lewisham  (Douglas) 

—  germari,  Zett.      TFest   IVickham,  Bostol 

IVood,  Plumstead  ;  on  pines 

—  pulchellus.     Fall.        Blackheath,     Abbey 

Wood,   West   Wickham  ;    very    com- 
mon on  oaks 


INSECTS 


Eupteryx  concinnus,  Germ.  Blackheath, 
Shooters  Hill,  IVest  Wickham  ;  on 
oaks,  but  more  commonly  on  beech 

Typhlocyba  jucunda,  H.S.  Catford  ;  on 
alders 

—  sexpunctata,    Fall.      Brockley  ;   on    sal- 

lows 

—  debilis,  Dougl.      Kidbrook  Lane  ;  beat- 

ing maple  ;  Darenth  Wood  (Douglas) 

—  ulmi,  Linn.  Blackheath  and  many  other 

places  ;  on  elm,  very  abundant 

—  tenerrima,   H.S.      Kidbrook,  Lee  ;   com- 

mon on  brambles 

—  aurovittata,  Dougl.     Kidbrook  ;  amongst 

oak 

—  gratiosa,  Boh.     Blackheath  ;  on  beech 

—  cratsegi,    Dougl.       Kidbrook,    Lee  ;    on 

whitethorn 

—  lethierryi,     Edw.        Blackheath  ;     very 

common  on  elm 

—  rosae,     Linn.       Kidbrook;      common 

amongst  roses 

—  salicicola,    Edw.      Lee  ;     amongst    sal- 

lows 

—  hippocastani,  Edw.  Greenwich  Park  ;  on 

horse-chestnut  ;  Lewisham  (Douglas) 

—  avellanae,   Edw.      Wickham    Wood ;  on 

hazel  ;  Lewisham  (Douglas) 

—  candidula,  Kir.      Blackheath,  Lee,  Lewis- 

ham ;  on  Populus  alba.  This  species 
is  a  recent  addition  to  the  British 
fauna.  (See  E.M.M.^  December, 
1900) 

—  opaca,    Edw.       Greenwich    Park ;     on 

horse-chestnut,  one  specimen  only  ; 
Lewisham  (Douglas) 

—  quercus,  Fall.      Blackheath,  Lee,  Leivis- 

ham,    Plumstead ;    very  common  on 


Typhlocyba     nitidula.     Fab.      Blackheath  ; 
on  wych  elm 

—  geometrica,  Schr.      Catford;   on  alders 
Zygina  alneti,  Dahl.  „  ,^ 

—  flammigera,  GeofF.    Blackheath,  on  oak  ; 

Lee,  Lewisham,  on  whitethorn 

—  hyperici,    H.S.      Wickham    Wood;    on 

Hypericum ;  Darenth  Wood{Doughs) 

PSYLLINA 
Rhinocola     ericae.    Curt.      Plumstead ;    on 
heath 

—  aceris,  Linn.      Kidbrook;  on  maple,  one 

specimen  only 
Aphalara  exilis,   Web.   and    Mohr.      Deal 
(Dale) 

—  nervosa,  Forst.    Bromley  (Douglas),  Lee 

(Scott) 
Psyllopsis  fraxinicola,  Forst.      Catford  ;   on 
ash  ;  Lee  (Scott) 

—  fraxini,   Linn.       Catford,  Abbey  IVood ; 

on  ash 
Psylla  salicicola,  Forst.      Lee  ;  on  sallows 

—  hippophaes,  Forst.    Deal ;  on  sea  buck- 

thorn 

—  betulas,  Linn.      Shooters  Hill,  Wickham 

Wood ;  on  birch 

—  costalis,  Flor.      Plumstead  ;  on  sallows 

—  peregrina,  Forst.     Wickham  Wood  ;  on 

whitethorn 

—  alni,  Linn.        Catford ;  on  alders 

—  forsteri,  Flor.  „  „ 

—  buxi,  Linn.   Greemvich  Park ;  on  horse- 

chestnut 

—  spartii,  Guer.         Plumstead;  on  broom 
Arytasna  genistae,  Latr.      „  „ 
Trioza  urticae,  Linn.   Kidbrook  ;  on  nettles, 

very  common 

—  viridula,  Zett.      Lee  (Scott) 


225 


29 


A     HISTORY   OF    KENT 
ARACHNIDA 

Spiders 

The  spider  fauna  of  this  county  should  be  at  least  as  prolific  in 
species  as  that  of  any  in  England,  and  would  doubtless  prove  to  be  so 
if  it  were  well  worked.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  efforts  of  the  Rev. 
T.  R.  R.  Stebbing  of  Tunbridge  Wells  there  would  have  been  scarcely 
any  list  to  publish ;  for  the  rest,  a  few  species  are  recorded  by  the  author 
and  Mr.  F.  P.  Smith.  A  collection  of  the  late  Mr.  F.  Walker,  pre- 
served in  the  British  Museum  {Nat.  Hist.)  as  microscopic  slides,  were 
collected  at  Southgate,  Middlesex,  and  do  not  unfortunately  include 
the  types  either  of  Schanobates  walkeri  or  Araneus  signatus,  species  which 
are  probably  the  immature  and  variety  of  well-known  spiders  respec- 
tively. Of  a  total  of  534  species  of  spiders  recorded  for  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland,  Kent  can  so  far  claim  but  1 1 8  ;  while  of  Arachnida,  in- 
cluding pseudo-scorpions  and  harvestmen,  there  are  only  122  species  in 
all.  In  the  following  list  where  no  authority  or  collector  is  quoted  the 
author  takes  the  responsibility. 

ARANE^ 

ARACHNOMORPHM 

DYSDERIDiE 

Spiders  with  six  eyes  and  two  pairs  of  stigmatic  openings,  situated  close  together  on  the 
genital  rima  ;  the  anterior  pair  communicating  with  lung  books,  the  posterior  with  tracheal 
tubes.      Tarsal  claws,  two  in  Dysdera,  three  in  Harpactes  and  Segestria. 

1.  Dysdera  cambridgii,  Thorell.  Rare  under  bark  of  trees,  and  recognizable 

Lydd.  by  its  linear   ant-like   form,   black   carapace, 
Not  uncommon   under  stones  and   bark  of  and  pale  clay-yellow  abdomen  and  three  tar- 
trees,  where  it  lurks  within  a  tubular  retreat,  s*^'  daws. 
The  spider  is  easily  recognizable  by  its  elon- 
gate form,  orange  legs,  dark  mahogany  cara-  4-  Segestria  senoculata  (Linnasus). 
pace    and    pale    clay-yellow   abdomen.     The  Sevenoaks. 

palpal  bulb  of  the  male  has  no  cross-piece  at  . ,  ,       ,     i      r  •      , 

L  T-L  J       •      1      1  r>  Not  common ;  under  bark  of  trees,  m  the 

the  apex.     1  he  spider  is  also  known  as  £>.  ^  ,        '  n         ■  i 

,  TJ1     1       II  crevices  of  loose  stone  walls  and  amongst  de- 

ervthrvna.  clackwall.  ,,        ,        „  .......       °  ^ 

■'      ^     '  tached  rocks.    Recognizable  by  its  linear  form 

2.  Dysdera  crocota,  C.  L.  Koch.  and  the  black  diamond-shaped  blotches  on  the 

Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.).  dorsal  surface  of  the  abdomen. 
Larger  than  the  last  species,  with  a  deep 

orange-pink  carapace,  orange  legs,  and  abdo-  5.   Schcenohates  walkeri,  Blackwall. 
men   with   a  delicate    rosy-pink  flush.      The  Broadstairs  (Walker), 

palpal  bulb  of  the  male  has  a  cross-piece  at  ,  ,      .,^  ,,  .,,,.,. 

the  apex.     This  spider  is  also  known  as  D.  ^r.  Walker  was  in  the  habit  of  making 

rubicunda,  Blackwall.  microscopical  slides  of  his  specimens,  and  it 

is   highly  probable   that   this    spider   was  an 

3.  Harpactes  hombergii  (Scopoli).  immature  Dysderid  flattened  out  by  the  glass 

Rusthall  (T.  R.  R.  S.).  cover-slip. 


SPIDERS 


DRASSID^ 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie  just 
in  front  of  the  spinners.  The  tarsal  claws  are  two  in  number,  the  anterior  pair  of  spinners 
being  set  wide  apart  at  the  base,  and  the  maxillae  are  more  or  less  impressed  across  the  middle. 


6.  Drassodes  lapidosus  (Walckenaer 
Lydd. 
Very  common  under  stones, 
as  Drassus  lapidicohns. 


7.   Scotophaus  hlackwallii  (Thorell). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Also  known  A  dark  elongate  mouse-grey  spider,  often 

found  wandering  about  the  walls  of  dwelling 
and  outhouses  at  night.  Known  also  as  Dras- 
sus sericeus,  Blackwall. 


CLUBIONIDiE 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows.  The  tracheal  openings  lie 
immediately  in  front  of  the  spinners.  The  tarsal  claws  are  two  in  number,  but  the  anterior 
pair  of  spinners  are  set  close  together  at  the  base  ;  the  maxillae  are  convex  and  not  impressed 
across  the  middle. 


8.  Zora  spinimana  (Sundevall). 

Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Known  also  as  Hecaerge  spinimana  or  macu- 
lata. 

9.  Cluhiona  stagnatilis,  Kulczynski. 

Lydd. 
Known    also    as    C.  holosericea,  Blackwall. 
This  species  is  usually  fairly  common  amongst 
the   dry  sedge  grass  and   rushes   in  swampy 
places. 

10.  Cluhiona  terrestris,  Westring. 

Yalding  ;  Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.)  ;  Tunbridge 

WeUs  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  uncommon  in  the  summer  time,  when 

it  may  be  found  wandering  about  at  night  on 

the  walls  of  outhouses,  palings,  etc.      Known 

also  as  C  amarantha,  Blackwall. 

11.  Cluhiona  reclusa,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 
Yalding. 

A  rarer  species  than  the  last ;  usually  beaten 
from  foliage  and  bushes  in  the  summer  time. 

12.  Cluhiona  lutescens,  Westring. 
Tonbridge. 

Rare  ;  but  sometimes  fairly  abundant  where 
it  occurs  amongst  dry  rushes  and  sedge  grass 
in  swampy  places. 

13.  Cluhiona  hrevipes,  Blackwall. 
Yalding,  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  uncommon  amongst  foliage  in  the 
summer   time. 

14.  Cluhiona  pallidula  (Clerck). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  larger  species  than  any  of  the  above, 
and  usually  fairly  common  amongst  bramble 


bushes,  where  the  female  makes  its  egg-cocoon 
within  the  folded  leaves.  Known  also  as  C 
epimelas,  Blackwall. 

15.  Cluhiona  corticalis  (Walckenaer). 
Sevenoaks. 

Almost  as  large  a  species  as  the  last-named. 
Not  common ;  under  the  bark  of  large  elm 
and  other  trees  in  ancient  parks. 

1 6.  Cluhiona  phragmitis,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Yalding,  Tonbridge. 

Very  common  indeed  amongst  rushes  and 
dry  sedge  grass  in  swamps,  where  the  females 
construct  a  pure  white  silken  retreat  amongst 
the  blades  or  under  the  bark  of  riverside  pal- 
ings, posts,  pollard  willow  trees,  etc.  Known 
also  as  C.  deinognatha,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

17.  Cluhiona  compta,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

A  very  small  species,  whose  abdomen  is 
striped  diagonally  on  each  side,  similarly  to 
that  of  C.  corticalis.  Not  uncommon  amongst 
the  foliage  of  bushes  and  shrubs  in  the  sum- 
mer time. 

18.  Chiracnnthium  erraticum  (Walckenaer). 
Yalding. 

Sometimes  very  common  in  the  folded 
leaves  of  the  various  species  of  bramble  in 
the  summer  time.  The  spider  resembles  a 
Cluhionid,  but  has  longer  legs  and  a  red 
stripe  down  the  abdomen. 

19.  Agroeca  hrunnea  (Blackwall). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Rarely  found  amongst  dead  leaves  and  at 
the  roots  of  herbage  in  woods.  Known  also 
under  Agelena. 


227 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

ANYPH^NIDiE 

20.   Anyphana  accentuate  (Walckenaer).  lies  in   the   middle   of  the  ventral   surface  of 

Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.).  the  abdomen   between   the  genital  rima  and 

Often   common  on  the  foliage  of  oak  and  the  spinners,  and   not,  as  in   the   last   family, 

other   trees.      This   spider   is   remarkable   for  immediately  in  front  of  the  spinners.    Known 

the  position  of  the  spiracular  opening,  which  ^'^o  under  Cluhiona. 


THOMISID^ 

Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows,  two  tarsal  claws,  and  anterior 
spinners  close  together  at  their  base.  Maxillae  not  impressed.  The  crab-like  shape  and  side- 
long movements  of  these  spiders  are  their  chief  characteristics,  enabling  them  to  be  easily  dis- 
tinguished, as  a  rule,  from  the  more  elongate  Drasiidie  and  Clubionidie. 


21.  Philodromus  dispar,  Walckenaer. 
Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

This  spider,  with  its  shiny  black  abdomen, 
is  not  uncommon  in  the  summer  time  amongst 
foliage,  and  can  sometimes  be  observed  crouch- 
ing flat  upon  palings.  It  is  very  swift  in  its 
movements. 

22.  Philodromus  aureolus  (Clerck). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  abundant  species,  with  usually  a 
dull  red  -  brown  abdomen,  with  yellowish 
central  pattern.  It  frequents  the  foliage  of 
trees  of  all  kinds,  and  especially  in  the  im- 
mature condition  will  outnumber  all  other 
species  which  fall  into  the  umbrella  beneath 
the  beating-stick. 

23.  Philodromus  caspiticolis,  Walckenaer. 
Yalding. 


ment  from  foes  as  they  lie  close  to  the  pale 
rush  stems  and  slender  dry  blades. 

25.  Xysticus  crista tus  (Clerck). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

This  is  by  far  the  commonest  of  the  '  crab- 
spiders,'  and  is  found  abundantly  on  foliage 
or  crouching  on  bare  places  in  fields  and  com- 
mons.     Known  also  under  Thomisus. 

26.  Xysticus  erraticus  (Blackwall). 
Yalding. 

A  larger  species  than  the  last,  having  in- 
stead of  a  narrow  wedge-shaped  dark  central 
bar  on  the  carapace  a  broad  spade -shaped 
dull  red  band  margined  with  white.  Known 
also  under  Thomisus. 

27.  Misutnena  vatia  (Clerck). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

This    species,  one    of  the    largest    of  the 


This   species  is   possibly  only  a  variety  of  Thomisida,  can   be  found  in   the  blossoms  of 

the  last-named,  and  frequents  similar  situa-  "~    """  '"    — i-— -    --  l  — 

tions.      Known  also  as  P.  ctespiticolens^  Black- 
wall. 


24.  Tihellus  oblongus  (Walckenaer), 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
A  long,  very  narrow,  dull  white  or  straw- 
coloured  spider,  often  common  amongst  dry 
grass  in  many  different  localities.  They  at- 
tain however  their  largest  size  amongst  the 
sedge -grass  and  rushes  in  swamps  and  bogs. 
The  elongate   form  assists   in   their  conceal- 


various  woodland  plants,  where  it  crouches 
amongst  the  petals  on  the  watch  for  its 
prey.  The  colour  of  the  female  is  yellow, 
with  red  lateral  slashes  ;  the  male  being 
much  smaller  and  almost  black.  Known 
also  as  Thomisus  citreus,  Blackwall. 
28.   Diaa  dorsata  (Fabricius). 

Tunbridge  Wells,  Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
A  bright  green  spider  with  large  dull  red- 
brown   central  patch   on    the  abdomen  ;  not 
uncommon  on  herbage  and  amongst  flowers. 
Known  also  as  Thomisus  floricokm^  Blackwall. 


SALTICIDiE 

The  spiders  of  this  family  may  be  recognized  in  a  general  way  by  their  mode  of  progres- 
sion, consisting  of  a  series  of  leaps,  often  many  times  their  own  length.  More  particularly 
they  may  be  known  by  the  square  shape  of  the  cephalic  region  and  the  fact  that  the  eyes  are 
arranged  in  three  rows  of  4,  2,  2  ;  the  centrals  of  the  anterior  row  being  much  the  largest 
and  usually  iridescent.  Those  of  the  second  row  are  the  smallest,  while  the  posterior  pair  is 
placed  well  back  and  helps  to  give  the  quadrate  character  to  the  carapace.  Otherwise  these 
spiders  are  simply  specialized  Cluhionids  with  two  t.nrsal  claws  and  other  minor  characters 
possessed  in  common   with   members  of  this  latter   family. 

228 


SPIDERS 


They  can  be  beaten  from  foliage  or  found 
monest,  Salticus  scenkus,  will  be  well  known  to 
of  houses  in  the  bright  sunshine. 

29.  Salticus  scenicus  (Clerck). 

Yalding,  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
A  black  species  with  white  lateral  stripes. 
Known  also  under  Epiblemum. 

30.  Euophrys  frontalis  (Walckenaer). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Salticus. 

31.  Neon  reiiculatus  (Blackwall). 
Tonbridge. 

Known  also  under  Salticus. 

32.  Ergane  falcata  (Clerck). 
Sevenoaks. 

Common    amongst    dry    leaves    in  woods. 
Known  also  as  Salticus  or  Hasarius  falcatus. 


amongst   herbage  and  under  stones.    The  com- 
all  observers,  running  and  leaping  on  the  walls 

33.  Heliophanus  cupreus  (Walckenaer). 
Folkestone. 

A  shining  black  and  coppery  spider,  found 
in  some  abundance  on  the  coast.  Known  also 
under  Salticus. 

34.  Ballus  depressus  (Walckenaer). 
Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  small  brown  flattened  species,  found 
amongst  dead  leaves  and  herbage.  Known 
also  as  Salticus  obscurus,  Blackwall. 

35.  Pellenes  tripunctatus  (Walckenaer). 
Folkestone  (Col.  Le  Grice). 

A  very  rare  species.  Examples  of  both 
sexes  were  found  hopping  about  amongst  the 
chalk  lumps  on  the  coast. 


PISAURID^ 
Spiders  with  eight  eyes  in  three  rows  of  4,  2,  2  ;  the  small  anterior  eyes  being  some- 
times in  a  straight  line,  sometimes  recurved  and  sometimes  procurved.  Those  of  the  other 
two  rows  are  situated  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  of  various  proportions,  and  are  much  larger 
than  the  eyes  of  the  anterior  row.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three  in  number.  Pisaura  runs 
freely  over  the  herbage,  carrying  its  egg-sac  beneath  the  sternum ;  while  Dolomedes  is  a  dweller 
in  marshes  and  swamps. 
36.   Pisaura  mirabilis  (Clerck) 

Yalding  ;  Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.),  Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 
Known  also  as  Dolomedes  or  Ocyale  mirabilis. 

LYCOSID^ 
The  members  of  this  family  are  to  be  found  running  freely  over  the  ground,  and  carry- 
ing the  egg-sac  attached  to  the  spinners.      Many  of  the  larger  species  make  a  short  burrow  in 
the  soil  and  there  keep  guard  over  the  egg-sac.     Eyes  and  tarsal  claws  as  in  the  Pisaurida, 
with  slight  differences. 

ning  rapidly  over  the  dead  leaves  in  the  woods. 
Known  also  under  Lycosa. 


37.  Lycosa  ruricola  (De  Geer). 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

Very  similar  to  the  next  species,  but  the 
male  has  a  claw  on  the  palpus  and  the  female 
a  much  smaller  vulva.  Known  also  under 
Trochosa  and  as  Lycosa  campestris,  Blackwall. 

38.  Lycosa  terricola  (Thorell). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  as  L.  agretyca,  Blackwall,  and 
under  Trochosa. 

39.  Lycosa  pulverulenta  (Clerck). 

Yalding  ;  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Known  also  as  L.  rapax,   Blackwall,  and 
under   Tarentula. 

40.  Pardosa  lugubris  (Walckenaer). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  abundant  spider  in  the  spring,  run- 


41.  Pardosa  pullata  {C\trck). 

Yalding  ;  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Known  also  under  Lycosa  and  as  L.  obscura, 
Blackwall. 

42.  Pardosa  palustris  (Linnaeus). 
Yalding. 

Known  also  under  Lycosa  and  as  L.  exigua, 
Blackwall  (in  part). 

43.  Pardosa  amentata  (Clerck). 

Yalding  ;   River   Hill   (T.  R.  R.  S.),  Graves- 
end (F.  P.  S.). 
Very  abundant  on  logs  of  wood  or  hatch- 
ways in  meadows  and  by  the  riverside  ;    also 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


in  gardens.  One  of  our  largest  Pardosas. 
Known  also  under  Lycma  and  as  L.  saccata, 
Blackwall. 

44.   Pardosa  annulata,  Thorell. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Somewhat  similar  to  but  smaller  than  the 


last-named  species.     Known  also  under  Lycoia. 

45.   Pirata  piraticus  (Clerck). 

Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Common    in    marshy   places,  carrying    its 
pure  white  egg-sac  on  the  spinners.     Known 
also  under  Lycosa. 


AGELENIDiE 
Spiders  with  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows.  Legs  with  three  tarsal  claws. 
The  species  of  this  family  spin  a  large  sheet-like  web,  and  construct  a  tubular  retreat  at  the 
back  of  it,  which  leads  to  some  crevice  amongst  the  rocks,  the  roots  of  herbage  or  the  chinks 
in  the  walls  of  outhouses,  wherever  the  various  species  may  happen  to  be  found.  The  pos- 
terior pair  of  spinners  is  usually  much  longer  than  the  other  two  pairs. 


46.  Tegenaria  atrica  (C.  L.  Koch). 
Yalding. 

A  very  large  spider  with  long  legs,  not  un- 
common in  cellars  and  outhouses  and  also  in 
holes  in  banks,  etc. 

47.  Tegenaria  derhamii  (Scopoli). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Smaller,  paler  and  more  common  than 
the  last  named  ;  almost  entirely  confined  to 
houses  and  outbuildings.  Known  also  as  T. 
civilis. 


48.  Tegenaria  silvestris,  L.  Koch. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  still  smaller  species,  sometimes  not  un- 
common amongst  rockeries  in  greenhouses 
and  gardens.      Known  also  as  T.  campestris. 

49.  Agelena  labyrinthica  (Clerck). 
Yalding. 

A  common  spider,  large  when  full  grown, 
spinning  a  huge  sheet-like  white  web  over  the 
herbage,  with  a  funnel-shaped  tubular  retreat. 
Like  others  of  the  family  the  posterior  pair  of 
spinners  is  formed  of  two  distinct  segments. 


ARGYOPID^ 

The  spiders  included  in  this  family  have  eight  eyes,  situated  in  two  rows,  the  lateral  eyes 
of  both  rows  being  usually  adjacent  if  not  in  actual  contact,  while  the  central  eyes  form  a 
quadrangle.  The  tarsal  claws  are  three,  .often  with  other  supernumerary  claws.  The  web  is 
either  an  orbicular  snare,  or  consists  of  a  sheet  of  webbing  beneath  which  the  spiders  hang 
and  capture  the  prey  as  it  falls  upon  the  sheet.  This  immense  family  includes  those  usually 
separated  under  the  names  Epeirida  and  Linyphiida. 


50.  Meta  segmentata  (Clerck). 

Hurst  Wood  (T.R.R.S);  Gravesend  (F.P.S.). 
A  very  abundant  spider  in  the  summer  and 
autumn  amongst  nettles  and  other  herbage 
along  hedgerows.  The  spiders  vary  very 
much  in  size  and  spin  an  orbicular  web  hav- 
ing a  clear  space  in  the  centre  as  do  others 
of  the  genus  and  also  Tetragnatha,  thus  differ- 
ing from  the  genus  Aranem  (Epeira).  Known 
also  as  Epeira  inclmata,  Blackwall. 

51.  Meta  meriance  (Scopoli). 
Yalding ;  Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

A  larger  species  found  in  cellars  and  damp 
places.  Known  also  as  Epeira  antriada, 
Blackwall,  and  a  variety  with  a  white  band 
down  the  centre  of  the  abdomen  as  E.  celata, 
Blackwall. 

52.  Tetragnatha  externa  (Linnseus). 
Tunbridge  WeUs  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  common  species  of  elongate  form 
which  sits  in  the  centre  of  its  web  with  legs 


stretched  out  in  front  and  behind.  Not  so 
entirely  confined  to  marshy  localities  as  the 
next  species  and  easily  recognized  by  the 
silvery  white  band  under  the  abdomen.  The 
jaws  in  the  males  of  this  genus  are  very  large 
and  conspicuous. 

53.  Tetragnatha  solandri  (Scopoli), 
Tunbridge  WeUs  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Very  similar  to  the  last  species  in  general 
appearance,  but  almost  entirely  confined  to 
river  banks  and  marshy  swamps.  Can  be 
recognized  by  the  dull  white  bands  beneath 
the  abdomen  and  the  absence  of  any  pale  line 
on  the  sternum. 

54.  Pachygnatha  clerckii,  Sundevall. 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

Resembles  a  Tetragnatha  in  the  possession 
of  very  large  mandibles,  but  is  not  elongate 
and  spins  no  web  to  speak  of.  Found  under 
leaves  and  at  the  roots  of  herbage,  especially 
in  marshy  places. 


230 


SPIDERS 


55-  Pachygnatha  degeerii,  Sundevall. 

Gravesend(F.  P.  S.);  Hurst  Wood  (T.R.R.S.). 
Smaller  and  commoner  than  the  last  species. 
Found  at  the  roots  of  herbage. 

56.  Cyclosa  conica  (Pallas). 
Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  rare  but  easily  recognized  species,  having 
a  humped  triangular  abdomen  and  sits  in  the 
centre  of  its  web  on  a  band  of  white  trans- 
parent silk,  possibly  from  a  distance  appearing 
like  the  dung  of  a  small  bird  upon  the 
surrounding  foliage.  Known  also  under 
Epeira. 

57.  Zi/la   X  -notata  (Clerck). 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

A  very  common  spider,  usually  spinning  its 
web  on  or  in  the  proximity  of  buildings. 
The  web  has  a  vacant  wedge-shaped  piece 
with  a  single  free  ray  from  the  centre. 
Known  also  as  Epeira  simi/is,  Blackwall. 

58.  Zilla  atrica,  C.  L.  Koch. 

Hurst  Wood,  Tunbridge  WeUs  (T.  R.  R.  S.); 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 
Almost  as  common  as  the  above,  but  more 
usually  confined  to  the  foliage  of  trees  and 
bushes.  The  males  have  a  very  long  palpus, 
while  in  x  -notata  these  are  very  short. 
Known  also  as  Epeira  callophylla,  Blackwall. 

59.  Araneus  cucurhitinus,  Clerck. 
Tunbridge  WeUs   (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  beautiful  green  spider  with  bright  red 
tip  at  the  tail  end,  rendering  it  like  the  bud 
of  a  flower.      Known  also  under  Epeira. 

60.  Araneus  diadematuSy  Clerck. 
Tunbridge  Wells    (T.  R.  R.  S.)  ;  Gravesend 

(F.  P.  S.). 
By  far  the  commonest  of  our  spiders,  being 
known  as  the  '  garden  spider,'  of  large  size, 
usually  red-brown  with  white  lozenge-shaped 
spots,  spinning  an  orb-web.  Known  also 
under  Epeira. 

61.  Araneus  quadratus,  Clerck. 

Rusthall  Common  (T.  R.  R.  S.)  ;  Gravesend 
(F.  P.  S.). 
A  common  spider  in  October  on  most 
heathy  commons  where  it  spins  a  strong  orb- 
web  and  makes  a  tent  for  concealment  under 
the  heather  or  gorse.  Its  food  consists  chiefly 
of  the  common  honey-bee,  and  in  colour  it  is 
warm  pink  with  green  and  yellow  shading 
with  four  large  white  spots  on  the  back  of 
the  abdomen.     Known  also  under  Epeira. 

62.  Araneus  cornutus,  Clerck. 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

Abundant    in     the     rush-beds,    etc.,    near 


streams  or  in  swampy  places.     Known  also 
as  Epeira  apodisa,  Blackwall. 

63.  Araneus  patagiatuSy  Clerck. 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

Very  similar  to  the  last  species  but  usually 
darker  in  colour  and  not  so  universally  dis- 
tributed about  the  country.  Known  also 
under  Epeira. 

64.  Araneus  sclopetarius^  Clerck. 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

A  much  larger  and  more  darkly  marked 
species  than  either  of  the  two  last  and  found 
on  the  margins  of  streams,  in  the  angles  of 
boathouses,  or  on  riverside  palings.  Known 
also  as  Epeira  sericata,  Blackwall. 

65.  Araneus  umbraticus,  Clerck. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T  R.  R.  S.). 

A  large  species,  very  like  the  last  in  general 
appearance  but  much  more  flattened,  for  it 
lives  under  the  bark  of  trees  and  posts,  spin- 
ning a  strong  orb-web  and  venturing  out  of 
its  lurking  place  only  at  nightfall.  Known 
also  under  Epeira. 

66.  Araneus  gibbosus,  Walckenaer. 
Seven  oaks. 

A  rare  species,  taken  by  beating  lichen- 
covered  bushes  and  trees,  and  recognized  by 
the  two  angular  tubercles  on  the  shoulders  of 
the  abdomen.  Known  also  as  Epeira  arbus- 
torum  and  E.  bicornis. 

67.  Araneus  triguttatus,  Fabricius. 
Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  uncommon  on  iron  palings,  where  the 
rust-red  patch  on  the  forepart  of  the  abdomen 
resembles  a  spot  of  iron-rust  and  thus  favours 
concealment.  It  can  also  be  beaten  from  the 
foliage  of  trees.  Known  also  as  Epeira  aga- 
lena. 

68.  Araneus  signatus,  Blackwall. 
Broadstairs  (Walker). 

The  type  of  this  species  has  been  lost,  so 
that  is  is  difficult  to  determine  its  identity 
with  any  certainty.  It  is  probably  only  a 
variety  of  the  last  species.  Known  also  under 
Epeira. 

69.  Linyphia  triangularis  (Clerck). 
Yalding. 

A  very  abundant  species  in  autumn,  whose 
sheet-like  snares  glistening  with  dewdrops 
form  a  conspicuous  feature  on  the  hedges  and 
bushes  in  the  early  mornings.  The  mandibles 
in  the  male  are  very  long,  resembling  those  in 
Tttragnatha. 


231 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


70.  Linyph'ta  pusilla,  Sundevall. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  smaller  species  than  the  last,  with  deep 
black  ventral  region.  The  palpus  in  the 
male  sex  has  a  long  spiral  spine.  It  spins 
its  web  near  the  ground  amongst  herbage. 
Known  also  as  L.  fuliginea,  Blackwall. 

71.  Linyphia  montana  (Clerck). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  large  species  whose  habits  are  similar  to 
those  of  triangularis.  It  is  however  often 
found  in  conservatories  and  outhouses.  Known 
also  as  L.  marginata,  Blackwall. 

72.  Linyphia  hortensis,  Sundevall. 
Rusthall  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  a  common  species,  somewhat  similar 
to  pusilla  in  general  appearance  and  habits. 
Known  also  as  L.  pratensis,  Blackwall. 

73.  Linyphia  dathrata,  Sundevall. 
Yalding. 

Resembles  montana,  but  is  smaller.  Very 
common  amongst  herbage.  Known  also  as 
Neriene  marginata,  Blackwall. 

74.  Linyphia  peltata  (Wider). 
Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  small  and  common  species  found 
amongst  the  foliage  of  trees  and  bushes  in 
the  summer  time.  A  variety  is  known  also 
as  L.  rubea,  Blackwall. 

75.  LabuIIa  thoracica  (Wider). 
Yalding. 

Not  uncommon  in  outhouses  or  under  over- 
hanging banks  and  rocks.  The  male  is  re- 
markable for  the  enormously  long  spiral  spine 
on  the  palpal  bulb. 

76.  Stemonyphantes  Uneatus  (Linnaeus). 
Hawkesbury,  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  as  Linyphia  bucculenta,  O.  P.-C, 
and  Neriene  trilineata,  Blackwall. 

77.  Drapetisca  socio  lis  (Sundevall). 
Hurst  Wood  (T  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  uncommon,  often  abundant,  where  it 
occurs,  sitting  close  to  the  bark  of  fir  and 
other  trees.      Known  also  under  Linyphia. 

78.  Lepthyphantes  leprosus  (Ohlert). 
Yalding ;  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  common  species  in  stables,  haylofts, 
and  outhouses.      Known  also  under  Linyphia. 

79.  Lepthyphantes  nehulosus  (Sundevall). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  rarer  and  larger  species  found  in  similar 
situations  to  the  last.  Known  also  as  Liny- 
phia vivax,  Blackwall,  and  under  Linyphia. 


80.  Lepthyphantes  hlachvallii,  Kulczynski. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Often  very  common  at  the  roots  of  herb- 
age in  September.  Known  also  as  Linyphia 
tenebricola  (Wider),  O.  P.-C,  and  L.  terricola, 
O.  P.-C.  and  Blackwall. 

81.  Lepthyphantes  tenuis  (Blackwall). 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

Very  similar  to  the  last  species  and  found 
under  the  same  conditions.  Known  also  as 
Linyphia  tenebricola,  O.  P.-C. 

82.  Lepthyphantes  minutus  (Blackwall).' 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Linyphia. 

83.  Bathyphantes  pullatus  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Yalding. 

Known  also  under  Linyphia.  Common  in 
marshy  swamps. 

84.  Bathyphantes  nigrinus  (Westring). 
Tonbridge,  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  as  Linyphia  pulla,  Blackwall, 
and  also  under  Linyphia.  Common  in  marshes 
and  swamps. 

85.  Bathyphantes  meadii  (O.  P.-Cambridge). 
Tonbridge. 

Known  also  as  Linyphia  approximata  (O. 
P.-C).  Common  in  localities  similar  to  those 
in  which  the  last  two  species  are  found. 

86.  Bathyphantes  concokr  (Wider). 
Yalding. 

Known  also  as  Theridion  filipes,  Blackwall, 
and  under  Linyphia. 

87.  Bathyphantes  circumspectus  (Blackwall). 
Tonbridge. 

Known  also  under  Linyphia. 

88.  Bathyphantes  dorsalis  (Wider). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Common  on  the  foliage  of  trees  and  bushes 
in  the  summer  time.  Known  also  under 
Linyphia  and  as  L.  claytonia,  Blackwall. 

89.  PcEciloneta  variegata  (Blackwall). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Linyphia  and  Neriene. 

90.  Centromerus  hicolor  (Blackwall). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Linyphia,  Neriene  and 
Tmeticus.  Common  in  September  and  Octo- 
ber, running  on  palings  in  the  bright  sun- 
shine. 

91.  Microneta  viaria  (Blackwall). 
Tonbridge. 

Known  also  under  Neriene. 


232 


SPIDERS 


92.  Erigone  atra  (Blackwall). 
Yalding. 

Known  also  under  Neriene.      Often  abun- 
dant on  railings. 

93.  Tho  vagans  (Blackwall). 

Hurstwood  ;  Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Rare  amongst   dead    leaves    in   woods  and 
shrubberies.      Known  also  under  Neriene  and 
as  N.  longimana. 

94.  Gongylldium  rufipes  (Sundevall). 
Gravesend    (F.    P.    S.)  ;    Tunbridge    Wells 

(T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Known  also  under  Neriene  and  as  N,  mun- 
da,  Blackwall. 

95.  Gonatium  rubens  (Blackwall). 
Gravesend  (F.  P.  S.) ;  Hurstwood  (T.R.R.S.). 

Known  also  under  Neriene. 

96.  Gonatium  isaheUinum  (C.  L.  Koch). 
Yalding. 

Known  also  as  Neriene  rubella,  Blackwall. 


97.  Dicyphus  cornuius  (Blackwall). 
Hurstwood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Neriene. 

98.  Hypomma  bituberculatum  (Blackwall). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Neriene. 

99.  Stylothorax  apicatus  (Blackwall). 
Hurstwood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  under  Neriene. 

100.  Kukzymkiellum  fmcum  (Blackwall). 
Yalding. 

Known  also  under  Neriene. 

lOi.   Walckenaeria  acuminata,  Blackwall. 
Rusthall  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Known  also  under  the  name  Walckenaera. 

102.   Diplocephalus  latifrons [0.?.-Cz.mhnAgc). 
Rusthall  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Known  also  under  Walckenaera. 


THERIDIIDiE 

The  members  of  this  family  have  eight  eyes  situated  very  much  like  those  of  the  Argyo- 
pida,  but  the  mandibles  are  usually  weak,  the  maxillae  are  inclined  over  the  labium,  and 
the  posterior  legs  have  a  comb  of  stiff  curved  serrated  spines  beneath  the  tarsi.  The  web  con- 
sists of  a  tangle  of  crossing  lines,  and  the  spider  often  constructs  a  tent-like  retreat  wherein 
the  egg-sac  is  hung  up. 

to  the  body  in  the  middle  of  the  tangled  web. 
Sometimes,  but  not  often,  a  few  chips  of  dry 
leaf  fallen  into  the  web  may  be  utilized  as  a 
sort  of  apology  for  a  tent-like  retreat,  con- 
structed in  the  case  of  T.  formomm  with  such 
elaborate  skill.  When  prey  of  any  kind  falls 
into  the  toils  the  spider  hurries  down  and  with 
the  tarsal  comb  on  the  fourth  pair  of  legs 
commences  kicking  out  from  the  spinners 
silken  fluid,  often  quite  moist  like  treacle, 
which  strikes  against  and  hardens  on  the 
victim.  In  this  way  very  large  spiders,  beetles 
and  woodlice  are  ensnared  and  converted  into 
food.  With  a  rapid  and  irritable  movement 
of  the  forelegs  also,  small  tufts  of  fine  silk  are 
gathered  and  flung  promiscuously  over  the 
web.  The  male,  a  much  smaller  spider,  may 
often  also  be  seen  hanging  near  at  hand  in 
the  web,  and  the  one  or  more  brown  pear- 
shaped  egg-sacs  also  hang  in  the  upper  part 
of  the  toil.  Sometimes  these  spiders  are  found 
outside  the  houses,  but  rarely,  if  ever,  amongst 
the  shrubs  in  the  open  garden. 
105.    Theridion  varians,  Hahn. 


103.  Theridion  formosum   (Clerck). 
Hurstwood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  uncommon  in  the  open  woods  amongst 
the  young  oak  trees  where  the  spiders  spin  an 
irregular  tangled  web  close  to  the  trunk, 
amongst  the  clusters  of  small  twigs  and 
shoots  growing  on  the  stems  of  the  trees. 
Hanging  somewhere  in  the  web  can  be  found 
a  small  tent-like  domicile  made  of  fragments 
of  dead  leaves,  lichen  and  other  debris. 
Within  it  the  spider  remains  crouched,  in 
close  attendance  upon  her  treasured  egg-sac, 
dropping  instantly  to  the  ground  if  the  tent- 
like retreat  be  handled  or  the  web  even 
touched.  The  female  is  about  the  size  of  a 
small  pea,  very  gibbous,  or  humped  on  the 
upper  side,  orange  or  black  with  narrow  white 
curving  stripes  running  from  the  dorsal  apex 
down  the  sides.  Known  also  as  T.  sisyphium, 
Blackwall. 

104.  Theridion  tepidariorum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Yalding;  Canterbury. 

This  large  species  is  one  of  our  commonest 
spiders  in  conservatories  and  greenhouses, 
where  the  curious  triangular-shaped  female 
may  be  seen  hanging  with  legs  closely  gathered 


Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.)  ;  Canterbur>', 
Yalding. 
A  very  much  smaller  species,  varying  con- 
30 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


siderably  in  colour,  found  abundantly  in 
greenhouses  and  also  amongst  shrubs  in  the 
open  garden.  This  species  makes  no  tent- 
like retreat,  but  sits  close  to  the  one  or  more 
pale  rounded  egg-sacs  usually  spun  up  against 
a  beam  or  window-sill. 

1 06.  Theridion  dent'iculatum  (Walckenaer). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Also  a  very  small  and  abundant  species, 
occurring  on  the  outside  of  windows  and 
outhouses  and  also  on  walls  and  palings.  It 
makes  no  tent-like  retreat  and  the  habits  are 
very  similar  to  those  of  the  last  species. 

107.  Theridion  sisyphium  (Clerck). 
Gravesend     (F.  P.  S.)  ;     Tunbridge    Wells 

(T.  R.  R.  S.). 
Very  common  on  gorse  and  holly  bushes, 
where  they  construct  a  tent-like  domicile 
and  spin  up  within  its  shelter  the  small 
greenish  egg-sacs.  The  young  when  hatched 
pass  also  their  earlier  days  within  the  tent, 
but  on  the  death  of  the  mother  spider  they 
scatter,  taking  up  positions  for  themselves 
amongst  the  neighbouring  foliage.  Known 
also  as  T,  nervosum,  Blackwall. 

108.  Theridion  pictum  (Walckenaer). 
Hurst  Wood    (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  very  beautiful  species,  resembling  a  large 
example  of  T.  varians  with  a  bright  red  and 
white  dentated  band  on  the  dorsal  side  of  the 
abdomen,  found,  often  abundantly,  on  holly 
and  other  bushes,  where  they  construct  a 
large  and  very  perfectly  formed  thimble- 
shaped  domicile,  covered  with  dry  chips  of 
leaves  and  twigs,  often  decorated  with  the 
wings,  legs,  wing-cases  and  other  debris  of 
the  victims  which  have  served  them  for  food. 

109.  Theridion  vittatum,  C.  L.  Koch. 
Hurst  Wood  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Not  uncommon  on  palings  under  trees  or 
amongst  herbage  in  woods.  Known  also  as 
T.  pulchellum. 

no.   Theridion  himaculatum  (Linnasus). 

Gravesend  (F.P.S.)  Hurst  Wood  (T.R.R.S.). 
Known   also    as    T.   carolinum,    Blackwall. 


The  males  can   be  recognized  by  the  sharp 
spur  on  the  coxa  of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs. 

111.  Theridion  ovatum  (Clerck). 
Tunbridge  Wells   (T.  R.  R.  S.)  ;  Gravesend 

(F.  P.  S.). 
A  very  common  species.  The  female  lives 
in  the  folded  leaf  of  a  bramble,  or  that  of 
some  other  shrub,  spinning  the  edges  together. 
Within  this  domicile  she  constructs  a  round 
sea-green  egg-sac  about  as  large  as  a  very 
small  pea.  The  spider  has  a  pale  yellow 
abdomen  with  a  broad  pink  central  dorsal 
band  or  two  pink  bands,  one  on  each  side. 
Another  variety  has  no  pink  bands,  but  a  row 
of  black  spots  on  each  side.  The  male  and 
female  can  often  be  found  together  within 
their  leafy  domicile.  This  spider  is  also 
known  under  the  name  Phyllonethis  lineata, 
and  under  Theridion. 

112.  Theridion  pollens,  Blackwall. 
Hurstwood  (T.R.R.S.). 

This  minute  Theridioid,  pale  yellow  in 
colour,  with  often  a  dark,  or  paler,  dorsal  spot 
on  the  abdomen,  lives  beneath  the  leaves  of 
shrubs  and  trees,  laurel,  elm,  lime,  etc.,  where 
it  spins  its  minute  pear-shaped  pure  white 
egg-sac,  which  rests  on  its  larger  end  and  has 
several  small  cusps  towards  the  sharp-pointed 
stalk. 

113.  Steatoda  bipunctata  (Linnasus). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

A  dark  brown  shiny  rather  flattened  spider, 
living  in  chinks  of  walls,  angles  of  windows 
and  crevices  in  the  partitions  of  old  stables, 
etc.,  emerging  usually  at  nightfall.  The 
males  are  remarkable  for  their  very  large  palpi 
and  also  for  the  possession  of  a  stridulating 
organ,  formed  by  a  series  of  chitinous  ridges 
in  a  hollow  at  the  anterior  part  of  the  abdo- 
men, which  move  over  some  cusps  on  the 
conical  posterior  of  the  carapace. 

114.  Enoplognatha  thoracica  {Vlahn). 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

Known  also  as  Neriene  albipunctata,  O. 
P.-Cambridge  and  Drepanodus  obscurus,  O. 
P. -Cambridge. 


PHOLCID^ 

Spiders  with  more  or  less  slender  bodies  and  very  long  slender  legs.  The  eyes  are  situated 
in  three  groups — a  group  of  two  in  the  centre  and  a  group  of  three  on  each  side.  The  only 
British  species  we  possess  is  a  well  known  frequenter  of  houses  in  the  southern  counties, 
spinning  an  irregular  web  and  moving  swiftly  with  a  circular  shaking  motion  when  alarmed. 

115.  Pholcus  phalangioides  (Fuesslin). 
Tenterden  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 

234 


SPIDERS 

DICTYNID^ 

The  spiders  belonging  to  this  family  possess  three  tarsal  claws,  and  the  eyes,  eight  in 
number,  situated  in  two  transverse  rows,  the  laterals  being  in  contact.  The  cribellum  (or 
extra  pair  of  spinning  organs)  and  the  calamistrum  (a  row  of  curving  bristles  on  the  protarsi 
of  the  fourth  pair  of  legs)  are  present  in  all  members  of  the  family.  They  construct  a  tubu- 
lar retreat  with  an  outer  sheet  of  webbing,  which  is  covered  with  a  flocculent  silk  made  with 
the  calamistrum  from  threads  furnished  by  the  cribellum. 

n6.  Jmaurobius  similis  (Bhckwall).  117.   Jmaurobius  fercx  [WalckenAer). 

Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.).  Beckenham. 

A  very   common    species  in    greenhouses,         ,^  "^^^".^  ^^T  T""''  ,f '"^  ^\""\  T'*" 
stables  and  other  outhouses.     The  males  ma;      P^^^^ /"^^k.ngs,  found  m   cellars  and  also  be- 


neath    rocks  and   stones  on   the  coast 


or  m 


often  be  found  wandering  above  the  walls  of  .  r    ,      ,       ■        , 

dwelling-houses  after  nightfall.     Known  also     "'"''''    f    ^'f'  J"    '^'    °.P^"    ^"""''y- 
under  the  name  Cinijlo.  ^"°^"  ^'^°  ""'^^  '^^  "^'"^  ^'"'>- 

n8.   Dictyna  uncinata,  Thorell. 
Tunbridge  Wells  (T.  R.  R.  S.). 


CHERNETES 

CHELIFERIDiE 

Out  of  twenty  species  of  false  scorpions  hitherto  recorded  as  indigenous  to  Great  Britain 
only  two  have  been  taken  in  this  county.  That  this  small  number  is  simply  due  to  lack  of 
investigation  may  be  gathered  from  the  fact  that  fourteen  species  of  the  order  have  been  taken 
in  the  county  of  Dorset.  The  various  species  can  usually  be  found  amongst  moss  and  dead 
leaves  or  beneath  stones  and  the  bark  of  trees.  They  are  unmistakable  on  account  of  their 
possession  of  a  pair  of  forcipated  palpi,  like  those  of  the  true  scorpion.  These  are  usually 
extended  wide  open  when  the  Arachnid  is  alarmed  while  it  hastens  backwards  to  take  shelter. 
In  spite  of  this  scorpion-like  appearance  these  little  creatures  are  much  more  nearly  allied  to 
the  mites  or  Acaridea. 

119.   Chelifer  latrei/lii,  Leach.  I20.   Cherries  insuetus,  O.  P.-Cambridge. 

Sandwich  (Matthews) ;  Deal  (W.  F.  Bland-  Dover  (W.  P.  Haydon). 

ford).  This  species,  found  amongst  the  refuse  in 

an  oil  mill,  has  been  taken  in  no  other  locality 
British  or  continental. 


OPILIONES 

The  harvestmen  are  spider-like  creatures  with   eight  long  legs,  the  tarsi   long  and  very 
flexible.     Eyes  simple,  two  in  number,  situated  on  each  side  of  an  eye  eminence.     Body  not 
divided  into  two  distinct  regions  by  a  narrow  pedicle,  as  in  spiders.     Abdomen  segmentate  ; 
breathing  apparatus  consisting  of  tracheal  tubes  connected  with  external  stigmata  beneath. 
121.   Phalangium  parietinum,  De  Geer.  122.   Nemastoma  lugubre  (O.  F.  Muller). 

Yalding.  Tonbridge. 


235 


CRUSTACEANS 


IN  the  early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  natural  history  of 
Kent  could  be  collected  by  an  impartial  hand  without  the  least 
notice  of  crustaceans  as  forming  part  of  the  fauna.  Yet  indirectly 
the  historian  in  question  shows  that  the  county  is  supremely  well 
fitted  to  produce  and  harbour  a  great  many  species  of  this  class,  for  he 
says  :  '  besides  divers  Bays  and  Creeks  by  the  Thames  and  Sea-Side, 
there  are  sundry  fresh  Rivers  and  pleasant  Streams  ;  as  the  Medway, 
Darent,  and  Stowre,  besides  sundry  Rivulets  and  Brooks,  which  supply 
the  Inhabitants  with  Plenty  of  Fish,  yet  not  to  equal  some  other 
maritime  Counties  in  Quantity,  or  Variety,  except  in  their  Oysters, 
found  in  the  East  Swale  or  near  Faversham.' '  He  also  mentions  several 
plants  as  growing  in  ditches,  brooks,  salt  marshes,  and  on  the  sea-shore. 
If  it  be  added  that  the  county  lies  between  the  waters  of  the  North  Sea 
and  those  of  the  English  Channel,  and  that  its  land  surface  is  richly 
diversified  with  woods,  gardens,  hedgerows,  lanes  and  quarries,  almost 
every  favourable  circumstance  will  appear  to  be  combined  for  supplying 
it  plentifully  with  crustaceans  of  various  orders  and  diversified  modes  of 
life.  The  actual  abundance  of  species  is  being  gradually  established  by 
direct  observation. 

Of  the  genuine  Brachyura  a  fair  proportion  are  on  record  from  the 
waters  of  Kent.  These  short-tailed  decapods,  with  the  nervous  system 
highly  concentrated,  are  the  true  crabs.  They  are  rightly  regarded  as 
standing  at  the  head  of  the  Malacostraca.  The  most  familiar  British 
form  and  that  which  with  us  attains  the  largest  size  is  Cancer  pagurus, 
Linn.,  known  as  the  great  crab  or  the  eatable  crab.  Bell  notices  that 
the  family  Bythesea  of  Kent  is  one  of  those  that  '  bear  this  animal  in 
their  coat-armour.'  '^  In  the  British  Association  Handbook  to  Dover, 
(1899),  Messrs.  Sydney  Webb  and  Edward  Horsnaill,  treating  of '  Sea 
Life,'  say  that  Cancer  pagurus  frequents  the  laminarian  zone,  but  small 
specimens  may  often  be  found  between  tide-marks.'  This  is  true  of 
many  places  besides  Dover,  for  the  species  is  found  all  round  our  coasts 
and  often  in  great  abundance.  The  estimate  regarding  it,  that  a  large 
female  can  carry  on  its  swimmerets  three  millions  of  eggs  and  that  even 
a  small  one  can  have  half  a  million^  may  help  to  explain  the  plentiful- 
ness.     Experts,  however,  agree  in  strongly  deprecating  a  wasteful  use  of 

1  Magna  Britannia  et  Hibernia,  Antiqua  et  Nova.  .  .  .     Collected  and  Composed  by  an  impartial 
Hand,  ii.  1 194  (1720). 

2  British  Stalk-eyed  Crustacea,  p.  66. 

'  H.  C.  Williamson,  Fishery  Board  for  Scotland,  Ann.  Rep.  xviii.  pt.  3,  89  (1900). 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

this  bountiful  supply.  Inquiries  with  a  view  to  restrictive  legislation 
have  led  to  many  valuable  reports,  those  of  recent  years  by  Wilson, 
Meek,  Cunningham  and  Williamson  usefully  combining  scientific  with 
economic  conclusions.  Only  one  or  two  points  out  of  many  can  be 
considered  here.  The  process  called  ecdysis  or  exuviation  is  repeated 
probably  several  times  in  the  life  of  every  crustacean  that  reaches 
maturity.  Many  a  schoolboy,  preparing  for  a  swim,  instead  of  sedately 
taking  off  his  garments  one  by  one,  will  slip  out  of  them  all  at  one 
cast.  A  crab  with  the  growing  pains  improves  upon  this.  It  slips  out 
of  its  skin.  It  comes  so  clean  and  clear  away  from  the  skin  of  its  teeth 
and  the  teeth  of  its  skin  that  the  slough  is  a  complete  model  of  the 
animal  with  carapace,  limbs,  jaws,  feathered  hairs,  delicate  spines,  or 
whatever  else  may  be  the  appropriate  furniture.  Having  become  too 
stout  for  its  unyielding  harness  the  crab  bursts  it,  obviously  for  the  sake 
of  getting  a  chance  to  expand  in  a  new  and  still  flexible  vest.  But  such 
of  the  Decapoda  as  have  inflated  claws,  strongly  encrusted  and  narrow 
at  the  joints,  can  find  no  easy  task  in  withdrawing  their  arms  from  these 
natural  sleeves.  The  procedure  which  they  have  inherited  and  cannot 
dispense  with  is  no  longer  very  well  suited  to  the  accoutrement  with 
which  in  process  of  time  they  have  become  equipped.  But  besides 
being  essential  to  growth,  the  casting  of  the  shell  is  also  of  service  in  the 
pairing  of  crabs.  It  does  not  occur  simultaneously  in  the  two  sexes. 
The  male  Cancer  pagurus  is  still  securely  armoured  while  his  consort  is 
in  the  soft  helpless  state  which  follows  exuviation,  and  under  these 
circumstances  is  repeatedly  found  keeping  watch  and  ward  over  her. 
Some  naturalists,  observing  the  husbands  in  this  apparently  chivalrous 
attitude,  looked  upon  it  as  probably  '  a  pretty  trait  of  cancerine  character, 
and  one  not  unworthy  of  their  acute  instinct  and  sagacity  in  other 
respects.' '  There  is  however  a  somewhat  less  sentimental  explanation 
available.  There  is  reason  to  think  that  only  while  the  skin  of  his 
partner  is  still  pliable  can  the  male  find  the  auspicious  time  for  intro- 
ducing into  the  spermatheca  the  fertilizing  elements.''  Between  the  two 
sexes  there  are  several  differential  characters.  By  one  of  them,  according 
to  Dr.  Williamson,  '  it  is  possible  to  distinguish  the  sex  of  a  crab  when 
it  is  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  breadth.'^  This  difference 
lies  in  the  circumstance  that  the  infolded  abdomen  or  pleon  of  the 
female  has  four  pairs  of  swimmerets,  whereas  the  first  and  second  paired 
appendages  of  the  male  pleon  are  modified  into  organs  for  conveying  the 
spermatophores  into  the  spermatheca.  While  both  sexes  are  still  small, 
the  narrow  pleon  of  the  male  is  contrasted  witb  the  broad  one  of  the 
female,  and  later  on  the  male  is  further  distinguished  by  his  more  mas- 
sive claws  and  by  having  the  crenulated  edge  of  his  carapace  broader 
and  somewhat  upturned.  That  the  genital  openings  belong  to  the 
ultimate  thoracic  segment  in  the  male  but  to  the  antepenultimate  in  the 

1  White,  Popular  History  of  British  Crustacea,  p.  39  (1857),  quotation  from  Gosse. 
'  Fishery  Board  for  Scotland,  l8iA  Annual  Report,  pt.  3,  82. 
3  Loc.  cit.  p.  99. 

238 


CRUSTACEANS 

female  is  the  rule  throughout  the  Malacostraca.  Williamson  points  out 
that  Frank  Buckland  was  mistaken  in  supposing  that  soft  crabs  always 
contained  a  great  deal  of  water,  for  '  the  body  fluid  of  the  crab  is  not 
water  ;  it  is  richly  albuminous  :  on  exposure  to  air  for  a  little  time  it 
becomes  black  ;  and  if  a  quantity  of  it  is  treated  with  picro-sulphuric 
acid  it  coagulates  into  a  solid  mass.' ' 

In  the  family  Cancridae  to  which  the  great  eatable  crab  belongs  is 
placed  a  very  different  looking  and  somewhat  anomalous  form,  Pirimela 
denticulata  (Montagu).  Kent  has  the  credit  of  having  introduced  this 
pretty  little  species  to  science,  though  the  honour  of  first  naming  it 
belongs  to  the  celebrated  Devonshire  naturalist.  Montagu  called  it 
Cancer  denticulatus,  and  together  with  a  characteristic  figure  supplied  an 
account  of  much  merit  considering  the  date  at  which  it  was  com- 
posed. He  described  it  as  follows  : — '  Thorax  broad  before,  narrow 
behind,  rugged  with  spines  and  tubercles,  the  margin  continued  in  one 
series  of  subserrated  denticulations  :  the  front  between  the  eyes  is  quin- 
quedentate,  the  middle  spine  the  longest  :  the  sides  are  also  quinque- 
dentate,  besides  a  small  process  over  each  eye  :  eyes  prominent  :  antennae 
obscure  ;  the  arms  not  longer  than  the  body,  angulated,  or  ridged 
longitudinally  with  blunt  spines  at  the  top  of  the  middle  joint  ;  fangs 
angulated  and  denticulated  ;  the  legs  are  also  angulated  ;  claws  subulate  : 
tail  narrow,  regularly  tapering.  Length  three-quarters  of  an  inch, 
breadth  rather  more.  This  singular  species  of  crab  was  sent  to  me, 
amongst  a  variety  of  British  Cancri,  by  my  late  worthy  friend  Mr.  Boys, 
as  the  produce  of  the  coast  of  Sandwich.'  ^  It  should  be  understood  that 
by  the  '  fangs  '  are  intended  the  thumb  and  finger  of  the  chelipeds  or 
front  legs,  the  middle  joints  of  which  are  spoken  of  as  '  arms.'  The 
subulate  claws  are  the  awl-shaped  fingers  or  terminal  joints  of  the  walking 
legs.  It  is  to  be  lamented  that  Montagu  only  described  two  out  of  the 
various  '  Cancri  '  which  his  friend  sent  him  as  products  of  this  county. 
Besides  the  extreme  difference  of  size  between  the  great  C.  pagurus  and 
the  little  Pirimela,  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  former  has  each  antero- 
lateral border  of  the  carapace  divided  into  nine  lobes,  while  in  the  latter 
each,  by  a  much  more  common  arrangement,  is  cut  into  five  teeth.  In 
the  family  which  includes  them  both,  the  folding  of  the  little  first 
antennae  is  longitudinal,  but  in  the  next  two  families  it  is  transverse  or 
very  oblique. 

Of  the  Xanthids  one  representative  is  reported  from  Dover,  where, 
it  is  said,  Pilumnus  \hirtellus  (Linn.)  may  be  found  '  under  stones  below 
Shakespere's  and  Abbot's  Cliffs.' '  This  is  a  hairy  little  species  having 
the  '  front,'  that  is  the  border  between  the  orbits,  chiefly  composed  of 
two  broad  finely  denticulate  lobes.  Each  antero-lateral  margin  of  the 
carapace  has  five  teeth,  but  the  tooth  adjoining  the  orbit  is  very  small. 

1  Fishery  Board  for  Scotland,  iSth  Annual  Report,  pt.  3,  105. 

2  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  ix.  87,  pi.  2,  fig.  2  (paper  read  1805,  published  1808). 

3  Handbook  to  Dover,  p.  87.    As  all  the  references  to  this  useful  guide  will  be  concerned  with  pages 
87,  88,  this  notice  will  perhaps  suffice  once  for  all. 

239 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The  Portunidae,  while  agreeing  with  the  Xanthidae  in  regard  to 
the  resting  position  of  the  first  antennae,  are  distinguished  both  from 
them  and  the  Cancridae  by  a  character  which  in  its  full  development  is 
much  more  striking  to  the  eye.  Instead  of  having  the  terminal  joint  of 
the  last  legs  subulate,  they  have  it  very  much  flattened  so  as  to  make  a 
convenient  swimming  paddle.  This  character,  however,  is  subject  to 
many  gradations,  so  that  in  the  common  shore  crab,  Carcinus  maenas 
(Linn.),  the  joint  in  question  is  narrowly  lanceolate,  only  a  little  more 
paddle-like  than  the  stiliform  '  fingers  '  of  the  three  preceding  pairs. 
One  may  look  upon  this  as  a  natural  accommodation  to  the  shore- 
tramping  habits  of  the  animal.  Leach  says  that  '  this  very  common 
species  inhabits  all  the  estuaries  and  rocky  shores  of  Great  Britain, 
lurking  beneath  stones  and  tangle  or  burrowing  in  the  sand.' '  Its  range 
indeed  is  very  extensive,  since  it  has  been  traced  up  the  North  Sea  into 
almost  arctic  waters,  to  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Red  Sea,  to  Brazil,  to 
the  Bay  of  Panama,  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  and  now  is  shown  by 
Messrs.  Fulton  and  Grant  to  be  establishing  itself  in  Australian  waters.'^ 
Adam  White  refers  some  of  the  specimens  in  the  British  Museum  to 
'  Sandgate,  Kent.  From  old  collections,'^  and  the  Handbook  to  Dover 
says  tha.t'  Carci/ius  Maenas,  the  common  shore  or  green  crab,  is  abundant, 
and  a  great  source  of  pleasure  to  all  children.'  Of  the  genus  Portunus, 
Fabricius,  at  least  four  species  can  be  attributed  to  these  waters.  Bell, 
after  mentioning  other  localities  for  P.  puber  (Linn.),  the  velvet 
swimming  crab,  adds  that  he  has  '  taken  it  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Kent,  where,  however,  it  appears  to  be  more  rare,' '  The  Handbook  to 
Dover  says,  '  Portunus  puber  and  depurator  are  swimming  crabs,  usually 
found  near  the  lower  water  mark  of  our  coast  line.'  Of  P.  mannoreus. 
Leach,  Bell  says,  '  at  Sandgate,  in  the  month  of  May,  1844,1  procured 
by  dredging  nearly  four  hundred  specimens  at  two  casts  of  the  dredge, 
of  which  about  three-fourths  were  females:  several  of  these  were  carry- 
ing spawn,  which  is  of  a  rich  orange  colour.'  °  Of  P.  piisi/lus.  Leach, 
Bell  quotes  the  statement  made  by  Mr.  W.  Thompson,  the  Irish 
naturalist,  '  I  have  several  times  taken  it  in  the  stomach  of  fishes  ;  in 
one  instance,  in  a  Trigla  Giirnardus,  taken  in  the  open  sea  off  Dover.'* 
As  this  little  species  occurs  off  the  Isle  of  Man,  all  along  the  southern 
coast  of  England,  and  in  the  Firth  of  Forth,  the  friendly  intervention  of 
a  gurnard  may  suffice  to  establish  its  Kentish  domicile.  For  P.  holsatui, 
Fabricius,  we  must  have  recourse  again  to  White's  British  Museum 
Catalogue  which  attributes  specimens  of  this  species  to  '  Sandgate  :  from 
the  collection  of  Col.  Montagu."  The  distinctions  between  this  species  and 
P.  marmoreus  are  so  undemonstrative  that  some  may  prefer  to  write  the 
two  under  the  older  name  given  by  Fabricius.  The  furry  coat  of  the 
velvet  crab  (P.  puber)  and  the  rich  blue  of  the  exposed  parts  distinguish 

'  Mdacostraca  Podophthalmata  Bntunniae,  text  to  pi.  5  (18 1 6). 
'  The  Victorian  Naturalist,  xvii.  145  (1900). 
'  Catalogue  of  British  Crustacea  in  Brit.  iMus.  p.  12  (1850). 
*  British  Stalk-eyed  Crustacea,  p.  92. 

'  Loc.  cit.  p.  107.  *  Loc.  cit.  p.  113.  '  Op.  cit.  p.  15. 

240 


CRUSTACEANS 

it  quite  clearly  from  the  marble  crab  which  has  a  smooth  carapace  with 
patterns  worked  in  buffs  and  reddish  browns,  and  also  from  P.  depurator 
(Linn.),  the  cleanser  swimming  crab,  which  has  the  carapace  pale 
reddish  brown  in  colour  and  irregularly  granular  in  texture.  Of  this 
cleanser  or  port-scavenger  Leach  says,  '  It  is  well  known  to  the  fisher- 
men under  the  name  of  flying  crab,  and  is  supposed  by  them  (though 
erroneously)  to  destroy  oysters,  by  insinuating  its  flattened  foot  into  the 
shells  when  the  animal  opens  for  food.' '  The  terminal  joint  of  the  fifth 
foot  is  here,  as  in  P.  holsatus,  broadly  oval  and  smooth,  not  ridged  as  in 
P.  puber.  P.  pusillus,  the  dwarf  swimming  crab,  is  much  smaller  than 
the  other  species  of  the  genus  here  recorded. 

In  the  same  section  of  Cyclometopa,  or  round-fronted  crabs,  is 
included  another  family,  the  Corystidae,  represented  in  Great  Britain  by 
the  singular  masked  crab,  Corystes  cassivelaunus  (Pennant).  The  mark- 
ings on  the  carapace,  especially  if  a  little  accentuated  by  pen  or  pencil, 
give  the  effect  of  human  features,  and  to  this  Bell's  English  name  for  it  is 
due,  the  same  idea  having  been  previously  conveyed  by  the  Latin  name, 
personatus,  which  Herbst  bestowed  upon  the  female.  The  chelipeds  of 
the  male  are  so  very  much  longer  than  those  of  the  other  sex,  that  the 
earlier  students  may  be  excused  for  having  thought  that  they  had  a 
specific  distinction  to  deal  with.  In  the  Corystidae  as  in  the  Cancridae 
the  first  antennae  are  longitudinally  folded,  but  whereas  in  Cancer 
pagurus  the  carapace  is  much  broader  than  long,  and  the  second  antennae 
are  inconspicuous,  here  the  carapace  is  much  longer  than  broad  and  the 
second  antennae  are  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  carapace.  Moreover  by 
a  geniculation  of  the  peduncles  these  external  antennae  have  their  flagella 
brought  close  together  in  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  animal  as  if  they 
were  the  inner  instead  of  the  outer  pair.  The  masked  crab  has  the  habit 
of  burying  itself  perpendicularly  tail  foremost  in  the  sand  at  the  bottom 
of  the  sea  during  the  day  time.  While  in  this  position  it  naturally  finds 
the  ordinary  mode  of  respiration  in  vogue  with  the  Brachyura  by  no 
means  convenient.  For  as  a  rule  the  current  of  water  which  bathes 
the  branchiae  or  gills  enters  the  branchial  chambers  below  the  branchi- 
ostegite  or  branchial-cover,  and  comes  out  in  front  by  the  apertures  at 
the  sides  of  the  mouth.  But  Corystes  in  its  burrow  being  beset  by 
sand,  except  for  the  little  tube  which  it  forms  with  its  hairy  second 
antennae  stretched  upward  in  juxtaposition,  can  only  enjoy  the  current 
by  reversing  it.  Mr.  Walter  Garstang,  who  by  help  of  an  aquarium 
has  carefully  watched  this  creature's  behaviour,  thus  summarizes  the 
matter  :  '  The  elongation  of  the  antennae,  and  the  arrangement  of  the 
hairs  upon  them,  the  double  bend  of  their  basal  joints,  the  structure  of 
the  parts  bounding  the  prostomial  chamber,  and  the  arrangement  of 
hairs  upon  them,  are  characters  which  in  conjunction  with  the  reversal 
of  the  respiratory  current,  adapt  the  respiratory  mechanism  of  the  crab 
in  a  remarkably  complete  manner  to  the  arenicolous  mode  of  life.  The 
antennal  tube  enables  the  crab  to  draw  its  supplies  of  water  directly  from 

'  Edinb.  Encycl.  vii.  390  (1813). 
I  241  31 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

the  superincumbent  reservoir  of  water,  while  the  arrangement  of  hairs  is 
such  as  to  constitute  a  sieve,  keeping  the  sand  away  from  the  respira- 
tory organs.' ' 

The  reader  will  no  doubt  perceive  that  the  current  entering  from 
above,  can,  after  bathing  the  branchiae,  soak,  away  as  it  pleases  into  the 
surrounding  sand,  but  the  sand  however  moist  would  not  supply  a  stream 
which  the  crab  could  pump  upwards.  Bell  allots  this  species  to  Kent 
among  other  localities,  saying,  'in  May,  1843,  at  Sandgate,  I  took  a 
single  specimen  with  the  dredge,  and  on  the  following  day  ten  more  in 
the  shrimp-trawl  ;  these  were  all  females.' "  The  Handbook  to  Dover 
says  'Corystes  cassivelaunus,  the  helmet  crab,  is  not  uncommon  in  East- 
wear  Bay,  where  it  burrows  in  the  sand  ;  it  is  occasionally  found  also  in 
Dover  Bay,  and  probably  all  round  the  coast  in  suitable  localities.' 

The  section  Catometopa,  '  with  front  deflexed,'  is  poorly  repre- 
sented in  the  annals  of  Kent.  It  would  be  altogether  unrepresented  but 
for  the  above-mentioned  Handbook,  which  remarks  that  Pinnotheres  ptsiim, 
the  little  pea  crab,  lives  within  the  shells  of  living  mussels  in  amicable 
friendship.'  This  would  seem  to  imply  that  some  friendships  are  not 
amicable,  and  perhaps  the  epithet  was  added  expressly  to  rebut  the 
stories  which  accuse  pea-crabs  of  maltreating  their  hosts.  Whatever 
•their  generic  name  may  impute,  they  really  do  not  hunt  the  pinna. 
They  do  not  place  malicious  pebbles  between  the  valves  of  casually 
gaping  oysters.  There  is  not  the  slightest  proof  that  they  make  their 
meals  of  these  or  any  other  molluscs.  In  this  genus  the  carapace  of 
the  female  is  remarkably  soft.  The  external  maxilHpeds  have  the 
terminal  joint  attached,  not  as  usual  end  to  end  with  the  preceding 
joint,  but  to  the  middle  of  that  joint's  front  margin. 

The  section  Oxyrrhyncha,  or  '  sharp  beaks,'  have  the  carapace 
narrowed  in  front,  and  usually  produced  into  a  rostrum.  Several  species 
have  been  noticed  in  this  county.  All  of  them  come  under  the  popular 
designation  of  spider-crabs.  Macropodia  rostrata  (Linn.)  may  be  accepted 
on  the  authority  of  Mr.  E.  Lovett,  who,  using  a  preoccupied  generic 
name,  now  discarded,  says  that  "■  Stenorhyncus  rostratus  is  common  in  the 
Thames  Estuary.'  ^  M.  tenuirostris  (Leach)  is  vouched  for  from  Whit- 
stable  by  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Oakden  under  the  name  '  Stenorhyncbiis 
tenuirostris^  '  Pisa  tetraodon  occurs  at  the  Nore,'  according  to  Lovett.' 
For  this  the  more  correct  name  is  Blastus  tetraodon  (Pennant).  Of 
Hyas  araneus  (Linn.)  Leach  says,  '  this  species  is  very  common  on 
the  coasts  of  Scotland  and  Kent.  .  .  .  The  young  is  frequently  found 
inhabiting  pools  of  water  amongst  the  rocks  at  low  tide,  and  is  often 
covered  with  fragments  of  marine  plants,  which  adhere  to  the  hairs  of 
the  legs  and  shell  ;  in  this  state  it  has  been  observed  on  the  coast  of 
Perthshire,   near  Montrose,   by  G.   Milne,  Esq.,  and   on  that  of  Kent, 

«  Journal  of  the  Marine  Biological  Association,  new  ser.  iv.  231  (1S96). 

'  British  Stalk-eyed  Crustacea,  p.  161. 

'  7he  Essex  Naturalist,  xi.  252  (1900). 

«  Journal  of  the  Quekett  Microscopical  Club,  ser.  2,  iv.  328  (1889). 

»  Essex  Nat.  xi.  253. 

242 


CRUSTACEANS 

near  Sandgate,  by  myself.' '  Bell  says  that  '  he  has  dredged  it  on 
oyster-beds  at  Sandgate,  of  large  size,  at  from  ten  to  twelve  fathoms,' 
and  as  to  its  habits  makes  the  following  observation  :  '  Mr.  Hailstone 
states  that  this  crab  spawns  in  February  ;  this,  however,  cannot  be 
universally  the  case,  as  I  took  several  females  at  Sandgate  early  in  May, 
in  the  year  1843,  every  one  of  which  was  carrying  her  load  of  spawn, 
which  is  of  a  rich  deep  orange  colour.' "  Of  H.  coarctatus.  Leach,  Bell 
says,  '  Dr.  Leach  mentions  Sandgate  as  a  particular  habitat,  where  I 
also  obtained  several  specimens  by  dredging  in  May.'  To  this  he 
presently  adds  :  'It  is  said  by  Mr.  Hailstone  to  spawn  in  January. 
Amongst  those  which  I  obtained  at  Sandgate  in  the  month  of  May, 
were  several  females,  all  without  spawn.'  ^  The  distinctness  of  this  species 
from  H.  araneus,  its  very  constant  companion,  is  said  by  competentobser- 
vers  not  to  be  doubtful.  The  specific  name  refers  to  the  constriction  of  the 
carapace,  and  the  amount  of  variation  of  which  this  is  susceptible  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  as  yet  subjected  to  any  exact  investigation.  The 
Handbook  to  Trover  says,  '  Hyas  araneus,  Pisa  tetraodon,  and  one  of  the 
Stenorhynchus,  presumably  tefiuirostrls,  all  bearing  the  same  trivial  name 
[spider  crab],  are  sometimes  to  be  met  with  between  high  and  low 
water  marks  on  rocky  parts  of  the  coast.'  But  while  corroborating 
other  authorities  for  these  three,  the  Handbook  is  the  sole  voucher  for  a 
more  important  species  than  any  of  them,  by  the  following  statement  : 
'■  Maia  squinado,  the  spider  crab,  with  its  spinous  carapace,  is  not  nearly 
so  abundant  with  us  as  in  many  other  seaside  places  ;  the  young  speci- 
mens of  it  are  occasionally  taken  in  crab  and  lobster  pots.  Its  somewhat 
fierce  aspect  may  be  against  it,  but  if  it  were  only  better  known,  it 
would  command  a  large  sale  among  gastronomic  epicures.'  The 
spines  and  hairs  of  the  carapace  often  give  shelter  to  various  species  of 
small  amphipods.  The  propriety  of  its  current  technical  name,  Maia 
squinado  (Herbst),  involves  questions  almost  more  prickly  than  its  coat. 
The  genus  Maja,  with  the  alternative  spelling  Maia,  was  established  by 
the  celebrated  Lamarck  in  1801,*  nominally  to  include  the  two  genera 
which  Fabricius  had  called  Inachiis  and  Parthe?7ope.  But  the  reference 
which  Lamarck  gives  to  Herbst  for  the  first  of  these  divisions  has 
nothing  to  do  with  Inachus.  It  guides  the  reader  to  Herbst's  descrip- 
tion and  figure  of  Cancer  maja,  which,  as  will  presently  be  seen,  belongs 
to  an  entirely  different  group  of  crustaceans.  Since  both  Inachus  and 
Parthenope  are  perfectly  valid,  Lamarck's  Maja  on  its  author's  own 
showing  has  no  standing  place.  It  has  no  right  to  displace  either  of 
them,  let  alone  both.  In  reality  it  was  still-born,  although  for  a 
hundred  years  authors  in  ignorance  of  the  facts  have  allowed  it  a 
fictitious  life.  Independently  of  Lamarck's  fatal  confusion,  there  is  a 
further  difficulty,  already  pointed  out  by  Miss  M.  J.  Rathbun,  that 
'■Maia  was   used   by  Brisson,    1760,   for   a   genus  of  birds,  accepted   by 

•  Malacostraca  Podophthalmata  Britannia,  text  to  pi.  2Ia  (iSi6). 

2  Brit.  Stalk-eyed  Crust,  pp.  33,  34.  ^  Loc.  cit.  pp.  38,  39. 

•  Systeme  des  Animaux  sans  vertehres,  pp.  154,  428. 

243 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

many  ornithologists.' '  For  Maia  squhiaao  I  have  now  therefore  deemed 
it  absolutely  necessary  to  propose  the  new  generic  name  Mamaia,  being 
led  to  the  choice  of  that  particular  form  by  the  desire  to  cause  as  little 
alteration  as  possible  in  the  sectional  titles,  such  as  Maiidae,  founded  on 
the  older  name  and  needing  a  correspondent  change/ 

Of  the  Brachyura  anomala  the  brown  fur-coated  Dromia  vulgaris, 
Milne-Edwards,  may,  it  seems,  be  claimed  as  a  lawful  prize  for  the  fauna 
of  this  county.  It  is  mentioned  in  the  Handbook  to  Dover,  and  Bell 
says,  'The  first  intimation  of  the  present  species  as  a  native  of  Britain 
occurs  in  an  announcement  by  Mr.  John  Edward  Gray,  at  a  meeting 
of  the  Zoological  Club  of  the  Linnaean  Society,  as  long  since  as  June 
22nd,  1824.  These  were  stated  to  have  been  seen  by  that  gentleman 
in  Billingsgate  Market,  amongst  some  oysters,  which  had  been  brought 
from  Whitstable  Bay,  on  the  Kentish  coast.' '  Though  the  anomalous 
Brachyura  Hke  the  genuine  ones  are  devoid  of  well  developed  uropods, 
these  missing  appendages  of  the  sixth  pleon  segment  appear  to  be  repre- 
sented in  the  family  Dromiidae  by  a  pair  of  small  lateral  plates  between 
the  sixth  and  seventh  segments.  In  this  section  the  last  pair  of  walking 
legs,  when  folded  at  rest,  lie  more  or  less  on  the  back  of  the  carapace 
and  they  are  often  very  short.  The  branchiae  also  are  not  as  in  the  true 
crabs  limited  to  a  maximum  of  nine  pairs,  but  often  exceed  the  number 
of  fourteen  pairs  which  is  found  in  the  family  Dromiidae. 

The  Handbook  to  Dover  says  :  '  Lithodes  maia  and  Dromia  vulgaris 
prefer  the  deeper  water  in  the  Channel  ;  they  are  only  brought  ashore 
at  times  by  fishermen.  The  little  Porcellana  longicornis  prefers  also  deep 
water  :  it  is  generally  brought  in  upon  scallops,  and  is  also  partial  to 
cavities  of  Eschara.  P.  platycheles,  on  the  contrary,  is  common  under 
stones  between  tide-marks,  a  habit  which  also  commends  itself  to 
Galathea  squatnifera  below  Abbot's  Cliff.  Pagurus  bernhardus,  the 
hermit  crab,  which  conceals  its  defenceless  body  in  an  empty  shell  of 
whelk  or  natica,  is  more  common  upon  mud  than  sand  bottoms.' 
These  observations  introduce  us  to  the  Macrura  anomala,  the  anomalous 
long-tailed  decapods,  most  of  which  are  distinguished  from  the  true 
crabs  by  having  uropods,  and  those  which  are  without  these  appendages 
have  in  other  respects  a  different  arrangement  of  the  pleon.  To  the 
latter  group  belongs  Lithodes  maia  (Linn.),  the  '  northern  stone  crab,' 
an  extremely  interesting  acquisition  for  Kentish  waters.  The  extension 
of  its  range  to  the  English  Channel  is  noteworthy,  but  the  record  would 
be  much  increased  in  value  could  more  precise  information  be  furnished 
as  to  the  place  of  capture  and  actual  depth  of  water  from  which  the 
capture  was  made.  Fishing  boats  sometimes  come  into  harbour  from 
very  distant  excursions,  and  may  occasionally  bring  in  trophies  not 
their  own  obtained  by  exchange.      It  is  however  now  well   known  that 

>  Proc.  Biological  Society  of  Washington,  xi.  160  (1897). 

>  On    this  subject    the  specialist  may  wish  further  to  consult  Proc.  Biol.  Soc,  Washington,  xviii. 
p.  73  (Rathbun),  p.  157  (Stebbing)  (1905). 

3  Zoological  Journ.  i.  419  ;    Brit.  Stalk-eyed  Crust,  p.  371 
244 


CRUSTACEANS 

the  family  Lithodidae  has  a  very  extensive  distribution,  and  that  species 
in  general,  once  supposed  to  be  strictly  boreal,  find  their  way  far  south 
in  deep  w^ater.  The  close  resemblance  of  Lithodes  main  to  the  true  crabs 
is  indicated  by  the  frequent  confusion  between  it  and  the  species  re- 
named above  as  Matnaia  squinado.  In  dorsal  view  and  in  handling,  these 
thorny  crustaceans  are  not  so  very  dissimilar,  but  in  the  structure  of  the 
pleon  or  tail  there  is  great  divergence.  Besides  difference  in  the 
appendages,  the  pleon  of  Lithodes  is  composed,  not  of  simple  seg- 
ments placed  regularly  end  to  end,  but  of  rows  of  calcified  plates,  which 
in  the  female  exhibit  an  extraordinary  want  of  symmetry.  This  last 
character  helps  to  explain  the  close  connexion  recognized  between  two 
assortments  of  Crustacea,  the  Lithodinea  and  Pagurinea,  which  are 
combined  under  the  Paguridea,  though  superficially  not  at  all  alike. 
Of  the  second  group  Eupagurus  bernhardus  (Linn.),  the  best  known 
English  hermit  crab,  is  found  in  Kent  both  according  to  the  Handbook, 
and  according  to  the  Journal  of  the  Quekett  Microscopical  Club,  two 
members  of  which,  Messrs.  Hardy  and  Oakden,  report  it  as  observed  at 
Whitstable  in  September  1889.  The  elongate,  soft,  twisted  pleon  of 
the  hermit  is  obviously  unsymmetrical. 

From  the  Paguridea  we  pass  to  the  Galatheidea,  which  include 
the  crab-like  Porcellanidae  and  the  lobster-like  Galatheidae.  Both 
families  are  symmetrical,  both  have  the  uropods  well  developed,  and  both 
like  the  rest  of  the  Macrura  anomala  have  only  the  first  pair  of  legs 
chelate  and  the  fifth  pair  very  small.  Of  the  two  common  little 
English  species  Porcellana  platycheles  (Pennant)  is  easily  distinguished 
from  P.  longicornis  (Linn.)  by  the  much  greater  breadth  of  its  chelipeds. 
Both  species  have  long  second  antennae.  By  the  thin  pleon  flattened 
against  the  breast  they  are  marked  off  very  clearly  from  the  Galatheidae. 
Of  the  latter  family  Galathea  squamifera.  Leach,  has  been  already  men- 
tioned as  occurring  at  Dover.  Another  species,  G.  strigosa  (Linn.),  can 
also  be  claimed  on  the  faith  of  a  notice  in  Country  Life  for  April  6, 
1 90 1,  to  which  my  attention  was  called  by  Mr.  Lionel  Robinson,  some- 
time editor  of  the  Annual  Register.  An  excellent  figure  of  the  species 
is  given,  from  a  photograph  by  Mr.  Charles  Hussey,  who  in  sending  it 
made  the  following  observations  : — '  The  original  was  picked  up  alive 
between  Sandown  Castle  and  Deal  Pier  by  Mr.  James  Richardson,  who 
sent  it  on  to  me  for  identification,  but  I  must  candidly  confess  I  do  not 
know  what  it  is.  My  ignorance,  however,  is  shared  by  every  one  who 
has  seen  it.  None  of  the  many  fishermen  in  this  district  have  seen  a 
similar  specimen  before,  and  as  most  of  them  have  spent  their  whole 
lives  on  the  beach  and  in  fishing  round  here,  their  ignorance  is  fairly 
strong  evidence  that  this  shell-fish  is,  if  not  new,  at  any  rate  exceedingly 
rare.  .  .  .  The  live  colours  of  this  specimen  were  exceedingly  beautiful. 
The  shell  was  a  vivid  red,  almost  the  colour  of  a  boiled  lobster,  picked 
out  with  fantastic  designs  in  Cambridge  blue  (shown  as  white  in  the 
photograph),  the  claws  were  a  dull  brown  with  crimson  tips,  the  thorns, 
both  on  claws  and  body,  tipped  with  white.     The  inside  edges  of  the 

245 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

tips  of  the  claws,  as  the  photograph  clearly  shows,  are  covered  with  stiff 
hair  or  bristles,  brown  at  the  base,  tipped  with  crimson,  the  eyes  dark 
indigo  blue.  The  length  of  the  specimen  over  all  is  6  inches  ;  from 
snout  to  tip  of  tail  3^  inches;  length  of  claws  from  socket  to  tip, 
3I  inches  ;  greatest  width  across  the  carapace,  i|  inches.  The  only 
crustacean  which  I  can  find  mentioned  in  the  books  at  my  disposal 
which  is  at  all  likely  to  answer  to  the  specimen  in  my  possession  is  the 
painted  squat  lobster  {Galathea  strigosd).  It  is,  however,  only  just 
mentioned  ;  there  is  no  description  nor  illustration  of  it,  and  as  I  have 
never  seen  a  specimen,  I  am  unable  to  confirm  or  refute  the  theory. 
Against  the  idea  of  its  being  a  lobster  are  the  facts  of  its  size,  its  colour, 
its  having  only  three  pairs  of  legs — lobsters  and  nearly  all  crabs  have 
four  ;  the  Japanese  porcupine  crab  (Lithodes  hystrix)  is  among  the 
notable  exceptions  to  the  rule — and  the  long  slender  claws  covered  with 
hair  at  the  tips.  The  relative  size  of  the  cephalothorax  and  the  abdomen 
seem  to  point  to  its  being  a  connecting  link  between  the  long-tailed  and 
short-tailed  crustaceans.' 

As  there  are  five  British  species  of  Galathea^  it  is  fortunate  that 
Mr.  Hussey  gave  particulars  of  size  and  colour  and  a  trustworthy 
portrait  by  which  his  felicitous  'theory'  as  to  the  name  of  the  species 
can  be  fully  confirmed.  His  inference  from  the  fishermen's  ignorance 
is  more  open  to  question,  since  ignorance  as  a  rule  is  '  fairly  strong 
evidence '  of  nothing  but  its  own  innocent  self.  As  already  explained, 
the  last  pair  of  legs,  fifth  or  fourth  according  as  the  chelipeds  are  or  are 
not  reckoned  in  the  series,  are  not  wanting  in  these  crustaceans.  They 
are  very  slight  and  often  doubled  away  within  the  branchial  cavity  so 
that  they  escape  notice.  The  Japanese  porcupine  crab,  now  known  as 
Acantholithus  histrix  (de  Haan),  has  also  its  full  complement  of  legs. 
According  to  the  most  modern  view,  the  lobsters  do  indeed  lead  up  to 
these  Macrura  anomala  and  also  to  the  Brachyura,  but  through  two 
separate  lines  of  evolution,  not  as  was  formerly  thought  through  the 
former  to  the  latter.  For  distinguishing  G.  strigosa,  which  Adam  White 
calls  the  common  plated  lobster,  from  G.  sqimmifera,  which  he  calls 
Montagu's  plated  lobster,'  it  should  be  noticed  that  the  latter  has  nine 
spines  to  the  rostrum,  and  the  former  has  seven,  the  foremost  of  these 
seven  being  much  more  advanced  than  the  foremost  of  the  nine. 
G.  strigosa  is  much  the  larger  with  the  hands  of  its  chelipeds  more 
spinose,  and  with  the  third  joint  of  its  outer  maxillipeds  longer  than  the 
fourth,  while  in  the  other  species  that  relation  of  length  is  reversed. 

In  the  great  assemblage  of  the  normal  Macrura  Kent  is  sparsely 
represented,  though  the  few  species  it  can  claim  are  distributed  among 
several  families.  The  list  may  properly  be  headed  by  the  common 
lobster,  Astacus  gammarus  (Linn.),  and  the  Norway  lobster,  Nephrops 
mrvegiciis  (Linn.),  both  belonging  to  the  family  Nephropsidae.  The 
former  is  no  doubt  intended  by  Ireland  in  his  history  of  Kent,  when  he 
says,  '  The  native  Milton  oysters  are  superior  to  any  others,  as  well  as 

'   Popular  History  of  British  Crustacea,  p.  87. 
246 


CRUSTACEANS 

the  lobsters  caught  off  the  Isle  of  Thanet.'  '  Herein  he  is  perhaps 
evincing  a  fine  patriotism  of  the  palate,  rather  than  stating  the  result  of 
actual  comparison  between  Kentish  lobsters  and  those  of  all  other 
counties  and  countries.  The  Handbook  to  Dover  says, '  Homarus  vulgaris, 
the  lobster,  of  course  occurs,  but  it  is  far  from  common  with  us, 
although  one  of  1 2  lbs.  weight  was  hooked  and  brought  to  the  surface 
by  an  angler  upon  the  Admiralty  Pier  some  years  ago.  Nephrops 
norvegicus,  the  small  red  or  Norway  lobster,  is  much  more  equable  in 
size,  and  never  attains  even  the  dimensions  of  vulgaris  of  but  moderate 
growth.'  Of  these  two  species  the  more  accurate  scientific  names 
have  been  already  given.  The  species  themselves  run  no  risk  of 
being  confounded,  the  colours  being  very  distinct,  and  the  sharply 
four-sided  hands  of  the  chelipeds  in  Nephrops  being  very  charac- 
teristic. In  the  neighbouring  family  of  the  Potamobiidae  the 
river  crayfish,  Potamobius  palUpes  (Lereboullet),  is  distinguished  from 
both  the  lobsters  by  having,  among  other  differences,  the  last  segment 
of  the  thorax  or  peraeon  slightly  movable  instead  of  coalesced  with 
the  one  preceding.  All  these  three  species  agree  in  having  the  second 
and  third  pairs  of  legs  chelate,  though  in  a  far  feebler  manner  than  the 
first  pair  which  generally  monopolize  the  title  of  chelipeds.  They 
differ  in  several  details  affecting  the  rostrum,  the  '  scale '  of  the  second 
antennae,  and  other  points.  The  occurrence  of  the  river  crayfish  in 
Kent  does  not  appear  to  have  been  hitherto  recorded.  My  friend  the 
Rev.  R.  Ashington  Bullen,  F.L.S.,  F.G.S.,  informs  me  that  it  occurs  in 
the  river  Darent  in  Kent  at  Shoreham,  and  that  he  kept  specimens 
alive  in  his  vicarage  there.  Also  my  neighbour  Mr.  Rix  assures  me 
that  in  his  boyhood  it  frequented  the  streamlet  running  through  Bishops- 
down  Park,  Tunbridge  Wells. 

Of  the  tribe  Caridea,  containing  the  majority  of  the  world's 
shrimps  and  prawns,  only  four  species  are  told  of  in  this  county. 
When  England's  Topographer  says  that  '  Courtstairs,  otherwise  Pegwell 
Bay,  is  famed  for  shrimps,  lobsters,  turbot,  soles,  mullets,  etc.,  and  a 
most  delicious  flat  fish,  called  a  prill,  very  much  sought  after,' ^  his 
shrimps  are  probably  Crangon  vulgaris,  Fabricius,  but  if  not,  the  occur- 
rence of  that  species  at  Whitstable  is  vouched  for  by  Messrs.  Hardy 
and  Oakden  of  the  Quekett  Microscopical  Club,  who  also  give  the 
same  locality  as  a  habitat  of  Palaemon  serratus.  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady 
incidentally  mentions  the  finding  of  Crangon  vulgaris  at  Gravesend.^  In 
the  Appendix  to  his  '  Report  on  the  Fisheries  of  Nor  jo  Ik'  Frank  Buckland 
quotes,  from  '  Rules,  Orders,  and  Ordnances  for  the  Fisheries  in  Thames 
and  Medway'  under  date  1785,  the  following  decrees,  '  White  shrimps 
shall  only  be  taken  from  the  24th  day  of  August  yearly  to  the  25th  day 
of  March  ;   Red  shrimps  shall  be  taken  in  the  river  Medway  only,  and 

•  England's  Topographer,  or  A  New  and  Complete  History  of  the  County  of  Kent.     By  W.  H.  Ireland, 
p.  loi  (1828). 

»  Op.  cit.  i.  536.     The  name  '  prill '  has  passed  out  of  use  in  favour  of  '  brill.' 
>  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xxvi.  pt.  2,  376  (1868). 
247 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

that  from  the  25th  day  of  April  yearly  to  the  ist  day  of  July.'  The 
terms  are  a  little  indefinite.  Adam  White  calls  Palaemon  squilla  the 
'  White  Shrimp,'  but  adds  that  '  other  species  beside  this  are  named 
"  White  Shrimp.'"  '  Mr.  Lovett  says  of  Pandalus  amulicornis,  '  It  is  in 
fact  the  "  Red  Shrimp  "  of  the  Thames  excursion  steamers.  It  works 
the  tide  up  and  down  for  its  food,  and  is  a  most  useful  scavenger.  The 
term  "  Red  Shrimp"  is  applied  to  several  diverse  species  round  the  coast. 
At  Southampton  I  saw  Palaemon  squilla  (the  small  prawn)  hawked 
about  under  this  commercial  name,  and  P.  varians,  where  it  occurs 
commonly,  is  also  so  called.' ''  The  Handbook  to  Dover  says,  '  Pandalus 
annulicornis,  the  red  or  soldier  shrimp,  and  Crangon  vulgaris,  the  brown 
shrimp,  are  imported,  for  Dover  is  one  of  the  very  few  seaside  resorts 
where  shrimping  does  not  commend  itself  as  a  livelihood  to  any  of  its 
inhabitants.  Palaemon  serratus,  the  prawn,  occurs  sparingly  to  the 
west,  but  in  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  where  the  scour  of  the  tides  is  less, 
they  may  be  obtained  in  some  seasons  very  commonly.'  From  these 
passages  there  is  obviously  no  sure  inference  that  the  small  prawn, 
Leander  squilla  (Linn.)  has  been  taken  in  Kentish  waters.  On  the 
other  hand,  allowing  for  changes  in  nomenclature,  there  is  satisfactory 
attestation  oi  Leander  serratus  (Pennant),  Pandalus  montagui.  Leach,  and 
Crangon  vulgaris,  Fabricius,  representing  respectively  three  families,  the 
Palaemonidae,  Pandalidae,  and  Crangonidae.  The  first  two  species, 
which  the  unlearned  may  prefer  to  call  prawns,  have  a  long  serrate 
rostrum  projecting  from  the  carapace.  The  third  species,  the  common 
shrimp,  has  no  rostrum  worth  speaking  of  It  is  further  distinguished 
by  the  first  pair  of  legs.  These  are  moderately  robust,  but  only 
subchelate.  They  are  grasping  organs,  but  the  finger,  instead  of 
closing  against  a  produced  thumb  with  the  action  of  tongs,  closes  down 
upon  the  dilated  end  of  the  palm.  In  Leander  the  nippers  are  of 
normal  structure  but  small.  In  Pandalus  they  are  so  minute  that  till 
recently  their  existence  was  overlooked  and  the  limbs  were  thought  to 
end  in  a  simple  point.  The  second  pair  of  legs  are  chelate  in  all  the 
three  species,  though  here  also  there  are  several  differences  of  structure. 
In  none  of  the  three,  nor  in  any  others  of  the  tribe  Caridea,  are  the  third 
pair  of  limbs  chelate,  as  they  are  in  the  lobster  and  the  river  crayfish. 

Of  the  stalk-eyed  Crustacea  one  more  species  has  to  be  noticed. 
This  is  no  proper  prawn,  though  its  correct  name  is  Praunus  jiexuosus 
(O.  F.  Miiller).  It  belongs  to  the  order  Schizopoda,  which  owe  their 
name  '  cleft-footed  '  to  the  circumstance  that  their  legs  are  two  branched. 
The  malacostracan  appendages  when  fully  developed  have  a  branch 
called  the  epipod  given  off  from  the  first  joint,  and  another  called  the 
exopod  usually  given  off  from  the  second.  It  is  this  exopod  which  has 
in  general  disappeared  from  the  limbs  of  the  peraeon,  but  is  retained  in 
the  Schizopoda.  Colonel  Montagu,  who  in  Devonshire  had  himself 
found  Miiller's    Cancer  jiexuosus,  chose  while  recognizing  that  name  to 

1  Popular  History  of  British  Crustacea,  p.  135. 

2  The  Essex  Naturalist,  xi.  255. 

248 


CRUSTACEANS 

figure  and  describe  the  species  under  a  new  one,  Cancer  Astacus  tnultipes. 
He  says  '  By  means  of  the  accurate  pencil  of  Mr.  Henry  Boys,  who 
favoured  me  with  drawings  of  many  of  the  marine  animals  found  at 
Sandwich,  I  have  been  able  to  identify  this  crab  as  an  inhabitant  also  of 
the  Kentish  coast.'  ^  The  genus  Macromysis,  White,  to  which  this 
species  is  often  referred,  is   much   later  than  Leach's  Pr annus. 

To  the  sessile-eyed  Malacostraca  of  this  county  no  great  attention 
has  hitherto  been  paid.  T^he  Handbook  to  Dover  incidentally  mentions 
a  single  isopod,  saying  in  regard  to  Leander  serratus,  '  Oftentimes  the 
carapace  is  disfigured  by  the  internal  parasite,  Bopyrus  squillarum,  scarcely 
a  specimen  being  free  from  it,  but  in  the  last  two  years  they  appear  to 
have  escaped.'  Strictly  speaking,  this  is  not  an  internal  parasite.  In 
the  proper  sense  of  the  word,  one  might  say,  it  is  not  a  parasite  at  all. 
The  animal  insinuating  itself  between  the  side  wall  of  the  prawn's 
carapace  and  its  branchiae  lodges  there,  apparently  without  doing  its 
host  any  damage  whatever  unless  by  wounding  its  vanity.  But  if  the 
prawn  suffers  from  the  look  of  having  a  swollen  cheek,  the  female 
Bopyrus  endures  more  injury  than  she  inflicts.  In  her  narrow  apart- 
ment she  becomes  quite  lopsided  and  foregoes  all  independence  of 
movement  for  the  sake  of  the  very  numerous  progeny  which  she 
brings  into  the  world.  Her  mate  is  by  comparison  insigni- 
ficant in  size,  but  he  retains  his  symmetry  and  a  limited  pedestrianism. 
Giard  and  Bonnier  have  pointed  out  that  Latreille,  to  whom  the  generic 
and  specific  names  of  Bopyrus  squillarum  are  due,  did  not  distinguish 
L.  serratus  from  L.  squilla.  They  therefore  propose  the  name  B. 
fougerouxi  for  the  species  of  Bopyrus  which  is  found  in  the  former. 

Of  all  the  free-swimming  marine  Isopods  I  find  none  mentioned 
except  Sphaeroma  serratum  (Fabricius)  as  to  which  Leach  says,  '  This 
species  is  very  common  on  the  rocky  shores  of  Devonshire,  Kent,  and 
Cornwall.' '  As  the  generic  name  implies,  these  creatures  can  roll 
themselves  up   into  spheres  like  some  of  the  land  isopods. 

The  freshwater  isopod  of  England  is  Asellus  aquaticus  (Linn.).  It 
is  abundant  in  little  weedy  streams  about  Tunbridge  Wells  and  not 
likely  to  be  scarce  in  any  county. 

The  Isopoda  terrestria  are  at  present  less  meagrely  represented  than 
the  aquatic  families,  though  adequate  research  would  be  sure  to  invert 
this  numerical  relation.  Lugia  oceanica  (Linn.)  has  been  observed  at 
Dover  and  other  places  on  the  coast  of  Kent  by  Messrs.  W.  M.  Webb 
and  J.  A.  Murie.  This  is  a  land  species  never  found  except  at  the  lip 
of  the  sea.""  Trkhoniscus  pusillus,  Brandt,  is  recorded  from  Chislehurst 
by  Bate  and  Westwood,*  under  the  name  Philougria  riparia  (Koch). 
From  the  following  species  of  the  group  it  may  be  briefly  distinguished 
as  alone  having  a  four-jointed  flagellum  on  the  peduncle  of  the 
second  antennae.      Philoscia  muscorum  (Scopoli)  has  this  flagellum  three- 

'  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  ix.  91  (1808).  =  Ibid.  xi.  363  (18 15). 

3  W.  M.  Webb  and  C.  Sillem,   The  British  Woodlice,  p.  20,  pi.  I  (1906). 

*  British  sessiU-eyei  Crustacea,  ii.  457. 
I  249  i'Z 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

jointed.  It  is  a  smooth  and  shining,  rapidly  running  species,  common 
at  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  probably  all  over  England.  Oniscus  asellus, 
Linn.,  agrees  with  it  in  the  number  of  joints  to  the  flagellum  and  in 
being  found  at  Tunbridge  Wells  and  indiscriminately  elsewhere,  but  it 
is  very  much  larger,  slow-moving,  and  though  glossy  by  no  means 
absolutely  smooth.  In  all  our  remaining  species  the  flagellum  is 
two-jointed,  still  in  Platyarthrus  hoffmannseggii,  Brandt,  the  first  of 
the  two  joints  is  characteristic  by  its  minuteness.  This  species  has 
been  taken  at  Tunbridge  Wells  in  an  ants'  nest,  the  habitat  which  it 
appears  invariably  to  occupy.  Porcellio  scaber,  Latreille,  is  common  at 
Tunbridge  Wells,  but  not  a  rarity  anywhere.  Of  the  same  genus 
P.  pictus,  Brandt  and  Ratzeburg,  and  P.  laevis,  Latreille,  are  also 
assigned  to  this  county.'  Between  the  first  and  third  no  confusion  is 
possible,  because  P.  scaber,  as  the  name  intimates,  is  rough  all  over 
with  tubercles,  while  the  very  broad  P.  laevis  is  named  from  the 
smoothness  of  its  surface.  The  painted  Porcellio  is  recorded  from 
Chislehurst  and  has  also  been  taken  at  Tunbridge  Wells.  It  comes  near 
to  P.  scaber,  but  it  differs  from  it  in  having  the  first  joint  of  the 
flagellum  longer  than  the  second.  Also  the  head  is  very  dull  in  contrast 
to  the  variegated  colouring  in  the  rest  of  the  dorsal  surface.  Metoponorthus 
pruinosus,  Brandt,  is  recorded  from  Chislehurst.''  It  differs  from  the 
species  of  Porcellio,  which  have  the  front  strongly  trilobed,  by  a 
reduction  of  the  lateral  lobes  giving  it  comparatively  a  '  straight  front ' 
in  accord  with  its  generic  name.  Cylisticus  convexus  (de  Geer)  is  re- 
ported by  Mr.  W.  M.  Webb  from  Bluebell  Hill,  Maidstone.  It  is  Hke 
Porcellio,  but  capable  of  globation.^  AnnadilUdiitni  vulgare  (Latreille) 
and  A.  nasatum,  Budde-Lund,  have  both  been  taken  at  Tunbridge  Wells, 
and  the  latter  also  at  Riverhill,  near  Sevenoaks.  From  all  the  preced- 
ing terrestrial  isopods,  except  Cylisticus,  they  are  marked  off  by  the 
power  they  possess  of  rolling  up  into  a  ball.  In  the  common  species 
the  front  is  simple,  but  in  A.  nasatum  its  middle  part  is  turned  back 
dorsally  with  something  of  a  nasiform  projection.  Though  twelve  out 
of  the  twenty-four  English  species  may  be  thought  a  fair  proportion 
for  a  single  county  to  possess,  no  doubt  Kent  will  eventually  be  found 
to  have  several  in  addition  to  those  here  enumerated. 

The  Amphipoda,  which  agree  with  the  Isopoda  in  having  sessile 
eyes  and  a  peraeon  or  middle  body  of  seven  articulated  segments,  differ 
from  them  very  essentially  by  the  position  of  the  breathing  organs. 
These  in  the  genuine  isopods  are  confined  to  the  pleon,  but  in  all  the 
amphipods  are  attached  to  limbs  of  the  peraeon.  Of  this  latter  order 
the  species  are  extremely  numerous,  and  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
the  few  recorded  from  Kentish  waters  are  an  inconsiderable  percentage 
of  the  number  really  present.  The  fresh-water  species,  Gammarus 
pulex  (Linn.),  is  plentiful  here  as  elsewhere,  found  in  ponds,  rivulets, 
and  occasionally  in  wells.      But  of  more  interest  are  the  'well  shrimps' 

'  British  sessile-eyed  Crustacea,  ii.  482,  484.  '  Loc.  cit.  ii  488. 

3   The  British  Woodlice,  p.  39,  pi.  21. 

250 


CRUSTACEANS 

proper,  which  are  limited  to  the  last  kind  of  habitat.  A  diligent  and 
prolonged  inquiry  after  these  curiosities  for  a  great  while  led  to  nothing 
but  vague  information  and  unfulfilled  promises,  until,  at  length,  a 
lecture  delivered  to  a  working  class  audience  produced  the  desired  result. 
Of  Niphargus  aquilex,  Schiodte,  Mr.  Spalding  has  since  then  from  time 
to  time  very  obligingly  supplied  me  with  living  specimens  from  his  well 
at  Rusthall,  Tunbridge  Wells.  Some  of  them  have  lived  very  inex- 
pensively for  months  in  a  small  glass  jar  supplied  with  nothing  but  clear 
water.  Out  of  respect  to  their  former  domicile  their  new  home  was 
kept  in  the  shade.  Niphargus  fotjtanus,  Spence  Bate,  has  been  taken  by 
Mr.  Lubbock  (now  Lord  Avebury)  '  in  a  well  at  High  Elms  in  Kent.' ' 
Between  these  two  species  there  is  a  considerable  difference  in  the 
second  pair  of  limbs,  which  have  the  hands  elongate  pear-shaped  in 
N.fontams,  but  subtriangular,  short  and  broad  in  N.  aquilex.  Their 
colourless  transparency  at  once  distinguishes  these  well-shrimps  from  the 
greenish  or  brownish  Gammarus,  but  there  are  several  other  points  of 
difference.  If  attention  be  turned  to  the  terminal  appendages,  known 
as  the  third  uropods,  those  in  G.  pulex  will  be  found  to  have  the  two 
branches  not  very  unequal,  but  in  Niphargus  the  inner  branch  is  rudi- 
mentary, while  the  outer  is  very  elongate  and  distinctly  two-jointed. 
Of  marine  species  Melita  palmata  (Montagu)  has  been  sent  me  from 
Whitstable  by  Mr.  G.  S.  Saunders,  F.L.S.,  together  with  Jassa  pul- 
chella.  Leach,  which  till  recently  has  been  by  a  misconception  trans- 
ferred to  the  genus  Podocerus.  The  singular  mud-burrowing  Corophium 
volutator  (Pallas)  under  the  untenable  name  C.  longiconie,  Latreille,  is 
recorded  by  Leach  who  says  that  it  '  Inhabits  the  coast  of  the  European 
Ocean.  At  low  tide  it  may  be  observed  crawling  amongst  the  mud. 
It  is  very  common  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Medway,  from  whence 
we  have  received  a  vast  number  of  specimens.' '  For  Capreila  linearis 
(Linn.)  from  Whitstable  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  G.  S.  Saunders.  While 
all  the  other  amphipods  here  named  belong  to  the  tribe  Gammaridea  in 
which  the  pleon  is  highly  developed,  this  last  species  belongs  to  the 
Caprellidea  in  which  the  pleon  is  almost  evanescent.  In  this  tribe  the 
species  of  the  family  Caprellidae  from  their  extreme  tenuity  have  been 
called  spectre-shrimps,  and  from  their  habit  of  bowing  with  the  front 
part  of  their  bodies  while  with  their  hind  feet  they  cling  to  seaweeds 
they  have  also  been  called  praying  shrimps.  Adam  White,  however, 
gives  to  C.  linearis  the  elegant  name  of  '  Pennant's  Skeleton  Screw.' ' 

In  the  Entomostraca  we  no  longer  find  that  steadfastness  of  pattern 
which  can  be  traced  throughout  the  Malacostraca,  allowing  us  to  believe, 
in  spite  of  all  existing  exceptions,  that  between  the  eyes  at  one  end  of  the 
animal  and  the  telson  at  the  other  there  are  or  have  been  nineteen  body- 
segments  each  with  its  pair  of  appendages.  In  the  Entomostraca  the 
body-segments  may  be  more  in  number,  or  as  is  generally  the  case  they 

1  British  sessik-eyed  Crustacea,  i.  321. 

2  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  (5th  Ed.),  Art.  Annulosa,  p.  426  (1S16). 

3  Popular  History  of  British  Crustacea,  p.  214. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

may  be  fewer,  but  the  mystic  nineteen  is  a  number  avoided.  There  are 
three  principal  divisions,  the  Branchiopoda  named  from  their  branchial 
feet,  the  Ostracoda  with  carapaces  in  the  fashion  of  bivalve  shells,  and 
the  Copepoda  called  oar-footed  because  their  legs  are  locomotive,  in 
contrast  to  the  Cladocera  which  swim  by  help  of  their  second  antennae. 

The  first  subdivision  of  the  Branchiopoda  consists  of  the  Phyllopoda, 
the  '  leaf-footed.'  Of  this  notable  company  there  are  three  sets.  One 
of  these,  with  which  we  are  not  here  concerned,  is  called  Conchophylla, 
because  all  the  leaf-like  feet  are  concealed  in  a  bivalved  shell-like 
carapace  ;  another  is  called  Gymnophylla  because  all  the  '  leaves  '  are 
exposed  to  view,  and  a  third  is  named  Notophylla  because  a  large 
dorsal  shield  covers  many  but  not  all  of  the  footbearing  segments. 
This  last  is  or  was  illustrated  in  Kent  by  the  wonderful  Apus  cancri- 
formis,  Schaeffer.  The  species  is  described  by  Baird  as  '  about  two 
inches  and  a  half  long,  and  one  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter  ;  of  a 
brownish-yellow  colour,  clouded  with  marks  of  a  deeper  hue.'  There 
are  sixty  pairs  of  feet,  the  structure  of  which  is  not  a  little  complicated, 
comprising  on  the  inner  line  a  maxilla-like  basal  lobe  followed  by  five 
subjointed  '  endites,'  and  on  the  outer  two  '  exites,'  namely,  a  flask- 
shaped  gill  and  a  simple  triangular  flabellum  or  accessory  gill.  The 
eleventh  pair  of  feet  carries  the  ovisacs  in  the  female  and  the  genital 
openings  in  the  male.  Behind  this  the  caudal  part  of  the  animal  has 
segments  with  several  pairs  of  appendages  to  each  and  several  segments 
without  any  appendages,  the  last  segment  of  all  however  being  provided 
with  two  long  jointed  streamers.*  Herr  Stadt-Secretarius  Klein  first 
introduced  this  remarkable  creature  to  science  by  sending  it,  with  a 
good  drawing  and  Latin  description,  from  Dantzic  to  the  entomologist 
Job.  Leonhard  Frisch,  who  published  it  in  1732.'  Klein,  it  appears, 
soon  afterwards  wrote  about  it  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  and  in  connexion 
with  this  letter,  the  following  paragraph  is  worth  quoting  from  Baird's 
long  and  excellent  discussion  of  the  species  : — 

'  About  the  same  time  a  number  of  specimens  of  the  same  animal 
were  found  in  Kent  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Littleton  Brown,  F.R.S.,  who, 
in  August  1736,  sent  a  specimen,  with  a  letter  to  Dr.  Mortimer,  then 
secretary  to  the  Royal  Society,  and  which  is  published,  along  with 
Klein's  letter  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  in  the  Philosophical  Transactions  for 
1738,  No.  447.  "  I  brought  it,"  he  says,  "  from  a  pond  upon  Bexby 
(Bexley  ?)  Common,  where  great  numbers  have  been  observed  for  these 
five  weeks  past.  The  pond  was  quite  dry,  the  24th  of  June,  but  upon 
its  being  filled  with  the  great  thunder-shower,  upon  the  25th,  within 
two  days  the  pond  was  observed  to  swarm  with  them,  by  a  farmer 
watering  his  cows  there."  '* 

Of  the  Gymnophylla    Baird   reports   finding  the   '  Fairy   Shrimp,' 

»  British  Entomostraca,  p.  30  (1850). 

»  See  Packard,  U.S.  Geological  Survey,  p.  315  (1883). 

i"  Beschreibung  von  allerlei  Insecten  in  Teutschland,  pt.  x.  p.  I. 

<   British  Entomostraca,  p.  29. 

252 


CRUSTACEANS 

Chirocephalus  diaphaiius,  Prevost,  in  pools  on  Blackheath,  a  locality 
which,  if  now  in  the  county  of  London,  in  those  days  belonged  to  Kent. 
This  species,  though  very  similar  in  structure  to  the  Apus,  is  through 
the  absence  of  the  shield  very  different  in  appearance.  Also  its  eyes 
are  stalked  instead  of  sessile,  and  its  feet  are  reduced  to  the  more 
moderate  number  of  eleven  pairs.  The  second  antennae  of  the  male 
form  large  claspers,  thus  accounting  for  the  generic  name  which  im- 
plies that  the  head  is  furnished  with  hands.  The  specific  name 
alludes  to  the  beautiful  translucence  of  the  animal.  Its  eggs,  like 
those  of  many  other  freshwater  Entomostraca,  can  remain  a  long  time 
in  dried  mud  without  losing  the  capacity  of  developing  subsequently 
in  water. 

The  Cladocera,  a  second  subdivision  of  the  Branchiopoda,  are 
named  from  the  branching  second  antennae  which  are  their  locomotive 
appendages.  They  furnish  the  fresh  waters  of  all  counties  with 
numerous  species.  In  Kent  about  a  score  of  species  have  been 
catalogued,  several  of  them  quite  recently  through  the  assiduity  of  Mr. 
D.  J.  Scourfield,  editor  of  the  Journal  of  the  Quekett  Microscopical 
Club.  It  happens  that  all  these  species  are  included  in  one  tribe,  called 
the  Anomopoda  because  they  have  their  five  or  six  pairs  of  feet  not  all 
alike,  the  first  two  pairs  being,  in  contrast  to  those  which  follow,  more 
or  less  prehensile  and  without  branchial  laminae.  The  tribe  is  divided 
into  four  families,  among  which  the  known  Kentish  species  are  repre- 
sented as  follows.  The  family  Daphniidae  no  doubt  contributes 
Daphnia  pulex  (de  Geer),  since  that  species,  according  to  Baird  '  lives  in 
almost  all  pools,  and  ditches  of  standing  water,  round  London,  etc." 
But  this  commonest  of  species  is  not  free  from  perplexities,  as  will  be 
seen  by  those  who  study  the  synonymy  in  Lilljeborg's  great  work  on  the 
Cladocera  of  Sweden.  Baird  establishes  two  other  species  of  the  genus 
D.  psittacea  from  '  Pond  on  Blackheath  '  and  D.  schoefferi  from  '  Pond  on 
Bexley  Heath,  Kent,  August  and  September,  1849.''  In  addition  to 
these  D.  obtusa,  Kurz,  is  reported  from  Keston  by  Mr.  Scourfield,  and  a 
variety  propinqua  of  the  same  species  by  Dr.  G.  S.  Brady  from  the 
neighbourhood  of  Tunbridge  Wells.  This  variety  was  originally  dis- 
tinguished as  a  separate  species  by  Professor  Sars,  who  reared  it  out  of 
dried  mud  sent  him  from  South  Africa.'  Baird's  D.  schoefferi  is  identi- 
fied by  Brady  with  the  earlier  D.  magna,  Straus,  which  he  refers  to  a 
new  genus  Dactylura,  but  this  is  cancelled  by  Lilljeborg,  who  identifies 
Baird's  species  and  that  of  Straus  with  the  yet  earlier  D.  pennata  (O.  F. 
Miiller).  As  to  Baird's  D.  psittacea,  Brady  says,  it  '  is  quite  unknown  to 
me,  though  noted  by  some  continental  authors.'  *  Lilljeborg  confesses 
to  have  confused  it  at  first  with  Baird's  later  JD.  atkinsoni,  but  now 
describes  and  figures  it  under  its  own  name,  with  the  recognition  that 
Jules  Richard  had  already  distinguished  it  from  £).  atkinsoni  in  exemplary 

•  British  Entomostraca,  p.  29.  '  Loc.  cit.  pp.  93,  95. 

3  Brady,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumberland,  Durham,  and  Neuuastle-upon-Tyne,  xiii.  pt.  2,  225  (1898). 

♦  Loc.  cit.  244. 

253 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

fashion.  D.  obtusa  is  regarded  by  Lilljeborg  as  nothing  but  one  of  the 
numerous  varieties  of  Z).  pulex,  and  since  D.  propinqua  is  described  as 
'  in  general  character  intermediate  between  D.  pulex  and  Z).  obtusa^  it 
scarcely  needs  a  distinctive  name.  Brady  says,  '  I  have  seen  but  one 
male  of  this  form  .  .  .  this  has  the  short  abdominal  processes  charac- 
teristic of  D.  obtusa^  and  appears  to  be  the  prevailing  form  of  Daphnia 
in  Kent  and  Sussex.  In  the  spring  of  1897  I  found  it  abundantly  .  .  . 
in  ponds  at  Bayhall,  Tunbridge  Wells.'  '  The  same  family  contains 
Shnocephalus  vetulus  (O.  F.  Miiller)  found  at  Chislehurst  by  Mr.  Scour- 
field  and  by  myself  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  two  species  of  Moina,  M. 
rectirostris  (O.  F.  Miiller)  and  M.  branchiata  (Jurine),  both  recorded  by 
Baird  from  a  "  Pond  on  Blackheath."  ' '  Recently  Shnocephalus  vetulus  has 
been  renamed  Simosa  vetula  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Norman,  its  older  generic 
name  being  preoccupied. 

Of  the  next  family  Bosminidae  Mr.  Scourfield  reports  Bosmina 
cornuta  (Jurine)  from  Keston.  By  Lilljeborg  this  species  is  identified 
with  the  earlier  longirostris  of  O.  F.  Miiller.  In  this  family,  it  may  be 
observed,  the  intestine  is  simple,  and  thereby  it  is  distinguished  from  the 
Daphniidae,  in  which  the  intestine  has  in  front  two  caecal  processes,  and 
from  the  Chydoridae,  in  which  the  intestine  is  looped.  Unfortunately 
our  third  family,  the  Macrotrichidae,  occasionally  have  the  caecal 
processes  and  sometimes  have  a  loop  to  the  intestine,  but  often  are  devoid 
of  these  characters.  By  this  inconstancy  they  seriously  detract  from  the 
value  of  this  internal  apparatus  as  a  help  to  classification.  To  the 
Macrotrichidae  belongs  Ilyocryptus  sordidus  (Lievin),  found  by  Mr. 
Scourfield  at  Orpington.  The  species  of  this  genus  have  neither  the 
anterior  caeca  nor  the  median  loop.  While  the  habit  of  hiding  in  the 
mud  is  expressed  by  the  generic  title,  the  specific  name  sordidus  intimates 
that  the  bearer  of  it  does  not  escape  the  ordinary  consequence  of  touching 
what  is  foul.  This  is  not  quite  a  matter  of  course  with  crustaceans,  for 
some  manage  to  emerge  from  mud  with  their  coats  exquisitely  glossy, 
although  the  same  mud  clings  to  their  dead  bodies  very  tenaciously. 

The  Chydoridae  supply  the  county  with  several  species.  The  ubiqui- 
tous little  Chydorus  sphaericus  (O.  F.  Miiller)  is  reported  by  Mr.  Scourfield 
from  Hayes,  Keston,  Gravesend,  Orpington  and  Chislehurst,  and  has  also 
been  found  at  Great  Bayhall,  near  Tunbridge  Wells.  The  slightly  larger 
C.  globosus,  Baird,  is  reported  by  Baird  from  '  Pond  near  Bexley  Heath, 
July.' '  The  same  author  records  his  own  Alona  ovata  from  '  Pond  on 
Blackheath,  April  1848."  Of  the  same  genus  Mr.  Scourfield  reports 
A.  quadrangularis  (O.  F,  Miiller)  from  Orpington,  A.  tenuicaudis,  Sars, 
from  Keston,  A.  rectangula,  Sars,  also  from  Keston,  and  A.  guttata,  Sars, 
from  Chislehurst.  The  first  of  these  five  is  exposed  to  a  twofold  doubt. 
Brady  and  Norman  make  it  doubtfully  a  synonym  oi A.rostrata  (Koch). 
Lilljeborg  in  his  '  Cladocera    Sueciae  '    takes  no  notice  of  Baird's  ovata, 

>  Brady,  Nat.  Hist.  Trans.  Northumhirland,  Durham,  and  Nezvcastle-upon-Tynf,  siii.  pt.  2,  226  (1898). 
'  British  Entomostraca,  pp.  loi,  102. 

>  Loc.  cit.  p    128.  «  Lqc.  cit.  p.  133. 

254 


CRUSTACEANS 

but  speaks  of  Koch's  rostrata  as  hovering  between  the  genera  Alonella  zn^ 
Alona,  using  however  for  the  latter  genus  the  preoccupied  nzme^  Lynceus. 
Alonella  nana  (Baird)  is  reported  from  Keston  by  Mr.  Scourfield.  As  its 
length  is  given  by  Norman  and  Brady  at  xhs  of  an  inch/  one  may  credit 
their  statement  that  it  is  the  smallest  of  our  British  Cladocera,  as  also 
Lilljcborg's  that  it  is  the  smallest  of  the  Swedish.  Graptoleberis  testudin- 
aria  (S.  Fischer)  by  its  coarsely  reticulated  valves  justifies  the  generic 
name  of  '  scribble-skin.'  Its  specific  name  indicates  its  likeness  on  a 
very  diminutive  scale  to  a  tortoise,  the  effect  being  produced  in  a  lateral 
view  by  the  arched  upper  or  dorsal  margin  of  the  valves  and  the  broadly 
protruding  rostral  part  of  the  head.  The  species  was  taken  by  Mr. 
Scourfield  at  Keston,  who  at  the  same  place  obtained  Peracantha  truncata 
(O.  F.  Miiller).  This  I  have  myself  taken  at  Tunbridge  Wells.  It  may 
be  of  use  to  remember  that  in  this  family  the  second  antennae  have  both 
branches  three-jointed,  whereas  in  the  other  three  families  one  branch  is 
four-jointed,  the  single  genus  Bosminopsis  excepted. 

The  Ostracoda  offer  a  study  in  some  respects  more  difficult  than  that 
of  the  Cladocera,  inasmuch  as  the  valves  are  little  or  not  at  all  transparent 
and  are  capable  of  tightly  shutting  in  the  whole  body.  Of  the  two  tribes 
now  accepted,  Myodocopa  and  Fodocopa,  the  former  are  marine  and 
have  not  as  yet  attracted  attention  in  the  sea  about  Kent.  Of  the  latter, 
which  include  a  very  large  number  of  freshwater  forms,  many  have  been 
recognized  in  this  county.  The  local  species  are  distributed  among  two 
out  of  the  five  families  of  this  division,  the  Cyprididae  and  Cytheridae. 
Belonging  to  the  first  of  these  are  the  following  species  of  seven  genera. 
Cypris  fuscata  (Jurine)  is  reported  by  Mr.  Scourfield  from  Chislehurst, 
is  found  in  ponds  near  Tunbridge  Wells,  and  is  one  of  the  most  abundant 
British  species.  C.  incongruens,  Ramdohr,  which  includes  C.  aurantia 
Qurine),  so  named  from  the  orange  tints  of  its  valves,  has  been  found  in 
Kent  by  Professor  Rupert  Jones  and  is  recorded  by  Baird  from  Black- 
heath  and  Dover."  C.  virens  (Jurine),  common  in  small  ponds  and 
ditches  everywhere,  has  been  taken  by  Mr.  Scourfield  at  Chislehurst  and 
by  myself  near  Tunbridge  Wells.  Cypria  ophthalmica  Qurine)  is  reported 
by  Mr.  Scourfield  from  Keston,  Gravesend,  and  Orpington.  Brady  and 
Norman  speak  of  it  as  '  one  of  the  commonest  of  British  species,  occur- 
ring everywhere  in  ditches,  ponds,  and  lakes,  both  freshwater  and 
brackish.^  In  1868  Dr.  Brady  was  happy  to  have  found  one  male 
specimen  of  this  species.  In  1896,  however,  he  and  Dr.  Norman  give 
'  males  common  '  as  a  characteristic  of  the  genus  Cypria^  but  of  Cypris 
they  say,  '  until  quite  lately  males  in  this  genus  were  unknown  ;  and  up 
to  the  present  time  no  male  has  been  found  in  the  British  Islands.'  * 
Cyclocypris  serena  (Koch)  is  recorded  by  Scourfield  from  Chislehurst,  and 

»  Natural  History  Trans.  Northumberland,  etc.,  397  (1867). 

'  See  G.  S.  Brady,  Monograph  of  recent  British  Ostracoda,  in  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xxvi.  pt.  2, 
363  (1868).  A  reference  to  this  valuable  monograph  may  be  understood  for  localities  of  Kentish 
Ostracoda  here  quoted,  when  no  other  authority  is  specified. 

'  Transactions  Royal  Dublin  Society,  ser.  2,  iv.  69  (1889). 

♦  Loc.  cit.  ser.  2,  v.  719,  720  (1896). 

255 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

C.  laevis  (O.  F.  Miiller)  from  Orpington.  In  this  genus  males  are 
common.  Its  species  have  the  shell  excessively  tumid,  contrasting  with 
the  sub-compressed  form  in  Cypria.  Oi  Cypridop sis  vidua  (O.  F.  Miiller), 
since  referred  to  a  new  genus  Pionocypris,  Brady  in  1868  says,  'I  have 
specimens  from  many  different  localities,  ranging  from  Kent  to  Dumfries- 
shire,' and  Cypridopsis  aculeata  (Lilljeborg)  he  records  as  obtained  by 
Rupert  Jones  at  'Gravesend,  in  brackish  water.'  With  the  latter  was 
taken  a  species  at  that  time  called  Cypris  gibba,  Ramdohr,  which,  Dr. 
Brady  says,  '  seems  to  be  an  almost  ubiquitous  species,  but  is  liable  to 
escape  observation,  owing  to  its  habit  of  escaping  on  the  bottom  or 
embedding  itself  in  the  mud  or  soft  clay.'  This  has  since  been  trans- 
ferred to  a  new  genus  Ilyocypris,  'the  mud  Cypris,"  and  the  species 
itself  has  been  split  into  two,  I. gibba,  Ramdohr,  and  /.  bradyi,  Sars,'  but 
which  of  the  two  or  whether  both  should  be  credited  to  Kent  I  am  not 
in  a  position  to  decide.  Along  with  the  preceding  another  species  of 
similar  habits  was  taken,  Candona  Candida  (O.  F.  Miiller),  of  which  Dr. 
Brady  remarks,  '  some  large  adult  specimens,  collected  by  Professor  T. 
Rupert  Jones  in  slightly  brackish  water  at  Gravesend,  exhibit  near  the 
posterior  extremity  of  the  shell  a  peculiar  reticulated  pattern,  very 
similar  to  that  of  Cytherideis  nobilis  (Brady),  a  marine  species  found  on 
the  coast  of  Crete,'  the  two  species  being  also  not  unlike  in  shape  and 
general  appearance.  '  The  males  of  C.  Candida,'  he  says,  '  are  much 
more  abundant  than  those  of  any  other  species  of  the  family  ;  they 
appear,  indeed,  to  be  almost  as  plentiful  as  the  females.'  Candona 
lactea,  Baird,  is  recorded  from  '  freshwater  pond,  at  Charing,  Kent.' 
Brady  observes  that  '  the  animals  belonging  to  this  genus  have  no 
swimming  power,  and  are  very  sluggish  in  their  movements,  crawling 
leisurely  on  the  bottom,  or  on  the  stems  of  water  plants  or  sometimes 
burying  themselves  in  the  mud.'  On  the  other  hand  in  the  next  genus, 
Pontocypris,  which  as  the  name  implies  is  marine,  the  animals  are  quite 
well  able  to  swim,  though  in  practice  they  appear  '  to  dehght  especially 
in  a  muddy  bottom,  and  probably  do  not  stir  far  away  from  it.'  P. 
trigonella,  Sars,  was  taken  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Davison  in  the  estuary  of  the 
Thames. 

The  family  Cytheridae  supplies  numerous  species  distributed  among 
ten  genera.  As  distinguished  from  the  preceding  family,  in  which  the 
shell  is  generally  thin,  horny,  and  tolerably  smooth,  and  the  eyes  when 
present  are  usually  confluent,  here  the  shell  is  generally  hard,  calcareous, 
and  rough,  and  the  eyes  when  present  are  more  or  less  separated.  In 
the  extensive  genus  Cythere  we  have  C.  lutea,  O.  F.  Miiller,  from  the 
North  Foreland,  of  which  the  C.  viridis  of  Brady's  Monograph,  from 
Girdler  Sand,  Thames,  and  the  C.  reniformis  of  Baird,  from  North 
Foreland,  near  Dover,  are  synonyms  ;'  C.  confusa,  Brady  and  Norman, 
from    Margate  ;  *     C.  pellucida,   Baird,  from   the  Girdler  Sand  in  the 

•   Transactions  Royal  Dublin  Society,  ser.  2,  iv.  106.  '  Loc.  cit.  ser.  2,  v.  727. 

3  Brady  and  Norman,  Transactions  Rov.  Dublin  Society,  ser.  2,  iv.  125. 
«  Loc.  cit.  iv.   126,  127. 

256 


CRUSTACEANS 

estuary  of  the  Thames,  and  from  the  same  locality  C.  tenera,  Brady  ; 
C.  albomaculata,  Baird,  taken  at  Whitstable  by  Rupert  Jones,  at  Girdler 
Sand  (Thames)  and  Margate  by  E.  C.  Davison ;  C.  gibbosa,  Brady  and 
Robertson,  found  by  those  authors  in  the  Thames  Estuary  ;  C.  tuberculata 
(Sars)  from  Margatei;  C.  villosa  (Sars),  obtained  by  Davison  at  Margate 
and  Girdler  Sand;  C.  navicula  (Norman),  of  which  Brady  recognized 
his  Cythere  Jidicula  as  a  synonym,  from  the  estuary  of  the  Thames  and 
various  other  places,  but  in  all  of  them  rare,  with  a  specific  name 
suggestive  of  the  form,  which  Norman  thus  describes,  'ventral  aspect 
boat-shaped,  the  resemblance  most  striking ;  centrally  depressed  at  the 
juncture  of  the  valves;  bow  moderately  sharp,  of  good  breadth  of  beam, 
sculptured  with  raised,  threadlike  concentric  lines,  representing  the 
timbers,  while  the  small  nodulous  processes  stand  for  the  thole-pins.  The 
dorsal  and  end  views  bear  out  the  illusion,  the  former  representing  a 
boat  viewed  from  below,  with  a  well-marked  keel,  and  the  latter  being 
triangular,  with  gently  rounded  sides ; '  C.fuscata,  Brady,  found  by  Brady 
and  Robertson  in  the  Thames,^  C.  antiquata  Baird  from  the  Thames^ 
and  C  whitei  (Baird)  from  the  Girdler  Sand.* 

Cytheridea  papulosa.  Bosquet,  has  been  found  in  the  Thames 
Estuary,  by  Davison,  and  of  the  same  genus  C.  elongata,  Brady,  in  Peg- 
well  Bay  by  Rupert  Jones,  and  in  shell  sand  from  the  Thames  by  Dr. 
Brady ;  C.  torosa  (Jones)  has  been  found  at  Gravesend  by  Professor 
Jones,  at  Girdler  Sand  by  Davison,  and  in  shell  sand  from  Pegwell  Bay 
by  Brady ;  C.  lacustris  (Sars)  was  obtained  from  the  Thames  Estuary  by 
Brady  and  Robertson.*  Eucythere  declivis  (Norman),  of  which  E.  argus 
(Sars)  is  a  synonym,  is  recorded  from  '  Girdler  Sand,'  this  like  most  of 
the  specimens  from  that  locality  having  been  collected  by  Mr.  E.  C. 
Davison.  Loxoconcha  impressa  (Baird)  '  in  the  shell  sand  from  the 
Girdler  Sand'  (Thames)  '  is  described  as  one  of  the  commonest  of  British 
species.'  The  generic  name  means  '  oblique  shell,'  and  in  accord  with 
this  Dr.  Brady  observes,  '  the  genus  is  well  characterized  by  the  oblique 
"  peach-stone "  outline  of  the  carapace.'  To  the  same  genus  belong 
L.  guttata  (Norman)  from  Girdler  Sand,  Thames,  and  ofFDungeness  Bay; 
L.  viridis  (O.  F.  Miiller),  of  which  L.  elliptica,  Brady,  from  Girdler 
Sand,  is  now  recognized  as  a  synonym ;  and  L.  tamarindus  (Jones)  from 
Margate  and '  in  shell  sand,  Girdler  Sand.'  Xestoleberis  aurantia  (Baird) 
is  reported  by  Brady  and  Norman  from  the  estuary  of  the  Thames  and 
from  ofFDungeness  Bay.  This  species  shows  'colour  deep  brownish 
orange,  or  sometimes  white ;  a  very  conspicuous  black  or  deep  crimson 
spot  in  front  of  the  eyes.'  The  genus.  Dr.  Brady  says,  'is  chiefly 
distinguished  by  the  peculiar  form  of  the  carapace,  which  is  very  low 
and  pointed  in  front,  elevated  and  tumid  behind,  in  these  respects 
offering  a  direct  contrast  to  the  genus  Eucythere'  It  has  the  '  shell 
very    smooth    and    polished,   ornamented    with   small    round    distinct 

»  Brady  and  Norman,  Transactions  Roy.  Dublin  Society,  ser.  2,  iv.  143. 
»  Loc.  cit.  iv.  148.  3  Loc.  cit.  168.  ♦  Loc.  cit.  169. 

•  See  Monograph  of  Post-tertiary  Entomostraca,  179  (1874). 

I  237  33 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

papillae.'  The  generic  name  signifies  'polished  skin'.  Cylherura 
striata,  Sars,  one  of  the  commonest  of  its  genus,  '  occurring  in  tidal 
pools,  as  well  as  in  all  depths  of  water  round  the  British  coasts,  and  ex- 
tending commonly  into  the  estuaries  of  rivers  on  the  east  coast  of  Eng- 
land,' '  is  specially  reported  from  Girdler  Sand ;  C.  similis,  Sars,  is 
recorded  under  the  synonym  C.  propinqua  by  Brady  and  Robertson  from 
the  Thames  Estuary  ;  ^  C  producta,  Brady,  one  of  the  less  common  species, 
is  reported  by  Brady  and  Norman  from  the  Thames  and  Dungeness  Bay,^ 
and  by  the  same  authors  their  C.  simplex  from  the  '  Thames  Estuary,  7 
fathoms.' '  As  to  the  genus  Cytherura  Brady  says  that  its  species  are 
the  smallest  of  all  the  Ostracoda.  Bythocythere  recta  (Brady)  has  been 
obtained  by  Dr.  Brady  in  Dungeness  Bay.°  Sclerochilus  contortus  (Nor- 
man) was  found  by  Davison  at  Margate  and  '  in  shell  sand,  Girdler 
Sand.'  In  this  genus  the  elongated  valves  are  '  very  hard,  especially 
towards  the  margins,'  thus  accounting  for  the  generic  title  '  hard-lip.' 
Dr.  Brady  in  1868  says,  'in  outward  appearance  the  one  species  belonging 
to  this  genus  is  scarcely  separable  from  the  following  [Paradoxostoma)  ; 
but  the  structure  of  the  animal  shows  an  apparent  transition  from  the 
Cythere  type  to  that  of  Paradoxostoma.  This  is  more  especially  evident 
in  the  mandibles  and  mouth.'  On  the  other  hand  in  1889  Brady  and 
Norman  separate  from  the  Cytheridae  a  new  family  Paradoxostomatidae 
for  species  which  among  other  characters  have  the  valves  thin,  fragile, 
smooth,  imperfectly  closed  in  front,  and  the  mandibles  stiliform." 
G.  O.  Sars  (1891),  however,  and  G.  W.  Muller  (1894)  think  the 
additional  family  unnecessary,  or  only  to  be  accepted  with  modifications 
as  a  subfamily  of  the  Cytheridae.  Paradoxostoma  variabile  (Baird), 
reported  from  Dover  by  Baird' and  obtained  from  Girdler  Sand,  Thames, 
by  Davison,  is  exposed  to  some  doubt  by  the  remark  of  Dr.  G.  W. 
Muller  that  P.  variabile  is  obviously  a  collective  name  for  numerous 
species,  some  of  which  can  only  be  distinguished  by  minute  anatomical 
details.'  P.  abbrrviatum,  Sars,  P.  enstforme,  Brady,  and  P.  Jlexuosum, 
Brady,  have  all  been  obtained  from  Girdler  Sand,  and  the  last  also 
from  Dungeness  Bay." 

For  the  Copepoda  of  the  county  the  authorities  are  not  very 
numerous.  Among  those  who  have  published  results  of  their  re- 
searches, the  foremost  is  Mr.  Lubbock  (Lord  Avebury),  who  in  1863 
records  seven  species  of  Cyclops  from  Kentish  ponds.  As  to  the  family 
in  general,  he  says  :  '  Considering  that  they  are  among  the  commonest 
inhabitants  of  our  fresh  waters,  that  probably  there  is  not  a  weedy 
pond  in  the  country  which  does  not  contain  two  or  three  species,  it  is 
somewhat  remarkable  that  the  genus  should  have  been  so  completely 

*  Transactions  Roy.  Dublin  Society,  ser.  2,  iv.  196. 

«  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  ser.  4,  v.  25  (1870). 

3  Transactions  Royal  Dublin  Society,  ser.  2,  iv.  199. 

*  Loc.  cit.  p.  201.  *  Loc.  cit.  p.  222.  *  Loc.  cit.  p.  67. 
'  British  Entomostraca,  170. 

8  Fauna  und  Flora  des  Golfes  von  Neapel,  Ostracoden,  313  (1894). 

*  Transactions  Roy.  Dublin  Society,  iv.  ser.  2,  237. 

258 


CRUSTACEANS 

neglected  by  our  English  zoologists  ;  and  yet  I  am  not  aware  that  any 
one  has  written  on  the  freshwater  Cyclopidae  of  Great  Britain  since  the 
appearance  of  Dr.  Baird's  work,  or  has  attempted  to  compare  our 
English  forms  with  those  described  by  the  foreign  carcinologists,  and 
especially  by  Claus  and  Fischer."  Since  then  the  comparison  has  been 
carried  further  back  to  the  works  of  Koch  and  Jurine,  with  the  result 
that  specific  names  accepted  in  1863  have  undergone  various  dis- 
placements. Beginning  with  the  species  of  Cyclops  that  have  the  first 
antennae  seventeen-jointed,  we  find  that  C.  coronatus^  Claus,  recorded  by 
Lubbock  from  Chislehurst,  is  transferred  by  Brady  to  C.  signatus,  Koch, 
but  Mr.  Scourfield,  who  has  found  the  same  species  at  Keston,  adopts 
for  it  the  admittedly  earlier  name,  C.  albidus  (Jurine).  This  species  has 
a  serrated  rib  or  crest  on  the  last  joint  of  the  first  antennae,  while  C. 
tenuicornis,  Claus,  recorded  by  Lubbock  from  Chislehurst,  with  the 
remark  that  '  this  species  is  very  nearly  allied  to  C.  corotmtus,  if  indeed 
distinct,'  has  the  crest  simple.  The  smooth  crest,  however,  is  now 
supposed  only  to  represent  a  slightly  earlier  stage  in  the  animal's 
development.^  C.  strenuus,  Fischer,  is  reported  by  Scourfield  from 
Hayes  and  Keston.  For  this  species  the  same  name  is  adopted  by 
Brady,  though  he  gives  as  synonyms  the  earlier  names,  Monoculus 
quadricornis  rubens,  Jurine,  and  Cyclops  pictus,  Koch,  as  well  as  the  later 
C.  bre-vicaudatus,  Claus,  which  Lubbock  found  'common  at  Chisle- 
hurst,' and  C.  clausii,  Lubbock,  which  that  author  found  '  common  in 
a  pond  on  Farnborough  Common  in  Kent,  May  1861  ;  and  also  in  a 
horse  pond  at  Reigate,  in  July  ;  at  Chislehurst  Common,  in  February, 
March,  April,  and  September.'  Lubbock  mentions  that '  the  male  seizes 
hold  of  the  penultimate  legs  of  the  female  with  his  prehensile  antennae,' 
and  that  '  the  egg-bags  are  at  first  greenish,  but  gradually  become  light 
pink.'  By  Scourfield  C.  leuckarti,  Claus,  is  reported  from  Keston  ; 
C.  dybowskii  (Lande),  from  Hayes  ;  C.  viridis  (Jurine),  var.  gigas^  Claus, 
from  Hayes,  Keston,  Gravesend  and  Chislehurst,  and  C.  bicuspidatus, 
Claus,  var.  lubbockii,  Brady,  from  Gravesend.  C.  brevicornis,  Claus, 
recorded  by  Lubbock  as  '  common  in  ponds  at  Farnborough  and 
Chislehurst,  in  Kent,  etc.,'  is  now  identified  with  C.  viridis  (Jurine). 
Of  the  species  which  have  the  first  antennae  twelve-jointed,  C.  serrii- 
latus,  Fischer,  is  recorded  from  Kent  by  Lubbock,  who  mentions  it  as 
one  of  the  smallest  species  of  the  genus,  apparently  hardy,  and  living 
well  in  confinement.  By  Scourfield  it  is  reported  from  Hayes,  Keston, 
Gravesend  and  Orpington.  C.  phaleratus,  Koch,  with  ten-jointed  first 
antennae,  is  recorded  by  Lubbock  from  Chislehurst,  but  under  the  later 
name  C.  acanthocarpoides,  Fischer.  C.  Jimbriatus,  Fischer,  with  the  first 
antennae  only  eight-jointed,  is  reported  by  Scourfield  from  Keston.  Of 
the  family  Diaptomidae  Diaptomus  castor  (Jurine)  and  D.  gracilis,  Sars, 
are  reported  by  Scourfield  from  Chislehurst,  and  had  been  previously 
recorded  from  Kent   by  Lubbock,  who  supposing  the  second  species 

'  Transactions  Linn.  Soc.  London,  xxiv.  pt.  2,  197  (1863). 

»  See  Brady,  Natural  History  Transactions,  Northumberland,  etc.  xi.  72  (1891). 

259 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

to  be  new  named  it  D.  westwoodii.  In  this  genus  the  first  antennae 
are  twenty-five  jointed,  the  right  one  in  the  male  being  prehensile. 
Eurytemora  affinis  (Poppe)  and  £.  lac'wulata  (Fischer)  have  been  found 
by  Scourfield  at  Gravesend.  The  first  antennae  are  twenty-four  jointed, 
with  the  clasper  on  the  right.  Of  the  family  Arpacticidae  Canthocampus 
staphylinus  (Jurine)  is  reported  by  Scourfield  from  Chislehurst,  and 
Moraria  ajidersonsmithi,  T.  and  A.  Scott,  from  Keston.  The  last-named 
authors  say  that  the  genus  Moraria  was  instituted  to  include  an  interest- 
ing Arpactid  from  Loch  Morar,  Inverness-shire,  '  having  characters 
connecting  the  fresh-water  species  Attheyella  cryptorum,  Brady,  with  the 
marine  Cylindropsyllus  laevis,  Brady.' '  '  The  anterior  antennae  in  both 
male  and  female  are  short,  stout,  and  seven-jointed,  the  male  antennae 
being  hinged  between  the  fourth  and  fifth  joints,  and  adapted  for 
grasping.'^  Mr.  Scourfield,  writing  to  me,  17  May  1902,  says,  'I 
also  enclose  a  summary  of  all  my  records  of  fresh  and  brackish  water 
Entomostraca  from  Kent.  I  am  sorry  it  is  not  longer,  but  it  has 
happened  that  I  have  not  collected  much  in  Kent.  There  are,  however, 
several  interesting  things  in  the  list,  e.g.  the  two  species  of  'Eurytemora, 
Cyclops  dybowskii,  and  Moraria  andersonsfiiithi.^  It  can  scarcely  be  neces- 
sary to  point  out  how  largely  Mr.  Scourfield,  by  his  generous  supply  of 
unpublished  lists,  has  contributed  to  the  completeness  of  this  report  on 
the  Crustacea  of  the  county. 

Of  parasitic  and  semiparasitic  Entomostraca  many  are  Copepoda 
which  attach  themselves  with  more  or  less  freedom  or  fixity  to  fishes, 
and  are  on  that  account  called  '  fish-lice.'  How  large  a  number  of 
parasitic  Crustacea  in  general  might  be  added  to  the  catalogue  of  the 
Kentish  fauna  can  be  with  certainty  inferred  from  some  passages  in 
England's  Topographer,  in  which  their  hosts  are  mentioned.  Thus  Mr. 
Ireland  says,  '  The  Medway  abounds  in  fish  ;  particularly  carp,  perch, 
tench,  pike,  dace,  chub,  roach,  and  gudgeons  ;  and  but  rarely  a  salmon 
is  caught  weighing  twelve  or  fourteen  pounds  :  that  fish  formerly 
abounded  in  this  river,i  as  several  manors  belonging  to  the  priory  of 
Rochester  were  compelled  to  furnish  one  or  more  annually,  for  the 
table  of  the  monks  :  and  below  Rochester,  the  finest  and  largest  smelts 
are  caught,  as  well  as  soals,  flounders,  dabs,  thornbacks,  maids,  etc.  In 
former  times  the  sturgeon  was  so  abundant  in  the  stream  that  the  Bishop 
of  Rochester  claimed  a  duty  from  the  same,  which  constituted  a  con- 
siderable part  of  his  revenue,  as  second  to  the  Archbishop ;  another 
being  also  paid  to  the  King.'  'The  Cray  abounds  in  trout  of  the  finest 
flavour,  colour  and  size.'  Elsewhere  he  tells  us  that  '  In  the  year 
1774  a  most  remarkable  fish  was  caught  on  Faversham  Flats,  called  mola 
salviani,  or  the  sun  fish,  which  weighed  about  nineteen  pounds  and  a 
half,  and  was  two  feet  in  diameter.  This  fish  is  very  rarely  met  with  in 
our  narrow  seas,'  and  in  a  '  Chronology  of  remarkable  events  relating 
to  Maidstone,'   one  entry   is,  '  R.  whale  and  two  porpusses    taken  in 

>  Annals  and  Magazine  of  Natural  History,  ser.  6,  xi.  213  (1893). 

»  T.  Scott  in  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Fishery  Board  for  Scotland,  pt.  3,  228  (1893). 
260 


CRUSTACEANS 

the  Medway."  The  sunfish,  which  is  now  called  Orthagonscus  mola,  is 
a  little  paradise  for  parasites,  but  also  the  Right  Whale  carries  its 
amphipod  Cyamus,  the  carp  its  branchiopod  Argulus,  the  sturgeon  its 
strange-looking  copepod  Dichelestium,  and  so  on  through  the  list  might 
be  mentioned  one  eccentric  form  after  another,  which  is  only  waiting 
for  a  chronicler  to  give  it  the  right  of  taking  its  place  in  the  Kentish 
fauna. 

Something  still  remains  to  be  said  of  the  Thyrostraca,  better  known 
as  cirripedes  and  better  still  as  barnacles,  if  betterness  of  knowledge  can 
be  reckoned  by  the  familiarity  of  a  name.  Of  the  sessile  species  the 
county  may  at  least  claim  Darwin's  Balanus  improvisus,  since  he  says  of 
it,  •  This  species,  as  far  as  my  experience  goes,  is  commoner  on  the 
shores  of  Kent  than  on  other  parts  of  England  :  the  first  specimens 
which  I  met  with,  I  owed  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Metcalf ;  they  were 
attached  to  wooden  stakes  from  Heme  Bay,  together  with  a  single 
specimen  of  B.  crenatus  :  I  have  seen  other  specimens  from  near 
Woolwich,  from  the  Kentish  oyster-beds,  from  Sandwich  and  from 
Ramsgate.  .  ,  .  This  species  is  often  attached  to  wood.  At  Ramsgate, 
the  specimens  were  attached  to  a  small  coasting  vessel,  and  they  must 
have  been  immersed  five  or  six  feet  ;  they  were  associated  with  B. 
crenatus^  and  with  a  few  of  B.  balamides.^  At  Monte  Video  Darwin 
found  this  species  capable  of  living  in  water  perfectly  fresh,  with  a 
chance  at  high  tide  of  having  a  bath  in  slightly  brackish  water.  He 
remarks  on  the  singularity  of  a  species  capable  of  living  in  fresh  water 
and  likewise  in  the  saltest  seas,  when  '  even  brackish  water  is  a  deadly 
poison  to  several,  probably  to  most,  species  of  the  genus.'*  Of  B. 
crenatus,  Bruguiere,  Darwin  says  :  '  I  have  received  specimens  from  all 
parts  of  the  coast  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  generally  attached  to 
Crustacea  and  moUusca,  and  never  hitherto  from  rocks  uncovered  by  the 
tide.  ...  At  Ramsgate,  in  Kent,  I  saw  a  rudder  of  a  ship,  in  which 
the  two  or  three  upper  feet  were  thickly  coated  with  B.  balanoides,  and 
the  two  or  three  lower  feet  with  B.  crenatus  and  improvisus  mingled, 
together  with  a  few  of  B.  balanoides.'^  This  latter  species  often  crowds 
the  shore  between  extreme  tide-marks,  but  Darwin  doubts  whether  it 
ever  lives  below  the  lowest  ebb.*  He  also  points  out  that  '  When  a 
specimen  is  disarticulated,  our  present  species  can  at  once  be  dis- 
tinguished from  B.  cre?:atus  (and  from  B.  improvisus)  by  its  membranous 
basis,  and  by  the  solid  or  cancellated  walls,  which  are  rarely  permeated 
by  regular  tubes  or  pores  ;  and  the  walls  when  porose  are  not  internally 
ribbed.'*  From  B.  crenatus  the  species  B.  improvisus  is  distinguished 
externally  by  having  the  edges  of  the  radii  '  much  smoother  and 
rounded,  and  the  whole  shell  less  rugged,  internally  by  the  porose  basis, 
the  presence  of  an  adductor  ridge  on  the  under  side  of  the  scutum,  and 
the  graduated  teeth  on  each  side  of  the  central  notch  in  the  labrum.' ' 

'  England's  Topographer,  i.  105  (1828)  ;   ii.  586  (1829)  ;   iii.  696  (1829). 
3  Monograph  of  the  Balanidae,  252  (Ray  Soc.  1854).  '  Loc.  cit.  264. 

*  Loc.  cit.  272.  »  Loc.  cit.  271.  •  Loc.  cit.  265. 

261 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

It  should  be  understood  that  the  scuta  and  terga  are  two  pairs  of  valves 
forming  the  operculum  or  lid  of  a  Balanus  ;  the  radii  are  the  modified 
sides  of  the  shell's  immovable  compartments  ;  they  overlap  the  alae 
which  are  also  lateral  protuberances  of  the  walls  but  are  overlapped 
instead  of  overlapping. 

Of  the  strange  parasitic  Thyrostraca  it  is  quite  clear  that  at  least 
one  species  has  been  found  abundantly  in  Kent.  This  follows  from  the 
remarks  appended  by  Bell  to  his  account  of  the  crab  Portunus  marmoreus^ 
which  he  personally  appears  to  have  procured  only  in  this  county.  He 
says,  '  There  is  another  fact  relative  to  this  species  which  is  worth 
recording,  and  that  is,  the  extent  to  which  they  are  infested  with  a 
remarkable  parasite,  occupying  the  space  between  the  folded  abdomen 
and  the  sternum,  and  having  the  prima  facie  appearance  of  a  bag  of 
immature  eggs.  Both  males  and  females  are  equally  obnoxious  to  it, 
and  from  its  size  and  situation  it  must  present  an  insuperable  barrier  to 
impregnation.  It  consists  principally  of  a  mass  of  minute  eggs,  which 
are  arranged  in  bundles  attached  to  filaments,  like  bunches  of  grapes  ; 
the  alimentary  canal  passes  directly  through  the  body,  the  mouth  being 
attached  to  the  intestine  of  the  crab,  which  it  pierces  near  its  extremity, 
and  from  which  in  all  probability  it  derives  its  nourishment.  The  anal 
opening,  which  is  distinct  and  obvious,  is  visible  without  removing  the 
parasite  from  its  position.  The  whole  is  of  a  rounded  trihedral  form, 
and  is  covered  by  a  tough  but  thin  integument.  I  have  occasionally 
found  it  infesting  Carcinus  maenas,  but  never  in  such  numbers  as  in  the 
present  species.' '  It  is  difficult  to  understand  how  Bell  could  have 
written  this  account  without  calling  to  mind  that  the  parasite  which  he 
had  observed  on  the  common  shore  crab  had  been  already  described  by 
J.  Vaughan  Thompson  in  1836  as  Sacculina  carcini.  There  is  now  a 
considerable  literature  concerned  with  the  structure  and  life  history  of 
the  Sacculinidae.  It  cannot  be  taken  for  granted  from  superficial 
resemblance  that  these  parasites  when  found  on  different  hosts  belong  to 
one  and  the  same  species. 

The  foregoing  catalogue  of  Kentish  Crustacea  may  be  deemed  a 
fairly  long  one  and  well  diversified.  It  is  so.  Nevertheless  the  natural- 
ist will  easily  understand  that  in  every  direction  some,  and  in  many 
directions  very  large,  amplification  of  it  may  be  predicted  as  the  result 
of  future  researches. 


»  British  Stalk-eyei  Crustacea,  Io8. 


262 


FISHES 


The  data  from  which  the  present  list  is  drawn  are  derived  from 
three  sources  :  Boys'  Fishes  of  Sandwich^  ^792,  the  handbook  to  Dover, 
prepared  for  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association  in  1899,  and  con- 
taining a  list  of  the  fishes,  by  Mr.  Sydney  Webb,  and  Dr.  J.  Murie's 
Thames  'Estuary  Sea  Fisheries,  part  i.,  1903.  The  names  of  freshwater 
species  are  prefixed  with  an  asterisk  ;  two  asterisks  denote  occurrence  in 
both  fresh  and  salt  water. 


TELEOSTEANS 


ACANTHOPTERYGII 

t.  Perch.     Perca  fluviatilis,  Linn. 
*2.  Sea  Bass.     Morone  labrax,  Linn. 


{Lab- 


rax  lupus,  Day). 

3.  Maigre.     Sciatia  aquila,  Lacep. 
Taken  off  Margate  in  October,  1843. 

4.  Common  Sea  Bream.     Pagellus  centrodon- 

tus,  Delaroche. 

5.  Pandora    Sea   Bass.     Pagellus   erythrinus, 

Linn. 

6.  Red  Mullet.     Mullus  barbatus,  Linn. 

7.  Ballan  Wrass.     Labrus  maculatus,  Bl. 

8.  Baillon's  Wrass.    Crenilabrus  melops,  Linn. 
Specimens  from  the  Thames  estuary  have 

been  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by 

Dr.  Murie. 

•9.  Miller's  Thumb.     Cottus  gobio,  Linn. 

10.  Father-lasher  or  Bull-head.     Cottus  scot- 

■pius,  Linn. 

11.  Lucky  Proach.     Cottus  bubalis,  Euphr. 

12.  Four-horned  Cottus.    Cottus  quadricornis, 

Linn. 

13.  Grey  Gurnard.     Trigla  gurnardus,  Linn. 

14.  Streaked  Gurnard.    Trigla  lineata,  Gmel. 

15.  Red  Gurnard  or  Elleck.     Trigla  cuculus, 

Linn. 

16.  Sapphirine  Gurnard  or  Tubfish.     Trigla 

hirundo,  Linn. 

17.  Piper.     Trigla  lyra,  Linn. 

18.  Dogge  or  Armed  Bullhead. 

phractus,  Linn. 


Jgonus  cata- 


19.  Lump-sucker.    Cyclopterus  lunipus,  Linn. 

20.  Sea-snail.     Liparis  vulgaris,  Flem. 

21.  Diminutive  Sea-snail.     Liparis  montagui, 

Donov. 

22.  Spotted  Goby.     Gobius  minutus,  Gmel. 

23.  Two-spotted  Goby.     Gobius  ruthensparri. 


Euphr. 
24.  Willughby's  Goby. 


Gobius  paganellus, 
Aphia   pellucida. 


Gmel. 

25.  Transparent   Goby. 

Nardo. 
Has  been  found  at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames 
by  Dr.  J.  Murie. 

26.  John  Dory.     Zeus  faber,  Linn. 

27.  Boar-fish.     Capros  aper,  Linn. 
Is  often  taken  singly  at  Dover. 

28.  Scad  or  Horse-mackerel.      Caranx  trach- 

urus,  Linn. 

29.  Pilot-fish.     Naucrates  ductor,  Linn. 
Individuals  are  on  record  from  Folkestone, 

Dover,  Ramsgate,  and  Margate. 

30.  Tunny.     Thunnus  thynnus,  Linn. 

In  1 801  three  were  taken  off  Margate,  this 
being  the  first  record  of  tunnies  on  the  Eng- 
lish coast.  Others  have  since  come  ashore  on 
the  coast  of  Kent.  In  May  1880,  the  skull  of 
one,  10  inches  wide,  was  found  at  Margate. 

31.  Mackerel.     Scomber  scombrus,  hinn. 

32.  Sword-fish.     Xiphias  gladius,  Linn. 

33.  Great  Weever.     Trachinus  draco,  Linn. 

34.  Lesser  Weever.     Trachinus  vipera,  Cuv. 

and  Val. 


263 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


35.  Dragonet.     CaUionymus  lyra,  Linn. 

36.  Butterfly   Blenny.         Blennius   ocellaris, 

Linn. 
'  Has   more   than   once   been   detected  by 
Mr.  E.  Horsnaill  at  Dover  '  according  to  Mr. 
Sydney  Webb. 

37.  Butter-fish.     Centronotus  gunellus,  Linn. 

38.  Viviparous       Blenny.    Zoarces  viviparus, 

Linn. 

39.  Angler  or  Fishing  frog.      Lophius  fisca- 

torius,  Linn. 
Occasionally  captured  at  Dover. 

ANACANTHINI 

40.  Cod.     Gadus  morrhua,  Linn. 

41.  Haddock.     Gadus  csglefinus,  Linn. 

42.  Bib  or  Pont.     Gadus  luscus,  Linn. 

43.  Power.     Gadus  minutus,  Linn. 

44.  Coal-fish.     Gadus  virens,  Linn. 

45.  Whiting.     Gadus  merlangus,  Linn. 

46.  Pollack.     Gadus  pollachius,  Linn. 

47.  Hake.     Merluccius  vulgaris,  Cuv. 

48.  Fork-beard.     Phycis  blennioides,  Bl.  Sch. 

49.  Lesser  Fork-beard.        Raniceps  raninus, 

Linn. 

50.  Ling.     Molva  vulgaris,  Flem. 

51.  Five-bearded  Rockling.     Motella  mustela, 

Linn. 

52.  Three-bearded  Rockling.     Motella  tricir- 

rata,  Bl. 

PLEURONECTOIDEI 

53.  Halibut.     Hippoglossus  vulgaris,  Flem. 

54.  Turbot.     Rhombus  maximus,  Linn. 

55.  Brill.     Rhombus  lavis,  Linn. 

56.  Common  Topknot.        Zeugopterus  punc- 

tatus,  Bl. 

57.  Plaice.     Pleuronectes  platessa,  Linn. 

58.  Lemon  Dab.     Pleuronectes  microcefhalus, 

Donov. 

59.  Dab.     Pleuronectes  limanda,  Linn. 
•*6o.  Flounder.     Pleuronectes  flesus,  Linn. 

61.  Pole  or  Long  flounder.    Pleuronectes  cyno- 

glossus,  Linn. 

62.  Sole.     Solea  vulgaris,  Quens. 

The  Dover  or  Kingsdown  Soles,  it  may  be 
observed,  command  the  highest  prices  on  the 
London  market. 


63.  Thickback.     Solea  variegata,  Donov. 

64.  Solenette.     Solea  lutea,  Risso. 

PLECTOGNATHI 

65.  File-fish.     Balistes  capriscus,  Linn. 

A  single  specimen  was  captured  near  Folke- 
stone in  1884. 

66.  Sun-fish.     Orthagoriscus  mola,  Linn. 

PERCESOCES 

**6j.  Thin-lipped  Grey  Mullet.     Mugil  cap- 

ito,  Cuv. 
**68.  Thick-lipped    Grey   Mullet.         Mugit 

chelo,  Cuv. 

69.  Atherine.     Atherina  presbyter,  Jen. 
Stated  by  Day  to  be  absent  from  Kent,  but 

reported  from  Dover  by  Mr.  Sydney  Webb, 
and  from  the  Thames  Estuary  by  Dr.  Murie. 

70.  Larger  Launce  or  Sand  Eel.     Ammodytes 

lanceolatus,  Lesauv. 

71.  Lesser   Launce.         Ammodytes   tobianus, 

Linn. 

72.  Garfish.     Belone  vulgaris,  Flem. 

73.  Flying  Fish.     Exocoetus  volitans,  Linn. 
Murie  records  the  capture  of  an  example  in 

the  Medway  at  Rochester,  in  September  1898. 

HEMIBRANCHH 

••74.  Three-spined  Stickleback.      Gastrosteus 

aculeatus,  Linn. 
•75.  Ten-spined    Stickleback.         Gastrosteus 
pungitius,  Linn. 

76.  Fifteen-spined  Stickleback.       Gastrosteus 

spinachia,  Linn. 

SELENICHTHYES 

77.  Opah  or  Moon-fish.    Lampris  tuna,  Linn. 
Of  exceptional  occurrence. 

LOPHOBRANCHH 

78.  Broad-nosed    Pipe-fish.  Siphonostoma 

typhle,  Linn. 

79.  Greater  Pipe-fish.    Syngnathus  acus,  Linn. 

80.  Snake  Pipe-fish.    Nerophis  esquoreus,  Linn. 

81.  Straight-nosed  Pipe-fish.     Nerophis  ophi- 

dian, Linn. 

82.  Sea-horse.  Hippocampus    antiquorum. 

Leach. 
Frequently  taken  along  the  Sandwich  Flats. 


