Gc
942.2301
V66
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1267060
M.
GENEALOGY
COLLECTION
3 1833 00727 6931
Zhc l[)fctoria Ibistot^ of the
Counties of Enolanb
EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.
A HISTORY OF
KENT
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOLUME I
THE
VICTORIA HISTORY
OF THE COUNTIES
OF ENGLAND
KENT
LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE
AND COMPANY LIMITED
This History is issued to Subscribers only
By Archibald Cojistahle fsf Company Limited
and printed by Butler i^ Tanner of
Frome and London
INSCRIBED
TO THE MEMORY OF
HER LATE MAJESTY
QUEEN VICTORIA
WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE
THE TITLE TO AND
ACCEPTED THE
DEDICATION OF
THIS HISTORY
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY
His Grace The Lord Arch-
bishop or Canterbury
His Grace The Duke of Bed-
ford, K.G.
President of tbe Zoological Society
His Grace The Duke of Devon-
shire, K.G.
Chancellor of the University of Cam'
Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart.,
LL.D., F.S.A., etc.
Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D., F.R.S., etc.
Sir Edward Maunde Thomp-
son, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.S.A., etc.
Director of the Britiih Museum
Sir Clements R. Markham,
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A.
President of the Royal Geographical
Society
Sir Henry C. Maxwell-Lyte,
K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., etc.
Keeper of the Public Records
Sir E. Ray Lankester, K.C.B.,
LL.D., M.A., F.R.S., etc.
Director of the Natural History
Museum^ South Kensington
President of (he Royal Agricultural CoL. SiR DuNCAN A. JoHNSTON,
K.C.M.G., C.B., R.E.
Late Director General oj the OrJnaiice
Sur'vey
Sir Jos. Hooker, G.C.S.L, M.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC.
Sir Archibald Geikie, LL.D.,
F.R.S., ETC
harles Cox, LL.D.,
F.S.A., etc.
Lionel Cust, M.V.O., M.A.,
F.S.A., etc.
Director of the National Portrait
bridge
His Gr-^ce The Duke of Port-
land, K.G.
His Grace The Duke of
Argyll, K.T.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of
ROSEBERY, K.G., K.T.
The Rt. Hon. The Earl of
Coventry
Society
The Rt. Hon. The Viscount
of the Society of
Dillon
Late President
Antirjuaries
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Lister
Late President of the Royal Society
The Rt. Hon. The Lord f c a
Alverstone, G.C.M.G.
Lord Chief Justice
The Hon. Walter Rothschild
M.P.
Galler;
General Editor — William Page, F.S
Charles H. Firth, M.A., LL.D.
Regius Professor of Modern History,
Oxford
Albert C. L. G. Gunther, M.A.,
M.D., F.R.S., Ph.D.
Late President of the Linnean Society
F. Haverfield, M.A., LL.D.,
F.S.A.
Camden Professor of Ancient History
Reginald L. Poole, M.A.
University Lecturer in Diplomatic,
Oxford
J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.
Walter Rye
W. H. St. John Hope, M.A.
Assistant Secretary of the Society of
Antiquaries
Among the original members of
tlie Council were
The late Duke of Rutland
The late Marquess of Salisbury
The late Dr. Mandell
Creighton, Bishop of London
The late Dr. Stubbs, Bishop of
Oxford
The late Lord Acton
The late Sir William Flower
The late Professor F. York
Powell and
The late Col. Sir J. Farqu-
harson
.A.
GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT
The Victoria History of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey which,
under the direction of a large staflF comprising the foremost students in science, history, and
archaeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This
work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it
her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it
a worthy and permanent monument to her memory.
Rich as every county is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been no attempt
made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form.
Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county
histories have been issued, they are very unequal in merit ; the best of them are very rare
and costly ; most of them are imperfect and many are now out of date. Moreover, they were
the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal ade-
quately with all the varied subjects wliich go to the making of a county history.
vii
In the VicroRiA Hisiory each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of many,
for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship
can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby
the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar under-
takings.
The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Ad^â– isory Council are a guarantee
that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department of research,
for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past and of the social,
institutional, and political developments of national life. As these histories are the first in
which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is hoped that they
will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than welcome to the man of
culture.
THE SCOPE OF THE WORK
The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the
earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter
follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman, and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks ; a new
translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social,
and economic history ; architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc. ; and topography. The greater
part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing
an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial
histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private
papers. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of
interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England with a collection of public records
greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet far behind
her neighbours In the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local institutions.
Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain for a period
of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political, ecclesiastical,
and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and social progress
and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to generation. The
neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact that their interest
and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is directly attributable
to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research. The government of
this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our continental neighbours
entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that although
an immense amount of work has been done by individual effort, the entire absence of organization
among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto robbed the results of much
of their value.
In the Victoria History, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our national
and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervizing the researches
required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts has been
engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are fruitful
in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among workers
under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information is
sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible.
THE RECORDS COMMITTEE
Sir Edward Maunde Thompson, K.C.B. C. T. Martin, B.A., F.S..\.
Sir Henry M.\xwell-Lyte, K.C.B. J. Hor.\ce Round, M..A., LL.D.
W. J. Hardy, F.S.A. S. R. Scarcill-Bird, F.S.A.
F. Madan, M.A. W. H. Stevenson, M.A.
G. F. Warner, M.A., F.S.A.
CARTOGRAPHY
In addition to a general map in several sections, each History contains Geological, Oro-
graphical, Botanical, Archaeological, and Domesday maps ; also maps illustrating the articles
on Ecclesiastical and Political Histories, and the sections dealing with Topography. The
Series contains many hundreds of maps in all.
ARCHITECTURE
A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many
of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other
monastic foundations.
In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture,
ecclesiastical, military, and domestic, are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. Peers, M.A.,
F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history
who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work : —
ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE
J. BiLsoN, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. J. A. Gotch, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
R. Blomfield, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. St. John Hope, M.A.
Harold Brakspear, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. W. H. Knowles, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
Prof. Baldwin Brown, M.A. Roland Paul, F.S.A.
Arthur S. Flower, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D.
George E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A. Percy G. Stone, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
H. Thackeray Turner, F.S.A.
The general plan of Contents and the names among others of
those who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as
follows : —
Natural History.
Geology. Clement Reid, F.R.S., Horace B. Woodward, F.R.S., and others
Palaeontology. R. L. Lydekker, F.R.S., etc.
{Contributions by G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., H. N. Dixon, F.L.S., G. C. Druce, M.A.,
F.L.S., Walter Garstang, M.A., F.L.S., Herbert Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S., R. I. Pocock,
Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.R.S., etc., B. B. Woodward, F.G.S.,F.R.M.S., etc.,
and other Specialists
Prehistoric Remains. Sir John Evans, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., W. Boyd Dawkins, D.Sc, LL.D.,
F.R.S., F.S.A., Geo. Clinch, F.G.S., John Garstang, M.A., B.Litt., and others
Roman Remains. F. Haverfield, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., Camden Professor of Ancient History
Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. Hercules Read, F.S.A., Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A., and others
Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. Horace Round, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists
Architecture. C. R. Peers, M.A., F.S.A., W. H. St. John Hope, M.A., and Harold Braks.-ear,
F.S.A., A.R.LB.A.