264 


FISHES 


*83.  Pike. 


HAPLOMI 

Esox  lucius,  Linn. 


OSTARIOPHYSI 

Carp.     Cyprinus  carpio,  Linn. 
Crucian  Carp.    Cyprinus  carassius,  Linn. 
Gudgeon.     Gobio  fluviatilis,  Flem. 
Rudd.   Leuciscus  erythrophthalmus,  Linn. 
Roach.    Leuciscus  rutilus,  Linn. 
Chub.     Leuciscus  cephalus,  Linn. 
Dace.    Leuciscus  dohula,  Linn.     (Z.  vul- 
garis, Day). 
Minnow.     Leuciscus  phoxinus,  Linn. 
Tench.    Tinea  vulgaris,  Cuv. 
Bream.     Abramis  brama,  Linn. 
Bleak.     Alburnus  lucidus,  H.  and  K. 
Loach.    Nemachilus  barbatulus,  Linn. 


MALACOPTERYGII 
'•96.  Salmon.    Salmo  salar,  Linn. 


•*97.  Trout.     Salmo  trutta,  Linn. 
*98.  Houting.    Coregonus  oxyrhynchus,  Linn. 
Has  been  taken  in  the  Thames  estuary. 

99.  Smelt.     Osmerus  eperlanus,  Linn. 

100.  Argentine.    Argentina  sphyrana,  hinn. 
Recorded  by  Boys. 

loi.  Anchovy.    Engraulis  encrasicholus,'Linn. 
A  casual  visitor. 

102.  Herring.     Clupea  harengus,  Linn. 

The  true  '  Whitebait '  is  the  young  of  the 
herring. 

103.  Pilchard  or  Sardine.     Clupea  pilchardus, 

Linn. 

104.  Sprat.  Clupea  sprattus,  Linn. 
**I05.  Shad.  Clupea  alosa,  Linn. 
**io6.  Thwait.     Clupea  finta,  Cuv. 

APODES 
••107.  Eel.     Anguilla  vulgaris,  Turt. 
108.  Conger.     Conger  vulgaris,  Cuv. 


GANOIDS 

**I09.  Sturgeon.     Acipenser  sturio,  Linn. 


no.  Porbeagle.     Lamna  cornubica,  Gmel. 
III.  Hammerhead.     Sphyrna  zygana,   Linn, 
ccording 


CHONDROPTERYGIANS 

6.  Tope.     Galeus  vulgaris,  Flem. 

7.  Picked   Dogfish.         Acanthias  vulgaris. 


Has  been  seen  at  Dover  in 
to  Mr.  Sydney  Webb.     Had  previously  been 
recorded  by  Boys. 

112.  Rough  Hound,  or  Small-spotted  Dog- 

fish.     Scyllium  canicula,  Linn. 

113.  Nurse-Hound,   or   Large-spotted   Dog- 

fish.      Scyllium  stellare,  Linn.       (5. 
catulus.  Day.) 

1 14.  Thrasher.     Alopias  vulpes,  Gmel. 

First  recorded  by  Boys.  Specimens  have 
been  captured  off  Folkestone  in  1867,  1868, 
and  1869. 

115.  Smooth-Hound.     Mustelus  liEvis,Y\em. 

{M.  vulgaris.  Day). 


Risso. 

[8.  Monk-fish  or  Angel. 
Linn. 


Rhina 


tquattna. 


119.  True  Skate. 

120.  Thornback. 


Raia  batis,  Linn. 
Raia  clavata,  Linn. 

Raia  oxyrhynchus. 


121.  Long-nosed  Skate 

Linn. 

122.  Homelyn.    Raia  maculata,  Monxagn. 

123.  Sting  Ray.      Trygon  pastinaca,  Linn. 

124.  Eagle  Ray  or  Whip  Ray.       Myliobatis 

aquila,  Linn. 
Occasionally  seen  at  Dover,  according  to 
Mr.  Sydney  Webb. 


*I25.  Sea  Lamprey. 
Linn. 


CYCLOSTOMES 

Petromyzon  marinus. 


**I26.  Lampern. 
Linn. 


Petromyzon    fluviatilis, 


265 


34 


AND 


REPTILES 
BATRACHIANS 


The  Reptile  fauna  of  this  county  is  an  extremely  poor  one,  only  the 
species  generally  distributed  over  England  being  on  record.  The  Sand 
Lizard  {Lacej-ta  agiiis)  and  the  Smooth  Snake  (Coronella  austriaca),  which 
occur  in  some  localities  in  Sussex,  Surrey,  Hampshire  and  Dorsetshire, 
are  absent,  and  the  more  widely  distributed  Palmated  Newt  [Molge 
palmatd)  has  not  been  observed  in  Kent,  although  no  doubt  it  will  be 
found  some  day.  We  must  therefore  content  ourselves,  at  present,  with 
the  meagre  list  of  4  reptiles  and  5  batrachians.  The  Natter-jack  Toad 
{Bufo  calamitd)  which  appears  on  the  list,  occurred  in  days  gone  by  on 
Blackheath,  and  according  to  Mr.  Sydney  Webb  is  still  found  near 
Dover,  but  not  in  abundance. 

REPTILES 

1.  Common      Lizard.        Lacerta      vivipara,     3.  Common  or  Ringed  Snake.     Troptdonotus 

Jacq.  natrix,  Linn. 

2.  Slow-worm.     Anguis  fragilis,  Linn.  4.  Viper  or  Adder.     Vipera  berus,  Linn. 


BATRACHIANS 

1.  Common  Frog.     Rana  Umporaria,  Linn.       4.  Great  crested  Newt.     Molge  cristatajhiUT. 

2.  Common  Toad.      Bufo  vulgaris,  Laur.  5.  Common    Newt.     Molge    vulgaris,    Linn. 

3.  Natter-jack  Toad.     Bufo  calamita,  Laur. 


{Triton  punctatus,  Latr.). 


266 


BIRDS 

Before  enumerating  the  birds  that  are  found  in  Kent,  a  brief  survey 
of  the  principal  features  of  the  county  in  relation  to  its  bird  life  is 
desirable,  since  natural  conditions  influence  to  a  great  extent  the  distri- 
bution of  birds. 

By  possessing  a  wealth  of  water,  marshland,  woods  and  cultivated 
districts,  Kent  is  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  England  as  regards  bird 
life.  Its  fertile  undulating  landscape,  running  in  and  out  from  woods 
and  copses  to  park,  meadow  and  cultivated  crop  land,  hop  land  and 
fruit  orchards,  intersected  with  hedgerows,  which,  to  borrow  an  expres- 
sive phrase,  produce  '  a  well  upholstered  look,'  have  earned  for  Kent  the 
name  of  '  the  Garden  of  England.'  And,  when  to  our  county  the 
summer  brings  the  hosts  of  migrants  that  make  their  haunts  in  the 
sheltered  woods  and  dells,  and  fill  the  country-side  with  melody,  one 
would  think  that  Kent  might  also  be  well  called  the  Garden  of  Song. 

The  heart  of  Kent  contains  principally  the  district  known  as  the 
Weald  (forest  tract),  the  site  in  former  times  of  dense  impenetrable 
forests.  In  this  district  many  woods  of  considerable  size,  copses  and 
wooded  dells  (locally  known  as  '  shaws '  and  '  gills ')  are  to  be  found, 
interspersed  with  timbered  parks,  young  plantations  of  larch  and  fir, 
grass  land,  hop  land  and  arable  fields. 

During  the  summer  months  the  woods  with  their  quiet  streams, 
moist-breathing  meadows  bordering  the  copses,  and  stout  hedgerow 
bottoms  become  the  sanctuary  of  many  of  our  warblers.  In  these  local- 
ities the  nightingale,  blackcap-warbler,  willow-warbler,  chiffchafF,  white- 
throat  and  lesser  whitethroat  are  to  be  found  nesting  ;  and  in  the  fir 
and  beech-grown  parts  the  wood-wren — that  daintiest  and  prettiest  of 
our  warblers — may  be  met  with,  while  in  the  cooler  depths  of  shade 
and  thicket  the  grasshopper-warbler  makes  a  home. 

The  ranks  of  many  of  these  summer  migrants  have  greatly  increased 
during  the  past  few  summers  owing  to  the  heavy  plagues  of  caterpillars 
that  have  been  experienced  in  many  districts.  The  small  oak-green 
caterpillar  [Tortrix  viridana),  which  every  season  mercilessly  strips  many 
of  our  oak  trees,  forms  a  favourite  food,  especially  of  the  two  white- 
throats,  blackcap  and  garden-warblers. 

While  these  summer  denizens  of  our  woods  are  on  the  increase,  our 
birds  of  prey  are  steadily  decreasing.  This  fact  must  be  put  down  to 
cultivation  and  the  large  increase  in  game  rearing,  and  the  consequent 
war  waged  against  them  by  gamekeepers.  For  example,  in  the  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century  the  kite,  now  extinct  in  the  county,  was 
common.     In  those  days  places  were  rough  and  wild,  cattle  and  sheep 

267 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

were  allowed  to  remain  and  rot  where  they  died,  and  their  carcases 
afforded  ample  food  for  these  carrion-eating  birds.  But  now  farms  have 
sprung  up  over  the  whole  land,  the  pasture  fields  are  well  kept,  and 
all  cattle  that  die  are  carefully  buried  ;  an  observation  which  applies  to 
the  raven,  now  a  rare  bird  in  the  county. 

Next  in  order  of  rarity  may  be  mentioned  the  honey  buzzard  and 
common  buzzard,  both  in  danger  of  becoming  lost  to  Kent,  while  at 
the  present  time  the  only  two  hawks  still  fairly  numerous  are  the  kestrel 
and  sparrow-hawk. 

Regarding  the  owls — the  tawny  owl  and  long-eared  owl,  once  in 
danger  of  becoming  scarce,  have  rallied,  owing  to  the  present  protection 
afforded  to  them. 

Before  leaving  our  world  of  woods  another  bird  is  worthy  of  men- 
tion— that  is  the  golden  oriole.  This  bird  has  not  unfrequently  occurred 
in  Kent,  and  may  be  looked  upon  as  rather  more  than  a  passing  visitor, 
since  there  are  at  least  three  authenticated  instances  of  its  having  bred 
in  the  county.  There  is  not  a  doubt  that  this  handsome  species  would 
become  an  annual  breeder  with  us,  provided  it  were  protected  from 
persecution  ;  and  apart  from  the  pleasure  to  be  derived  from  seeing  it 
in  our  woods  and  gardens  and  hearing  its  flute-like  notes,  its  presence 
in  the  garden  would  be  valuable,  since  it  devours  all  kinds  of  caterpillars 
and  other  harmful  insects. 

In  mentioning  the  large  woods,  we  must  not  omit  the  part  the 
smaller  ones  play  in  the  fostering  of  our  wild  birds.  We  refer  to  the 
young  plantations  of  larch,  fir  and  chestnut  that  have  sprung  up  in  the 
county  within  the  last  few  years. 

Owing  to  these  warm  coverts,  with  their  beds  of  thistles  and  plenti- 
ful undergrass,  the  number  of  small  finches  has  greatly  increased.  Flocks 
of  goldfinches  hanging  about  the  thistle-down  are  now  common  sights  ; 
siskins  too,  at  the  fall  of  the  year,  put  in  a  brave  appearance,  while  the 
clear  strings  of  musical  notes  from  a  host  of  linnets  and  redpolls  will 
often  strike  upon  the  ear. 

Another  interesting  fact  about  the  up-growth  of  these  plantations  is 
that  they  have  induced  the  woodcock  to  breed  in  the  suitable  localities. 

Our  hop  land,  which  furnishes  one  of  the  most  conspicious  features 
of  Kentish  scenery,  influences  to  some  extent  our  bird  life. 

In  September,  before  the  poles  are  pulled,  swallows  and  martins 
throng  the  gardens,  gathering  a  harvest  from  the  hop-fly  and  other 
insects  attracted  by  the  bine  ;  while  at  a  time  when  insect  life  is  becom- 
ing scarce,  this  supply  of  food  makes  all  the  difference  to  these  departing 
migrants,  and  hence  our  county  offers  an  attractive  high  road  to  the 
Hirundinidce  on  their  migration  southward.  Then  in  winter,  when  hard 
frost  binds  the  ground  and  the  farmer  enriches  the  hop  gardens  from 
the  farmyard,  flocks  of  larks  and  finches  invade  them  from  time  to 
time  to  gain  a  living. 

The  next  important  features  of  the  county  to  be  considered  are  the 
shore-line  and  marshland.     The  high  chalk  cliffs  about  Dover  offer  a  safe 

268 


BIRDS 

asylum  to  large  colonies  of  herring-gulls  during  the  breeding  season  ; 
while  still  more  interesting  is  the  fact  that  the  peregrine  falcon  breeds  in 
inaccessible  portions  of  the  cliffs.  And  here,  probably,  many  years  ago 
the  chough  bred,  for  it  is  included  in  Mr.  Boys'  list  of  Kent  birds,  and 
we  believe  that  it  bred  (sparingly)  in  the  neighbouring  county  of  Sussex. 

On  the  north  shore-line  are  Pegwell  and  Sandwich  Bays,  localities 
rich  in  shore  birds.  The  former  forms  the  mouth  of  the  river  Stour, 
and  with  its  large  expanse  of  mud  flats — about  two  miles  in  width  and 
nearly  the  same  in  length — becomes  the  resort  during  winter  of  many 
gulls  and  waders  at  low  water. 

Sandwich  Bay  is  flanked  by  sand  hills  and  has  a  wide  tract  of 
sand  and  mud  flats,  visible  at  low  tide.  From  this  place  most  of 
the  rare  birds  recorded  by  Mr.  Boys  were  obtained,  and  it  was  here 
that  the  Sandwich  tern  was  discovered  by  him  to  be  a  British  bird 
in    1784. 

In  the  south-east  corner  of  Kent  from  Hythe  to  Lydd  there  is  a 
wide  expanse  of  stones,  that  has  been  reclaimed  from  the  sea.  About 
Lydd  it  is  interspersed  with  shallow  pools  of  brackish  water  and  reed-girt 
ponds.  Among  the  latter  are  the  well-known  Hoppen  Petts,  the  only 
Kentish  breeding  home  of  the  black-headed  gull.  This  great  tract  of 
stones  is  locally  known  as  the  '  Lydd  beach.'  Its  brown  surface  is  here 
and  there  relieved  by  green  patches  of  the  creeping  sloe,  cup-shaped 
hollies  and  clusters  of  the  yellow  beach  poppy.  In  relation  to  bird  life 
the  Lydd  beach,  in  the  days  of  Knox,  was  one  of  the  most  attractive 
localities  in  the  county  ;  but  now,  owing  to  the  increased  firing  of  both 
artillery  and  small  arms  from  the  camp  at  Lydd  during  the  height  of 
the  breeding  season,  and  the  opening  out  of  a  portion  of  the  beach  by 
the  Dungeness  railway,  many  interesting  species  are  on  the  point  of  dis- 
appearing. 

The  thicknee  and  Kentish  plovers  now  only  breed  there  sparingly  ; 
the  colonies  of  common  and  lesser  terns  have  diminished,  while  the 
spoonbill  and  avocet  have  become  rare  visitors. 

Between  Lydd  and  Rye  harbour  the  tide  lays  bare  a  wealth  of  sand. 
During  migration  this  coast  line  is  filled  with  bird  voices.  At  low  tide 
crowds  of  gulls  line  the  water's  edge.  At  times  they  raise  a  cackling 
chorus,  now  loud,  now  soft  as  a  breathing  echo.  Then  away  on  the  sand 
the  rattling  cry  of  the  turnstone,  the  plaintive  notes  of  the  ringed  plover 
and  the  tremulant  whistle  of  the  dunlin  will  fitfully  strike  the  ear. 
Farther  inland,  behind  the  Lydd  beach,  is  the  Romney  marshland,  where, 
in  the  days  of  Dr.  Plomley  of  Lydd,  in  the  '  forties,'  both  the  ruff  and 
bearded  tit  were  found  breeding  and  the  great  bustard  was  not  uncom- 
mon. The  other  marshes  in  the  county  are  those  about  Rainham,  near 
Stourmouth,  Wingham  and  Minster.  Like  Romney  Marsh,  all  these 
localities  in  former  days  harboured  many  birds.  Owing  to  the  increase 
of  cultivation  and  drainage,  the  area  of  these  marshes  has  been  consider- 
ably restricted,  and  consequently  the  ranks  of  our  marsh-loving  birds  are 
much  thinned  compared  with  their  number  in  former  times. 

269 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

In  spring,  migrants  arrive  on  the  south  coast ;  some  to  stay,  others  to 
pass  over  the  county  on  their  w^ay  northward  to  breed.  In  autumn  the 
return  migration  begins,  and  the  birds,  which  have  bred  in  the  north, 
make  their  way  to  the  south-east  portion  of  the  county,  about  Dungeness, 
where  the  crossing  to  the  continent  is  shortest.  About  the  same  time 
a  migrational  movement  from  the  south-west  to  this  same  point  also 
takes  place.  The  immigrations  of  the  birds  to  the  county  from  northern 
Europe  and  the  continent  during  autumn  and  winter  are  few.  Kent  lies 
too  far  south  to  catch  the  movement  that  extends  at  those  seasons  across 
the  North  Sea  to  our  east  coasts. 

The  local  museums  are  the  Folkestone,  Margate,  Canterbury,  Maid- 
stone and  Dover  collections.  Those  of  the  first  three  places  are  in  poor 
condition  and  records  are  for  the  most  part  lost. 

In  the  last  named  there  is  the  Plomley  collection,  containing  many 
species  obtained  by  Dr.  Plomley  from  Lydd  and  Romney  Marsh.  The 
private  collections  I  have  referred  to  in  my  '  History  of  Kent  Birds  ' 
are  those  of  the  late  Mr.  Walter  Prentis  (now  at  Rochester)  of  Mr. 
Oxenden  Hammond  of  St.  Alban's  Court,  Nonington  ;  and  of  the 
Rev.  Benjamin  Austen  of  Walmer.  These  contain  many  rare  species, 
principally  obtained  from  the  northern  portions  of  the  county.  Lastly, 
my  own  collection,  consisting  chiefly  of  birds  from  the  Weald  and  the 
south  coast. 

In  this  article  I  have  only  given  records  which  I  have  been  able  to 
authenticate.  I  have  omitted  a  few,  elsewhere  recorded,  which  are  not 
in  my  opinion  satisfactory.  My  best  thanks  are  due  to  Mr.  Meade- 
Waldo  for  his  assistance  in  correcting  my  proofs.  I  have  referred  to 
the  following  works  : — 

Yairell's  History  of  British  Birds  (ed.  4,  1885  Newton  &  Saunders) 

Manual  of  British  Birds,   Howard  Saunders  (1898) 

Handbook  of  British  Birds,   Harting  (1901) 

Boys'  History  of  Sandwich  (List) 

List  of  Folkestone  Birds  (Henry  UUyett) 

77;!^   Zoologist,    1 840-1 90 1 

The  Birds  of  Rainham,  Walter  Prentis  (i  894) 

The  author's  own  notes,  1 887-1 900 

The  author's  articles  in  The  Kentish  Express,  August  1899,  to  June  1 900 

I.  Missel-Thrush.      Turdus  viscivorus,  Linn.         tember  a  migration  southward  may  be  noticed 

Locally,  Missel-bird,  Screech.  ^.'"^''S   '"^"f  °{  °"^.  home-bred    birds,   but 

these    partial    migrations    depend  to  a    great 

The    missel  -  thrush     is    well     distributed  extent  upon  the  supply  of  food.     Should  the 

throughout    the    wooded     portions    of     the  yews  in  October  yield  a  good  store  of  berries, 

county    and    among    our    orchards.      In    the  numbers  of  birds  will  remain  in  the  locality  to 

breeding  season   the  number  of  nests  in  one  devour  them.      During  a  severe  winter  large 

locality   is   sometimes   considerable,   as   many  batches  of  foreigners  appear  in  the  county,  to 

as    five    or  six    being  found    close    together.  leave  again  however  in  the  following  spring. 

This  plentiful   distribution    invariably  occurs  In  the  severe  winter  of  1890  a  great  influx  took 

after  a  mild  winter,  when  no  severe  weather  place,  and  these  foreigners  were  invariably  the 

has  come  to  decimate  the  ranks  of  our  home-  first  to  succumb  to  the  cold  weather.     Owing 

bred  birds.      About  the  end  of  July  migra-  probably  to  severe  privations  the  plumage  of 

tion  commences,  the  flocks  consisting  mainly  these  birds  was  paler  in  colour  than   that  of 

of  young  birds.     Towards  the  end  of  Sep-  our  residents. 

270 


BIRDS 


2.  Song-Thrush.      Turdus  musicus,  Linn. 

Locally,  Grey  Bird,  Snailjobber. 
A  common  resident.  During  a  severe 
winter  or  a  dry  season  partial  migrations 
occur  to  the  vicinity  of  the  sea-coast,  where 
the  birds  feed  on  mussels  and  marine  insects 
along  the  shore.  After  a  time  these  indi- 
viduals become  dark  in  plumage. 

3.  Redwing.      Turdus  iliacus,  Linn. 

A  winter  migrant  to  the  county  ;  generally 
appearing  towards  the  middle  of  October  in 
small  parties,  in  company  with  the  fieldfare. 
These  are  but  advance  guards  of  larger  forces, 
which  come  as  the  year  nears  its  end  ;  the 
numbers  vary  however  according  to  the  severity 
of  the  winter.  When  the  weather  is  mild  and 
open  very  few  visit  the  county.  During  a 
severe  winter  their  numbers  are  large,  and 
they  remain  with  us  until  the  stores  of  holly 
berries  give  out,  when  the  greater  number 
disappear  altogether  from  the  county,  and  we 
see  no  more  of  them  until  they  pass  in  the 
spring  on  their  homeward  journey,  when  they 
have  been  observed  as  late  as  the  end  of 
March. 

4.  Fieldfare.      Turdus  pilaris,  Linn. 

The  remarks  on  the  preceding  species 
apply  equally  to  the  fieldfare,  which  is  also  a 
winter  migrant  to  the  county,  but  it  stays 
later  than  the  redwing. 

5.  Blackbird.      Turdus  merula,  Linn. 

A  common  resident,  which  has  increased 
in  numbers  of  late  years,  owing  to  the  ex- 
tension of  fruit  growing  in  Kent.  Mulberries 
form  a  favourite  fruit  of  this  bird.  In  Octo- 
ber blackbirds  leave  our  gardens  for  the  most 
part,  and  resort  to  the  woods,  where  they  seek 
their  living  on  ground  moistened  by  fallen 
leaves  and  dripping  branches.  The  blackbird 
is  essentially  a  worm-feeding  bird,  and  there 
is  not  a  doubt  that  fallen  leaves  attract  worms 
more  readily  to  the  surface.  Partial  migra- 
tions occur  in  autumn  and  winter  and  again 
in  spring. 

6.  Ring-Ouzel.      Turdus  torquatus,  Linn. 
Occurs  in  Kent  as  a  migrant  only.     Mr, 

Walter  Prentis  says  :  '  The  ring-ouzel  passes 
through  Rainham  on  its  passage  north  in 
spring,  south  in  autumn  ;  sometimes,  when 
food  is  to  be  had,  staying  a  few  days  with 
us  ;  always  wild,  choosing  for  its  perch  the 
tops  of  trees.'  In  October,  on  its  journey 
southward,  this  bird  resorts  to  furze-covered 
commons  near  the  sea,  and  should  berries  be 
plentiful  it  prolongs  its  stay.  It  is  by  no 
means  a  common  migrant  in  the  county. 


7.  Wheatear.  Saxicola  cenanthe  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Clod-hopper. 
The  wheatear  arrives  in  Kent  towards  the 
middle  of  March,  and  by  the  time  that  month 
draws  to  an  end  becomes  a  familiar  figure  in 
our  coastland  scenery.  It  is  decidedly  local 
as  a  breeding  species  in  the  interior  of  the 
county,  its  distribution  varying  according  to 
the  condition  of  the  spring.  Should  March 
be  an  inclement  month,  not  a  few  leave  the 
bleak  land  near  the  coast  and  pass  further  in- 
land for  summer  quarters.  The  males  appear 
to  precede  the  females,  for  on  several  occasions 
when  noting  the  arrival  of  this  bird  in  spring 
I  have  seen  none  but  males.  In  Kent  the 
principal  breeding  localities  of  the  wheatear 
are  the  Lydd  beach  around  Dungeness,  Little- 
stone  and  in  the  vicinities  of  Sandwich  and 
Pegwell  Bays  and  Whitstable,  while  it  nests 
annually  on  the  low  ground  between  Graves- 
end  and  Chatham.  The  firing-courses  at 
Lydd  that  now  take  place  annually  over  this 
wide  tract  of  beach  have  apparently  failed  to 
banish  the  wheatear,  as  they  have  several  other 
breeding  species.  In  this  locality  curious  un- 
looked-for spots  are  often  chosen  by  the  birds 
for  their  nests.  Discarded  tins,  kettles,  and 
crevices  in  the  gabion  casemates  are  frequently 
made  use  of;  while  in  May  1896  the  writer 
discovered  a  nest  inside  an  empty  four- 
pounder  shell.  Again,  it  is  not  unusual  to 
find  the  wheatear's  nest  in  a  depression  on 
the  bare  beach.  In  a  case  like  this  dry  grass 
alone  is  used,  the  nest  resembling  a  large 
edition  of  the  lark's,  but  the  normal  feather 
lining  is  then  absent  and  the  nest  is  thereby 
rendered  less  conspicuous.  In  August  a 
congregating  movement  may  be  noticed,  and 
the  numbers  of  birds  bred  on  the  south  coast 
are  augmented  for  a  short  season  by  mi- 
grants from  the  westward,  especially  on  the 
Sussex  downs,  where,  in  the  days  of  our  fore- 
fathers, the  shepherds  carried  on  a  regular  trade 
in  these  birds,  which  were  looked  upon  as  a 
great  delicacy.  We  read  in  Gilbert  White's 
letter  to  Daines  Barrington  in  December  1 773 
(Letter  xvii.),  that  '  at  the  time  of  wheat  har- 
vest, they  begin  to  be  taken  in  great  numbers 
and  sent  for  "sale  in  vast  quantities  to  Bright- 
helmstone  and  Tonbridge,  and  appear  at  the 
tables  of  all  the  gentry  that  entertain  with  any 
degree  of  elegance.' 

8.   Whinchat.      Pratincola  rubetra  (Linn.) 

A  summer  migrant  to  the  county,  arriving 
in  the  second  week  of  April  and  departing 
again  at  the  end  of  August,  when  parties  of 
young  birds  in  their  rufous  and  black  plumage 
may  be  observed   lingering  about  waste  land, 


271 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


on  their  way  to  the  coast.  The  appearance 
of  these  parties  is  however  irregular.  On 
30  August  1896  a  small  flock  of  six 
birds  (the  first  since  1893)  appeared  in  a 
fallow  field  near  Cranbrook.  They  caught 
their  prey  after  the  manner  of  flycatchers, 
being  very  busy  just  at  dusk  in  obtaining  it, 
retiring  for  the  night  to  a  neighbouring  turnip 
field.  All  these  birds  were  young  males  with 
their  conspicuous  white  shoulder  patches  ;  a 
fact  which  I  have  found  to  be  the  case  on 
several  former  occasions,  thereby  indicating 
that  the  males  keep  separate  from  the  females 
on  migration.  The  whinchat  breeds  locally  in 
the  county.  Two  nests  have  been  sent  to  me 
from  the  neighbourhood  of  Tunbridge  Wells, 
while  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Edenbridge 
the  bird  is  common  about  the  rough  railway 
embankments.  Mr.  Walter  Prentis  of  Rain- 
ham  writes  :  '  A  pair  frequented  a  narrow 
coppice  on  my  farm  in  1886.  On  mowing 
clover  and  making  hay  in  the  field  adjoining,  a 
nest  was  discovered  containing  four  blue  eggs, 
built  on  the  ground  after  the  manner  of  the 
sky-lark's.' 

9,  Stonechat.      Pratincola  riibicola  (Linn.) 

Locally,  Furze  Chat. 
Although  a  resident,  this  species  is  more 
uncommon  than  the  whinchat,  since  the 
nature  of  the  county  is  unsuitable.  It  is 
more  often  observed  in  winter  than  summer, 
usually  about  our  marshland. 

10.  Redstart.      Ruticilla  phcenicurus  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Fire-tail. 

The  redstart  is  sparingly  distributed  during 
the  summer  and  breeds  in  suitable  localities, 
appearing  in  April  and  leaving  again  in  Sep- 
tember. Like  the  nightingale  it  is  generally 
to  be  found  breeding  in  colonies,  and  the  same 
locality  will  often  be  resorted  to  year  after 
year.  It  is  however  a  shy  bird,  and  if  per- 
secuted will  constantly  change  its  breeding 
haunts.  This  accounts  for  their  disappearing 
from  districts  where  they  used  to  be  numerous. 
It  is  found  in  the  Rainham  (Prentis)  and  Stour- 
mouth  districts  (Dowker).  Wherever  there  are 
fir  woods  it  is  generally  to  be  found.  Near 
Cranbrook  it  breeds  annually  in  the  Bedgebury 
woods,  where  in  May  1896  I  observed  no 
fewer  than  five  pairs  in  a  single  morning,  and 
found  several  nests,  two  of  which  were  on 
ledges  of  sandstone  in  an  old  disused  pit:  nest- 
ing sites  the  redstart  appears  to  be  particularly 
fond  of.  In  the  same  month,  on  12  May, 
I  discovered  another  nest  in  a  very  curious 
situation.  It  was  placed  inside  a  disused 
pheasant's  coop,  and  side  by  side  was  another 


nest  belonging  to  a  marsh-tit.  On  my  ap- 
proach the  owners  flew  away,  showing  eggs 
in  both  nests. 

11.  Black  Redstart.     Ruticilla   //Vy^  (Scopoli) 
A  scarce  winter  visitor  to  Kent.      I  have 

observed  individuals  on  the  hills  about  Dover 
and  Folkestone.  No  authenticated  instance 
of  the  bird  breeding  in  England  has  yet  been 
recorded.  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond  observed 
an  old  male  bird  near  Wingham  on  9  May 
1883,  which  looks  suspiciously  as  if  a  pair  were 
breeding  in  the  locality,  yet  the  nest  was  not 
discovered.  This  redstart  is  by  no  means  com- 
mon in  the  county,  although  it  is  said  to  be 
increasing  in  other  counties.  A  reason  for 
this  may  be  looked  for  in  the  fact  that  this 
species  generally  affects  high  ground  near  the 
sea  on  its  arrival.  The  only  high  coast  that 
Kent  can  show  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Folke- 
stone, Dover  and  St.  Margaret's  Bay,  and 
there  specimens  of  the  black  redstart  have 
occasionally  been  obtained. 

12.  Red-spotted  Bluethroat.    Cyanecula  suecica 

(Linn.) 
A  very  rare  visitor  in  spring  and  autumn. 
Kent  lies  too  far  south  for  us  to  receive 
many  stragglers  of  this  species.'  To  my 
knowledge  three  specimens  have  been  ob- 
ained  in  Kent.  One  in  Sheppey  in  1844 
(George  Dowker).  On  16  May  1845  a 
fine  old  male  bird  was  taken  in  a  nightingale 
trap  and  was  kept  alive  for  several  months, 
and  during  that  time  examined  by  the  well 
known  ornithologist,  the  late  Mr.  John  Han- 
cock. The  third  instance  occurred  in  Septem- 
ber 1 88 1,  when  a  specimen  was  obtained  in 
the  marshes  near  Dartford.  Mr.  Grey,  the 
curator  of  the  Dover  Museum,  writes  as  fol- 
lows :  '  I  once  saw  a  beautiful  specimen  of 
the  bluethroat  in  the  meadow  behind  the 
Castle  and  followed  it  for  some  time.  It 
kept  flying  from  a  hedge  to  a  turnip  field, 
but  only  having  a  butterfly-net  with  me  I 
stood  no  chance  of  getting  it.' 

1 3.  Redbreast.     Erlthacus  rubecula  (Linn.) 

A  common  resident.  In  September  a  mi- 
gration southward  may  be  observed.     When 

1  During  the  autumn  migration  individuals  are 
obtained  almost  annually  on  the  Norfolk  coast 
between  Wells  and  Cromer  {F.C.H.  Norfolk,  i. 
228).  This  portion  of  the  English  coast  might 
be  described  as  a  halting  or  resting  place  in  the 
movement  of  migration  of  those  birds  that  breed 
in  northern  Europe,  for  a  northerly  wind  sends 
these  migrants  to  this  prominent  piece  of  coast-line, 
whence  after  a  short  stay  they  cross  the  sea  on 
their  way  southward. 


272 


BIRDS 


winter  approaches  many  of  the  robins,  especi- 
ally the  birds  of  the  year,  retire  to  our  thick 
fir  woods,  where  they  roost  in  the  warm  beds 
of  pine-needles,  or  in  holes  scratched  by  rabbits 
and  other  rodents. 

14.  Nightingale.      Dau/ias  luscinia  (Linn.) 

In  the  third  week  of  April  the  nightingale 
appears  in  the  county  (the  male  birds  arriving 
first)  to  take  up  their  summer  quarters  in  our 
copses.  This  species  has  increased  very  much 
within  the  last  three  years,  and  pairs  may  even 
be  found  nesting  within  the  confines  of  our 
gardens.  A  good  idea  of  its  distribution  in 
the  county  may  be  arrived  at  by  following  the 
course  of  the  valleys,  for  the  nightingale  in- 
variably selects  the  low  wood-covered  ground, 
where  streams  may  be  found,  in  preference 
to  any  other ;  and  in  such  places  colonies 
may  be  met  with,  the  birds  returning  yearly 
to  the  same  spots.  A  remarkable  instance 
of  devotion  towards  their  offspring  occurred 
near  Cranbrook  in  1897.  A  pair  chose  as 
a  nesting  site  a  bank  directly  behind  the 
rifle  range,  where  practice  was  carried  on 
twice  a  week.  The  nest  was  placed  in  a  hole 
made  by  former  bullets  and  in  a  line  with  the 
central  target.  Two  days  after  the  young 
appeared  the  male  bird  was  killed,  but  his 
mate  continued  to  feed  her  five  young 
ones  amid  the  spattering  of  bullets.  The 
young  eventually  left  the  nest  and  gained  a 
bunch  of  faggots  just  above  it,  and  whilst 
here  one  of  the  little  band  was  killed.  After 
this  the  mother  led  them  to  a  safer  retreat, 
out  of  range. 

15.  Whitethroat.      Sylvia  cinerea  (Bcchs^itln) 
Locally,  Nettle-creeper. 

Between  13  and  20  April  the  common 
whitethroat  may  be  looked  for,  but  the  date 
of  its  arrival  varies  a  good  deal  with  the  con- 
dition of  the  weather,  for  should  the  spring 
be  wet  and  inclement  the  bird  will  not  be 
seen  much  before  the  latter  date.  This 
summer  migrant  is  numerous  throughout  the 
county. 

16.  Lesser  Whitethroat.  Sylvia  curruca  {h'mn.) 
The  lesser  whitethroat  arrives  about    the 

same  time  as  its  close  congener,  but  it  is 
rather  a  scarce  bird  and  of  local  distribution, 
keeping  much  to  the  tops  of  trees,  especially 
oaks.  A  marked  increase  in  the  numbers 
of  this  warbler  took  place  in  many  localities 
in  the  summer  of  1896,  when  both  this  and 
the  previous  season  were  remarkable  for  the 
great  plagues  of  the  green  oak-moth  {Tortrix 
viridana),  whose  caterpillars  stripped  and  dril- 
led to  a  deplorable  extent  many  of  our  oaks. 
I 


On  these  the  young  of  the  lesser  whitethroat 
are  principally  fed. 

17.  Blackcap.      Sylvia  atricapilla  (Linn.) 
Common  in  the  well  wooded  districts  from 

the  middle  of  April  onward,  but  its  distribu- 
tion varies  yearly.  Its  appearance  in  Kent 
has  been  recorded  in  the  end  of  March. 

18.  Garden-Warbler.     Sylvia  hartensis  {Bech- 
stein) 

Not  so  common  as  the  preceding  species, 
and  I  have  noticed  that  in  localities  where  the 
one  species  abounds  the  other  is  absent.  In 
the  summer  of  1896,  when  our  oaks  suffered 
severely  from  caterpillars,  the  garden-warbler, 
which  had  been  scarce  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Cranbrook,  became  numerous,  while  at  the 
same  time  the  blackcap  warbler  almost  dis- 
appeared. 

19.  Dartford  Warbler.      Sylvia   undata  (Bod- 
daert). 

This  warbler  is  named  after  the  town  near 
which  it  was  first  recognized  as  an  English 
species  by  Dr.  Latham,  who  obtained  a  pair 
on  Bexley  Heath  near  Dartford  on  10  April 
1773.  It  is  a  scarce  resident  and  chiefly 
confined  to  the  western  portion  of  the  county, 
where  there  are  heath  and  furze  commons. 
It  has  been  obtained  at  Guston  near  Dover 
(16  March  1887),  at  Woolwich  {Zoologiit, 
1863,  p.  8819)  and  at  Rainham  (Prentis). 

20.  Goldcrest.     Regulus  cristatus,  K.  L.  Koch. 
Found  throughout    the  county.      Of  late 

years  it  has  become  numerous  owing  to  the 
increase  of  larch  and  fir  plantations,  where  it 
is  generally  to  be  found  in  small  parties 
throughout  the  winter,  returning  in  the  spring 
to  our  gardens  as  soon  as  the  deodars  begin  to 
put  forth  their  shoots,  beneath  whose  tray- 
like branches  it  suspends  its  beautiful  little 
nest.  About  the  middle  of  November,  when 
stormy  weather  with  south-westerly  winds  is 
generally  experienced,  numbers  arrive  on  the 
coast  from  the  continent  and  leave  again  in 
April.  These  birds  possess  a  roving  disposi- 
tion and  continually  shift  from  one  locality  to 
another,  never  being  in  one  place  for  any 
length  of  time.  Mr.  Walter  Prentis  of  Rain- 
ham,  writing  in  1894,  says  :  'I  have  not  seen 
the  golden-crested  wren  for  several  years ; 
what  has  become  of  them  I  do  not  know, 
unless  they  have  been  affected  by  the  cold  and 
wet  summers.' 

21.  Firecrest.       Regulus    ignicapillus    (C.    L. 
Brehm). 

This  wren  is  a  rare  visitor  to  the  county. 
73  35 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


The  specimens  on  record  have  all  been  ob- 
tained in  the  winter  and  after  stormy  weather. 
The  first  individual,  a  female,  was  shot  in  an 
apple  tree  in  December  i860  at  Rainham, 
by  Mr.  Walter  Prentis.  Another  specimen 
was  obtained  at  Whitfield  near  Dover  in 
1884;  while  the  last  two  records  are  from 
the  neighbourhood  of  Lydd.  On  10  October 
1896,  after  several  days  of  stormy  weather 
with  strong  south-easterly  winds,  a  male  bird 
was  shot  by  Mr.  Brann  of  Broomhill  farm 
near  Rye,  in  an  apple  tree  outside  his  house. 
The  bird  was  in  company  with  several  of  the 
common  species.  It  was  sent  to  me  for 
identification  and  preserved  by  Mr.  Springett 
ofCranbrook.  The  second  specimen,  another 
male,  was  shot  in  the  same  tree  in  1897,  and 
curiously  enough  on  the  same  date,  10  Octo- 
ber. Both  of  the  specimens  are  now  in  my 
collection. 

22.  ChiiFchaff.     Phylloscopm  rufus  (Bechstein) 
Locally  Oven-builder. 

A  common  spring  migrant.  My  diary  for 
several  years  records  its  appearance  between 
24  and  28  March,  when  its  well  known  note 
has  been  very  hoarse  and  hardly  audible. 

23.  Willow-Warbler.       Phylloscopus    trochilus 

(Linn.) 
Locally,  Yellow  Wren. 
A  common  summer  migrant  coming  in  the 
first  week  of  April,  and  from  that  period  on- 
ward this  bird  arrives  in  parties  at  well  marked 
intervals,  a  wood  that  was  silent  before  be- 
coming suddenly  filled  with  their  voices.  As 
soon  as  the  buds  of  the  apple  trees  show 
signs  of  bursting,  the  bird  is  often  to  be 
heard  in  orchards,  where  it  seeks  after  and 
feeds  upon  the  destructive  apple  aphis  {Aph'n 
mali).  The  food  of  this  little  warbler  con- 
sists to  a  great  extent  of  these  injurious  in- 
sects, and  for  this  reason  gardeners  should 
encourage  the  bird  in  their  gardens,  where, 
in  August  especially,  it  may  be  noticed  attack- 
ing the  broods  of  aphis  on  the  rose  bushes.  I 
have  found  the  willow-warbler  nesting  in 
colonies,  discovering  as  many  as  five  nests  in 
one  copse.  From  the  shape  of  their  nests 
both  the  willow-warbler  and  chifFchafF  are 
locally  known  as  '  oven  birds.' 

24.  Wood-Warbler.        Phyttoscopus    sibilatrix 

(Bechstein) 

Locally,  Yellovif  Willow- Wren. 

The  wood-warbler   is  of  local   distribution 

in  the  county  and  arrives  about  the  middle  of 

April.      In   some   districts  however  it   is  the 

most  numerous  of  the  three  yellow  warblers. 


I  first  observed  this  species  in  the  Cranbrook 
district  in  the  summer  of  i8g6.  A  few  pairs 
now  come  annually  to  certain  spots  in  the 
Angley  and  Bedgebury  woods,  in  which  are 
to  be  found  tall  firs  and  beeches,  trees  of 
which  the  wood-warbler  seems  very  fond. 
At  Eastwell  near  Ashford  the  wood-warbler 
is  locally  distributed,  while  it  does  not  appear 
to  be  found  in  the  Canterbury  district  (Oxen- 
den  Hammond).  In  the  woods  about  Dover 
it  breeds  sparingly  (Gray).  In  the  Chatham 
and  Sittingbourne  districts  the  bird  is  only 
seen  on  passage  in  spring  and  autumn. 

25.  Icterine      Warbler.        Hypokh     icterina 

(Vieillot) 
The  rare  icterine  warbler  has  occurred 
once  in  Kent ;  the  first  example  obtained  in 
England  is  now  in  the  Dover  Museum, 
having  been  killed  at  Eythorne  on  15  June 
1848  by  the  late  Charles  Gordon.  This 
warbler  is  common  on  the  continent,  and  it 
is  quite  likely  that  it  occurs  more  often  in 
England  than  is  supposed,  since,  owing  to  the 
thick  foliage,  it  probably  escapes  detection, 
while  to  an  ordinary  observer  the  bird  would 
pass  as  a  wood-warbler.  However,  its  stouter 
build,  yellower  under-parts  and  the  lack  of 
yellowish-green  on  the  upper  parts,  serve 
principally  to  distinguish  it  from  the  latter 
species. 

26.  Reed  -  Warbler.        Acrocephalus    streperus 

(Vieillot) 
This  warbler  arrives  in  Kent  in  the  latter 
part  of  April  and  is  still  plentiful  in  suitable 
localities,  especially  in  the  Wingham  and 
Romney  marshland  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
river  Rother,  but  there  is  not  a  doubt  that 
its  numbers  have  of  late  years  decreased, 
owing  to  the  drainage  of  our  reed  beds  and 
marshy  places.  Further,  this  drainage  and 
the  prolonged  droughts  of  the  last  three  sea- 
sons have  afforded  to  the  farmers  an  easier 
access  to  these  reed  beds,  which  they  now 
systematically  cut  over,  using  the  reeds  as 
thatching  material  for  their  stacks. 

[No  identified  example  of  the  marsh- 
warbler  {Acrocephalus  palustris,  Bechstein)  is 
known  to  have  occurred  in  the  county,  but 
the  species  may  easily  have  been  overlooked, 
owing  to  its  similarity  to  the  reed-warbler, 
from  which  it  chiefly  differs  in  having  the 
upper  parts  washed  with  a  distinct  greenish 
olive-brown  instead  of  rufous.  Especially 
is  this  noticeable  in  the  feathers  of  the 
rump.  I  have  carefully  examined  a  reputed 
specimen  of  this  bird  in  the  fine  collection  of 
Mr.   Walter  Prentis  and   mentioned   by   him 


274 


BIRDS 


in  his  Birds  of  Ra'inham  (p.  25),  but  it  is  a 
reed-warbler  and  fails  to  correspond  with 
typical  examples  of  A.  palustr'is  with  which  I 
have  compared  the  example.] 

27.  Great   Reed-Warbler.     Acrocephalus   tur- 

do'tdes  (Meyer) 
This  bird  is  an  extremely  rare  visitor  ;  only 
two  specimens  have  been  obtained  in  Kent. 
On  4  May  1853  ^"  individual  was  shot  by  the 
side  of  a  pond  near  Sittingbourne  by  Mr.  G. 
Thomas  of  that  place.  The  other  was  ob- 
tained in  the  Wingham  marshes  on  14  Sep- 
tember 1 88 1,  by  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond, 
who  writes  of  the  occurrence  as  follows  : 
'While  snipe  shooting,  on  September  14th,  I 
came  across  a  warbler  of  some  kind,  which  I 
failed  to  identify  satisfactorily.  I  had  marked 
a  snipe  down,  as  I  believed,  in  a  water-cress 
covered  stream,  which  flowed  between  an 
alder  bed  on  one  bank  and  a  bank  of  very 
high  reeds  on  the  other.  I  had  not  gone  far 
up  the  windings  of  this  channel,  when  the 
bird  in  question  rose  out  of  the  coarse  herbage 
and  instantly  entered  the  reed-bed  opposite. 
I  was  struck  by  its  appearance  and  sent  my 
retriever  into  the  reeds.  The  bird  moved 
through  the  reeds  at  once  before  the  dog, 
and  my  keeper  seeing  it,  forced  it  out  by  a 
thrust  or  two  of  my  marsh-jumping  pole.  It 
flew  along  the  watercourse  very  low,  just 
topping  the  cresses  with  a  weak  fluttering 
flight,  and  some  dust  shot  then  struck  it  down. 
I  found  no  difficulty  in  identifying  the  bird 
as  the  great  reed  warbler.' 

28.  Sedge- Warbler.      Acrocephalus   phragmitis 

(Bechstein) 
In  Kent  the  sedge-warbler  arrives  at  the 
end  of  April  and  frequents  ditches  which  are 
overrun  with  brambles  and  places  where  there 
is  rough  herbage.  The  vicinity  of  water  is 
not  essential  to  this  bird,  the  nest  being  often 
found  on  the  ground  in  thick  grass  by  the 
roadside.  During  the  migration  in  September 
small  parties  may  be  seen  in  the  dykes  of  our 
marsh-land  near  the  sea. 

29.  Aquatic  Warbler.      Acrocephalus  aquaticus 

(J.  F.  Gmelin) 
Has  occurred  once  in  the  county,  an 
example  being  obtained  near  Dover  by  the 
late  Mr.  C.  Gordon.  The  specimen  remained 
in  Dr.  Plomley's  collection  in  the  museum  of 
that  town  for  some  time  unidentified  till 
February  1871,  when  Mr.  J.  H.  Gurney 
found  it  to  be  a  genuine  example  of  this 
rare  warbler.  In  Borrer's  Birds  of  Sussex 
there  is  a  fine  coloured  plate  of  the  aquatic 
warbler  by  Mr.  Keulemans. 


30.  Grasshopper-Warbler.       Locustella   navia 

(Boddaert) 
This  warbler,  locally  known  as  'cricket- 
bird,'  comes  to  us  near  the  end  of  April, 
taking  up  its  abode  in  thickets,  close  as  a  rule 
to  running  water  where  there  is  plenty  of 
'  bottom '  in  the  form  of  coarse  grass.  It  is 
by  no  means  common  and  of  very  local  dis- 
tribution. Its  retiring  and  skulking  habits 
make  observation  difficult,  the  bird  being 
more  often  heard  than  seen,  its  peculiar  scis- 
sor-grinding  song  breaking  the  silence  of 
evening.  According  to  Mr.  Walter  Prentis 
this  bird,  formerly  plentiful,  has  disappeared 
from  the  Rainham  district.  In  his  collec- 
tion there  is  a  peculiar  variety  obtained  on  5 
June  1869;  back  greenish-brown  with  darker 
markings,  breast  greenish-yellow  without  spots. 
In  the  Cranbrook  neighbourhood  a  few  pairs 
breed  annually  in  the  woods  around  Sissing- 
hurst.  It  is  found  near  Maidstone,  a  nest 
and  two  eggs  with  the  female  bird  being 
in  the  museum  of  that  town,  and  taken  near 
HoUingbourne  in  May  1882.  Nests  have 
also  been  found  near  Ashford,  while  in  the 
Stourmouth  district  the  bird  is  scarce  (Dowker). 
About  Dover  it  breeds  sparingly  (Gray),  and 
it  has  also  been  observed  at  Pembury  near 
Tunbridge  Wells  {Zool.  1857,  p.  5685). 

3 1 .  Hedge-Sparrow.  Accentor  nodularis  (Linn.) 
A  well  distributed  resident  in  the  county, 

its  numbers  remaining  constant  throughout 
the  year.  Although  one  of  the  earliest  of 
British  breeding  birds  it  is  often  among  the 
latest.  In  the  Cranbrook  neighbourhood  a 
brood  was  still  in  the  nest  on  23  August 
1890. 

32.  Dipper.      Cinclus  aquaticus,   Bechstein. 
The  dipper  or  water-ouzel  is  a  rare  bird  in 

Kent,  where  only  a  few  individuals  on  mi- 
gration have  been  obtained.  The  county  is 
unsuitable  to  the  habits  of  this  species,  as  shal- 
low rivers  studded  with  stones  and  running 
streams  are  not  to  be  found  in  Kent,  so  the 
dipper  as  a  resident  is  absent.  I  have  the 
following  records  :  Two  in  the  Dover 
Museum,  one  being  in  the  Plomley  collec- 
tion, and  therefore  probably  obtained  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Lydd  ;  the  other  shot  on 
the  river  at  Dover  in  1870  (Charles  Gordon). 
One  in  the  local  collection  of  the  Maidstone 
Museum  (G.  Simmons).  Lastly,  in  Decem- 
ber 1890,  a  dipper  was  shot  on  the  rocks  at 
Margate  (J.  H.  Gurney,  Zool.  1 89 1,  p.  274). 
To  "these  records  I  shall  also  place  the 
observation  of  one  near  Cranbrook.  The  dip- 
per is  such  a  remarkable  looking  bird  that 
it  can  hardly  be  mistaken  for  any  other.     On 


275 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


4  November  1894,  Mr.  Thomas  Weston  of 
Standen  House,  Benenden,  observed  a  bird 
which  flew  close  to  him.  It  was  shot  at,  but 
not  obtained.  A  few  days  afterwards  he 
identified  the  bird  as  the  same  as  some  dip- 
pers, obtained  in  Scotland,  in  Mr.  Springett's 
shop  in  Cranbrook.  The  country  below 
Benenden  is  not  at  all  an  unlikely  locality 
for  one  of  these  birds,  since  there  are  several 
running  streams  that  find  their  way  into  the 
Rother. 

33.  Bearded  Tit  or  Reedling.     Panurus  biar- 

micus  (Linn.) 

Many  years  ago  the  bearded  tit  or  reed- 
pheasant  ceased  to  exist  in  Kent,  and  there 
is  now  no  likelihood  of  its  ever  returning 
owing  to  the  drainage  of  our  marshes  and 
reedy  places,  while  the  constant  cutting  over 
of  the  reeds  affords  these  shy  birds  no  asylums 
for  their  nests.  Formerly  it  was  a  resident. 
In  the  second  edition  of  his  British  Ornith- 
5%y,  published  in  1 821,  Graves  writes:  'The 
bearded  titmouse  is  found  in  considerable 
abundance  in  the  extensive  tracts  of  reedland 
from  Woolwich  to  Erith  in  Kent'  ;  while 
in  the  days  of  Dr.  Plomley  of  Lydd  (about 
1840),  whose  collection  of  Kent  birds  is  now 
in  the  Dover  Museum,  '  the  reed-pheasant 
was  occasionally  found  in  Romney  Marsh ' 
(Bartlett,  Zoo/.  1884,  p.  621).  Mr.  George 
Dowker,  writing  in  1889,  says,  'the  Rev.  B. 
Austin  shot  one  in  the  Monkton  Marshes  some 
years  ago.'  In  1 865  three  specimens,  one  male 
and  two  females,  were  shot  at  Burham  near 
Maidstone  (Prentis).  Before  that  time  it 
probably  ceased  to  breed  in  the  county. 
In  my  collection  I  have  a  pair  obtained 
from  Romney  Marsh  in  1844,  and  by  the 
worn  condition  of  the  female's  plumage  these 
birds  had  evidently  bred  that  year  in  the 
marsh. 

34.  Long-tailed  Tit.   Acredula  caudata{h\nn.) 
Locally,   Bottle  Tit,  Muffle  Tit. 

A  common  resident.  From  October  on- 
wards small  parties  of  these  birds  may  fre- 
quently be  observed  threading  their  way 
through  our  larch  plantations  and  copses.  By 
the  time  March  has  come  these  parties  have 
paired  off  and  then  resort  much  to  orchards, 
where  they  often  select  the  lichened  boughs  of 
the  apple  trees  for  their  nests.  An  example 
of  the  typical  A.  catidata,  distinguished  from 
our  British  bird  by  the  entire  head  being 
white,  was  obtained  near  Dover  Castle  by 
Mr.  Gordon  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Walter  Prentis  of  Rainham,  where  I 
have  seen  it. 


35.  Great  Tit.      Parus  major,  Linn. 

The  great  tit,  locally  known  as  '  ox-eye,' 
is  very  common  throughout  the  county.  It 
begins  to  utter  its  shrill  staccato  note,  like  the 
whetting  of  a  saw,  very  early  in  the  year,  if  the 
weather  is  mild,  becoming  very  persistent  in 
March.  Curious  nesting  sites  are  frequently 
chosen  by  this  tit.  On  more  than  one  occa- 
sion in  the  Cranbrook  neighbourhood  I  have 
found  the  nest  built  in  an  old  squirrel's  drey ; 
but  holes  in  fruit  trees  are  for  the  most  part 
chosen,  the  birds  often  returning  to  the  same 
nesting  site  in  several  successive  seasons  till 
the  nesting  material  collected  together  assumes 
great  proportions.  A  nest  taken  at  Bedge- 
bury  in  1896,  built  in  a  disused  pheasant's 
coop,  was  of  remarkable  dimensions  shaped 
like  a  square  block  of  well-felted  moss. 

36.  Coal-Tit.      Parus  ater,  Linn. 
Locally,  Blackcap. 

Locally  distributed.  Where  the  marsh-tit 
is  present  this  species  is  generally  absent. 
This  I  think  is  due  to  the  pugnacity  and 
quarrelsome  nature  of  the  marsh-tit.  The 
coal-tit  is  a  retiring  bird  and  keeps  much  to 
our  fir  plantations,  especially  during  the 
breeding  season,  while  the  marsh-tit  may 
often  be  found  nesting  in  our  gardens. 

37.  Marsh-Tit.      Parus  palustris,  Linn. 

A  common  resident.  The  nesting  site  of 
this  species  varies  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  locality.  About  Cranbrook  holes  in 
pollard  willows  close  to  running  water  and 
in  other  decayed  trees  (often  bored  by  the 
bird  itself)  are  generally  selected.  In  the 
Rainham  district  low  stubbs  in  the  woods  are 
taken  for  nesting  sites  (Prentis).  Both  this 
and  the  preceding  species  very  often  nest  in 
holes  in  the  ground. 

This  bird  has  been  known  to  conceal  her 
eggs  before  commencing  incubation  should 
her  nest  be  in  the  vicinity  of  any  disturbing 
influence.  In  May  1896,  in  a  garden  near 
Cranbrook,  this  tit  built  its  nest  in  an  old 
decayed  laburnum,  close  to  a  spot  where 
rubbish  was  continually  being  deposited.  The 
nest,  when  I  found  it,  contained  two  eggs 
which  were  carefully  covered  over  and  con- 
cealed with  a  thin  layer  of  hair  and  wool, 
felted  together.  The  next  morning  the  three 
eggs  were  similarly  treated.  After  the  full 
complement  were  laid  incubation  commenced 
and  the  young  eventually  hatched. 

This  tit  is  also,  like  the  coal-tit,  locally 
called  '  blackcap.' 


276 


BIRDS 


38.  Blue  Tit.      Parus  aeruleus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Tom-tit. 

A  well  distributed  resident.  It  is  observed 
either  singly  or  in  pairs  throughout  the  year, 
haunting  the  woods  and  copses  in  winter 
and  our  gardens  and  orchards  in  early  spring, 
when  it  does  much  good  in  destroying  the 
eggs  of  the  destructive  coccus  insect,  which 
infests  the  bark  of  apple  and  pear  trees. 

39.  Nuthatch.      Sitta  casta.  Wolf. 
Locally,  Nutjobber,   Woodpecker. 

In  the  wooded  districts  this  bird  is  common, 
but  in  some  localities  its  distribution  does  not 
always  remain  constant. 

Near  Cranbrook  in  1896  the  nuthatch 
bred  very  sparingly  as  compared  with  former 
years  ;  while  on  the  other  hand  a  wonderful 
increase  took  place  in  its  numbers  in  the 
Tunbridge  Wells  district.  Although  the 
nuthatch  is  partial  to  woods  as  feeding 
grounds,  well-timbered  grass  land  proves  a 
still  greater  attraction,  the  turf  being  care- 
fully hunted  for  small  worms.  In  Kent 
holes  in  apple  trees  and  oaks  are  for  the  most 
part  chosen-  as  nesting  sites,  especially  those 
in  the  former  trees.  A  favourite  hole  is 
often  resorted  to  annually.  A  remarkable 
instance  of  the  building  economy  of  this 
species  came  under  my  notice  in  the  spring  of 
1898.  On  25  April  a  pair  commenced 
building  in  a  hole  of  an  old  apple  tree.  The 
first  thing  the  birds  did  was  to  build  up  a 
store  of  clay  and  mud  in  the  fork  of  a  branch 
adjoining  the  nest-hole.  Within  a  couple  of 
days  this  lump  of  clay  reached  a  height  of  six 
inches  and  two  in  thickness.  This  material  was 
mixed  with  horsehair  and  portions  of  skeleton 
leaves.  All  this  work  was  accomplished  by 
the  female  bird,  the  male  accompanying  her 
on  her  journeys.  The  female  next  directed 
her  attention  to  the  nest-hole  itself,  filling  the 
bottom  with  bits  of  straw  and  dead  grass- 
stalks.  When  this  was  done  she  commenced 
to  line  both  sides  of  the  entrance  with  clay. 
After  this  she  would  gain  the  entrance,  face 
about  and  begin  to  chisel  away  the  rough 
ends  of  the  clay  lining  till  the  surface  became 
smooth.  As  the  building  went  on  the  natural 
aperture  of  the  hole  was  soon  reduced  in  size, 
till  at  length  the  bird,  on  issuing  from  it,  had 
literally  to  wriggle  her  body  to  and  fro  to  get 
out.  She  looked  a  queer  little  object  on 
leaving  the  hole,  her  back  and  wings  coated 
with  mud.  A  pair  of  starlings  then  attacked 
the  nest  and  destroyed  a  great  deal  of  the 
clay  lining.  The  nuthatches  however  were 
not  to  be  beaten.  To  meet  this  emergency 
they  at  once  commenced  to  draw  upon  their 


store  of  clay  on  the  neighbouring  branch. 
Breaking  ofF  a  piece  of  the  hard  material  the 
female  bird  would  disappear  into  the  nest- 
hole,  the  next  minute  to  appear  at  the  entrance 
with  the  clay  made  soft  and  ready  for  use  by 
means  of  her  saliva.  In  this  way  the  nest- 
hole  was  soon  rebuilt. 

During  the  breeding  season — about  the 
middle  of  April — the  clear  musical  whistle  of 
this  bird  becomes  tremulant  and  might  then  be 
described  as  a  series  of  bubbling  notes.  The 
winter  call-note  is  'tewit,' rapidly  uttered  and 
repeated  several  times  in  succession.  This 
cry,  merely  prolonged  and  slurred  upwards, 
becomes  the  spring  call-note  just  mentioned. 
Towards  the  end  of  May,  when  the  young 
are  abroad,  this  bird  becomes  silent  and  is 
seldom  heard  again  till  September,  when  the 
winter  call-note  is  resumed. 

40.  Wren.  Troglodytes  parvulus,  K.  L.  Koch. 
A  well  known   resident.      In   October  the 

numbers  of  our  resident  birds  are  increased  by 
migrants  which  appear  on  the  south  coast, 
generally  after  strong  south-westerly  gales 
have  been  experienced,  when  I  have  noticed 
numbers  hiding  in  the  sheltered  dykes  and 
weather-beaten  trees  and  bushes  in  the  marsh 
land  between  Rye  and  Dungeness. 

41.  Tree-Creeper.      Certh'ia  familiaris,  Linn. 
Locally,  Tree-crawler. 

A  resident  sparingly  distributed  in  the 
county,  but  more  numerous  in  the  well- 
timbered  and  wooded  districts. 

42.  Pied  Wagtail.      MotacUla  lugubris,  Tem- 

minck. 

A  well  distributed  resident,  more  numerous 
at  certain  seasons  than  at  others.  Many  of 
the  old  birds  stay  with  us  throughout  the 
winter.  In  the  early  autumn  the  young  of 
the  year  begin  to  move  southward,  and  at 
that  time  these  are  often  seen  in  numbers  on 
our  lawns  during  the  heat  of  an  August  day 
busy  catching  the  flying  ants.  At  the  end 
of  September  they  congregate  prior  to  cross- 
ing the  Channel  near  the  sea-dykes  between 
Rye  and  Dungeness,  and  gradually  edge  their 
way  to  the  latter  place,  where  the  passage  is 
shortest. 

In  spring,  about  the  middle  of  March, 
adult  birds  appear  along  our  coast-line,  the 
males  as  a  rule  being  the  first-comers.  Al- 
binistic  specimens  are  now  and  again  met 
with.  There  is  one  in  the  Dover  Museum. 
This  wagtail  is  locally  named  '  dishwasher.' 

43.  White  Wagtail.     MotacUla  alba,  Linn. 
An  irregular  summer  migrant.     There  arc 


277 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


two  specimens  in  the  Dover  Museum  from 
Lydd,  where  this  species  has  nested 
(Plomley). 

44.  Grey     Wagtail.        Motadlla     melanopr^ 

Pallas. 
A  summer  and  winter  visitant,  but  very 
locally  distributed.  It  keeps  much  to  the 
vicinity  of  running  water,  and  is  seldom  found 
like  the  pied  wagtail  on  fallow  or  grass 
land.  In  September  immature  birds  visit  our 
brooks  and  streams  on  their  migration  south- 
ward, often  remaining  for  several  days  in  the 
locality,  while  during  winter  an  occasional 
adult  bird  has  come  under  my  notice.  It 
breeds  very  sparingly  in  the  county.  I  have 
records  of  nests  taken  near  Cranbrook  and  in 
the  vicinity  of  Dover,  not  far  from  the  river. 
It  does  not  appear  to  breed  in  the  Rainham 
district,  but  is  now  and  again  met  with 
during  winter  in  the  marsh  land  (Prentis). 

45.  Blue-headed  Yellow  Wagtail.     Motadlla 

Jlava,  Linn. 
An  occasional  summer  visitor.  An  indi- 
vidual was  killed  by  striking  itself  against  the 
telegraph  wires  between  Deal  and  Dover  on 
I  May  1889.  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond  iden- 
tified the  bird  soon  after  it  was  picked  up. 

46.  Yellow  Wagtail.     Motadlla  rait   (Bona- 

parte) 
A  summer  visitor  to  the  county,  the  influx 
in  some  years  being  considerable.  Many 
breed  in  the  dyke  land  between  Rye  and 
Dungeness,  where  I  have  frequently  found 
nests.  A  few  individuals  pass  further  inland 
and  frequent  plough  land  and  pea  fields,  where 
they  breed.  I  have  seen  them  near  Ashford, 
frequenting  bean  fields,  to  which  they  seem 
very  partial.  Towards  the  end  of  August 
they  begin  to  congregate  prior  to  departure, 
and  may  sometimes  be  seen  in  considerable 
numbers  on  the  south  coast.  The  young  are 
the  first  to  depart,  the  old  birds  going  some- 
what later,  some  of  which  remain  with  us 
till  quite  late  in  autumn.  In  1894  a  bird 
was  observed  at  Cranbrook  on  1 9  October. 
The  following  note  is  from  my  diary  during 
the  migration  season  near  Rye  in  1896  : 
'  On  August  27th,  during  the  evening,  an  ex- 
traordinary influx  of  yellow  wagtails  took 
place.  The  bean  and  stubble  fields  became 
literally  alive  with  them,  while  many  perched 
after  the  manner  of  swallows  on  the  telegraph 
wires  near  the  sea-wall.  Just  now  the 
males  of  this  species  are  very  quarrelsome  and 
may  constantly  be  seen  fighting  amongst  them- 
selves.' This  wagtail  arrives  in  the  county  with 
considerable  regularity.      In  1S95  it  appeared 


at  Cranbrook  on  2  April,  and  in  the  following 
year  on  26  March.  Mr.  Prentis  of  Rain- 
ham  says  :  '  The  yellow  wagtail  comes  on 
or  about  April  loth,  sooner  or  later  accord- 
ing to  the  weather  :  they  breed  as  a  rule  in 
our  pea-fields,  not  often  in  the  clover.'  On 
10  April  1895  Mr.  Springett  of  Cranbrook 
received  a  beautifully  coloured  specimen 
obtained  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  whole 
of  the  underparts  were  a  rich  sulphur-yellow. 
Examples  of  this  kind  not  unfrequently 
occur.  Mr.  Prentis  says  :  '  the  first-comers 
on  the  spring  migration  are  always  the  most 
brilliant  in  plumage.' 

47.  Tree-Pipit.      Anthus  trivlalis  (Linn.) 

A  well  distributed  summer  visitor,  arriving 
during  the  first  week  in  April  and  leaving 
again  in  September.  It  frequents  copses  and 
woods  (especially  those  of  the  latter  that  have 
been  cut  over)  in  the  vicinity  of  moist  low- 
lying  ground.  Mr.  Prentis  says  :  '  In  the 
Rainham  district,  when  making  hay  near  the 
woods,  the  tree-pipit  flies  from  heap  to  heap, 
keeping  the  hay-makers  company,  singing  all 
the  while  its  pleasing  song.'  This  bird 
arrives  in  the  county  with  surprising  regu- 
larity. In  the  Cranbrook  district  in  1894, 
1895  and  1896  the  dates  of  arrival  were  7, 
4  and  2  April  respectively. 

48.  Meadow-Pipit.      Jnthus  pratensis  [L'mn.) 
A   resident    in   the  county  throughout  the 

year,  but  the  majority,  consisting  chiefly  of 
young  birds,  leave  in  September,  when  I  have 
observed  considerable  parties  feeding  on 
grass  seeds  among  the  sand  dunes  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  south  coast,  prior  to  their 
departure  across  the  Channel.  In  March  a 
return  migration  takes  place,  small  parties 
after  leaving  the  coast  line  coming  to  our 
meadows,  where  they  disperse  and  pair  off  for 
the  breeding  season. 

49.  Red- throated     Pipit.        Anthus     cerv'inus 

(Pallas) 
An   example  of  this   rare  species  was  shot 
by  Mr.  Prentis  at  Rainham    in   April   1880 
{Birds  of  Rainham,  p.  32).      It  was  identified 
by  Dr.  R.  B.  Sharpe. 

50.  Richard's  Pipit.     Anthus  ridjardi,  VieWlot. 
This  rare  pipit  has  been  obtained  twice  in 

the  county,  while  on  another  occasion  in  the 
year  1 890  it  was  observed  at  Rainham  by  Mr. 
Prentis.  The  late  Mr.  Charles  Gordon  of  the 
Dover  Museum,  writing  in  October  i868, 
says  :  'On  the  2 1st  of  October,  I  shot  a 
most  superb  specimen  of  Richard's  Pipit  in  a 
cornfield     in     the     environs    of    Dover.     It 


BIRDS 


attracted  my  attention  by  its  loud  call.  The 
specimen  is  in  good  condition  having  com- 
pleted its  moult.  It  is  a  male.'  This  speci- 
men is  now  in  the  Dover  Museum.  In 
1890,  about  the  middle  of  November,  a 
second  specimen  was  caught  by  a  bird-catcher 
near  Dover  and  is  now  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond. 

51.  Rock-Pipit.     Anthus  obscurus  (Latham) 
An    uncommon    visitor    in    spring    and 

autumn.  On  the  south  coast  between  Rye 
and  Dungeness,  individuals,  all  adults,  may 
be  noticed  at  the  beginning  of  October.  In 
the  Rainham  district,  Mr.  Prentis  says:  'It 
is  common  in  winter  along  the  shores  of 
our  creeks,  it  does  not  occur  in  summer 
time.'  In  the  same  paragraph  Mr.  Prentis 
records  an  observation  of  the  Scandinavian 
form  of  the  rock-pipit  {A.  rupestris)  :  '  On  a 
rough  day  in  March,  the  wind  blowing  for 
several  days  from  the  east,  the  marsh  was 
full  of  rock  pipits.  I  observed  a  strange 
looking  variety  with  a  reddish  -  brown 
breast,  its  note  on  being  disturbed  was  very 
different  from  that  of  the  rock  pipits.' 
Booth  says  :  '  The  rock  pipit  used  to  arrive 
in  Sussex  in  considerable  numbers  from  March 
to  April,  though  it  never  remained  to  breed.' 

52.  Golden  Oriole.      Oriolus  galbula,  Linn. 
A    summer    migrant.       There    is    not    a 

doubt  that  this  beautiful  bird  would  become 
an  annual  breeder  in  the  county  provided 
it  was  protected  from  molestation,  but 
unfortunately  its  bright  plumage  catches  the 
eye  of  the  greedy  gunner,  into  whose  hands, 
nine  cases  out  of  ten,  it  falls  an  easy  victim. 
This  bird  has  nested  on  four  occasions  in  the 
county.  In  June  1836  a  pair  reared  their 
young  in  an  ash  plantation  near  Ord.  The 
young  were  taken  every  care  of,  but  did  not 
long  survive  their  captivity.  In  May  1 849 
a  nest  with  three  eggs,  together  with  the 
parent  birds,  were  taken  near  Elmstone.  The 
nest  was  suspended  from  the  extreme  end  of 
a  top  branch  of  an  oak  tree  and  composed 
entirely  of  wool,  carefully  bound  together 
with  dried  grass.  Both  the  old  birds  and 
the  nest  are  in  the  Dover  Museum.  In 
1 85 1  another  nest  and  eggs  were  taken  at 
West  Mill  near  Wingham,  Kent  (Harting, 
Handbook  Brit.  Birds,  1 90 1,  p.  36).  In 
June  1874  another  pair  nested  in  Dumpton 
Park,  Isle  of  Thanet,  and  owing  to  the  pro- 
tection afforded  them  by  Mr.  Bankes  Tomlin 
they  reared  their  young  in  safety.  Mr. 
Harting  saw  the  nest,  and  gives  an  interesting 
description  of  it  in  his  Summer  Migrants,  p. 
268. 


The  following  further  specimens  have 
been  recorded  from  the  county  :  One,  June 
1850,  near  Elmstone  {Zool.  1850,  p.  2851); 
one,  14  June,  1853,  Eltham  {Zool.  1853,  P- 
4014)  ;  one  (female),  autumn  1868,  Faver- 
sham  {Zool.  1869);  one  (female),  June  1869, 
Southfield  Park,  Tunbridge  Wells.  In  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Hammond  there  is  a  pair, 
obtained  near  Wingham.  Of  late  years  my 
records  are  :  Adult  male,  adult  female,  1883, 
near  Dover  (Prentis  collection)  ;  adult  male. 
May  1893,  Sissinghurst  {Zool.  1896,  p.  346); 
adult  female,  15  May  1896,  High  Halden 
{Zool.    1896,   p.    346);    another    seen    June 

1896,  Sissinghurst  {Zool.  1896,  p.  346) 
From  these  records  it  will   be   readily  seen 

that  there  would  be  little  or  no  difficulty  in 
inducing  the  golden  oriole  to  become  a  regular 
summer  resident,  provided  it  were  carefully 
protected  from  persecution.  These  orioles 
come  over  in  pairs  with  full  intention  of 
nesting.  The  males  are  the  ones  that  are 
generally  shot,  while  the  females,  owing  to 
their  less  brilliant  plumage,  escape  observation 
more  easily.  However,  at  the  present  time 
the  bird  can  only  be  regarded  as  a  visitor 
that  comes  to  our  shores  in  danger  of  its  life. 

53.  Great    Grey     Shrike.     Lanius    excubitor, 

Linn. 
An  irregular  autumn  and  winter  visitor, 
generally  met  with  outside  the  wooded  dis- 
tricts. There  is  no  record  of  ita  ever  having 
bred  in  the  county,  although  I  have  obtained 
specimens  from  the  neighbourhood  of  East- 
well  as  late  as  March.  In  the  Cranbrook 
district  it  has  been  observed  by  Mr.  Springett, 
who  told  me  that  on  one  occasion,  while  out 
rabbiting,  he  saw  a  band  of  tits  all  collected 
together  in  the  thick  undergrowth,  and  one 
and  all  making  a  great  uproar.  They  were 
being  driven  forward  by  a  great  grey  shrike, 
who  was  endeavouring  to  force  them  to 
debouch  into  an  open)  field  hard  by.  The 
little  birds  got  so  confused  after  a  time  that 
many  left  their  thick  retreat,  and  consequently 
one  of  their  number  fell  a  victim. 

54.  Lesser  Grey  Shrike.    Laninus  minor,  J.  F. 

Gmelin. 
A  rare  visitor  in  spring  and  autumn.      An 
individual  was  observed  on  15  May  1897,  in 
mid  Kent  by   Mr.    F.   W.    Frohawk    {Zool. 

1897,  p.  427)- 

55.  Red-backed  Shrike.     Lanius collurio,hinn. 
Locally,  Butcher  Bird. 

A  local  summer  migrant,  arriving  in  the 
county  at  the  end  of  April.  More  plentiful 
in    the    wooded    portions,    in    which    it    has 


279 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


increased  during  the  last  few  years.  Thick 
copses  in  the  vicinity  of  woods  are  favour- 
ite resorts,  where  it  is  not  unusual  to  find 
several  nests  in  close  proximity  to  one 
another.  A  '  tiller '  or  some  other  small 
tree  is  chosen  as  a  look-out  post,  and  this  is 
resorted  to  some  time  before  building  is  com- 
menced. Incubation  is  performed  by  the 
female,  who  leaves  the  nest  and  flies  to  the 
'  tiller,'  and  is  there  fed  by  the  male.  When 
the  young  are  about  a  week  old  the  parents 
display  great  activity  in  searching  after  food. 
Should  the  male  come  to  the  nest  and  find 
his  mate  feeding  the  young  ones  he  straight- 
way impales  the  prey  upon  the  thorns  around 
the  nest  and  is  off  again  into  the  thicket.  In 
the  less  enclosed  portions  of  the  county  the 
nest  is  generally  built  in  thick  thorn  bushes 
on  the  borders  of  pastures  or  in  roadside 
hedges.  In  August  the  red-backed  shrikes 
with  their  families  may  be  observed  basking 
on  the  sunny  side  of  palings  that  border 
plantations.  By  the  end  of  the  month  these 
parties  have  left  us. 

56.  Woodchat    Shrike.       Lanius    pomeranus, 

Sparrman. 
A  very  rare  summer  visitant.  It  has  been 
obtained  four  times  in  the  county  :  one  near 
Faversham,  July  1868  [Zool.  1869,  p.  1863)  ; 
two  near  Rainham,  one  on  7  May  1868,  in 
the  collection  of  Mr.  Walter  Prentis  ;  one 
caught  by  bird-catchers  in  the  warren  between 
Dover  and  Folkestone  and  identified  by  Mr. 
Hammond,  in  whose  collection  it  may  be 
seen. 

57.  Waxwing.      Jmpe/is  garru/us,  Linn. 
A  rare  winter  visitor,  by  no  means  regular, 

many  years  elapsing  between  the  visits  ;  the 
occurrences  being  generally  marked  by  a 
severe  winter.  It  appears  in  small  parties 
and  is  sometimes  found  in  company  with 
starlings.  In  the  autumn  of  1840  a  specimen 
was  obtained  at  Kingston  near  Canterbury 
(Pemberton  Barlett).  In  January  1848  eight 
were  killed  at  Deal.  In  1850  a  remarkable 
visitation  took  place.  Several  were  obtained 
in  January  of  that  year  near  Maidstone,  from 
Eltham  and  Rainham,  and  from  Brenchley 
near  Tunbridge  Wells.  In  December  1867 
eight  specimens  were  procured  in  the  Plum- 
stead  marshes  near  Woolwich,  and  three  in 
the  woods  about  Faversham  ;  and  according 
to  Mr.  Prentis  of  Rainham,  '  one  was  shot 
from  a  pair  in  our  woods  in  1867,  another 
obtained  in  an  orchard,  while  a  small  flock 
was  seen  in  an  orchard  near  Milton.' 

The  last  recorded   visitation    took  place  in 
January  1893,    when   a   female   was   shot  at 

280 


Smarden,  and  on  24  January  a  male  at 
Marden.  Both  specimens  I  examined  in  the 
flesh  ;  they  were  shot  when  in  company  with 
starlings,  and  were  feeding  at  the  time  on 
the  haws  in  a  hedgerow.  The  winter  was 
a  severe  one. 

58.  Pied  Flycatcher.  Muidcapa  atricapillci, 
Linn. 

A  scarce  spring  and  autumn  migrant. 
There  is  no  evidence  of  its  breeding  in  Kent. 
In  the  autumn  of  1894  I  obtained  near  Cran- 
brook  a  female,  evidently  on  migration.  It 
was  at  the  top  of  a  tall  oak  tree  and  in  com- 
pany with  some  willow-warblers. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Prentis  there  is  an 
adult  male,  obtained  at  Rainham  in  188 1. 


59- 


Spotted    Flycatcher. 
Linn. 


Muicicapa    grisola, 


A  well  distributed  summer  visitant,  arriving 
in  the  county  during  the  first  week  in  May. 
It  is  wonderfully  punctual  in  its  appearance 
every  summer,  and  for  three  consecutive  years 
I  have  recorded  its  arrival  within  a  day  of 
each  other.  It  leaves  in  the  middle  of  Sep- 
tember. 

60.  Swallow.      Hirundo  rustica,  Linn. 
A   well  known  summer  migrant,   but  not 

so  plentiful  during  the  last  fsw  years.  The 
migration  movement  southward  in  autumn 
may  be  well  noticed  on  the  south  coast  be- 
tween Rye  and  Dungeness.  Throughout 
September  large  batches  of  swallows  on  migra- 
tion break  their  journey  along  this  portion  of 
the  coast.  Flock  after  flock  comes  and  goes, 
always  edging  to  the  eastward — to  Dun- 
geness, where  the  crossing  is  effected. 

61.  House-Martin.      Chelidon  urhica  (Linn.) 
A   common   summer   migrant.     In  many 

localities  it  nests  in  considerable  numbers, 
but  in  others  it  has  disappeared,  owing  to  the 
persecution  it  receives  from  the  house-sparrow, 
which  appropriates  and  takes  possession  of  its 
nest. 

62.  Sand-Martin.      Cottle  rtparia  (Linn.) 
A    summer  migrant   of  local  distribution. 

It  nests  in  many  of  our  railway  cuttings  and 
sand  pits.  Throughout  the  Weald  it  is  by 
no  means  common.  It  breeds  near  Cran- 
brook,  where  I  have  taken  the  eggs ;  near 
Dover  ;  and  there  is  a  large  colony  close  to 
the  station  at  Chislehurst.  The  breeding 
distribution  of  this  species  in  Kent  may  be 
roughly  taken  as  running  along  the  chalk 
range  from  Dover  to  the  neighbourhood  of 
Sevenoaks. 

Regarding  the  migration  of  this  species,  as 


BIRDS 


well  as  of  the  two  former  ones,  the  following 
notes  from  my  diary,  taken  on  the  Lydd 
coast  in  the  autumn  of  1896,  may  be  of 
interest  : — 

September  \th,  1896. — On  my  way  to  Rye. 
Large  numbers  of  swallows  flying  to  and  fro  over 
the  hops.  The  hop  fly  is  very  abundant  this  year. 
These  birds  were  busy  catching  them  as  they  left 
the  hops. 

Sept.  6th,  near  Lydd. — Young  swallows  and 
martins  are  in  great  strength,  skimming  to  and  fro 
over  brackish  pieces  of  water,  or  basking  on  the 
sands  at  low  tide.  Towards  evening  these  large 
bands  had  moved  eastward  along  the  coast  and 
were  within  two  miles  of  Dnngeness  Point. 

Sept.  wth. — Stormy,  south-westerly  wind. 
Numbers  of  young  swallows  and  with  them  a  few 
sand  martins. 

Sept.  J2t6. — Cloudy,  south-westerly  winds. 
Large  numbers  of  sand  martins,  both  old  and 
young. 

Sept.  l^ti. — Strong  south-westerly  wind.  The 
majority  of  swallows  and  sand  martins   have  left. 

Sept.  z^ti. — Very  rainy  ;  a  strong  south-westerly 
gale. 

Sept.  zdth. — Squally.  A  further  influx  of  young 
swallows  and  sand  martins  has  taken  place.  The 
swallows  seemed  tired,  many  squatted  motionless 
on  the  grass,  now  and  again  hovering  over  it  after 
the  manner  of  kestrels.  The  sand  martins  were 
by  far  the  most  active.  Their  flight  appeared 
steady  and  strong. 

Sept.  2%th. — A  large  number  of  swallows,  pro- 
bably the  last  batch  of  migrants.  They  hovered 
to  and  fro  over  a  row  of  corn  stacks,  catching  the 
flies  and  insects  that  were  attracted  by  the  straw. 

3  p.m. — The  flocks  of  swallows  round  the 
stacks  have  suddenly  disappeared.  Towards  even- 
ing heavy  rain  came  on  with  a  strong  south-westerly 
gale.  It  looks  as  if  these  birds  had  foreseen  the 
coming  storm  and  had  taken  advantage  of  the  com- 
paratively fine  afternoon  to  cross  the  channel  in 
safety. 

October  \th. — A  few  swallows  and  house  martins 
about  ;  they  are  in  very  poor  condition.  The 
mortality  in  these  late  passages  must  be  great. 

Oct.  I  ith. — The  main  body  of  the  late  broods 
of  house  martins  appeared  on  the  coast  this  morn- 
ing. They  attached  themselves  in  parties  to  cot- 
tages and  farm  buildings,  in  front  of  which  they 
hovered  and  circled  in  a  sluggish  manner.  Several 
were  found  perished  on  the  window  sills,  while 
not  a  few  lacked  tail  feathers,  looking  in  this  state, 
as  they  flitted  to  and  fro,  more  like  little  bats  than 
anything  else — a  routed  army  flying  in  full  retreat. 
It  would  not  have  been  difficult  to  knock  many 
over  with  a  stick,  so  weary  did  they  seem,  barely 
possessing  enough  strength  to  fly  up  to  the  eaves, 
where  they  clung  to  peer  and  search  in  vain  for 
tiny  mud-beaded  houses,  like  those  they  had  left 
only  a  few  weeks  back. 

63.  Greenfinch.      Ligurinus  chlorU  (Linn.) 

A  common  resident.  In  autumn  and 
winter  these  birds  resort  to  the   stubble  fields 


with  chaffinches  and  sparrows.  In  September 
the  greenfinch  does  considerable  damage  to 
the  hops.  During  severe  weather  they  leave 
the  fields  for  the  vicinity  of  farm  buildings. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Prentis  there  is 
a  wild  hybrid  between  this  species  and  the 
linnet.     This  occurrence  is  extremely  rare. 

64.  Hawfinch.  Coccothraustes vu/garis,V?dhs. 
Locally,  Grosbeak. 

Previous  to  1895  this  bird  was  not  com- 
mon. Now  it  is  steadily  increasing  in  the 
wooded  districts,  nesting  annually  in  our 
woods.  I  have  frequently  found  in  one 
small  wood  several  nests  within  a  short  dis- 
tance of  one  another.  It  is  only  since  we 
have  experienced  the  caterpillar  plagues  of 
the  oak-moth  that  this  bird  has  become 
numerous  in  the  Weald. 

Partial  migration  of  the  hawfinch  occurs  in 
the  winter,  the  bird  returning  to  our  woods 
in  the  spring.  In  Kent  it  nests  in  the  woods, 
and  in  our  orchards  and  pleasure  grounds. 
In  the  woods  the  hawfinch  generally  chooses 
an  overhanging  bough  of  a  large  oak  or  the 
fork  of  a  '  tiller  '  for  its  nest,  whose  height 
from  the  ground  varies  from  12  feet  to  15 
feet.  Sometimes  fresh  leaves  are  intertwined 
with  the  nest  as  additional  concealment,  and 
this  is  invariably  the  case  when  it  is  built  on 
a  tree-limb  which  has  leaf-shoots.  Consider- 
able discretion  is  shown  in  the  choice  of  a 
nesting  site,  the  oaks  that  are  the  most  for- 
ward being  selected,  so  that  by  the  time 
building  is  completed  the  oak  may  be  out  in 
full  leaf,  when  the  other  trees  are  merely 
toned  with  the  filmy  green  of  bursting  buds. 

Although  this  species  is  shy  in  character,  it 
prefers  to  nest  in  the  proximity  of  dwellings  ; 
for  instance,  near  a  keeper's  cottage  or  in  a 
tree  that  borders  a  much-frequented  ride  in  a 
wood.  The  number  of  males  appear  to  pre- 
dominate over  the  females.  Very  often  in 
the  breeding  season  the  female  will  have  a 
follower  in  the  shape  of  another  male.  Should 
anything  threaten  the  nest  both  males  appear 
on  the  scene  and  share  in  the  common 
danger  ;  and  if  by  chance  the  female's  mate  is 
destroyed,  the  second  male  takes  his  place  and 
performs  all  his  duties.  In  March  a  con- 
siderable influx  of  these  birds  occurs.  Num- 
bers of  pairs  arrive  in  gardens  and  enclosures 
where  beech  trees  grow,  and  these  favoured 
localities  are  resorted  to  yearly.  In  these 
places  they  stay  till  about  the  middle  of 
April,  when  they  betake  themselves  to  neigh- 
bouring woods  and  copses  to  breed.  The 
early  morning  is  the  time  to  observe  these 
birds.  They  go  stringing  over  the  tree-tops 
in  single  and  double  file  in  order  to  recon- 
281  36 


A    HISTORY  OF    KENT 

iioitre  every  corner  of  the  wood  with  an  eye  bine   of  the  hop  plant.     During  winter  the 

to  clioosing  a  nest  site,  the  wiiole  time  utter-  linnet   is  sparsely   distributed   throughout   the 

ing  their  metallic  call-notes.  county. 


65.  Goldfinch.      Carduclis  elegans,  Stephens. 
A   resident,   but   of  local  distribution.      A 

few  years  ago  it  was  decreasing  rapidly,  but 
now,  owing  to  the  Wild  Birds  Protection 
Act  and  the  increase  of  plantations,  which 
foster  the  growth  of  thistles,  this  charming 
little  bird  has  once  more  rallied  and  is  again 
numerous  in  the  favoured  localities.  From 
October  onwards  small  flocks  may  con- 
stantly be  observed  where  there  is  thistle- 
growth  and  rough  herbage. 

66.  Siskin.      Carduelis  spinus  (Linn.) 

A  winter  visitor,  coming  to  us  in  small 
flocks  wherever  there  is  alder  and  hornbeam, 
of  the  seeds  of  which  this  bird  is  very  fond. 
It  generally  appears  in  November  in  company 
with  the  lesser  redpoll,  but  its  appearance  is 
irregular. 

67.  House-Sparrow.     Passer  domesticus  {hinn.) 
An  abundant  resident. 

68.  Tree-Sparrow.     Passer  montanus  (Linn.) 
A  winter  visitor,  and  as  a  rule  by  no  means 

common.  It  comes  in  small  parties  in  Octo- 
ber. I  have  never  found  it  breeding  in  Kent. 
The  specimens  on  record  have  all  been  taken 
in  the  northern  portion  of  the  county, 

69.  ChaflRnch.     FrlngUla  caskbs,  Linn. 

A  well  distributed  resident,  its  numbers 
remaining  constant  throughout  the  year. 
In  October  a  congregating  movement  is 
noticed,  the  flocks  frequenting  our  stubble 
fields  ;  the  sexes  then  usually  keeping  apart, 
although  I  have  sometimes  observed  them 
together. 

70.  Brambling.    Fringilla  mont'ifringilla,  Linn. 
An  occasional  visitor  in  winter,  especially 

in  severe  weather.  It  sometimes  remains 
with  us  as  late  as  March.  I  have  seldom  met 
with  this  species.  In  the  beech  districts  it  is 
abundant  in  good  beechmast  years. 

71.  Linnet.     Linota  cannabina  (Linn.) 

A  well  distributed  resident  throughout  the 
county.  At  the  end  of  August  linnets  resort 
in  large  flocks  to  our  fallow  fields,  especially 
where  charlock  grows.  Towards  the  end  of 
September  our  inland  localities  are  deserted 
for  the  vicinity  of  the  south  coast,  where  large 
flocks  congregate  close  to  the  beach,  remain- 
ing there  till  their  moult  is  completed  before 
resuming  their  migration  southward.  In 
Kent  the  nest  is  frequently  built  in  the  upper 


72.  Mealy  Redpoll.      Linota  llnaria  (Linn.) 
An   irregular  winter  visitor.     In  November 

1895  large  flocks  appeared  on  the  hills  near 
Dover.  Numbers  fell  victims  to  the  bird- 
catchers.  On  28  September  1899  I  obtained 
a  specimen  near  Lydd  out  of  a  flock  of 
linnets. 

73.  Lesser  Redpoll.    Linota  rufescens  (Vieillot) 
A  winter  visitor   chiefly,   some  years  more 

plentiful  than  in  others.  As  a  breeding 
species  it  is  very  local.  The  nest  has  been 
taken  near  Tunbridge  Wells,  18  May  1863 
(Wharton,  Zool  p.  8951).  On  6  June  1895 
I  found  a  nest  near  Cranbrook.  It  was 
placed  in  the  upper  branches  of  a  small  thick 
hazel  'tot'  in  a  copse.  A  nest  containing 
five  eggs  was  taken  in  the  cemetery  at  Maid- 
stone in  May  1898.  It  is  now  in  the 
museum  of  that  town.  Towards  the  end  of 
December  this  species  is  most  in  evidence, 
frequenting  our  woods  in  small  flocks, 
especially  where  the  silver  birch  and  horn- 
beam grow.  In  the  Cranbrook  district  a 
great  many  of  these  trees  within  the  last  two 
years  have  been  planted  and  the  flocks  of 
redpolls  have  increased.  I  am  convinced 
that  this  species  will  become  a  regular  breeder 
before  long  in  the  Weald. 

74.  Twite.      Linota /avirostris  (L'mn.) 
Occurs   in   winter   in   the  vicinity  of  the 

shore-line.  It  is  a  regular  visitor  to  our 
marshes,  appearing  about  the  beginning  of 
October  and  feeding  chiefly  upon  the  seeds 
of  the  marsh  plants  which  are  covered  at  the 
spring  tides.  In  November  I  have  seen  small 
parties  in  company  with  linnets  frequenting 
the  long  '  spiky '  grass  on  the  sand  dunes  near 
Rye  harbour.  Mr.  Bristow  of  St.  Leonards  has 
specimens  frequently  from  the  Sussex  coast. 

75.  Bullfinch.      Pyrrhu/a  europaa,  VieiWot. 

A  well  known  resident,  more  numerous 
than  formerly.  Three  years  ago  its  ranks 
were  decidedly  thinned  owing  to  the  existence 
of  sparrow-clubs,  which  are  not  so  much  in 
fashion  now.  In  1895  the  sparrow-club  at 
Sissinghurst  gave  as  much  as  31/.  per  head  for 
every  bullfinch  taken.  During  that  summer 
one  lad  alone  sent  up  ninety-seven  heads. 
Throughout  the  winter  the  bullfinches  resort 
in  small  parties,  chiefly  consisting  of  females, 
to  our  woods  and  copses,  coming  to  the 
orchards  in  spring. 


282 


BIRDS 


76.  Crossbill.      Lox'ia  curvifostra,  Linn. 

A  spring  and  autumn  visitant  of  irregular 
occurrence,  remaining  frequently  for  some 
weeks  in  the  favoured  locality.  In  Novem- 
ber 1898  small  parties  were  observed  near 
Cranbrook.  Several  specimens  were  obtained 
and  also  from  the  neighbourhood  of  Hawk- 
hurst.  These  parties  were  noticed  from  time 
to  time  in  the  locality  till  late  in  the  following 
spring.  On  27  July  1868  a  pair  of  fine  adult 
birds  were  seen  by  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond 
at  Wingham.  There  is  not  a  doubt  that  this 
crossbill  breeds  occasionally  in  Kent,  and  there 
is  an  instance  on  record  (Harting,  Handbook 
Brit.  Birds,  1 901,  p.  89)  ;  at  the  best  how- 
ever the  nesting  of  this  species  in  Kent  can 
only  be  regarded  as  of  very  exceptional  occur- 
rence. There  are  not  enough  pines  and  fir 
woods  in  this  county  to  attract  this  species. 
In  the  Maidstone  Museum  there  is  a  young 
crossbill  which  was  killed  by  a  boy  with  a 
stone  on  the  Loose  Road  near  Maidstone  on 
25  May  1899. 

77.  The  Two-barred  Crossbill.     Loxia  bijas- 

ciata  (C.  L.  Brehm) 
On  26  December  1902  a  female  specimen 
of  this  rare  wanderer  was  shot  by  Mr.  H. 
Dale  on  Cold  Blow  farm,  Woodchurch,  and 
was  exhibited  by  Mr.  N.  F.  Ticehurst  at  the 
British  Ornithologists'  Club  on  18  February 
1903.  The  bird  is  now  in  my  collection. 
This  is  the  first  recorded  occurrence  for  Kent. 

78.  Corn-Bunting.     Emberiza  miliaria,  L\nn^ 
Locally,  Bunting  Lark. 

A  resident,  but  distributed  sparingly  on  the 
low  ground  near  the  coast,  frequenting  the 
clover  and  pea  fields,  where  it  breeds.  The 
bird  is  decidedly  uncommon  in  the  interior  of 
the  county.  I  have  found  nests  near  Lydd. 
Towards  the  end  of  September  a  migration 
movement  takes  place,  and  then  these  bunt- 
ings may  be  found  consorting  with  flocks  of 
linnets  near  the  shore-line.  Very  few  stay 
with  us  throughout  the  winter. 

79.  Yellow    Hammer.      Emberiza     citrinella, 

Linn. 
A    common     resident.      Congregates      in 
winter  on  the  stubble  fields. 

80.  Cirl  Bunting.      Emberiza  cirlus,  Linn. 

A  resident  but  of  local  distribution.  Mr. 
Prentis  writes  :  '  There  is  only  one  patch 
in  my  district  where  the  cirl  bunting  is  to 
be  found.  I  once  found  a  nest  containing 
eggs  in  an  old  dried-up  decoy  pond  ;  it  was 
built  on  the  ground  amongst  the  dead  stems  of 


the  reeds.  This  bird  is  sometimes  taken  by 
the  bird-catchers  in  winter.' 

81.  Ortolan.      Emberiza   hortulana,  h'mn. 
This  is  one  of  those  birds  whose  occurrence 

must  be  looked  upon  with  a  certain  amount 
of  suspicion,  since  numbers  are  annually 
imported  from  the  continent  and  escapes  are 
notorious.  There  is  however  a  genuine 
example  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Prentis 
obtained  in  1874  near  Dover  and  preserved 
by  Mr.  Charles  Gordon  of  the  Dover 
Museum.  This  bunting  is  an  irregular  spring 
and  autumn  visitor. 

82.  Reed-Bunting.  Emberiza  schceniclus,  h'mn. 
A   well   distributed  resident  in  the  vicinity 

of  the  coast,  breeding  in  the  osiers  and  sedges 
of  our  marsh  land.  At  the  end  of  August 
migration  takes  place  and  large  flocks  people 
the  reed  beds  and  dykes  on  the  south  coast 
till  the  end  of  September.  In  winter  it  is 
distributed  sparingly.  Its  numbers  in  the 
interior  of  the  county  at  that  season  have 
increased  very  much  of  late  owing  to  the 
increase  of  young  larch  plantations,  which 
these  birds  seem  fond  of  haunting. 

83.  Snow  -  Bunting.       Plectrophenax      nivalis 

(Linn.) 
A  cold  weather  visitor  of  uncertain  occur- 
rence on  our  shore-line.  Small  flocks,  chiefly 
immature  birds,  appear  in  November  and 
December.  They  are  often  to  be  found  in 
company  with  larks  on  the  stubble  fields  close 
to  the  shore. 

84.  Lapland    Bunting.      Calcarius     lapponicus 

(Linn.) 
A  rare  visitor  in  autumn  and  winter  on 
our  coast.  In  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond's 
collection  there  is  a  specimen  obtained  near 
Wingham  in  November  1882.  I  have  also 
examined  two  specimens  in  Mr.  Prentis'  col- 
lection, killed  near  Dover  in  1872  and  1890 
respectively.  In  the  latter  specimen  there  is 
a  considerable  amount  of  black  on  the  chest, 
while  the  breast  is  whitish. 

85.  Starling.      Sturnus  vulgaris,  Linn. 
Locally,  Stare. 

An  abundant  resident.  A  migration  move- 
ment takes  place  in  autumn,  when  throughout 
September  enormous  flocks  frequent  our 
marsh  land  both  on  the  north  and  south  coast 
prior  to  leaving  the  county,  the  direction 
generally  taken  being  to  the  south-westward. 
During  severe  droughts  our  currant  and  rasp- 
berry bushes  are  attacked  by  this  bird.  In 
early  spring  a  return   migration   takes  place, 


283 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


but  not  on  half  such  a  big  scale.  In  the 
collection  of  Mr.  Prentis  there  is  a  cream- 
coloured  variety.  Such  specimens,  as  well 
as  albinisms,  occur  occasionally. 

86.  Rose-coloured      Starling.      Pastor     roseus 

(Linn.) 
A  visitor  of  rare  occurrence.  In  the  Maid- 
stone Museum  there  is  a  specimen  obtained 
in  the  neighbourhood  in  1863.  In  1889 
Mr.  Hammond  of  St.  Alban's  Court  obtained 
a  fine  adult  specimen  near  Godmersham  ;  it 
is  now  in  his  collection.  In  the  summer  of 
1889  another  specimen  was  obtained  at  God- 
mersham and  examined  in  the  flesh  by  Mr. 
Gordon  of  the  Dover  Museum  (Z«fl/.  1889, 
p.  185).  On  14  May  1901  an  adult  male 
was  shot  near  Appledore  and  is  now  in  my 
collection.  In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Prentis 
there  is  a  specimen  obtained  at  Wye. 

87.  Chough.  Pyrrhocorax  graculus  (Linn.) 
In  his  History  of  Sandwich  Dr.  Boys  men- 
tions the  chough  in  his  list  of  Kent  birds.  It 
was  many  years  ago  a  resident  in  Sussex,  and 
therefore  it  is  not  unlikely  it  was  also  found 
in  those  days  in  Kent  inhabiting  probably  the 
Dover  cliffs.  It  is  a  curious  thing,  but  in  the 
arms  of  the  see  of  Canterbury  three  choughs 
are  shown.  When  the  late  Archbishop 
Benson  came  from  Cornwall  he  said  that  he 
had  come  from  the  home  of  the  chough  to 
find  the  bird  engraved  on  his  coat-of-arms  at 
Canterbury. 

88.  Nutcracker.  Nucifragacaryocatactes (Linn.) 
A  visitor  of  rare  occurrence.     There  are 

two  records  :  one,  Kent  (Latham,  Synopsis,  i. 
400,  1781);  one  near  Eddington,  Kent,  17 
November  1885  {Zoo/.  1885,  p.  480). 

89.  Jay.      Garrulus  glandarius  (Linn.) 

This  bird  is  still  plentiful  throughout  the 
county,  but  not  so  abundant  as  it  used  to  be, 
for  where  game  is  preserved  the  woods  are 
searched  by  the  keepers  in  a  most  systematic 
manner,  and  as  soon  as  the  young  are  hatched 
they  and  the  parent  birds  are  killed.  Partial 
migrations  occur  in  autumn,  and  the  number 
of  home-bred  birds  are  augmented  by 
foreigners  during  the  winter  months. 

90.  Magpie.     Pica  rustica  (Scopoli) 

A  resident,  less  numerous  than  formerly. 
The  remarks  on  the  jay  apply  equally  to  this 
species. 

91.  Jackdaw.      Corvus  monedula,  Linn. 
Locally,  Daw. 

A  resident,  but  locally  distributed.  It  may 
frequently   be   found   nesting  in  holes  in  trees 


close  to  rookeries.  The  jackdaws  return  to 
their  nesting  localities  early  in  March,  the 
majority  not  remaining  with  us  throughout 
the  winter.  A  remarkable  instance  of  the 
sagacity  of  this  species  occurred  near  Cran- 
brook  in  1895.  A  pair  had  a  nest  and  the 
eggs  were  taken.  The  birds  deserted  the 
nest-hole  and  straightway  took  to  another 
tree  about  500  yards  distant.  In  this  the 
two  remaining  eggs  were  laid.  These  were 
smeared  all  over  with  a  thick  coating  of  mud, 
which  made  it  difficult  to  detect  them  in  the 
nest. 

92.  Raven.      Corvus  corax,  Linn. 
Seldom,  if  ever,  met  with  now. 

93.  Carrion-Crow.      Corvus  corone,  Linn. 

A  resident,  but  getting  scarcer  every  year. 
Owing  to  the  more  thorough  system  of  farm- 
ing nowadays,  which  restricts  the  food  of  this 
species,  and  persecution  by  gamekeepers,  it 
seldom  breeds  now  in  our  woods.  In  May 
1894  I  found  a  nest  in  the  Bedgebury  woods 
near  Cranbrook. 

94.  Hooded  Crow.      Corvus  cornix,  Linn. 
Locally,  Dun  Crow,  Saddle-back. 

A  regular  winter  visitor,  arriving  on  our 
shores  towards  the  end  of  October,  the 
majority  appearing  later — in  November. 
These  birds  generally  remain  throughout  the 
winter  about  our  marshes  and  the  vicinity 
of  the  coast,  but  if  the  weather  is  severe 
and  rough  they  pass  further  inland  to  more 
sheltered  situations.  They  roost  at  night  in 
the  woods,  and  at  first  streak  of  dawn  wend 
their  way  to  the  marshes,  where  they  remain 
till  dusk.  They  delight  in  '  sprat  '  fields, 
where  they  gorge  themselves  on  the  manure. 
At  the  beginning  of  April  the  migration 
northward  is  resumed.  Small  parties  appear 
occasionally  in  winter  in  the  Weald,  but  not 
often.  Over  the  wooded  districts  they  fly 
high  and  seldom  stop  by  the  way. 

95.  Rook.   Corvus  frugilegus,  Linn. 

An  abundant  resident,  increasing  annually. 
In  the  Cranbrook  district  the  nests  have  over- 
flowed into  the  woods  greatly  to  the  dismay 
of  the  keepers. 

In  August  the  rooks  leave  their  nest-trees 
and  migrate  with  their  young  to  the  vicinity 
of  the  sea-coast,  a  few  returning  again  in 
October,  the  majority  at  the  end  of  January, 
when  the  large  rookeries  present  sometimes 
wonderful  spectacles  of  animation.  The 
following  is  from  my  diary:  'Feb.  10 
1899.  I  saw  a  wonderful  sight  this  evening. 
While  passing   Hemstead,   the  group  of  trees 


284 


BIRDS 


in  the  hollow  below  the  house  presented  an 
extraordinary  appearance.  Above  them  in 
the  air,  circled  backwards  and  forwards 
myriads  of  rooks,  all  "cawing,"  and  so  much 
in  unison  that  it  sounded  like  the  sound  of 
the  incoming  tide.  This  was  about  6  o'clock. 
Only  now  and  again  this  even  sound  would 
be  broken  by  the  higher  pitched  voices  of  the 
jackdaws.  A  large  rookery  exists  in  these 
trees  and  is  of  many  years'  standing.' 

96.  Sky-Lark.      Alauda  arvensis,  Linn. 

A  well  known  resident.  In  September  a 
congregating  movement  takes  place  and  the 
birds  frequent  the  newly-cut  stubble  fields  in 
flocks.  Towards  the  fall  of  the  year  our 
numbers  are  augmented  by  '  foreigners,'  who 
frequent  our  hop  gardens,  picking  up  a  liveli- 
hood among  the  manure  heaps  put  out  by  the 
farmer.  When  there  is  a  thick  fall  of  snow 
they  disappear,  but  come  back  again  as  soon 
as  the  weather  becomes  open. 

97.  Wood-Lark.      Alauda  arhorea,  Linn. 

By  no  means  a  common  bird,  and  locally 
distributed  during  the  breeding  season  in  the 
woods  of  the  Weald.  I  have  found  the  nest 
occasionally  in  the  woods  near  Cranbrook. 
In  the  Rainham  district  it  is  met  with  in 
winter  (Prentis) ;  and  about  Stourmouth  it 
has  been  seen  at  the  same  season  in  small 
flocks  (Dowker). 

98.  White-winged    Lark.       Alauda    sibirica, 

J.  F.  Gmelin. 
A  very  rare  visitor.  On  27  January  1902 
a  male  specimen  was  obtained  at  Woodchurch 
by  a  man  named  Ward,  and  another,  a 
female,  the  following  day.  A  third  individual 
was  seen  and  obtained  later,  on  22  March. 
Two  examples  were  exhibited  on  19  Feb- 
ruary at  the  British  Ornithologists'  Club 
by  Mr.  N.  F.  Ticehurst.  These  are  the 
first  records  of  this  bird  for  Kent,  while  only 
one  previous  example  is  known  from  the 
British  Isles,  viz.  a  bird  caught  alive  on 
22  November  1869,  near  Brighton,  and  ex- 
hibited at  a  meeting  of  the  Zoological  Society 
of  London. 

99.  Shore-Lark.      Otocorys  alpestris  (Linn.) 
An    irregular  winter  visitor.      In  February 

1 86 1  five  specimens  were  shot  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Sheerness  {Zool.  186 1,  p. 
J  jog).  There  are  a  pair  from  Lydd  in  the 
Plomley  collection,  Dover  Museum,  and 
according  to  Mr.  Gray,  the  curator,  it  not 
unfrequently  occurs  at  Dover.  In  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Prentis  there  are  two  speci- 
mens obtained  in  the  Rainham  district  in 
1880  and  1889. 


100.   Swift.      Cypselus  apus  (Linn.) 

A  well  distributed  summer  visitor.  Fond 
of  breeding  in  the  cowls  of  our  oast-houses 
and  in  our  church  towers.  When  on  mi- 
gration they  make  no  stay  in  the  vicinity  of 
our  coast  line,  as  the  swallows  do. 

lOi.   Alpine  Swift.      Cypselus  melba  (Linn.) 

A  rare  visitor.  On  20  August  1830 
one  was  obtained  at  Dover  (Notebook  of  a 
Naturalist,  p.  226).  In  June  1 87 1  another 
was  seen  in  Kent  and  reported  in  the  Zoologist, 
1876,  p.  5046  (Gurney). 

102.  Nightjar.      Caprimulgus  europaus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Night-hawk,  Evejar. 

Of  local  distribution,  but  plentiful  in  the 
woods  of  the  Weald,  where  it  breeds  in  large 
colonies,  especially  where  there  is  water  and 
an  undergrowth  of  bracken.  It  arrives  in  the 
county  about  the  middle  of  May  and  leaves 
early  in  September.  Nestlings  of  this  species 
are  frequently  found  late  in  autumn.  One 
was  taken  near  Sissinghurst  on  10  August. 

103.  Wryneck,      lynx  torquilla,  Linn. 
Locally,  Snake  Bird. 

A  regular  spring  migrant.  Well  distributed 
in  the  wooded  districts,  and  where  there  are 
orchards  and  pollard  trees. 

104.  Green    Woodpecker.        Geclnus    vlrldis 

(Linn.) 
Locally,  Galley-bird. 
Locally  distributed  in  the  wooded  districts. 
More  numerous  in  winter  than  in  summer. 
In  some  districts  it  has  largely  increased, 
while  in  others,  where  it  was  formerly  com- 
mon, it  has  decreased.  This  is  the  case  in 
the  Cranbrook  district,  and  I  attribute  it  to 
the  great  increase  of  starlings  within  the  last 
few  years,  which  invade  our  woods  and  take 
possession  of  the  nest-holes  bored  by  the  green 
woodpecker.  The  plagues  of  the  small  oak- 
green  caterpillar  and  other  arboreal  insects, 
experienced  within  the  last  few  years,  have 
caused  large  numbers  of  starlings  to  breed  in 
the  woods.  These  birds  are  not  slow  to  take 
advantage  of  the  old  homes  of  the  wood- 
peckers ;  and  they  even  engage  in  pitched 
battles  with  them  over  their  newly-made 
holes.  It  is  not  unusual  to  find  this  wood- 
pecker resorting  to  the  same  nest-site  of  the 
previous  year.  In  this  instance  the  old  hole 
is  deepened.  The  drilling  of  a  new  one  is 
accomplished  generally  by  the  tenth  day,  but 
the  time  varies  according  to  the  nature  of  the 
tree.  The  process  of  boring,  as  a  rule,  takes 
place  during  the  small  hours  of  the  morning. 
During  the  day   the  hole  is  left,   and   not  re- 


285 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


turned  to  till  the  following  morning.  The 
starling  in  the  meantime  fills  the  newly- 
drilled  hole  with  straw  and  takes  possession 
of  the  nest-site. 

105.  Great   Spotted   Woodpecker.       Dencho- 

copus  major  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Magpie   Galley-bird,  Galley-Magpie, 
French  Magpie. 
Found  in  the  wooded  districts,  but  sparingly 
distributed.      Certain  woods  in  the  Cranbrook 
district    are    never  without    a    pair.       Partial 
migrations  occur   in  October,   the   birds   bred 
in   a   district    not   remaining   throughout   the 
winter,  but  returning  in  March    to   their  old 
haunts,  where  I  have  taken  nests  several  years 
in  succession. 

1 06.  Lesser  Spotted   Woodpecker.     Dendro- 

copus  minor  (Linn.) 
A  resident,  but  sparingly  distributed.  In 
spring  its  peculiar  drilling  tap  against  the 
trees  is  occasionally  heard.  It  is  a  difficult 
bird  to  observe,  and  this  is  the  only  time  of 
the  year  its  distribution  can  be  arrived  at. 
Owing  to  its  shy  habits  this  woodpecker 
is  more  common  in  some  districts  than  it 
appears  to  be. 

107.  Kingfisher.     Alcedo  ispida,  Linn. 

A  resident,  distributed  along  our  trout 
streams  and  rivers.  A  few  years  ago  it  was 
getting  scarce,  but  its  numbers  have  since 
rallied.  In  severe  winters  our  resident  birds 
are  augmented  by  migrants,  and  I  am  sorry 
to  say  numbers  are  killed.  Every  December 
Mr.  Springett,  the  taxidermist  of  Cranbrook, 
has  sent  him  quite  a  number  of  these 
birds  by  the  local  farmers.  In  summer, 
during  severe  droughts,  and  in  autumn,  partial 
migrations  occur  to  our  marsh  land  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  sea-coast.  I  have  found  its 
nest  on  several  occasions  near  Cranbrook. 

108.  Roller.     Coracias  garrulusy  hinn. 

A  rare  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn.  A 
roller  was  taken  alive  on  the  Rainham  marshes 
on  8  November  1888.  I  have  examined 
this  specimen,  which  is  in  the  collection  of 
Mr.  Prentis. 

109.  Bee-eater.      Merops  apiaster,  Linn. 

A  rare  summer  visitor.  There  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  Plomley  collection  from  Lydd  in 
1844. 

1 10.  Hoopoe.      Upupa  epops,  Linn. 

An  irregular  migrant,  generally  noticed  in 
spring,  but  sometimes  in  autumn  and  even  in 
winter.  The  individuals  which  appear  on 
our  coasts  are  invariably  shot,  otherwise  there 


is  not  a  doubt  tiiey  would  breed  in  the  county. 
I  have  no  direct  evidence  of  this  species 
having  nested  in  Kent,  although  it  has  done 
so  in  Sussex.  On  12  May  186 1  an  adult 
female  was  taken  on  Plumstead  Common  with 
ovaries  fully  developed. 

111.  Cuckoo.     Cuculus  canorus,  Linn. 

A  well  distributed  summer  migrant,  its 
numbers  var}'ing  however  in  different  years 
according  to  the  abundance  of  insect  life.  In 
his  '  Notes  on  the  birds  observed  at  Rainham,' 
Zoologist,  March  1865,  Mr.  Power  writes: 
'In  this  district,  the  number  of  cuckoos  varies 
with  the  presence  or  absence  of  a  caterpillar 
that  feeds  upon  the  gooseberry  leaves.  In 
some  seasons,  these  caterpillars  infest  the 
bushes  in  myriads,  and  at  such  times  the 
cuckoos  abound  in  the  plantations.  About 
the  beginning  of  July,  the  cuckoos  collect  in 
the  plantations  near  the  river  Medway,  and 
often  take  long  flights  out  over  the  marshes, 
on  which  they  sometimes  settle  to  feed  upon 
a  species  of  caterpillar  at  this  time  to  be  found 
on  the  marsh  plants.'  At  the  end  of  July 
the  cuckoos  commence  to  leave  the  county, 
the  old  birds  departing  first, 

112.  White   or  Barn   Owl.      Strix  fammea, 

Linn. 

A  common  resident.     The  numbers  of  our 

home  birds  are  augmented   in  late  autumn  by 

migrants.     Numbers  are  caught  at  this  time 

of  the  year  and  sent  to  the  local  bird  stuflFers. 

113.  Long-eared  Owl.      Asia  otus  {L'mn.) 
Very    locally    distributed    in    the    wooded 

districts.  More  an  autumn  migrant  than  a 
resident. 

114.  Short  -  eared    Owl.         Asio    accipitrinus 

(Pallas) 
An  autumn  migrant.  Frequently  observed 
on  our  marsh  lands.  I  have  had  specimens 
from  the  low-lying  ground  near  Ashford.  It 
has  bred  near  Rainham  {Birds  of  Rainham, 
Prentis,  p.  16). 

115.  Tawny  Owl.      Syrnium  aluco  {h'mn.) 
Locally  distributed   in  our  woods,    but  by 

no  means  common.  All  the  specimens  I 
have  seen  from  Kent  are  the  ash-grey  variety. 
In  some  localities  it  has  greatly  increased,  the 
red  and  brown  phases  being  the  commonest 
by  far. 

116.  Tentjmalm's   Owl.      Nyctala  tengmalmi 

(J.>.  Gmelin) 
Very  rare.      There  are    two   recorded   oc- 
currences: one  in  May  1836  (Yarrell,  History 
of  British  Birds,  ed.  3,  i.  163);  one,  Dartford, 


286 


BIRDS 


Kent,  November   1881    [Field,  18   November      to  a  light  brown,  obtained  in  May,  June  and 
1881).  July,  from  1866   to    1870,    1888    and    1898 

respectively.  This  species  has  bred  in  the 
county  near  Wingham  (Oxenden  Ham- 
mond, Zool.  1897,  p.  363). 


117.  Little  Owl.      Athena  noctua  {?>co^o\\) 
An  accidental  visitor.     It  is  difficult  to  say 

whether  the  examples  taken  from  time  to 
time  in  England  are  really  wild  or  not, 
since  many  are  imported  from  the  continent 
into  this  county  and  purposely  liberated. 
Mr.  Meade-Waldo  has  thoroughly  estab- 
lished this  bird  as  an  introduced  species  at 
Stonewall  Park,  Edenbridge.  In  that  district 
it  breeds  in  holes  in  old  apple  trees  and  under 
the  roots  of  trees  overhanging  the  railway 
embankments.  In  May  1856  one  was  taken 
alive  at  Maidstone  {Zool.  1856,  p.  5159). 
Another  at  Sevenoaks,  Kent,  1862,  formerly 
in  the  collection  of  the  late  F.  Bond.  One 
near  Maidstone  (Dover  Museum).  I  have 
also  examined  another  specimen  taken  some 
years  ago  at  Hythe,  and  belonging  to  a 
barber  in  that  town.  In  August  1894 
another  was  obtained  at  Maidstone  (Allchin, 
Science  Gossip,  September  1894,  p.  159). 
On  24  October  1902  a  female  was  shot 
in  the  Angley  woods,  Cranbrook,  and  pre- 
served by  Mr.  Springett  of  that  town. 

118.  Eagle-Owl.     Bubo  igijavus,  T,  Forster. 
A  rare  migrant.     One  in   Kent,   recorded 

by  Latham  in  the  first  supplement  of  his 
Synopsis. 

119.  Marsh-Harrier.    Circus aruginosus  (Linn.) 
Seldom  obtained  now.  It  formerly  haunted 

our  marshes  before  drainage  was  commenced. 
In  the  '  fifties '  this  bird  was  often  seen  in 
Romney  Marsh.  There  are  two  specimens 
from  that  locality  probably  obtained  about 
that  time  in  the  Plomley  collection,  Dover 
Museum.  In  June  1867  a  fine  adult  was 
killed  at  Rainham  (Prentis). 

120.  Hen-Harrier.      Circus  cyaneus  (Lmn.) 

A  scarce  migrant  in  autumn,  when  imma- 
ture birds  are  sometimes  obtained.  I  have  an 
adult  female,  killed  at  Staplehurst  in  November 
1892.  Old  males  in  the  grey  plumage  are  very 
rare.  I  have  seen  a  specimen,  obtained  in 
Romney  Marsh  many  years  ago  ;  it  was  the 
property  of  Mr.  J.  D.  Walker  of  New  Rom- 
ney. At  his  death  it  was  sold  and  passed 
into  the  collection  of  Mr.  Harrison  of  Folke- 
stone. 

121.  Montagu's    Harrier.       Circus   cineraceus 

(Montagu) 
A    spring    migrant,    occurring    fairly    fre- 
quently in  the  northern  portion  of  the  county. 
In  the   collection  of  Mr.   Prentis    there  are 
seven  specimens,  varying  from  a  sooty  black 


122.  Buzzard.      Buieo  vulgaris,  Lcuch. 

An  autumn  and  winter  visitor  of  irregular 
occurrence.  In  November  1870  a  large 
visitation  took  place.  Near  Canterbury,  on 
the  Godmersham  and  Chilham  estates  alone, 
eight  specimens  were  obtained  (Gordon, 
Zool.  1 87 1,  p.  2439).  In  December  1895 
another  visitation,  but  in  a  lesser  degree, 
occurred,  when  several  specimens  were  ob- 
tained near  Cranbrook  and  in  other  parts  of 
the  county.  The  autumn  migration  chiefly 
consists  of  young  birds  of  the  year,  the 
adults  being  seldom  met  with.  When  on 
migration,  I  have  seen  this  buzzard  soar  to  a 
great  height,  and  then  its  flight  now  and 
again  becomes  a  series  of  graceful  curves  and 
gyrations.  But  when  a  temporary  halting- 
place  is  taken  up,  the  flight  is  slow  and  slug- 
gish, and  seldom  higher  than  the  tree-tops, 
the  bird  working  backwards  and  forwards  after 
its  prey  over  the  same  ground  diurnally.  At 
dusk,  it  seems  more  alert  than  during  the  day 
— a  sombre-feathered  form,  it  appears,  as  it 
looms  and  glides  past  the  tree-trunks  and  over 
the  russet-clad  undergrowth  in  almost  noise- 
less fashion,  more  after  the  manner  of  an  owl 
than  a  hawk.  Owing  to  the  large  increase 
of  pheasant-rearing,  this  bird  is  ruthlessly 
trapped  and  shot.  But  for  this,  there  is  not 
a  doubt  that  these  birds  would  stay  throughout 
the  winter  and  breed  in  the  Kentish  woods. 

123.  Rough-legged   Buzzard.     Buteo    lagopus 

(J.  F.  Gmelin) 
A  rare  autumn  visitor  to  the  vicinity  of  our 
coast.  I  have  a  fine  adult  female,  shot  on  the 
Lydd  beach  30  October  1895.  In  the 
same  winter  another  was  obtained  near  East- 
well,  Ashford.  It  has  occurred  at  Rainham 
(Prentis). 

124.  White-tailed  Eagle.      Halia^tus  albicilla 

(Linn.) 
Immature  birds  on  migration  not  unfre- 
quently  occur  in  the  county,  generally  in 
November  and  December,  and  seldom  escape 
being  shot.  Of  late  years  the  following  are 
the  authentic  records  :  In  November  1879 
a  pair  appeared  in  the  Rainham  district,  of 
which  one  was  shot.  In  early  November 
1885  a  fine  female  was  obtained  at  Minster 
and  is  now  in  the  Canterbury  Museum. 
About  the  same  time  another  bird,  a  male, 
was  killed  at  Eastwell  Park  near  Ashford.  At 


287 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


the  same  place  a  male  was  shot  on  1 1  Decem- 
ber 1894,  and  on  the  following  day  a  female 
was  taken  near  Ramsgate.  Lastly,  in  1897, 
a  male  bird  was  killed  in  Penshurst  Park. 

N.B. — The  Golden  Eagle  has  never  been 
identified  in  the  county  ;  birds  recorded  under 
this  name  having  proved  to  be  immature 
examples  of  the  white-tailed  eagle. 

125.  Goshawk.     A  stur  pa  lumbar  ius  {L\nn.) 
This  is  another  rare  visitor   to   the  county. 

I  have  only  two  records.  An  adult  female 
was  killed  at  Tredville  Park  near  Wingham 
in  the  time  of  the  late  owner,  Mr.  Plumtre. 
It  is  still  in  the  house,  and  in  good  preserva- 
tion. The  other  record  of  its  appearance 
dates  back  as  far  as  May,  1 844,  at  Swingfield 
near  Dover. 

126.  Sparrow-Hawk.      A ccipher  nhus  {L\nn.) 
This  hawk  is  getting  scarce,   breeding  now 

sparingly  in  the  Weald.  The  thick  portions 
of  the  Bedgebury  and  Hemsted  woods  near 
Cranbrook  often  defy  the  keepers'  search,  and 
consequently  not  a  few  broods,  reared  in  these 
localities,  escape  at  least  premature  destruc- 
tion. During  the  winter  the  old  nest  is 
resorted  to  as  a  roosting  place,  and  in  this 
way  the  birds  often  fall  victims  to  the  trap 
placed  on  the  nest  by  the  keepers.  In  the 
autumn  the  majority  of  the  individuals  bred 
in  the  thick  woods  leave  and  frequent  the  less 
enclosed  portions  of  the  county. 

127.  Kite.      Milvus  ictinus,  Savigny. 

Very  rare.  At  the  beginning  of  the 
eighteenth  century  this  magnificent  bird  was 
common,  but  owing  to  cultivation,  the  in- 
crease of  game  preservation  and  the  greed  of 
collectors,  it  is  no  longer  met  with  in  the  county. 
In  the  Plomley  collection,  Dover  Museum, 
there  are  two  specimens,  obtained  many  years 
ago  near  Lydd.  Mr.  Meade-Waldo  informs 
me  that  in  September  1877  he  observed  a 
kite  on  three  occasions  near  Edenbridge.  In 
1889  an  adult  male  was  killed  near  Stour- 
mouth,  and  is  the  property  of  Mr.  J.  C.  Kay 
of  Godmersham  (Dowker). 

128.  Honey-Buzzard.    Pernis  apivorus  (Linn.) 
An  occasional  visitor  on  migration,  gener- 
ally in  August  and  September,  when  stragglers 
find  their  way  to  our  wooded  districts. 

129.  Peregrine     Falcon.        Fa/co     peregrinus, 

Tunstall. 

This  falcon  still  breeds    in   the  inaccessible 

portions  of  the  Dover  cliffs,  and  Mr.  Gray,  of 

the    Dover   Museum,    informed   me   that   no 

fewer  than  three  pairs  nested   in  1899  in  the 


district.  One  nest  was,  unfortunately,  thrown 
down  by  a  partial  landslip.  The  eggs,  though 
much  damaged,  have  been  preserved  and  are 
now  in  the  museum.  This  falcon  is  observed 
from  time  to  time  in  the  vicinity  of  our 
estuaries  and  the  shore  line.  The  writer  has 
seen  this  species  on  the  Lydd  beach,  pursuing 
and  dogging  the  large  flocks  of  starlings  that 
congregate  there  in  October  during  the 
migration  period. 

130.  Hobby.      Falco  sutbuteo,  Linn. 

An  occasional  summer  visitor  to  Kent.  I 
have  no  record  of  its  breeding  with  us.  In 
June  1864  a  male  hobby  was  shot  in  a  cherry 
orchard  near  Sittingbourne,  and  the  female 
was  seen  (Prentis).  I  have  an  adult  male 
in  my  collection,  obtained  at  Eastwell  in  May, 
1894. 

131.  Merlin.   Fa/co  asahn,  TunstaW. 
Uncommon  ;    met    with    in    the    county 

during  the  autumn  and  winter  months.  This 
falcon  is  more  often  observed  on  our  marshes, 
where  it  preys  upon  waders  and  starlings. 

132.  Red-footed   Falcon.       Fa/co   vespertinus, 

Linn. 
Very  rare.  There  is  only  one  occurrence 
for  Kent.  In  the  early  summer  of  1862  an 
adult  female  was  taken  at  Sandling  Park  near 
Hythe  (Hammond,  Zoo/.  1862,  p.  8192). 
This  falcon  is  sometimes  named  the  orange- 
legged  hobby. 

133.  Kestrel.      Fa/co  timmncu/uSy  Linn. 
This  is  our  common  hawk,  but  of  late  years 

its  numbers  have  been  sadly  reduced  owing  to 
its  persecution  by  gamekeepers.  In  the  autumn 
a  certain  number  leave  us.  They  may  fre- 
quently be  observed  on  the  Lydd  beach  at  the 
end  of  September  prior  to  crossing  the  Channel. 
This  bird  sometimes  selects  curious  sites  for 
its  nest.  In  1876,  at  Bromley,  Kent,  a  nest 
was  taken  in  a  hollow  tree  containing  six 
eggs — an  unusual  number  {Fie/d,  3  June 
1^7 6).  From  Edenbridge  Mr.  Meade- Waldo 
writes  :  '  With  me,  many  nest  in  hollow 
trees,  and  annually  in  the  boxes  placed  to  ac- 
commodate owls.' 

134.  Lesser  Kestrel.   Fa/co  cenc/n-h, 1>i3.\xrmnn. 
Only  one  example  of  this  extremely  rare 

kestrel  has  been  obtained  in  the  county.  In 
May  1877  an  adult  female  was  taken  alive 
near  Dover  and  kept  for  some  time  in  con- 
finement (Gordon,  Zoo/.  1877,  p.  298);  the 
specimen  is  now  in  the  Dover  Museum. 

135.  Osprey.      Pandion  hia/taetus  (Linn.) 

A     rare    visitor    to    Kent.      It     has    been 


BIRDS 


observed  and  shot  near  Rainham  (Prentis),  on 
the  Isle  of  Thanet  (Dowker),  near  Maidstone 
{Field,  15  September  1894).  In  May  1901 
a  fine  adult  male  was  shot  on  Bedgebury 
lake  near  Cranbrook  and  preserved  by  Mr. 
Springett,  the  taxidermist  of  that  town.  A 
year  previous  to  this  occurrence  another  was 
seen  in  the  same  locality. 

136.  Cormorant.    Phalacrocorax  carbo{h\nn.) 
Locally,  Isle  of  Wight  Parson. 

A  visitor  to  our  coast  line.  It  is  found  on 
the  Medway.  A  fine  male  example  in  full 
breeding  dress  is  in  the  Dover  Museum,  taken 
near  the  Dover  coal  mine,  2  February  1898. 

137.  Shag    or    Green    Cormorant.     Phala- 

crocorax  graculus  (Linn.) 
Occurs  at  sea  off  our  south  coast,  generally 
young  birds,  during  winter. 

138.  Gannet  or  Solan-goose.       Sula   hassana 

(Linn.) 
An  occasional  winter  visitor.     Storm-driven 
individuals  have  occurred  on  the  coast. 

139.  Common  Heron.      Ardea  cinerea,  Linn. 
A    resident,  though    not    so   numerous    as 

formerly.  From  May  onwards  young  birds 
come  to  the  dykes  and  shallow  pools  in  our 
marsh  land  in  search  of  eels,  and  in  dry  seasons 
considerable  migrations  occur.  In  the  spring 
adult  birds  are  sometimes  obtained  along  run- 
ning brooks  inland.  The  majority  of  birds 
leave  us  in  late  autumn,  returning  to  the 
heronries  in  February.  There  are  two  of 
these  in  the  county  :  one  at  Cobham  near 
Gravesend  and  the  other  at  Chilham  Castle — 
a  well  known  heronry  which  has  been  in 
existence  for  over  120  years,  and  where  the 
nests  are  built  in  tall  ash  and  beech  trees. 
The  fine  heronry  in  Penshurst  Park  was 
abandoned  by  the  herons,  owing  to  the  increase 
of  rooks  and  jackdaws  about  1840. 

140.  Purple  Heron.  Ardea  purpurea,  Linn. 
A  rare  visitor.  I  have  no  recorded  occur- 
rence of  late  years.  In  September  1838  an 
immature  specimen  was  obtained  in  Romney 
Marsh,  and  in  the  same  locality  a  fine  adult  on 
29  March  1847  which  is  now  in  the  Dover 
Museum  (Plomley,  Zool.  1847,  P-  I777)-  I" 
the  Prentis  collection  there  is  an  immature 
specimen,  shot  near  Ham  Street  in  1876.' 

141.  Night-Heron.     Nycticorax griseus{L\nr\.) 
A  rare  visitor.     In  the  Plomley  collection, 

'  There  is  a  specimen  of  the  buff-backed  heron 
{A.  bubulcus)  in  the  Maidstone  Museum,  but  I 
have  been  unable  to  trace  its  history. 


Dover  Museum,  there  is  a  specimen  obtained 
many  years  ago  from  Lydd. 

142.  Little  Bittern.     Ardetta  minuta  (Linn.) 
Has  been  obtained   occasionally,  generally 

in  autumn,  but  not  of  late  years.  It  has 
been  shot  at  Elmstone  (Delmar)  and  near 
Ashford  in  1877  (Prentis  collection). 

143.  Bittern.      Botaurus  stellaris  (Linn.) 
Comes    to    us  occasionally    during    severe 

winters.  Before  the  epoch  of  cultivation  and 
drainage  it  probably  bred  in  our  marshes.  It 
has  been  obtained  at  Rainham  (Prentis),  at 
Stourmouth  (Dowker),  at  Orpington  (male, 
January  1864,  Zool.  p.  8961),  at  Headcorn 
(Maidston  Museum),  at  Lydd  (Plomley  col- 
lection), and  in  the  Cranbrook  district,  where 
on  23  December  1897,  at  Horsemonden,  an 
adult  male  was  shot,  and  another  male  on  13 
December  1899  in  the  Glassenbury  woods. 

144.  American  Bittern.     Botaurus  lentiginosus 

(Montagu) 
A  rare  straggler.  In  1854  an  individual 
was  shot  near  Canterbury  and  is  now  in  the 
museum  of  that  town.  It  was  identified  some 
years  afterwards  by  Mr.  J,  H.  Gurney  {Zool. 
1866,  p.  14s). 

145.  White  Stork.  Ciconia  alba,  Bechstein. 
A  rare  accidental  visitor.  There  is  a  speci- 
men in  the  Plomley  collection  in  the  Dover 
Museum,  and  it  was  probably  obtained  at 
Lydd.  It  has  also  occurred  at  Sandwich 
(Boys'  List,  History  of  Sandwich). 

146.  Black  Stork.      Ciconia  nigra  (Linn.) 

A  rare  accidental  visitor.  There  are  only 
two  satisfactory  records — one  from  Romney 
Marsh  in  1844  (it  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr. 
Thornhill  of  Riddlesworth) ;  another  near 
Lydd  5  May,  1856  {Zool.  1856,  p.  5160). 

147.  Spoonbill.     Platalea  leucorodia,  Linn. 
Now  only  a  rare  visitor  to  the  county,  the 

occurrences  of  late  years  being  less  numerous 
than  formerly.  Though  there  is  no  direct 
evidence  that  this  bird  ever  bred  in  Kent,  yet 
it  is  more  than  likely,  since  breeding  stations 
existed  in  the  adjoining  counties  of  Sussex 
and  Middlesex  (Harting,  vol.  ii.  1877,  p. 
425  ;  1886,  p.  81).  In  June  1850  a  flock 
of  six  spoonbills  visited  Sandwich  Haven, 
and  about  the  same  time  three  more  were 
seen  in  Pegwell  Bay,  while  another  individual 
probably  of  the  same  flock  was  shot  in  the 
Wingham  marshes  {Zool.  1850,  p.  2853). 

Mr.  Prentis  writes  :  '  A  fine  female  adult 
spoonbill  with  a  buff  collar  and  pendant  crest 
was  shot  on  the  Isle  of  Elmley  12  April  1865. 


289 


37 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Immature  specimens  have  been  met  with  on 
three  occasions  on  the  marshes  near  the  river 
Medway.'  This  bird  has  also  been  obtained 
in  the  Sittingbourne  district  (Dowker). 

The  favourite  locality  for  this  species  is, 
or  rather  w^as,  the  broad  tract  of  stones, 
relieved  here  and  there  by  large  ponds,  known 
as  the  Lydd  beach. 

I  have  the  following  records  from  this 
locality  :  One  specimen  in  the  Plomley 
Museum  ;  two  in  Mr.  Blacklock's  house  at 
Lydd,  preserved  some  years  ago  by  Mr.  Jell, 
the  local  birdstufFer.  On  g  May  1889  two 
adult  males  were  shot  by  two  of  the  Souther- 
den  family.  One  of  these  is  now  in  my 
collection  ;  the  other  was  sold  to  Mr.  Gray 
of  Dover  for  £"].  In  June  1890  a  party  of 
five  appeared,  but  to  use  the  words  of  the 
fishermen,  '  We  were  too  greedy,  we  wanted 
the  "  blooming  "  lot,  and  ended  by  getting 
none.'  On  24  May  1891  an  immature 
bird  was  obtained.  There  is  another  still  in 
the  possession  of  the  Southerdens,  shot  some 
twenty  years  ago.  This  specimen  is  a  very 
perfect  one.  The  broad  suffused  rust-coloured 
ring  is  remarkable  for  its  intensity.  On  12 
June  1896  a  single  individual  appeared  near 
the  Midrips,*  in  company  with  five  herons. 
The  above  records  will  show  that  the  visits 
of  the  spoonbill  have  become  fewer  and  farther 
between  of  late  years.  I  have  observed  this 
species  sometimes  on  the  sands  in  company 
with  gulls. 

148.  Flamingo.      Phcenicopterus  roseus,  Pallas. 
There    is  only    one    reliable    record    from 

Kent.  On  12  August  1884,  when  Captain 
G.  E.  Shelley,  the  well  known  ornithologist, 
was  waiting  near  New  Romney  for  the  even- 
ing flights  of  curlews,  an  adult  flamingo  flew 
past  him,  having  been  put  up  by  his  two 
nephews,  who  got  within  about  fifty  yards  of 
it  (Howard  Saunders,  Ma?i.  Brit.  Birds, 
1898,  p.  395). 

149.  White-Fronted  Goose.      Anser  albifrom 

(Scopoli) 
Locally,  Speckled-belly  Goose. 
A  regular  winter  visitor.     There  are  three 
specimens    from    Lydd     in    the    Maidstone 
Museum,   and    another    in    the    Folkestone 
collection,  taken  on  the  Warren,   Dover. 

150.  Bean-Goose.       Amer    scgetum       (J.     F. 

Gmelin) 
Locally,  Gray  Goose. 
Comes  to  us  in  the  winter,  and  next  to  the 

^  These  are  a  series  01  shallow  ponds  on  the 
Lydd  beach. 


brent  goose  is  the  most  common  of  all  the 
geese,  visiting  the  mouths  of  our  rivers  and 
the  '  petts  '  in  the  marsh  land. 

151.  Pink-footed   Goose.      Anser   hrachyrhyn- 

chus,  Baillon. 
Locally,  Gray  Goose. 
An  irregular   winter   visitant.     There  are 
two  specimens  from  Lydd   in   the  Maidstone 
Museum.      Another  example  was  obtained  at 
Preston  in  January  1887  (Dowker). 

152.  Barnacle-Goose.   Bernicla  leucopsis^Be.c'h- 

stein) 
I  have  no  recorded  occurrence  of  this  goose. 
There  is  a  specimen  in  the  Folkestone  Museum 
which  was  probably  locally  taken.  Mr.  George 
Dowker  says  :  '  This  species  is  mostly  found 
at  sea.' 

153.  Brent  Goose.      Bernicla  hrenta  (Pallas) 
Locally,  Clattergoose. 

Abundant.  In  severe  winters  they  come 
to  our  creeks  and  mud-flats  in  large  parties. 
In  March  a  migration  southward  may  be 
noticed,  the  birds  travelling  high  overhead  in 
wedge-shaped  batches,  but  seldom  stopping 
by  the  way. 

154.  Whooper  Swan.      Cygnus  musicus,V>i:z\\- 

stein. 
Locally,  Wild  Swan. 
Small  batches  of  four  to  five  birds  occa- 
sionally appear  on  the  sands  at  low  water 
between  Rye  Harbour  and  Lydd  during 
the  winter.  It  occurs  also  occasionally 
inland.  The  last  appearance  I  have  on 
record  was  in  November  1896,  when  a  party 
of  three  appeared  close  to  Rye  Harbour. 
Two  of  these  were  shot.  It  has  been 
obtained  at  Stourmouth  (Dowker). 

155.  Bewick's  Swan.    Cygnus  hewicki,Y2Xx€^. 
Locally,  Tame  Swan. 

An  occasional  visitor.  It  has  been  obtained 
at  Lydd  (Plomley  collection),  at  Wingham 
(Oxenden  Hammond),  and  at  Rainham, 
where  a  fine  female  example  was  killed  on 
22  January  1879  (Prentis). 

156.  Common  Sheld-Duck.     Tadorna  cornuta 

(S.  G.  Gmelin) 
Locally,  Bar-gander. 
A  fairly    common   winter    visitor    to    our 
creeks    and    brackish    waters    near    the    sea. 
Owing  to  the  drainage  of  our  marshes   it  is 
not  so  numerous  as  formerly. 

157.  Ruddy    Sheld-Duck.      Tadorna    casarca 

(Linn.) 
A  rare  winter  migrant.      On  8    September 


290 


BIRDS 


1884  a  party  of  four  appeared  in  Romncy 
Marsh.  One  of  these  was  shot  (Thomas 
Parkin,  Zool.  1884,  p.  469).  Another  ex- 
ample, obtained  near  Cranbrook  in  March 
1893  and  now  in  my  collection,  was  pre- 
served by  Mr.  Springett  of  Cranbrook. 

158.  Mallard   or  Wild   Duck.     Ajias   hoicas, 

Linn. 
A  resident,  breeding  in  our  marshes.  In 
severe  winters  the  inland  ponds  and  streams 
are  visited  by  migrants.  Many  are  kept  in 
semi-captivity  on  the  large  estates  in  the 
county.  In  February  1889  an  albino  speci- 
men was  obtained  at  Stourmouth,  and  on  10 
January  1900  Mr.  Springett  of  Cranbrook 
received  from  Sandhurst,  Kent,  a  hybrid  be- 
between  this  species  and  the  pintail  duck. 

159.  Gadwall.      Anas  strepera^  Linn. 
Locally,  Bastard. 

A  rare  winter  visitor  to  Kent.  On  22 
February  1845  an  adult  male  was  shot  in 
Romney  Marsh  {Zool.  p.  1025).  It  has  also 
occurred  at  Sandwich  (Boys'  List).  In  De- 
cember 1896  an  adult  female  was  obtained 
near  the  Fleet  Pond,  Rye,  and  is  now  in  my 
collection. 

160.  Shoveler.      Spatula  clypeata  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Spoonbill. 

Scarce  and  generally  observed  in  winter. 
In  the  Maidstone  Museum  there  are  a  pair  of 
shovelers  from  Gillingham,  and  in  the  Plom- 
ley  collection  two  male  birds  from  Lydd. 
This  duck  has  lately  been  discovered  breed- 
ing in  Romney  Marsh  (Ticehurst,  Zool.  1900, 
p.  279).  Yarrell  stated  that  this  locality  was 
formerly  a  breeding  haunt. 

161.  Pintail.      Dafila  acuta  (Linn.) 

A  regular  winter  visitor.  During  a  severe 
winter  it  is  met  with  in  considerable  numbers 
near  Lydd  and  on  the  salt  marshes  about  the 
Medway. 

162.  Teal.      Nettion  crecca  (Linn.) 

Found  in  winter  on  our  marshes,  but  in- 
land it  is  less  numerous.  I  have  only  three 
records  from  the  Cranbrook  district.  It 
occurs  every  year  on  the  Eden,  and  some 
pairs  breed  annually  about  the  ponds  and 
petts  on  the  Sussex  border.  At  the  end  of 
September  small  '  bunches '  of  teal  in  com- 
pany with  wigeon  arrive  on  the  sheltered 
ponds  that  lie  back  from  our  shore  line. 

163.  Garganey.      ^erquedula  circia   (Linn.) 
A  rare  spring  migrant.      In   May    1900 

two  nests  of  this  species  were  found  in  Rom- 


ney Marsh  by  Mr.  N.  F.  Ticehurst  of  St. 
Leonards  [Zool.  1900,  p.  279).  In  the 
Plomley  collection  there  are  three  speci- 
mens obtained  from  Lydd  in  March  1840. 
There  is  another  from  the  same  locality  in 
the  house  of  Mr.  Southerden,  Jury's  Gap, 
Lydd.  Mr.  Southerden  tells  me  that  ten 
years  ago  this  duck  came  regularly  to  the 
Lydd'  beach  every  spring.  There  is  hardly 
any  doubt  that  it  bred  in  the  neighbourhood 
in  those  times,  as  it   has  been  found  to  do  so 


1 64.  Wigeon.      Mareca  penelope  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Frosted  Duck,  Cock-winder. 

Common  in  the  vicinity  of  the  coast,  but 
inland  its  occurrence  is  unusual.  At  the  end 
of  September  individuals,  chiefly  immature 
birds,  begin  to  come  in  to  our  marsh  pools  and 
brackish  waters,  followed  by  greater  numbers 
at  the  fall  of  the  year  according  to  the  severity 
of  the  weather. 

165.  Pochard.      Fuligula  ferlna  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Snuffle-headed  Wigeon. 

Only  occasionally  met  with  now  during 
hard  winters.  Formerly  this  duck  was  plenti- 
ful about  the  Lydd  '  petts '  and  Romney 
Marsh.  Some  ten  years  ago,  when  the 
Southerden  brothers  carried  on  a  trade  in 
their  duck-shooting,  the  pochard  was  well 
represented  in  their  '  bags.' 

166.  Tufted  Duck.    Fuligula  cristata  {Lea.ch) 
Locally,  Least  Wigeon. 

Found  in  our  creeks  and  marshes  in  the 
winter.  Not  uncommon.  It  has  been 
obtained  at  Sheerness  (Maidstone  Museum), 
at  Rainham  (Prentis),  Stourmouth  (Dowker) 
and  Lydd  (Plomley). 

167.  Scaup-Duck.      Fuligula  marila  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Sea-Wigeon. 

Met  with  in  winter  on  our  salt  marshes 
and  at  the  mouths  of  our  estuaries.  It  has 
been  obtained  at  Stourmouth  (Dowker),  on 
the  Lower  and  Upper  Medway  (Meade 
Waldo),  and  at  Farleigh  (Maidstone  Museum), 
also  at  Rainham  (Prentis). 

168.  Goldeneye.      Clangula  glaucion  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Spectacle  Duck. 

By  no  means  common.  Young  birds  and 
adult  females  are  sometimes  obtained  in 
winter  on  inland  ponds  and  sheltered  por- 
tions of  our  rivers.  I  have  two  adult  females 
in  my  collection — one  shot  at  Sittingbourne 
by  Captain  Moore,  R.N.,  in  March  1894; 
and  the  other  from   Biddenden  30  November 


291 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


169.  Long-tailed     Duck.      Harelda    glacialh 

(Linn.) 
A  scarce  winter  visitor.  Immature  speci- 
mens are  sometimes  obtained.  I  have  an 
adult  male  shot  at  sea  ofF  Dungeness  in  Feb- 
ruary 1895  and  an  immature  female  from 
the  lake  at  Bedgebury  Cranbrook,  9  Novem- 
ber 1898. 

170.  Common  Eider  Duck.     Somateria  moliis- 

sima  (Linn.) 
A   rare  visitor.      There    is  a   specimen   in 
the  Plomley  collection,  obtained  at  Lydd. 

171.  Common  Scoter.     CEdemia  nigra  {Linn.) 
Locally,  Black  Duck. 

Common  from  November  onwards,  and 
found  in  large  flocks  off  the  coast  between 
Rye  and  Dungeness.  Also  off  Heme  Bay 
and  Whitstable  (Dowker). 

172.  Velvet  Scoter.      CEdemia  fusca  (Linn.) 


Locally,  White-winged  Black  Duck. 
Not  so  plentiful  as  the  former  species. 


In 


November  I  have  observed  small  flocks  at  sea 
off  the  Lydd  coast.  In  the  Prentis  collection 
there  is  a  pair  obtained  in  November  1898 
on  the  Medway.  I  have  also  a  fine  adult 
male  shot  off  Rye. 

173.  Goosander.      Mergus  merganser,  Linn. 
Rare.      I  have  never  met  with  this  species. 

In  the  collection  of  Mr.  Meade-Waldo  there 
is  a  specimen  obtained  near  Edenbridge. 

174.  Red-breasted  Merganser.     Mergus  ser- 

rator,  Linn. 
Locally,  Sawbill. 
Not  uncommon.      Has   been    obtained    at 
Sheerness  (Maidstone   Museum),  and   in   the 
creeks  of  the  Medway  (Prentis)  during  cold 
weather. 

175.  Smew.     Mergus  albellus,  hmn. 
Locally,  Small  Herring-bar. 

The  immature  or  red-headed  birds  of  this 
species  are  sometimes  met  with,  rarely  the 
adults.  Mr.  Prentis  records  an  adult  male 
from  Rainham. 

176.  Ring-Dove  or  Wood-Pigeon.      Columba 

palumbus,  Linn. 
A  well  distributed  resident,  most  numerous 
throughout  the  Weald.  Towards  the  end  of 
October  our  homebred  birds  are  augmented 
by  large  flocks  of  migrants,  especially  when 
the  year  has  been  good  for  acorns.  They 
invade  our  woods  in  enormous  flocks  at  the 
fall  of  the  year,  staying  with  us  for  about 
a  month  and  then  leaving. 


177.  Stock-Dove.      Columba  cenas,  hum. 
Locally,  Blue  Rock. 

Locally  distributed  throughout  the  year, 
generally  observed  singly  or  in  small  flocks. 
In  autumn  partial  migrations  occur,  when 
parties  may  be  found  on  the  arable  fields  near 
the  coast  and  on  our  marsh  land.  In  some 
localities  it  breeds  in  rabbit  holes. 

178.  Turtle-Dove.      Turtur  communis,  Selby. 
A  common  summer  visitor,  breeding  plenti- 
fully in  our  woods  and  copses.     Some  years 
more  numerous  than  in  others. 

179.  Pallas's  Sand-Grouse.      Syrrhaptes  para- 

doxus (Pallas) 
A  rare  accidental  visitor.  The  occurrences 
in  Kent  were  during  the  well  known  inva- 
sions of  this  species  to  the  British  Isles — in 
1859,  1863  and  to  a  smaller  extent  in  1888. 
In  November  1859  several  specimens  were 
obtained  on  the  sands  near  Lydd.  One  of 
these  is  in  the  Maidstone  Museum,  another 
in  a  fisherman's  house  near  Rye.  The  fisher- 
man, who  saw  these  birds,  told  me  that  they 
appeared  on  the  sands  near  the  dunes  after  a 
severe  storm,  were  quite  tame,  and  could 
have  been  knocked  over  with  sticks.  The 
next  visitation  took  place  in  June  1863. 
On  7  June  six  birds  were  seen  in  the  Vale 
of  Elmley,  Sheppey.  Two  of  these  were  shot, 
a  male  and  female.  Two  days  later  another 
four  were  seen,  and  one  of  these,  a  female, 
was  obtained.  In  November  1888  four 
were  seen  upon  a  ploughed  field  for  several 
days  in  the  parish  of  Hoo.  On  14  Decem- 
ber during  a  thick  fog,  a  male  bird  was 
picked  up  dead,  with  head  cut  clean  off  by 
the  telegraph  wires  on  the  Isle  of  Grain  rail- 
way. 

180.  Black  Grouse.      Tetrao  tetrix,  Linn. 
This  species  existed  in  Kent  in  the  time  of 

Henry  VIII.  '  It  is  in  an  ordinance  for  the 
regulation  of  the  royal  household  dated  from 
Eltham  that  the  word  "  Grouse "  makes  its 
first  appearance  in  our  language  as  "Grows"' 
(Howard  Saunders,  Man.  Brit.  Birds,  1898, 

P-  493)- 

In  1853  a  grey  hen  was  killed  in  one  of 
the  woods  at  Hever  near  Edenbridge,  another 
was  also  seen  (Meade- Waldo).  They  were 
still  found  at  that  time  on  Brasted  Chart. 

181.  Pheasant.      Phasianus  colchicus,  h\nn. 
Throughout    the    Weald    the   numbers  of 

pheasants  yearly  increase.  In  the  Cranbrook 
district,  within  a  radius  of  ten  miles,  large 
numbers  running  into  thousands  are  annually 
reared   at    Bedgebury,    Glassenbury,    Angley 


2Q2 


BIRDS 


and  Hemsted.  Wild  birds  have  correspond- 
ingly increased.  In  many  places  the  woods 
are  so  well  stocked  that  little  or  no  rearing 
will  be  found  necessary  in  the  near  future. 
The  typical  P.  cokhicus  is  rare.  The  exist- 
ing race  are  descendants  from  the  introduction 
of  the  Chinese  ring-necked  P.  torquatus  and 
the  Japanese  P.  versicolor.  Hybrids  between 
the  latter  and  Reeve's  pheasant  have  been 
obtained  at  Bedgebury,  Cranbrook. 

182.  Common     Partridge.       Perdix    cinerea, 

Latham. 
Well  distributed  both  inland  and  down  to 
the  sea  coast.  It  has  of  late  years  much  in- 
creased owing  to  the  increase  of  young  planta- 
tions and  the  practice  of  '  driving,'  which 
considerably  reduces  the  number  of  old  cock 
birds.  On  all  the  large  estates  '  driving '  takes 
place  in  December  and  January.  This  sport 
is  producing  a  wilder  and  more  restless  trait 
in  the  nature  of  the  species. 

183.  Red-legged     Partridge.      Caccabis     rufa 

(Linn.) 
Since  '  driving '  was  introduced  this  bird, 
sometimes  known  as  the  '  French  partridge,' 
has  decreased.  Owing  to  the  habit  it  has  of 
detaching  itself  from  a  covey  when  being 
driven,  it  generally  falls  a  victim  to  the  gun. 
Its  numbers  vary  yearly,  but  locally  it  is  com- 


184.  Quail.      Coturnix  communis,  Bonnaterre. 
A  summer  migrant,  but   seldom  met  with. 

In  September  1893  ^^  individual  was  ob- 
tained near  Benenden.  This  bird  used 
formerly  to  breed  on  several  farms  in  the 
Weald. 

185.  Corn-Crake  or  Land-Rail.      Crex  pra- 

tensis,  Bechstein. 
A  summer  migrant,  breeding  sparingly  in 
the  county.      The  bird  has  been  met  with  as 
late  as  December  (Prentis).     By  the  end  of 
September  the  majority  have  left. 

186.  Spotted      Crake.        Porzana      maruetta 

(Leach) 
An  irregular  spring  and  autumn  migrant. 
Before  the  drainage  of  our  marshes  it  bred 
in  the  county  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Thames.  There  are  two  specimens  in  the 
Maidstone  Museum  from  Hythe. 

187.  Baillon's  Crake.   Porzana  bailloni  [V\e.\\- 

lot) 
A  rare  spring  and  autumn  migrant.      The 
late  Charles  Gordon  of  the   Dover    Museum 
identified  a  specimen  obtained  on  the  Hythe 
canal  in  October  1870. 


188.  Water-Rail.      Ra //us  aqua ticus,  Linn. 
There  is  no  evidence  of  this  species  having 

bred  in  Kent.  I  have  never  observed  it 
during  the  summer  ;  but  in  winter,  especially 
severe  ones,  it  is  frequently  met  with  in 
December  and  January. 

189.  Moor-hen.     Ga //inula  chi/oropus  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Water-hen. 

A  common  resident,  its  numbers  in  winter 
being  augmented  by  migrants,  especially  if 
the  winter  is  severe,  when  our  sheltered 
brooks  and  ponds  become  favourite  havens. 

190.  Coot.      Fu/ica  atra,  Linn. 

A  resident,  but  of  local  distribution.  Owing 
to  the  drainage  of  our  marshes  its  breeding 
localities  are  now  restricted.  It  breeds  on 
the  Hoppen  Petts  near  Romney  Marsh,  also 
near  Leeds  Castle,  and  on  the  lake  at  East- 
well  Park,  Ashford.  It  is  rare  at  Rainham, 
but  it  has  bred  there  (Prentis). 

191.  Great  Bustard.      Otis  tarda,  Linn. 

A  rare  visitor,  and  has  not  occurred  of  late 
years.  In  the  Plomley  collection  there  is  an 
adult  female,  obtained  at  Lydd  on  4  January 
1850.  In  December  1879  one  was  shot  in 
Romney  Marsh  {Zoo/.  i88o,  p.  no).  In  Janu- 
ary 1880  an  adult  male  was  obtained  near 
Wye  and  an  immature  female  at  Great  Chart. 
Both  these  latter  specimens  are  in  the  col- 
lection of  the  late  Mr.  Prentis,  who  kindly 
allowed  me  to  examine  them.  In  the 
Maidstone  Museum  there  is  a  specimen  from 
Romney  Marsh  (Simmons).  In  the  Canter- 
bury Museum  there  is  a  specimen,  probably 
taken  locally.  Writing  to  the  Zoologist  in 
1850  (p.  2700)  Dr.  Plomley  says  that,  from 
information  obtained  during  many  years  of 
residence  in  Romney  Marsh,  the  great 
bustard  was  formerly  not  uncommon  in  that 
locality. 

192.  Little  Bustard.      Otis  tetrax,  Linn. 

A  rare  wanderer,  and  has  occurred  less 
frequently  than  the  last  named  species. 
In  the  Plomley  collection  there  is  a  pair  of 
little  bustards  taken  many  years  ago  at  Lydd, 
and  Mr.  Dowker  mentions  one  in  the  Rev. 
B.  Austen's  collection,  killed  in  St.  Nicholas 
marshes. 

193.  Stone  -  Curlew.        CEdicnemus     scolopax 

(S.  G.  Gmelin) 

Locally,  Night  Curlew. 

Decreasing  annually  as  a  breeding  species. 

Individuals  are  obtained  on  passage  in  autumn 

and  again  in  March.     In    i886   a  specimen 

was  obtained  at  Rainham  as  late  as  23  Decem- 


293 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


ber  (Prentis).  This  plover,  locally  called  '  thick- 
knee,' used  to  breed  in  tolerable  numbers  on  the 
Lydd  beach  and  in  its  neighbourhood,  but  now 
it  is  rare  to  find  more  than  one  or  two  pairs 
breeding  there.  This  banishment  has  been 
mainly  brought  about  by  the  disturbing  in- 
fluence caused  by  the  artillery  practice  at 
Lydd,  and  in  a  lesser  degree  by  the  modern 
practice  of  rolling  young  wheat.  On  22  May 
1896  I  found  a  nest  on  the  Lydd  beach  con- 
taining two  eggs,  but  owing  to  the  locality 
being  continually  subjected  to  a  '  dropping  ' 
artillery  fire  the  birds  deserted  the  nest  after 
four  days  of  sitting.  It  has  probably  bred 
near  Rainham,  since  Mr.  Prentis  mentions 
having  procured  a  bird  in  June. 

194.  Cream-coloured    Courser.        Cursorius 

gallicus  (J.  F.  Gmelin) 
A  rare  wanderer.  In  the  British  Museum 
there  is  a  specimen  obtained  by  Mr.  William 
Hammond  in  1785  near  Wingham  (Latham, 
Ge?i.  Syn.  Suppl.  1 787,  p.  254,  pi.  1 1 6).  On 
10  October  1866  another  was  killed  near 
Sandwich  and  is  now  in  the  Margate  Museum 
(Harting,  Zoo/.  1866,  p.  523). 

195.  Dotterel.      Eudi-onias  morinellm  (Linn.) 
A  scarce  migrant   in   spring  and   autumn. 

A  fine  pair  of  this  species  were  obtained 
near  Lydd  on  29  May  1896,  and  are  in 
my  collection.  In  September  immature 
birds  on  passage  now  and  again  frequent  the 
grass  land  near  our  chalk  range  between  Great 
Chart  and  Wye. 

196.  Ringed      Plover.        MgiaUth     hiatiada 

(Linn.) 
Locally,  Stone-runner. 
A  common  resident  along  our  coast  where 
there  are  stretches  of  sand  and  mud.  Con- 
siderable numbers  breed  on  the  Lydd  beach, 
where  I  have  taken  the  eggs.  During  the 
breeding  season  these  noisy  little  birds  course 
over  the  beach  all  day  long,  uttering  their 
whistling  cries.  Even  the  skylarks  of  the 
locality  catch  their  plaintive  notes,  and  pro- 
duce them  amongst  their  own  with  startling 
exactitude.  In  September  the  homebred  birds 
are  augmented  by  numbers  of  migrants,  resort- 
ing to  the  shore  line  in  large  flocks.  In  spring 
the  continental  form  of  this  species — a  smaller 
bird — may  often  be  met  with  on  the  south 
coast. 


every  year.  The  breeding  locality  of  this 
bird  is  the  Lydd  beach  between  Rye  and 
Dungeness,  and  the  artillery  practice  at  Lydd 
during  the  nesting  season  as  well  as  the  greed  of 
collectors  are  effectually  bringing  about  the 
banishment  of  this  species.  In  1896  four 
pairs  bred  on  the  beach  not  very  far  from 
Dungeness.  The  nest  is  not  easily  found. 
The  bird  seldom  makes  any  demonstration  in 
the  way  of  a  call-note  ;  it  creeps  away  like  a 
mouse  through  the  dry  beach  grass,  which  it 
resembles  so  closely  in  colour.  When  the 
eggs  are  hatched  the  bird  is  still  more  wary. 
It  often  drops  the  food  close  to  the  young 
without  even  alighting.  In  the  beginning  of 
September  the  birds,  bred  in  the  locality, 
assemble  in  small  flocks  of  five  to  six  birds, 
frequent  the  water's  edge  at  low  tide  for  a 
short  time,  and  then  depart. 

198.  Golden    Plover.      Charadrius   pluvia/is, 

Linn. 
Common  during  severe  winters  ;  the  ma- 
jority are  immature  birds  frequenting  our 
grass  fields.  During  the  autumn  migration  in 
September  small  parties  visit  for  a  short  time 
the  vicinity  of  our  harbours.  In  spring  they 
seldom  stop,  passing  high  over  head  in  small 
flocks,  chiefly  adults  with  their  black  breasts. 

199.  Grey      Plover.        Squatarola      helvetica 

(Linn.) 
Throughout  September  small  parties  of 
immature  birds  appear  from  time  to  time  on 
the  portions  of  our  coast  where  the  sand  is 
muddy  and  along  the  brackish  pieces  of  water 
on  the  Lydd  beach.  In  November  the  adult 
birds  put  in  an  appearance,  but  only  a  few 
remain  with  us  throughout  the  winter.  From 
May  to  the  beginning  of  June  individuals  in 
breeding  plumage  come  and  go  on  our  mud- 
flats. I  have  known  a  few  birds  stay  with 
us  throughout  the  summer. 

200.  Lapwing.      Vanellm  vulgaris,  Bechstein. 
Locally,  Peewit,  Green  Plover. 

A  common  resident,  breeding  in  the 
marshes,  but  owing  to  drainage  and  the 
modern  practice  of  rolling  young  wheat  its 
breeding  numbers  have  decreased.  During 
severe  winters  numbers  of  '  foreigners '  come  to 
our  pasture  fields.  In  the  beginning  of  Sep- 
tember large  flocks  congregate  on  our  south 
coast  prior  to  leaving  the  county. 


197.   Kentish     Plover.        Mgialith     cantiana      20 
(Latham) 
Locally,  Stone-runner. 
As  a    breeding    species    becoming    scarcer 


Turnstone.     Strepsllas  interpres  (Linn.) 
A  common  migrant  to  our  coast  in  spring 


and  autumn 
obtained. 


birds  in  summer  dress  are  seldom 


294 


BIRDS 


202.  Oyster-catcher.     Hamatopm    ostralegus, 

Linn. 
Locally,  Olive. 
The  sandy  portions  of  the  Rye  coast, 
Whitstable  and  Sandwich  attract  now  and 
again  small  parties  of  oyster-catchers.  They 
are  more  numerous  on  the  autumn  than  on 
the  spring  migration.  This  bird  has  bred  on 
the  beach  not  far  from  Dungeness.  I  had 
this  information  from  Mr.  Southerden  of 
Jury's  Gap,  Lydd,  who  is  a  reliable  authority. 

203.  Avocet.      Recurvirostra  avocetta,  Linn. 
Locally,  Cobbler's  Awl. 

This  bird  used  to  nest  on  the  flat  shore  line 
near  Lydd,  but  now  it  is  only  a  rare  visitor  in 
spring  and  autumn.  Marwick,  writing  in 
1795,  says  :  'I  found  in  the  marshes  near 
Rye  a  young  one  of  this  species,  which  ap- 
peared to  have  been  just  hatched,  and  I  took 
it  up  in  my  hand,  whilst  the  old  birds  kept 
flying  round  me.'  The  record  for  Kent  of 
this  rare  visitor  is  as  follows  :  one,  Romney 
Marsh,  April  1849  {'Z'Ool.  1849,  p.  2455)  ; 
one,  Sandwich,  22  April  1849  '■>  ^^o,  marshes 
between  Ramsgate  and  Sandwich,  March 
1849  (Z«»/.  1^49)  P-  2455)  ;one.  River  Med- 
way,  Rainham,  23  September  1887  (Prentis)  ; 
one,  Lydd,  28  April  1889,  in  Mr.  Souther- 
den's  house.  Jury's  Gap,  Lydd  ;  one,  near 
North  Foreland,  August  1895.  (The  last  was 
brought  to  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond,  and  at 
time  of  being  shot  was  in  company  with  three 
others  {Zool.  1895,  p.  349).  In  my  own 
collection  I  have  an  adult  female  from  the 
Lydd  beach,  23  May  1898,  and  another 
female  from  the  same  locality,  17  May  1897. 

204.  Black-winged  Stilt.     Himantopus  cand'i- 

dus,  Bonnaterre. 
Very  rare.   Some  few  years  ago  a  specimen 
was  obtained  at  Faversham  and  is  now  in  the 
Canterbury  Museum. 

205.  Grey  Phalarope.      Phalaropm  fuUcarius 

(Linn.) 
An  annual  visitor  in  autumn,  the  visitations 
some  years  being  considerable.  In  the  great 
immigration  from  August  to  October  in  1866 
numbers  occurred  on  the  south  coast  between 
Rye  and  Dungeness.  These  birds  generally 
come  to  our  brackish  pools  after  bad  weather 
in  September.  In  September  1896,  after 
stormy  weather  with  south-westerly  winds,  I 
obtained  several  about  the  pools  on  the  Lydd 
beach. 

206.  Red-necked      Phalarope.         Phalaropus 

hyperboreus  (Linn.) 
A   rare  visitor   in   autumn,  generally  after 


rough  weather.  It  has  occurred  at  Dover 
(i86i,  Dover  Museum)  ;  at  Rainham,  28 
September  1871  [Zool.  1871,  p.  2847),  and 
near  Lydd,  where  I  obtained  an  adult  female 
in  a  small  reed-girt  pond  near  the  shore  on 
20  September  1899,  after  rough  weather 
with  south-westerly  winds. 

207.  Woodcock.      Scolopax  rusticula,  Linn. 
Breeds  sparingly  in  the  county,  and  more 

frequently  of  late  years  owing  to  the  increase 
of  plantations.  In  the  Cranbrook  district  it 
nests  in  the  Bedgebury  woods,  about  Sissing- 
hurst  and  near  Frittenden.  Its  breeding  area 
in  Kent  is  restricted  to  the  Weald. 

208.  Great    Snipe.      Galltnago    major    (J.   F. 

Gmelin) 
A  rare  migrant  in  autumn.     In  the  col- 
lection of  Mr.  Oxenden  Hammond  there  is 
a  specimen  shot  near  Deal,  i  October  1894. 

209.  Common  Snipe.   GaUinago  ceeksth  (Fren- 

zel) 
Locally,  Full  Snipe. 

Best  known  as  a  winter  visitor.  At  the 
end  of  July  a  few  birds  appear,  but  these  are 
only  stragglers,  the  species  not  becoming 
common  till  the  beginning  of  October.  On 
24  April  1897  Mr.  N.  F.  Ticehurst  of  St. 
Leonards  found  it  breeding  in  Romney  Marsh 
{Zool.  1897,  p.  271)  This  is  the  first  re- 
corded instance  of  this  species  nesting  in  the 
county. 

The  so-called  Sabine's  snipe,  a  dark  variety 
of  the  present  species,  has  occurred  in  the 
county  (Dowker). 

210.  Jack  Snipe.    GaUinago  gall'inula  (Linn.) 
A  winter  visitor,  but  much   less   common 

than  the  preceding  species,  and  of  local  dis- 
tribution, preferring  sheltered  brooks  rather 
than  open  marsh  land.  It  is  often  to  be  found 
in  company  with  the  common  snipe. 

211.  Broad-billed  Sandpiper.     Limicola  platy- 

rhyncha  (Temminck) 
A  very  rare  autumn  migrant.  Two  in- 
stances have  occurred  in  Kent.  On  6  Sep- 
tember 1896  an  immature  female  was  killed 
out  of  a  flock  of  dunlin  at  Littlestone.  It  is 
now  in  my  collection.  The  second  specimen, 
also  an  immature  female,  was  obtained  at  the 
same  place  on  31  August  1901  (Curtis  Ed- 
wards, Zool.  1901,  p.  390). 

212.  Pectoral  Sandpiper.        Tr'mga  macutata, 

Vieillot. 
This  species  has   only  lately  been  added  to 
the  Kentish    list.      An    adult  male  was  shot 


295 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


out  of  a  flock  of  dunlin  along  the  sea  shore 
between  Lydd  and  Rye  Harbour  on  2  August 
1898.  It  is  the  property  of  Mr.  Whiteman, 
of  Rye,  who  kindly  showed  me  the  bird. 
This  instance  has  been  recorded  by  Mr.  N. 
F.  Ticehurst  (ZW.  1898,  p.  480). 

213.  Dunlin.      Tringa  alpina,  Linn. 
Locally,  Ox-bird. 

Common,  its  numbers  being  augmented 
by  large  flocks  or  '  flings '  in  autumn  and 
spring,  especially  in  the  former  season. 
There  are  two  races  of  dunlin,  a  small  and  a 
large  one,  the  latter  being  the  North  Ameri- 
can form.  The  plumage  of  the  small  race 
is  altogether  darker,  while  the  markings  on 
breast  and  flanks  are  brighter  and  more  con- 
densed. I  have  observed  that  this  small  race 
is  much  later  than  the  majority  of  dunlins  in 
arriving  on  the  coast  during  autumn,  and 
fonder  of  obtaining  food  near  brackish  water 
and  on  oozy  flats  than  on  the  shore  line.  The 
following  are  the  measurements  of  the  two 
forms  which  I  have  obtained  on  the  south 
coast  :  Length  875  in.,  culmen  1-45  in., 
wing  4'5  in.,  weight  2  oz.  (large  race) ; 
length  7  in.,  culmen  I'l  in.,  wing  4-4  in. 
weight  i\  oz.  (small  race).  Very  few  adult 
birds  remain  with  us  through  the  entire  sum- 
mer, although  I  have  observed  them  in  sum- 
mer plumage  on  the  south  coast  as  late  as 
3  June.  A  certain  number  of  immature 
birds  with  a  strong  rufous  tinge  in  their 
plumage  remain  with  us  throughout  the  year. 
This  plumage  is  that  of  the  second  year,  be- 
fore the  black  breast  is  assumed. 

214.  Little  Stint.      Tringa  minuta,L,eis\er . 
By  no  means  common.     Occasionally  met 

with  in  autumn  in  September  and  October, 
but  rare  on  the  passage  northward  in  spring. 
I  have  a  pair  in  perfect  summer  plumage  shot 
near  Rye  Harbour  in  April  1890.  Several 
have  been  obtained  on  the  Medway  in  Sep- 
tember (Prentis).  It  often  consorts  with  the 
dunlin. 

215.  Temminck's  Stint.      Tringa  temmindi, 

Leisler. 
An  irregular  autumn  and  spring  migrant, 
occurring  much  less  frequently  than  the  last 
named  species.  It  has  been  obtained  at  Deal 
6  September  1850  {Zool.  1850,  p.  2923),  at 
Rainham  and  Isle  of  Sheppey  (Prentis),  and 
near  Lydd,  where  I  obtained  a  specimen  in 
August  1899.  I  have  no  record  during 
spring  for  Kent,  although  I  have  an  adult 
female,  shot  on  the  Pevensey  levels  near  Rye 
on  9  May  1896  {Zoo/.  1896,  p.  247). 


216.  Curlew-Sandpiper.      Tringa    subarquata 

(Guldenstadt) 
A  scarce  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn, 
some  years  more  plentiful  than  in  others.  I 
have  found  single  individuals  after  the  equi- 
noctial gales  in  September  on  the  south  coast. 
Adult  birds  in  breeding  dress  are  rare.  I  have 
a  specimen  obtained  near  Rye  in  perfect 
summer  plumage,  and  another  in  a  transitional 
state.  On  the  north  coast  it  is  seen  at  the 
beginning  of  September  along  the  creeks  of 
the  Medway. 

217.  Purple  Sandpiper.   Tringa  striata,  Linn. 
Scarce.     I  have  never  met  with  it  on  the 

Lydd  coast,  though  I  have  obtained  it  on  the 
rocky  portions  of  the  shore  line  between  Rye 
and  St.  Leonards.  We  have  no  rocky  shore 
suitable  to  this  species.  In  severe  winters  it 
has  been  obtained  about  the  marsh  walls  near 
Rainham  (Prentis). 

218.  Knot.      Tringa  can!<tus,  Liinn. 

Small  parties  of  immature  birds  arrive  in 
August,  the  adults  coming  in  October,  visit- 
ing our  mud-flats  and  estuaries,  where  during 
winter  considerable  flocks  may  be  seen.  I 
have  observed  single  individuals  on  the  Lydd 
beach  as  late  as  13  June. 

219.  Sanderling.      Calidris  arenaria  (Linn.) 
During  August  the  sanderling,  next  to  the 

dunlin,  is  the  most  numerous  shore-bird  on  the 
sandy  portions  of  our  coast.  By  the  end  of 
September  the  migration  southward  has  been 
resumed.  A  few  remain  during  the  winter 
and  I  have  obtained  specimens  in  November. 
This  species  on  the  spring  migration  is  much 
less  common.  During  my  stay  near  Rye  in 
1896  the  first  flock  in  summer  dress  appeared 
on  29  May,  the  last  being  seen  on  2  June. 

220.  RuflF.      Machetes  pugnax  (Linn.) 
Formerly  a  resident,  now  only  an  irregular 

migrant  in  autumn,  when  small  parties, 
generally  immature  birds,  pass  us  during 
August  on  their  way  south.  There  are  two 
fine  adult  males  and  a  female  in  breeding 
plumage  in  the  Plomley  collection,  Dover 
Museum,  obtained  many  years  ago  from  Lydd. 
There  is  not  a  doubt  that  in  the  'forties '  this 
species  bred  in  Romney  Marsh,  but  now  the 
course  of  drainage  and  its  attendant  results 
have  banished  it. 

221.  Common  Sandpiper.      Totanus  hypoleucus 

(Linn.) 
Locally,  Summer  Snipe. 
A   migrant   in   spring  and   autumn,    more 
numerous  during  the  latter  season.      In  April 


296 


BIRDS 

I  have  observed  individuals  along  the  dykes  of      has  even   nested   in  Chatham  Dockyard  [Zool. 


our  marsh  land  and  running  streams  in  the 
Weald.  I  have  searched  in  vain  for  the  nest 
of  this  species  in  many  portions  of  Kent  and 
have  carefully  watched  the  birds,  but  they 
never  remained  for  any  length  of  time  in  one 
locality.  In  1896,  near  Rye,  I  flushed  a  pair 
along  one  of  the  marshland  dykes  as  late  as 
30  May.  I  was  in  hopes  of  finding  a  nest, 
but  the  birds  disappeared  a  few  days  later. 

222.  Wood-Sandpiper.      Totanus  glareola  (J. 

F.  Gmelin) 
This  species,  locally  known  as  'autumn 
snipe,'  is  of  very  irregular  occurrence,  and 
during  the  autumn  one  or  two  stragglers  are 
the  most  that  appear  along  the  dykes  of  our 
marsh  land.  Its  migration  seems  to  touch 
our  coast  but  slightly,  and  then  the  bird 
resorts  to  sheltered  ditches  whose  banks  are 
bordered  with  mud  and  rushes  in  preference 
to  the  exposed  shore  line. 

223.  Green     Sandpiper.         Totanus    ochropus 

(Linn.) 
From  the  middle  of  July  to  the  beginning 
of  October  small  parties  of  this  species  come 
and  go  in  the  vicinity  of  our  marsh  land  ; 
yet  individuals  may  be  observed  at  practi- 
cally all  seasons  of  the  year  about  our  ponds 
in  the  county.  These  birds  on  migration 
fly  at  a  considerable  altitude,  pitching  al- 
most vertically  down  to  their  feeding  grounds, 
where  towards  sunset  they  become  very  noisy 
with  their  sharp  '  wheet-wheet,  wheet- 
wheet '  cries.  Sheltered  ditches  are  favourable 
resorts.  There  is  no  positive  evidence  of  this 
bird  breeding  in  the  county,  although  in  i860 
a  pair  remained  about  the  Rainham  marshes 
throughout  the  summer  (Prentis,  Birds  of 
Rainham,  p.  60).  I  have  never  observed  this 
species  in  the  county  in  spring.  In  the  Maid- 
stone Museum  are  three  specimens  obtained 
at  Linton. 

224.  Redshank.      Totanus  calidris  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Red-leg,  Tooke. 

A  well  distinguished  resident  outside  the 
Weald,  resorting  to  our  marsh  land  to  breed 
and  then  to  the  mud-flats  in  autumn. 
Owing  to  drainage  and  cultivation  its  numbers 
have  considerably  diminished  of  late  years,  and 
it  is  also  persecuted  by  the  country  people, 
who  take  the  eggs  for  eating.  The  principal 
breeding  localities  are  Romney  Marsh  and 
the  Lydd  beach.  In  the  north  of  the  county 
it  is  less  plentiful,  but  breeds  in  the  Rainham 
and  Stour  marshes  :  on  the  low-lying  ground 
about  the  Medway  between  Chatham  and 
Sheerness,  and  in  the  Wingham  marshes.      It 


i»8t),  p.  332}.  Redshanks  pair  about  the 
middle  of  April,  and  at  this  time  are  con- 
stantly on  the  move  uttering  their  wild  and 
pleasing  cries  throughout  the  day  and  also  at 
night.  About  the  end  of  July  they  begin  to 
flock  and  are  then  difficult  to  approach  ;  they 
leave  towards  the  end  of  September. 

225.  Spotted  Redshank.  Totanus  fuscus  {hmn.) 
A  scarce  autumn  migrant.  It  has  been 
obtained  on  the  Medway  20  October  1882 
(Prentis)  ;  on  the  river  Stour  (9  September 
Zool.  1889,  p.  435,  Dowker)  ;  and  at  Dover 
and  Lydd  (Plomley  collection).  Lastly,  I 
have  a  pair  of  fine  adult  birds,  killed  near 
Lydd  on  12  September  1899. 


Totanus   canescens  (J.    F. 


226.  Greenshank. 

Gmelin) 

Towards  the  end  of  August  small  parties 
of  immature  birds  put  in  an  appearance  on 
our  north  and  south  coasts,  but  on  the  spring 
migration  it  is  seldom  met  with. 

227.  Bar-tailed     Godwit.       Lintosa    lapponica 

(Linn.) 
Locally,  Petsel. 
A  common  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn 
to  the  mud-flats  and  sandy  portions  of  our 
shore  line,  being  seldom  observed  in  spring  on 
the  north  coast.  Adults  in  the  red  breeding 
plumage  are  scarce.  Throughout  May  small 
parties  break  their  passage  on  the  south  coast, 
but  nearly  all  these  are  still  in  their  winter 
dress.  In  the  beginning  of  September  flocks 
of  immature  birds,  numbering  sometimes  over 
thirty,  appear  on  the  mud-flats  and  marsh  land 
near  the  coast,  and  are  very  often  to  be  found 
in  company  with  curlews. 

228.  Black-Tailed   Godwit.      Limosa    belgica 

(J.  F.  Gmelin) 
A  scarce  migrant  in  spring  and  autumn, 
occasionally  in  winter.  In  January  1 88 1 
several  immature  birds  were  seen  on  the 
Medway  and  one  was  shot.  On  20  October 
1882  another  was  obtained  (Prentis).  On 
21  August  1896  an  immature  bird  was  shot 
on  the  Lydd  beach,  and  two  more  (a  pair)  on 
20  September  {Zool.  1896,  pp.  411,  413). 
These  specimens  are  in  my  collection. 

229.  Common    Curlew.      Numenius    arquata 

(Linn.) 
Towards  the  end  of  August  the  curlew 
comes  to  the  mud-flats  on  our  north  coast 
and  to  the  Lydd  beach  on  the  south.  In  the 
latter  locality  I  have  seen  flocks  numbering 
over  200  birds.  In  the  early  morning  these 
flocks  repair  to  the  neighbouring  grass  fields 


297 


38 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


to  obtain  food,  and  this  field  diet  is  varied 
during  the  day  by  that  of  the  sea  shore.  To- 
wards sundown  these  birds  are  clamorous  in 
the  extreme.  They  utter  incessantly  their 
'  courlie  '  cries,  and  these  are  further  varied  by 
pretty  rippling  ones.  A  flock  in  the  far 
distance  will  rise  up  and  fly  past  another  at 
rest.  This  movement  calls  forth  vociferous 
cries  from  the  latter,  who  seem  clearly  to  be 
asking  them  to  stop  and  join  their  community, 
for  the  curlew  loves  company  and  is  seldom 
seen  alone  at  this  time  of  the  year.  In  this 
way  they  pass  their  time,  waiting  anxiously 
for  the  tide  to  lay  bare  the  sands.  From  time 
to  time  messengers  are  sent  out  over  the  sea- 
wall to  ascertain  whether  the  sands  are  yet  in 
view  and  their  return  is  always  welcomed 
with  a  great  demonstration.  Should  the  night 
be  inclement  they  leave  the  exposed  situation 
of  the  Lydd  beach  and  retire  inland  to  rest, 
seeking  sheltered  spots  in  Romney  Marsh. 
By  the  end  of  September  the  majority  have 
left ;  only  a  few  remain,  frequenting  the  sands 
at  low  tide.  When  first  they  arrive  near  the 
coast  they  keep  much  to  the  pasture  fields 
and  seldom  visit  the  shore  line.  A  few  re- 
main throughout  the  winter.  I  have  an 
adult,  obtained  in  December  from  the  Cran- 
brook  district.  It  has  been  obser\'ed  at  Rain- 
ham  throughout  the  summer  (Prentis).  On 
the  Rainham  marshes  trained  dogs  are  often 
employed  by  the  fishermen  and  'mud-diggers' 
to  assist  them  in  killing  the  small  flocks  of 
young  birds  on  their  arrival  in  August.  A 
dog  is  sent  out  on  the  mud-flats,  and  as  soon 
as  the  curlews  see  it  they  invariably  attack  it. 
The  dog  then  retreats  to  the  dyke  where  his 
master  lies  hidden,  and  the  curlews,  following 
up  their  success,  soon  fall  victims  to  the  en- 
sconced gunner. 

230.  Whimbrel.  Numenlus  phteopus  (Linn.) 
Met  with  in  spring  and  autumn — in  May 
and  again  in  September,  but  less  frequently 
in  the  latter  season.  Their  passage  north- 
ward in  spring  is  marked  with  extreme 
regularity  every  year.  Mr.  Prentis  says  : 
'  The  7th  of  May  is  the  grand  time  for  the 
whimbrels  ;  after  staying  a  week  or  ten  days 
they  are  all  oflF  together,  not  a  single  one  being 
left  behind.  In  the  autumn  they  make  no  stay, 
flying  high  overhead  we  hear  their  clear 
whistle.'  A  few  birds  sometimes  remain  with 
us  throughout  the  winter,  especially  on  the 
south  coast. 


231.   Black  Tern.    Hydrochelidonnigra{L\nn.) 
Locally,  Black  Kip. 
There   is  hardly  any  doubt  that   this  tern 
bred  in  Romney  Marsh  before  drainage   and 

298 


cultivation  was  commenced.  Now  it  is  only 
a  spring  and  autumn  migrant,  less  common 
during  the  former  season.  In  August  and 
September  I  have  met  with  small  batches  on 
migration,  all  immature  birds,  on  the  shore 
near  Lydd.  On  24  May  1896  I  observed 
an  adult  pair  following  the  sea-board  near 
Rye.  Storm-driven  individuals  sometimes 
occur  far  inland.  An  immature  female,  ob- 
tained at  Marden,  is  in  the  Maidstone 
Museum. 

232.  Gull-billed     Tern.  Sterna     anglica, 

Montagu. 
A    rare    spring    visitor.       There   are    two 
specimens   from   Lydd   in    the    Plomley  col- 
lection. 

233.  Caspian  Tern.     Sterna  caspia^  Pallas. 
Like   the   last,  a   rare  visitant.     One  was 

obtained  near  Lydd  prior  to  1845  (Thompson, 
Notebook  of  a  Naturalist,  p.  265).  Some 
few  years  ago  an  individual  was  observed  on 
the  Medway  in  autumn  by  Mr.  Prentis. 

234.  Sandwich  Tern.      Sterna  eantiaea,  J.  F. 

Gmelin. 
A  resident,  though  very  locally  distributed. 
I  have  found  its  nest  in  the  county,  but  for 
obvious  reasons  I  shall  not  mention  the 
locality.  This  species  was  first  discovered  to 
be  a  British  bird  by  Mr.  Boys,  who  found  it 
at  Sandwich  in  1784. 

235.  Common  Tern.   Sterna  fluviatilis,  Nau- 

mann. 
Locally,  Kip. 
A  resident,  but  locally  distributed  in  its 
breeding  haunts.  The  colonies  on  the  Lydd 
beach  have  sadly  diminished  within  the  last 
few  years.  The  restricted  breeding  area 
taken  up  by  these  terns  is  distinctly  pre- 
judicial to  the  safety  of  their  eggs.  The 
children  of  the  fishermen  and  coastguard 
oflScers  soon  discover  these  spots,  and  the  eggs 
are  taken  for  eating.  The  increased  artillery 
practice  over  the  Lydd  beach  has  also  a  great 
deal  to  answer  for  in  the  diminution  of  this 
tern's  breeding  numbers. 

236.  Arctic  Tern.  Sterna  macrura,  Naumann. 
Immature  birds  have  occasionally  been   ob- 
tained off  the  south  coast  in  autumn,  on  their 
migration  south. 

237.  Little  Tern.      Sterna  minuta,  Linn. 

Locally,  Scurrit. 

A  summer  visitor.    Breeds  in  small  colonies 

on  the  Lydd  beach,  where  it  is  more  numerous 

than   the   common  tern.      All  day  long  these 

little  terns  may  be  seen  wending  their  flight 


BIRDS 


over  the  beach,  twittering  all  the  time  like  so 
many  restless  swallows.  Both  species  of  these 
terns  keep  separate  in  their  breeding  haunts, 
the  lesser  tern  preferring  rather  the  close 
proximity  of  the  sea.  They  come  early  in 
May,  the  majority  leaving  towards  the  middle 
of  September.  At  Rye  I  have  observed  them 
as  late  as  4  October.  In  August  the  home- 
bred birds  are  augmented  by  others  from  fur- 
ther north. 

238.  Sabine's    Gull.       Xema   sabinii   (Joseph 

Sabine) 
Very   rare.      A  fine  adult   male   was  ob- 
tained near   Rye  on  2  October  1891.    It  was 
preserved  by  Mr.  Catt  of  Iden,  and  is  now  in 
my  collection. 

239.  Little  Gull.     Laru^  minutus,  Pallas. 
Decidedly  uncommon,  occurring  in  winter 

and  spring.  I  have  the  following  records : 
one  adult,  near  Gravesend,  6  October  1868 
{Zool.  1868,  p.  1462)  ;  one  (in  second 
year's  plumage),  Rainham,  7  February  1870; 
one  adult,  14  February  1874,  Milton  Creek 
near  Rainham  ;  one  immature,  17  September 
1884,  Rainham  ;  one  adult  male,  I2  March 
1898,  Horsemonden  ;  one  adult  female 
(mottled  head),  17  October  1898,  Broomhill, 
Lydd.  The  last  two  are  in  my  collection, 
while  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Oxenden 
Hammond  there  are  several  specimens  besides 
those  enumerated. 

240.  Black-headed  Gull.       Larus  ridibundus, 

Linn. 
Locally,  Crocker. 

A  resident,  but  not  so  numerous  as 
formerly.  There  is  a  breeding  colony  of 
these  birds  at  the  Hoppen  Petts,  Lydd. 
These  '  petts,'  which  lie  about  four  miles 
south-east  of  Lydd,  consist  of  two  large  pieces 
of  water  of  unknown  depth,  fringed  with 
treacherous  reed-beds.  On  4  June  1896  I 
found  over  twenty  nests  there,  all  containing 
eggs  with  the  exception  of  two,  which  had 
young.  These  nests  were  invariably  placed 
close  to  the  edge  of  the  reed-beds  nearest  the 
water.  On  one  small  '  reedy  '  promontory 
there  were  no  fewer  than  eight,  situated 
hardly  a  yard  apart. 

These  birds  leave  this  place  every  autumn 
with  marked  regularity.  There  is  a  saying 
that  the  '  crocker,'  as  this  gull  is  locally  called, 
leaves  the  Hoppen  Petts  on  Romney  Fair 
day,  which  falls  on  21  August.  During  the 
remainder  of  the  year  they  frequent  the  sea- 
board in  large  parties.  In  rough  weather 
they  go  sometimes  far  inland,  visiting  the 
freshly-turned     furrows    and    following    the 


plough  to  pick  up  the  earthworms.  This 
gull  is  common  on  the  Medway  from  autumn 
to  early  spring  (Prentis).  In  the  north  of  the 
county  these  gulls  leave  for  their  breeding 
haunts  about  the  end  of  February,  the  ma- 
jority returning  in  the  beginning  of  August, 
when  they  resort  throughout  the  winter  to  the 
creeks,  occasionally  visiting  the  '  sprat '  fields. 

241.  Common  Gull.      Larus  canus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Cob. 

Not  common.  Generally  seen  on  the  flat 
portions  of  our  shore  line  during  the  autumn 
migration.  It  has  been  obtained  at  Cran- 
brook. 

242.  Herring-Gull.      Larus  argentatus,  J.  F. 

Gmelin. 
Adult  birds  are  numerous  from  September 
to  early  spring  on  the  sandy  stretches  of  our 
shore  line  between  Rye  and  Dungeness.  A 
certain  number  of  immature  birds  remain  with 
us  throughout  the  year.  There  is  a  large 
colony  of  herring-gulls  on  the  Dover  clifls. 

243.  Lesser  Black-backed  Gull.    Larus fuscus, 

Linn. 
Locally,  Parson  Mew. 
Adults  are  scarce,  though  occasionally  met 
with  in  autumn  and  spring  along  the  sandy 
stretches.    Immature  birds  are  fairly  common. 

244.  Great    Black  -  backed    Gull.        Larus 

marinus,  Linn. 
Locally,  Parson  Mew. 
Adults  are  more  numerous  than  those  of 
the  last  named  species,  being  observed  in  Sep- 
tember and  again  in  March  ;  but  the  majority 
keep  out  at  sea,  following  in  the  wake  of 
trawlers  in  expectation  of  seizing  the  small 
fry  that  is  thrown  overboard.  Immature 
birds  are  numerous  throughout  the  year. 

245.  Kittiwake.     Rissa  tridactyla  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Sprat  Mew. 

Occasionally  met  with  from  autumn  to 
spring  near  our  estuaries  and  harbours.  After 
stormy  weather  individuals  have  been  taken 
far  inland. 

246.  Great    Skua.       Megalestris    catarrhactes 

(Linn.) 
A  rare  straggler.  On  4  October  1900  an 
adult  female  was  killed  at  sea  off  Dungeness 
and  examined  in  the  flesh  by  Mr.  Ruskin 
Butterfield  of  St.  Leonards  (Zo«/.  1900,  p. 
521). 

247.  Pomatorhine  Skua.       Stercorarius  poma- 

torhinus  (Temminck) 
Occurs    more    frequently    than    preceding 


299 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


species.  On  20  February  1882  an  adult 
and  an  immature  bird  were  killed  near 
Rochester.  There  are  two  specimens  in  the 
Plomley  collection  from  Lydd,  and  an  adult 
female  killed  on  12  December  1898  at 
Broomhill  farm,  Lydd,  is  now  in  my  collec- 
tion. 

248.  Arctic  or  Richardson's  Skua.  Stercorarlus 

crepidatus  (J.  F.  Gmelin) 
A  regular  migrant  along  our  coast  in 
autumn.  It  is  generally  observed  at  sea, 
whenever  the  fishing  smacks  are  out.  It 
often  attacks  the  gulls  and  common  terns  in 
order  to  rob  them  of  their  prey.  I  have  seen 
handsome  specimens  varying  from  a  dark 
chocolate  to  a  pale  brown. 

249.  Long-tailed   or   Buffon's   Skua,      Sterco- 

rarlus parasiticus  (Linn.) 
Next  to  the  great  skua  this  is  the  rarest  of 
the  skuas  that  visits   our  coast  line.     There 
are  two  specimens,  locally  taken,  in  the  Dover 
Museum. 

250.  Razorbill.     Aka  tarda,  Linn. 

Found  off  the  coast,  and  after  severe  gales  it 
is  now  and  again  blown  inland.  In  the  win- 
ter of  1893  a  specimen  was  picked  up  in  a 
hop  garden  at  Hartley  near  Cranbrook.  It 
has  been  obtained  in  the  Thames  at  Sheerness 
(Maidstone  Museum). 

251.  Guillemot.      Vria  troile  (Linn.) 
Locally,  Willock,  Willy. 

Has  bred  on  the  inaccessible  portions  of  the 
cliffs  between  St.  Margaret's  Bay  and  Dover. 
In  October  it  is  found  in  large  parties  at  sea 
off  Rye,  following  the  fishing  smacks. 

252.  Little  Auk.      Mergulus  alle  (Linn.) 
An  uncommon  winter  visitor.    It  has  been 

obtained  after  severe  storms  far  inland :  one 
example  at  Dover,  November  1870  (Gordon); 
one  at  Boxley  (Maidstone  Museum)  ;  one 
at  Goudhurst  (near  Cranbrook),  male,  7  Jan- 
uary 1895  ;  one  at  Sissinghurst,  picked  up 
exhausted,  20  November  1900. 

253.  Puffin.      Fratercula  arctica  (Linn.) 

I  have  seen  this  species  off  the  Rye  coast 
in  September.  Mr.  Prentis  writes  :  '  A  storm- 
driven  puffin  was  picked  up  dead  on  our 
marsh  after  the  November  gale  of  1893. 

254.  Great  Northern  Diver.      Colymhus  glaci- 

alis,  Linn. 
Locally,  Herring-bar. 
I  have  had  no  acquaintance  with  this  bird. 
Mr.  Prentis  writes  :   '  Young,  immature  great 
northern  divers  are  sometimes  met  with    and 


shot  on  the  Medway.'  It  is  met  with  off 
Whitstable  and  in  the  river  Stour  (Dowker). 
In  the  Maidstone  Museum  there  is  a  fine 
example,  obtained  at  Boxley  by  Major  Best. 

255.  Black-throated  Diver.   Colymhus  arcticus, 

Linn. 
Locally,  Herring-bar. 
Rare.     Immature  birds  are  sometimes  met 
with.       On    II     February    1871    an     adult 
female  was  obtained   at  Folkestone  (Charles 
Gordon). 

256.  Red-throated    Diver.      Colymhus  septen- 

trionalis,  Linn. 
Locally,  Spratt  Loon,  Herring-bar. 
Common  about  our  estuaries  in  winter  and 
spring.    Examples  with  red  throats  are  seldom 
obtained. 

257.  Great  Crested  Grebe.    Podicipes  cristatus 

(Linn.) 
An  uncommon  migrant,  making  its  appear- 
ance sometimes  in  winter  about  our  creeks 
and  rivers.  They  are  nearly  always  immature 
birds.  On  24  September  1899  an  adult  was 
shot  at  Littlestone  and  preserved  by  Mr. 
Bristow  of  St.  Leonards. 

258.  Red-necked  Grebe.      Podicipes  griseigena 

(Boddaert) 
A  rare  winter  migrant.     I  have  an    adult 
in  winter  plumage,   obtained   on    the   lake  at 
Bedgebury,     Cranbrook,     on    31     December 
1895. 

259.  Slavonian     Grebe.  Podicipes     auritus 

(Linn.) 
A  winter  visitor.      I  have   seen   specimens 
obtained      near     Lydd     by     the     Southerden 
brothers. 

260.  Eared  Grebe.  Podicipes nigricollis{Brehm.) 
A  rare  visitor.      The  recorded  occurrences 

are  all  immature  birds  ;  two  at  Rainham, 
September  1 88 1  (Prentis)  ;  one  at  Stour- 
mouth,  February  1875  (Dowker). 

261.  Little    Grebe    or    Dabchick.      Podicipes 

fuviatilis  (Tunstall) 
Locally,  Spider  Diver  or  Dab-chick. 
A  resident,  breeding  in   our   marsh  ditches 
and  ponds,  but  of  late  years  its  numbers  have 
decidedly  decreased  owing  to  increased  drain- 
age and  the  droughts  of  the  last  few  summers. 

262.  Storm-Petrel.  Procellaria  pelagica,  Linn. 
Locally,  Storm  Finch. 

During  stormy   weather    in    autumn    and 
winter  this  bird  is  occasionally  driven  inland. 


JOO 


BIRDS 

263.  Leach's  Fork-tailed  Petrel.    Oceanodroma      with   black  and   not   uniform    white.      For  a 

leucorrhoa  (Vieillot)  description  of  this  bird's  breeding  haunts  and 

My  remark  on   the   preceding  species  also  habits  see  my  paper  in  Ihh^  1897,  pp.  96-7  ; 

applies  to  this  petrel.      It  has  occurred   as   far  also  Zoologist,  1896,  p.  167. 
inland  as  Maidstone,  where   an  adult   female 

was  captured,  and  is  now   in   the  museum  of  265.  Great    Shearwater.         Puffinus    gravis 

that  town.  (O'Reilly) 

An  individual  of  this  rare  species  was  taken 

264.  Maderian  Fork-tailed   Petrel.       Oceano-  alive  on  the  rocks  at   Ramsgate   29    October 

droma  castro  (Harcourt)  1890  (J.  H.  Gurney,  Zool.  1891,  p.  274). 
The  first  recorded  example  of  this  rare  wan- 
derer to  the  British  Isles  was  picked  up  on  the  266.  Manx  Shearwater.      Puffinus    anglorum 
beach  close  to  Littleston  near  Dungeness  on  (Temminck) 

5   December  1895,  at   a  time   when   strong  A  migrant  to  the  Kentish  coast.     A  speci- 

north-westerly  gales  were  prevalent.     It  was  men  in  the   Folkestone   Museum   was  taken 

sent  to  Mr.  Bristow,   the   taxidermist  of  St.  at  Dover. 
Leonards,  where  I  examined  the  bird  in   the 

flesh.      It   is   now   in   my  collection.       This  267.   Fulmar.      Fulmarus  glacialis  {Unn) 

petrel   is  very  similar   to   Leach's   fork-tailed  A  rare  wanderer  so  far  south  as  Kent.  The 

petrel,   but  differs  in  the  following  respects  :  only    example    on    record    was     obtained    at 

tail,    nearly  square   and    not    deeply  forked;  Wittersham  17  October  1894.      It   was  sent 

basal  part  of  outer   feathers  white,    not   dark  to  Mr.  Springett  of  Cranbrook,  where  I  saw 

to  the  base  ;  upper  tail  coverts  white,  tipped  it  in  the  flesh,  and  it  is  now  in  my  collection. 

ADDENDA 

The  Collared  Pratincole.      Glareola  pratincola  (Linn.) 

On  30  May  1903,  at  Jury's  Gap  in  Romney  Marsh,  a  male  specimen  of  the  collared 
pratincole  was  shot  by  Mr.  Southerden  on  a  pool  of  water  near  his  house.  It  allowed  of  an 
easy  approach,  the  bird  flying  round  the  water  in  short  circles  and  alighting  again  almost 
immediately.  It  was  examined  in  the  flesh  by  Dr.  Ticehurst  of  St.  Leonard's,  and  subse- 
quently exhibited  by  him  at  a  meeting  of  the  British  Ornithologists'  Club  (Bull,  B.O.C.  No. 
xcix.  vol.  xiii.  p.  77).  This  specimen,  the  first  recorded  for  Kent,  is  now  in  the  collection 
of  Mr.  Fleetwood  Ashburnham,  of  Broomham  Park,  Sussex.  The  collared  pratincole  can 
only  be  regarded  as  a  rare  wanderer  in  spring  and  autumn  to  Great  Britain  and  a  summer 
visitor  to  the  south  of  Europe,  ranging  as  far  east  as  Turkestan  and  the  Indian  Peninsula.  It 
winters  in  Africa,  returning  in  April  to  the  northern  portions,  where  considerable  numbers 
remain  to  breed.  Along  the  African  rivers,  small  parties  haunt  the  rocky  portions,  from  which 
it  is  diflScult  to  drive  them  away,  taking,  on  being  disturbed,  a  short  circuitous  flight  only  to 
return  aga'in  to  their  favourite  island  of  rocks  in  mid-stream. 

The  Black-winged  Pratincole.      Glareola  melanoptera,  Nordm. 

At  the  beginning  of  June  1903  a  male  of  this  species  was  obtained  near  Littlestone  by 
Mr.  F.  Mills.  This  was  exhibited  by  Dr.  Ticehurst  at  a  meeting  of  the  British  Ornitholo- 
gists' Club,  and  stands  as  the  first  recorded  instance  from  the  British  Isles.      Subsequently,  on 

17  June,  another  male  was  shot  by  a  man  named  Jones  in  Romney  Marsh.  This  second 
specimen  is  now  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Fleetwood  Ashburnham.  Besides  the  occurrence  of 
these  two  males  in  Romney  Marsh,  a  female  specimen  was  obtained  near    Rye   Harbour  on 

18  July  1903.  There  is  not  a  doubt  that  all  these  pratincoles  formed  part  of  the  same  visit- 
ation to  Romney  Marsh.  The  black-winged  pratincole  also  winters  in  Africa,  and  is  the 
representative  form  of  the  collared  pratincole  in  south-eastern  Europe.  It  diflPers  from  the 
latter  in  having  black  underwing  coverts  instead  of  chestnut,  and  in  having  no  white  alar  bar. 


iOI 


MAMMALS 

From  the  marsh-land  and  rivers,  the  open  country  and  thickly 
wooded  vales  of  Kent  is  recorded  nearly  every  recognized  species 
of  British  mammal.  The  wild  cat  {Felis  catus)  has  been  extinct  in 
this  county  for  many  years,  and  although  there  is  no  doubt  that  it 
existed  here  at  one  period,  there  seems  to  be  no  records  of  its  appear- 
ance that  can  be  relied  upon  except  that  of  its  fossilized  remains 
found  at  Ightham/  There  are  old  keepers  who  assert  that  they  have 
themselves  caught  it  in  years  gone  by,  which  is  very  likely  to  be 
true,  but  their  assertions  cannot  be  accepted  as  records.  The  pine  mar- 
ten {Miistela  martes)  is  another  extinct  species  which  certainly  existed 
in  considerable  numbers  about  loo  years  ago,  and  there  are  many 
reputed  instances  of  its  occurrence  about  40  years  ago,  but  they  are 
unauthenticated.  The  polecat  [Putorius  putorius)  is  probably  now  ex- 
tinct, but  it  existed  a  few  years  ago.  The  badger  [Meles  meles)  is  rarely 
met  with,  but  it  still  exists  and  is  preserved  in  one  or  two  places  in  the 
county.  The  pigmy  shrew  (Sorex  miniitus)  and  the  harvest  mouse  {Mus 
minutus)  appear  to  be  decreasing  in  numbers.  A  variety  of  the  weasel 
[Putorius  nivalis)  is  found  in  Kent,  which  differs  from  the  typical  animal 
in  its  marking,  size  and  habits;  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  Gilbert 
White  draws  attention  to  it  in  his  Natural  History  oj  Selhorne.^ 

The  Thames  and  Medway'  are  occasionally  visited  by  the  common 
seal  {Phoca  vitulina),  and  the  dolphin  [Delphinus  delphis).  A  specimen 
of  Rudolphi's  rorqual  [Balaenoptera  borealis)  was  taken  from  the  Thames 
at  Tilbury  on  19  October  1887,  which  measured  35  ft.  4  in.*  and 
another  measuring  32  ft.  2  in.  was  caught  at  Gillingham  on  30  August 
1888  and  described  by  Mr.  Walter  Crouch  in  the  Rochester  Naturalist. 

Other  records  of  Cetaceans  will  be  found  in  Dr.  J.  Murie's  Report  on 
the  Kent  and  Essex  Fisheries,  published  in  1903.  Information  concerning 
specimens  preserved  in  the  British  Museum  has  been  supplied  by  Mr. 
Boulenger. 

CHEIROPTERA  ° 

I.  Greater    Horse-shoe     Bat.     Rhinolophus        2.  Lesser      Horse-shoe      Bat.       Rhinolophui 

ferrum-equinum,  Schreber.  hipfosiderus,  Bechstein. 

Occasionally    seen    in    the    county,     fre-  Recorded     from     Canterbury     Cathedral. 

quenting  some  of  the  old  buildings  such  as      There  is  a  specimen  in  the  Maidstone  Museum 

Rochester  Castle  and  Chalk  Church.  presented  by  H.  Lamb,  marked  '  Maidstone, 

1892.' 

1  Lydekker,  British  Mammals.  ^  Letter  XV.     Selborne,  March  30,  1 768. 

3  Fielding,  Memories  of  Mailing.  '  Proc.  Zoo/.  Soc.  1SS7,  567. 

5   Flirtermice  is  the  local  term  applied  to  all  bats. 
302 


MAMMALS 


3.  Long-eared  Bat.     Plecotiis  auritus,  Linn. 
Common  throughout  the  county. 

4.  Barbastelle.         Barbastella        barbastellus, 

Schreber. 

Bell — Barbastellus  daubentonii. 
This  bat  was  first  discovered  in  our  islands 
at  Dartford  in  Kent,  and  subsequently  taken 
in  a  chalk  cave  at  Chislehurst.'  There  is  a 
specimen  in  Maidstone  Museum  from  Ming- 
ton,  presented  by  H.  G.  T.  Drake,  dated 
September  1898,  and  another  Kentish  speci- 
men preserved  in  spirit. 

5.  Serotine.     Vespertilio  serotinus,  Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophilus  serotinus. 
Several  times  reported.  Taken  at  Folke- 
stone (Lydekker),  and  Mr.  H.  Elgar,  assistant 
curator  of  Maidstone  Museum,  informs  the 
writer  that  it  is  plentiful  at  Yalding.  It  is 
often  mistaken  for  the  noctule,  and  is  probably 
more  common  than  is  supposed. 

6.  Great  or    White's  Bat    (Noctule).     Pipi- 

strellus,  Schreber. 

Bell — Scotophilus  noctula. 

White — Vespertilis  altivolans. 
Seen  frequently  in  the  county.  Mr.  George 
Dowker  ^  records  that  at  Stourmouth  (near 
Canterbury)  in  April  1884  several  of  these 
bats  were  turned  out  from  the  rotten  branch 
of  a  walnut  tree,  where  they  had  been  hiber- 
nating. All  were  males,  and  each  measured 
14  in.  in  the  expanse  of  its  wings.  They 
were  captured  alive  and  kept  in  a  cage,  but 
soon  after  died,  for  they  all  refused  food.     A 


large  number  of  these  hibernate  each  winter 
in  Mr.  Dowker's  house  (at  Stourbridge), 
emerging  from  their  winter  courses  about  the 
middle  of  May.  He  counted  fifty-six  noc- 
tules  emerging  from  winter  quarters  on 
17  May,  1889,  at  8  o'clock  in  the  morning. 
On  the  following  evening  about  forty  were 
counted.  Three  of  these  were  shot,  and 
proved  to  be  females,  and  their  expanded 
wings  each  measured  14  in. 

7.  Pipistrelle  or  Common  Bat.     Pipistrellus 

pipistrellus,  Schreber. 
Bell — Scotophilus  pipistrellus. 
This  small  bat  is  very  common. 

8.  Natterer's  Bat.     Myotis  nattereri,  Kuhl. 

Bell — Vespertilio  nattereri. 
Bell  recorded  this  from  Kent,  and  Mr. 
Dowker  says  it  has  been  taken  from  Chisle- 
hurst  and  Tonbridge.  There  is  a  very  old 
specimen  from  Simmons  in  Maidstone 
Museum. 

9.  Daubenton's      Bat.     Myotis      daubentoni, 

Leisler. 
Bell — Vespertilic  daubentonii. 
Mr.  Dowker  mentions^  that  it   has   been 
recorded  from  Dover. 

10.  Whiskered  Bat.     Myotis  mystacinus,  Leis- 
ler. 

Bell — Vespertilio  mystacinus. 
Recorded  by  Bell  from  Chislehurst.     It  is 
possible   that   it   is   often   mistaken   for   the 
pipistrelle. 


INSECTIVORA 


1 1 .  Hedgehog.     Erinaceus  europtsiis,  Linn. 
This  animal  is  very  common  throughout  the 

county.  There  is  no  doubt  that  it  is  an  egg 
stealer,  for  it  can  be  caught  with  an  egg  as  a 
bait.  It  has  the  peculiar  habit  of  taking  one 
or  two  eggs  each  night  from  a  nest,  sometimes 
from  under  the  hen,  unlike  most  other 
robbers,  which  destroy  a  whole  clutch  at 
a  time.  These  destructive  habits  make  it 
an  enemy  to  the  gamekeeper ;  but  the  good 
it  does  on  the  land  as  an  insect  eater  goes  far 
to  outweigh  them. 

12.  Mole.     Talpa  europaa,  Linn. 
Common  in  woods  and  field  alike.     Un- 
doubtedly these  animals  do  an  incalculable 
amount    of    good    by    destroying    injurious 
ground  pests  such  as  the  wireworm.     If  mole 

>  Lydekker,  British  Mammals,  1895. 
»  South-Eastern  Naturalist,  i.  1891. 


heaps  are  seen  in  a  field,  there  is  evidence  that 
the  destructive  larvas  are  abundant. 

13.  Common  Shrew.     Sorex  araneuSjhinn. 
Very  common. 

14.  Pigmy  Shrew.     Sorex  minutus,  Pallas. 

Bell — Sorex  pygmasus. 
This  tiny  mammal  is  getting  rare.  It  very 
often  escapes  notice,  but  it  has  been  seen  in 
the  leaves  under  the  hornbeam  trees  on  the 
Cobham  Hall  estate.  Its  gradual  extinction 
may  perhaps  be  accounted  for  by  the  preser- 
vation of  the  owl,  which  is  now  generally 
free  from  persecution. 

15.  Water  Shrew.     Neomys  fodiens,'P3ilhs. 

Bell — Crossopus  fodiens. 
Distributed  through  the  county,  but  does 
not  seem  to  be  abundant.     There  are  two 
specimens  in  the  Maidstone  Museum, 
s  Ibid. 


303 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


CARNIVORA 


1 6.  Wild  Cat.     Felis  cams,  Linn. 

There  do  not  appear  to  be  any  authenti- 
cated records  of  the  wild  cat  for  many  years, 
although  it  is  reported  to  have  been  captured  in 
the  thick  woods  at  Chattenden  and  elsewhere 
in  the  county.  Robert  Pocock^  wrote  in  1809 
that  the  cat  was  '  uncommon  and  seldom 
seen,'  presumably  referring  to  the  wild  cat. 

17.  Fox.     Fulpes  vulpes,  Linn. 

'&e\\—Vulpes  vulgaris. 
Found  in  almost  all  wooded  districts. 
Vixens  have  been  taken  from  earths  with  four 
to  ten  cubs.  They  are  nearly  always  to  be 
found  in  the  earth  with  their  cubs  until  these 
are  five  weeks  old.  A  litter  of  very  young 
cubs  was  once  found  in  a  characteristic  form 
in  some  brambles  on  the  Cobham  Hall  estate, 
where  they  no  doubt  had  been  born  owing  to 
the  earths  having  been  ferretted  and  stopped 
just  previously.  The  vixen  was  seen  to  leave 
the  spot  when  beaters  approached. 

18.  Pine  Marten.     Mustela  martes,  Linn. 

Bell — Martes  abietum. 
Robert  Pocock  '  wrote  in  1809  that  mar- 
tins were  'uncommon  and  seldom  seen.' 
There  are  many  reputed  instances  of  it  having 
occurred  forty  to  sixty  years  ago,  but  in  most 
cases  the  source  is  not  reliable. 

19.  Polecat.     Putorius  putorius,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  putorius. 
Fielding,  in  Memories  of  Mailing,  writes : 
'  Once  plentiful,  but  now  only  occasionally 
seen  in  the  county.'  It  certainly  existed 
thirty  to  forty  years  ago,  but  is  now  probably 
extinct.  Vulgar,  the  gamekeeper  at  Chatten- 
den, possibly  caught  the  last  in  the  early 
seventies. 

20.  Common  Stoat.     Putorius  ermineus,  Linn. 

^Al— Mustela  ermine  a. 
Common  wherever  rabbits  abound.  The 
variation  in  colour  which  often  occurs  in  late 
autumn  and  winter  is  the  best  example 
among  Kentish  quadrupeds  of  adaptation  of 
colour  to  environment. 

21.  Weasel.     Putorius  nivalis,  Linn. 

Bell — Mustela  vulgaris. 
Locally,  Keen  (a  small  variety). 
Common.     This    animal    lives    chiefly    on 
mice,  but  also  on  voles,  small  rats  and  ralsbits, 
and   small   birds   when   it   can   catch   them. 
•  G.  M.  Arnold :  Robert  Pocock,   the   Gravesend 
Historian. 
Ubid. 


LTnfortunately,  it  is  very  fond  of  young 
pheasants  and  partridges,  which  it  catches 
and  drags  one  at  a  time  into  a  hole.  It 
often  makes  use  of  mole  runs,  and  is 
occasionally  caught  in  mole  traps.  One  was 
caught  with  its  coat  turned  white  along  the 
back,  at  Shorne,  about  February  1881. 

Gilbert  White,  in  his  Natural  History  of 
Selborne  ^  wrote  :  '  Some  intelligent  country 
people  have  a  notion  that  we  have  in  these 
parts  a  species  of  the  genus  Mustelinum,  be- 
sides the  weasel,  stoat,  ferret  and  polecat ;  a 
little  reddish  beast  not  much  bigger  than  a 
field  mouse,  but  much  longer,  which  they  call 
a  "  cane."  '  Zoologists  only  admit  of  one 
species,  but  the  variety  alluded  to  by  White 
certainly  exists,  or  did  formerly,  in  Kent. 
The  typical  weasel  is  about  7  to  8|  in.  in 
length  (without  the  tail),  and  frequents 
woods,  fields  and  hedges.  The  '  keen '  is 
only  6  in.  (without  the  tail),  is  much 
thinner,  and  more  spotted  around  the  throat 
than  the  typical  species.  It  was  well  known 
by  all  the  old  gamekeepers  in  the  woods  of  the 
Cobham  Hall  estate,  where  between  twenty 
and  thirty  years  ago  the  rhododendrons  were 
very  thick  and  where  also  thick  masses  of 
elder,  brambles  and  other  bushes  covered  a 
large  area.  In  and  around  these  thickets 
numbers  of  this  small  variety  could  be  caught. 
More  than  a  dozen,  too,  have  been  seen 
together,  and  a  number  have  been  caught 
around  an  old  tree  stump  within  a  few  hours, 
old  and  young,  male  and  female,  but  many 
more  females  than  males.  This  smaller 
variety  very  seldom  associates  with  the  typical 
species.  The  habits  of  the  two  differ  con- 
siderably. It  is  extremely  local,  although  it 
may  be,  as  formerly  at  Cobham,  very  abun- 
dant where  it  occurs. 
22.  Badger.  Meles  meles,  Linn. 
Bell — Meles  taxus. 
Locally,  Brock. 

Rare,  but  probably  visits  most  of  the  wooded 
districts  at  intervals.  Its  characteristic  foot- 
prints, its  habit  of  skinning  rabbits  before 
eating  them,*  and  scratching  out  wasps'  nests, 
soon  make  its  presence  known,  though  it  is 
seldom  seen.  It  breeds  annually  near  Maid- 
stone and  occasionally  at  other  places.  The 
Rev.  T.  R.  R.  Stebbing  states  that  the  keeper 
at  Langton  Kennels  some  years  ago  showed 

3  Letter  XV.     Selborne,  March  30,  1768. 

*  The  cat,  fox,  badger  and  stoat  have  each  a 
different  and  distinct  method  of  eating  a  rabbit 
and  disposing  of  the  skin,  which  experts  can 
detect  at  once. 


304 


MAMMALS 


h.im  a  fine  badger  which  had  been  taken  alive 
with  its  young  one,  but  it  unfortunately  soon 
died  in  consequence  of  improper  feeding. 

23.  Otter.     Lutralutra,  Linn. 
Bell — Lutra  vulgaris. 
Occurs  in  several  of  the   streams   of  the 


county.     It  is  occasionally  hunted  at  Farning- 
ham  and  elsewhere. 

24.  Common  Seal.     Phoca  vitulina,  Linn. 

Recorded  from  the  Thames  and  Medway. 
R.  Pocock-  wrote  in  1809,  'seals  were  most 
uncommon.' 


RODENTIA 


25.  Squirrel.     Sciurus  leucourus,  Kerr. 

Bell — Sciurus  vulgaris. 
Very  common  in  some  of  the  wooded  dis- 
tricts, particularly  where  the  sweet  chestnut 
is  grown.  It  has  a  habit  of  making  two  or 
three  '  dreys,'  or  nests,  at  a  time,  which  it 
frequents  at  breeding  time  ;  if  its  young  be 
in  any  way  disturbed,  they  are  quickly  re- 
moved to  another  '  drey.'  It  lives  largely  on 
nuts,  but  when  these  are  unobtainable,  exists 
chiefly  on  various  fungi. 

26.  Dormouse.       Muscardinus     avellanarius, 

Linn. 
Bell — My  ox  us  avellanarius. 
Locally,  Sleeper. 
This  interesting  little  mammal  is  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  county,  but  pro- 
bably is  not  very  abundant  anywhere. 

27.  Common  Brown  Rat.     Mus  decumanus, 

Pallas. 
In  our  cornfields,  stacks,  hedges  and  build- 
ings,   and    by    the    waterside     this    pest     is 
abundant. 

28.  Black  Rat.     Mus  rattus,  Linn. 
Fielding  '    mentions  having    seen    several 

Kentish  specimens.  It  is  a  recognized  native, , 
and  the  writer  has  seen  it  more  than  once ; 
but  in  the  great  majority  of  instances  when 
informed  of  its  presence  by  country  people, 
he  has  found  the  animal  to  be  merely  a  dingy 
brown  rat. 

29.  House  Mouse.     Mus  musculus,  Linn. 
Too  common. 

30.  Wood    Mouse    or    Long-tailed    Mouse. 

Mus  sylvaticus,  Linn. 
The  long-tailed,  wood  or  field  mouse  is  very 
abundant  in  some  places  ;   it  seldom  comes  to 
houses.     Weasels  are  its  inveterate  foes. 

31.  Harvest  Mouse,     il/w^ /«/««<«/,  Pallas. 
Of    occasional    occurrence.       A    specimen 

from  Detling  and  a  nest  presented  by  Mr. 
Bunyard  of  Maidstone  are  in  the  Maidstone 
Museum. 


Fielding,  Memories  of  Mailing. 


32.  Water  Vole.     Microtus  amphibius,  Linn. 

Bell — Arvicola  amphibius. 
Common,  bufless  so  than  formerly. 

33.  Field  Vole.     Microtus  agrestis,  Linn. 

Bell — Arvicola  agrestis. 
Locally,  Short-tailed  Field  Mouse. 
Common,  and  widely  distributed  throughout 
the  county,  but  not  so  abundant  as  former- 
ly. The  Board  of  Agriculture,  in  one  of  its 
leaflets,'  reports  that  this  animal  proved  a 
source  of  much  loss  in  Kent  three  hundred 
years  ago.  Weasels  and  owls  kill  large  num- 
bers of  them. 

34.  Bank  Vole.     Evotomys  glareolus,  Schreber. 

Bell — Arvicola  glareolus. 
Mr.  L.  E.  Adams  in  the  Zoologist  *  writes  : 
'  Last  August  I  came  upon  a  nest  of  young 
bank  voles  amongst  some  refuse  in  a  hedge 
bank  ;  I  am  sure  of  its  identity.  I  believe 
it  to  be  common  in  the  neighbourhood, 
although  I  do  not  remember  it  having  been 
recorded  in  Kent  before.'  In  another  number 
of  the  same  paper  ^  a  very  large  specimen 
from  Wingham  is  recorded.  This  was  a 
female,  and  measured  6\  in.  from  tip  of 
nose  to  tip  of  tail ;  length  of  head  and  body, 
\\  in.  Bell  gives  the  length  of  body  and 
head  at  3-4  in.,  and  of  tail  1-5  in.  Speci- 
mens are  frequently  met  with  throughout 
the  county. 

35.  Hare.     Lepus  europceus,  Pallas. 

Bell — Lepus  timidus. 
It  was  commonly  thought  in  the  county 
that  the  Ground  Game  Act  would  cause  this 
animal  to  be  exterminated,  as  so  much  arable 
land  is  devoted  to  market  gardening  and  fruit 
culture.  But,  on  the  contrary,  it  seems  to  be 
nearly  as  abundant  now  as  formerly. 

36.  Rabbit.     Lepus  cuniculus,  Linn. 
Generally  very  abundant  ;  so  much  so  that 

it  does  an  incredible  amount  of  damage  to 

2  G.  M.  Arnold  :   op.  cit. 

3  Leaflet  No.  6. 

<  The  Zoologist  (1895),  p.  427. 
^  Ibid.  (ser.  4),  ii.  p.  477. 


305 


39 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


crops.  Black  specimens  are  not  infrequent  ; 
also  occasionally  some  of  a  sandy  and  slate 
colour.  A  large  number  of  a  beautiful  white 
variety  existed  on  Mount  Meadow,  Cobham. 


These  bred  promiscuously  with  the  com- 
mon coloured  variety,  but  the  young  ones 
were  usually  either  the  one  colour  or  the 
other,  seldom  mingled. 


UNGULATA 


37.  Red  Deer.     Cervus  elaphus,  Linn. 

At  Wateringbury  red  deer  are  iiept  for 
hunting  by  Mr.  Leney's  staghounds.  Some 
years  ago  one  was  left  out  on  the  Cobham 
Hall  estate  for  several  months,  and  became 
recognized  as  a  native. 

38.  Fallow  Deer.     Cervus  dama,  Linn. 

Preserved  in  several  parks,  and  there  are 
usually  outliers  which  occasionally  breed  out. 
The  usual  colours  are  :  (a)  true  fallow,  {b) 
mineral,  (c)  black  (very  dark  backs  with  no 
mottling),  {/£)  white  (dingy).     The  two  latter 


colours  are  less  common  than  the  others,  and 
are  not  popular ;  park  keepers  are  often 
instructed  not  to  retain  them,  and  conse- 
quently at  the  annual  selection  of  fawns  for 
preservation  these  are  left  unmarked,  to  be 
killed  at  four  to  six  weeks  old,  with  all  super- 
fluous ones.  The  others  are  killed  at  six 
years  old 

Although  usually  kept  in  enclosed  parks 
and  fed  in  winter  with  hay,  corn,  acorns 
and  chestnuts,  these  animals  are  con- 
sidered to  be  wild,  and  in  a  recent  case  were 
successfully  claimed  by  an  heir-at-law  against 
the  legatee  of  the  former  owner. 


CETACEA 


39.  White-beaked  Bottle-nose.     Lagenorhyn- 

chus  albirostris.  Gray. 
Has   been   recorded  from   Folkestone  and 
Ramsgate  ;    several   ascended   the   Colne   in 
September  1889. 

40.  Common    Dolphin.     Delphinus    delphis, 

Linn. 
One  specimen  was  secured  at  Heme  Bay  in 
1868,  and  purchased  by  the  late  Frank  Buck- 
land. 

41.  Bottle-nose     Dolphin.     Tursiops     tursio, 

Fabr. 
Male,  female  and  young  occurred  in  the 
Blackwater  in  1878. 

42.  Common  Porpoise.     Phocana  communis, 

Linn. 
Common  round  the  coast  and  in  the  Thames 
estuary. 

43.  Killer.     Orca  gladiator.  Gray. 

A  specimen  measuring  31  ft.  was  killed  at 
Greenwich  in  1793,  and,  according  to  Murie, 
others  have  been  taken  in  the  Blackwater. 

44.  Pilot  Whale.     Globicephalus  melas,  Traill. 
A  skull  from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames 

(purchased  in  1858),  is  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum. 

45.  Beaked  Whale.  Hyperoodon  rostratus,  Miill. 
The  skeleton  of  an  adult  female,  captured 

at  Whitstable  in  i860,  is  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum.  Large  specimens,  over  25 
ft.    long,    appeared    at    the    mouth     of    the 


Thames  in  July  1891,  and  were  brought  ashore 
at  Leigh  and  Barking  Creek. 

46.  Cachalot,    or    Sperm    Whale.     Physeter 

macrocephalus,  Linn. 
Over  a  century  ago,  on  two  separate 
occasions,  a  number  of  these  enormous 
cetaceans — the  species  attaining  a  length  of 
30  to  80  ft. — were  cast  ashore  dead,  after  a 
storm,  on  the  Kentish  and  Essex  coasts.  One 
alive  even  got  up  the  Thames  to  as  far  as  the 
Lower  Hope.  In  1829,  one  62  ft.  long  was 
secured  by  the  Whitstable  fishermen,  and  in 
August  1898  another  42^  ft.  in  length,  went 
ashore  at  Birchington. 

47.  Common  Rorqual  or  Fin-Whale.    Balie- 
noptera  physetus,  Linn,  {musculus,  Linn.). 

Several  times  recorded  from  the  Thames. 
In  June  1658,  one  60  ft.  long  was  killed  at 
Greenwich.  The  latest  appearance  of  this 
whale  was  in  November  1899,  when  a  fully 
adult  couple  was  observed  between  the 
Albert  Docks  and  Barking  Creek. 

48.  Lesser    Rorqual.     Balcenoptera    rostrata 
Fabr. 

Also  several  times  recorded  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames.  A  female  17  ft.  long  was 
killed  in  the  Blackwater  in  September  1900. 

49.  Rudolphi's         Rorqual.      Balanoptera 
borealis.  Less. 

One  specimen,  35  ft.  long,  was  stranded 
outside  Tilbury  Dock  in  October  1887,  and  a 
second  was  captured  at  GiUingham  in  the 
Medway  in  August  1888. 


306 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


crops.  Black  specimens  are  not  infrequent  ; 
also  occasionally  some  of  a  sandy  and  slate 
colour.  A  large  number  of  a  beautiful  white 
variety  existed  on  Mount  Meadow,  Cobham. 


These  bred  promiscuously  with  the  com- 
mon coloured  variety,  but  the  young  ones 
were  usually  either  the  one  colour  or  the 
other,  seldom  mingled. 


UNGULATA 


37.  Red  Deer.     Cervus  elaphus,  Linn. 

At  Wateringbury  red  deer  are  iiept  for 
hunting  by  Mr.  Leney's  staghounds.  Some 
years  ago  one  was  left  out  on  the  Cobham 
Hall  estate  for  several  months,  and  became 
recognized  as  a  native. 

38.  Fallow  Deer.     Cervus  dama,  Linn. 

Preserved  in  several  parks,  and  there  are 
usually  outliers  which  occasionally  breed  out. 
The  usual  colours  are  :  {a)  true  fallow,  {b) 
mineral,  {c)  black  (very  dark  backs  with  no 
mottling),  {d)  white  (dingy).     The  two  latter 


colours  are  less  common  than  the  others,  and 
are  not  popular ;  park  keepers  are  often 
instructed  not  to  retain  them,  and  conse- 
quently at  the  annual  selection  of  fawns  for 
preservation  these  are  left  unmarked,  to  be 
killed  at  four  to  six  weeks  old,  with  all  super- 
fluous ones.  The  others  are  killed  at  six 
years  old 

Although  usually  kept  in  enclosed  parks 
and  fed  in  winter  with  hay,  corn,  acorns 
and  chestnuts,  these  animals  are  con- 
sidered to  be  wild,  and  in  a  recent  case  were 
successfully  claimed  by  an  heir-at-law  against 
the  legatee  of  the  former  owner. 


CETACEA 


39.  White-beaked  Bottle-nose.     Lagenorhyn- 

chus  albirostris.  Gray. 
Has   been  recorded  from   Folkestone  and 
Ramsgate  ;    several   ascended   the   Colne   in 
September  1889. 

40.  Common    Dolphin.     Delphinus    delphis, 

Linn. 
One  specimen  was  secured  at  Heme  Bay  in 
1868,  and  purchased  by  the  late  Frank  Buck- 
land. 

41.  Bottle-nose     Dolphin.     Tursiopi     tiirsio, 

Fabr. 
Male,  female  and  young  occurred  in  the 
Blackwater  in  1878. 

42.  Common  Porpoise.     Phocana  communis, 

Linn. 
Common  round  the  coast  and  in  the  Thames 
estuary. 

43.  Killer.     Orca  gladiator,  Gny. 

A  specimen  measuring  31  ft.  was  killed  at 
Greenwich  in  1793,  and,  according  to  Murie, 
others  have  been  taken  in  the  Blackwater. 

44.  Pilot  Whale.     Globicephalus  melas,  Traill. 
A  skull  from  the  mouth  of  the  Thames 

(purchased  in  1858),  is  preserved  in  the  British 
Aluseum. 

45.  Beaked  Whale.  Hyperoodon  rostratus,  Miill. 
The  skeleton  of  an  adult  female,  captured 

at  Whitstable  in  i860,  is  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum.  Large  specimens,  over  25 
ft.    long,    appeared    at    the    mouth     of    the 


Thames  in  July  1891,  and  were  brought  ashore 
at  Leigh  and  Barking  Creek. 

46.  Cachalot,    or    Sperm    Whale.     Physeter 

viacrocephalus,  Linn. 
Over  a  century  ago,  on  two  separate 
occasions,  a  number  of  these  enormous 
cetaceans — the  species  attaining  a  length  of 
30  to  80  ft. — were  cast  ashore  dead,  after  a 
storm,  on  the  Kentish  and  Essex  coasts.  One 
alive  even  got  up  the  Thames  to  as  far  as  the 
Lower  Hope.  In  1829,  one  62  ft.  long  was 
secured  by  the  Whitstable  fishermen,  and  in 
August  1898  another  42^  ft.  in  length,  went 
ashore  at  Birchington. 

47.  Common  Rorqual  or  Fin-Whale.    Balcs- 
nopura  physetus,  Linn,  {musculus,  Linn.). 

Several  times  recorded  from  the  Thames. 
In  June  1658,  one  60  ft.  long  was  killed  at 
Greenwich.  The  latest  appearance  of  this 
whale  was  in  November  1899,  when  a  fully 
adult  couple  was  observed  between  the 
Albert  Docks  and  Barking  Creek. 

48.  Lesser    Rorqual.     Balesnoptcra    rostrata 
Fabr. 

Also  several  times  recorded  from  the  mouth 
of  the  Thames.  A  female  17  ft.  long  was 
killed  in  the  Blackwater  in  September  1900. 

49.  Rudolphi's         Rorqual.      Balanoptera 
horealis.  Less. 

One  specimen,  35  ft.  long,  was  stranded 
outside  Tilbury  Dock  in  October  1887,  and  a 
second  was  captured  at  Gillingham  in  the 
Medway  in  August  1888. 


306 


PRE-HISTORIC    REMAINS 


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EARLY    MAN 


AMONG   the   various  counties    of  England  probably   there   is 
none   which   has   furnished  a  more  complete  and   representa- 
tive  series  of  prehistoric   remains  than  Kent.       Every  one  of 
the    different   ages   into   which    antiquities    divide    the    pre- 
historic  period  is  represented   among  the   antiquities  of  Kent,   and   in 
some  cases  discoveries  of  exceptional  importance  have  been  made  within 
the  borders  of  the  county. 

There  is  perhaps  no  large  part  of  England  which  has  been  more 
carefully  or  more  successfully  studied  by  antiquaries.  The  result  is  that 
many  important  observations  and  discoveries  have  been  placed  upon 
record  ;  and  in  attempting  to  give  a  brief  but  comprehensive  sketch  of 
them,  it  seems  desirable  to  follow  the  plan  adopted  in  the  case  of  other 
counties,  employing  the  following  main  divisions  : — (i)  Palaeolithic 
Age  ;   (2)  Neolithic  Age  ;   (3)  Bronze  Age  ;   (4)  Prehistoric  Iron  Age. 

The    Paleolithic    Age 

The  stage  in  human  culture  known  as  the  Stone  Age  has  been 
divided  by  archaeologists  and  anthropologists  into  two  somewhat  sharply 
defined  sections,  viz.  the  Palaeolithic  Age  and  the  Neolithic  Age. 
There  is  every  reason  to  think  that  these  two  ages  were  separated  by  a 
long  interval  of  time,  during  which  either  man  did  not  exist  in  this 
part  of  Europe  or  the  evidence  of  his  presence  has  perished. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  Paleolithic  Age  is  derived  mainly  from 
stone  implements,  articles  of  bone,  etc.  Certain  rude  sketches  scratched 
on  bones  and  stones  have  been  found  on  the  Continent  of  Europe,  and 
these  suggest  that  the  men  of  this  earlier  Stone  Age  possessed  a  much 
higher  degree  of  artistic  culture  than  one  would  have  been  prepared  to 
expect.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  although  man  was  able  at  such  an 
early  stage  to  sketch  the  mammoth  and  other  animals  from  life  in  such 
a  way  that  the  likeness  can  now  be  recognized,  he  had  not  acquired  the 
art  of  shaping  weapons  or  implements  of  flint  by  means  of  grinding  or 
rubbing.  Indeed,  it  is  a  characteristic  mark  of  palaeolithic  implements 
of  flint  that  the  shaping  has  always  been  produced  by  chipping,  and 
sometimes,  of  course,  the  forms  have  been  modified  by  wear  and  the 
re-sharpenings  by  chipping  which  thereupon  became  necessary.  This 
applies  specially  to  implements  formed  of  flint,  bur  it  is  impossible  to 
say  how  far  it  is  true  of  other  materials,  or  even  other  kinds  of  stone, 
because  the  character  of  the  weathering  and  method  of  disintegration 
vary  according  to  the  substance. 

307 


Paleolithic  Implement  from  Reculver. 


308 


EARLY    MAN 

Paleolithic  implements  occur  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  in 
beds  of  gravel.  The  latter,  which  may  be  conveniently  considered  first, 
may  be  divided  into  the  following  three  classes  :  (i)  deposits  of  gravel 
in  the  form  of  terraces  near  the  beds  of  existing  rivers,  such  as  those  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Thames,  the  Stour,  and  the  Cray  ;  (2)  deposits 
occupying  valleys  which,  although  obviously  shaped  to  a  large  extent 
by  river  action,  are  now  dry  ;  and  (3)  deposits  on  elevated  ground,  such 
as  those  on  the  North  Downs. 

The  occurrence  of  palaeolithic  implements  in  the  gravels  of  the 
Thames  Valley  at  Swanscombe,  Northfleet  and  other  places  in  Kent  as 
well  as  in  Middlesex,  Essex,  etc.,  is  of  great  interest  because  on  examin- 
ation it  will  be  found  that  many  of  the  implements  have  been  worn  in 
just  the  same  way  as  have  the  flints  of  which  the  gravel  is  composed. 
They  have  clearly  been  subjected  to  the  same  abrading  forces,  and 
therefore  they  must  have  been  shaped  by  man  at  a  period  prior  to  the 
deposition  of  the  gravel.  It  is  also  equally  clear  that  the  waters  of  the 
river  have  much  diminished  since  that  time. 

The  second  class  of  deposits,  occurring  in  valleys  which  are  now 
dry,  are  admirably  illustrated  by  the  implement-bearing  gravels  of  West 
Wickham,  the  upper  part  of  the  Valley  of  the  Cray,  etc.  As  these 
implements  are  to  a  very  large  extent  much  drift  worn,  it  is  pretty  clear 
that  they  must  be  referred  to  an  origin  quite  as  remote  as,  if  not  more 
remote  than,  the  period  when  these  dry  valleys  were  important  water- 
courses. 

The  third  class,  to  which  the  high  level  gravels  on  the  top  of  the 
North  Downs  belong,  presents  a  more  difficult  and  complicated  problem. 
If  these  deposits  of  drift-worn  gravel  have  ever  been  connected  with  a 
river  system  it  is  certain  that  very  great  changes  must  have  been  pro- 
duced subsequently  by  denudation,  and  it  seems  at  any  rate  probable 
that  they  were  intimately  associated  with  the  forces  by  which  the 
Wealden   district  was  denuded. 

Considerable  interest  has  been  aroused  in  recent  years  by  discoveries 
of  paleolithic  implements  in  an  abraded  condition  and  lying  at  great 
altitudes  on  the  chalk,  plateau.  The  subject  has  already  been  discussed 
by  the  late  Professor  Prestwich '  and  others.'  Some  antiquaries  as  well 
as  geologists  (for  the  question  comes  within  the  scope  of  both  archeology 
and  geology)  have  been  inclined  to  think  that  an  interval  of  time,  far 
greater  than  had  hitherto  been  imagined,  has  elapsed  since  the  implements 
were  made  ;  but  the  conclusion  seems  rather  rash  and  entirely  without 
scientific  value,  seeing  that  we  have  no  positive,  nor  even  approximate 
data  as  to  the  rate  at  which  the  changes  of  level,  whether  produced  by 
denudation  or  otherwise,  have  been  effected. 

In  order  to  distinguish  these  high-level  implements  from  others 
occurring  at  lower  levels  the   term   eolith  was  applied   to    them,    and 

>  On  the  occurrence  of  palaeolithic  flint  implements  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Ightham,   Kent, 
Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  (May  1889),  pp.  270-97. 

»  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell :  '  Palaeolithic  Implements  found  in  West  Kent.'  ^-luh.  Cant.  xv.  89-103,  etc. 

309 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

certain  more  or  less  abraded  and  weathered  fragments  of  flint  bearing 
no  trace  of  human  workmanship  were  associated  with  them  and  in- 
cluded under  the  name  of '  eolithic  implements.'  Flints  of  this  character, 
bearing  no  trace  of  having  been  artificially  shaped,  but  only  some 
battering  and  bruising  at  the  edge  which  were  attributed  to  wear  arising 
from  use  as  implements,  were  naturally  viewed  with  suspicion  by  the 
scientific  world.  This  suspicion  was  not  lessened  but  rather  increased 
when  the  so-called  '  eolithic  implements  '  were  found  to  be  procurable 
in  large  numbers  at  different  places  in  the  district,  because  it  became 
more  than  ever  clear  that  they  were  purely  natural  forms  produced 
either  by  the  forces  which  crushed  and  abraded  the  river  and  drift- 
gravels,  or  by  forces  which  have  operated  upon  the  gravel-beds  since 
their  deposition,  such  as  ice-pressure,  earth  movements,  and  the  like.* 

It  is  quite  clear,  however,  that  a  small  proportion  of  what  are 
called  eoHths  found  at  high  elevations  on  the  chalk  plateau  of  Kent  and 
elsewhere,  are  of  human  manufacture,  and  as  their  essential  features 
resemble  in  every  way  those  of  the  Paleolithic  Age,  we  propose  to 
deal  with  them  under  that  head.  But  as  far  as  '  eolithic  implements ' 
are  concerned  it  seems  evident  that  a  large  proportion  must  be  rejected 
as  lacking  any  evidence  of  human  workmanship  or  signs  of  wear 
arising  from  intelligent  use. 

A  large  number  of  palaeolithic  implements  discovered  in  Kent 
have  been  found  on  the  surface  of  the  ground.  Some  of  these  are 
drift-worn  and  were  probably  derived  from  drift  gravel,  but  others  are 
wonderfully  sharp  and  entirely  unworn.  These  latter  have  evidently 
been  preserved  from  injury  by  being  buried  in  the  earth.  The  speci- 
mens of  paleolithic  implements  and  chips  found  by  Mr.  F.  C.  J. 
Spurrell,'  many  years  ago,  buried  in  sands  and  clays  near  Crayford 
Church,  were  as  sharp  as  when  first  fractured  by  man,  and  show  httle 
alteration  of  surface.  In  a  very  large  proportion,  however,  the  imple- 
ments generally  speaking  have  undergone  some  degree  of  wear,  great  or 
small,  and  the  superficial  colour  and  even  texture  of  the  flint  has  under- 
gone some  change.  The  colouring  acquired  is  usually  of  a  reddish  or 
brownish,  and  sometimes  ochreous  or  yellowish  hue,  whilst  the  texture 
of  the  mineral  has  been  so  altered  as  to  produce  greater  opacity  and  a 
less  horny  appearance  than  is  usually  found  in  an  ordinary  chalk  flint 
freshly  broken.'  This  alteration  of  the  character  of  the  flint  extends 
sometimes  only  a  little  below  the  surface,  and  sometimes  to  a  consider- 
able depth. 

A  very  large  number  of  places  in  Kent  have  yielded  paleolithic 
implements,  but  as  these  will  be  individually  mentioned  in  the  topo- 
graphical list  at  the  end  of  this  article,  it  will  not  be  necessary  to  refer  to 

>  Since  the  above  was  written,  the  possibility  of  these  pieces  of  flint  having  been  shaped  hy 
natural  forces,  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  by  Mr.  S.  Hazzledine  Warren,  F.G.S.,  before  the  Anthro- 
pological Institute  (London). 

'  Arch.  Joum.  ixxvii.  294-99. 

»  It  is  possible  that  the  colouring  matter,  protoxide  of  iron,  has  been  produced  by  the  flint  itself 
in  the  ordinary  process  of  decay.     See  Quart.  'Joum.  Geol.  Soc.  Ivi.  8,  9. 

310 


"^-^«U: 


4}.ns.    X    5 J  in,. 
Paleolithic   Implements,   W'esi    W'ickmam. 


EARLY    MAN 

them  here  in  detail.     The  following  are  the  more  important  parishes  or 
districts    in   which    discoveries    of   paleolithic    implements   have  been 


made 


The  Thames  Valley.  The  ecicavation  of  chalk  for  lime  and  cement-making  has  for 
some  time  past  afforded  numerous  opportunities  of  examining  the  overlying  beds  of  drift- 
gravel  which  occur  at  various  parts  of  the  Thames  Valley.  This  is  particularly  true  of  the 
district  about  Swanscombe,  Northfleet,  Stone,  etc.,  where  in  a  high-level  bed  of  drift-gravel 
many  hundreds  of  paleolithic  implements,  cores,  and  waste  chips,  have  been  found.  Some 
of  these  flints  have  sharp  edges,  ridges  and  points,  and  can  hardly  have  been  transported  far 
down  the  valley,  but  others  are  somewhat  worn.  The  curious  chopper-like  implement  shown 
m  the  accompanying  photograph  is  of  considerable  interest  on  account  of  the  marks 
of  wear  it  bears  on  its  convex  side,  the 
concave  side  bearing  no  such  marks, 
having  been  protected. 

It  was  in  a  gravel  bed  near  Swans- 
combe, that  the  famous  Galley  Hill 
skull  and  limb  bones  were  discovered 
in  the  year  1888.  It  was  considered 
by  some  that  these  human  remains 
were  contemporary  with  the  gravels  in 
which  they  were  found,  but  definite 
evidence  is  wanting. 

An  ovoid,  or  perhaps  almond- 
shaped  implement  was  found  by  Mr. 
Spurrell  8  ft.  deep  in  Thames  Valley 
gravel  at  Dartford  Heath. 

Reculver.  From  about  the  year 
i860  to  the  present  time  paleolithic 
implements  in  considerable  numbers 
have  been  found  on  the  sea-shore  be- 
tween Reculver  and  Heme  Bay.  In- 
vestigation of  the  cliffs  at  this  place 
has  shown  that  there  is  a  bed  of  gravel 
at  the  top  of  the  escarpment  from 
which  the  implements  have  fallen  from 
time  to  time.  When  they  first  fall  to 
the  beach  their  points  and  ridges  are 
sharp,  but  the  action  of  the  waves  and 
sand  soon  modifies  this.  Some  magni- 
ficent specimens  of  pointed  implements 
have  been  found  here  at  various  times 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Leach,  Mr.  John  Brent, 
F.S.A.,  Sir  Joseph  Prestwich  and  Sir 
John  Evans,  and  four  engravings  of  them  are  here  reproduced  by  the  kind  permission  of  Sir 
John  Evans.  One  is  formed  from  a  pebble,  the  rounded  butt  of  which  has  not  been  chipped, 
but  its  shape  is  well  adapted  for  being  held  in  the  hand.  The  larger  implements  shown  full- 
size  in  the  accompanying  engravings  are  admirable  examples  of  their  kinds,  that  with  incurved 
sides  showing  a  refinement  of  form  which  is  very  rarely  found  in  palaeolithic  implements. 
Another  rare  form  with  very  thick  butt  and  tapering  and  slightly  twisted  point,  once  in  the 
collection  of  the  late  Mr.  John  Brent,  is  also  shown. 

Palaeolithic  implements  evidently  derived  from  a  bed  of  drift-gravel  at  the  top  of  the 
cliff  have  been  found  on  the  shore  as  far  as  a  mile  and  a  half  to  the  west  of  Reculver. 

Minster,  Thanet.  A  small  pointed  palaeolithic  implement  was  found  here  in  1899  by 
Mr.  J.  Romilly  Allen,  ^  F.S.A.  It  would  appear  to  belong  to  the  same  set  of  drift -gravels  as 
those  near  Reculver,  except  that  it  has  not  suffered  drift-wear  ;  but  in  any  case  it  is  of  con- 
siderable interest  as  occurring  so  far  to  the  east  of  the  Reculver  gravels. 

»  Reliq.  vii.   57- 

3" 


Palaeolithic  Implements  from  Thanington. 


Bewley,  Ightham.  Reculver. 

Paleolithic  Implements  found  in  Kent. 
312 


EARLY    MAN 

The  Medway  Valley.  A  large  number  of  implements  of  paL-eolithic  character  have 
been  obtained  from  various  parts  of  this  valley.  Aylesford,  Cuxton,  St.  Mary  Hoo,  Sandling, 
and  West  Mailing  have  all  furnished  examples,  and  specimens  are  preserved  at  Maidstone 
Museum  as  weU  as  in  private  collections. 

The  Cray  Valley.  Implements  have  been  found  here  at  three  places.  Sir  John 
Evans  found,  at  an  elevation  of  over  500  ft.  in  Currie  Wood,  one  which  Mr.  Spurrell  considers 
a  '  land  '  implement,  having  been  but  little  worn  by  drift  action.  Some  years  ago  Mr.  H.  G. 
Norman  found  two  at  Green  Street  Green  in  the  upper  and  dry  part  of  the  valley  ;  and  in 
1901  the  present  writer  1  obtained  a  drift-worn  implement  at  a  point  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
south  of  Orpington  Church,  some  distance  lower  down  the  valley.  Other  palaeolithic  imple- 
ments about  forty  in  number  have  been  found  at  Green  Street  Green  by  Mr.  de  B.  Crawshay. 

The  Darenth  Valley.  Implements  have  been  found  in  this  valley  at  more  than  one 
point.  Mr.  W.  Whitaker,  F.R.S.,  found  one  near  Horton  Kirkby  at  an  elevation  of  250  ft. ; 
and  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell  discovered  another  near  Erith,  whilst  in  the  Crayford  brick  earths 
he  found  indications  of  the  important  factory  already  mentioned. 

The  Ravensbourne  Valley.  Among  the  numerous  winding  valleys  cut  in  the  chalk 
of  West  Kent  there  are  several  which  may  be  considered  to  form  part  of  the  present  water- 
shed of  the  Ravensbourne,  although  owing  to  the  porous  nature  of  the  rock  below  they  now 
contribute  little  if  anything  towards  the  stream.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  at  some  former 
time  the  conditions  were  very  different :  the  forms  of  the  valleys  and  the  water-worn  gravels 
which  lie  within  them  indicate  that  the  whole  district  has  been  very  much  subjected  to  erosion 
by  water  in  rapid  motion,  probably  accompanied  by  low  temperature. 

In  one  of  these  valleys  lying  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  parish  of  West  Wickham  -  numer- 
ous palaeolithic  implements  were  found  by  the  present  writer  in  1880  and  subsequently.  They 
exhibit  almost  every  degree  of  wear,  and  the  amount  of  abrasion  visible  on  some  is  remark- 
able.^ The  implements  which  were  found  in  various  parts  of  the  valley,  but  specially  in 
Church  Field,  exhibit  considerable  varieties  of  shape,  the  predominating  forms  being  dis- 
coidal,  ovoid,  and  almond-shaped. 

Examples  of  the  chief  forms  are  given  in  the  accompanying  photographs.  Judging  from 
the  great  variety  of  form,  colouring,  and  amount  of  wear  on  the  implements  it  is  probable 
that  the  drift-gravel  in  which  they  occur  has  been  brought  from  a  great  variety  of  places,  and 
has  undergone  many  changes.* 

Ightham.  The  whole  district  round  Ightham^  has  been  thoroughly  and  carefully 
examined  by  Mr.  Benjamin  Harrison,  with  the  result  that  a  very  large  number  of  places  have 
yielded  prehistoric  remains.  Palaeolithic  implements  have  been  found  in  the  gravels  of  the 
Shode  Valley  and  at  many  other  points.  On  the  high  ground  to  the  north,  in  the  parish  of 
Ash,  Mr.  Harrison  has  discovered  large  numbers  of  flints  of  dark  brown  colour  and  exhibiting 
abrasion  at  the  edges  to  which  the  term  eolithic  implements  has  been  applied.  The  question 
whether  they  have  or  have  not  been  shaped  by  man  has,  as  just  mentioned,  been  the  subject 
of  much  discussion  for  some  time  past,  and  the  whole  question  has  engendered  considerable 
warmth.  In  any  case  it  is  quite  clear  that  some  extremely  interesting  implements  of  palaeo- 
lithic workmanship  have  been  found  at  high  levels  in  the  Ightham  district. 

At  Oldbury  Hill,  which  lies  to  the  south  of  the  village  of  Ightham,  some  important  evi- 
dences of  rock  shelters*  were  discovered  in  1890.  Excavations  in  the  talus  near  the  bold, 
projecting  spur  of  the  hill,  and  just  below  Mount  Pleasant,  revealed  a  large  number  of  palaeo- 
lithic flakes,  49  well-finished  implements,  and  upwards  of  600  waste  chips  of  flint.  It  is  evident, 
therefore,  that  the  shelter  was  used  as  a  dwelling-place  by  several  individuals,  and  that  the 
manufacture  of  implements  was  carried  on  at  the  place.  From  the  number  of  neolithic  im- 
plements found  near  this  shelter  it  seems  probable  that  this  part  of  Oldbury  Hill  was  utilized 
as  a  rock  shelter  at  one  time  by  the  neolithic  inhabitants  who  doubtless  occupied  the  hill 
itself  and  constructed  around  it  defensive  works. 

There  arc  many  other  parts  of  Kent  where  palasolithic  implements  have  been  discovered, 
but  these  will  be  detailed  in  the  topographical  list  at  the  end  of  this  chapter. 

'  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  Ivii.  98. 

>  Ptoc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (ser.  2)  xi.  l6i-66  ;   Arch.  Cant.  xv.  100-2. 

3  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell  was  of  opinion  that  it  was  due  to  the  action  of  waves  on  a  sea-beach  {Arch. 
Cant.  XV.  loi). 

«  See  Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  Ivi.  9.  '  Evans,  Stone  Im^.  608. 

»  Brit.  Assoc.  Ref.  1891,  pp.  353,  652. 
I  313  40 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The    Neolithic    Age 

Some  writers,'  judging  from  the  flint  implements  found  in  various 
parts  of  Kent,  have  been  inclined  to  think  that  they  can  trace  evidence 
of  an  intermediate  stage  between  the  Palasolithic  Age  and  the  Neolithic 
Age.  The  term  mesolithic  has  been  suggested  for  this  period,  but 
although  there  are  undoubtedly  intermediate  types  as  far  as  form  is 
concerned,  and  neolithic  man  may  have  been  influenced  in  his  tool- 
making  by  palasolithic  tools'*  found  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  it 
must  not  therefore  be  concluded  that  there  was  continuity  of  race.  The 
evidence  points  fairly  clearly  to  the  existence  of  a  long  interval  between 
the  two  ages,  during  which  great  physical  changes  took  place,  one  of 
which  being  the  severance  of  the  British  Isles  from  the  Continent. 

The  Neolithic  Age  forms  a  very  important  chapter  in  the  pre- 
historic past  of  Kent.  Many  competent  observers  have  turned  their 
attention  to  the  subject,  and  there  is  quite  a  considerable  literature 
illustrative  of  it.  This  will  be  referred  to  in  the  foot-notes  ;  but  the 
following  account  must  necessarily  be  as  concise  as  possible. 

From  the  large  numbers  of  implements  found  in  nearly  every  part 
of  Kent,  one  is  justified  in  assuming  that  there  was  a  large  population 
here  during  the  Neolithic  Age.  Stone  implements  and  weapons,  earth- 
works, burials  and  associated  megalithic  structures  all  point  to  this 
conclusion.  Worked  flints  have  been  found  in  practically  every  parish 
in  Kent,  but  traces  of  dwellings  and  graves  are  much  less  abundant. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  extensive  cultivation  of  the  soil  is 
responsible  for  their  disappearance.  Careful  research,  however,  parti- 
cularly in  places  where  the  land  is  too  poor  to  repay  the  trouble  of 
cultivation,  has  shown  that  traces  of  dwellings  of  the  Neolithic  Age 
remain  in  greater  numbers  than  had  generally  been  suspected  hitherto. 

The  following  are  brief  particulars  of  the  more  important  indica- 
tions or  remains  of  neolithic  settlements  in  Kent : 

Broadstairs.  Between  Broadstairs  and  Ramsgate  quite  close  to  the  little  valley  known 
as  Dumpton  Gap,  which  runs  down  to  the  sea,  the  present  writer  has  found  numerous  flakes, 
scrapers  and  cores  of  flint  of  a  character  and  under  circumstances  which  point  to  the  proba- 
bility of  this  having  been  a  settlement.'  Some  of  the  implements,  found  here  and  at  Birch- 
ington,  and  other  parts  of  this  coast  have  been  made  out  of  the  tabular  flint  which  occurs  in 
the  adjacent  chalk  cliffs. 

Dartford  Heath.  There  are  several  earthworks  of  various  periods  here.  Some  of 
them  were  probably  made  in  the  middle  ages  and  for  military  purposes,*  but  others  are 
apparently  examples  of  the  regular  saucer-shaped  depressions  which  have  received  the  mis- 
leading name  '  pit-dwellings,'  and  the  scarcely  more  appropriate  designation  '  hut  circles.' 
They  are  apparently  exactly  like  those  hut-floors  in  other  parts  of  West  Kent  which  have  been 
shown  to  belong  to  the  Neolithic  Age. 

Folkestone.  Flint  implements  have  been  found  here  in  abundance,  and  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  there  was  a  neolithic  settlement  in  the  neighbourhood. 

'  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell  in  Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  306  ;  J.  Allen  Brown  in  Journ.  Anthrop.  Inst.  xxii.  73,  and 
New  Ser.  ii.  139-40.     See  also  Arch.  Journ.  liii.   218-19. 

"  Some  palaeolithic  implements  have  been  found  which  have  been  re-worked  in  neolithic  times. 

2  Col.  A.  Lane  Fox  has  described  several  different  deposits  of  flint  implements  in  and  near  St.  Peters. 
Thanet,  associated  with  Roman  remains.     See  Journ.  Ethn.  Soc.  (1868)  i.  I-12. 

*  Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  309. 


,<>^V""""'""H 


''Oiii^     FIG   3. 
Diagrams  showing  Types  of  Neolithic  Hut-floors 
AND  Cooking  Pits  at  Hayes   Common,  Kent. 


EARLY    MAN 

Grovehurst,  Milton,  near  Sittincbourne.  Some  good  examples  of  neolithic  hut- 
floors  were  found  here  in  the  year  1 87 1,  but  the  exact  archseological  significance  is  consider- 
ably obscured  by  the  fact  that  with  curious  persistence  they  have  been  described  as  Celtic  in 
the  published  accounts. *  Among  the  remains  found  were  large  numbers  of  flakes,  and  various 
implements  such  as  arrow-heads,  knives,  ground  celts,  etc.,  the  whole  mixed  up  with  a  layer 
of  vegetable  matter  that  had  accumulated  upon  the  floor  to  a  depth  of  about  i  foot. 

Hayes.  On  Hayes  Common  ^  there 
are  several  groups  of  neolithic  hut-floors 
associated  with  lines  of  ditches  and 
mounds.  These  are  circular  in  outline, 
they  vary  in  form  and  size  from  shallow 
depressions  a  few  inches  deep  and  about 
4  ft.  in  diameter  to  hollows  2  ft.  6  in. 
deep  and  about  30  ft.  in  diameter,  and 
they  fall  into  the  three  following  pretty 
well  defined  types  : — 

1.  Large  pits  from  10  ft.  to  30  ft. 
in  diameter,  and  from  6  in.  to  2  ft.  6  in. 
deep,  surrounded  by  a  mound,  with 
trace  of  entrance,  and  containing  no 
considerable  traces  of  fire.    (See  diagram, 

2.  Pits  similar  in  every  way,  but 
with  a  low  conical  mound  in  the  centre. 
(See  diagram,  fig.  2.) 

3.  Small  pits  from  4  ft.  to  10  ft. 
in  diameter  without  an  encircling  mound, 
and  containing  numerous  reddened  peb- 
bles, fragments  of  charred  wood  and  other  indications  of  fire.     (See  diagram,  fig.  3.) 

The  first  and  second  types  were  undoubtedly  the  floors  of  huts  for  human  habitation, 
whilst  the  third  represents  the  sites  of  cooking  fires  placed  at  some  little  distance  away  from 
the  dwellings,  which  were  constructed  of  interlaced  branches  and  other  inflammable  materials. 
From  the  shape  and  contents  of  these  cooking  holes  it  seems  probable  that  the  fire  was  made 
on  a  large  scale  and  maintained  for  a  long  time  so  as  to  make  the  earth  sufficiently  hot  to  cook 
whole  animals.  This  theory  agrees  with  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  arrangement  and  dis- 
position of  the  hut-floors ;  because  it  is  clear  that  the  dwellings  were  built  in  groups  of  from 
four  to  six  huts,  each  capable  of  accommodating  from  two  to  six  individuals.  Several  of 
these  groups  occur  on  Hayes  Common,  and  it  is  extremely  probable  that  the  neolithic  tribes 
here  lived  in  small  communities.     Neolithic  implements  and  flakes  have  been  found  at  various 

parts,  but  it  is  probable  that  many 
more  lie  buried  in  the  turf  and  the 
layer  of  peat  which  lies  below  it. 
In  addition  to  the  actual 
earthen  circles  round  the  ancient 
hut-floors  there  are,  evidently  in 
association  with  them,  a  good 
many  lines  of  ditches  and  mounds 
enclosing  spaces  in  which  animals 
may  very  well  have  been  secured. 
Attention  was  drawn  to  these 
works  in  1878  by  Mr.  W.  M. 
Flinders  Petrie,  who  read  a  paper 
entitled  '  Notes  on  Kentish  Earth- 
works' ^  at  a  meeting  of  the  Kent 
Archaeological  Society  at  Bromley 
in  that  year.      Mr.  Petrie  drew 


— ^—   Top   of  banK. 
— — —    Bottom  of  ditch 


Diagram  No. 


Remains   of  Stockaded    Enclosures, 
Hayes,  Kent. 


>  Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  122-26;   and  Coll.  Cant.  1-5. 

2  Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  15-16  ;   Proc.  Sue.  Antiq.  (ser.  2)  xii.  258-63. 

3  Arch.  Cant.  xiii.  8-16. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


special  attention  to  two  groups  of  ditch  and  bank  work,  and  suggested  that  in  one  case  (see 
diagram  i)  the  banks  probably  represented  field  divisions.  He  pointed  out,  what  indeed  is  a 
significant  fact,  that  although  about  forty  hut-floors  occur  just  outside  these  enclosures,  none 
arefound  within  them.  Had  Mr.  Petrie's  theory  as  to  field  divisions  been  proved  by  further 
examination  to  be  tenable,  this  circumstance  might  have  been  very  naturally  explained  by  sup- 
posing that  all  traces  of  any  floors  within  the  enclosures  had  been  destroyed  during  the  process 
of  cultivation.  Careful  examination  of  the  site,  however,  enables  the  present  writer  to  state 
with  confidence  that  the  soil,  at  this  part  of  the  Common,  at  any  rate,  has  never  been  cultivated. 
The  absence  of  floors  within  the  enclosures  is  therefore  of  considerable  value  as  tending  to  show 
that  the  latter  were  for  the  purpose  of  enclosing  cattle  at  night,  or  perhaps  at  other  times  when 
wolves  were  in  the  vicinity.    Doubtless  the  banks  were  surmounted  by  hedges  or  fences. 

The  banks  may  be  described  as  protective  rather  than  strictly  defensive  earthworks. 
Although  the  forms  of  the  enclosures  are  somewhat  irregular,  there  is  a  pronounced  tendency 
towards  a  square  or  oblong.  This  will  be  seen  in  the  diagram  No.  i,  representing  the  en- 
closures containing  no  hut-floors,  already  mentioned.  These  enclosures,  which  are  doubtless 
coeval  with  the  neolithic  dwellings,  probably  represent  successive  stockaded  enclosures,  be- 


i 

i 

o 

A 

o    o    o 

o    o 

1 
1 

i 

'^ 

0=0. 

j 

i 

I 

( 

Diagram  No.  2.     Enclosures  at  Hayes,   Kent.  Neolithic  Flakes  from  Millfield,  near 

Hayes  Common. 

(scale  :  ^   linear). 

cause  the  ditch  from  which  the  material  for  the  bank  was  derived  occurs  in  some  cases  on  the 
inside  of  the  enclosure,  and  this  points  pretty  clearly  to  intervals  between  the  construction 
of  different  enclosures.  In  the  diagram  J  shows  an  earlier  enclosure  than  B,  and  C  is  earlier 
than  D.  In  D,  how-ever,  there  seems  to  have  been  originally  a  dividing  line  cutting  the  oblong 
into  two  nearly  equal  shapes.  All  traces  of  the  dividing  line  are  lost,  and  the  thin  dotted 
line  in  the  diagram  is  merely  conjectural  and  intended  to  explain  the  peculiarities  of  the 
enclosing  ditches  and  banks. 

Another  group  of  enclosures,  probably  of  earlier  type,  is  shown  in  diagram  No.  2.  In 
this  case  the  rectilinear  work  A  is  probably  earlier  than  the  oval  enclosure  B,  because  the 
former  was  partly  destroyed  when  the  latter  was  constructed.  Both  square  and  oval  en- 
closures were  probably  disused  at  a  very  early  time,  as  traces  of  neolithic  dwellings  are 
found  both  within  and  without  the  banks,  and  indeed  in  one  case  a  hut-floor  has  been  cut 
somewhat  into  the  actual  bank  of  the  oval  work. 

Keston.     At  Millfield,  Kestcm,'  adjoining  Hayes  Common,  the  site  of  a  factory  of  neolithic 
'   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (ser.  2)  xvii.  216-21. 
316 


EARLY    MAN 

implements  was  discovered  towards  the  end  of  the  year  1897.  This  was  a  circular  area  about 
14  ft.  in  diameter,  and  upon  a  careful  examination  of  the  ground  being  made  nearly  one  thou- 
sand pieces  of  flint  were  found,  consisting  of  upwards  of  twenty  cores,  considerably  more  than 
four  hundred  flakes,  and  a  rather  larger  number  of  waste  chips.  All  the  cores  were  small,  and 
would  not  have  been  capable  of  producing  flakes  more  than  3  in.  long.  The  flakes,  which  are 
in  most  cases  straight,  well  made,  and  triangular  in  section,  have  generally  lost  their  pointed 
end  consisting  of  about  one-fourth  or  one-third  part  of  the  original  length.  About  40  per 
cent,  of  the  flakes  had  been  broken  in  this  way,  and  as  the  missing  parts  must  have  been  sharp, 
pointed,  and  more  or  less  triangular  in  form,  it  is  probable  that  they  have  been  purposely 
broken  off  and  employed  as  arrow-heads  or  possibly  as  sickle-teeth,  and  thus  dispersed  over 
the  surrounding  district.  It  is  significant  that  not  one  of  the  pointed  ends  was  found  at 
Millfield,  although  examples  have  been  found  by  the  present  writer  at  Hayes  Common. 

One  of  the  interesting  facts  about  this  discovery  is  that  it  tends  to  establish  beyond  the 
possibility  of  doubt  the  fact  that  the  hut-circles  on  Hayes  Common  are  of  Neolithic  Age. 
Hitherto  this  had  rested  upon  negative  rather  than  positive  evidence,  but  it  is  now  fairly  clear 
that  the  Millfield  factory  forms  one  of  the  group  of  settlements  at  Hayes  Common,  and  that 
all  the  floors  there  may  be  referred  to  the  Neolithic  Age. 

Ightham.  About  thirty  floors  of  dwellings,  in  every  case  associated  with  neolithic  chips, 
flakes,  cores,  and  implements,  have  been  discovered  in  this  parish. 

The  more  important  finds  of  neolithic  implements  will  be  noted 
in  the  topographical  list  at  the  end  of  this  article,  but  one  or  two 
special  features  are  worthy  of  notice  here. 

The  first  is  the  discovery  of  a  large  number  of  neatly  chipped 
flint  arrow-heads  at  Linton,  a  parish  about  4  miles  to  the  south  of 
Maidstone.  No  less  than  sixty-five  examples  of  these  objects,  which 
are  usually  very  rare  in  Kent,  are  now  in  the  Maidstone  Museum. 

Another  remarkable  feature  of  the  neolithic  remains  in  Kent  is 
the  comparative  abundance  of  roughly  chipped  celt-like  implements, 
from  6  in.  to  8  in.  in  length,  and  of  considerable  weight.  Besides 
the  examples  recorded  by  Sir  John  Evans  from  Shoreham  and  other 
places,  the  present  writer  has  found  several  objects  of  this  character  at 
West  Wickham.  There  seems  good  reason  to  believe  that  they  were 
hoes  or  somewhat  analogous  implements  for  agricultural  purposes. 

An  important  class  of  remains  of  this  interesting  age  are  the 
megalithic  monuments  associated  with  burials,  and  these  will  be  dealt 
with   in   the  following  section. 

Megalithic  Remains 

All  the  megalithic  remains  of  Kent  are  situated  in  the  central  part 
of  the  county,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Maidstone.  Precisely  speaking, 
the  district  in  which  they  lie  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Boxley,  and  on 
the  west  by  Wrotham,  the  river  Medway  running  through  it. 

Though  not  remarkable  numerically,  these  antiquities  are  of  great 
archasological  importance.  It  is  probable  that  they  are  all  of  sepulchral 
origin,  and  in  two  cases  the  original  characters  have  been  sufficiently 
retained  to  enable  antiquaries  to  refer  them  without  hesitation  to  the 
Neolithic  Age.  The  other  megalithic  structures,  which  have  fallen, 
were  probably  reared  for  a  similar  purpose,  and  there  is  reason  to  think 
that  the  various  members  of  the  whole  group  belong  practically  to  the 
same  period,  and  were  constructed  for  sepulchral  purposes. 

317 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The  material  used  in  these  prehistoric  monuments  is  sarsen  stone, 
or  greywethers,  a  species  of  tough  sandstone,  which  occurs  naturally 
scattered  about  the  surface  of  certain  parts  of  the  North  Downs  and 
elsewhere.  This  stone  was  also  largely  used  at  Stonehenge.  As  far  as 
the  Kentish  megalithic  structures  are  concerned,  the  stone  does  not 
seem  to  have  been  artificially  shaped,  except  perhaps  in  one  instance, 
but  such  blocks  as  were  of  suitable  size  and  shape  seem  to  have  been 
selected  and  brought  together.  The  following  are  the  chief  Kentish 
examples  : 

Kits  Coty  House,  the  best  known  and  the  most  perfect  example  of  its  kind  in  Kent, 
stands  out  boldly  on  the  side  of  the  hill  a  little  below  the  extensive  chalk  pit  at  Blue  Bell  Hill. 
It  is  situated  i^  miles  north-east  of  Aylesford,  and  on  sufficiently  high  ground  to  command 
extensive  views  over  the  country  Ipng  to  the  south  and  the  west.  The  structure  consists 
of  four  stones  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  simple  cromlech.  Three  of  the  stones  are  up- 
right and  support  a  large  flat  cap-stone.  The  upright  stones,  which  are  arranged  in  an 
H-shaped  plan,  are  of  the  following  dimensions  : — the  south-west  stone  is  about  8  ft.  high, 
whilst  its  breadth  at  the  base  is  6  ft.  2  in.,  and  its  thickness  about  I  ft.  8  in. ;  the  north-east 
stone  is  about  7  ft.  high,  6  ft.  8  in.  broad,  and  2  ft.  thick ;  the  middle  stone,  which  is  of 
irregular  form,  is  6  ft.  10  in.  in  greatest  height.  Upon  the  top  of  these  stones  is  placed  a 
capstone  measuring  12  ft.  10  in.  by  9  ft.  3  in.,  and  in  some  parts  it  is  about  2  ft.  thick.  The 
fact  that  the  two  main  upright  stones  have  an  inclination  inwards  imparts  to  them  great 
strength  and  stability,  especially  as  they  are  prevented  from  falling  inwards  by  the  middle 
stone  or  outwards  by  the  enormous  weight  of  the  capstone. 

The  size  of  the  capstone  is  sufficiently  large  to  project  beyond  the  supporting  stones. 
It  is  pentagonal  in  form,  and  so  poised  on  the  upright  stones  as  to  slope  considerably  towards 
the  north-west,  a  circumstance  which  was  once  held  by  archseologists  '■  to  point  to  the  proba- 
bility of  its  having  been  a  sacrificial  altar  used  by  the  Druids. 

A  useful  clue  to  the  real  object  and  purpose  of  Kits  Coty  House  is  furnished  by  the 
engraved  plate  of  the  monument  published  in  1776  by  Dr.  Stukeley, 2  in  which  the  stones  are 
represented  as  standing  at  the  end  of  a  long,  low  mound.  There  are  also  some  valuable 
particulars  both  of  Kits  Coty  House  and  Lower  Kits  Coty  House  as  they  appeared  in  1732  in 
a  letter  from  Hercules  Ayleway  ^  to  Dr.  Stukeley,  as  the  following  extract  will  show  : — '  from 
the  N.W.  front  of  this  upper  Cotty  House  are  extended  a  parcell  of  small  stones  in  the  form 
of  branchii,  or  arms,  or  arches  of  circles ;  on  the  N.  west  side  they  are  doubly  rowed,  but  the 
S.  east  arm  is  either  buried  or  the  stones  carried  away,  from  the  extremitys  of  which  arms  I 
conjecture  there  has  been  an  avenue,  by  reason  of  the  many  stones  I  find  disposed  in  or  very 
near  a  right  line,  and  exactly  corresponding  with  the  said  arches,  which  avenue  leads  to  a  little 
farm  called  Tottendan  Place,  about  800  yards  west  of  the  Cotty  House ;  it  was  moated 
round,  and  whileome  was  a  place  of  good  strength.' 

There  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that  Kits  Coty  House  was  originally  a  long  barrow  enclosing 
a  stone  sepulchral  chamber  of  the  well-known  neolithic  type.  It  seems  quite  possible  also, 
judging  from  the  foregoing  extract  from  Ayleway's  letter,  that  the  barrow  was  enclosed  in 
a  ring  of  stones.  Agricultural  operations,  rain-wash,  and  the  excavations  of  treasure-seekers, 
are  sufficient  to  account  for  the  entire  disappearance  of  the  barrow  and  the  circle  of  stones 
by  which  it  was  surrounded. 

The  division  of  the  space  between  the  supporting  stones  by  the  intervention  of  the  middle 
upright  stone,  a  circumstance  which  inclined  Dr.  Stukeley  to  the  opinion  that  this  could  not 
have  been  a  sepulchral  cist,  does  not  really  present  any  serious  obstacle  to  the  explanation 
suggested.  It  points  rather  to  the  conclusion  that  this  was  a  double  cist,  a  feature  which, 
as  will  presently  be  shown,  is  in  harmony  with  another  Kentish  example. 

In  the  engraved  picture  in  Dr.  Stukeley's  Itinerarium  Curiosum,  already  referred  to,  is 
shown  a  point  marked  '  the  General's  tomb.'  This  is  clearly  distinct  from  the  recumbent 
monolith,  also  shown  in  the  engraving  lying  nearly  a  mile  nearer  Aylesford,  and  popularly 

'  King,  Mun.  Antiq.  i.  220  et  seq. 

»  Stukeley,  Itin.  Curios,  (ed.  2)  PJates  31  (2),  33  (2),  and  34  (2). 

3  Dt.  Stukeley's  Diaries  and  Letters  (Surtees  See),  Ixiiii.  bcxvi.  bcxx. 

318 


'mak 

■P^SKIH  'mmm  jjn^  \  iJj^l^^^^lEnH 

Kits  Coty   House. 


The   Fallen   Stones   near  Kits  Coty   House. 


Megalithig    Remains,   Addington. 


EARLY    MAN 

known  as  '  the  coffin  stone,'  so  called  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  its  shape  to  that  of  a 
coffin. 

Lower  Kits  Coty  House.  This  is  the  popular  name  of  a  group  of  large  stones  situated 
in  a  field  lower  down  the  hill  in  the  direction  of  Aylesford.  The  group  is  also  known  as  '  the 
countless  stones,'  from  the  fact  that  it  is  by  no  means  easy  to  count  their  number  owing  to 
the  confused  condition  in  which  they  lie.  Stukeley  '  gives,  in  the  engraving,  a  bird's-eye 
view  and  plan  of  this  structure,  from  which  it  appears  that  there  were  ten  upright  stones 
arranged  roughly  in  the  form  of  the  letter  D,  and  apparently  two  capstones.  Stukeley's 
ideas  on  these  points,  however,  were  purely  conjectural  and  valueless.  All  the  blocks  of 
which  the  Lower  Kits  Coty  House  was  composed  appear  to  be  of  more  regular  shapes  than 
those  used  in  the  Upper  Kits  Coty  House.  From  accounts  which  have  been  preserved  it  seems 
that  what  is  now  a  fallen  heap  of  from  sixteen  to  twenty  stones  consisted  originally  of  some 
four  or  five  cromlechs.  They  lie  on  a  space  of  ground  measuring  20  ft.  7  in.  from  north  to 
south,  and  29  ft.  7  in.  from  north-east  to  south-west.  The  stones  were  thrown  down  in  the 
early  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  between  the  years  1772  and  1824  they  suffered  con- 
siderable further  damage.  At  one  time  it  was  proposed  to  break  them  up  into  smaller  blocks 
and  take  them  down  the  river  to  Sheerness  for  the  paving  of  the  barracks  there,  but  for- 
tunately the  stones  proved  to  be  too  hard  for  the  purpose. 

Beyond  the  fact  that  this  must  have  been  a  very  important  megalithic  monument  or 
series  of  monuments  it  is  impossible  to  say  much  definitely  about  it. 

The  Coffin  Stone.  Reference  has  already  been  made  to  this  magnificent  recumbent 
monolith.  It  lies  in  an  open  field  at  Great  Tottington  Farm,  practically  opposite  Lower 
Kits  Coty  House,  and  measures  14  ft.  6  in.  in  length,  8  ft.  6  in.  in  breadth,  and  about  2  ft. 
in  thickness.  Several  human  remains,  including  two  skulls,  were  found  in  association  with 
this  massive  stone  in  1836. 

Stones  on  Blue  Bell  Hill.  Just  above  the  site  of  Kits  Coty  House  there  are  several 
scattered  stones  which  were  considered  by  the  late  Mr.  Thomas  Wright  to  be  the  coverings 
of,  or  entrances  to,  sepulchral  chambers.  It  was  found  that  each  group  of  stones  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  small  circle  of  stones,  and  excavations  carried  out  in  1844  showed  that  one  of 
these  stones  was  laid  across  what  was  apparently  the  mouth  of  a  round  pit  cut  in  the  chalk 
and  filled  with  flints.  According  to  the  reports  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  district  many  similar 
pits  had  been  found  on  the  hill  in  former  times,  and  generally  one  or  two  large  stones  were 
found  placed  in  the  pit's  mouth.  Enormous  numbers  of  flints  were  found  in  the  pits,  and 
many  of  them  were  utilized  as  road  metal  when  a  new  road  was  made. 2 

Addington.  There  are  in  Addington  Park,  nearly  5  miles  to  the  west  of  Aylesford, 
several  stones  occurring  in  groups  or  as  separate  monoliths  which  having  once  received  the 
appellation  '  Druidical  circles  '  have,  without  the  sHghtest  reason,  continued  to  be  called 
circles  even  by  those  who  have  abandoned  the  position  that  the  stones  were  of  Druidical 
origin.^  In  1878,  however,  Mr.  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie  *  published  a  careful  description  and 
plan  (the  latter  based  upon  actual  survey  and  probing)  in  which  it  was  clearly  shown  that  the 
stones  form  an  avenue  of  two  parallel  lines  with  a  chamber  (now  disturbed)  at  the  north-east 
end.  The  importance  of  this  fact  was  at  once  perceived  by  Mr.  Petrie.  He  writes :  ^ '  There 
seems  to  be  a  type  in  these  Kentish  works ;  at  Kits  Coty  in  Stukeley's  time,  there  was  a  long 
mound,  with  the  chamber  at  one  end  ;  at  Addington,  there  is  a  chamber  at  one  end  of  a  long 
mound,  which  has  a  row  of  stones  along  it  ;  and  at  Coldreham  there  is  similarly  a  chamber, 
and  a  row  of  stones  leaning  in  against  a  slight  elevation  of  earth  around  it,  in  both  cases  the 
chamber  being  at  the  east  end  of  the  long  group.' 

There  are  three  principal  groups  of  stones  at  Addington.  The  first,  on  the  right-hand 
side  of  the  road  leading  from  Addington  Church  to  Wrotham  Heath,  consists  of  a  large  up- 
right mass  of  rock  somewhat  pyramidal  in  form,  6  ft.  6  in.  high,  8  ft.  broad  at  the  base,  and 
I  ft.  5  in.  thick.  Near  it  is  a  large  recumbent  slab,  probably  a  capstone,  and  measuring  15  ft. 
by  9  ft.  8  in.  and  i  ft.  9  in.  thick.     The  other  stones  in  this  group  are  not  remarkably  large. 

The  second  group,  which  is  situated  a  few  yards  further  on,  on  the  same  side  of  the  road, 
contains  three  stones,  two  lying  nearly  flat  and  one  standing  almost  upright.  The  upright 
stone  is  5  ft.  2  in.  high. 

»  Stukeley,  Itin.  Curios,  pi.  32  (2).  >  ^uh.  Joum.  i.  264. 

»  Arch.  ii.  107  et  seq.  G.  Payne,  in  Coll.  Cant.  (1893),  p.  140,  speaks  of  'an  imperfect  circle'  at 
Addington. 

'  Arch.  Cant.  xiii.  14,  16.  "  Op.  cit.  l.\. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The  third  group  lies  also  on  the  right-hand  side  of  the  roadway,  but  at  a  distance  of 
about  50  yards  from  it.  It  contains  many  large  stones  lying  in  a  state  of  confusion,  which 
suggests  that  the  whole  structure  has  either  tumbled  down  or  been  purposely  destroyed.  A 
vigorous  growth  of  bushes  unfortunately  hides  some  of  these  large  blocks  of  stone,  but  some 
are  visible,  and  one,  which  may  perhaps  have  served  as  a  capstone,  measures  12  ft.  6  in.  by 
7  ft.  8  in.,  and  is  2  ft.  in  thickness.  It  is  this  third  group  of  stones  which  Mr.  Petrie  shows 
to  have  occupied  the  north-east  end  of  the  avenue. 

CoLDRUM.  Remains  of  an  important  megalithic  structure  e.xist  at  Coldrum  Farm  in 
Trottisclifle  parish,  situated  about  ij  miles  north  of  the  stones  in  Addington  Park  just 
mentioned,  and  about  J  mile  north-east  of  Trottisclifle  Church.  As  already  mentioned 
in  quoting  Mr.  Petrie's  description,  these  stones  at  Coldrum  or  Coldreham  (as  he  calls 
it)  are  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  quadrangular  enclosure  round  a  central  chamber  of  which 
the  two  massive  upright  stones  still  remain.  A  glance  at  the  stones,  both  those  which  formed 
the  central  chamber  and  those  which  surrounded  it,  is  sufficient  to  show  that  this  was  a  monu- 
ment of  quite  equal  if  not  superior  importance  to  that  at  Kits  Coty  House,  and  it  is  interesting 
to  note  that  while  that  at  Coldrum  stands  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Medway,  Kits  Coty  House 
stands  on  the  east  bank.  Both  are  situated  on  the  lower  slopes  of  the  chalk  hills,  yet  suffici- 
ently high  to  command  extensive  views  and  to  be  visible  the  one  from  the  other. 

Another  interesting  point  of  similarity  in  the  two  cromlechs  is  that  the  space  between 
the  two  main  upright  stones  is  pretty  evenly  divided  by  transverse  stones,  in  the  case  of  Kits 
Coty  House  by  one,  in  that  of  Coldrum  by  two.  In  both  cromlechs,  therefore,  we  find  double 
chambers,  intended  probably  for  two  interments.  The  capstone  is  lacking  in  the  Coldrum 
cromlech,  but  the  two  main  upright  stones,  which  are  still  in  their  original  position,  are  re- 
markably massive,  one  being  1 1  ft.  long,  7  ft.  2  in.  high,  and  2  ft.  3  in.  thick,  whilst  the  other 
is  only  slightly  smaller.  One  of  the  largest  of  the  stones  forming  the  quadrangular  enclosure 
is  placed  obliquely  in  the  earth,  and  doubtless  a  considerable  portion  is  below  the  surface  ; 
what  is  visible,  however,  measures  8  ft.  8  in.  wide,  5  ft.  high,  and  3  ft.  thick. 

That  the  Coldrum  cromlech  was  of  great  importance  seems  quite  clear,  and  if  the  curi- 
ously square  and  regular  forms  of  the  upright  stones  are  due  to  artificial  shaping,  the  structure 
may  be  regarded  as  not  only  the  finest,  but  also  the  latest  example  of  the  megalithic  sepulchral 
chambers  of  the  Kentish  group. 

It  is  possible  that  some  of  the  masses  of  Sarsen  stone  which  occur  in  various  parts  of  Kent 
may  be  remains  of  sepulchral  chambers,  but  the  fact  that  they  also  occur  naturally  on  the 
surface  of  the  ground  makes  it  practically  impossible  to  determine  the  point. 

There  seems  good  evidence  that  a  sepulchral  chamber  of  the  character  described  above 
once  existed  near  Cobham  Church.  In  or  about  the  year  1830  Mr.  F.  C.  Lukis  1  observed 
remains  of  it,  but  unfortunately  the  structure  had  been  destroyed  and  only  one  large  stone, 
too  heavy  to  carry  away,  had  been  suffered  to  remain. 

Maplescombe.  In  the  ruined  church  of  Maplescombe,  not  far  from  Dartford,  there 
are  four  Sarsen  stones  in  a  position  which  suggests  artificial  arrangement,  but  of  course  it  does 
not  follow  that  they  are  connected  with  the  megalithic  remains  for  which  the  more  central 
part  of  the  county  is  famous. 

Two  interesting  pieces  ^  of  neolithic  pottery  have  recently  been  found  in  Mid-Kent, 
both  of  which  are  now  in  the  Maidstone  Museum.  One,  4i  in.  diam.  and  2J  in.  high, 
was  found  at  Maidstone ;  the  other,  3  in.  diam.  and  2-i  in.  high,  was  procured  at  Rose 
Wood,  Ightham. 


The    Bronze    Age 

There  can  have  been  but  few,  if  any,  more  important  prehistoric 
events  than  the  discovery  of  metals.  Bronze,  which  is  known  to  have 
been  in  use  long  before  iron,  although  inferior  to  the  latter  in  certain 
qualities,  possessed  many  valuable  properties,  which  were  lacking  in 
flint   and   other   hard    substances  which   had   been   employed    hitherto. 

»  Joiirn.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  ix.  427.  =  Arch.  Cant,  xxvii.  pp.  Ixxvi-kxviii. 

320 


Mecalithig    Remains,   Addington. 


Megalithic    Remains  at   Coldrum,  Trottiscliffe. 


EARLY    MAN 

The  possibility  of  shaping  it  whilst  in  a  state  of  fusion,  and  of  re- 
sharpening  implements  made  of  it,  gave  to  metal  tools  an  immense 
superiority  over  those  fashioned  out  of  stone  ;  and  it  is  practically 
certain  that  the  introduction  of  the  new  material  had  the  effect  of 
revolutionizing  the  methods  of  warfare,  hunting,  husbandry,  building 
and  other  crafts.  The  introduction  of  bronze  into  Britain  is  associated 
with  the  appearance  of  the  Goidels. 

In  the  entire  absence  of  documentary  evidence,  it  is  unwise  to 
speculate  in  reference  to  certain  phases  and  sides  of  life  in  the  Bronze 
Age.  We  have  simply  the  remains  of  weapons,  implements,  pottery, 
ornaments,  etc.,  scattered  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  or  hidden 
beneath  its  surface,  either  in  the  form  of  a  secret  hoard  or  a  sepulchral 
deposit  ;  we  have  evidences  of  decorative  art  on  pottery  and  metal- 
work  ;  we  have  earthworks  built  up  by  man  during  the  Bronze  Age  ; 
and,  finally,  we  have  bones  of  Bronze  Age  man  himself. 

From  these  various  sources  it  can  be  pretty  clearly  shown  that 
the  Bronze  Age  extended  over  a  comparatively  long  period  of  time. 
During  that  period  there  was  a  considerable  advance  in  husbandry, 
in  the  potter's  art,  and  indeed  in  the  various  phases  of  civilization 
generally.  When  the  bronze- using  people  came  to  what  is  now 
England,  they  came  probably  as  traders.  At  any  rate,  they  soon 
fraternized  with  the  neolithic  inhabitants,  and  there  is  strong  evidence 
that  the  two  races  intermarried.  The  testimony  of  sepulchral  deposits 
upon  this  point  is  of  great  value,  because  it  clearly  establishes  the  fact 
that  sepulture  by  inhumation,  which  was  the  special  feature  of  neolithic 
burials,  survived  through  the  Bronze  Age. 

The  distribution  of  Bronze  Age  antiquities  in  Kent,  whether 
articles  composed  of  bronze,  or  pottery,  or  personal  ornaments,  affords 
confirmatory  evidence  of  these  peaceable  relations  between  the  two 
races.  Aylesford,  which  is  remarkable  as  having  afforded  antiquities 
of  every  period  of  prehistoric  times,  is  one  of  several  localities  in  Kent 
where  Neolithic  and  Bronze  Age  people  lived  side  by  side. 

The  chief  antiquities  of  the  Bronze  Age  in  Kent  have  been  discovered 
in  or  near  the  river-valleys  of  the  Medway  and  the  Stour,  and  also  on  or 
near  the  sea-coast,  as  in  the  Isle  of  Harty,  and  between  Margate  and  Dover. 
The  two  forms  of  implements  usually  associated  with  the  early  part  of 
the  Bronze  Age  are  the  broad-edged  flat  celts  and  the  short  knife- 
daggers.  An  example  of  the  former  has  been  found  at  Aylesford,'  and 
of  the  latter  at  Sittingbourne  ^ ;  but  these  types  are  distinctly  rare  in 
Kent. 

The  implements  or  weapons  suggestive  of  a  later  period  are, 
however,  much  less  rare,  and  the  following  are  the  more  important 
examples  :  Swords  have  been  found  at  All  Hallow's,  Hoo  ;  Chatham  ; 
and  the  Thames  at  Greenwich :  spear-heads  at  Chartham  and  Salt- 
wood  :   a  fine  bronze  shield  in  the  Thames  near  Woolwich  :    knives  at 


Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xvii.  yj^l-  *  Op-  cit.  x.  29. 

321 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

All  Hallow's,  Hoo,  and  the  Isle  of  Harty  :  a  sickle  at  Marden  :  celts 


at     All    Hallow's,    Hoo  ;     Canterbury  ; 


Bronze  Knife  from  Isle  of  Harty. 


Dover  ;  Minster  (Thanet)  ; 
Sittingbourne  ;  Watering- 
bury  ;  and  Wye  :  pal- 
staves at  All  Hallow's, 
Hoo  ;  Ashford  ;  Blean  ; 
Buckland  (near  Dover)  ; 
Chatham, etc. ;  whilst  skin- 
ning-knives,  pins,  rings, 
and  numerous  other  mis- 

from  Marden  and   the  more 


cellaneous    objects,    have  been    recorded 
important  bronze  hoards  in  the  county. 

Hoards  of  bronze,  comprising  rough  masses  of  metal,  or  old, 
broken  or  worn-out  implements,  are  of  the  highest  archaeological 
value,  because  they  furnish  important  evidence  as  to  the  working  of 
metal  in  prehistoric  times,  and  help  to  indicate  the  extent  and  direction 
of  trading  operations,  the  purposes  and  uses  of  the  tools  and  implements 
of  man  in  the  Bronze  Age,  and  other  equally  interesting  subjects. 

Kent  has  furnished  six  or  seven  examples  of  hoards  of  this  kind, 
some  of  them  being  remarkable  for  their  numerous  and  varied  contents. 
The  following  are  succinct  particulars  of  the  more  important  Kentish 
hoards  : — 


All  Hallow's,  Hoo.  In  1873  some  agricultural  labourers  found  at  Home  Wood  Farm 
a  hoard  containing  eighteen  objects,  mainly  socketed  and  looped  celts,  a  knife,  a  sword-hilt, 
and  a  very  rare  form  of  skinning  knife,  and  composed,  according  to  the  account  given  by  Mr. 
Humphrey  Wickham,i  of  pure  copper.  Lumps  of  metal  weighing  nearly  8  lb.  were  found 
with  the  implements. 

Another  hoard  was  discovered  in  1875  about  3  ft.  below  the  surface  of  the  ground  at 
Little  Coombe  Farm,^  on  the  border  of  the  parishes  of  All  Hallow's  and  St.  Mary,  also  in  the 
Hundred  of  Hoo.     It  consisted  of  twenty-seven  objects  mostly  in  the  form  of  broken  socketed 


Sword-hilt  (damaged)  found  at  All 
Hallow's,  Hoo. 


Knife  found  at  All  Hallow's, 
Hoo. 


celts.  These  articles,  weighing  in  all  7J  lb.,  were  accompanied  by  lumps  of  unmanufactured 
metal  of  about  an  equal  weight.  The  implements,  as  in  the  case  of  the  earlier  find,  are  said 
to  have  been  composed  of  pure  copper. 

Ebbs  Fleet,  Minster,  Thanet.  A  bronze  hoard  of  great  importance  was  found  here 
in  January  1893.'  It  contained  upwards  of  190  separate  implements,  and  fragments  of 
bronze,  and  weighed  160  lb.  or  more.  The  chief  contents  were  portions  of  dagger,  swords, 
and  celts,  and  perfect  examples  of  socketed  celts,  palstaves,  spear-heads,  sickle,  hammer,  and 

»  Arch.  Cant.  xi.  124-5.  »  Op.  cit.  123-4. 

^  Ptoc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (ser.  2)  xiv.  309-11,  and  xv.   138. 
322 


EARLY    MAN 

knives,  as  well  as  numerous  lumps  of  bronze  or  copper.  The  knives,  two  in  number,  con- 
sisted of  an  example  of  the  rare  kind  of  skinning-implement  found  in  the  Home  Wood  Farm 
hoard  just  described,  and  a  specimen  of  a  socketed  knife  vvdth  a  single  rivet  hole  and  lacking 
the  point.  There  was  one  other  object  found  which  is  worthy  of  mention,  namely  a  pierced 
disc  with  short  tube,  resembling  that  found  in  the  Isle  of  Harty  hoard  and  figured  by  Sir  John 
Evans  in  his  well-known  work  on  bronze  implements,  etc.^ 

Harty,  Isle  of.  This  important  hoard  has  been  well  described  by  Sir  John  Evans  ^ 
as  '  the  stock-in-trade  of  an  ancient  bronze  founder.'  It  contained  celt  moulds  and  the  celts 
made  in  them,  a  gouge-mould,  gouges,  hammers,  knives,  etc.,  but  the  great  importance  of 
the  discovery  arises  from  the  valuable  information  it  gives  as  to  the  methods  adopted  in  casting 
bronze  rather  than  in  the  number  or  character  of  the  particular  objects  of  which  the  hoard 
consisted.  The  largest  mould  was  made  in  two  pieces,  each  of  which  was  furnished  on  the 
outside  with  projecting  pins.  The  purpose  of  these  pins  was  to  hold  in  position  the  cords 
by  which  the  two  halves  of  the  mould  were  bound  during  the  process  of  casting.  Five  celts 
produced  in  this  mould  were  found  in  the  hoard,  yet  no  two  were  actually  alike,  and  from  a 
careful  study  of  the  different  specimens  it  appears  that  the  system  of  casting  adopted  was  as 
follows  : — 

First,  the  mould  was  tied  together  in  proper  position,  and  loam  or  clay  was  rammed  into 
it  so  as  to  tightly  fill  the  upper  part.  Secondly,  the  mould  was  taken  apart,  and  the  clay 
removed  and  probably  left  to  become  nearly  dry.  Thirdly,  the  lower  part  of  the  clay  was 
then  trimmed  to  form  the  core,  a  shoulder  being  left  which  would  form  the  mould  for  the 
top  of  the  celt.  The  upper  part  of  the  clay  would  be  left  untouched,  beyond  having  two 
channels  cut  in  it  to  allow  of  the  passage  of  the  melted  metal.  Fourthly,  the  mould  would 
be  tied  together  again  with  the  prepared  core  inside,  the  untrimmed  part  of  which  would 
form  a  guide  for  its  due  position  in  the  mould.  Fifthly,  the  mould  would  then  be  placed 
vertically,  probably  by  being  stuck  into  sand,  and  the  melted  metal  would  be  poured  down 
the  channels.^  Another  explanation  of  the  slight  variations  in  the  sharpness  of  the  mould- 
ings is  as  follows.  In  order  to  prevent  the  molten  bronze  from  adhering  to  the  bronze  mould, 
the  latter  must  have  been  smeared  over  with  something  by  way  of  protection,  so  as  to  form 
a  thin  film  between  the  metal  of  the  mould  and  that  of  the  casting.  It  is  probable  that  the 
ancient  bronze  founders  used  a  thin  coat  of  marl  to  prevent  contact  of  the  metals,  and  the 
variations  in  the  thickness  of  the  protecting  film  have  been  reproduced  in  the  form  of  the 
implement. 

The  Isle  of  Harty  hoard  contained  some  other  implements,  two  pieces  of  copper,  and  a 
whetstone,  and  is  in  every  way  important  as  showing  what  were  the  tools  and  methods  of 
a  primitive  bronze  founder. 

Leeds.  A  letter  from  Dr.  J.  Young  to  Dr.  Thorpe,  dated  9  November,  1708,  describes 
the  discovery  near  Leeds  Castle  of  about  sixteen  '  boltheads  such  as  the  Romans  used  to  shoot 
from  y°  catupultae.'  Several  of  these  were  sold  to  a  brazier,  but  two  apparently  were  J^sent 
to  the  Royal  Society  for  exhibition.  It  is  probable  that  this  was  a  hoard  of  bronze  celts  or 
palstaves,  but  from  the  imperfect  record  given  in  the  letter  it  is  impossible  to  say  more.  The 
original  letter  is  preserved  among  the  manuscripts  belonging  to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries 
of  London  (No.  202,  fol.  162). 

Marden.  In  some  ways  this  is  the  most  remarkable  of  the  Bronze  Age  hoards  of  Kent. 
This  part  of  the  Wealden  area  is  hardly  one  where  such  a  deposit  might  be  expected,  yet  it 
should  be  borne  in  mind  that  a  metallic  hoard  of  this  early  period  was  essentially  a  secret 
deposit,  and  it  is  conceivable  that  its  presence  here  does  not  necessarily  imply  that  the  district 
was  much  frequented  during  the  period  to  which  the  hoard  is  ascribed.  There  is  some  reason 
to  think,  however,  that  the  deposit  may  be  ascribed  to  a  late  period  in  the  Bronze  Age,  from 
the  fact  that  a  tool  probably  of  Late  Celtic  character  was  found  in  it.  The  hoard  was 
contained  in  an  earthen  vessel,  and  the  objects  of  which  it  was  composed  were  mostly 
broken.*    One  of  the  articles  found  was  a  bronze  sickle. 

Saltwood,  usually  known  as  the  Haynes  Hill  Hoard.  This  hoard  ^  was  found  in 
or  about  the  year  1873  during  the  progress  of  the  works  connected  with  the  construction  of 
the  Hythe  and  the  Sandgate  Railway.  It  consisted  of  a  part  of  a  lance-  or  spear-head,  with 
an  interesting  series  of  ring  ornaments  engraved  on  the  blade,  the  chape  of  a  sword  of  pouch- 

1  Fig.  503,  p.  403.  «  Op.  cit.  442. 

'  See  Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  443-4.  ♦  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  xii.  257. 

'  Arch.  Journ.  ixx.  279.     Journ.  Anthrop.  Inst.  iii.  230. 

'323 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

like  form,  celts  mostly  broken,  swords,  daggers,  lance-heads,  gouges,  etc.,  and  some  rude  ingots 
of  copper.     It  is  of  interest  to  note  that  a  flint  arrow-head  was  found  with  the  hoard. 

SiTTiNGBOURNE.  This  hoard  ^  consisted  of  four  socketed  celts,  one  socketed  gouge,  and 
about  30  lb.  of  copper  ;  these  were  found  in  one  urn.  Another  urn  contained  broken  swords 
and  rings. 

The  above  are  the  more  important  hoards  of  Kent,  and  although 
there  are  on  record  other  discoveries  of  Bronze  Age  antiquities  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  county,  the  hoards  are  specially  valuable  from  the  fact  that 
they  give  us  precisely  the  kind  of  information  we  require  in  attempting 
to  understand  what  were  the  occupations,  industries,  and  modes  of  life 
of  the  Bronze  Age  people  of  Kent.  An  analysis  of  their  contents  enables 
us  at  once  to  see  that  the  general  characteristics  of  the  objects  found 
point  to  a  late  rather  than  an  early  part  of  the  Bronze  Age,  and  it  may 
be  inferred,  therefore,  that  Kent  retained  its  neolithic  influences  and 
traditions  until  a  comparatively  late  period,  an  inference  which  is  in 
agreement  with  the  importance  of  the  neolithic  race  of  Kent  as  shown 
by  its  megalithic  structures,  its  camps,  its  dwellings,  and  its  implements. 

Another  point  which  seems  to  be  fairly  well  established  by  the 
preponderance  of  implements  of  husbandry,  etc.,  over  those  intended 
for  fighting  purposes,  is  that  the  inhabitants  of  Kent  during  the  Bronze 
Age  were  artificers,  craftsmen,  and  tillers  of  the  soil  rather  than  people 
of  warlike  character. 

Pottery  of  thfe  Bronze  Age  was  made  by  hand  without  the  assistance 
of  the  potter's-wheel.  It  was  of  two  kinds,  the  first  being  plainly  and 
strongly  made  and  evidently  intended  for  culinary  purposes,  whilst  the 
second  was  considerably  enriched  with  ornament,  and  intended  for 
sepulchral  purposes.  Kent  has  recently  furnished  two  or  three  examples 
of  this  kind  of  pottery,  known  as  '  drinking  cups.' 

In  a  pit  near  Erith  where  gravel  was  being  dug,  a  fall  of  earth 
from  the  side  of  the  pit  revealed  sepulchral  urns  standing  in  small 
cavities  3  ft.  below  the  surface  and  5  ft.  apart.  The  urns,  which 
are  tastefully  and  rather  richly  ornamented  with  parallel  horizontal  lines, 
relieved  in  the  case  of  one  pot  by  upright  lines  in  three  bands,  are  now 
in  the  possession  of  Mr.  W.  M.  Newton,  by  whose  courtesy  the  accom- 
panying photographs  are  published. 

Another  urn  of  the  Bronze  Age,  richly  ornamented  in  a  style 
which  comprises  more  of  the  commoner  zig-zag  decoration,  was  found 
in  1900  close  by  the  highway  leading  from  Canterbury  to  Littlebourne, 
and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  F.  Bennett  Goldney,  F.S.A.,  by 
whom  it  was  exhibited  at  a  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. ° 

The  sizes  of  the  two  urns  found  near  Erith  are — height  5^  in.  and 
5^  in.  respectively,  and  in  diameter  of  mouth  4  in.  and  3I  in.  re- 
spectively. 

The  Canterbury  example  is  slightly  smaller,  being  4I  in.  high 
and  4^  in.  across  the  mouth.  The  richness  of  its  decoration  indicates 
that  it  was  sepulchral  pottery. 

I  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  x.  29;     Arch.  Journ.  ii.  81  ;   Coll.  i.   loi. 
»  Ptoc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (ser.  2),  xviii.  279. 

324 


Dnze  Celt  from  the 
Isle  of  Hartv. 


Bronze  Celt  from 
Canterburv. 


Urn  from  F.rith. 


Urn  from  Erith 


Bronze  Ace   Antiquitie 


EARLY    MAN 

Ornamentation,  especially  when  freely  used,  as  in  the  case  of  these 
three  pots,  is  generally  considered  to  be  the  chief  distinguishing  mark 
of  sepulchral  as  opposed  to  culinary  pottery  of  this  period. 

The  Bronze  Age  method  of  burial  was  probably  accompanied  by 
cremation,  but  it  is  pretty  certain  that  the  earlier  neolithic  custom  of 
inhumation  survived  among  certain  tribes  or  families  throughout  the 
Bronze  Age.  It  also  seems  highly  probable  that  the  burial  of  pottery 
with  the  cremated  remains  of  Bronze  Age  folk  may  have  been  a  custom 
borrowed  from  the  neolithic  races. 

There  are  good  reasons  to  believe  that  as  far  as  Kent  is  concerned 
the  Bronze  Age,  especially  in  its  latter  part,  was  a  period  characterized 
by  considerable  wealth  and  refinement.  The  remarkable  ornaments 
composed  of  pure  gold,  to  which  reference  will  now  be  made,  may  not 
indeed  represent  exactly  the  same  degree  or  proportion  of  wealth  which 
they  would  have  at  the  present  time  because  the  standards  of  metallic 
value  are  doubtless  different  ;  but  they  certainly  may  be  regarded  as 
evidence  of  refinement  and  appreciation  of  the  beautiful. 

The  fact  that  gold  occurs  in  some  places  naturally  in  a  pure  state 
has  led  to  the  inference  that  this  was  the  first  metal  discovered  by  man.* 
In  view  of  this,  and  also  taking  into  consideration  the  ease  with  which 
natural  gold  may  be  shaped,  it  is  a  very  difficult  task  to  pronounce  upon 
the  age  of  objects  of  gold  unless  one  is  aided  by  some  characteristic 
form  or  ornamentation  upon  them. 

Among  the  antiquities  of  gold  found  in  Kent,  however,  there  are 
some  which  may  undoubtedly  be  referred  to  the  Bronze  Age.  In  1861 
three  armlets  and  a  trumpet-shaped  object,  perhaps  part  of  a  fourth 
armlet,  or  possibly  a  portion  of  a  mammillary  fibula,  were  found  in  the 
Medway,^  below  Aylesford.  Each  armlet  weighs  somewhat  over 
2  oz.,  and  has  been  formed  by  hammering.  One  is  quite  plain, 
another  is  slightly  ornamented,  and  the  third  is  rather  elaborately 
marked  with  ornament  of  characteristic  Bronze  Age  form.  Fortunately 
these  gold  ornaments  belong  to  the  Kent  Archsological  Society,  and  are 
preserved  at  Maidstone. 

Another  armilla  formed  of  four  pieces  of  solid  gold  wire,  and 
weighing  altogether  upwards  of  2  oz.,  was  found  at  Canterbury  * 
in  i860.  The  wire  was  clearly  made  by  hammering  and  not  by  draw- 
ing, as  its  form  is  thick  in  the  middle  and  tapering  towards  the  ends, 
where  they  are  welded  together. 

No  less  than  seven  examples  of  gold  armills  were  subsequently 
discovered  in  the  Aylesford  district,  and  they  were  described  and  figured 
by  Mr.  C.  Roach  Smith,  F.S.A.  in  Archceologia  Cantiana!'  From  the 
accompanying  engravings,  which  have  been  courteously  lent  by  the  Kent 
Archseological  Society,  the  general  character  of  these  interesting  objects 
can  be  gathered,  but  it  is  unfortunate  that  the  precise  details  as  to  the 
localities  of  all  the  finds  are  not  given.     The  larger  twisted  ornament  is 

1  Evans,  Bron~e  Imp.  418.  ^  Arch.  Cant.  v.  41-2. 

»  Op.  cit.  V.  43-4.  *  Arch.  Cant.  is.  i-ii. 

325 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

obviously  a  torques:  its  length  is  i6  in.,  and  its  weight  nearly  5  oz. 
The  shorter  and  thicker  object  decorated  with  faint  lines  spirally 
arranged,  weighs  considerably  more  than  5  oz.  There  can  be  no 
doubt  that  Kent  is  particularly  rich  in  prehistoric  objects  of  gold. 

At  Sissinghurst,  Cranbrook,  a  gold  finger  ring  was  found  in  1868.' 
It  was  formed  of  two  gold  wires  twisted.  One  of  the  wires  is  thin  and 
uniform  throughout,  whilst  the  other  is  considerably  thicker  in  the 
middle  and  tapers  towards  each  end.  It  is  possible  that  this  may  be  of 
the  Roman  period,  but  the  type  to  which  it  belongs  is  clearly  Celtic. 


The  Early  Iron  Age. 

The  introduction  of  iron  into  these  islands,  affording  a  material 
which  had  great  advantages  over  bronze,  particularly  in  the  qualities  of 
hardness,  suppleness,  and  in  the  capability  of  taking  a  keen  edge,  must 
have  marked  a  distinct  advance  in  every  department  of  human  industry, 
although  there  are  clear  indications  that  it  did  not  immediately  supplant 
bronze. 

The  Prehistoric  Age  of  Iron  was  terminated  when  the  Roman 
occupation  was  established,  but  its  commencement  is  much  less  clearly 
defined.  It  is  probable  that  the  Brythons,  by  whom  iron  was  brought, 
came  gradually  to  our  shores,  and  introduced  the  new  metal  on  com- 
mercial lines  just  as  the  Goidels  had  brought  bronze  at  an  early  period. 
Brythons  and  Goidels  were  both  branches  of  the  Celtic  family,  and  there 
is  little  to  indicate  that  their  relations  were  other  than  friendly.  The 
presence  of  Iron  Age  camps,  however,  indicates  that  kind  of  competition 
which  is  incident  to  a  large  population. 

At  any  rate  it  is  clear  that  the  substitution  of  iron  for  bronze  was  a 
gradual  process,  the  latter  being  used  for  personal  ornaments,  horse 
trappings,  etc.,  throughout  the  whole  of  this  period  and  also  during  the 
time  of  the  Roman  occupation,  and,  indeed,  long  subsequently. 

Authorities  differ  even  as  to  the  approximate  date  of  the  introduc- 
tion of  iron. 

A  most  important  discovery  of  antiquities  belonging  to  this  period 
was  made  at  Aylesford  in  1886,  and  has  been  fully  and  ably  described 
by  Dr.  Arthur  J.  Evans,  F.S.A.,  in  the  pages  of  Archceologia^ 
During  certain  excavations  in  the  pit  belonging  to  Messrs.  Silas  Wagon 
and  Sons,  where  sand  and  gravel  are  procured,  several  earthen  and 
metallic  objects  were  discovered,  including  a  pail,  a  jug,  a  long-handled 
pan  and  two  brooches,  all  of  bronze,  also  some  earthenware  of  elegant 
form  and  of  a  peculiar  style  of  manufacture  which  Dr.  Evans  assigned 
to  Gaulish  and  North  Italian  influence.  These  objects  were  found  in 
what  had  been  a  round  burial  pit  about  3I  ft.  deep,  and  from  further 
data  procured    subsequently  it  appeared  that    pits  of  this  kind,   each 

>  Arch.  Cant.  ix.  12. 

'  On  a  Late-Celtic  Urn-field  at  Aylesford,  Kent,  and  on  the  Gaulish  lUyro-Italic  and  Classical 
Connexions  of  the  Forms  of  Pottery  and  Bronzework  there  discovered   {Arch.  lii.  315-88). 

326 


Gold  armilla  found  at  Canterbury. 


Gold  armillje,  etc.,  found  at  Aylesford. 


Bronze  armill.*:  found  at  Canterbury. 


EARLY    MAN 

furnished  with  two    or  three  more  urns   containing   cremated  human 
remains,  lay  in  groups  forming  more  or  less  irregular  circles. 

Two  sets  or 
types  of  burials  were 
identified  at  Ayles- 
ford.  In  the  case  of  | 
the  earlier  burials, 
marking  a  period 
before  continental 
influence  set  in,  the 
pottery  was  doubt- 
less of  native  manu- 
facture, and  based 
on  models  supplied 
by  Bronze  Age  ex- 
amples. In  the  other 
type  of  burials  the 
pottery  was  clearly 
made  under  strong 
continental  influence, 
and  its  characteristic 
forms  and  ornamen- 
tations    point     to     in-  GRAVE-PtT,   AtLESFORD. 

tercourse       between 

Europe  and  the  Britons.  Some  may  have  been  imported,  but  it  is  more 
probable  that  setders  from  Gaul,  etc.,  resided  at  Aylesford.  The  urns 
of  this  second  type  of  burial  are  pear-shaped,  pedestalled,  cordoned,  and 
zoned,  features  which  Dr.  Evans  identifies  with  those  of  the  pottery  of 
the  more  eastern  parts  of  Gaul  and  the  Alpine  and  Italic  region  about 
the  head  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.     Burials  of  this  second  type  occurred  in 

the  form  of  irregular  circles. 
One  of  the  most  im- 
portant points  established 
by  this  discovery  is  the  ex- 
istence of  a  wholly  new  style 
of  ancient  British  ceramic 
art.  Dr.  Evans,  on  this 
point,  writes  :  '  The  handi- 
work of  the  British  potters 
of  pre-Roman  times  has 
been  hitherto  almost  exclu- 
sively associated  with  the 
coarse-grained  hand -made 
vessels  that  represent  the 
direct  tradition  of  the  cups 
and  urns  of  our  neolithic  barrows.  It  is  now  generally  recognized 
that  the  origin  of  this  ruder   class  of  vessels  is  to  be  sought  in  early 

327 


Sketch-plan  of  Grave-Pits,  Aylesford. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

basket-work,  the  forms  and  ornaments  of  which  are  reproduced  with 
certain  modifications  and  additions.  It  is  to  this  older  class  that,  as 
already  observed,  some  of  the  pottery  in  the  outlying  graves  of  the 
Aylesford  cemetery  is  to  be  referred  ;  but  .  .  ,  the  great  bulk  of  the 
vases  discovered  on  this  site  belong  to  quite  another  category.  In  their 
form,  fabric,  and  colour  alike,  they  betray  an  altogether  different  pedi- 
gree, and  the  influence  of  more  classical  prototypes.  The  clay  of 
which  these  vessels  are  composed  is  of  finer  quality  than  that  of  the 
typical  Ancient  British  pottery.  They  are  mostly  free  from  the  grit 
and  cretaceous  particles  that  form  so  conspicuous  a  feature  in  the  older 
class  of  earthenware  from  the  same  site  ;  minute  grains  of  quartz  and 
apparently  mica  are,  however,  occasionally  in  the  walls  of  the  pots. 
They  are  better  baked  and  occasionally  present  a  uniform  pale  brick 
colour,  resembling  that  of  some  Roman  vases.  This  appearance  is 
however  rare,  and  the  internal  substance  of  the  pottery  is  usually  of  a 
light  brown  colour.  The  difference  in  the  surface  is  even  more  marked. 
This  appears  in  almost  all  cases  to  have  been  originally  coated  with  a 
black  lustrous  pigment,  formed  probably,  like  that  on  some  contemporary 
Gaulish  vases,  of  finely  pounded  charcoal,  and  when  this  has  worn  away 
the  exterior  surface  is  still  of  a  dark  brown  colour. 

'  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  great  majority  of  these  vessels 
are  wheel-turned.  In  some  instances  concentric  circles  appear  on  the 
bottom  of  the  pot,  and  in  one  case  the  centre  of  the  base  shows  a 
hemispherical  concavity  like  the  kick  of  a  bottle.' ' 

The  bronze  objects  discovered  at  Aylesford  have  been  shown  by 
Dr.  Evans'  able  researches  to  be  of  even  greater  importance  than  the 
pottery.  The  bronze-plated  situla  or  pail  is  ornamented  with  an  upper 
band  of  bronze  ornamented  with  repousse  work  reliefs  of  fantastic 
animals  and  scrolls.  The  latter,  which  are  of  Greek  origin,  may  be 
compared  with  forms  found  in  La  Tene  sheaths,  whilst  the  former  are 
related  to  animals  figured  on  Gaulish  coins.  The  handle  attachments 
are  ornamented  with  human  heads,  and  from  their  form  it  is  evident 
that  they  are  an  ornamental  outgrowth  and  survival  of  a  form  of 
attachment  usual  in  the  case  of  a  class  of  early  two-handled  situla. 

Two  other  bronze  vessels  were  found  with  the  pail  at  Aylesford  : 
one  was  a  jug,  or  oenochae  With  a  curious  ornament  with  terminal  cross 
near  the  point  where  the  handle  was  attached  to  the  body  of  the  vessel. 
The  other  was  a  beautifully  made  long-handled  pan  or  patella.  Both 
may  be  regarded  as  pre-Roman  importations  from  beyond  the  Alps. 

Inside  the  bronze  pail  two  bronze  Jibulce  were  discovered,  which 
were  probably  of  the  late  La  Tene  period. 

Another  bronze  vessel,  which  had  been  discovered  at  Aylesford 
and  placed  in  the  British  Museum  before  the  other  objects  enumerated 
were  found,  was  a  bronze  plated  tankard,  the  model  of  which  was  perhaps 
the  tankards  or  drinking  cups  of  native  woodwork  rather  than  the  clas- 
sical or  continental  forms  upon  which  the  other  objects  were  based. 

1  Arch.  lii.  328. 
328 


Wooden  Pail  with  bronze  mounts. 
(About  lo  inches  high.) 


Full  size  \iew  of  head  on  pail. 


Bronze  Flagon. 

(.'\bout  7  J  inches  high.) 


Cinerary  \'ase. 

(About  15  inches  high.) 


Late  Celtic  Antiquities   found  at   Aylesford. 


EARLY    MAN 


Dr.  Evans,  in  some  general  conclusions  at  the  end  of  his  impor- 
tant paper,'  placed  the  date  of  the  Aylesford  cemetery  at  about  the 
middle  of  the  first  century  b.c,  and  points  out  that 
not  a  single  object  of  purely  Roman  fabric  has  been 
found  among  the  sepulchral  remains  there. 

The  Prehistoric  Age  of  Iron  witnessed  the  in- 
troduction and  development  of  a  style  of  ornament  of 
peculiar  grace  and  delicacy,  known  as  Late  Celtic  art. 
The  foliaged  ornament  on  the  Aylesford  pail  is  in  fact 
particularly   interesting    as    an 
example  of  this  form  of  decora- 
tive art.      Originally  the  forms 
seem    to    have    been    adapted 
from  those  of  natural  foliage, 
but  in  process  of  time  they  be- 
came conventionalized,  and  the 
main  idea  seems   to  have  been 
to  produce  a  number  of  more 
or  less  curved  trumpet-shaped 
figures     arranged     in     various 
combinations. 

In  the  accompanying 
figure  is  shown  a  metal  disc 
found  at  Greenwich,^  which  has 
been  ornamented  in  this  way. 
Bronze  discs  of  this  character  were  generally  enamelled  and  applied  as 
decorative  mountings  to  metal  bowls,  some  of  which  are  of  the  Saxon 
period.  An  important  article  on  this  subject  was  communicated  in  1898 
to  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  '  by  Mr.  J.  Romilly  Allen,  F.S.A.,  in  which 
it  is  shown  that  such  discs  must  be  referred  to  the  end  of  the  Late 
Celtic  period  and  the  beginning  of  the  Saxon  period.  Other  objects 
bearing  evidence  of  Late  Celtic  art  have  been  found  at  Canterbury, 
Faversham,  Folkestone,  Hartlip  and  Lullingstone. 
In  the  Marden  hoard  of  bronze  antiquities 
already  described  a  torques  of  Late  Celtic  character 
was  discovered. 

Another  important  site  where  antiquities  of 
this  age  have  been  procured  is  Bigberry  Hill  in 
the  parish  of  Harbledown.  Mr.  John  Brent,*  in 
the  year  1861,  communicated  to  the  Kent  Arch- 
seological  Society  an  account  of  certain  '  relics 
apparently  Roman  '  found  at  that  place,  compris- 
ing a  plough-share,  coulter,  cattle  goad,  an  iron 
tyre  of  a  plough  or  chariot  wheel,  an  iron  bit,  and  links  or  traces. 
In  a  letter  written  to  Mr.  Charles  Roach  Smith  in    1866  he  records 


RONZE,  Aylesford. 

it  n  inches.) 


Metal   Disc   founc 
Greenwich. 


Arch.  lii.  382. 
Jrch.  Ivi.  39-56. 


Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (ser.  2),  ii.  202. 

Arch.  Cant.  iv.  33.     Coll.  Antiq.  vi.  261- 

329 


42 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

the  further  discovery  of  four  perfect  sickles,  several  iron  rings,  an 
engraved  bronze  buckle,  etc.  More  recent  discoveries  at  Bigberry  Hill 
include  numerous  antiquities  of  iron  such  as  sickles,  bill  hooks,  hammers, 
chains,  etc.,  of  a  character  which  pretty  clearly  indicates  that  they  may 
be  referred  to  the  Prehistoric  Age  of  Iron. 

In  a  paper  read  before  the  Royal  Archsological  Institute  in  1902, 
Professor  Boyd  Dawkins '  shows  that  this  camp  '  falls  into  line  with  a 
series  of  settlements  of  Prehistoric  Iron  Age,  such  as  Mount  Caburn 
explored  by  the  late  General  Pitt-Rivers,  the  Lake  Village  of  Glastonbury 
explored  by  Mr.  Bulleid,  and  Hunsbury,  the  remains  from  which  are 
preserved  in  the  museum  at  Northampton.  They  are  pre-Roman,  and 
probably  belong  to  a  period  ranging  from  one  to  two  centuries  before 
the  invasion  of  Britain  by  Cassar.' 

From  the  relation  of  this  camp  or  settlement  to  the  Pilgrims'  Way 
which  passes  through  it,  it  is  pretty  clear  that  the  road  is  as  ancient  as 
the  earthworks. 

As  the  various  ancient  earthworks  of  Kent  will  be  dealt  with  in  a 
separate  section  it  is  unnecessary  to  describe  the  camp  more  fully. 

Coins  of  TkE  Ancient  Britons. 

The  chief  names  inscribed  on  the  British  coins  of  Kent  are  those, 
usually  in  abbreviated  form,  of  Eppillus,  Dubnovellaunus  and  Vosenos,^ 
who  were  probably  rulers  of  Kent  or  parts  of  Kent.  Of  the  first-named 
prince  there  are  a  good  many  copper  coins.  It  was  formerly  believed 
that  they  were  confined  to  the  Kentish  district,  but  a  few  examples  have 
been  found  elsewhere.  There  are  two  types  of  inscribed  gold  coins  of 
Dubnovellaunus.      Most  of  the  coins,  however,  are  uninscribed. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  feature  about  the  Kentish  coinage  at 
this  early  period  consists  in  the  employment  of  the  metal  tin,  or  rather 
an  alloy  largely  composed  of  tin.  These  coins  are  rather  roughly  cast 
and  show  little  if  any  attempt  at  ornament.  The  usual  device  on  the 
obverse  is  a  rude  and  weak  representation  of  a  helmeted  head  in  profile, 
and  on  the  reverse  the  figure  of  a  bull.  Two  hoards  of  these  coins  have 
been  found  at  Birchington,  and  individual  specimens  have  been  found 
at  Lenham  Heath,  and  by  the  writer  on  the  sea  beach  at  Deal. 

The  coins  found  at  Reculver,  consisting  of  three  uninscribed 
pieces  and  one  each  of  the  coins  of  Cunobelinus,  Tasciovanus,  and 
Addedomaros  respectively  present  a  richness  of  variety  which  is  note- 
worthy. At  Boughton  Monchelsea  too,  a  parish  near  Maidstone,  have 
been  found  coins  of  Dubnovellaunus,  Cunobelinus  and  Amminus  ;  whilst 
from  Aylesford  parish,  at  or  near  Kits  Coty  House,  three  coins  are 
recorded — one  of  Eppillus,  one  of  Amminus,  and  one  uninscribed.  At 
Canterbury  was  found  some  years  ago  a  brass  or  copper  coin  of  consider- 

'  Arch.  Joum.  lix.  211-18. 

'  The  form  of  this  name  is  not   precisely  known.     Possibly,  as  Sir  John  Evans  has  suggested,  the 
full  name  may  have   been   VOSIILLAVNOS,  or  VOSELLAVNOS. 


EARLY    MAN 

able  thickness,  which  Sir  John  Evans  pronounces  to  be  of  undoubtedly 
Gaulish  type. 

In  conclusion,  attention  may  be  called  to  the  diffusion  of  the 
coins  of  two  of  the  kings  of  the  Kentish  district.  Those  of  Eppillus 
have  been  recorded  from  Ash-next-Sandwich,  Aylesford,  Bapchild, 
Birchington,  Margate,  and  Sittingbourne  ;  whilst  those  of  Dubnovel- 
launus  have  been  found  at  Boughton  Monchelsea,  Canterbury,  Frinds- 
bury,  Gravesend,  and  Ramsgate. 

Barrows  and  Tumuli 

The  following  list  of  barrows  and  tumuli  in  Kent  includes  remains 
which  may  very  possibly  be  of  post-Roman  as  well  as  pre-Roman 
date.  As  only  a  comparatively  small  proportion  have  been  excavated 
and  examined  it  is  impossible  to  make  any  satisfactory  classification,  and 
it  has  been  considered  more  convenient,  therefore,  to  include  in  this  list, 
as  far  as  possible,  all  Kentish  barrows  and  tumuli.* 

Aldington. — A  large  tumulus  known  as  Aldington  Knoll,  and  another  mound  called  Roman 
Beacon. 

Appledore. — On  the  high  land  about  half  a  mile  north  of  the  town  is  a  much  mutilated  tump 
of  earth,  marked  on  maps  Mill  Hill.  Though  a  windmill  may  have  occupied  the 
summit  it  is  not  likely  that  it  was  necessary  to  throw  up  earth  for  such  a  building, 
and  we  must  consequently  include  the  mount  among  the  tumuli  of  Kent. 

Barham. — There  is  a  very  large  number,  estimated  by  some  at  over  300,  of  barrows  on  Barham 
Downs  and  Breach  Downs.     [See  Hasted's  Hist,  of  Kent,  iii.  752-53.] 

BisHOPSBOURNE. — Large  tumulus,  said  to  contain  stone  cists,  in  Gorsley  Wood. 

Blackheath. — Two  tumuli,  known  as  (i)  Mortar  Mount,  and  (2)  Jack  Cade's  Mount. 

Bridge. — Three  tumuli  in  Gorsley  Wood. 

Chartham. — Numerous  barrows  (possibly Anglo-Saxon)  on  Chartham  Downs,  now  ploughed  up. 

Darenth. — Two  tumuli  at  Green  Street  Green. 

Dartford. — Numerous  tumuli  on  Dartford  Heath  ;    also  one  tumulus  in  Joyden's  Wood. 

Eastry. — Two  tumuli  to  the  east  of  earthwork  at  Shingleton. 

Erith. — Tumulus  in  Abbey  Wood,  also  another  to  the  south  of  West  Heath  and  Lesness  Park. 

EwELL. — Tumulus. 

Eythorne. — Large  barrow  or  tumulus  near  Eythorne  Court. 

Greenwich  Park. — About  30  tumuli. 

GusTON. — One  tumulus  on  Famine  Down  ;  site  of  another  to  the  east  of  Guston. 

Houghton. — Tumulus  on  Whinless  Down. 

Kingston. — Numerous  tumuli. 

Lee. — There  is  a  large  tumulus  in  the  grounds  of  The  Cedars. 

LiTTLEBOURNE. — Two  tumuli  in  Fishpoolhill  Wood. 

Lyminge. — Tumulus  to  the  north  of  Brockman's  Bushes. 