Ecclesiastical History. R. L. Poole, M.A., and others
Political History. Prof. C. H. Firth, M.A., LL.D., W. H. Stevenson, M.A., J. Horace Round,
M. A., LL.D., Prof. T. F. Tout, M. A., Prof. James Tait, M.A., and A. F Pollard
History of Schools. A. F. Leach, M.A., F.S.A.
Maritime History of Coast Counties. Sir John K. Laughton, M.A., M. Oppenheim, and others
Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities
Agriculture. Sir Ernest Clarke, M.A., Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and others
Forestry. John Nisbet, D.Oec, and others
Industries, Arts and Manufactures 1 t. xr • . ,
_ . , , „ ■Tj- r By Various Authorities
Social and Economic History J '
Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. Cuming, the Rev. E. E. Dorli.\g, M.A., and others
Hunting \
Shooting l By Various Authorities
Fishing, etc J
Cricket. Sir Ho.me Gordon, Bart
Â¥
^i
THE
VICTORIA HISTORY
OF THE COUNTY OF
KENT
EDITED BY
WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.
VOLUME ONE
LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE
AND COMPANY LIMITED
1908
123^C60
County (Committee tor Ikent.
The Most Hon. the Marquess Camden.
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Torrington.
The Rt. Hon. the Viscount Hardinge.
The Rt. Hon. the Earl Stanhope.
The Rt. Hon. the Earl Amherst.
The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Cranbrook.
The Rt. Hon. the Earl of Darnley.
The Rt. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Rochester,
D.D.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord De L'Isle and
Dudley.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Kinnaird.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Sackville,
G.C.M.G., K.C.M.G.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Brabourne.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Northbourne.
The Rt. Hon. the Lord Avebury, P.C.
The Hon. Robert Marsham-Townshend.
The Rt. Hon. John G. Talbot, P.C, M.P.
Sir John W. Honywood, Bart.
Sir Spencer P. Maryon-Wilson, Bart.
Sir Herbert C. Perrott, Bart., C.B.
Sir William Geary, Bart.
Sir Edmund S. Hardinge, Bart.
Sir Samuel Scott, Bart., M.P.
Sir David Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons, Bart.
Sir Henry Lennard, Bart.
Sir Charles J. Jessel, Bart.
Sir Mark Collet, Bart.
Sir James Whitehead, Bart.
Sir Gilbert Parker, D.C.L., M.P.
The Rt. Rev. the Bishop of Dover, D.D.
The Very Rev. the Dean of Canterbury,
D.D.
The Very Rev. the Dean of Rochester, D.D.
A. A. Arnold, Esq., F.S.A.
George Matthews Arnold, Esq., D.L.,
J.P., F.S.A.
R. J. Balston, Esq., D.L., J.P.
Matthew Bell, Esq., D.L., J.P.
Coles Child, Esq.
F. S. W. Cornwallis, Esq.
George J. Courthope, Esq., M.A., D.L.,
JP-
Thomas Colyer-Ferguson, Esq.
H. W. FORSTER, M.P., B.A.
James S. Friend, Esq., D.L., J.P.
O. E. d'Avigdor-Goldsmid, Esq. LL.B., J.P.
LiEUT.-CoL. C. S. Hardy, D.L., J.P.
Laurence Hardy, Esq., M.P.
R. K. Hodgson, Esq., D.L., J.P.
CoL. T. J. Holland, C.B., D.L.
S. Wayland Kershaw, Esq., M.A., F.S.A.
Ernest H. Lamb, Esq., M.P., A.LE.E.
The Rev. G. M. Livett, B.A., F.S.A.
Harry H. Marks, Esq., M.P.
Henry B. Mildmay, Esq., D.L., J.P.
T. B. Napier, Esq., LL.D., M.P.
W. B. Tylden-Pattenson, Esq., D.L.
George Payne, Esq., F.S.A.
Thomas Gilbert Peckenham, Esq., D.L.,
J.P.
James Rowlands, Esq., M.P.
Col. O. E. Ruck, R.E., F.S.A. (Scot.)
LiEUT.-CoL. C. A. M. Warde, D.L., J.P.
Henry Weigall, Esq., D.L., J.P.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Bromley.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Dover.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Folkestone.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Gilung-
HAM.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Gravesend.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Hythe.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Margate.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Rochester.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Tenterden.
The Worshipful the Mayor of Tunbridge
Wells.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE
Dedication .....
The Advisory Council of the Victoria Histo:
General Advertisement
The Kent County Committee
Contents
List of Illustrations .
Preface ....
Table of Abbreviations
Natural History
Geology
Palaeontology
Botany
Introduction .
Mosses (Musci)
Scale-Mosses {Hepatica;)
Freshwater Alg»
Marine Algae .
Characeae
Lichens {Lichenes) .
Fungi
Zoology
Marine
Molluscs
Insects
Orthoptera (Earwigs, Grass-
hoppers, Crickets, etc.) .
Neuroptera {Dragonflies, Stone-
flies, Lacewings, etc) .
By G. W. Lamplugh, F.G.S
By R. Lydekker, F.R.S., F.L.S,
By the Rev. E. S. Marshall, M
By E. M. Holmes, F.L.S.
By the Rev. E. S. Marshall,
By E. M. Holmes, F.L.S.
By H. C. SoRBY, LL.D., F.R
By B. B. Woodward, F.L.S., F,
Edited by Herbert Goss, F.E.S.
Entomological Society) .
F.G.S.
. F.S.A. .
G.S., F.R.M.S.
(late Secretary
By Malcolm Burr, B.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S., et(
By Wm. J. Lucis, B.A., with notes by the late Robert
McLachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc. .
By Frederick W. L. Sladen, F.E.S.
Hymenoptera Phyt^
(Sawflies, etc.) .
Hymenoptera Entomophaga
{Ichneumon-flies, etc.) .
Hymenoptera Tubulifera
{Ruby-tailed flies)
Hymenoptera Aculeata {Ants,
Wasps and Bees) ... „ „ „ . .
Coleoptera {Beetles) . . By the Rev. Canon Fowtler, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S,
notes by Geo. C. Champion, F.Z.S., and Arthur
Chitty, M.A., F.E.S,
Lepidoptera {Butterflies and Moths)
Rhopalocera ... By Herbert Goss, F.E.S., with notes by Chas.
F.E.S., and Capt. Savile G. Riid, late R.E., F.Z,
Heterocera ... „ „ „
Micro-Lepidoptera . . By Benjamin A. Bower, F.E.S.
XV
Fenn,
S., etc.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE
Natural History (ront.)
Zoology {coiit.)
Insects (cojit.)
PAGE
Diptera (Flies) .
By Col. John W. Yerbury, late R.A., F.Z.S
, F.E.S.,
with notes by H. Elgar
209
Hemiptera Heteroptera (Bugs)
By Edward Saunders, F.R.S., F.L.S., etc. .
.
214
Hemiptera Homoptera (Cica-
das, Fiend-flies, Lantern-flies,
etc.) . . .
By Wm. West, with notes by Edward A. Butler, B.A.
B.Sc, F.E.S
222
Spiders
By the late F. 0. Pickard-Cambridge, M.A. .
226
Crustaceans
By the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.Z.S.
237
Fishes ....
By G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., F.Z.S. .
263
Reptiles and Batrachians .
»
266
Birds ....