MiNSTER  (Sheppey). — Tumulus  near  Borstal  Lodge. 

Newington-next-Hythe. — Tumulus. 

RiNGWouLD. — Sepulchral  tumuli  on  Free  Down. 

River. — Several  tumuli  on  a  hill  on  north  side  of  the  London  Road. 

St.  Margaret-at-Cliffe.— Tumulus  on  Bay  Hill. 

St.  Peter's,  Thanet. — Two  barrows  near  North  Foreland,  popularly  known  as  Hackedon 
Banks. 

Saltw^ood. — Tumulus. 

Snodland. — Remains  of  a  large  barrow  close  by  the  hamlet  of  Holborough. 

Southfleet. — Tumulus. 

Stockbury. — Tumulus  close  to  South  Street. 

Stowting. — Tumulus  on  Swinyard  Hill. 

1  Partly  from  iaformation  supplied  by  Mr.  L  Chalkley  Gould,  F.S.A. 
331 


A    HISTORY    OF  KENT 

Teynham. — Tumulus  on  site  of  a  defensive  work  (now  obscure)  known  as  Newlands. 

Thornham. — Two  tumuli. 

West  Wickham. — Three  or  four  tumuli  near  the  earthworks  on  West  Wickham  Common. 

WoMENSwoLD. — Three  tumuli  on  Three  Barrows  Down. 

WooDNESBOROUGH. — This  mound,  often  referred  to  as  a  tumulus,  is  believed  to  be  entirely 

natural. 
Wrotham. — Large  tumulus  at  Borough  Green. 
Wye. — Tumulus  on  Wye  Downs. 

Prehistoric  Roads. 

Among  the  various  ancient  roads  to  be  found  throughout  Kent 
there  are  some  which  may  be  assigned  with  considerable  probability  to  a 
pre-Roman  period.  The  narrow  road  or  trackway  commonly  called 
the  Pilgrims'  Way  is  at  once  the  most  important  and  the  most  widely 
known  of  the  series  as  far  as  this  county  is  concerned.  Unlike  the 
Roman  Watling  Street  which  runs  from  one  end  of  Kent  to  the  other, 
the  Pilgrims'  Way  follows  a  course  which  is  determined  by  the  physical 
features  of  the  country  through  which  it  passes.  Between  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Canterbury  and  the  point  at  Chevening  in  West  Kent, 
where  it  passes  into  Surrey,  it  follows  with  remarkable  persistence  the 
southern  slope  of  the  North  Downs,  and  traces  of  it,  more  or  less 
perfect,  can  be  seen  at  many  places,  running  sometimes  as  a  grass- 
covered  way,  as  at  Eastwell  Park,  at  other  places  as  a  somewhat  hollowed- 
out  roadway  overgrown  with  underwood,  or  choked  up  with  weeds  and 
rubbish.  For  a  considerable  part  of  its  course  it  serves  as  a  road  for 
farm  carts. 

To  the  east  of  Canterbury  the  course  of  the  Pilgrims'  Way  is  not 
precisely  indicated,  but  the  probability  is  that  one  branch  of  it  was 
continued  to  the  sea-coast,  at  or  near  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  and  another 
was  continued  to  Dover.  On  the  west  side  of  Canterbury  everything 
as  to  its  course  is  quite  clear  and  intelligible.  At  Harbledown  it 
continues  in  a  nearly  due  south-westerly  direction,  the  Roman  Watling 
Street  branching  off  and  running  to  the  W.N.W.  The  Pilgrims'  Way 
then  runs  through  the  following  places  : — Bigberry  Wood,  Hatch 
Green  (Chartham),  Chilham,  Godmersham  Park,  Boughton  Aluph, 
Eastwell  Park,  near  Charing,  near  Lenham,  Hollingbourne  Hill,  Detling, 
a  little  to  the  north  of  Boxley,  just  to  the  south  of  Blue  Bell  Hill  (near 
Kits  Coty  House),  and  Burham  Street.  Just  beyond  Burham  Street  the 
old  road  appears  to  divide,  one  part  leading  northward  to  Rochester,  the 
other  leading  westward  to  about  Lower  Hailing,  where,  it  has  been 
suggested,  there  may  have  been  a  ford  across  the  river  Medway. 

Corresponding  to  the  branch  that  leads  northwards,  along  the 
east  bank  of  the  river  to  Rochester,  there  is  a  similar  narrow  road  on 
the  slope  of  the  Downs  west  of  the  Medway,  running  near  Cuxton, 
Upper  Hailing,  and  nearly  at  the  foot  of  the  hills  past  Kentish  Drover, 
a  little  to  the  north  of  Trottiscliffe  and  Wrotham.  Beyond  this  it  runs 
along  the  foot  of  the  Downs,  passing  a  little  to  the  north  of  Kemsing 
Church  and  then  bearing  slightly  round  to  the  north  through  Otford, 
where  was  a  ford  across  the  river  Darenth.      The  next  point  at  which  it  is 

332 


EARLY    MAN 

well  seen  is  in  Chevening  Park,  and  from  that  place  to  the  Surrey 
border,  near  Betsom's  Farm,  it  is  possible  to  trace  its  course  with  con- 
siderable precision.  In  Surrey  it  passes  through  Titsey  Park,  where  its 
course  is  indicated  by  a  slight  depression  in  the  ground.  It  runs  through 
Surrey  and  beyond  as  far  as  Southampton. 

It  will  be  obvious  from  the  above  that  the  Pilgrims'  Way  is  no 
mere  track-way  leading  from  village  to  village,  but  an  important  trade- 
road  extending  from  the  sea-coast  on  the  south  to  the  sea-coast  on  the 
east  of  England.  Moreover,  it  does  not  connect  the  Saxon  villages  of 
the  district  through  which  it  passes.  It  clearly  belongs  to  an  earlier 
system  of  roadways  than  those  connected  with  the  Saxon  civilization. 
It  is  also  essentially  distinct  from  the  Roman  roads  of  the  county,  which 
are  of  a  military  character,  and  have  been  constructed  straight  across 
the  country  from  Canterbury  to  Rochester,  Dartford  to  London,  Lympne 
to  Canterbury,  Dover  to  Canterbury,  Dover  to  Sandwich,  etc. 

It  is  quite  safe  to  assign  the  Pilgrims'  Way  to  a  pre-Roman  period. 
Professor  W.  Boyd  Dawkins  '  points  out  that  it  belongs  to  the  same 
system  of  roads  which  in  other  parts  of  Britain  are  clearly  proved  to 
belong  to  the  prehistoric  Iron  Age.  The  fact  that  it  passes  through  a 
settlement  of  this  period  at  Bigberry  Wood,  near  Canterbury,  and  also 
quite  near  the  late  Celtic  urnfield  at  Aylesford,  is  certainly  interesting  as 
evidence  that  the  Pilgrims'  Way  is  as  old  as  the  Early  Iron  Age,  but  itis 
in  no  way  opposed  to  the  opinion  formed  by  the  present  writer  that  the 
road  is  really  very  much  older.  As  a  matter  of  fact,  the  question  of  the 
antiquity  of  this  ancient  way  is  closely  connected  with  one  of  the  most 
interesting  problems  of  the  prehistoric  archaeology  of  Britain. 

Much  has  been  written,  and  many  different  opinions  are  held,  as  to  the 
position  of  Ictis  or  Mictis,  the  points  on  the  sea-coast  of  Britain,  or  on 
an  island  or  islands  close  by  Britain,  where  the  tin  was  shipped  for 
foreign  parts.  St.  Michael's  Mount,  Cornwall,  and  the  Isle  of  Wight  ' 
have  been  suggested  by  some  authorities  as  the  probable  ports  from 
which  tin  was  shipped;  but  there  is  a  good  deal  to  be  said  in  favour  of 
a  port  situated  near  a  shorter  sea  passage,  and  both  the  Isle  of  Thanet 
and  Dover  answer  these  requirements.  To  both  ports  the  Pilgrims' 
Way  afforded  a  commodious  and  direct  means  of  communication.  As 
has  already  been  mentioned,  east  of  Canterbury  it  appears  to  have  been 
continued  to  these  two  points  on  the  sea-coast  by  two  distinct  routes. 

In  the  present  state  of  this  question,  when  the  identification  of 
Mictis  and  Ictis  are  still  in  doubt,  it  may  be  premature  or  unwise  to 
theorise  as  to  the  possibility  of  Thanet  or  Dover  having  been  the  points 
where  tin  was  shipped  for  export.  Still,  the  fact  that  they  mark  the 
eastern  terminations  of  this  remarkable  roadway  is  significant,  and  the 
suggestion  appears  to  be  worthy  of  consideration. 

The  possibility  of  the  Pilgrims'  Way  having  been  a  still  earlier 
thoroughfare  is  suggested,  rather  than  indicated,  perhaps  by  the  manner 

'  Archesohgical  Journal,  lis.  217-18. 

•  See  an  interesting  paper  on  this  point  by  Mr.  Clement  Reid,  F.R.S.,  in  Archieologia,  lii.  281-8. 

333 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

in  which  it  links  together  the  two  most  important  Stone  Age  monuments 
of  Kent,  namely  Kits  Coty  House  and  Coldrum.  The  ford  across  the 
Medway  at  Lower  Hailing  must  have  furnished  a  practically  direct 
means  of  communication  between  these  two  cromlechs  situated  upon 
the  southern  slopes  of  the  North  Downs  and  within  easily  visible 
distance  from  each   other. 

Another  very  early  road  through  Kent  appears  to  have  run  to  the 
north  of  the  North  Downs  in  a  direction  corresponding  irregularly 
with  the  general  trend  of  the  Roman  Watling  Street.  It  was  con- 
nected at  intervals  with  the  Pilgrims'  Way  by  cross-roads  running 
approximately  north  and  south.  Colonel  O.  E.  Ruck,  F.S.A.  Scot., 
has  drawn  the  writer's  attention  to  the  fact  that  these  prehistoric 
cross-roads  are  in  several  cases  connected  with  prehistoric  camps,  as, 
for  example,  at  Bigberry,  Cobham,  Ightham,  and  Westerham.  The 
last-named  road,  indeed,  is  associated  with  at  least  two  early  earthwork 
strongholds,  namely,  that  in  Squerries  Park,  Westerham,  and  the  camp 
at  Holwood,  Keston. 

The  remaining  traces  of  prehistoric  roads  in  Kent  are  not  perhaps 
either  numerous  or  definite.  Still  there  are  in  places  traces  of  them. 
Some  exist  in  West  Kent,  particularly  near  the  neolithic  hut-floors  at 
Hayes  Common,*  and  on  other  large  spaces  of  open  ground  which 
have  never  been  levelled  by  cultivation. 

Topographical  List  of  Prehistoric  Antiquities  in  Kent.' 

Addington. — Megalithic  remains  probably  of  the  Neolithic  Age  [Gent.  Mag.  Aug.  1824,  pp. 
III-12;    Reliq.  Oct.  1871  ;    Jrch.  Cant.  xiii.  14,  16]. 

All  Hallow's,  Hoo. — Important  hoard  of  twenty-seven  bronze  objects,  mostly  spear-heads, 
palstaves  and  socketed  celts,  but  comprising  also  some  rare  forms  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp. 
214,  230,  467  ;   Jrch.  Cant.  xi.  123-124]. 

Ash  (near  Wrotham). — Paleolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  60S]. 

Ash  (near  Sandwdch). — British  coin  of  Eppillus  and  Vosenos  and  one  uninscribed  [Evans, 
Coins,  50,  191,  207]. 

AsHFORD. — Bronze  Age  palstave  now  in  the  Mayer  Collection,  Liverpool  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp. 
81,  82]. 

Aylesford. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  610].  Neolithic  leaf-shaped  arrow- 
head of  flint  found  near  Kits  Coty  House  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  378].  Megalithic  remains, 
probably  of  the  Neolithic  Age  at  Kits  Coty  House  [^if//^.  Oct.  i87i,p.  70,  etc.].  Bronze 
Age  graves  and  flat  celt  and  two  knife-daggers  [Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (Ser.  2),  xvii.  376-77]. 
British  coins,  uninscribed  and  of  Eppillus,  and  Amminus  (?)  [Evans,  Coins,  122,  197,  354]. 
Gold  ornaments  of  the  Bronze  Age  \_Arch.  Cant.  v.  41,  42  ;    and  ix.  12]. 

Bapchild. — British  coin  of  Eppillus  [Evans,  Coins,  197]. 

Bexley. — Neolithic  hatchets,  chipped  and  ground  at  the  edges  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  103  ;  Arch. 
Journ.  xlviii.  436].  Neolithic  flint  knife  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  357].  Eight  plain  gold 
penannular  bracelets  of  the  late  Bronze  Age  period  found  together  in  1906  in  a  gravel  pit. 
They  are  of  two  sizes,  viz,  four  are  broad  and  hollowed,  and  four  are  narrower  and  flatter 
on  the  inside  face ;  all  have  the  terminals  thickened  into  a  semicircle.  Total  weight,  24 
ozs.  8  dwt.  6  gr.  They  have  been  purchased  as  treasure-trove  for  the  British  Museum 
[information  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  Reginald  Smith,  F.S.A.] 
Birchington. — British  coin  of  tin,  uninscribed  gold  coin,  and  one  Eppillus  [Evans,  Coins, 

SI,  125,  194,  484]. 
Blean. — Bronze  palstave  found  by  Mr.  John  Brent  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  88]. 

>  Archaologia  Cantiana,  xiii.  16. 

*  Where  references  are  not  given   the  discovery  has  been  made  by  the  writer,  or  the  information 
has  been  communicated  to  him  privately. 

334 


EARLY    MAN 

BouGHTON  MoNCHELSEA. — British  coins,  uninscribed,  and  of  Amminus,  Cunobelinus,  and 
Dubnovellaunus  [Evans,  Coins,  in,  211,  324,  350]. 

BoxLEY. — Uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  51]. 

Broadstairs. — Numerous  neolithic  implements  and  sites  of  factories  of  implements.  Un- 
inscribed gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  65]. 

BucKLAND  (near  Dover). — Bronze  palstaves  now  in  the  Mayer  Collection,  Liverpool  [Evans, 
Bronze  Imp.  88]. 

Canterbury. — Palasolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  618].  Neolithic  implements : 
arrow  heads  found  at  Bigberry  Hill  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  389];  finely  ground  celt  found  at 
Bigberry  Hill  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  102] ;  roughly  chipped  celt  or  hoe  [Evans,  Stone  Imp. 
70]  ;  flint  flakes  found  in  association  with  a  flat  bronze  arrowhead  [Evans,  Stone  Imp. 
279].  Socketed  celt  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  114].  Tanged  bronze  chisel  now  in  Mayer 
Collection,  Liverpool  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  168].  Socketed  bronze  gouge  ^  [Min.  Soc. 
Antiq.  ij  June,  1784].  Bronze  Age  Urn  found  in  1900  \Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (Ser.  2)  xviii. 
279].  Gold  Ornaments  of  the  Bronze  Age  \_Arch.  Cattt.  v.  43-44].  British  coins,  unin- 
scribed, of  copper,  and  silver  of  Dubnovellaunus  [Evans,  Coins,  122,  203,  204,  478,  482, 

527]- 
Chartham. — Bronze  spear-head,  6  in.  long,  with  loops  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  322]. 
Chatham. — Pal^oHthic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  611].     Neolithic  celt  of  sandstone 

and  another  fine  example  of  flint,  in  Maidstone  Museum.     Bronze  palstave  found  in 

Chatham  Dockyard  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  74].     Bronze  palstave  found  at  Chatham  Hill, 

now  in  the  Mayer  Collection,  Liverpool  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  83]. 
Chilham. — Palasolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  620]. 
Chislet. — Neolithic  flake  of  flint  much  worn  by  use  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  291]. 
Cliffe-at-Hoo. — Uninscribed  British  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  435]- 
CoBHAM. — Palseolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  6ii]. 
Coldrum. — See  Trottiscliffe. 
Crayford. — Palseohthic  implements  and  site  upon  which  implements  were  manufactured 

[Evans,  Stone  Imp.  606-607  ;    Arch.  Journ.  xxxvii.  294-299  ;   Journ.  Anthrop.  Inst.  xiii. 

109-118]. 
CuDHAM. — British  coin  of  Cunobelinus  \_Arch.  Cant.  v.  331  ;   Evans,  Coins,  559]. 
CuxTON. — Palaeolithic  implements  of  tongue-like  form  [^Arch.  Cant.  xxv.  Ixvii.]. 
Dartford. — Paljeolithic   implements   [Evans,    Stone  Imp.   605].     Neolithic   earthworks   and 

implements  [Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  307  et  seq.].     Hut-floors  \_Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  309]. 
Deal. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  433].     British  coins  of  tin. 
Dover. — Neolithic  celt,  partly  ground  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  91].     Bronze  celt  (flanged)  now  in 

the  Mayer  Collection,  Liverpool  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  52].     British  uninscribed  silver 

coin  [Evans,  Coins,  465]. 
Ebbs  Fleet. — An  important  hoard  of  eighty-one  bronze  objects  \Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (Ser.  2)  xiv. 

319,  and  XV.  138]. 
Eltham. — Uninscribed  British  gold  coins  [Evans,  Coins,  52,  63,  64]. 
Erith. — Palffiolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  607].     Two  earthen  urns  of  the  Bronze 

Age.     British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  51]. 
Farnborough. — Palaeolithic    implements.     British    uninscribed    gold    coin    resembHng    the 

type  figured  by  Sir  John  Evans  as  C.  9. 
Faversham. — British  coin  of  Cunobelinus  [Evans,  Coins,  560]. 
Folkestone. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  5<ora^  Imp.  Gzi].     Neolithic  celt  \_Arch.  Cant. 

xxii.  lii.].     Neolithic  implements  and  probably  settlement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  281].     Un- 
inscribed British  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  64]. 
Frindsbury. — British  coin  of  Dubnovellaunus  [Evans,  Coins,  529]. 
Gillingham. — Rude  paleolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  61 1]. 
Gravesend. — British  coins  uninscribed  and  of  Dubnovellaunus  [Evans,  Coins,  50,  63,  204]. 
Greenwich. — Metal  disc  with  late  Celtic  ornamentation  \_Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (Ser.  2)  ii.  202]. 
Halstead. — (Green    Street    Green). — Several    palaeolithic    implements    [Evans,    Stone   Imp. 

604-605]. 
Harbledown. — Bigberry  Hill.      Camp   of  the   Early  Iron   Age  [Arch.  Cant.  iv.  33  ;   Coll. 

Antiq.  vi.  261-2  ;    Arch.  Journ.  lix.  211-18]. 

'  In  addition  to  this  gouge,  which  was  of  regular  Bronze  Age  type,  a  curious  bronze  axe  in  the 
form  of  a  bull  was  discovered.  This  was  probably  not  made  in  Britain,  and  may  be  later  than  the 
Bronze  Age  (see  Bibl.  Top.  Brit.  vol.  i.). 

335' 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Harrietsham. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  52]. 

Hartlip. — Rude  palaeolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  611].     Stone  hatchet  found  in 

1838  {Min.  Soc.  Antiq.  7  March,  1839]. 
Harty,  Isle  of. — An  important  hoard  of  bronze  objects,  affording  a  typical  example  of  the 

stock-in-trade  of  a  bronze  founder  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  no,  in,  174,  177,  181,  186, 

211,214,308,403,441,442,453]. 
Hayes. — Numerous  neolithic  hut-floors,  village  enclosures,  and  flint  implements   [Proc.  Soc. 

Antiq.  (Ser.  2)  xii.  258-64,  etc.]. 
Herne  Bay. — Numerous  palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  613,  etc.]. 
Hollingbourne. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  6j]. 
HoRTON  KiRBY. — Palaeolithic  implement  nov?  in  Jermyn  Street  Museum,  London  [Evans, 

Stone  Imp.  607]. 
Ightham. — Numerous  paleolithic  implements  found  by  Mr.  B.  Harrison  and  others  [Evans, 

Stone  Imp.  608  ;    Arch.  Cant.  xv.  91-99  ;   Journ.  Anthrop.  Inst.  Feb.  1892,  pp.  246-70  ; 

Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  May  iSSg,  pp.  2jo-gj,  etc.].    Numerous  palaeolithic  and  neolithic 

flakes  and  implements  are  now  in  the  Maidstone  Museum.     Neolithic  urn  \_Arch.  Cant. 

xxvii.  pp.  Ixxvii-lxxviii].  Uninscribed  gold    coins   [Evans,  Coins,  435,  436;  Arch.  Cant. 

xxii.  51]. 
Kemsing. — Part  of  neolithic  hoe  found  at  Childs  Bridy  in  Maidstone  Museum. 
Keston. — Neolithic  implements  and  site  of  implement  factory  at  Millfield  \Proc.  Soc.  Antiq. 

(Ser.  2)  xvii.  216-21]. 
KiNGSDOWN. — Neolithic  celt  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  139]. 
Kits  Coty  House. — See  Aylesford. 
Leeds. — Neolithic  scraper  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  309].     Hoard  of  Bronze  Age  implements  \Sqc. 

Antiq.  MSS.  No.  202,  fol.  162]. 
Lenham. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Evans,   Stone  Imp.  618].      British   coins  of  tin  [Evans, 

Coins,  125]. 
Levi'isham. — PalcBolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  604]. 
Linton. — Numerous  neolithic  arrow-heads  now  in  Maidstone  Museum.    British  uninscribed 

gold  coins  [Evans,  Coins,  431,  441]. 
LuLLiNGSTONE. — Palasolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  608]. 
Maidstone. — Neolithic  urn  [Arch.  Cant,  xxvii.  pp.  Ixxvi-lxxvii.] 

Neolithic  implements,  some  of  flint  and  some  of  Kentish  Ragstone  [Evans,  Stone 

Imp.  281,  353].     British  uninscribed  coins  of  gold  [Evans,  Coins,  62,  68, 95, 435,  440,  562]. 
Maplescombe. — Megalithic  (.?)  remains  in  church. 
Marden. — Palaeolithic   implement   [Evans,   Stone  Imp.   610].     Important  hoard  of   Bronze 

Age  and  late  Celtic  objects  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  198,  208,  211,  308,  366,  381,  388,  450, 

467]- 

Margate. — British  coin  of  EppUlus  [Evans,  Coins,  192]. 

Medway  River,  near  Chatham. — Two  bronze  swords  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  280,  281]. 

Meopham. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  61 1]. 

Milton  (near  Sittingbourne). — Neolithic  flint  knife  and  floors  of  dwellings  found  at  Grove- 
hurst  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  310,  311  ;    Arch.  Cant.  xiii.  122-26,  etc.]. 

Minster,  Thanet. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Reliq.  Jan.  1901].  Socketed  bronze  celt,  now 
in  the  Mayer  Collection,  Liverpool  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  129].  See  also  Ebbs  Fleet. 
British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  433]. 

MoLASH. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  612].  British  coin  of  Vosenos  (?) 
[Evans,  Coins,  207]. 

Newington  (near  Sittingbourne). — Palaeolithic  implement  5  in.  long  [Evans,  Stone  Imp. 
611].     Neolithic  celt  [Arch.  Cant.  xxiv.  59]. 

Northbourne. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  54]. 

Northfleet. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Journ.  Anthrop.  Inst.  xiii.  109-18].  British  unin- 
scribed gold  coin  [Evans  Coins,  51]. 

NuRSTED. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  611]. 

Offham. — Palaeolithic  implement,  now  in  Maidstone  Museum. 

Orpington. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Quart.  Journ.  Geol.  Soc.  Ivii.  98]. 

OspRiNGE. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  6il].  Uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans, 
Coins,  432]. 

Plumstead. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  432]. 

Ramsgate. — Neolithic  arrow-heads  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  389].     Numerous  neolithic  implements. 

336 


Gold   Bracelets  found  at   Bexley  :    First  Hoard. 
(i  Full  SI.e.) 


EARLY    MAN 

Bronze  Age  remains  \_Arch.  Cant,  xviii.  i  et  seq.,  also  xxii.  51].     British  coinof  Dubno- 

vellaunus  [Evans,  Coins,  204]. 
Reculver. — Numerous  palseolithic  implements  found  on  the  sea-shore  here  [Evans,  Stone 

Imp.  613-17,  642,  etc.].     Some  of  these  are  in  the  Jermyn   Street  Museum,  London. 

Neolithic  flakes  [Evans,  Sto7ie  Imp.  283].     (See  also  Heme  Bay.) 

British   coins,   uninscribed  and    of    Tasciovanus,   CunobeHnus,   and    Addedomaros 

[Evans,  Coins,  87,  98,  234,  304,  371,  462]. 
RicHBOROUGH. — British  coins,  uninscribed  of  silver  and  copper,  and  one  of  Verica  [Evans, 

Coins,  112,  181,  469,  476]. 
Ryarsh. — Uninscribed  gold  coins  [Evans,  Coins,  62,  64]. 

St.  Mary,  Hundred  of  Hoo. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  611]. 
Saltwood. — Hoard  of  bronze  objects  found  at  Haynes  Hill  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  297,  305, 

403,  467  ;    Arch.  Journ.  xxx.  279  ;    Journ.  Anthrop.  Inst.  iii.  230]. 
Sandwich. — Uninscribed  British  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  95].     Uninscribed  British  gold  coin, 

similar  to  that  figured  by  Evans  in  Plate  A  No.  4  [Min.  Soc.  Antiq.  viii.  369,  3  Dec.  1761]. 
Seal. — Palaeolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  608]. 
Selling. — Small  palseolithic  implement  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  612]. 
Sevenoaks. — British  coin  of  Tasciovanus  [Evans,  Coins,  232]. 
Shoreham. — Palaeolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  605,  608].     Neolithic  hoe  [Evans, 

Stone  Imp.  71]. 
Shorne. — Bronze  Age  (.?)  interments  \^Arch.  Cant.  xxiv.  86].     British  coins  of  Tasciovanus 

[Evans,  Coins,  229]. 
Sissinghurst. — Gold  finger  ring  [Arch.  Cant.  ix.  12]. 
SiTTiNGBOURNE. — NeoHthic  arrow-heads,  etc.  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  zj()\.     Bronze  Age  hoard  in 

urns,  and  Bronze  Age  grave  containing  a  bronze  knife-dagger  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  113  ; 

Coll.  Antiq.  i.  loi  ;    Arch.  Journ.  ii.  81  ;    Arch.  Cant.  x.  29.     British  coin  of  Eppillus 

[Evans,  Coins,  190]  ;   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  (Ser.  2),  x.  29-30]. 
SouTHFLEET. — British  uninscribed  copper  coins  [Evans,  Coins,  ^j6,  478]. 
Speldhurst. — Uninscribed  British  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  50]. 
Stoke. — Palseolithic  implements  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  61 1]. 
Strood. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  433].     Bronze  bracelets  and  carvings 

in  jet  [Min.  Soc.  Antiq.  7  March,  1839]. 
Sutton  Valence. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  51]. 
Swalecliffe. — Paleolithic  flake  found  on  beach  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  617]. 
Svi'ANscoMBE. — Numerous   palseolithic   implements   [Evans,   Stone  Imp.   607,   etc.].     British 

uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  51]. 
Teynham. — Palaeolithic  implement  (large)  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  61 1].     Neolithic  implements. 
Thames,  River. — Bronze  leaf-shaped  sword-blade  found  off  Greenwich  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp. 

284  ;    Arch.  Journ.  iii.  230].     Circular  bronze  shield  with  26  concentric  rings  of  studs 

and  a  leaf-shaped  bronze  sword,  found  off  Woolwich  [Evans,  Brotize  Imp.  351]. 
Thanet,  Isle  of. — British  uninscribed  gold  and  silver  coins  [Evans,  Coins,  52,  iii]. 
Tonbridge. — Neolithic  scrapers  [Evans,  Stone  Imp.  309]. 
Trottiscliffe. — Important  megalithic  remains,  probably  of  the  Neolithic  Age,  at  Coldrum. 

(Arch.  Cant.  xiii.  16,  etc.)     Uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  436]. 
Tunstall. — British  coins  of  CunobeHnus  [Arch.  Cant.  ix.  299  ;    Evans,  Coins,  558,  559]. 
Wateringbury. — Socketed  bronze  celt,  now  in  the  British  Museum  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  109]. 
Westerham. — British  coin  of  CunobeHnus  [Evans,  Coitis,  560]. 
Westgate. — British  uninscribed  gold  and  copper  coins,  one  of  CunobeHnus  [Evans,  Coins, 

86,  95,  325]. 
West  Malling. — Palaeolithic  implements  found  in  gravel  there  [Evans,   Stone  Imp.  610]. 

British  uninscribed  gold  coins,  and  one  of  Tasciovanus  [Evans,  Coins,  435,  535,  536]. 
West  Wickham. — Numerous  palaeolithic  implements  [Arch.  Cant.  xiv.  85  ;    Arch.  Cant.  xv. 

100-102  ;    Evans,  Stone  Imp.  604,  etc.].     Numerous  neoHthic  implements,  and  some 

hut-circles   [Proc  Soc.  Antiq.   (Ser.  2),  xi.  161-66,  and   xii.  258-64 ;   Evans,  Stone  Imp. 

248  295,  310,  334,  604]. 
Whitstable. — Palaeolithic  implement  found  at  Studhill  [Evans,  Stotie  Imp.  617]. 
Willesborough. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  434]. 
Wingham. — British  coin  of  Tasciovanus  [Evans,  Coins,  540]. 

Worth. — British  uninscribed  gold  coin  [Evans,  Coins,  439].  • 

Wye. — Flanged  bronze  celt  found  on  ^yt  Down  [Evans,  Bronze  Imp.  52J. 
I  337  43 


A    HISTORY    OF   KENT 


APPENDIX 


GOLD    ORNAMENTS    FOUND    AT    BEXLEY 

Since  the  foregoing  pages  were  written  two  very  important  discoveries  of  gold  bracelets  have 
been  made  at  Bexley  in  the  course  of  digging  for  sand  and  gravel  in  a  field  on  the  right-hand  side 
of  the  top  of  Dartford  Heath  Lane.^  The  first  find  was  in  July,  1906,  when  eight  objects, 
like  old  brass  rings,  were  thrown  out  of  the  diggings  by  the  workmen  as  of  little  value. 
Subsequent  examination  proved  them  to  be  bracelets  of  pure  gold,  but  unfortunately,  the 
men,  in  their  endeavours  to  ascertain  the  nature  of  the  metal,  broke  one  bracelet  in  halves. 

A  second  discovery  of  bracelets,  also  composed  of  solid  gold,  was  made  in  February,  1907.^ 
In  this  case  the  articles  were  nine  in  number,  and  although  generally  of  the  same  character 
as  those  first  found,  were  more  slender  in  form  and  of  course  contained  less  metal. 

Both  groups  of  bracelets  were  found  buried  in  the  sand  beneath  what  had  been  the  floors 
of  ancient  hut-dwellings.  They  lay  about  3  ft.  below  the  present  level  of  the  ground.  The  fact 
of  these  objects  being  buried  in  this  way  is  of  considerable  archaeological  importance.  It  estab- 
lishes the  existence  of  dwellings  of  Bronze  Age  man  at  Bexley,  and  it  also  indicates  that  in  the 
case  of  at  least  some  hoards  of  metallic  objects  the  place  of  deposit  was  not  only  close  to,  but 
actually  within  the  limits  of,  the  dwelling.  It  may  well  be  that  such  a  place  of  deposit  was 
very  rarely  chosen,  and  therefore  specially  selected  for  the  hiding  of  these  peculiarly  attractive 
and  valuable  objects.  The  burial  of  valuable  objects  underground  within  the  tent  is  a  prac- 
tice not  unknown  in  oriental  regions. 

The  bracelets  are  of  solid  gold  and  have  no  ornamental  feature,  unless  the  thickening 
into  seal-like  terminations,  and  the  rolled  ends  of  two  of  the  examples  in  the  second  hoard 
are  to  be  so  regarded.  The  weight  of  the  gold  is  quite  remarkable,  amounting  in  one  case  to 
upwards  of  four  ounces.     They  evidently  belong  to  the  latter  part  of  the  Bronze  Age. 

The  following  weights  of  the  bracelets  have  been  obligingly  furnished  by  the  authorities 
at  the  British  Museum,  where  the  ornaments  are  deposited  as  treasure  trove. 


First  Discovery  (July, 
(i)     2,080  grains 


1906). 


(2) 

2,046 

„ 

(3) 

2,015 

„ 

(4) 

1,330 

„ 

(5) 

1,070 

„ 

(6) 

1,070 

„ 

(7) 

1,060 

„ 

(8) 

1,047 

» 

' 

Total,  I 

1,718  grains 

(=24  ozs.  298  grains,  Troy  i 

i'eight). 


Second 

Discovery  (February,  1907). 

(0 

1,420  grains 

(2) 

780         „ 

(3) 

732         » 

(4) 

382         „ 

(5) 

375        » 

(6) 

367        „ 

(7) 

362        „ 

(8) 

203 

(9) 

197        „ 

Total  4,818  grains 

(  =  10  ozs.  18  grains,  Troy  weight). 

The  Antiquary,  April,   1907, 


.26-7. 


Home  Counties  Magazine,   1907,  p.   ifl 


338 


Gold   Bracklets  found  at   Bexliv:    Second    Hoard. 
(  I  Full   Si^e.) 


A^ 

JGLO -Saxon     Map 
KENT. 

Scale    of   Miles: 

Heference, 

•  (nterments. 

*  Miscellaneous    F,n^, . 

Margate      Foreness  Pt 

1^,7  \n.  Foreland, 
yJBroadstafrs 

Ramsgate 


^  ngeham 

CasVe         ^ 


Sandgate 


N 


N 


ANGLO-SAXON 
REMAINS 


OF  all  the  British  areas  occupied  by  Teutonic  immigrants  in 
post-Roman  times,  Kent  should  on  all  grounds  have  the  most 
explicit  record.  The  richness  of  the  soil  in  this  Garden  of 
England  is  reflected  in  the  splendid  furniture  of  its  Anglo- 
Saxon  graves,  and  proximity  to  the  Continent  might  be  expected  to 
have  placed  its  inhabitants  in  the  foremost  ranks  of  progress  and  enlight- 
enment. The  reign  of  Ethelberht  (560-616)  witnessed  the  introduction 
of  Christianity  by  Augustine,  and  we  know  that  monarch  was  among 
the  earliest  to  bear  the  title  of  Bretwalda  (Wielder  of  Britain).  But 
these  advantages  do  not  lift  for  us  the  veil  that  hides  the  course  of  events 
during  the  fifth  and  sixth  centuries,  when  the  Romanized  Britons  were 
yielding  place  to  newcomers  from  across  the  sea.  There  are  indeed 
traditions,  widely  known  but  more  than  half  discredited,  which  tell  of 
individual  leaders  and  their  conquest  of  the  Kentish  area,  and  all  that 
can  be  gleaned  from  them  has  been  stated  and  discussed  more  than  once. 
There  is  not  likely  to  be  further  documentary  evidence  of  early  date, 
and  the  true  story  of  the  English  conquest  can  be  recovered,  if  at  all, 
only  from  the  soil.  Such  evidence  for  Kent  is  fortunately  considerable, 
and  a  general  survey  of  the  finds  may  prove  of  more  historical  value 
than  the  tales  of  Hengist  and  Horsa. 

For  Kent  alone  among  our  English  counties  is  there  a  literature  deal- 
ing with  relics  of  our  pagan  forefathers  ;  and  the  task  of  setting  the 
numerous  discoveries  before  the  reader  becomes  one  of  severe  compres- 
sion. The  peculiar  riches  of  this  corner  of  England  became  evident  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  found  worthy  chroniclers 
in  the  persons  of  two  divines.  The  Rev.  Jas.  Douglas,  F.S.A.,  Chap- 
lain-in-Ordinary  to  H.R.H.  the  Prince  of  Wales,  published  in  1793  a 
folio  volume '  with  many  illustrations  and  a  verbose  title-page,  detailing 
the  excavations  made  by  himself  and  others  chiefly  on  Chatham  Lines. 
As  was  usual  at  the  period,  a  vast  amount  of  curious  lore  was  incor- 
porated, mostly  in  the  form  of  footnotes  ;  but  the  work  was  carried  out 
in  a  scientific  spirit,  and,  in  the  words  of  the  preface,  '  the  reader  may 
frame  his  own  conclusions  without  any  apprehension  of  being  involved 
in  the  confusion  of  self-opiniated  theory.'  The  author  was  in  sympathetic 
communication  with  Rev.  Bryan  Faussett,  of  Heppington,  near  Canter- 

»  Nenia  Britannica  ;  or,  a  Sepulchral  History  of  Great  Britain,  etc. ;  quoted  below  as  Ne}i.  Brit. 
339 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

bury,  who,  between  the  years  1757  and  1773,  had  carried  out  most 
successful  excavations  in  his  own  neighbourhood.  Exact  records  were 
kept,  and  the  antiquities  carefully  preserved,  but  it  was  not  till  1856  that 
his  MS.  was  published,'  under  the  editorship  of  Charles  Roach  Smith, 
who  died  in  1890,  and  left  behind  many  important  papers'  dealing  with 
the  Anglo-Saxon  period.  The  Faussett  collection  was  acquired  by  Mr. 
Joseph  Mayer  in  1850,  and  munificently  presented  to  the  Liverpool  Public 
Museum,  where  it  is  now  exhibited.  Other  contributions  to  the  archaeo- 
logy of  Kent  are  referred  to  in  the  following  pages,  and  special  mention 
must  be  made  of  the  Archaeologia  Cajitiana,  a  series  of  volumes  issued  by 
the  Kent  Archaeological  Society  since  its  foundation  in  1857  '  ^^^  "o 
attempt  has  been  hitherto  made  to  present  as  a  whole  the  unexampled 
series  of  Anglo-Saxon  remains  from  Kent,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Archaeological  Survey  of  the  county  prepared  for  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries by  Mr.  Geo.  Payne,  and  published  by  that  body  in  1889. 

Inscriptions  dating  from  the  pagan  Anglo-Saxon  period  are  unfor- 
tunately rare  ;  but  characters  belonging  to  the  primitive  alphabet  (or 
rzthtr  futhorc)  of  Northern  Europe  occur  on  several  objects  found  in  Kent, 
though  the  county  has  not  in  this  respect  proved  so  prolific  as  Northum- 
bria.  It  may  be  observed  in  passing  that  runes  are  letters,  originally 
adapted  for  engraving  on  wood  or  stone,  and  are  quite  distinct  from  the 
interlaced  or  animal-ornament  common  in  northern  Europe  during  the 
post-Roman  period.  Several  Kentish  examples  were  collected  and  dis- 
cussed by  Rev.  Daniel  Haigh  ^  ;  but,  apart  from  coins  on  which  these 
characters  are  often  found,  only  the  follow- 
ing can  be  definitely  referred  to  the  county 
— a  jewelled  brooch  of  silver  formerly  in 
the  Bateman  collection  ;  a  sword-pommel 
from  Gilton  ;  two  sepulchral  stones  from 
Sandwich,  and  a  stone  slab  from  Dover,  the 
last-named  belonging  rather  to  the  series  of 
Early  Christian  monuments,  and  therefore 
not  fully  described  here. 

The  brooch  here  illustrated,  one  of  a 
pair  now  in  the  British  Museum,  is  said  to 
have  been  found  in  Kent,  but  has  all  the 
appearance  of  an  exotic,  perhaps  from  S. 
Germany  or  Hungary.  The  garnet  cell-work 
is  in  excellent  condition,  and  the  silver  retains 
some  gilding,  while  the  ground-ornament  be- 
longs to  the  fifth  century.  At  the  back  of  the 
foot  are  scratched  the  Runic  characters  here 
reproduced,  which  have  been  pronounced 
unintelligible  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Stevenson. 


Fig.  I.     Jewelled  Brooch  with 
Engraved  Runes  ({). 


'  Inveniorium  Sepulchrale,  quoted  below  as  Inv.  Sep. 

2   Several  were  included  in  his  Collectanea  Antiqua  (7  vols.  184S-80);  quoted  below  as  Coll.  Ant. 

*  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  164. 

340 


r- 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

The  Gilton  sword-pommer  is  of  the  cocked-hat  pattern,  common 
enough  in  the  south  of  England  but  especially  in  Kent.  It  was  found 
in  the  Anglo-Saxon  cemetery  (p.  354),  and  is  now  in  the  Mayer  collection 
at  Liverpool.  Though  the  edges  were  much  rubbed,  Haigh  deciphered 
the  inscription  as  ICU  IK  SIGI  MUARNUM  IK  WISA  DAGMUND,  translating 
'  I  increase  victory  by  great  deeds,  I,  chieftain  Dagmund.' 

The  two  sepulchral  stones  now  in  the  Canterbury  Museum  are 
of  special  interest  as  having  no  apparent  connection  with  Christianity, 
and  as  being  unparalleled  in  this  country,  though  Horsa's  monument 
mentioned  by  Bede  '  as  existing  in  his  own  day  (early  eighth  century)  may 
have  been  of  a  similar  description.  Both  the 
stones  were  found  about  1830  by  Mr.  Boys' 
labourers  who  were  digging  in  an  open  field  near 
Sandwich,  and  one  retains  in  Runic  letters  the 
name  R/EH/EBVL  (see  fig.  2),  the  lettering  on 
the  other  having  been  effaced  almost  entirely." 
The  inscribed  stone  is  16  inches  high,  and  6 
inches  square  at  the  widest  part,  while  the  other  is 
somewhat  larger,  measuring  17  inches  in  height, 
and  5  inches  square.  It  is  probable  that  the  thicker 
portion  was  the  top,  the  base  tapering  somewhat 
and  being  shaped  with  less  care  ;  but  whether 
they  were  placed  on  the  summit  or  in  the  interior 
of  grave-mounds  cannot  now  be  determined. 
The  historian  of  Sandwich  presented  them  to  his 
fellow-townsman,  Mr.  Rolfe,  who  transferred 
them  to  their  present  resting-place. 

The  majority  of  the  early  cemeteries  lie 
within  or  close  to  a  triangle  of  which  the  sides 
meet  at  Canterbury,  Dover  and  Sandwich,  and 
coincide  with  ancient  Roman  roads.  As  in  the 
present  state  of  knowledge  it  would  be  idle  to 
pretend  to  a  systematic  chronology,  it  will  be  con- 
venient to  start  with  the  ancient  capital,  where 
we  seem  to  be  brought  face  to  face  with  the  first  Christian  king  by  a 
chance  discovery  near  St.  Martin's  Church.  Six  gold  coins,  a  Roman 
intaglio  set  in  the  same  metal,  and  what  was  probably  the  face  of  a 
brooch  set  with  garnets  or  glass  slabs  in  projecting  partitions,  were  found 
actually  on  the  site  of  St.  Augustine's,  and  had  no  doubt  been  originally 
deposited  in  a  grave.  The  grant  by  Ethelberht  of  a  chapel  to  his  queen 
Bertha  and  her  priest  Luidhard  is  well  known,  and  it  is  interesting  to 
find  that  one  rendering*  of  the  lettering  on  one  piece  is  LYUDARDVS  EPS. 

1  Figured  in  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  259  (3  views);   Stephens,  Runic  Monuments,  i.  370. 

2  Eccles.  History,  i.  15  ;  Stephens  points  out  that  it  had  disappeared  when  Alfred  made  his  transla- 
tion of  Bede.  3  Both  figured  by  Stephens,  Runic  Monuments,  i.  366-7 ;  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  226. 

*  Rev.  D.  H.  Haigh,  in  Num.  Chron.  n.  s.  ix.  (1869),  177,  and  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  233  (figure)  ;  for 
the  find  as  a  whole,  see  Num.  Chron.  vii.  (1845),  187,  and  Proc.  p.  28  ;  Coll.  Ant.  i.  pi.  Iv.  figs.  6-8, 
p.  178  J    Arch.  Journ.  i.  279  ;   Arch.  Cant.  iii.  40.     Now  in  the  Mayer  collection  at  Liverpool. 


Fig.  2.     Tombstone  of  Rae- 
HAEBta,  Sandwich  Q). 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Roach   Smith,  however,  attributed   the  coin   to   Eupardus,  a  bishop  of 
Autun  in  the  middle  of  the  sixth  century,  and  the  rest  included  a  coin 
of  Justin  (d.  527),  a  blundered  copy  of  a  Roman 
type,  and  a  coin  of  the  moneyer  Leodulphus. 

As  the  map  clearly  shows,  the  downs  to  the 
south-east  of  Canterbury  are  thickly  strewn  with 
records  of  the  past,  and  have  been  explored  over 
a  long  period.       In    1866   about  twenty  graves 

Fig.  3.     Gold  Coin-Pendant,       ^^^^      ^^^^^      .  workmen     On      Patrixbourne 

St.  Martin  s  (j;.  J  r      i 

Hill  in  Bifrons  Park,  200  yards  east  of  the 
road  from  Bridge  and  within  an  area  30  feet  square.  The  relics  com- 
prised two  swords,  two  spear-heads,  a  shield-boss  with  the  stays  extending 
to  the  circumference,^  and  a  number  of  buckles  and  knives,  taken 
promiscuously  from  the  graves,  which  were,  with  one  exception,  east- 
and-west.  Interred  with  a  woman  were  found  a  necklace  of  amber 
and  glass  beads  (the  latter  of  double  and  treble  form,  like  some  from 
Northants'),  a  pair  of  small  brooches  set  with  garnets  of  keystone  form 
(as  pi.  i.  fig.  4),  keys,  a  silver  finger-ring,  a  buckle  and  stud,  all  of  which 
are  now  in  the  collection  of  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society." 

The  excavations  conducted  by  Mr.  Godfrey  Faussett  in  1867  at 
Bifrons  are  of  special  importance,  as  they  were  carefully  recorded,*  and 
the  relics  now  form  part  of  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society's  collection 
at  Maidstone.  About  one  hundred  graves  were  opened  on  the  slope  of 
the  hill  overlooking  the  Lesser  Stour  and  about  \  mile  up  stream  from 
Patrixbourne  Church  ;  and  the  whole  of  the  district  is  thickly 
scattered  with  interments,  perhaps  more  so  than  any  other  area  in 
England.  The  ground  was  perfectly  smooth,  no  doubt  owing  to  con- 
tinued ploughing,  and  the  slope  was  held  to  account  for  the  direction 
of  the  majority  of  graves  :  they  had  been  cut  horizontally  so  as  to  avoid 
unnecessary  labour,  and  the  head  was  in  these  cases  at  the  south  or 
south-east  end  of  the  cutting  in  the  chalk.  A  few,  however,  lay  east 
and  west,  generally  with  the  head  at  the  latter  point,  and  the  explorer 
did  not  fail  to  notice  a  comparative  scarcity  of  relics  in  these  graves  : 
both  features  suggesting  a  Christian  origin.  The  brooches  found  were 
observed  to  be  mostly  in  pairs,  the  square-headed  variety  (pi.  i.  fig.  2) 
being  invariably  worn  with  the  pin-point  upwards,  the  square  head  being 
below.  Another  important  point  is  that  no  fewer  than  five  graves  in 
this,  and  at  least  two  in  a  neighbouring,  cemetery  contained  the  remains 
of  women  with  a  crystal  sphere  and  spoon  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  8)  with  perfor- 
ated bowl  placed  between  the  thighs.  More  than  once  these  curious 
relics  were  associated  with  brooches  of  the  Jutish  square-headed  type 
(as  pi.  i.  fig.  3)  and  also  of  the  bird-form,  while  gold  braid  was  found 
near  the  skull  as  though  belonging  to  the  head-dress.  Though  crystal 
spheres  are  not  unknown  in  post-Roman  cemeteries  on   the   Continent, 

>  Douglas  found  the  shields  were  generally  I J  to  2  ft.  across  {Nen.  Brit.  p.  I2i). 
»  Arch,  xlviii.  pi.  xxiii.  ;    V.C.H.  Northants,  i.  233. 
»  Arch.  Cant.  vi.  331  (three  figs.).  «  Ibid.  x.  298;  xiii.  552. 

342 


AI JGLO-SAXON  JEWELS  FROM   KENT  ,^?^^ 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

their  frequent  occurrence  in  Kent  with  brooches  of  a  local  character 
is  a  fact  of  considerable  importance,  and  points  to  some  special  function 
assigned  to  women  in  this  region.  A  certain  number  of  objects  from 
these  graves  are  certainly  of  Roman  manufacture,  while  two  long 
brooches  (as  fig.  14)  of  bronze  are  early  examples  of  a  type  subsequently 
developed  in  the  Anglian  area.  Several  jewelled  ornaments  are  not 
of  the  ordinary  kind  but  resemble  continental  work,  and  may  be  the 
rude  beginnings  of  the  Kentish  inlaid  work.  In  one  grave  of  a 
woman  there  were  found,  with  a  pair  of  radiated  brooches  (as  fig.  13) 
and  other  ornaments,  four  gold  bracteate  pendants,  three  of  which  bear 
the  usual  embossed  decoration  of  dismembered  animal-forms,  while  the 
fourth  has  a  distorted  human  figure  like  that  frequently  seen  on  Scan- 
dinavian specimens.  To  the  same  foreign  influence  may  doubtless  be 
assigned  the  swastikas  engraved  on  a  sword-pommel  and  belt-plate  from 
this  cemetery. 

On  the  downs  between  Beakesbourne  and  Adisham,  at  a  point 
about  4  miles  south-east  of  Canterbury,  excavations  were  conducted  by 
Faussett  in  1773.*  Some  of  the  mounds  had  been  destroyed  in  planting 
trees,  and  nine  burials  had  been  at  some  indefinite  period  covered  with 
a  long  bank,  regarded  by  the  explorer  as  part  of  a  fortification.  The 
grave-mounds  varied  greatly  in  size,  and  one  reached  the  abnormal 
dimensions  of  70  feet  in  diameter  and  10  feet  in  height  at  the  centre, 
but  nothing  was  found  with  the  skeleton  it  covered.  Another  remark- 
able grave  is  described  and  illustrated  as  cruciform,  the  four  ends 
corresponding  with  the  cardinal  points,  and  the  head  lying  at  the  west 
end,  but  it  was  suggested  that  two  graves  had  been  cut  at  this  spot  at 
different  times  in  opposite  directions  ;  and  this  view  is  supported  by  a 
discovery  of  the  sherds  of  a  cinerary  urn  in  the  mound.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  excavation  measured  1 1  feet  each  way  and  at  each  extremity 
was  an  arched  recess  about  i  foot  deep  in  the  chalk,  containing  wood- 
ashes  and  scraps  of  iron  :  this  may  be  taken  to  prove  that  the  cruciform 
cutting  was  intentional. 

Of  the  forty-five  graves  opened,  twenty-nine  had  coffins  which  in 
two  cases  were  seen  to  be  of  oak,  and  all  but  three  had  been  more  or  !ess 
burnt.  Besides  the  exceptionally  large  mound  already  referred  to,  two  of 
fair  proportions  consisted  of  flints  ;  and  one  mound  had  been  erected  over 
two  skeletons  placed  in  a  sitting  posture  with  their  backs  against  the 
head  of  the  grave.  Bones  of  small  animals  were  found  in  two  instances, 
the  largest  mound  containing  several  heaps,  but  here  as  elsewhere  the 
bones  of  the  head  were  missing,  so  that  it  was  difficult  to  recognize  the 
species.  Fragments  of  urns,  including  red  Gaulish  and  Roman  ware, 
were  noticed  in  several  cases,  and  coins  of  Diocletian  and  Maximian,  his 
partner  in  empire  (d.  305),  were  found.  Also  suggestive  of  Roman 
civilization  were  two  pieces  of  openwork  leather  in  different  graves, 
probably  belonging  to  sandals.''  Only  one  weapon  was  found,  a  lance 
on  the  left  of  the  body  ;  but  there  was  a  fair  sprinkling  of  shears,  keys, 

>  Inventorium  Sefulchrak,  pp.  144-59.  '  Ibid.  p.  152. 

343 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

and  other  female  appurtenances.  The  only  piece  of  jewellery  was  a 
blue  glass  pendant  set  in  silver. 

The  next  site  to  be  noticed  lies  immediately  west  of  the  Roman 
road  between  Canterbury  and  Dover,  but  still  in  the  same  neighbour- 
hood as  the  preceding.  Mr.  Thos.  Wright  described  the  exploration 
during  1844  of  a  number  of  barrows  in  Bourne  Park  (Bishopsbourne).' 
The  operations  were  conducted  in  the  presence  of  Lord  Albert  Conyng- 
ham,  in  whose  park  the  barrows  were  situated  ;  Sir  Henry  Dryden, 
Mr.  Roach  Smith,  and  the  narrator,  so  that  there  is  every  reason  to 
suppose  that  the  greatest  care  was  taken  in  the  excavation.  A  large 
barrow  proved  to  have  been  previously  rifled,  but  unmistakable  signs  of 
an  Anglo-Saxon  interment  were  noticed,  and  in  the  four  upper  corners 
of  the  grave,  which  measured  about  14  feet  in  length,  6  or  7 
feet  in  breadth,  and  more  than  8  feet  in  depth,  there  was  a  small 
excavation  in  the  chalk  filled  with  the  skulls  and  bones  of  mice,  mingled 
with  remains  of  seed.  The  same  deposits  appeared  in  several  barrows 
there  and  on  the  Breach  Downs. 

The  second  grave-mound  was  smaller  and  adjoined  the  last,  scarcely 
rising  above  the  surface.  The  body  was  almost  entirely  decayed,  but 
seemed  to  have  been  placed  in  a  wooden  coffin.  Near  where  the  right 
foot  must  have  lain  were  fragments  of  small  hoops  imbedded  in  wood, 
evidently  the  remains  of  a  bucket  of  the  usual  type. 

The  third  burial  proved  similar  to  the  first,  the  grave  being  of 
almost  the  same  dimensions,  but  the  small  holes  at  the  corners,  which 
contained  bones  of  mice,  being  at  the  sides  instead  of  at  the  ends.^  At 
the  foot  in  the  right-hand  corner  had  stood  a  hooped  bucket  measuring 
I  foot  both  in  height  and  in  diameter  at  the  base,  but  tapering  upwards. 
Beside  the  right  leg  were  found  a  shield-boss,  a  horse's  bridle-bit,  and  a 
buckle,  all  of  iron  ;  while  on  the  right  of  the  head,  placed  upright 
against  the  wall  of  the  grave,  was  a  thin  bronze  bowl  richly  gilt,  with 
two  drop-handles  of  iron,  of  a  not  unusual  type  in  Kentish  burials.  The 
only  other  articles  found  in  this  grave  were  two  discs  nearly  i  inch  in 
diameter,  convex  at  the  top,  one  being  of  bone,  the  other  of  the  red 
Gaulish  ware  improperly  called  '  Samian.'  These  were  probably 
counters  or  draughtsmen  used  in  some  game,  and  may  be  compared 
with  those  found  at  Sarre(p.  359)and  elsewhere.  No  trace  of  the  body 
could  be  discerned,  and  from  the  absence  of  the  typical  sword  and 
knife,  it  was  surmised  that  this  was  merely  a  cenotaph  and  that  the 
body  had  been  buried  elsewhere. 

The  barrows  opened  on  this  occasion  all  contained  graves  cut  ap- 
proximately north  and  south,  the  head  towards  the  south,  and  it  was 
observed  that  almost  all  graves  at  Bourne  and  on  Breach  Downs  had 
large  flints  at  the  sides  and  both  ends,  possibly  used  to  fix  a  covering 
over  the  body  before  the  grave  was  filled  in."*     Two  other  grave-mounds, 

»  The  barrows  examined  here  by  Faussett  in  1771  {hiv.  Sep.  pp.  95-100)  were  of  much  earlier 
date. 

»  Plan  in  Arch.  Journ.  i.  254,  fig.  2.  ^  Ibid.  i.  3S0. 

344 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

on  the  south  side  of  the  park,  were  opened  during  the  Congress  of  the 
British  Archaeological  Association  '  in  the  same  year,  and  found  to 
contain  burials  with  the  head  at  the  west  end  of  the  grave,  which  had 
been  lined  with  planks.  With  a  woman  had  been  buried  a  casket,  beads, 
coins  called  sceattas,  a  glass  cup  with  applied  threads,  and  a  pottery  vase 
5  in.  high  at  the  feet  ;  but  the  other  mound,  raised  over  a  warrior,  was 
practically  unproductive. 

A  little  southward,  on  the  same  side  of  the  Roman  road, 
as  many  as  308  graves  were  opened  by  Bryan  Faussett'  on  Kingston 
Down  between  1767  and  1773.  All  but  forty-five  were  marked  by 
small  mounds  of  hemispherical  form  irregularly  placed  and  fairly  close 
to  one  another  on  the  north-west  slope  of  a  hill  overlooking  the  village 
of  Kingston.  In  1749  and  1753  a  certain  number  of  burials  with  feet 
to  the  north  had  been  found  by  workmen  in  digging  chalk  within  a 
wood  and  a  few  relics  recovered.  Systematic  excavation  however 
showed  that  this  orientation  was  exceptional,  as  294  of  the  total 
recorded  in  the  Inventorhim  had  the  head  at  the  west  end  of  the  grave. 
Remains  of  a  wooden  coffin  were  noticed  in  183  cases,  and  of  these 
ninety-seven  showed  traces  of  fire,  the  timber,  which  was  in  some  cases 
3  inches  thick,  having  been  burnt  to  a  certain  degree  (explains  the 
excavator)  to  make  it  more  durable.  In  the  fourteen  irregular  burials 
there  was  a  tendency  for  the  feet  to  point  northwards,  while  in  one  case 
the  head  was  at  the  east  end.  In  one  of  these  cases  the  coffin  had  been 
burnt,  but  in  eight  others  no  timber  could  be  traced  ;  and  in  the  whole 
cemetery  there  were  about  100  graves  without  coffins  or  any  but  the 
slightest  furniture.  Previous  cremated  burials  had  been  disturbed  in 
three  cases  ;  and  the  bones,  collected  in  the  original  urn,  were  carefully 
placed  outside  the  coffin  at  the  feet  of  the  interred  :  in  one  case  the  urn 
was  of  coarse  red  earth  and  seems  from  the  illustration^  to  belong  to  a 
Kentish  type  of  the  Bronze  Age,  as  from  Highstead,  Chislet  (British 
Museum). 

Another  unexpected  ceramic  type  occurred  in  the  grave  of  a  male 
near  the  head,  and  the  illustration'  shows  it  to  be  a  so-called  '  Samian  ' 
bowl  made  in  the  second  century,  probably  in  S.  France,  and  stamped 
with  the  name  of  the  potter,  Caius  (OF.  CAM).  An  Anglo-Saxon  vase, 
usually  of  small  dimensions  and  of  rude  black  ware,  appeared  at  the  feet 
in  seven  graves  ;  but  these  must  not  be  confounded  with  the  earlier 
cinerary  urns,  nor  with  the  bottle-shaped  vases  of  buff  ware  in  some  of 
the  richer  graves  elsewhere  and  at  the  head  of  one  woman's  grave  at 
Kingston.  In  four  graves  of  women  wooden  coffers  had  been  placed  at 
the  feet,  and  in  two  cases  at  the  head  ;  while  in  the  somewhat  richly 
furnished  tomb  of  a  warrior,  a  bronze  bowl  lay  at  the  feet.  Both  the 
form  of  this  vessel  and  the  design  of  the  four  circular  mounts'  (one  under 
the  base,  the  others  below  the  rim  to  attach  chains  for  suspension) 
betray  Late  Celtic   influence,  and   fall  into   line  with    enamelled    bowls 

•  Canterbury  vol.  (1844),  pp.  96-100:  vase  figured.  >  Inv.  Sep.  pp.  35-94- 

»  Inv.  Sep.  p.  66.  ■•  Ibid.  p.  74.  ^  Ibid.  pi.  xvi.  figs.  5,  5a. 

I  345  44 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

from  this  country  and  Norway.'  Another  burial  contained,  also  at  the 
feet,  an  iron  trivet,  resembling  one  of  bronze  which  supported  the  bowl 
just  referred  to. 

Arms  were  not  numerous  on  this  site  :  only  one  sword  is  mentioned 
and  nine  shield-bosses,''  one  of  which  was  with  the  sword.  Of  eleven 
spears  noted  (not  always  with  the  shield)  ten  lay  outside  the  coffin  on 
the  right,  some  being  wrapped  in  fabric.  What  is  called  by  the 
excavator  a  '  pilum '  (probably  a  lance)  occurred  in  twenty-six  cases,  on 
the  right  or  left  indifferently.  In  one  case  the  weapon  had  been 
wrapped  in  some  material  and  reversed,  while  two  others  were  found  to 
have  been  4  feet  long,  by  the  position  of  the  head  and  ferrule.  The 
shield,  as  at  Gilton,  was  shown  by  the  rivets  to  have  had  a  thickness  of 
i  inch. 

Glass  vessels  appeared  near  the  head  in  five  graves,  and  ivory  was 
used  to  some  extent  for  ornament.  Several  earrings  were  found  in  women's 
graves,  and  armlets  in  seven  instances  ;  but  the  principal  feature  was  the 
comparative  abundance  of  amethyst  beads  of  the  usual  pattern  (as  pi.  ii.  fig. 
12),  fourteen  graves  containing  one  or  more  specimens.  Another  peculi- 
arity was  the  occurrence  in  seven  graves  of  iron  arrow  heads,^  which  are 
scarce  on  Anglo-Saxon  sites,  but  have  been  found  in  the  Jutish  cemetery 
on  Chessell  Down  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.*  Six  interments  included  keys 
or  girdle-hangers,  and  the  same  number  iron  shears,  evidently  used  by 
women,  as  were  the  cylindrical  thread-boxes  of  which  one  was  found  on 
this  site  ;  one  of  the  spindle-whorls  recovered  was  associated  with  two 
ivory  spindles.^  Among  other  relics  may  be  mentioned  a  touchstone 
with  gold  marks  in  a  woman's  grave,  and  six  Roman  coins,  of  Claudius 
(d.  54),  Gallienus  (d.  268),  Probus  (d.  282),  and  Carausius  (d.  293), 
and  two  of  Constantine  (d.  337).  In  view  of  similar  finds  elsewhere  it 
may  be  stated  here  that  one  grave  contained  the  skull  of  a  polecat  and 
bones  (but  no  skulls)  of  a  number  of  birds,  moles,  or  mice.  Three 
brooches  of  excellent  workmanship  must  be  noticed,  having  a  three- 
pointed  star  on  filigree  ground  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  i),  keystone  (as  pi.  i.  fig. 
4),  and  T-shaped  garnets  (pi.  i.  fig.  14)  respectively,  the  first  two  being 
from  the  same  grave  ;  but  a  detailed  description  is  necessary  of  the 
remarkable  grave  that  contained  the  '  Kingston  brooch.' 

This  was  one  of  ten  or  eleven  double  burials  noticed  in  this 
cemetery,  and  deserves  special  mention.  Its  dimensions  were  alto- 
gether abnormal — 6  feet  deep,  10  feet  long,  and  8  feet  broad — and  the 
iron-bound  coffin  appeared  to  have  fitted  the  grave,  but  the  skull  was 
remarkably  small,  and  was  apparently  that  of  a  woman  whose  child  had 
been  buried  at  her  feet  outside  the  coffin.  Near  the  right  shoulder  was 
the  finest  Anglo-Saxon  brooch  "  hitherto  discovered  (pi.  i.  fig.  10).  It 
is  of  gold,  the  face  being  covered  with  cell-work  of  garnets  and  blue  glass 
pastes  intermingled  with  filigree  panels  of  much  debased  animal  forms, 

>  For  list  and  illustrations  see  Archaeologia,  vol.  56,  p.  39. 

2  A  conical  boss  is  figured  in  Hone  Ferales,  plate  xxvii.  fig.  23.  '  Itiv.  Sep.  p.  60,  fig.  I. 

*  V.C.H.  Hants,  i.  388.  ^  Jnv.  Sep.  p.  93.  «  Inv.  Sep.  pi.  i.  fig.  I  (coloured). 

346 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

while  at  the  back  (see  fig.  4)  both  ends  of  the  pin  are  surrounded  with  char- 
acteristic animal  shapes.  It  weighs  about  6|  ounces,  and  is  the  chief 
treasure  of  the  Mayer  collection  at  Liverpool.  With  it  was  a  gold 
pendant  of  bracteate  form  with  a  star  pattern,  also  two  small  spring 
brooches  of  silver  recalling 
the  La  Tene  type.  These 
were  lying  near  the  left 
thigh  with  an  iron  girdle- 
hanger  or  key.  At  the  feet, 
with  an  iron  chainof  twenty 
links,  and  perhaps  a  casket, 
was  an  earthenware  vase  of 
unusual  type  with  chevron 
incisions  on  the  shoulder, 
and  two  bronze  bowls  on  a 
trivet,  measuring  i  3  inches 
in  diameter,  and  containing 
the  other  which  had  three 
small  loops  attached  by  discs 
to  the  rim.  A  green  glass 
cup  of  a  usual  Kentish  pat- 
tern completed  the  furni- 
ture' of  the  grave,  which 
must  have  been  that  of 
some  illustrious  lady. 

Another  woman's 
grave  contained  two  glass 
vases,''  one  on  the  right  of 
the  skull,  the  other  at  the  right  hip ;  a  crystal  sphere,'  1 1  inches  in 
diameter  without  the  usual  silver  bands  ;  a  pair  of  earrings  with  blue 
glass  beads,  an  amethyst  bead  and  a  silver  hairpin.*  Twelve  amethyst 
and  as  many  as  eighty-six  glass  beads  (as  pi.  ii.  figs.  6,  12,  13)  were 
found  in  another  grave  with  gold  and  silver  pendants,  a  pair  of  equal- 
armed  cross  pendants  of  silver,^  a  pin  of  the  same  metal,  and  toilet 
articles.  At  the  feet  had  been  set  a  coffer  containing  an  ivory  comb, 
bronze  and  ivory  bracelets,  a  spindle-whorl,  and  among  other  items  a 
concha  Veneris  shell  ;  also  three  knife  blades,  with  a  slender  sheath  of 
bronze  and  wood,°  a  pair  of  shears,  an  iron  chain,  and  some  indeterminate 
metal  objects.' 

One  barrow  that  had  escaped  the  notice  of  Faussett,  but  belonged 
to  a  group  close  to  the  Canterbury  and  Dover  road,  which  yielded  the 
most  interesting  relics  in  Inventorium  Sepulchrale^  was  opened  by  Thomas 
Wright  in  1 850.     It  contained  a  woman's  burial,  with  beads  of  amethyst 

'  'Nen.  Brit,  plates  x.,  xi.  pp.  1,1-\1. 

2  Douglas  illustrates  several  objects  from  this  cemetery  :  l^en.  Brit.  pi.  xxi.  iigs.  6,  8  (gold  pendants) ; 
pi.  xviii.  figs.  2,  7,  8,  10,  II  (toilet  articles,  etc.)  ;  see  also  Akerman,  Pag.  Sax.  pi.  xxxi.  (three  combs). 

3  Inv.  Sep.  p.  42.  *  Ibid.  p.  43.  '  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xvi.  fig.  I. 
•  Inv.  Sep.  p.  68.                      '  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xvi.  figs.  2,  3. 

347 


ROOCH,  Side  View  and  Back  ([). 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

and  glass  at  the  neck,  the  largest  having  been  repaired  by  means  of  a 
silver  hoop.  Shears,  which  took  the  place  of  scissors,  lay  on  the  left  side, 
and  near  the  left  shoulder  was  the  larger  of  two  knives,  with  two  bronze 
plates  that  had  evidently  ornamented  the  sheath.' 

The  extensive  excavations  undertaken  in  1841  on  Breach  Downs, 
about  2  miles  south  of  Kingston,  were  described  for  the  Society  of  Anti- 
quaries by  Lord  Albert  Conyngham  and  John  Yongc  Akerman.'  The 
site  was  on  the  road  to  Elham  and  Hythe,  and  about  a  mile  distant 
from  the  high  road  between  Canterbury  and  Dover.  Over  one  hundred 
grave-mounds  were  at  that  time  visible  on  the  downs  near  the  village 
of  Barham,  but  Sir  Thomas  Mitchell  had  explored  many  of  them  about 
1809.  In  September  1841  forty-seven  were  opened  in  the  presence  of 
competent  antiquaries.  The  mounds  varied  in  height  from  8  feet  at 
the  centre  to  an  elevation  scarcely  noticeable,  but  all  contained  a  grave 
cut  in  the  solid  chalk  from  east  to  west,  and  generally  from  i  to  2  feet 
in  depth.  In  the  first  grave,  evidently  that  of  a  woman,  were  beads  of 
crystal  (pi.  ii.  fig.  4),  amethyst  (as  pi.  ii.  fig.  12),  and  glass  with  a  gold 
filigree  pendant  (pi.  ii.  fig.  9)  set  with  a  cruciform  design  and  central 
garnet  ;'  while  the  second  contained  a  warrior  with  a  sword  on  his  right 
side,  a  spear-head,  knife,  and  shield-boss  of  iron,  and  a  silver  belt  buckle 
with  oblong  plate.  Some  graves  contained  nothing  but  a  knife  with  the 
skeleton,  others  not  even  a  knife,  while  one  large  mound  contained  three 
skeletons,  one  of  which  appeared  to  have  been  buried  in  a  sitting  position. 

One  grave  had  a  small  ribbed  vase  at  the  head,  and  an  urn  at  the 
feet  ;  another  had  a  rough  urn  at  the  feet  ;  and  one  banded  vase  '  con- 
taining calcined  bones  '  lay  at  the  head  of  a  third  skeleton,  evidently 
that  of  a  warrior.  In  three  cases  had  there  been  a  secondary  interment 
in  the  top  of  the  mound,  and  the  bones  of  two  mice  were  found  at  the 
feet  of  a  skeleton  in  a  grave  widened  to  permit  the  right  arm  being 
extended   to  its  full  length. 

The  excavations  were  continued  in  October,  and  nineteen  grave- 
mounds  were  opened.  Of  these  one  contained  a  silver  buckle  with  a 
triangular  plate  (as  pi.  ii.  fig.  7)  ornamented  with  gold-foil  and  bosses,  also 
a'circular  jewelled  brooch,  both  being  typically  Kentish,  and  now  in  the 
national  collection.  The  skeleton  had  a  casket  between  the  feet,  and  a  few 
other  personal  ornaments.  Another  mound  proved  to  contain  two  inter- 
ments— one  near  the  summit.  Part  of  a  horse's  jaw  was  associated  with 
an  iron  knife  in  one  of  this  group,  and  in  another  burial  were  included 
bones  of  mice  and  larger  animals,  which  extended  for  at  least  2  square 
feet  on  either  side  of  the  skeleton  from  the  neck  downwards. 

In  September  1844  Lord  Conyngham  opened  eight  more  graves  on 
Breach  Downs,  all  lying  east  and  west,  except  one  which  had  the  head 
at  the  south  end.  Few  objects  of  interest  were  found  on  this  occasion, 
but  at  the  feet  of  one  skeleton  were  the  remains  of  a   casket  with  iron 

>  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land,  ist  ser.  ii.  58.  =  Jrch.  xxx.  47. 

'  Figured  in  colours,  with  the  beads,  in  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  v.  (British  Museum).     There  also  seems 
to  have  been  an  iron-bound  coffer  at  the  head  of  this  grave  (p.  9). 

348 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 


fittings.*  About  the  same  time  Rev.  J.  P.  Bartlett  made  some  interest- 
ing discoveries  in  the  same  locaHty.''  Some  sceattas^  were  found  lying 
on  the  right  of  a  skeleton  with  several  bronze  ornaments,  a  large  ring, 
decayed  wood,  and  a  substance  resembling  leather,  that  may  once  have 
been  a  purse.  These  coins  are  the  earliest  native  Anglo-Saxon  pieces  in 
this  country,  but  are  not  considered  to  date  before  the  year  600.  They 
are  rarely  found  in  graves  ;  while  these,  with  certain  gold  coins  mentioned 
elsewhere,  point  to  the  seventh  century  as  the  date  of  some  Kentish 
interments,  it  may  well  be  argued  that  most  of  the  burials  belong  to 
the  sixth. 

Mr.  Bartlett  also  found  a  bronze  hairpin  (see  fig.  5)  of  unusual  form, 
the  stem  being  flat  and  proportionately  broad,  and  the  head  cruciform.* 
Considering  the  occurrence  of  sceattas^  on  this  site  we  may 
be  more  disposed  than  usual  to  regard  this  as  a  Christian 
relic.  Sir  Thomas  Mantell's  discoveries  were  made  before 
the  necessity  of  accurate  record  was  recognized,  but  three 
buckles"  from  this  site  are  preserved  in  the  national  collec- 
tion with  beads  and  a  pendant  of  Maximinus  that  came  from 
the  same  grave-mound  ;  also  parts  of  two  iron  swords  of  the 
usual  pattern. 

Little  need  be  said  about  the  excavations  carried  out 
during  the  Congress  of  the  British  Archaeological  Associa- 
tion '  at  Canterbury  in  1 844,  when  eight  separate  grave- 
mounds,  2  to  3  feet  in  height,  were  found  to  contain  spears 
and  shield-bosses  or  beads,  but  nothing  of  special  interest 
came  to  light. 

The  next  site  to  be  noticed  lies  about  three  miles  due 
east  on  the  other  side  of  the  Roman  road.  In  the  year  1772 
Faussett^  examined  four  dozen  barrows,  160  paces  due  east 
of  the  burying-place  at  Sibertswold,  but  belonging  to  the 
parish  of  Barfreston.  The  grave-mounds  were  mostly  above 
the  medium  size,  and  arranged  with  some  uniformity  in 
rows  running  north-east  and  south-west.  There  seems  to 
have  been  no  exceptional  orientations  on  this  site,  and  all 
the'  twenty-one  coffins  found  had  '  passed  the  fire.'  In  thir- 
teen coffinless  graves  were  no  relics  of  any  importance  :  g  ^'°'  p 
indeed,  the  whole  group  yielded  but  little  to  the  excavator.  Breach  Down 
The  richest  grave  was  that  of  a  woman,  and  contained  a  (!)■ 

garnet  pendant  crossed  obliquely  by  a  band  of  gold,  a  silver  earring 
with  the  usual  coloured  glass  bead,  and  at  the  feet  two  green  glass  phials. 
A  similar  garnet  pendant  was  recovered  from  another  woman's  grave,  in 


Arch.  Journ.  i.  379  (earlier  excavations),  p.  271. 


'  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  1st 
6,  7  (child's  buckles). 

3  Coll.  Ant.  i.  p.  7,  pi.  vi.  figs.  11-15 
♦  Pagan  S<2A-on(/ofn,  pi.  xl.  fig.  2,and  Jou 
«  Coll.  Ant.  i.  7,  pi.  vi.  figs.  11-15. 
'  Canterbury  vol.  pp.  91-5,  108. 


137  ;  Pagan  Sa.xondom,  pi.  xxxvi.  figs.  2,  3  ;  and  pi.  xxviii.  figs. 


3rit.  Arch.  Assoc. i.'jij.    It  is  now  in  the  British  Museum. 
•  Pag.  Sa.v.  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  2,  3,  5. 
'  Inv.  5.-/>.  pp.  I35-+3- 

349 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

which  were  also  the  remains  of  a  cinerary  urn,  no  doubt  of  the  early 
Roman  period,  and  disturbed  when  the  grave  was  dug.  Garnets  of 
different  shape,  but  similarly  set  in  gold,  were  found  in  another  grave, 
with  glass  phials  at  the  feet,  and  amethyst  beads  of  the  usual  kind,  the 
last  being  noticed  in  three  instances  on  this  site.  The  only  other  glass 
found  was  at  the  feet  of  a  child  ;  but  besides  that  already  mentioned 
there  were  one  or  two  other  cinerary  urns  of  an  earlier  date,  a  few 
earthenware  bottles  of  the  ordinary  Kentish  pattern,  and  one  Roman 
flask,  of  white  ware  containing  three  bronze  coins,  one  being  of  Con- 
stantine  the  Great  (d.  337),  and  another  of  Theodosius  (d.  395),  while 
the  last,  according  to  Roach  Smith,  belonged  to  a  Gothic  king  of  the 
time  of  Justinian  (d.  566).  The  pilum,  in  two  cases  compared  to  an 
arrow,  lay  indifferently  on  the  right  or  left  in  nine  interments.  One 
spear  was  found,  on  the  right,  and  in  another  grave  one  sword  with  a 
shield. 

About  half  a  mile  from  the  village  of  Sibertswold  (Shepherd's 
Well)  there  existed  in  1772  a  cluster  of  grave-mounds'  lying  between 
the  road  to  Sandwich  and  that  leading  from  Barham  over  Snow  Down. 
There  were  two  smaller  groups  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  and  as  many 
as  180  graves  were  opened  by  Faussett  ^  in  that  and  the  following  years, 
all  except  six  being  surmounted  by  mounds  of  various  dimensions.  In 
ninety-nine  cases  the  wooden  coffin,  which  was  at  times  very  thick,  had 
been  submitted  to  fire  ;  but  in  eight  cases  this  ceremony  or  practice  had 
been  omitted,  and  in  thirty-four  graves  with  no  traces  of  a  coffin  an 
almost  complete  absence  of  relics  was  noticed.  All  the  bodies  were 
themselves  unburnt,  and  had  been  buried  with  the  head  at  the  west  end 
except  in  five  instances  ;  and  of  these  four  had  the  feet  at  the  north  end 
and  one  at  the  west.  Ten  mounds,  at  least,  covered  each  more  than  a 
single  interment,  and  in  two  cases  cremated  remains  of  an  earlier  period 
had  been  disturbed  in  digging  the  grave.  The  graves  of  men  contained 
more  than  the  usual  number  of  weapons.  About  twenty  lances  of  the 
smaller  kind  (called  p'lla  by  the  excavator)  were  found  on  the  right  or 
left  side  of  the  body  indifferently,  in  three  cases  reversed,  and  in  eight 
accompanied  by  a  shield  of  which  little  but  the  iron  boss '  remained, 
though  the  wood-work  had  evidently  been  \  inch  thick.  The  hasta  (or 
spear)  was,  however,  more  frequently  on  the  right  side  of  the  body. 
With  eight  of  them  had  been  associated  the  shield,  and  in  one  case 
there  was  a  sword,  one  also  being  found  with  a  lance,  three  others 
being  found  without  either.  Two  sword-knives  were  discovered,  one 
being  20  inches  long,  and  one  dagger,  or  short  sword,  associated  with  a 
shield,  had  a  pommel  of  cocked-hat  shape.*  Six  rude  vases  of  black 
pottery  were  found,  usually  placed  at  the  feet  of  women,  while  two 
graves  had  vessels  of  coarse  red  ware,  and  one  an  earthenware  bottle  of 
the  usual  Kentish  pattern. 

«  A  plan  is  given  by  Douglas,  AV«.  Brit.  pi.  xxiii.  '   Inv.  Sep.  pp.  101-34. 

'  One,  from  grave  81,  is  figured  in  Horae  Ferula,  pi.  xxvii.  fig.  22. 
•  Inv.  Sep.  p.  132. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

Graves  of  the  other  sex  were  as  usual  more  productive,  though 
jewellery  was  scarce,  and  the  most  frequent  article  was  the  chatelaine  or 
girdle-hanger,  that  sometimes  took  the  form  of  a  key.  Coffers  had 
been  placed  in  nine  graves  at  the  feet,  but  usually  only  the  iron  mounts 
and  hinges  remained ;  on  the  other  hand,  a  bronze  cyhndrical  thread- 
box '  was  in  good  condition,  with  chains  and  lid  complete,  containing 
small  silken  strings  of  two  sizes,  some  raw  silk,  wool  and  short  hair,  as 
well  as  some  seeds  which  had  apparently  been  strung  on  a  necklace. 
Six  or  seven  spindle-whorls  (not  recognized  as  such  at  the  time),  two 
combs  and  six  pairs  of  shears  all  came  from  women's  graves,  while  amethyst 
beads  occurred  in  seven.  Several  earrings  were  found,  and  one  silver 
brooch  (pi.  i.  fig.  i)  was  jewelled  in  a  three-edged  star,  with  pearl  bosses 
and  filigree  ground.^  One  grave  contained  a  gold  circular  pendant ' 
with  a  cruciform  corded  design  and  garnet  settings  ;  another  pendant 
with  coloured  glass  mosaic,  and  an  oval  pair  with  glass  centres  of  a 
corded  lattice  pattern,*  as  well  as  amethysts  and  garnets  set  in  gold  for  a 
necklace.^  In  the  same  grave  were  two  gold  coins"  of  the  Merovingian 
series,  struck  at  Verdun  and  Marsal  in  France,  one  being  mounted  as  a 
pendant.  In  two  other  graves  were  found  circular  pendants  of  gold 
with  simple  cruciform  design  in  raised  dots  ; '  and  near  the  neck  of 
another  female  skeleton  were  two  silver  pendants,  one  of  pointed  oval 
shape  with  a  most  unusual  floral  design,^  and  the  other  simply  embossed 
and  punctured  with  a  cruciform  design.  Five  glass  vases  or  cups  were 
recovered  from  graves  of  either  sex,  and  two  wooden  cups  of  extra- 
ordinary form,°  one  much  patched,  were  found  near  the  head  of  what 
seemed  to  be  a  woman's  grave. 

Having  now  gone  over  the  country  served  by  the  Roman  road  to 
Dover,  we  may  turn  to  a  less  productive  area  between  Canterbury  and  Deal. 
Eastry  village  is  on  rising  ground  2|  miles  from  Sandwich  and  12  from 
Canterbury,  and  on  the  line  of  another  Roman  road  between  Woodnes- 
borough  and  Dover.  In  the  triangular  area  between  the  Lynch,  the 
Five  Bells  Inn  and  Buttsole  Pond  a  number  of  burials  were 
discovered  in  1792,  which  must,  from  the  objects  associated  with  them, 
be  assigned  to  Anglo-Saxon  times."  Several  graves  lying  close  together 
in  parallel  rows  from  east  to  west,  east  of  the  highway  from  the  cross 
to  Buttsole,  contained  skeletons,  brooches,  beads,  knives,  shield-bosses, 
and  especially  several  green  glass  vessels  with  hollow  lobes.  The 
mounds  had  been  previously  levelled  by  the  plough,  but  the  cemetery 
was  thought  to  have  extended  as  far  as  the  Cross.  The  only  two 
brooches  were  of  Jutish  types — small  jewelled  square-headed,  and  round- 
headed  with   triangular  foot.     The  urns    are   rudely   fashioned,  about 

>  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xviii.  fig.  i.  =  Inv.  Sep.  pi.  ii.  fig.  6. 

3  Nen.  Brit.  p.  67  (centre).  «  Ibid.  pi.  xxi.  figs.  2,  7. 

^  Inv.  Sep.  pi.  xi.  figs.  I,  3  :    Coll.  Ant.  i.  pi.  vi.  figs.  7,  8. 

«  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xxii.  figs.  8-1 1.  '  Ibid.  pi.  xxi.  fig.  3. 

8  Inv.  Sep.  p.  115.  9  Ibid.  p.  I13. 

»"  They  were  considered  Roman  by  the  discoverer,  Mr.  Boteler,  whose  MS.  is  quoted  by  Harris  in 
Hasted's  Hist,  of  Kent,  8vo,  vol.  x.  p.  loi,  and  by  W.  F.  Shaw,  Liber  Eastriae ;  Memorials  of  Eastry, 
p.  3.    The  glass,  two  urns,  girdle-hanger,  beads  and  brooches  are  illustrated  on  his  plates. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

5  inches  high,  one  with  incised  chevrons  on  the  body,  the  other  with 
a  small  foot  and  outline  recalling  a  Roman  pattern.  Other  similar 
remains  were  brought  to  light  at  different  times  in  the  village, 
and  skeletons  were  met  with  at  Southbank  about  the  year  i860. 
Fragile  as  they  are,  certain  glass  cups  found  for  the  most  part  in  Kent 
were  in  all  probability  manufactured  abroad  and  imported  into  this 
country.  One  pattern  with  constricted  body  and  a  small  knob  in  the 
centre  of  the  base  is  exceedingly  rare  in  England,  but  about  thirty  were 
found  on  a  farm  at  Woodnesborough  at  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  and  used  at  harvest- homes  and  on  other  special  occasions  by 
the  farm-hands.  A  specimen  of  rich  brown  colour,  with  threads  below 
the  rim,  is  illustrated  by  Akerman.'  Some  idea  of  the  distribution  of 
such  cups  may  be  derived  from  their  occurrence  so  far  apart  as  at 
Herpes  (Charente)  and  Envermeu  (Normandy)  in  France,  Selzen  in 
Rhenish  Hesse,  and  Oberflacht  in  Suabia,  but  the  lobed  vessels  are  also 
widely  dispersed,  and  it  is  at  present  impossible  to  determine  their  place 
or  places  of  manufacture. 

Before  the  Society  of  Antiquaries  in  1894  Mr.  Geo.  Payne  drew 
attention  to  the  peculiar  character  of  some  relics  of  the  Saxon  period  in 
the  Maidstone  Museum,  which  were  presented  by  Mr.  W.  W.  Cobb, 
and  apparently  came  from  Buttsole.'  Bronze  ornaments  for  the  dress 
or  belt  were  partly  gilt  and  take  the  form  of  fish  and  birds  or  are 
purely  geometrical,"  with  sunk  panels  filled  with  engraved  linear 
patterns  or  plaits  in  relief.  There  were  the  bronze  mounts  of  one 
(or  two)  buckets,  and  a  key  with  handle  swelling  in  the  centre  (see  fig.  7), 
while  iron  arrowheads,  which  are  but  seldom  met  with  at  this  period, 
recall  those  from  the  Jutish  cemetery  on  Chessell  Down,  Isle  of  Wight. 
Other  iron  objects  were  three  swords  much  thinner,  shorter  and 
narrower  than  usual,  as  many  shield-bosses,  and  other  details  ;  and  it  is 
supposed  that  all  came  from  the  graves  of  three  warriors  whose  nation- 
ality it  is  difficult  to  determine. 

A  considerable  number  of  relics  were  obtained  in  1771  from  graves 
disclosed  in  a  sand-pit  at  Ash,  on  the  high  road  from  Sandwich  to 
Canterbury.  The  graves  contained  coffins,  and  were  distinct  from 
each  other,  lying  4  feet  deep,  generally  with  the  head  at  the  west  end. 
The  majority  were  described  and  illustrated  by  Boys,''  to  whose  zeal  and 
generosity  Douglas  refers  in  complimentary  terms.°  The  list  com- 
prises jewelled  brooches  of  the  circular  and  square-headed  types, 
portions  of  a  pair  of  scales  with  one  leaden  and  seven  bronze  weights, 
two  of  the  latter  being  coins  of  Faustina  with  sundry  dots  added  : 
a  crystal    sphere,   amethyst  beads,    girdle-plates,    bucket    with    bronze 

'  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  xvii.  fig.  i  ;    Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xvii.  fig.  6,  p.  71. 

2  The  locality  is  given  as  Dover  in  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  xv.  180,  but  without  conviction. 

3  A  fragment  very  similar  to  that  on  the  left  of  fig.  6  is  illustrated  in  Gen.  Pitt-Rivers'  Excavations 
in  Cranborne  Chase,  vol.  iv.  pi.  258,  fig.  15,  and  the  resemblance  noted  p.  89.  The  locality  is  there  given 
as  Buttsole,  near  Eastry  (see  above,  p.  351). 

*  History  of  Sandwich,  part  ii.  (1792),  p.  868  (3  plates)  ;  most  of  the  objects  are  in  the  British  and 
Canterbury  Museums;  see  also  Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  ist  ser.  iv.  334. 

^  Nen.  Brit.  p.  26,  note  »  ;  for  illustrations,  see  pi.  vii.  figs.  I,  3  ;   pi.  xii.  and  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  3,  5. 


i,SI.R' 


^ 


(3\ 


Fig.   6.     Bronze  Ornaments,   Buttsole  {\). 


Fig.   7.     Bronze  Key, 

BxjTTSOLE. 


Fig.   8.     Bronze  Escutcheon   of  Bowl, 
p'.-wersh.^m  (j). 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

mounts,  an  iron  axe  and  shield-boss  of  the  usual  form,  and  a  bronze 
bowl  1 6  inches  in  diameter.  Roach  Smith  illustrated  a  buckle  and 
characteristic  bird  from  this  site,'  and  Akerman  gives  a  coloured  drawing 
of  a  sword  pommel  with  engraved  runes.^  Further  discoveries  were 
made  in  1783,  including  a  fine  brooch'  with  T-shaped  garnets,  ivory 
bosses,  and  gold  filigree  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  14),  while  another  grave  with 
the  head  south-west  contained  a  shield-boss  and  spear,  associated  with 
a  vase  of  bottle-form.  A  coin  of  Justinian  (a.d.  526)  found  in  1760 
throws  a  certain  light  on  the  date  of  this  cemetery." 

A  valuable  series  of  relics  has  been  derived  from  a  sand-pit  at 
Gilton,  in  the  parish  of  Ash,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Canterbury  and 
Sandwich  road.  Various  excavations  were  made  by  Faussett°  between  the 
years  1 760-1 763  in  the  upper  levels  of  this  pit,  and  the  following  may 
serve  as  an  analysis  of  the  record  made  by  himself,  in  which  the 
particulars  are  given  of  106  graves,  one  by  one.  Each  grave  had 
contained  a  single  occupant,  though  in  six  cases  there  were  signs  that 
in  the  digging  of  the  grave  a  previous  cremated  burial  had  been 
disturbed,  and  it  is  to  the  credit  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  that  the  broken 
pieces  of  the  cinerary  urn  were  collected  and  suffered  to  remain  in  the 
grave,  the  burnt  bones  being  readily  distinguishable  from  the  later 
interment.  From  the  discovery  of  coins  of  Augustus  and  Tiberius 
among  the  calcined  bones  in  one  such  shattered  urn  (grave  50),  it  may 
be  inferred  that  the  site  had  been  used  as  a  cemetery  by  the  Romano- 
British  population  during  the  first  two  or  three  centuries  of  our  era ; 
but  the  ware  is  more  than  once  described  as  coarse,  with  finger-nail 
decoration,  recalling  the  cinerary  vessels  of  the  late  Bronze  Age.  As  a 
rule  the  graves  were  orientated,  the  head  being  at  the  west  end,  but 
seven  had  the  feet  '  more  to  the  north,'  and  two  were  north  and  south, 
the  feet  being  at  the  north  end.  It  may  be  observed  in  passing  that 
these  nine  exceptional  graves  were  poorly  furnished,  there  being  no 
signs  of  a  coffin,  and  generally  nothing  but  an  iron  knife  or  spear-head. 
Almost  exactly  half  the  orientated  graves  retained  traces  of  wooden 
coffins,  and  in  seven  cases  special  mention  is  made  of  the  thick  timber 
employed  for  the  purpose.  Some  are  stated  to  have  passed  the  fire,  but 
it  is  possible  that  the  black  colour  of  decayed  wood  may  have  deceived 
the  explorer  :  the  application  of  fire  in  any  case  would  have  been 
perfunctory,  and  purely  for  symbolic  purposes. 

The  sex  of  the  interred  could  in  many  cases  be  decided  by  the 
bones  or  the  grave  furniture  ;  and  in  the  graves  of  males  there  was 
generally  a  spear-head  by  the  side  of  the  skull,  usually  on  the  right, 
and  occasionally  what  is  described  as  a  '  pilum,'  perhaps  a  missile 
weapon,  on  the  other  side.  The  latter  was  in  one  case  found  to 
have  measured  4I  feet,  in  another  a  foot   less,  as  the  head  and   ferrule 

'  Coll.  Antiq.  ii.  pi.  xxxvii.  figs.  8,  9. 
a  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  3  ;   see  also  below. 
»  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  ix.  fig.  2. 

»  Ibid.  pi.  xxii.  fig.  6,  p.  96,  found  with  vase,  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  5. 
•  Described  and  illustrated  in  Inv.  Sep.  pp.  I-34. 
I  353  45 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

were  found  in  position  ;  while  the  spear-shaft,  which  was  found  to  be  of 
ash,  measured  with  the  head  6  and  even  7  feet  in  length.  In  several 
cases  the  spear  and  '  pilum,'  or  one  of  them,  had  been  wrapped  in  linen 
fabric  and  laid  on  or  beside  the  coffin  ;  while  of  the  three  swords  found 
one  lay  on  the  right  and  one  on  the  left  of  the  body,  the  position  of  the 
other  not  being  stated.  This  last  had  an  iron  pommel  filled  with  lead, 
and  belonged  to  a  grave  (66)  containing  among  other  things  a  touch- 
stone, a  pair  of  scales  like  those  used  by  goldsmiths  and  eighteen  weights, 
some  of  which  were  Roman  imperial  coins  adapted  to  the  purpose. 

In  ten  cases  a  vessel  had  been  placed  at  the  foot  of  the  grave, 
generally  outside  the  coffin  :  sometimes  it  was  of  pottery  that  had  be- 
come too  soft  to  remove,  though  one  urn  of  whitish  Roman  ware  sur- 
vived ;  and  sometimes  of  glass.'  In  one  instance  a  cup  of  this  material 
was  found  with  a  gold  coin  of  Justinian,  and  in  another  grave  was  a 
vase  with  hollow  lobes  or  claws,  of  a  type  fairly  common  in  Kent.  A 
shallow  dish  or  patera  was  also  found,  and  in  a  woman's  grave  a  pair 
of  shears  occupied  the  same  position.  Other  articles  found  in  female 
interments  were  a  mirror  of  mixed  metal,  two  brooches  probably  of 
Roman  workmanship,  and  two  bronze  bowls  of  the  usual  type  but 
furnished  with  stands  or  trivets.  Circular  brooches  with  keystone 
garnets  (pi.  i.  fig.  4)  were  found  in  four  female  graves  (to  judge  by 
the  beads  accompanying  them),  and  in  another  was  a  jewelled  brooch 
with  four  discs  round  a  larger  centre  (pi.  i.  fig.  17)  ;  but  brooches  were 
not  confined  to  one  sex.  A  square-headed  specimen  of  silver-gilt,  of  a 
type  peculiar  to  Kent,  was  found  with  a  sword  and  shield  ;  and  two 
jewelled  buckles,  with  triangular  plates  and  three  studs,  had  also  be- 
longed to  men.  Armlets  are  rare  in  the  Saxon  period,  but  a  specimen 
of  stout  bronze  with  overlapping  ends  was  found  at  Gilton  on  the  left 
arm  of  a  male  skeleton  (grave  89). 

About  2  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  long  sandy  hill''  that 
stretches  from  Gilton  into  the  parish  of  Woodnesborough,  has  been 
found  a  large  variety  of  brooches  and  rings,  glass  vessels  and  beads, 
swords  ^  and  shields,  as  well  as  a  certain  number  of  coins.  Two  bronze 
bowls,  found  close  to  the  turnpike  road  *  from  Canterbury  to  Sandwich 
and  Deal,  are  of  special  interest.  One  has  a  diameter  of  21  inches,  and  is 
5  inches  deep  :  the  rim  is  flat,  with  a  pearled  border,  and  handles  had 
once  been  attached  by  means  of  half-ovals  of  metal  filled  with  lead.  The 
vessel  had  been  much  cracked,  and  patched  in  three  places  with  plates  of 
irregular  shape,  bearing  stamped  figures  of  an  unusual  character  (see  fig.  9). 
On  two  is  a  figure  with  long  hair  and  pointed  beard,  dancing  and  play- 
ing on  a  harp  or  viol  of  six  strings,  while  from  the  left  hand  there  hangs 
the  head  of  an  animal.       The  largest  patch  is  embossed  with  figures  of 

>  One  like  fig.  21,  found  with  bowl  (as  fig.  19),  is  figured  in  Pag.  Sax.  pi.  xvii.  fig.  2. 

»  For  remarks  on  this  hill,  see  Hasted's  Kent  (8vo),  x.  122. 

»  An  elaborate  sword-hilt  from  Gilton  is  figured  by  Akerman,  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  2  ; 
Kemble  and  Franks,  Horae  Ferales,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  8. 

*  Exact  details  of  the  site  are  given  by  Roach  Smith  in  Archteologia,  xxx.  133,  where  the  larger  bowl 
and  the  ornaments  are  illustrated  (pi.  xi.). 

354 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

confronted  quadrupeds  and  fish  separated  by  a  twisted  cord  terminating 
in  knot-work.  This  arrangement  might  be  called  heraldic,  and  is 
strongly  suggestive  of  the  well-known  oriental  motive,  consisting  of  the 
sacred  tree  flanked  by  animals.  An  enamelled  scabbard-mount  of 
silver  in  the  British  Museum  is  a  better  illustration  of  its  adoption 
at  this  period,  and  the  fish  frequently  occurs  in  Anglo-Saxon  ornaments, 
perhaps  as  a  Christian  symbol.  The  smaller  bowl  from  this  site  is  of 
thicker  bronze  and  belongs  to  a  common  Kentish  type  (as  fig.  19),  having 
a  diameter  of  14  inches  a  pair  of  angular  drop-handles  and  a  circular  open- 
work foot-rim  of  chevron  pattern.'  Of  greater  rarity  are  the  brooches  ; 
while  one  is  of  the  smaller  circular  variety  with  three  garnet  settings 
round  the  centre,  another  (like  pi.  ii.  fig.  2)  is  a  late  and  rare  form  of 
the  square-headed  Jutish  type,  probably  confined  to  this  country.  Dis- 
coveries at  Coombe,  also  in  Ash  parish,  deserve  special  mention,  though 


Fig.  9.     Bf 


Bowl,  witk  Patches,  Gilton. 


the  accounts  are  not  so  detailed  as  one  could  wish.  In  the  British 
Museum  are  an  olive-green  glass  cup'  and  part  of  a  lobed  glass  said 
to  come  from  an  Anglo-Saxon  grave,  but  it  is  doubtful  whether  they 
were  associated  with  what  follows. 

Akerman  also  does  justice  to  a  fine  sword'  which,  with  another 
and  a  spear-head,  some  beads,  part  of  a  jewelled  ornament  and  a  bronze 
bowl,  was  found  in  a  grave  6  feet  below  an  artificial  bed  of  clay  which 
had  a  diameter  of  20  yards.  The  two  swords  had  evidently  been 
wrapped  in  cloth  which  had  also  covered  the  bowl.  The  latter  had 
short  legs  (not  the  usual  openwork  foot-rim),  and  is  said  to  have 
contained  some  burnt  human  bones.  Nothing  is  said  as  to  any  skeleton 
in  the  grave,  and  it  is  possible  that  in  this  case,  for  some  special  reason, as 
perhaps  at   Folkestone,  the   body   was    cremated,    though   the  funeral 

•  Akerman  (Pagan  Saxondom,  p.  34)  states  that  the  green  glass  cup  (fig.  2  of  his  plate  xvii.)  was  found 
with  a  bronze  bowl  similar  to  that  from  Wingham  on  his  plate  x.  ;  but  the  latter  has  semicircular  handles. 

2  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  xxvi.,  cup  with  ribs  and  amber-coloured  bosses  at  base. 

3  Ibid,  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  I  ;   Bury  and  West   Suff.  Arch.  Inst.  Proc.  vol.  I,  p.  27  ;   Coll.  Ant.  ii.  164,  pi. 
xxxviii. ;  Kemble  and  Franks,  Horae  Ferales,  pi.  xxvi.  fig.  4. 

355 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

furniture  was  not  likewise  placed  on  the  pyre.  The  elaborate  sword, 
which  is  now  in  Saffron  Walden  museum,  belongs  to  a  definite  type 
represented  also  on  the  Continent,  and  has  a  ring  attached  to  one  side  of 

the  ogee  pommel,  perhaps  for  a  sword- 
knot.  Other  examples  have  been  found 
in  Kent  (as  at  Gilton),  and  are  not  un- 
known abroad  (as  Vallstenarum,  Isle  of 
Gothland). 

In  the  national  collection  are 
some  interesting  relics  from  Wingham, 
about  midway  between  Sandwich  and 
Canterbury, excavated  by  Lord  Londes- 
borough  (then  Lord  Albert  Conyng- 
ham)  in  1843.'  Four  graves  had  been 
found  on  a  hillside  on  Witherden  Farm 
some  time  before,  containing  beads  of 
glass  and  amethyst,  an  iron  spear-head 
and  other  articles ;  and  a  similar  num- 
ber were  opened  by  his  lordship  on  the 
hill-top,  one  being  of  special  interest. 
It  was  shaped  like  the  letter  T,  one 
skeleton  lying  at  the  feet  of  another : 
one,  apparently  female,  had  an  urn  at 
the  feet,  and  about  the  body  a  cowrie- 
shell,  beads,  two  gold  pendants'  of 
bracteate  form  (pi.  ii.  fig.  10),  a  silver 
bracelet,  a  jewelled  hairpin^  and  a  fine 
circular  brooch  *  with  star  design  (as 
pi.  i.  fig.  i).  The  adjoining  skeleton 
had  a  bronze  bowl "  of  the  usual  type 
on  the  breast. 

Eleven  years  later  the  same  site 
was  explored  by  J.  Y.  Akerman,'  who 
several  that  had  been  rifled.  One  was 
that  of  a  woman,  head  west,  with  beads  and  what  was  considered  an 
iron  distaff   ;    the  other  skeleton   was  a  male  adult  with  a  few  relics  of 


Sword-hilt  with   Gilt  Mounts, 

CoOMBE   (3). 


found  two 


graves  mtact  amont 


Other  discoveries  of  some  importance  have  been  made  in  this 
area.  Several  fine  specimens  of  Anglo-Saxon  craftsmanship  are  pub- 
lished'from  Wickhambreux,  and  were  found  in  1886-7  by  the  late 
Mr.  G.  Dowker  in  a  gravel-pit  about  one-quarter  mile  east  of  Supper- 
ton.  Besides  swords,  shield-bosses  and  swords  there  was  found  a  bronze 
bowl  which  lay  in  a  large  grave  with  a  sword  :  remains  of  a  leather 
scabbard  were  noticed,    and  next  the  hilt,  which   lay  towards  the  west, 


Jrch.  XXX.  550.  «  Pag.  Sa 

Ibid.  pi.  xi.  fig.  I;  Coll.  Ant.  i.  104. 
Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  1st  ser.  iv.   199. 


3l.  xi.  fig.  4. 
5  Pag.  Sax.  pi. 
8  Arch.  Cant.  : 
356 


»  Ibid.  pi.  xl.  fig.  3. 

•  Arch,  xxxvi.   178. 

6-9,  figs.  1-6  (coloured). 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

was  a  gold  stud  set  with  garnets  and  provided  at  the  back  with  a  loop 
which  passed  through  a  piece  of  bone  or  ivory.  This  stud  resembled 
that  figured  from  the  county,  and  the  discovery  renders  it  probable 
that  the  peculiar  pyramidal  jewels  (pi.  i.  fig.  7)  sometimes  found  in 
this  country  and  abroad  were  also  sword-knots.  A  fine  buckle,  with 
garnet  cell-work  at  the  base  of  its  tongue  and  its  triangular  plate  of  gold 
ornamented  with  interlacing,  was  found  near  the  stud  already  mentioned, 
and  near  the  sword  point  was  a  lobed  cup  of  blue  glass. 

Finds  at  Stodmarsh,  three  miles  from  Wingham,  are  of  special 
interest,  and  are  now  in  the  national  collection,  A  grave-mound  over- 
looking the  Stour  and  facing  Stodmarsh  Court  was  removed  about  1847 
and  human  remains  were  found,  evidently  of  a  man  and  woman.  A 
bronze  bowl  and  weapons  were  lost,  but  the  following  series  was 
recovered^ : — A  square-headed  brooch  (like  pi.  ii.  fig.  2),  a  silver  brooch 
with  oblong  head  ornamented  with  garnet  and  filigree,  a  fine  buckle 
with  triangular  gold  plate  and  three  bosses,  a  'button'  brooch  with  garnet 
centre  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  16),  a  spoon  with  five  holes  in  bowl  and  garnet  on  the 
stem,  a  filigree  stud  with  green  paste,  bronze  buckles  and  a  pair  of  shoe- 
shaped  rivets.  The  spoon  may  be  compared  with  those  from  Chatham, 
Bifrons  and  Sarre. 

In  the  Pagan  period,  some  fourteen  centuries  ago,  the  low-lying 
ground  drained  by  the  Stour  and  its  tributaries  can  have  been  little  more 
than  a  swamp  ;  but  one  important  site  stands  well  within  that  area,  on 
the  road  between  Canterbury  and  Ramsgate,  this  route  having  evidently 
been  in  use  at  the  date  in  question.  The  village  and  neighbourhood  of 
Sarre  have  proved  most  prolific  in  antiquities  of  the  early  Anglo-Saxon 
period,  and  valuable  jewellery  has  been  recovered  from  time  to  time. 
One  of  the  richest  finds  is  now  in  the  national  collection  and  has  been 
well  published.'  The  discovery  took  place  in  i860,  6  feet  below  the 
surface  of  chalk  land,  where  a  grave  had  been  cut,  the  skeleton  lying 
with  the  head  to  the  north-west.  A  fine  jewelled  brooch  of  circular 
form,  2|  inches  across,  lay  on  the  left  breast,  and  closely  resembles 
two  found  at  Abingdon,  Berks  (now  in  the  British  and  Ashmolean 
Museums)  :  it  has  one  large  central  boss  of  pearl  surrounded  by  four 
smaller  bosses,  all  surrounded  by  garnet  cell-work,  on  a  gold  filigree 
ground,  A  bronze  bowl  of  the  usual  pattern  with  openwork  foot,  but 
of  unusual  dimensions,  contained  bones,  but  these  were  doubtless  of 
animals  and  do  not  point  to  cremation.  The  necklace  consisted  of  coloured 
glass  beads  with  a  central  pendant  of  mosaic  glass  (pi.  i.  fig.  5),  and  four 
looped  gold  coins  of  the  emperors  Mauricius  Tiberius  (d.  602)  and 
Heraclius  (d.  641),  with  one  of  Chlotaire  II.,  King  of  the  Franks 
(d.  628).  These  were  all  barbarous  imitations  of  the  solidus,  but  serve 
to  date  the  burial  between  613  and  about  650  a.d.  Besides  a  few 
minor  objects  there  was  an  iron  object  in  the  grave  which  was  described 

1  Arch,  xxxvi.  pi.  xvi.  pp.   179-81  ;  Horae  Ferales,  pi.  xxviii.  figs.  7,  8  (coloured). 
'  Arch.  Cant.  iii.  plates  ii.  iii.  iv. ;  Gent.  Mag.  Nov.  i860,  vol.  155,  p.  533  ;   Numismatic  Chronicle, 
new  ser.  vol.  i.  (1861)  p.  58,  pi.  iii. 

357 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

as  a  sword,  but  was  probably  something  more  appropriate  in  a  woman's 
grave.  It  has  a  blade  like  a  short  two-edged  sword,  but  terminates  at 
both  ends  in  a  tang,  the  longer  no  doubt  being  a  handle.  Its  use  as  a 
sceptre  is  conceivable,  but  only  a  few  examples  have  been  found  in 
England  and   abroad,*   and   their   use   is  at   present    a  mystery. 

Another  splendid  example  of  our  early  goldsmiths'  work  was  dis- 
covered at  Sarre  in  1843,  and  though  exact  details  are  wanting,  it  is 
known  to  have  been  associated  with  a  bronze  bowl  similar  to  that  just 
mentioned,  but  12  inches  in  diameter,  with  two  drop-handles. °  It 
is  a  brooch  2  inches  in  diameter,  of  which  the  front  is  gorgeously 
decorated  with  gold  filigree  and  cell-work  set  with  garnets  and  tur- 
quoise (or  blue  glass)  ;  the  central  boss  was  damaged,  but  the  rest  well 
preserved,  the  design  consisting  of  concentric  bands  of  chevrons,  step- 
pattern  and  rosettes.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  head  of  the  pin 
at  the  back  is  set  with  a  garnet,  like  the  Kingston  specimen  (fig.  4)  ; 
and  the  gold  front  rested  on  a  layer  of  cement. 

Excavations  on  a  more  systematic  plan  were  commenced  in  1863 
and  reported  on  by  Mr.  John  Brent,  junr.,^  who  pointed  out  that  Sarre 
formerly  had  a  haven  on  the  Wantsum,  and  a  charter  of  Edbert, 
A.D.  726,  mentions  ships  navigating  thither,  while  the  Danes  sailed  past 
it  in  1052.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  site  was  not  explored  by 
Faussett,  Douglas,  or  other  antiquaries  of  their  day.  A  careful 
inventory  of  each  grave  is  published,  but  only  a  few  relics  and  details  of 
special  interest  can  be  dwelt  on  here.  Grave  No.  4  was  specially  rich 
and  the  contents  illustrated  in  colour.  It  was  of  unusual  dimensions, 
10  feet  long,  4!  feet  deep,  and  4  feet  wide  at  the  foot,  expanding 
towards  the  shoulders  :  the  occupant  had  evidently  been  a  lady  of 
distinction  ;  and,  as  in  the  famous  Taplow  barrow,  the  first  indication  of 
the  burial  was  some  gold  braid  that  had  been  woven  into  a  fabric,  just 
above  the  right  hand  of  the  skeleton.  Near  it  was  a  small  finger-ring 
of  silver  wire  with  spiral  bezel ;  and  six  circular  pendants  of  gold-foil 
lay  between  the  shoulders.  The  ornaments  embossed  on  these  consist 
mainly  of  the  distorted  and  dissected  quadrupeds  common  in  Anglo- 
Saxon  work  ;  and  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  design  seems  to  have 
been  fully  understood  by  the  goldsmith  who  applied  the  loop  at  the 
same  part  of  the  margin  in  four  of  similar  pattern.  Over  140  beads, 
mostly  amber,  lay  in  the  centre  of  the  grave,  and  amongst  them  two 
small  bronze  brooches  with  keystone  garnet  settings,  probably  joined  by 
a  wire.  At  the  head  was  a  glass  vessel  of  a  form  very  rare  even  in 
Kent  (though  thirty  were  found  at  Woodnesborough,  p.  352),  and 
common  in  certain  parts  of  the  Continent. 

>  Osengal,  Kent  {Coll.  Ant.  vi.  147),  and  Chessell  Down,  I.W.  (ib.  pi.  xxviii.) ;  a  fourth  is  said  to 
have  been  found  near  the  windmill  at  Sarre  in  i860  {Arch.  Cant.  vii.  318),  and  one  now  in  the  British 
Museum  was  found  in  the  Prankish  cemetery  at  Herpes,  Dept.  Charente. 

2  Gloucester  vol.  of  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  (1848),  p.  88,  note  ;  this  brooch  is  illustrated  in  colours  as  a 
frontispiece  to  the  volume.  It  was  formerly  in  the  possession  of  Lord  Amherst  {Arch.  Cant.  ii.  p.  xlii. ; 
Inv.  Sep.  p.  xxi.). 

3  Arch.  Cant.  v.  305  ;   vi.  157  ;    vii.  307  ;   all  fully  illustrated. 

358 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

This  remarkable  grave  further  contained  two  iron  latch-keys,  a 
pair  of  shears,  a  heavy  buckle,  and  strap-rivets  resembling  in  outline 
the  sole  of  a  shoe  :  both  these  last  are  frequent  in  Prankish  cemeteries 
as  well  as  in  Kentish  graves  of  this  period.  There  were  other  details, 
but  special  mention  must  be  made  of  a  crystal  sphere  with  silver  loops 
and  one  ring  (originally  two)  for  suspension  from  the  girdle  :  a  few 
inches  higher,  about  the  centre  of  the  skeleton,  was  a  garnet-mounted 
silver  spoon  with  nine  small  round  holes  in  the  bowl  arranged  as  a 
cross.  The  significance  of  this  association  (which  is  frequent  in  Kent) 
is  dwelt  upon  elsewhere,  and  it  only  remains  to  state  that  near  the 
crystal  lay  two  square-headed  brooches,  the  smaller  one  of  silver,  set 
with  garnets  and  having  a  cruciform  design  on  the  foot,  as  at  Chessell 


Pottery  Bottles  and  Jug,  Sarre  (J). 


Down.     The  larger  one,  of  bronze-gilt,  is  of  a  type  also  represented  in 
the  Isle  of  Wight  cemetery. 

Of  the  graves  excavated  in  the  autumn  of  1863,  several  call  for 
brief  remark.  A  sword  determined  the  sex  of  a  skeleton  accompanied 
by  about  sixty  draughtsmen,  which  had  been  probably  placed  in  a  purse. 
The  material  is  said  to  have  been  bone  or  ivory,  but  several  were  no 
doubt  made  of  horse's  teeth  like  those  from  the  King's  Field,  Faversham. 
Some  had  flat  rounded  tops  marked  with  incised  rings,  others  were  plain 
and  more  conical  in  shape.  Angons,  as  at  Strood,  were  found  measuring 
42  and  45  inches  respectively,  and  swords  had  generally  been  placed  on 
the  left  side  :  one  grave  with  a  sword  had  an  axe  and  bucket  at  the  foot, 
and  a  shield-boss  with  stays  that  gave  a  diameter  of  18  inches  for  the 
shield.     One  grave  of  a  soldier  included  the  beam  and  pans  of  a  small 

359 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

bronze  balance  and  nineteen  weights,  chiefly  in  the  form  of  Roman 
imperial  coins.  Similar  discoveries  have  been  made  at  Gilton  and 
Ozingell,  and  are  noticed  elsewhere.  In  another  grave  were  small 
bronze  rivets  with  the  worm  of  the  screw  still  apparent  ;  and  elsewhere 
were  ring-brooches,  two  lobed  beakers  of  brown  glass,  a  jug  of  black 
pottery,  and  a  fine  jewelled  buckle  with  triangular  plate  covered  by 
interlaced  filigree  (as  pi.  ii.  fig.  7)  ;  also  a  bowl  on  trivet  in  a  soldier's 
grave,  and  on  a  woman's  skeleton  gold  braid  of  the  kind  mentioned 
above  but  round  the  skull,  and  a  gold  bracteate  of  the  same  type  as 
before.  More  than  one  characteristic  sword-pommel  of  the  cocked- 
hat  shape  was  found,  and  chief  among  the  brooches  is  a  long  square- 
headed  specimen,  gilt  and  set  with  garnets,  almost  identical  with  one 
found  in  the  Prankish  cemetery  of  Herpes,  in  the  Charente.  Mr. 
John  Brent  was  no  doubt  right  in  supposing  that  certain  types  of 
the  brooch,  with  garnet  cell-work  covering  the  entire  front,  signified 
a  comparatively  early  date  ;  and  comparison  with  some  in  the 
tomb  of  Childeric  (d.  481)  suggests  the  beginning  of  the  sixth 
century.  One  grave  containing  such  a  brooch  had  the  head  at  the  east 
end,  but  nearly  all  in  this  cemetery  were  in  the  opposite  direction,  as 
usual  in  Kent. 

The  following  year  saw  the  conclusion  of  the  work,  272  graves 
having  been  opened.  A  second  grave  was  found  containing  draughtsmen 
or  counters,  and  two  dice  ;  fifteen  of  the  total  number  of  about  forty 
had  a  pair  of  holes  in  the  flat  side  that  have  earned  them  the  curious 
name  of  pulley-beads,  but  were  much  more  probably  for  fixing  the  bone 
to  the  lathe-centre  for  turning.  Similar  specimens  have  been  found  in 
Norfolk  (Broome  and  Castle  Acre)  and  Sussex  (Alfriston).  Unopened 
oysters  suggest  that  it  was  the  custom  to  place  food  in  the  grave,  and  in 
one  grave  as  many  as  eighty  clench-bolts  were  found  which  had  perfor- 
ated wood  about  three  inches  thick  :  similarly  thick  coffins  were  noticed 
at  Kingston  and  elsewhere.  Oblong  bronze  plates^  from  a  belt  in 
grave  233  give  a  very  fair  representation  of  the  quadruped  used  at  this 
time  as  a  decorative  motive  in  Anglo-Saxon  art,  but  it  needs  a  practised 
eye  to  discern  its  limbs  on  some  of  the  bracteates.  A  jewelled  pyramid 
(as  pi.  i.  fig.  7)  occurred  with  a  sword  and  sheath  in  one  grave  as 
at  Broomfield,  Essex." 

A  summary  of  the  excavations  shows  that  about  one  grave  in  ten 
contained  a  sword,  one  quarter  of  the  total  containing  weapons,  and 
one-third  of  these  graves  contained  swords.  While  there  are  certain 
signs  of  early  date,  two  sceattas'  found  together  suggest  that  the  cemetery 
continued  in  use  after  600,  as  these  coins  are  not  considered  earlier  than 
the  seventh  century. 

With  small  square-headed  brooches,  bird  and  button  brooches,  and 
silver  earrings  from  Sarre,  comes  also  a  handsome  specimen  of  silver- 

>  Figured  in  Arch.  Cant.  vii.  313. 
'  V.C.H.  Essex,  i.  320,  where  references  are  given, 
s   Figured  by  Rev.  Daniel  Haigh,  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  171. 
360 


\rE 


ACTU/NL  5IZEL 


'IslLJil^y 


C  Rf<AeTonnJ-^-rsi 


ANGLO-SAXON  ORNAMENTS  &:  GLASS  from  KEINXJ 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

work  in  the  form  of  a  ring-brooch  (see  fig.  12),  which  is  an  elaborate 
example  of  a  type  represented  at  High  Down,  Sussex.'  Near  the  point 
of  the  pin  are  two  birds  modelled  in  the  round  and  working  on  pivots, 
while  a  third  is  fixed  to  the  base  of  the  pin.  The  ornamentation 
consists  of  a  pearled  border 
and  two  bands  of  a  repeat- 
ing animal  design,  much  in 
the  style  of  certain  bracte- 
ates  (pendants  of  gold-foil) 
found  in  Scandinavia '  and 
belonging  to  the  same 
period.  A  disc-brooch  of 
bronze  engraved  in  the 
same  manner,  with  a  blue 
glass  cabochon  setting  in 
the  centre,  was  found  in  the 
King's  Field,  Faversham, 
and  is  now  in  the  national 
collection. 

Traces  of  occupation 
during  Roman  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  times  might  well  be 
expected  at  the  point  where 
the  Wantsum,  which  made 
Thanet  an  island,  reached  the  northern  coast  of  Kent.  A  green  lobed  glass^ 
of  the  usual  type,  now  in  Canterbury  Museum,  was  found  at  Reculver, 
and  other  objects  are  recorded  by  Roach  Smith,*  but  without  details  of 
their  discovery.  They  comprise  fragments  of  a  keystone  brooch  about 
1 1  inches  in  diameter  ;  sceattas,  a  gold  coin  and  another,  mounted  as  a 
pendant,  of  Magnentius  (350-3),  but  the  locality  of  the  last  is  uncertain. 
At  the  other  mouth  of  the  waterway  that  once  cut  off  Thanet  from  the 
mainland,  sporadic  discoveries  were  made  near  Richborough  before 
1849.  During  the  draining  of  Goss-field,  at  Cup  Street  near  Goldstone, 
nearly  twenty  graves  with  flagstone  covers  were  found  containing  skele- 
tons, weapons,  urns,  coins,  glass  vessels  and  beads,  but  here  again  no 
systematic  exploration  was  undertaken.  One  brooch'  was  of  base  silver 
(as  pi.  ii.  fig.  2),  and  there  was  a  remarkable  buckle  of  Keilschnitt  work 
that  may  with  some  confidence  be  assigned  to  the  fifth  century,  as  being 
directly  connected  with  the  late  Roman  style,  an  example  of  which  also 
occurred  on  the  site. 


Fig.   12.     Encravi 


Silver  Brooch,   Sarre  ([). 
ish  Museum.) 


•  V.C.H.  Sussex,  i.  344. 

2  Especially  one  from  Lyngby,  Randers,  Jutland;  Atlas  for  Nordisk  Oldkyniighed,  No.  129;   B. 
Salin,  De  Nordiska  guldbrakteaterna,  pp.  54,  103. 
^  Pag.  Sax.  pi.  ii. 

*  Richborough,  Reculver  and  Lympne,  pp.  157-8,  213-4;  P^-  '''"■  %•  18,  and  pi.  viii.  figs.  2-10  ; 
perhaps  also  fig.  I  (p.  2I0).  Bzttely,  Antiq.  Rutufinae  (1745),  pi.  vi. ;  Bihl.  Top.  Brit.  i.  7;,  pi.  iii. 
(coins). 

5  Pag.  Sax.  xxlx.  4 ;    Richhoro',  etc.,  pi.  v..  figs.  1-6,  p.  88  ;    Jl.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  v.   374 ;  Arch. 
XXX.  pi.  xi.  fig.  I,  attributed  to  Gilton  in  Ash  parish,  to  which  Richborough  also  belongs. 
I  361  -j6 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

In  the  Isle  of  Thanet  much  of  interest  has  been  found  from  time 
to  time  at  Ozingell  (Osengal)  about  2  miles  from  Ramsgate.  What 
appears  to  have  been  a  sword-knife  '  1 6|  inches  long  with  wooden  handle, 
iron  tang  and  pommel  was  found  in  i  846  with  a  short  knife,  spear  and 
shield-boss  in  the  grave  of  a  warrior/  A  bunch  of  Anglo-Saxon 
keys,^  such  as  were  often  attached  to  a  matron's  girdle,  were  found  with 
brooches  in  a  grave  disturbed  by  railway  excavations,  and  a  radiated 
brooch  is  published  from  this  site' ;  besides  these  a  buckle  of  base  silver 
was  found  in  a  grave  hard  by  at  St.  Lawrence/  Mr.  Rolfe,  of  Sand- 
wich, watched  excavations  here  in  1846-7,  and  added  several  articles 
to  his  own  collection  (afterwards  transferred  to  Mr.  Joseph  Mayer)  ; 
but  more  satisfactory  excavations  are  recorded  by  Roach  Smith.* 
These  were  conducted  in  1845  on  an  open  tract  of  down  crossed  by 
the  Canterbury  road  as  well  as  by  the  Ramsgate  and  Deal  railway,  and 
bounded  on  the  west  by  low  ground  called  Holland  Bottom. 

From  the  nature  of  the  case,  very  little  systematic  excavation  could 
be  undertaken  on  the  site,  but  a  well-illustrated  account  of  all  the  finds 
then  in  Mr.  Rolfe's  possession  was  published  in  1854.  A  plan  of  one  out 
of  thirteen  graves  cut  in  the  chalk  and  sometimes  covered  with  sandstone 
slabs  shows  that  a  round  shield  had  been  placed  on  the  breast  of  the  dead 
warrior,  a  spear  6  feet  long  point  upward  on  his  right  side,  and  an  earthen- 
ware bottle  at  the  left  shoulder  ;  while  a  knife  and  short  sword  lay  at 
the  waist.  Another  grave,  of  unusual  width,  contained  a  male  and  female 
adult  and  a  child,  evidently  of  one  family.  Beads  of  amber  surrounded 
the  necks  of  the  woman  and  child,  and  the  dress  of  the  former  had 
apparently  been  fastened  in  front  by  a  long  metal  pin.  Most  of  the 
graves,  however,  contained  single  skeletons,  and,  to  judge  from  the 
weapons,  all  of  the  male  sex.  Spear-heads  were  numerous,  and  two  iron 
axe-heads  were  found,  one  being  of  the  '  francisca '  type  ;  while  three 
double-edged  swords  of  the  ordinary  dimensions  were  recovered.  The 
pottery  comprised  vases  and  bottles  that  in  part  betray  Roman  influence, 
being  quite  distinct  from  the  cinerary  urns  of  Anglian  districts,  and  some 
dishes  of  the  Gaulish  red-ware  were  included,  as  elsewhere  in  Kent.  A 
conical  '  tumbler  '  of  pale  green  glass  exactly  corresponds  to  one  from 
Kempston,  Beds'  ;  and  a  pair  of  scales,  with  a  series  of  weights  composed 
mostly  of  Roman  coins,  recalls  similar  discoveries  at  Gilton  and  Sarre, 
though  the  marks  on  the  weights  hardly  bring  us  nearer  to  a  determin- 
ation of  the  system  then  in  use.  A  purse-guard  belongs  to  a  type  more 
frequent  in  France,  and  a  chatelaine  with  keys  is  better  preserved  than 
usual.  The  ornaments  included  two  bronzes '  that  look  like  brooches 
without  their  heads  and  pins,  of  a  type  intermediate  between  the  Roman 

>  This  and  two  others  from- the  cemetery  are  illustrated  in  Coll.  Ant.  ii.  pi.  Iviii.  figs.  5,  6,  7. 

2  Joum.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  ii.  338. 

3  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  I  ;  brooch  found  in  1845,  ibid.  pi.  sxxiv.  fig.  6  ;  and  tab  of  girdle 
pi.  XXXV.  fig.  7. 

*  Joum.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  iii.  246,   120.  s  Pag.  Sax.  pi.  xxxix.  fig.  5. 

«  Coll.  Ant.  iii.  p.  I,  plates   1-6  ;   Joiirn.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  i.  242-3  ;  Davis  and   Thurnam,  Crania 
Britannica,  vol.  ii. 

■•   y.C.H.  Beds,  i.  181,  fig.  3.  8  Coll.  Ant.  iii.  p.  17. 

362 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

'  cross-bow '  and  the  long  brooches  of  Scandinavia  ;  also  a  good  silver- 
gilt  brooch  set  with  garnets  of  keystone  form  ;  another  with  cruciform 
centre  and  border  of  garnet  cell-work  ;  a  more  primitive  example  of  the 
same  work  (as  at  Bifrons)  ;  a  garnet  pendant  mounted  in  gold,  and  a 
bracteate  of  that  metal  in  pendant  form.  A  late  Roman  coin  ^  and  three 
silver  sceattas  (probably  after  600)  were  found,  the  only  other  coin  being 
a  Gaulish  copy  of  the  gold  solidus  of  Justinian  (527-565),  which  gives 
an  approximate  date  for  the  cemetery.  Glass  beads  and  various  objects  of 
bronze,  such  as  girdle-tabs  and  rivets,  buckles  and  tweezers,  call  for  no 
special  remark  ;  but  a  radiated  brooch  of  five  points,  and  two  other  forms,' 
point  to  the  fifth  century  rather  than  the  sixth. 

Minor  discoveries  of  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities  have  been  made  at 
Richborough  and  Sandwich  (see  list),  but  there  were  probably  few 
inducements  to  settle  in  the  low  ground  that  now  forms  the  coast 
between  Thanet  and  Deal.  On  the  waterworks  hill  about  one  mile 
south-west  of  Deal  and  just  behind  Walmer,  several  Anglo-Saxon  graves 
have  been  noticed  in  section  at  the  top  of  a  chalkpit,  and  a  few  charac- 
teristic relics  recovered.  Several  trenches,  some  running  parallel  in  the 
same  locality,  are  evidently  of  much  earlier  date,  and  may  have  been  dug 
for  defensive  purposes,  though  the  ramparts  no  longer  exist.  The  finds 
have  not  been  fully  recorded,  but  it  may  be  mentioned  that  beads  and  a 
circular  jewelled  brooch  were  found  with  a  woman's  skeleton  that  lay 
with  the  head  north-east.' 

About  I  mile  south  of  this  site  a  discovery  was  made  about 
1852  at  Ringwould,  on  the  estate  of  Rev.  John  Monins,  who  presented 
the  relics  to  the  nation.  They  consisted  of  two  iron  spear-heads  and  a 
ferrule  6  inches  long,  a  knife,  a  buckle*  and  buckle-plate  set  with  false 
gems  ;  and  were  found  with  the  remains  of  two  skeletons  on  the  road 
to  Deal,  6  miles  from  Dover.' 

At  St.  Margaret's,  about  3  miles  to  the  south,  Douglas  in  1782 
opened  about  fourteen  grave-mounds  in  a  group  of  thirty  on  the  cliff, 
but  found  no  relics  except  an  iron  knife."  They  extended  over 
nearly  i|  acres  and  had  been  noticed  by  Stukeley'  in  1772  :  a  certain 
number  were  opened  in  1775,  and  yielded  upwards  of  twenty  glass 
beads,  and  a  socketed  arrow-head,  presumably  of  iron,  but  suggesting  a 
prototype  of  the  Bronze  period.  Indeed,  one  large  barrow  contained 
the  burnt  bones  of  a  young  subject  and  must  be  referred  to  the  earlier 
period,  this  being  the  primary  interment.  The  skeletons  in  the  other 
graves  were  generally  east-and-west,  and  as  Douglas  suggested,  probably 
belonged  to  the  Christian  period,  but  whether  that  period  began  during 
the  Roman  occupation  or  only  in  the  seventh  century  remains  at  present 
uncertain. 

A   rude  saucer-brooch   of  a   type  poorly  represented   in    Kent,  but 

1   Numismatic  Chronicle,  viii.  (1845-6),  Proc.  p.  2  ;  wt.  3  grains. 

=  Coll.  Ant.  iii.  pi.  vi.  fig.   l-=zHorae  Ferales,  pi.  xxviii.  fig.  4  (coloured). 

3  Information  from  Messrs.  S.  Manser  and  H.  Dunn,  of  Deal. 

*  Pag.  Sa.v.  pi.  xxix.  fig.  I.  5  Arch.  Journ.  ix.  304  (figs.). 

•  Nen.  Brit.  p.  119;   view,  pi.  xxv.  fig.  I.  '  Itinerarium  Curiosum  (1776),  p.   127. 

363 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

common  in  the  Upper  Thames  Valley,  passed  into  the  British  Museum 
from  the  collection  of  Dr.  Lysons,  and  is  said  to  be  from  Dover  ;  but 
there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  Kentish  character  of  other  relics  from 
Dover  in  the  same  collection,  including  a  superb  circular  brooch  set 
with  garnets  and  pearls  in  a  cruciform  design,  amethyst  beads  and  ear- 
rings of  the  usual  pattern. 

Near  the  Dover  road  at  Folkestone  Hill  a  radiated  brooch '  was 
found  some  years  before  1848.  It  was  of  bronze  gilt,  ornamented  with  a 
row  of  garnet  slabs  set  in  silver  along  the  stem,  and  similar  stones  or  glass 
in  the  projections  from  the  circular  head.  The  type  is  also  represented  at 
Ozingell  and  Lyminge  in  Kent,  by  solitary  specimens  in  other  counties, 
while  a  variety  occurred  on  Chatham  Lines  ;  but  it  is  more  frequent  in 
France  and  the  Rhine  district,  and  belongs  to  the  early  stage  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  settlement.  Above  Folkestone,  on  the  hill  to  the  west  of 
'  Caesar's  Camp,'  Roach  Smith'  dug  out  a  Frankish  jug  from  the  site  of 
a  barrow  ;  and  another  opportunity  was  presented  in  1850  by  excava- 
tions for  the  foundations  of  buildings  on  the  hill  known  as  the  Boyle.  ^ 
No  exact  record  of  either  find  is  preserved,  and  illustrations  would  have 
been  of  special  value  in  both  cases.  An  iron  spear-head  or  sword  was 
found  with  an  urn  (broken,  perhaps  by  the  workmen)  which  was  filled 
with  calcined  bones.  This  was  noted  as  a  most  unusual  occurrence  in 
Kent,  and  Thos.  Wright  asserted  that  the  ware  was  identical  with 
cinerary  urns  found  in  Northants  and  East  Anglia.  This  and  the 
cinerary  bowl  at  Coombe  seem  to  be  the  only  examples  of  the  kind  in 
the  county  not  obviously  Roman. 

Turning  inland,  we  enter  the  district  crossed  by  the  Roman  road 
leading  due  south  from  Canterbury  to  Lympne,  where  interments  were 
found  about  1828,  at  the  quarry  on  the  edge  of  the  hill  at  Bellevue,  a 
mile  west  of  Lympne  Camp."  With  skeletons  had  been  deposited 
spear-heads,  a  sword  15  inches  long,  a  shield-boss,  goblet  of  green  glass, 
pottery  bottle  of  Kentish  type,  and  a  buckle  with  corresponding  plate 
for  the  belt,  both  very  Frankish  in  appearance  and  possibly  inlaid  with 
silver  in  the  style  sometimes  called  damascening.  Again  in  1850  an 
Anglo-Saxon  cemetery  was  cut  through  on  Marwood  Farm  at  Court- 
le-Street,  but  though  many  skeletons  were  found,  no  details  of  other 
finds  are  recorded.^ 

A  radiated  brooch  of  bronze  with  garnets  and  another  of  Scandin- 
avian type  (see  figs.  13,  14)  terminating  in  an  animal's  head,  both  from 
Lyminge,  4  miles  north,  were  presented  to  the  British  Museum  by  Rev. 
Canon  Jenkins  in  1890,  having  been  found  opposite  the  rectory  some 
years  before,  with  bones,  swords,  spear-heads  and  shield-bosses,  during  ex- 
cavations for  the  Elham  valley  line.  There  was  also  a  thin  ornament 
for  the  neck,  which  may  have  been  a  bracteate  :   it  is  said  to  have  had 

>  Wright,  Celt,  Roman  and  Saxon,  p.  482  ;   Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  iv.  159. 
2  Coll.  Ant.  ii.  219. 

'  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Lond.  1st  ser.  ii.   175.  "  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  iv.   158  (figs.). 

6  C.  R.  Smith,  Richborough,  Rccuhcr  and  Lympne,  p.  263. 
364 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

the '  usual  Runic  characters  '  upon  it,'  but  was  no  doubt  embossed  with 
intertwined  animal  forms,  like  that  in  the  chapter  house  at  Canterbury/ 
Stowting  lies  close  to  the  Roman  road,  about  2  miles  west  of 
Lyminge.  In  1844,  during  the  formation  of  a  second  road  from  the 
village  to  the  Common,  about  a  mile  from  the  Roman  road  between 
Canterbury  and  Lympne,  upwards  of  thirty  human  skeletons  were  dis- 
covered, with  weapons  of  iron,  ornaments,  some  coins,  a  pottery  vase 
and  a  bronze  bowl/  The  graves  had  been  cut  in  the  chalk  soil,  and 
some  of  them  were  capacious  enough  for  six  bodies  ;  and  while  the 
weapons  were  confined  to  the  graves  of  men,  those  of  the  other  sex 
were  marked  by  beads  and  ornaments.        The  relics  were  of  the  usual 


Radiated  Bronze  Brooch, 
Lyminge  ([). 


[4.     BRONZE  Brooch, 
Lyminge  (}-). 


kind,  the  shield-bosses  being  of  ovoid  form  ;  and  the  vessel  of  light 
brown  ware'  was  10  inches  high  and  25  inches  in  circumference,  with 
a  narrow  mouth,  the  shoulder  being  ornamented  with  wavy  lines.  The 
basin  was  10  inches  across  and  5  inches  deep,  without  ornament  of  any 
kind  and  of  thin  metal,  closely  resembling  some  from  Sandwich.  Besides 
coins  of  Antoninus  Pius,  Plautilla,  and  Valens,  much  worn  by  circulation, 
was  a  thin  bronze  coin  plated  with  gold,  evidently  imitated  from  a 
Merovingian  or  Byzantine  specimen. 

In  1866  Mr.  John  Brent  unearthed  twenty-five  burials  in  a  field 
adjoining  the  newer  road  mentioned  above. ^  There  was  no  indication  ot 
mounds  on   the   surface,   and  the  graves  were  irregularly  cut,  perhaps 

'  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  x.  206.  "  Pag.   Sax.  pi.  xi.  fig.  2. 

'  Jrch.  xxxi.  398  ;   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  1st  ser.  i.  28  ;   Arch.  Journ.  i.  69. 

<  Illustrated  by  Rev.  F.  Wrench,  who  secured  most  of  the  objects   found  in  1844  and  bequeathed 
them  to  the  parish,  to  be  kept  as  heirlooms  in  the  rectory  {Brief  Account  of  Stoxting  Parish,  pi.  iii.  fig.  2). 
«  Jrch.  xli.  409. 

365 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

owing  to  the  stratification  of  the  chalk  in  which  they  were  sunk.  The 
direction  of  the  interments  varied,  but  the  majority  were  east  and  west, 
or  north-west  to  south-east.  Those,  however,  that  lay  north  and  south 
were  for  the  most  part  the  most  interesting  to  the  antiquary.  An  east- 
and-west  grave  contained,  on  the  right  of  the  skeleton,  a  spear,  the 
head  of  which  lay  by  the  right  ear,  the  ferrule  by  the  knee  ;  and 
touching  the  blade  was  a  small  vase  of  black  pottery  surrounded  by 
slabs  of  chalk  and  filled  to  the  brim  with  clear  water,  which  had  doubt- 
less drained  in  from  above.  An  irregular  grave,  cut  north  and  south, 
9  feet  long  and  4  feet  deep,  is  important  as  revealing  the  nationality  of 
the  interred.  A  dished  brooch,  |  inches  in  diameter,  has  a  rude  human 
face  engraved  in  the  centre,  exactly  corresponding  to  several  from 
Harnham  Hill,  near  Salisbury,  and  Chessell  Down,  Isle  of  Wight,  but 
rare  in  Kent.  On  the  left  lay  another  brooch  of  an  Isle  of  Wight  type, 
with  a  square  head  and  a  lozenge  design  below  the  bow  (otherwise  as  pi.  i. 
fig.  3)  ;  another  somewhat  larger  and  with  garnet  settings  was  unfortu- 
nately broken.  A  circular  Roman  brooch  with  projections  from  the  edge 
and  the  central  paste-setting  missing  was  described  as  a  girdle-ornament, 
and  among  the  relics  gold  wire  braid,  weighing  over  i^  dwts.,  was 
found  round  the  skull.  One  of  two  Roman  coins  was  of  Constantine 
and  pierced  for  suspension,  and  10  inches  beyond  the  skull,  carefully 
protected  by  slabs  of  chalk,  was  a  wooden  bucket  (called  a  stoup)  with 
ornamental  bronze  hoops.  It  was  4I  inches  high,  and  4I  inches  in 
diameter,  the  handle  being  a  thin  arc  of  bronze.  At  one  spot  there 
had  been  two  interments,  the  lower  skeleton  lying  in  a  contracted 
position  north  and  south,  the  upper  east  and  west  :  the  difference  in 
direction  may  have  been  due  to  the  introduction  of  Christianity. 

Two  articles  of  purely  British  origin  are  illustrated  from  this  site  : 
one  an  open-work  disc  with  C-shaped  scrolls  from  a  grave  that  was  cut 
north  and  south  and  had  a  recess  for  the  head  and  shoulders.  The 
other  was  a  curiously-shaped  ring'  of  a  type  common  in  this  country, 
and  was  probably  affixed  to  leather  near  the  horse's  neck  to  guide  the 
rein.  The  grave  in  which  it  was  found  is  described  as  a  vault,  con- 
taining six  skeletons  all  lying  north  and  south.  It  was  circular,  with  a 
diameter  of  nearly  9  feet,  and  was  between  4  and  5  feet  deep.  The 
skeletons  were  of  women,  and  all  on  the  same  level,  disposed  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  feet  were  curved  round  and  lay  nearly  together,  while 
the  shoulders  were  almost  touching  each  other.  It  was  difficult  to 
assign  the  various  relics,  but  besides  the  ring  already  mentioned,  which 
was  described  as  a  brooch,  was  an  openwork  escutcheon,  probably  used 
to  attach  the  handle  to  a  bucket  (Hke  that  found  between  Sandgate  and 
Dover),  but  called  a  girdle-ornament.  Of  the  four  Roman  coins  found, 
two  were  of  Diocletian  and  Constantine  respectively,  but  of  more 
importance  were  two  brooches  :  the  first  of  silver  covered  with  garnet 
cell-work  and  of  quatrefoil  form,  evidently  of  Prankish  origin  ;  the 
other  of  the  square-headed  Isle    of  Wight   type,   but  larger  than    the 

'  A  similar  piece  from  the  Chessell  Down  cemetery  is  in  the  British  Museum. 
366 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

specimen  mentioned  above,  being  3^  inches  long.  Other  small  brooches 
were  found,  some  faced  with  garnets,  others  of  plain  bronze,  and  among 
various  minor  articles  were  two  large  melon-shaped  Roman  beads  of 
blue  glass. 

Mr.  Cecil  Brent,'  in  1881,  continued  his  brother's  exploration  of 
the  site,  and  found  three  graves,  lying  east  and  west,  at  the  bottom  of  a 
trench  10  feet  deep  cut  in  soil  that  had  been  washed  down  from  above. 
Of  these  one  was  that  of  a  warrior,  as  shown  by  a  truly  conical  shield- 
boss,  the  only  relic  ;  the  second  was  a  female  interment,  with  the  usual 
beads  of  glass,  amber  and  crystal  ;  while  the  other  contained  only  a  few 
bones.  Another  group  of  four  graves  was  discovered,  one  of  which 
was  north  and  south,  and  contained  the  remains  of  a  man  who  seemed 
to  have  been  buried  in  a  sitting  position  ;  with  him  had  been  placed  a 
spear  on  the  right,  and  on  the  left  a  knife  15  inches  long  and  another 
about  half  the  length  evidently  in  one  sheath  ;  also  part  of  an  ivory 
(bone  ?)  comb,  an  iron  oval  ring,  and  a  boar  tusk,  worked.  Another 
of  this  group  contained  a  small  tusk  with  a  small  gold  earring,  buried 
over  a  male  body  by  which  was  a  fine  iron  spear-head.  The  others 
contained  nothing  of  interest. 

North-west  from  Stowting,  the  high  ground  overlooking  the 
Stour  valley  had  evidently  been  appreciated  by  the  Romanized  popula- 
tion. The  excavations  conducted  by  Faussett^  in  1757  and  1759  on 
Tremworth  Down  in  the  parish  of  Crundale,  though  they  resulted  in 
but  few  additions  to  his  Anglo-Saxon  collection,  are  of  interest  as 
pointing  the  contrast  between  Romano-British  and  later  interments. 
It  was  doubtless  this  early  experience  that  led  him  to  assign  all  the 
cemeteries  he  explored  to  the  Romanized  inhabitants  of  Kent,  though 
he  specially  remarks  on  the  differences  of  orientation  in  this  and  other 
localities.  His  words  are  :  '  The  position  of  the  skeletons  here,  with 
their  feet  to  the  west  or  south-west,  I  am  quite  at  a  loss  to  account  for, 
it  being  a  direct  contrary  one  to  what  I  have  met  with  in  all  other 
places  where  I  have  since  dug — at  Ash,  Chartham,  Kingston,  Bishops- 
bourne,  Sibertswold  and  Barfreston  ;  at  all  which  places  they  were 
found,  in  general,  with  their  feet  pointing  to  the  east  or  near  it.  Some 
few,  indeed,  I  have  met  with  at  some  of  those  places  which  pointed 
with  their  feet  to  the  north  or  near  it  ;  but  I  have  never  found  above 
one  (at  Kingston,  see  p.  345),  which  pointed,  as  these  all  did,  with 
their  heads  to  the  east  and  their  feet  to  the  west.'  There  were  besides 
unburnt  burials,  a  number  of  cinerary  urns  evidently  of  Roman  manu- 
facture in  this  cemetery  ;  and  though  it  is  not  stated  in  the  original 
account,  it  may  be  taken  that  the  latter  belong  to  the  first  two  or  three 
centuries  of  our  era,  the  practice  of  burying  the  body  entire  dating  in 
this  country  from  about  the  middle  of  the  third  century  onwards. 

There  was,  however,  at  least  one  Anglo-Saxon  burial  here,  and  to 
judge  from  the  associated  relics  it  was  that  of  a  woman.  An  urn 
at  the  feet  contained  a  coin  of  Faustina,  the  wife  of  Marcus  Aurelius, 

»  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  xxxix.  84.  *  Inv.  Sep.  pp.   177-98. 

367 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

but  this  has  little  bearing  on  the  date  of  the  burial.  The  decayed  wood 
mentioned  was  probably  what  remained  of  the  usual  coffer,  and  the 
iron  chain  is  of  quite  common  occurrence  in  Kent.  A  diminutive 
chatelaine  and  small  amber  beads  are  also  characteristic,  but  the 
orientation  is  the  reverse  of  that  usual  in  Anglo-Saxon  graves  of  the 
district.  It  is  possible  to  see  in  this  a  blend  of  British  and  Teutonic 
custom,  at  a  time  when  the  Anglo-Saxon  was  not  yet  firmly  established 
in  the  land  of  the  Cantii. 

Of  special  interest,  both  as  a  work  of  art  and  an  indication  of  date, 
is  the  sword-pommel  (fig.  15)  from  Crundale  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.  The  blade  is  incomplete,  but  of  the  usual  outline,  and  the 
interest  centres  in  the  hilt,  which  had  two  gilt  bands,  of  pointed  oval 
plan,  with  excellent  interlaced  work  in  relief.  The  pommel  is  virtually 
intact,  and  consists  of  a  silver-gilt  terminal  of  cocked-hat  form  affixed 

(originally)  by  two  rivets  to  the 
wooden  cross-bar.  The  ornamenta- 
tion on  both  faces  is  carried  out  with 
infinite  care  and  taste,  and  consists  of 
two  interlaced  animals  with  ribbon- 
like bodies  which  are  held  in  their 
elongated  jaws.  Though  not  identi- 
cal with  any  animal  forms  charac- 
teristic of  the  seventh  century  on  the 
G,LT  s'oRD-roMMEL,  Crundale  Coutinent,  thcy  are  undoubtedly  re- 
DowN  (J).  lated,  as  indeed  is  indicated  by  the 

form  of  the  handle  itself,  to  specimens 
from  Ultuna*  (Uppland,  Sweden)  and  the  Isle  of  Gothland  ^  in  the  Baltic, 
while  close  similarity  of  the  sword  to  a  complete  specimen  ^  from  Bildso 
Moss  (Fyen,  Denmark)  would  justify  a  restoration  on  those  lines.  Dr. 
Salin  has  recently  published  the  Crundale  specimen,  and  assigns  it  to  the 
seventh  century,  to  which  the  Kingston  brooch  also  belongs  ;  but  the 
bearing  of  these  analogies  on  the  nationality  or  commercial  relations  of 
settlers  in  Kent  must  be  dealt  with  subsequently. 

In  1858  Roach  Smith  and  Rev.  L.  B.  Larking  opened  two  of  a 
number  of  grave-mounds  on  the  summit  of  Wye  Hill,  to  the  left  of  the 
Dover  road  :  most  had  been  previously  disturbed.  One  contained  the 
bones  of  a  child,  the  other  those  of  a  very  tall  adult,  lying  with  the 
head  SW.,  a  spear-head  by  the  right  shoulder,  and  a  small  knife  on  the 
breast.*  The  national  collection  includes  several  objects  of  interest 
from  the  downs  between  Wye  and  Crundale,  but  full  details 
of  their  discovery  are  not  available.''  From  one  grave  came  part  of  a 
keystone  brooch,  earrings,  a  pin  with  garnet  head  and  a  silver  finger- 
ring,  and,  above  all,  a  gold  bracteate  with  applied  cruciform  design  and 

•  Bernhard  Salin,  Die  AUgermamiche  Thierornamenlik,  figs.  575,  588,  589;   Crundale  pommel,  fig. 
709,  p.  328. 

-  Ibid.  fig.  580.  3  Figured  in  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  pi.  21,  p.  262. 

*  Davis  and  Thurnam,  Crania  Britannica,  vol.  ii.,  where  the  skull  is  noticed, 
5  List  in  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xiv.  313-5:  some  found  in  1858. 

368 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

garnet  centre.  Special  mention  must  be  made  of  a  very  large  buckle 
with  garnets  in  a  scale-pattern,  and  along  the  centre  a  fish  in  high 
relief,  the  borders  containing  knot-work  filigree.  The  buckle  and 
corresponding  plate  are  much  in  the  Prankish  style,  and  it  is  just 
conceivable  that  the  fish  was  a  Christian  symbol  in  this  instance  and 
also  on  a  smaller  buckle  found  at  Faversham  ;  it  is  frequent  on  con- 
tinental remains  of  this  period. 

In  the  same  valley,  about  half-way  to  Canterbury,  important 
discoveries  were  made  in  the  eighteenth  century.  Dr.  Cromwell 
Mortimer,  Secretary  of  the  Royal  Society,  had  in  1730  superintended 
the  excavation  of,  and  reported  upon,  a  number  of  barrows  in  this  same 
area,  though  he  calls  it  Swerdling  (Swadling)  Down,  in  the  parish  of 
Chartham.  His  account  is  published  by  Douglas,'  and  in  an  abridged 
form  by  Faussett,^  the  latter,  as  a  conscientious  and  eminently  sane 
explorer,  having  much  fault  to  find  with  the  doctor's  preconceptions 
and  conclusions.  A  brief  summary  will  be  enough  for  our  present 
purpose,  and  no  time  need  be  spent  in  proving  that  these  graves 
were  not  those  of  Roman  soldiers  who  fell  in  Caesar's  decisive  victory 
over  the  Britons  in  Kent.  He  describes  the  site  of  his  discoveries  with 
some  precision,  the  mounds  being  situated  about  half  a  mile  south  of 
Chartham  church  along  the  top  of  a  hill  overlooking  the  Stour,  between 
the  roads  from  Canterbury  to  Wye  and  Chilham.  The  county  asylum 
has  since  been  erected  about  i  mile  east  of  this  burial-ground,  which 
like  many  others  in  the  country  was  popularly  associated  with  the 
Danes  (Danes'  Banks).  The  graves  had  commonly  been  cut  due  east 
and  west,  the  head  being  as  usual  at  the  west  end,  and  a  mass  of  flints 
generally  covering  the  body,  but  no  notice  was  taken  of  any  coffins. 
The  bones  are  said  to  have  been  burnt,  but  Faussett,  who  as  a  boy  ten 
years  old  had  been  present  at  these  excavations,  was  able  to  correct  the 
doctor's  mis-statement.  One  grave,  probably  that  of  a  woman,  con- 
tained a  fine  gold  and  silver  brooch  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  i,  but  with  four  points), 
two  glass  phials,  garnets  mounted  in  gold  as  pendants,  and  an  ornament 
of  gold  wire  ^  with  a  cross  in  the  centre  and  a  border  of  four  coils  :  all 
these  are  illustrated  in  Douglas'  Nenia,  pi.  v.  To  the  last-named 
ornament  there  was  attached  by  a  chain  a  round-headed  pin  that  may 
have  been  a  '  union  pin,'  as  found  on  Breach  Down.  A  crystal  sphere 
and  what  was  no  doubt  a  bronze  bowl,  6|  inches  in  diameter  (though 
described  as  a  helmet  or  skull-cap),  completed  the  furniture.  Another 
mound  covered  a  burial  in  which  was  an  urn  of  red  earth,  and  also  a 
large  black  cinerary  urn,  the  latter  doubtless  of  Roman  origin.  Buckles, 
toilet  articles,  earrings,  and  the  heads  of  a  javelin  and  arrow  were  also 
found,  but  there  was  nothing  remarkable  in  about  twenty  barrows,  of 
which  the  largest  was  6  feet  high  and  30  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base. 
Mention  must  however  be  made  of  two  shield-bosses,  one  hemispherical 
and   the   other   conical,    found   at   the   head    of  a   skeleton  ;   of  a  gold 

1  Nen.  Brit.  pp.  99-107  ;   plan  of  this  cemetery  on  pi.  xxiv. 
>  Inv.  Sep.  pp.  162-8.  3  Pag.  S,ix.  pi.  xi.  fig.  3. 

I  369  47 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

bracteate  *  found  with  amethyst  beads  and  a  number  of  trinkets  for  the 
chatelaine,  one  of  them  of  cruciform  shape  at  the  lower  end,"  like 
specimens  from  Breach  Down  in  the  British  Museum. 

The  fifty-three  interments  explored  by  Faussett  in  1764  and  1773 
on  Chartham  Down  (or  more  precisely  Kenville  Down),  about  3  miles 
south-west  of  Canterbury,  were  remarkable  for  the  absence  of  weapons, 
with  the  exception  of  one  small  lance  or  arrow.  The  majority  were 
under  mounds,  and  all  the  twenty-three  coffins  found  had  '  passed  the  fire.' 
The  comparative  poverty  of  the  series  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  nineteen 
graves  without  coffins  were  quite  devoid  of  furniture.  In  one  instance 
a  cinerary  urn,  probably  Roman,  had  been  replaced  in  the  grave, 
and  Roman  bracelets,  a  key  and  stylus  were  also  found  in  other  graves. 
A  wooden  coffer  lay  at  the  foot 

^^^^ME^^^^^^^^g^Bpl       cup  with  silver-gilt  rim  and  three 

Fig.   16.     Gilt  Mount  of  Wooden  Cup,  ^^  ^^^'^^  ^f  ^  L^^i^    ^,^088    found 

FavERSHAM    m.  ,  ,  r  -IT 

at  the  neck  of  a  young  girl,  it 
is  of  silver  with  a  boss  of  that  metal  at  the  centre  in  a  socket  of  gold. 
The  pair  found  at  Kingston  were  of  the  equal-armed  or  Greek  pattern, 
as  are  most  of  the  metal  crosses  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  period.  Douglas 
also  gives  a  drawing  of  a  small  round-headed  pin  set  with  a  garnet^ 
found  during  these  excavations. 

The  Anglo-Saxon  collection  bequeathed  to  the  nation  by  Mr. 
William  Gibbs  in  1870  represents  the  spoil  of  the  richest  cemetery 
in  Kent,  the  richest  of  all  our  counties  in  this  respect.  It  was  amassed 
during  a  number  of  years  by  purchase  from  the  workmen  engaged 
in  excavations  for  the  railway  in  what  was  known  as  the  King's 
Field  at  the  south  end  of  Faversham,  and  consequently  nothing  is  known 
as  to  the  distribution  of  the  relics  in  the  graves.  Roach  Smith  pub- 
lished more  than  one  illustrated  paper  on  the  finds,*  and  prepared  the 
catalogue  for  the  Science  and  Art  Department.  Perhaps  the  most 
striking  relic  is  a  large  circular  brooch  °  of  gold  like  that  from  Kingston 
(pi.  i.fig.  10),  but  smaller  with  the  garnets'and  fiHgree  all  missing  from  the 
cells  with  which  the  face  is  covered.  Though  glass  was  frequently 
used  in  this  cell-work,  it  was  ascertained  that  some  of  the  jewellery  from 
this  site  was  set  with  real  garnets,  the  brilliance  of  which  was  enhanced 

•  Pag.  Sax.  pi.  li.  fig.  5  ;    Ntn.  Brit.  pi.  xxi.  fig.  I. 

1  Nin.  Brit.  pi.  iviii.  figs.  3-5.  3  Ibid.  pi.  xviii.  fig.  6. 

*  Jrch.  Cant.  i.  plates  i.-iii.  p.  42  ;  iii.  pi.  v.  p.  46;  Coll.  Ant.  vi.  plates  ixii.-xxvii.  p.  136; 
Summary  in  Coll.  Cant.  114,  and  long  list  of  finds  in  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  iv.  122;  liv.  313  (Durden 
Collection). 

»  Arch.  Cant.  i.  pi.  ii.  fig.  I. 

370 


Im 

^^Mm 

^^ttS 

^^fegSi 

Fig.   17.     Engraved  Bronze 
Plate,  Faversham  (^). 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

by  a  backing  of  hatched  gold-foil.     To  enumerate  any  but  the  principal 
objects  recovered  would  be  wearisome,  and  a  personal  inspection  of  the 
bequest  now  at  the  British  Museum  is  recommended  to  any  desirous  of 
seeing  the  masterpieces  of  early  Anglo-Saxon 
metal-work. 

Of  exceptional  rarity  is  the  Christian 
monogram'  (if  such  it  be)  on  the  end  of  a 
heavily-gilt  knife-handle,  and  there  are  a  few 
other  relics  from  the  site  that  may  date  from 
the  seventh  century,  after  the  conversion  of 
Kent  by  Augustine.  Perhaps  the  most  strik- 
ing are  the  three  openwork  escutcheons  (see 
fig.  8)  from  a  bronze  bowl,  for  attaching 
chains  to  the  rim  ;  in  the  centre  is  the  Latin  cross  supported  by  two 
animals  that  may  be  meant  for  the  hippocamp  common  in  late  Roman 
art.  Some  smaller  plates  from  this  cemetery,  evidently  for  the  same 
purpose,  are  enamelled  with  the  graceful  scroll-work  that  had  descended 
from  pre-Roman  times  and  survived  for  some  centuries  in  Ireland. 
The  Latin  cross  occurs  further  on  a  jewelled  brooch,  replacing  the 
T-shaped  settings  sometimes  found  in  Kent  ;  but  the  cross  may  here  be 
purely  ornamental.  The  late  Roman  style  is  seen  on  an  engraved 
buckle-plate  (see  fig.  17)  that  recalls  examples  from  Sussex""  and  Bucks'; 
while  the  animal- form  considered  as  typical  of  seventh-century 
Teutonic  art  is  well  seen  on  a  gilt  fragment  (with  animals  supporting  a 
fish)  and  a  pair  of  dainty  gold  buckles  ;  the  jaw  is  pointed  below,  and 
an  angular  band  is  placed  behind  the  eye  as  on  the  back  of  the  Kingston 
brooch  (fig.  4).  Among  the  rarer  specimens  may  be  mentioned  three 
jewelled  brooches  with  T  garnets  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  14)  ;  the  ornamented 
Hp  of  silver-gilt  (see  fig.  1 6)  probably  belonging  to  a  wooden  drinking 

cup  and  much  like  one  from 
Surrey,*  where  a  gold  pendant 
was  also  found  like  one  from 
Faversham,  with  many  roughly 
punched  holes  in  the  four  quad- 
rants. The  neighbouring  county 
of  Essex  has  also  furnished  paral- 
lels '  for  the  radiated  brooch,  the 
pyramidal  button  (as  pi.  i.  fig. 
7),  garnet  and  blue-glass  cell- 
work  and  the  Scandinavian  plain 
bronze  brooch,  all  of  which 
occurred  in  the  King's  Field  at 
Faversham  ;  while  three  pottery  vases  of  somewhat  Merovingian  appear- 
ance have  been  found  at  Faversham  (see  fig.  18),  Kingston  (p.  345),  and 


Stamped  Pottery  Vase,  Faversham  (|). 


•  Coll.  Ant.  vi.  pi.  xxiv.  fig.  7. 

'  V.C.H.  Bucks,  i.  199. 

»  V.C.H.  Essex,  i.  plate  at  p.  322,  figs. 


V.C.H.  Sussex,  i.  pi.  at  p.  344,  fig.  3. 
V.C.H.  Surrey,  i.  pp.  266  (fig.  6),  265  (Farthingdown). 
,  13,  14,  18. 
Z7^ 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Broomfield,  Essex.'  The  vandyked  rim  of  one  among  several  two-handled 
bronze  bowls  (as  fig.  1 9)  has  at  present  but  a  single  parallel ' ;  and  the  bowl 
here  illustrated  still  contains  hazel-nuts  ;  this  and  several  examples  else- 
where support  the  view  that  the  vessels  placed  in  graves  contained  food 


Bronze  Bowl,  King's  Field,  Faversham  {}j). 

and  drink  offerings.  Most  of  the  pottery  found  in  the  King's  Field  was 
of  Roman  manufacture,  and  consisted  of  reddish-buff  ware  with  one  or 
two  handles.  Swords  with  cocked-hat  pommels,  spear-heads,  and  shield- 
bosses  were  common,  some  of  the  last-named  having  tin  discs  attached  ; 
while  a  large  number  of  beads  came  from  the  graves  of  women.  A 
fine  set  of  horse-trappings   in  gilt-bronze  (see  fig.  20)   exemplifies  the 

art  of  the  period,  and  a 
number  of  draughtsmen 
made  of  horse-teeth  (as 
at  Taplow)  illustrate  the 
well-known  gambling  pro- 
pensities of  our  forefathers. 
Parallels  from  adjacent 
counties  have  been  cited, 
and  it  would  be  surprising 
if  no  typical  specimens  of 
Prankish  work  occurred 
in  so  large  a  cemetery. 
Several  pieces  of  coarse 
garnet  cell-work  may  have 
been  made  across  the 
Channel  about  the  time  of 
Childeric's  death  (a.d. 
481),  and  there  are  two 
small  pieces  of  damascened 
iron,  with  silver  inlay. 
This  art  was  much  prac- 
tised in  Gaul,  but  in  England  seems  to  have  been  confined  to  the  sword 
or  scramasax.  Several  shoe-shaped  rivets  for  securing  the  belt  to  the 
buckle  were  also  imported  like  those  found  in  the  Isle  of  Wight.'   There 

>  V.C.H.  Essex,  i.  p.  324  >  F.C.H.  Bucks,  i.  202  (Taplow  barrow). 

=  f'.C.H.  Hants,  i.  pi.  at  p.  388,  fig.  11. 

372 


E3 
Gilt  Horse-trapping, 


Faversham  (^^). 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

are  also  a  number  of  white  bronze  buckles  of  the  heavy  Gaulish  pattern, 
while  the  jewelled  gold-plated  buckles  (pi.  ii.  fig.  7)  and  hair-pins  with 
heads  in  the  form  of  birds  are  of  rarer  occurrence.  The  glass  in  the 
Gibbs  collection  is  particularly  fine,  and  two  typical  pieces  are  illustrated 
(see  fig.  21,  and  No.  11,  plate  ii.),  the  colours 
being  dark  blue,  pale  green,  and  olive  ;  and  two 
crystal  spheres,  the  larger  retaining  its  metal 
mount  and  ring,  belong  to  a  type  well  known  in 
Kent  but  as  yet  unexplained. 

A  richly  furnished  grave  was  discovered  in 
April  1894,  near  Teynham  (see  list).  No  parti- 
culars of  the  excavations  are  forthcoming,  but  the 
jewels  tell  their  own  tale.  A  bronze-gilt  brooch 
with  a  star  centre  set  with  garnets  and  blue  glass 
in  gold  and  ivory  (.?)  was  nearly  2  inches  in 
diameter.  A  gold  pendant,  looped  and  in  perfect 
condition,  had  a  diameter  of  1  inch,  and  was  also 
set  with  garnets  and  blue  pastes,  enclosed  by 
bands  of  a  braided  pattern.  A  similar  pendant, 
just  over  |  inch  in  diameter,  had  a  braided  cross 
in  the  centre  with  a  ball  of  gold  at  each  point, 
but  the  field  left  plain.  A  ring  of  porphyritic 
marble  of  the  same  size  and  threaded  with  a 
silver  wire  may  have  been  worn  as  an  earring,  a 
similar  ring  being  found  in  fragments.' 