By Boyd Alexander, F.Z.S.
267
Mammals
By F. J. Baker, A.R.C.Sc. (Lond.), F.R.H.S.
302
Early Man ....
By George Clinch, F.G.S. .
307
Anglo-Saxon Remains
By Reginald A. Smith, B.A., F.S.A. .
339
Ancient Earthworks
Compiled by the late I. Chalkley Gould
F.S.A.,
principally from plans and descriptions by
the Rev
E. A. Down man
389
Appendix I. The Deneholes o
Kent ....
By T. V. Holmes, F.G.S., F. Anthrop. Inst. .
446
Appendix II. On the Embank
ments of the Thames in Kent
By F. C. J. Spurrell, F.S.A. .
454
Agriculture ....
By C. W. Sabin
457
Forestry ....
. By the Rev. J. C. Cox, LL.D., F.S.A. .
471
Sport, Ancient and Modern
Edited by the Rev. E. E. Dorling, M.A. .
479
Hunting ....
By Frank Bonnett ('East Sussex')
479
Fox-Hunting .
„ „ „ . .
479
Staghounds
•
48s
The Mid-Kent Staghounds
..
'485
Harriers
„ „ „
486
Point-to-Point Racing
,. ,j >,
488
Draghounds
„ „ „
489
Foot Harriers and Beagles .
» „
490
Otter-Hunting
„ „ „
490
Coursing ....
„
• 491
Racing ....
„
492
Flat Racing .
„
493
Steeplechasing
J.
496
Famous Owners, Trainers anc
Horses
„ „ „
498
Polo ....
^) V »
SCO
Shooting ....
„ „ „
SOI
Angling ....
>, ). J)
504
Cricket ....
By Sir Home Gordon, Bart. .
509
Golf
By the Rev. E. E. Dorling, M.A.
S13
AtUetics ....
By Frank Bonnett ('East Sussex')
.
516
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PACE
Canterbury Cathedral. By William Hyde frontispiece
Palaeolithic Implement from Reculver 308
Palaeolithic Implements found in Kent ...... full-page plate, facing 310
Palaeolithic Implements, West Wickham ,, „ „ 310
Palaeolithic Implements from Thanington . . . . . . . . . .311
Palaeolithic Implements found in Kent 312
Diagrams showing Types of Neolithic Hut-floors and Cooking Pits at Hayes Common . .315
Diagram No. I. Remains of Stockaded Enclosures, Hayes . . . . . . .316
Diagram No. 2. Enclosures at Hayes 315
Neolithic Flakes from Millfield, near Hayes Common 316
Kits Coty House . . . . ) ,„,,•„
The Fallen Stones near Kits Coty House! full-page plate, ^ac^ng 31^
Megalithic Remains, Addington „ „ ,,318
Megalithic Remains, Addington ,, „ „ 320
Megalithic Remains at Coldrum, Trottiscliffe . . . . » » .. 320
Bronze Knife from Isle of Harty ........... 322
Sword Hilt (damaged) found at All Hallow's, Hoo 322
Knife found at All Hallow's, Hoo
322
Bronze Age Antiquities full-page plate, facing 324
Gold Armilla found at Canterbury 1
GoldArmillas, etc.found at Aylesford J- .-,.,. » » », 326
Bronze Armillae found at Canterbury J
Grave-pit, Aylesford 327
Sketch-plan of Grave-pits, Aylesford ........... 327
Late Celtic Antiquities found at Aylesford full-page plate, facing 328
Long-handled Pan of Bronze, Aylesford .......... 329
Metal Disc found at Greenwich ........... 329
Gold Bracelets found at Bexley : First Hoard full-page plate, facing 336
Gold Bracelets found at Bexley : Second Hoard ... . „ „ ,> 338
Jewelled Brooch with Engraved Runes .......... 340
Tombstone of Raehaebul, Sandwich
341
Gold Coin-Pendant, St. Martin's 342
Anglo-Saxon Jewels from Kent (Plate I) coloured plate, facing 342
Kingston Brooch, Side View and Back 3^7
Bronze Pin, Breach Down 3^g
Bronze Ornaments, Buttsole . .~|
Bronze Key, Buttsole . . . j- full-page plate, facing 352
Bronze Escutcheon of Bowl, FavershamJ
Bronze Bowl with Patches, Gilton 355
Sword-hilt with Gilt Mounts, Coombe .......... 356
Pottery Bottles and Jug, Sarre 359
Anglo-Saxon Ornaments and Glass from Kent (Plate II) . . . coloured plate, facing 360
Engraved Silver Brooch, Sarre . . .361
Radiated Bronze Brooch, Lyminge 365
Bronze Brooch, Lyminge 365
I xvii c
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Gilt Sword-pommel, Crundale Down 368
Gilt Mount of Wooden Cup, Faversham 370
Engraved Bronze Plate, Faversham 371
Stamped Pottery Vase, Faversham 371
Bronze Bowl, King's Field, Faversham 372
Gilt Horse-trapping, Faversham 372
Olive-green Glass Cup, Faversham 373
Bronze Bowl, LuUingstone . . )
. full-page plate, facing 378
sronze-
gilt Hoop of Brooch, Canterbury]
Enamelled Escutcheon of Bowl, Greenwich 379
Pendent Cross of Silver, Gravesend 381
Bronze Cruciform Brooch, Canterbury 382
Silver Coin-Brooch, Canterbury (Obverse and Reverse) . . . full-page plate, facing 382
Enamelled Gold Finger-ring, Canterbury 384
Ancient Earthworks : —
Cobham Park Oppidum 393
The Camp, Coldred 394
Oldbury Camp, near Ightham 396
Kenardington Camp 397
Holwood Camp, Keston 398
Quarry Wood Camp, Loose ............ 399
Milbay's Camp, Nettlestead 400
Camp, West Wickham 402
Joyden Wood Camp, near Dartford 405
Castle Hill, Brenchley 407
Knox Bridge Castle Bank, Frittenden 408
Sheppey Castle, Queenborough ............ 409
Sweyn's Camp, Swanscombe 410
Section of Fort in Shoulder of Mutton Wood, near Wouldham 41 1
The Donjon, Canterbury . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
Dover Castle 414
'Caesar's Camp,' Castle Hill, Folkestone 417
Leybourne Castle .............. 418
Saltwood Castle, near Hythe 420
Stockbury Castle .............. 422
Binbury Castle, Thornham 422
Thornham Castle .............. 423
Castle and Town Hall, Tonbridge ........... 424
Wilmington Manor Moat, Boughton Aluph 426
Broxham Moat, Edenbridge ............ 426
The Palace, Eltham .............. 427
Moat at Share Farm, HorsmonJen ........... 427
Moat at Colbridge Farm, Boughton Malhc-rbe 429
Cooling Castle .............. 430
Hever Castle ............... 431
Moat at Scotney Castle, Lamberhurst .......... 431
Castle Rough, Milton . . ........... 432
Bayford Court, near Sittingbourne ........... 433
Tonge Castle . .............. 434
Entrenchment in Preston Woods, Aylesford ......... 435
Entrenchments at Shingleton, Eastry. .......... 436
Entrenchment at Amsbury, Cox Heath, Hunton 437
Enclosure in Mangravel Wood, Maidstone . 438
Works at Lesnes .............. 441
xviii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Ancient Earthworks {contd) page
Castle Toll, Newenden 442
Shallow Deneholes near Crayford ........... 448
Pit near Lenham .... 448
No. I Denehole at Stonehall Farm, Lydden 449
No. 2 Denehole at StonehaU Farm, Lydden 450
'Moseling's Hole,' Church Alkham 450
Stankey Pit 450
Cavey Spring Pit ............. • 451
Joyden's Wood Pit 4SI
Hangman's Wood Pit 4SI
Diagram Sections showing necessary results of long disuse on a Shaft and Chamber at Blackheath 453
LIST OF MAPS
Geological Map ... between nviii, I
Orographical Map „ 14' ^S
Botanical Map „ 44>4S
Pre-Historical Map „ 306, 307
Anglo-Saxon Map „ 338, 339
Ancient Earthworb Map jacing 389
PREFACE
THE history and topography of Kent are so pecuh'arly attrac-
tive that many historians have turned their attention to the
county and it has thus been supplied with a continuous flow
of topographical works from the sixteenth century to the
present day. The first of its historians, and perhaps the earliest
English county historian, was William Lambarde, who in 1576 pub-
lished his Perambulation of Kent containing the Description^ Hystorie and
Customes of that Shyre. Lambarde was born in 1536 and was the son
of a draper and alderman of London. He practised law and after
publishing some collections relating to the Anglo-Saxon period com-
pleted his Perambulation of Kent in 1570. This, his principal work,
although not quite on the lines of the more modern county histories,
gives most quaint and interesting descriptions of old customs which
during the period of change in which he lived were fast passing
away. After serving the office of Keeper of the Records for some
years he died in 1601. Lambarde's work was followed in 1659 by
Richard Kilburne's Topographie or Survey of the County of Kent and
John Philipot's Villare Cantiutn, published by his son Thomas Philipot,
but neither of these can well be considered a county history. In
1 7 1 9 Dr. John Harris, a profuse writer, published a History of Kent which,
although not of the strictest accuracy, contains much information and
is accompanied by a series of plates of great interest by Kyp.