Within  a  small  area  known  as  Huggen's 
Fields,  north-west  of  Sittingbourne  church,  re- 
mains of  various  periods  were  found  between  the 
years  1825  and  1828.  They  were  described  by 
Rev.  Wm.  Vallance,  and  published  by  Mr.  Roach 
Smith,  with  additional  remarks  and  a  map  of  the 

excavations.^  A  hoard  of  bronze  implements  in  an  urn  and  several 
cineraries  of  the  Bronze  period  showed  that  the  place  had  been  occupied 
centuries  before  the  Anglo-Saxons  buried  their  dead  here  with  the  jewels 
and  weapons  they  had  worn  in  their  lifetime. 

Though  the  ground  had  not  been  ploughed  within  the  memory  of 
man,  there  were  no  signs  of  grave-mounds,  and  the  discovery  was  made 
during  excavations  of  brick-earth.  Several  articles  of  value  were  lost  to 
science,  but  among  those  collected  were  some  of  peculiar  interest,  even 
in  the  absence  of  details  as  to  the  graves  containing  them.  A  circular 
brooch,  presented  to  the  Dover  Museum,'  is  a  splendid  example  of  the 
Kentish  type,  the  central  design   being  a  double  star  with  four  studs 


Olive-green  Glass 
Faversham  (i). 


»  Ptoc.  Soc.  Antiq.  rv.  184. 

»  Coll.  Ant.  i.  97,  repeated  in  Canterbury  vol.  of  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc.  (1S44),  p.  336;  PajTie,  Coll. 
Cant.  103. 

'  Coloured  illustration  in  the  Archaeological  Album,  pi.  ii.  and  in  Akerman's  Pagan  Saxondom,  pi. 
xxix.  fig.  5  ;  fig.  4  of  the  latter  plate  represents  a  bronze  buckle  from  Sittingbourne,  now  in  Dover 
Museum. 

373 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

between  the  rays,  and  the  face  covered  with  cell-work  of  garnets  and 
blue  glass  imitating  lapis-lazuli.  On  the  back  besides  the  pin  is  a  loop 
for  suspension,  as  on  the  famous  Kingston  brooch  (fig.  4).  It  lay  on 
the  breast  of  a  female  skeleton,  and  underneath  it  were  nine  coloured 
glass  beads  with  inlaid  rope  pattern,  a  melon-shaped  Roman  glass  bead 
and  metal  fragments.  Near  the  left  arm  was  an  annular  bronze  brooch 
with  engraved  design,  and  on  the  left  hip  was  a  bronze  bracelet.  Two 
other  graves  contained  iron  shears,  and  another  had,  besides  beads  of 
glass  and  amethyst,  a  pair  of  earrings,  and  two  pieces  of  bone  or  teeth 
of  the  dog,  tipped  with  metal  and  bored  for  suspension. 

In  1 880-1  about  forty  graves  were  discovered  on  the  Rondeau 
estate  at  the  west  end  of  Sittingbourne,  on  the  north  side  of  Wat- 
ling  Street.'  They  were  situated  in  an  area  which  contained  many 
Roman  burials  after  cremation  ;  and  though  at  first  sight  it  might  be 
inferred  that  here  the  two  civilizations  intermingled,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered that  cremation  ceased  about  the  middle  of  the  third  century  ; 
and  the  unburnt  burials,  with  their  characteristic  weapons,  are  probably 
of  the  sixth  century.  A  sword  was  found  bearing  traces  of  a  wooden 
sheath,  and  an  iron  spur  from  the  site  is  a  rarity.  An  amber-coloured 
glass  goblet  was  in  the  same  grave  as  a  shield-boss  and  had  therefore 
been  buried  with  a  man  ;  while  a  red-ware  pitcher  had  an  impressed 
design  of  Prankish  aspect,  arranged  in  wavy  lines.  Three  other 
swords  and  shield-bosses,  both  conical  and  of  the  usual  pattern,  are  also 
in  the  national  collection,  to  which  several  objects  of  interest  from  graves 
at  Milton-next-Sittingbourne  (collected  by  the  late  Mr.  Humphrey 
Wood)  have  been  recently  added.  A  gold  finger-ring  of  Roman  work- 
manship with  the  broad  bezel  set  with  a  sard  intaglio  was  found  in 
1889  with  a  skeleton  laid  with  the  head  at  the  west  end  of  the  grave, 
in  a  brick-field  to  the  north-east  of  Milton^;  in  the  grave  were  also  a 
glass  vessel,  a  bronze-gilt  buckle,  and  an  iron  spear-head,  this  last  point- 
ing to  a  Teutonic  origin,  though  the  ring  must  date  from  the  second 
century.  Besides  these,  three  large  silver  brooches  of  the  square-headed 
type  set  with  square  garnets  and  ornamented  with  the  engraved  animal 
forms  common  in  northern  Europe  during  the  sixth  century,  were 
found  in  the  neighbourhood  and  are  preserved  in  a  defective  condition. 
Above  all,  a  fine  jewel  of  cell-work,  exhibited  with  these  in  the  British 
Museum,  shows  the  wealth  and  craftsmanship  of  the  period.  It  is  of 
fiddle-back  form  (pi.  i.  fig.  13),  the  base  and  partitions  being  of  gold  ; 
the  settings  remaining  are  garnets  and  sapphire  (centre),  but  several 
have  been  lost  and  probably  were  of  blue  glass  imitating  lapis-lazuli. 
It  is  not  in  the  true  Kentish  style,  and  is  certainly  earlier  than  the 
majority  of  jewels  found  in  the  county  ;  possibly  it  was  made  across  the 
Channel,  and  the  nearest  parallel  is  a  buckle-plate  found  near  Houdan, 
Seine-et-oise.' 

'  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  viii.  275,  506;  Payne,  Coll.  Cant.  108,  where  earlier  discoveries  are    also 
recorded  (1869-71). 

2  Site  marked  on  map  in  Coll.  Cant.  p.  124;  for  ring,  see  p.  119. 
'  Coll.  Cant.  p.  120;  Coll.  Antiq.  iv.  p.  188.  pi.  xlv. 

374 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

In  1852  Anglo-Saxon  remains  were  found  in  a  gravel  pit  on  the 
edge  of  the  high  ground  at  the  top  of  Otterham  Creek,  about 
i  mile  from  the  famous  Roman  potteries  of  Upchurch.  Two 
glass  cups  of  bottle  form  from  this  site  were  exhibited  in  1846/  and  six 
years  later  a  richly  furnished  grave  was  found  there,  containing  a  circular 
brooch  of  silver-gilt  with  star  centre,"  a  mammiform  cup  of  light  green 
glass,  amethyst  beads,  a  bottle-shaped  earthenware  vessel,  and  a 
Gaulish  red-ware  dish  stamped  TITTIVS.F.,  the  last, being  a  survival  from 
the  early  days  of  the  Roman  occupation.  A  gold  coin'  weighing  50^ 
grains,  struck  in  imitation  of  an  imperial  original  and  pierced  for  sus- 
pension, may  have  belonged  to  an  interment  in  this  locality. 

The  next  discovery  westward  was  made  near  the  WatHng  Street  at 
the  summit  of  Chatham  Hill,  in  a  field  behind  the  Star  Inn,  where  a 
gold  ring  of  the  fourth  or  fifth  century  was  found.  It  was  recently 
presented  to  the  British  Museum,  and  has  a  niccolo  bezel  with  a 
Roman  intaglio  (bird  pecking  at  a  snail)  ;  pellets  flank  the  oval  setting, 
and  the  hoop  is  of  a  beaded  pattern.' 

Discoveries  on  the  Chatham  heights  were  made  as  early  as  1756 
when  the  Lines  were  first  thrown  up,  but  no  proper  exploration  was 
made  till  1779,  when  Douglas  received  permission  to  dig  from  the 
military  authorities.  His  first  plate  in  Nenia  Britannica  gives  the  plan 
of  a  grave  below  a  circular  barrow,  the  head  to  the  south  :  also  the 
shield-boss,  sword,  spear-head,  buckle  and  pottery  bottle  buried 
with  the  warrior.  The  next  plate  illustrates  the  contents  of  a  woman's 
grave,  with  the  head  again  south.  Here  were  no  less  than  ten  earrings 
of  silver  wire  with  glass  beads,  a  number  of  large  beads  of  crystal,  amber 
and  coloured  glass,  as  well  as  some  more  important  relics  that  serve  to 
illustrate  the  close  connexion  between  the  inhabitants  of  Kent  and  the 
Isle  of  Wight  at  that  time.  A  silver  spoon  (pi.  i.  fig.  8)  set  with  garnets 
was  found  (as  such  relics  usually  are)  between  the  thigh-bones,  and  was 
selected  by  Akerman  for  illustration.^  The  bowl  had  many  perforations 
and  was  washed  with  gold,  while  a  hole  at  the  end  of  the  stem  had 
evidently  served  for  attachment  to  the  girdle,  the  back  being  worn 
smooth.  Two  small  square-headed  gilt  brooches  with  a  cruciform 
pattern  on  the  foot,  and  a  gilt  button-brooch  engraved  with  a  human 
face,  also  found  in  this  grave,  belong  to  well-marked  types,  while  two 
small  radiated  brooches  are  early  specimens  of  their  kind,  with  three 
rudimentary  projections  from  the  semicircular  head.  A  few  Roman 
coins  perforated  as  pendants  were  found,  including  one  of  Anthemius, 
Emperor  of  the  West  (467-72)  ;  they  were  much  worn,  and  indicate 
the  early  part  of  the  sixth  century  as  the  date  of  this  grave.  The 
next  interment  of  special  interest  {Nen.  Brit.  pi.  iv.)  was  that  of  a 
woman  with  the  head  lying  at  the  north  end,  about  30  yards  from  those 

»  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  ii.  347  (fig.). 

»  Coll.  Ant.  ii.  161,  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.  i.  (coloured)  ;    the  cup  is  figured  p.  162  ibid. 
'  Figured  in  Coll.  Antiq.  vi.  260.  '  A  rough  sketch  in  Coll.  Cant.  p.  86. 

'■  Pag.  Sa.x.  pi.  nxiii.  fig.  2  ;   now  in  the  Ashmolean  Museum,  Oxford,  with  several  other  objects 
from  this  site. 

375 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

already  mentioned.  A  green  glass  cup  with  pointed  base  and  spreading 
lip,  a  finger-ring  of  silver  wire  with  a  spiral  coil  as  bezel,  and  a  debased 
example  of  the  radiated  brooch  with  diamond-shaped  foot  accompanied 
a  crystal  sphere  with  silver  mounts  and  two  loops.  Among  the  Roman 
coins  was  one  of  Valentinian  II.  (375—92).  The  northern  position  of 
the  head  was  the  rule  in  this  cemetery,  and  the  following  four  graves 
[Nen.  Brit.  pis.  vii.  viii.  xv.)  contained  skeletons  so  placed.  The 
first  contained  brooches  almost  identical  with  those  in  a  female  grave 
with  head  south  already  referred  to,  of  eminently  Jutish  appearance, 
while  several  bronze  tubes  of  oval  section  belong  to  a  not  uncommon 
type,  but  are  of  unknown  use.  The  second  included  what  is  described 
as  a  bow-brace,  but  was  probably  the  handle  of  a  shield  with  extensions 
to  the  circumference  of  the  disc  ;  but  it  must  be  added  that  arrow-heads 
are  stated  to  have  been  found  in  these  mounds.  Another  grave  was  that 
of  a  young  subject,  including  a  necklace  of  beads  and  a  fine  jewelled 
brooch  of  the  keystone  variety  (as  pi.  i.fig.  4) ;  and  the  fourth  was  regarded 
as  a  companion  grave  to  one  containing  nothing  but  pure  Roman  orna- 
ments and  pointing  also  north  and  south.  Its  contents,  however,  cannot 
be  mistaken,  and  the  small  square-headed  brooch  with  diamond  design 
on  the  foot,  the  white-metal  studs  of  shoe  pattern,  and  the  woven  gold 
thread  are  all  familiar  in  female  graves,  though  the  radiated  brooch  in 
this  case  was  of  the  continental  type,  rare  in  this  country.  A  few  Roman 
objects  were  found  in  other  graves,  and  among  the  coins  was  one 
ascribed  to  Valentinian  III.  (d.  455).  Bottles  and  vases  of  undoubted 
Roman  ware  occurred  in  the  Chatham  grave-mounds,  but  only  one 
urn,^  which  was  found  with  a  skeleton,  at  all  resembled  the  cinerary 
urns  found  in  the  Anglian  parts  of  England. 

Mr.  Geo.  Payne  superintended  the  excavation  of  several  graves  in 
1892  at  Watts'  Avenue,"  on  the  south  side  of  Rochester,  near  St. 
Margaret's  Church.  The  bodies  had  been  placed  in  cists  cut  in  the 
chalk,  all  with  the  head  at  the  west  end  of  the  grave  ;  and  it  was 
observed  that  most  were  females.  The  customary  iron  knife  was  found 
with  most,  but  little  else  of  note  with  the  exception  of  a  gold  kite- 
shaped  pendant  set  with  a  carbuncle.  Forty  years  before  this  discovery, 
twenty  skeletons  had  been  brought  to  light  during  excavations  for 
cottages  on  Star  Hill,  Eastgate.'  Five  spear-heads  were  recovered,  also 
a  bronze  bracelet  of  Roman  work,  an  oblong  bronze-gilt  buckle-plate 
set  with  garnet  and  engraved  with  the  usual  animal  design,  a  keystone 
brooch  of  ordinary  type,  and  a  number  of  beads. 

An  iron  spear-head  and  knives  found  7  feet  deep  with  a  skeleton 
between  Strood  and  Temple  Farm  in  1846  were  preserved  by  the  late 
Mr.  Humphrey  Wickham, '  and  the  skull  examined  by  Dr.  Davis,  who 
pronounced  it  that  of  a  man  about  sixty  years  of  age."    Six  years  later  a 

'  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xxiii.  fig.  i,  p.  93  ;  a  bottle  is  given  as  fig.  2, 

*  Coll.  Cant.  p.  121  :  a  few  objects  in  the  British  Museum. 

'  Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  ix.  408  (4  figs.).  *  Ibid.  ii.  192. 

»  Coll.  Antiq.  v.  136. 

376 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

grave  was  found  in  land  adjoining  a  Roman  cemetery.  It  contained  a 
skeleton  with  the  ordinary  weapons  of  iron/  shoe-shaped  studs,  a 
heavy  buckle,  and  one  object  of  extreme  interest.  This  was  a  bronze 
cylinder  formed  of  thin  plates  riveted  together  and  embossed  six 
times  in  all  with  a  group  of  three  figures,  of  which  the  central  one  is 
seated  and  nimbed,  the  others  standing  with  hands  crossed  on  the  breast. 
Above  the  head  of  one  is  a  cross,  of  the  other  a  bird  carrying  a  wreath  ; 
and  below  there  is  a  border  of  foliage  and  birds.  Both  the  lid  and  base 
are  wanting,  and  there  is  one  ring  for  suspension,  so  that  it  may  well 
have  been  the  lip  of  a  drinking  horn.°  The  subject  is  not  quite  clear, 
but  its  Christian  character  is  evident,  and  the  work  should  be  compared 
with  the  stoup  from  Long  Wittenham.' 

A  further  discovery*  was  made  in  1859  when  the  railway  was 
cut  between  Strood  and  Cuxton,  one  mile  west  of  Temple  Farm.  A 
grave  contained  a  skeleton  with  head  at  the  north-west  end,  and  a 
spear-head  and  ferrule,  knife,  bronze  buckle,  shield-boss,  urn  of  Kentish 
type  and  one  of  the  rare  iron  weapons  usually  called  angons  :  this  last, 
with  an  iron  buckle,  is  in  the  British  Museum. 

Five  miles  due  north  of  Strood,  at  Cliffe-at-Hoo,  railway  excava- 
tions near  the  Rectory  in  1880  brought  to  light  an  Anglo-Saxon 
cemetery,  from  which  very  little  was  recovered.  An  iron  spear-head, 
the  bronze  fittings  of  a  belt,  a  bronze  disc  with  raised  concentric  circles 
(evidently  the  base  of  a  Roman  skillet),  and  two  coins,  of  Nero  and 
Maximian,  passed  into  the  hands  of  Mr.  William  Wood,  but  much 
more  was  probably  carted  away  with  the  large  quantity  of  bones  dis- 
covered.' 

Horton  Kirby  lies  about  9  miles  west  of  Strood,  and  in  1866-7  ^" 
Anglo-Saxon  cemetery  was  discovered  north  of  the  railway  between  the 
Farningham  Home  for  Boys  and  the  river  Darenth."  Of  about  twenty- 
five  graves  opened  most  were  cut  east  and  west,  the  feet  being  at  the 
east  end,  but  at  least  two  had  the  feet  towards  the  north  and  one  to  the 
south-west.  As  the  chalk  is  here  very  hard,  the  graves  were  compara- 
tively shallow,  and  it  was  observed  that  they  were  very  short,  those  of 
the  women  being  little  more  than  4  feet  long,  so  that  the  body  was 
bent  at  the  head  and  feet.  Several  of  the  interments  were  devoid  of 
relics,  and  the  rest  were  but  poorly  furnished,  there  being  no  spear- 
heads, swords  or  jewelled  ornaments  found  till  the  latter  part  of  1867. 
About  eleven  more  graves,  then  discovered,'  yielded  a  flint  spear-head, 
an  axe-head,  several  knives  and  bronze  brooches,  one  large  and  hand- 
some belt-clasp,  bronze  mounts  of  sheaths,  many  beads,  a  hemispherical 
cup  of  bronze  without  stem  or  handle,  three  urns,  and  among  other 
items,  a  large  shield-boss.  The  form  of  the  urns  is  not  specified, 
but  as  the  largest  lay   at  the  right  shoulder  of  a  skeleton  and  a  small 

1  Several  figured  Coll.  Ant.  ii.  158,  pi.  xxxvi.  ;   coffer,  fig.  I. 

2  Dr.  Haigh  considered  it  the  mouth  of  a  quiver  {Arch.  Cant.  viii.  220,  note). 

3  V.C.H.  Berks,  i.  230.  ■>   Coll.  Ant.  v.   129,  pi.  xi. ;  Arch.  Cant.  ii.  xli. 

=  Arch.  Cant.  xiii.  502,  "  Arch.  Joum.  xxiv.  281.  '  Ibid.  xxv.  94. 

I  377  48 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

black,  one  at  the  feet,  it  is  clear  they  were  merely  accessory,  and 
not  cinerary,  vessels.  It  may  be  added  that  a  pair  of  bronze  brooches 
found  at  Horton  Kirby,  and  now  in  the  Kent  Archaeological  Society's 
collection  at  Maidstone,  belong  to  the  saucer  type,  which  seems  practic- 
ally confined  to  the  West  Saxon  area.  Another  pair  from  the  King's 
Field,  Faversham,  are  in  the  same  collection  ;'  others  from  this  site  and 
one  said  to  be  from  Dover  are  in  the  British  Museum. 

Further  up  the  valley  of  the  Darenth,  one  of  the  most  interesting 
relics  of  the  early  Anglo-Saxon  period  was  discovered  in  i860  by 
labourers  digging  for  brick-earth  near  the  railway  north  of  Lulling- 
stone,  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  Sir  Wm.  Hart  Dyke.  It  consists 
of  a  bronze  bowl'  10  inches  in  diameter,  with  various  bronze  ornaments 
attached  to  the  outside '  and  was  associated  with  human  skulls  and 
bones,  as  well  as  fragments  of  iron  and  pottery.  The  profile  closely 
resembles  that  of  the  bowl  found  in  Lochar  Moss,  Dumfriesshire,  con- 
taining a  beaded  collar  of  Late  Celtic  work,  and  similar  bowls  are 
known  from  Ireland  as  well  as  from  South  Britain.  The  four  discs 
which  serve  to  attach  the  chain-hooks  to  the  outside  of  the  bowl  are 
ornamented  with  the  Celtic  trumpet  pattern  ;  and  several  discoveries 
of  the  kind  seem  to  show  that  native  British  art  was  not  entirely  sup- 
pressed, even  in  Kent,  by  four  centuries  of  Roman  domination.  The 
exact  date  of  the  Lullingstone  and  similar  bowls  cannot  at  present  be 
determined,  but  the  cruciform  character'  of  the  openwork  disc  outside 
the  bottom  of  the  bowl  may  well  be  due  to  Christian  influence  ;  and 
the  stag-like  animals  resemble  in  style  the  symbol  of  St.  Luke  in  the 
Book  of  Durrow,*  an  Irish  illuminated  MS.  attributed  to  the  seventh 
century,  but  probably  later. 

An  interesting  group  of  grave-mounds  (barrows  or  tumult)  can  still 
be  seen  in  Greenwich  Park'  south-west  of  the  Observatory,  and  the 
depressions  at  their  summit  show  that  the  excavator  has  been  at  work. 
The  footpath  that  now  runs  through  them  is  at  a  mean  distance  of 
100  yards  north  of  the  reservoir,  for  which  twelve  other  grave-mounds 
were  cleared  away,  but  on  representations  from  the  Archaeological 
Institute"  and  at  a  sacrifice  of  ^^850,  the  present  site  (SE.  of  the  existing 
group)  was  substituted  in  1844.  Fifty  had  been  thoroughly  explored 
by  Rev.  James  Douglas'  in  1784,  but  comparatively  few  relics  were 
recovered.  The  graves  were  shallow,  being  in  the  gravel  about  18  inches 
below  the  original  surface,  and  the  decayed  remains  of  coffins  were 
noticed.  Iron  knives,  a  shield-boss,  and  spear-heads  measuring  10  and 
15  inches,  were  taken  from  some  of  the  graves,  others  evidently  being 
those  of  women,  and  containing  well-preserved  locks  of  hair  as  well  as 
linen  and  woollen  fabric. 

«  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  xv.  123. 

»  Arch.  Cant.  iii.  pi.  i.  p.  44  ;   Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  and  ser.  i.  187  ;  Archaeologia,  Ivi.  41. 
3  Compare  the  Kingston  bowls  {Inv.  Sep.  pi.  xvi.  figs.  6,  8  :  grave  205),  but  the  cross  is  not  alto- 
gether convincing. 

«  Westwood,  Facsimiles,  etc.,  pi.  v.  p.  22.  s  pjan  in  Arch.  Cant.  xiii.  15. 

•  Journal,  i.  166,  168,  249.  '  Nen.  Brit.  89,  56  (note). 

378 


RONZE   Howl,   Lullingstone  (J). 


Fig.    23.     Bronze-gilt  Hoop   ok  Brooch,  Canterbury   (j). 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

A  similar  discovery  at  Dover  may  be  conveniently  noticed  here. 
Several  enamelled  discs  were  found  in  the  Old  Park  in  1861,  comprising 
four  virith  a  curvilinear  swastika  in  the  centre  (one  retaining  its  hook, 
as  fig.  24),  a  narrow  curved  band'  enamelled  in  the  same  style  as 
the  border  of  the  discs,  a  hooked  disc  of  similar  dimensions  but  with 
star  centre  and  a  border  of  running  scrolls,  and  two  smaller  discs,  one 
having  a  kind  of  handle.  Unfortunately  there  is  no  further  record  of 
the  discovery,  but  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  all  belonged  to  a  bronze 
bowl  (possibly  two),  and  metal  strips  have  been  found  in  such  associ- 
ation on  more  than  one  occasion.  Though  their  Celtic  origin  is  evident, 
the  precise  use  and  date  of  these  enamelled  bowls  have  still  to  be  de- 
termined. These  discs  were  presented  to  the  Dover  Museum  by  Mr. 
W.  Clayton. 

Mention  may  here  also  be  made  of  some  enamelled  discs,  evidently 
from  a  bowl  of  similar  kind,  found  in  1862  near  the  site  of  the  Old 
Tilt  Yard  at  Greenwich  on  the  north  side  of 
the  Hospital.  The  design'  is  of  Celtic  origin, 
and  is  thrown  up  by  red  champleve  enamel, 
while  the  diameter  of  i  inch  is  about  the 
average,  somewhat  larger  than  those  from 
Lullingstone.  The  work  was  at  the  time 
referred  by  John  Brent  to  the  seventh  cen- 
tury, after  the  conversion  of  Kent  ;  and  the 
three  discs,  with  one  of  the  frames  provided 
with  a  hook  for  the  suspending  chain  (see 
fig.  24),  were  transferred  by  him  to  the 
Canterbury  Museum. 

Among  so  much  that  is  pre-eminently 
Kentish,  there  are  a  few  ornaments  that  show 
intercourse  with  the  Continent,  whether  by     ^ 

^  1       ■       ■  A  Fic;-  24.     Enamelled  Escutcheon 

way  or  commerce  or  colonisation.       A  com-  ^f  Bowl,  Greenwich  ([). 

mon     Rhenish     and    Burgundian     type     of 

brooch,  with  peculiar  animal-head  terminal,  has  two  representatives 
in  Kent,  one  from  Gilton'  being  without  the  radiations  from  the 
head  that  are  seen  in  the  illustration  (pi.  ii.  fig.  5)  ;  the  original  is  in 
Canterbury  Museum,  but  the  locality  unknown.  On  the  same  plate 
(fig.  3)  is  a  bronze-gilt  brooch,  quite  exceptional  in  England,  and  most 
probably  imported  from  Denmark  in  the  fifth  century. 

Scandinavian  influence  is  evident  in  the  few  'long'  brooches  found 
in  the  county  (as  Lyminge),  terminating  in  a  head  seen  from  above  and 
somewhat  resembling  that  of  a  horse,  the  eyes  and  nostrils  being  exag- 
gerated. A  large  specimen  is  published  from  Gilton,'  but  the  small 
size  is  more  usual,  and  has  been  found  at  Faversham,  Lyminge  (fig.  14), 
and  Bifrons.'     Radiated  brooches,  which  seem  to  belong  to  the  middle 

1  A  similar  fragment  found  near  Dover  was  given  to  the  British  Museum  by  Samuel  Lysons. 

2  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  Land.  2nd    ser.  ii.  202.  ^  Jrch.  xxx.  pi.  xi.  fig.  3. 

«  Arch.  XXX.  pi.  xi.  fig.  6.  «  Arch.  Cant.  x.  pp.  305,  308  (two). 

379 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Rhine,  are  more  frequently  met  with  in  Kent,  but  are  rare  in  other 
EngHsh  counties.  The  most  primitive  form  occurred  on  Chatham 
Lines,'  where  two  specimens  with  a  diamond-shaped  foot  were  also 
found"*;  but  others  from  Ozingell,  Folkestone,  Lyminge  and  Bifrons 
(two),  together  with  one  in  Canterbury  Museum,  are  of  the  usual  form, 
with  blunt  terminals  (fig.  13). 

A  massive  brooch  from  Bifrons  with  square  head  and  circular  bow' 
is  hard  to  classify,  but  three  silver  specimens  *  of  similar  style  but  on  a 
smaller  scale  (as  pi.  ii.  fig.  2)  appear  to  be  a  late  form  of  the  Jutish 
square-headed  brooch  (as  pi.  i.  figs.  2,  3). 

The  above  represent  only  a  small  proportion  of  the  rich  harvest 
from  Kent,  and  there  can  be  no  hesitation  in  attributing  such  types  as 
the  circular  brooch  with  keystone  and  T  garnets,  the  cell-work  circular 
brooches  and  the  small  square-headed  specimens  with  a  cruciform  or 
lozenge  design  on  the  foot,  to  Kentish  craftsmen.  One  or  two  pieces  of 
cell-work  somewhat  in  the  Kentish  style  are  known  on  the  Continent, 
and  the  Jutish  square-headed  brooch  seems  to  have  occurred  in  the 
Herpes  cemetery ,vDcpt.  Charente,  but  was  no  doubt  made  in  England. 
It  is  clear  that  in  the  pagan  period,  at  least,  our  Anglo-Saxon  predeces- 
sors enjoyed  a  splendid  isolation,  though  such  objects  as  bronze  bowls 
with  openwork  feet,  spoons  with  perforated  bowls  and  crystal  spheres 
are  common  to  both  sides  of  the  Channel.  On  the  other  hand,  it 
would  be  hard  to  find  an  exact  parallel  anywhere  to  a  jewelled  brooch 
(pi.  i.  fig.  11),  now  in  Canterbury  Museum  and  probably  found  in  the 
county.  The  cell-work  seems  to  represent  bees,°  as  in  the  tomb  of 
Childeric,  but  the  present  specimen  is  later  than  481,  and  is  more  likely 
of  the  sixth  century. 

It  might  reasonably  be  expected  that  the  exceptional  number  and 
richness  of  Kentish  Anglo-Saxon  burials  would  throw  a  new  light  on 
the  racial  affinities  of  its  earliest  Teutonic  settlers  ;  but  in  truth  the 
finds  do  little  more  than  justify  the  Venerable  Bede.  Enough  has  been 
said  to  show  that  the  grave-furniture  of  Kent  and  the  Isle  of  Wight  is 
different  from  that  discovered  elsewhere,  and  there  can  be  no  objection 
to  explaining  this  phenomenon  by  Bede's  assertion  that  both  areas  were 
inhabited  by  Jutes.  Who  the  Jutes  precisely  were  and  whence  they 
came  are  questions  that  will  perhaps  never  be  satisfactorily  answered, 
but  it  is  interesting  to  find  some  traces  of  the  race  in  the  physical 
characteristics  of  the  present  population.  A  peculiar  cast  ot  features, 
illustrated  more  than  once  in  works  on  the  subject,''  has  been  regarded 
as  Jutish,  and  noticed  in  the  interior  of  Kent,  especially  near  Tonbridge 
and  Canterbury,  in  Wight  and   the   Meon   district   of  Hants.'     In  the 

1  Nen,  Brit.  pi.  vi.  fig.  4. 

2  Ibid.  pi.  iv.  fig.  7 ;  pi.  xv.  fig.  5  (Rhenish  terminal). 

3  Arch.  Cant.  .x.  313. 

*  Gilton  or  Richborough  (see  above),  and  Stodmarsh  (British  Museum). 

=  Mimoires  des  Antiquaires  ie  France,  1894,  p.  137;  Boulanger,  Mobilier  jiineraire,  pi.  xxv.  fie.  2. 
»  W.  H.  Stevenson,  Engl.  Hist.  Review,  1899,  p.  42. 

'  Beddoe,  Races  of  Britain,  pp.  40,  256;  Ripley,  Races  of  Europe,  p.  332  and  p.  316,  Nos.  121,  122. 
«  Mackintosh,  Trans.  Ethnol.  Soc,  new  sei.  i.  213;  Harrison,  Joiirn.  Anthrof.  Inst.  xiii.  86. 
380 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 


north  and  east  of  the  county  Teutonic  types  are  said  to  preponderate, 
as  in  the  heart  of  Thanet  and  near  Sandwich  ;  and  Frisian  characteristics 
have  been  noticed  in  the  north  and  sporadically  in  the  interior,  while 
the  south  shows  more  affinity  to  the  opposite  Gaulish  coast,  and  Romney 
Marsh  and  the  Weald  preserve  a  purer  British  strain.  All  this  sounds 
probable  enough,  but  further  precision  seems  hopeless. 

The  bulk  of  the  antiquities  hitherto  noticed  from  Kent  belong  to 
the  sixth  century  of  our  era,  but  a  few  notable  pieces  serve  as  specimens 
of  the  artistic  work  executed  by  native  craftsmen  in  the  century  that 
began  with  the  mission  of  St.  Augustine.  There  are  still  a  few  relics 
of  a  later  age,  when  Christianity  was  fully  established  in  Kent,  to  show 
the  gradual  transformation  of  style  under 
foreign  influences.  The  remaining  series 
may  be  introduced  by  a  find  that  can  be 
dated  precisely  by  associated  coins. 

In  1838  a  remarkable  silver  cross^ 
was  dug  up  at  Gravesend  between  Perry 
Street  and  the  cemetery  with  a  quantity 
of  coins  that  fix  its  date.  It  is  now  in 
the  national  collection,  and  is  of  Greek 
form  with  equal  arms.  At  the  top  is  a 
loop  for  suspension,  and  in  the  centre  a 
glass  dome,  evidently  part  of  a  bead,  with 
blue  and  white  markings  in  a  gold  mount 
of  rope  pattern.  As  on  the  Canterbury 
brooch,  there  are  interlacings  at  the  ex- 
tremities, and  in  this  instance  they  seem 
to  be  mere  sketches,  roughly  executed  with  a  sharp-pointed  instrument, 
perhaps  with  a  view  to  filigree  ornament.  As  many  as  552  coins  were 
found  in  association,  and  the  following  are  the  monarchs  represented : 


Fig.  25. 


Pendent  Cross  of  Silver, 
Gravesend  (|). 


Louis,  of  France  (i)    .      .      .      .  814-840 

Ceolnoth,  Abp.  of  Canterbury  (3)  830-870 

Ethelwulf  (3) 837-857 

Burgred,  of  Mercia  (429)       .      .  842-874 

Ethelweard,  E.  Anglia  (5)      .      .  855 


Edmund,  E.  Anglia  (50)  . 
Ethelred  (57)     .... 

Alfred  (i) 

Ceolwulf  II.  of  Mercia  (i) 
Athelstan  I.,  E.  Anglia  (2) 


855-870 

867-872 

872-901 

874 

828-837 


In  spite  of  a  wrong  attribution  to  Athelstan  II.  (Guthrum),  Mr.  Hawkins 
concluded,  on  various  grounds,  that  the  deposit  was  made  about 
874-5,  a  date  that  closely  corresponds  to  that  of  the  Trewhiddle 
hoard.'  Burial  of  treasure  just  at  that  time  may  well  be  explained  by 
the  activity  of  the  Danes  on  our  coasts. 

Of  the  same  general  form  is  the    bronze   cross  (fig.  26)  found  in 
St.  George's  Street,  Canterbury,  about    i860.'     It   has   been  used   as  a 


»  Numismatic  Chronicle,  iii.  (1840),  p.  14,  fig.  p.  34  ;  see  also  new  ser.  viii.  150  (other  hoards  com- 
pared). 

"-  V.C.H.  Cornwall,  i.  376. 

3  So  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  2nd  ser.  i.  (1861),  287;  see  also  John  Brent,  Canterbury  in  the  Olden  Time, 
2nd  ed.  pi.  xvii.  fig.  I,  p.  47. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

brooch,  though  the  pin  is  now  missing,  and  the  arms  are  ornamented 
with  leaves  attached  to  a  wavy  stem,  while  the  centre  is  raised  and 
slightly  tapers.  To  the  centre  of  each  arm  is  attached  a  triangular  silver 
plate,  engraved  with  a  looped  triangle  filled 
with  niello,  a  favourite  design  in  manuscripts' 
and  metal-work  in  the  tenth  and  late  ninth 
centuries. 

Another  relic  of  the  Danish  period  is  a 
bronze-gilt  penannular  brooch'  (fig.  23),  with- 
out its  pin,  found  at  the  North  Gate,  Canter- 
bury, at  the  end  of  1901.  The  terminals  were 
moulded  in  relief  with  a  geometrical  design 
and  grotesque  animal  heads  that  are  strongly 
suggestive  of  Scandinavia,  and  it  may  be  that 
'^:L,t™S;a^^  ^^^  brooch  was  lost  by  a  Northman  in  the 
attack  on  Canterbury  in  85 1,  the  year  when 
the  heathen  army  wintered  for  the  first  time  in  England. 

At  Canterbury  also  was  found  the  largest  'coin-brooch'  known, 
(fig. 27)  enclosing  a  medal  in  the  style  of  Eadgar's  coinage  and  bearing  the 
legend  NOMINE  DOMINI  and  4pVDEMAN  FECID.'  The  brooch  is  of  silver, 
over  3  inches  across,  and  has  twelve  concentric  rings  forming  a  pearled 
border,  while  the  back  is  braced  with  V-shaped  strips  of  silver.  The 
maker's  name.  Woodman,  must  have  been  common  enough,  and  a 
moneyer  of  that  name  was  minting  at  Shrewsbury  under  Edward  the 
Confessor  :  the  brooch  was  probably  made  about  970-80. 

A  remarkable  knife  of  the  later  Anglo-Saxon  period  from  Sitting- 
bourne  was  described  by  Sir  John  Evans  in  1872.''  It  is  I2|  inches 
long  and  has  a  maximum  breadth  of  i|  inches,  the  tang  measuring  3I 
inches.  From  the  single  cutting  edge  the  blade  thickens,  and  the  back 
is  inlaid  with  a  strip  composed  of  alternate  pieces  of  silver  and  brass. 
The  principal  face  is  inlaid  with  the  same  metals  in  panels  with  a 
border  below,  and  the  owner's  name  is  inserted  in  two  parts  : 
+  S  GEBEREHT  M  eAh.  On  the  other  face  the  maker's  name  is  given 
in  a  continuous  strip,  +  BIORHTELM  ME  pORTE,  with  inlaid  borders 
above  and  below.  While  the  latter  inscription  was  no  doubt  executed 
at  the  time  of  manufacture,  the  former  seems  to  have  been  inserted 
subsequently,  when  the  knife  passed  into  the  possession  of  one 
Sigebereht,  if  that  is  indeed  the  true  reading  of  the  name.  There  is, 
however,  a  wide  space  between  S  and  G,  and  no  signs  of  an  intermediate 
letter  having  dropped  out.  The  S  preceded  by  a  cross  recalls  the 
legends  of  seals  in  the  middle  ages,  the  letter  standing  for  Sigillum  ;  but 
in  this  connexion  it  could  only  have  been  inserted  by  mistake,  and  the 
name  may  possibly  be  GEBEREHT,  followed  by  the  Anglo-Saxon  for 
'  owns  me.'     Here  again  the  reading  is  uncertain,   the  more  natural 

'  As  Brit.  Mus.  Egerton  MS.  768,  opening  of  St.  John's  Gospel. 
=  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xix.  298.  3  Ibid.  xix.  210. 

*  Arch.  xliv.  331;  Payne,  Coll.  Cant.  in. 


Fig.   27.     Silver  Coin-Brooch,  Canterbury   (•{-). 
(Obverse  and   reverse.) 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

division  being  ME  AH,  as  on  the  Cuxtone  brooch  below,  while  the 
well-known  ring  of  Ethred  has  MEC  AH.  The  commemoration  of  the 
artificer  is  not  uncommon  at  this  period  :  for  instance  a  brooch'  found 
in  Northumbria  has  the  name  of  the  owner  Aelchfrith  and  that  of  the 
maker  Gudrid,  while  the  legend  on  the  Alfred  brooch  is  quite  in  keep- 
ing. An  analysis  of  the  floral  panels  suggests  the  same  date  for  the 
knife  as  that  deduced  from  the  forms  of  some  of  the  letters  ;  in  the 
latter  half  of  the  ninth  century  this  style  of  decoration  was  evidently  in 
vogue,  witness  the  silver  bands  included  in  the  find  at  Trewhiddle,  St. 
Austell,  Cornwall,  which  dates  from  about  the  year  875.^  The  name 
Sigeberht  occurs  as  that  of  the  moneyer  on  coins  of  Cuthred,  who  reigned 
in  Kent  798-805  ;  and  the  closest  parallel  for  some  of  the  letter- 
forms  is  afforded  by  coins  of  Archbishop  Plegmund  (891—923). 

A  remarkable  openwork  brooch'  of  silver,  now  in  the  British 
Museum,  was  found  at  Cuxtone  about  18 14,  and  belongs  to  a  small 
but  interesting  class  of  late  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities.  It  is  1-3  inches  in 
diameter,  and  has  in  the  centre  an  eagle  battling  with  a  dragon, 
while  round  the  border  is  engraved  the  legend  /ELFGIVV  ME  AH 
(Aelfgivu  owns  me).  The  formula  is  a  common  one,  and  it  will  be 
remembered  that  the  Alfred  jewel,  for  instance,  has  the  older  form 
(MEC)  of  the  pronoun* ;  it  was  also  pointed  out  by  Prof  Geo.  Stephens" 
that  the  presence  of  such  words  in  a  conspicuous  position  shows  that 
such  jewels  were  made  to  order,  and  probably  for  persons  of  high  estate. 
It  is  quite  possible,  therefore,  that  this  brooch  belonged  to  her  who 
was  also  called  Emma,  first  the  wife  of  Aethelred  the  Unready 
(m.1002),  then  of  Cnut.  Her  death  took  place  in  1052,  and  the  style 
of  the  work  would  agree  well  with  what  is  known  of  the  early  eleventh 
century.  The  name  was  a  common  one,  and  occurs  on  the  Bayeux  tapestry. 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANTIQUITIES 

Adisham. — See  p.  343. 

Ash. — See  p.  353.  Warrior's  grave  discovered  1783  :  head  SW.,  shield-boss  near  left 
breast  with  two  bracers  and  studs,  spear-head  9J  inches  on  shoulder,  iron  knife  5  inches  long 
at  side,  and  dark-grey  pottery  bottle,  9  inches  high,  at  feet  [Nen.  Brit.  p.  93  ;  bottle  pi.  xxiii. 

%•  3]- 

At  Knell,  in  this  parish,  was  found  a  gold  coin  of  Theodebert,  King  of  the  Franks  (sixth 
century),  wt.  23  grains  [Coll.  Ant.  i.  pi.  xxii.  fig.  6]. 

AsHFORD. — Olive-green  glass  drinking-cup  with  three  rows  of  hollow  lobes,  9J  inches 
high,  found  with  skeleton  and  weapons  :   British  Museum  \Inv.  Sep.  p.  xlvi]. 

Barfreston. — See  p.  349. 

Barham  Down. — Blackish  jug  of  Prankish  type  :  Canterbury  Museum  [Coll.  Ant.  ii.  220, 
pi.  lii.  fig.  5]. 

Beakesbourne. — See  p.  343. 

Belmont. — A  square-headed  brooch  of  Jutish  type,  inlaid  with  garnets,  with  cruciform 
design  on  foot,  now  at  Canterbury,  seems  to  have  been  found  here,  3  miles  S.W.  of  Faversham 
[Coll.  Ant.  ii.  163,  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.  5]. 

>  Stephens,  Runic  Monuments  p.  386.      2  y.C.H.  Cormvdl,  i. -p. 37S,fig.  S  ;  Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xx.  47. 

'  Arch.  Journ.  xii.  202  ;    Journ.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  i.  327. 

*  Instances  in  V.C.H.  Worcs.  i.  233.  »  Northern  Runic  Monuments,  ii.  586. 

383 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

BiFRONs. — See  p.  342.  Silver  finger-ring,  attributed  to  late  tenth  century,  but,  from 
description,  probably  of  fifth  century,  with  pellets  on  bezel  like  Sibertswold  ring  figured  Nen. 
Brit.  pi.  xxii.  fig.  4  [Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  ist  Ser.  i.  173]. 

BiRCHiNGTON. — Silver  coins  {sceattas),  weighing  18  grains,  in  Mayer  Collection,  Liver- 
pool [Coll.  Ant.  i.  64,  pi.  xxiii.  figs.  2-4  (fig  5  is  bronze  plated) ;   Arch.  Cant.  viii.  172]. 

BisHOPSBOURNE. — See  p.  344. 

Borden. — Two  graves  were  found  in  1882  near  Chalkwell,  Sittingbourne,  one  containing 
two  dark  amber-coloured  glass  cups  of  tumbler  form  (British  Museum)  on  either  side  of  the 
skull;  near  them  was  the  bronze  handle  of  a  bucket  [Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  ix.  162;  Payne,  Coll. 
Ca?it.  III]. 

Boughton-Aluph. — Two  male  skeletons  found  1719-20,  one  with  large  iron  sword,  the 
other  with  conical  shield-boss,  and  penannular  brooch  or  bracelet  [Lord  Winchilsea's  note 
in  Nen.  Brit.  pi.  xxv.  No.  2,  and  p.  121]. 

Boughton-under-Blean. — In  wayside  hedge  near  the  Parsonage  barn  a  male  skeleton 
was  found  in  1716  vsith  an  iron  sword  in  fragments  and  a  coin  of  Antoninus  Pius  [Hasted's 
Kent  (Harris,  8vo,  1798)  vii.  4;    Lewis,  Hist,  of  Faversham,  p.  86]. 

Bourne  Park. — See  Bishopsbourne. 

Breach  Downs.— S^<f  p.  348. 

BuTTsoLE.— Si?^  pp.  351,  352. 

Canterbury. — See  pp.  341,  382.  The  gold  bracelet  found  in  the  neighbourhood  in  i860 
was  probably  Roman  ;  remains  of  two  skeletons  and  many  bones  of  horses  in  the  vicinity 
[Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  2nd  Ser.  i.  184]. 

In  field  near  the  Dane  John,  skeletons  found  in  i860  :    bronze  armlets,  ivory  pin,  green 
glass  beads  and  bone  discs  in  grave  N.W.  by  S.E.  :    other  graves  with  same  direction,  except 
two  with  head   at   the   east   end  :   hollow  iron  nails  (of   coffin  ?)  also 
found,  but  all  apparently  Roman  [Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  2nd  Ser.  i.  330]. 

Gold  finger-ring,   the   bezel  \  inch  diameter,  with  border  of  gold 

pellets  (some  missing),  and  in  centre  fine  gold  cell-work  representing  a 

Tj       .0      17  bird's  head  on  blue  enamel  ground,  which  is  imperfect :  triple  pellets 

J?IG.    28.        JiNAMELLED  ,  n       i-  1.1        -r^-  i    1  •      •  /■     l  AT 

Gold  Finger-ring  °"  ^°°P  "inking  the  bezel.  Figured  by  permission  of  the  owner,  Mr. 
Canterbury  (|).  '  ^-  ^-  Trimnell  [John  Brent,  Canterbury  in  the  Olden  Time,  2nd  ed. 
pi.  9,  fig.  5,  p.  30]. 

The  gold  bracteate  in  the  Chapter  library  was  probably  found  in  the  neighbourhood 
[Pag.  Sax.  xi.  2]. 

Chalkwell. — See  Borden. 

Chartham  Downs. — See  p.   369. 

Chatham. — See  p.  375. 

Cliffe-at-Hoo. — Set-  p.  377. 

CooMBE. — See  p.  355. 

Crundale. — See  p.  367. 

Cu.xTONE. — See  p.  383. 

Dover. — See  p.  379.  Jug  of  Prankish  type,  from  a  barrow  near  the  town  :  Dover 
Museum  [Coll.  Ant.  ii.  219,  pi.  Hi.  fig.  i]. 

Gold  sceatta  of  21  grains  found  near  the  town  [Coll.  Ant.  i.  pi.  xxii.  fig.  9]. 

A  fine  circular  brooch,  nearly  2^  inches  diameter  with  inlaid  garnets  and  gold  filagree,  of 
same  type  as  pi.  i.  fig.  17,  found  with  large  amethyst  beads  and  silver  earrings;  also  bronze 
mount  of  bucket  found  towards  Sandgate  [Arch.  Journ.  viii.  177:  all  British  Museum]. 

During  excavations  for  houses  on  Priory  Hill  in  1889,  fragments  of  swords  and  spears, 
with  limpet-shells  and  jasper  stones  found  in  graves  :  Dover  Museum  [Coll.  Cant.  p.  199]. 
A  jewelled  brooch  with  star  centre  (as  pi.  i.  fig.  i)  also  from  Priory  Hill :  silver-gilt  lip  of 
drinking  cup  (as  fig.  16)  embossed  with  animal  design,  from  the  Old  Park  :  bone  comb  found 
in  Cannon  Street,  1880, ^on  the  premises  of  Sir  R.  Dickeson  ;  and  a  glass  cup  (as  pi.  2,  fig.  8) 
found  14  feet  deep  opposite  the  Grand  Shaft,  below  Shakespeare  Cliflt :  all  in  Dover  Museum. 

Sepulchral  stone-slab  with  Runic  inscription  -|-  GISLHEARD,  probably  a  coffin-lid, 
found  before  1832  during  alterations  to  the  Antwerp  Inn,  on  north  side  of  market-place, 
under  the  foundations  of  the  former  church  of  St.  Peter,  and  now  in  Dover  Museum.  5  feet 
10  inches  long,  2  feet  I J  inches  broad  at  head,  and  I  foot  ji  inches  at  feet  [Arch.  xxv.  604  ; 
Stephens,  Runic  Monuments,  i.  465  ;  iii.  865  ;  Arch.  Cant.  viii.  174;  Cutts,  Manual  of  Sepul- 
chral Slabs,  pi.  35,  fig.  4]. 

Eastry. — See  p.  351. 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

Eynesford. — Roach  Smith  in  1861  had  seen  only  an  iron  shield-boss  from  the  railway 
cutting,  but  had  evidence  that  weapons,  ornaments  and  a  bronze  bowl  like  the  Lullingstone 
specimen  had  also  been  found  [Arch.  Cant.  iii.  36]. 

Faversham. — See  p.  370.  In  1853  part  of  a  skull  and  a  tumbler  of  green  glass,  2^  inches 
high,  were  found  in  digging  a  grave  in  a  churchyard  [Jour.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  xiii.  313]. 

A  grave  N.W.  and  S.E.  was  found  in  the  King's  Field  early  in  1874,  containing  brooch, 
if  inches  diameter  and  openwork  gold  bracteate,  230  beads  and  other  relics  :  another  grave 
in  same  direction  not  far  off  contained  a  fine  sword  and  bronze-gilt  buckle  (fig.)  :  below 
the  sword  a  whetstone,  2  inches  long,  and  trifles  thought  to  have  been  inlaid  in  sword-guard 
[Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  vi.  380]. 

Folkestone. — See  p.  364.  Nine  graves  found  in  1889  three-parts  up  hill  towards  Dover  : 
with  skeletons  were  spear-heads  (Dover  Museum),  beads,  buckle,  etc.  [Coll.  Cant.  199].  A 
number  of  similar  graves  were  found  about  the  same  site  early  in  1907  :  among  the  finds, 
which  are  in  Folkestone  Museum,  was  a  keystone  brooch,  beads  and  several  spear-heads.  [To 
be  published  in  Arch.  Cant.]. 

GiLTON. — See  p.  353.  Bronze-gilt  hairpin  of  elaborate  (probably  Roman)  work,  found 
in  a  grave  by  Mr.  Kingsford,  and  presented  to  Canterbury  Museum  by  Mr.  John  Brent,  jun. 
[Coll.  Ant.  ii.  164,  pi.  xxxvii.  fig.  3]. 

An  iron  spear-head,  over  18  inches  long,  was  found  with  parts  of  an  urn  in  a  grave  [jfour. 
Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  xv.  (1859),  290],  and  a  metal  tag  for  a  strap,  from  the  Faussett  collection 
is  figured  by  Akerman  [Pag.  Sa.x.  pi.  xxxv.  fig.  9]. 

GoDMERSHAM. — Skeletons  found  before  1720,  one  with  an  iron  sword  [Nen.  Brit.  p.  121]. 

Gravesend. — See  p.  381. 

Greenwich. — See  p.  379. 

Grove  Ferry. — Antiquities  exhibited  in  1894  by  Col.  Copeland  included  two  iron  bosses 
and  sword  pommel  inlaid  with  silver  [Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  xv.  178]  ;  also  a  bronze  weight  of  575 
grains  [Proc.  Soc.  Ant.  xvi.  174 :  British  Museum]. 

Guston,  near  Dover. — Probably  in  this  parish  were  found,  on  breast  of  skeleton  in  a 
stone  cist  or  coffin,  a  circular  brooch  with  shell-boss  in  centre,  three  garnet  settings  and  niello 
border,  shield-boss,  iron  sword  and  spear-head  15J  inches  long  :  now  in  Leeds  Museum. 
[Arch.  Jour.  xxi.  (1864),  loi]. 

Hicham. — A  few  spear-heads  and  fragments  of  a  bronze  bowl  with  the  lip  thickened  and 
turned  inwards  were  found  at  the  Lower  Shorne  Uralite  works  in  1905  [CoUection  of  Mr. 
Geo.  M.  Arnold,  F.S.A.]. 

HoLLiNGBouRNE. — See  Whiteheath. 

HoRTON  KiRBY. — See  p.  377. 

Hoth. — Cup  of  green  glass,  with  rounded  base  and  threaded  neck,  found  about  1772 
with  human  bones  and  a  bottle  (which  was  broken)  in  gravel-pit  at  Mill  Bank :  now  in  British 
Museum  [Pag.  Sax.  pi.  xxv.  fig.  2]. 

Hythe. — Old  quarries  N.W.  of  town  marked  as  site  of  Anglo-Saxon  finds  in  1870  on  Ord. 
Map,  Ixxiv. 

Ickham. — Square-headed  and  '  button  '  brooches  (pl.  i.  fig.  15),  etc.,  mostly  of  Jutish 
type  [British  Museum]. 

Kingston  Down. — See  p.  345. 

LiTTLEBOURN. — Gold  sceatta  of  21  grains  [Coll.  Ant.  i.  pl.  xxii.  fig.  10]. 

Lullingstone. — See  p.  378. 

Lyminge. — See  p.  364. 

Lympne. — See  p.  364. 

Maidstone. — On  site  of  Lancastrian  School,  Wheeler  Street,  discoveries  in  1823  [Arch. 
Cant.  i.  166]  and  1836  [ibid.  xv.  72]:  skeletons  and  weapons  found  on  east  side  of  street 
[Arch.  XXX.  535],  also  brooch  with  T  garnets,  shoe-shaped  stud,  bronze  wheel  ornament  of  five 
spokes,  and  wire  bracelet  [Maidstone  Museum].  A  bronze  wheel,  apparently  from  the  same 
mould  was  found  at  Leatherhead  [Surrey  Arch.  Collns.  xx.  124]. 

Mersham. — Bronze  buckle  and  oblong  buckle-plate  set  with  garnet  and  incised  [Coll. 
Ant.  ii.  163,  pl.  xxxvii.  figs.  2,  6,  7  :    Cant.  Mus.]. 

Milton-next-Sittingbourne. — See  p.  374. 

Minster. — Human  bones  found  7  feet  from  surface  of  churchyard,  and  subsequently 
the  skull  with  bell-shaped  glass  cup  ornamented  vdth  vertical  ribs :  the  skeleton  said  to  have 
measured  nearly  8  ft.  long  [Archaeologia,  viii.  (1786)  449 ;   Nen.  Brit.  pl.  xvii.  fig.  4,  p.  71]. 

MoNKTON. — Skeleton  found  with  knife  at  side,  presumably  of  Anglo-Saxon  date,  on 

I  385  49 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Primrose  Hill,  about  1880  (Kelly's  Guide  to  Thanet,  p.  46).  Primrose  Hill  is  a  cart-track 
joining  the  main-road  and  the  bye-road  to  Minster. 

Newington  Manor. — Three  burials  found  in  1760  at  Hythe  below  hedge  of  highway 
across  Milkey  Down  ;  two  with  coffins,  and  all  containing  beads  of  glass  and  amethyst,  some 
on  earrings  [Hasted's  Kent  (Harris,  8vo,  1799),  viii.  199]. 

NoRTHFLEET. — In  1 847  discoveries  were  made  during  railway  excavations :  few  details 
recorded,  but  illustrations  given  by  Roach  Smith  of  spears,  shield-boss  and  handles,  knife- 
sword,  bucket  and  Roman  pottery  [Jour.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  iii.  235].  The  handle  of  a  sword 
found  here  was  of  pine  [Coll.  Ant.  iii.  7]. 

During  excavations  on  the  chalk  hill  east  of  the  football-ground  an  Anglo-Saxon  burial- 
ground  was  discovered  in  1899.  Twenty  skeletons  lay  3  ft.  deep,  the  graves  not  being  cut  in 
the  chalk  rock,  but  the  bodies  lying  on  the  gravel  bed,  east  and  west ;  with  them  were  two 
swords  and  several  spears,  bosses  and  handles  of  shields,  also  two  openwork  studs  for  the 
shield  in  animal  form,  bronze  bowls  with  embossed  rims,  beads,  draughtsmen  of  glass,  an  iron 
axe-head  of  francisca  type,  two  small  saucer-brooches  and  four  cinerary  urns  of  Anglian 
character,  as  well  as  fragments  of  others.  Both  the  brooches  and  urns  with  cremated  bones 
are  rarities  in  Kent,  and  the  occurrence  of  cineraries  here  lends  colour  to  the  alleged  instances 
at  Folkestone  and  Coombe  (pp.  355,  364)  [Collection  of  Mr.  Geo.  M.  Arnold,  F.S.A.]. 

Otterham  Creek. — See  p.  375.  Amber  bead  3  in.  in  diameter  and  ij  in.  thick  at 
centre  found  in  an  Anglo-Saxon  grave  [Coll.  Cant.  86]. 

OZINGELL. 5^1?  p.    362. 

Patrixbourne. — See  p.  342. 

PosTLiNG. — Small  brooch  with  keystone  garnets  \Inv.  Sep.  pi.  ii.  fig.  3],  and  pair  of  belt- 
rivets,  found  1773  [pi.  viii.  fig.  14]. 

Ramsgate. — Near  Three  Mills,  Roman  urns  with  calcined  bones  found  about  1846 
in  proximity  to  Saxon  swords  placed  beside  skeletons :  collection  of  Mr.  Tomson  [your. 
Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  ii.  281].  The  site  is  near  the  junction  of  West  Cliff  Road  and  Grange 
Road. 

Reculver. — See  "p.  361. 

RicHBOROUGH. — See  p.  361. 

RiNGWouLD. — See  p.  363. 

Rochester. — See  p.  376.  Site  of  Anglo-Saxon  discoveries  in  1892  south-west  of  St. 
Margaret's  Church  marked  on  Ord.  Map,  xix. 

In  1852-3  about  twenty  skeletons  found  on  Star  Hill,  near  Eastgate  :  relics  included 
keystone  brooch,  rectangular  buckle-plate,  Roman  armlet,  five  spear-heads,  and  beads  of 
glass  and  amber  \Jour.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  ix.  407,  pi.  32  ;  Coll.  Ant.  iii.  209,  pi.  xxxiv]. 

St.  Margaret's. — See  p.  363. 

St.  Martin's. — See  p.  341. 

Sandgate. — Bronze  mount  of  bucket  found  towards  Sandgate  [Arch.  Journ.  viii.  177 ; 
Coll.  Ant.  ii.  161,  fig.  a:    now  British  Museum]. 

Sarre. — See  p.  357.  Two  iron  discs,  spear-heads  and  knives,  with  part  of  a  bucket  from 
graves  found  1868:  British  Museum,  from  Durden  collection  [Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xiv.  312]. 

Shepherd's  Well  =  Sibertswold. — See  p.  350. 

Sittingbourne. — See  pp.  373,  374,  382. 

Stodmarsh. — See  p.  357. 

Stowting. — See  p.  365. 

Strood. — See  p.  376. 

Teynham. — See  p.  373.  In  1888  workmen  excavating  for  brick-earth  found  a  sword  and 
beads,  and  on  another  occasion  an  urn,  beads  and  a  knife,  doubtless  from  Anglo-Saxon  graves 
[Coll.  Cant.  114,  198;  East  Kent  Gazette,  17  March,  1888].  Three  fine  circular  brooches, 
beads,  armlet,  buckle,  iron  key  and  amber  glass ;  also  iron  spear,  shield-boss  and  sword,  found 
in  1889  [Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xiii.  190]. 

Thanet. — Among  several  coins  found  in  the  island  was  a  novel  variety  of  penny  of 
Aethelheard,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  in  conjunction  with  King  Offa  [Jour.  Brit.  Arch. 
Assoc,  i.  (184s),  149]. 

In  1847  Lord  Holmesdale  exhibited  a  gold  brooch,  found  in  1841  and  attributed  to  the 
ninth  or  tenth  century,  but  '  set  with  pieces  of  coloured  glass,  tastefully  arranged  '  [Arch. 
Jour.  iv.  164].  Two  glass  beads  of  chevron  pattern,  said  to  have  been  found  in  a  grave  on 
North  Down,  and  others  of  the  same  kind  ploughed  up  [British  Museumj. 

Walmer. — See  p.  363. 

386 


ANGLO-SAXON    REMAINS 

Westwell. — Objects  found  during  1858  included  fragments  of  large  bronze  bowl,  in 
Thurston  collection  [Jrch.  Cant.  i.  43,  47]. 

Whiteheath,  Hollingbourne. — Sixty-five  glass  beads  found  near  Anglo-Saxon  weapons 
and  skeletons,  1847  [Jour.  Brit.  Arch.  Assoc,  iii.  248,  323]. 

Wickhambreux. — 5^1?  p.  356.  Swords  and  shield-bosses  in  collection  of  Mr.  Geo.  M. 
Arnold,  F.S.A. 

WiNGHAM. — See  p.  356. 

WooDNESBOROUGH. — See  p.  352.  Jug  of  coarse  bluish  pottery,  of  Prankish  type,  8  inches 
high,  found  in  sand-pit  behind  the  Oak  Inn,  with  circular  jewelled  brooch  :  formerly  in  Rolfe 
Collection  [Coll.  Ant.  ii.  220,  pi.  Iii.  fig.  4]. 

About  1514  a  fine  gold  coin  weighing  about  12  shillings  was  found  in  Ringleton  Field. 
It  had  a  loop  of  the  same  material,  and  on  one  side  the  figure  of  a  young  man  in  armour  (bust 
of  an  emperor,  probably  of  fifth  century),  with  spear  over  right  shoulder  :  on  the  reverse,  a 
figure  of  Victory  with  sword  in  hand  point  downwards  (probably  a  cross)  [Hasted's  Kent,  x. 
(8vo)  124].     The  coin  was  evidently  a  solidus,  weighing  60-70  grains. 

Wye. — Grave  discovered  in  1858  at  foot  of  the  hill  on  the  Dover  road,  about  one  mile 
from  Wye,  containing  a  male  skeleton,  shield-boss,  sword,  glass  cup  and  smaller  objects  [Gent. 
Mag.  1858,  ii.  65].     A  spear-head  is  mentioned  in  Arch.  Cant.  i.  47. 

Wye  and  Crundale  Downs. — See  p.  368.  Four  gold  pendants  of  different  patterns  (one 
of  bracteate  character),  carbuncle  setting,  parts  of  silver  brooch,  iron  knife  and  spear-head ; 
also  a  glass  cup  with  a  blue  thread  in  loops  :   British  Museum  [Proc.  Soc.  Antiq.  xiv.  314]. 


Referen  c* 
Promontory    Fortre^ 
HiH   Forts,    etc. 
Rect&n^ul&r    Camps, 


C  MAnor/&.l  Strongholds 
H  Ancient  Vilt&ge  Sites 
'    t/nc/AssiTiec/  E&rthworks 


Reference 
A     Promontory   Fortresses  (nt 

Hill  Forts,   etc. 
C     /Rectangular    Camps,    etc. 
D    C&sCle  Mounts 
I     C&stle  Mounts  with  attached 
r     flomeste&d  Moats 
C    Manor/ a  I  Strongholds 
h    Ancient  Vill&^e  Sites 
X    Unclassified  Earthworks 


>LVP 

showing 

of 

tE  N  T 

Scale  of  Miles 


ANCIENT 
EARTHWORKS 

INTRODUCTION 

KENT,  the  main  gateway  of  Britain  from  the  Continent,  might 
well  be  expected  to  yield  abundant  evidence  of  its  occupation 
in  early  days,  but  so  far  as  defensive  works  are  concerned 
the  expectation  is  not  realized,  and  we  look  in  vain  for  more 
than  fragments  of  banks  and  trenches  of  long  pre-Roman  date  ;  indeed 
we  find  few  works  of  note  appertaining  to  times  anterior  to  the  days 
of  feudalism,  when  the  castles  of  which  Kent  possesses  such  valuable 
examples  were  constructed. 

The  paucity  of  early  remains  may  be  attributed  to  various  causes — 

1.  A  large  portion  of  the  district  was  included  within  the  area  of 
the  dense  forest  of  Andred,  a  tract  of  country  long  uninhabited,  stretch- 
ing from  the  west  through  the  Wealds  of  Sussex  and  Kent. 

2.  The  resistless  action  of  the  sea  has  changed  and  shifted  the 
divisions  between  land  and  water  on  the  east  and  south-east  of  Kent, 
and  destroyed  much  of  the  chalk  headlands  of  the  northern  and  north- 
eastern cliffs,  thus,  perchance,  carrying  away  promontory  fortresses  such 
as  we  find  where  the  coast-walls  of  England  are  of  harder  rock. 

3.  Between  the  ridge  of  the  North  Downs  and  the  present  line  of 
the  Thames  numerous  evidences  of  early  occupation  have  been  dis- 
covered in  excavations,  but  all  traces  of  them  on  the  low-lying  land  near 
the  waterside  are  now  buried  under  some  feet  of  silt. 

4.  Diggings  on  the  sides  of  the  Watling  Street,  that  great  highway 
of  the  Roman  and  later  conquerors,  have  proved  the  large  extent  to 
which  its  neighbourhood  was  occupied,  but  neither  along  it  nor  on 
the  earlier  trackway,  known  as  the  Pilgrim  Way,  do  we  find  much 
evidence  of  earthworks  ;  for  just  as  Kent  was  the  first  to  receive  those 
civilizing  influences  which  came  from  the  East,  so  through  Saxon  and 
all  subsequent  days  it  has  been  (excepting  in  the  Weald  where  the 
development  was  late)  one  of  the  most  cultivated  of  England's  counties, 
consequently  agricultural  operations,  road  making,  building,  etc.,  have 
combined  to  destroy  the  rampart  and  fosse  used  in  early  defence. 

Notwithstanding  the  attention  which  in  recent  years  has  been 
devoted  to  the  study  of  ancient  earthworks  and  defensive  enclosures  in 
Britain,  it  is  impossible  to  classify  them  in  perfect  chronological  order  ; 
nor  is  there  any  hope  of  accomplishing  this  desirable  end  until  careful 
and  scientific  exploration  is  made  and  properly  recorded.^ 

'  Hasted  gives  us  a  warning  wMch  is  a  propos.  After  referring  to  Philemon  Holland's  words,  in  his 
edition  of  Camden's  Britannia,  relating  to  an  entrenchment  at  West  Wickham,  the  Kentish  historian 
says  :   '  In  the  same  manner  there  are  many  other  places  in  this  county,  which  may  seem  to  have  been 

3S9 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Recognizing  our  limitations  it  is  thought  preferable  to  adopt  the 
scheme  published  by  the  Congress  of  Archaeological  Societies,  and 
classify  the  defensive  enclosures  of  a  district  by  form  rather  than  to 
attempt  a  strict  chronological  order.' 

Of  earthworks  classed  under  B,  Oldbury,  in  Ightham,  and  Holwood 
in  Keston,  are  the  most  important  but  mutilated  remains,  both  pro- 
bably of  Celtic  construction.  Other  examples  of  that  period  are  in  even 
more  fragmentary  condition. 

Of  Roman  work  we  have  more  complete  evidence,  but  being  mostly 
written  in  stone,  as  at  Richborough,  Reculver  and  Lympne,  its  record 
belongs  to  another  chapter. 

Entries  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle  lead  to  the  hope  of  discovery 
of  remains  at  Appledore,  Milton,  and  elsewhere,  but  we  seek  in  vain 
for  definite  traces. 

Artificial,  or  partly  artificial,  defensive  mounts,  with  fosses  around 
them,  abound  in  England,  mostly  provided  with  one  or  more  courts  or 
baileys  attached  to  them.  Much  discussion  has  arisen  as  to  their  date, 
but  opinion  in  the  archsological  world  is  settling  down  to  the  theory  of 
Norman  origin  for  the  vast  majority  of  examples,  though  some  appear 
to  have  existed  in  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  and  fossed  mounts, 
without  courts,  possibly  earlier.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  when  first 
thrown  up,  artificial  mounts  of  earth  were  incapable  of  sustaining  the 
weight  of  stone  structures,  and  must  therefore  have  been  dependent 
upon  wooden  defences  such  as  are  shown  on  the  Bayeux  tapestry. 
Some  half-dozen  Kentish  examples  of  these  feudal  strongholds  show 
simple  mounts  with  encircling  fosses,  without  traces  of  attached  courts 
(class  D),  though  the  latter  may  have  existed  and  been  destroyed.  Of 
those  with  baileys  adjoining  the  mounts  (class  E)  Tonbridge  presents  the 
finest  example  in  the  county. 

Manorial  holdings  and  others,  of  class  G,  are  well  represented  in 
Kent,  some  possessing  strong  castles  of  stone,  probably  the  successors  of 
earlier  timber  structures. 


camps  and  intrenchments  made  in  more  antient  times,  tho'  (sic)  in  reality  they  will  be  found  to  be  of  a 
much  later  date  ;  among  them  are  several  which  were  made  by  the  Lord  Cobham,  Lord-Lieutenant  of 
this  county  in  that  reign  [Elizabeth],  in  pursuance  of  orders  sent  to  him  to  make  trenches,  etc.,  in  those 
places,  where  the  enemy  was  most  likely  to  land.' — Hist.  Kent  (1778),  i.  112. 

'  The  following  classification  is  recommended  in  the  Scheme  and  its  Appendix  : — 

A.  Fortresses  partly  inaccessible,  by  reason  of  precipices,  cliffs,  or  water,  additionally  defended  by 

artificial  works,  usually  known  as  promontory  fortresses. 

B.  Fortresses  on  hill-tops  with  artificial  defences,  following  the  natural  line  of  the  hill ; 

Or,  though  usually  on  high  ground,  less  dependent  on  natural  slopes  for  protection. 

C.  Rectangular  or  other  simple  enclosures,  including  forts  and  towns  of  the  Romano-British  period. 

D.  Forts  consisting  only  of  a  mount  with  encircling  ditch  or  fosse. 

E.  Fortified  mounts,  either  artificial  or  partly  natural,  with  traces  of  an  attached  court  or  bailey, 

or  of  two  or  more  such  courts. 

F.  Homestead  moats,  such  as  abound  in  some  lowland  districts,  consisting  of  simple  enclosures  formed 

into  artificial  islands  by  water  moats. 

G.  Enclosures,  mostly  rectangular,  partaking  of  the  form  of  F,  but  protected  by  stronger  defensive 

works,  ramparted  and  fossed,  and  in  some  instances  provided  with  outworks. 
H.  Ancient  village  sites  protected  by  walls,  ramparts  or  fosses. 
X.  Defensive  works  which  fall  under  none  of  these  headings. 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

Homestead  moats  (class  F)  were  usually  constructed  by  the  simple 
expedient  of  digging  a  deep,  wide  fosse  around  and  throwing  the 
material  inwards,  thus  raising  the  island,  or  enclosed  space,  above  the 
level  of  the  surrounding  land  ;  occasionally  we  find  the  enclosures 
divided  by  ditches  or  water  moats  into  two  or  more  islands,  and  some- 
times provided  with  additional  defences  much  partaking  of  the  character 
of  works  classed  under  G. 

Homestead  moats  were  constructed  so  late  as  the  i6th  or  17th 
century,  but  the  majority  are  of  far  greater  age  ;  some  indeed  may  be 
survivals  from  the  days  when  Saxon  settlers  needed  protection  as  well 
from  raiders  as  from  wolves  and  other  denizens  of  the  vast  forests,  scarcely 
less  dreaded  than  human  foes. 

We  have  placed  the  low-banked,  shallow-ditched  enclosures  under 
class  H,  as  '  ancient  village  sites,'  but  do  not  commit  ourselves  to  the 
positive  assertion  that  such  was  their  purpose. 

Various  works  of  doubtful  origin  and  uncertain  purpose  are  placed 
in  class  X,  where  will  also  be  found  reference  to  the  unique  earthworks 
at  Lesnes  (Erith),  to  the  puzzling  remains  known  as  Castle  Toll  (New- 
enden),  and  to  some  later  defensive  works. 

Mr.  T.  V.  Holmes  contributes  the  fullest  account  of  the  myste- 
rious '  Deneholes '  which  has  appeared,  and  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell 
describes  the  *  Embankments  of  the  Thames,'  a  subject  of  which  he 
has  made  a  special  study. 

The  Rev.  H.  L.  Beardmore  of  Ripple  has  kindly  devoted  time 
to  the  examination  of  various  reputed  camp  sites  ;  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell, 
Mr.  Harold  Sands,  Mr.  George  CHnch,  and  Mr.  J.  H.  Allchin  of 
Maidstone  Museum,  have  afforded  information  through  their  published 
works  or  private  letters  ;  Captain  A.  M.  Henniker,  R.E.,  has  ex- 
amined sites  of  camps  near  Canterbury  ;  and  Mr.  W.  H.  St.  John  Hope 
has  made  valuable  suggestions.  Thanks  are  due  to  these  gentlemen,  and 
especially  to  Colonel  O.  E.  Ruck,  R.E.,  for  plans  of  works  unrecorded 
in  the  Ordnance  maps  and  for  many  a  journey  made  at  the  writer's 
request,  journeys  which  sometimes  resulted  in  the  discovery  that  the 
'  camp  '  described  and  pictured  by  some  old  writer  was  but  an  antiquary's 
dream  !  Needless  to  say,  ample  use  has  been  made  of  Mr.  George 
Payne's  laboriously  compiled  schedule.' 

Although  some  fragments  of  earthwork  enclosures  and  of  home- 
stead moats  are  not  included  in  the  following  pages,  it  is  nevertheless 
hoped  that  no  remnant  of  importance  is  omitted. 

HILL   FORTS,   ETC. 

[Class  B] 

BiGBURY. — See  Harbledown. 

Charlton,  near  Woolwich  :  The  Camp. — The  hill  of  sand 
and  marl  on  which  this  camp  stood  has  been  and  is  being  so  extensively 

1  Archaeological  Survey  of  Kent.     Arch.  (1889),  li. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

removed  in  the  process  of  enlarging  the  vast  sand  pits  that  a  mere 
fragment  of  the  defensive  earthwork  can  be  traced. 

Just  enough  remains  to-day  to  indicate  that  the  bold  hill,  com- 
manding the  valley  of  the  Thames,  selected  by  the  Britons,  or  Romans, 
as  the  site  for  their  strong  fortress,  was  steeply  scarped  for  some  1 5  ft. 
down,  and  at  the  foot  of  the  scarp  surrounded  by  a  rampart. 

On  the  south-west  a  piece  of  a  second  or  outer  rampart  remains, 
which  probably  extended  all  round  the  camp,  but  met  with  the 
excavator's  pick  earlier  than  the  inner  rampart. 

Even  of  the  inner  rampart  only  a  few  more  yards  remain  than  of 
the  outer,  and  these  must  shortly  disappear  to  be  replaced  by  the  floor 
of  the  great  pit,  at  60  ft.  or  70  ft.  lower  level. 

A  week  or  two  before  the  writer's  visit,  two  nearly  perfect  vases 
and  one  broken  vessel  of  the  Romano-British  period  were  found  on  the 
slope  of  the  rampart  when  digging  it  away. 

CoBHAM  :  CoBHAMBURY  WooD. — On  high  ground  commanding 
an  extensive  view  eastward,  above  the  road  from  Cobham  to  Cuxton, 
are  traces  which  may  appertain  to  a  hill  fort.  Mr.  George  Payne  con- 
siders the  '  ramparts  '  to  be  the  outlines  of  an  extensive  oppidum,  some 
300  yds.  square,'  but  the  rampart  seems  in  places  to  be  very  meagre, 
more  a  terracing  of  the  slope  than  a  bank,  and  the  trenches  die  out. 
The  thick  growth  of  timber  and  underwood  renders  it  very  difficult  to 
form  an  opinion  as  to  the  extent  of  artificial  work. 

Cobham  :  Cobham  Park  Oppidum. — This  work  is  very  similar 
to  certain  Celtic  strongholds,  usually  hill  forts,  to  be  found  in  various 
parts  of  the  country.  A  work,  for  example,  of  a  like  character  is  that 
of  Castel-y-Gaer,  Llwyngwril,  Merionethshire,  which  has  a  lunar 
defence  on  the  north-east  side  and  is  constructed  with  a  similar  rampart, 
fosse  and  outer  bank  facing  an  ancient  road  passing  across  the  front. 

The  rear  is  undefended  owing  to  the  steepness  of  the  approach  to 
the  top  plateau  from  that  side,  and  the  fosse  runs  out  in  the  same  way  to 
cover  ground  on  both  sides  as  at  Cobham. 

The  work  here  is  exceptionally  interesting  on  account  of  the  good 
state  of  preservation  of  the  pits  in  the  fosse  such  as  are  common  to 
many  hill  forts,  and  are  supposed  to  be  connected  with  the  defence  of 
the  main  entrances,  the  causeways  enabling  men  to  quickly  advance  and 
return  to  and  from  the  ramparts. 

A  doubtful  point  is  the  defence  of  the  west  side.  In  other  cases  a 
defended  annexe  for  cattle  in  British  works,  or  for  camp  retainers  in  the 
case  of  the  Roman  forts,  is  sometimes  found  on  the  protected  flank, 
away  from  the  probable  direction  of  attack.  The  mound  where  the 
water  gauge  now  is  may  have  been  an  annexe,  but  the  remains  are  too 
vague  to  suggest  a  definite  conclusion. 

The  only  piece  of  possible  Roman  work  is  the  straight  trench  on 
the  west  side,  but  as  it  may  be  comparatively  recent  nothing  can  be 
authoritatively  stated  as  to  this. 

1  Coll.   Cantiana  (1893). 


Tc^  /Va^ec^  :^*:^ 


Sc^a/e  4^  feeA  /oa/r  /nch. 


CoBHAM  Park  Oppidum. 
(From  plan  by  Colonel  O.  E.  Ruck,  R.E.) 

383 


so 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Whatever  the  date  of  its  origin  is,  there  can  be  no  question  that 
this  is  an  interesting  work,  worthy  of  the  care  bestowed  upon  its  pre- 
servation by  the  present  Lord  Darnley. 

It  is  situated  on  the  northern  skirt  of  Cobham  Park  within  about 
450  ft,  of  WatUng  Street,  and  is  largely  covered  with  timber. 

Old  workings  for  sand  have  much  destroyed  the  southern  slope  of 
the  hill. 

Colored  Camp. — The  church  stands  within  the  lines  of  an  ancient 
fortress,  which  is  about  370  ft.  above  sea-level,  and  50  ft.  above  a  valley 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  westward.  The  entrenchments  consist  of  a  fosse  with 
the  ballast  thrown  inward  to  form  a  rampart,  the  whole  of  some  power, 
but  not  in  a  good  state  of  preservation.  An  ancient  well  is  said  to  have 
been  found  when  cutting  the  modern  roadway  which  bisects  the  en- 
closure. It  has  been 
claimed  that  Ceoldred, 
King  of  Mercia,  fought 
near  here  with  Ine,  King 
of  Wessex,  in  694,  and 
gave  his  name  to  the 
place,  but  as  various 
relics  of  Roman  age  have 
been  found,  it  is  perhaps 
not  unlikely  that  the  for- 
tress is  of  the  Romano- 
British  period,  notwith- 
standing the  peculiar 
semi-rounded  form  of 
the  north-western  end. 
Entrance  ways  remain 
^'^  on  three  out  of  the  four 
positions  usually  adopted 
for  that  purpose  in  Ro- 
man castrametation,  and  one  may  have  existed  on  the  north-west,  though 
not  now  traceable.  Hasted  gives  an  engraving  of  the  fortifications  and 
shows  a  considerable  mount  on  the  south-east  side  of  the  modern  road 
but  a  quarry  has  destroyed  all  traces.* 

Darenth  Wood. — Both  on  the  south-east  and  south-west  sides  of 
the  wood  are  traces  of  scarping  and  banking,  which  appear  to  indicate 
the  former  presence  of  some  sort  of  defensive  work,  but  the  remains  are 
obscure. 

Harbledown  :  Bigbury. — About  three  miles  west  of  Canterbury, 
the  pre-historic  track,  known  as  the  Pilgrim  Way,  runs  through  an 
enclosure  locally  denominated  Bigberry,  or  Bigbury  Camp. 

The  Ordnance  Survey  (25"  scale  map)  shows  the  course  of  the 
principal  trenches,  but  the  remains  are  so  hidden  by  brushwood,  and,  in 


Co/</ree/,  /Cer?A 


%s> 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
100  200 


The  Camp,  Colored. 


Hist.  Kent  (1799),  iv. 
394 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

parts,  destroyed   by  gravel  diggers,  that  it  is  difficult  to  follow  the  lines 
of  the  work. 

Professor  Boyd  Dawkins  thinks  that — 

The  complicated  embankments  and  ditches  which  circumscribe  the  area  are 
obviously  intended  for  boundaries,  mapping  off  different  quarters,  with  shallow 
ditches  and  low  ramps,  and  are  not  designed  as  fortifications,^ 

and  the  Rev.  E.   A.   Downman   regards  the   trenches  simply  as  worn 
tracks  in  the  soft  sandy  gravel. 

Both  views  are  correct  as  to  part  of  the  works,  but  the  plan  and 
measured  section  published  by  the  late  R.  C.  Hussey,  F.S.A.,  indicate 
earthworks  of  a  strongly  defensive  character  on  the  south-west,"  and  two 
competent  military  engineers,  who  have  recently  examined  Bigbury, 
found  sufficient  evidence  to  satisfy  themselves  that  it  was  a  defended 
oppidum,  and  that  its  principal  portion  was  originally  protected  by  two 
ramparts  with  an  intermediate  fosse.^     They  write  : — 

The  main  work  is  situated  on  a  plateau  averaging  some  230  ft.  above  sea-level,  resting 
on  a  bed  of  gravel  overlying  the  dry  Thanet  sands ;  it  overlooks  the  valley  of  the  Stour 
to  the  south,  but  is  divided  from  the  heights  of  Harbledown  to  the  north  by  a  broad 
valley. 

Its  internal  area  within  the  ramparts  measures  about  1,000  ft.  east  to  west  and 
varies  from  500  to  1,000  ft.  from  north  to  south,  and  closely  follows  the  200  contour 
line.  A  crescentic  defended  annexe  (possibly  for  cattle),  strengthening  a  vulnerable 
side,  is  appended  to  the  north-west  face ;  this  slopes  rapidly  dovrawards  to  a  much 
lower  level ;  its  measurements  are  about  1,000  ft.  from  east  to  west,  and  500  ft.  from 
north  to  south. 

The  main  approaches  are  on  the  east  and  west.  The  entrance  on  the  east  is  in 
continuation  of  the  deep  sunk  winding  Pilgrim  Way  from  Canterbury,  and  is  the 
more  interesting  owing  to  the  two  deep  tracks  which  appear  to  have  been  used  succes- 
sively, as  the  previous  track  got  impracticable,  the  most  southerly  being  the  deepest 
by  some  10  ft. ;  it  is  considerably  lower  than  the  line  of  entrenchments  which  it  pene- 
trates, about  25  ft.  below  the  bank  on  its  southern  margin,  and  must  bo  the  oldest 
of  the  alternative  exits  on  this  eastern  side. 

By  comparing  numerous  relics  discovered  here  with  those  found 
in  certain  settlements  of  a  known  period.  Professor  Boyd  Dawkins 
concludes  that  Bigbury  is  of  the  Prehistoric  Iron  Age,  belonging  to  a 
period  ranging  from  one  to  two  centuries  before  the  invasion  of  Britain 
by  Cassar.* 

The  close  relation  of  this  work  to  the  British  track,  now  called 
Pilgrim  Way,  adds  materially  to  its  archxological  interest. 

Iffin  Wood. — See  Nackington. 

Ightham  :  Oldbury. — This  ancient  earthwork  is  on  a  bold  hill 
varying  in  height  from  600  ft.  on  the  south  to  400  ft.  on  the  north. 
The  position  is  naturally  strong  upon  the  south,  and  to  a  limited 
extent  at  other  points,  but  the  extreme  north  and  north-east  is 
practically  level,  and  has  no  natural  defence.     The  land   in  the  neigh- 

1  Athenceum,  24  May,  1902. 

2  Arch.  Cant.  (1874),  ^^-     'The  British  settlements  in  Bigbury  Wood,  Harbledown.' 

3  The  much-to-be-deplored  gravel  digging  has  disclosed  a  section  of  the  fiUed-up  fosse  on  the  south- 
west, where  it  might  be  expected  to  have  existed,  but,  naturally,  was  not  shown  on  the  O.S.  maps,  as 
it  was  not  visible. 

*  Arch.  Journ.  (1902)  lix. 

395 


A    HISTORY   OF    KENT 


bourhood  is  undulating,  in  many  places  reaching  a  greater  height  than 
this  hill.  The  entrenchments  consist  of  a  fosse  with  the  ballast  thrown 
inward  to  form  a  rampart,  of  no  great  power  at  any  point,  constructed 

with  little  regard 
to  natural  defences. 
For  instance,  at 
the  section  A-B 
in  the  north-east, 
where  the  land  is 
level,  the  barricade 
is  but  a  ditch  and 
rampart,  perhaps 
rather  wider  in  base 
and  better  defined 
than  the  ditch  and 
rampart  of  the  part 
cut  by  the  section 
J-K,  where  the  hill- 
side forms  a  natural 
protection,  yet  it  is 
but  a  single  en- 
trenchment where 
we  should  expect  to 
find  a  much  stronger 
defence.  The  work 
is  in  a  very  poor 
state  of  preservation, 
the  north  portion 
generally  being 
under  cultivation, 
while  the  south  part 
of  the  enclosure, 
together  with  the 
sides  of  the  hill,  is 
covered  with  tim- 
ber and  underwood, 
and  is  exceedingly 
difficult  to  examine. 
As  a  stronghold  it  is 
of  no  great  strength, 
but  it  is  large,  and 
should  be  compared 
Hamdon  Hill,  Somersetshire  : 


Oldbury  Camp,  near  Ightham 


with  Borough  Hill,  Northamptonshire 
and  Nottingham  Hill,  Gloucestershire. 

The  handiwork  of  neolithic  man  has  been  found  in  caves  and  on 
slopes  on  the  skirts  of  Oldbury.  Hence  some  have  claimed  a  like  remote 
age  for  the  '  camp,'  and,  indeed,  we  have  no  proof  to  the  contrary. 

396 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 


Judd's  Hill. — See  Ospringe. 

Kenardington. — The  casual  visitor  to  this  neighbourhood  would 
find  it  hard  to  realize  that  in  ancient  days  the  main  stream  of  the 
Rother  flowed  north  of  the  Isle  of  Oxney,  leaving  a  tidal  estuary  south 
and  north-east  of  Appledore,  and  finding  its  way  to  the  sea  at  Romney.' 

On  the  shore  of  the  estuary  referred  to  was  placed  the  camp, 
within  which  Kenardington  church  nov/  stands. 

The  fragments  of  this  camp  are  poor  in  the  extreme  ;  of  its  eastern 
side  there  remain  600  ft.,  but  it  evidently  extended  southward  into  the 
adjoining  arable  field,  where  it  has  been  ploughed  out  of  sight,  while 
the  piece  still  visible  is  no  more  than  an  eight  foot  scarp  on  the  slope 
towards  the  valley. 


I!      'A 

Kenardington  Camp. 

The  destruction  of  the  southern  extension  is  greatly  to  be  regretted, 
as,  according  to  the  view  given  by  Hasted,  it  presented  interesting 
features  ;  the  rampart  was  carried  in  a  loop  up  the  slope,  evidently  to 
cover  the  access  by  water  from  the  sea  ;  and  below,  near  the  stronghold, 
is  shown  a  low  mount  and  causeway,  the  latter  seemingly  leading  to  a 
similar  but  larger  mount  in  the  marsh  below.' 

»  See  M.  Burrows,  Cinque  Ports  (1895),  and  in  further  confirmation  of  the  changed  conditions  may 
be  mentioned  the  statement  that  so  late  as  the  sixteenth  century  a  Spanish  vessel  found  its  way  to  the 
shore  and  bombarded  Kenardington  Church.  Tradition  tells  of  the  discovery  of  a  boat  beneath  the 
soil  in  the  now  dry  valley. 

=  See  E.  Hasted,  Hist,  of  Kent  (1790)  iii.  We  are  inclined  to  think  the  mounts  and  'causeway' 
later  than  the  stronghold,  and  possibly  part  of  a  dam  used  in  '  inning '  the  marsh  land. 

397 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


^^j^,  ^ L, 


£^ft?<ivF    enrrance 


The  northern  arm  (about  550  ft.  in  length)  is  a  trifle  better 
preserved,  but  it  is  not  evident  how  much  further  it  extended  towards 
the  west,  as  the  scarping  on  that  side  (shown  on  plan)  may  be  com- 
paratively recent  work,  and  the  opening  in  the  rampart  on  the  north 
(though  it  appears  an  original  entrance)  may  have  been  made  for  farm 
purposes. 

Perhaps  this  camp  was  never  completed,  and  it  may  possibly  be  the 
Saxon  work  (geweorc)  which  the  Chronicle  tells  us  was  stormed  in 
A.D.  893  by  the  Danes,  who  found  only  a  half-constructed  [satnivorht) 
fastness  in  which  a  few  countrymen  (cyrlisce  men)  were  stationed. 

Keston  :    HoLWooD. — These    entrenchments    (about    three    miles 

south-east  of  Bromley) 
stand  upon  undulating 
ground  450  to  513  ft. 
above  sea-level.  The 
position  is  to  a  certain 
extent  naturally  defended 
on  the  west  by  a  gully, 
and  beyond  that  by  a 
ridge  some  1 5  to  20  ft. 
high  forming  a  natural 
l\  rampart.     On  the  north 

'\  there   is    a  gentle   slope 

H  outside  the  earthworks, 

y,  which  command  an  ex- 
W  tensive  view  north-west. 
V\  The  entrenchments  con- 
'  ..  sist  of  two  fosses  dug  in 
'•  sandy  clay  and  gravel, 
;  with  their  ballast  thrown 
/  inward  to  .  form  two 
ramparts,  a  third  ram- 
part being  formed  on  the 
west  by  the  counter-scarp 
of  the  outer  fosse.  Be- 
yond a  rampart  and  fosse 
on  the  north,  there  is  no 
trace  of  further  entrenchments  to  form  a  complete  enclosure,  and  Hol- 
wood  House  with  its  garden  no  doubt  destroyed  the  southern  continua- 
tion of  the  earthworks.  Comparing  the  mode  of  entrenching  with 
other  existing  works  of  the  same  construction,  such  as  Clare  '  Camp  '  in 
Suffolk  and  Cholesbury  in  Bucks,  the  track  of  the  east  and  south  sides 
should  be  as  shown  on  the  plan.'  No  doubt  in  the  perfect  condition  of 
the  work  the  fosses  were  much  deeper  and  the  ramparts  higher. 

This  is  not  the  place  in  which   to  enter  fully  into  the  arguments 

•  The  plate  in  Hasted's  History  of  Kent  is  dated  1775,  and  thereon  it  is  stated  that  the  '  S.E.  part 
of  the  vallum  has  been  lately  grubbed  and  levelled.' 

398 


XS,\i%t 


HoLwooD  Camp,  Keston. 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

for  or  against  Roman  origin  of  this  camp,  or  its  claim  to  be  the  site  of 
Noviomagus,  but  we  may  say  that  the  great  area  of  the  enclosure  seems 
too  large  for  a  Roman  military  station,  while  its  hundred  acres  would 
not  be  too  much  to  accommodate  the  families,  flocks  and  herds  of  a 
British  tribe. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  of  occupation  in  Roman  times,  as  will 
be  seen  in  the  chapter  devoted  to  the  antiquities  of  that  period,  but 
this  of  course  does  not  prove  construction  at  so  late  a  date. 

Loose  :  Quarry  Wood. — This  work  of  doubtful  age,  suggesting 
late  rather  than  early  construction,  lies  partly  in  the  parish  of  Boughton 
Monchelsea,  on  land  sloping  gently  from  the  south  and  east,  with  no 
special  advantage  of  position.  It  may  possibly  be  one  of  those  referred 
to  by  Hasted,  cast 


y^WStSS^y 


Wood  Camp,  Loose. 


up  in  the  sixteenth 
century. 

Quarrying  has 
entirely  swept  away 
the  traces  on  the 
north,  and  other 
age  ncies  have 
broken  the  contin- 
uity of  the  line  on 
the  south-west. 

On  the  east, 
where  the  land 
without  is  slightly 
higher  than  the 
'  camp,'  there  is  a 
shallow  fosse  or  ditch 
outside  the  rampart, 
but  on  the  west  the 
land  slopes  down  from  the  enclosure,  and  there  is  no  fosse,  as  probably 
would  have  been  the  case  had  prehistoric  man  constructed  the  works. 

The  quarries  of  Kentish  rag-stone  are  of  much  value,  and  must 
cause  further  destruction  of  this  earthwork. 

Nackington  :  Iffin  Wood. — According  to  Hasted  there  were  in 
his  time  vestiges  of  an  ancient  camp  about  eight  acres  in  extent  ; 

only  two  acres  are  level  and  connected,  the  rest  being  cut  cross-ways,  and  in  differ- 
ent directions,  into  several  separate  mounts  and  ridges.  There  are  numbers  of  different 
intrenchments  throughout  this  large  wood,  and  one  vallum  especially  which  runs  on 
to  the  stone-street  road.^ 

Now  the  vestiges  are  so  broken  and  destroyed  that  it  is  hard  to 
realize  that  any  true  camp  or  defensive  enclosure  existed. 

Nettlestead  :  Milbay's  Wood. — These  entrenchments  are  six 
miles  south-west  of  Maidstone,  standing  about  loo  ft.  above  sea-level 
and  80  ft.  above  the  river  Medway,  which  flows  a  mile  away  to  the  east. 

»  Hist.  Kent  (1790),  iii.  728. 


f 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

The  position  is  slightly  defended  on  the  south-west  by  the  gentle  fall 
of  the  ground.  The  entrenchments  vary  both  in  width  of  base  and  in 
character  without  any  apparent  object,  and  do  not  now  form  a  complete 

enclosure.    If  ever 
■\.  „  the  entrenchments 

continued   and 
enclosed  a  space, 
such    enclosure 
would  have  been 
I      of  large  size,  but 
/       an    early    strong- 
hold defended  by 
such   irregular 
/  entrenchments 

^'.oo  ""fzoa  \  would  be  unusual. 

'~~'  '■-,       The  whole  stands 

\  in  a  wood  of  very 
marshy  nature, 
drained  to  a 
limited  extent  by 
water  courses.    A 


m 


Milbay's  Camp,  Nettlestead. 


cart-track  runs  between  the  ramparts  or  rampart  and  ditch  on  the  south- 
west, and  on  the  north,  where  the  western  portion  of  the  works  may 
have  continued,  is  agricultural  land. 

Newington. — Near  Sittingbourne.  Keycol  Hill  has  been  thought 
to  be  the  site  of  a  defended  Roman  station,  and  vast  quantities  of 
pottery  of  the  period  have  been  discovered. 

From  the  description  given  by  Hasted  it  is  evident  that  traces  of 
defensive  work  then  existed,  and  that  to  the  south-west  there  was  a 
rampart  with  a  deep  fosse,  and  a  breast-work  extending  west  and  north, * 
but  of  all  this  little  or  nothing  can  now  be  followed  with  certainty. 
The  position  (on  200  ft.  level)  is  however  sufficiently  commanding  to 
have  affiDrded  a  suitable  site  for  a  defensive  work,  and  from  the  height 
a  considerable  stretch  of  the  old  Watling  Street  would  be  under  observa- 
tion. 

Oldbury. — See  Ightham. 

OsPRiNGE  :  Judd's  Hill. — When  Hasted  wrote  there  were  here 
well-marked  traces  of  a  defenced  position  ;  he  says,  'A  very  deep  and  broad 
ditch  remains  on  the  summit,  the  south  and  east  sides  entire,  etc."  But 
to-day  we  find  hardly  a  trace  ;  scarpings  of  the  hill-side  and  faint  out- 
lines of  a  fosse  here  and  there,  alone  remain  to  tell  a  tale  of  the  past  ; 
all  else  has  gone,  and  most  of  the  site  is  occupied  by  Syndale  House  and 
its  park. 

The  hill  affords  so  good  a  command  of  the  surrounding  country 
that  it  may  well  have  been  chosen  for  the  site  of  a  fortress  in  early 
times,  and   it  has  been   stated   that  the    Roman  Station    Durolevum  was 

1  Hist.  Kent  (1782),  ii.  =  Ibid.  ii.  800. 

400 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

on  this  spot,  but,  as  the  late  Roach  Smith,  referring  to  the  earthwork, 
said,  '  there  can,  in  my  opinion  at  least,  be  no  doubt  of  its  British 
origin." 

PosTLiNG  :  ToLSFORD  HiLL. — At  about  a  mile  south-east  of  the 
village  of  Postling  are  some  traces  of  a  camp,  mentioned  in  Petrie's  list 
of  Kentish  earthworks/ 

Selling  :  Shottenden  Hill. — Hasted  gives  a  plan  of  a  camp 
containing  about  an  acre  and  three-quarters  of  high  ground  and  states 
that  '  the  top  is  a  flat,  which  seems  levelled  by  art.  .  .  .  The  form  of 
the  entrenchments  vary  according  to  the  rounding  of  the  hill  ;  the 
north-east,  north-west,  and  south-east  angles  are  pretty  near  right  angles, 
but  that  to  the  south-west  is  rounding."  He  states  that  the  position 
commands  the  country  on  all  sides  and  is  well  supplied  with  water. 

An  examination  of  the  spot  shows  that,  though  the  traces  are 
difficult  to  follow,  Hasted's  description  was  fairly  correct.  The  wind- 
mill hill,  which  he  also  mentions  as  being  prominent  within  the  area, 
appears  to  be  a  truncated  cone,  possibly  an  ancient  fort.  The  entrench- 
ment shown  in  Hasted's  plan  is  mainly  a  fosse,  cut  on  the  slope  of  the 
hill-sides. 

SwANScoMBE :  MouNTs  WooD. — Mr.  Spurrell  found  here  the 
disturbed  outline  of  a  defensive  enclosure  of  no  great  importance." 

SwANScoMBE  :  Park. — On  either  side  of  what  is  considered  to 
have  been  the  ancient  course  of  Watling  Street,  where  it  crosses  the 
steep  hill  a  mile  south  of  Swanscombe,  some  300  ft.  above  sea-level,  are 
traces  of  banks  and  ditches  which  have  been  thought  to  indicate  a  camp, 
but  the  outlines  are  too  vague  and  indefinite  to  warrant  the  assumption. 

Teynham  :  Newlands. — Close  to  the  north  of  Watling  Street,  at 
an  elevation  of  100  ft.  above  sea-level,  is  the  hill  known  by  this  name, 
once  believed  to  be  the  site  of  the  Roman  station,  Durolevum. 

Of  earthwork,  rampart  and  fosse,  such  as  we  associate  with  early 
defensive  enclosures,  it  possesses  none,  but  the  commanding  summit 
has  been  steeply  scarped  on  all  but  the  southern  side,  and  the  upper 
portion  levelled  to  form  a  plateau. 

The  scarping  forms  a  glacis,  in  places  of  15  ft.,  but  on  the  south 
the  camp  seems  not  to  have  been  similarly  treated  ;  possibly  the  natural 
slope  there  was  sufficient  protection.  Though,  as  stated,  no  rampart 
now  exists,  it  is  likely  that  one  extended  along  the  top  of  the  scarping, 
and  has  been  thrown  down  and  spread  over  the  plateau  to  obtain  a  better 
level  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Westerham  :  Squerrys. — The  late  Canon  Scott  Robertson  thus 
described  the  interesting  earthwork  in  the  park  attached  to  Squerrys 
Court  : — 

In  the  Park,  upon  very  high  ground  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  man- 
sion, there  is  an  ancient  British  Ofpidtim,  an  earthwork  of  oval  form,  which  has  often 
been  called  a  Roman  Camp. 

»  Coll.  Cant.  (1893)  94.  2  Jrch.  Cant.  (1880)  xiii. 

3  Hist.  Kent  (1790),  iii.  24.  ■•  '  Dartford  Antiquities,'  in  Jrch.  Cant,  xviii. 

I  401  51 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

It  occupies  about  ii  acres  of  ground.  .  .  .  The  inner  earthwork  is  about  20  ft. 
high  on  the  N.E. ;  and  12  ft.  on  the  N.W. ;  but  nearly  effaced  towards  the  south.  The 
inner  ditch  is  about  15  ft.  wide.' 

This  description  and  the  plan  by  which  it  was  accompanied  give 
a  good  idea  of  the  work,  excepting  that  they  suggest  the  existence  of 
distinct  raised  ramparts  with  a  fosse,  whereas  the  defensive  work  con- 
sists mainly  of  double  scarps  of  the  sides  of  the  steep  hill,  an  upper 
scarp  forming  an  almost  perpendicular  bank  varying  from  12  to  20  ft. 
in  height. 

Here  and  there,  however,  are  traces  of  a  slight  bank  on  the  summit 
of  both  upper  and  lower  scarps. 

General  Pitt-Rivers  considered  the  work  to  be  a  British  oppidum 
(afterwards  occupied  by  the  Romans),  and  its  bold  position  in  what  was 
then,  and  to  some  extent  is  now,  a  thickly  wooded  region  confirms  this 
view  of  its  origin.  It  is  unfortunate  that  on  the  south  side  where,  the 
natural  slope  being  least,  most  artificial  work  was  needed,  the  lines  of 
earthwork  h^ve  been  much  destroyed. 

An  ancient  trackway  leads  from  the  north  to  the  little  valley  which 
separates  the  oppidum  from  the  high  ground  on  that  side,  and  apparently 
continues  on  the  east  below  the  earthworks.' 

West  Wickham  :  Camp. — On  the  top  of  the  steep  hill-side  by 
which  Wickham  Common  is  approached  from  Hayes  Railway  Station, 

is  all  that  remains  of 

_CAM  P  an  earthwork  of  doubt- 

«^\^^/'vV  ful    origin,   oblong  in 

-vl  _  J^_  Jji  X.-fJ^*'^'-*  form  and  about  500  ft. 

/)^prox/'maAe    sAe/-ch     ^"^^  by  400  in  size. 

9Terrac6/troAa6/y  njoe/er/i  \^^  A  simple  fosse  of 

^     considerable     propor- 

s.w.  SECTO^f.  WEST  WICKHAM  CAMP   tions    seems    to   have 

Camp,  West  Wickham.  been  the  main  element 

of  defence,  but  on  the 
western  side,  where  it  was  cut  on  the  steep  slope,  its  outer  scarp  assumed 
the  form  of  a  rampart  (see  sketch),  while  elsewhere,  on  the  level,  no 
rampart  remains,  even  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  fosse,  where  we  should 
expect  to  find  it. 

The  western  side,  which  exhibits  the  best  sections  of  the  work,  has 
been  mutilated  by  a  great  gravel  pit.^  From  the  south-west  angle  the 
Hne  passes  eastward  on  level  ground,  and  here  we  now  find  but  the 
fosse  ;  this  continues  along  the  south  side,  then  turns  northward  to 
form  the  eastern  defence,  but  soon   disappears,  nor  can  its  traces  with 

«  Arch.  Cant.  (1886)  xvi. 

=  Colonel  Warde,  to  whose  courtesy  the  writer  was  indebted  for  the  opportunity  to  examine  the 
oppidum,  says  :  '  The  trackway  has  always  been  called  the  Roman  Road,  and  the  land  close  by  is  known 
as  Crockham  Street.'  Of  course,  though  doubtless  used  by  the  Romans,  the  trackway  may  be  of  earlier 
date. 

'  As  the  Corporation  of  London  are  now  the  owners  and  the  land  is  public,  no  such  mutilation  will 
again  occur. 

402 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

certainty  be  followed  further,  though  a  slight  trench  suggests  its  course 
on  the  northern  side. 

Within  the  enclosure  are  two  distinct  mounts  which  may  be  burial 
tumuli,  and  traces  of  a  third  possibly  exist,  as  well  as  of  another  just  out- 
side the  present  entrance  at  the  south-west  angle. 

The  presence  of  these  mounts  or  tumuli,  together  with  the  general 
form  of  the  earthwork,  would  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  we  have  here  a 
hill  fortress  of  early  date,  but  we  are  involved  in  doubt  when  we  read 
the  words  of  Philemon  Holland  in  the  first  edition  of  his  translation  of 
Camden's  Britannia,  dated  1610  and  evidently  written  about  1600  :* — 

As  for  the  other  small  intrenchment  not  farre  of  by  W.  Wickham,  it  was  cast  in 
fresh  memorie  when  old  Sir  Christopher  Heyion,  a  man  of  great  command  in  these 
parts,  trained  the  country  people. 

It  may  be  that  this  is  not  the  work  referred  to,  for  its  form  seems 
hardly  suited  to  the  Elizabethan  period,  or  it  may  be  that  Sir  Chris- 
topher simply  threw  down  ramparts  and  altered  the  character  of  the 
defences.'  Whatever  its  date  may  be  we  are  glad  to  know  it  is  saved 
from  complete  destruction. 

Traces  of  fortresses  have  been  noted,  by  various  observers,  at  the 
following  places,  but  do  not,  for  the  most  part,  appear  to  be  well  defined 
or  of  sufficient  importance  to  need  description. 

Chilham  (Penny  Pot  Wood),  Crouch  (Great  Comp  Wood), 
Ightham  (Beech  Tree  and  Wimlet  Hills),  Littlebourne  (Pine  Wood), 
Newnham  (W.  of  valley),  Tonbridge  (Castle  Hill  2  m.  S.E.  and  one 
near  Dry  Hill),  Wateringbury  (Roydon  Hill)/ 

RECTANGULAR   CAMPS,    ETC. 
[Class  C] 

Ash  (by  Sandwich)  :  Richborough  Castle. — Though  necessarily 
mentioned  here  as  one  of  the  ancient  defensive  works  of  Kent,  all  descrip- 
tion of  Richborough  (Rutupise)  will  be  found  in  the  article  devoted  to 
Romano-British  Kent. 

Canterbury  :  The  City  Defences. — Though  it  is  to  be  sup- 
posed that  in  the  days  when  the  Cantii  occupied  the  district  there  may 
have  been  a  British  settlement  on  this  important  site,  where  ancient 
ways  lead  by  fords  across  the  river,  we  have  no  evidence  of  defences 
which  can  with  certainty  be  assigned  to  so  early  a  period. 

As  the  Roman  town  and  its  defences  are  discussed  in  another 
article,  and  the  mediaeval  wall  is  outside  our  scope,  it  will  be  sufficient 
here  to  mention  the  remains  of  the  fosse  and  rampart  which  antedated 
the  wall  of  masonry. 

The  principal   portion  left  is  at  the  southern  angle,  where  we  see 

«  Camden,  Brit.  326. 

2  Mr.  VV.  H.  Griffin  and  members  of  the  Catford  and  District  Nat.  Hist.  Soc.  are  devoting  much 
attention  to  the  earthwork  and  its  contained  tumuli,  and  may  obtain  some  further  light  on  the  origin. 
=  Archaeological  Survey.     Arch.  (1889)  li,  and  Collectanea  Cant.  (1893). 

403 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 

not    only    the    mediaeval  structure,  but,  below  and   on   the  inner  side 
thereof,    the    earthen    rampart,  while    without    is  the  deep   and  wide 
fosse,  the  ballast  from  which  formed  the  rampart, 
Crayford  :   Camp. — Mr.  Spurrell  states : — 

On  the  spread  of  gravel  30  or  40  ft.  above  the  creek  on  its  west  side,  and  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  or  less  due  south  of  Howbury,  is  the  barest  outline  of  an  oval  camp  ;  its  bank 
may  be  feebly  traced  on  the  north,  and  the  ditch  also  here  and  there.^ 

Dartford  :  Joyden's  Wood  Camp, — About  three  miles  south- 
west of  Dartford,  on  ground  rising  high  above  the  Thames  valley  flats, 
are  the  remains  of  this  interesting  earthwork  on  a  spot  which  has 
evidently  been  occupied  in  successive  ages,  some  long  antedating  the 
period  of  the  rectangular  earthwork  which  is  our  subject. 

The  low  banking  and  slightness  of  the  protective  work  are  akin  to 
those  we  associate  with  ancient  village  settlements,  but  the  careful 
examinations  made  by  Col.  O.  E,  Ruck,  F. S.A.Scot.,  corroborate  the 
evidence  afforded  by  the  discovery  of  Roman  pottery  within  the  area, 
and  lead  to  the  conclusion  that  the  fortress  was  a  Roman  redoubt  at  the 
junction  of  two  important  British  roads. 

The  slight  banks  and  fosses  dividing  the  main  body  of  the  camp 
may  be  parts  of  the  older  British  work.  The  most  interesting  feature 
of  the  camp  is  the  clever  adaptation  of  the  sunken  British  road  on  the 
south-east  to  the  requirements  of  the  defence.  Elsewhere  in  its  course 
this  road  displays  the  usual  characteristics  of  early  trackways,  being 
sunken  to  a  broad,  shallow  trough  ;  but  here,  where  it  abuts  upon  the 
camp,  it  has  been  converted  into  a  deep,  double-banked,  V-shaped  fosse, 
as  shown  by  section  G-H. 

The  other  road  referred  to  runs  north-west  from  the  point  of 
junction  (marked  J  on  plan)  in  the  direction  of  Cavey  Wood  and  a 
probable  ford  over  the  river  Cray. 

On  the  north-west  of  the  earthworks,  after  a  suitable  glacis  has 
been  left,  a  steep  natural  ravine  is  encountered  running  north-east 
towards  the  tumulus  shown  on  the  plan. 

Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  writing  on  Dartford  antiquities,  gives  much 
attention  to  this  early  camp  and  its  surroundings,  especially  referring  to 
the  ancient  British  road." 

Deneholes  so  abound  in  the  neighbourhood  that  it  is  tempting  to 
associate  them  with  the  earthworks  of  the  camp,  but  definite  link  is 
missing. 

It  is  certain  that  there  was  an  earlier  settlement  on  the  site,  as 
traces  of  trenches  remain  which  have  been  crossed  and  overlapped  by 
the  banks  and  fosse  of  the  rectangular  camp,  and  the  surrounding  wood- 
land shows  many  such  early  traces  which  carry  the  mind  back  to  a  far- 
away Celtic  period, 

'  'Early  sites  and  embankments  on  the  margins  of  the  Thames  estuary.'     Arch.  Journ.  (1885)  xlii. 
'  Arch.  Cant,  xviii.     It  is  evidence  of  the  antiquity  and  importance  of  the  '  road  '  that  it  became 
the  boundary  of  the  parishes  of  Dartford  and  Wilmington. 

404 


4o^ 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Joyden's   Wood. — See  Dartford. 

Greenwich  Park. — Some  editions  of  the  Ordnance  Survey  maps 
indicate  traces  of  part  of  an  enclosure  near  the  Vanbrugh  Park  Gate, 
which  must  have  been  more  evident  a  few  years  since,  not  only  within 
the  park  but  outside  the  wall. 

The  portion  indicated  outside  has  been  levelled  completely,  and  of 
that  which  lies  within  the  park  but  the  faintest  traces  remain,  the 
banks  rising  only  about  2  ft.  above  the  filled-up  fosse.  The  evidences 
are  vague  in  the  extreme,  but  excavations  may  afford  some  data.' 

Lymne,  or  Lympne. — The  walled  Roman  camp,  known  locally  as 
Studfall  Castle,  situated  on  a  tract  of  rough  ground  on  the  slope  below 
Lympne  church,  will  be  described  in  the  section  on  Romano-British 
remains. 

Reculver. — Much-shattered  walls  surround  the  eastern  and 
southern  sides  of  Roman  Regulbium  ;  the  sea  has  destroyed  the  northern 
wall,  and  the  hand  of  man  has  levelled  most  of  the  western  section. 
The  remains  of  this  fortress  will  be  found  fully  described  in  the  article 
devoted  to  Romano-British  Kent. 

RiNGwoULD  :  Camp. — Hasted  mentions  that  '  in  a  valley  between 
the  two  downs  or  hill-sides  near  this,  there  are  the  remains  of  an  antient 
camp.'  ^  Presumably  this  referred  to  a  hollow  between  the  hills  towards 
Kingsdown,  where  there  are  still  some  slight  traces  of  what  may  possibly 
have  been  an  outpost  camp. 

Mr.  W.  Flinders  Petrie  described  the  raised  ground  south  of  Ring- 
would  church  as  artificial  but  very  vague.'  Murray's  Handbook  states 
that  the  ground  '  may  perhaps  mark  an  intrenchment.'  It  appears 
rather  to  have  been  the  site  of  some  cottages  than  a  military  work, 
according  to  a  local  map  of  1799.' 

Ripple  :  Camp. — On  and  around  the  spot  now  occupied  by  the 
rectory,  Caesar  is  reputed  to  have  thrown  up  a  work  on  his  route  from 
the  sea  to  his  principal  camp  on  Barham  Downs,  but  existing  evidence 
is  not  very  tangible. 

The  land  was  no  doubt  naturally  suited  for  an  encampment,  and  it  has  the  ap- 
pearance of  having  been  artificially  improved  for  the  purpose,  a  short  steep  hill  on  one 
side  of  Rectory,  where  a  clump  of  trees  now  stand,  seems  as  though  it  may  have  been 
in  a  great  measure  thrown  up  for  an  encampment.* 

Rochester  :  Town  Wall. — This  being  of  Roman  origin  finds  place 
in  another  chapter  of  this  History. 

Sandwich  :  Town  Wall. — Much  of  the  wall  of  Sandwich  has 
been  converted  into  a  promenade,  and  destruction  has  overtaken  four 
out  of  five  of  its  original  fortified  gateways.  It  is  hard  to  say  what  was 
the  construction  of  the  wall,  but  probably  it  was  of  masonry,  afterwards 
furnished  with  a  bank  of  earth  on   either  side  ;   nor  can  we  be  certain 

'  Under  the  careful  superintendence  of  Mr.  Herbert  Jones,  F.S.A.,  the  Greenwich  Antiquarian 
Society  has  conducted  exploratory  excavation. 

>  Hist.  Kent  (1799)  iv.  177.  ^  Arch.  Cam.  (1880)  xiii. 

«  Information  from  the  Rev.  H.  L.  Beardmore.  '■>  Ibid. 

406 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

to  what  period  to  assign  it,  though  our  belief  is  that  Sandwich  wall  is 
wholly  mediaeval.' 

On  the  northern  side  of  the  town '  the  river  Stour  seems  to  have 
been  considered  a  sufficient  protection. 

A  stream  protected  the  wall  on  the  west  and  on  part  of  the  south, 
and  there  the  rampart  is  slight  ;  but  when  we  reach  the  south-east  and 
east,  where  the  salt  marshes  approach  the  wall,  we  find  the  rampart 
reared  to  a  height  of  17  ft.,  with  a  wide,  shallow,  outer  moat. 

The  sea  is  now  about  two  miles  away,  but  in  early  days  the  tide 
may  have  nearly  lapped  the  foot  of  this  great  rampart  on  the  north-east.' 

Historical  records  refer  to  Sandwich  Castle,  but  not  a  wrack 
remains  ;  only  its  site  is  indicated,  about  250  ft.  without  the  town 
rampart  on  the  east.  When  Hasted  wrote  its  foundations  remained, 
and  the  field  containing  them  was  known  as  Castle  Mead.* 

SiBERTswoLD,  or  Shepherdswell  :  Golgotha. — In  a  field  are  the 
scanty  remains  of  a  rectangular  earthwork  which  is  reputed  to  have 
been  a  Danish  camp  and  burying  spot.  There  is,  however,  no  definite 
evidence  of  its  purpose. 

CASTLE    MOUNTS 

[Class  D] 

Hill.     This  earthwork,  situated  nine  miles 
is  upon  ground    195 


ft.  above  sea-level  and 


ArnVn\4T>~  B 


-CO 


Brenchley  :  Castle 
south-west  of  Maidstone, 
145  ft.  above  the 
land  a  mile  and  a 
half  north  ;  a 
quarter  of  a  mile 
south  the  hill  is 
80  ft.  above  the 
enclosure,  the 
work  standing 
upon  the  side  of  a 
gently  sloping  hill 
which  affords  no 
natural  defence. 
The  entrench- 
ments are  not  in  a 
good  state  of  pre- 
servation, and  the 
ground  is  very 
uneven  in  surface, 
both  outside  and  within  the  enclosure  ;   hence  the  original  plan   is  not 

'  The  site  may  have  been  occupied  in  Roman  times,  as  '  remains '  have  been  found,  according  to 
Mr.  George  Payne's  schedule  in  his  Archaeological  Survey  of  Kent  in  Arch.  (1889)  li. 

=  Remains  of  a  town  wall  of  masonry  exist  along  this  side,  but  it  is  of  late  mediaeval  construction, 
and  the  barbican  gate  so  late  as  Tudor  times. 

i  See  Burrows  (M.),  Cinque  Por// (1895),  and  map  of  theRutupian  Ports  in  Hasted's  Hist,  of  Kent. 

*  Hist.  Kent  (1799)  iv.  260. 

407 


rCET 

7.00     »oo 


Castle  Hill,  Brenchley. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

easily  distinguished,  but  the  work  appears  to  have  consisted  of  a  deep 
fosse  or  moat,  with  the  ballast  thrown  on  both  sides  to  form  two  ram- 
parts. 

The  sections  E-F  and  L-M  show  a  second  ditch  and  a  third 
rampart,  and  about  the  section  G-H  the  ditch  is  broader  and 
contains  water  ;  the  inner  rampart  about  sections  A-B  and  E-F 
takes  the  form  of  '  mounts,'  being  raised  rather  higher  than  other 
portions  of  the  rampart,  but  these  irregularities  are  probably  not  part 
of  the  original  plan.  The  only  opening  is  on  the  south-east,  and  is 
presumably  the  original  entrance. 

Frittenden  :  Knox  Bridge  Castle  Bank. — This  small  strong- 
hold, otherwise  known  as  Knocks  or  Nocks  Bridge  Castle,  stands  upon 
low  ground,  with  the  land  on  the  north  generally  of  about  the  same 


Knox  Bridge  Castle  Bank,  Frittenden. 

height  for  some  miles,  while  the  land  on  the  south  is  considerably 
higher.  The  position  is  slightly  defended  on  the  south  by  the  stream, 
but  otherwise  has  no  natural  protection.  The  entrenchments  consist  of 
a  fosse,  with  the  ballast  thrown  inward  to  form  a  ramparted  keep,  the 
fosse  containing  water  of  no  great  depth,  once  probably  much  deeper, 
supplied  from  the  stream  by  means  of  a  channel  now  almost  filled  up. 
There  is  no  trace  of  a  courtyard  or  further  enclosure,  but  such  might 
once  have  existed,  protected  either  by  a  stone  wall  or  earthwork. 

Knox  Bridge  Castle. — See  Frittenden. 

QuEENBORouGH. — There  was  here  a  group  of  three  works  as  shown 
on  plan,  but  of  the  more  important,  one  (Sheppey  Castle)  has  been 
terribly  mutilated,  and  the  other  (the  '  camp  ')  appears  to  have  been 
entirely  obliterated.      The  least  important  of  the  three  is  shown  by  the 

408 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

Ordnance  Survey  to  remain  fairly  intact,  and  can  be  classed  as  a  home- 
stead moat  (Class  F). 

Sheppey  Castle. — From  its  simple  form,  it  is  necessary  to  include 
this  in  Class  D,  though  it  is  of  far  later  origin  than  the  majority  of 
works  thus  scheduled.  The  castle  was  constructed  in  the  time  of 
Edward  III.  It  lies  upon  low  land,  only  a  few  feet  above  sea-level, 
within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  east  of  a  reach  of  the  river  Medway,  the 
Medway  itself  and  its  marshes  forming  a  natural  defence  on  that  side, 
while  the  land  on  the  east  and  south  was  once  more  or  less  a  morass. 

6 


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I  I 
I  I 
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The  entrenchments  are  much  destroyed,  hence  the  original  form  of  the 
stronghold  is  more  a  matter  of  guesswork  than  of  certainty,  but  judging 
from  the  part  remaining,  the  plan  given  may  be  considered  as  approxi- 
mately correct  ;  there  was  a  central  mount,  rather  higher  than  at  pre- 
sent, surrounded  by  a  plateau,  the  two  being  defended  by  a  rampart  and 
wide  moat  filled  with  water.  Now  an  engine-house  occupies  the 
mount,  a  large  elementary  school  with  its  playground  has  possession  of 
the  west  side,  the  railway  goods  yard  cuts  the  east,  and  the  north  is  in 
danger  from  a  building  estate ! 

I  409  52 


+  Swonscombe 
Church. 


Schaoi» 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Selling  :  Pfrry  Wood. — A  '  camp '  hill  is  mentioned  in  Petrie's 
list,'  and  local  tradition  recalls  it,  but  now  the  only  earthwork  visible  in 
this  wood  is  a  circular  mount  with  slight  fosse  round,  very  like  the 
work  at  Wouldham,  the  mount  rising  12  to  i  5  ft.  in  height.  In  old 
time  it  may  have  been  a  small,  defended  look-out,  as  it  is  in  a  position 
suited  for  the  purpose,  but  in  modern  days  has  been  converted  into 
what  is  locally  known  as  the  '  Pulpit,'  by  the  erection  of  a  wooden 
structure  on  its  summit. 

Sheppey  Castle. — See  Queenborough. 

SwANScoMBE  :  Sweyn's  Camp.' — Antiquaries  have  told  of  Swans- 
combe  as  the  landing-place  of  Sweyn,  King  of  Denmark,  and  associated 

this  small  fortress  with  his  en- 
campment. Though  we  know 
of  no  evidence  to  disprove  this 
association,  save  that  no  work  in 
England  known  to  be  of  Danish 
origin  is  similar,  we  would  assign 
its  construction  to  a  later  period. 
It  is,  however,  likely  that  there 
is  some  foundation  for  the  tradi- 
tion that  Sweyn  landed  and  win- 
tered his  navy  at  Swanscombe  ; 
the  valley  below  the  fortress  and 
north-east,  protected  by  the  hills, 
had  in  those  days  sufficient  water 
to  accommodate  thelight-draught 
war  vessels  of  the  Danes,  whilst 
the  entry  in  the  Domesday  Book 
affords  supporting  evidence  by 
*•,  writing    '  Swinescamp  '     as    the 

name  of  the  place. 
2  i*  d>-eJ  '.  Sweyn's     Camp    is    almost 

r^-  I  TCrr.  ^/fife  f^\  circular  in  form,  60  by  54  ft., 
defended  by  a  rampart  with  an 
outer  fosse,  the  rampart  doubtless 
once  much  higher  than  it  now 
is,  and  the  fosse  correspondingly 
deeper. 

The  spot  selected  for  the  construction  of  the  fortress  is  on  a 
tongue  of  land  about  225  ft.  above  sea-level,  projecting  from  the  hill 
ground,  which  extends  to  the  south  and  south-west  for  some  miles  ;  it 
commands  the  north  generally,  including  the  river  Thames  and  the 
south  coast  of  Essex.' 

The    entrenchments    and    their    immediate    neighbourhood    being 


Sweyn's  Camp,  Swanscombe. 


■  Juh.  Cant.  (1880)  xiii. 

'  Variously  known  as  Sweyn's  Camp,  Mount  or  Fort. 
'  Trees  now  obstruct  the  view  northwards. 
410 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

thickly  covered  with  trees  and  underwood,  it  is  difficult  to  make  a 
perfect  survey,  but  the  accompanying  plan  is  approximately  correct. 

WouLDHAM. — In   a   strip  of  woodland,  sometimes,  owing   to  its 
shape,    called   '  Shoulder    of   Mutton    Wood,'   on    the    border   of  this 
parish    and    Rochester,'  is  an   isolated 
mount  of  unknown  date.  ' 

Old  yew  trees  grow  upon  its  sum-  --— i.--     --^ 

mit,  and  it  bears  the  appearance  of 
extreme  age,  but  record  is  silent  as  to 
the  period  of  its  construction.  SECTION  or  fort  in 

Beyond  what  is  shown  by  the  smoulder  of  mutton  wood 
accompanying  section,  it  is  needful  only  ^iear  wouldham,  kent 

to  add  that  its  position  is  such  as  to 

command  the  eastern  approach  to  an  old  ford,  or  ferry,  across  the  Med- 
way,  and  gives  a  comprehensive  oversight  of  the  surrounding  country. 
We  may  be  tempted  to  suggest  that  it  was  an  outpost  of  the  Norman 
works  at  Rochester,  three  miles  northward,  but  cannot  so  affirm. 

CASTLE   MOUNTS   WITH   ATTACHED   COURTS 
[Class   E] 

Allington  Castle. — It  is  not  within  our  province  to  describe  the 
picturesque  remains  of  the  stone  castle,  or  to  recall  its  historical 
associations  ;  but  around  and  about  the  site  are  traces  of  the  earlier 
castrametation,  which  must  be  mentioned    in  this  chapter. 

Long  before  masons'  work  was  used,  there  was  on  this  spot  a 
mount  and  court  stronghold,  defended  by  moats  and  ramparts,  having 
as  its  leading  feature  an  earthen  mount,  surmounted  by  a  ring  of  strong 
palisading,  or  stockading,  which  surrounded  a  timber-built  keep.° 

Timber  stockading  was  also  carried  along  the  ramparts  of  the 
court,  or  bailey,  adjoining  the  mount,  and  a  moat,  abundantly  supplied 
with  water  from  the  Medway,  probably  enclosed  the  whole  of  the 
works.  Examination  of  the  surface  levels  leads  to  the  conclusion  that 
the  moat  was  wider  than  at  present,  especially  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
bailey,  the  alterations  being  accomplished  perhaps  in  Elizabeth's  reign, 
when  the  place  seems  to  have  been  remodelled. 

Though  tradition  reports  that  there  was  a  castle  here  in  Saxon 
days,  and  that  it  was  devastated  by  the  Danes,  it  is  probable  that  we 
owe  the  earliest  earthworks  to  Odo,  Bishop  of  Bayeux,  to  whom  the 
place  was  granted  by  William  the  Conqueror,  or  to  William  de 
Warenne,  who  obtained  it  on  the  fall  of  Odo.' 

There  is  an  interesting  entry  in  the  Pipe  Rolls  of  Henry  II. 
(i  174-5),  In  prosternendo  castello  de  Al'mtona  60s.,  showing  that  sum  to 
have  been  expended  in  throwing  down  this  private  stronghold.     There 

»  St.  Margaret  Intra. 

'  See  reference  to  this  class  of  fortress  under  Saltwood  Castle,  post. 
'  For  an  old-time  antiquary's  opinions  see  Kilburne  (R.),  Survey  of  Kent  (1659). 
411 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

can  be  little  doubt  that  the  mount  of  earth  on  the  south  is  the  poor 
remnant  of  the  keep-mount,  part  of  the  works  destroyed  on  that 
occasion. 

It  is  probable  the  site  remained  waste  for  many  years  before  the 
earliest  part  of  the  stone  castle  was  erected. 

Canterbury  :  The  Donjon.  The  mount,  better  known  under  the 
perverted  name  of  Dane  John,  is  said  to  be  reduced  from  its  original 
height  and  peeled  all  round,  but  it  is  still  of  magnitude  sufficient  to 
suggest  the  possibility  of  its  being  the  mount  of  the  Conqueror's  castle, 
though  it  must  be  remembered  that  Somner,  writing  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  expressed  himself  thus  : — 

When  first  made  or  cast  up  it  [the  complete  castle]  lay  wholly  without  the  city 
walls,  and  hath  been  .  .  .  taken  in  and  walled  since  ;  that  side  of  the  trench  encom- 
passing the  mound  now  lying  without  and  under  the  wall  fitly  meeting  with  the  rest 
of  the  city  ditch,  after  either  side  of  the  outwork  [the  court]  was  cut  through  to  make 
way  for  it,  at  the  time  of  the  city's  inditching. ' 

Hasted '  adopted  the  same  view,  and  is  supported  by  other  writers.' 
Outside  the  city  wall  and  moat  on  the  south  were  sundry  hillocks 
or  banks  which  have  been  variously 
considered — as  remains  of  the  don- 
jon bailey,  as  Celtic  tumuli,  and  as 
fragments  of  siege  works,  but  all 
have  been  destroyed.' 

If,    as    Hasted's  plan  implies 
The  Don,o7,'  Canterbury.  ^nd  as  we  incline  to  believe,  the 

castle  mount  was  outside  the  line 
subsequently  followed  by  the  mediaeval  wall  of  Canterbury  we  are  forced 
to  ask.  What  purpose  did  the  Donjon  serve  ?  Perhaps  Mr.  Harold  Sands 
correctly  regards  it  as  a  piece  of  the  northern  rampart  of  the  bailey 
destroyed  in  making  the  thirteenth-century  city  wall  ;  the  fragment 
being  augmented  in  comparatively  recent  days  till  it  assumed  its  present 
altitude  of  44  ft.  above  the  adjoining  pleasure  ground. 

The  castle  and  whole  city  standing  on  low  ground,  only  about 
50  ft.  above  sea-level,  probably  depended  for  protection  largely  on  deep 
water  in  the  moats,  and  it  is  of  interest  to  note  that  an  abundant  supply 
was  available  from  the  Stour,  which  bounded  the  north-western  side  of 
the  city. 

Chilham  :  Castle. — From  Hasted'  it  appears  that  much  of  the 
defensive  work   was  of  a   character   kindred   with  that  of  strongholds 

«  Somner  (W.),  Antiquitxts  of  Canterbury,  p.  144.  '  Hist,  of  Kent  (1799)  iv. 

»  Mr.  Faussett  assigns  the  mount  to  Celtic  days,  regarding  it  as  one  of  a  group  of  tumuli. — Arch. 
Journ.  (1875)  xxxii.  The  full  story  of  the  Conqueror's  castle  has  yet  to  be  written  ;  meantime  we 
advise  all  interested  in  the  evidences  we  possess  to  study  Mrs.  Armitage's  contribution  to  The  Engl.  Hist. 
Rev.  (1904),  entided,  '  Early  Norman  Castles  of  England,'  which  contains,  in  condensed  form,  much 
information  relating  to  Canterbury  defences  and  castles ;  see  also  Mr.  Harold  Sands's  '  Some  Kentish 
Castles,'  in  Memorials  of  Old  Kent,  1907. 

*  Hasted,  Hist,  of  Kent  (1799),  shows  a  distinct  mount  in  this  position  on  his  plan  of  Canterbury ; 
and  Speed,  Theatre  of  Great  Brit.  (161 1),  indicates  six  mounts  which  look  artificial. 

s  Hist.  Kent  (1790)  iii.  126  and  141. 

412 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

under  consideration  in  this  chapter  ;  he  speaks  of  its  ditch  as  '  very- 
deep  and  side  almost  perpendicular,'  and  tells  us  that  the  '  area  within 
the  ditches'  is  8  acres,  the  castle  standing  on  an  eminence  at  the  north- 
west of  the  enclosure. 

So  extensive  have  been  the  alterations  in  modern  days  that  there 
is  little  tangible  evidence  of  earthwork  defences,  but  from  the  position 
of  the  old  keep  in  relation  to  the  surroundings  we  may  assume  that  in 
Norman  days  the  work  was  such  as  we  include  in  Class  E. 

It  is  believed  that  a  Roman  castrum  occupied  the  site,  and  many 
relics  of  the  Roman  period  have  been  discovered  ;  it  is  also  stated  that 
the  Danes  sacked  a  Saxon  stronghold  here  in  838  or  851  a.d.,  but 
these  matters  pertain  to  other  sections  of  this  History/ 

Dover  Castle. — This  castle  was  formed  out  of  a  natural  hill 
some  300  ft.  above  the  English  Channel,  which  lies  at  its  foot  :  the 
high  land  continues  on  the  north,  but  at  a  slightly  lower  level.  The 
position  is  naturally  defended  on  the  south  by  the  chalk  cliffs,  which  are 
practically  perpendicular  for  about  200  ft.,  also  by  the  fall  of  the  hill 
east  and  west  to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  The  accompanying  plan  is  the 
result  of  an  attempt  to  show  the  entrenchments  as  they  existed  in 
Norman  times.  The  entrenchments  and  masonry  are  not  now  in  their 
original  condition,  great  alterations  having  been  made  at  the  beginning 
of  the  nineteenth  century  in  expectation  of  a  French  invasion,  as  also 
earHer  and  later.  By  the  courteous  permission  of  Colonel  Owen,  com- 
manding Dover  Defences,  the  writer  has  made  a  careful  examination  of 
the  earthworks  as  they  stand,  and  with  the  help  of  two  plans  of 
the  castle  in  the  British  Museum  (King's  Room)  dated  1737  and 
1756,  and  the  Ordnance  Survey  published  in  18 19,  and  his  general 
knowledge  of  the  usual  method  of  construction  of  such  castles, 
suggests  that  the  work  existed  upon  the  lines  shown.  The  shape, 
proportions  and  measurements  must  be  regarded  as  approximate  only. 
The  earthworks  thus  formed  :  (i)  The  Mount  on  the  south  which 
occupies  the  highest  portion  of  the  hill,  the  summit  of  which  was 
ramparted  and  strengthened  with  a  wall  of  masonry  ;  the  fall  of  the 
hill  east,  south  and  west  was  sharply  scarped  by  the  digging  of  a 
ditch,  and  lower  down  a  second  ditch  was  added  to  the  defence  ; 
upon  this  mount  stands  the  ancient  tower  commonly  called  the  Pharos 
and  the  Church.  (2)  The  Bailey,  itself  rather  a  platform  than 
the  usual  horseshoe  courtyard,  apparently  had  no  rampart,  but  was 
defended  with  a  curtain  of  masonry,  and  within  this  curtain  stands 
the  stone  Keep  erected  about  11 50  a.d.;  possibly  the  masonry  took 
the  place  of  timber.  The  bailey  had  its  own  ditch  either  complete 
all  round  or  on  most  sides.  (3)  A  Middle  Ward,  either  the  whole 
space  shown  between  the  two  main  enclosures,  or  what  is  more  likely 
a  much  smaller  space  to  the  west  of  the  section   P-Q,  the  space  shown 

'  The  site  of  the  stronghold  is  noteworthy.  The  prehistoric  trackway  long  known  as  the  Pilgrim 
Way  passes  within  50  yds.  of  the  works,  and  they  appear  originally  to  have  been  sited,  not  in  the  best 
position  for  defence,  but  to  command  the  trackway. 

413 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

on  the  plan  between  the  mount  and  bailey,  now  (a.d.  1905)  occupied  by 
soldiers'  quarters,  being  taken  up  with  the  complete  ditches  to  the  mount 
and  bailey,  a  rampart  being  thus  formed  between  the  two.  The  space 
shown  on  the  plan  on  the  south  immediately  above  the  cliffs  is  undu- 
lating by  nature  and  slopes  downward  towards  the  south,  south-east  and 
south-west  ;  it  has  of  late   been  levelled  in  places  for  the   erection  of 


f/iA/"0/»ce'*'^^^^  I 


Dover  Castli  (Plan  of  Norman  Defences). 

buildings,  but  does  not  appear  to  have  formed  an  enclosure  in  early 
days.  The  great  central  works,  apart  from  their  own  individual  en- 
trenchments, were  defended  by  one  deep  ditch  and  inner  rampart 
beginning  and  ending  at  the  cliffs,  and  upon  this  rampart  stands  a  wall 
of  masonry  of  various  dates  :  upon  the  north-west  the  inner  bank  is 
wanting,  and  the  original  state  of  the  space  between  the  bailey  and  the 

414 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

main  entrance  is  doubtful  :  the  sharp  curve  in  this  entrenchment  about 
the  middle  of  the  north-east  side  does  not  now  exist,  the  ditch  being 
separated  by  brickwork,  but  once  probably  took  the  line  shown  on  the 
plan.  Beside  this  great  defence  the  hill-side  has  been  trenched  accord- 
ing to  the  actual  needs  of  the  part  to  be  defended  ;  thus  on  the  extreme 
south-east  the  fall  of  the  hill  is  gentle  and  an  outer  ditch  has  been  cut, 
but  too  low  down  the  hill  to  be  much  protection.  The  north-east  side 
of  the  hill  has  a  sharper  natural  fall  and  needed  no  extra  ditch.  There 
is  on  the  west  an  outer  ditch,  hardly  to  be  traced  the  last  few  hundred 
feet  on  the  south  owing  to  the  making  of  a  wide  road  from  the  south- 
west entrance  and  modern  work  generally,  but  it  is  well  marked  most 
of  the  distance,  though  there  is  now  a  curious  perpendicular  drop  south 
of  the  section  N-0,  probably  not  part  of  the  original  plan  ;  towards 
the  north  it  is  lost  owing  to  the  erection  of  a  bastion,  and  about  the 
point  it  probably  entered  the  main  ditch  the  widening  of  the  road  here 
has  destroyed  the  track.  The  original  condition  of  the  extreme  north 
the  writer  is  unable  to  determine  :  here  the  high  land  continues,  and  an 
outwork  of  some  kind  would  be  needed.  The  outwork  now  existing 
and  cut  by  the  section  A-B  has  a  very  modern  appearance  with  its 
clean  and  sharp  scarp  on  the  outside  (sharper  than  shown  in  the  sections), 
but  this  work  is  shown  both  on  the  Ordnance  Survey  of  1819  and  the 
plan  in  the  British  Museum  dated  1756,  also  on  the  1737  plan,  though 
wider  and  less  definite,  but  such  a  defence  in  any  form  lacks  the  appear- 
ance of  Norman  work.  Possibly  the  outer  ditch  as  found  on  the  west 
continued  round  the  north  in  a  more  powerful  form  with  an  artificial 
rampart,  but  the  original  state  of  this  part  cannot  be  truly  determined, 
unless  some  earlier  and  more  detailed  plan  exists.  As  to  the  entrances, 
the  original  approach  from  the  outside  was  probably  that  shown  on  the 
north-west,  and  the  only  approach  to  the  mount  was  from  that  side, 
either  by  a  sloping  pathway  and  gate,  or  by  a  bridge  across  the  ditch,  if 
such  ditch  existed  at  this  point.  Of  the  two  gates  north  and  south- 
west leading  into  the  bailey,  that  on  the  north  is  perhaps  the  original 
entrance,  or  perhaps  the  only  means  of  approach  to  the  middle  ward 
and  mount  was  through  this  enclosure.  Canons  Gate  and  Colton  Gate 
(near  O  of  the  section  N-0),  though  of  early  make,  probably  did  not 
exist  in  the  original  plan.' 

Folkestone  :  Castle  Hill. — On  a  commanding  height  overlook- 
ing the  neighbouring  hollows  and  dominating  the  country  seaward  are 
the  extensive  earthworks  generally  known  as  Caesar's  Camp. 

Explorations  led  the  late  General  Pitt-Rivers  to  conclude  that  the 
work  was  of  a  period  far  later  than  its  popular  name  suggests,  attri- 
buting the  whole  to  the  Normans.  There  is  certainly  nothing  of 
Roman  character  about  the  castrametation,  and  works  having  a  citadel  at 
one  end  are  found  elsewhere  to  be  of  the  Norman  period.  At  first 
sight,  and  noting  its  position,  one  would  incline  to  look  to  pre-Roman 

'This  description  and  plan  of  Dover  Castle  is  contributed  by  the  Rev.  E,  A   Downman, 
415 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 

days  for  the  construction  of  this  strong  hill-fort  ;  indeed  the  discovery 
of  British  pottery  would  seem  to  support  this  opinion,  but  General 
Pitt-Rivers'  careful  examination  leaves  little  room  to  doubt  the  approxi- 
mate date,  and  the  presence  of  British  relics  can  possibly  be  attributed 
to  the  previous  presence  here  of  a  burial  tumulus  destroyed  maybe  in 
digging  the  castle  works.* 

The  entrenchments  form  three  enclosures  :  (i)  That  on  the  south- 
west occupying  the  highest  portion  of  the  hill  and  acting  as  the  keep  of 
the  castle.  The  inner  fall  of  the  rampart  of  this  keep  is  hardly  trace- 
able in  places,  and  about  the  section  E-F  the  most  perfect  part  is  now 
only  about  4  ft.  in  height.  (2)  That  on  the  east  acting  as  the  bailey, 
or  court,  but  of  very  uneven  surface,  the  central  portion  running 
roughly  east  and  west  as  a  natural  ridge.  (3)  A  small  sloping  space  on 
the  north-west  approached  from  the  court-yard  by  the  outer  rampart  of 
the  keep,  and  down  the  gully  north  of  the  keep. 

Within  and  below  the  inner  rampart  cut  by  the  section  G-H  are 
depressions  in  the  ground,  and  the  ditch  is  divided  by  low  causeways  at 
certain  distances,  such  as  are  found  at  Winkelbury  in  Wiltshire  and 
elsewhere. 

General  Pitt-Rivers'  description  is  so  precise  that  we  cannot  do 
better  than  quote  some  portions  of  his  minute  account  of  the  results  ot 
the  explorations  conducted  under  his  personal  supervision  in  1878  '  : — 

It  [the  fortress]  is  on  the  apex  of  a  cape  and  is  guarded  by  a  '  bay  '  or  '  coombe.' 
Whether  it  was  that  the  sides  of  this  bay  were  not  originally  sufficiently  steep  to  form 
a  natural  defence,  or  that  an  attack  on  this  quarter  might  be  more  probably  expected, 
the  sides  of  the  bay  on  the  west  side  of  the  Camp,  immediately  outside  the  ditch  of 
the  citadel,  have  been  artificially  escarped  for  a  depth  of  about  90  ft.  so  as  to  give  the 
slope  an  angle  of  4ii°  with  the  horizon. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  Camp  the  natural  escarpment  is  at  an  angle  of  30°  and 
the  height  250  ft.,  whilst  on  the  north  side  the  slope  is  not  more  than  15°,  and  the 
total  height  from  the  summit  to  the  bottom  of  the  valley  on  that  side  about  80  ft. 
This  being  the  weakest  side  is  therefore  defended  by  two  ramparts,  viz.,  that  of  the 
outer  camp  (the  outer  rampart)  and  that  of  the  citadel  (the  inner  or  upper  rampart), 
whilst  the  stronger  sides  are  defended  by  part  of  the  citadel  only. 

Respecting  the  traverse,  which  runs  from  the  inner  to  the  outer 
rampart  on  the  north  of  the  citadel,  we  read : — 

Such  a  traverse  might  either  have  been  constructed  to  cut  off  a  breach  during 
an  attack  on  the  west  side,  or  if  an  attack  on  that  side  was  anticipated  it  might  have 
formed  part  of  the  original  defence.  The  fact  that  the  ditch  of  the  traverse  does  not 
run  into  that  of  the  citadel,  but  leaves  a  causeway  about  15  ft.  in  width,  to  facilitate 
communication  between  the  two  outer  compartments  of  the  Camp,  favours  the  opinion 
that  it  formed  part  of  the  original  defences. 

Immediately  to  the  north  of  the  outer  rampart  is  a  level  space  of 
about  700  ft.  by  450  ft.,  which  is  bounded  by  the  bank  running  along 
the  counterscarp  of  the  northern  fosse  of  the  camp  on  one  side,  and  on 
the  east  by  its  continuation  in  a  northern  direction,  parallel  with  the 

'  The  General  noticed  such  a  tumulus  on  the  western  side  of  the  ravine  on  the  west  of  this  fortress. 
5  Archisologia  (1883),  xlvii. 

416 


I  — 9r^r-iy 


o:      =£^  = 


1  IS     M 


417 


53 


^^     E 


A    HISTORY   OF    KENT 

eastern  ravine  but  about  50  ft.  from  the  edge,  allowing   room  for  the 
road  of  approach  to  the  whole  of  the  stronghold. 

From  this  bank  another  bank  or  rampart  with  a  ditch  on  the  south  side  runs  along 
the  edge  of  the  natural  chalk  escarpment  in  a  good  defensive  position,  commanding 
the  slopes  and  following  the  sinuosities  of  the  ground,  rounding  Sugar-loaf  Hill  and 
extending  perhaps  originally  as  far  as  the  chalk  cliffs  on  the  sea  coast,  a  distance  of  about 
two  miles. 

Although  the  relics  found  during  the  excavations  (with  the  excep- 
tions already  mentioned)  pertain  to  about  the  Norman  period  or  later, 
some  on  the  natural  surface  on  which  the  ramparts  were  reared,  it  is 
not  possible  to  fix  the  precise  date  of  this  fortress.      It  may  have  been 

made    in     the     time     of 
Soo'  '"•''.  Edward    the     Confessor, 

"(^'>.,_  or  may  date   from   later 

days,  even  to  the  time  of 
Stephen,  one  of  whose 
coins  was  found. 

When  we  read  that 
;  the  original  base  of  a 
fosse  was  found  over  8  ft. 
below  its  present  level, 
we  can  form  some  idea  of 
the  extent  of  denudation 
of  the  ramparts  and  con- 
sequent filling  up  of  the 
ditches  which  have  taken 
place  during  long  cen- 
turies of  exposure  to 
wind  and  weather,  and 
perhaps  picture  the  great 
strength  of  this  fortress 
when  constructed,  bear- 
ing in  mind  that,  in  ad- 
dition to  deep  fosses  and 
huge  ramparts,  palisades 
of  sturdy  timber  aided  its 
defence  against  the  foe. 

Leybourne  Castle. 
— The  castle  is  situated 
on  land  about  80  ft.  above 
sea-level.  The  position 
has  no  natural  defence 
except  on  the  east-south- 
east, where  the  hill  has 
been  scarped.  The  en- 
trenchments are  not  in  a  perfect  state  of  preservation,  and  probably  belong 
to  a  work  earlier  than   the  present   ruinous  masonry.      They  appear  to 

418 


+ 
Church 


""MUVVV-^" 


SCALE    OF   FEET. 
O  100  Zoo        30O 


Leybourne  Castle. 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

have  consisted  of  a  rampart  and  ditch,  enclosing  a  space  roughly  circular, 
the  scarp  referred  to  taking  the  place  of  other  defences  on  that  side. 
The  ditches  and  scarps  to  the  south  of  the  mount  are  possibly  not  part  of 
the  original  plan,  or  may  indicate  the  presence  of  such  a  base  court  as 
we  should  expect  to  find  attached  to  the  mount.  The  original  entrance 
appears  to  have  been  from  the  south. 

Rochester  :  Boley  Hill  and  Castle  Works. — The  limitations 
placed  on  the  scope  of  this  article  forbid  us  to  discuss  at  length  the 
disputed  question  of  the  date  of  the  construction  of  the  earthworks  on 
Boley  Hill  ;  suffice  it  to  say  that  the  writer  holds  the  long-accepted 
theory  of  Danish  origin'  to  be  untenable,  and  thinks  that  the  southern 
fosse  may  have  guarded  a  Celtic  settlement  on  the  promontory,  though, 
on  the  whole,  inclined  to  attribute  the  entire  work  to  Norman  hands. 

Boley  Hill  occupies  a  position  close  to  the  northern  termination 
of  a  boldly  projecting  ridge  of  land,  the  adjoining  castle  works  being 
on  the  extreme  point,  all  protected  on  the  west  by  the  waters  of  the 
Medway  and  at  other  points  by  artificial  earthworks. 

G.  T.  Clark  says  these  works  are  on  a  large  scale,  and  adds  : — 

they  seem  to  have  been  composed  of  an  oblong  space  included  within  a  ditch, 
which  commenced  near  the  bridge  foot,  and  was  carried  eastwards  for  about  130  yds., 
when  it  turned  to  the  south,  and  ran  for  about  270  yds.  roughly  parallel  to  the  river, 
towards  which  it  was  again  returned.  This  oblong  area  was  sub-divided  into  two 
original  parts,  the  southern  being  the  smaller,  by  a  cross  ditch,  and  the  latter  part  was 
occupied  by  a  large  flat-topped  conical  mound,  known  as  Boley  HiU.  The  northern  part 
contains  the  castle.  Along  the  east  or  cathedral  side  this  ditch  is  in  part  a  bold  natural 
depression.  Along  the  west  side  it  is  superseded  by  the  river,  here  very  broad,  deep 
and  rapid.     The  area  thus  included  is  about  7J  acres. - 

From  the  great  depth  and  width  of  the  southern  fosse  or  ditch  it  is 
plain  that  an  enormous  mass  of  chalk  and  earth  must  have  been  removed. 
Much  of  it  was  piled  to  form  the  rampart  which  is  so  conspicuous  in  the 
garden  behind  Satis  House  and  the  adjoining  buildings,  but  probably 
more  was  thrown  on  to  the  surface  of  the  enclosure  to  raise  Boley  Hill 
into  the  mount-like  form  it  still  retains,  notwithstanding  the  havoc 
made  by  roads,  buildings,  and  other  agencies. 

The  great  southern  fosse  ends  abruptly  on  the  west,  where  it  met 
the  waters  of  the  Medway,  but  on  the  east  it  was  turned  northward 
and  continued  north  and  again  west  till  it  joined  the  protecting  tidal 
waters. 

At  about  350  ft.  northward  from  the  great  fosse,  where  the  land 
slopes  abruptly,  we  meet  the  second  fosse,  now  guarding  the  southern 
side  of  Rochester  castle  and  its  bailey. 

In  the  construction  of  the  latter  fosse  a  portion  of  the  Roman  town 
wall  seems  to  have  been  destroyed. 

Like  its  southern  counterpart,  this  fosse  ended  at  the  water-edge 
on  the  west,  and  on  the  western  side  of  the  castle  enclosure  the  Medway 

•  Hasted,  in  his  Hist.  Kent,  iv.  161,  says :    '  Bully  Hill  .  .  .  was  thrown  up  by  the  Danes  in  the 
year  885,  at  the  time  they  besieged  this  city.' 

2  Mediieval  Military  Architecture  (1884),  ii.  406. 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


rendered  a  fosse  unnecessary.     It  remains,  as  already  mentioned,  con- 
p?cuous  by  ns  depth  on  the  east  of  the  castle  and  partly  on  the  north^ 
^      Saltwood  CASTLE.-The  massive  masonry  of  the  castle   and  the 
picturesque  appearance  of  the  surroundings,  render  this  a  well-known 


.51(1        -SS^I        •/.»> 


2-* 


object  of  interest  to  visitors  to  Folkestone,  which  lies  -bout  four  mi^^^^ 
eastward.      Our  concern,  however,  is  not  with  the  castle  building  erected 

(vol.  xxi.). 

420 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

by  Archbishop  Courtenay  in  the  reign  of  Richard  II,  or  with  later 
alterations,  but  to  show  how  skilfully  the  defence  was  made  by  earthen 
banks  and  fosse. 

We  may  safely  assume  that  the  castle  of  masonry  was  not  erected 
till  many  years  after  the  artificial  portion  of  the  mount  was  thrown  up. 
Doubtless  a  timber  structure,  such  as  those  depicted  on  the  Bayeux 
stitchwork,  was  the  first  occupant:of  the  mount,  which  could  not  then 
support  the  weight  of  stone.  Such  timber  castles,  encircled  by  strong 
stockades  or  palisades  of  wood,  placed  on  high  mounts  of  earth  and 
surrounded  by  deep  moats  or  fosses,  were  quickly  constructed  and 
rapidly  attained  formidable  power  of  resistance. 

That  the  earthen  mount  here  was  originally  higher  and  of  the 
typical  form  of  such  mattes^  steep,  conical  and  flat-topped,  there  can  be 
little  doubt  from  an  item  in  the  Pipe  Rolls,  under  date  1 174-5,  of  los. 
for  the  cost  of  throwing  it  down.' 

The  site  is  170  ft.  above  sea-level,  with  much  higher  land  half  a 
mile  north  ;  the  English  Channel  lies  a  mile  south,  the  coast  being 
approached  from  the  heights  by  a  narrow  combe  down  which  runs  a 
small  stream.  An  arm  of  this  stream  flowing  past  the  castle  was  so 
treated  as  to  affbrd  additional  defence  to  the  works ;  its  valley,  a  natural 
protection  on  the  west  and  south,  was  artificially  scarped  and  widened, 
a  dam  being  thrown  across  on  the  eastern  side,  thus  providing  a  wide 
moat  effectually  filled  with  water.  This  piece  of  engineering  will  be 
understood  on  examination  of  the  plan  (see  dam  L-M).  The  mount  or 
keep,  oblong  in  form  and  now  furnished  with  a  high  wall  of  masonry, 
stands  some  35  ft.  above  the  moat  on  the  west  and  south,  where  the 
ground  is  more  or  less  of  natural  formation,  the  other  portion  being 
raised  by  ballast  thrown  up  from  the  fosse  on  the  east  and  north. 

To  the  east  of  the  mount  is  a  court  or  bailey,  which  originally- 
depended  for  protection  partly  on  the  steep  slope  south-eastward,  a  deep 
fosse  guarding  the  more  northern  portion  (see  E-F).  Where  the 
curtain  wall  of  stone  runs  along  the  top  of  the  bailey  rampart  was 
probably  once  a  stockade  of  timber,  similar  to  that  which  then  encircled 
the  summit  of  the  mount,  but  it  is  possible  that,  so  much  of  this  being 
natural  ground  instead  of  thrown-up  earth,  masonry  of  a  sort  may  from 
the  first  have  guarded  the  bailey,  as  appears  to  have  been  the  case  at 
Thornham  and  Binbury  castles  in  this  county. 

Stockbury. — This  earthwork  appears  to  be  the  remnant  of  a  mount 
and  court  castle  of  somewhat  unusual  form  ;  it  stands  upon  ground  about 
350  ft.  above  sea-level,  and  130  ft.  above  the  land  to  the  east.  The 
position  is  but  slightly  defended  by  the  nature  of  the  ground,  as  the 
fall  of  the  hill  is  of  no  great  steepness.  The  entrenchments  formed  two 
enclosures  :  (i)  A  circular  mount  or  keep  on  the  north-west  (much 
destroyed  by  a  modern  house  and  farm  buildings),  which  may  have  been 
a  high  mount,  now  levelled,  but  judging  from  the  faint  trace  of  banking 
(section  G-H)   it  appears  rather  to  have  been  a  ramparted  enclosure. 

»  '  In  custamento  prosternendi  Castelli  de  Saltwdar  20;.' 
421 


J 

t"-* 


Chuteh 


A— fTNrf—  B 


N   =2 


o     G-t^r-n— H 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

(2)  A  court-yard  or  bailey,  the  rampart  and  ditch  of  which  is  more  or 
less  perfect.      The  ditches  of  the  two  enclosures  may  have  once  run  into 

one  another,  but  there  is 
^     ^^^:^      .^\  .+  _     no  sign  of  the  junction. 

W atling  Street  runs  two 
miles  distant  on  the  north, 
the  Pilgrim  Way  three 
and  a  half  miles  south. 

T  HO  R  NHAM      (or 

Thurnham)  :  BiNBURy 
Castle.  —  This  work, 
situated  about  four  miles 
north-east  of  Maidstone, 
consists  of  a  mound  or 
raised  enclosure,  deeply 
fossed,  and  a  court-yard, 
standing  about  520  ft. 
above  sea-level,  with 
slightly  higher  land  on 
the  south-east,  and  some- 
what lower  on  the  north-west.  The  position  is  without  natural  defence, 
being  tableland  of  the  North  Downs.  The  artificial  oval-shaped  mount 
is  35  ft.  above  the  lowest  part  of  the  ditch  which  surrounds  it,  and  the 
summit  forms  a  practically  level  platform.  Upon  the  west  a  slight  outer 
rampart,  or  scarp,  appears  to  have  formed  part  of  the  original  plan,  and 
may  have  extended  much  further  round.  A  court-yard  protected  by  a 
stone  wall  existed  on  the  south-east  ;  portions  of  the  wall  still  remain, 
2  J  ft.  thick,  also  a  small  tower,  but  there  is  no  trace  of  the  rampart  and 
ditch  usually  found  with  strongholds  of  the  mount  and  court  type.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  Thornham,  or  Goddard's  Castle,  also  consisted  of  a 
mount  and  court-yard,  the  latter  protected  by  a  stone  wall  instead  of  a 
rampart     and 

^^\  .^J      Ancient- stone 


SCAUeOF   FEET 
100         ZOO       300 

Stockbury  Castle. 


^5       /\ 
s^^^«>Q  Holland  /bw«n. 
,^  \fhrm  housQ' 

^       V<>   l/^ftci^ntJtbnav^ft. 


ditch  ;  hence 
these  two  places 
show  a  form  of 
defence  which 
may  be  a  link 
between  strong- 
holds of  the 
mount  and  court 
type  (E)  and 
those  having 
now  a  mount 
only  (Class  D), 
for     the      stone 

walls  which  protected  the  courts  of  the  latter,  if  they  ever  existed,  would 
rapidly  be  carried  away  when  the   castles  were  destroyed.      It  is  hard  to 

422 


SCALE  or  FEET 
»oo       eoo      300 


iNBURY  Castle,  Thornham. 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

remove  every  trace  of  a  strong  earthen  rampart  and  fosse,  but  stones 
are  easily  removed  and  leave  not  a  trace. 

The  destruction  of  the  wall  of  the  court  makes  the  position  of  the 
original  entrance  a  matter  of  speculation.  The  mount  stands  within  the 
private  grounds  of  the  farmhouse,  which  occupies  part  of  the  court  of 
the  ancient  stronghold. 

Thornham  (or  Thurnham)  :  Goddard's,  or  Thornham  Castle. — 
Within  a  mile  and  a  half  of  Binbury  castle  stand  the  remains  of  this 
somewhat  similarly  planned  stronghold,  consisting  of  a  mount  and  court, 
constructed  upon  and  formed  out  of  a  natural  spur  jutting  southward 
from  the  range  of  hills  running  east  and  west.     The  position  is  naturally 


-.^Oo, 


OF  FEET. 
100         2.00     30O 


Thornham  Castle. 


defended  on  the  east  and  south  by  the  slopes  of  the  hill,  but  the  south 
and  east  sides  are  not  now  in  their  original  state,  the  ground  below  the 
castle  having  been  quarried,  while  on  the  west  a  roadway  has  been 
deeply  cut.  The  entrenchments  consist  of  a  mount,  more  or  less  natural, 
having  a  fosse  upon  the  north  and  west  now  nearly  filled  up,  the 
summit  of  the  mound  being  provided  with  a  rampart  on  the  weaker 
sides.  A  stone  wall  4I  ft.  thick,  of  which  there  is  but  little  left,  guarded 
a  bailey  or  court  upon  the  west ;  this  wall  probably  continued  up  the 
side  of  the  mount  and  possibly  joined  one  encircling  the  summit.^  The 
stone-work  of  the  wall  is  of  some  height  upon  the  north  of  the  bailey, 
and  foundations  of  it  are  visible  upon  the  west  and  south-west. 

1  The  surface  of  the  summit  is  now  very  rough  and  unequal  in  level, 
423 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 

When  Hasted  wrote'  much  more  of  the  bailey  walls  were  m 
evidence,  though  '  honeycombed  and  almost  eaten  up  by  the  weather  and 
length  of  time  .  .  .  they  are  about  14  ft.  high  and  near  3  broad.' 
Traces  of  walling  remained  round  the  keep  mount,  and  large  fragments 
had  been  tumbled  into  the  chalk  quarry  on  the  southern  side. 

The  castle  commands  one  of  the  most  extensive  views  in  Kent, 
overlooking  the  Pilgrim  Way  at  a  short  distance  below  and  the  wide 
stretch  of  the  Weald. 

ToNBRiDGE  :  Castle  and  Town  Wall. — The  castle  is  upon  a  spur 
or  bank  of  gravel  projecting  southward  from  higher  ground,  scarped 
and  re-formed  in  creating  this  typical  mount  and  court  stronghold.  It 
stands  amidst  the  lowlands  of  the  Medway  and  its  tributary  streams, 
which,  with  the  marshes,  defended  the  position  on  the  south  and  west. 


I 


Castle  and  Town  Wall,  Tonbridce. 

Fortunately  the  most  striking  feature  remains  fairly  intact,  for  the 
mighty  mount,  standing  nearly  60  ft.  above  its  moat  and  commanding 
the  surrounding  country,  has  been  altered  only  by  cutting  footpaths  for 
access  to  the  summit  ;  but  its  moat  has,  on  the  side  next  the  base-court 
on  the  south-east,  been  furnished  with  a  culvert  and  levelled,  whilst  it 
has  in  some  other  portions  been  partially  filled  with  earth. 

The  first  castle  to  crown  the  mount  was  doubtless  of  timber, 
forming  such  a  defensive  work  as  we  have  had  to  notice  elsewhere  (see 
Saltwood,  etc.),  but  owing  to  the  character  of  the  ground  it  was 
possible  to  build  with  stone  at  an  early  period,  and  we  find  the  remains 
of  a  shell  keep  of  masonry  on  the  summit.  A  culvert  may  have  been 
constructed  in  the  position  above  mentioned  when  the  stone  castle  was 

>  Hist,  of  Kent  (1782),  ii. 
424 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

erected,  but  probably  the  open  moat  completely  surrounded  the  original 
work. 

The  partial  destruction  of  the  moating  in  other  portions  of  its 
circuit  may  to  some  extent  be  due  to  natural  silting,  but  mainly  to 
artificial  filling  with  earth  in  modern  times  to  prevent  the  flow  of  water 
from  a  stream  which  contributed  largely  to  the  original  defences. 

The  stream,  a  tributary  of  the  Medway,  which  it  joins  under  the 
castle  walls,  was  tapped  on  the  north-west  of  the  work  to  flow  round 
the  courts,  and  to  supply  the  moat  of  the  high  mount  with  water. 

On  the  south-east  of  the  mount  is  the  base-court  or  bailey,  second 
in  importance  to  the  keep  mount,  which  is  protected  on  the  south  by  a 
high  wall  of  stone  '  with  an  inner  bank  of  earth,  and  has  on  the  east 
and  north  a  fosse  or  moat  with  an  inner  rampart  of  earth,  on  the  summit 
of  which  stood  a  stone  wall  connected  with  that  on  the  south,  but  here 
probably,  as  on  the  mount,  the  first  defences  were  of  timber.  The 
moat  of  this  court  was  carried  in  a  wide  sweep  to  the  north-west,  thus 
forming  a  second  court  as  shown  on  the  plan  ;  though  now  much 
destroyed  the  course  of  the  moat  is  evident,  but  its  rampart  of  earth  or 
stone  has  almost  disappeared,  excepting  at  the  castle  gate.  The  western 
side  of  this  second  court  was  protected  by  the  stream.  The  land  at  A 
on  plan  would  be  under  water  in  early  days,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  a 
water-gate  existed  where  the  banking  of  the  stream  so  nearly  touches 
the  counter-scarp  of  the  moat  appertaining  to  the  mount. 