It is however to Edward Hasted that we naturally turn as the
historian of Kent. Born in 1732 he was brought up to the law and
was a man of considerable property till, like other county historians, his
work involved him in pecuniary difficulties. His History of Kent
was issued in four volumes, the first of which appeared in 1778 and
the last in 1799. It is said to have occupied over forty years of his life,
and from the care with which it is compiled may be classed among the
best of our county histories. It shows an enormous amount of research,
particularly among the records of the ecclesiastical corporations which
were available to him in the county ; but the public records, then dis-
tributed in various offices and not easily accessible, are somewhat neg-
lected. A new edition of this history was contemplated by Mr. Henry
H. Drake, but only the first volume including the Hundred of Black-
heath was completed and published in 1886. It is much fuller in detail
than Hasted's work and considerable use has been made of the public
records now collected together at the Public Record Office.
PREFACE
Writers such as Charles Seymour, S. Henshall, S. W. H. Ireland,
T. Collings and many others have followed with various topographical
works on the county, which however can hardly be classed among the
county histories of Kent.
This reference to the histories of Kent would be incomplete with-
out mention of the Archaologia Cantiana, the publication of the Kent
Archaeological Society, which was begun in 1858 and contains invaluable
records of all matters affecting the history of the county.
The Editor desires to express his acknowledgments to Mr, G. M.
Arnold, D.L., F.S.A. and Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., F.Z.S. for assist-
ance, and to the Society of Antiquaries, the Kent Archaeological Society,
Sir John Evans, K.C.B. and Messrs. Longmans, Green & Co. for permis-
sion to reproduce illustrations.
Like many others, the Editor deeply deplores the death of Mr. L
Chalkley Gould, F.S.A. whose ever ready assistance on the articles on
Earthworks he will greatly miss. Mr. Gould was the first to suggest
that articles on this subject should be included in the Victoria County
History, and always took great interest in and gave much help with
regard to them. Fortunately he was able to pass the final proof of
the article in this volume a few days before his death.
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbrev. Pkc. (Rec.
Com.)
ActsofP.C. . .
Add
Add. Chart. . .
Admir
Agarde ....
Anct. Corresp. .
Anct. D. (P.R.O.)
A 2420
Ann. Mon. . . .
Antiq
App
Arch
Arch. Cant. . .
Archd. Rec.
Archit
Assize R. . . .
Aud.Off. . . .
Aug. Off. . . .
Ayloffe ....
Beds .
Berks .
Bdle. .
B.M. .
Bodl. Lib.
Boro. .
Brev. Reg.
Brit.
Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re-
cord Commission)
Acts of Privy Council
Additional
Additional Charters
Admiralty
Agarde's Indices
Ancient Correspondence
Ancient Deeds(Public Record
Office) A 2420
Annales Monastici
Antiquarian or Antiquaries
Appendix
Archasologia or Archasological
Archxologia Cantiana
Archdeacon's Records
Architectural
Assize Rolls
Audit Office
Augmentation Office
Ayloffe's Calendars
Bedford
Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Bundle
British Museum
Bodley's Library
Borough
Brevia Regia
Britain, British, Britannia,etc.
Buck Buckingham
Bucks .... Buckinghamshire
Cal. .
Camb.
Cambr.
Campb. Ch. . .
Cant
Cap
Carl
Cart. Antiq. R.
C.CC. Camb . .
Certiorari Bdles.
(RoUs Chap.)
Chan. Enr. Decree
R.
Chan. Proc.
Chant. Cert. . .
Chap. Ho. .
Calendar
Cambridgeshire or Cambridge
Cambria, Cambrian, Cam-
brensis, etc.
Campbell Charters
Canterbury
Chapter
Carlisle
CartE Antiquce Rolls
Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge
Certiorari Bundles (Rolls
Chapel)
Chancery Enrolled Decree
Rolls
Chancery Proceedings
Chantry Certificates (or Cer-
tificates of Colleges and
Chantries)
Chapter House
Charity Inq.
Chart. R. 20 Hen.
HL pt. i. No. 10
Chartul.
Chas
Ches
Chest
Ch. Gds. (E.xch.
K.R.)
Chich
Chron
Close ....
Co
Colch
CoU
Com
Com. Pleas .
Conf. R. . . .
Co. Plac. . . .
Cornw
Corp
Cott
Ct.R
Ct. of Wards . .
Cumb
Cur. Reg. . . .
D
D.andC. . . .
De Banc. R. . .
Dec. andOrd. . .
Dep. Keeper's Rep.
Derb
Devon ....
Dioc
Doc
Dods. MSS. . .
Dom. Bk. . . .
Dors
Duchy of Lane.
Dur. . . .
Charity Inquisitions
Charter Roll, 20 Henry III.
part i. Number 10
Chartulary
Charles
Cheshire
Chester
Church Goods (E.^hequer
King's Remembrancer)
Chichester
Chronicle, Chronica, etc.
Close Roll
County
Colchester
Collections
Commission
Common Pleas
Confirmation Rolls
County Placita
Cornwall
Corporation
Cotton or Cottonian
Court Rolls
Court of Wards
Cumberland
Curia Regis
Deed or Deeds
Dean and Chapter
De Banco RoUs
Decrees and Orders
Deputy Keeper's Reports
Derbyshire or Derby
Devonshire
Diocese
Documents
Dodsworth MSS.
Domesday Book
Dorsetshire
Duchy of Lancaster
Durham
East Easter Term
Eccl Ecclesiastical
Eccl. Com. . . . Ecclesiastical Commission
Edvy Edward
Ehz Elizabeth
Engl England or English
Engl. Hist. Rev. . English Historical Review
Enr Enrolled or Enrolment
Epis. Reg. . . . Episcopal Registers
Esch. Enr. Accts. . Escheators Enrolled Accounts
Excerpta e Rot. Fin. Excerpta e Rotulis Finiura
(Rec. Com.) (Record Commission)
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
Exch. Dep. . .
Exchequer Depositions
Line
Lincolnshire or Lincoln
Exch. K.B. . .
Exchequer King's Bench
Lond
London
Exch. K.R. . .
Exchequer King's Remem-
brancer
m
Membrane
Exch.L.T.R. . .
Exchequer Lord Treasurer's
Mem
Memorials
Remembrancer
Memo. R. . . .
Memoranda Rolls
Exch. of Pleas, Plea
Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll
Mich
Michaelmas Term
R.
Midd
Middlesex
Exch. of Receipt .
Exchequer of Receipt
Mins. Accts. . .
Ministers' Accounts
Exch. Spec. Com.
Exchequer Special Commis-
Misc. Bks. (Exch.
Miscellaneous Books (Ex-
sions
K.R., Exch.
chequer King's Remem-
T.R. or Aug.
brancer, Exchequer Trea-
Feet of F. . . .
Feet of Fines
Off.)
sury of Receipt or Aug-
Feod. Accts. (Ct.
Feodaries Accounts (Court of
mentation Office)
of Wards)
Wards)
Mon
Monastery, Monasticon
Feod. Surv. (Ct. of
Feodaries Surveys (Court of
Monm
Monmouth
Wards)
Wards)
Mun
Muniments or Munimenta
Feud. Aids . . .
Feudal Aids
Mus
Museum
fol
Folio
Foreign R. . . .
Foreign Rolls
N.andQ. . , .
Notes and Queries
Forest Proc. . .
Forest Proceedings
Norf
Norfolk
Northampt. . .
Northampton
Gaz
Gazette or Gazetteer
Northants . .
Northamptonshire
Gen
Genealogical, Genealogica,
Northumb. . .
Northumberland
etc.
Norw
Norwich
Geo
George
Nott
Nottinghamshire or Notting-
Glouc
Gloucestershire or Gloucester
ham
Guild C e r t i f .
Guild Certificates (Chancery)
N.S
New Style
(Chan.) Ric. II.
Richard II.
Off
Office
Hants ....
Hampshire
Orig. R. . . .
Originalia Rolls
Harl
HarleyorHarleian
O.S
Ordnance Survey
Hen
Henry
Oxf
Oxfordshire or Oxford
Heref
Herefordshire or Hereford
Hertf
Hertford
P
Page
Herts
Hertfordshire
Palmer's Ind. . .
Palmer's Indices
Hil
Hilary Term
Pal. of Chest. . .
Palatinate of Chester
Hist
History,Historical,Historian,
Pal. of Dur. . .
Palatinate of Durham
Historia, etc.
Pal. of Lane. . .
Palatinate of Lancaster
Hist. MSS. Com. .
Historical MSS. Commission
Par
Parish, Parochial, etc.
Hosp
Hospital
Pari
Parliament or Parliamentary
Hund.R. . . .
Hundred Rolls
Pari. R
Parliament Rolls
Hunt
Huntingdon
Pari. Surv. . . .
Parliamentary Surveys
Hunts ....
Huntingdonshire
Partic. for Gts.
Particulars for Grants
Pat
Patent Roll or Letters Patent
Inq. a.q.d. . . .
Inquisitions ad quod dam-
P.C.C
Prerogative Court of Canter-
num
bury
Inq. p.m. . . .
Inquisitions post mortem
Pet
Petition
Inst
Institute or Institution
Peterb
Peterborough
Invent
Inventory or Inventories
Phil
Philip
Ips
Ipswich
Pipe R
Pipe Roll
Itin
Itinerary
PleaR
Plea Rolls
Pop. Ret. . . .
Population Returns
Jas
James
Pope Nich. Tax.
Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re-
Journ
Journal
(Rec. Com.)
cord Commission)
P.R.O
Public Record Office
Lamb. Lib. . .
Lambeth Library
Proc
Proceedings
Lane
Lancashire or Lancaster
Proc. Soc. Antiq. .
Proceedings of the Society of
L. and P. Hen.
Letters and Papers, Hen.
Antiquaries
VIII.
VIII.
pt
Part
Lansd
Lansdowne
Pub
Publications
Ld. Rev. Rec. . .
Land Revenue Records
Leic
Leicestershire or Leicester
R
Roll
Le Neve's Ind. .
Le Neve's Indices
Rec
Records
Lib
Library
Recov. R. . . .
Recovery Rolls
Lich
Lichfield
Rentals and Surv. .
Rentals and Surveys
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
Rep Report
Rev Review
Ric Richard
Rofi Rochester diocese
Rot. Cur. Reg. . Rotuli Cutis Regis
Rut Rutland
Sarum .... Salisbury diocese
Ser Series
Sess. R Sessions Rolls
Shrews Shrewsbury
Shrops Shropshire
Soc Society
Soc. Antiq. . . Society of Antiquaries
Somers. . . . Somerset
Somers. Ho. . . Somerset House
S.P. Dom. . . . State Papers Domestic
Staff Staffordshire
Star Chamb. Proc. Star Chamber Proceeding!
Stat Statute
Staph Stephen
Subs. R. . . . Subsidy Rolls
Suff Suffolk
Surr Surrey
Suss Sussex
Surv. of Ch. Livings Surveys of Church Livings
(Lamb.) or (Chan.) (Lambeth) or (Chancery)
Topog Topography or Topographi-
cal
Trans Transactions
Transl Translation
Treas Treasury or Treasurer
Trin Trinity Term
Umv University
Valor Eccl
Com.)
Vet. Mon.
V.C.H
Vic. .
vol. .
(Rec.
Warw.
Westm,
Westmld
Will.
Wilts
Winton
Wore.
Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record
Commission)
Vetusta Monumenta
Victoria County History
Victoria
Volume
Warwickshire or Warwick
Westminster
Westmorland
William
Wiltshire
Winchester diocese
Worcestershire or Worcester
Yoria
Yorkshire
A HISTORY OF
KENT
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■-•V.— ':.
: -. i - § U
GEOLOGY
IF our study of the geology of Kent were to be confined to the
strata which constitute the surface only, we should find its rock
structure so faithfully reflected in its simple physical features that
a knowledge of the shape of the ground would almost necessarily
convey an idea of the broader outlines of its stratigraphy. The rising
ground south of the Thames, composed of the soft Tertiary clays and
sands ; the bold range of the North Downs, formed by the Chalk
emerging from beneath these and terminating southward in a steep
escarpment ; the hollow at the foot of this range, where the underlying
Gault Clay reach the surface ; the lower range of hilly ground running
parallel to the Downs, composed of the harder beds of the Lower
Greensand, which come next in downward stratigraphical succession ;
the broad plain south of these hills, underlain by the Weald Clay ; and
finally the pleasant rising ground along the southern margin of the
county, where the sands and sandstones of the Hastings Series emerge
from beneath the Weald Clay — all these features of the surface are
directly due to the character of the strata and to the direction in which
the beds are sloping.