The  castle  and  its  precincts  being  in  possession  of  the  urban 
authorities  are  well  known  to  visitors,  but  few  are  aware  that  portions 
of  outworks,  forming  the  ancient  town-wall,  exist,  and  that  the  course 
can  be  traced  throughout  (see  plan). 

These  works  on  the  north  and  east,  combining  with  water  defence 
on  the  south  and  west,  form  a  roughly  semicircular  enclosure  sufficiently 
similar  to  some  promontory  camps  to  raise  the  question  whether  it  also 
is  not  the  work  of  pre-Roman  Britons,  but  having  no  knowledge  of 
discoveries  to  prove  this,  we  must  assume  the  town  ramparts  to  be 
co-eval  with  the  castle  works,  and  trust  that  care  will  be  taken  to 
preserve  the  fragments  which  remain. 

It  seems  likely  that  some  of  the  water  of  the  western  stream 
which  fed  the  castle  moats  may  have  been  diverted  to  fill  a  part,  at 
least,  of  the  moat  outside  the  town  rampart. 

LIST   OF   HOMESTEAD    MOATS 

[Class  F] 
Ash  (by  Sandwich)  :   Chequers  Court.—         Bilsington  :  Court  Lodge.— To  the  west 
Moat  with  an  extension  of  western  side  south     of  the  church  this  very  complete  moat  remains, 
of    main  work,  probably  originally  a  double         Bilsington  :     Priory. — The    site    of    the 
island  moat,  may  be  traced.  Priory  of  Augustine  canons   (founded  1253) 

Benenden  :   Manor  House. — Nearly  three-      retains  portions  of  its  moating — and  another 
quarters  of  the  old  moat  still  exist.  partly  moated  enclosure  adjoins. 

»  Now,  alas !   this  mediaeval  waU  is  hidden  by  rampant  ivy,  and  being  further  destroyed  by  roots  of 
trees  growing  above. 

\  425  H 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


BouGHTON  Aluph  :  Wilmington  AIanor. 
— About  a  mile  and  a  half  south  of  the  parish 
church  is  this  typical  example  of  a  simple 
homestead  moat,  of  which  a  plan  is  given. 


Wilmington  Manor  Moat,  Boughton  Aluph. 

In  works  of  this  class  the  earth  dug  to  form 
the  moat,  or  fosse,  was  thrown  inwards  and 
spread,  thus  raising  the  enclosed  space  above 
the  level  of  the  surrounding  land  and  securing 
a  dry,  weU-drained  site.  Access  was  origin- 
ally afforded  by  a  drawbridge  or  removable 
platform. 

Brenchley  :  Moatlands. — Nearly  the 
whole  of  the  moat  of  a  castellated  early  six- 
teenth century  mansion  remains. 

Bromley  :    Palace. — The  site  of  the  old 
palace  of  the  Bishops  of  Rochester  retains  part 
of  the  moat,  the  line  of  which 
may  be  traced  throughout. 

Bromley:  Simpson's  Moat. 
— Very  little  remains  to  sug- 
gest that  a  formidable  moat 
was  here,  surrounding  a  castel- 
lated hall  of  the  fourteenth 
century.  The  Archceological 
Journal  (vol.xxv.),  1868,  shows 
that  far  more  existed  at  the 
date  of  that  issue. 

Capel  :  Badsell. —  Three 
sides  of  the  moat  remain  in 
good  condition. 

Capel  :  Moat  Farm. — 
About  a  mile  north-east  of 
Capel  Church  are  traces  of  moating. 

Chevemng,  Chipstead  :  Moat  Farm. — 
This  small,  nearly  complete  homestead  moat 
lies  about  a  mile  north-east  of  Sundridge. 

Chislehurst  :  Scadbury. — Writing  so  long 


ago  as  1778,  Hasted  says  that  the  '  antient 
mansion  of  Scadbury  has  been  many  years  in 
ruins,'  and  that  its  material  had  been  used  in 
a  farmhouse  building.  From  the  plan  of  the 
existing  moating  it  is  evident  that  the 
work  was  originally  of  the  double -i-land 
form,  and  that  much  care  had  been  exer- 
cised to  defend  the  enclosure. 

Cowden  :  The  Moat. — About  a  mile 
north-east  of  the  village  is  a  moated 
enclosure,  one  side  of  which  was  formed 
by  a  stream,  a  feeder  of  the  Medway. 

Though  less  than  200  ft.  square,  this 
was  a  place  of  considerable  strength 

Cranbrook  :  Glassenbury. — It  is  pro- 
bable that  the  moat,  which   remains  in 
part    around    the    restored   mansion    of 
Glassenbury,     was    made    when    Walter 
Roberts,  who  possessed  the  estate  in  the 
reigns  of  Edward  IV.  and   Henry  VII., 
pulled  down  the  older  seat  on  the  adjoin- 
ing hill  and  built  another  on  the  present 
site,  which  Hasted  says  he  moated  round.' 
Cranbrook  :    Sissinghurst  Castle. — 
The  buildings  and  ruins  which  remain, 
being  part  of  the  stately  mansion   built 
in  the  i6th  century,  will  be  referred  to  in 
a  later  section  of  this  History  ;  here  it  is  only 
necessary  to  note  that  a  considerable  length  of 
moating  remains. 

It  is  probable  that  this  may  appertain  to 
an  earlier  time  than  the  date  of  the  mansion, 
though  there  is  hardly  sufficient  visible  evi- 
dence to  show  that  moating  was  carried  round 
the  whole  enclosure  at  any  period. 

The  Ordnance  Survey  map  shows  that  the 
north-east  angle  of  the  moat  is  perfect,  and 
that  thence  the  northern  arm  extends  for 
250  ft.  and  the  eastern  for  320  ft. 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
lOo  ^OO 


Broxham  Moat,  Edenbridge. 


Crayford  :  Howbury. — Within  a  short 
distance  of  the  river  Darenth  and  close  on  the 
Thames  marshes  much  moating  still  encloses 


Hist.  Kent  (1790),  iii.  45. 


426 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 


the  farm  buildings.  From  its  position  and 
surroundings  we  judge  this  to  be  the  site  of 
an  early  settlement,  perhaps  Saxon  or  Danish. 
East  Wickham. — Moat  House.  Part  of 
the  moat  only  exists. 


.  ,      /•-••• 


/  .    >...  v.<« 


The  Palace,  Eltham. 

Edenbridge  :  Broxham. — Here  is  a  fine 
example  of  a  homestead  moat  in  perfect  con- 
dition, rectangular  in  shape  and  well  filled 
with  water  from  a  streamlet.  Its  size  is  about 
270  by  230  ft.,  the  moat  being  nearly  50  ft. 
wide.  It  is  just  such  a  strong  place  as  we 
imagine  was  necessary  in  the  days  when  clear- 
ings for  settlement  were  made  in  the  forest 
district. 

Edenbridge:  Devil's  Den. — About  three- 
quarters  of  a  mile  south-east  of  the  church  is 
this  smaller  but  complete  moated  enclosure. 

Eltham  :  The  Palace. — In  this  chapter  we 
have  not  to  notice  ancient  structures  remain- 
ing, but  confine  our  attention  to  the  earth- 
work defence.  In  type  it  is  that  of  a  home- 
stead moat,  though  of  larger  size  than  is 
usually  attained  by  such  simple  works. 

Here  we  find  the  enclosure  surrounded  by 
a  wide  moat,  so  made  as  to  form  a  water-level, 
the  west-north-west  side  being  the  base,  and 
as  will  be  seen  by  the  sections,  the  water,  if 
level  with  the  outside  on  the  west,  must  have 
been  much  below  the  land  outside  and  inside 
north-east  and  east,  but  at  the  south-west 
corner  an  underground  passage  leading  into 
the  moat  shows  that  the  water  level  could  not 
have  been  much  above  the  present  bed  of  the 
moat.  Now  three  sides  are  dry,  those  south 
and  west  being  under  cultivation  as  a  garden. 
A  brick  wall  of  ancient  date  can  be  traced  and 
may  once  have  existed  on  all  sides,  but  the 
depth  of  the  moat  on  the  east  and  west  ren- 
dered such  a  defence  unnecessary.  Outside 
the  moat  on  the  south-west  the  ground  is  un- 
even of  surface,  as  if  some  further  defence 
might  once  have  existed. 

Eltham  :  Well  Hall.— A  deep  water 
moat  encloses  a  rectangular  island  about  125 


by  1 10  ft.  in  area,  adjoining  the  southern  vnng 
of  the  Elizabethan  house,  once  the  home  of 
Margaret  Roper,  the  daughter  of  Sir  Thomas 
More.  The  western  arm  of  the  moat  ex- 
tends northward,  and  may  at  one  time  have 
continued  around  Well  Hall  itself. 

Folkestone  :  Park  Farm. — To  the  south- 
east of  the  farm  premises,  on  one  of  the  foot- 
hills of  the  great  chalk  range,  are  slight  but 
complicated  traces  of  considerable  moating. 

Goodnestone  :  Crixhall  Farm. — Here  is 
a  fairly  perfect  but  small  homestead  moat. 

Great  Chart  :  The  Moat. — A  small  but 
nearly  complete  example  close  to  the  high 
road  half  a  mile  south-west  of  the  church. 

Great  Chart  :  Singleton. — About  half  a 
mile  east  of  the  high  road,  another  good  home- 
stead moat. 

Groombridge  Place. — 5.?,?  Speldhurst. 

Harty  :  Saye's  Court. — The  nearly  cir- 
cular moat  here  is  probably  of  early  date  ;  the 
east  and  south  of  the  islet  of  Harty  (included 
as  part  of  Sheppey)  lies  exposed  to  the  Swale, 
once  the  waterway  of  numerous  foes,  when 
anything  worth  preserving  must  have  needed 
strong  protection. 

Hawkhurst  :  Conghurst. — A  little  more 
than  half  the  moating  is  left,  enclosing  the  site 
of  the  ancient  hall. 

Herne  :  Hawe  Farm. — The  site  of  a  manor 
house  is  surrounded  by  a  moat  perfect  in  parts 
and  traceable  throughout. 


Moat  at  Share  Farm,  Horsmonden. 

Horsmonden  :  Share  Farm. — It  is  not 
often  we  see  so  fine  an  example  of  a  water-girt 
defensive  enclosure.  As  the  plan  indicates, 
one  branch  of  the  river  Teise  was  dammed, 


427 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


enclosure  remains,  about  three-quarters  of 
a  mile  north-west  of  the  parish  church. 

QuEENBOROUGH. — The  homestead  moat, 
situated  about  500  ft.  east  of  Sheppey 
Castle,  is  shown  on  the  plan  of  that  work 
(Class  D). 

RoLVENDEN  :    LowDEN  Manor,  also  called 


causing  the  water  to  flow  into  the  moats,  and 
it  seems  as  if  the  action  of  the  dam  could  be 
so  regulated  as,  in  case  of  need,  to  flood  the 
ground  between  the  two  branches  of  the 
stream  excepting  the  central  island,  which 
would  thus  be  secured  against  all  foes. 

Horsmonden  was  a  clearing  in  the  dense 
forest  of  Andred,  probably  dating  from  later  Little  Maytham,  is  mentioned  by  Hasted, 
Saxon  days  than  the  settlements  on  the  hills 
and  open  lands.  Possibly  this  moated  en- 
closure may  be  of  that  period.  Simple  home- 
stead enclosures,  guarded  by  a  single  fosse  or 
moat,  may  often  have  been  intended  mainly 
for  protection  from  wolves  and  other  wild 
beasts,  but  so  complex  an  arrangement  as  this 
example  shows  indicates  defence  against  human 
enemies — maybe  against  Danish  marauders. 

Ightham  :    The  Moat. — This  well-known 
castle-mansion,  one  of  the  most  picturesque 


house  remaining, '  but  the  scite  of  the  antient 
mansion,  and  the  moat  around  it,  are  still 
visible.'  ^ 

Sevington  :  Boys  Hall  is  in  the  parish  of 
Willesborough,  but  the  site  of  the  old  hall 
which  preceded  it  is  just  over  the  border,  in 
Sevington.  Here,  according  to  Hasted,  the 
spot  formerly  occupied  is  known  as  The  Moat.^ 

Shipborne. — There  are  remains  of  a  moated 
enclosure  in  the  lower  part  of  the  Park. 

Speldhurst  :    Groombridge  Place. — The 


in  England,  will  be  described  in  another  description  of  this  place  of  picturesque  sur- 
chapter  ;  here  it  is  sufficient  to  note  that  the  roundings  must  be  left  to  another  chapter  ; 
waters  of  a  small  feeder  of  the  Medway  are  here  it  is  sufficient  to  draw  attention  to  the 
held  back  by  a  substantial  dam,  flooding  the  practically  perfect  moat,  broad  and  deep, 
wide  moat  which  surrounds  the  ancient  surrounding  the  buildings, 
buildings.  Staplehurst  :     Brattle. — This   enclosure, 

IvvADE  :    Moat  Farm. — Situated  near  the     with  its  protecting  moat  much  mutilated,  lies 
waters  of  a  creek  of  the  Medway,  on  the  bor-      about  a  mile  south-west  from  the  church. 

Sutton  Valence  :  Moatenden. — On  the 
west  of  the  road  to  Tenterden  are  consider- 
able remains  of  a  moated  enclosure. 

Thanington  :  Tuniford. — The  ancient 
mansion  which  stood  here  was  well  defended 
by  a  moat  of  which  some  portion  remains, 
together  with  a  gateway  arch,  and  other 
masonry  incorporated  with  the  present  house. 
Westwell  :  Yewtree  House. — Here  are 
fragmentary  remains  of  a  moat  on  the  east 
side  of  the  railway. 

Wittersham  :  Palstre  Court. — Muchun- 
mutilated  remnant  of  the  moat  exists  round 
the  enclosure. 

Woodnesborough  :  Grove  Manor. — The 
moating  here  remains  in  parts  of  its  course. 
Woodnesborough  :      Polton     Manor. — 


der  of  the  marsilands,  the  position  probably 
needed  defence  in  early  days,  and  considerable 
moating  is  in  evidence. 

Kingsnorth  :  Manor  House. — A  com- 
plete moat  remains  around  the  site  of  the  old 
manor  house  about  half  a  mile  north-east  of 
the  church. 

Leigh  :  Great  Barnetts. — Fairly  perfect 
moat  remains,  about  half  a  mile  east  of  Leigh 
church. 

Marden  :  Moat  Farm. — Only  part  of  the 
original  enclosure  is  now  moated. 

Mersham  :  Quarrington.— Here  is  a 
nearly  complete  example  of  homestead  moat- 
ing in  the  north  of  Mersham  parish. 

Milton  (near  Sittingbourne)  :  Great 
Norwood. — Stephen,     son     of     Jordan     de 


Shepey,  obtained  a  grant  of  the  manor  of     Originally  Poltmans,  from  the  name  of  the 


Northwood,  otherwise  Norwood,  and  built 
mansion  here  in  the  time  of  Richard  I  or 
John.  It  may  be  that  to  him  we  owe  the 
extensive  moating,  much  of  which  remains 
around  the  farmhouse  and  buildings.  The 
place  must  [have  been  of  considerable  impor- 
tance, as  Stephen  assumed  the  name  De 
Norwood,  which  all  his  descendants  continued 
to  use.' 

Newenden  :  Losenham. — Part  of  a  moat 
appears  to  remain  on  the  west  side  of  the  site 
of  the  Carmelite  Priory. 

Pluckley  :  Pevington. — An  oblong  moated 


family  residing  there,  their  mansion  being 
castellated  and  surrounded  with  a  moat.* 
The  house  was  rebuilt  in  1629,  the  moat  being 
retained. 

Wroth  AM  :  Moat  Farm.— Little  traces 
remain  of  the  once  considerable  moating 
round  the  enclosure,  which  is  about  a  mile 
south-east  of  the  church. 

Yalding  :  Cheveney. — Here  are  the  nearly 
complete  remains  of  a  small  homestead  moat, 
about  a  mile  north-west  of  Hunton  Court 
Lodge. 


Hasted,  Hist,  of  Kent  (1782),  ii. 


«  Hist.  Kent  (1790)  iii.  89.       '  Ibid.  277. 
«  Hasted,  Hist.  Kent  (1799),  iv.  238. 


428 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 


MOATED  ENCLOSURES  WITH  STRONGER  DEFENSIVE  WORKS 
[Class  G] 
BouGHTON  Malherbe  :  CoLBRiDGE  Castle. — At  Coldbridge,  or 
Colbridge,  Farm,'  about  three  miles  south  of  Lenham,  are  the  extensive 
moats  which  mark  the  site  of  the  early  castle  of  the  Peyforers.  Here, 
as  in  many  Kentish  examples,  water  was  made  to  play  a  principal  part 
in  the  scheme  of  defence.     The  site  is  on  the  slope  of  the  land  towards 


5/>c  of 
Colbridge  Casfte, 
Boughron    Malherbe. 


Moat  at  Colbridge  Farm,  Boughton   Malherbe  (on  site  of  Castle). 

the  south-east,  and  a  stream  was  dammed  and  partially  diverted  to  fill 
the  moats  with  water.  Though  it  is  not  apparent  that  the  outer  moat 
extended  sufficiently  to  form  a  second  defence  on  all  sides,  there  are 
indefinite  traces  of  its  further  continuation  here  and  there.  The  inner 
moat  which  protected  the  keep  is  well  defined. 

Cooling  Castle. — This  is  a  stronghold  of  a  class  to  which  belong 
Brandon  in  Warwickshire,  Old  Ingarsby  in  Leicestershire,  Braybrooke 
in  Northamptonshire,  and  others.  It  stands  low,  less  than  half  a  mile 
from  the  marsh  land  of  the  Thames,  and  within  two  miles  of  the  river, 
possessing  no  natural  defence  other  than  water  may  have  provided.  The 
defences  of  the  castle  consisted  chiefly  of  stone  walls  and  water  moats, 

1  The  ancient    name    seems  to   have   been   Colnucbregga.      A  licence  to    crenellate   was   granted 
7  Edward  II. 

429 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 

but  the  extreme  east  was  fortified  with  a  rampart  and  outside  ditch  of 
some  strength.  Several  enclosures  are  formed:  (i)  A  Shell  Keep  of 
masonry,  nearly  square,  defended  by  a  moat.  (2)  A  large  Court  Yard 
on  the  east,  apparently  defended  by  a  stone  wall  with  corner  towers  and 
outside  ditch  ;  probably  once  containing  water.  (3)  A  Court  on  the 
north-west  defended  by  water  only.  (4)  Two  small  spaces  on  the 
south-west,  one  an  island,  the  other  a  platform  surrounded  by  a  ditch, 
neither  raised  artificially  above  the  natural  level.  The  water  is  supplied 
by  springs,  and  perhaps  at  times  the, sea  washed  round  the  moats. 


Cooling  Castle  (showing  moats). 


Eynesford  Castle. — The  ruins  of  this  once  important  Norman 
castle  will  be  the  subject  of  remarks  in  another  section  of  this  History. 
It  is  sufficient  here  to  note  that  its  sole  earthwork  defence — the  moat — 
may  still  be  traced,  its  wide  expanse  utilized  as  an  orchard  and 
meadow.  The  artificial  cut  by  which  it  was  flooded  from  the  Darenth 
remains. 

Hever  Castle. — As  this  beautiful  example  of  an  English  castel- 
lated mansion  will  be  fully  described  in  another  section  of  this  History, 
we  have  but  to  note  here  that  double  moats  added  to  the  defences. 
These,  though  in  parts  maintained  afterwards,  probably  appertained  to 
the  earlier  castle,  which  occupied  the  site  of  the  present  building.  A 
castle  was  rebuilt  here  in  the  time  of  Edward  III,  and  a  stronghold  may 
have  existed  from  Saxon  days. 

430 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 


Hever  Castle  (showing  moats). 


The  moats,  fed  from   the  river  Eden  and  a   small  stream  on  the 

east,  must  have  afforded  strong  protection  when   the  outer  moat  was 

complete. 

As  the  plan  shows, 

this  is  now  much  des- 
troyed, but  it  is  easy  to 

trace  the  line  it  followed 

before  being  levelled. 
Ightham :    The 

Court. — In    the  piece 

of  woodland  known  as 

the  Wilderness,  on  the 

north     of    the     manor 

house,   are    remains    of 

earthworks. 

The  southern  is  a 

circular  work  of  about 

200  ft.  diameter,  a  deep 

dry  fosse  surrounding  a 

mount   raised  some    16 

ft.    above    the    present 

level  of  the  fosse,  which 

was  originally  considerably  deeper  and  filled  with  water.    This  earthwork 

was  probably  the  site  of  the  first  manorial  hold. 

To  the 
north-east  is  a 
large  spring- 
f  e  d  pond, 
while  imme- 
diately be- 
yond the 
latter  is  a 
horse  shoe- 
shaped  water- 
girt  enclosure 
of  doubtful 
date  and  pur- 
pose. 

It  may 
represent  a 
guarded  spot 
for  the  shelter 
of  stores  and 
cattle  in  the 
days  of  early 
settlement  in 


Moat  at  Scotney  Castle,  Lamberhurst. 

the  Kentish   woodlands,    but 


there   is 
431 


nothing  tangible   to  prove  that 


A    HISTORY    OF   KENT 

the  work  is  not  due  to  more  modern  fancy  on  the  part  of  an  owner  of 
the  estate/ 

Lamberhurst  :  Scotney  Castle. — This  picturesque  ruin  will  be 
described  in  another  section  of  this  History,  but  so  much  of  its  defence 
having  depended  on  its  wide  and  deep  moat  it  is  thought  well  to  include 
a  plan  in  this  chapter. 

Leeds  :  Leeds  Castle. — Though  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
feudal  strongholds  in  England,  this  has  so  little  defensive  work  of  the 
class  treated  of  in  this  article  that  it  is  not  necessary  to  give  a  plan. 
The  castle  is  wholly  of  stone,  and  its  description  will  fall  into  another 
section  of  this  History,  but  it  is  well  to  note  the  clever  engineering 
which  created  a  double  island  and  rendered  the  place  of  great  defensive 
strength  even  before  the  erection  of  stone  walls  and  towers. 

Milton  (near  Sittingbourne)  :  Castle  Rough. — It  is  very 
doubtful  whether  this  is  the  work  thrown  up  by  Hasten,  the  Dane,  in 

A.D.  893,  but  as  that 
view  is  held  by  many 
we  mention  the  tradi- 
tion." 

Though  not  large 
enough  to  serve  an 
army  it  is  probably  of 

■^  ~  have  sheltered  Danish 
marauders  whose  boats 
could  lie  protected  in 
the  water  which 
flooded  all  the  land 
immediately  east  and 
south  ;  or  perchance  a  Saxon  or  later  settler  here  constructed  strong 
defence  against  the  Danish  enemy. 

The  earthworks  lie  on  slightly  rising  ground  just  where  the  marsh 
joins  the  higher  land,  sloping  down  from  the  west  and  within  a  short 
distance  of  Milton  Creek. 

The  fosse,  or  moat,  on  the  south-west  side  is  about  12  ft.  below 
the  enclosed  mount,  and  a  little  less  on  other  sides. 

As  the  top  of  the  mount  slopes  gently  from  north-west  to  south- 
east it  appears  to  be  the  original  level  of  the  hillside,  little  raised  by 
ballast  from  the  surrounding  moat,  which  may  have  been  used  in  rearing 
ramparts,  some  portions  of  which  appear  to  have  remained  when  Hasted 
wrote,  but  have  now  disappeared.' 

Minster  (Isle  of  Thanet)  :  Cheesman's  Camp. — The  farm- 
house known  as  Cheesman's  Farm  is  in  the  parish  of  Acol,  but  the 


SCALE  OF  FEET 
100        ^00 


Castle  Rough,  Milton. 


'  Colonel  E.  Wyndham  Grevis  Bailey,  the  owner,  has  an  early  print  of  the  Court,  which  shows 
rectangular  stew-ponds  to  the  north-east  of  the  circular  work  first  mentioned. 
'  See  Sittingbourne,  Bayiord  Court,  post. 

»  Hasted,  Hist.  Kent  (1782),  ii.  gives  a  striking  bird's-eye  view  of  the  earthwork. 
432 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

earthwork  adjoining  it  is  in  Minster  and  about  two  miles  south  of  Birch- 
ington. 

The  enclosure  that  remains  has  much  the  character  of  a  homestead 
moat,  but  when  Hasted  wrote  there  was  apparently  a  further  work  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  road,  and  both  showed  more  signs  of  defensive 
work.  He  regarded  the  camp  as  a  place  of  retreat,  buried  in  the  woods, 
used  by  the  Saxon  inhabitants  to  retire  to  when  the  Danish  pirates 
infested  the  isle  of  Thanet.  The  earher  name  of  the  place  seems  to 
have  been  Chessmunds. 

SiTTiNGBouRNE  :  Bayford  Castle  and  Court, — Of  the  former 
not  a  wrack  remains,  and  probably  like  many  other  '  castles '  it  was 
mainly  a  moat-defended  enclosure.  Its  site  is  shown  by  the  Ordnance 
Surveyors  on  the  eastern  side  of  Milton 
Creek,  about  half  a  mile  north  by  east  of 
Bayford  Court.' 

Bayford  Court  happily  retains 
evidences  of  the  earthwork  defences 
around  the  site.  Not  only  does  a  moat 
enclose  the  main  position  on  three  sides, 
but  also  low  ramparts  or  banks  remain  in 
places,  extending  from  the  parish  church- 
yard to  the  court  for  some  thousand  feet 
or  more. 

Special  attention  is  drawn  to  this 
work  because  Mr.  Spurrell  thinks  it  the 
fortress  which  the  Danish  army  con- 
structed in  893.° 

Castle  Rough  in  Milton  is  usually 
said  to  be  the  site  of  the  work,  but  its 
form  is  against  this  view,  and  it  would 
seem  probable  that  the  lines  of  work 
about  Bayford  Court  are  more  likely  to 
have  sheltered  the  invaders  when  Hasten 
came  '  with  eighty  ships  into  the  Thames ' 
mouth  and  wrought  him  a  work  at 
Middleton." 

Stanford  :  Westenhanger. — The 
fortified    manor     house,    mainly    dating 

from  the  fourteenth  century,  will  be  referred  to  in  another  section  of  this 
History  ;  here  it  is  sufficient  to  record  the  evidences  which  remain  of  its 
once  broad  and  deep  moat,  fed  by  a  stream  which  rises  on  the  hill  above 
Stanford  church. 

Sutton    at    Hone  :     St.   John's. — This    interesting    example    of 

'  Hasted  {History  of  Kent,  ii.  1782)  refers  to  Bayford  Castle  in  such  manner  as  to  suggest  that 
his  reference  may  be  intended  for  what  is  now  known  as  Bayford  Court,  and  we  cannot  but  conclude 
that  mystery  attaches  to  the  exact  spot  occupied  by  the  castle. 

»  'Early  Sites  and  Embankments,'  Arch.  Journ.  (1885)  xlii. 

3  Angl.-Sai.  Chron.  a.d.  893 

I  433  55 


Bayford  Court,  near  Sittingbourne 

FROM    PLAN    BY    Mr.    SpURRELL. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

tnoating  includes  within  the  protected  area  some  remains  of  a  Com- 
mandery  of  the  Knights  of  St.  John  of  Jerusalem. 

At  Horton  Kirkby,  over  two  miles  up  stream,  the  river  Darent  is 
divided  into  two  courses,  which  run,  at  Sutton,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile 
apart  ;  the  remains,  being  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  western  course, 
lie  between  the  two  streams,  the  western  one  forming  one  side  of  the 
moat. 

ToNGE  Castle. — Tong,  or  Tonga,  is  on  the  low  lands  south  of  the 
Swale,  only  about  40  ft.  above  sea  level. 

There  is  evidence  of  a  castle  here  soon  after  the  Conquest,  and  it 
is  highly  probable  that  defences  of  some  description  guarded  the  site  in 
earlier  days. 

With  the  Watling  Street  close  by  on  the  south  and,  on  the  north,  a 
creek  of  the  Swale,'  the  importance  of  the  position  to  Saxon  or  Dane  is 


A=^.^Et8     C->^^r~D 


M//f 


ToNGE  Castle. 


manifest  ;  either  may  have  wrought  a  work  here,  but  it  was  probably 
altered  in  late  Norman  times  to  accommodate  buildings  of  masonry. 

A  large  pond  now  occupies  the  southern  portion,  and  though 
possibly  a  sheet  of  water  aided  defence  on  this  side,  it  is  more  likely 
that  the  mill-pond  is  of  later  mediaeval  date,  its  construction  destroying 
much  of  what  was  before-time  a  stronghold  of  more  power  than  its 
present  poor  remains  suggest. 

The  moat,  now  much  silted  up,  was  doubtless  deep  enough  to 
receive  water  from  the  strong  springs  which  rise  on  the  south-west  of  it 
to  fill  it,  and  there  may  have  been  a  moat  enclosing  the  raised  platform, 
or  keep,  but  the  whole  place  is  in  so  poor  a  state  of  preservation  that 
any  attempt  to  realize  its  former  condition  is  somewhat  difficult. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  an  entrance  exists  on  the  east  ;  this  may  be 
the  original  site,  but  in  early  times  the  access  would  have  been  by   a 

'  The  Swale  is  said  to  have  been  part  of  the  main  waterway  from  the   continent  to  London  from 
early  days  till  the  thirteenth  or  fourteenth  century. 

434 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

drawbridge,  the  moat  continuing  till  it  joined  the  southern  arm  of  the 
defensive  work. 

It  is  worth  noting  that  slight  as  is  the  elevation  of  the  castle  site 
it  is  a  conspicuous  object  owing  to  the  low  level  of  the  adjacent  land. 

A  road  immediately  north  of  the  castle  is  claimed  as  a  pre-Roman 
trackway  by  some  antiquaries,  but  we  are  not  aware  of  supporting 
evidence. 

Walmer  :  Church  and  Court  Moats. — Pritchard's  History  of 
Deal  (1864)  says  'round  Walmer  church  ...  on  a  rise  is  a  deep 
fosse.'  So  far  as  can  easily  be  seen  now  there  is  but  a  ditch,  or  fosse, 
on  the  south  side  of  the  churchyard,  and  this  was  made  only  some 
sixty  years  ago  !  Yet  Hasted  found  in  his  time  '  a  deep  single  fosse 
around,'  and  various  writers  have  thought  the  spot  a  Roman  camp. 

Enquiry  of  the  '  oldest  inhabitant '  and  careful  examination  of 
certain  traces  reveal  the  fact  that  there  truly  was  a  fosse,  but  instead  of 
surrounding  only  the  churchyard,  part  of  its  ramifications  enclosed  the 
castle,  or  mansion,  remains  of  which  are  in  Walmer  Court  grounds. 
Thus  we  find  this  reputed  '  camp '  to  be  one  of  those  enclosures, 
common  in  feudal  days,  which  guarded  the  hall  and  the  church  of  a 
Norman  lord.' 

Westenhanger. — See  Stanford. 


Hi 


f/  Keepers 

J  C  CotTages 

o 


SCALE  OFFECT    ^     N 
100  Z(^0  300 


ANCIENT   VILLAGE    SITES 
[Class  H] 

Aylesford  :  Preston  Woods. — Just  within  the  parish  boundary 
(half  a  mile  south-west  of  Barming  station)  is  the  slight  entrenchment 
named  on  the  new  Ord- 
nance Survey  a  '  camp,'  ^..^.;J^V,V".',";;;■,;;,v,v,;',',,^',,  l^ 
but  more  like  the  bound- 
ary of  a  wood.  It  stands 
upon  ground  practically 
level  with  the  land,  and 
the  position  has  no 
natural  defence.  The 
entrenchments  are  very 
slight,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  plan  and  sections,  and 
granting  a  perfect  ram- 
part and  ditch  on  all 
sides,  the  base  is  so  ex- 
ceedingly narrow,  only 
20  ft.,  that  it  would  have 
little  strength. 

Leaving  aside  the 
'  camp '  theory,  which 
seems    quite     untenable, 

•  The  place  was  held  by  tli 


Entrenchment  in  Preston  Woods,  Aylesford. 
Aubeiville  family  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries. 
435 


A    HISTORY    OF   KENT 

two  hypotheses  present  themselves  as  to  the  purpose  of  such  weakly- 
protected  inclosures.  They  may  be  the  sites  of  ancient  village  settle- 
ments, or  the  pieces  of  land  reserved  in  feudal  and  later  days  for  the 
preservation  of  beasts  of  the  chase. 

This  example  is  possibly  too  small  for  the  latter  purpose,  and  its 
banks  and  ditches  may  be  the  remnants  of  a  never  strong  place  guarded 
by  a  palisade  of  timber  on  the  bank. 

A  similar  work  of  a  like  size  exists  in  a  thicket  at  Navestock  in 
Essex. 

There  are  said  to  be  traces  of  other  earthworks  on  the  west  of 
Preston  Wood  inclosure,  but  we  have  not  discovered  them. 

Eastry  :  Shingleton. — This  curious  work  is  thickly  matted  over 
with  underwood  and  nettles,  and  the  earthworks  are  in  a  very  poor  state 
of  preservation.  Its  ground  is  about  i  lo  ft.  above  sea  level,  with  higher 
land  on  all  sides  except  the  north-east.  The  position  has  no  natural 
defence,  for  if  the  work  were  open  and  not  covered  with  trees  and 
underwood  it  would  lie  entirely   exposed    to   the   higher  land  around. 


III!      ill       "-^^ 


/S?      N. 


/V^f^«'^<.;:7l 


We//  . 


'"^"y 


farm 


eviw^  ^, 


M 


Entrenchments  at  Shingleton,  Eastry. 


The  outer  entrenchment  on  the  west  consists  of  a  ditch  with  the  ballast 
thrown  inward  to  form  a  rampart,  but  on  the  south  besides  the  inner 
rampart  a  slight  outer  rampart  is  found,  and  on  the  north  the  only 
entrenchment  consists  of  this  slight  rampart,  but  whether  or  not  this  is 
part  of  the  original  plan  may  be  doubtful.       The  east  side  like  the  west 

436 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

lacks  the  outer  rampart  towards  the  south  ;  towards  the  north  an  im- 
penetrable hedge  prevents  examination.  The  dotted  Hnes  within  the 
enclosure  show  certain  entrenchments,  as  indicated  upon  the  Ordnance 
Survey  map.  Perhaps  the  surveyors  examined  the  place  at  a  time 
when  the  timber  was  cut  down,  but  the  writer  could  find  little  or  no 
signs  of  this  internal  work,  only  in  fact  a  shapeless  heap  with  two  deep 
holes,  possibly  wells,  in  about  the  position  shown  on  the  plan.  The 
north  portion  of  the  enclosure  is  too  dense  to  explore,  except  perhaps  in 
the  depth  of  winter  in  dry  weather. 


4-6  3  FK 
above  Sea  level. 


*rt 


4/4  Vr  ■■::>, 


Corroge  """iV:;-.. 


'>V>^'' 


^'. 


B 


""^mr-^ 


G,  M 


.^Or 


\^^ 


SCAue   OF    FEET 
lOO         100       300 


AmSbury 
Farm 


Entrenchment  at  Amsbury,  Cox  Heath,  Hunton. 


Although  we  have  included  such  low-banked  and  slightly  pro- 
tected inclosures  in  this  section  it  is  doubtful  whether  they  are,  in  some 
cases,  anything  more  than  banked  and  ditched  sites  of  ancient  woods 
reserved,  maybe,  for  the  preservation  of  beasts  of  the  chase.'  It  has 
even  been  suggested  that  the  Shingleton  banks  and  ditches  were  the 
bounds  within  the  circuit  of  which  fairs  were  held  in  olden  days,  but 
authority  is  lacking. 

>  See  notes  on  Preston  Wood,  Aylesford  and  Mangravel  Wood,  Maidstone. 
437 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

EwELL,  near  Dover. — In  Petrie's  list  of  earthworks  we  find 
reference  to  lines  of  defensive  work  in  Lousyberry  Wood,  also  three 
tumuli.'  The  traces  are  vague  and  much  destroyed,  but  there  appears 
to  have  been  a  low-banked,  nearly  rectangular  enclosure,  with  an  outer 
line  of  bank  on  the  north-east  and  south-east  side. 

HuNTON  :  Amsbury. — This  entrenchment  stands  upon  undulating 
ground  some  420  to  480  ft.  above  sea-level,  and  400  ft.  above  the  rivers 


ilPoss'ible 


J    £n^ane« 

/'•JOUiV/iVi  i/i'iVWiVijV/Lic  ^""  "•' ' '  •  "tt  I  It'll  "1", ', 


'}}!A!U»^^^'^'!!^!f!i 


I  •lltllHUiSH'n'H.'.'y-n.. 


^ 


SCALE  OF  PEET. 

o        100       eoo      300 


^K^^s 


3aof' 


^' 


% 


'-Probable  £n Trance 


Enclosure  in  Mangravel  Wood,  Maidstone. 

Medway,  one  and  three-quarters  of  a  mile  north,  and  Bewlt,  one  and  a 
half  south.  The  position  is  to  a  limited  extent  naturally  defended  on 
the  south  by  the  fall  of  the  hill,  which  however  is  of  no  great  steepness. 
The  form  of  the  work  is  curious,  and  resembles  neither  that  of  an  early 
fortress  nor  of  a  feudal  stronghold.  The  mount  occupying  the  north- 
east corner  is  fairly  well  marked,  but  is  of  small  base  and  height,  and  has 

1  Arch.   Cant.     (1880),  xiii. 
438 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

an  irregular  excavation  on  the  summit.  The  other  entrenchments  are 
narrow  of  base,  2  i  ft.  at  the  widest  for  the  rampart  and  ditch  together  ; 
all  now  so  poorly  defined  that  it  is  hardly  possible  to  recognize  them  as 
defensive  earthworks.  The  whole  is  covered  with  underwood.  Where 
the  original  entrances  were  is  uncertain  ;  the  mount  however  has  a  slight 
causeway,  ancient  or  modern,  on  the  west  side. 

LuDDESDowN  :  Henley's  Wood. — Here  is  a  slight  banking  of 
polygonal  outline,  with  a  corresponding  shallow  rounded  fosse  on  the 
outside,  enclosing  a  considerable  space  which  has  been  regarded  as  a 
'camp.' 

It  is,  however,  one  of  those  doubtful  enclosures  which  may  have 
been  occupied  as  a  British  village  settlement,  or  may  be  a  piece  of  land 
imparked  in  feudal  days.  The  present  wood  within  which  it  is 
included  extends  beyond  the  lines  of  the  earthwork  ;  the  brushwood 
being  very  thick,  examination  can  be  conducted  only  with  difficulty. 

The  earthwork  was  locally  known  as  the  '  Cam,'  a  word  which 
indicated  an  ancient  earthen  mound  or  camp.' 

Maidstone  :  Mangravel  Wood. — This  enclosure  is  without 
natural  defence,  standing  upon  ground  which  is  practically  level  300  ft. 
above  the  sea  and  250  ft.  above  the  river  Medway,  which  flows  two  miles 
away  on  the  north-west  side.  The  entrenchments  are  exceedingly  slight, 
the  base  of  the  rampart  and  ditch  together  being  only  24  ft.  wide,  and 
though  in  their  perfect  condition  they  would  have  been  rather  better 
defined  they  could  have  formed  no  true  defence.  The  shape  of  the 
enclosure  is  entirely  artificial.  What  entrenchments  exist  are  well 
preserved,  and  are  within  and  upon  the  edge  of  a  wood.  The 
Ordnance  Survey  (18  19)  shows  neither  a  wood  nor  this  earthwork,  but 
the  later  maps  entitle  it  a  'British  camp.'  The  site  of  original  entrance 
is  doubtful,  but  the  north  and  south  openings  appear  older  than  the 
others.  An  earthwork  called  the  Coniger  five  miles  west  of  Amesbury 
in  Wiltshire  is  of  the  same  shape  and  encloses  tumuli. 

The  origin  of  such  low-banked  slightly-ditched  enclosures  is  in 
most  cases  extremely  doubtful.' 

UNCLASSIFIED    EARTHWORKS 
[Class  X] 

Appledore. — From  the  Saxon  chronicle  we  learn  that  in  a.d.  893  a 
part  of  the  Danish  army  made  a  work  at  'Apuldre,'  but  we  have  sought 
in  vain  for  traces  of  a  camp  at  Appledore. 

North  of  the  tract  of  land,  immediately  south-west,  still  known  as 
the  Isle  of  Oxney,  flowed  the  river  which  drained  the  hinterland  covered 
by  the  great  forest  of  'Andred';  where  the  water  flowed  are  meadow 
lands,  and  it  may  be  that  the  deposit  of  silt  of  which  this  now  dry  land 
is  composed  has  buried  the  camp  we  seek,  for  doubtless  it   was  placed 

'  Halliwell,  Diet,  of  Archaic  Words,  etc. 

2  See  notes  on  Shingleton  in  Eastry  parish  and  Preston  in  Aylesford. 

439 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

near  the  water-side,  as  were  the  Danish  works  at  Milton,  Benfleet, 
and  Shoebury.' 

Tradition  says  that  a  '  castle '  stood  where  is  now  the  church,  and 
that  it  was  destroyed  by  the  French  in  1380.  If  there  be  truth  in  this 
tradition  we  should  think  it  just  possible  that  the  church  stands  within 
the  area  of  what  was  an  extensive  outer  court  of  a  stronghold  of,  perhaps, 
early  Norman  days.  On  the  south-west,  where  the  ridge  ends  abruptly, 
in  a  commanding  position  overlooking  the  ancient  waterways,  is  a  small 
mount,  wholly  or  partly  of  artificial  construction,  which  may  be  a  burial 
tumulus  but  is  more  likely  the  base  of  a  keep-mount.  Round  part  of  it 
is  a  ditch,  probably  the  poor  remnant  of  a  fosse  filled  with  the  accumu- 
lated detritus  of  the  mount,  and  close  by  on  the  steep  hill-side  are  traces 
of  a  spring  of  water,  while  on  the  other  side,  nearer  the  church,  is  a 
piece  of  level  ground  which,  though  now  neither  fossed  nor  ramparted, 
may  well  have  been  the  base  court  of  the  keep.' 

Blackheath. — Towards  the  south-western  corner  of  Blackheath, 
near  the  beginning  of  the  descent  to  Lewisham,  there  remains  a  portion 
of  an  entrenchment  which  maybe  of  ancient  date,  but  the  work  is  of  far 
too  slight  a  character  to  show  its  purpose  or  period. 

There  also  remain  other  broken  traces  of  banking  which  may  be 
fragments  of  encampments.  As  the  heath  is  credited  with  having 
been  the  site  of  a  Danish  camp  in  the  eleventh  century,  and  as  Wat  Tyler 
lay  herein  1381,  and  Jack  Cade  encamped  in  1449  and  1450,  Henry  VI 
in  1452,  and  others  since,  it  is  highly  probable  that  extensive  earth- 
works existed  prior  to  the  merciless  destruction  of  the  surface  caused  by 
the  gravel  digging,  which  lasted  from  18  18  till  1865. 

Deal  Castle. — This,  being  one  of  Henry  VIII's  blockhouses, 
to  be  noticed  in  another  section  of  the  History,  needs  only  to  be 
mentioned  here  as  being  surrounded  by  a  deep  fosse  with  some  masonry 
on  the  counter-scarp.  Sandown  Castle,  also  built  by  Henry,  has  now 
little  left  beyond  the  ruins  of  its  foundations. 

Erith  :  Lesnes. — In  immediate  proximity  to  the  site  occupied  by 
Richard  de  Luci's  twelfth-century  abbey  of  Westwood  in  Lesnes, 
mainly  just  within  the  adjoining  wood,  are  traces  of  earthworks  which 
may  have  sheltered  Saxon  or  Dane  when  the  waters  of  the  Thames 
almost  touched  the  base  of  the  high  ground,  and  left  a  '  hoo  '  or  dry 
shelf  of  land  suitable  for  the  settlement  of  an  early  community. 

Now  and  for  long  past  the  marsh  north  of  the  position  has  been 
separated  from  it  by  a  raised  road  ^  which  has  closed  in  two  little 
valleys  (one  on  either  side  of  the  abbey  site,  but  the  eastern  at  a  greater 
distance)  once  open  to  the  Thames. 

>  The  place-name  Afuldre  need  not  be  regarded  as  exact  location  ;  it  may  be  that  Kenardington 
(which  see  ante)  is  the  site  both  of  the  half-wrought  Saxon  fortress  and  of  the  work  constructed  by  the 
Danes.  The  words  of  Ethelwerd's  chronicle  appear  to  imply  that  the  Danish  camp  was  erected  on  the 
site  of  the  Saxon  work. 

'  The  traces  being  very  vague,  we  have  included  this  description  in  Class  X,  though  it  may  properly 
belong  to  Class  E. 

3  This  road,  once  an  embankment,  is  now  a  tramway. 
440 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  who  examined  the  site  with  extreme  care, 


At  the  time  when  the  earthworks  were  constructed  the  tides  flowed  up  to  these 
valleys  across  which  the  road  passes.  The  eastern  one  has  a  square-shaped  work  around 
the  bottom  of  the  valley  at  a  distance  secure  from  the  reach  of  the  tide,  and  its  bank 
on  one  side,  if  not  on  both,  at  one  time  continued  much  further  northward  (to  the 
river)  than  it  does  now,  in  an  irregular  manner  influenced  by  the  shape  of  the  ground. 
The  square-shaped  hythe  wall  continues  westward  up  the  hiU,  then  in  a  general  direc- 
tion southward,  skirting  the  hillside  for  some  distance.  The  ditch  all  along  this  bank  is 
landward,  for  the  protection  of  the  waterside  community.  It  presents  in  section 
several  peculiarities,  and  notably  the  upper  angle  ;  for  here  the  hill  rises  so  high  and 
quickly  that  it  required  clever  arrangement  for  protection  at  so  unfavourable  a  spot. 

All  the  rest  of  these  works  are  lost  in  the  improvements  required  by  the  abbey. 
The  west  valley  is  stopped  by  a  dam,  making  an  upper  pond,  while  the  roadway  lower 
down  formed  another  dam.^ 


T/iamos  Marsh/anc^. 


rc£rJ/-h 


r  ^a/se'^  rcod,'^or_ 


o  YARDS  '^&^(if'!l\u   u,  v^^;«in><^     fr^:Former/y        ^^//>  ^ 


WORKS  AT    LESNES.  KENT. 

It  is  probably  with  accuracy  we  may  picture  these  two  creeks 
occupied  by  the  vessels  of  Saxon  or  Danish  settlers,  vessels  so  Hght  of 
draught  that  they  could  be  drawn  sufficiently  high  up  the  valleys  to  be 
sheltered  from  enemies  by  the  protection  of  the  ramparts  and  fosses. 

GouDHURST. — Entrenchments  of  great  length  exist  in  the  woods 
south-east  of  Bewlt  bridge.  They  are  more  or  less  joined  in  Shearnfold 
Wood  and  Cats  Wood,  but  form  no  enclosure,  and  seem  to  partake  of 
the  nature  of  boundary  banks  rather  than  of  defences.  In  these  woods 
they  may  be  traced  for  about  6,000  ft.,  and  in  Chingley  Wood, 
Dunster's  and  Polecat  Woods,  near  by  on  south-west,  the  Ordnance 


Early  Sites  and  Embankments,'  Arch.  Journ.  (1885)  xlii. 
441 


se 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Maps  show  over  5,200  ft.  length  of  similar  work  ending  at  the  bank 
of  the  river  Bewlt. 

Some  light  on  their  original  purpose  may,  perhaps,  be  afforded  by 
the  case  of  the  remains  in  Chingley  Wood.  This  manor  was  divided 
in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  when  Thomas  Darrell  sold  a  moiety  of 
it  to  William  Campion. 

Is  it  not  likely  the  bank  was  then  raised  to  mark  the  boundary 
between  their  lands  ? 

LiTTLEBouRNE  :  FiSHPooL  HiLL. — Some  traces  of  scarping  or 
banks,  possibly  indicative  of  ancient  defensive  work,  are  traceable  in  the 
wood  close  to  the  road  between  Canterbury  and  Sandwich. 

Newenden  :  Castle  Toll. — This  earthwork  occupies  the  extreme 
end  of  a  tongue  of  land  projecting  east-north-east  into  the  low  marsh 


Marshes 


5CAI.E  OF  PCET 

90  tt.00         3pO 


Marshes 


wmw 


Mam  Land       ^   ** 


Castle  Toll,  Newenden. 


land  between  the  river  Rother  and  its  tributary  the  Hexden  Channel, 
which  runs  from  the  north-west  and  joins  the  Rother  a  mile  and  a 
quarter  south-east.  The  enclosed  portion  is  about  20  ft.  above  sea-level. 
The  position  was  naturally  defended  on  the  west,  north  and  east  by  the 
morass  or  wet  marsh  (now  drained),  and  probably  when  the  fortress  was 
constructed  the  tidal  water  approached  closely  on  these  sides.  The 
entrenchments  are  simple,  consisting  of  a  fosse  with  the  ballast  thrown 
inward  to  form  a  rampart,  once  of  considerable  length.  The  soil  being 
gravel  and  clay,  the  height  of  the  rampart  and  depth  of  the  ditch  have 
been  greatly  reduced  ;  moreover  the  work  has  been  under  the  spade  of 
the  explorer,  or  mutilated  in  removing  material  for  agricultural  purposes, 
and  coneys  have  found  the  bank  a  handy  burrowing  place. 

The  north-east   corner,  like  that  on   the  south-west,  is  higher  than 
442 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

the  rampart  at  other  points.  The  former  has  the  appearance  in  its  present 
condition  of  having  been  a  '  mount,'  but  this  appearance  is  mainly  owing 
to  the  destruction  of  the  rampart  on  both  sides  and  a  slight  dip  on  the 
inside,  and  it  may  be  noted  that  the  base  of  this  corner  is  narrower 
than  the  base  of  the  rampart  at  the  south-west. 

Though  it  is  outside  the  province  of  this  article  to  discuss  at  length 
the  period  of  its  construction  it  may  be  said  that  this  fortress,  and  its 
relation  to  the  surrounding  country,  cannot  be  viewed  without  feeling  it 
probable  that  the  work  is  due  either  to  Danish  marauders,  who  came 
here  by  water  and  made  this  the  base  for  raids  on  the  rich  lowlands,  or 
to  Saxons  who  reared  it  as  a  preventive  station  to  check  such  inroads.' 

According  to  some  authorities  this  is  the  site  of  Atiderida,  but  we 
find  no  evidence  of  Roman  work. 

To  the  south  of  the  earthwork,  at  a  short  distance,  are  traces  of 
further  moating  and  scarping,  which  probably  formed  part  of  a  large 
enclosure  of  nearly  triangular  form  with  Castle  Toll  at  its  extreme  north- 
east point,  and  may  be  of  earlier  date  than  the  latter. 

Castle  Toll  is  regarded  by  some  antiquaries  as  a  much  mutilated 
example  of  a  Norman  '  mount  and  bailey '  stronghold,  while  others 
think  it  a  simple  enclosure  such  as  Saxons  and  Danes  constructed,  the 
lofty  ramparts  of  which  have  been  reduced,  save  at  the  north-east  and 
south-west  angles,  leaving  what  appear  as  mounts  at  these  corners. 
Under  the  circumstances,  we  have  thought  it  best  to  include  the  work 
under  Class  X. 

PouLTON. — Close  to  St.  Radigund's  Abbey  are  irregular  trenches 
extending  over  about  forty  acres  of  land.  From  the  appearance  of  the 
outer  lines  of  work  this  has  been  considered  an  ancient  oppidum,  but  as 
the  foundations  of  many  walls,  etc.,  have  been  found  it  is  possible  that 
the  whole  belongs  to  the  mediaeval  period. 

These  works  extend  towards  Poulton  Farm,  where  are  various 
banks  which  may  be  traces  of  ancient  defence.^ 

RiNGwouLD  :  '  Roman  Codde.' — In  the  valley  at  Kingsdown  are 
said  to  be  vestiges  of  an  ancient  camp  referred  to  by  old  antiquaries 
under  this  curious  name  ;  but  the  traces  are  too  vague  to  justify  faith 
in  the  existence  of  any  kind  of  defensive  work  at  any  time. 

Ripple  :  Dane  Pits. — Because  Hasted  and  subsequent  writers 
have  referred  to  this  earthwork  we  record  its  former  existence.  Hasted 
wrote,  '  An  entrenchment  of  an  oblong  square,  comprehending  about 
half  an  acre,  with  various  little  eminences  in  it.'^ 

The  whole  was  ploughed  over  some  forty  years  ago,  but  the  land  is 
now  pasture,  and  standing  by  the  site,  nothing  of  Dane  Pits  is  visible, 
but  from  the  height  of  the  hill  on  which  Ripple  windmill  stands  a  clear 
definition  of  their  area  is  discernible  by  the  dip  in  the  ground.* 

»  R.  Kilburne,  in  his  Tofographie,  or  Survey  of  the  County  of  Kent  (1659),  says :  '  In  this  Parish,  neer 
the  Priory,  stood  a  Castle,  which  was  destroyed  by  the  Danes  in  the  year  892.  .  .  .  Onely  the  memory 
of  the  same  is  preserved,  by  a  place  there,  still  called  Castle  ToU.' 

s  See  Mr.  G.  Payne's  list,  under  Alkham,  in  Arch.  (1889),  li. 

3  Hist.  Kent  (1799),  iv.  134.  «  Information  kindly  supplied  by  the  Rev.  H.  L.  Beardmore. 

443 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

From  Hasted's  drawing  we  suppose  the  work  to  have  been  for 
sepulchral  rather  than  defensive  purposes. 

Sandgate  :  The  Castle. — Its  deep  moating,  remaining  to  this 
day,  necessitates  mention  of  the  castle  built  by  Henry  VIII  in  this 
section,  but  the  story  of  the  structure  and  its  partial  alteration  in  1806 
will  be  found  in  a  later  section  of  the  History. 

Sutton,  near  Ripple  :  Wingleton  Oaks. — In  a  pasture  field 
north-west  of  the  farm-house,  known  under  this  name,  or  the  perverted 
form  Winkland  Oaks,  are  considerable  remains  of  what  appear  to  have 
been  military  works.  They  are  in  poor  condition,  consisting  of  ridges 
and  broken  banks,  or  mounds,  and  cover  about  half  an  acre  of  land.  A 
small  part  of  the  area  is  in  the  adjoining  parish  of  Ripple. 

Walmer  :  Castle. — This  much  modernized  blockhouse,  origin- 
ated by  Henry  VIII,  will  be  described  in  another  part  of  this  History  ; 
here  we  need  say  no  more  than  that  its  formidable  fosse  can  still  be 
noticed,  though  converted  into  a  garden. 


BARHAM  DOWNS 

Under  this  heading  we  may  refer  to  the  numerous  fragmentary 
earthwork  remains  in  various  neighbouring  parishes. 

The  Downs  are  at  an  altitude  of  about  200  ft.  above  sea  and  100 
ft.  above  the  Lesser  Stour,  the  river  which  flows  at  the  foot  of  the 
Downs  on  the  west,  and  extend  for  some  four  miles  from  north-west  to 
south-east,  carrying  along  the  summit  the  old  Watling  Street,  now, 
with  slight  deviations,  the  high  road  from  Canterbury  to  Dover. 

On  the  east  of  the  road,  parallel  thereto,  at  a  distance  of  about 
500  ft.  (opposite  to  Charlton  Park  and  Kingston  on  the  other  side  of 
the  river),  runs  a  conspicuous  earthwork,  shown  in  the  Ordnance 
Survey  map,  over  2,000  ft.  in  length,  in  parts  now  rather  a  mere 
scarping  of  the  hillside  than  a  true  entrenchment,  with  a  rectangular 
three-sided  projection  apparently  guarding  two  ways  of  entry  to  the 
higher  ground  occupied  as  a  camp.  This  line  of  work  appears  to  be 
the  best  defined  portion  of  those  extensive  traces  which  have  been 
discussed  by  the  Rev.  F.  T.  Vine  ;  indeed  it  may  be  said  to  be  all  that 
remains  visible,  though  Mr.  Vine  wrote  : — 

There  were  probably  two  large  oblong  castra,  the  one  extending  along  Barham 
Downs  opposite  Charlton,  the  other  at  the  (north)  western  extremity  of  the  Downs, 
extending  over  part  of  Bridge  Hill,  Bourne  Park,  and  perhaps  the  grounds  of  Higham. ' 

Stukeley  gives  a  view  of  '  Caesar's  Camp '  overlooking  Kingston 
church  lying  in  the  valley  to  the  west.'  Stukeley's  imaginative  power 
was  great,  but  the  work  is  too  carefully  delineated  to  permit  us  to 
suppose  that  it  was  not  in  good  preservation  when  the  old  antiquary 
sketched  it  in  1722.  He  gives  its  measurements  as  thirty  paces  by 
sixty.    This  is  probably  the  now  three-sided  enclosure  above  mentioned. 

»  Ccesar  in  Kent  (ed.   1887),  186.  »  Stukeley  (W.),  Itinerarium  Curiosum  :    The  Brill,  1776. 

444 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

At  Denne  Hill  Park,  in  Womenswold  parish,  were  traces  of 
extensive  earthworks,  and  from  Hasted's  words  it  appears  that  he 
regarded  '  Denhill '  as  Cassar's  main  camp,  and  from  the  great  number 
of  (now  invisible)  entrenchments  he  mentions  in  the  neighbourhood  as 
being  related  to  the  main  work,  it  is  evident  that  the  recent  destruction 
of  such  relics  must  have  been  enormous.' 

On  the  western  side  of  the  river,  opposite  Barham  Downs,  are 
faint  traces  of  long  lines  of  works  which  Mr.  Vine  considered  may- 
have  been  constructed  by  the  Britons,  but  they  appear  to  us  more  to 
resemble  the  sites  of  old  hedgerows  than  military  entrenchments. 

About  a  mile  and  a  half  north-east  of  the  Downs,  just  above  the 
marshland  of  the  Lesser  Stour,  is  the  hill  known  as  Garrington  (Domes- 
day, JVariviniofi),  upon  which  are  scarped  and  terraced  lines,  maybe  the 
remains  of  the  defences  of  a  British  oppidum. 

Barham  Downs  are  recorded  as  the  place  of  encampments  of 
armies  and  troops  at  various  times  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  eighteenth 
centuries,  and  possibly  these  temporary  tenants  may  have  created  some 
and  modified  others  of  the  works  of  which  scraps  exist. 

Our  great  regret  is  that,  so  fragmentary  and  doubtful  are  the 
remains,  we  may  not  devote  space  to  plans  and  descriptions  of  them. 

TABLE  OF  REFERENCES 

With  Situation  of  Sites  of  Earthworks 

Allington  (by  Maidstone)     ....  E        Deal X 

Appledore  (6  m.  S.E.  Tenterden)    .      .  X        Dover E 

Ash  (2  J  m.W.  Sandwich)     .      .      .      .  FC  Eastry  (yi  m.  N.W.  Dover).      .      .      .  H 

Aylesford  (3 J  m.  N.W.Maidstone)       .  H  East  Wickham  (3J  m.  N.W.  Crayford).  F 

Benenden  (3J  m.  S.E.  Cranbrook)  .      .  F  Edenbridge  (6  m.  S.  Westerham)    .      .  F  (2) 

Bigbury,  see  Harbledown                                        Eltham f  (2) 

Bilsington  (6^  m.  S.E.  Ashford)      .      .  F  (2)     Erith X 

Blackheath X  EweU  (3  m.  N.W.  Dover)     .      .      .      .  H 

Boughton  Aluph  {\\  m.  N.E.  Ashford)  F  Eynesford  (7  m.  S.  Dartford)     .      .      .  G 

Boughton  Malherbe  (2  m.  S.W.  Len-                 Folkestone E  F 

ham) G  Frittenden  (2  m.  S.  Staplehurst)     .      .  D 

Brenchley  (9  m.  S.W.  Maidstone)  .      .  D  F  Goodnestone  (2J  m.  S.E.  Wingham)    .  F 

Bromley F  (2)      Goudhurst X 

Canterbury C  E  Great  Chart  (2  m.  S.W.  Ashford)   .      .  F  (2) 

Capel  (5  m.  S.E.  Tonbridge)      .      .      .  F  (2)      Greenwich  Park C 

Charlton  (near  Woolwich)    ....  B  Groombridge  Place,  see  Speldhurst 

Chart,  see  Great  Chart  Harbledown  (near  Canterbury)       .      .  B 

Chevening  (4  m.  N.W.  Sevenoaks)        .  F  Harty  (on  Sheppey  Isle)       ....  F 

Chilham  (6J  m.  S.W.  Canterbury)        .  E  Hawkhurst  (5  m.  S.W.  Cranbrook).      .  F 

Chislehurst F  Heme  (2  m.  S.  Heme  Bay) ....  F 

Cobham B  (2)  Hever  (3  m.  S.E.  Edenbridge).       .      .  G 

Coldred  (5  m.  N.W.  Dover)       ...  B  Horsemonden  (2  m.  N.W.  Goudhurst)  F 

Cooling  (5  m.  N.  Rochester)      .      .      .  G  Hunton  (4  m.  S.W.  Maidstone)       .      .  H 

Cowden  (5  m.  S.  Edenbridge)    ...  F  Iffin  Wood,  see  Nackington 

Cranbrook F   (2)      Ightham BEG 

Crayford  (by  Dartford) CF  Iwade  (3  m.  N.  Sittingbourne) .      .      .  F 

Darenth  (near  Dartford)      ....  B  Joyden's  Wood,  see  Dartford 

Dartford C  Judd's  HiU,  see  Ospringe 

1  Hiit.  Kent  (1790),  ill.  752-3. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Kenardington 

Keston  (3^  m.  S.E.  of  Bromley) 
Kingsnorth  (3  m.  S.  Ashford)    . 
Knox  Bridge,  see  Frittenden 
Lamberhurst  (partly  in  Sussex) 
Leeds  (5  m.  S.E.  Maidstone)      .      . 
Leigh  (3  m.  W.  Tonbridge) 
Lesnes,  see  Erith. 

Leybourne  {^i  m.  N.W.  Maidstone) 
Littlebourne  (4  m.  E.  Canterbury) 
Loose  (3  m.  S.  Maidstone)  . 
Luddesdown  (i^  m.  S.  Cobham) 
Lympne  (3  m.  W.  Hythe)    . 

Maidstone 

Marden  (5  m.  N.E.  Goudhurst) 
Mersham  (4  m.  S.E.  Ashford)    . 
Milton  (by  Sittingbourne)   . 
Minster  (5  m.W.  Ramsgate) 
Nackington  (3  m.  S.  Canterbury) 
Nettlestead  (6  m.  S.W.  Maidstone) 
Newenden  (sJ  m.  S.W.  Tenterden) 
Newington  (3  m.  E.  Sittingbourne) 
Oldbury,  see  Ightham 
Ospringe  (i  m.  W.  Faversham) 
Pluckley  (3  m.  S.W.  Charing)    . 
Postling  (3  m.  N.W.  Hythe)      . 
Poulton  (3i  m.  W.  Dover)  . 
Queenborough  (2  m.  S.  Sheernes;) 
Reculver  (3  m.  E.  Heme  Bay)   . 
Richborough,  see  Ash 
Ringwould  (4  m.  S.  Deal)     . 
Ripple  (3  m.  S.W.  Deal)       .      . 

Rochester 

Rolvenden  (2^  m.  S.W.  Tenterden) 


B 
B 
F 

G 
G 
F 

E 
X 
B 
H 
C 
H 
F 
F 
F  G 
G 


F  X 


X 

D  F 

C 

C  X 

C  X 

C  E 

F 


Saltwood  (by  Hythe) E 

Sandgate  (by  Folkestone)     ....  X 

Sandwich C 

Selling  (s  m.  S.E.  Faversham)    .      .      .  B  D 

Sevington  (zj  m.  S.E.  Ashford)       .      .  F 
Sheppey  Castle,  see  Queenborough 

Shipborne  (4  m.  N.  Tonbridge)       .      .  F 

Sibertswold  (i  m.  N.  Coldred)  .      .      .  C 
Sissinghurst,  see  Cranbrook 

Sittingbourne G 

Speldhurst    (3    m.    N.W.    Tunbridge 

WeUs) F 

Stanford  (3  m.  N.W.  Hythe)    ...  G 

Staplehurst  (4  m.  N.E.  Cranbrook)       .  F 

Stockbury  (4  m.  S.W.  Sittingbourne)  .  E 

Sutton  Valence  (4!  m.  S.E.  Maidstone)  F 

Sutton-at-Hone  (3  m.  S.  Dartford)       .  G 

Sutton  (i  m.  S.W.  Ripple)  ....  X 

Swanscombe  (3J  m.  W.  Gravesend)     B  (2)  D 

Teynham  (5  m.  E.  Sittingbourne)  .      .  B 

Thanington  (2  m.  S.W.  Canterbury)    .  F 

Thornham  (4  m.  N.E.  Maidstone)        .  E  (2) 

Tonbridge E 

Tonge  (2  m.  E.  Sittingbourne)             .  G 

Walmer  (by  Deal G  X 

Westenhanger,  see  Stanford 

Westerham B 

WestweU  (3  m.  S.E.  Charing)     .      .      .  F 

West  Wickham  (i  m.  S.W.  Hayes)  .      .  B 

Wittersham  (sJ  m.  S.E.  Tenterden)      .  F 

Woodnesborough  (2  m.  S.W.  Sandwich)  F  (2) 

Wouldham  (3 J  m.  S.W.  Rochester)      .  D 

Wrotham  (11  m.  N.W.Maidstone)       .  F 

Yalding  (sJm.  S.W.Maidstone)     .      .  F 


APPENDIX  I 

THE  DENEHOLES  OF  KENT 

In  the  counties  of  Kent,  Essex  and  Durham  certain  ancient  artificial  caverns  have  re- 
ceived the  traditional  name  of  deneholes,  daneholes  or  danesholes  from  the  dwellers  in  those 
districts  in  which  they  are  found.  The  eminent  philologist.  Dr.  J.  A.  H.  Murray,  is  of  opinion 
that  this  name  implies  that  these  caverns  were  made  either  by  the  Danes,  or  by  people  fleeing 
from  the  Danes,  the  word  deneholes  being  simply  an  earlier  form  of  danehole.  They  are 
doubtless  associated  with  the  Danes,  because  they  were  the  latest  and  best  remembered  of 
pirates. 

Caverns  known  by  this  name  in  Kent,  Essex  and  Durham  are  usually  found  mthin  some 
six  or  seven  miles  from  the  sea  or  of  some  stream  capable  of  giving  passage  to  the  small  ships 
used  by  the  Danes  and  by  the  earlier  Saxon  and  other  pirates.  Thus,  in  Durham,  they  are 
noted  by  Mr.  W.  H.  D.  Longstaffe  as  abounding  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Embleton,  six  or 
seven  miles  west  of  Hartlepool,  and  in  the  southern  counties  they  may  best  be  seen  about 
Bexley  in  Kent,  and  between  Purfleet  and  Stanford-le-Hope  in  Essex.  In  Durham  they  are 
described  as  '  excavations  in  the  sides  of  eminences  '  ;  in  Kent  and  Essex  they  appear  to  be 
entered  invariably  by  means  of  vertical  shafts.  • 

From  the  fact  that  the  chalk  is  the  only  hard  rock  existing  in  Essex  and  Kent  where  dene- 
holes abound,  deneholes  ending  in  chalk  have  naturally  been  more  or  less  preserved,  while 

^  For  the  Durham  deneholes,  see  Mr.  Longstaffe's  paper  on  '  Durham  before  the  Conquest,'  read  at 
the  Newcastle  meeting  of  the  Arch^ological  Institute  in  1852. 

446 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

those  in  sand,  gravel  or  loam  have  perished.  For  the  latter,  which  would  usually  need 
strengthening  by  means  of  timber  and  other  supports,  make  their  sites  known,  in  almost  every 
case,  when  their  sudden  collapse  has  caused  a  subsidence  at  the  surface.  This  connexion  of 
well-preserved  deneholes  with  the  chalk  has  tended  to  the  identification  of  deneholes  with 
pits  in  chalk,  if  not  for  chalk.  And  the  fact  that  in  certain  localities,  where  chalk  is  near 
the  surface,  it  has  sometimes  been  sought  (by  those  requiring  it  for  lime,  or  for  manuring  clay 
land)  by  means  of  shallow  pits  with  vertical  shafts,  has  caused  a  confusion  between  deneholes 
and  '  chalk-wells.'  Of  course,  whether  a  particular  pit  in  the  chalk  is  a  chalk-well  or  a 
denehole — in  other  words  whether  it  was  made  for  the  sake  of  the  material  extracted,  or  to 
obtain  an  excavation  for  a  secret  storehouse  or  other  domestic  purpose — is  a  question  to  be 
decided  upon  the  evidence  afforded  in  each  particular  case. 

Pits  of  both  kinds  have  been  noted  by  ancient  writers  as  existing  in  Britain.  Pliny  ^ 
speaks  of  chalk-wells  in  describing  the  extraction  of  chalk  '  by  means  of  pits  sunk  like  wells 
with  narrow  mouths,  to  the  depth,  sometimes,  of  one  hundred  feet,  where  they  branch  out 
like  the  veins  of  mines ;  and  this  kind  is  chiefly  used  in  Britain.^  On  the  other  hand,  Dio- 
dorus  Siculus  states  that  the  people  of  Britain  had  mean  habitations,  made  for  the  most  part 
of  rushes  and  sticks,  and  that  their  harvest  consisted  in  cutting  off  the  ears  of  corn  and  storing 
them  in  pits  underground,  some  of  the  corn  which  had  been  longest  stored  being  taken  out 
each  day  for  food. 

To  illustrate  the  fact  that  pits  traditionally  called  deneholes  have  no  necessary  connexion 
with  the  chalk,  it  may  be  well  to  note  here  that  at  BiUericay,  Essex  (where  the  top  of  the  chalk 
must  be  at  least  500  ft.  below  the  surface)  it  is  recorded  ^  that  a  young  labourer's  father  in- 
formed Mr.  J.  E.  K.  Cutts,  in  1871,  that  an  '  excavation  like  a  gravel  pit  '  was  a  '  denehole 
which  had  caved  in.'  It  is  also  stated  on  the  same  page  that  a  series  of  deneholes  in  Mucking 
Woods  '  was  filled  up  within  the  last  few  years,  and  these  were  in  sand.'  Turning  to  Kent, 
we  learn  from  Hasted  *  that  deneholes  were  once  numerous  on  Dartford  Heath,  and  that 
some  there  were  in  the  sand  :  '  About  a  mile  south-westward  from  the  town  is  Dartford  Heath, 
where  there  are  a  great  many  of  those  pits  and  holes,  so  frequent  in  these  parts.  Some  of 
these  reach  as  low  as  the  chalk,  others  no  farther  than  the  sand  ;  many  of  them  have  been 
stopped  up  of  late  years,  to  prevent  the  frequent  accidents  which  happen  of  men  and  cattle 
falling  into  them.' 

The  existence  of  deneholes  at  Tilbury  on  the  Essex  side  of  the  Thames,  and  of  some  at 
or  near  Crayford,  Faversham  and  some  other  Kentish  localities  is  noted  by  Camden.  Hasted, 
in  his  History  of  Kent,  mentions  some  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet  and  elsewhere.  But  the  fullest 
list  of  places  in  Kent  is  that  given  by  Mr.  F.  C.  J.  Spurrell  in  his  paper  on  '  Deneholes,  and 
Artificial  Caves  with  Vertical  Entrances.'  ^  This  paper  was  read  before  the  Archaeological 
Institute  in  April,  1 88 1,  and  is  the  earliest  in  which  deneholes  and  pits,  ancient  and  modern, 
more  or  less  resembling  them,  as  regards  the  purposes  of  their  constructors,  are  fully  treated 
in  a  scientific  spirit.  Mr.  Spurrell  gives,  as  denehole  localities,  Blackheath,  Kidbrooke,  Charl- 
ton, Eltham,  Bexley,  Crayford,  Greenhithe,  Swanscombe,  Cobham,  Rochester,  the  land  be- 
tween Greenstreet  and  Teynham  Railway  Station,  and  the  country  around  Sittingbourne. 
He  also  mentions  Halstead,  Knockholt  and  Cudham.  To  these  may  be  added  the  Chalk  Downs 
near  Lenham,  and  Lydden  and  Alkham  near  Dover,  also  Darenth  and  Stone. 

In  many  of  the  above  localities,  however,  those  wishing  to  see  and  examine  deneholes  for 
themselves  would  find  no  examples  sufiiciently  well  preserved  to  be  inspected,  though  here 
and  there  their  sites  might  be  pointed  out,  or  traditions  of  their  former  existence  be  obtained. 
For  where  they  are  scattered  singly  they  are  usually  discovered  at  the  present  day  through  the 
sudden  appearance  of  a  subsidence  at  the  surface,  which  marks  the  site  of  an  imperfectly  filled- 
up  shaft.  This  is  especially  likely  to  be  the  case  where  the  land  is  above  the  average  in  fer- 
tility or  where  the  population  living  on  it  has  greatly  increased.  But  where  the  land  is  poor 
and  population  scanty,  or  where  deneholes  are  collected  in  numbers  so  large  as  to  make  any 
attempt  to  use  the  land  they  occupy  for  agricultural  purposes  ridiculous,  there  they  may  be 
found  preserved  from  all  destructive  influences  but  those  of  the  weather  operating  during 
centuries  of  disuse. 

In  giving  some  description  of  a  few  examples  of  the  deneholes  of  Kent,  it  seems  best  to 
begin  with  those  which  are  wholly,  or  almost  wholly,  in  the  chalk,  as  they  are,  in  the  main, 

1  Nat.  Hist.  lib.  xvii.  cap.  8.  »  Trans.  C.  Roach  Smith,  Coll.  Ant.  vol.  vi. 

3  Palin,  More  about  Stafford,  p,  40.  «  Hist,  of  Kent,  i.  226. 

«  Arch.  Journ.  xx.xyiii.  391-409 ;    xixix.  I-22. 
447 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

shallower  and  simpler  in  form  than  the  deeper  pits,  and  in  many  cases  probably  older.  Good 
examples  of  these  were  discovered  by  Mr.  Spurrell  in  a  chalk  cliff  in  Crayford  brick-fields. * 
One  of  the  pits  measured  from  the  surface  to  the  chalk  about  1 8  ft.,  thence  to  the  floor  17  ft. 
6  in.  '  From  this  floor  rose  an  obtuse  cone  of  sandy  clay,  very  hard,  6  ft.  high,  washed  in  very 
slowly  and  evenly  by  the  rain.  In  the  cone  were  found  several  flakes, 
worked  scrapers  and  a  "  core,"  but  no  pottery  ;  above  this  lay  coarser 
soil,  several  sorts  of  pottery,  some  made  with  shells,  some  with  chalk, 
and  ornamented  by  the  finger-nail ;  higher  up  still  Roman  pottery,  a 
fine  Samian  plate,  and  bones  and  rubbish  to  the  surface  '   (fig.  i). 

In  1883  I  had  an  opportunity  of  descending  one  of  the  best  pre- 
served deneholes  of  the  neighbourhood  of  Lenham,  which  lies  at  the 
foot  of  the  chalk  escarpment  of  the  North  Downs,  about  nine  miles  east- 
south-east  of  Maidstone.  All  the  pits  shown  me  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Hatch 
were  on  the  top  of  the  chalk  escarpment,  and  on  the  highest  ground  in 
the  neighbourhood.  They  were  scattered  here  and  there  in  groups  of 
s.nVmon  teySr.  two,  threc,  or  more.     Thus,  there  were  two  close   together  north  of 

11°!?!/^."''"°'"""^"  Pivington  Farm,  near  the  north-eastern  corner  of  the  wood.     One  of 

F.  Sand  Old   rait.  them    Still  prcsctved  its  original  shape    and   was    about  27  ft.  deep. 

Fig.  I.    Shallow       North-east  of  Pivington  Farm  is  a  little  cluster  of  houses  called  Warren 
^P^"°  Street.     Two  roads  diverge  from  its  southern  end,    one    to    Rayner's 

Farm,  the  other  to  Waterditch  Farm.  In  the  field  in  the  angle  between 
these  roads  two  pits  had  tumbled  in.  They  appeared  as  steep-sided  circular  holes,  per- 
haps 12  ft.  deep  and  15  ft.  in  diameter.  In  another  field  west  of  Warren  Street,  and  on  the 
north  side  of  the  road  thence  to  Pivington  Farm  were  slight  hollows  marking  the  position  of 
five  more  pits.  This  field  is  the  one  crossed  by  the  parish  boundary,  which  is  generally  on  the 
lines  of  hedges.  Towards  the  middle  of  the  field  west  of  that  just  mentioned  the  sites  of 
three  more  pits  were  seen,  one  of  them  being  of  considerable  depth.  Proceeding  in  a  north- 
westerly direction  along  the  footpath  which  touches  the  southern  boundary  of  Birch  Wood, 
we  saw  (where  the  next  wood  comes  close  to  the  footpath)  three  pits  close  together.  And  on 
the  eastern  margin  of  the  wood  traversed  by  the  footpath,  and  about  lOO 
yds.  north  of  the  path,  we  came  to  an  open  pit.  Here  Mr.  Hatch  had  been 
good  enough  to  furnish  the  means  of  descent  in  the  shape  of  a  long  ladder. 
The  depth  was  found  to  be  about  38  ft.,  the  uppermost  5  or  6  ft.  of  the  shaft 
being  in  loam  with  flints,  the  rest  in  chalk.  The  pit  appeared  to  have  been 
at  one  time  of  a  simple  bee-hive  shape  like  that  at  Crayford  (fig.  i).  From 
its  sides,  however,  five  galleries  had  been  driven,  which  radiated  from  the 
centre  at  nearly  equal  distances  from  each  other,  but  varied  considerably  in 
height  and  length.  From  their  height  at  the  entrance  it  is  possible  that 
these  tunnels  may  have  been  begun  before  the  cavern  had  quite  attained  its 
present  depth.  Measuring  across  from  the  ends  of  two  nearly  opposite  near  Lenham. 
chambers  we  found  the  greatest  diameter  to  be  about  40  ft.  (fig.  2).^ 

On  4  April,  1906,  I  accompanied  Mr.  Sargent,  Mr.  Beeston  and  others  to  Lydden  and 
Alkham.  The  district  is  one  in  which  the  chalk,  with  a  gentle  slope  down  to  the  north-east, 
is,  on  the  higher  ground,  between  400  ft.  and  500  ft.  above  the  sea  ;  the  villages  (such  as  Lydden 
and  Alkham)  being  mostly  in  the  intersecting  valleys.  The  highest  ground  is  usually  capped 
by  a  deposit  of  clay  with  flints,  while  at  the  bottom  of  the  valleys  are  sometimes  alluvial 
deposits  of  gravel,  sand  and  loam.  The  group  of  pits  visited  at  Lydden  consisted  of  three  close 
together,  near  the  top  of  the  hillside  north-east  of  the  village  and  south-west  of  Cane  Wood, 
the  height  above  the  sea  being  about  420  ft.  The  depth  from  the  surface  to  the  bottom  of 
the  shaft  in  the  first  pit  visited  was  22  ft.  or  23  ft.  The  symmetry  of  the  chambers  had  been 
obscured  by  a  '  pipe  '  in  the  chalk,  which  had  checked  excavation  in  its  vicinity,  and  by  a  fall 
of  the  roof  in  another  quarter  ;  also  by  an  operation  which  had  been  begun,  but  not  finished, 

1  Arch.  Journ.  xxxvii.  under  the  title,  '  Account  of  Neolithic  Flint  Mines  at  Crayford,  Kent.'  The 
author  corrected  the  erroneous  description  of  these  pits  .is  '  fiint-mines  '  in  his  subsequent  paper  on 
'  Deneholes,'  etc.,  already  referred  to. 

5  For  being  able  to  inspect  some  deneholes  near  Dover,  at  Lydden  and  Alkham,  I  am  much  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  F.  G.  Sargent,  residing  at  Shepherdswell ;  while  for  the  pLins  and  sections  of  those 
visited  I  am  greatly  obliged  to  Mr.  W.  Beeston,  of  Shepherdswell  and  Dover.  Both  gendemcn  had  long 
taken  much  interest  in  deneholes,  and  Mr.  Sargent  was  good  enough  to  invite  me  to  visit  those  in  his 
district,  in  which  (so  far  as  I  know)  their  existence  has  not  hitherto  been  recorded. 

448 


ANCIENT   EARTHWORKS 

to  deepen  the  pit.  This  had  resulted  in  the  leaving  of  '  benches  '  towards  the  end  of  each 
chamber.  The  '  passages '  of  the  plan  (iig.  3)  appeared  to  be  of  later  date  than  the  rest  of 
the  excavations. 

The  second  pit  of  this  group  (fig.  4)  was  also  somewhat  obscured  by  the  non-completion 
of  a  process  of  deepening  similar  to  that  which  had  been  in  progress  in  the  first.  The  depth 
of  the  shaft  was  about  30  ft. 

Proceeding  to  Alkham,  we  found  '  Moseling's  Hole  '  near  the  top  of  a  hiUside,  400  ft. 
above  the  sea,  half  a  mile  south-east  of  Alkham  church,  where  the  height  of  the  surface  is 
about  225  ft.  This  pit  was  rather  more  than  50  ft.  deep,  and  extremely  simple  in  shape 
(fig.  5).  A  leading  feature  was  the  great  height,  about  30  ft.,  and  very  slight  length  of  the 
three  chambers  diverging  from  the  shaft.  In  this  case  the  deepening  was  evidently  com- 
pleted while  the  pit  was  still  in  use,  and  must  have  been  in  progress  since  it  began  to  be  used. 

It  is  evident  that  these  Lydden  and  Alkham  pits  resemble  those  of  Lenham  in  general 
character  and  in  position.  They  are  alike  in  being  at  some  little  distance  from  the  centres  of 
habitation,  and  in  being  grouped  in  twos  and  threes.  Now  there  is  nothing  in  the  localities 
in  which  they  are  found  to  suggest  a  special  demand  for  chalk  there,  in  ancient  times,  for  lime 
or  for  the  manuring  of  clay  land.     Nor  is  there  anything  in  the  shape  and  position  of  these 


Fig.  3. 


Fig.  3a. 
No.  I  Denehole  at  Stonehall  Farm,  Lydden. 


pits  to  make  them  a  means  by  which  such  a  demand — did  it  exist — could  be  profitably  sup- 
plied. They  are  neither  well  formed  nor  well  placed  for  such  purposes.  On  the  other  hand, 
their  close  grouping  in  twos  and  threes  in  out-of-the-way  spots  (though  unintelligible  on  the 
chalk-well  hypothesis)  is  precisely  what  might  be  expected  if  they  were  once  secret  family 
storehouses. 

Leaving  the  wilder  parts  of  Kent  we  come  to  Bexley,  where  unquestionable  deneholes 
are  not  only  more  numerous  than  elsewhere,  but  where  they  may  best  be  examined.  For, 
as  already  mentioned,  pits  scattered  singly  here  and  there  have  generally  been  more  or  less 
fiUed  up  to  prevent  accidents,  if  they  have  not  collapsed,  or  been  choked  up,  through  the  in- 
fluence of  the  weather  during  centuries  of  disuse.  But  groups  of  some  forty  or  fifty  deneholes 
concentrated  as  closely  as  the  separation  of  each  pit  from  its  neighbours  allows  (like  those  of 
Stankey  and  Cavey  Spring,  Bexley),  have  a  much  better  chance  of  survival,  for  the  small 
compact  area  they  occupy  has  obviously  been  rendered  unfit  by  them  for  every  other  purpose, 
and  can  only  be  fenced  in  and  let  alone. 

Deneholes  are  scattered  around  Bexley,  as  about  Crayford  and  Dartford,  but  at  Stankey 
Wood,  a  few  yards  west  of  the  mansion  known  as  Baldwyns,  close  to  the  south-western  corner 
of  Dartford  Heath,  there  is  a  group  of  some  forty  or  fifty  ;  while  another  of  similar  size,  equally 
I  449  57 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

concentrated,  exists  in  Cavey  Spring,  a  small  part  of  Joyden's  Wood,  500  or  600  yds.  south- 
west of  Stankey.  A  third  group  exists  on  the  Essex  side  of  the  Thames  at  Hangman's  Wood 
near  Grays  Thurrock.  All  three  groups  have  a  general  similarity.  All  the  pits  end  in  cham- 
bers in  the  chalk,  their  shafts  passing  through  the  Thanet  Sand,  which  is  capped  invariably  at 
Hangman's  Wood  by  gravel,  and  occasionally  in  the  two  Bexley  groups.  The  depth  from  the 
surface  to  the  floor  of  the  chambers  beneath  is  about  80  ft.  at  Hangman's  Wood,  and  varies 
from  about  40  ft.  to  70  ft.  at  Stankey  or  Cavey  Spring.  And  in  all  three  cases,  though  the 
depth  to  the  chalk  is  so  considerable  in  each,  there  is  plenty  of  bare  chalk  within  a  mile.  No- 
thing, therefore,  can  be  more  evident  than  the  fact  that  in  all  these  groups  we  have  unquestion- 


3c*LC:AmouT(l,'s 


4.     No.  2  Denehole  at  Stonehall  Farm, 
Lydden. 


Moseling's  Hole,' 
Alkham. 


able  deneholes — not  chalk-wells.  The  Bexley  groups  are  not  so  near  the  Thames  as  that  at 
Hangman's  Wood.  This  is  probably  due  to  some  extent  to  the  existence  of  the  Darenth  on 
the  Kentish  side,  which  would  allow  of  the  passage  of  small  ships  or  boats — such  as  ascended 
the  river  Lee  and  were  blockaded  there  by  King  Alfred — while  there  is  no  similar  stream  at 
Grays  Thurrock. 

Judging  from  those  Bexley  pits  which  are  figured  in  Mr.  Spurrell's  paper,  and  from  such 
as  I  have  had  opportunities  of  inspecting  myself,  the  general  plan  of  excavation  in  all  the  three 
groups  was  similar.  But  in  Hangman's  Wood  more  lateral  space  seems  to  have  been  allowed 
to  each  pit  than  at  Stankey  or  Cavey  Spring.  Hence,  while  the  double  trefoil  shape  seems  to 
have  been  the  prevalent  one  in  all  three  groups,  the  require- 
ments of  additional  space  have  been  met  at  Bexley  by  the 
removal  of  the  greater  part  of  the  original  partition  between 
adjacent  chambers,  pillars  being  left  to  support  the  roof,  as 
shown  in  progress  in  figures  6  and  7.  The  greater  amount  of 
lateral  space  allowed  at  Hangman's  Wood  appears  to  have 
prevented  the  need  there  for  development  of  this  kind.  A 
corriparison  of  the  Stankey  and  Cavey  Spring  pits  (figs.  6  and 
7)  with  the  Hangman's  Wood  pit  (fig.  9)  will  illustrate  this  point.  And  if  the  Stankey  pits 
shown  in  plate  H  in  Mr.  Spurrell's  paper  be  compared  with  the  pits  at  Hangman's  Wood 
(seen  in  the  ground  plan  given  with  the  Report  of  the  Denehole  Exploration  there)  '  it  will 

>  Report  on  the  Denehole  Exploration  at  Hangman's  Wood,  Grays,  1884  and  1887.  By  T.  V. 
Holmes  and  W.  Cole.  Also  Notes  by  E.  T.  Newton,  F.  \V.  Rudler,  F.  J.  Bennett,  H.  B.  Woodward  and 
F.  C.  J.  Spurrell,  Essex  Naturalist,  December,  1887. 


Xtr 


Fig.  6.    Stankey  Pit. 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

be  manifest  that  there  is  nothing  exceptional  (as  regards  the  space  allowed)  in  the  examples 
here  given. 

The  pit  shown  in  fig.  8  is  near  the  eastern  margin  of  Joyden's  Wood.  Its  position  is 
about  460  yds.  due  east  of  the  '  summer  house  '  marked  on  the  six-inch  Ordnance  map.  Not 
being  a  member  of  a  compact  group,  but  one  of  a  number  of  single  pits  scattered  about  Joy- 
den's Wood,  the  makers  have  evidently  excavated  simply  as  their  convenience  suggested, 
unrestricted  by  those  rules  for  the  common  advantage  enforced  in  Stankey  and  Cavey  Spring. 


TiHimni  cf  ctoir  root  .    .      .     ,  9tAt 

Fig.  7.    Cavey  Spring  Pit. 


r  80  n . 
Fig.  8.    Joyden's  Wood  Pit. 


Kind      j   \ 
acalt  So  rt^otit  Inch. 

Fig.  9.    Hangman's  Wood  Pit. 


While  Bexley  is  certainly  the  best  centre  in  Kent  for  the  exploration  of  deneholes,  as  the 
one  spot  where  they  may  be  studied  both  scattered  and  in  groups,  there  is  some  evidence  for 
their  existence  at  Eltham  and  Blackheath.  For  deneholes  in  those  localities,  if  ending  in  the 
chalk,  must  not  only  be  considerably  deeper  than  any  hitherto  mentioned,  whether  on  the 
Kentish  or  the  Essex  side  of  the  Thames,  but  must  have  been  constructed  under  difficulties 
arising  from  the  geological  structure  of  the  ground,  absent  elsewhere. 

On  I  March,  1878,  Mr.  W.  M.  Flinders  Petrie  read  a  short  paper  at  a  meeting  of  the 
Royal  ArchcBological  Institute  (which  was  afterwards  published  in  the  Archceological  Journal) 
on  a  remarkable  shaft  and  subterranean  chamber  lately  discovered  in  Eltham  Park,  the  seat 
of  Mr.  T.  Jackson.  From  this  paper  we  learn  that,  in  order  to  remedy  a  considerable  leakage 
in  the  water  supply,  workmen  were  ordered  to  trace  the  course  of  the  water  that  escaped. 
It  was  found  to  run  into  a  disused  brick  drain,  which  ended  at  the  top  of  a  deep  shaft.  The 
ground  above  the  shaft  was  then  broken  up,  and  the  crown  of  the  arching  over  it  appeared  at 
only  6  in.  below  the  surface.  The  shaft  was  about  100  yds.  from  the  house,  was  140  ft.  deep 
and  over  4  ft.  wide,  and  ended  in  a  chamber  cut  in  the  chalk,  which  was  about  30  ft.  by  50  ft., 
and  9  ft.  high.  The  roof  was  flat,  its  position  being  determined  by  the  existence  of  a  band 
of  flint,  and  the  chamber  was  supported  by  three  pillars  of  chalk  in  its  centre.  The  shaft  was 
carefully  lined  as  far  as  the  chalk,  the  upper  75  ft.  being  lined  almost  entirely  with  bricks, 
below  which  40  ft.  were  lined  mainly  with  blocks  of  chalk,  and  the  lowest  22  ft.,  being  in  the 
chalk,  were  unlined.  But  there  were  six  courses  of  chalk  in  the  brickwork,  and  eight  courses 
of  brick  in  the  chalk. 

At  some  date  much  later  than  that  of  the  original  construction  of  the  shaft  and  chamber 
a  drain  had  been  made  leading  to  the  shaft,  and  the  chamber  below  had  been  used  as  a  cess- 
pool. From  the  quantity  of  deposit  at  the  bottom  of  the  chamber,  Mr.  Petrie  thinks  that  the 
drain  probably  ran  into  it  for  at  least  a  century,  perhaps  two  or  three  centuries.  As  regards 
the  age  of  the  shaft  and  chamber,  the  bricks  in  the  shaft  do  not,  in  his  opinion,  offer  any  con- 
clusive evidence,  and  he  is  equally  doubtful  as  regards  the  objects  of  the  makers  of  the  shaft 
and  chambers.  However,  it  seems  clear  that  they  could  hardly  have  been  the  mere  extrac- 
tion of  chalk.  Consequently,  it  seems  to  me  that  as  this  Eltham  pit  must  have  been  made 
for  the  sake  of  the  chamber  excavated,  and  not  for  that  of  the  material  extracted,  it  belongs 
to  the  denehole  class. 

The  strata  above  the  chalk  in  the  denehole  shafts  of  Cavey  Spring,  Stankey,  or  Hangman's 
Wood  consist  of  Thanet  Sand  with  an  occasional  capping  of  gravel  at  the  surface.  At  Eltham 
the  following  section,  which  is  that  of  a  well  at  Eltham  Park,  a  few  yards  southward  of  the 
denehole,  is  given  by  Mr.  W.  Whitaker  {The  Geology  of  London  and  of  Part  of  the  Thames  Valley, 
il.  71). 

451 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

ft.  in. 
Oldhaven  or  Blackheath  Beds.     Ferruginous  quartzose  sand    [?  with  pebbles 

in  the  lower  part]     .         .          .          .          .          .          .          -44  — 

„,    ...     I'Yellow  mottled  clay  with  white  fragments  of  shells    .         .         .       6  — 

Woolwch    U.eensand lo  - 

^^'^^       i  Black  pebble-bed 10  — 

Thanet  Sand,  nearly  white     .         .          ....         .         .         .     52  — 

Chalk 

While  the  Thanet  Sand  stands  so  well  that  the  foot-holes  in  the  sides  of  the  shafts  at  Hang- 
man's Wood  are  still  visible,  the  variable  nature  of  the  strata  overlying  this  sand  at  Eltham 
would  alone  necessitate  the  steining  or  lining  of  the  shaft  there  to  ensure  stability.  In  addi- 
tion, a  difficulty  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  6  ft.  of  yellow  mottled  clay  at  the  top  of  the 
Woolwich  Beds  would  hold  up  the  water  percolating  through  the  sand  and  gravel  of  the  Old- 
haven  Beds  at  the  surface,  and  cause  its  concentration  towards  the  base  of  those  beds.  This 
would  make  necessary  a  specially  well-made  and  watertight  lining  for  the  shaft  from  the  sur- 
face to  a  few  feet  below  the  top  of  the  Woolwich  Beds,  and  is,  no  doubt,  the  reason  why,  at 
Eltham,  the  shaft  was  lined  with  bricks  only  down  to  a  depth  of  about  50  ft.,  the  alternating 
courses  of  brick  and  chalk  beginning  below  that  depth. 

The  Eltham  denehole  was  discovered  towards  the  end  of  January,  1878.  On  12  April, 
1878,  after  a  night  of  extremely  heavy  rain,  it  was  found  that  at  a  spot  on  Blackheath,  south 
of  the  Shooters  Hill  Road  and  west  of  that  between  the  south-eastern  corner  of  Greenwich 
Park  and  Blackheath  Village,  the  earth  had  sunk  in  to  a  depth  of  about  20  ft.,  leaving  a  nearly 
circular  hole  7  ft.  to  8  ft.  in  diameter.  Its  sides  were  vertical  except  near  the  bottom,  where 
they  gradually  expanded,  so  that,  at  the  lowest  point  visible,  the  diameter  of  the  hole  was 
about  14  ft.  After  some  little  delay  this  hole  was  filled  up  by  the  Metropolitan  Board  of 
Works.  But  early  in  November,  1880,  a  second  subsidence  took  place  on  Blackheath  more 
than  600  yds.  south-west  of  the  first ;  and  later  in  the  same  month  a  third  hole  about  no  yds. 
south-east  of  that  which  appeared  in  1878.  The  hole  of  1878  and  that  south-east  of  it  were 
almost  identical  in  size  and  shape.  But  that  to  the  south-west,  near  Eliot  Place,  was  much 
less  deep  than  the  other  two,  and  expanded  much  more  at  the  bottom.  Its  shape  suggested 
that  the  subterranean  hole,  filled  up  as  the  result  of  the  subsidence  at  the  surface,  might 
be  much  less  deep  than  in  the  two  other  cases.  The  positions  of  all  three  are  now  marked  by 
metal  plates  fixed  on  the  ground. 

The  Lewisham  and  Blackheath  Scientific  Association  formed  a  committee,  early  in  the 
year  1881,  for  the  purpose  of  making  an  exploration  of  the  more  recent  and  more  easterly 
of  the  two  deeper  holes,  Prof.  J.  K.  Lrughton,  then  at  the  Royal  Naval  College,  Greenwich, 
being  chairman  of  the  Committee,  which  began  work  on  4  April,  1 88 1.  The  beds  between 
the  surface  of  Blackheath  and  the  chalk  are,  apart  from  slight  variations  in  their  respective 
thicknesses,  identical  with  those  at  Eltham  Park  ;  the  depth  of  the  chalk  at  Blackheath  being 
probably  15  or  20  ft.  less.  The  Oldhaven  (or  Blackheath)  pebble  beds  in  which  the  workmen 
began  to  dig  were  throughout  broken  and  disturbed,  and  yielded  readily  to  the  spade.  At 
a  depth  of  34  ft.  from  the  surface  water  began  to  appear,  and  as  the  depth  increased  became 
more  and  more  troublesome.  When  speaking  of  the  steining  of  the  Eltham  shaft,  I  men- 
tioned the  concentration  of  water  towards  the  base  of  the  Oldhaven  Beds  owing  to  the  pres- 
ence beneath  them  of  the  clayey  beds  of  the  Woolwich  series.  But  in  the  case  of  a  small 
shaft  in  unbroken  ground  the  water  difficulty  would  be  trifling  compared  with  that  encoun- 
tered in  a  very  large  shaft  in  loose  and  shattered  ground,  like  that  of  the  Blackheath  pit.  For 
there  the  earth  behind  the  timber  framework  had  no  cohesion,  and  it  speedily  became  ap- 
parent that  the  timber  '  might  prove  to  be  of  insufficient  strength.  At  a  depth  of  43  ft.  the 
earth  on  the  south  side  of  the  hole  became  markedly  hard,  that  on  the  north  side  remaining 
soft  and  broken.  This  caused  the  framework  to  cant,  and  its  shape  to  alter  till,  from  being 
a  rectangle,  it  became  a  rhomboid  or  diamond.  This  alteration  in  shape  increasing,  the 
Committee  determined,  on  account  of  the  great  expense  which  would  have  attended  a  con- 
tinuation of  the  digging,  to  drive  a  tube  vertically  down,  to  test  the  hardness  or  softness  of 
the  earth,  and  to  ascertain  if  any  cavity  existed  underneath.  Accordingly,  an  iron  gaspipe 
of  I J  in.  diameter,  having  a  loose  steel-pointed  plug  at  the  lower  end,  was  driven  down,  with 
some  difficulty,  to  the  depth  of  70  ft.,  the  ground  through  which  it  passed  being  hard.  Thence 
to  the  depth  of  82  ft.  the  pipe  was  driven  with  very  great  ease.     Owing,  however,  to  a  frac- 

'  This  timber  framework  was  introduced  into  the  pit  to  ensure  safety  when 
452 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

ture  of  this  pipe,  it  was  withdrawn  and  another  substituted.  This  was  driven  down  to  the 
depth  of  84  ft.  6  in.,  when  the  point  was  stopped  by  some  hard  mass  which  could  not  be  pene- 
trated, and  the  pipe  had  to  be  withdrawn,  a  task  which  was  effected  only  with  the  greatest 
difficulty,  though  the  first  pipe  had  been  withdrawn  with  ease,  and  the  second  had  been  driven 
down,  as  nearly  as  possible,  in  the  track  of  the  first.  Then,  as  the  money  spent  had  somewhat 
exceeded  the  amount  subscribed,  it  was  resolved  to  withdraw  as  much  of  the  timber  as  might 
be  practicable,  and  to  fill  up  the  hole. 

The  Exploration  Committee,  as  a  whole,  were  not  able  to  accept  any  view  as  to  the  causes 
of  this  subsidence  as  conclusive.  The  present  writer,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Committee, 
was  permitted,  however,  to  append  to  the  Report  some  observations  pointing  out  that  the 
clayey  beds  of  the  Woolwich  series  (which  were  the  source  of  the  main  difficulty  during  the 
exploration),  by  concentrating  the  water  falling  as  rain  on  the  surface  of  Blackheath  towards 
the  base  of  the  pebble  beds,  would  prevent  it  from  acting  on  the  chalk  beneath.  This  fact 
would  consequently  make  any  explanation  of  the  subsidence  as  the  result  of  the  natural  action 
of  water  on  the  chalk  untenable.  But  that,  granting  the  existence  of  a  shaft  ending  in  a 
chamber  in  the  chalk,  under  Blackheath,  similar  to  that  at  Eltham  Park,  the  result  of  the 
action  of  the  water  at  the  base  of  the  Blackheath  Pebble  Beds  on  a  neglected  and  disused  shaft 
would  be  to  cause  an  enlargement  there  which  would  ultimately  produce  a  subsidence  result- 
ing in  a  hole  at  the  surface  such  as  had  appeared  (see  figs.  A,B,  C,  fig.  10).  And  (to  quote  the 
Report)  '  Professor  Prestwich  pronounces,  with  confidence,  that  so  far  as  he  can  judge,  the 
cause  of  the  subsidence  is  not  geological :    Mr.  Whitaker  leans  to  the  same  opinion.'  ' 


BlaeKhtorti\i 
ftttle  Seatty 


m 


Sand^Z 


riyc. 


Fig.  10.    Diagram  Sections  showing  necessary  Results  of  Long  Disuse  on  a  Shaft  and 
Chamber  at  Blackheath. 


During  the  present  year  (1906)  a  tunnel,  in  connexion  with  the  Main  Drainage  works 
of  the  London  County  Council,  has  been  in  process  of  formation  in  the  chalk  under  Black- 
heath, and  shafts  have  been  sunk  at  intervals  along  its  course.  I  noticed  that  two  of  these 
shafts,  one  north  of  the  road  from  the  south-western  corner  of  Greenwich  Park  to  Morden 
College,  the  other  on  the  southern  side  of  the  Shooters  Hill  Road,  were  in  a  line  with  the 
subsidence  which  appeared  at  the  surface  on  12  April,  1878.  Much  interesting  information 
was  kindly  given  me  by  Mr.  B.  C.  Cass,  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Messrs.  S.  Pearson  and  Sons,  the 
contractors,  about  the  workings  under  Blackheath.  I  learned  from  him  that  the  water  found 
at  the  base  of  the  pebble  beds  forming  the  surface  caused  no  serious  difficulty  when  the  shafts 
were  being  sunk  ;  and  that,  under  the  spot  at  which  the  above-mentioned  subsidence  occurred, 
the  chalk,  at  a  depth  of  about  120  ft.  from  the  surface,  was  found  to  be  broken  up  and  mixed 
with  soil  and  other  material  from  beds  nearer  the  surface.  Though  this  discovery  is  evidently 
important  as  indicating  at  this  spot  a  special  artificial  connexion  between  the  chalk  and 
the  surface,  it  seems  at  first  somewhat  disappointing  to  hear  only  of  a  confusion  of  rocks  where 
a  distinct  chamber  in  the  chalk,  like  that  at  Eltham,  might  be  expected.  But  it  must  be 
remembered  that  the  Eltham  shaft  and  chamber  were  accidentally  discovered  after  they  had 

•  Thus  I  may  claim  that  the  best  geological  authorities  were  against  a  merely  geological  explanation, 
and  so  far,  at  least,  in  favour  of  my  view.  On  the  other  hand,  up  to  1881,  deneholes  had  been  ignored 
by  everybody  but  Mr.  Spurrell.  I  feel  accordingly  that  it  would  not  be  justifiable,  in  an  account  of 
the  deneholes  of  Kent,  to  omit  the  subsidences  at  Blackheath,  and  their  probable  origin. 

453 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

been  kept  in  repair  and  utilized  down  to  a  comparatively  modern  period ;  while  at  Black- 
heath  the  positions  of  old  shafts,  with  presumably  chambers  at  their  bases,  have  hitherto  been 
revealed  only  when  the  falling  in  of  the  long  disused  and  neglected  shafts,  through  the  action 
of  the  water  concentrated  at  the  base  of  the  Blackheath  pebble  beds,  has  at  once  both  choked 
up  shaft  and  chamber,  and  at  the  same  time  indicated  their  position  by  the  subsidence  at 
the  surface  resulting  from  their  destruction. 

Before  leaving  Blackheath  it  seems  to  be  worth  mentioning  that  Mr.  Spurrell  alludes 
to,  but  does  not  quote,  the  following  account  of  a  subsidence  at  Blackheath  in  1798.  It 
appears  in  the  Gentlemaii's  Magazine  for  1798,  p.  1,078  :  '  A  singular  accident  happened  last 
week  at  Blackheath.  As  a  farmer  and  his  son  were  conversing  together  in  a  field  where  a  horse 
was  feeding,  on  a  sudden  the  animal  sunk  into  the  earth  (hind  feet  first)  to  the  depth  of  15  ft., 
out  of  which  he  was  dug,  crushed  to  death.  The  cavity  was  only  just  sufficient  to  admit  his 
body,  the  surrounding  soil  remaining  firm.'  This  account  certainly  suggests  a  subsidence 
similar  to  the  two  deeper  ones  on  Blackheath.  But  it  seems  to  have  taken  place  in  some  field 
near  the  open  common  known  by  that  name,  not  on  the  common  itself. 

Much  careful  exploration  will  be  necessary  before  any  definite  knowledge  can  be  ob- 
tained as  to  the  comparative  antiquity  of  deneholes,  and  the  periods  not  only  of  their  con- 
struction but  also  of  their  utilization.  We  have  seen  that  the  pair  of  shallow  deneholes  near 
Crayford,  described  by  Mr.  Spurrell,  dated  from  the  Neolithic  period.  Then  the  exploration 
of  the  deneholes  of  Hangman's  Wood  by  the  Essex  Field  Club  in  1884  and  1887  made  it  pro- 
bable that  they  originated  in  post-Neolithic  but  pre-Roman  times,  and  were  in  use  throughout 
the  Roman  occupation  and  possibly  later.  On  the  other  hand,  the  remark  of  the  young 
labourer's  father  at  Billericay  in  1 87 1  that  an  excavation  like  a  gravel-pit  was  '  a  denehole 
which  had  caved  in,'  decidedly  suggests  that,  in  some  form,  they  must  have  been  made  and 
used,  in  districts  where  they  had  once  been  in  demand,  down  to  a  comparatively  recent  period. 
Probably  the  circumstance  that  they  were  secret  storehouses,  etc.,  tended  to  a  reticence  as 
to  their  existence  on  the  part  of  the  agricultural  population  using  them,  which  may  explain 
the  absence  of  any  modern  antiquarian  allusions  to  them  as  not  only  once  used,  but  as  still 
found  useful  locally.^ 


APPENDIX  II 

ON  THE  EMBANKMENTS  OF  THE  THAMES  IN  KENT 

The  embankments  of  the  Thames  below  London  as  seen  in  their  entirety  present  an 
appearance  of  completeness  which  somewhat  exaggerates  their  importance.  They  are  the 
result  of  the  slow  and  creeping  work  of  centuries.  When  the  country  was  occupied  by  the 
Romans  the  low  lands  of  the  Thames  were  dry,  that  is  not  invaded  with  salt  water.  The 
river  was  fresh  and  very  shallow,  with  meandering  streams  from  the  uplands  adjacent.  Large 
trees  hundreds  of  years  old,  of  such  kinds  as  we  have  now  growing,  covered  the  bottoms  and 
spread  over  the  area  of  the  present  marshland,  and  everywhere  are  found  Roman  remains, 
pottery,  and  flint  and  chalk  used  in  building.  This  level,  which  is  a  little  below  the  Ordnance 
datum,  may  be  called  the  Roman  level.  It  is  scarcely  probable  that  any  banks  were  needed 
here  and  none  have  been  found  of  the  Roman  period  ;  nor  can  there  be  found  any  places 
indicating  the  least  connexion  between  a  Roman  site  and  an  embankment  of  any  date.  At 
the  termination  of  the  Roman  period  or  soon  after  there  came  an  irruption  of  the  sea,  which 
overthrew  the  trees  and  buildings  and  deposited  over  all  grey  tidal  clay  with  salt  water  shells. 
The  river  became  an  estuary  and  has  remained  so  ever  since.  The  invasion  of  the  sea  was 
sudden,  probably  in  the  nature  of  a  catastrophe,  and  accomplished  the  destruction  of  exten- 
sive settlements  on  the  low  shores  and  numerous  islands  eastward  of  the  Medway  mouth. 
This  change  was  probably  caused  by  a  small  subsidence  of  the  land  accompanied  by  so-called 
tidal  waves.  There  are  no  banks  for  keeping  out  the  tide  known  to  be  of  Saxon  date,  except 
those  of  Littlebrook  and  Sittingbourne,  and  these  were  hythes  of  small  size  placed  to  haul  up 
ships  in  winter  and  guard  off  storm  floods  and  foes.  To  two  of  these  can  be  assigned  some- 
thing of  a  date,  viz.,  Littlebrook,  which  is  mentioned  as  a  celebrated  place  in  a  charter  of 

1  As  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  caves  at  Chislehurst  are  of  the  nature  of  deneholes,  it  may  be 
well  to  mention  that  there  can  be  little  doubt  that  they  are  workings  in  the  side  of  the  hill  for  chalk, 
and  are  probably  of  a  comparatively  late  date. 

454 


ANCIENT    EARTHWORKS 

Ethelred,  a.d.  995.  It  was  also  one  of  the  two  ports  of  Dartford.  The  Sittingbourne  hythe 
was  apparently  thrown  up  by  Hasten  in  893,  and  at  the  shoreworks  at  Lesnes  is  a  similar 
hythe.  There  are  other  places  which  point  to  a  similar  use  and  period.  Many  enclosures  are 
the  result  of  the  enterprise  of  the  Religious  houses  situated  on  the  adjacent  hard  shores  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  causeways  and  ferries.  About  the  year  1 000  what  had  been  already  done 
in  reclaiming  land  was  intermitted  and  abandoned  to  the  sea. 

The  effective  embankments  in  the  estuary  of  the  Thames,  as  we  see  them  to-day, 
and  which  hedge  in  the  river,  are  of  no  great  antiquity.  They  are  the  result  of  piecemeal 
enclosures  which  have  advanced  side  by  side  at  right  angles  (so  to  speak)  to  the  course  of  the 
stream  from  either  shore,  until  a  line  was  reached  where  the  shore  banks  could  be  abandoned 
and  their  builders  unite  their  labours  in  forming  two  long  ones  parallel  to  the  current.  This 
has  been  a  long  process,  and  weak  places,  great  storms  and  inattention  on  the  part  of  some 
of  the  riparian  owners  have  been  the  frequent  cause  of  their  destruction,  and  required  careful 
watching  and  repeated  mending.  In  the  earlier  part  of  their  existence  the  walls  were  thrown 
up  to  win  the  land  from  the  water,  and  it  was  not  until  the  union  of  the  parallel  walls  had 
been  nearly  or  quite  completed,  that  it  was  perceived  that  a  much  more  important  thing  to 
the  country  at  large  had  occurred,  viz.,  the  deepening  and  straightening  of  the  common  water- 
way. For  as  the  parallel  banks  approached  each  other  the  tidal  currents  ran  more  swiftly 
and  the  scour  increased,  so  that  the  waterway  was  shortened  and  larger  ships  could  travel 
further  inland.  Then  too  it  was  found  that  this  was  not  a  matter  which  could  be  left  to  small 
owners  who  were  careless  and  narrow-minded,  but  was  a  matter  for  State  interference. 

In  the  twelfth  century  the  monks  of  Barking  and  Stratford  enclosed  much  marsh,  but 
the  pieces  cannot  be  identified.  Lesnes  Abbey  is  not  recorded  to  have  received  enclosed 
marshland  on  its  foundation  in  1 1 79  a.d.  The  monks  however  enclosed  a  part  of  their  marsh 
in  1279  A.D.  and  the  rest  within  the  next  twelve  years  after.  These  are  early  dated  examples. 
That  of  Lesnes  is  peculiarly  interesting,  as  we  can  identify  one  or  more  of  the  banks  then 
thrown  across  the  marshes.  The  plan  here  followed  to  obtain  the  end  in  view  was  simple 
and  bolder  than  most  of  those  pursued  on  the  Thames.  A  much  more  cautious  method  was 
the  commoner,  which  consisted  of  running  out  a  small  bank  from  the  shore  a  few  yards  and 
returning  to  the  shore  again,  then  from  some  point  on  that  line  other  essays  were  made  until 
a  large  area  was  enclosed.  Not  unfrequently  the  earlier  banks  were  cleared  away  for  material 
to  be  used  up  again.  In  some  old  deeds  this  was  expressly  prohibited.  A  row  of  old  manor 
ways  which  have  long  been  superseded  when  ending  in  a  line  may  be  seen  to  indicate  the 
termination  of  the  fresh  marsh.  Some  of  these  ways  are  still  called  walls,  though  now  levelled. 
Of  such  are  the  '  Farthing,'  '  Ham,'  and  '  Meads  '  walls  at  Cliffe.  Not  much  enclosure 
is  practised  now,  but  the  end  of  the  last  century  saw  some  extensive  efforts  at  re-embanking  at 
Slayhill  and  Milford  Hope.  But  with  the  wash  of  the  sea  consequent  on  the  destruction  of 
some  islands  which  acted  as  breakwaters,  little  good  can  now  come  of  such  labours  so  far  down.' 

'  For  maps  and  sections  of  marshland  works.  Arch.  Journ.  xlii.  269,  and  Proc.  Geologists'  Ass.  xl.  210. 


455 


AGRICULTURE 


THE  cultivation  of  the  soil  appears  from  early  times  to  have  been  in  a  more  advanced 
state  in  Kent  than  in  other  parts  of  Britain,  and  Caesar  himself  describes  the  people  as 
having  plenty  of  cattle  and  as  being  more  civilised  than  those  elsewhere  in  the  countr)'. 
This  relatively  advanced  condition  was  probably  due  to  the  proximity  of  the  county  to  the 
Continent,  and  to  this  fact  may  also  be  attributed  much  of  the  spirit  of  enterprise  and  innova- 
tion which  has  in  a  special  degree  been  characteristic  of  the  husbandry  of  Kent.  It  is  to 
Flemish  refugees  in  the  sixteenth  century  that  Kent  owes  the  introduction  of  technical  methods 
of  hop-cultivation,  although  the  plant  had  been  grown  to  some  extent  in  England  for  a  hundred 
years  or  more.  These  peaceful  invaders  from  the  Low  Countries  also  brought  with  them  new 
or  improved  varieties  of  fruit  and  vegetables  and  introduced  the  system  of  '  petite  culture  ' 
which  is  still  so  marked  a  feature  of  the  region  from  which  they  came.  To  this  day  hop- 
plantations,  however  large,  are  spoken  of  as  '  gardens,'  a  reminder  of  the  conditions  under 
which  their  cultivation  was  originally  carried  on.  The  Continental  features  in  Kent  farm- 
ing long  survived  as  an  integral  part  of  the  system  more  particularly  of  the  eastern  part 
of  the  county,  and  it  is  only  in  comparatively  recent  years  that  they  have  languished,  and  in 
some  instances  almost  disappeared. 

Towards  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  century  Boys  wrote  his  report  on  the  Agriculture  of 
Kent  for  the  old  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  Marshall,  about  the  same  time,  included  in  his 
Rural  Economy  of  the  Southern  Counties  some  observations  on  particular  parts  of  the 
county.  Canary-seed,  radish-seed,  turnips  and  colewort,  as  well  as  hops,  were  found  on  almost 
every  farm  having  a  soil  adapted  for  them.  Of  ordinary  crops  on  arable  land  the  principal 
were  wheat,  beans,  barley,  oats  and  peas.  Wheat  was  estimated  to  yield  about  twenty-two 
bushels  per  acre,  and  was  one  of  the  chief  agricultural  exports  of  the  county,  being  despatched 
to  London  from  Maidstone  and  the  coast-towns  in  hoys  carrying  from  three  to  five  hundred 
quarters,  which  returned  with  groceries  for  the  supply  of  the  county.  Hops  were  sent  away 
by  the  same  means,  the  streets  and  quays  of  Maidstone  presenting  an  extraordinary  scene 
during  the  height  of  the  season.  Cultivation  was  mainly  arable,  and  both  butter  and  cheese 
had  to  be  imported.  The  fertile  alluvial  soils  round  Faversham,  Sandwich  and  Deal  produced 
good  crops  of  wheat,  beans  and  canary-seed,  and  were  under  excellent  management.  The 
western  part  of  the  county  was  much  more  inclosed  than  the  eastern,  and  produced  more 
timber  and  underwood,  the  best  cultivated  land  being  on  the  north  from  Rainham  to  Dart- 
ford.  The  Chalk  belt  running  through  the  middle  of  the  county  from  east  to  west  was  esteemed 
of  little  value  owing  to  the  great  expense  of  cultivation.  The  Greensand  and  Gault  or 
'  Ragstone '  soils  bordering  the  chalk  on  the  south  produced  great  quantities  of  hops 
and  fruit  in  the  centre  of  the  county,  with  poorer  soils  and  much  waste  land  in  the  west. 
The  Weald  was  more  thinly  inhabited  and  less  cultivated  than  other  parts  of  the  county, 
though  its  ancient  forests,  formerly  the  haunts  of  deer  and  hogs,  were  for  the  most  part 
cleared. 

The  Kentish  turn-wrest  plough  was  in  use  all  over  the  county.  Marshall  speaks  of  it  as 
an  enormous  implement,  to  describe  which  verbally  were  impossible,  and  he  goes  on  to  con- 
demn its  use  on  the  level  free-working  lands  of  East  Kent  as  a  species  of  idolatry  which  nothing 
but  blind  bigotry  would  tolerate.  It  was  an  exceedingly  heavy  wooden  implement  with  two 
large  wheels  '  more  like  a  cart  than  a  plough,'  and  all  the  furrows  were  turned  one  way 
by  means  of  a  shifting  mould-board.  In  East  Kent  four  horses  could  plough  an  acre  and  a 
half  in  a  day ;  in  the  west,  owing  to  the  greater  tenacity  of  the  soil,  seldom  more  than  an 
acre  was  ploughed  in  a  day,  even  with  six  horses.  Boys,  however,  claimed  for  this  plough  that, 
for  all  sorts  of  soil  and  all  required  depths,  it  was  the  best  he  had  ever  tried,  and  it  is  a  remark- 
able fact  that,  although  lighter  ploughs  have  been  introduced,  the  old  implement,  with  but 
I  457  58 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

few  modifications,  is  still  widely  used  in  Mid- Kent  and  the  Weald,  with  three  horses,  however, 
or  at  most  four  on  the  heavy  soils. 

In  the  succession  of  crops  there  was,  as  at  the  present  day,  a  marked  absence  of  any  settled 
practice  in  the  county  generally.  On  the  rich  soils  near  Faversham,  Sandwich  and  Deal  (i) 
barley  or  oats,  (2)  beans  or  peas,  (3)  wheat  was  the  course  followed.  Sometimes  a  crop  of 
canary-seed  was  sown  on  the  bean-stubble.  In  Sheppey  beans  and  wheat  were  taken  alternately, 
and  once  in  six  or  eight  years  a  summer  fallow  took  the  place  of  beans  in  order  to  clean 
the  land.  In  Thanet  a  four-course  system,  but  with  great  variations,  was  followed — (i)  fallow, 
(2)  barley,  (3)  clover,  (4)  wheat,  and  on  the  deep  rich  loams,  beans  followed  by  wheat  and 
then  barley,  Thanet  barley  being  celebrated  throughout  the  country.  Sainfoin  was  much 
grown  on  the  Chalk  lands.  It  was  sown  with  Lent  corn,  and  with  good  management  would 
yield  as  much  as  sixty  cwt.  of  hay  to  the  acre  and  last  for  ten  or  twelve  years.  Summer  fallow- 
ing was  common.  In  the  Weald,  tenants  were  bound  to  lay  a  hundred  bushels  of  lime 
per  acre  on  the  wheat  fallows. 

Draught  animals  were  brought  from  the  Midlands  while  young.  In  Thanet  and  East 
Kent  some  were  bred,  while  Flemish  and  half-bred  Flemish  horses  were  also  found  there. 
Sheppey  horses  were  bred  from  a  native  stock  long   established  in  that  island. 

Sheep  were  bred  on  the  uplands  of  East  Kent  and  fattened  on  the  marsh-pastures.  Hardly 
any  sheep  were  bred  in  the  Weald,  but  many  were  indifferently  wintered  there.  The  main- 
stay of  the  Weald  farmers  was  the  fattening  of  cattle,  which  were  disposed  of  from  March  to 
June.     Many  Welsh  cattle  were  fattened  also  on  the  marsh-lands  of  East  Kent. 

Landed  property  at  this  time  was  very  much  divided,  and  the  number  of  yeomen  was 
considered  to  be  increasing.  Few  farms  on  the  richer  soils  exceeded  two  hundred  acres, 
though  on  poorer  lands  they  were  frequently  very  much  larger.  The  average  rent  in  1 796 
was  put  at  15/.  an  acre  with  a  range  of  5/.  up  to  30/.,  and  for  choice  land  as  much  as  £^ 
an  acre. 

The  older  farm  servants  received  10s.  to  los.  6d.  per  week  without,  or  £S  to  £13  a  year 
with  board  ;  younger  hands,  from  £'i  a  year  upwards ;  dairymaids,  £j\.  to  ^5  a  year  ;  women- 
weeders  8^.  to  lod.,  and  children  6d.  a  day.  Harvestmen  earned  £■}  los.  to  £/^,  with  board, 
for  five  weeks'  work.  These  rates  were  said  to  be  nearly  double  those  obtained  thirty  years 
previously. 

About  fifty  years  later,  in  1845,  Buckland's  report  on  Kent  Agriculture  appeared  in  the 
Royal  Agricultural  Society's  Journal.  In  the  interval  a  great  deal  had  been  done  to  advance 
the  state  of  husbandry  by  draining,  by  clearing  away  useless  hedges,  by  deep  culture,  by  the 
extended  use  of  fallow  crops,  and  other  improved  methods,  and  the  heavier  crops  obtained 
from  the  soil  testified  to  the  general  progress  made.'-  Rents  had  risen  considerably,  ranging 
from  6s.  on  the  inferior  Chalk  soils  to  50J.  on  the  lands  north  of  Canterbury,  and  even  60s. 
per  acre  or  more  on  the  best  pastures  of  Romney  Marsh.  Much  waste  land  had  been  inclosed 
and  the  cultivation  of  root  and  green  crops  enabled  an  increased  number  of  cattle  and  sheep 
to  be  reared  and  fattened.  Improved  Kent  sheep  were  coming  into  favour  in  various  parts 
of  the  county.  Market-gardening  of  an  intensive  character  was  increasingly  carried  on  near 
London,  and  it  was  no  uncommon  thing  for  gardeners  to  lay  on  100  or  120  tons  of  manure  per 
acre.  Cattle  were  grazed  in  the  Greenwich,  Woolwich,  Flumstead  and  Erith  marshes,  and 
Shorthorn  cows  were  kept  for  the  supply  of  milk  to  the  metropolis. 

During  the  last  thirty  years  Kent  has,  in  common  with  other  parts  of  the  country,  suffered 
much  from  the  great  fall  that  has  taken  place  in  the  price  of  many  kinds  of  agricultural  produce. 
The  districts  that  have  felt  the  depression  most  keenly  have  been  the  heavy  wheat  and  bean 
lands,  thousands  of  acres  of  which  have  been  laid  down,  or  have  tumbled  down,  to  pasture. 
The    characteristic  changes  which  have   occurred  are   concisely  indicated  in    the  following 

^  Official  returns  of  the  produce  of  crops  are  only  available  since  1885.  The  yields  per  acre  in 
Kent  during  the  past  two  decades  have  been  as  follows : — 

Wheat  (bushels)      .      . 

Barley  „ 

Oats  „  .     . 

Beans  „ 

Peas  „  .      . 


458 


S7-96. 

.S97-I906. 

iSS 

7   96. 

1897-1906. 

317s 

34-54 

Potatoes      .... 

(tons) 

5-68 

6-28 

3661 

38-38 

Turnips  and  Swedes    . 

„ 

12-91 

12-39 

47-25 

47-20 

Mangold     .... 

„ 

.8-25 

19-31 

27-09 

30-27 

Hay  from  Clover  and 

2698 

30-94 

Rotation  Grasses      . 

Hay    from    Permanent 

Pasture    .... 

" 

1-37 
I -OS 

1-37 
J  04 

AGRICULTURE 

table  showing  at  intervals  of  ten  years  the  area  under  the  principal  crops  and  the  number  of 
live  stock  officially  returned  in  the  county  since  1867  : — 

A.    Area  under  Crops 


Crops. 

,S67. 

1877. 

.887. 

i897.' 

.906. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Acres. 

Wheat 

105,598 

98,697 

70,343 

47,427 

41.978 

Barley 

40.477 

43,018 

47,618 

39,502 

33.193 

Oats 

54.167 

54.509 

47.771 

47,738 

46,591 

Rye 

616 

608 

1.493 

1.256 

938 

Beans 

23,650 

17,820 

13,555 

7,463 

7,518 

Peas 

19.447 

20,864 

19,754 

14,272 

11,624 

Total  Corn 

243,955 

235,516 

200,534 

157,658 

141,842 

Potatoes 

9,502 

13,576 

15,870 

13,067 

14,512 

Turnips  and  Swedes       .      .      . 

33,297 

27,095 

24,781 

21,582 

17,059 

Mangold 

8,294 

12,113 

ii,8u 

10,856 

12,273 

Clover  and  Rotation  Grasses   . 

55,770 

59,849 

57.134 

52,488 

36,466 

Hops 

40,762 

45,984 

40,037 

31,661 

29,296 

Small  Fruit 

[12,344]' 

22,080 

22,146 

Other  Crops 

26,372 

31,030 

32,561 

27,050 

31,045 

Bare  Fallow 

13.908 

10,178 

8,913 

10,902 

7,249 

Total  Arable  Land  .      ,      .      . 

431,860 

435,341 

391.641 

347,344 

311,888 

Permanent  Pasture  .... 

288,280 

302,722 

358,273 

402,028 

429,166 

Total  Cultivated  Land  .      .      . 

720,140 

738,063 

749,914 

749.372 

741,054 

B.    Nuv 

ber  of  Live 

Stock 

- 

1867. 

1877. 

1887. 

1897. 

1906. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

No. 

Horses 

— 

29,616 

28,041 

27,641 

27,679 

Cows  and  Heifers     .... 

24,500 

26,355 

31,985 

32,945 

39.144 

Total  Cattle 

68,137 

64,597 

75,222 

76,447 

93,251 

Sheep 

1.063,414 

971,098 

943,418 

934,698 

910,368 

Pigs 

75,570 

64,654 

54,678 

57,135 

60,979 

Note. — The  above  figures  apply  to  the  stock  kept  in  the  county  in  the  summer  time.  From  the 
prevailing  practice  of  the  county  it  may  be  assumed  that  a  winter  census  would  show  more  cattle  and 
fewer  sheep. 

It  will  be  seen  that  in  1867  arable  land  occupied  three-fifths,  and  in  1907  only  two-fifths 
of  the  cultivated  surface,  the  decline  being  heaviest  in  v\heat,  beans,  peas,  clover  and  turnips. 
The  grass  area  shows  a  corresponding  extension. 

As  regards  live  stock  the  chief  features  to  be  noticed  are  the  large  increase  in  cattle,  especi- 
ally cows,  indicating  possibly  an  extension  of  dairying,  and  the  steady  decline  in  the  number 
of  sheep, of  which, however,  Kent  still  maintains  a  larger  number  per  acre  than  any  otherEnglish 
county.  None  of  the  foregoing  changes  have  been  peculiar  to  Kent,  which  has  only  shared, 
in  some  cases  to  a  greater,  in  others  to  a  lesser  degree  in  movements  which  have  been  general 
throughout  the  country. 

But  in  one  feature  of  its  agriculture  the  experience  of  Kent  during  the  last  eleven  years 
presents  a  striking  contrast  to  that  of  nearly  every  other  part  of  the  country,  for  while  there 
has  been  a  distinct  tendency  in  England  for  medium-sized  holdings  to  increase  in  number 

1  In  the  formation  of  the  County  of  London  in  1893,  19,570  acres  were  taken  from  the  area  of  Kent. 
«  In  1888. 

459 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

at  the  expense  of  both  small  and  large  holdings,  in  Kent  there  has  been  a  considerable  increase 
in  the  number  of  small  farms. i  In  many  parts  of  the  county,  as  for  example  in  Sheppey,  the 
movement  has  probably  been  more  in  line  with  general  experience,  as  arable  farms  have 
gradually  become  merged  in  extensive  grazing  tracts.  It  is  in  the  rapid  increase  of  fruit  and 
vegetable  culture  in  the  more  favourably-situated  parts  of  the  county  that  an  explanation 
of  the  growth  of  small  holdings  in  Kent  must  in  all  likelihood  be  sought. 

While  the  number  of  persons  directly  interested  in  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  has  thus 
increased,  there  has  been  in  Kent,  as  in  every  other  county,  a  great  reduction  in  the  number 
of  agricultural  labourers  employed.  Of  males  there  were  47,000  in  i86i,  40,000  in  1881, 
and  only  31,000  in  1901.  Not  only  has  the  decline  in  arable  cultivation  lessened  the  demand 
for  labour,  but  on  the  smaller  area  of  ploughed  land  far  less  labour  is  now  required  owing  to 
the  ever-increasing  use  of  machinery,  notably  the  self-binding  reaper.  Apart  from  those  in 
regular  employment  a  great  number  of  temporary  labourers  are  required  at  certain  seasons  of 
the  year,  particularly  for  fruit  and  hop-picking.  In  all  probability  the  numbers  engaged  in 
the  hop-gardens  have  diminished,  while  fruit  picking  gives  more  employment  than  formerly. 

The  proximity  of  the  great  commercial  centre  offers  great  attractions  to  the  younger 
farm  labourers,  and  causes  the  general  rate  of  wages  to  be  relatively  high  in  Kent.  The 
weekly  earnings  of  an  ordinary  labourer  in  1902,  including  the  value  of  allowances  in  kind, 
were  estimated  at  19/.  jd.,  and  the  cash  wages  alone  at  i6s.  ^d.  throughout  the  year.  Men 
in  charge  of  animals  would  obtain  6d.  to  is.  6d.  more  than  these  amounts. 

Some  account  of  the  existing  state  of  agriculture  in  various  parts  of  Kent,  and  of  some 
of  the  special  features  of  its  agriculture,  will  now  be  given.  In  a  recent  article  by  Sir  Charles 
Whitehead  -  the  county  was  divided  into  four  large  districts,  viz.  East  Kent,  North  Kent, 
Mid- Kent  and  the  Weald,  and  four  smaller  areas,  viz.  Thanet,  Sheppey,  The  Hundred 
of  Hoo,  and  Romney  Marsh.     The  same  divisions  will  accordingly  be  adopted  here. 

East  Kent. — This  is  the  largest  of  the  divisions  to  be  described,  occupying  about  three- 
eighths  of  the  total  area  of  the  county.  It  is  bounded  roughly  by  a  line  drawn  from  Rochester 
to  Ashford  and  thence  to  Hythe. 

The  proportions  of  arable  and  pasture  land  in  this  part  of  Kent  are  about  equal,  and 
taken  altogether  it  is  the  most  important  part  of  the  county  for  the  growing  of  corn  ;  of  barley 
in  particular,  60  per  cent,  of  the  county  acreage  is  found  here,  while  wheat  and  oats  are 
each  grown  upon  practically  the  same  extent  of  land,  viz.  some  20,000  acres.  Roots  (princi- 
pally turnips)  and  rotation  grasses  come  next  in  importance,  occupying  about  equal  areas. 

The  greater  part  of  the  division  is  on  the  Chalk,  which  here  attains  its  greatest  breadth, 
extending  from  Folkestone  to  within  four  miles  of  the  north  coast.  Much  of  the  land  con- 
sists merely  of  a  more  or  less  shallow  covering  of  mould  upon  the  Chalk,  in  some  districts  loamy 
and  friable  but  in  others  marly  and  unkind.  These  features  characterize  the  soil  from  Canter- 
bury to  Deal,  Dover,  Folkestone  and  Ashford  as  well  as  the  slopes  of  the  chalk  hills  westward 
to  Rochester.  The  rotation  followed  in  these  districts  is  usually  the  four-course — (i)  wheat, 
(2)  turnips,  (3)  barley,  and  (4)  grass.  On  the  better  soils  a  seven-year  course  is  taken,  such  as 
(i)  turnips,  (2)  barley  or  oats,  (3)  seeds,  (4)  wheat,  (5)  barley  or  oats,  (6)  peas  or  beans.  This 
is  varied  by  sowing  sainfoin  with  barley  and  oats  or  by  sowing  Italian  rye-grass  and  white 
clover  and  leaving  it  down  for  two  or  three  years. 

In  the  north-east  there  is  some  useful  alluvial  soil  formed  by  the  gradual  silting  up  of  the 
Stour,  and  extending  as  far  south  as  Deal.  It  affords  valuable  pasture  land  which  is  worked 
in  conjunction  with  the  arable  farms  on  either  side  of  the  Stour.  It  will  fatten  li  bullocks 
per  acre  and  will  carry  2|-  sheep  per  acre  during  the  winter.  There  is  also  some  good  pasture 
land  in  the  south  on  the  Gault  belt  fringing  the  Chalk  between  Folkestone  and  Ashford.    Con- 

1  The  comparison  between  Kent  and  the  rest  of  England  is  as  follows : — 

Kent.  Rtst  of  England. 

Number        Number  Number  Number 

in  1895.        in  1906.  in   1S95.  in  1906. 

1.  Small  Holdings — 

Above  I  and  not  exceeding  5  acres 2,156        2,212  ^^,Sgg  78,7°S 

Above  5  and  not  exceeding  50  acres     ....       4,670         5,017  165,921  161,000 

2.  Medium-sized  Holdings — 

Above  50  and  not  exceeding  300  acres       .      .      .       3,165         3,382  103,790  106,354 

3.  Large  Holdings — 

Above  300  acres 494  431  15.084  14,280 

*  'A  Sketch  of  the  Agriculture  of  Kent'  in  Jotini.  of  the  Royal  Jgric.  Soc.  (1899). 
460 


AGRICULTURE 

sequently  the  numbers  both  of  cattle  and  sheep"  maintained,  but  particularly  of  sheep,  are 
large  (for  East  Kent  as  a  whole  the  summer  census  gives  about  fourteen  sheep  to  every  ten 
acres).  Many  farmers  buy  Kent  lambs  at  the  large  fairs  at  Romney  and  Ashford  in  the  early 
autumn,  and  fatten  out  on  cake  or  corn  those  that  they  do  not  require  for  breeding ;  some 
of  them  have  grazing  land  in  Romney  Marsh.  Cattle  are  not  extensively  bred.  A  few 
Irish  beasts  are  fattened,  but  Welsh  cattle,  which  used  to  be  fattened  in  the  district,  are  not 
now  seen.  Generally  speaking  there  is  not  much  fruit  land  in  this  part  of  the  division  and 
only  a  moderate  amount  of  hops. 

The  best  land  in  East  Kent  is  in  the  north,  extending  on  either  side  of  the  railway  from 
Chatham  to  Canterbury.  It  consists  of  rich  deep  loams  on  the  London  Clay  and  Oldhaven 
and  Woolwich  Beds.  No  regular  rotation  is  followed,  but  good  crops  of  grain  and  potatoes 
are  grown.  The  barley  is  of  superior  quality  and  is  much  sought  after  by  brewers,  while 
wheat  in  Canterbury  has  of  recent  years  made  a  higher  price  than  at  almost  any  other  market 
in  England  and  Wales.  Large  quantities  of  fruit  are  grown,  greengages  and  cherries  flourish- 
ing particularly  well.  It  was  at  Teynham,  in  the  heart  of  this  region,  that  the  improvements 
in  fruit  cultivation  in  Kent  commenced  more  than  three  centuries  ago.  Lambard  (writing 
in  1576)  described  the  country  from  Rainham  to  Blean  Wood,  near  Canterbury,  as  '  the  cherry- 
garden  and  apple-orchard  of  Kent.'  The  district  still  maintains  its  reputation  and  the  extent 
of  fruit  land  is  being  continually  added  to.  Very  great  improvement  has  taken  place  in  the 
management  of  cherry  orchards.  Formerly  they  were  mown,  but  the  practice  has  long  been 
considered  injurious  and  is  now  abandoned.  It  is  also  believed  that  to  allow  grass  round  the 
trees  is  prejudicial  to  fruit-bearing,  and  that  it  is  exhausting'to  the  orchards  to  feed  animals  in 
them  unless  the  latter  are  at  the  same  time  liberally  supplied  with  cake  or  corn. 

The  finest  hops  in  the  county  and,  as  some  hold,  finer  than  anywhere  else  in  the  world, 
are  grown  in  this  area.  Not  many  cattle  are  fattened,  but  large  flocks  of  sheep  are  kept.  The 
general  style  of  farming  is  better  than  in  almost  any  other  part  of  the  county.  This  is  no  modern 
characteristic,  for  it  was  observed  by  Arthur  Young  a  hundred  and  twenty  years  ago  that 
the  so-called  excellent  husbandry  of  Kent  must  be  understood  as  applying  only  to  a  limited 
area  in  the  north  of  the  county. 

East  Kent  is  somewhat  subject  to  cold  winds  in  the  spring  which  at  times,  especially 
when  accompanied  by  rain,  do  much  damage  to  the  young  crops  and  the  fruit    blossom. 

North  Kent. — The  North  Kent  division  is  marked  off  approximately  by  a  line  drawn 
from  Chatham  to  Cudham,  near  the  Surrey  border,  and  not  including  the  peninsula  of  Hoo. 
Its  northern  part  is  principally  on  the  Woolwich,  Reading  and  Oldhaven  Beds  and  the  London 
Clay,  giving  as  a  rule  a  good  class  of  soil.  Further  south  where  the  chalk  is  only  covered  by  its 
natural  thin  layer  of  soil  much  of  the  land  is  poor,  cold  and  unkindly.  On  the  shores  of  the 
Thames  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Darent  there  is  some  good  alluvium.  As  in  other  parts  of 
Kent  there  is  no  regular  rotation  of  crops,  those  being  taken  which  will  pay  best  at  the  time. 
The  farming  is  principally  arable.  Oats  is  the  most  widely  cultivated  corn  crop,  but  both 
wheat  and  barley  are  largely  grown.  There  is  also  a  very  large  area  under  potatoes,  about 
half  the  total  acreage  in  the  county  being  in  this  division.  These,  with  other  vegetables, 
are  extensively  raised  on  the  clay  lands.  In  the  cultivation  of  fruit  this  district  occupies  a 
remarkable  position,  for  it  contains  nearly  as  large  an  area  of  '  small  '  fruit  as  is  grown  in  all 
other  parts  of  the  county  put  together,  and  this  item  occupies  a  larger  area  than  any  ordinary 
farm  crop  in  the  district.  Fruit  has  been  planted  during  the  last  thirty  years  in  most  parts 
where  the  soil  is  suitable,  but  particularly  in  the  valley  of  the  Cray,  where  great  crops  of  straw- 
berries are  raised.     Large  quantities  of  raspberries,  gooseberries  and  currants  are  also  grown. 

A  remarkable  development  in  the  use  of  glass  has  occurred  in  recent  years  in  the  Abbey 
Wood  district  above  Erith  Marsh.  A  succession  of  artificially  raised  strawberries  with  a 
first  crop  in  January — occasionally  ready  for  Christmas  dessert — tomatoes,  and  finally  chrysan- 
themums and  asters,  are  produced  under  frames  two  or  three  hundred  feet  in  length.  The 
respective  plants  are  brought  as  forward  as  possible  in  the  open,  and  are  removed  from  the  houses 
as  soon  as  they  have  ceased  to  be  profitable.  When  in  bloom  the  great  length  of  plants  forms 
a  pleasing  and  interesting  picture.  The  gleaned  strawberries — successors  to  those  sold  at 
the  '  guinea  '  rate — become  the  ripe  fruit  which,  in  the  hands  of  street  vendors,  sometimes 
astonishes  a  Londoner  long  before  a  naturally-grown  berry  has  turned  colour. 

Of  orchard  land  the  extent,  though  very  considerable,  is  less  marked  than  that  of  small 
fruit,  and  hops  are  not  much  grown  except  in  the  east  towards  Rochester  and  Chatham. 
The  proximity  of  London  is  a  great  advantage  to  this  district,  which  possesses  ample  facilities 
for  obtaining  the  requisite  manure  and  for  the  transport  of  its  produce. 

461 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

Dairying  is  engaged  in  near  London,  otherwise  not  many  cattle  are  bred  or  kept  in  North 
Kent,  and  on  the  whole  the  number  of  sheep  is  smaller  in  proportion  than  in  other  parts  of 
the  county.  The  flocks  increase  towards  the  eastern  part  of  the  division,  and  in  the  same 
direction  the  size  of  the  farms  also  increases  in  a  marked  degree. 

Mid-Kent. — This  division  lies  between  the  one  last  described  and  the  Weald.  Its 
eastern  boundary  is  East  Kent  and  its  western  the  county  of  Surrey.  Across  it  in  succession 
from  north  to  south  run  the  Chalk,  Gault,  Lower  Greensand  and  Weald  Clay  formations, 
the  greater  part  being  on  the  Greensand.  The  soils  on  this  formation  vary  in  quality,  being 
generally  sandy  and  poor  in  the  west,  but  of  finer  quality  towards  the  east  of  the  division,  notably 
near  Maidstone.  Along  the  sides  of  the  hills,  overlooking  the  Weald,  is  found  a  narrow  belt 
of  soil  provincially  called  '  Coomb,'  which,  though  very  heavy  in  texture,  is  extremely  pro- 
ductive and  suitable  for  filberts  and  fruit.  The  Chalk  soils  in  the  north  are  of  little  depth 
and  only  moderate  fertility.  In  the  south  a  good  deal  of  the  stiff  Weald  Clay  land  is 
improved  by  admixture  with  the  Greensand  loams.  There  is  no  regular  rotation  of  cropping. 
A  century  ago  wheat  and  beans  occupied  the  principal  place,  and  on  some  of  the  best  land 
in  the  Maidstone  district  sometimes  alternated  with  one  another  for  years  without  a  break. 
Very  few  beans  are  now  grown,  but  wheat  is  still  cultivated  to  a  fair  extent  except  in  the 
west.  The  principal  grain  crop,  however,  is  oats.  There  is  a  comparatively  small  extent  of 
barley,  this  crop  not  yielding  first-rate  samples  for  malting.  Roots  and  potatoes  are  exten- 
sively grown.  A  large  proportion  of  the  land  in  the  extreme  west  is  under  grass  with  a  not 
very  considerable  amount  of  hops  and  fruit.  In  the  remainder  of  the  division,  but  par- 
ticularly in  its  centre,  a  great  amount  of  land  is  devoted  to  these  two  kinds  of  produce,  and, 
except  on  the  Chalk  soils,  the  fruit  area  is  being  continually  added  to.  On  the  slopes  of 
the  hills  below  Maidstone  the  blossom  presents  a  wonderful  sight  in  the  springtime,  the 
trees  stretching  away  east  and  west  as  far  as  the  eye  can  reach. 

A  great  amount  of  manure  is  required  for  the  hop  lands.  Formerly  almost  every  farmer 
tied  up  bullocks  for  this  purpose,  buying  Sussex  animals  from  breeders  in  the  Weald.  Now  it 
is  cheaper  to  get  stable  manure  by  rail  and  river,  consequently  but  few  bullocks  are  fattened, 
though  Sussex  and  Shorthorn  cattle  are  somewhat  extensively  bred.  There  are  ample  facilities 
for  the  conveyance  of  produce  and  of  farmers'  requirements  by  rail  and  river.  The  Medway 
is  tidal  as  far  as  Maidstone  and  a  canal  runs  thence  to  Tonbridge. 

The  Weald. — This  division  lies  south  of  Mid- Kent  below  the  line  of  railway  from  Guild- 
ford to  Ashford  and  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Romney  Marsh.  The  upper  parts  are  princi- 
pally on  the  Weald  Clay  with  soils  of  stiff  yellowish  clay  except  in  a  few  places  where  they  are 
overlain  by  loams  and  gravels.  Towards  the  Sussex  border  the  Hastings  beds  occur,  and  here 
the  soil  is  of  a  lighter  texture  with  admixture  of  sand  and  occasional  patches  of  loam.  The 
clay  lands  are  susceptible  of  great  improvement,  but  being  essentially  wheat  and  bean  soils  they 
have  keenly  felt  the  depression  in  prices,  and  though  both  these  crops  are  still  largely 
grown  they  occupy  a  subsidiary  position.  Barley  is  scarcely  grown.  The  principal  corn  crop 
is  oats ;  on  the  better  lands  it  sometimes  follows  wheat  and  then  the  land  is  sown  down  to 
grass  for  several  years.  Arable  farming  altogether  is  of  much  less  importance  than  in  any 
other  part  of  the  county  except  Romney  Marsh  and  Sheppey,  about  three-fourths  of  the 
cultivated  area  being  under  grass.  In  some  parts  of  the  district,  notably  near  Goudhurst 
and  Brenchley,  the  soil  is  well  adapted  for  hop-growing,  and  the  Weald  contains  about  one- 
third  of  the  whole  acreage  under  this  crop  in  Kent,  most  farms  having  a  few  acres  of  hop 
land. 

Apple  trees  thrive  well  in  most  parts  of  the  Weald.  The  extent  of  land  under  orchards 
is  large,  but  small  fruit  is  little  grown. 

Large  numbers  of  cattle  and  sheep  are  kept ;  the  Sussex  breed  of  cattle  is  found  on  most 
farms  and  some  are  bred  in  the  division.  During  the  summer  the  majority  of  the  sheep 
are  grazed  in  the  eastern  or  lower  parts.  Many  lambs  are  taken  in  from  Romney  Marsh 
for  the  winter,  and  Kent  sheep  are  bred  on  the  larger  holdings.  As  a  rule  farms  in  the 
Weald  are  smaller  than  in  other  parts  of  the  county.  The  fields  too  are  small  and  hedgerows 
numerous. 

Thanet. — The  Isle  of  Thanet,  in  the  extreme  north-east  of  the  county,  contains  an  area 
of  about  29,000  acres,  and  is  divided  from  the  mainland  by  the  Stour  and  its  northern  branch 
the  Wantsum.  The  latter,  from  being  a  considerable  stream,  has  dwindled  to  insignificance, 
and  on  either  side  along  its  course  there  is  now  an  alluvial  soil  affording  valuable  marsh  pastures. 
In  the  higher  part  of  the  island  there  is  an  outcrop  of  the  Chalk.  Some  of  the  uppermost  land 
is  rather  thinly  soiled,  but   on   the  whole   it  is   described  by  Marshall  in  his  Rural  Economy 

462 


AGRICULTURE 

of  the  Southern  Counties  as  '  the  best  soiled  plot  of  chalk  hill  this  country  possesses,'  and 
contemporary  writers  on  husbandry  spoke  of  the  island  as  '  one  of  the  finest  gardens  in  the 
kingdom.'  Though  the  natural  fertility  of  the  soil  may  be  inconsiderable  it  has  for  centuries 
been  maintained  at  a  high  standard  by  copious  manuring,  the  seaweed  left  in  large  quantities 
by  the  tide  being  much  used  for  the  purpose.  This  systematic  improvement  of  the  soil  origin- 
ated with  the  religious  fraternities  which  at  one  time  held  a  considerable  portion  of  the  island, 
and  were  the  pioneers  of  good  husbandry. 

The  area  under  cultivation  at  the  present  time  is  22,000  acres,  of  which  precisely  two-thirds 
are  arable.  Generally  speaking  there  is  no  special  rotation.  Barley  is  the  staple  crop,  being 
grown  on  upwards  of  3,000  acres.  The  grain  is  heavy  in  yield  and  of  the  finest  quality.  Fre- 
quently two  barley  crops  are  taken  in  succession.  Oats  and  wheat  are  largely  grown,  as  also 
are  roots,  potatoes  and  peas.  Lucerne,  a  valuable  fodder  crop  the  cultivation  of  which  in 
England  is  mainly  confined  to  the  south-eastern  counties,  is  grown  on  a  considerable  area  in 
Thanet.  It  has  been  cultivated  as  a  field  crop  in  this  country  for  about  150  years.  It  thrives 
well  on  calcareous  soils,  is  a  deep-rooting  plant,  and  for  the  maximum  yield  requires  dryness 
and  warmth. 

Canary-seed  was  at  one  time  cultivated  for  domestic  use  and  export.  It  was  sown  broad- 
cast on  land  previously  laid  up  in  furrows  11  to  12  inches  apart.  The  crop  came  late  to  harvest 
and  yielded  about  four  quarters  to  the  acre,  the  offal  making  excellent  horse-fodder.  Its 
cultivation,  as  well  as  that  of  caraway  and  coriander  seed,  has  now  almost  ceased,  but  a  few 
other  kinds,  such  as  radish  and  flower  seeds,  are  still  grown.  Hops  of  fine  quality  are  grown 
in  the  parishes  of  Monkton  and  Minster.  There  is  also  a  fair  amount  of  fruit  in  the  sheltered 
parts  round  Minster  and  towards  Ramsgate,  but  not  elsewhere.  As  regards  live  stock  there 
are  in  June  about  1,000  horses,  3,000  cattle,  17,000  sheep  and  3,000  pigs.  The  majority  of 
the  cattle  are  cows  and  heifers,  large  dairies  being  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  various  water- 
ing-places, near  which  also  market-gardening  is  somewhat  extensively  carried  on.  The  hold- 
ings in  Thanet  are  generally  small.  Of  those  above  one  acre  the  average  size  is  60  acres,  and 
three-fourths  of  the  total  number  do  not  exceed  50  acres  in  extent. 

Sheppey. — Sheppey  is  an  island  of  about  22,000  acres,  or  three-quarters  the  size  of  Thanet, 
and  is  separated  from  the  mainland  by  the  Swale.  From  ancient  times  it  has  been  renowned 
for  its  sheep  and  wool,  deriving,  in  fact,  from  these  products  its  name  of  '  Scaepige  '  or  'Ovinia.' 
The  soil  is  principally  strong  clay  and  stiff  loam  of  the  London  clay,  generally  very  heavy  to 
work,  but  in  the  south  and  west  there  is  some  alluvial  soil  affording  good  marsh  pasture. 

Sixty  years  ago  Buckland  described  the  cropping  as  usually  six-course  :  (i)  Summer  fallow, 
wdth  dung,  chalk,  or  lime  ;  (2)  beans  ;  (3)  wheat ;  (4)  beans  and  clover  ;  (5)  wheat ;  (6) 
oats.  In  some  cases  the  bare  fallow  was  superseded  by  tares,  potatoes,  mangolds,  carrots,  etc., 
but  turnips  were  not  generally  grown.  At  the  present  time  the  course  of  some  farmers  is 
as  follows :  (i)  Spring  tares,  after  which  the  land  is  ploughed  well  and  ridged  for  the  winter  ; 
(2)  barley  or  oats ;  (3)  beans,  with  a  good  dressing  of  farmyard  manure  ;  (4)  wheat  with  seeds ; 
(5)  wheat ;  (6)  oats  or  barley.  Other  farmers  take  wheat  followed  by  barley  or  oats,  then 
beans,  peas  or  clover,  afterwards  wheat,  barley,  beans  or  tares.  There  are  some  6,000  acres 
under  arable  cultivation,  of  which  one-half  is  devoted  to  wheat,  oats,  barley  and  beans ;  the 
yield  of  the  grain  crops  is  above  the  average  of  the  county.  Lucerne  is  somewhat  extensively 
grown  as  a  fodder  crop.  In  June  1906  there  were  on  the  island  21,000  sheep  (or  one  to  every 
acre)  besides  2,300  cattle.  There  is  only  a  trifling  extent  of  fruit-land,  the  soil  being  generally 
too  cold  and  wet.  Hops  are  not  grown  ;  a  small  area  was  planted  in  the  parish  of  Warden 
about  twenty  years  ago,  but  they  were  very  soon  abandoned.  The  farms  in  Sheppey  are 
relatively  large,  averaging  nearly  200  acres,  and  it  is  stated  that  land  has  depreciated  in  value 
to  a  greater  extent  in  Sheppey  than  in  any  other  part  of  Kent,  the  decline  being  put  by  Sir 
Charles  Whitehead  at  over  50  per  cent,  since  the  prosperous  time  of  arable  farming. 

The  Hundred  of  Hoo. — This  is  a  peninsula  projecting  between  the  Thames  and  the 
Medway.  With  the  Isle  of  Grain  it  has  about  the  same  area  as  Sheppey,  which  lies  immediately 
to  the  east,  and  to  which  it  presents  somewhat  similar  characteristics.  The  soil  is  clay  and 
loamy  clay  on  the  alluvium  near  the  rivers  and  on  the  London  clay  in  other  parts,  and  is  in 
some  places  very  difficult  to  work  in  wet  seasons.  There  is  a  larger  extent  of  ploughed  land 
than  in  Sheppey — about  9,000  acres,  and  the  yield  of  grain  is  heavier.  The  principal  crop 
is  wheat,  but  the  areas  under  potatoes,  barley  and  oats  are  not  much  smaller.  Wheat  does  well, 
and  barley  gives  very  fine  crops,  but  the  best  malting  barley  is  only  obtained  from  soils  of 
medium  texture.  Peas  are  much  grown  for  podding  ;  radish,  mangolds  and  turnip  seed  are 
also  largely  grown,  and  green  vegetables  are  cultivated  for  market.     A  fair  amount  of  fruit 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

is  grown,  chiefly  in  the  parishes  of  Hoo,  Cliffe  and  High  Halstow,  and  in  the  last-named  there 
is  a  small  area  of  hops. 

During  the  summer  a  large  number  of  sheep — some  30,000 — are  kept  in  the  district. 
Many  are  sent  away  for  the  winter  as  they  cannot  be  folded  on  the  heavy  land.  They  return 
about  the  middle  of  April. 

The  average  size  of  the  farms  is  about  the  same  as  in  Sheppey,  and  the  depreciation  in  the 
value  of  land  has  been  almost  as  great  as  in  that  island,  rents  being  stated  to  have  fallen  from 
iz  per  acre  to  £,\  per  acre  between  1889  and  1899.  Since  that  date  there  has  probably  been 
little  change. 

RoMNEY  Marsh. — This  interesting  tract  of  country  lies  in  the  south-eastern  corner  of 
the  county,  adjoining  the  eastern  end  of  the  Weald.  It  comprises  a  total  area  of  about  47,000 
acres,  the  greater  part  of  which  has  been  recovered  from  the  sea  within  historic  times.  On 
the  south  a  process  of  natural  accretion  is  continually  going  on,  the  gain  at  the  extreme 
point  being  about  seven  feet  of  land  every  year  On  the  east  side  the  Marsh  is  protected  from 
:he  sea  by  the  Dymchurch  wall,  a  structure  dating  back  to  Roman,  or  possibly  pre-Roman  times. 
Almost  as  ancient  is  the  Rhee  wall  running  from  Appledore  to  Romney.  The  area  between 
these  two  walls  was  the  first  to  be  reclaimed  and  was  in  occupation  at  the  time  of  the  Romans, 
while  the  land  to  the  south-west  of  the  Rhee  wall  was  inclosed  at  various  periods  up  to  the 
seventeenth  century.  Dugdale  in  his  History  of  Embanking  and  Draining  (1662)  refers 
to  the  Marsh  as  a  large  and  fertile  tract  of  24,000  acres  more  anciently  secured  from  the  inunda- 
tions of  the  ocean  than  any  other  part  of  the  realm. 

Of  the  total  surface  some  36,000  acres,  or  about  three-fourths,  are  cultivated,  but  only 
7,000  acres  of  this  are  under  the  plough.  The  arable  land  is  rich  alluvial  clay  with  an  admixture 
of  dry  peat  in  places.  The  principal  crops  grown  are  wheat,  oats  and  beans,  the  yield  both  of 
grain  and  straw  being  heavy ;  roots,  clover  and  potatoes  are  also  cultivated  to  a  considerable 
extent,  but  scarcely  any  barley  is  grown.  A  few  acres  of  hops  are  still  to  be  seen  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Ivychurch. 

The  remaining  29,000  acres  consist  of  grass-land  or  marsh-pastures.  These  are  of  exceed- 
ing richness,  and  the  number  of  sheep  that  they  are  capable  of  carrying  will  be  a  cause  of  aston- 
ishment to  the  observant  visitor.  In  the  summer-time  there  are  from  135,000  to  140,000  sheep 
and  lambs  in  the  Marsh,  and  this  is  undoubtedly  fewer  than  was  the  case  thirty  years  ago. 
Many  of  the  pastures  are  let  along  with  the  hill  farms  of  Kent  and  Sussex  ;  a  good  one  will 
carry  six  sheep  to  the  acre  from  April  to  October  and  three  for  the  remainder  of  the  year  in 
addition  to  a  few  bullocks.  Some  will  fatten  out  as  many  as  ten  sheep  per  acre  during  the 
summer.  In  the  winter  time  the  number  of  sheep  is  of  course  much  smaller,  as  owing  to  the 
exposed  character  of  the  Marsh  young  sheep  cannot  be  wintered  in  it,  but  are  removed  inland. 
They  are  sent  away  about  October,  some  as  far  as  Hertford  and  Essex,  and  do  not  return  until 
the  following  April,  graziers  who  have  no  upland  ground  paying  5/.  to  6s.  per  score  per  week 
for  their  keep  during  the  winter.  When  Boys  wrote  his  report,  a  century  ago,  the  charge 
was  2s.  to  2J.  6d.  per  score.  The  sheep  were  returned  on  April  5,  and,  the  writer  states,  in 
a  bad  winter  frequently  went  home  nearly  starved. 

At  the  time  of  the  Crimean  war  the  high  price  of  corn  led  to  some  of  the  grass  land  being 
broken  up,  but  the  experiment  proved  a  costly  one,  for  subsequent  experience  showed  the 
difficulty  of  relaying  the  land  to  grass — indeed  the  opinion  is  prevalent  that  it  cannot  be 
satisfactorily  done. 

The  majority  of  the  holdings  are  less  than  50  acres  in  extent  and  the  average  size  is  about 
80  acres  of  cultivated  land.  Twenty  or  thirty  years  ago  rents  ranged  from  £2  to  £f,  per  acre, 
or  even  more  for  choice  pieces  of  land,  figures  considerably  higher  than  when  Buckland  wrote, 
in  1845.  Since  those  times  of  prosperity  it  is  considered  that  the  pasture  has  fallen  50  per 
cent,  and  the  arable  land  75  per  cent,  in  value. 

Most  of  the  Marsh  is  drained,  although  the  greater  part  is  from  six  to  twelve  feet  below 
the  level  of  the  sea.  The  expense  of  maintaining  the  sea-defences  is  met  by  a  '  wall-scot ' 
charged  upon  the  various  owners  whose  lands  are  liable  to  inundation  ;  this  with  the  drainage- 
scot  amounts  to  5^.  to  los.  per  acre  annually  according  to  the  outlay  involved. 

A  branch  of  the  South-Eastern  Railway  traverses  the  Marsh  from  Appledore  to  New 
Romney  and  Dungeness. 

It  may  be  appropriate  in  this  place  to  mention  the  famous  breed  of  Romney  Marsh 
sheep,  which  is  peculiar  to  Kent  and  takes  its  name  from  the  district  whence  it  was  originally 
derived.  The  improvements  which  have  led  up  to  its  present  state  of  excellence  commenced 
rather  over  a  century  ago  when  a  yeoman  farmer  named  Richard  Goord  selected  nine  ewes 

46+ 


AGRICULTURE 

and  a  ram  from  Romney  Marsh  and  set  himself  to  establish  a  new  type.  '  Kent '  sheep,  as 
they  were  then  called  in  the  London  market,  had  already  acquired  a  great  reputation  for 
early  maturity  and  a  propensity  to  fatten,  as  well  as  for  the  superiority  of  their  wool,  which 
in  good  flocks  averaged  between  five  and  six  pounds  per  fleece.  Sheep  bred  and  fed  on  the 
inland  farms  differed  somewhat  from  the  typical  Romney  Marsh  sheep,  being  more  compact 
in  frame  and  shorter  in  wool.  By  judicious  selection  and  crossing  of  the  two  varieties  they 
have  become  more  or  less  merged  in  the  one  type  possessing  the  best  points  of  each  of  its  con- 
stituents. Perhaps  the  best  evidence  of  the  suitability  of  this  breed  for  all  parts  of  the  county 
is  the  fact  that  it  literally  '  holds  the  field  '  without  a  rival,  for  it  is  estimated  that  it  comprises 
from  80  to  90  per  cent,  of  the  sheep  in  the  county.  The  Romney  Marsh  is  a  hornless,  white- 
faced  breed,  with  a  wide  head,  level  between  the  ears.  In  a  typical  specimen  the  poll  is  well 
covered  with  wool  and  free  from  dark  hair ;  the  nose  is  coal-black.  The  fleece  is  of  even 
texture  and  of  a  good  decided  staple  from  the  foretop  to  the  end  of  the  tail.  An  average 
flock  will  give  from  six  to  seven  pounds  of  wool  per  fleece,  but  marshland  sheep,  especially  rams, 
will  frequently  clip  much  greater  weights.  It  is  customary  to  shear  the  lambs  at  about  three 
months  old  and  their  fleeces  give  about  a  pound  and  a  quarter  of  wool.  Rams  of  this  breed 
are  in  good  demand  for  South  America,  and  a  few  are  sent  to  New  Zealand.  There  is  a 
'  Romney  Marsh  '  flock-book,  and  some  of  the  flocks  registered  in  it  have,  it  is  claimed,  been 
kept  pure-bred  for  upwards  of  a  century. 

Hops. — From  the  time  that  the  hop-plant  was  introduced  into  England,  Kent  has  been 
the  principal  centre  of  its  cultivation.  In  1906  out  of  a  total  of  46,722  acres  Kent  contained 
29,296  acres,  or  about  two-thirds.  In  1878,  when  the  hop  acreage  of  the  country  reached 
its  highest  point  (nearly  72,000  acres),  there  were  46,600  acres  in  Kent  alone.  The  fluctuations 
in  acreage  during  the  past  forty  years  are  shown  in  the  following  statement,  which  gives  the 
average  area  for  successive  five-year  periods,  with  the  average  rate  of  produce  per  acre  so 
far  as  the  figures  are  available  : — 

Acres.  Cwt.  per  acre. 

1867-71 38,923 

1872-76 41,286 

1877-81 44>o87 

1882-86 43,319 

1887-^1 3S.9S3  •     •     •  6-9 

1892-96 34>S44  ...  9-0 

1897-1901 31.469  ...  96 

1902-06 29,875  ...  90 

It  must  be  remembered  that  at  the  time  when  higher  prices  ruled  a  great  deal  of  quite 
unsuitable  land  was  planted  not  only  in  Kent  but  in  other  parts  of  the  country  and  the  fore- 
going figures  should  perhaps  be  interpreted  as  indicating,  not  so  much  the  decadence  of  hop- 
culture,  as  its  restriction  to  those  localities  where  the  conditions  of  soil  and  climate  are  specially 
adapted  to  it.  There  are  about  four  hundred  parishes  in  Kent,  and  the  number  in  which 
hops  are  grown  has  dwindled  from  313  to  232  during  the  last  twenty  years.  Even  now  a  good 
deal  of  land  that  is  devoted  to  hops  should  be  grubbed  up,  but  the  speculative  instinct  makes  the 
farmer  who  has  a  few  acres  cling  to  them  and  devote  to  their  cultivation  an  amount  of  time 
and  capital  that  would  probably  be  better  expended  upon  some  less  hazardous  branch  of 
farming. 

Upon  the  reduced  area  under  cultivation  the  produce  per  acre  has  been  greatly  increased 
both  by  the  planting  of  new  and  more  prolific  varieties  and  by  the  widespread  substitution 
of  permanent  arrangements  of  posts  with  attachments  of  wire  and  string  for  the  older  system 
of  temporary  poles.  During  the  early  part  of  last  century  the  average  crop  was  about  6  cwt. 
per  acre,  and  it  may  be  said  that  the  whole  system  of  intensive  cultivation  has  grown  up  during 
the  last  generation.  At  the  present  time,  on  the  best  lands,  hops  are  without  doubt  the 
most  highly-farmed  and  skilfully-managed  crop  in  the  world.  The  ordinary  processes  of 
cultivation  require  a  large  outlay,  and  in  seasons  when  the  plants  are  peculiarly  subject  to 
insect  or  fungoid  attacks  much  additional  expense  is  incurred  by  the  grower  through  the  neces- 
sity of  spraying  if  the  crop  is  to  be  saved  from  destruction. 

New  hops  are  usually  planted  in  October  or  November,  old  orchard  or  pasture  land  being 
well  adapted  for  the  purpose  ;  the  plants  are  placed  in  rows  six  feet  apart  each  way ;  this  gives 
about  1,200  plants  to  the  acre.  Sometimes  a  crop,  such  as  mangolds,  is  grown  between  the 
rows  for  the  first  year.  Between  November  and  March  hop  land  is  dug  with  the  Kent  '  spud,' 
an  instrument  with  three  tines  which  broaden  out  to  a  flat  edge.  The  cost  of  digging  an 
I  465  59 


A    HISTORY   OF    KENT 

acre  is  from  l8/.  to  21/.,  and  on  this  account,  as  well  as  from  scarcity  of  labour,  ploughing  fre- 
quently takes  the  place  of  the  thorough  digging.  The  old  bines  are  then  cut  off  with  a  sharp 
curved  knife.  Manure  of  all  kinds — farmyard  dung,  stable-refuse  from  London,  rags,  wool- 
waste  and  fish — is  applied  during  the  winter  and  dug  or  ploughed  in.  In  the  summer  rape- 
dust,  guano,  nitrate  of  soda  and  various  artificial  manures  are  chopped  in  with  the  Canterbury 
hoe.  The  hop-plant  requires  training ;  in  many  parts,  especially  in  the  Weald,  this  is  still 
done  by  means  of  temporary  poles,  of  which  two  or  three  are  set  to  each  hill.  But  permanent 
structures  of  wire  strained  on  stout  posts  are  now  common.  By  their  use  a  greater  amount 
of  produce  is  obtained,  the  plant  is  healthier,  and  'washing'  is  both  facilitated  and  made  more 
effective.  The  wires  are  re-strung  every  year  with  cocoa-nut  fibre  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter.  Several  different  systems  of  tying  obtain  in  Kent.  In  one  of  these,  known  as 
Butcher's  system,  there  are  three  wires  stretched  along  the  poles,  the  first  about  six  inches, 
the  second  about  five  feet,  and  the  third,  or  top  one,  about  twelve  feet  six  inches  from  the 
ground.  Three  strings  to  each  hill  are  fastened  close  together  on  the  bottom  wire ;  they  branch 
out  laterally  to  the  middle  wire  and  are  then  carried  slantwise,  but  parallel  to  one  another  to 
the  top  wire  in  the  adjacent  row.  In  another  somewhat  less  expensive  system  stout  poles 
are  placed  at  the  end  of  each  row,  and  at  intervals  in  the  row  where  required,  and  there  is 
only  one  wire,  viz.  along  the  tops.  Pegs  are  driven  into  the  ground  close  to  each  hop  stock, 
and  from  each  peg  four  strings  are  carried  outwards  to  the  top  wires.  The  strings  are  made  taut 
somewhat  by  being  gathered  together  about  five  feet  from  the  ground,  but  the  system  is  less 
stable  than  the  one  previously  described  and  the  plants  require  to  be  well  '  lewed  '  or  shel- 
tered from  the  wind.  For  this  purpose  bine-screens  are  erected  on  the  more  exposed  side. 
One  advantage  of  the  system  is  that  it  gives  cultivation  '  alleys '  in  several  different  directions. 
There  are  other  methods  of  stringing  each  of  which  has  particular  advantages  and  drawbacks 
according  to  the  character  of  the  season  and  other  circumstances.  The  initial  cost  of  per- 
manent poling  may  be  put  at  £20  to  £^0  per  acre.  During  the  summer  a  great  many  women 
are  employed  in  keeping  the  bines  on  the  strings,  earning  from  is.  6d.  to  is.  lod.  per  day  at 
this  pleasant  and  not  very  arduous  labour.  Attacks  of  aphis  frequently  necessitate  spraying 
with  quassia  and  soft-soap  compounds  several  times  during  the  season.  This  is  done  by  hand, 
horse,  or  in  some  cases,  steam  power.  Mildew  is  combated  by  the  application  of  sulphur  by 
means  of  a  horse-drawn  machine  fitted  with  a  revolving  fan. 

Picking  commences  about  September  and  lasts  for  some  weeks.  A  large  number  of 
immigrant  '  hoppers,'  estimated  at  45,000  to  65,000,  come  into  the  county  for  the  purpose. 
Most  planters  now  engage  their  pickers  beforehand,  and  the  whole  system  is  on  a  far  more  satis- 
factory basis  than  was  formerly  the  case.  Good  pickers  can  earn  from  4J.  to  5^.  per  day,  and 
the  same  persons  are  very  often  engaged  earlier  in  the  year  for  the  fruit  and  pea-picking. 

The  hops  are  taken  to  the  oast-houses  to  be  dried.  Buyers  are  becoming  increasingly 
stringent  as  to  the  proper  conduct  of  this  operation  which,  in  spite  of  its  requiring  considerable 
skill,  is  performed  by  the  ordinary  labourers  without  any  special  training.  After  about  nine 
or  ten  hours'  drying  the  hops  are  allowed  to  cool  somewhat,  and  are  then  closely  packed  into 
'pockets,'  weighing  ijcwt.  Each  pocket  is  marked  with  the  name  of  the  grower  and  his 
parish. 

Besides  this  hops  are  classed  for  commercial  purposes  as  '  East  Kents,'  '  Bastard  East 
Kents,'  '  Mid-Kents '  and  '  Wealds,'  and  these  divisions  agree  in  the  main  with  those  defined 
by  the  geological  formations  on  which  the  several  kinds  are  grown.  Thus  '  East  Kents '  are 
grown  upon  the  Chalk  and  especially  on  the  outcrop  of  the  soils  of  the  London  Tertiaries 
upon  the  Chalk.  '  Mid-Kents '  are  derived  principally  from  the  soils  and  outcrops  of  the 
London  Tertiaries  in  the  upper  part  of  the  district.  '  Wealds '  come  from  soils  on  the  Weald 
Clay  and  the  Hastings  and  Tunbridge  Wells  Lands.  '  Bastard  East  Kents '  were  at  one  time 
largely  grown  in  the  small  district  lying  between  the  Weald  and  East  Kent  proper,  but  this 
class  is  losing  its  importance  as  their  cultivation  is  now  almost  entirely  confined  to  four  or  five 
parishes  on  the  borders  of  the  Weald.  Each  of  the  other  divisions  contains  about  one-third 
of  the  hop  acreage.      East  Kent  hops  usually  make  the  highest  and  Wealds  the  lowest  rates. 

The  capital  required  for  hop-growing  is,  it  may  be  judged,  very  considerable.  The 
annual  expense  of  cultivation  varies  greatly,  but  is  far  higher  than  it  used  to  be.  In  1795 
Marshall  estimated  it  at  £26  per  acre.  Fifty  years  later  Buckland  computed  the  cost  at  £iz 
per  acre.  At  the  present  time  it  probably  varies  from  about  £z^  per  acre  on  the  poorest 
grounds  in  the  Weald  to  £^0  or  more  on  the  best  farms  of  East  or  Mid- Kent.  The  speculative 
character  of  the  crop  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  in  1905  the  average  yield  per  acre  in 
Kent  was  14J  cwt.,  while  in    the  following  year  it   was  under  6  cwt.      A  short    crop  does 

466 


AGRICULTURE 

not  necessarily  involve  high  prices  as  foreign  supplies  are  usually  available,  but  in  spite  of  this 
fact  and  even  with  the  attendant  heavy  expense  of  cultivation  it  is  considered  that  hop  growing 
pays  fairly  well  on  an  average  of  seasons. 

Fruit. — In  the  growth  of  fruit,  as  in  that  of  hops,  Kent  takes  the  foremost  place  amongst 
the  counties  of  England.  Of  the  72,000  acres  of  small  fruit  and  the  241,000  acres  of  orchards 
in  the  country,  Kent  contains  22,000  acres  of  the  former  and  nearly  30,000  of  the  latter.  In 
the  case  of  orchards  the  Kent  area  was  until  recent  years  exceeded  by  that  of  several  of  the 
western  counties,  but  although  these  have  shared  in  the  general  extension  of  fruit-culture, 
the  progress  in  Kent  has  been  particularly  marked.  The  following  statement  shows  the 
number  of  acres  under  fruit  in  the  county  in  periods  of  five  years  since  the  official  returns 
were  first  obtained  : — 

Orchards.  Small  Fruit. 

Average  area,  1872-76  . 11,300  ...           — 

„          „      1877-81  . 13,920  ...           — 

„     1882-86 17,600  ...           — 

„          „     1887-91 18,350  .     .     .  14,920 1 

„          „     1892-96 22,250  ,     .     .  21,200 

„          „     1897-1901 25,700  .     .     .  22,370 

„          „     1902-06 28,770  .     .     .  22,340 

The  two  sets  of  figures  are  not  entirely  independent  of  one  another  since  a  good  deal 
of  small  fruit  is  of  course  grown  under  the  trees  in  orchards,  but  they  give  a  general  indica- 
tion of  the  rapid  advance  which  has  taken  place  during  the  last  thirty  years.  But,  indeed,  the 
pre-eminence  of  Kent  in  fruit-growing  is  of  no  modern  origin,  for  its  reputation  in  this  respect 
rests  upon  the  experience  of  many  centuries,  and  in  particular  the  district  of  Teynham  was 
renowned  more  than  three  hundred  years  ago  as  the  special  centre  from  which  grafts  of  superior 
quality  were  supplied  to  growers  in  other  parts  of  the  county  and  country.  The  high  standard 
of  excellence  attained  there,  and  in  Kent  generally,  was  in  no  small  measure  due  to  the 
introduction  of  new  and  vigorous  grafts  from  the  neighbouring  Continental  countries.  This 
enterprise  on  the  part  of  a  few  individuals  made  it  possible  for  Jeremy  Collier,  in  1688,  to 
mention  as  a  peculiarity  of  Kent  '  its  great  plenty  of  the  best  cherries  and  pippins  in  England,' 
while  Marshall,  writing  more  than  a  hundred  years  later,  observed  that  the  practice  of  Kent 
might  be  safely  recommended  as  '  the  fittest  subject  of  study  which  the  Island  at  present 
affords  with  respect  to  the  management  of  orchard  grounds.' 

Every  class  of  grower  and  of  plantation  is  found,  from  the  ordinary  farmer  with  the  old 
grass  orchard,  to  the  highly  specialised  fruit-grower  having  possibly  500  to  1,000  acres  of  fruit 
in  mixed  plantations.  Speaking  generally  large  holdings  prevail  in  Kent  and  very  little  vintage 
fruit  is  grown,  as  it  is  found  more  profitable  to  grow  apples  for  the  table  than  for  cider-making. 

Small  fruit  is  principally  grown  in  North  and  Mid-Kent.  Here  strawberries,  raspberries, 
currants  and  gooseberries  are  produced  in  large  quantities.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  London 
many  farms  are  devoted  entirely  to  fruit,  and  it  is  in  such  cases  that  the  cultivation  is  most 
remunerative,  since  the  grower  is  in  a  position  to  acquire  the  scientific  and  technical  know- 
ledge which,  whether  applied  to  the  choice  of  ground,  the  selection  of  varieties,  or  the  methods 
of  cultivation,  is  not  the  least  important  feature  of  successful  management. 

As  regards  orchards,  with  the  important  exception  of  the  region  between  Chatham  and 
Canterbury  there  is  no  great  e.xtent  in  East  Kent.  Elsewhere  in  the  county  the  distribution 
is  fairly  general,  and  most  farms  where  the  land  is  suitable  have  a  considerable  acreage  of  fruit 
attached.  But  taking  Chatham  as  a  centre,  the  country  west,  south  and  east  within  a  radius 
of  fifteen  miles  and  extending  a  little  further  eastwards  to  Canterbury  contains  approximately 
two-thirds  of  the  Kent  orchards. 

Great  improvement  has  taken  place  of  late  years  in  the  management  of  fruit-land,  especially 
of  cherry  and  apple  orchards.  More  care  is  now  taken  not  to  exhaust  the  ground  by  mowing, 
the  grass  being  fed  off  by  animals  having  supplies  of  other  food.  Poultry,  too,  will  often  be 
seen  foraging  about  in  the  orchards,  and  by  these  means  as  well  as  by  the  liberal  use  of  manures 
the  land  is  kept  in  good  heart  and  the  produce  greatly  increased.  In  the  case  of  apples,  pears 
and  plums  half-standards,  pyramids  and  also  dwarfed  or  bush  trees  have  in  many  cases  taken 
the  place  of  old  standards.  The  dwarf  trees  are  planted  eight  to  ten  feet  apart ;  they  come 
to  bear  in  two  or  three  years  and  are  more  easily  cultivated,  pruned,  sprayed  and  picked. 
Sometimes  strawberries  or  vegetables  will  be  grown  between  them  for  the  first  two  or  three 
years.  The  distances  at  which  standard  trees  are  planted  are  generally,  for  cherry  and  apple 
1  1888-1891. 
467 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

trees  on  grass,  thirty  feet  each  way,  and  for  apples  and  pear  trees  from  twenty  to  twenty-four 
feet  upon  arable  land,  with  strawberries  or  bush  fruit,  such  as  gooseberries  and  currants,  under 
them.  Another  arrangement  consists  in  putting  standard  apple  or  pear  trees  thirty  feet  apart 
and  setting  bush  trees  of  apples  or  pears  fifteen  feet  apart  between  them  ;  the  latter  come 
quickly  into  bearing  and  are  removed  when  the  standards  are  fully  grown.  Occasionally  goose- 
berry or  currant  bushes,  raspberry  canes  or  strawberry  plants  are  set  between  the  bush  trees 
and  taken  away  directly  they  interfere  with  their  growth.  Half-standard  apple  or  plum  trees 
are  set  triangularly  fifteen  feet  apart,  with  strawberry  plants  at  distances  of  eighteen  inches 
in  rows  thirty  inches  apart.  Or  again,  bushes  will  be  set  between  the  half-standards  and 
strawberry  plants  between  the  bushes. 

By  these  means  the  land  is  made  to  produce  up  to  its  full  capacity,  but  such  high  farming 
necessitates  the  application  of  great  quantities  of  manure.  The  kinds  made  use  of  include 
London  manure  (except  where  hop-growing  absorbs  it  all),  fish-refuse,  rags,  shoddy  and  wool 
waste,  soot,  bone-meal  and  various  '  artificial '  manures  such  as  superphosphate,  nitrate  of 
soda,kainite  and  sulphate  of  ammonia.  Fruit  plantations  are  always  dug  by  hand  with  the  Kent 
spud,  and  never  ploughed,  as  is  done  in  America.  Young  trees  benefit  by  being  kept  clear 
of  grass  for  some  distance  round,  though  with  older  trees  whose  roots  have  attained  some 
depth  this  is  less  necessary.  To  check  the  constant  attacks  of  insects  and  blight,  spraying  with 
various  emulsions  and  solutions  is  regularly  practised  by  the  best  farmers.  This  is  done  in  the 
early  spring  before  the  blossom  is  out  and  is  a  laborious,  though  eventually  economical,  process. 
It  also  pays  to  employ  bird-scarers,  some  birds  working  great  havoc  amongst  the  fruit  bushes 
when  the  young  buds  appear.  Late  spring  frosts  are  sometimes  a  cause  of  heavy  loss  to  the 
growers.  No  serious  attempt  can  be  made  to  guard  against  them,  though  this  is  occasion- 
ally done  by  burning  rubbish  and  producing  dense  smoke. 

Intensive  fruit-culture  is  thus  only  less  expensive  than  that  of  hops  and  it  is  equally 
subject  to  great  vicissitudes.  On  the  one  hand  the  crop  may  be  insufficient  to  cover  the  cost 
of  its  growth,  while  on  the  other  hand  in  an  abundant  season  the  markets  will  sometimes 
be  so  glutted  that  the  fruit  will  not  realise  the  expense  of  picking  and  is  left  to  rot.  Fre- 
quently crops  are  sold  by  agreement  wiiile  still  growing  ;  in  other  cases  growers  contract  to 
supply  a  stipulated  quantity  of  a  particular  kind  to  jam  factories.  A  few  of  these  have  been 
established  in  the  county  itself,  and  are  a  great  advantage  to  the  neighbouring  farmers. 
Growers  have  been  driven,  by  the  competition  of  foreign  varieties,  to  pay  far  more  attention 
to  the  picking,  grading  and  packing  of  fruit,  as  well  as  its  marketing.  Formerly  all  was  con- 
signed to  London,  but  now  much  of  it  is  sent  North,  some  as  far  as  Edinburgh.  A  well- 
managed  fruit-farm  will  probably,  from  one  season  to  another,  yield  the  owner  a  very  fair 
profit,  though  less  perhaps  than  in  former  years.  A  plantation  of  about  fifteen  acres  near 
Maidstone  is  stated  to  have  shown  from  1 83 1  to  1862  an  average  return  of  ;£562  a  year. 

Besides  fruit-growing  Kent  also  enjoys  a  reputation  for  its  filberts  and  cobnuts.  These 
are  grown  principally  on  the  sandy  clay  '  Coomb '  and  other  Ragstone  soils  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Maidstone.  The  nuts  are  of  proverbial  excellence  and  are  in  great  demand  not  orJy 
for  the  London  market  but  also  for  America.  The  trees  are  closely  pruned  and  kept  to  a 
height  of  5I  to  7  feet  on  stems  18  inches  to  2  feet  high.  Pruning  is  an  expert  operation  and  is 
often  a  hereditary  craft  in  the  villages  near  Maidstone,  but  skilled  cutters  are  not  so  common 
as  they  once  were.  Possibly  on  this  account,  as  well  as  from  the  fact  that  a  long  time  must 
elapse  before  the  trees  come  into  full  bearing,  their  cultivation  is  stated  to  be  not  much  extend- 
ing in  spite  of  the  generally  profitable  character  of  the  industry. 

Poultry- Farming. — This  industry  is  an  old-established  one  in  Kent,  which  was  famous 
some  centuries  ago  for  the  size  and  quality  of  its  poultry.  Somewhat  neglected  during  the 
prosperous  times  of  the  last  generation,  the  necessity  for  turning  the  smaller  branches  of  farm- 
ing to  profitable  account  has  caused  renewed  attention  to  be  paid  to  the  rearing  of  birds  and 
their  fattening  for  market.  Many  farmers,  especially  in  the  Weald  and  in  Romney  Marsh, 
rear  poultry  for  sale  to  the  agents  of  fattening  companies.  A  few  do  the  fattening  themselves, 
either  rearing  the  birds  they  require  or  buying  from  the  surrounding  farms.  Buff  Orping- 
tons are  extensively  kept  as  this  breed  is  liked  by  the  crammers.  For  a  few  birds  the  hand-cram- 
ming process  is  suitable,  but  with  a  larger  number  it  is  too  tedious  and  a  poultry-cramming 
machine  is  used.  The  food  consists  chiefly  of  '  Sussex '  ground  oats,  so-called  from  its  being 
used  in  the  more  extensive  establishments  of  the  neighbouring  county.  Actually,  Russian 
oats  are  made  use  of,  with  a  small  proportion  of  barley,  and  this  mixture  is  ground,  husk  and  all, 
to  a  fine  flour,  quite  different  in  character  from  the  oatmeal  of  commerce.  As  a  poultry-food 
Sussex  oats  forms  an  almost  perfectly  balanced  ration. 

468 


AGRICULTURE 

Woodlands,  Hedges  and  Fences. — Kent  is  a  well-wooded  county.  Its  woodlands 
occupy  99,000  acres,  or  rather  more  than  one-tenth  of  the  whole  surface,  and  they  are  better 
cared  for  than  in  some  counties  in  consequence  of  the  demand  for  hop-poles.  Fully  three- 
fourths  of  the  area  consists  of  coppice  of  which  a  larger  extent  is  found  here  than  in  any  other 
county.  Marshall  observed  that  the  Kent  yeomen  excelled  in  the  management  of  coppice 
woods,  £^0  an  acre  being  sometimes  realised  for  ten  years'  growth.  The  price  of  hop-poles 
then  (about  1790)  ranged  from  14/.  to  40J.  per  thousand,  and  as  they  were  not  creosoted,  and 
consequently  were  of  shorter  duration,  the  demand  for  them  was  far  greater  than  at  present, 
and  in  some  parts  woodlands  were  the  most  valuable  estates  in  the  county.  Near  Maidstone 
£^0  an  acre  was  made  for  some  eleven  years'  growth  on  a  poor  soil,  while  a  plantation  of  chest- 
nut, the  most  valuable  of  any  sort  for  hop-poles,  made  ^£104  per  acre  for  a  fall  of  only  nine 
years'  growth.  Buckland,  in  1845,  mentions  woodland  in  the  Weald  which  was  worth  £^0 
to  ;f45  per  acre  for  every  fall  of  ten  years'  growth.  Thirty  years  later  falls  of  the  best  planta- 
tions of  ash  and  chestnut  occurring  every  eighth  or  ninth  year  brought  from  £^o  to  £60  per 
acre.  The  reduction  in  the  hop  area,  the  invariable  creosoting  of  the  poles,  and  the  adoption 
of  permanent  systems  of  poling  the  hops,  have  combined  to  cause  a  great  fall  in  the  value  of 
Kent  woodlands.  The  average  price  of  ordinary  woodland  in  hop  districts  is  hardly  more 
than  ;fi2  los.  per  acre,  and  that  of  plantation  land  about  £30.  On  account  of  the  demand 
for  stout  poles  for  wire  and  string  work  the  timber  is  not  cut  so  early  now  by  at  least 
two  years.  The  falls  are  sold  by  auction  every  autumn,  being  frequently  bought  by  '  wood- 
buyers,'  who  cut  the  wood  in  the  winter,  sell  the  poles  and  other  produce,  and  work  up  the 
remainder  or  make  sheep-gates  and  hurdles  during  the  spring  and  summer. 

The  fences  are  usually  well  kept  on  the  best-managed  farms,  but  there  is  a  noticeable 
difference  in  this  respect  in  the  Weald,  where  they  are  often  rough,  untrimmed  and  wide- 
spreading. 

The  hedges  of  Mid-Kent  deserve  special  mention.  Buckland  observed  that  this  part 
of  the  county  was  unrivalled  for  hedge  management.  They  are  commonly  quickset,  and  grow- 
ing to  a  height  of  18  to  25  feet  serve  as  lews  or  shelters  for  hop  and  fruit  plantations.  Yet 
being  kept  to  a  width  of  but  2  or  3  feet  they  occupy  little  more  space  than  a  wall  would  require. 

Technical  Education. — An  account  of  Kent  agriculture,  however  brief,  would  be  incom- 
plete without  some  reference  to  the  work  carried  on  by  the  South-Eastern  Agricultural  College 
at  Wye.  This  institution  is  doing  good  work  by  educating  farmers'  sons  and  others  in  practical 
and  scientific  agriculture.  It  offers  special  advantages  to  residents  in  Kent  and  Surrey,  and 
the  County  Councils  of  both  counties,  as  well  as  the  Government,  make  grants  for  its  support. 
There  are  at  present  99  students.  The  College  possesses  a  farm  of  460  acres,  176  acres  of  which 
are  arable,  a  herd  of  Lincoln  Red  Shorthorns  and  typical  cattle  of  other  breeds.  Romney 
Marsh,  Southdown  and  other  sheep  are  kept,  and  experiments  are  carried  on  with  the  view 
of  early  maturity  and  capacity  for  fattening.  Experiments  are  also  conducted  in  hop-growing, 
while  fruit-growing  and  glass-house  culture,  dairying,  bee-keeping,  poultry-farming,  forestry 
and  farriery  all  form  subjects  of  regular  courses  of  instruction.  These,  with  purely  scientific 
courses,  extend  over  two,  three  or  four  years. 

Analyses  of  soils,  manures,  feeding-stuffs,  etc.,  are  undertaken  by  the  College  on  behalf 
of  farmers  resident  in  the  county,  and  lectures  on  all  branches  of  farming  are  given  at  about 
six  centres.  Recently  the  College  has  conducted  an  inquiry  into  the  soils  of  Kent  and 
Surrey  with  the  view  of  ascertaining  the  most  suitable  manures  for  particular  crops. 
Mechanical  and  chemical  analysis  have  suggested  the  advantage  to  be  derived  from  liming 
the  London  Clay  soils  and  of  adding  a  phosphate  manure  for  cereal  cultivation.  The 
Chalk  soils  being  warm  and  dry  derive  speci.il  benefit  from  organic  manures.  Folding  off 
roots  and  ploughing  in  a  green  crop  in  the  autumn  are  calculated  to  effect  great  improvement. 
Phosphates  and  potassic  manures  are  necessary  for  the  proper  growth  of  roots,  especially  on  the 
soils  of  the  Upper  Chalk.  The  most  profitable  use  to  make  of  the  Gault  soils  is,  it  is 
suggested,  to  lay  them  down  in  grass,  drain  them  and  treat  liberally  with  chalk,  and  occasionally 
with  basic  slag,  the  latter  being  a  very  valuable  manure  on  these  soils. 

With  so  many  and  such  varied  branches  of  their  industry,  and  with  an  ever-widening 
market  at  their  doors,  it  may  be  hoped  that  the  farmers  of  Kent  will  enjoy  an  increasing 
measure  of  prosperity,  and  that  in  adapting  themselves,  as  many  of  them  have  done,  to  the 
changed  conditions  of  modern  times,  they  may  long  continue  to  occupy  a  prominent  position 
as  exponents  of  the  science  and  practice  of  agriculture.* 

1  Acknowledgment  is  due  to   Sir  Charles  Whitehead,  of  whose  '  Sketch  of  the  Agriculture  of   Kent ' 
extensive  use  has,  by  his  permission,  been  made. 

469 


FORESTRY 


THE  main  feature  of  the  county  of  Kent  is  the  great  central  mass  of  chalk  known  as  the 
North  Downs,  which  stretches  from  a  point  on  its  western  boundary,  a  little  to  the 
north  of  Westerham,  to  the  chalk  cliils  of  Dover.  This  backbone  of  the  county  is 
broken  in  three  places  by  the  valleys  of  the  Darenth,  Medway  and  Stour;  but,  notwithstanding 
these  interruptions,  it  forms  a  natural  barrier  through  the  county,  dividing  it  into  two  rather 
unequal  portions,  with  a  slope  to  seaward  and  the  estuary  of  the  Thames  on  the  one  side, 
and  a  dip  into  the  Weald  valley  on  the  other. 

The  whole  question  of  the  Forest  of  Anderida  or  Andred  has  been  exhaustively  discussed 
and  illustrated  by  maps  by  the  late  Mr.  Furley,  and  particular  attention  given  to  the  dis- 
tribution of  the  dens  or  denes.*  He  holds  that  little  progress  was  made  during  the  Roman 
occupation  in  bringing  into  cultivation  the  forest  of  Andred,  owing  to  the  density  of  the 
wood  and  the  nature  of  the  soil.  It  was  in  verity  a  forest  according  to  the  modern  use  of 
the  term,  for  it  is  generally  mentioned  as  a  sylva,  and  did  not  imply  a  district  reserved  for  royal 
game  with  many  a  great  open  space.  This  vast  wood,  stretching  right  away  from  the  coast 
of  Kent  over  the  north  of  Sussex  and  through  part  of  Surrey  into  Hampshire,  which  must 
have  been  by  far  the  greatest  wood  in  South  Britain,  if  not  in  the  whole  of  the  [kingdom, 
became  subsequently  known  as  the  Weald.  In  Saxon  times,  when  there  came  about  a  dis- 
tribution of  lands,  those  tracts  not  thus  assigned  were  considered  as  belonging  to  the  Crown, 
and  Mr.  Furley  and  others  have  proved  that  this  was  the  case  with  the  forest  of  Andred,  or 
the  Weald.  Later  Anglo-Saxon  sovereigns  granted  rights  over  it  or  parts  of  it,  chiefly  to 
the  Church ;  but  '  we  have  no  evidence  that  it  was  at  any  time  a  private  forest  of  the  sovereign, 
or  that  there  was  ever  a  reservation  of  vert  and  venison  in  any  part  of  it.  No  forest  laws 
have  come  down  to  us.'  ^ 

By  a  slow  and  gradual  process,  this  gloomy  forest,  frequented  at  first  only  by  herdmen 
with  their  svdne  and  cattle,  became  the  permanent  abode  here  and  there  of  settlers  who  rid 
patches  of  the  timber  and  brushwood,  establishing  themselves  on  the  clearings  that  they 
cultivated.  The  denes  or  hollows  of  the  Weald  appear  to  have  been  specially  useful  as  feeding 
places  for  the  swine  in  Kent,  whilst  in  Sussex  they  afforded  shelter  for  the  sheep  as  at  Ovingdean, 
Rottingdean,  etc'    The  district  was  in  no  way  favourable  for  deer  or  royal  game. 

The  Weald,  so  far  as  Kent  is  concerned,  stands  out  in  an  exceptional  and  remarkable 
position  at  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  as  is  shown  from  the  Domesday  Survey ;  there  was  a 
significant  absence  of  mention  of  both  (i)  manors  and  (2)  waste  lands  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  that  district.  Such  parts,  however,  of  the  Weald  as  had  not  been  inclosed  were  claimed 
by  the  Conqueror,  and  parcelled  out  as  small  manors  among  his  favourites,  such  as  Odo,  Bishop 
of  Bayeux.*  Yet  a  very  considerable  proportion  of  the  Kent  Weald  escapes  mention  in 
the  Survey ;  it  was  the  common  land  of  the  county.  The  Hundreds  of  Barkley,  Great  Barn- 
field,  Little  Barnfield,  Brenchley  and  Horsmonden,  Cranbrook,  Marden,  and  Tenterden, 
now  in  the  very  centre  of  the  Weald,  are  not  referred  to  in  any  way  in  the  Survey.  Mr.  Furley 
also  supplies  a  list  of  vills  and  manors  situated  wholly  or  in  part  within  the  Weald  and  not 
to  be  found  in  Domesday  by  name,  although  denes  belonging  to  neighbouring  vills  had  in 
most  cases  been  formed.  This  list  of  forty-four  includes  such  well-known  names  as  Ashurst, 
Biddenden,  Chevening,  Hawkhurst,  Penshurst,  Sandhurst,  Tonbridge,  and  Sevenoaks.^ 

This  is  the  reason  why,  in  a  county  so  densely  wooded  in  parts,  as  must  have  been  the 
case  with  Kent  at  the  time  of  the  Survey,  the  number  of  swine  that  could  find  pannage  is  so 
very  much  smaller  than  on  the  manors  of  many  other  counties  which  were  probably  far  less 

1  Furley,  Hist,  of  the  Weald  of  Kent,  3  vols.  (1871).  ^  jj^jj    ;_  203-5. 

'  Lower,  Hist,  of  Sussex,  i.  5.  ''  See  Furley,  op.  cit.  vol.  i.  cap.  31. 

^  Ibid.  i.  cap.  21. 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

well  wooded.  The  size  of  the  woods  on  the  different  manors  of  Kent  that  are  mentioned 
in  the  Survey  is  roughly  given  by  the  total  of  the  pigs  they  could  support.  At  the  head  of 
the  list  comes  Wye,  four  miles  to  the  north-east  of  Ashford,  with  300  pigs  ;  this  is  followed 
by  Milton,  220,  and  by  Boughton  Aluph,  200.  Otford  and  Yalding  had  each  sufficient  woods 
for  150  pigs,  Pluckley  for  140,  and  only  four  other  manors  for  100  or  upwards.  Some  of  the 
Domesday  Commissioners  reckoned  the  number  of  the  swine  as  those  that  were  payable  to 
the  lord  in  recognition  of  pannage  rights,  but  there  is  no  doubt  from  the  form  of  expression 
in  a  few  of  the  Kent  entries  that  the  total  of  the  swine  turned  out  for  feeding  is  implied  ; 
thus  at  Wye  the  entry  names  silva  ccc  porcorum  de  pasnagio.  In  thirteen  cases  there  is  distinct 
mention  of  pannage  and  not  merely  of  the  number  of  the  swine. 

There  are  twenty-four  separate  references  to  denes  in  the  Kent  Domesday,  and  in  six 
of  these  cases  they  are  expressly  described  as  being  denes  of  wood.  Thus  at  Dartford  the 
king  held  of  wood  eight  small  and  three  large  denes  ;  at  Orpington  there  were  five  denes 
of  wood  for  fifty  swine  ;  at  Milton  three  denes  for  thirty  swine  ;  and  at  Hawley  and  at  Ridley 
one  dene  for  five  swine  ;  at  Norton  there  is  mention  of  one  little  dene  of  wood,  but  pigs  are 
not  named.  An  interesting  entry  under  Blean  mentions  that  it  contained  1,000  acres  of  fruit- 
less wood  [sylvae  infructuosae),  that  is  of  wood  that  was  neither  oak  nor  beech  to  supply  acorns 
or  mast  for  the  swine.  In  three  cases  there  is  mention  of  small  woods  fit  to  provide  fencing 
{silvulae  ad  clausuram).  There  are  two  references  to  alder  (or  possibly  osier)  beds,  namely 
on  the  king's  manor  at  Dartford,  and  on  the  Bishop  of  Bayeux's  manor  of  Berdewelle  which 
has  not  been  identified.  A  good  many  of  the  manors  mentioned  in  the  north  of  the  county 
contain  no  reference  to  woods,  and  in  several  others  the  amount  of  wood  was  so  insignificant 
that  it  could  only  find  pannage  for  a  single  pig,  or  for  two,  or  for  three.  There  is  one  reference 
to  deer  throughout  the  county.  The  Bishop  of  Bayeux  held  at  Chart  Sutton  a  park  for  beasts 
of  the  forest. 

A  scholarly  estimate  formed  as  to  the  chief  woods  of  Kent,  Surrey,  and  Sussex  after  the 
Conquest  supplies  the  following  list  for  the  first  of  these  counties.  The  great  Andred  Wood 
or  Weald,  extending  into  Sussex  and  Surrey  ;  Blean  Wood,  in  Westgate  Hundred,  containing 
the  1,000  acres  of  unpannaged  woodland  of  the  Domesday  Survey;  Bocholt,  probably  Bough ton- 
under-Blean  ;  Caestnnvarowalth  Wood,  probably  the  woods  between  Rochester  and  Maid- 
stone ;  Challock  Wood,  part  of  which  is  now  included  in  Eastwell  Park  ;  Chart  Wood,  in 
the  hundred  so  called  ;  Norwood,  near  Heme  Bay  ;  Ripwood,  on  the  borders  of  Sussex,  near 
Romney  Marsh  ;  Saenling  Wood,  in  Eastry  Hundred  ;  Saltwood,  near  Hythe  ;  Sandhurst 
Wood,  on  the  southern  fringe  of  Andred  Weald  ;  Shoreham  Wood,  north  of  Sevenoaks  ;  and 
Westwood,  near  Graveney.i 

Although  there  was  no  royal  forest  in  Kent,  of  which  there  is  any  record,  after  the  Conquest, 
the  kings  of  England  had  two  royal  parks  in  the  county,  namely  those  of  Eltham  and  Greenwich, 
the  former  of  which  was  by  far  the  older. 

Eltham  was  a  royal  residence  in  the  time  of  Henry  III,  and  there  the  king  and  his  court 
kept  the  Christmastide  of  1270.  It  was  subsequently  in  the  hands  of  Anthony  Bek,  the  great 
Bishop  of  Durham  ;  but  that  prelate,  who  died  here  in  13 10,  left  the  reversion  of  it,  with 
all  the  improvements  he  had  made,  to  Queen  Eleanor.-  When  John,  king  of  France,  honourably 
returned  to  England  in  December,  1363,  Edward  III  was  staying  at  Eltham.  Froissart  gives 
a  glowing  account  of  the  magnificence  of  the  palace  and  of  the  splendid  reception  given  there 
to  the  royal  captive  and  guest.^  Two  Parliaments  of  this  reign,  held  respectively  in  1329 
and  1375,  were  summoned  to  Eltham,  and  here  Richard  II  frequently  resided,  enjoying  the 
hunting  in  the  various  parks  by  which  it  was  surrounded.  The  manor  of  Eltham  was  used 
much  by  successive  sovereigns  for  entertainments  and  for  the  sport  of  hunting  until  the  days 
of  Henry  VIII  when  Greenwich  came  into  favour.  Henceforth  Eltham  saw  little  of  royalty. 
Among  the  various  offices  showered  by  Elizabeth  on  her  favourite.  Sir  Christopher  Hatton, 
was  that  of  keeper  of  the  palace  and  parks  of  Eltham.  Charles  I  granted  the  office  of  keeper 
of  the  great  park  of  Eltham  to  Patrick  Maule,  groom  of  the  bedchamber,  at  6d.  a  day,  and 
he  also  held  the  offices  of  ranger  and  master  of  the  game,  to  each  of  which  certain  perquisites 
were  attached. 

After  the  king's  execution,  a  careful  survey  was  made  of  the  Crown  possessions  at  Eltham, 
early  in  1649.  The  area  of  the  parks  was  considerable  ;  it  was  found  that  the  Great  Park 
comprised  596  acres ;    the  Little  or  Middle  Park  333  acres ;    and  Home  or  Lee  Park,  which 

1  Pearson,  Hist.  Maps  of  England.         -  Furley,  op.  cit.  ii.  112,  247  j  Hasted,  Kcni,  i.  50-1, 
»  Froissart,  Chron.  (1803),  i.  609-10. 

472 


FORESTRY 

was  in  Eltham  and  Lee,  336  acres.  The  deer  of  all  three  parks  had  been  destroyed  by  the 
soldiers  and  common  people  during  the  preceding  summer,  and  much  of  the  park  palings 
broken  down  and  destroyed.  In  the  first  two  of  these  parks,  the  Commonwealth  surveyors 
marked  2,200  of  the  best  trees  to  be  reserved  for  the  navy ;  the  trees  left  standing  numbered 
1,386,  and  were  valued  at  £sS6.  In  Home  Park,  where  most  of  the  2,620  trees  were  old  and 
worn  out,  none  were  marked  for  the  navy  ;  their  value  was  estimated  at  -^917.  The  whole 
estate  must  have  been  splendidly  wooded,  for  3,700  trees  on  the  Eltham  demesnes  were  marked 
for  the  navy  in  addition  to  those  in  the  parks. * 

Evil  befel  the  timber  of  Eltham  during  the  Commonwealth  period,  apart  from  that  felled 
for  navy  purposes.  Mr.  Shirley  cites  from  a  book,  published  in  1660,  called  The  Mysteries 
of  the  Good  Old  Cause,  to  the  effect  that  '  Sir  Thomas  Walsingham  had  the  Honour  of  Eltham 
given  him,  which  was  the  Earl  of  Dorset's,  and  the  Middle  Park  which  was  Mr.  White's ; 
he  has  cut  down  ;f5,ooo  worth  of  timber,  and  hath  scarcely  left  a  tree  to  make  a  gibbet.' - 

Greenwich  had  from  early  days  been  a  royal  residence,  but  there  is  no  record  of  a  park 
here  until  1433,  when  Henry  VI  licensed  Humphrey,  duke  of  Gloucester,  to  inclose  200 
acres  of  land  pasture  and  wood  at  Greenwich  to  make  a  park.  Within  the  park  the  duke 
erected  a  tower  termed  Greenwich  Castle,  now  the  observatory,  and  a  spacious  residence  on 
lower  ground.  All  this  reverted  to  the  Crown  on  his  death  in  1447.^  It  became  a  favourite 
residence  of  Henry  VII,  Henry  VIII,  and  Elizabeth. 

Hentzner,  when  travelling  in  England  in  1598,  makes  this  mention  of  Greenwich  :  '  Near 
this  place  is  the  Queen's  Park,  stocked  with  deer  ;  such  parks  are  common  throughout  England, 
belonging  to  those  that  are  distinguished  either  for  their  rank  or  riches.'  * 

James  I  was  often  resident  at  Greenwich,  and  here  were  born  his  children.  His  queen, 
Anne  of  Denmark,  took  particular  pleasure  in  Greenwich  Park,  and  there  laid  the  foundations 
of  the  '  House  of  Delight,'  which  afterwards  served  as  the  ranger's  lodge. 

When  Greenwich  palace  was  turned  into  a  hospital  for  aged  and  disabled  seamen  in 
1694,  the  park  was  disjoined  from  the  palace  and  still  continues  vested  in  the  Crown.  The 
park  was  walled  round  by  James  I,  and  includjs  188  acres.  It  contains  some  fine  timber, 
particularly  elms  and  Spanish  chestnuts.  There  is  a  herd  of  about  100  fallow  deer  ;  on  Bank 
Holidays  and  special  occasions,  when  there  is  great  public  resort  to  the  park,  the  deer  are  confined 
to  a  small  paddock. 

The  chief  episcopal  parks  of  Kent  were  those  of  Otford  and  Aldington.  The  manor  of 
Otford  belonged  to  the  see  of  Canterbury  from  the  close  of  the  eighth  century  onwards.  The 
manor-house  of  Otford  was  a  favourite  residence  of  many  of  the  primates,  and  here  Archbishop 
Winch elsey  died  in  131 3.  There  were  two  parks  on  the  estate,  distinguished  as  the  Great 
and  Little,  but  the  latter  was  disparked  during  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.  The  keeper  of  the 
Great  Park,  which  was  700  acres  in  extent,  had  a  yearly  fee  of  £6  3/.  ^d.,  and  the  keeper  of 
the  Little  Park  £6  is.  Sd.  Archbishop  Cranmer  exchanged  Otford  for  other  property  with 
Henry  VIII.  It  is  of  the  Great  Park  of  Otford  that  Lambard  has  put  a  foolish  tale  on  record 
as  to  St.  Thomas  of  Canterbury  : — '  As  Thomas  a  Becket  walked  on  a  time  in  the  Olde  Parke 
(busie  at  his  prayers),  that  he  was  muche  hindered  in  devotion  by  the  sweete  note  and  melodic 
of  a  nightingale  that  sang  in  a  bushe  beside  him,  and  that  therefore  (in  the  might  of  his  holy- 
nesse)  he  injoined  that  from  henceforth  no  byrde  of  that  kynde  shoulde  be  so  bolde  as  to  sing 
thereaboutes.'  * 

The  vast  manor  of  Aldington,  by  far  the  largest  in  the  county  and  lying  chiefly  within 
the  forest  or  Weald,  was  also  one  of  the  earliest  endowments  of  the  see  of  Canterbury.  Here 
the  primate  had  a  great  park  adjoining  the  manor-house.  The  Hundred  Rolls  of  1275,  among 
a  list  of  many  irregularities,  show  that  Master  Richard  de  Clifford,  the  escheator,  sold  wood 
in  the  Archbishop's  park  at  Aldington,  at  the  time  of  the  vacancy  of  the  see  of  Canterbury, 
to  the  value  of  66s.,  and  took  twenty  deer  and  more  in  the  same  park.^  This  estate  was  also 
alienated  by  Archbishop  Cranmer  to  Henry  VIII,  who  coveted  every  possible  hunting  ground 
within  reasonable  reach  of  London. 

There  are  several  brief  records  as  to  the  inclosing  of  parks  in  the  woodlands  of  Kent  among 
the  Patent  Rolls.  William  de  Say,  in  1262,  gained  the  licence  of  Henry  III  to  impark  his 
wood  of  Hanger  within  the  bounds  of  the  forest  of  Pembury.' 

*  Pari.  Surv.  Aug.  Off.,  cited  in  Hasted's  Kent,  i.  52-3. 

2  Shirley,  Deer  and  Deer  Pjrks,  70.  ^  Hasted,  Kent,  1.  19. 

<  Lysons,  Environs,  i.  519.  6  Lamh:ird,  Perambulation  of  Kent,  ^j. 

*  Furley,  op.  cit.  ii.  137.  '  Pat.  46  Henry  III,  m.  20. 

I  473  60 


A    HISTORY   OF    KENT 

Edward  II,  in  1325,  granted  licence  to  David  de  Strabolgi,  Earl  of  Athol,  to  impark  his 
wood  called  Northwood,  on  the  manor  of  that  name,  in  the  hundred  of  Whitstable.^ 

Licence  was  granted  hy  Edward  III,  in  1341,  after  inquisition  ad  quod  dnnnnnn,  to  Geoflrey 
de  Say  to  inclose  100  acres  of  land  and  wood  in  Birling,  together  with  a  path  between  the 
land  and  wood,  and  to  impark  the  whole,  on  condition  of  making  elsewhere  on  his  own  soil 
a  path  for  the  public  of  equal  length  and  breadth.* 

In  1360,  the  same  king  confirmed  to  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  the  concession  made 
to  him  by  William  Morunt,  namely  that  neither  William  nor  his  heirs  would  ever  in  the  future 
make  any  park  or  warren  in  his  demesne  lands  or  holdings  in  Chevening  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  archbishop's  free  chase.'  Leave  was  granted  in  1 360  to  Stephen  Ash  way  to  inclose  ninety 
acres  of  land  and  twenty  acres  of  wood  in  '  Brokesham,'  for  the  purpose  of  enlarging  his 
park.* 

The  accounts  of  William  Payne,  deputy  in  Kent  of  '  Robert  Henneage  Esquier,  Master 
of  the  Kynges  highness  Wooddes '  for  the  year  ending  Michaelmas,  1533,  show  receipts 
amounting  to  Cz^  165.  ^^d.  resulting  from  wood  sales  in  the  county.  Three  acres  of  wood 
that  had  a  gro^^th  of  about  sixteen  years  on  Shotover  Hill,  in  the  manor  of  Eltham,  much 
spoiled  by  the  cattle  for  lack  of  inclosing,  were  sold  at  15J.  the  acre  to  several  residents.  About 
six  acres  of  adjoining  wood  of  like  age  but  not  so  much  spoiled  were  sold  at  ijs.  the  acre  to 
other  inhabitants  of  Eltham.  Other  damaged  coppice  wood  on  the  same  manor  sold  at  18/. 
the  acre,  and  one  lot  of  seven  acres,  very  much  spoiled,  at  only  lOs.  the  acre.  Four  beeches 
sold  in  Dolldyngbery  Wood,  parcel  of  the  late  priory  of  Tonbridge,  realised  ^os.  Certain 
tops  sold  in  the  manor  of  Bayhall,  remaining  of  the  timber  appointed  for  the  building  of  South 
Frith  Lodge,  fetched  13/.  ^d-  ;  the  tops  of  timber  felled  for  repairing  the  king's  mill  at  Tonge 
brought  in  4^.,  and  five  acres  of  wood  sold  at  another  time  produced  over  ^4.  The  outgoings 
were  inconsiderable,  amounting  to  ^^3  8/.  ^d.,  which  sufficed  to  cover  the  expenses  of  Payne 
with  two  horses  during  his  various  journeys  to  Eltham  and  elsewhere  in  the  county  when 
measuring  and  selling  the  wood.* 

William  Lambard,  writing  in  Elizabethan  days  of  the  Weald,  considered  that  this  district 
'  was  a  great  while  together  in  manner  nothing  else  but  a  Desert,  and  waste  Wildernesse, 
not  planted  with  Townes,  or  peopled  with  men,  as  the  outsides  of  the  shyre  were,  but  stoared 
and  stuffed  with  hearded  Deare  and  droves  of  Hogs  only.'  ^ 

'  Parkes  of  fallow  Deere,  and  games  of  gray  Conyes,  it  (Kent)  maynteineth  many,  the 
one  for  pleasure,  and  the  other  for  profit,  as  it  may  wel  appeare  by  this,  that  within  memoire 
almost  the  one  halfe  of  the  first  sorte  be  disparked,  and  the  number  of  warreyns  continueth, 
if  it  do  not  increase  dayly.  As  for  red  Deere  and  blacke  Conyes,  it  nourisheth  them  not,  as 
having  no  great  walkes  of  waste  grounds  for  the  one,  and  not  tarying  the  tyme  to  raysethe 
gaine  by  the  other  ;  for  blacke  conyes  are  kept  partly  for  their  skins,  which  have  their  season 
in  Winter  :  and  Kent  by  the  nearnesse  to  London  hath  so  quick  market  of  yong  Rabbets,  that 
it  killeth  this  game  chiefly  in  Summer.' ' 

In  Lambard's  list  of  parks,  drawn  up  in  1571,  eighteen  are  set  down  that  had  been  already 
disparked,  namely  those  of  Panthyrst,  Brasted,  Henden,  Hever,  Broxam,  Wrotham,  Ightham, 
Cage,  Postern,  Sutton,  Langley,  Allington,  Mereworth,  Lye,  Folkestone,  Stonehyrst,  and 
two  at  Oxenhoath.  The  parks  still  existing  in  Lambard's  time  were  Knole,  Groombridge, 
Penshurst,  Cooling,  Birling,  Cobham,  Greenwich,  Ashoure,  Southpark,  Lullingstone,  Calehill, 
Leeds,  St.  Augustine's,  Bedgebury,  Westenhanger,  Halden,  Hamswell,  Hungershall,  Shorling, 
Stowting,  Postling,  Ashford,  Sissinghurst,  Glassenbury,  three  at  Eltham,  three  at  South 
and  North  Frith,  in  the  south-west  corner  of  the  county,  and  two  at  Otford,  in  all  thirty- 
two.* 

Only  three  of  the  many  deer  parks  enumerated  by  Lambard  now  survive,  namely  those 
of  Knole,  Cobham,  and  Lullingstone. 

In  Hasted's  famous  history  of  the  county,  published  in  1778,  some  attention  is  paid  to 
the  general  question  of  the  trees  and  woodlands.  As  to  orchards  of  apples,  pears,  plums,  and 
cherries,  they  are  stated  to  be  in  great  number  everywhere — '  but  not  so  much  as  formerly, 
especially  of  the  latter,  many  of  them  having  been  destroyed  of  late,  and  converted  into  hop 
grounds.'     Plantations  of  apples  and  filberts  were  specially  abundant  in  the  neighbourhood 

»  Pat.  18  Edw.  II,  pt.  ii.  m.  14.  »  Pat.  15  Edw.  Ill,  pt.  i.  m.  11. 

'  Pat.  33  Edw.  Ill,  pt.  iii.  m.  9.  *  Pat.  41  Edw.  Ill,  pt.  i.  m.  19. 

*  Exch.  Accts.  K.R.  bdle.  149,  No.  16.  «  Lambard,  op.  cit.  (1576)  i68. 

'  Lambard,  op.  cit.  9.  *  Ibid.  48-9. 

474 


FORESTRY 

of  Maidstone.  The  coppice  wood  in  general  was  either  oak,  hazel,  birch,  or  beech,  inter- 
mixed with  ash,  willow,  and  chestnut,  of  the  last  of  which  there  were  large  tracts  at  Milton, 
near  Sittingbourne,  and  at  Newington.  The  timber  in  the  woods  was  chiefly  oak  and  beech, 
but  in  the  hedgerows  generally  elm.  The  oaks  were  specially  large  round  Maidstone,  and 
felled  from  time  to  time  for  the  navy.  Hasted  further  reported  that  the  only  remains  of  a 
forest  in  Kent  was  near  Tonbridge,  in  the  parts  called  South  and  North  Frith,  most  of  which 
was  then  woodland.^ 

'  The  soil  of  the  Weald,'  wrote  Hasted  in  1778,  '  is  particularly  adapted  to  the  growth 
of  the  oak,  which  in  these  parts  increase  to  an  amazing  size  ;  one  of  which  was  felled  a  few 
years  ago  at  Penshurst  in  the  park  there  which  had  twenty-one  tons  of  timber  in  it,  or  840  ft. 
Every  inclosure  in  the  Weald  is  surrounded  with  these  trees,  and  every  coppice  and 
wood  is  full  of  them  ;  and  though  they  yearly  afford  a  supply  for  the  royal  navy  of  Great 
Britain,  yet  in  all  probability  there  will  be  sufficient  remaining  for  the  use  of  it  for  ages  yet 
to  come.'  ^ 

In  1794  John  Boys,  farmer  of  Betteshanger,  drew  up  a  report  for  the  Board  of  Agriculture, 
termed  A  General  Fiezv  of  the  Agriculture  of  the  County  of  Kent.^  The  tenth  chapter  deals 
with  the  woods  and  plantations.  The  woodlands  of  the  eastern  part  of  Kent  are  described 
as  chiefly  dispersed  between  the  great  road  from  Rochester  to  Dover,  and  the  chalk  hills  that 
run  from  Folkestone,  by  Charing,  to  Detling.  These  woods  furnished  the  county  with 
fuel,  with  tillers  for  husbandry  use,  with  timber  for  shipbuilding,  and  more  especially  with 
poles  for  the  hop  grounds.  The  best  first-class  poles  were  chestnut,  ash,  willow,  and  maple  ; 
their  usual  length  18  ft.  ;  the  price  varied  from  30J.  to  39J.,  per  hundred,  chestnut  being 
the  dearest.  Mr.  Boys  supplies  an  elaborate  table  of  the  chief  woods  of  the  county,  which 
were  treated  on  a  commercial  basis,  giving  their  acreage,  o\^Tier,  surface  and  subsoil,  natural 
produce,  extra  produce  from  improvement,  and  articles  for  sale.  The  largest  of  them  was 
the  King's  Wood,  on  the  Sussex  border ;  it  was  of  3,000  acres  and  chiefly  in  the  parishes  of 
Goudhurst,  Cranbrook  and  Ticehurst ;  it  was  mainly  oak  and  used  for  little  more  than  fence 
poles  and  fuel.  There  was  another  great  wood  of  1,500  acres,  also  called  King's  Wood,  in 
the  parishes  of  Langley,  Leeds  and  Sutton  ;  it  grew  large  quantities  of  oak,  with  some  hazel 
and  birch,  and  was  used  for  tillers,  small  timber,  and  poles.  A  third  large  wood,  of  1,000 
acres,  termed  Bridge  Wood,  was  in  St.  Margaret's  parish  ;  it  was  chiefly  oak,  but  had  been 
improved  by  chestnut  and  ash,  and  produced  poles,  cordwood,  etc.  One  of  the  most  flourishing 
was  a  300-acre  chestnut  wood  of  the  Earl  of  Aylesford,  in  Newington  and  Milton.  On  Burham 
Downs  there  was  about  1,000  acres  of  scrubby  oak  and  hazel,  which  was  on  the  waste,  and 
free  from  November  to  March.  The  total  woodland  acreage  of  this  table  amounts  to  13,290 
acres. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  two  volumes  of  Marshall's  Rural  Economy  of  the  Southern 
Counties,  published  in  1798,  is  devoted  to  the  district  round  Maidstone.  He  found  that 
the  old  woodlands  of  this  part  of  Kent  were  increasing,  chiefly  owing  to  an  increased  demand 
for  hop  poles.  The  n'oodlands  were  chiefly  coppice,  with  a  few  timber  trees  scattered  among 
them.  The  species  of  woods  in  the  old  or  natural  coppices  were  chiefly  oak,  ash,  hornbeam, 
sallow,  and  maple.  The  provincial  name  for  the  hornbeam  was  horse-beech,  in  contradis- 
tinction to  the  buck-beech  or  true  beech.  The  sallow  was  locally  known  as  the  '  plumb- 
leaved  willow.'  The  age  of  felling  the  old  coppice  woods  was  from  twelve  to  eighteen  years' 
growth.  The  chestnut  was  being  largely  planted,  as  it  was  found  to  run  up  rapidly  and  straight, 
and  produce  poles  of  good  value.  Next  to  the  chestnut,  the  ash  was  the  favourite  in  the 
new  plantations.     The  new  coppices  were  cut  about  every  ten  years.* 

In  his  reflection  on  the  50  square  miles  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet,  Mr.  Marshall  comments 
on  '  the  extreme  nakedness  of  this  plot  of  country,'  and  urged  that  the  steep  hangs  of  the 
hillocks  towards  the  coast,  and  the  worst  of  the  flinty  heights  might  with  advantage  be  planted 
for  the  growth  of  coppice  wood.* 

The  existing  deer  parks  of  the  county  number  fifteen,  of  which  Greenwich  has  been 
already  described ;  they  are  the  parks  of  Knole,  Eastvvell,  Lullingstone,  Cobham,  Chilham, 
Godmersham,  Waldershare,  Mereworth,  Surrenden  Derring,  Boughton,  Mote,  Mersham 
Hatch,  East  Sutton,  Hall  Place,  and  Greenwich. 

Knole  Park,  adjoining  Sevenoaks,  the  seat  of  Lord  Sackville,  is  one  of  the  most  interesting 

1  Hasted,  op.  cit.  i.  123.  2  ibjd    jj^^ 

'  It  was  reprinted  in  1796,  and  a  third  edition  issued  in  1813. 

*  Marshall,  Rural  Econ.  in  the  Southern  Counties,  i.  39-50.  *  Ibdi.  ii.  40-I. 

475 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

and  best  timbered  of  all  the  parks  of  England.  It  is  about  2  miles  in  length  from  north  to 
south,  and  I J  in  width  from  east  to  west.  The  acreage  within  the  park  wall  is  923  acres, 
of  which  about  400  acres  are  woodland.  The  scenery  is  most  diversified,  and  presents  a  charming 
variety  of  hill  and  dale,  with  bold  stretches  of  open  land  on  the  higher  levels.  The  timber 
in  certain  parts  is  exceptionally  fine,  and  there  are  various  stately  avenues.  The  park  is  entered 
from  Sevenoaks  by  a  gateway  nearly  opposite  the  church  through  Knole  Avenue,  which  is  a 
fine  grove  of  beeches.  After  gaining  the  park  the  road  crosses  a  grassy  glade  or  valley,  and 
turning  to  the  left  mounts  the  hill  and  passes  through  a  stretch  of  forest  trees,  chiefly  well- 
grown  beeches,  a  considerable  number  of  which  measure  about  9  ft.  in  girth,  3  ft.  from  the 
ground,  and  have  remarkably  straight  stems.  On  gaining  the  front  of  the  great  house  a  variety 
of  good  sycamores  may  be  noticed,  whilst  to  the  right  hand  is  a  solitary  monarch  beech  tree 
of  stately  proportions ;  it  has  a  girth  of  27  ft.  6  in.,  3  ft.  from  the  ground.  From 
the  north-west  corner  of  Knole  House  is  a  fine  avenue  of  oaks  termed  the  Duchess  Walk, 
500  yds.  in  length,  leading  in  the  direction  of  Godden  Green.  This  and  other  avenues 
near  the  house  i\ould  have  more  dignity  had  they  been  planted  further  apart.  The  oaks 
of  the  Duchess  Walk  are  but  20  ft.  apart ;  several  of  the  largest  have  a  girth  of  from  12  to 
13  feet.  A  short  distance  from  the  lower  end  of  this  walk  stands  the  King  Beech,  which 
has  a  circumference  of  nearly  28  ft.,  but  it  is  not  so  well  grown  as  the  great  beech  by  the 
house,  as  it  is  divided  into  several  huge  stems  a  short  distance  from  the  ground  ;  it  is  of  great 
age  and  is  now  on  the  down  grade.  In  this  part  of  the  park  may  also  be  seen  the  Old  Oak, 
now  a  mere  wreck  ;  it  bore  this  name  as  far  back  as  1650,  and  it  is  just  possible  that  the  writer 
who  considers  it  '  old  enough  to  have  sheltered  barons  and  knights  of  the  era  of  the  early 
Plantagenets  '  may  be  correct  in  his  surmise.  Another  fine  old  tree  in  much  better  preserva- 
tion possesses  the  misleading  title  of  King  John's  Oak.  The  Broad  Walk  is  an  avenue  nearly 
a  mile  long  and  chiefly  of  beech,  which  extends  from  the  Bird  House  to  the  most  southern 
part  of  the  park  known  as  the  Mount,  from  which  there  is  a  splendid  prospect  over  almost 
the  whole  of  the  Weald  of  Kent.  The  approximate  number  of  deer  inclosed  in  this  noble 
park  is  fallow  320,  red  120,  and  Japanese  70. 

During  the  last  fourteen  or  fifteen  years,  in  addition  to  filling  up  vacant  places  in  the 
existing  woods,  plantations  of  larch,  Scotch  fir,  Douglas  fir,  etc.,  with  oak  and  chestnut,  etc., 
have  been  formed  in  the  park  and  elsewhere  on  the  estate  and  are  generally  doing  very  well. 
At  Seal  Chart  the  process  of  natural  regeneration  of  Scotch  fir  is  going  on,  but  great  damage 
is  done  from  time  to  time  by  fires.^ 

Immediately  adjoining  Knole  is  The  Wildernesse,  a  most  richly  wooded  estate  in  the 
parish  of  Seal.  Here  Lord  Chief  Justice  Pratt,  who  died  in  1714,  inclosed  a  park;  but  it 
was  disparked  after  the  death  of  the  first  Marquis  Camden  in  1840. 

East\vell  Park,  the  seat  of  Lord  Gerard,  is  of  great  extent,  embracing  the  greater  part 
of  the  parish  of  Eastwell,  as  well  as  portions  of  the  adjoining  parishes  of  Challock  and  Boughton 
Aluph.  It  is  stocked  with  about  1,000  fallow  deer  ;  the  red  deer  are  now  extinct.  The 
old  Pilgrims  Road  to  Canterbury  passes  through  the  park ;  it  can  be  traced  by  the  old 
yew  trees. 

The  deer  park  of  LuUingstone  Castle,  in  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  Darenth,  the  seat 
of  the  Right  Hon.  Sir  W.  Hart  Dyke,  bart.,  has  an  area  of  720  acres  and  is  stocked  with  about 
200  fallow  deer.     It  is  remarkably  well  wooded. 

The  deer  park  at  Cobham  Hall,  the  seat  of  the  Earl  of  Darnley,  contains  538  acres 
and  is  very  well  timbered.  In  it  are  some  of  the  tallest  ash  trees  in  England,  many  of  them 
over  140  ft.  high,  also  magnificent  oaks,  Spanish  chestnut,  hornbeam  and  sycamore.  At  the 
present  time  there  are  about  400  deer.  The  timber  is  well  kept  up,  and  a  considerable 
number  of  trees  are  planted  every  year  when  felling  or  thinning  takes  place.  The  area  of 
other  parks  surrounding  the  mansion  but  not  open  to  the  deer  is  about  120  acres,  while  the 
total  area  of  woodland  on  the  estate  extends  to  some  1,400  acres.^ 

The  park  round  Chilham  Castle,  the  seat  of  Colonel  Charles  Stewart  Hardy,  which  adjoins 
Godmersham  Park,  has  an  area  of  about  300  acres  and  is  stocked  with  100  head  of  fallow  deer. 
It  is  well  timbered  and  includes  some  very  fine  Spanish  chestnut  and  beech  trees ;  several 
of  the  former  grand  old  trees  measure  as  much  as  23  ft.  in  girth  at  4  ft.  from  the  ground. 
A  great  feature  of  the  park  is  the  large  heronry,  the  nests  of  which  average  from  80  to  100  a 

*  From  personal  observation  and  measurements,  but  chiefly  from  particulars  kindly  supplied  by 
Mr.  G.  H.  Brougham  Glasier,  the  estate  agent. 

*  From  information  kindly  communicated  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Scriven. 

470 


FORESTRY 

year.  On  this  estate  from  five  to  ten  thousand  young  Spanish  chestnuts  and  ashes  are  planted 
yearly,  both  for  game  and  commercial  purposes. ^ 

Godmersham  Park,  the  seat  of  Mr.  Ellis  Cunliffe  Lister  Lister-Kav,  incloses  an  area 
of  560  acres  ;  it  is  now  stocked  with  a  herd  of  120  fallow  deer,  reduced  from  400.  There 
has  been  very  little  planting  done  on  the  estate  for  the  last  thirty  years,  other  than  for  land- 
scape purposes.  Mr.  Lister-Kay  does  not  think  that  it  is  likely  that  any  more  planting  will 
be  undertaken,  although  there  is  a  considerable  area  of  derelict  land,  until  the  landowner 
is  relieved  of  the  payment  of  all  rates  and  taxes  for  a  period  of  not  less  than  thirty  years  on 
such  land,  conditionally  on  his  planting  it.  The  land  in  question,  though  unused  and  bringing 
in  nothing  to  owner  or  tenant,  still  bears  a  heavy  tithe,  the  system  of  farm  apportionment 
obtaining  in  this  district  instead  of  field  apportionment.^ 

Waldershare  Park  (Earl  of  Guilford)  incloses  an  area  of  about  500  acres.  The  herd 
of  fallow  deer  is  kept  down  to  about  150.  The  park  is  richly  wooded,  the  principal  features 
being  numerous  clumps  of  very  fine  beeches,  locally  known  as  '  The  Beech  Clumps.'  The 
largest  trees  are  the  Spanish  chestnuts,  of  which  there  are  some  exceptionally  good  specimens. 
There  is  also  a  particularly  fine  avenue  of  limes.  In  the  coverts,  the  trees  are  nearly  all  oak  ; 
the  underwood,  consisting  of  hazel,  horse-chestnut,  ash,  etc.,  is  cut  every  ten  years.  The 
oak  required  for  estate  purposes  is  felled  in  the  coverts  where  the  underwood  is  due  to  be 
cut,  and  each  year  such  gaps  are  filled  by  young  trees  raised  in  the  nursery.  A  fair  quantity 
of  larch  and  Scotch  fir  are  also  raised  in  the  nursery,  transplanted,  and  finally  used  for  estate 
fencing.  The  underwood  has  depreciated  enormously  in  value  since  the  abandonment  of 
hop  growing  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood.^ 

The  park  round  Mereworth  Castle,  the  seat  of  Viscount  Falmouth,  has  an  area  of  124 
acres ;  it  is  stocked  with  a  herd  of  105  fallow  deer.  The  timber  of  the  park  is  chiefly  ash, 
beech,  elm,  and  oak,  with  some  Spanish  and  horse  chestnuts ;  the  beech  trees  are  exceptionally 
fine.  There  has  not  been  much  planting  on  the  estate  of  late  years,  though  gaps  in  the  park 
timber  are  always  replaced.  The  greater  part  of  the  woodlands  on  this  property  has  been 
ussd  as  underwood  and  cut  periodically.  At  one  time  this  was  a  fairly  profitable  trade,  but 
it  is  now  at  a  very  low  ebb  owing  to  the  change  of  training  hops  on  wirework  instead  of  on 
poles.* 

The  park  of  Surrenden  Derring,  near  Ashford,  on  the  estate  of  Sir  Henry  Nevill  Derring, 
bart.,  incloses  260  acres ;  it  is  stocked  with  about  150  fallow  and  50  Japanese  deer.  The 
park  is  very  finely  timbered.  The  underwoods  on  this  estate  are  generally  kept  regularly 
planted  up  after  the  falls,  which  occur  every  year,  the  same  land  being  felled  at  intervals  of 
about  twelve  years.  A  small  amount  of  ornamental  planting  is  done  occasionally,  and  a  few 
acres  of  plantation,  chiefly  coniferous  trees,  have  been  recently  laid  out.^ 

The  park  of  Boughton  Place,  near  Maidstone,  on  the  property  of  Mr.  George  Ryder, 
has  an  area  of  75  acres,  and  now  feeds  a  small  herd  of  about  30  fallow  deer.  It  is  well 
timbered,  and  includes  a  wood  of  3  acres  which  is  chiefly  beech  and  oak. 

The  Mote  Park,  Maidstone,  the  seat  of  Sir  Marcus  Samuel,  bart.,  incloses  about  560 
acres,  which  is  stocked  with  150  fallow  deer.  The  park  is  generally  well  wooded,  and  includes 
some  fine  forest  timber,  such  as  oak,  elm,  beech,  and  chestnut,  as  well  as  some  choicer  trees 
such  as  maple,  silver  elms,  and  tulip  trees.  There  are  also  some  of  the  finest  black  u'alnut 
trees  in  this  country. 

The  park  of  Mersham  Hatch,  on  the  estate  of  Sir  VVyndham  Knatchbull,  bart.,  in  whose 
family  it  has  remained  since  the  days  of  Henry  VIII,  covers  up\\ards  of  400  acres  and  is  stocked 
with  about  150  fallow  deer.  It  used  to  be  appendant  to  the  manor  of  Aldington,  which 
was  transferred  to  Henry  VIII  by  Archbishop  Cranmer.* 

East  Sutton  Park,  on  the  estate  of  Sir  R.  M.  Filmer,  bart.,  incloses  about  100  acres  of 
well-wooded  land,  including  a  few  ancient  forest  trees ;  it  is  stocked  with  a  herd  of  about 
90  fallow  deer. 

Hall  Place,  Tonbridge  (Mr.  S.  Hope  Morley),  stands  in  a  well-wooded  park  of  about 
140  acres.  The  herd  of  fallow  deer  averages  from  100  to  no.  There  is  a  good  grove  of 
beech  and  oak,  but  nothing  noteworthy  about  the  timber. 

^  From  information  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  J.  S.  Goodwin,  land  steward. 

^  From  information  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  E.  C.  Lister-Kay. 

^  From  information  kindly  contributed  by  Mr.  G.  F.  Hodson,  agent  to  the  Earl  of  Guilford. 

*  From  information  kindly  supplied  by  Mr.  James  Horton,  land  steward  to  Lord  Falmouth. 
5  From  information  kindly  communicated  by  Mr.  Alfred  J.  Burrows,  land  agent. 

•  Furlcy,  op.  cit.  ii.  522-3. 

477 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 

There  are  also  many  other  parks  in  the  county,  all  more  or  less  well  wooded  and  some 
of  considerable  extent  where  there  are  no  deer. 

The  chief  of  these  are  Chevening  Park,  the  seat  of  Earl  Stanhope,  which  has  an  area 
of  S50  acres,  delightfully  picturesque  and  beautifully  wooded  ;  Belmont  Park,  Lord  Harris, 
500  well-wooded  acres ;  Fredville  Park,  of  300  acres,  containing  the  celebrated  old  oak  which 
has  a  girth  of  35  ft.  ;  Old  Park,  near  Dover,  410  acres ;  Goddington  Park,  in  Great  Chart 
parish,  which  is  well  wooded  and  incloses  400  acres ;  Hothfield  Park,  Lord  Hothfield,  350 
well-watered  and  beautifully  timbered  acres ;  Linton  Park,  another  well-wooded  domain 
of  385  acres ;  Penshurst  Park,  undulating  and  containing  some  magnificent  old  timber,  of 
about  350  acres ;  and  Hole  Park,  Rolvenden,  remarkably  well  wooded,  and  having  an  area 
of  260  acres.  Other  good  parks  of  less  size  are  those  of  Addington,  Bedgebury,  Betteshanger, 
Dawson,  Holwood,  Preston  Hall,  and  Swifts,  Cranbrook. 

There  are  open  commons  with  a  good  deal  of  brushwood  and  some  larger  timber  at  Hayes, 
Keston,  West  Wickham,  and  Tunbridge  Wells. 

Horsmonden  is  a  parish  celebrated  for  the  luxuriant  growth  of  its  forest  trees  of  oak, 
chestnut,  elm,  beech,  and  ash.  Knockholt,  on  the  high  ground  of  the  chalk  plateau  a  few  miles 
to  the  north-west  of  Sevenoaks,  has  a  remarkably  fine  clump  of  old  trees  known  as  the  Knock- 
holt  Beeches ;  they  stand  770  ft.  above  the  sea-level,  and  form  a  landmark  for  many  miles 
around.  Within  the  churchyard  of  Headcorn,  one  of  the  We.nld  parishes,  is  an  immense  oak 
of  great  age,  having  a  girth  of  40  ft.  ;  it  is  looked  upon  as  a  relic  of  the  ancient  forest  of 
Andred. 

The  attention  given  of  late  years  to  arboriculture  and  planting  throughout  England 
has  brought  about  a  most  marked  result.  There  is  an  increase  in  England's  woodlands  of 
about  200,000  acres  in  the  last  twenty  years.  In  this  happy  result  Kent  has  taken  a  considerable 
share,  though  the  growth  has  been  slight  in  the  last  decade.  The  woodland  area  of  Kent, 
according  to  official  returns,  was  85,887  acres  in  1888,  but  in  1891  the  amount  had  grown 
^o  96,333  acres.  In  1895  the  total  had  risen  to  98,302  acres,  and  on  June  4,  1905  (the  last 
occasion  on  which  a  full  return  was  made),  the  total  had  reached  98,871.  Of  this  last  total 
75,820  acres  are  returned  as  coppice,  that  is  woods  that  are  cut  over  periodically  and  reproduce 
themselves  naturallv  by  stool  shoots ;  1,431  acres  as  plantations,  that  is  planted  or  replanted 
within  the  last  ten  years  ;    whilst  the  remainder,  21,620  acres,  are  entered  as  '  other  woods.' 


47S 


SPORT    ANCIENT 
AND    MODERN 


HUNTING 


FOX-HUNTING 


THE  first  pack  of  hounds  that  we 
can  trace  as  having  hunted  the 
northern  part  <if  Kent,  between 
Canterbury  and  Maidstone,  now 
icnown  as  the  Tickham  country, 
flourished  during  the  early  part  of  the  last 
century,  when  Sir  Edward  Knatchbull  kept 
a  pack  of  foxhounds  at  Provender.  This 
pack  existed  for  many  years  under  the  name 
of  the  Provender  Hunt,  but  what  became 
of  it  or  when  it  ceased  to  exist  is  not  easy  to 
discover.  At  a  later  period  Lord  Sondes 
had  a  pack  of  foxhounds  at  Lees  Court,  and 
after  its  dispersal  Mr.  S.  R.  Lushington 
hunted  a  pack  under  the  name  of  The 
Lodge  Hounds.  Mr.  Lushington's  venture 
soon,  however,  came  to  an  end,  whereupon 
a  fresh  pack  was  got  together  by  Mr.  Pryce 
Lade,  who  acted  as  master  for  several  years. 
When  Mr.  Pryce  Lade  resigned  the  master- 
ship of  the  hunt  established  by  him,  the  pack 
was  removed  about  the  year  1825  to  kennels 
near  the  hamlet  of  Tickham,  after  which  place 
they  were  named,  and  ever  since  that  time, 
the  pack  has  been  known  as  the  Tickham 
Hunt. 

Mr.  William  Rigden  was  apparently  the 
first  master  of  the  hunt  in  its  new  home 
(although  some  of  the  records  do  not  speak 
of  him  in  that  capacity  until  the  year  1832) ; 
and  with  the  help  of  a  committee  he  looked 
after  its  fortunes  for  some  time,  eventually 
taking  the  whole  management  upon  his  own 
shoulders.  Mr.  Rigden  continued  in  this 
position,  with  Giles  Morgan  as  huntsman, 
until  1844,  when  owing  to  lack  of  funds  and 
insufficient  support,  he  gave  up  the  pack, 
which  meanwhile  had  become  his  own 
propert}-,  and  sold  it  to  Mr.  Marriott,  who 
at  that  time  was  hunting  part  of  the  Essex 
country. 


The  Tickham  country  was  now  without  a 
pack ;  but  Mr.  Lushington  again  came  to  the 
rescue  and  started  a  fresh  pack,  with  Temple 
and  Thomas  Tipton  as  his  successive  hunts- 
men. So  matters  continued  until  1852, 
when  Mr.  Lushington  resigned,  and  Mr. 
Rigden  once  more  took  up  the  reins  of 
management  with  a  fresh  committee  to  assist 
him.  Tipton  continued  in  the  capacity  of 
huntsman,  but  in  1856  we  find  Mr.  Rigden 
and  Mr.  Hall  managing  the  hunt  by  them- 
selves. Five  years  later  Tipton,  who  had 
been  an  invaluable  servant,  severed  his  con- 
nexion with  the  Tickham,  and  took  the  posi- 
tion of  huntsman  to  the  South  Berks,  of 
\vhich  Mr.  Hargreaves  was  then  master. 
Mr.  Philip  Barling  was  thereupon  appointed 
to  the  vacant  position. 

Once  more,  after  a  more  or  less  prosperous 
period,  the  Tickham  were  in  difficulties,  and 
in  1865,  again  owing  to  lack  of  financial  sup- 
port and  a  lamentable  scarcity  of  foxes, 
it  was  decided  to  break  up  the  estab- 
lishment, and  advertisements  appeared  in 
the  papers  offering  the  hounds  for  sale. 
Before,  however,  a  purchaser  was  forthcoming 
a  fresh  committee  took  upon  themselves  the 
task  of  trying  to  set  the  hunt  on  its  legs  once 
more,  and  Mr.  Rigden  consented  to  continue 
the  mastership.  In  acknowledgement  of 
his  good  endeavours  the  master  was  the 
recipient  in  1868  of  a  testimonial,  which  took 
the  form  of  a  silver  centre-piece  for  the  table 
and  was  presented  to  him  at  a  dinner  held 
at  Faversham  '  in  recognition  of  his  services 
as  a  thorough  sportsman.' 

In  the  following  year  another  change  in 
the  hunt  establishment  occurred,  W.  Fisher 
succeeding  Mr.  Barling  as  huntsman.  Fisher 
only  stayed  one  season  and  in  1870  was 
succeeded  by  J.  Machin,  who  came  from  the 
Quorn. 

A  year  later  a  terrible  catastrophe  occurred 


479 


A   HISTORY  OF    KENT 

\\hen  Mr.  Rigden,  who  was  out  cub-hunting  Mr.    William   Edward   Rigden    completed 

in  October,  near  Leeds  Castle,  was  thro\\n  his  twenty-one  years  of  mastership  in  1895, 

from  his  horse  which  put  its  foot  in  a  hidden  and  the  hunt,  by  way  of  commemorating  the 

ditch.     The    popular    master,    then    in    his  event,  presented  him  in  November  of  that 

eightieth  year,   was  pitched   upon  his  head,  year,  with  a  cleverly  executed  hunting  picture, 

and  was  picked  up  quite  dead  with  a  broken  the  work  of    Mr.    Heywood    Hardy.     The 

neck.     His  mastership  of  the  hunt  had  lasted,  painting  represented  the  master  mounted  on 

almost   continuously,   for  a  period  of  about  his     favourite     hunter     Battledore,     leaving 

40  years,   and   Mr.   Hall  was  elected  in  his  covert   with   his  hounds.     The   presentation 

stead.     In   1872   Machin  went  as  huntsman  was  made  at  a  dinner  held  at  the  Faversham 

to  the  Pytchley,  and  was  succeeded  by  Tom  Drill  Hall,   at  which  Lord  Harris  presided. 

Hills,  who  came  from  the  Cotswold  country.  Mr.    Rigden's    speech    in    acknowledgement 

Mr.    Hall's    mastership    only    lasted    until  of  the  gift  began  with  the  following  charac- 

1874,  when  he  presented  the  hounds  to  Mr.  teristic   and   pretty   little    anecdote:     'The 

William   Edward   Rigden,   elder  son  of  Mr.  other  day,'  said  the  master,  '  as  I    was    out 

William  Rigden  ;    and  Tom  Drayton  of  the  hunting,  a  very  favourite  hound  got  his  leg 

Warwickshire  began  as  huntsman  to  the  new  in  a  rabbit  wire  and  was  moaning  with  pain, 

master.     This     arrangement     lasted     for     a  I   jumped   down   and   released  him,   and  he 

couple  of  seasons,  ^^hen  Mr.  Rigden  decided  kept  quiet,  letting  me  do  just  what  I  liked, 

to  carry  the  horn  himself  with  J.   Ford  as  and  when  I  had  done  he  gave  a  yelp  of  delight, 

whipper-in  and  Tom  Pedley  as  second  whip,  and  jumped  up  and  licked  my  face.     I  only 

Ford  left  in  1878,  and  W.  Burton,  first  whip  wish    I    knew   of   something    I    could   do   as 

to   Lord    Middleton,   took  his   place.      The  eloquent,  as  brief,  and  as  convincing  as  the 

latter   only   stayed    for   a    season,    returning  action  of  that  hound  was,  so  that   I  could 

to  Lord  Middleton  to  act  as  huntsman  ;   and  show  my  gratitude  to  you.' 

Pedley  was  thereupon  promoted  to  first  whip  Seven  years  later,  on  the  occasion  of  his 

A^ith  R.  Jay  to  act  as  his  second.  marriage  in  December  1902  with  Miss  Jessie 

Meanwhile  Mr.  Rigden  was  concentrating  Moray    Brown,    the    members    of    the    hunt 

his   attention   on   improving   the   pack,    and  made  Mr.  Rigden  a  present  of  a  silver  tea 

made  purchases  at  several  sales,   notably  at  and  coffee  service  as  a  further  mark  of  their 

those  of  Mr.  Musters,  the  Honourable  Mark  esteem,  and  Mrs.  Rigden  was  the  recipient 

RoUe,    and    Mr.    Arkwright    of    the    North  of  a  diamond  brooch. 

Herefordshire.  He  also  secured  a  young  On  26  September  1904,  at  the  end  of  thirty 
dr.nft  from  the  Duke  of  Grafton's,  and  in  years'  mastership,  Mr.  Rigden  died  some- 
time had  a  first-clase  lot  of  working  hounds,  what  suddenly  of  blood-poisoning  at  the  age 
As  years  went  on  he  m.iintaincd  the  standard  of  61.  With  the  exception  of  one  or  two 
of  the  pack  by  the  use  of  sires  from  the  Duke  minor  breaks  and  the  fcAv  years  between  Mr. 
of  Grafton's,  the  Fitzwilliam,  Mr.  Fenwick's,  William  Rigden  senior's  death  and  the  time 
and  Lord  Guilford's  kennels  at  Waldcrshare.  when  his  son  took  over  the  pack    from  Mr. 

It  was  a  great  difficulty  in  t]\ose  days  to  Hall,    father    and    son    between    them    had 

get  puppies  put  out  to  walk,  and  Mr.  Rigden  hunted  the  pack  for  a  period  of  nearly  eighty 

had  some  trouble  in  disposing  of  his  ten  or  years.     At  the  time  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Rigden's 

twelve  couples  every  season  ;   but  at  length  death  there  were  fifty  couples  of  hounds  in 

by  offering  prizes  for  the  three  best  dogs  at  kennel,  and  another  forty  couples  out  at  walk, 

an  annual  show,  he  managed  to  increase  his  Never   was   there   a   straighter   rider   than 

puppies  at  w.ilk  until  at  last  he  often  had  Mr.  William  Edward  Rigden,  nor  a  master 

out  as  many  as  thirty  to  forty  couples.     Mr.  who  knew  the  capabilities  of  horse  or  hound 

John  Rigden,  the  master's  brother,  .ilso  gave  better  than  he  did.     During  his  long  reign 

a  prize  for  the  best  couple  of  walked  puppies,  he  placed  the  hunt  on  a  secure  foundation 

Some  fifty  farmers  used  to  attend  the  annual  and  made  himself  popular  wherever  he  went, 

puppy  show,  and  the  lunch  afterwards  was  He  had   to   contend  with  many  difficulties, 

always    a    merry    function     with     a     merry  and  shooting  interests  clashed  with  his  own 

sportsman  at  the  head  of  it.  on  more  than  one  occasion.     But  he  was  a 

In  1877  Mr.  Rigden  purchased  twelve  man  who  could  retire  gracefully  as  well  as 
acres  of  land  at  Wren's  Hill,  for  the  erection  go  forward,  and  there  was  not  a  soul  in  the 
of  new  kennels  and  stables,  for  by  this  time  country  with  whom  he  had  ever  come  in 
the  accommodation  at  the  old  kennels  had  contact  but  was  sincerely  grieved  at  the  loss 
become  outgrown.  The  master  was  his  own  of  so  good  a  master  and  so  excellent  a  sports- 
architect,  and  the  new  stables  were  built  to  man  in  and  out  of  the  saddle, 
accommodate  twenty  hunters.  There  is  one  little  anecdote   told  of  him 

480 


SPORT 


which  is  worthy  of  record.  It  is  said  of  him 
that  he  killed  his  first  Tickham  fox  at  Tong 
on  the  farm  belonging  to  Mr.  T.  Bensted, 
the  '  Father  '  of  the  hunt,  and  that  he  made 
it  a  practice  of  going  to  Tong  for  his  first  fox 
of  the  year  in  each  succeeding  season.  Further 
than  this  he  is  credited  with  having  killed 
an  early  season  fox,  if  not  the  very  first,  within 
the  parish  during  every  year  of  his  mastership. 

On  Mr.  Rigden's  death  the  hunt  committee, 
with  Lord  Harris  as  chairman,  met — for  the 
first  time  in  twenty  years — at  the  Bull  Hotel 
at  Sittingbourne,  and  accepted  the  offer  of 
Mrs.  Rigden  to  lend  the  horses  and  hounds 
to  the  country  for  the  season.  Mr.  George 
P.  Elystan  Evans,  late  master  of  the  Cam- 
bridgeshire, was  asked  to  accept  the  master- 
ship, which  he  agreed  to  do  in  conjunction 
with  Mrs.  Rigden.  Since  that  time  the 
Tickham  Hunt  has  been  carried  on  under 
that  arrangement,  a  guarantee  of  some  )£i,6oo 
to  ;fi,8oo  per  annum  being  made  towards 
the  expenses  of  maintenance. 

Latterly,  there  have  been  resignations 
and  rumours  of  resignations,  but  up  till 
1907  no  definite  change  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Tickham  Hunt  has  been  made. 
At  the  last  meeting  of  the  committee,  on 
4  December  1906,  the  joint  masters  tendered 
their  resignation  for  the  second  or  third  time, 
and  a  resolution  was  carried  asking  them  to 
reconsider  their  decision. 

When  Mr.  Evans  took  over  the  Tickham 
pack  he  found  it  one  of  the  best  in  the  king- 
dom, and  so  it  has  been  maintained  up  to 
the  present  time.  The  pack  is  full  of  Bel- 
voir  and  Wanvickshire  blood,  with  charac- 
teristic features  of  good  back  ribs,  shapely 
necks  and  broad  powerful  shoulders.  Much 
of  the  good  blood  in  the  kennel  is  due  to 
the  influence  of  that  good  sire  Nestor,  ^  whose 

^  Sir    Humphrey   F.   de    Trafford,   bart.,    The 
Foxhounds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  1906. 
Nestor's  pedigree  is  as  under  : — 
NESTOR,  1900 

00.  (Weathergagc,i8;6 

*  I  Gratitude,  iSSo 

(Syntax,  iS8o 

(Needful,  1877 

[Milton     Solomon, 

1879 
(  Handsome,  1882 
j-Belvoir       Falliblv, 

1874 
(.Ro.y,  1877 
(Weathergage,  1S76 
Gratitude,  18S0 
Oakley        Rende 


,Belvoir 

(■Gamble 

r,  18S 

Nomin; 

A, 

Warwick- 
shire 

188S 

Needy, 

.88+ 

Nailer, 

.894 

Huntres; 

l-Harper, 

,885 

1888 

"V..,. 

1S80 

Stella, 
1893 


(Belvoir  Game- 
boy,  18S4 
Anxious,   1886. 


{Oakley        Render, 
18S3 
Oakley         Angrv, 
1879 

-(Selim,  1878 
(Senseless,  18; 

lRhapsody,.88.||',^;-;',;«;5 


/-Milton  Somer-JSelim,  1878 
..(      set,  1883       t  Senseless,  1879 


progeny  are  to  be  met  with  in  many  other 
noted  kennels. 

At  the  present  time  the  Tickham  Hunt 
possesses  fifty  couples  of  hounds,  which  Mr. 
Evans  hunts  himself.  They  meet  three  times  a 
week.  The  country  hunted  is  about  twenty- 
five  miles  from  east  to  west,  by  fifteen  miles 
from  north  to  south,  and  on  the  west  the  West 
Kent  territory  forms  the  boundary.  On  the 
east  the  East  Kent  country  is  touched,  and  on 
the  south  that  of  the  East  Sussex,  together 
with  a  large  area  of  land  that  is  not  hunted 
by  any  pack  of  foxhounds.  Plough-land  is 
chiefly  met  with,  as  well  as  a  considerable 
tract  of  large  woods,  but  pasture  is  on  the 
increase  nearly  everywhere.  There  is  plenty 
of  jumping  of  a  moderately  stiff  order,  and 
wire  is  plentiful,  but  possible  of  negotiation 
at  marked  places.  Most  of  the  country  is 
hilly,  and  a  fast,  stout  horse  is  the  best. 

Fox  hunting  was  pursued  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  Kent  probably  quite  as  early  as 
in  any  other  part  of  the  county,  but  nothing 
in  the  way  of  reliable  record  can  be  discovered 
previous  to  the  time  of  Sir  Henry  Oxenden 
of  Broome  Park,  seventh  baronet,  the  possessor 
of  a  noted  pack  of  '  spayed  '  bitches,  with 
which  he  hunted  the  country  until  about 
1828.  He  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Brook 
William  Bridges  of  Goodnestone,  fifth  baronet 
(afterwards  Lord  Fitz-Walter  of  Woodham 
Walter),  and  later  by  Mr.  William  Deedes 
of  Sandling  Park,  who  carried  on  the  pack 
until  1832. 

At  the  expiration  of  Mr.  Deedes'  master- 
ship Mr.  James  Drake  Brockman  of  Beach- 
borough,  of  whom  it  may  be  said  that  he 
was  the  real  founder  of  the  East  Kent  Hunt, 
came  into  power,  and  controlled  the  country 
for  no  fewer  than  thirty-eight  years. 

Mr.  Brockman's  period  of  mastership 
began  at  a  time  of  many  difficulties ;  but 
after  several  disappointments  and  some  oppo- 
sition, he  succeeded  in  overcoming  the 
prejudice  against  fox-hunting  that  existed 
in  some  quarters,  and  popularized  the  sport 
among  the  tenant  farmers  of  that  part  of 
the  county.  At  the  same  time  he  concen- 
trated his  attention  upon  the  formation  of 
a  really  sound  pack,  and  finding  foxes  rather 
scarce,  went  to  the  trouble  of  importing  some 
from  across  the  Channel.  The  interests  of 
game-preserving  in  this  part  of  Kent  were 
being  more  and  more  jealously  guarded  every 
year  during  Mr.  Brockman's  mastership,  but 
so  tactful  was  he  that  foxes  soon  began  to 
flourish  and  blank  days  became  fewer  every 
season. 

A  good  story  is  told  of  Mr.  Brockman  in 
Sir    Humphrey    de    Trafford's    magnificent 


481 


61 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


volume.^  One  day,  while  out  cubbing,  one 
of  the  field  who  did  not  know  the  master 
— the  latter  not  being  dressed  exactly  in 
hunting  costume — mistook  Mr.  Brockman 
for  one  of  the  hunt  servants  and  offered  him 
five  shillings  to  put  hounds  on  to  an  old  dog- 
fox that  Mr.  Brockman  himself  had  just 
viewed  away.  We  are  not  told  whether  the 
bribe  was  accepted. 

Mr.  Brockman's  popularity  may  be  gauged 
from  the  fact  that  some  of  the  farmers  in  his 
district  paid  him  subscriptions  amounting 
to  as  much  as  ;^ioo  at  a  time  ;  and  the  esteem 
with  which  he  was  regarded  is  further  evi- 
denced by  the  presentation  to  him  in  1866 
of  a  portrait  of  himself  by  Stephen  Pearce 
which  still  hangs  at  Beachborough  House. 
The  inscription  underneath  the  picture 
runs  : — '  Presented  by  the  members  of  the 
E.K.H.  and  other  friends  as  a  mark  of  respect 
and  esteem  to  Frederick  Brockman,  Esq., 
who  for  thirty-three  successive  seasons  has 
hunted  the  East  Kent  country.' 

Four  years  later  Mr.  Brockman  was  obliged, 
owing  to  failing  health,  to  end  his  long 
and  remarkable  reign,  when  another  testi- 
monial, this  time  in  the  form  of  a  valuable 
gift  of  plate,  was  presented  to  him. 

The  East  Kent  now  entered  upon  a  still 
more  prosperous  era,  when  Dudley  Francis, 
seventh  Earl  of  Guilford,  whose  name  was 
well  known  in  connexion  with  racing,  and 
indeed  with  every  form  of  sport,  began  his 
nine  years'  mastership.  This  was  in  1870, 
and  he  began  at  once  to  hunt  the  country  in 
lavish  style  four  days  a  week.  His  lordship's 
most  generous  act  was  to  build  new  kennels 
and  stables  at  Waldershare  at  a  cost  of  some 
£30,000. 

Foxes  were  not  very  plentiful,  but  Lord 
Guilford  was  a  keen  man  to  hounds  and  it 
was  said  of  him  that  he  could  find  a  fox  when 
nobody  else  could.  He  showed  good  sport 
until  1879  when  his  control  of  the  pack 
ceased,  and  it  was  a  sad  day  -  when  he  met 
with  his  death  in  Dorset  after  a  fall  while 
hunting. 

Mr.  F.  J.  Mackenzie  succeeded  the  Earl  of 
Guilford  as  master,  but  only  stayed  a  season 
or  so,  and  Mr.  \V.  H.  White,  whose  tenure 
of  office  was  equally  short,  came  in  1881  and 
went  in  1882.  The  next  master  was  Mr. 
E.  R.  Sworder,  who  stayed  with  the  pack 
for  seven  years.  During  his  mastership  he 
nearly  lost  his  life  through  the  earth  falling 

*  Trafford,  The  Foxhounds  of  Grrtit  Britain  and 
Ireland,  146. 

^  On  19  December  1885.  He  was  then  master 
of  the  Cattistock. 


in  upon  him  while  he  was  digging  out  a 
badger,  and  it  is  said  that  he  never  really 
recovered  from  the  effects  of  that  accident. 
He  left  the  East  Kent  in  1889  and  went 
to  the  Hertfordshire,  of  which  he  was  master 
for  ten  or  eleven  seasons. 

The  next  master  of  the  East  Kent  was 
Captain  F.  Fitzroy,  who  died  at  the  end 
of  his  first  season.  Foxes  were  still  scarce 
even  at  this  date,  but  Captain  Fitzroy  showed 
good  sport  with  what  there  were ;  and  his 
sad  death,  coming  at  the  end  of  a  long 
run  of  bad  luck  and  a  series  of  vicissitudes 
for  the  pack,  cast  a  feeling  of  gloom  over 
the  whole  country. 

Mr.  C.  W.  Prescott  Westcar  came  next, 
in  1 890,  and  stayed  till  1 893 .  He  was  followed 
by  Mr.  A.  B.  Worthington  (i 893-1 894), 
and  Mr.  L.  E.  Bligh,  who  stayed  till  1898, 
when  he  left  to  hunt  the  Minehead  Harriers. 
He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wilfred  Baker  White, 
who  controlled  the  destinies  of  the  hunt  till 
1900,  when  the  present  master,  Mr.  William 
Selby-Lowndes,  took  hold.  Mr.  White  went 
to  the  West  Kent,  with  whom  he  stayed 
till  1904. 

The  present  master  came  from  the  Bilsdale 
pack,  where  he  had  been  for  three  seasons. 
His  father  was  master  of  the  Whaddon  Chase, 
which  pack  has  been  hunted  by  the  Selby- 
Lowndes,family  since  the  end  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  present  master  of  the  East 
Kent  began  with  a  pack  of  harriers  at  the 
age  of  thirteen,  and  afterwards  went  to 
America,  where  he  hunted  the  fox  for  two 
vears. 

Since  Mr.  Selby-Lowndes  came  to  the 
East  Kent  the  quality  of  the  sport  has  been 
much  improved.  Foxes  are  more  plentiful, 
and  a  good  feeling  prevails  between  shooting 
and  hunting  men  as  well  as  among  the  farmers. 
During  his  first  five  years  of  mastership  Mr. 
Lowndes  accounted  for  6ji  brace  of  foxes, 
a  tally  which  beats  all  previous  East  Kent 
records.^  The  pack  is  now  forty-five  couples 
strong,  and  contains  Belvoir,  Grafton,  and 
Warwickshire  blood. 

Hounds  meet  four  times  a  week.  The 
country  is  about  twenty-four  miles  in  length 
by  eighteen  miles  from  north  to  south,  and 
extends  from  the  Tickham  boundary  on  the 
north-west  to  the  sea  on  the  south  and  east. 
About  half  of  the  area  is  plough,  with  plenty 
of  grass  and  downland,  and  a  little  jumping 
of  ditches  and  fences  in  the  lowlands.  A 
few  of  the  fences  in  other  parts  of  the  country 
are  somewhat  stifT.  The  best  part  of  the 
low   country   is   the   Ashford   Vale.     A  sum 


Foxhounds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  147. 


482 


SPORT 


of  £i,ioo  per  annum  is  guaranteed  the  master, 
together  with  kennels,  stables,  and  hunt 
servants'  cottages  rent  free,  and  a  poultry 
fund. 

In  that  part  of  Kent  which  is  now 
adjacent  to  London  or  actually  part  of  it, 
two  or  three  packs  of  hounds  existed  in 
early  times.     During  the  last  decade  of  the 


1793,  at  which  time,  as  already  mentioned, 
packs  were  established,  or  in  being,  at  Bromley 
and  Sydenham. 

When  Sir  Percival  Dyke's  conne.xion  with 
the  country  came  to  an  end  in  1834,  ^  Mr. 
Waring,  who  then  kept  a  pack  of  harriers  in 
the  district,  bought  some  of  his  foxhounds 
and  hunted   both   fox  and  hare   for  a   few 


eighteenth    century    there    was    fox-hunting     seasons.     About  the  year  1836  Mr.  Forrest 


in  the  Bromley  portion  of  the  county,  and 
there  was  another  pack  which  was  kennelled 
at  Sydenham,  and  hunted  what  we  might 
now  call  the  Crystal  Palace  side  of  the  country. 
On  the  Bromley  side  Sir  John  Dixon  Dyke 
of  Horeham,  baronet,  held  sway  in  the  last 


appeared  upon  the  scene  and  established 
kennels  with  a  fresh  pack  of  hounds  at  Green- 
hithe,  and  here  it  would  seem  that  the  West 
Kent  began  a  new  lease  of  life  about  which 
particulars  are  almost  entirely  wanting. 
What  became  of  Mr.  Waring's  pack  nobody 


quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was      knows,  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  his  hunt 
succeeded    by   other   members   of   the   same      could  properly  be  called  the  West  Kent  at  all 


family,  who  are  credited  with  having  hunted 
the  country  up  till  about  the  year  1830,  at 
which  period  the  name  of  the  West  Kent 
Hunt  first  appears. 

It  would  seem,  however,  that  Sir  John 
Dyke's  pack  was  actually  given  up  some  time 
before  this,  for  his  eldest  son,  Sir  Thomas 
Dyke,  fourth  baronet,  is  spoken  of  ^  as  having 
started  a  fresh  pack  of  dwarf  hounds  about  this 
period,  his  custom  being  to  hunt  fox  in  the 
spring,  and  hare  during  the  earlier  part  of  the 
season.  After  Sir  Thomas  Dyke  came  his 
brother  Sir  Percival  Hart  Dyke,  fifth  baronet. 


Mr.  Forrest  apparently  hunted  hounds 
until  1844,  although  no  details  of  his  master- 
ship are  to  be  discovered,  and  the  next 
authentic  master  of  whom  we  hear  is  Mr. 
Tom  Colyer,  who  founded  yet  another  pack 
with  kennels  at  Milton  near  Gravesend. 

Mr.  Colyer's  term  of  office  lasted  until 
1856,  when  without  any  previous  warning 
or  for  any  apparent  reason  he  disappeared  in 
the  middle  of  the  season,  and  was  never  seen 
again.  During  his  mastership  he  had  done 
a  great  deal  for  the  country,  and  had  estab- 
lished  a  good   pack   by   purchases   from   the 


It  appears,  therefore,  that  not   only   had   Sir  kennels  of  Mr.  Selby-Lowndes,  of  the  Whad 

John  Dyke's    pack   been   dispersed,  but   also  don   Chase,  and   from    Sir   Richard    Sutton's 

that  of  Sir  Thomas.     Sir  Percival  gave  up  his  pack.     He    always    hunted    hounds    himself 

pack  in  or  about  the  year  1834,  Richard  Hills  and  showed  some  really  good  sport,  although 

having  acted  as  huntsman   both  to   him   and  he  did  not  by  any  means  hunt  the  whole  of 


to  Sir  Thomas. 

These  are  some  of  the  names  connected 
with  hunting  in  West  Kent  up  to  about 
the  time  when  the  present  hunt  began  to  be 
known  by  its  existing  title ;  but  fox-hunt- 
ing in  Kent  had  existed  long  before  the 
establishment  of  the  Bromley  pack,  and  one 
lot  of  hounds  at  least  went  farther  afield 
than  either  of  the  packs  kennelled  at  Bromley 
or  Sydenham. 

This  was  the  old-established  hunt  founded 
by  the  famous  John  Warde  -  of  Squerries,  who 
had  kennels  at  Westerham  in  the  year  1776. 
No  one  else  seems  to  have  had  a  share  of  the 
West  Kent  country  at  this  time,  and  Mr. 
John  Warde  hunted  the  whole  of  it  up  to 

1  Foxhounds  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland. 

2  John  Warde's  name  is,  of  course,  famous  in 
many  hunting  circles  outside  Kent,  for  in  1797  we 
find  him  with  the  Pytchley,  where  he  remained 
until  1808,  and  with  the  New  Forest  from  the 
latter  year  to  1 8 14.  Afterwards  he  went  to  the 
Craven,  and  stayed  with  them  until  1825,  so  that 
altogether  he  was  a  master  of  hounds  for  half  a 
century,  with  only  one  break  of  four  seasons. 


the  available  country.  His  foxes  are  said  to 
have  had  a  particular  affection  for  Surrey  and 
many  of  his  best  runs  were  in  that  direction 
from  the  Pol  Hill  coverts. 

On  Mr.  Colyer's  sudden  disappearance 
the  Honourable  Ralph  Pelham  Nevill,  of 
whom  we  shall  hear  again  presenth',  took  over 
the  pack  for  the  remainder  of  the  season, 
and  thus  saved  the  hunt  from  a  remarkably 
awkward  situation.  At  the  end  of  the  season 
Mr.  Colyer's  pack  was  put  up  to  auction, 
part  of  it  being  bought  by  Mr.  Armstrong 
and  Mr.  Wingfield  Stratford,  and  the 
remainder  sold  to  Mr.  Tailby.  New  kennels 
were  built  at  Betsham,  Southfleet,  where 
Mr.  Armstrong  lived,  and  drafts  were  pur- 
chased from  Mr.  Nun's,  Mr.  Cawston's,  and 
the  Oakley  kennels. 

Mr.  Armstrong  and  Mr.  Stratford  hunted 
the  country  as  joint  masters  for  a  season  or 
so,  when  the  latter  retired,  and  a  year  later, 
in  1858,  Mr.  Armstrong  sold  his  hounds, 
which  meanwhile  had  been  supplemented  by 
a  draft  from  Mr.  Farquharson's. 

Mr.    Wingfield    Stratford    now    purchased 


4S3 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


about  fifteen  couples  of  Mr.  Armstrong's 
hounds,  the  rest  of  which  were  secured  by 
Mr.  Arthur  Whieldon,  of  the  Vine ;  and 
having  built  new  kennels  at  Wrotham  Heath, 
close  to  his  residence  at  Addington  Park, 
he  continued  to  preside  over  the  destinies  of 
the  hunt  until  1862,  when  the  Honourable 
R.  P.  Nevill  of  Birling  Manor,  second  son 
of  William,  fourth  Earl  of  Abergavenny, 
joined  him.  Two  years  later  Mr.  Stratford 
withdrew,  and  Mr.  Nevill  continued  alone. 

To  Mr.  Ralph  Nevill,  than  whom  no 
better  man  with  hounds  ever  existed, 
must  be  given  the  credit  of  having  set  the 
West  Kent  upon  the  firm  footing  which 
it  has  enjoyed  ever  since  his  day.  To 
George  Bollen,  too,  a  capable  huntsman, 
who  was  with  Mr.  Nevill  for  a  dozen  years 
or  more,  must  also  be  awarded  some  acknow- 
ledgement of  the  good  work  done  and  the 
good  sport  shown  during  that  long  period, 
while  another  good  huntsman,  Tom  Hills 
of  the  Burstow,  a  son  of  Tom  Hills  of  the 
Old  Surrey,  must  also  be  mentioned. 

The  West  Kent  never  had  a  more  popular, 
or  a  more  capable  master  than  Mr.  Nevill, 
and  the  farmers  of  tlie  country  showed  their 
appreciation  of  his  worth  by  presenting  him 
in  1892,  soon  after  his  retirement,  with  a 
portrait  of  himself  seated  upon  a  favourite 
grey  with  some  of  his  pack  around  liim.  The 
picture,  the  Avork  of  John  Emms,  hangs  at 
Birling  Manor,  Mr.  Nevill's  seat  in  Kent. 
Mr.  Nevill  had  previously  (at  the  end  of 
his  seventh  season)  been  the  recipient  of  a 
piece  of  plate,  presented  by  members  of  the 
hunt.  His  mastership  of  the  pack  lasted 
from  1862  to   1 89 1. 

It  was  during  the  early  years  of  Mr.  Nevill's 
mastership  that  the  West  Kent  had  that 
good  sportsman,  Mr.  Richard  Russell  of 
Otford  Castle,  familiarly  known  as  '  Dick 
of  Otford,'  as  secretary  of  the  hunt.  After 
he  had  reached  the  age  of  seventy  Mr.  Russell 
was  taken  seriously  ill,  and  his  life  was  despaired 
of.  The  occasion  prompted  Mr.  Nevill  to 
pen  some  spirited  verses,  of  which  two  stanzas 
run  as  follows : — 

Then  fill  up  your  glasses,  for  ne'er  shall  we  see 
At  Otford  a  sportsman  so  thorough  as  he ; 
Be  it  fox,  be  it  stag,  a  drag  or  a  hare. 
Whatever  the  chase  he  was  bound  to  be  there. 

Then  fill  up  your  glasses,  and  drink,  my  boys,  drink, 
Long  life  to  Old  Richard,  nor  e'er  let  us  think 
His  days  are  yet  numbered,  though  sixty  and  ten 
Is  the  limit  of  summers  allotted  to  men. 

'  Dick  of  Otford '  got  better,  and  the 
wish  of  his  impromptu  bard  was  gratified. 
.-Ynother  wish,  Mr.  Russell's  this  time,  was 


that  a  piece  of  ground  might  be  consecrated 
in  the  wood  at  the  top  of  the  hill  at  Otford, 
and  that  he  might  be  buried  there,  so  that 
when  hounds  or  fox  came  by  they  might 
pass  near  his  grave.  But  this  hope  of  the 
old  sportsman  was  never  gratified,  and  he 
lies  buried  in  the  churchyard  at  Sevenoaks. 

In  1 891  Colonel  Warde,  who  was  then 
member  of  Parliament  for  the  Mid-Kent 
division,  became  master  of  the  West  Kent, 
and  was  succeeded  in  the  following  year  by 
Mr.  R.  Stewart-Saville.  The  latter  stayed 
till  1895  when  Lord  George  Montacute 
Nevill,  third  son  of  William,  first  Marquess 
of  Abergavenny  and  a  nephew  of  Mr.  Ralph 
Nevill,  came  from  the  Eridge,  of  which 
hunt  he  had  been  master  from  1880  to  1887, 
and  taking  over  the  hunt,  continued  with  it 
till  1900. 

George  Bollen,  Mr.  Nevill's  old  huntsman, 
had  remained  with  each  successive  master, 
but  in  1896  he  was  succeeded  by  Eli  Skinner, 
who  came  from  the  Worcestershire ;  and 
later  by  Wesley,  of  the  Old  Surrey.  George 
Bollen  returned  to  his  old  post  after  a  lapse 
of  two  or  three  seasons,  but  left  again  in  1901 
during  the  mastership  of  Mr.  W.  Baker  White, 
\vho  came  from  the  East  Kent  in  1900,  when 
Tom  Darch,  from  the  Essex,  took  Bollen's 
place  as  liuntsman. 

Mr.  Baker  White  stayed  with  the  West 
Kent  until  1904,  when  the  present  master, 
Mr.  William  Gore  Lambarde  of  Bradbourne 
Hall,  succeeded  him. 

The  country  hunted  by  the  West  Kent 
comprises  an  area  about  seventeen  miles 
square,  apart  from  the  territory  recently 
occupied  by  the  Hundred  of  Hoo  Hunt. 
This  part  of  the  county  was  formerly  regarded 
as  belonging  to  the  West  Kent,  but  it  was 
given  up  about  the  year  1896  as  unmanage- 
able under  the  existing  establishment  of  that 
hunt.  On  the  west  the  Old  Surrey  country 
marks  the  boundary ;  the  Burstow  and 
Eridge  are  to  the  south  ;  and  the  Tickham 
to  the  east.  The  country  is  chiefly  pasture 
with  a  fair  proportion  of  woodland,  but  very 
little  plough,  and  there  is  not  much  wire. 
Some  forty-five  couples  of  hounds  constitute 
the  pack,  which  is  kennelled  at  Otford  near 
Sevenoaks. 

The  Hundred  of  Hoo  Hunt  no  longer 
exists.  It  was  established  in  1896  to  hunt 
that  part  of  the  country  vacated  by  the 
West  Kent,  and  Mr.  Whitebread,  who  was 
the  instigator  of  the  movement,  got  a  scratch 
pack  together  for  the  purpose.  He  himself 
acted  as  master  until  1900,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  H.  Gibson,  who  stayed 
two  years. 
484 


SPORT 


Mr.  P.  G.  Barthropp  came  next  and  con- 
tinued till  1902,  when  Mr.  Lake  and  Mr. 
ArcoU  became  joint  masters.  At  the  end 
of  the  1904-5  season  the  arrangement  came  to 
an  end,  the  hounds  being  sold  at  Rugby  in 
May  1905.  The  Hundred  of  Hoo  country 
is  therefore  still  vacant  and  seems  likely  to 
remain  so  unless  the  West  Kent  pack  reverts 
to  the  old  order  of  things  once  more. 


STAGHOUNDS 

The  earliest  form  of  the  chase  adopted  in 
Kent,  as  elsewhere  in  the  once  thickly  wooded 
parts  of  England,  was  stag-hunting.  This, 
of  course,  is  only  natural,  for  the  country 
was  ready  made  for  it,  whereas  for  hare- 
hunting  or  fox-hunting  there  was  far  too 
much  wood  until  the  slow  march  of  civiliza- 
tion began  to  leave  its  mark  in  the  numerous 
spaces  cleared  for  the  cultivation  of  crops. 

Several  references  to  South  of  England 
stag-hunting  in  the  thirteenth  century  are 
to  be  discovered,  and  from  them  one  gathers 
that  in  those  early  days  the  chase  was  chiefly 
in  favour  with  the  clergy.  Henry  HI  seems 
to  have  been  particularly  gracious  in  granting 
leave  to  notable  divines  to  hunt  in  the  royal 
forests,  and,  if  all  we  read  is  true,  the  privilege 
was  very  much  abused.  Hunting  was  cer- 
tainly not  nearly  as  popular  with  the  masses 
then  as  it  is  to-day  for  many  reasons,  and  it 
was  urged  against  the  clergy  in  particular  that 
they  became  so  intoxicated  with  the  delights 
of  the  chase  that  they  did  practically  nothing 
except  hunt.  Thus  we  read  that  Walter  de 
Merton,  Bishop  of  Rochester  (i  274-1 277) 
devoted  his  life  to  stag-hunting,  and,  accord- 
ing to  Strutt,  was  an  '  an  excellent  hunter,  but 
so  fond  of  the  sport  that  at  the  age  of  fourscore 
he  made  hunting  his  sole  employment,  to 
the  total  neglect  of  the  duties  of  his  office.' 

An  even  earlier  reference  to  stag-hunting 
in  Kent  is  to  be  found  in  a  paper  contributed 
to  the  Sporting  Magazine  for  January  1793 
under  the  head  of  'A  curious  Account  of  the 
Sports  and  Pastimes  of  the  Londoners  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  H,  by  William  Fitzstephen, 
a  Monk.'  After  an  elaborate  account  of  the 
various  holiday  sports  of  the  period,  the 
writer  concludes : — 

Many  citizens  take  delight  in  birds,  as  spairows 
and  hawks,  gosshawks,  and  such  like ;  and  in  dogs 
to  hunt  in  the  woody  grounds.  The  citizens  have 
authority  to  hunt  in  Middlesex,  Hertfordshire,  all 
the  Chilterns,  and  in  Kent,  as  far  as  Grays-water. 

In  Kent,  as  elsewhere,  the  earlier  methods 
of  stag-hunting  were  of  a  very  rough-and- 
ready  character,   and   the  hounds   employed 


must  have  been  very  rough-and-ready  too. 
Nearly  every  squire  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  when  hunting  seems  to 
have  come  generally  into  favour  with  every 
one,  had  his  three  or  four  couple  of  hounds 
with  which  he  used  to  hunt  anything  that 
he  could  find — stag,  fox,  or  hare.  Some- 
times these  odd  couples  belonging  to  different 
owners  would  combine,  and  thus,  no  doubt, 
began  the  custom  of  kennelling  hounds  on 
the  '  trencher-fed  '  system,  which  still  exists 
in  several  parts  of  England.  Probably  there 
were  dozens  of  packs  in  every  county  con- 
ducted on  these  lines,  but  none  of  them,  of 
course,  was  organized  in  the  same  way  as  at 
present. 

A  rather  gruesome  reference  to  one  of 
these  establishments  is  made  in  an  issue  of 
the  Sporting  Magazineinij^l.     The  account 

says  that  '  while  the  hounds  of Gordon, 

Esq.,  were  hunting  in  Whitly  Shrubbs  near 
Seven  Oaks  in  Kent,  a  hound  was  perceived 
with  a  human  head  in  his  mouth,  which  was 
proved  once  to  have  belonged  to  a  boy  lost 
from  the  workhouse  at  Beresford  in  October 
last,  and  who  was  then  advertised,  but  has  not 
since  been  heard  of.' 

Sometime  about  the  middle  of  the  last 
century  the  Dering  family  is  said  to  have 
kept  a  pack  of  staghounds  for  a  short  time  at 
Surrenden  Park,  Pluckley,  now  the  residence 
of  Mr.  Walter  Winans,  well  known  as  the 
owner  of  many  famous  trotting  horses.  But 
the  only  Kentish  pack  of  note  established 
on  sound  lines  is  the  Mid-Kent,  which  has 
now  been  in  existence  for  nearly  forty  years. 

The  Mid-Kent  Staghounds 
These  notable  hounds  were  started  as  a 
private  pack  in  the  year  1868  by  Mr.  Tom 
Rigg  and  were  hunted  by  him  until  1874. 
At  that  time  the  Mid-Kent  became  a  sub- 
scription pack  and  they  have  been  carried 
on  in  that  way  up  to  the  present  time. 

When  Mr.  Rigg  gave  up  the  mastership 
of  the  Mid- Kent  that  office  went  to  Mr. 
Ambrose  Warde  of  Tutsham  Hall,  but  he 
only  remained  a  single  season  with  the  pack, 
and  was  succeeded  in  1875  by  Mr.  Charles 
Frederick  Leney  of  Thorndale.  Mr.  Leney, 
whose  kinsfolk  have  been  a  good  deal  associated 
with  the  Mid- Kent  for  a  period  of  more  than 
thirty  years,  stayed  till  1883,  when  another 
member  of  the  family,  Mr.  Herbert  Leney 
of  Blacklands,  took  over  the  reins  of  manage- 
ment. This  arrangement  lasted  for  three 
seasons,  the  next  master  being  Mr.  R.  A. 
Barkley  of  the  Priory,  Diss.  He  held  office 
till  1888,  in  which  year  the  late  Colonel  J.  T. 
North   of    Eltham    came    upon    the    scene. 


485 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Colonel  North's  mastership  lasted  for  four 
seasons,  his  successor  being  Mr.  George  P. 
Russell  of  South  Darenth,  who  stayed  with 
the  pack  until  1894.  In  the  latter  year  Mr. 
Augustus  Leney  of  Orpines  took  over  the 
management,  and  he  still  (1907)  holds  that 
position.  Mr.  Leney  is  his  own  huntsman, 
with  Will  Welch  to  turn  hounds  to  him,  and 
John  Wilcox  as  kennel  huntsman.  Mr. 
Richard  Tapply  of  Thorndale  is  the  honorary 
secretary. 

The  country  hunted  by  the  Mid- Kent 
Staghounds  lies  entirely  within  Kent,  and 
extends  over  an  area  some  forty  miles  square 
in  the  eastern  and  middle  divisions  of  the 
county.  There  is  very  little  plough,  the 
nature  of  the  open  country  being  principally 
pasture.  Woodland  is,  however,  distributed 
more  or  less  all  over  the  territory  of  the  hunt, 
and  some  of  the  coverts  are  of  considerable 


among  them  being  the  Boxley  (Mr.  Brassey's 
Harriers),  which  hunted  a  portion  of  the 
territory  now  controlled  by  Mr.  Mercer's 
pack  in  the  Sittingbourne  district,  and  the 
Fox  Bush  Harriers,  which  were  merged  in 
the  Hadlow  Foot  Harriers  in  1903.  The 
names  of  many  of  the  existing  packs  have 
been  changed  from  time  to  time. 

Mention  is  made  of  the  existence  of  a  pack 
of  harriers  in  the  Sandhurst  district  so  far 
back  as  the  seventeenth  century,  but  it  is 
doubtful  whether  they  can  claim  to  be  in  any 
way  related  to  the  present  establishment. 
The  CoUins  family  appears  to  have  controlled 
a  trencher-fed  pack  at  that  period,  and  carried 
it  on  till  1847.  From  that  date  until  1868 
Messrs.  Robert  Dunk  and  Edward  CoUins 
held  the  joint  mastership,  when  Mr.  Braizier 
of  Old  Place,  Sandhurst,  came  into  office, 
continuing  till    1878.     At   this   period   there 


size.     Wire,   which  in   past   times   caused   a      comes   a   break    in    the    pack's  history,   the 


good  deal  of  trouble,  is  now  well  marked 
where  it  is  stiU  left  standing,  and  arrange- 
ments are  made  for  its  removal  in  some 
districts. 

The  establishment  of  the  pack  is  twenty 
couples  of  hounds,  which  are  kennelled  at 
Wateringbury ;  and  twenty-five  deer  are 
kept  in  paddock,  the  latter  being  under  the 
care  of  H.  Ralph  at  East  Mailing  Heath. 
Days  of  meeting  are  two  a  week. 

The  Surrey  Staghounds,  which,  of  course, 
belong  properly  to  the  county  from  which 
they  take  their  name,  also  come  into  the 
western  part  of  Kent  on  occasion. 

HARRIERS 

A  county  possessing  so  much  open  country 
as  one  meets  with  in  Kent,  whose  breezy 
marshes  and  expansive  uplands  provide  that 
seclusion  so  beloved  of  the  hare,  is  certain 
to  be  well  supplied  with  packs  of  harriers 
and  beagles.  Before  the  Ground  Game  Act 
of  1 88 1  came  into  force,  the  hare  in  Kent 
was  considered  the  perquisite  rather  of  the 
courser  and  the  hunter  than  of  the  gunner, 
but  although  that  act  has  had  the  effect  of 
reducing  the  ground  game  in  many  parts 
of  the  county,  hares  have  been  sufficiently 
well  preserved  by  large  landowners  and 
tenants  to  be  still  plentiful  enough  both 
for  hunting  and  coursing.  At  the  present 
time  there  are  at  least  seven  packs  of 
harriers  within  the  county,  and  three  or 
four  packs  of  foot  harriers  or  beagles. 
The  latter  are  mostly  of  recent  origin,  the 
Fordcombe  pack,  established  about  the  year 
1870,  being  the  oldest  of  those  now  in  exist- 
ence.    Several  packs  have   disappeared,   chief     that  Jenner  has  been  with  the  pack  they  h 

4S6 


hounds  being  sold  by  auction,  the  majority  of 
them  finding  their  way  into  the  kennels  of 
neighbouring  establishments.  For  some  years 
the  district  remained  unhunted,  but  even- 
tually Mr.  Edward  Collins  formed  a  fresh 
pack  with  kennels,  as  before,  at  the  Crouch, 
and  George  Jenner  as  huntsman.  Mr. 
Thomas  Collins  afterwards  succeeded  to  the 
mastership,  and  the  kennels  were  removed  by 
him  to  Benenden,  but  he  stiU  hunted  the 
Sandhurst  country.  Subsequently  the  ken- 
nels were  once  more  removed,  this  time  to 
SpiUs  Hill,  Staplehurst,  where  the  hounds 
were  established  under  the  name  of  the  Wesid 
of  Kent  Harriers,  with  George  Jenner  still 
acting  as  huntsman.  The  Sandhurst  district 
was  now  again  without  hounds  until  in  1895 
Mr.  James  Farley  of  Ticehurst  bought  the 
pack  and  re-estalDlished  it  under  the  name  of 
the  Ticehurst  Harriers.  For  a  couple  of 
seasons  he  hunted  the  Sandhurst  country  from 
Ticehurst  with  Joe  Relf  as  kennel  huntsman, 
but  in  1897  he  removed  his  kennels  to 
Boxhurst,  Sandhurst,  with  George  Jenner 
as  huntsman.  Up  till  1902  Mr.  Farley  carried 
on  the  pack  at  his  own  expense,  when  Mr. 
Le  Breton  Simmons,  of  Chippenham,  Wilts, 
joined  him  in  the  mastership.  The  latter 
carried  the  horn,  Jenner  taking  the  place  of 
kennel  huntsman.  In  the  following  year 
Mr.  Farley  retired,  and  the  pack  was  hunted 
by  subscription  with  Mr.  Simmons  as  master. 
A  committee  took  over  the  management  in 
1904,  hounds  and  kennels  being  lent  by  Mr. 
Farley.  Mr.  H.  A.  Pratt  of  Rolvenden  was 
chosen  as  deputy-master,  with  George  Jenner 
again  as  huntsman.  In  1907  Mr.  Farley 
resumed  the  mastership.     During  the   time 


SPORT 


killed  as  many  as  sixty-five  brace  of  hares  in  the 
season.  From  time  to  time  some  of  the  best 
of  the  old  southern  hound  blood  has  been 
brought  into  the  kennel,  notably  from  the 
Penistone,  the  Hokombe,  the  Stannington, 
and  the  Bexhill  packs.  The  kennels  are  at 
Boxhurst  Farm,  Sandhurst,  and  the  pack, 
consisting  of  fifteen  couples  of  southern 
harriers,  23  inches  in  height,  meets  twice  a 
week.  The  country  hunted  lies  in  the  Weald 
of  Kent,  and  consists  of  pasture,  plough  and 
woodland  in  about  equal  proportions.  There 
is  very  little  wire. 

A  large  tract  of  country  is  hunted  by  the 
Ashford  Valley  Harriers  whose  territory 
extends  for  some  twenty  miles  from  east 
to  west,  by  about  twelve  miles  from  north 
to  south.  This  area  consists  for  the  most 
part  of  grass,  with  a  small  proportion  of 
woodland  and  plough.  It  is  a  fair  scenting 
country  and  has  some  good  hunting  fences, 
but  wire,  unfortunately,  has  greatly  increased 
of  recent  years,  and  most  of  it  remains  up 
throughout  the  hunting  season.  The  master, 
Mr.  John  C.  Buckland,  of  Goldwell,  Great 
Chart,  Ashford,  hunts  the  pack,  which  is  his 
own  property,  at  his  personal  expense,  and 
carries  the  horn.  The  pack  is  old  established 
and  was  hunted  from  about  i860  to  1878  by 
Mr.  Alfred  Swaffer,  who  was  succeeded  in 
the  latter  year  by  the  present  master.  The 
kennels  are  at  Goldwell,  about  three  miles 
from  Ashford.  Mr.  Buckland's  pack  consists 
of  twenty  couples  of  20-inch  hounds,  a  cross 
between  southern  harriers  and  dwarf  fox- 
hounds. 

The  West  Kent  Harriers  are  a  subscription 
pack  with  kennels  at  Lamorbey  Park,  Sidcup, 
where  the  master,  Mr.  Lewis  P.  Kekewich, 
who  has  held  office  since  1905,  resides. 
Former  masters  of  the  West  Kent  have  been 
Mr.  Henry  Lubbock,  Mr.  William  May, 
Mr.  Richard  Foster,  jun.,  and  Mr.  Cecil 
Berens.  The  country  lies  partly  in  Kent 
and  partly  in  Surrey,  and  about  one-half  of 
it  consists  of  pasture.  There  are  some  good 
fences  with  plenty  of  galloping.  The  pack 
consists  of  fifteen  couples  of  20-inch  dwarf 
foxhounds,  and  meets  twice  a  week. 

Mr.  Mercer's  Harriers  were  established 
in  1903,  when  they  succeeded  a  pack  of 
beagles  hunted  by  the  same  master  during 
the  three  previous  seasons.  The  country- 
extends  from  Faversham  on  the  east  to 
Rainham  on  the  west,  and  from  the  Swale 
on  the  north  to  a  point  about  seven  miles 
to  the  southward.  The  Boxley  Harriers, 
otherwise  known  as  Mr.  Brassey's,  formerly 
hunted  part  of  this  district  with  some  of 
the    surrounding   country.      About  one-half 


of  Mr  Mercer's  territory  is  plough,  and  the 
remainder  consists  partly  of  woodland,  and 
partly  of  marsh  intercepted  by  large  dykes. 
The  latter  is  very  good  scenting  country 
and  affords  the  best  sport.  Except  in  the 
marshland,  where  there  is  not  much  fencing, 
wire  is  somewhat  plentiful.  Twenty  couples 
of  20-inch  harriers  constitute  the  pack,  whose 
kennels  are  at  Rodmersham  near  Sitting- 
bourne,  where  the  master  resides.  Mr.  J. 
Strouts  acts  as  huntsman. 

The  Romney  Marsh  Harriers  are  among 
the  old  established  packs  of  the  county  and 
began  their  career  about  the  year  1858.  The 
pack  is  at  present  managed  by  a  committee, 
with  Major  H.  Finn  (Elm  Grove,  Lydd, 
Kent)  as  honorary  secretary.  Former  masters 
have  been  :— Mr.  Albert  Cock,  Appledore 
(from  about  1858  to  1866),  Mr.  Alured 
Denne,  Lydd  (1866  to  1868),  Mr.  W.  D. 
Walker,  New  Romney  (1868  to  1892),  Mr. 
P.  G.  Barthropp  (1892  to  1893),  Messrs. 
R.  P.  Burra  and  J.  S.  Vidler  (1893  to  1894), 
Mr.  R.  P.  Burra  (1894  to  1895),  Messrs.  R. 
Kenward  and  J.  F.  Selmes  (1895  to  1896), 
Colonel  H.  C.  Wilson  (1896  to  1899),  Mr. 
Frank  Green  (1899  to  1901),  Mr.  T.  Bayden 
(1901  to  1903),  Colonel  H.  C.  Wilson  (1903 
to  1904),  Mr.  J.  F.  Selmes  (1904  to  1905), 
and  Mr.  Frank  Green  (1905  to  1906).!  The 
pack  consists  of  twenty  couples  of  bitches, 
20  to  21  inches,  all  foxhounds ;  the  kennels 
are  at  Brookland ;  and  meets  are  held 
twice  a  week.  Most  of  the  country 
hunted  by  the  Romney  Marsh  Harriers  lies 
in  Kent,  but  their  territory  extends  into 
Sussex.  The  country  is  chiefly  pasture  and 
there  is  very  little  wire. 

As  early  as  1760  Mr.  Farrer  of  Cleve  Court 
kept  hounds  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet.  These 
were  undoubtedly  used  for  hare-hunting, 
though  we  find  an  account  in  the  Kentish 
Gazette  of  27  September  1769,  of  a  hunt  after 
a  deer,  which  was  a  run  with  Farrer's  hounds. 
In  1791  an  advertisement  appeared  in  the 
Kentish  Gazette  for  a  huntsman,  but  no  record 
of  the  appointment  is  e.xtant.  The  Isle  of 
Thanet  Hunt  as  it  now  exists  was  established 
on  2  April  18 13,  at  a  meeting  held  at  the 
Mount  Pleasant  Inn  near  Minster,  where 
Messrs.  Ambrose  CoUard,  John  Swinford 
and  Henry  Collard  were  appointed  stewards, 
and  Thomas  Oakley  Curling  secretary.  The 
hunt  has  been  carried  on  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet 
continuously  from  that  date.  In  1849  Mr. 
John  White  took  the  country  and  built  new 
kennels  at  Brooksend,  moving  the  hounds 
thither   from    Hoo    Corner,    Monkton ;     and 


Baily's  Hunting  Directory,  1906-7. 


487 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


he  hunted  the  country  till  1873.  The  pack 
was  known  as  the  Brooksend  and  Isle  of  Thanet 
Harriers,  and  was  made  up  of  20  to  2i-inch 
harriers  and  dwarf  foxhounds.  Captain  Tom- 
lin  succeeded  Mr.  White  in  1873,  the  latter 
still  carrying  the  horn.  In  1875  Captain 
Cotton  became  master  with  Mr.  J.  White  as 
huntsman,  the  pack  being  known  as  the 
Thanet  Harriers.  Then  in  1877  came  Mr. 
Graham  Lloyd,  who  hunted  the  pack  himself, 
followed  by  Mr.  Johnson  in  1878.  The  latter 
only  remained  two  seasons.  In  1880  Messrs. 
H.  S.  Russell  and  W.  P.  Cosier  assumed  the 
duties  of  joint  masters  for  two  seasons,  with 
Mr.  John  White  again  as  huntsman.  Two 
years  later  Mr.  E.  F.  Davis  took  the  country, 
with  Mr.  Ambrose  Collard  junior  as  hunts- 
man. Mr.  Davis  was  followed  in  1884 
by  Mr.  J.  Chesshyre,  who  carried  the 
horn  himself,  and  in  1885  by  Mr.  Vincent 
Frisby,  with  Mr.  W.  N.  F.  Parsons  as 
huntsman.  Mr.  Frisby  moved  hounds 
from  Brooksend  Kennels  to  Walter's  Hall, 
Monkton.  On  Mr.  Frisby  retiring  in  1887 
a  committee  carried  on  the  hunt  for 
three  seasons,  with  Mr.  Ambrose  Collard  as 
huntsman.  The  pack  was  moved  back  to 
Hoo  Corner,  Minster,  where  they  had  been 
from  1840  to  1849,  to  kennels  lent  to  the 
country  by  the  Marquess  Conyngham.  The 
pack  then  consisted  of  fifteen  couples  of  18  to 
19-inch  harriers.  In  1890  the  Right  Honour- 
able James  Lowther,  M.P.  for  the  Thanet 
Division,  became  honorary  master,  Mr. 
Ambrose  Collard  retaining  the  horn,  and 
Colonel  Copeland  assumed  the  duties  of 
honorary  secretary.  This  rule  continued 
unbroken  for  eight  seasons,  but  the  name  of 
the  pack  was  in  1895  changed  to  the  Thanet 
and  Heme  Harriers.  In  189S  Mr.  Colling- 
wood  Ingram  was  master  and  hunted  the 
country  with  20-inch  dwarf  foxhounds,  being 
succeeded  in  1900  by  Dr.  Kelly  Paterson, 
who  only  remained  one  season.  Mr.  Ambrose 
Collard  carried  the  horn  with  both  the  last 
masters.  Lord  Decies,  who  assumed  the 
mastership  in  1901,  carried  the  horn  himself, 
with  Mr.  Ambrose  Collard  as  honorary  secre- 
tary. He  bought  the  pack  from  a  committee 
and  established  his  own  hounds,  which  were 
20  to  22-inch  foxhound  bitches.  When  he 
retired  in  1905  Lord  Decies  sold  the  pack  to 
Mr.  B.  Prescott-Westcar,  who  moved  the 
kennels  from  Monkton  to  Strode  Park,  Heme, 
and  is  now  (1907)  hunting  the  country.  In 
1905  Mr.  Ambrose  Collard  resigned  the 
secretaryship,  after  having  been  associated 
with  the  pack  for  about  fifty  years,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Mr.  Cooper  Wacher  as  honorary 
secretary. 


The  Thanet  and  Heme  country  includes  the 
whole  of  the  Isle  of  Thanet  and  the  district 
of  Heme  as  far  as  Whitstable.  In  the  former 
neighbourhood  there  is  a  large  proportion 
of  woodland,  but  the  rest  of  the  territory 
consisted,  until  recent  years,  principally  of 
plough.  Latterly  a  large  part  of  this  has  been 
laid  down  to  grass.  Wire  is  somewhat 
plentiful,  but  it  is  well  marked,  and  during 
the  season  most  of  it  is  removed  by  arrange- 
ment. The  pack  hunts  as  far  south  as  the 
Canterbury  and  Sandwich  Road.  It  con- 
sists of  eighteen  couples  of  bitch  foxhounds 
and  five  couples  of  harriers,  and  meets  on 
two  or  three  days  a  week. 

The  West  Street  Harriers  were  established 
at  Worth,  and  subsequently  took  up  their 
quarters  at  West  Street  in  East  Kent  in 
1843.  In  that  year  Mr.  Michael  Nethersole 
took  possession  of  the  pack  and  hunted  it  at 
his  own  expense  up  to  the  year  1869,  when 
it  became  a  subscription  pack.  Granville 
George,  second  Earl  Granville,  was  master 
from  1875  to  1887,  and  Mr.  R.  Coleman 
from  1888  to  1897.  He  was  succeeded  in 
the  following  year  by  the  Earl  of  Guilford, 
who  held  the  reins  of  management  until 
1901.  In  1902  Mr.  J.  E.  Allen  and  Mr.  A. 
ffrench  Blake  held  the  joint  mastership  for 
a  season,  and  from  1903  to  1905  Mr.  Allen 
was  master.  Mr.  A.  flFrench  Blake  of  Eythorne 
near  Dover  is  the  present  master,  and  hunts 
the  pack  for  a  committee.  The  pack  consists 
of  seventeen  couples  of  dwarf  bitch  fox- 
hounds, and  the  kennels  are  at  Waldershare 
Park.  Meeting  days  are  twice  a  week, 
with  occasional  by-days.  The  West  Street 
Harriers'  territory  consists  chiefly  of  arable 
land  with  a  proportion  of  down  country. 
There  are  few  jumping  fences,  but  wire 
is  somewhat  prevalent.  The  country  is 
bounded  on  the  east  by  the  coast-line  between 
Dover  and  Sandwich,  and  on  the  north  by 
the  Isle  of  Thanet.  The  road  from  Dover 
to  Canterbury  marks  the  limit  on  the  southern 
and  western  sides  of  the  territory. 

POINT-TO-POINT  RACING 

Point-to-point  meetings  are  now  regularly 
held  in  connexion  with  the  three  chief  hunts 
in  the  county,  viz.,  the  East  Kent,  West 
Kent,  and  Mid-Kent  Staghounds.  The  Tick- 
ham  Hunt  also  promotes  an  occasional  meeting. 
During  the  spring,  too,  the  officers  stationed 
at  the  various  garrisons  hold  similar  gatherings, 
the  Chatham  garrison  usually  having  their 
meeting  at  Higham.  In  1906  the  Grenadier 
and  Coldstream  Guards  carried  out  their 
programme  at  Goddington,  whilst  in   1907 


SPORT 


the  7th  Dragoon  Guards  selected  a  course  at 
Brook,  near  Wye  ;  the  Shorncliffe  Drag  Hunt 
were  at  Brabourne ;  and  the  20th  Hussars 
at  Pestling.  At  each  of  these  functions  the 
usual  features,  regimental,  farmers',  and 
open  races,  were  on  the  card.  The  East 
Kent  Hunt  in  recent  years  have  chosen  Smeeth 
for  their  point-to-point  meeting,  whereas  the 
West  Kent  adopt  the  perpipatetic  principle, 
Kemsing  being  the  venue  in  1906  and  Leigh 
in  1907.  The  Eridge  meetings,  held  on  Easter 
Monday,  are  chiefly  associated  with  followers 
of  the  West  Kent,  and  the  names  of  many  well 
known  amateur  riders  figure  in  the  Calendar 
returns.  Two  owners  of  Derby  winners^ 
Mr.  J.  W.  Larnach  and  the  late  Sir  James 
Miller — have  been  successful  over  the  Eridge 
country,  and  two  well  known  horsemen  of 
the  present  day — Mr. George  Thursby  and  Mr. 
H.  M.  Ripley — have  been  seen  on  winning 
horses.  The  Mid-Kent  Stag  Hunt  holds  a 
point-to-point  meeting  annually  at  Ulcombe. 
By  far  the  most  important  gathering  in 
Kentish  hunting  circles  in  recent  years  was 
that  brought  to  a  successful  issue  near  Eden- 
bridge  on  20  April  1907.  The  Old  Surrey 
Hunt,  in  conjunction  with  the  East  Kent, 
Eridge,  Burstow,  South  Union,  Crawley 
and  Horsham,  West  Kent,  and  Tickham 
Foxhounds,  Mid-Kent  and  Surrey  Stag- 
hounds  and  West  Kent  Harriers,  joined  forces 
with  the  members  of  the  Stock  Exchange, 
whose  annual  steeplechases  were  included  in 
a  strong  programme  of  Inter-Hunt  and 
farmers'  races.  As  may  be  imagined,  the 
attendance  at  Mowshurst,  the  chosen  country, 
was  a  remarkable  one,  and  a  splendid 
afternoon's  sport  ensued.  Although  a  trifle 
holding,  the  going,  which  was  over  3J 
miles  of  capital  grass  land,  was  better  than 
had  been  experienced  for  some  time  pre- 
viously. The  first  event,  the  Stock  Ex- 
change Light  Weight  Challenge  Cup,  went 
to  Mr.  L.  R.  Carr's  Warwick  (owner  up), 
which  only  beat  Mr.  J.  E.  Steven's  Larry 
by  half  a  length.  Next  came  a  light-weight 
steeplechase  confined  to  Old  Surrey  sub- 
scribers, and  here  the  successful  horse  was 
Captain  E.  H.  Trotter's  Khalifa  II  (owner 
riding).  There  were  only  three  competitors 
for  the  Stock  Exchange  Heavy  Weight  Chal- 
lenge Cup,  but  Mr.  G.  N.  Murton's  Ballin- 
keele,  which  had  won  the  Cup  in  1906  and 
had  just  previously  finished  eighth  in  the 
National  Hunt  Steeplechase,  frightened  away 
nearly  all  opposition  and  won  easily.  Mr. 
H.  W.  Boileau's  Glencoe  and  Napper  Tandy 
were  ist  and  3rd  respectively  for  the  Old 
Surrey  Heavy  Weight  Steeplechase,  but  the 
winner  had  hard  work  to  shake  off  Mr.  C. 


Leveson  Gower's  Utility,  which  only  suc- 
cumbed by  a  neck.  The  Tenant  Farmers' 
Steeplechase  was  marred  by  a  nasty  accident 
which  necessitated  the  destruction  of  one 
of  the  runners.  The  winner,  Mr.  A.  Haw- 
kins' Chittenden  Lass,  was  skilfully  handled 
by  Mr.  Slyfield,  a  well  known  follower  of 
local  hunts.  A  big  field  mustered  for  the 
concluding  event,  an  Inter-Hunt  Sweep- 
stake for  horses  owned  by  subscribers  to  any 
of  the  hunts  concerned  in  the  day's  sport,  by 
officers  quartered  in  Kent,  and  by  tenant 
farmers  within  the  boundaries  of  the  various 
hunts.  Mr.  A.  N.  Watts,  riding  his  own  horse 
Starlight,  beat  by  two  lengths  another  animal  of 
the  same  name,  ridden  by  Mr.  E.  Shackle, 
but  owned  by  Lord  Hardinge,  who,  on  Car- 
low,  was  one  of  the  unplaced  competitors. 
Mr.  H.  W.  Boileau,  the  popular  master  of 
the  Old  Surrey  Hunt,  during  the  afternoon 
entertained  no  fewer  than  600  farmers  and 
friends,  and  from  start  to  finish  the  whole 
proceedings  went  with  a  rare  swing,  testifying 
strongly  to  the  popularity  of  the  various 
packs  represented.  The  gathering  will  long 
rank  as  one  of  the  most  memorable  in  the 
annals  of  point-to-point  races  held  within 
the  county,  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the 
venture  will  be  often  repeated. 

DRAGHOUNDS 

The  county  can  only  boast  of  one  Drag 
Hunt,  the  Royal  Artillery,  but  this  pack  is 
one  of  the  oldest  in  the  kingdom.  It  was 
established  by  Veterinary  Surgeon-Major 
Thacker,  R.A.,  in  1866,  three  years  after 
the  famous  Household  Brigade  Drag  Hunt, 
which  appears  to  have  been  the  first  of  its 
kind.  The  pack  hunts  in  various  parts  of 
Kent  and  also  occasionally  goes  into  Essex. 
Fixtures  nearest  home  (the  kennels  being 
at  The  Camp,  Woolwich)  are  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Chislehurst,  Bromley,  Eltham, 
Orpington,  Farningham,  and  Foots  Cray, 
but  some  good  lines  with  plenty  of  jumping 
are  reached  in  the  Tonbridge,  Westerham 
and  Sevenoaks  districts.  The  pack  consists 
of  fifteen  couples  of  hounds,  and  meets  on 
Tuesdays  and  Fridays.  Captain  H.  Roch- 
ford-Boyd,  R.F.A.,  is  master  (since  1906), 
and  previous  masters  have  been  Captain 
'  Sam  '  Lynes,  Captain  Albert  Williams,  Major 
Hale-Wortham,  Captain  Winyates,  Captain 
A.  E.  Turner,  Captain  R.  Alexander,  Captain 
Isaacson,  Lieutenant  Eustace,  Lieutenant 
Torkington,  Major  Ward-Ashton,  Captain 
Tyler,  Major  Hickman,  Lieutenant  the 
Honourable  A.  E.  Allsopp,  Major  Jeffreys, 
Captain  de  Roebuck,  Lieutenant  Courtenay 


489 


62 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


McKenzie,  Major  Yorke,  Lieutenant  '  Mid- 
shipmite  '  Powell,  Captain  '  Rajah  '  Paget, 
Captain  '  Jack  '  Hanwell,  Major  J.  Dunlop, 
Captain  H.  du  Free,  R.H.A.,  Captain  H. 
Ramsden.R.H.A.,  Captain  M. Powell,  R.H. A., 
Major  D.  Arbuthnot,  R.F.A.,  1904-5  ;  and 
Lieutenant  C.  G.  Mayall,  R.H. A.,  1905-6.' 

FOOT  HARRIERS  AND  BEAGLES 

The  Badlesmere  Foot  Harriers  were  estab- 
lished in  1903  to  hunt  the  country  vacated 
by  the  Blean  Harriers.  The  pack,  which 
is  a  private  one  and  is  owned  by  the  master, 
the  Reverend  Courtney  Morgan- Kirby,  con- 
sists of  13  J  couples  of  pure  old  southern 
hounds,  all  blue-mottled,  and  from  23  to  27 
inches.^ 

Mr.  Morgan-Kirby,  writing  of  his  pack, 
says :  '  The  southern  hound  has  two  great 
gifts — wonderful  scent  and  glorious  music, 
the  latter  like  thunder,  rising  and  falling  in 
beautiful  cadence  ;  other\\'ise  he  is  a  quarrel- 
some, obstinate,  high-strung  brute,  always 
fighting  in  kennel,  and  riotous  when  out  until 
he  settles  down  to  a  line,  when  there  is  no 
getting  him  off  it.'  Mr.  Morgan-Kirby 
founded  his  pack  with  the  oldest  of  the  pure 
Sandhurst  blood,  and  has  crossed  entirely 
with  three  northern  packs.  The  Badles- 
mere country  is  almost  entirely  hop-gardens 
with  a  little  marsh-land,  and  is  not  a  good 
scenting  country.  The  average  kill  for  the 
season  is  sixteen  brace.  The  pack  hunts 
twice  a  week,  and  the  kennels  are  at  Badles- 
mere Rectory  near  Faversham.  At  the  Rei- 
gate  Hound  Show  in  1905  Mr.  Morgan- 
Kirby's  hounds  took  first  prize  for  southern 
hounds. 

The  Fordcombe  Foot  Harriers  are  a  sub- 
scription pack  founded  in  1870,  and  consist 
of  ten  couples  of  1 8-inch  pure  harriers.  They 
hunt  the  country  near  Tunbridge  Wells  on 
the  Sussex  border,  and  go  also  into  that 
county.  The  kennels  are  at  Fordcombe  and 
the  pack  meets  twice  a  week.  Mr.  W. 
Hollamby,  Hickman's  Farm,  Fordcombe ; 
and  Mr.'  W.  E.  Urquhart,  Castle  Hotel, 
Tunbridge  Wells,  are  joint  masters. 

The  Tonbridge  district  is  hunted  by  the 
Hadlow  Foot  Harriers,  whose  territory  is 
much  the  same  as  that  once  in  possession  of 

1  Baily's  Hunting  Directory,  1907. 

^  This  is  one  of  the  few  packs  of  pure  old  southern 
hounds  now  remaining,  and  there  are  said  to  be 
only  three  others  still  in  existence,  namely,  the 
Penistone,  the  Holmfirth  and  Honley,  and  the 
Stannington — all  in  the  north  of  England.  The 
Penistone  claims  to  have  kept  its  blood  pure  since 
1260. 


the  Fox  Bush  Harriers.  The  pack,  which 
is  supported  by  subscription,  was  established 
in  1903  by  drafts  from  the  Fox  Bush  kennels 
and  from  other  packs.  Meeting  days  are 
Wednesdays  and  Saturdays,  and  the  pack 
consists  of  fifteen  to  twenty  couples  of  18-inch 
harriers.  The  master,  who  has  held  office 
since  the  pack  was  founded,  is  Mr.  J.  P.  S. 
Hervey  of  Faulkners,  Hadlow,  where  the 
kennels  are  situated. 

OTTER-HUNTING 

Most  of  the  rivers  of  Kent  are  well  supplied 
with  otters,  and  those  animals  are  suffered 
to  exist  in  these  waters  rather  more  plenti- 
fully perhaps  than  in  the  majority  of  the 
southern  counties.  But  the  reason  for  this 
forbearing  attitude  towards  the  otter,  credit- 
able as  it  is,  is  to  be  found,  one  fears,  simply 
in  the  fact  that  angling  is  not  pursued  within 
the  county  so  vigorously  as  in  other  parts  of 
the  country,  where  trout  streams  are  more 
numerous  and  rents  for  the  rights  of  fishing 
proportionately  high. 

Of  late  years  otter-hunting  has  grown 
greatly  in  public  favour,  especially  in  the 
home  counties.  Kent  itself,  for  instance, 
was  without  an  established  pack  of  otter- 
hounds until  a  few  years  ago,  when  the 
nucleus  of  the  Crowhurst  pack  was  got 
together  by  Mr.  W.  E.  F.  Cheesman.  Mr. 
Cheesman's  first  intention  was  to  buy  up  a 
few  couples  of  '  marked '  hounds  to  hunt 
the  streams  and  ditches  around  Crowhurst 
in  the  adjoining  county  of  Sussex,  and  he 
set  to  work  in  January  1903  to  collect  his 
pack  and  sound  the  sporting  people  of  the 
neighbourhood  upon  the  idea  of  establishing 
a  recognized  pack.  The  move  proved  to 
be  a  popular  one  and  in  a  very  short  time  it 
had  the  support  of  nearly  every  lover  of 
hunting  in  Kent  and  Sussex.  Negotiations 
were  entered  into  with  Mr.  Graham-Clarke, 
owner  of  the  Culmstock  Otter-hounds,  from 
whom  Mrs.  Walter  Cheesman,  aunt  of  the 
prime  mover  in  the  undertaking,  purchased 
8J  couples  of  hounds  in  February  1903  ; 
and  by  the  end  of  that  month  the  new  pack 
was  installed  in  kennels  at  Crowhurst.  Leach, 
an  old  huntsman  of  the  Cheriton  Otter- 
hounds, was  engaged  as  huntsman  and  Mr. 
H.  K.  Mantell  of  Crowhurst  was  appointed 
master.  From  the  first  the  pack  has  been 
under  the  control  of  a  committee,  to  which 
the  hounds  are  lent  by  Mrs.  Cheesman. 

The  Crowhurst  Otter-hounds  held  their 
inaugural  meet  under  the  walls  of  the  pictur- 
esque castle  of  Bodiam  in  Sussex  on  13  April 
1903,  this  being  the  first  meet  of  any  recog- 


490 


SPORT 


nized  pack  of  otter-hounds  that  had  ever 
taken  place  in  Kent  or  Sussex.  Some  two 
or  three  hundred  people  turned  out  to  meet 
the  pack,  and  ever  since  that  day  the  venture 
has  been  warmly  supported  both  in  Kent 
and  Sussex.  The  pack  hunts  the  whole  of 
the  former  county,  as  well  as  the  latter  as  far 
west  as  Midhurst,  and  a  portion  of  Sussex 
in  the  neighbourhood  of  Horley. 

For  the  most  part  the  rivers  of  Kent  are 
deep,  muddy  and  very  much  overgrown, 
the  few  exceptions  to  the  general  rule 
being  provided  in  the  case  of  the  Stour, 
Darent,  and  upper  reaches  of  the  Medway, 
where  the  water  is  very  much  clearer  and  less 
overgrown.  Under  these  circumstances  it 
is  frequently  a  very  difficult  matter  to  score 
a  kill ;  but  for  the  drag  the  country  is  very 
well  adapted  on  the  whole,  and  blank  days 
with  the  Crowhurst  are  the  exception  rather 
than  the  rule.  Besides  the  waters  already 
mentioned,  the  pack  hunts  the  Teise,  Beult, 
Eden,  East  and  West  Sussex  Rothers,  Ouse, 
Adur,  Arun,  Rudwell,  and  the  Mole  and 
tributaries. 

The  Crowhurst  Otter-hounds  are  a  sub- 
scription pack  with  about  three  hundred 
regular  subscribers.  The  committee  consists 
of  nearly  every  well-known  sportsman  in 
Kent  and  Sussex,  including  such  famous 
hunting  men  as  the  Hon.  Ralph  Nevill,  who 
in  his  more  active  days  was  in  all  probability 
the  best  man  with  hounds  in  the  two  counties. 
In  1905  the  pack  killed  five  and  a  half  brace 
of  otters,  which  is  about  the  usual  average 
for  the  season,  and  seldom  went  out  without 
finding.  Most  of  the  meets  are  within 
reach  of  London  by  the  early  morning  trains. 


Since  the  pack  was  established  there  have 
been  a  few  changes  in  the  officials.  Mr. 
Mantell's  mastership  came  to  an  end  in  1904, 
when  Mrs.  Walter  Cheesman  herself  assumed 
the  duties  of  master,  remaining  in  that  posi- 
tion until  1907,  when  Mr.  S.  W.  Varndell 
was  appointed  in  her  stead.  The  latter 
had  formerly  held  the  post  of  huntsman  in 
succession  to  Leach,  his  previous  experience 
having  been  gained  with  Mr.  Courtenay 
Tracy's  famous  pack,  to  which  he  had 
whipped-in  for  some  time.  The  kennels  of 
the  pack  have  now  been  moved  from  Crow- 
hurst to  Mowshurst  Farm  near  Edenbridge 
in  Kent. 

Several  years  ago  it  appears  that  a  scratch 
pack  of  otter-hounds  hunted  these  waters 
under  the  direction  of  the  Hon.  Geoffrey 
Hill;  and  Mr.  F.  P.  M.  Maryon-Wilson, 
an  officer  in  the  17th  Lancers,  \\ho  died 
in  1893,  used  to  hunt  the  Ouse  and  its 
tributaries.  But,  as  has  already  been  stated, 
the  Crowhurst  Otter-hounds  are  the  first 
properly  recognized  pack  to  hunt  the  dis- 
trict. 

Of  earlier  otter-hunting  than  this  in  the 
county  there  is  no  record,  and  in  olden  times 
otters  were  simply  regarded  here,  as  else- 
where, as  vermin  with  a  price  put  upon  their 
head,  and  fair  game  to  every  murderously 
inclined  individual  who  chanced  to  come 
across  them.  Matters  are  not  quite  so  bad 
as  that  nowadays,  but  the  killing  of  otters 
other  than  in  fair  pursuit  is  not  yet  looked 
upon  as  a  crime  equal  to  that  of  vulpicide. 
The  man  who  shoots  or  traps  an  otter  gener- 
ally regards  it,  indeed,  as  a  deed  worthy  of 
record  in  the  local  newspaper. 


COURSING 


Public  coursing  in  Kent  seems  to  be  of 
comparatively  recent  origin,  for  Goodlake  1 
makes  no  mention  of  any  meeting  held 
within  the  county.  Reference  to  Thacker's 
Courser's    Annual    Remembrancer    and    Stud 


to  landed  proprietors  and  their  tenantry, 
whenever  the  latter  were  permitted  to  keep 
greyhounds.  The  writer  can  vouch  for  the 
accuracy  of  the  following  story,  which  throws 
some  light  upon  early  coursing  in  one  portion 


Book,  published  from  1840  to  1858,  also  fails      of    the    county.     The    Island    of    Elmley- 


to  provide  enlightenment,  for  not  a  single 
fixture  is  recorded  during  the  period  named  ; 
and  not  until  1867  is  there  any  record  of 
sport  provided  by  the*  Coursing  Calendar, 
the  first  number  of  which  was  issued  in  1857. 
It  is  clear,  therefore,  that  such  coursing 
as  did  take  place  in  the  first  half  of  the  last 
century  or  before  must  have  been  confined 


1  Thomas  Goodlake,  The  Co 
Stud  Book,  Liverpool,  1828. 


Mciiuiiil  or 


now  connected  with  Thanet — was  in  olden 
days  a  favourite  rendezvous  for  coursing  men. 
There  was  but  one  church  on  the  island,  and 
that  a  very  ancient  one  and  in  sad  need  of 
repair.  The  ravages  of  time  had  eaten  away 
its  foundations,  so  much  so  that  in  several 
places  it  was  easy  for  an  animal  as  large  as 
a  hare  to  run  in  and  out  beneath  the  building. 
Nearly  every  hare  in  the  island  knew  of  this 
safe  hiding-place,  and  whenever  coursing 
was  in  progress  the  hares  made  straight  for 
491 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


the  church.  Here,  as  in  the  case  of  human 
delinquents  in  former  times  who  fled  to 
sanctuary,  they  were  free  from  molestation, 
and  no  attempt  was  ever  made  to  molest 
further  any  hare  which  reached  the  church- 
yard in  safety.  But  the  time  came  when  it 
was  necessary  that  the  church  should  be 
repaired  and  the  rector  (who,  by  the  by, 
only  paid  a  visit  about  once  in  six  months) 
came  to  the  owner  of  the  island  for  a  sub- 
scription. The  latter  was  a  generous  man 
and  quite  ready  at  all  times  to  put  his  hand 
in  his  pocket  in  a  good  cause,  but  he  made 
it  a  bargain  that  if  he  subscribed  towards 
the  repair  fund,  his  hares  should  still  be 
allowed  sanctuary  beneath  the  church.  To 
this  the  pastor  refused  to  agree,  and  eventually 
he  got  his  own  way  much  to  the  chagrin  of 
the  owner  of  the  land  and  to  the  discomfort 
of  the  hares. 

Although  there  were  no  open  meetings 
held  in  Kent  in  1857,  the  following  names 
of  Kentish  men  appear  in  the  list  of  '  Public 
Coursers '  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Coursing 
Calendar — Mr.  Blenkiron  of  Eltham  Park  ; 
Mr.  E.  Collyer  of  Southfleet  near  Gravesend  ; 
Messrs.  W.  and  J.  B.  Strother  of  Shooter's 
Hill ;  and  Mr.  Walter  Vipan  of  The  Her- 
mitage at  Erith. 

The  Calendar  of  1867  is  the  first  volume 
to  contain  any  returns  of  Kentish  coursing, 
and  two  meetings  then  came  into  vogue. 
These  were  the  Quex  Park  Club  (Isle  of 
Thanet)  and  the  Downs  Club  (Sandwich). 
The  former  meeting  under  distinguished 
patronage  yielded  very  good  sport,  and  many 
stakes  of  fair  value  were  decided  at  the 
several  fixtures  carried  out  each  season  ;  in- 
deed, it  appears  to  have  been  the  most  influ- 
ential club  in  the  county's  brief  coursing 
history.  The  Quex  Park  gatherings,  however, 
only  extended  over  some  ten  years,  and 
strangely  enough  its  co-pioneer,  the  Downs 
Club,  flickered  out  in  the  following  year,  1878. 

In  1873  two  new  ventures  were  embarked 
upon,  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  and  the  Seven- 
oaks  meetings.  It  is  however  hardly  correct 
to  refer  to  the  latter  as  a  single  meeting, 
for    the    Calendar    returns  details    of   sport 


as  having  taken  place  there  under  the 
several  heads  of  Sevenoaks,  Otford  (Seven- 
oaks)  and  Otford  Castle  (Sevenoaks),  from 
which  it  would  appear  that  there  were  two, 
if  not  three,  different  bodies  in  existence  in 
the  district.  They  all  dropped  out,  however, 
about  1880,  and  in  the  Isle  of  Sheppey  cours- 
ing did  not  continue  much  longer,  for  no 
returns  are  given  after  the  season  1882-3. 
A  year  later  the  Wye  (East  Kent)  meetings 
came  into  existence ;  but  they,  too,  have 
now  disappeared  from  the  fixture  list. 

In  the  last  quarter  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury coursing  was  promoted  by  the  North 
Kent  Club  and  by  the  Cliffe  and  Hundred 
of  Hoo  Club,  and  subsequently  the  Gravesend 
and  the  Edenbridge  and  Tonbridge  Clubs 
came  into  being.  An  amalgamation  of  the 
Gravesend  and  Cliffe  Clubs  eventually  took 
place,  and  they,  together  with  the  Eden- 
bridge and  Tonbridge  Club,  provide  the 
only  coursing  now  held  in  the  county.  Each 
conducted  several  highly  successful  meet- 
ings in  the  season  of  1906-7,  the  Gravesend 
cards  being  generally  the  strongest,  although 
nothing  ambitious  is  attempted.  These  clubs 
are  apparently  in  a  prosperous  position, 
although — situated  as  their  meetings  are 
at  a  great  distance  from  the  northern  training 
grounds — they  do  not  attract  much  more 
than  local  support. 

No  allusion  to  Kentish  coursing  would 
be  complete  without  mention  of  Colonel 
North,  who  resided  at  Avery  Hill,  Eltham. 
His  famous  dog,  FuUerton,  divided  the  Water- 
loo Cup  of  1889  and  won  outright  in  the 
three  succeeding  years.  Although  trained  in 
Northumberland,  Fullerton  spent  his  declin- 
ing years  at  the  home  of  his  proud  owner. 
Destined  to  be  the  centre  of  sensational 
incidents,  Fullerton  proved  to  be,  at  the  stud, 
as  complete  a  failure  as  he  had  been  a  remark- 
able success  in  the  coursing  arena.  The 
scare  caused  by  his  straying  from  his  Eltham 
home,  and  the  hue  and  cry  raised  during  the 
few  days  he  was  missing,  are  fresh  in  the 
memory,  and  served  to  show  how  great  a 
public  idol  Fullerton  was.  May  Kent  herself 
produce  one  as  good  ere  long  ! 