As a glance at the accompanying geological map will show, the
different formations extend approximately east and west in more or less
continuous belts across the county. They are prolonged beyond its
borders in nearly the same direction westward through Surrey and into
Hampshire, their course or ' strike ' being boldly indicated by the
prevalent lie of the hill-ranges.
But our investigation must not be limited to the rocks to which
the surface features of the county are due ; for we have of late years
learnt much regarding the strata buried deeply underground, that have
no effect upon the present outline of the land. Indeed our knowledge
of the deep-seated geology of Kent has recently made more important
advances than that of almost any other part of the British Islands, in
consequence of a series of deep borings carried down in search of coal,
which have given definite information as to the downward succession of
the strata to a great depth.
Thus, of the three main divisions adopted for the fossiliferous rocks
in the geologist's time-scale, the beds occurring at the surface in Kent
represent portions only of the Cainozoic or Tertiary and of the later part
of the Mesozoic or Secondary division. We now know however that
the strata beneath the surface range downward to the base of the
A HISTORY OF KENT
Secondary division and embrace portions of the Paleozoic or Primary
rocks also. By reference to Table I. on the next page the extent of
these additions to our knowledge will be readily grasped.
The geology of the county therefore falls naturally under two
heads : {a) the study of the outcropping strata and of the features to
which they give rise ; and (^) the study of the deep-seated rocks found
only in the borings and having little or no effect upon the outline
of the present surface.
It is customary in geological literature to commence with the
description of the oldest formation and to work upward through the
sequence. But for our present purpose this method is hardly suitable,
since the most difficult and technical part of our subject, and that respect-
ing which our knowledge is necessarily restricted, would have to be
considered first. The simpler method will be to give precedence to
the description of the surface formations of the county in the above-
mentioned order, and to discuss the results of the deep borings after-
wards under a separate heading.
The tables which follow will serve as indices to the stratigraphical
sequence : the first gives a summary of the rock systems commonly
adopted as the geological time-scale, with an indication of the portions
known to exist in Kent ; and the second contains the fuller classification
and sub-division of the Kentish strata.
SUMMARY OF ROCK-SYSTEMS
Classification
Rock-systems
Relation to Kent
Cainozoic
or
Tertiary
Recent
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Fairly represented
Partly represented
Scantily represented
Absent
Absent
Widely represented
Mesozoic
or
Secondary
Upper Cretaceous ....
Lower Cretaceous ....
Upper Jurassic
Middle Jurassic
Lower Jurassic
Triassic
Widely represented
Widely represented
Fully represented in deep borings
Fully represented in deep borings
Partly represented in deep borings
Scantily represented in deep borings
Paljeozoic
or
Primary
Permian
Carboniferous
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Cambrian
Not known to exist
Upper part proved in two deep borings
Possibly represented in deep borings
1 Some part certain to exist deep under-
V ground, and possibly reached in one
J boring
Unknown
Eozoic
Azoic ?
Pre-Cambrian
Archxan
Unknown
Unknown
GEOLOGY
II. TABLE OF STRATA IN KENT : a. Strata Exposed at the Surface
Period
Recent
Formation
Alluvium, Beach-
shingle, Blown Sand,
etc.
Character of Material
Mud, silt, gravel, etc., at low
levels in river-valleys, and
marine and estuarine deposits
above average high tides
Approximate
thickness in feet
up to 40
Pleistocene
Older
Pliocene
Old River Drift . .
' Superficial ' Deposits
on the Chalk
Gravel, sand, loam (brick-earth),
etc., of ancient river-terraces
Clay - with - flints, brick-earth
and pebbly loam
up to 45
up to 30 ft. or
more in fis-
sures, but thin
elsewhere
Lenham Beds
Yellow sand and sandy iron-
stone
mainly in 'pipes'
or fissures of
the Chalk
Eocene
Upper
Cretaceous
Lower Bagshot Beds
London Clay . .
Oldhaven or Black-
heath Beds
Woolwich and
Reading Beds
Thanet Beds . .
Sand and loam with clay part-
ings (in Isle of Sheppey only)
Stiff blue or brownish clay with
nodules of * cement stone '
and pyrites . . .
Light-coloured sands and beds
of smooth flint pebbles .
Loam, clay, and light-coloured
sand, with some flint-pebble
beds
Fine pale sand, often rather
loamy, with green-coated
flints at base . . ,
Upper Chalk . .
Middle Chalk . .
Lower Chalk with
Chalk Marl
Upper Greensand
Gault . .
I
Soft white chalk, with flints
White chalk, with some flints
Grey chalk without flints, anc
calcareous marl . . .
Grey marly sandstone and glau-
conitic marl ....
Stiff clay, in part marly . .
up to about 20
400 to 480
20 to 50
up to 50
up to 65
450
26s
o to I o ?
[20 to 200
Lower
Cretaceous
Folkestone Beds
Sandgate Beds
Hythe Beds .
Atherfield Clay
Weald Clay
. /Tunbridgc Wells
cq I Sand
S>-jWadhurst Clay .
* vAshdown Sand .
Coarse sand with stone band:
Clay, silt and fine sand .
Loamy sand and soft sandstone
with hard sandy limestone
and some chert . .
Stiff brown or bluish clay
Clay, usually dark blue, but
sometimes mottled red and
yellow, with thin shelly
limestone bands . . . .
Sand and soft sandstone . . .
Dark clay and shale, with iron-
stone
Sand and soft sandstone . . .
90 to IK
5 to 80
60 to 180
20 or more
up to 700
150 to 180
160 to 180
300 or more
A HISTORY OF KENT
b. Strata Proved in Deep Borings only
Period.
Formation
Character of Material
Approximate
thickness
in feet
Upper
Jurassic
PurbeckBeds . . .
Portland Beds . . .
Kimeridge Clay. . .
Corallian Beds . . .
Oxford Clay. . . .
Clay, shale and cement-stone
with gypsum
Sandstone and limestone . .
Dark clay and shale, with
nodules and bands of cement-
stone
Coralline and oolitic limestone,
etc.
Firm grey marly clay . . .
Very variable ;
frequently ab-
sent ; maxi-
mum not yet
known
14 at Brabourne
up to 356 ft.
proved, but
maximum not
yet known
up to 305 ft.
proved
up to 243 ft.
proved
Middle
Jurassic
Great Oolite Series. .
Chiefly pale oolitic limestone .
up to 189 ft.
proved
Lower
Jurassic
Upper, Middle and
Lower Lias
Dark shale, marlstone, etc.
up to 173 ft.
proved
Triassic
Trias
Pebble-conglomerate ; also 52
ft. red marl and sandstone
at Chatham, either Trias or
Devonian
48 ft. at Bra-
bourne
Carboniferous
Coal Measures . . .
Sandstone, shale and coal seams
up to 1 157 ft.
proved
Devonian ?
Doubtful
? Red marl and sandstone of
Chatham boring ; see above.