RACING 

The  story  of  Kentish  racing  is  such  that     of   the   kingdom.     Indeed,   of  its   one   time 


its  chapters  must  deal  principally  with  the 
incidents  of  a  long  buried  past,  for  the  county 
has  been  one  of  those  most  severely  affected 
for  a  considerable  period  by  the  establish- 
ment of  more  popular  fixtures  in  other  parts 


fame  as  a  home  of  sport  upon  the  Turf,  it 
must  be  admitted  that  practically  nothing 
nowadays  remains. 

This    regrettable  state  of  affairs  is  in  no 
sense    the    fault  of    Kent  or  of   those  good 


492 


SPORT 


sportsmen  whom  the  county  has  produced  ; 
rather  must  the  circumstance  of  Kent's 
loss  of  popularity  as  a  racing  area  be  at- 
tributed to  the  fact  that  the  position  of 
the  county  is  out  of  the  beaten  track  of 
the  regular  race-goer,  and  that  the  means  of 
communication  to  and  from  its  principal 
centres  of  sport  have  never  been  of  the  best. 
The  race  meetings  of  Kent  have  therefore 
always  been  almost  entirely  of  local  interest. 
In  its  day  the  south  -  eastern  corner  of 
England  was  a  noted  field  for  sport  and 
sportsmen ;  and  no  county  can  boast  of  a 
more  faithful  set  of  local  Turf  followers. 
Kent  race  meetings  have  been  remarkabh' 
numerous  in  the  past,  and  on  Kentish  soil 
have  lived  and  flourished  a  goodly  company 
whose  names  were  associated  with  the  early 
history  of  the  sport.  But  from  a  review  of 
the  history  of  Kentish  racing,  extending  over 
a  period  of  something  like  two  hundred  years, 
it  is  abundantly  clear  that  the  county  has 
been  more  prolific  in  the  production  of  blood 
stock  than  in  the  exhibition  of  their  prowess 
upon  the  race-courses  which  lie  within  its 
boundaries. 


FLAT  RACING 

Although  horse-racing  of  a  kind  was  un- 
doubtedly recognized  in  Kent  as  a  popular 
sport  during  the  earlier  years  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  it  is  not  until  the  year  1 73  5  that  any  par- 
ticular records  of  interest  are  found.  The  first 
note  of  importance  that  we  can  discover  tells 
of  the  holding  at  about  this  period  of  meetings 
at  Barham  Downs  near  Canterbury,  where 
the  sport  seems  to  have  been  of  a  very  similar 
kind  to  that  in  vogue  at  other  meetings  in 
various  parts  of  the  country.  The  events 
were  quite  local  in  character  and  most  of 
them  were  carried  out  under  very  primitive 
conditions.  Mr.  John  Cheny,  a  racing  his- 
torian of  the  period,  has  left  behind  him  a 
very  interesting  treatise  bearing  the  some- 
what extravagant  title  of  An  Historical  List 
of  all  the  Horse  Matches  Run  and  of  all  Plates 
and  Prizes  run  for  in  England  {of  the  value 
of  Ten  Pounds  and  upwards)  in  1733-36. 
From  this  carefully  compiled  volume  we  learn 
that  Canterbury  had  its  one  day's  racing  at 
that  time  on  Barham  Downs,  and  the  pro- 
gramme in  1736  consisted  of  a  single  event 
only.  The  extract  is  worth  giving  if  only 
for  the  quaintnessof  the  nomenclature  of  the 
competitors : 

Barham  Downs,  Kent,  1736. 
On   the    27   inst   (August)   at   Barham   Downs, 


Kent,    the   Associated   Annual    Prize   of  10   gns 

was  run  ;    10  stone — one  heat. 

Mr.  Winter's  bay  m  Cat        .          .  .1 

M.  Aldwell's  chest,  m  Plain  Dealer  .     2 

Mr.  Crosier's  bay  h  Cripple             .  .     3 

Mr.  Wall's  roan  g  Strawberry         .  .     4 

Mr.  Dennis'  dun  g  Smuggler          .  .     5 

Mr.  Hornsby's  chest,  m  Clumse)    .  .     6 

Mr.  Oakley's  bay  g  Bacchus             .  .     7 

It  would  seem  from  the  conditions  of  the 
'  Associated  Annual  Prize '  that  prior  to 
the  publication  of  Mr.  Cheny's  chronicles 
there  had  been  racing  of  some  sort  on  Barham 
Downs,  although  it  is  probable  that  no  other 
racing  of  any  importance  had  been  held  in 
the  county.  This  is  the  earliest  discoverable 
record  of  bona  fide  horse-racing  in  Kent. 

It  is  worthy  of  note,  in  passing,  that  Mr. 
Cheny's  records,  which  of  course  bear  an 
earlier  date  than  those  of  Messrs.  Weatherby, 
and  like  the  latter  were  published  by  county 
subscription,  contained  the  names  of  ten 
subscribers  only  for  the  county  of  Kent  in  the 
year  mentioned.  Among  these  we  find  that 
three  are  referred  to  as  '  Esquires  ' — Richard 
Hornsby,  John  Corbett,  and  Richard  Denne  ; 
while  the  plain  '  Misters '  include  the  names 
of  Bellamy,  Harrison,  Winter,  West,  Arnold, 
Lee,  and  Crofter.  In  only  one  instance 
among  the  foregoing  can  we  trace  the  name 
of  any  family  known  to  latter  day  race-goers  ; 
and  there  is  little  doubt  that  the  Mr.  Hornsby 
here  referred  to  as  taking  part  in  the  1736 
Barham  Annual  Prize  came  of  the  same  stock 
as  the  Hornsby  of  to-day,  whose  name  will 
always  be  associated  with  the  training  of 
that  popular  horse,  Victor  Wild. 

Canterbury  Races  became  more  important 
in  1739,  when  a  King's  Plate  was  granted 
to  the  fixture  by  George  III.  It  was  decided 
on  18  July,  and  was  of  the  value  of  100 
guineas.  The  conditions  further  describe  it 
as  being  the  '  eighth  Royal  Prize  of  the 
year.'  Dismal,  a  grey  horse  belonging  to  Mr. 
South,  was  the  winner,  and  appears  to  have 
had  a  walk-over. 

For  a  considerable  time  after  this  date 
Canterbury  enjoyed  fame  in  the  racing  world  ; 
but  by  degrees  the  popularity  of  the  Bar- 
ham Downs  meeting  began  to  wane,  and 
Tenterden,  another  early  scene  of  racing 
in  Kent,  went  the  same  way  as  Canterbury  ; 
its  supporters  were  attracted  elsewhere  and 
its  race-course  was  buried  by  the  plough- 
share. At  the  present  time  (1907)  there  is 
only  a  single  meeting  under  Jockey  Club 
Rules  in  the  county,  that  weU-tried  venture 
at  Westsnhanger  near  Folkestone. 

Amon^  other  old-established  meetings  on 
Kentish  soil  was  that  in  the  Isle  of  Thanet 


493 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


at  Margate  in  1820;  the  united  Chatham 
and  Rochester  meetings  began  in  1822  ; 
Faversham  followed  suit  the  next  year  ;  and 
Tunbridge  Wells  inaugurated  a  fixture  in 
1824.  At  Ashford,  racing  was  established 
two  years  later,  and  Dover  came  next,  in 
1827.  Wye  followed  several  years  later,  the 
first  recorded  meeting  taking  place  there 
in  1849. 

Of  these  early  meetings  of  the  last  century 
the  chief  interest  attaches  to  those  held  at 
Ashford,  which  flourished  as  a  racing 
centre  until  1841.  The  Ashford  meetings 
were  among  the  most  popular  of  all  race 
gatherings  in  the  county,  and  in  the  entire 
history  of  early  heat-racing  in  Kent  it  would 
be  difficult  to  find  a  more  notable  occasion 
than  the  inaugural  Town  Plate  of  1826. 
The  distance  of  this  event  was  a  mile  and 
a  half  shorter  than  the  famous  recorded  four 
mile  Give  and  Take  Plate  decided  at  York 
in  the  year  1784,  which  so  pleased  one  Mr. 
Perram  that  he  took  the  unusual  course  of 
bequeathing  the  sum  of  ^^30  to  the  owner 
of  the  Avinning  horse. 

The  heats  of  the  Ashford  Town  Plate, 
like  that  of  York,  numbered  five,  including 
one  in  which  there  was  no  decision,  the 
judge  being  unable  to  separate  the  horses. 
The  record  of  the  race,  which  is  remarkable 
enough  in  its  way  to  be  worthy  of  detailed 
mention  here,  was  as  follows  : — 

Ashford  1826 
Monday,    September   7.     The   Town    Pl.ite   of 

50  sovs ;    weight  for    age,  winners    extra ;    heats 

two  miles  and  a  half. 

Mr.  Tyr  Jones  ch  f  Partial  by  Sooth- 
sayer, 4  yrs.  .         .         .  -2  I  o  I 

Mr.  Scaith's  gr  c  Jack    Bounce,  4   yrs.    21202 

Mr.      Wickham's     Mary      Anne,     late 

Ynysymaengwyn,  aged  .  .     -  3  3  — 

Mr.  Brown's  b  m  Maid  of  Kent,  6  yrs. 

(wrong  side  of  the  post)  .       i  -dis  -  - 

Mr.    Howard's   ch   m    Sophia,    5    yrs.    — dr  — 

Mr.   Heathcote's  wh  c   Syntax   3   yrs.    3  dr 

Chatham's  racing  career  has  been  of  a  very 
chequered  character,  its  meetings  having 
been  held  intermittently  from  1822  to  i860. 
There  is  little  of  interest  concerning  them  ; 
but  we  learn  that  the  Chatham  course  was 
'  one  mile  and  one  furlong  with  a  straight 
run-in  of  a  quarter  of  a  mile  with  24  rods  all 
flat  and  in  one  field.'  It  is  further  recorded 
that  '  the  horses  were  seen  from  the  judge's 
chair  all  the  way  round.' 

Dover  Races  claim  more  attention.  The 
races  were  originally  held  near  the  town  be- 
yond the  castle,  and  there  they  might  have 
been  continued  for  many  years  had  not  some 


trouble  with  the  municipality  arisen,  which 
eventually  led  to  their  removal.  A  new 
site  was  thereupon  offered  by  the  seventh 
Earl  of  Guilford  in  his  park  at  Waldershare, 
and  here  the  races  were  carried  on  wth 
some  success  until  1880.  But  although  the 
new  course  at  Waldershare  was  in  every  way 
vastly  superior  to  the  original  venue,  the 
removal  of  Dover  Races  so  far  from  the 
town  naturally  had  a  prejudicial  effect  upon 
their  popularity.  When  the  races  were  held 
on  the  heights  the  occasion  was  considered 
a  great  social  function  and  all  the  county 
magnates  attended.  Prominent  visitors  in 
the  old  days  were  Lord  Palmerston,  and  the 
second  Earl  Granville,  ^\hen  in  residence 
at  Walmer  near  by. 

It  cannot  perhaps  be  said  that  the  horses 
that  made  their  appearance  at  such  fixtures  as 
Dover  were  of  remarkable  excellence  ;  but 
Cecil,  winner  of  the  Cesarewitch  in  1868, 
figured  at  one  of  these  meetings  a  month  or 
so  before  he  won  the  big  race.  Lord  Guil- 
ford spared  no  expense  in  making  the  new 
course  at  Waldershare  suitable  in  all  ways 
for  the  purposes  of  racing,  and  spent  a 
considerable  sum  of  money  in  railing  in 
half  a  mile  straight  of  the  three-quarters 
run-in  of  a  track  which  extended  for  quite 
two  miles  round.  Many  an  Epsom  and 
Berkshire  trainer  has  sighed  at  the  sight  of 
this  excellent  track  and  longed  to  transport  it 
to  his  training  grounds  for  use  as  a  summer 
gallop.  The  turf  was  old  and  in  good  con- 
dition in  all  weathers,  and  a  separate  track, 
also  laid  out  by  his  lordship  and  equally  good 
in  its  way,  was  used  for  steeplechasing.  Lord 
Guilford  also  erected  a  grand  stand  at  his 
own  expense  and  may  be  said  practically  to 
have  run  the  meeting  after  its  removal  to  his 
domains. 

Things  flourished  for  many  a  day  at  Walder- 
share until  the  passing  of  a  new  Jockey  Club 
rule  which  raised  the  added  money  of  a  race 
meeting  to  £300  per  day,  of  which  ill  50  at  least 
had  to  be  given  to  a  race  of  a  mile  or  up- 
wards. This  new  law  was  destined  to  play 
havoc  with  the  success  of  other  Kentish  meet- 
ings besides  Dover.  Not  only  did  it  upset  the 
smaller  fixtures  throughout  the  county,  but 
it  also  in  the  course  of  time  interfered  greatly 
with  meetings  of  far  greater  importance. 
Margate,  Maidstone,  Shorncliffe,  Folkestone, 
Tonbridge,  Wye,  Rochester,  and  Bromley, 
as  well  as  the  original  Canterbury  meeting, 
the  forerunner  of  them  all,  shared  the 
fate  of  Dover  one  after  another.  A  little 
meeting  started  in  1852  at  Lenham,  between 
Maidstone  and  Ashford,  held  out  until  i860, 
during   which   period  it  was  well  supported 


494 


SPORT 


by  such  men  as  Mr.  J.  S.  Douglas,  whose 
trainer  was  Drewitt.  His  horses  were  gener- 
ally ridden  by  Fordham  who  rode  the  Squire 
of  Lenham's  Derby  favourite,  Tournament, 
at  Epsom  in  Blink  Bonny's  year  (1857),  and 
if  the  horse  was  unsuccessful  on  that  occa- 
sion the  famous  jockey  rode  him  to  victory 
in  many  another  race  worth  winning. 

Nearer  London,  flat  races  took  place  at 
Bromley,  Eltham,  Lee,  Sheppey,  Meopham, 
Woolwich,  Gravesend,  Blackheath,  and  Farn- 
ingham,  of  which  meetings,  with  the  exception 
of  Bromley,  there  is  very  little  to  be  said.  This 
meeting  was  at  one  time  one  of  the  most 
flourishing  in  the  county,  its  name  first  appear- 
ing in  the  Racing  Calendar  in  the  year  1851. 
In  the  beginning,  however,  fortune  did  not 
smile  upon  the  venture,  and  it  died  an  early 
death,  to  be  revived  with  better  success 
in  1864.  From  that  year  until  1878,  when 
it  was  finally  abolished,  the  Bromley  meeting 
had  a  prosperous  career,  and  many  a 
lively  scene  was  witnessed  on  this  popular 
course.  It  cannot  be  said  that  the  horses 
which  figured  at  the  Bromley  meetings, 
either  on  the  flat  or  in  the  jumping  events, 
were  of  exceptional  class,  and  the  only  Grand 
National  winner  that  we  can  discover  as 
having  competed  on  this  course  was  Austerlitz, 
which  won  that  race  in  1877.  But  the  names 
of  well-known  owners  were  always  to  be  found 
on  the  card,  and  some  of  the  best  professional 
and  amateur  jockeys  of  the  day  were  usually 
to  be  seen  at  Bromley.  As  a  popular  gather- 
ing this  little  meeting  was  always  a  great 
success  and  many  were  the  regrets  when, 
owing  to  various  causes,  the  Bromley  fixture 
had  to  be  given  up. 

The  Canterbury  meeting  always  com- 
manded the  best  attendance  of  notable  horses, 
and  the  King's  and  Her  late  Majesty's 
Plates  were,  with  few  exceptions,  well  sup- 
ported. These  events  were  the  annual 
autumn  attraction  on  the  race-course  on  Bar- 
ham  Downs,  which  adjoin  the  village  of  Bridge, 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  from  the  old  cathedral 
city.  We  can  only  discover  a  single  royal  entry 
for  the  Canterbury  Plates, — in  1806,  when 
the  Prince  of  Wales,  afterwards  George  IV, 
won  the  event  of  that  year  by  a  walk-over 
with  Barbarossa.  From  1739  until  1852 
these  royal  grants  were  decided  in  two  or 
more  heats.  The  first  on  record,  as  we  have 
said,  was  a  walk-over ;  but  Rockingham,  the  St. 
Leger  winner,  won  one  of  these  plates  in  the 
colours  of  Mr.  Theobald,  the  owner  of  Stock- 
well,  in  1834,  and  walked  over  for  a  second 
prize  in  the  following  year.  Red  Deer,  the 
Chester  Cup  winner  of  1844,  was  successful 
in  the  Duke  of  Richmond's  colours  in  1845  ; 


and  in  1851,  the  last  year  in  which  the  races 
were  decided  in  heats,  a  most  popular  local 
victory  was  achieved  by  Firebolt,  belonging 
at  that  time  to  Mr.  Richardson  and  ridden 
by  a  son  of  C.  Hornsby,  who  trained  hard 
by  at  Bridge. 

The  little  Kentish  village  was  then  and 
has  been  since  the  home  of  many  a  famous 
trainer  and  jockey.  Besides  the  Hornsbys, 
there  lived  there  the  Tom  Browns,  father 
and  son,  the  latter  of  whom  afterwards  took 
up  his  quarters  at  Newmarket  ;  Fred  Webb, 
who  is  said  to  have  dreamt  that  he  won  the 
Derby  in  Doncaster's  year  (1873),  and  had 
the  satisfaction  of  seeing  his  dream  realized  ; 
and  the  Sherrards,  of  whom  the  present 
Whitsbury  trainer,  after  riding  with  con- 
siderable success  at  most  of  the  county  meet- 
ings and  elsewhere,  prepared  racers  and 
steeplechasers  at  Bridge  for  Lord  Conyngh^m 
and  others.  One  of  Sherrard's  most  famous 
charges,  the  property  of  Lord  Conyngham, 
\vas  a  horse  called  Derby  Day,  ■svho  after 
winning  a  number  of  races  on  the  flat  essayed 
a  Grand  National,  being  ridden  on  that 
occasion  by  Richard  Marsh,  another  man 
of  Kent,  who  is  the  present  trainer  to  His 
Majesty  the  King.  Marsh  was  born  at  Smeeth 
on  Christmas  Day,  1854,  ^"'^  Kent  may 
indeed  lay  claim  to  him,  for  the  county  of 
his  birth  saw  the  opening  of  his  career  in 
the  saddle  when  at  Dover  races  in  1863 
Marsh  won  his  first  race  on  the  old  course. 

Kent  is  also  closely  associated  with  another 
prominent  figure  in  connexion  with  His 
Majesty's  racing  career,  for  at  Chilham 
Castle  near  Canterbury,  on  7  September 
i860,  was  born  Mr.  T.  Lushington,  who  not 
only  has  worn  the  royal  colours  on  several 
occasions  in  welter  races,  but  had  the  entire 
charge  of  Ambush  II  when  he  won  the 
Liverpool  Grand  National  of  1900.  At  the 
present  time  (1907)  Mr.  Lushington  has 
more  than  one  of  His  Majesty's  horses  under 
his  care  at  the  Curragh. 

In  the  year  1852  the  Canterbury  Queen's 
Plate  was  reduced  to  a  single  heat,  and  as  a 
result  of  this  change  better  horses  were  seen 
in  subsequent  years  in  the  list  of  starters. 
Mention  need  only  be  made  of  a  few  of  the 
more  famous  winners  :  Mr.  Thellusson's 
Rataplan  won  in  1855  ;  Winslow,  the  Royal 
Hunt  Cup  winner,  was  steered  to  victory  at 
Canterbury  in  1873  by  Fordham  ;  and  that 
beautiful  mare  Lilian,  which  won  for  her 
owner,  Mr.  Savile,  forty-six  races  in  all, 
including  twenty-nine  Queen's  Plates,  had 
a  walk-over  at  Canterbury  in  1874.  The 
next  year  Lilian  was  beaten  over  the  same 
course,  with  odds  of    3    to    i    laid    on    her 


495 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


chance,  by  a  very  useful  stayer  in  Snail, 
which  subsequently  won  the  Northumber- 
land Plate  for  Lord  Rosebery. 

The  Barham  Downs  course  saw  other 
sensational  defeats  besides  that  of  Lilian, 
and  no  more  exciting  episode  in  the  whole 
of  Kentish  racing  history  has  ever  occurred 
than  on  the  occasion  of  the  defeat  of  Caller 
Ou  in  1863.  This  grand  Malton  mare,  a 
St.  Leger  heroine,  and  the  winner  in  all  of 
forty-eight  races,  thirty-four  of  which  were 
Queen's  Plates,  was  not  only  beaten  by 
Gibraltar,  but,  with  odds  of  5  to  4  laid  on 
her,  also  had  to  figure  in  the  finish  behind 
Zetland.  The  former  horse,  a  son  of  Cowl, 
was  the  property  of  Mr.  Jackson,  and  was 
trained  by  Searle  at  Epsom,  with  Fordham 
up  on  the  occasion  of  his  victory  over  the  St. 
Leger  winner.  His  price  on  this  occasion 
was  the  worst  of  the  trio,  the  odds  against 
his  chance  of  winning  being  5  to  i.  But  he 
beat  Zetland  by  a  length,  and  the  judge's 
verdict  gave  Caller  Ou  as  a  bad  third. 

The  Canterbury  Queen's  Plate  came  to  an 
end  in  1879,  and  the  last  winner  to  figure 
in  its  records  was  Vivandiere,  a  horse  belonging 
to  Mr.  Clifford  ^  of  London  Bridge  House. 

The  meeting  at  which  Vivandiere  won 
was  the  last  held  on  Barham  Downs  and  thus 
was  brought  to  a  close  a  venture  which, 
although  somewhat  chequered  towards  its 
close,  had  altogether  lasted  longer  than 
others  in  the  county. 

The  Canterbury  collapse,  however,  came 
long  before  the  final  abolition  of  Queen's 
Plates  in  1887,  the  money  for  the  race-course 
grants  being  then  handed  over  to  the  Royal 
Horse  Commission,  which,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Royal  Agricultural  Society,  saw  to 
its  disposal.  The  society,  when  visiting 
Canterbury  in  i860,  had  the  compliment 
paid  them  of  a  race  bearing  the  society's 
name  being  included  in  the  Canterbury 
race  programme.  This  event  was  \\on  by  a 
horse  not  inappropriately  named  Clydesdale, 
which  also  competed  for  the  Queen's  Plate 
decided  on  the  same  afternoon.  In  the 
latter  race,  however,  the  son  of  Annandale, 
the  property  of  Mr.  George  Lambert,  was 
beaten  in  a  canter  by  half  a  dozen  lengths 
by  Mr.  J.  Saxon's  Defender. 

In  those  days  Canterbury  was  only  a  one- 
day  meeting,  but  its  duration  varied  con- 
siderably in  the  course  of  its  long  career.     In 

1  It  was  a  son  of  this  Mr.  Clifford  who  met  with 
his  death  at  another  of  the  Kentish  meetings 
(Bromley).  The  Bromley  course,  indeed,  has  been 
singularly  unfortunate  in  the  matter  of  fatalities, 
for  it  was  here  too  that  a  fall  resulted  in  the  death 
of  James  Potter,  the  trainer  and  jockey. 


the  earlier  portion  of  its  history  one  finds  a 
four  days'  fixture  referred  to  in  the  Calendar, 
and  at  other  times  a  three  or  a  two  days' 
meeting  is  mentioned.  The  Canterbury 
race-week  was  always  looked  upon  as  the 
social  event  of  the  district,  and  the  officers 
stationed  there,  at  Shorncliffe  and  at  Dover, 
always  afforded  a  great  measure  of  the  support 
that  it  enjoyed. 

Canterbury  Races  were  associated  with  that 
good  old-fashioned  function,  the  annual  ball, 
and  in  1842  one  of  the  races  bore  the  title 
of  the  Ball  Room  Stakes,  to  which  was  added 
a  whip  subscribed  for  by  the  ladies  upon 
the  condition  that  competition  for  it  should 
be  confined  to  '  gentlemen  qualified  as  for 
the  Anglesey  Stakes  at  Goodwood,  with  the 
addition  of  members  of  "  Arthur's,"  the 
"  Travellers',"  and  those  who  have  been 
members  of  either  of  the  Universities  of 
Oxford  or  Cambridge.'  The  length  of  this 
race  was  about  two  miles,  and  Mr.  Tollit 
supplied  the  winner  in  Tiger,  by  Lottery, 
sire  of  the  winner  of  the  Grand  National  in 
1839.  Mr.  Willan  \^as  the  recipient  of  the 
whip. 

STEEPLECHASING 

To  the  late  Mr.  Richard  Russell  of  Otford 
Castle  belongs  the  credit  of  organizing  the 
earliest  of  Kentish  jumping  fixtures  about 
the  year  1866.  He  began  by  promoting  a 
meeting  upon  his  farm  at  Sevenoaks,  and 
the  good  send-off  which  this  effort  enjoyed 
promised  better  results  than  \vere  subse- 
quently achieved.  There  were  plenty  of 
starters  at  the  opening  meeting ;  some 
famous  riders  were  present  and  carried  off 
most  of  the  principal  events.  Mr.  Arthur 
Yates  won  a  race  on  Harold,  a  horse  upon 
whom  he  achieved  a  sensational  performance 
at  Croydon  ;  and  others  ^vho  were  successful 
in  first  catching  the  judge's  eye  were  Mr. 
George  Ede,  Mr.  F.  G.  Hobson,  and  Johnny 
Page,  all  of  Grand  National  fame,  besides 
Mr.  W.  H.  P.  Jenkins,  one  of  the  committee 
of  the  National  Hunt,  and  Mr.  '  Dick ' 
Shepherd,  a  native  of  the  district  and  a  very 
favourite  rider  in  the  county.  Mr.  Russell 
was  a  good  and  well-meaning  sportsman,  but 
it  is  to  be  feared  that  many  advantages  were 
taken  of  his  good  intentions,  and  he  found 
the  organization  of  the  sport  rather  more 
than  he  could  manage.  One  of  his  friends, 
on  being  asked  why  it  was  that  Mr.  Russell 
gave  up  his  steeplechases,  remarked  good- 
humouredly  that  he  only  did  so  when  all  the 
gentry  of  West  Kent  had  lost  their  watches. 
Convinced  at  length  that  his  services  to  this 


496 


SPORT 


part  of  the  county  produced  more  harm  than 
good  the  promoter  of  this  pleasant  little 
meeting  was  obliged  reluctantly  to  abandon 
his  good  endeavours  towards  the  promotion 
of  steeplechasing  in  West  Kent.  As  honorary 
secretary  the  West  Kent  Hunt  had  in  Mr. 
Russell  a  good  friend  and  a  faithful  honorary 
servant,  and  no  one  could  carry  out  more 
happily  than  he  those  unpleasant  duties 
connected  with  '  passing  round  the  hat ' 
which  fall  to  the  lot  of  every  man  in  his 
position.  His  name  is  one  which  will  live 
long  in  the  history  of  Kentish  sport  and  in 
the  memory  of  those  of  his  contemporaries 
still  living. 

Many  an  anecdote  is  told  of  '  Dick  of 
Otford,'  as  he  was  familiarly  known,  and  a 
quaint  character  he  was  in  his  way.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  a  distant  relation  of  the 
famous  '  Parson  Jack,'  and  his  possession  of 
the  true  sporting  instinct  rather  favours  the 
contention.  The  Hon.  Ralph  Nevill,  a 
former  master  of  the  West  Kent,  wrote  some 
verses  having  '  Dick  '  for  their  subject,  and 
many  a  time  have  they  been  handed  round 
for  inspection  at  jovial  gatherings  of  sporting 
men  in  the  district.  A  couple  of  the  verses 
run  as  follows : — 

Let  the  sound  of  the  horn,  when  reynard  is  found 
The  tally  ho  !    forward  !    the  cry  of  the  hound, 
Bring  life  and  new  vigour,  with  hearty  good  cheer 
To  Richard  of  Otford  for  many  a  year. 
*  *  * 

But  when  the  time  comes,  as  to  all  it  must  do 
For  saying  '  good-bye  '  and  bidding  adieu, 
To  ground  he  must  go,  and  with  many  a  sigh, 
We'll  holloa  '  Who-hoop  ! '  and  in  peace  let  him  lie. 

Most  of  the  meetings  of  the  'sixties  and 
'seventies  were  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  Marcus  Verrall ;  but  the  East  Kent 
Hunt  had  also  at  the  head  of  affairs,  in  the 
person  of  the  seventh  Earl  of  Guilford,  a 
man  who  was  something  of  a  '  character.' 
One  year,  however,  he  undertook  more  than 
he  bargained  for.  Desiring  to  bring  about  a 
cessation  of  the  many  abuses  of  sport  then 
in  existence,  his  lordship  took  over  the  entire 
management  of  the  meeting,  and  his  butler, 
gardeners,  grooms,  and,  in  fact,  his  entire 
retinue  of  house  servants  were  pressed  into 
the  service.  Upon  his  lordship's  arrival,  he 
found  the  ring  in  possession  of  a  fair  com- 
pany, and  turning  to  the  butler,  who  was  in 
charge  at  the  entrance,  asked  him  how  much 
money  he  had  taken.  The  occupants,  it 
appears,  had  taken  advantage  of  the  butler's 
inexperience  to  persuade  him  that  they  were 
members  of  the  press  and  had  thus  obtained 
free  admission  1  Lord  Guilford,  however, 
was  a  fine  sportsman  and  expended  a  con- 

I  497 


siderable  sum  of  money  in  the  provision  of 
amusement  for  soldier  and  civilian,  and  great 
was  the  regret  felt  when  the  news  arrived 
of  his  fatal  fall  while  hunting  with  the 
Cattistock,  near  Crewkerne,  19  December 
1885. 

Kent  stiU  retains  some  of  its  National 
Hunt  fixtures,  and  of  those  now  existing  we 
have  the  pleasant  annual  outing  at  Eridge 
close  to  the  Marquess  of  Abergavenny's 
picturesque  seat  at  Eridge  Castle,  and  the 
Wye  meetings,  held  three  or  four  times 
annually.  Enjoyable  enough  as  these  latter 
fixtures  are,  they  shine  only  with  the  reflected 
glory  of  an  earlier  day  when  Wye  was 
in  the  heyday  of  its  prosperity,  and  racing 
took  place  on  the  other  side  of  the  little  town 
in  the  vale  of  Fanscombe.  Those  were 
the  days  of  such  notable  owners  as  Lord 
Conyngham,  Lord  St.  Vincent,  Mr.  C.  S. 
Hardy,  Sir  John  Honeywood,  Lord  Maid- 
stone, and  many  other  famous  sportsmen. 

These  earlier  Wye  meetings  were  famous 
the  county  over,  and  were  described  by  the 
'  Van  Driver '  of  Baily's  Magazine  as  being 
a  subject  worthy  of  any  artist  in  search  of  a 
lively  scene  for  his  canvas.  '  The  sight  from 
the  hill,'  he  wrote,  '  would  delight  a  Linnell 
or  a  Maclise.'  With  regard  to  this  meeting 
the  same  writer  refers  to  an  ancient  custom 
adopted  by  the  young  bloods  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood who  decked  their  caps  with 
coloured  paper  shavings,  and  no  local  celebrity 
at  the  races  was  entitled  to  be  considered  a 
village   dandy  without  such    adornment. 

Kent  has  always  been  so  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  British  Army  that  we  are  not 
surprised  to  find  that  races  for  military  and 
gentlemen  riders  were  usually  a  strong 
feature  of  the  county's  racing,  whether  on 
the  flat  or  across  country.  The  support 
afforded  by  the  garrisons  at  Canterbury, 
Dover  and  Shorncliffe  has  already  been 
alluded  to,  and  during  the  last  half-century 
Woolwich  Garrison  has  contributed  sub- 
stantially to  the  sport.  One  of  the  chief 
annual  events  in  connexion  with  that  garrison 
was  the  Royal  Horse  Artillery  Gold  Cup, 
and  at  Eltham,  Plumstead,  and  Bromley  the 
military  element  was  always  strongly  in 
evidence  both  upon  the  card  and  among  the 
spectators.  The  Royal  Horse  Artillery  have 
now  drifted  to  Aldershot,  but  their  long 
connexion  with  the  county  of  Kent  has  caused 
them  to  leave  behind  the  records  of  many 
brave  gunners  of  the  past,  and  of  one  or  two 
still  living  among  those  who  figured  between 
the  flags.  Of  the  latter  may  be  mentioned 
the  name  of  Captain  Annesley,  while  two  of 
those  who  have  joined  the  great  majority 
63 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


were  Major  '  Driver  '  Browne  and  Major 
Dalbiac.  Major  Browne  met  with  a  fatal 
accident  on  the  railway  while  crossing  the 
line  at  Sandown  Park,  while  a  soldier's  death 
in  South  Africa  fell  to  the  lot  of  Major 
Dalbiac,  who  had  ridden  the  winner  of  the 
R.H.A.  Gold  Cup  on  three  or  four  occasions. 
Among  other  military  riders  who  distin- 
guished themselves  in  both  branches  of  the 
sport  within  the  county  in  those  early  days 
when  the  names  of  riders  first  began  to 
find  their  way  into  the  Calendar,  the  names 
of  Captain  Becher  and  Captain  Little  may 


both  Jockey  Club  and  National  Hunt  rules, 
and  though  stakes  of  nominal  value  only  are 
offered,  the  Folkestone  executive  are  a  very 
enterprising  body  and  certainly  deserve  good 
patronage.  Free  stabling  and  fodder,  as 
well  as  accommodation  for  stable  lads,  is 
provided,  and  their  efforts  are  ably  seconded 
by  the  South  Eastern  and  Chatham  Rail- 
way, over  whose  system  horses  and  at- 
tendants are  conveyed  free  of  charge  to 
and  from  the  meetings.  This  concession 
to  race-horse  ovraers  is  not  in  existence 
on  any  other  railway  in  the  country,  and  so 


be  mentioned,  while  in  more  recent  times  we      much  is  it  appreciated  that  generous  entries 


find  the  names  of  such  good  sportsmen  as 
Captain  Wentworth  Hope  Johnstone,  the 
Hon.  E.  Jervis  (afterwards  Lord  St.  Vincent, 
whose  father  lives  at  Godmersham),  the  Hon. 
E.  P.  Willoughby  (starter  to  the  Jockey  Club), 
Colonel  Knox,  Colonel  Harford,  the  Hon. 
George  Lambton,  Captain  'Bay'  Middleton, 
Major  Hardinge,  and  Mr.  Leveson-Gower. 
Most  of  their  saddle  achievements  were 
scored  over  fences,  as  were  the  successes  of 
civilians  like  Mr.  Arthur  Yates,  Mr.  F.  G. 
Hobson,  Mr.  T.    Bayden,  Lord    Maidstone, 


and  good  fields  can  always  be  looked 
for  at  Folkestone.  On  the  other  hand  it 
must  be  admitted  it  does  not  tend  in  the 
direction  of  maintaining  a  very  high  standard 
of  competition,  for  animals  are  sent  for  which 
under  ordinary  circumstances  no  great  amount 
of  expense  would  be  incurred.  During  the 
closing  years  of  the  last  century  an  occasional 
prize  of  the  value  of  500  sovereigns  was  given 
at  Folkestone,  but  at  that  period  only  one 
or  two  meetings  were  held  annually.  Nowa- 
days   the    chief    stakes    never     exceed     300 


Mr.  P.  Barling,  Mr.  Reginald  Herbert,  Lord     sovereigns,  the  majority  being  of  the  minimui 


Guilford,  Mr.  R.  Shepherd,  and  last  but  not 
least  Mr.  William  Bevill,  always  a  master 
hand  on  the  flat,  and  a  favourite  horseman 
in  the  days  when  the  late  Lord  St.  Vincent, 
the  owner  of  Lord  Clifden,  was  racing  and 
a  great  patron  of  the  sport  in  Kent.  Mr. 
Bevill  was  not  actually  a  native  of  Kent,  but 
he  spent  so  much  of  his  time  with  Kentish 
folk  that  he  became  as  popular  with  them  as 
his  father  before  him,  and  when  he  rode  a 
winner  at  Canterbury  his  success  was  always 
the  occasion  for  a  great  ovation. 

To  present-day  racing  in  the  county  brief 
allusion  only  is  necessary.  There  are  only 
three  places  of  sport,  viz.,  Folkestone,  Wye, 
and  Fridge,  the  last  mentioned  being  con- 
fined to  one  day's  steeplechasing  every 
Easter  Monday.  Important  meetings  being 
in  progress  on  that  day  in  almost  every  corner 
of  the  kingdom,  it  is  only  natural  that  the 
Eridge  programme,  with  its  modest  prizes, 
does  not  attract  much  more  than  purely 
local  patronage.  At  Wye,  where  five  one- 
day  meetings  are  held  annually,  much  the 
same  state  of  affairs  obtains,  and  pleasant 
as  are  the  gatherings  there,  the  stakes  are  of 
small  value  and  are  competed  for  by  horses 
hailing  chiefly  from  the  adjacent  counties 
of  Sussex  and  Surrey,  the  trainers  at  Lewes, 
Alfriston,  Findon,  Rottingdean,  Portslade 
and  Epsom  furnishing  about  90  per  cent,  of 
the  runners. 

At    Folkestone    racing    takes    place    under 


value  of  100  sovereigns.  In  1906  four  meet- 
ings were  held  under  Jockey  Club  rules, 
one  day  in  June,  a  two-day  fixture  in  August, 
and  two  single  days  in  October.  The  arrrange- 
ments  for  1907  embraced  five  days  again, 
but  whereas  the  June  and  August  functions 
were  continued,  a  two-day  meeting  in  Septem- 
ber was  substituted  for  the  two  single 
fixtures  in  October.  Steeplechasing  at 
Folkestone  is  conducted  on  much  the  same 
lines  as  at  'Wyt,  although  the  higher  scale 
of  stake  ensures  greater  range  of  competition, 
and  attracts  a  few  useful  hurdlers  and  chasers. 
The  majority  of  the  races  are  of  the  usual 
regulation  type,  with  an  occasional  hunters' 
race  thrown  in.  Five  days  -per  annum  are 
devoted  to  this  class  of  sport  at  the  Westen- 
hanger  Inclosure — one  day  each  in  March, 
April,  and  May,  and  two  days  in  December. 

FAMOUS    OWNERS,    TRAINERS    AND 
HORSES 

Of  famous  studs  Kent  has  possessed  many, 
but  all  of  the  best  animals  bred  at  Middle 
Park  seem  to  have  been  reared  for  sale,  and 
those  from  Sir  Joseph  Hawley's  famous  farm 
at  Leybourne,  and  from  the  late  Lord  Fal- 
mouth's paddocks  at  Mereworth  appear  to 
have  fought  most  of  their  battles  elsewhere. 
At  any  rate  records  of  the  prowess  of  Kentish- 
bred  horses  on  Kentish  soil  are  difficult  to 
discover. 


498 


SPORT 


Sir  Joseph  Hawley,  however,  on  one  occa- 
sion at  least  (in  1848)  sent  one  of  his  horses 
to  Canterbury  for  the  Queen's  Plate  ;  but 
Miami,  his  representative,  did  not  achieve 
success,  although  a  year  earlier  she  had  won 
the  Oaks.  The  race  was  run  in  heats  as  will 
be  seen  from  the  following  table,  the  result 
being  : — 

i\lr.  Harrison's  ch  h  Pyrrhus  the  First  by 

Epirus,  5  yrs.,  10  st.         .     A.  Day  *     I     I 

Mr.  E.  R.  Clarke's  b  f  Alpheia,  3  yrs.,  8  st. 

4  lbs.         .  .  .     W.  Planner  *     2     3 

Sir  Joseph  Hawley's  b  or  ro  f  Miami,  4 

yrs Sly  3     3     2 

From  the  foregoing  table  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  first  heat  resulted  in  a  dead-heat 
between  Pyrrhus  the  First  and  Alpheia,  the 
remaining  two  going  to  the  former,  who 
was  none  other  than  the  Derby  winner  of 
two  years  before. 

There  is  no  trace  of  Lord  Falmouth  having 
gone  to  Canterbury  even  with  one  of  Mat 
Dawson's  lesser  lights  bred  at  Mereworth, 
a  place  still  known  to  fame  as  the  nursery 
of  Hurricane,  Kingcraft,  Wheel  of  Fortune, 
Jannette,  Childeric,  GaUiard,  Busybody,  and 
others,  while  Leybourne  is  no  less  conspicuous 
as  having  to  its  credit  such  good  horses  as 
Fitz  Roland,  Aphrodite,  Teddington,  Musjid, 
Beadsman,  Blue  Gown  and  Pero  Gomez, 
besides  the  already  mentioned  Miami — all 
classic  celebrities. 

Lord  Falmouth's  great  stud  was  disposed 
of  by  auction  at  Newmarket  in  1884,  and 
realized  the  large  sum  of  111,860  guineas. 
Sir  Joseph  Hawley's  stud  had  been  broken 
up  in  1873,  when  it  was  sold  at  Middle  Park. 

The  Blenkirons — father  and  two  sons — 
made  the  Middle  Park  stud  famous.  The 
stallions  which  they  have  had  there  include 
Blair  Athol,  Kingston,  King  John,  and 
Gladiateur,  and  among  the  mares  have  been 
Seclusion  and  Shot.  It  is  on  record  that 
Mr.  Chaplin  gave  no  less  a  sum  than  1,000 
guineas  as  a  yearling  for  Hermit  out  of  the 
former  mare,  and  the  very  next  lot,  out  of 
Shot,  was  knocked  down  to  Mr.  Merry  for 
the  same  figure.  Mr.  Merry's  purchase 
eventually  came  to  be  known  as  Marksman 
and  the  pair  subsequently  fought  out  a  very 
memorable  Derby,  the  verdict  going  to 
Hermit,  which  beat  Marksman  in  a  desperate 
finish  to  a  hard  fought  race  by  a  neck. 

Little  indeed  now  remains  to  tell  the  tale 
of  the  high-mettled  racers  once  reared  within 
those  famous  paddocks  at  Middle  Park,  and 
the  only  sign  of  quadruped  existence  that 
could  be  seen  recently  as  one  passed  along  the 
Eltham  road  was  a  board  fixed  at  the  end  of 


the  old  elm  avenue,  announcing  the  simple 
fact  that  horses  were  taken  in  to  graze  where 
so  many  heroes  and  heroines  of  the  Turf 
once  had  their  being. 

Not  very  far  removed  from  Middle  Park 
is  Avery  Hill,  where  the  late  Colonel  North  ' 
established  a  breeding  stud,  and  succeeded 
in  producing  a  very  fair  lot  of  horses.  But 
this  once  busy  centre  of  activity  exists  no 
more  as  an  establishment  for  the  raising  of 
blood  stock. 

Leybourne  was  used  as  a  breeding  stud 
some  time  ago  by  Mr.  Phillips,  who,  after 
Sir  Joseph  Hawley's  death,  had  there  among 
others  Galliard  and  Peter  ;  and  Mereworth, 
where  the  sixth  Lord  Falmouth  achieved 
so  many  successes,  is  now  in  the  hands  of 
his  son,  the  present  Viscount,  who  still  keeps 
several  brood  mares  there.  So  far  he  has 
not  had  the  good  fortune  that  favoured 
his  famous  father,  but  he  can  at  least  claim 
to  have  turned  out  one  classic  winner  in 
Quintessence. 

There  are,  or  were,  a  few  other  studs,  most 
of  them  of  minor  importance,  upon  Kentish 
soil,  and  a  diligent  search  of  the  Stud  Book 
would  reveal  the  names  of  many  famous 
horses  who  have  been  produced  in  this  quiet 
little  corner  of  England.  Mr.  Musker 
recently  tried  his  fortunes  within  the  county 
with  Melton,  at  Westerham,  where  many 
brilliant  horses  have  been  produced  from 
time  to  time,  and  Mr.  John  Corlett  of  The 
Sporting  limes  still  struggles  hard  with  his 
little  lot  out  Sutton  Valence  way  in  the 
Staplehurst  district.  His  luck  with  Torpedo 
Catcher  has  not  been  very  great,  but  one  of 
her  progeny  at  least.  Let  Go  the  Painter, 
achieved  the  distinction  of  winning  a  race 
on  native  soil,  when  at  Folkestone  he  carried 
off  the  chief  handicap  on  the  card. 

It  may  be  of  interest  to  note,  in  conclusion, 
that  one  or  two  of  Kent's  long  disused  courses 
still  remain,  notably  that  at  Bromley,  which 
is  now  (1907)  used  as  a  golf  links,  thereby 
following  the  fate  of  many  another  once 
famous  course  in  this  and  other  parts  of  the 
kingdom.  At  Strood  too,  although  the 
actual    course    has    long    since    disappeared. 


^  It  is  a  coincidence  that  the  late  Mr.  Thomas 
Blenkiron  and  Colonel  North,  who  were  connected 
with  these  two  neighbouring  breeding  studs,  are 
buried  almost  side  by  side  in  the  little  churchyard 
at  Eltham.  The  former  was  the  elder  son  of  the 
founder  of  the  Middle  Park  stud  and  the  father  of 
the  owner  of  Ambition,  who  used  to  race  in  the 
name  of  Mr.  EUerton.  It  was  this  Mr.  Thomas 
Blenkiron  who  advised  Colonel  North  to  invest 
the  money  he  had  got  from  his  nitrates  on  the 
Turf,  with  what  successful  results  every  one  knows. 

499 


A    HISTORY    OF   KENT 


there  is  a  field  of  twenty-four  acres  now 
under  culiivation,  which  is  still  pointed  out 
as  the  site  of  the  local  races.  It  is  a  large 
level  piece  of  ground  at  the  west  entrance 
to  the  Cobham  woods  as  one  goes  from 
Strood  to  Cobham. 1 

The  best  race-course  ever  used  in  Kent 
was  undoubtedly  that  at  Waldershare,  but 
the  second  Lord  Gerard,  so  well  known 
in  connexion  with  handicap  coups  at 
Ascot  and  Goodwood,  laid  out  another 
which  in  point  of  excellence  must  have 
ran  the  Waldershare  course  very  close.     This 


was  at  the  time  when  he  had  purchased 
Eastwell  Park,  once  the  home  of  the  Winchel- 
sea  family,  and  at  a  later  period  the  residence 
of  H.R.H.  Alfred,  Duke  of  Saxe-Coburg. 
Lord  Gerard  mapped  out  his  course  within 
the  park,  but  it  was  never  actually  used  except 
for  the  purpose  of  training  a  few  horses. 
Ashford's  old  race-course  still  exists  to  some 
extent,  and  is  now^  known  locally  as  Hall's 
Field,  a  part  of  Ripton  Farm.  Its  present 
peaceful  purpose  is  to  supply  grazing  for  some 
prime  Sussex  cattle  and  a  flock  of  Kent 
sheep. 


POLO 


The  game  of  polo  has  never  made 
much  headway  in  Kent  until  quite  re- 
cent years.  The  beginning  of  the  game 
in  that  county  may,  indeed,  be  said  to  date 
from  the  establishment  of  the  London  Polo 
Club  in  the  year  1899.  The  previous  year 
had  been  one  of  marked  activity  in  the  polo 
world,  and  after  a  very  successful  season 
at  Hurlingham  and  Ranelagh — the  principal 
centres  of  the  game — it  was  decided  to 
inaugurate  a  fresh  club  upon  somewhat 
similar,  although  much  less  ambitious,  lines 
at  the  Crystal  Palace. 

Mr.  Ernest  Schenk,  chairman  of  the  Crystal 
Palace  Company,  was  the  moving  spirit, 
and  the  club  began  under  very  promising 
auspices.  Strictly  speaking,  the  London  Polo 
Club  was  not  a  wholly  Kentish  organization, 
but  the  majority  of  its  members  hailed  from 
the  neighbouring  districts  of  Chislehurst, 
Beckenham,  and  other  places  in  the  county 
near  at  hand,  and  its  ground  at  the  Crystal 
Palace,  Sydenham,  was  situated  on  the  borders 
of  the  county.  The  chief  object  of  the  club 
was  to  provide  men  of  moderate  means  with 
opportunity  for  indulging  in  the  sport  at  a 
cost  which  should  be  much  lower  than  that 
established  by  the  members  of  the  crack 
organizations  at  Hurlingham  and  Ranelagh. 
From  the  first  the  movement  was  marked 
by  unqualified  success,  and  under  the  able 
management  of  Major  F.  Herbert,  the  London 
Polo  Club  made  rapid  strides. 

The  first  event  of  importance  was  the 
Inauguration  Cup  tournament,  arranged  to 
celebrate  the  birth  of  the  club,  play  taking 
place  on  Whit-Monday  1899,  and  many  of 
those  who  took  part  in  the  games  on  that 
occasion  are  still  prominent  supporters  of 
the  pastime.     Among  these  may  be  mentioned 

'  Smetham,  History  of  Strood,  305. 


in  particular  the  Earl  of  Shrewsbury,  Captain 
de  Lisle,  and  Mr.  A.  Rawlinson.  The  first 
Inauguration  Cup  was  won  by  the  Military 
combination,  whose  team  was  composed  of 
the  late  Lord  Kensington,  Captain  H.  de 
B.  de  Lisle,  the  late  Lieutenant-Colonel 
P.  W.  Le  Gallais,  and  Captain  F.  Egerton 
Green,  who  defeated  the  civilians  by  seven 
goals  to  six.  Upon  the  two  following  days 
the  Army  Cup,  valued  at  200  sovereigns, 
was  competed  for,  and  in  the  final  round  the 
6th  Inniskilling  Dragoons,  represented  by 
Mr.  C.  H.  Higgin,  Mr.  C.  K.  Ansell,  Mr. 
Neil  Haig  (now  Major,  and  still  a  keen  player), 
and  Major  M.  F.  Rimington,  carried  off  the 
trophy  by  beating  the  loth  Hussars  by  six 
goals  to  three.  Among  other  clubs  which 
took  part  in  the  tournaments  at  the  Crystal 
Palace  were  Wimbledon  Park,  Tiverton,  Hol- 
borough,  and  Cirencester. 

In  the  same  year  a  new  tournament, 
instituted  in  connexion  with  the  County 
Cup  competition,  was  held  at  Eden  Park, 
Beckenham.  Major  F.  Herbert,  who  had 
done  much  to  further  the  interests  of  the 
game  all  over  England,  also  undertook  the 
organization  of  this  venture,  and  the  final 
tie  resulted  in  a  victory  for  Chislehurst,  who 
defeated  Stansted  by  four  goals  to  one 
and  thus  became  first  holders  of  the 
trophy. 

Then  came  the  outbreak  of  the  South 
African  War.  Among  those  polo  players 
who  left  for  the  front  at  the  beginning  of  the 


campaign    was 


M: 


jor 


F.    Herbert,    whose 


departure  meant  a  severe  loss  to  the  interests 
of  the  game  in  Kent.  Major  Herbert's 
place  was  difficult  to  fill,  but  at  length  Mr. 
Eustace  Blake  came  forward  and  was  appointed 
secretary  of  the  London  Polo  Club.  He 
held  office  for  five  seasons,  and  was  succeeded 
by  Mr.   R.   E.   Edmondson,   an   enthusiastic 


500 


SPORT 


and  skilled  player,  who  has  proved  himself 
to  be  a  most  capable  organizer. 

The  Eden  Park  and  Chislehurst  Clubs, 
both  of  which  possessed  splendid  grounds, 
were  for  some  years  carried  on  in  a  more 
or  less  flourishing  state,  but  the  secession 
of  many  members,  some  of  whom  were  called 
abroad  on  service,  while  others  eventually 
joined  the  clubs  at  Hurlingham  and  Ranelagh, 
made  the  matter  of  maintaining  efficient 
teams  very  difficult,  and  at  last  both  these 
Kentish  organizations,  of  which  Eden  Park 
held  out  until  the  end  of  the  1906  season, 
were  broken  up. 

Upon  the  dissolution  of  the  Eden  Park 
Club  the  London  Polo  Club  left  its  quarters 
at  the  Crystal  Palace  and  migrated  to  the 
ground  of  the  defunct  organization  at  Beck- 
enham.  By  so  doing  they  made  a  very 
favourable  move,  for  the  ground  at  Eden 
Park  is  in  every  respect  an  excellent  one.  It 
is  boarded  all  round,  and  with  turf  of  first- 
rate  quality  it  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best 
inclosures  in  the  country.  Even  in  the 
worst  weather  the  Beckenham  ground  is 
usually  playable. 

There  is  only  one  other  polo  ground  in  the 
county,  namely  that  at  Surrenden  Park,  the 
seat  of  Mr.  Walter  Winans.  This  inclosure 
is  of  full  regulation  size,  and  is  fairly  level. 

The  London  Polo  Club  is  now  therefore 
the  only  recognized  club  of  its  kind  within 
the  county  of  Kent.  It  is,  perhaps,  at  the 
present  time  more  of  a  county  organization 
than  at  any  previous  period  of  its  history,  and 
it  numbers  among  its  members  several 
prominent  players  of  the  day.  Among  others 
who  have  recently  been  elected  to  member- 
ship are  the  two  Messrs.  Winans,  who  played 


for  the  Oxford  University  team  during  the 
season  of  1906.  The  Earl  of  Huntingdon  is 
president,  and  is  supported  by  a  very  strong 
and  influential  council.  The  regular  days 
for  play  are  Tuesdays,  Thursdays  and  Satur- 
days, and  a  stud  of  ponies,  which  members 
may  hire,  is  kept  upon  the  premises. 

Many  prominent  players  have  been  associ- 
ated with  the  game  in  Kent  since  polo  first  took 
root  there  at  the  end  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
Mr.  A.  Rawlinson,  who  took  part  in  the 
Inauguration  Cup  competition  at  the  London 
Polo  Club's  first  tournament,  was  a  dashing 
player,  and  had  won  fame  in  many  a  tourna- 
ment in  India.  On  his  return  to  this  country 
from  the  east  he  brought  with  him  a  couple 
of  famous  ponies — Rainbow  and  Starlight 
— both  of  which  figured  on  several  occasions 
in  Hurlingham  matches.  The  latter  of  these 
was  a  grey  Arab  with  remarkable  pace,  and 
had  won  several  races  in  India.  Starlight 
changed  hands  subsequently  and  was  played 
in  the  loth  Hussars  team  in  the  inter-regi- 
mental tournament  at  Hurlingham.  Special 
mention  should  also  be  made  of  Major '  Tip  ' 
Herbert,  brother  of  the  founder  of  the 
Ranelagh  Club,  a  remarkably  fine  horseman, 
and  still  a  prominent  player  since  his  return 
to  England  after  the  war  ;  Lord  Shrewsbury, 
whose  tastes  have  latterly  turned  in  the 
direction  of  motoring ;  Captain  de  Lisle  ; 
and  Sir  Charles  Wolseley,  all  of  whom  must 
now  be  reckoned  among  the  old  school  of 
polo  enthusiasts.  Kent,  however,  can  still 
reckon  upon  plenty  of  active  support  from 
the  younger  generation,  prominent  among 
whom  may  be  mentioned  Colonel  Lamb, 
and  Messrs.  R.  E.  Edmondson,  Avery,  and 
R.  P.  Wilson. 


SHOOTING 


In  common  with  the  rest  of  the  home 
counties  Kent  has  suffered  to  a  great  extent 
from  the  rapid  encroachment  of  the  builder 
upon  its  fair  fields  and  meadows,  and  year 
by  year  its  opportunities  for  field  sports  are 
being  driven  within  ever-narrowing  limits. 
This  gradual  expansion  of  the  town  into 
the  country  has  not  affected  shooting  to 
such  an  extent  as  in  the  case  of  some  other 
sports ;  but  the  establishment  of  factories, 
gunpowder     works,  ^     and     large     industrial 


colonies  in  various  parts,  even  at  some  dis- 
tance from  London,  has  done  a  good  deal 
towards  breaking  up  what  was  once  an 
eminently  sporting  area. 

While  offering  plenty  of  good  chances  to 
the  keen  shooting  man,  the  principal  charm 
of  Kent  lies  perhaps  more  in  the  variety  than 
in  the  quality  of  the  sport  which  it  has  to 
offer.  It  is  a  county  of  very  diversified  char- 
acter as  regards  its  soil  and  general  features, 
and  as  such  is  capable  of  providing  what  is 


1  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  first  gun-  county  of  Surrey.  Richard  Evelyn,  the  youngest 
powder  factories  in  England  were  established  in  of  his  long  tale  of  sons,  inherited  Wotton,  and 
Elizabeth's  time  by  George  Evelyn,  who  had  mills  at  from  Richard's  son  John  Evelyn,  the  famous  diarist, 
Long  Ditton  and  near  Wotton,  in  the  neighbouring      descended  the  Evelyns  of  Sayes  Court  near  Deptford. 

501 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


generally  described  as  good  '  rough  '  or  '  all- 
round  '  shooting.  For  this  reason  it  is  an 
ideal  locality  for  the  man  of  moderate  means, 
or  for  one  whose  ambitions  do  not  soar  to 
those  lofty  heights  attained  by  the  Hamp- 
shire partridge-driver  with  his  200  or  300- 
brace  days,  or  the  Norfolk  pheasant-shooter 
with  his  enormous  bag  of  rocketers. 

Although  a  large  part  of  Kent  is  still 
mainly  agricultural,  and  divided  up  into 
big  holdings  that  are  well  farmed  by  the 
few  remaining  yeomen  agriculturists  of  the 
old  school,  a  considerable  acreage  has  been 
laid  down  to  grass  of  recent  years — a  state 
of  things  that  is  never  conducive  to  the 
well-being  of  partridges  and  pheasants.  Such 
land  is  quite  capable  of  supporting  a  moderate 
head  of  partridges  and  a  still  more  moderate 
amount  of  pheasants  ;  but  the  lack  of  food 
supplied  on  the  stubbles  in  other  districts 
results  in  an  inferior  and  smaller  breed  of 
partridges  and  makes  the  pheasant  to  a  great 
extent  dependent  upon  artificial  feeding. 

Kent,  as  every  one  knows,  enjoys  the  titles 
of  '  The  Garden  of  England,'  and  '  The  Hop 
County,'  the  former  by  reason  of  the  fact 
that  orchard  and  market  garden  cultivation 
are  two  of  its  staple  industries,  and  the  latter 
because  of  its  hop-producing  reputation. 
Unfortunately  for  the  shooting  man  neither 
of  these  occupations  is  particularly  suited 
to  game-preservation,  for  where  the  land  is 
cut  up  into  small  holdings  and  a  number  of 
persons  are  constantly  employed  in  the  fields 
and  gardens,  there  is  little  possibility  for  game 
to  flourish.  Birds,  therefore,  have  been 
driven  away  from  these  much  frequented 
areas,  and  even  where  they  still  have  the 
courage  to  nest  in  the  spring  they  must  meet 
with  a  great  amount  of  disturbance  of  an 
unintentional  kind,  and  sometimes,  one  fears, 
of  a  description  that  is  not  precisely  accidental. 
The  hop-garden,  although  of  little  use  as  a 
feeding  ground  for  partridges  or  pheasants, 
even  when  they  can  be  left  undisturbed, 
provides  better  security  and  cover  for  them 
than  is  afforded  by  closely  cropped  pastures. 

Partridges,  indeed,  during  hot  weather 
are  very  prone  to  seek  the  shade  and  quiet  of 
the  hop-garden,  and  it  is  a  little  unfortunate 
that  the  Kentish  hop-picking  begins  at 
about  the  same  date  as  partridge  shooting. 
The  end  of  August  sees  a  vast  invasion  of 
'  foreigners '  from  London  and  elsewhere, 
and  just  at  the  moment  when  it  is  desirable 
from  the  shooting  man's  point  of  view  to 
keep  the  land  quiet,  the  peaceful  valleys  of 
the  hop-country  are  filled  with  the  noisy 
clamour  of  families  innumerable.  Their 
coming  is  sufficient  signal  for  every  partridge 


in  the  district  to  quit  the  scene  of  so  much 
boisterous  activity,  and  the  shady  hop-garden, 
which  otherwise  would  provide  a  sure  find 
for  the  partridge-shooter  during  the  early 
days  of  September,  is  not  worth  beating. 

Here  and  there,  however,  where  the 
gardens  lie  in  more  secluded  situations,  the 
partridge-shooter  will  not  always  visit  them 
in  vain.  It  goes  without  saying,  of  course, 
that  it  is  impossible  to  walk  up  birds  in  a  hop- 
garden, where  in  the  half-light  that  filters 
through  the  thick  canopy  of  leaves  overhead 
accurate  shooting  would  be  out  of  the  ques- 
tion. Nor  is  there  ever  sufficient  cover  in 
the  way  of  undergrowth  in  a  well-ordered 
hop-garden  to  allow  the  sportsman  to  get 
within  shot  of  the  birds,  although  should 
the  ground  have  been  allowed  to  lie  quiet 
for  a  few  days  before  shooting,  it  is  always 
worth  while  to  include  the  hop-garden  in 
the  beat  for  the  purpose  of  driving  into  more 
suitable  cover  any  birds  that  may  be  l}'ing  hid- 
den therein.  Later  on  when  driving  proper 
begins — about  the  middle  of  October — the 
land  is  clear  both  of  hops  and  hop-pickers. 

Despite  the  fact  that  one  end  of  it  is  about 
as  modernized  as  it  can  very  well  be,  Kent 
for  the  most  part  is  very  conservative  in  its 
customs,  and  many  of  its  ancient  ways  are 
still  followed  as  faithfully  as  those  of  its  sister 
county  of  Sussex.  The  good  old  method 
of  walking  up  partridges  or  pheasants  from 
behind  in  preference  to  the  more  modern 
style  of  driving  them  to  the  guns  is  still  in 
vogue  in  most  parts,  although  driving  is  now 
extensively  practised  in  the  moreopen  country. 
So  much  depends,  of  course,  on  the  contour 
of  the  land,  the  style  of  farming  adopted, 
and  the  size  of  the  holdings,  that  no  general 
principles  of  shooting  can  apply  to  the  county 
as  a  whole.  Some  prefer  one  method,  and 
some  another,  but  every  known  style  of 
game-shooting   is   practised   in    Kent. 

When  driving  pheasants  in  flat  districts, 
such  as  abound  in  this  county,  it  is  some- 
what difficult  to  '  show '  birds  to  the  best 
possible  advantage.  It  is  not  always  easy 
under  such  conditions  to  make  pheasants  rise 
sufficiently  to  afford  really  sporting  shots, 
and  careful  arrangement  of  each  beat  is 
necessary  to  obtain  the  best  results.  The 
birds  must  be  gradually  worked  to  the  highest 
points  of  the  covert  without  necessarily  being 
shot  at  during  the  process,  and  it  should  be 
remembered  that  pheasants  rise  better  from 
high  covert  as  a  rule  than  from  '  short  cut,' 
and  that  they  generally  fly  better  and  faster 
when  being  driven  towards  home.  But  each 
keeper  must  arrange  matters  according  to  the 
nature  of    the  ground    with   which    he   has 


SPORT 


to  deal,  and  if  he  cannot  produce  good 
birds  for  the  guns  he  proves  himself  in- 
competent. 

Some  of  the  best  covert-shooting  in  Kent 
is  to  be  had  in  those  small  outlying  spinneys 
or  '  shaws '  (as  they  are  termed  locally)  which 
are  to  be  found  near  the  Sussex  boundary  as 
well  as  in  other  parts  of  the  county.  The 
plantations  of  ash  and  Spanish  chestnut, 
grown  for  hop-poles  before  the  custom  of 
growing  the  hop-bines  on  wires  became  so 
general  as  it  now  is,  also  afTord  excellent 
cover  for  game,  and  since  most  of  these 
coverts  are  generally  but  a  few  acres  in  extent 
they  are  easily  managed  by  a  few  beaters  and 
a  party  of  four  or  five  guns.  Comparatively 
inexpensive  shooting  of  this  description  has 
been  much  sought  of  recent  years  by  the 
man  of  moderate  means,  with  the  result 
that  rentals  have  considerably  increased  in 
value.  Not  many  years  ago  less  than  a 
shilling  an  acre  was  paid  for  fair  rough-shoot- 
ing, but  the  figure  has  now  risen  (1907)  in 
the  more  accessible  places  to  four  or  five  times 
that  amount. 

Besides  possessing  good  opportunities  for 
pheasant-shooting,  and  some  very  good  par- 
tridge ground,  both  red-legged  ('  French  ') 
and  English  birds  being  fairly  evenly  dis- 
tributed all  over  the  county,  Kent  has  always 
proved  particularly  suited  to  the  require- 
ments of  ground  game,  which,  as  in  other 
parts  of  these  islands,  has  been  sometimes 
found  a  little  too  plentiful  from  the  point 
of  view  of  the  farmer.  Hares  are  found  in 
good  numbers  on  the  downs  near  the  coast, 
and  in  Romney  Marsh  and  other  open  dis- 
tricts, where  for  the  most  part  they  are  only 
shot  in  moderation  out  of  respect  for  the 
local  packs  of  harriers  and  the  devotees  of 
coursing.  Woodland  hares  are  met  with 
in  moderate  numbers  in  the  large  coverts, 
and  were  once  almost  as  plentiful  as  rabbits 
are  now  in  most  parts  of  the  county.  But 
the  Ground  Game  Act  of  1881  has  depleted 
the  number  of  hares  in  Kent  as  in  other 
places,  and  although  of  late  years  an  increase 
has  been  noted  here  and  there,  they  can  never 
again  be  as  plentiful  as  they  were  before  the 
Act  came  into  force.  The  splitting  up  of 
large  tracts  of  land  into  small  holdings,  each 
of  whose  occupiers  carries  a  gun  and  sets 
snares,  has  placed  an  effectual  check  upon 
the  increase  of  ground  game,  and  a  hare  is 
nowadays  a  rarity  in  such  places. 

A  method  of  rabbit-shooting,  confined, 
we  believe,  to  Kent  and  Sussex  and  one  or 
two  other  counties,  is  worthy  of  particular 
mention.  In  every  district  where  rabbits 
are  plentiful  it  is  the  custom  to  hunt  them 


with  a  pack  of  beagles,  which  generally  be- 
long to  farmers  and  others  living  in  the 
district.  This  method  of  rabbit-hunting 
is  far  more  effectual  than  the  employment 
of  beaters,  before  whom  the  rabbits  refuse 
to  run  straight,  doubling  back  past  and 
through  the  line  of  men  rather  than  face  the 
open.  When  it  is  desired  to  hold  a  rabbit 
hunt  in  the  Kentish  woods  the  pack  is  brought 
together  and  some  eight  or  ten  guns  station 
themselves  in  likely  places  throughout  the 
wood.  The  pack  having  been  let  loose,  the 
wood,  supposing  that  there  are  plenty  of 
rabbits,  soon  resounds  with  the  merry  music 
of  the  hounds,  and  the  fun  is  fast  and  furious 
as  the  beagles  drive  the  rabbits  from  cover 
into  the  rides,  where  the  guns  are  stationed 
ready  to  shoot  them.  This  form  of  sport 
is  somewhat  dangerous  if  careless  guns  are 
among  the  party,  but  with  ordinary  pre- 
cautions accidents  are  of  rare  occurrence, 
and  it  cannot  be  denied  that  this  rather 
happy  combination  of  hunting  and  shooting 
affords  a  most  excellent  diversion,  as  well  as 
providing  the  most  satisfactory  means  of 
keeping  the  rabbits  in  check.  Several  packs 
of  rabbit-beagles  are  kept  within  the  county, 
but  the  majority  of  them  are  trencher-fed, 
and  the  whole  system  is  carried  on  in  a  rather 
happy-go-lucky  fashion.  If  rabbit-beagle 
packs  were  as  well  organized  and  hunted  as 
packs  of  harriers,  better  sport  might  often 
be  enjoyed. 

Owing  to  its  extensively  wooded  character 
— nearly  one-twelfth  part  of  the  county 
consisting  of  woodland  and  plantations — the 
hiUs  and  valleys  of  Kent  form  a  happy  hunting 
ground  for  all  sorts  of  birds  and  beasts 
generally  classed  by  the  gamekeeper  as 
'  vermin.'  Jays  are  exceedingly  plentiful, 
especially  in  the  oak  and  beech  woods  of  the 
Medway  valley,  and  magpies  are  by  no  means 
rare.  The  sparrow-hawk  has  been  so  per- 
secuted that  it  may  be  said  to  be  practically 
extinct  except  in  a  very  few  places,  and  the 
kestrel,  although  much  more  common,  is  by 
no  means  so  plentiful  as  it  once  was.  Tawny 
and  barn  owls  are  fairly  common,  especially 
the  former,  and  the  long-eared  and  short- 
eared  owls  are  met  with  frequently  in  the 
autumn  and  winter.  No  mention  would  have 
been  made  of  these  birds,  except  perhaps  the 
jay  and  the  magpie,  in  an  article  dealing  with 
shooting,  were  it  not  that  too  much  stress 
cannot  be  laid  upon  the  fact  that  the  indis- 
criminate destruction  of  birds  of  prey  is  a 
great  mistake.  Individual  pairs  of  sparrow- 
hawks  and  kestrels  will  sometimes  attack  the 
young  of  game  and  deserve  to  be  shot,  and 
jays  and  magpies  will  occasionally  steal  the 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


eggs  of  pheasant  or  partridge,  but  to  suppose 
that  it  is  the  custom  of  these  birds  to  inflict 
serious  damage  upon  the  game-preserver 
is  the  greatest  possible  mistake.  The  owls 
should  be  welcomed  as  friends  by  all  as 
destroyers  of  mice  and  rats,  and  their  presence 
in  agricultural  districts  is  particularly  desirable. 
The  worst  enemies  of  the  game  preserver  are 
poaching  cats  and  stray  dogs,  which  can  do 
more  harm  in  a  single  day  than  all  the  rest 
of  the  so-called  vermin  can  commit  in  a  season. 
Not  only  do  they  catch  and  kill  any  bird  or 
rabbit  that  they  come  across,  but  by  their 
constant  perambulations  of  the  woods  and 
fields  they  so  frighten  pheasants  and  par- 
tridges, especially  when  nesting,  that  the 
birds  are  likely  never  to  return.  Of  birds 
undoubtedly  the  worst  destroyers  of  eggs 
are  the  rook — a  plentiful  enough  species  in 
Kent — and  the  carrion  crow,  which  is  not 
very  common  in  that  county,  but  whose 
ranks  are  strengthened  during  the  winter 
by  the  arrival  of  the  grey-backed  variety 
from  the  north.  Stoats  and  weasels  (the 
latter  bearing  in  some  parts  the  name  of 
'  hedge-kine  ')  are  to  be  found  in  plenty  when 
not  continually  trapped  and  shot,  and  the 
rat — one  of  the  worst  four-footed  foes  of  the 
gamekeeper — is  always  more  or  less  in  evi- 
dence. 

There  is  very  little  to  be  said  about  wild- 
fowling  in  Kent,  a  large  part  of  the  northern 
coast  being  entirely  spoiled  from  the  gunner's 
point  of  view  by  the  amount  of  shipping 
and  a  numerous  population.  In  the  Thames 
estuary  during  hard  weather  wild  fowl  of 
various  sorts  are  at  times  driven  in  from  the 
open  sea,  but  when  this  happens  the  gunners 
are  so  numerous  that  all  chances  of  sport  of 
the  sort  that  is  worth  having  are  out  of  the 
question.     Much  the  same  may  be  said  of 


the  Medway  estuary  of  the  Swale,  where 
at  one  time  a  good  deal  of  sport  both  ashore 
and  afloat  was  obtainable.  The  rest  of  the 
Kentish  coast  does  not  furnish  ^  any  great 
opportunities  for  wild-fowling  ;  and  punt- 
gunning,  so  ardently  pursued  during  the 
season  upon  the  Essex  and  Hampshire  coasts, 
is  not  looked  upon  as  a  business  with  any 
prospects  of  sport  or  profit.  Of  later  years, 
too,  an  immense  acreage  of  marsh-land,  where 
formerly  mallard,  wigeon,  geese  of  sorts,  and 
various  other  fowl,  besides  bitterns,  herons, 
curlews,  and  many  more  water-loving  species, 
made  their  homes,  has  been  drained  and 
turned  into  grazing  land  for  cattle  and  sheep. 
One  may  still  during  severe  weather  come 
across  a  few  duck  here  and  there,  but  one 
may  walk  for  miles  sometimes  and  scarcely 
see  a  feather.  Snipe  are  plentiful  in  certain 
favoured  spots  in  the  water-meadows,  some 
seasons  being  a  great  deal  better  in  point  of 
numbers  than  others,  and  woodcock  are 
found  in  fair  quantity  when  weather  con- 
ditions are  favourable.  But  '  cock  are  not 
nearly  so  freely  distributed  to-day  as  formerly, 
and  a  bag  of  double  figures  in  a  day  would 
nowadays  be  considered  a  matter  for  con- 
siderable comment.  Not  so  very  many  years 
ago  fifteen  or  twenty  couple  of  'cock  in  a 
day's  shooting  would  not  have  been  con- 
sidered remarkable,  but,  whatever  the  cause 
of  it,  such  things  do  not  now  happen. 
The  year  1906-7  was  a  '  woodcock  year,' 
and  much  larger  bags  were  obtained  every- 
where than  for  several  seasons  previously, 
although  none  of  the  big  totals  of  former 
times  were  reached.  Another  bird  which 
seems  to  have  grown  much  scarcer  in  Kent 
of  recent  years  is  the  landrail,  although 
from  the  sporting  point  of  view  that  fact, 
perhaps,  is  little  to  be  regretted. 


ANGLING 


Time  was,  many  years  ago,  when  the 
devotee  of  the  fly-rod  was  wont  to  angle  in 
the  waters  of  the  Medway  and  the  Stour  for 
the  '  king  of  fish,'  but  much  water  has  flowed 
since  the  last  lordly  salmon  was  taken  from 
Kent's  principal  river  with  the  aid  of  the 
rod.  The  Stour,  however,  can  still  boast 
of  sea-trout  within  its  tidal  reaches,  and  these 
fish  are  occasionally  captured  by  the  persistent 
angler. 

These  two  rivers  supply  the  Kentish  fisher- 
man with  the  chief  part  of  the  angling  within 
the  county,  and  both  of  them  can  boast  of 
a  long  record  of  sport.     But   the   Medway 


has  sufltered  a  good  deal  at  the  instance  of 
the  commerce  of  the  district,  which  is  very 
considerable,  and  pollution  is  not  a  thing 
unknown  between  its  banks.  One  cannot 
say  that  the  county  has  anything  very  excep- 
tional to  offer  in  the  way  of  sport  with  what 
are  commonly  known  as  '  game '  fish,  but 
the  fact  that  as  much  as  Cjo  a  mile  has  been 
asked  for  Kentish  trout-fishing  goes  to  show 
that  the  possibilities  of  the  rivers  of  Kent 
are  well  understood,  and  that  although  they 
cannot  offer  such  sport  as  the  chalk  streams 
of  Hampshire,  they  can  afford  very  good 
diversion.        The    Darent,  which    is   a   pic- 


504 


SPORT 


turesque  stream  of  typical  Kentish  pat- 
tern, provides  sport  of  very  fair  quality 
with  the  trout,  and  very  high  prices  are 
obtained  for  a  few  of  the  best  stretches  along 
its  wandering  banks. 

Other  rivers  in  the  county,  besides  the 
three  already  mentioned,  are  the  Lesser 
Stour,  the  Cray,  the  Beult,  the  Teise,  and 
the  Eden.  Most  of  them  are  deep  running 
and  in  places  very  muddy,  while  they  are 
weedy  and  difficult  to  fish  by  reason  of  the 
steepness  of  their  banks  and  the  growth 
of  bushes  and  trees  which  overhang  the 
water. 

The  trout-fishing  throughout  the  county 
is  everywhere  strictly  preserved,  and  the  same 
may  be  said  in  some  instances  of  the  '  coarse  ' 
fishing.  Roach,  pike,  perch,  and  bream 
are  met  with  in  practically  all  the  Kentish 
rivers,  and  some  vety  good  specimens  of 
each  kind  are  taken  every  season.  The 
close  time  for  coarse  fish  is  from  15  March 
to  15  June,  both  dates  inclusive,  the  dates 
applying  generally  to  the  whole  of  the 
rivers  within  the  county. 

Besides  the  rivers  there  are  a  number 
of  lakes  and  ponds,  most  of  which  are  open 
to  the  angler  for  the  asking,  but  permis- 
sion to  fish  must  in  nearly  every  case 
be  obtained.  In  a  few  instances  a  small 
charge  is  made  for  week-end  or  day  angling 
tickets,  application  a  few  days  in  advance 
being  necessary.  The  Hythe  Military  Canal 
offers  exceptional  advantages  to  the  angler, 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  best  pieces  of 
water  in  the  county  for  tench,  which  run  to 
a  good  size  here.  There  is  also  fishing  to  be 
had  in  a  number  of  '  fleets '  or  drains  in  the 
marshes  close  to  the  seashore.  Visitors  from 
London  will  find  the  Medway  and  the  Stour 
the  two  most  accessible  rivers  for  those 
who  do  their  angling  with  the  assistance  of 
the  railway. 

Of  late  years  fish  preservation  in  the  Kentish 
rivers  has  received  considerable  attention, 
and  the  few  streams  which  contain  trout 
have  been  very  much  improved  by  re-stock- 
ing, and  the  enforcement  of  stringent  rules 
concerning  the  size  of  the  fish  that  may  be 
taken.  Similar  regulations  have  been  intro- 
duced in  regard  to  the  coarse  fish — roach, 
dace,  chub,  and  bream  being  well  looked 
after  in  this  respect.  Even  the  murderous 
pike,  whose  friends  are  few  in  most  parts 
of  the  kingdom,  is  encouraged,  and  runs  to  a 
good  size  in  the  weedy  waters  that  he  inhabits. 

The  metropolitan  angler  has  always  been 
encouraged  by  the  railway  company  to  visit 
the  streams  of  Kent,  and  a  number  of  London 
societies    avail   themselves    of    the   week-end 


and  cheap  day  ticket  facilities  provided  on 
the  South  Eastern  and  Chatham  system. 
Local  clubs  and  associations  are  also  numer- 
ous, chief  among  these  being  the  Stour 
Fishery  Association,  the  Lesser  Stour  Fishery, 
and  the  Model  Angling  Club,  each  of  these 
bodies  having  their  head  quarters  in  Canter- 
bury. There  are  also  the  Tonbridge,  Maid- 
stone, Tunbridge  Wells,  and  Yalding  societies 
connected  with  the  Medway  ;  and  the  Heme 
Bay,  Ramsgate  and  District,  Deal  and  Dis- 
trict, and  Folkestone  societies  are  to  be  met 
with  in  succession  along  the  coast.  These 
latter  bodies  include  a  number  of  anglers 
who  besides  being  followers  of  the  sport  in 
fresh  water  also  spend  a  good  deal  of  their 
time  in  salt-water  angling. 

At  Harrietsham  near  Maidstone  there  is 
a  well-managed  piscicultural  establishment, 
known  as  the  Fario  Fishery,  and  owned  by 
Mr.  L.  Mason.  The  chief  fish  reared  here 
are  the  large  English  brown  trout  and  the 
rainbow  trout  of  America.  A  special  study 
is  made  of  natural  fish  food,  and  a  large 
number  of  water  plants  of  various  kinds, 
suitable  for  river  planting  and  useful  in 
attracting  different  species  of  insects,  are 
grown.  Several  of  the  private  waters  of 
the  county  have  been  restocked  from  this 
establishment,  and  the  fish  have  done  well. 
It  is  interesting  to  note,  by  the  way,  that 
there  are  no  grayling  in  any  of  the  Kentish 
rivers. 

Kent's  principal  river,  the  Medway,  rises 
near  East  Grinstead  in  the  vicinity  of  Ash- 
down  Forest,  Sussex,  and  in  the  course  of 
its  meanderings  towards  the  Kentish  border 
the  angler  will  find  many  a  little  quiet  brook 
where  moderate  baskets  of  trout  may  be 
obtained.  Some  of  these  little  tributaries 
run  far  more  briskly  than  those  lower  down 
the  river,  and  although  the  fish  are  small, 
they  are  of  excellent  quality  and  quite  cap- 
able of  aff^ording  good  sport.  The  trout 
fishing  in  these  secluded  brooks  reminds 
one  of  the  sport  to  be  had  in  the  trout 
streams  of  the  West  of  England,  but  the 
use  of  the  fly  is  impossible  upon  some  of  them 
owing  to  the  overgrowth  of  bushes  along  the 
banks.  A  few  of  these  tributaries  contain 
also  roach  and  bream.  The  most  notable 
angling  stations  for  these  parts  and  the  best 
centres  for  visitors  are  Ashurst,  Penshurst, 
and  Groombridge — all  near  the  Sussex 
border ;  and  Wateringbury,  East  Farleigh, 
Yalding,  East  Peckham,  and  Tonbridge, 
farther  along  the  Medway's  course.  About 
two  miles  above  Maidstone  there  is  a  par- 
ticularly good  piece  of  water.  For  the  most 
part  the  river  is  preserved — some  of  it  by 
505  <54 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


private  owners,  and  the  rest  by  various  local 
clubs. 

TJie  Medway  contains  a  great  variety  of 
fish — roach,  bream,  perch,  chub,  pike,  tench, 
and  carp,  with  a  few  trout,  and  here  and 
there  a  nice  little  sprinkling  of  dace.  There 
are  a  good  many  deep  holes,  muddy  at  the 
bottom  and  overgrown  with  weeds  and 
rushes,  making  ideal  haunts  for  the  ponderous 
bream,  which  grow  to  a  good  size  in  situations 
so  exactly  suited  to  their  requirements. 
Next  to  bream,  roach  and  chub  are  most 
numerous,  the  latter  fish  finding  congenial 
quarters  beneath  the  shade  of  the  many  over- 
hanging willows  and  alders.  Here  on  a  hot 
summer's  day,  armed  with  a  goodly  supply 
of  cherries,  the  angler  may  usually  secure  a 
very  respectable  creel  of  these  rather  lazy 
fish.  At  other  seasons  the  appetite  of  the 
Medway  chub  takes  a  great  deal  of  tempting, 
and,  like  the  trout,  he  is  very  spasmodic  in 
his  manner  of  feeding. 

Except  in  autumn  and  winter,  when 
the  Medway  is  subject  to  sudden  floods 
which,  however,  subside  almost  as  quickly 
as  they  rise,  the  river  is  slow  running,  and 
although  it  quickly  recovers  its  level  after  a 
spate,  it  takes  several  days  to  fine  down  to  a 
colour  suitable  for  fishing.  At  such  times 
the  angler  will  do  best  to  concentrate  his 
attention  on  some  of  the  smaller  tributaries 
of  the  river.  During  the  winter  months, 
however,  when  the  water  is  somewhat  thick 
and  discoloured,  fair  sport  may  occasionally 
be  had  with  the  roach.  In  frosty  weather 
good  pike  are  frequently  taken. 

Angling  competitions,  in  which  a  large 
number  of  London  anglers  participate  each 
season,  are  very  popular  upon  the  Medway. 
The  Tonbridge  Angling  Association  looks 
after  a  distance  of  some  eight  miles  of  the 
upper  reaches  of  the  Medway  and  its 
tributaries,  commencing  at  Ensfield  Bridge 
near  Penshurst,  and  extending  to  East  Lock 
near  East  Peckham,  where  the  Maidstone 
Angling  Society  takes  over  the  management. 
Above  Tonbridge  the  tributaries  of  the  Med- 
way are  of  a  very  winding  character,  with 
sharp  bends  and  steep  shady  banks,  some- 
what difficult  to  fish  but  affording  ideal 
haunts  for  fish  of  many  kinds. 

Fly  is  not  much  used  on  these  waters,  but 
there  are  a  few  places  where  the  water  lends 
itself  readily  to  the  higher  branches  of  the 
art.  Both  the  Tonbridge  Angling  Associa- 
tion and  the  Maidstone  Angling  Society 
issue  day  tickets  to  non-members.  Further 
down  the  river  at  Yalding  and  Wateringbury 
there  is  plenty  of  free  fishing  to  be  had.  At 
Yalding,  during  the    season    of   1906,    some 


good  specimen   roach  up  to  2  lb.  apiece  were 
taken. 

Night-fishing  for  bream  is  a  sport  that 
is  extensively  practised  in  the  Medway.  The 
fish  feed  best  late  in  the  evening,  and  again 
in  the  small  hours  of  the  morning,  but  fair 
baskets  are  occasionally  taken  during  the 
day.  The  custom  of  ground-baiting  a  few 
particular  holes  or  '  swims '  for  several  days 
in  succession  is  generally  adopted,  and  yields 
good  results  when  the  river  is  not  too  full 
of  water.  Warm,  close  weather  is  the  best 
for  this  method  of  angling.  Visitors  to 
Medway  waters  will  be  struck  by  the  use  of 
a  species  of  bait  not  to  be  met  with,  so  far  as 
we  know,  in  any  other  part  of  the  kingdom. 
The  local  anglers  are  credited  with  having 
discovered  the  killing  power  of  this  lure, 
\^'hich  consists  of  pieces  of  cotton-seed  (or 
cattle  cake)  broken  up  small  and  incorporated 
with  bran,  the  mixture  being  used  in  the 
form  of  a  ground-bait.  Some  anglers  use 
a  little  of  the  cake  upon  the  hook,  working 
it  up  into  a  paste  with  bread,  and  the  method 
is  said  to  yield  very  good  results  with  roach 
and  bream. 

Chub  are  taken  occasionally  in  the  Medway 
by  the  fly,  to  which,  when  the  fancy  takes 
them,  they  will  rise  fairly  satisfactorily  and 
afford  good  sport.  A  big  Palmer,  or  Zulu 
tied  rather  large,  or  a  wasp  fly  is  the  most 
suitable  on  these  occasions.  Cheese-paste 
and  lob-worms  are  also  used  with  ledger  or 
float  tackle,  and  young  frogs  or  caterpillars 
may  be  tried  when  the  fish  are  in  sulky  mood. 
Speaking  generally,  the  best  winter  baits  in 
the  Medway  for  roach,  bream,  chub,  perch 
and  dace  are  paste,  bread-crust,  gentles,  and 
red-worms. 

There  are  so  few  instances  of  waters 
which  have  been  rendered  useless  for  fish- 
ing being  restored  to  their  original  good 
condition,  that  cases  of  the  kind  may  be 
considered  worthy  of  special  mention. 
Kent  can  provide  a  ver}^  good  example  of 
this  desirable  state  of  things  in  the  case  of  the 
Stour,  for  at  one  time  Fordwich  and  Canter- 
bury were  ports  and  did  such  good  business 
in  the  commercial  world  that  the  angler  had 
no  opportunity  for  indulging  in  his  pastime. 
Indeed,  it  seems  impossible  to  believe  that 
where  the  fisherman  now  plies  his  rod  for 
roach  and  casts  the  delicate  fly  for  trout, 
the  Stour  was  once  the  scene  of  great  com- 
mercial activity  and  full  of  ships  and  shipping. 
It  is  said  that  the  river  in  those  days  had  its 
mouth  near  what  is  now  known  as  Pluck's 
Gutter — a  favourite  pitch  for  anglers  below 
Grove  Ferry,  not  far  from  Margate — flowing 
into  an  arm  of  the  sea  which  separated  the  Isle 


506 


SPORT 


of  Thanet  from  the  mainland.  The  present 
mouth  of  the  Stour  is  at  Sandwich,  and  the 
arm  of  the  sea  into  which  it  flowed  has 
disappeared,  having  given  way  to  breezy 
marshes.  Navigation  is  no  longer  possible 
as  far  as  Fordwich  and  Canterbury,  but  in 
the  olden  days  the  largest  craft  came  up 
the  Stour  as  far  as  these  two  historic  towns. 
No  one  would  ever  have  dreamed  that  the 
navigation,  which  in  the  first  instance  drove 
the  angler  away,  would  ever  so  far  disappear 
as  to  allow  him  to  regain  possession  of  the 
waters.  The  Stour  at  Fordwich  is  now  quite 
a  shallow  stream,  but  it  holds  a  few  good 
trout,  as  well  as  a  good  number  of  coarse  fish, 
of  which  roach  are  the  chief. 

Angling  was  held  in  high  esteem  in  this 
part  of  the  county  in  ancient  times,  and 
the  fishing  rights  of  towns  and  corpora- 
tions were  very  jealously  guarded.  Izaak 
Walton,  speaking  of  the  '  Fordidge  '  trout, 
says  of  them  that  they  are  '  accounted 
the  rarest  of  fish  ;  many  of  them  near  the 
bigness  of  a  salmon,  but  known  by  their 
different  colour.'  It  is  hardly  likely  that 
these  fish  were  the  ordinary  river  trout  of 
our  own  time,  and  the  probability  is  that 
they  were  sea-trout.  At  one  time  these 
fish,  whatever  they  were,  when  they  came 
up  the  river  to  Fordwich  to  spawn  on  the 
gravelly  shallows  thereabouts,  were  much 
sought  after  by  the  Mayor  and  Corporation, 
who  would  seem  to  have  had  their  separate 
rights  and  privileges  with  regard  to  the 
capture  of  the  fish.  But  the  corporation 
appears  invariably  to  have  enjoyed  the  best 
of  the  sport,  and  had  recourse  to  a  cunning 
device  to  ensure  a  good  bag.  Every  year 
when  the  fish  came  up  the  river  these  gentle- 
men caused  the  bed  of  the  stream  to  be 
staked  out  in  the  form  of  a  V,  so  that  the 
ascending  trout  should  all  be  driven  inwards 
towards  its  apex.  At  this  point  a  gap  was 
left,  and  when  the  fish  had  become  thoroughly 
accustomed  to  the  arrangement,  a  bag-net 
was  placed  over  the  opening  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  fish,  though  able  to  enter  it,  could 
not  get  out  again. 

The  principal  angling  stations  on  the  Stour 
are  Ashford,  Wye,  Chilham,  Canterbury, 
Fordwich,  Sturry,  Grove  Ferry,  and  Sarre, 
and  the  waters  are  preserved  by  a  number 
of  societies  and  private  anglers.  In  the 
Canterbury  district  the  Stour  from  Shalms- 
ford  to  the  cathedral  town  and  from  thence 
to  Sturry  is  preserved  by  the  Stour  Fishery 
Association  and  the  Lower  Stour  Fishery. 
Hereabouts  there  is  some  very  good  fly-fish- 
ing for  trout,  and  tickets  by  the  week  or 
month  are  issued  to  the  public  by  the  associa- 


tions. Trout  are  not  allowed  to  be  taken 
in  these  waters  except  with  the  fly,  and 
all  fish  under  13  inches  in  length  must  be 
returned  to  the  river.  At  Wye  there  is 
good  roach  and  pike  fishing  in  the  winter, 
but  in  summer  time  the  weeds  interfere 
greatly  with  this  class  of  sport.  Roach  also 
afford  good  sport  at  Brook,  which  is  situated 
about  two  miles  from  Wye.  The  river  at 
Chilham  is  preserved  by  Colonel  Hardy. 
From  Fordwich  Bridge  to  Pluck's  Gutter 
fishing  is  obtainable  by  the  public  from  Mr. 
Thomas  W.  Gomm,  who  preserves  this 
stretch  of  water,  and  issues  w-eekly  and  season 
tickets.  No  roach  under  9  inches  in 
length  may  be  retained.  June,  July,  August 
and  September  are  the  best  fishing  months 
in  these  w^aters,  but  roach  and  pike  provide 
good  sport  in  the  winter  months.  Blood 
Point  near  Grove  Ferry  is  a  noted  hole  for 
bream. 

At  this  part  the  river  is  tidal,  and  holds 
roach,  bream,  pike  and  rudd,  with  here  and 
there  a  few  dace.  Trout  are  not  very  common, 
and  none  under  16  inches  in  length  are  allowed 
to  be  taken.  During  certain  seasons  of  the 
year  considerable  shoals  of  grey  mullet  and 
some  bass  and  sea-trout,  together  with  an 
occasional  flounder,  work  up  the  river  from 
Sandwich,  and  cause  a  good  deal  of  annoyance 
to  the  roach  angler,  whose  delicate  tackle 
is  not  infrequently  broken  when  large  bass 
or  mullet  take  his  bait.  The  latter  afford 
very  good  sport  for  local  anglers.  For  roach 
the  fishermen  of  the  district  rely  chiefly  on 
bread-crust  and  boiled  wheat,  and  the  writer 
has  found  ground  bait  and  paste  mixed  to 
be  very  killing.  Holiday  anglers  staying  at 
Margate,  Ramsgate,  Deal  and  Heme  Bay 
frequent  the  Stour  at  Grove  Ferry,  which 
is  easily  reached  from  any  of  those  places. 
The  banks  at  this  part  of  the  river  are 
steep,  and  a  landing-net  with  a  long  handle 
is  necessary.  The  stream  runs  swiftly  here- 
abouts at  times,  making  the  use  of  large  well - 
shotted  floats  a  necessity.  Ledger-tackle 
instead  of  float-tackle  is  preferred  by  some 
anglers  in  these  tidal  waters  on  account  of 
the  strength  of  the  currents.  The  river  is 
clearer  above  Grove  Ferry,  and  lighter  tackle 
may  be  used  for  roach  and  bream. 

Among  the  few  rivers  of  Kent  which  may 
lay  claim  to  being  considered  good  waters 
for  trout  the  Darent  is  the  most  important, 
although,  of  course,  the  upper  waters  of  the 
Stour  are  also  well  known  as  the  favourite 
home  of  the  '  speckled  beauty.'  The  Darent 
is  everywhere  strictly  preserved,  and  its 
principal  angling  stations  are  Sevenoaks^ 
Dunton  Green,  Eynsford,  and  Farningham 


507 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Lord  Stanhope  preserves  the  river  at  Seven- 
oaks,  but  the  miller  at  Longford,  close  by, 
owns  some  water,  and  issues  day  tickets  to 
visitors  for  roach  and  trout  fishing.  Eynsford 
affords  some  excellent  trout-fishing — cer- 
tainly the  best  that  the  river  has  to  offer, 
and  probably  the  finest  in  the  county.  This 
part  of  the  Darent  is  closely  preserved  by 
Mr.  W.  B.  Leaf,  who  has  spent  a  great 
deal  of  money  in  improving  the  fishing 
and  re-stocking  with  trout  from  time  to 
time.  Occasionally  he  has  a  rod  to  let.  At 
Farningham  a  nice  stretch  of  the  river 
is  leased  by  the  proprietor  of  the  Lion 
Hotel,  who  issues  tickets  for  the  season  or  for 
shorter  periods.  This  fishing  is  well  looked 
after  and  was  re-stocked  with  brown  trout 
in  1907.  A  variety  of  flies  are  used  on  the 
Darent,  the  best,  according  to  season,  being 
the  following  :  red  and  grey  quills.  Wick- 
ham's  fancy,  March  brown,  mayfly,  olive 
dun,  black  gnat,  and  hare's  ear.  A  trout  of 
ij  lb.  or  so  is  nowadays  considered  very  good 
on  the  Darent  waters,  but  in  1844  Mr.  A. 
Jardine  took  a  magnificent  specimen  of 
6jlb. 

Among  the  less  important  streams  or  tribu- 
taries of  the  county  may  be  included  the 
Cray,  Beult,  Teise,  and  Eden.  They  are 
in  part  preserved,  but  the  sport  obtainable 
in  them  is  not  very  noteworthy  from  a  general 
point  of  view.  The  public  may  fish  them  in 
parts,  and  there  are  roach,  pike,  and  a  few 
other  coarse  fish  to  be  caught  in  all  of  them. 
Trout  are  met  with  occasionally  in  the  Beult 
and  Cray.  The  Cray,  which  before  the 
period  of  pollution  set  in  was  regarded  as 
a  sport-yielding  stream  of  no  small  merit 
considering  its  size,  has  a  beautiful  gravel 
bottom  in  some  of  its  reaches,  but  owing  to 
the  discharge  of  unclean  matter  and  the  low 
state  of  the  water  of  recent  years,  a  great 
deal  of  rubbish  has  collected,  and  the  river 
requires  heavy  floods  or  dredging  before 
it  can  regain  its  former  good  condition. 
Signs  of  recovery  have  become  apparent 
during  the  past  two  or  three  seasons  and  now 
(1907)  the  river  is  showing  a  fair  flow  of  water 
once  more,  notably  in  the  Sidcup  and  Bexley 
districts.  An  attempt  has  latterly  been 
made  to  re-stock  the  Cray  with  trout, 
but  it  is  to  be  feared  that  the  value  of 
the  river  for  fly-fishing  has  been  too  badly 
affected  to  recover  in  a  short  period.  The 
waters  at  Orpington,  Sidcup  Place,  the  Crays, 
and  at  Bexley  are  private. 

The  Beult  is  a  tributary  of  the  Medway, 
and  has  its  source  near  Headcorn.  It  joins 
the  main  river  close  to  Yalding.  There  is 
nothing  to  be  said  of  it  from  an  angling  point 


of  view  that  does  not  apply  to  the  smaller 
streams  of  Kent  in  general.  The  Teise, 
another  tributary  of  the  Medway,  is  a  nice 
little  stream  which  rises  near  Tunbridge  Wells, 
and  runs  through  Goudhurst,  Horsmonden, 
and  Staplehurst,  and  finally,  like  the  Beult, 
empties  itself,  after  a  wandering  career  of 
some  thirty  miles,  into  the  Medway  near 
Yalding.  Another  sporting  little  stream, 
the  Eden,  which  joins  the  Medway  near  Pen- 
hurst,  holds  a  variety  of  fish,  principally  dace, 
roach,  and  gudgeon,  with  a  few  bream  here 
and  there.  It  is  mostly  in  private  hands 
and  is  well  preserved.  In  the  Edenbridge 
district  permission  may  be  obtained  to  fish 
its  waters  on  payment  of  a  nominal  fee  of  a 
shilling  or  two  per  rod  for  the  day.  The 
Eden  rises  near  Godstone  in  Surrey  and  is 
sixteen  miles  in  length.  Mention  should 
also  be  made  of  the  Ravensbourne,  although 
as  an  angling  stream  its  glories  have  long 
since  departed.  At  one  time  good  fish  were 
caught  in  its  waters,  which  extend  for  ten 
miles,  but  being,  as  it  is,  a  tributary  of  the 
Thames,  commercial  enterprise  has  ruined 
its  capabilities  as  an  angling  river.  The  Dour, 
from  which  Dover  takes  its  name,  is  a  small 
stream  of  no  importance  to  the  angler  ;  and 
the  Rother,  which  rises  in  Sussex  and  for  some 
distance  forms  the  boundary  between  that 
county  and  Kent,  is,  properly  speaking,  a 
Sussex  river.  It  offers  very  fair  sport  to 
the  general  angler  and  a  few  trout  of  moderate 
size  are  to  be  caught  in  its  reaches.  It  is, 
however,  like  a  few  other  out  of  the  way 
streams  in  Kent  and  Sussex,  very  badly 
poached  in  places,  and  some  of  its  smaller 
tributaries  are  netted  in  wholesale  fashion. 

Besides  its  rivers  Kent  possesses  a  number 
of  excellent  lakes  and  other  still  waters, 
several  of  which  are  well  stocked  with  fish. 
The  majority  of  these  are  in  private  hands, 
but  permission  to  fish  them  can  often  be 
obtained  by  application  or  introduction. 
The  lakes  at  Leeds  Castle  near  Maidstone 
hold  some  good  perch  and  several  pike  of 
large  size.  Leave  to  fish  here  can  be  obtained 
occasionally.  Mr.  A.  Jardine  once  caught 
a  36  lb.  pike  in  the  Leeds  Castle  waters,  and 
other  anglers  have  had  several  specimen  fish 
during  more  recent  times.  Mr.  Jardine's 
pike  was  landed  in  1877,  and  still  ranks  as 
one  of  the  largest  fish  of  the  kind  taken  in 
English  waters.  Perch  weighing  as  much 
as  4  lb.  apiece  have  been  taken  in  recent 
years  at  Leeds  Castle.  In  1879  H.R.H.  the 
Duke  of  Edinburgh  captured  another  very 
fine  pike  of  24^  lb.  in  the  lake  at  East- 
well  Park  near  Ashford,  the  seat  of  Lord 
Gerard.     In  years  gone  by  there  was   good 


508 


SPORT 


fishing  in  Dartford  Creek,  and  there  are 
still  ponds  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Dart- 
ford  holding  carp,  roach,  perch,  and  bream, 
many  of  which  run  to  a  good  size.  The 
lake  at  the  Phoenix  Paper  Mills  contains 
bream,  and  visitors  to  the  district  can  com- 
bine angling  for  trout  and  roach  in  the 
Darent  between  Crayford  and  Dartford 
with  a  visit  to  the  water  referred  to.  Per- 
mission can  usually  be  obtained. 

The  Hythe  Military  Canal  is  a  favourite 
resort  with  many  anglers.  It  contains 
roach,  rudd,  tench,  perch,  carp,  pike,  and 
eels  ;  and  the  bream  and  tench  fishing  is  often 
marked  by  excellent  sport  in  June,  July,  and 
August.  Not  a  few  anglers,  particularly 
club  fishers  from  London,  pursue  their  sport 
by  night  in  the  warm  months,  and  at  times 
are  rewarded  with  heavy  bags  of  bream,  tench, 
and  eels.  Near  Hythe  a  member  of  the  South 
West  Piscatorials,  Battersea,  early  in  the 
summer  of  1906  caught  more  tench  one  night 
than  he  could  conveniently  carry  to  the  station 
— viz.,  124  lb.  The  fish  taken  numbered 
fifty-eight,  and  in  the  evening  they  were  on 
view  at  the  angler's  club  in  London.  Tickets 
(l/.  a  day)  are  required  by  anglers  in  this 
district,  and  are  to  be  obtained  at  the  Swan 
Inn  at  Hythe.  In  the  autumn  and  winter 
the  canal  furnishes  sport  for  pike  anglers, 
live-baiting  and  spinning  both  proving  success- 
ful. One  of  the  best  reaches  for  pike  is  to 
be  found  at  Ham  Street.  Many  good  pike 
have  been  taken  here,  and  Mr.  L.  J. 
Weston,  a  member  of  the  Hastings  Angling 
Association,  in  the  autumn  of  1906  killed 
a  20  lb.  fish.  The  water  in  the  canal  is 
rather  shallow  in  many  parts,  and  the  finest 
tackle  that  can  safely  be  used  is  to  be  preferred. 

Anglers  may  be  interested  to  learn  that  it 
is  to  the  French  that  they  must  be  grateful  for 
the  existence  of  the  Hythe  canal.  Mr. 
Beavan  in  his  book '  Fishes  I  have  Known '  tells 
us  that  during  our  tremendous  struggle  with 
the   French   in   the   early  years   of   the   last 


century,  certain  precautious  were  taken  by 
the  military  authorities,  in  anticipation  of 
a  descent  upon  the  south  coast  by  our  gallant 
foes.  A  chain  of  martello  towers  was  one 
feature  ;  a  fresh-water  canal  between  S.ind- 
gate  and  Appledore  was  another.  Mr.  Beavan's 
fishing  experiences  in  the  canal  were  not  par- 
ticularly happy. 

The  waterway  [he  says]  has  always  been  attractive 
to  boating  men  and  also  to  anglers,  as  it  is  reputed 
to  be  not  only  well  stocked  with  roach,  bream,  and 
perch,  but  to  contain  a  few  pike.  For  the  sum 
of,  I  think,  two  shillings  per  week,  leave  and  licence 
is  granted  to  angle  for  any  of  the  above  fish,  but 
leave  and  licence  is  also  granted  to  rowing  boats 
on  the  canal,  and  so  shallow  is  it,  as  a  rule,  that  the 
oar-blades  churn  up  the  mud  at  each  stroke.  As 
the  trippers  in  their  gondolas  pass  the  wretched 
angler  on  the  bank,  spoiling  his '  swim  '  and  sending 
his  float  out  of  sight,  unparliamentary  language 
is  provoked,  and  the  proverbial  '  gentleness '  of 
Izaak  Walton's  art  is  belied. 

But  Mr.  Beavan  must  have  been  singularly 
unlucky,  and  the  big  catch  referred  to  above 
has  been  made  since  he  drew  so  mournful  a 
picture  of  Hythe  and  its  canal. 

Probably  the  most  remarkable  fish  ever 
taken  in  Kentish  waters  is  that  which  is 
referred  to  in  the  following  paragraph  which 
appeared  in  The  Globe,  26  September  1904  : 
'  The  Press  Association  says  that  a  novel 
capture  has  been  made  in  the  river  Medway 
at  Rochester.  A  man  named  Buckingham 
went  to  witness  the  launch  of  a  barge,  and 
noticing  a  fish  leap  from  the  water  and  fly 
along  the  surface,  he  struck  at  it  with  his 
walking  stick,  with  the  result  that  he  was  able 
to  capture  it.  It  proved  to  be  a  fine  specimen 
of  the  flying-fish,  measuring  fifteen  inches 
in  length.  The  wing-fins  are  very  promi- 
nent. It  is  most  unusual  for  so  tropical  a 
fish  to  come  to  our  chilly  shores.' 

Stray  pilot  fish  have  been  captured  in 
Ramsgate  Harbour,  probably  following  a 
ship.i 


CRICKET 


No  county  has  a  greater  cricket  history 
than  Kent.  As  Lord  Harris  observed  in  his 
preface  to  the  History  of  Kent  County  Cricket 
(Eyre  and  Spottiswoode,  1907),  which  must 
be  the  standard  work  on  the  subject, '  Kent 
has  probably  put  good  elevens  into  the  field 
over  a  longer  period  than  any  other  county.' 
Research  shows  that  the  earliest  recorded 
match  played  within  '  the  garden  of  England  ' 
was  at  Mailing  in  1705,  when  eleven  gentle- 
men of  the  west  part  of  the  county  of  Kent 


opposed  as  many  of  Chatham  for  eleven  guineas 
a  man.  In  1723  the  championship  had 
already  apparently  come  thither,  for  in  that 
year  the  Earl  of  Oxford  speaks  of  '  the  sport 
of  cricket,  which  of  all  the  people  of  England 
the  Kentish  folk  are  most  renowned  for, 
and  of  all  the  Kentish  men  the  men  of  Dart- 
ford lay  claim  to  the  greatest  excellence.' 
In  the  match  between  the  Prince  of  Wales 


Arthur  H.  Beavan,  Fishes  I  have  Known,  83. 


509 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


and  the  Earl  of  Middlesex  for  ;Ci,ooo  in 
July  1735,  the  latter's  winning  side  was 
composed  of  Kentish  men,  whilst  in  1744 
there  '  was  played  in  the  Artillery  Ground 
the  greatest  cricket  match  ever  known,  the 
County  of  Kent  playing  against  All  England, 
which  was  won  by  the  former.'  Sir  Horatio 
Mann  was  '  a  batter  of  great  might,'  and  the 
Duke  of  Dorset  was  another  keen  amateur, 
who  when  ambassador  at  Paris  invited  the 
earliest  touring  team,  but  the  outbreak  of 
the  Revolution  prevented  this  friendly 
invasion  of  France. 

There  is  no  record  of  Kent  having  played 
a  match  during  the  Napoleonic  wars,  but 
the  county  met,  and  was  defeated  by,  England 
a  month  after  Waterloo.  The  West  Kent 
Club  soon  began  its  distinguished  history, 
and  it  is  notable  that  Mr.  John  Willes  of 
Sutton  Valence  in  Kent  was  the  earliest 
exponent  of  round-arm  bowling.  The  club 
was  inaugurated  at  Town  Mailing  ;  Fuller 
Pilch  became  the  ground-man  and  such 
cricketers  as  Mr.  Herbert  Jenner  and  Mr. 
A.  Mynn  played,  while  Wenman  is  the  oldest 
of  the  great  wicket-keepers.  The  last  sur- 
vivor of  the  giants  who  took  part  in  the  four 
matches  that  Kent  played  with  England 
in  1 841  was  Lord  Bessborough,  who  died 
in  1895. 

In  1837  Fuller  Pilch,  one  of  the  very 
greatest  of  batsmen,  scored  160  at  Reigate 
for  Town  Mailing.  Felix,  Hillyer,  Mr.  C.  G. 
Whittaker,  Mr.  Percyvall  Hart-Dyke  and 
Mr.  H.  Norman  belonged  to  this  epoch. 
Many  mighty  matches  played  at  Gravesend 
and  at  Tunbridge  Wells,  led  to  the  formation 
in  1859  of  a  county  club,  of  which  the  sixth 
Earl  of  Darnley  became  the  first  president. 
After  losing  five  out  of  six  matches  in  the 
first  season,  Kent  was  undefeated  in  i860, 
and  in  1861  twice  beat  England,  Sussex 
and  Surrey,  only  losing  to  Cambridgeshire. 
Willsher  was  the  famous  bowler  of  a  rather 
precarious  period  which  was  closed  in  1870 
by  amalgamation  with  the  Beverley  Club  at 
Canterbury,  Mr.  de  Chair  Baker  becoming 
secretary.  Long  before  this  time  the  annual 
Canterbury  Festival  had  become  the  most 
charming  feature  of  each  season.  Mr.  G.  M. 
Kelson  shared  with  Willsher  the  burden  of 
the  cricket  and  proved  a  very  fine  bat  with 
terrific  hitting  powers. 

What  we  may  call  the  modern  history 
of  Kent  cricket  begins  with  the  appearance  of 
Lord  Harris  in  1 87 1.  A  fine  bat  who  played 
splendid  cricket  and  an  excellent  captain,  he 
exercised  remarkable  influence  over  the  game 
to  which  he  has  been  so  devoted.  Of  those  with 
whom  he  first  played  Messrs.  Yardle),  C.  L 


Thornton  and  Ottaway  liave  imperishable 
names.  Mr.  M.  A.  Troughton  was  an  excellent 
bat,  whose  son  showed  much  promise  in  1907. 
Henty  was  a  good  wicket-keeper;  George  Ben- 
nett proved  himself  one  of  the  earliest  success- 
ful slow  round-arm  bowlers ;  and  Tom  Sewell 
was  a  very  fast  bo\vler.  A  little  later  another 
good  bowler  was  discovered  in  Mr.  Foord 
Kelcey,  whose  pace  was  in  marked  contrast 
to  that  of  Mr.  A.  Penn  or  Mr.  C.  M. 
Cunliffe.  Mr.  Frank  Penn  was  a  very 
punishing  bat  gifted  with  great  defensive 
power,  and  Mr.  C.  A.  Absolom  played  in 
characteristic  if  erratic  fashion.  Mr.  Renny- 
Tailyour,  a  tremendous  scorer  in  minor 
matches,  was  never  quite  successful  in  county 
cricket,  but  Mr.  E.  F.  S.  Tylecote  was  in  the 
forefront  as  a  bat  and  behind  the  wicket. 
Other  useful  run-getters  were  Mr.  F.  A. 
Mackinnon  and  Mr.  V.  K.  Shaw.  Junior 
to  these  was  the  Hon.  Ivo  Bligh,  afterwards 
Lord  Darnley,  whose  career  as  a  prominent 
cricketer  was  shortened  by  ill-health.  Few 
even  of  old  Etonians  could  cut  more  bril- 
liantly, and  if  he  had  curbed  undue  eagerness 
to  score  rapidly  he  might  not  have  been  so 
delightful  to  watch. 

The  Hearnes  rendered  yeoman  service 
to  Kent  cricket.  George  Gibbons  Hearne, 
one  of  the  best  young  professionals  of 
his  day,  was  a  capital  left-handed  bat  and 
medium-paced  bowler,  but,  good  as  he  was, 
he  never  perhaps  attained  to  the  full  what 
he  promised.  Frank  Hearne,  an  aggressive 
bat  and  fine  field,  eventually  went  to  South 
Africa  where  he  had  much  to  do  with  the 
development  of  the  game.  Alec  Hearne 
appeared  to  possess  the  secret  of  never  growing 
old.  He  was  a  patient  painstaking  bat  and 
an  admirable  slow  bowler  who  achieved  the 
Kentish  aggregate  in  each  department.  lU- 
health  materially  prejudiced  the  career  of 
that  very  clever  medium-paced  bowler 
Walter  Hearne.  All  the  "Hearnes  were  ex- 
ceptionally popular  and  universally  respected. 

In  1873,  Kent  met  Sussex  at  Lord's  to  play 
the  only  Champion  Cup  match,  the  com- 
petition initiated  by  M.C.C.  happily  proving 
futile.  When  Kent  and  Gloucestershire 
played  England  at  Canterbury,  Oscroft 
received  a  blow  in  the  face  while  batting 
and  in  falling  put  out  his  thumb.  In  the 
match  against  Sussex  in  1876,  27  runs  were 
needed — and  successfully  obtained — when 
the  last  man,  Henty,  joined  Lord  Harris. 
Against  Kent,  Dr.  W.  G.  Grace,  playing 
for  M.C.C.  in  that  year,  scored  his 
famous  344  at  Canterbury.  In  1878  Mr. 
A.  Penn  took  six  Sussex  wickets  for  three 
runs  and  Mr.  C.  F.  Tufnell  created  a   record 


SPORT 


by  bowling  twenty  consecutive  maidens  in 
the  match  against  Notts.  Next  year  Kent 
was  dismissed  by  M.C.C.  for  25,  Barnes 
claiming  5  for  12. 

A  county  so  dependent  as  Kent  on  its 
amateurs  naturally  experienced  considerable 
difficulty  in  collecting  representative  sides. 
Ill-health  removed  Messrs.  Foord  Kelcey, 
F.  Penn  and  CunliflFe.  A  masterly  exhibition 
in  1882  was  that  given  by  Rev.  C.  Wilson, 
subsequently  Bishop  of  Melanesia,  in  his 
two  great  innings  of  57  and  50  against  the 
Australians.  Mr.  E.  F.  S.  Tylecote  played 
a  memorable  century. 

A  famous  stand  was  that  made  by  Lord 
Throwley  and  Lord  Harris  of  208  for  first 
wicket  against  Sussex  in  the  same  year. 
Wootton  was  a  somewhat  expensive  but 
fairly  efficient  fast  left-handed  bowler.  Of 
higher  class  was  Mr.  Stanley  Christopherson, 
a  really  clever  fast  bowler.  Mr.  M.  C.  Kemp 
was  a  capital  wicket-keeper.  Mr.  F.  Marchant, 
a  magnificent  hitter  of  uncertain  type,  soon 
shared  the  captaincy  with  Mr.  W.  H.  Patter- 
son, one  of  the  most  judicious  and  interesting 
batsmen  who  ever  appeared.  Mr.  Rashleigh, 
a  lively  run-getter  of  very  high  class,  and  Mr. 
Leslie  Wilson,  who  could  score  all  round 
the  wicket,  played  whenever  possible. 

Martin  proved  a  fine  bowler  with  a  lot 
of  spin  on  his  ball  which  was  invariably  dead 
on  the  wicket.  With  him  was  soon  associated 
Walter  Wright,  who  made  up  for  loss  of 
batting  by  effectiveness  as  a  fast  bowler. 
He  is  the  only  Kentish  representative  in  the 
last  thirty  years  who  has  appeared  after 
having  played  regularly  for  another  county. 
Two  sound  bats  who  were  seen  too  little 
were  Mr.  A.  Daffen  and  Mr.  C.  J.  M.  Fox. 
Major  L.  A.  Hamilton  showed  masterly  judge- 
ment in  his  117  against  the  Australians  in 
1890. 

In  1884  Emmett  bowled  Lord  Harris  an 
over  which  yielded  3  wides  and  15  runs  off 
the  four  balls.  In  the  next  year  the  strong 
position  which  Lord  Harris  had  taken  up 
against  the  bowling  of  Crossland  and  Nash 
resulted  in  Kent  declining  to  meet  Lancashire. 
Wootton  in  1888  claimed  5  of  the  Middlesex 
wickets  for  8  runs,  and  Martin  and  Wright 
took  8  Notts  wickets  for  11  runs. 

Kent  made  a  bold  bid  for  the  championship 
in  1893.  A  century  by  Mr.  Rashleigh  in  the 
match  against  Notts  at  Canterbury  was 
remarkable  because  the  fast  bowlers  made  the 
ball  bump  as  high  as  his  head.  Straight  from 
Winchester  came  Mr.  J.  R.  Mason,  the  finest 
cricketer  Kent  ever  had,  superb  in  every 
department,  an  admirable  captain  and  be- 
loved by  every  one.  Mr.  W.  M.  Bradley,  a  tear- 


away  fast  bowler,  came  to  do  yeoman  service, 
and  in  1896  appeared  Mr.  C.  J.  Burnup, 
one  of  the  best  bats  of  his  inches  in  modern 
cricket.  Style  enabled  him  to  command  balls 
that  beat  men  of  six  feet  high.  Mr.  S.  H. 
Day,  always  brilliant,  made  a  centuryin  his  first 
county  match.  In  1895,  after  scoring  a  first 
innings  of  470,  Kent  was  beaten  by  9  wickets 
by  Gloucestershire,  for  which  Dr.  W.  G.  Grace, 
almost  forty-seven  years  of  age,  obtained 
257  and  73  not  out.  In  1896  at  Trent  Bridge, 
Shrewsbury  and  Mr.  A.  O.  Jones  scored  223 
for  first  wicket,  to  which  Mr.  J.  R.  Mason 
and  A.  Hearne  responded  with  195.  Lord 
Harris,  returning  to  county  cricket  after  six 
years  in  India,  amassed  119  in  his  first  match. 
With  Mr.  E.  B.  Shine,  Mr.  F.  Marchant 
(144  not  out)  added  158  in  an  hour  against 
Warwickshire. 

With  the  new  century  must  be  mentioned 
the  Kent  nursery  formed  in  1896  which, 
giving  the  county  an  exceptional  army  of 
capable  professionals,  reflects  great  credit  on 
Mr.  McAlpine,  Mr.  Pawley  and  above  all 
Captain  McCanlis.  C.  Blythe,  who  bowled 
Mr.  F.  Mitchell  with  the  first  ball  he  ever 
sent  down  for  Kent,  is  the  finest  left-handed 
bowler  discovered  since  Wilfrid  Rhodes, 
whose  successor  he  has  become  in  Test 
Matches.  Fielder,  a  capital  fast  bowler,  set 
the  seal  on  his  fame  by  taking  all  ten  wickets 
of  the  Gentlemen  at  Lord's  for  nine  runs 
apiece  in  1906.  Seymour,  a  batsman  almost 
as  attractive  as  Tyldesley,  is  perhaps  the 
best  professional  run-getter  not  yet  selected 
for  the  Players  at  head  quarters.  Humphreys 
is  a  plucky  hitter  who  can  also  get  wickets. 
This  quartette  are  only  seniors  among  excellent 
juniors.  Older  than  any  is  Huish,  who  has 
caught  out  511  opponents  in  243  matches 
and  possesses  an  average  never  equalled  by 
any  wicket-keeper,  for  he  has  also  stumped  1 14. 

So  long  as  he  was  able  to  play  regularly 
Mr.  Mason  was  the  mainstay  of  his  side  in 
every  department,  while  as  time  went  on 
he  seemed  able  to  come  into  county  cricket 
at  any  moment  with  form  which  showed 
no  diminution.  Mr.  E.  W.  Dillon  for  a 
while  was  absolutely  the  best  left-handed 
bat  of  the  day.  Mr.  Mason  had  given  up  the 
captaincy  to  Mr.  Burnup,  and  on  the  depar- 
ture of  the  latter  for  Mexico,  the  old  Etonian, 
Mr.  C.  H.  B.  Marsham — whose  family  had 
for  generations  been  associated  with  the 
cricket  of  the  county — admirably  succeeded 
him.  He  is  an  excellent  bat  of  a  watchful  type 
and  the  success  of  Kent  in  1906  was  greatly 
due  to  his  capable  direction.  In  that  year 
Mr.  K.  L.  Hutchings  leapt  to  the  front  as  a 
batsman  of  extreme  brilliancy,  and  his  form 


511 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


justified  his  being  regarded  as  an  English 
Trumper.  Though  he  did  not  take  his 
place  in  the  county  team  until  the  middle 
of  June  he  thoroughly  deserved  the  honour 
of  being  chosen  for  the  Gentlemen  at  Lord'  . 
In  1900,  56  runs  were  hit  off  Walter  Hum- 
phreys, then  aged  fifty,  on  his  first  appearance 
for  Hampshire.  0\\  ing  to  rain  at  Canterbury, 
Mr.  C.  J.  Burnup  was  at  the  wicket  for  part 
of  each  of  the  three  days  for  his  score  of  49. 
Against  Hampshire  513  was  scored  in  219 
minutes.  Next  year,  Mr.  C.  J.  Burnup  and 
E.  Humphreys  made  108  and  100  for  first 
wicket  against  the  South  Africans.  Not 
one  of  the  last  five  batsmen  scored  in  the 
Somerset  match.  In  two  consecutive  innings, 
against  Somerset  and  Hampshire,  three  Kent 
batsmen  exceeded  a  century  in  each  match. 
At  Canterbury  in  1902  the  last  nine  Surrey 
wickets    fell   for   four   runs. 

In  1903  Kent  played  four  matches  in 
America  and  won  them  all.  The  finest  per- 
formance of  the  tour  was  Mr.  Mason's  five 
wickets  for  six  runs  at  Philadelphia.  Against 
Sussex  in  1904  only  one  run  was  scored  off 
Blythe  in  an  hour.  The  out  match  against 
Yorkshire  at  Harrogate  was  declared  void 
as  the  wicket  had  been  tampered  with. 
Against  Gloucestershire,  Mr.  Dillon  and 
Humphreys  added  100  for  the  third  wicket 
in  each  innings.  With  only  45  minutes  in 
which  to  make  81  at  Worcester,  Messrs. 
Mason,  S.  H.  Day  and  Blaker  made  the  runs  in 
less  than  half  an  hour  and  won  the  match. 
In  1905  at  Gravesend  Humphreys  took  the 
four  last  Notts  wickets  in  seven  balls  without 
a  run  being  scored.  A  tie  was  played  with 
Surrey  at  the  Oval. 

In  1906  for  the  first  time  Kent  achieved 
championship  honours,  exhibiting  cricket 
of  such  exceptional  attractiveness  that  the 
enthusiasm  aroused  was  commemorated  by 
presentations  and  banquets.  Two  defeats 
were  sustained — from  Yorkshire  and  Lanca- 
shire— before  the  county  embarked  on  eleven 
successive  victories,  subsequently  increased 
to  sixteen.  Mr.  Marsham  at  one  period 
had  lost  the  toss  for  nineteen  consecutive 
matches.  A  remarkable  game  was  that 
against  Surrey  at  the  Oval  which  Kent  won 
by  a  single  wicket.  The  colt,  Woolley,  who 
played  with  phenomenal  success  at  a  first 
appearance,  took  3  wickets  for  37  and  5  for 
82,  and  scored  72  out  of  loi  after  six  wickets 
had  fallen  for  61,  carrying  out  his  bat  for  a 
cool  23  at  the  crisis.  Against  Middlesex 
Mr.  K.  L.  Hutchings  obtained  125  and  97 
not  out,  and  helped  to  stave  off  defeat  in  a 
critical  stand  of  twelve  agonizing  minutes 
with  Huish,  the  last   man.     Woolley  scored 


20  off  an  over  by  Mr.  Morrison  when  the 
latter  was  bowling  for  the  West  Indians  and 
Mr.  Blaker  24  off  an  over  from  Bailey  at 
Taunton.  Against  Sussex  at  Canterbury, 
Kent  amassed  568,  Messrs.  Burnup,  Blaker  and 
Marsham  getting  centuries  ;  the  last  232  runs 
were  actually  made  in  ninety  minutes,  five 
overs  producing  50  runs.  Against  Somerset, 
a  fine  score  of  358  for  5  wickets  was  rattled 
up  in  two  hours  and  a  quarter.  When  Kent 
met  the  Rest  of  England,  the  county,  handi- 
capped by  bad  fielding  and  the  absence  of 
Mr.  Mason,  failed  completely  in  the  second 
half  of  the  match.  The  figures  for  the  season 
were  phenomenal ;  Mr.  Burnup  averaged 
69  for  1,116  and  Mr.  Hutchings  64  for  1,358, 
Messrs.  Dillon,  Mason  and  Blaker  all  exceeded 
40  for  over  500  runs  and  Seymour  averaged 
32  for  1,096.  Fielder,  who  took  158  wickets, 
and  Blythe,  who  captured  90,  each  with  an 
average  of  19,  bore  the  brunt  of  the  bowling, 
no  one  else  taking  45,  and  all  the  rest  of 
the  attack  only  gaining  156  between  them. 
The  all-round  promise  of  Fairservice  demands 
note,  whilst  Huish  disposed  of  sixty  opponents 
at  the  wicket.  The  season  of  1907  wit- 
nessed a  sad  falling-off  which  was  due  to 
uncertain  fielding  and  over-confident  batting 
on  wickets  too  slow  for  forcing  tactics. 

Since  1719  Kent  has  won  377  matches, 
lost  422,  played  3  ties  and  161  unfinished 
games.  Nine  batsmen  have  scored  a  thou- 
sand runs  for  a  season  for  the  county ; 
namely  Lord  Harris  in  1884,  and  since 
189s  Mr.  J.  R.  Mason  (7  times),  Mr.  C.J. 
Burnup  (6),  Seymour  (4),  Alec  Hearne  (3), 
Mr.  A.  P.  Day,  Mr.  E.  W.  Dillon,  Mr.  K.  L. 
Hutchings.Woolley  and  Humphreys  once  each. 
Nine  bowlers  have  captured  a  hundred  wickets 
in  a  single  season,  namely  G.  G.  Hearne  in 
1877,  J.  Wootton  in  1884  and  1886,  and  since 
1890  C.  Blythe  (7  times),  Mr.  W.  M.  Bradley, 
Fielder  and  F.  Martin  (twice),W.  Wright  and 
W.  Hearne  (once  each).  Summarizing  the 
averages,  the  following  are  the  chief  per- 
formers : — 

Batting 

completed 

innings  runs  average 
C.  J.  Burnup  .  .  257  9,727  37-87 
J.  R.  Mason  .  .     415        13,835  33-33 

E.  W.  Dillon  .  .  167  5,267  31-53 
Lord  Harris  .  .     260         7,806         30-02 

Bowling 

VVillsher       .  .  .  9,469  755  12-54 

Hearne,  G.  G.  .  .  9,518  577  16-49 

Wootton     .  .  .  10,619  628  16-90 

Martin        .  .  .  17,579  979  17-95 

Blythe        .  .  .  18,910  1,044  iS-ii 

Hearne,  A.  .  .  ,  20,543  1,036  19-82 

Wright        .  .  .  14,308  725  19-73 


SPORT 


The  following  Kent  cricketers  have  repre- 
sented England  in  Test  Matches  at  home : 
Lord  Harris,  Messrs.  F.  Penn,  E.  F.  S.  Tyle- 
cote,  W.  M.  Bradley  with  Martin  and  Blythe. 
Mr.  J.  R.  Mason  has  been  among  the  selected. 

The  following  Kent  cricketers  have  toured 
in  Australia  : — 

Lord  Harris  (1878),  Hon.  Ivo  Bligh  (1882), 
Messrs.  C.  A.  Absolom  (1878),  F.  A.  Mackinnon 
(1878),  F.  Penn (1878),  E.  F.  S.Tylecote(i882), 
J.  R.  Mason  (1897),  C.  J.  Burnup  (1902)  and 
K.  L.  Hutchings  (1907),  with  G.  Bennett 
(1861),  T.  Sewell  (1861),  C.  Blythe  (1901 
and  1907),  and  Fielder  (1901  and  1907). 

The  following  Kent  cricketers  have  played 
for  the  Gentlemen  and  Players  match  at 
Lord's  since  1871  :  Lord  Harris,  Hon.  Ivo 
Bligh,  Messrs.  C.  J.  Ottaway,  W.  Yardley, 
F.  Penn,  E.  F.  S.  Tylecote,'M.  C.  Kemp, 
S.  Christopherson,  W.  H.  Patterson,  F.  Mar- 
chant,  W.  C.  Hedley,  J.  R.  Mason,  G.  J. 
Mordaunt,  W.  M.  Bradley,  C.  J.  Burnup,  K. 
L.  Hutchings  with  G.  G.  Hearne,  Martin 
and  Fielder, 


Since  1878  the  following  Kent  cricketers 
have  appeared  in  the  University  match  :  For 
Oxford,  Messrs.  B.  D.  Bannon,  E.  W.  Dillon, 
T.  R.  Hine  Haycock,  M.  C.  Kemp,  C.  H.  B. 
Marsham,  G.  J.  Mordaunt,  W.  H.  Patterson, 
W.  Rashleigh,  A.  J.  Thornton  and  E.  C. 
Wright.  For  Cambridge  :  Hon.  Ivo  Bligh, 
Hon.  C.  M.  KnatchbuU-Hugessen,  Messrs. 
R.  N.  R.  Blaker,  C.  J.  Burnup,  S.  H.  Day, 
W.  P.  Harrison,  R.  S.  Jones,  F.  M.  Meyrick 
Jones,  F.  Marchant,  T.  N.  Perkins,  E.  B. 
Shine  and  G.  J.  V.  WeigaU. 

This  brief  review  of  the  glorious  record 
of  Kent  cricket  has  not  permitted  reference 
to  the  renowned  Canterbury  Festival,  nor  to 
the  charming  series  of  weeks  at  Maidstone, 
Tonbridge,  Tunbridge  Wells  and  elsewhere 
which  combine  to  make  Kent  cricket  the 
most  delightful  in  contemporary  sport.  It 
is  likely  that  in  the  future  the  elevens  may 
surpass  even  the  achievements  of  their 
predecessors.  Moreover,  in  the  true 
sense  of  the  word,  they  ahvays  play  the 
game. 


GOLF 


The  county  of  Kent  possesses  two 
characteristics  which  combine  to  make  it  a 
natural  centre  for  golf — the  sandy  nature  of 
a  good  part  of  its  long  coast-line,  and  the  fine 
turf  that  covers  its  chalk  down.  When  to 
these  natural  advantages  is  added  that  every 
part  of  it  is  within  easy  distance  of  London 
we  are  not  surprised  to  find  that  golf  courses 
of  every  shade  of  excellence  are  to  be  found 
within  its  borders.  Kent  is  indeed  the 
original  home  of  golf  in  England,  since  the 
royal  and  ancient  game  has  been  played  on 
Blackheath  continually  since  the  year  1608, 
when  King  James  I  introduced  the  Scottish 
game  to  the  inhabitants  of  his  southern 
kingdom.  But  the  county  possesses  another 
title  to  fame  in  its  four  magnificent  seaside 
courses  of  Sandwich  (St.  George's),  Deal, 
Littlestone  and  Sandwich  (Prince's)  ;  and 
there  are  those  who  maintain  that  neither  in 
Scotland,  nor  at  Hoylake,  nor  at  Westward  Ho ! 
can  finer  golf  be  obtained  than  on  the  famous 
links  of  these  clubs. 

The  golf  courses  of  Kent  may  be  classified, 
for  convenience  sake,  in  three  groups — those 
which  are  laid  out  on  true  seaside  turf  with 
natural  sand  bunkers,  and  such  hazards  as 
are  only  found  on  sandy  shores ;  those  that 
are  within  sound  and  sight  of  the  sea,  but 
being  on  down  or  marsh-land  are  lacking   in 

'  5 


the  real  seaside  character  ;  and  those  which 
are  inland. 

Of  the  first  group — the  true  seaside  links — 
there  are  only  four,  but  those  four  are  of 
superlative  excellence.  The  links  of  the 
Royal  St.  George's  Club  at  Sandwich  are  the 
oldest  of  these.  The  club  was  founded  in 
1887,  and  it  has  always  held  among  southern 
golf  clubs  the  proud  position  to  which  the 
excellence  of  its  links  and  its  possession  of  a 
championship  course  entitle  it.  The  course 
has  been  recently  lengthened,  and  with  its 
fine  tee  shots,  the  admirable  length  of  its 
holes,  the  careful  and  accurate  approach  shots 
that  are  required,  and  its  splendid  greens, 
Sandwich  will  long  maintain  its  notable 
position  among  first-class  golf  courses. 

Littlestone  Club  is  one  year  younger,  having 
been  founded  in  1888.  The  fine  and  lengthy 
course  of  this  club  is  on  the  western  shore  of 
Dymchurch  Bay,  i  mile  from  the  ancient 
cinque  port  of  New  Romney.  It  is  6,128 
yards  long,  the  longest  (i8th)  hole  being  528 
yards  in  length.  It  can  hardly  be  called  a 
naturally  difficult  course,  and  the  lies  through- 
out the  green  are  on  turf  of  such  surpassing 
excellence  that  a  brassy  is  hardly  anywhere 
required — a  play-club  is  all  that  is  needed  to 
pick  the  ball  up  from  a  perfect  lie.  The  first 
seven  holes,  which  are  furthest  from  the  sea^ 

13  6s 


A   HISTORY    OF    KENT 


present  no  special  difficulty  to  him  who  can 
drive  '  far  and  sure  '  ;  but  the  prevailing  south- 
west wind,  sweeping  from  the  sea  across  the 
marsh,  plays  havoc  with  a  baU  that  is  not 
truly  hit,  and  the  artfully  disposed  bunkers 
and  the  rough  grass  that  borders  the  course 
are  hazards  that  have  spoilt  many  a  medal 
score.  From  the  8th  hole — perhaps  the  most 
sporting  hole  on  the  course — to  the  enor- 
mously long  1 8th  play  is  on  ground  that  is 
more  diversified  and  of  truer  seaside  char- 
acter. The  amateur  record  for  the  Little- 
stone  course  is  Mr.  S.  C.  Wyatt's  71,  a  fine 
score  that  has  been  beaten  in  one  stroke  by 
David  Herd,  the  professional  of  the  club. 
The  Bar  Golfing  Society  plays  its  tournament 
over  this  fine  course,  and  the  club  shares  with 
the  neighbouring  club  at  Rye  in  Sussex,  the 
honour  of  entertaining  in  alternate  years  the 
competitors  in  the  Parliamentary  Handicap. 
The  club  has  a  very  fine  house  ;  and  has 
recently  opened  a  second  i8-hole  course  to 
the  \vest  of  that  of  which  we  have  given  a 
very  inadequate  description.  Meetings  are 
held  five  times  a  year — at  Easter,  when  the 
Purves  Gold  Medal,  the  Mayor's  Cup  and  the 
Denge  Challenge  Trophy  are  offered  for  com- 
petition ;  at  \Vhitsuntide,  when  the  Ladies' 
Diamond  Jubilee  Cup,  the  Tubbs'  Cup  and 
the  Bannon  Bo^vl  are  the  objects  of  competi- 
tion ;  in  August,  when  the  Erskine  Goblets  for 
foursomes  and  the  Denge  Trophy  are  played 
for ;  in  November,  when  the  Autumn  Gold 
Medal  and  the  Coronation  Cup  are  the 
principal  prizes ;  and  at  Christmas  ,when  the 
Winter  Cleek  is  the  challenge  prize.  The 
list  of  club  trophies  also  includes  the  Waterlow 
Challenge  Cup  for  the  lowest  gross  medal 
score  during  each  year,  and  the  King-Farlo:\- 
Cup,  played  for  twice  annually,  not  at  a 
meeting. 

A  keen  rival  of  these  two  famous  clubs 
is  the  Cinque  Ports  Golf  Club,  founded  in 
1892,  whose  links  are  amid  the  rolling  sandhills 
a  mile  from  Deal.  A  great  professional 
has  declared  that  Deal  is  the  best  course  in 
the  south  of  England.  Another  good  judge  of 
the  game  has  recorded  his  conviction  that 
the  last  four  holes  at  Deal  afford  the  finest 
finish  on  any  course,  and  there  are  many  who 
subscribe  to  these  dicta.  Deal  is  a  long 
course  of  6,500  yards  ;  every  hole  is  of  interest 
and  of  good  length,  the  lies  and  the  greens 
are  nearly  perfect,  and  the  variety  of  stances 
and  shots  which  the  undulating  surface  of 
the  ground  affords,  have  combined  to  raise 
these  links  to  a  very  high  position  in  the  regard 
of  those  who  enjoy  real  golf.  Deal  has  been 
very  properly  admitted  during  this  present 
year — 1907 — into     the     charmed    circle     of 


championship  courses  ;  and  Kentish  Golfers 
may  well  be  proud  that  they  possess  in  the 
links  of  the  Cinque  Ports  and  the  St.  George's 
Clubs  two  adjacent  golf  courses  that  are 
worthy  of  that  high  honour. 

The  records  for  the  Deal  green  are  74  by 
Mr.  H.  B.  Hayman,  and  73  by  Harry  Vardon. 
The  chief  prizes  that  the  cluls  offers  for  com- 
petition are  the  Scratch  Silver  Challenge  Cup 
at  Whitsuntide,  the  Silver  Challenge  Cleek 
in  August,  the  Borough  of  Deal  Open  Chal- 
lenge Cup,  and  the  Silver  Challenge  Irons 
for  foursomes  in  October. 

Prince's  Club,  whose  l8-hoIe  links  at  Sand- 
wich were  instituted  in  1906,  is  the  last  and 
youngest  of  the  true  Kentish  seaside  courses. 
Its  links  adjoin  those  of  the  St.  George's 
Club,  and  extend  northward  along  the  shore 
to  Shellness.  The  surface  is  somewhat  like 
that  at  Deal,  undulating  and  covered  with 
fine  close  turf,  and  the  peculiarly  long  and 
narrow  hog-backed  greens  demand  accuracy  in 
approaching  ;  and  the  way  in  which,  through- 
out this  long  course  of  6,700  yards,  the  player 
finds  at  every  hole  that  straightness  is  essen- 
tial reflects  great  credit  on  the  skill  of  the 
designers.  The  club  has  a  very  fine  house 
on  the  seashore. 

Of  golf  courses  which,  though  at  the  seaside, 
have  not  the  characteristic  marks  of  sandy 
soil  and  natural  sand  bunkers,  that  of  the 
Dover  Golf  Club  is  the  oldest.  The  club  was 
founded  in  1890,  and  has  a  9-hole  course,  with 
a  length  of  about  a  mile  and  a  half  round, 
between  the  Deal  and  St.  Margaret's  roads. 
A  terrifying  chalk-pit,  a  farmyard  and  the 
ramparts  of  a  fort  are  w'nh.  artificial  bunkers 
the  hazards  of  this  course. 

Westgate-on-Sea  has  a  9-hole  course,  made 
in  1893,  and  a  year  later  an  l8-hole  course 
of  about  3  miles  in  length  was  opened 
on  high  ground  above  the  town  of  Hythe, 
overlooking  the  sea.  The  links  of  the  Thanet 
Golf  Club  are  at  Hengrove,  a  mile  and  a 
half  from  Margate,  where  an  i8-hole  course 
was  laid  out  by  Ramsay  Hunter  in  1896. 
The  subsoil  is  chalk,  and  the  hazards  include 
made  bunkers,  a  chalk  pit  and  hedges. 

The  St.  Margaret-at-Cliffe  Golf  Club 
has  a  9-hole  course  opened  in  1899,  4J  miles 
from  Dover,  and  the  Heme  Bay  Golf  Club, 
which  was  refounded  in  1902,  has  links 
recently  extended  to  18  holes  under  the 
direction  of  James  Braid  on  high  and  undulat- 
ing ground  at  Eddington,  on  the  road  to 
Canterbury,  about  a  mile  from  the  sea.  Two 
miles  from  Broadstairs  is  the  course  of  the 
North  Foreland  and  Kingsgate  Club,  on  the 
cliffs  between  the  North  Foreland  and 
Cliftonville,  with  the  sea  surrounding  it  on 


SPORT 


three  sides.  Lord  Avebury  and  others  were 
instrumental  in  founding  this  club  in  1903, 
and  the  course,  which  is  to  be  lengthened,  is 
on  good  down  turf  with  chalk  subsoil.  Play 
is  possible  all  the  year  round  ;  but  the  best 
time  for  the  game  is  the  spring  and  early 
summer.  Bogey  is  less  deadly  than  usual  with 
his  79,  and  the  amateur  record  is  held  by 
Mr.  J.  A.  Harrison,  who  has  done  a  round  in 
75.  J.  Higgs  holds  the  professional  record 
of  73- 

The  youngest  of  these  semi-seaside  courses, 
if  we  may  so  call  them,  is  that  of  the  Leysdown 
Golf  Club,  which  is  at  Gosbee,  in  the  Isle  of 
Sheppey,  8  miles  from  Sheerness.  This  club 
was  founded  in  1904,  when  an  interesting 
course  of  18  holes  was  laid  out  by  Mr.  J.  R. 
Divett,  with  the  assistance  of  J.  H.  Taylor, 
on'a  space  of  some  200  acres  on  the  Leysdown 
and  Shelbess  estate.  The  club-house,  which 
is  a  comfortable  old  farmhouse,  is  a  quarter 
of  a  mile  from  the  sea,  and  the  links,  which 
lie  to  the  south  of  Leysdown,  are  on  good 
pasture  intersected  with  ditches  and  bounded 
by  the  seashore. 

Of  inland  courses  the  most  remarkable  is 
that  of  the  venerable  Blackheath  Club,  which 
is  just  300  years  old.  There  are  only  7  holes, 
one  of  which  is  the  longest  hole  in  golf ;  and 
these  are  played  three  times  round  in  com- 
petitions. For  many  years  Mr.  F.  S.  Ireland's 
loi  stood  as  the  amateur  record.  Harry 
Vardon  and  J.  H.  Taylor  had  each  been 
round  in  98 ;  but  these  fine  scores  w-ere  all 
defeated  on  i  October  1907,  when  Mr.  A.  S. 
Johnston,  playing  for  the  Glennie  Medal, 
returned  a  wonderful  card  of  95.  A  player 
with  a  strong  sense  of  humour  has  spoken 
not,  perhaps,  unjustly  of  Blackheath  as  a 
course  whose  hazards  are  nursemaids  and 
lamp-posts ;  but  the  historic  associations  of 
the  club,  the  good  feeling  of  players  which 
absolutely  prevents  friction  with  the  public, 
and  the  excellent  golf  which,  considering  all 
things,  is  to  be  enjoyed  on  Blackheath, 
surely  entitle  this  ancient  club  to  the  grate- 
ful recognition  of  all  true  golfers.  There 
are  five  meetings  a  year — in  February,  April, 
June,  October  and  December,  and  among 
the  trophies  of  the  club  are  the  Bom- 
bay, the  Glennie  and  the  Photographic 
Society's  Medals,  the  Adam,  the  Knill,  the 
Singapore,  the  Calcutta  and  the  Penn  Cups, 
the  Diamond  Jubilee  Cup  and  the  Great 
Yarmouth  Challenge  Prize. 

Golf  had  been  played  for  280  years  on 
Blackheath  before  the  county  saw  the  institu- 
tion of  its  next  oldest  inland  course  at  Folke- 
stone, where  in  1888  a  9-hoIe  course,  about 
2,700  yards  in  length,  was  laid  out  over  the 

5 


meadows  of  Broadmead  about  a  mile  from 
the  town.  The  greens  are  good,  and  there 
are  plenty  of  hazards.  The  club  possesses 
two  valuable  prizes  in  the  Filmer-Bennett 
Cup  and  the  Hong  Kong  Cup  ;  the  Captain's 
Gold  Medal  is  offered  for  winners  of  the 
monthly  medal. 

The  Barham  Downs  Golf  Club,  instituted 
in  1890,  with  a  ladies'  club  attached,  has 
its  9-hole  course  on  the  high  chalk  downs, 
where  once  stood  Ingoldsby's  gibbet,  4  miles 
from  Canterbury,  and  half  a  mile  from 
Bishopsbourne.  It  was  founded  by  Captain 
Tattersall  of  Charlton  Place  near  Canter- 
bury, and  has  a  length  of  about  4,800  yards. 
The  hazards  are  made  bunkers  and  a  road 
which  is  crossed  at  the  first  three  holes. 
Bogey  for  two  rounds  is  an  easy  77,  which 
score  has  been  beaten  by  Messrs.  E.  F.  Morris 
and  A.  C.  Edwards  in  70  strokes.  Harry 
Vardon  h.-is  been  round  the  9  holes  in  32. 
The  club  holds  three  meetings  a  year — in 
April,  when  the  Style  Challenge  Cup  is 
played  for;  in  May,  when  the  Captain's 
Prizes  are  the  principal  object  for  compe- 
tition; and  in  September,  when  the  Burdett 
Challenge  Cup  is  offered. 

The  links  of  the  Lamberhurst  Golf  Club, 
also  instituted  in  1890,  are  in  the  park  at 
Court  Lodge,  7  miles  from  Tunbridge  Wells. 
The  9-hole  course  is  about  ij  miles  round, 
and  the  best  months  for  play  on  this  pasture 
land  course  are  from  March  to  June. 

Sidcup  has  a  9-hole  course  opened  in  1891, 
in  which  year  the  i8-hole  links  of  the 
Rochester  Golf  Club  were  made  on  meadow 
land  of  sandy  loam  at  Oakleigh,  about  3^ 
miles  from  the  cathedral  city.  The  hazards  are 
water,  banks,  fences  and  trees.  The  Rochester 
Club  is  rich  in  prizes,  which  include  the  Silver 
Iron,  Lord  Darnley's  Cup,  the  Winch,  the 
Oakleigh,  the  Atkin  and  the  Royal  Navy 
Cups,  the  Royal  Scots  Medal  and  the  Royal 
Marine  Shield.  The  professional  record  of 
71  for  the  green  was  made  by  James  Braid 
and  R.  F.  Walker.  Mr.  W.  A.  Henderson 
and  Mr.  A.  E.  Bewes  hold  the  amateur  record 
of  74. 

The  year  1892  was  the  date  of  the  founda- 
tion of  the  two  powerful  clubs  of  Bromley 
and  Eltham,  whose  respective  courses  are  on 
Bromley  Common  and  in  the  park  of  Eltham 
Lodge.  The  Eltham  course,  where  the 
hazards  are  artificial  sand  bunkers  with  a  pond, 
hedges  and  ditches,  has  a  length  of  5,230 
yards.  It  has  been  greatly  improved  of 
late  years  by  an  elaborate  and  costly  system 
of  drainage.  The  club-house  is  a  magnificent 
old  mansion,  built  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II, 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  Wood  family. 
15 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


Tonbridge  Golf  Club,  instituted  in  October 

1893,  has  a  sporting  course  of  9  holes  situated 
between  Tonbridge  and  Hildenborough.  The 
dub  prizes  include  the  Bent  Cup,  the  Floyd 
Bowl,  the  Furley  Cleek  and  the  Lucas  Iron. 
The  President's  Prize  is  played  for  in 
November. 

The   Chislehurst   Golf  Club,   founded   in 

1894,  has  a  somewhat  short  course  in  the 
park  of  Camden  Place,  where  a  record  of  64 
for  the  18  holes  has  been  established  by  Mr. 
O.  C.  Bevan  and  Mr.  C.  E.  Dick.  '  The 
beautiful  and  historic  house  of  Camden  Place 
is  the  club-house. 

At  Culverden  and  at  Tunbridge  Wells  two 
courses  were  opened  in  1896,  that  at  Culver- 
den being  of  9  holes  on  high  ground  500  feet 
above  the  town,  while  the  links  of  the  Tun- 
bridge Wells  club,  also  of  9  holes,  are  on 
quick-drying  pasture  with  s.nndy  subsoil  close 
to  the  common.  The  ladies  of  the  Tunbridge 
Wells  club  have  a  club-house  of  their  own. 

At  Bearsted  is  the  l8-hole  course  of  the 
Maidstone  Golf  Club,  instituted  in  1897. 
Tickle's  record  of  73  and  Mr.  F.  G.  Stenning's 
of  75  for  this  undulating  course  testify  to  its 
sporting  character.  The  Maidstone  Ladies' 
Club,  founded  a  year  later,  is  a  branch  of  the 
men's  club. 

The  Dartford  Golf  Club,  instituted  in 
1897,  has  a  9-hole  course  at  Dartford  Heath 
which  has  been  greatly  extended  of  late 
years.  It  is  on  old  pasture-land  with  gravel 
subsoil,  and  has  natural  and  artificial  hazards 
of  various  kinds.  The  length  is  if  miles 
with  a  par  score  of  39.  The  ground  is  never 
muddy,  indeed  it  is  apt  to  bake  in  hot  and 
dry  weather. 

The  Sundridge  Park  Golf  Club  has  a  fine 
inland   course  on   Sir   Samuel   Scott's   estate 


close  to  Bromley,  which  was  opened  in  1901. 
It  is  a  long  i8-hole  course  laid  out  with 
excellent  judgement  over  ground  of  very 
undulating  character.  The  holes  are  of  good 
length,  and  if  there  is  a  certain  sameness 
about  some  of  them  the  fine  large  greens, 
most  of  which  are  natural,  the  beautiful  lies 
and  the  variety  of  the  hazards  more  than  atone 
for  this. 

Yet  another  of  the  many  golf  links  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  London  is  that  of  the 
Barnehurst  Club.  This  is  a  somewhat  short 
i8-hole  course  laid  out   by  James   Braid  in 

1903,  in  \vhich  year  9-hole  courses  at  Ashford 
and  Gravesend  were  opened.  The  Graves- 
end  links  are  on  the  marshes  between  Graves- 
end  and  Higham,  and  are  shortly  to  be 
lengthened  to   18  holes. 

The  Eltham  Warren  Golf  Club  greatly 
enlarged    its    sporting    links    of    9  holes    in 

1904,  and  as  the  soil  is  dry  and  sandy  the 
course  is  improving  rapidly. 

Youngest  of  Kent  golf  courses  is  the  excel- 
lent one  belonging  to  the  Wrotham  Heath 
Club,  founded  in  1906.  The  links  are  on 
Highlands  Farm,  Wrotham  Heath,  nearly 
400  feet  above  the  sea-level,  and  though  there 
are  only  9  holes,  they  are  planned  with  such 
skill  and  are  of  such  good  length,  the  natural 
hazards  are  so  interesting,  and  the  turf,  being 
on  undulating  ground  throughout  the  course, 
is  of  such  fine  quality,  that  the  club  may  be 
congratulated  on  its  really  fine  course,  which 
has  every  promise  of  becoming  the  very 
best  of  the  inland  courses  in  the  county. 

The  Editor  desires  to  express  his  cordial 
thanks  to  the  secretaries  of  many  clubs  who 
have  kindly  supplied  much  of  the  information 
that  is  incorporated  in  these  notes  on  golf  in 
Kent. 


ATHLETICS 


The  historian  who  sets  himself  the  task 
of  recording  the  story  of  Kent  athletics  finds 
at  once  that  he  has  to  deal  with  a  county 
possessing  peculiarities  of  its  own  with 
regard  to  this  branch  of  sport ;  indeed,  in 
one  particular  respect,  Kent  stands  almost, 
if  not  quite,  in  a  class  by  itself.  Other 
counties  have  their  amateur  and  their  pro- 
fessional side  of  athletics,  but  in  Kent  the 
latter  feature  predominates  to  a  much  greater 
extent  than  can  be  found,  probably,  in  any 
other  part  of  the  kingdom.  Athletic  sports, 
promoted  under  the  laws  and  regulations  of 
the  Amateur  Athletic  Association,  are  com- 
paratively   few    and    far    between,    Avhereas 


meetings  of  the  unregistered  type  are  numer- 
ous in  almost  every  part  of  the  county. 
The  athlete  who  indulges  in  sport  for 
sport's  sake,  which,  as  all  must  admit,  is 
the  healthiest  form  of  recreation  for  mind 
and  body  that  can  be  devised,  would  expect 
to  find  that  in  this  part  of  England  as  else- 
where amateur  gatherings  held  under  the 
auspices'of  the  A.A.A.  were  on  the  increase; 
but  such  unfortunately  is  not  the  case. 
It  is  to  be  noticed,  indeed,  that  a  num- 
ber of  meetings  which  were  once  of  the 
unregistered  type,  and  whose  promoters 
tried  the  experiment  of  holding  their  sports 
under  the  aegis  of  the  *  Three  A's,'  found 
516 


SPORT 


the  cost  of  the  undertaking,  including  the 
payment  of  permit  fees  and  the  employment 
of  official  handicappers,  far  greater  than 
they  could  bear,  and  they  have  long  since 
reverted  to  the  old  order  of  things.  The 
tendency  to  follow  this  example  still  exists. 
It  seems  likely  that  in  the  near  future 
many  more  clubs  will  adopt  the  unregistered 
principle,  while  there  appears  to  be  little 
likelihood  of  new  clubs  coming  forward  to 
fill  the  gaps  caused  by  these  secessions  from 
the  ranks  of  pure  amateurism.  One  cannot 
but  regret  this  state  of  affairs,  for  strictly 
amateur  athletics  should  everywhere  form 
a  part  of  the  curriculum  of  the  youth  of 
England. 

Other  meetings  of  the  long  ago  in  the 
county  of  Kent,  though  still  promoted  under 
the  laws  of  the  Amateur  Athletic  Association, 
have  either  become  less  exclusive  as  regards 
the  rules  which  govern  them,  or  have  gradu- 
ally drifted  into  the  hands  of  men  with 
good  ideas  of  sport  but  possessed  of  broader 
minds  on  the  subject  of  amateurism  and 
more  democratic  in  their  views.  Belong- 
ing to  this  latter  class  of  sports  are  those 
held  at  Belvedere,  which  meeting  may  be 
regarded  as  the  successor  to  the  old  Erith 
and  Belvedere  fixture.  No  more  popular 
gathering  than  this  last  within  easy  reach 
of  London  ever  existed.  In  its  palmy 
days  in  the  early  'eighties  it  was  loyally 
supported  by  the  members  of  the  London 
Athletic  Club  and  similar  bodies ;  but  the 
character  of  the  meeting  has  changed  consider- 
ably since  then,  although  it  is  still  popular. 

At  about  the  same  period  there  flourished 
meetings  at  Gravesend,  at  which  athletes  of 
good  class  were  in  the  habit  of  competing. 
Prominent  among  the  competitors  of  that  day 
was  E.  C.  Carter,  a  champion  cross-country 
runner.  He  afterwards  went  to  America, 
where  he  still  remains,  and  in  that  country 
has  won  several  championships  and  estab- 
lished records.  At  the  old  North  Kent 
sports  his  was  one  of  the  most  familiar  figures, 
and  on  one  occasion  at  that  meeting  he  carried 
off  the  two  miles  open  handicap  in  very  fast 
time.  At  the  same  sports  J.  M.  Cowie,  the 
champion  sprinter  of  the  day,  was  credited 
with  covering  the  lOO  yards  in  a  shade  better 
than  ten  seconds.  Whether  he  actually 
did  so  is  open  to  some  doubt,  but  the  proba- 
bility is  that  he  achieved  the  record,  for  he 
was  a  good  man  and  the  course  was  a  little 
downhill.  At  any  rate  his  performance  was 
a  remarkable  one,  although  it  could  not  be 
officially  recognized. 

Shoreham  sports,  which  at  one  time 
belonged  to  the  unregistered  category,  came 


within  the  fold  of  the  Amateur  Athletic 
Association  a  few  years  ago,  and  there  seems 
to  be  every  prospect  of  the  Shoreham  meeting 
one  day  taking  a  high  position  in  Kent  athletics. 
Dr.  Desprez,  one  of  the  local  officers  of  the 
A.A.A.,  is  a  resident  in  the  district,  and  as 
becomes  an  old  athlete,  naturally  interests 
himself  greatly  in  the  sport. 

At  Tunbridge  Wells,  a  town  ever  associ- 
ated with  good  men  and  true  in  nearly 
every  branch  of  sport,  a  couple  of  sports 
meetings  are  held  every  year,  the  one  by 
the  Tonbridge  Invicta  Harriers,  and  the  other 
by  the  Tunbridge  Wells  St.  John's  CM. 
and  A.C.  Of  the  latter  body  Mr.  H. 
Saville,  of  Newerman  Road,  Tunbridge 
Wells,  is  the  honorary  secretary.  The  old 
Tunbridge  Wells  Harriers,  winners  for  a 
number  of  years  of  the  South  of  the  Thames 
inter-club  race,  are  no  longer  in  existence, 
although  a  number  of  their  members — 
prominent  among  whom  is  A.  Ovenden, 
of  the  London  Athletic  Club — are  still  to 
be  met  with,  principally  in  the  capacity  of 
officials,  at  various  athletic  meetings  both 
in  and  out  of  London. 

Real  athletics  never  flourished  to  any  con- 
siderable extent  in  Kent,  albeit  as  the  county 
in  which  some  important  cycling  contests 
have  been  decided  under  the  auspices  of  the 
National  Cyclists'  Union,  it  has  been  rather 
famous  in  the  past.  To  find  anything  of 
downright  historical  interest  in  Kentish 
field  sports,  apart  from  the  fact  that  good 
men  from  other  districts  came  to  the  county 
meetings,  one  has  to  come  to  the  very  modern 
times  of  1887  to  note  that  a  Lewisham  resi- 
dent (but  a  Birmingham  born  man),  J.  H. 
Adams,  carried  off  the  50  miles  Ordinary 
Bicycle  Championship  of  the  N.C.U.  at 
Birmingham.  F.  J.  Osmond,  S.  F.  Edge, 
and  P.  F.  Wood,  old  cycle  and  tricycle  cham- 
pions, had  their  Kentish  club  and  residential 
connexions,  and  the  Crystal  Palace  itself 
has  long  been  a  home '  of  cycle-racing.  In 
1892  the  Heme  Hill  track  was  chosen  for  the 
N.C.U.'s  chief  races,  and  the  Catford  ground 
was  used  in  1896.  A  winner  of  a  N.C.U. 
medal  for  the  tandem  championship  in  1898 
was  F.  Burnand  of  Catford,  who  partnered 
E.  J.  Callingham,  a  Surrey  resident. 

The  Blackheath  Harriers  and  Heme  Hill 
Harriers  are  chiefly  Kentish  men,  and  while 
the  former  is  rather  an  exclusive  society, 
the  latter  can  be  said  to  have  turned  out 
some  very  useful  runners  within  the  past 
decade.  For  instance,  the  15  miles  amateur 
record  holder,  Fred  J.  Appleby,  is  a  member 
of  the  H.H.H.,  and  the  ex-Irish  mile  and 
four  miles  champion,  J.  N.  Deakin,  bears  the 

517 


A    HISTORY    OF    KENT 


'  hoops  '  of  that  club,  as  does  F.  H.  Hulford, 
who  has  won  the  4  miles  A.A.A.  championship. 
The  quarter-mile  champion  of  England  in 
1903,  Chas.  McLachlan,  wore  the  colours  of 
the  Heme  HiU  contingent,  which  is  so  well 
looked  after  by  Mr.  Chas.  Otway  (Camber- 
well),  their  honorary  secretary.  The  Black- 
heath  Harriers  have  boasted  a  capital  half- 
miler  in  B.  J.  Blunden,  who  has  held  English 
honours  at  that  distance  ;  and  A.  Healey, 
a  fellow  member,  who  ran  second  in  the 
hurdle  race  at  Athens,  has  won  several 
Northern  Counties  championships  by  reason 
of  his  birth  qualification. 

Another  club,  the  Kent  A.C.,  brought 
into  prominence  A.  Aldridge,  a  stayer  who 
won  Southern,  National,  and  International 
honours  on  the  flat  and  across  country,  though 
he  always  had  to  play  second  fiddle,  when 
they  met,  to  the  Sussex  wonder,  Alfred  Shrubb. 
In  the  South-of-the-Thames  Cross-Country 
championships  Kentish  clubs  always  figure 
prominently,  and  they  won  the  last  of  the 
South-of-the-Thames  races  (1907)  with  a 
team  of  young  and  promising  stayers. 

Another  club,  the  Cambridge  Harriers, 
which  to  all  intents  and  purposes  is  a 
London  institution,  belies  its  name  so  far  as 
its  membership  is  concerned,  for  most  of  its 
members  are  drawn  from  the  county  of  Kent. 
The  club  was  established  in  1890. 

Other  athletic  clubs  within  the  county 
which  hold  their  meetings  under  the  laws 
of  the  Amateur  Athletic  Association  are  the 
Erith  Harriers ;  Swanley  CM.  and  A.C.  ; 
Cray  Valley  CM.  and  A.C  ;  Sittingbourne 
C.C  ;  Dover  CC  ;  Bexley  W.M.C  ;  and 
Foots  Cray  C.C. 

In  addition  to  the  sports  meetings  pro- 


moted by  these  clubs,  numerous  gatherings 
are  held  annually,  or  at  irregular  intervals, 
in  various  parts  of  the  county.  Some  are 
unregistered  meetings  mainly  supported  by  , 
amateur  athletes,  while  others  are  avowedly 
of  the  professional  order.  Between  these 
two  kinds  of  meetings  there  is  in  reality  a  far 
greater  difference  than  is  recognized  by  the 
ruling  body  of  the  sport.  But  that  Associa- 
tion tars  both  with  the  same  brush  and 
looks  upon  the  unregistered  meeting  as 
disdainfully  as  it  considers  the  purely  pro- 
fessional undertaking.  A  hard  and  fast  line 
must,  however,  be  drawn  somewhere,  and 
severe  as  the  regulations  of  the  A.A.A.  may 
appear  to  be  in  some  instances,  there  is  no 
doubt  that  their  action  is  entirely  in  accord- 
ance with  the  best  interests  of  those  amateurs 
who  are  loyal  to  the  provisioHS  made  by  the 
laws  of  the  predominant  body. 

Canterbury,  Gravesend  A.C,  Northfleet 
Institute,  CHffe-at-Hoo,  Rainham,  Ramsgate, 
Birchington-on-Sea,  Maidstone,  Kent  County 
Constabulary,  Ashford  United,  Smeeth,  Char- 
ing, Headcorn,  High  Halden,  Chatham, 
Sittingbourne,  Bexley  Heath,  and  Orpington 
all  hold  sports  every  year — some  of  them 
in  connexion  with  local  flower  shows — but 
it  is  impossible  to  say  which  of  these  are 
registered,  unregistered  or  professional  meet- 
ings, even  if  it  were  advisable  to  state  the  fact. 

For  a  long  time  past,  and  indeed  through- 
out the  whole  of  its  athletic  career,  although 
perhaps  never  more  so  than  at  the  present 
time,  Kent  has  been  an  unsettled  county  in 
the  matter  of  its  athletic  principles,  and  the 
meeting  that  is  registered  to-day  is  more  than 
likely  to  be  unregistered,  or  even  admittedly 
professional,  to-morrow. 


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