Dark slaty shale of Brabourne
boring (Devonian or older)
up to 52 ft.
proved
up to 88 ft.
proved
THE GEOLOGY OF THE SURFACE ROCKS »
General Structure. — The predominant factor in the arrangement of
the strata forming the surface of Kent is the general northward slope or
' dip ' of the beds already referred to, by reason of which the older rocks
are seen only in the more southerly part of the county and the newer
only along its northern margin, every formation in turn sinking north-
' The Geology of Kent has a voluminous literature, to which only passing reference can be made in
this outline-sketch. For detailed information regarding the stratigraphy of the county the following works
should be consulted : — Memoirs of the Geological Survey : ' The Geology of the Neighbourhood of Folke-
stone and Rye' (sheet 4 of I -inch map) by F. Drew (1864) ; 'The Geology of the Weald' by W.
Topley (1875), for the beds below the base of the Chalk and for matters connected with the valley
systems of the We.ild and its denudation ; 'The Geology of the London Basin' by W. Whitaker (1872),
for the Chalk and Eocene ; ' The Geology of London and of part of the Thames Valley,' vol. i., by
W. Whitaker (1889), for later information respecting the Eocene, for account of the River Drifts and
other superficial deposits, and for discussion of the deep-seated geology as then known ; and vol. ii.
GEOLOGY
ward until covered and hidden by the next overlying formation. This
rule does not apply how^ever to the Pleistocene and recent deposits — the
gravels, sands and clays of comparatively modern origin, often termed the
' superficial ' beds in contradistinction to the ' solid ' strata on which they
rest ; for, as we shall presently see, these are scattered in patches indis-
criminately over the whole district. There is also a slight tilt of the
' solid ' rocks in the opposite direction at the north-eastern corner of the
county, by which the beds are bent upwards to the north, so that a
shallow trough or ' syncline ' is formed, wherein Eocene deposits are
preserved, with higher ground composed of Chalk on both sides.
To grasp the full significance of the structural arrangement we
must look beyond the limits of the county. It will be found that at
a short distance to the southward, in Sussex, the northerly dip of the
strata ceases to be perceptible ; and soon a gentle dip to the opposite
quarter sets in, which gradually carries down the older rocks beneath
the surface and brings in newer formations the farther southward we go ;
so that we find the same series of deposits in ascending sequence in a
southward traverse across Sussex as in a northward traverse across Kent.
The great arch of the strata thus indicated is technically known as the
' Wealden anticline.' In their prolongation westward through Surrey
and Sussex into Hampshire the corresponding formations on the
opposite sides of this anticline curve in towards each other until they
meet, so that the successive belts from the Chalk downwards may be
followed continuously from the Kentish coast westward and southward
around the central Wealden area and then back eastward to the coast
of Sussex, Moreover, although on both sides they disappear eastward
beneath the waters of the Channel, they are evidently extended under
the sea-floor, for they reappear in the same order on the French coast
to the northward and southward of Bas Boulonnais ; after which, when
traced still eastward, the opposite belts soon again converge and join.
The Wealden anticline is thus rounded off at both ends, and the central
area may be pictured as an elongated dome from which the strata dip
away all round. This ' dome of elevation ' has been so severely planed
down and carved out by the long-continued denudation to be presently
described, that its very core is now laid bare in south-western Kent and
the adjacent parts of Sussex and Surrey. The position of the county on
of the same memoir for details of some Kentish well-sections ; 'The Pliocene Deposits of Great Britain '
by C. Reid (1890), for the ' Lenham Beds ' ; ' The Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain,' vol. i., by A.
J. Jukes Browne (1900), for the Gault and Upper Greensand ; and vol. ii. (1902) by the same author,
for the divisions of the Chalk ; also ' Guide to the Geology of London and the Neighbourhood ' by
W. Whitaker (ed. 6, 1 901), for a brief account of the north-eastern part of the county. The Memoirs
on ' the Weald,' ' the London Basin,' and ' the Pliocene ' contain full bibliographies of the geological
literature of these subjects up to the date of their publication ; therefore it has not been deemed
necessary to give references to the earlier authorities in the present sketch. References to a few
important later papers will be found in subsequent footnotes, but for further information as to the
more recent literature the reader should consult the Catalogue of Geological Literature issued annually
since 1894 ^7 ^^^ Geological Society of London. The reports of excursions in Kent in Proceeedings of
the Geolopits' Association will also be found useful, both for the descriptions of sections and for the
references. The county is embraced in the following maps of the Geological Survey, on the scale
of one inch = one mile : Sheets (Old Series) i, 3, 4 and 6, with very small portions of Sheets 2 and 5.
5
A HISTORY OF KENT
the northern slope of the dome is the cause of the general northward dip
of its strata. Let us now consider the composition and origin of these
strata.
HASTINGS BEDS
The deep borings have proved that for a long period preceding the
deposition of the oldest rocks exposed at the surface within the Wealden
area, this district was submerged beneath the sea and gradually covered
by a great thickness of marine sediments of Jurassic age. But this ancient
sea was at length displaced, either by an elevation of the land or by the
infilling of its basin, or by a combination of both causes, and the area
began to receive the detritus brought down by a large river into a lake
or estuary. The freshwater or estuarine deposits of this period constitute
the oldest strata visible at the surface in Kent. They occur only in a
limited tract in the south-western part of the county, but have a much
more extended outcrop south of the county boundary, in Sussex. They
consist of a somewhat variable group of sands, soft sandstones, silts and
clays, known collectively as the Hastings Beds, which form the lower
part of the great freshwater Wealden Series. These beds underlie the
pleasant hilly ground to the southward of the flat along which the rail-
way is carried in a nearly straight line from Edenbridge to Ashford ; and
although their area in Kent is so limited, nearly the whole of the group
is represented, owing to the relatively sharp uplift and to the presence of
' faults ' or dislocations in this quarter, whereby blocks of strata are shifted
to higher levels than they would otherwise occupy.
Ashdown Sand. — The lowest subdivision is the Ashdown Sand,
consisting mainly of fine quartzose sand and soft sandstone, with occa-
sional layers of loam and clay and of small well-rounded pebbles. It
is well exposed in quarries and road cuttings on the hill immediately
south of Tonbridge, being here uplifted by a ' reversed fault ' which is
visible in the principal quarry. Fossils are rare in this deposit, obscure
fragments of plants, washed down from the ancient land, being usually
its only relics.
Wadhurst Clay. — Separating the underlying Ashdown Sand from
the overlying Tunbridge Wells Sand is the Wadhurst Clay, the most
fossiliferous subdivision of the Hastings Beds, and also formerly of con-
siderable economic importance as the chief source of the ironstone which
was mined and smelted in the Weald. It consists of alternations of clay,
shale and sand-rock, with thin impersistent bands and lenticular nodules
of shelly limestone, calcareous sandstone or grit, and clay-ironstone. Its
chief outcrops in Kent occur as narrow irregular strips along the valleys
of the Medway, Teise, Rother and their tributaries. Its fossils include
numerous freshwater shells of the genera Paludina, Cyrena and Uriio, with
the minute oval valves of Cypris, a small crustacean, in vast abundance ;
and the teeth and bones of extinct fish and reptiles ; and the remains of
plants. The best collections of these fossils have however been obtained
from Sussex, where the gritty layers are sometimes extraordinarily rich
6
GEOLOGY
in reptilian bones and teeth, belonging to the extinct genera Iguanodon^
Hylceosaurus, Cetiosaurus, etc.
During medieval times the ironstone was collected and smelted at
many places along the outcrop of the Wadhurst Clay in Kent, as well
as in the adjacent parts of Sussex and Surrey ; and this industry continued
so long as the forests of the Weald were sufficiently extensive to yield a
good supply of wood or charcoal for fuel. Traces of the old excavations
and of the slag-heaps where the stone was smelted are still visible in
many places, as for example on the rising ground between Tonbridge
and Penshurst. The fine ironwork railings which were round St. Paul's
in London until about thirty years ago were wrought at Lamberhurst on
the Kentish border. In the year 1740 there were still four furnaces in
Kent, but these had fallen into desuetude before 1788.^
Tunbridge Wells Sand. — This term is applied to the uppermost sub-
division of the Hastings Beds, from the district where it is widely
developed. The Tunbridge Wells Sand does not diffisr much from
the Ashdown Sand in general character, its material varying from a fine
loamy semicoherent sand, with intercalations of silt and mottled red clay,
to a soft thick-bedded sandstone, often with seams of small pebbles in the
upper part. In the latter condition it forms the picturesque rocks of
Rusthall Common and High Rocks near Tunbridge Wells.
This subdivision occupies the greater part of the tract covered by
the Hastings Beds in Kent. It is occasionally sufficiently indurated to
be quarried as a building stone, and sandpits are numerous in its softer
beds. The soils derived from it are sometimes too ' light ' for profitable
tillage, and such tracts remain as uncultivated moorland or woodland ;
but more frequently there is a sufficient admixture of loam and clay to
produce fertile arable land at its outcrop. It rarely contains fossils other
than fragmentary traces of plants. Like the Ashdown Sand, it is generally
a water-bearing formation, the more porous sandy beds being the source
of numerous springs; but the water is liable to be slightly chalybeate, as
in the well-known springs at Tunbridge Wells.
The Hastings Beds were evidently formed as sandbanks in a lake or
estuary by currents of considerable strength, with intervals of stiller water
in which the intercalated muds and clays were deposited. The sands are
very generally ' false-bedded,' i.e. the original stratification of the com-
ponent layers has not been horizontal, but has accorded with the slope
of the more or less steeply inclined banks into which the sediments
were driven. Consequently it is not surprising to find that although
the total thickness of the series in southern Kent and Sussex, where the
greater part of the material was deposited, exceeds 600-700 feet, it has
been proved by the deep borings to thin away very rapidly northward
and north-eastward, and is entirely absent in the northern part of the
county.
The river-system which transported the sediments forming the
Hastings Beds has usually been supposed to have flowed from a land
' ' Geology of the Weald,' p. 331.
7
A HISTORY OF KENT
lying to the westward and north-westward of the Weald. But this
matter will require re-discussion in the light of evidence recently
obtained, which seems to point to the principal drainage-area having
lain to the eastward.
The method of classification by which the whole of the Hastings
Beds are placed in the Lower Cretaceous system, as in the accom-
panying map and in Table II., though hitherto generally adopted, has
lately given rise to much discussion by reason of the Jurassic affinities
of many of the fossils. It is indeed probable that the lower part of
the series is the freshwater equivalent of marine deposits in other dis-
tricts which have been classed as the uppermost beds of the Jurassic
system. This however is a question of technical terminology into
which we need not enter further.^
WEALD CLAY
The northerly dip soon carries down the Tunbridge Wells Sand
beneath the surface in southern Kent ; and to the northward the over-
lying Weald Clay occupies a broad belt of low ground stretching from
Romney Marsh on the east to the Surrey boundary on the west, with a
width varying from about 4 to 6 miles. This thick mass of clay, with
a depth reaching 700 feet or more in the west of the county and in-
creasing to 1,000 feet in Surrey, represents the continuation of the same
freshwater conditions that had previously brought about the deposition
of the sandy Hastings Beds, though the presence of a few dwarfed
oysters here and there in the uppermost layers of the clay,* indicates that
brackish water began to find its way into the area toward the close of the
period.
This clay represents the muddy detritus from the land, deposited
quietly in the deeper and stiller parts of the lake or lagoon. Its great
thickness denotes the long-continued prevalence of the freshwater con-
ditions ; and also that the lake-floor was sinking gradually during the
period, so that the complete infilling of the basin was never effected.
Slow subsidence of this kind appears to be in progress at the mouths
of many large rivers at the present day, and may perhaps be caused by
the gradual depression of the earth's crust by the weight of the sedi-
ments accumulated over such tracts.
Since the Weald Clay as a whole overlies the Hastings Beds it has
been usually assumed that the full sequence has been successively
deposited throughout the Wealden district. But we may here note
that the maximum thickness of both divisions is not known to occur
in the same area ; and after consideration of the evidence from deep
borings in Kent and Sussex, and from the field-relations of the equiva-
i See Prof. O. C. Marsh, Geo/. Mag. (1896), dec. 4, iii. 8 ; A. S. Woodward, Geo/. Mag. dec. 4,
iii. 70 ; A. C. Seward, Nature (1896), liii. 462 ; and G. W. Lamplugh, Geo/. Mag. (1900), dec. 4,
vii. 443.
* At Hythe in Kent (F. Drew, Quar(. Joum. Geo/. Soc. xvii. 280) ; also in Surrey (G. W.
Lamplugh, in Summary of Progress of the Geo/offca/ Survey for 1900, p. 116) and in the Isle of Wight
{Mem. Geo/. Survey, ' Isle of Wight,' p. 1 5).
8
GEOLOGY
lent beds in west Sussex and the Isle of Wight, it appears to the
writer that part of the sediments classed as Weald Clay in one district
may be equivalent to strata classed as Hastings Beds in another part
of the Weald. This point is mentioned because of its practical con-
sequence in cases where it is intended to penetrate the Weald Clay
by borings for water-supply or other purposes.
The Weald Clay is interstratified at intervals with thin bands of
sand and silt, and with layers of limestone made up almost entirely of
a freshwater shell of the genus Paludina. This limestone, often known
as ' Bethersden marble,' from a locality where it was extensively dug,
was formerly much used, like the ' Sussex marble ' of similar origin, in
ecclesiastical architecture, both as a polished stone and unpolished, as
for example in the church towers of Headcorn, Smarden, Biddenden
and Tenterden, and in the polished altar stairs of Canterbury Cathedral.
The fossils of the Weald Clay resemble those of the Hastings Beds, being
chiefly freshwater shells and cyprids, with the teeth and scales of fish
and the remains of land plants.^ Where exposed at the surface the clay
forms a heavy tenacious soil, expensive and difficult to cultivate. But
from its low-lying position much of its outcrop is overspread by alluvium
and other superficial deposits, and the tracts thus modified are very fertile
and embrace some of the principal hop gardens of the county. The
clay itself is dug in many places for brickmaking. Deep borings have
shown that this division undergoes the same rapid diminution in thick-
ness in its northward underground extension as the Hastings Beds, and
that it thins out entirely before reaching the north-eastern border of
the county.^
LOWER GREENSAND
The invasion of the sea, of which, as already noted, there are slight
preliminary indications in the brackish water fauna towards the top of
the Weald Clay, appears to have become suddenly accelerated at the close
of the Wealden period, so that the long prevalent freshwater conditions
were abruptly terminated and the whole district submerged beneath the
tides of an encroaching ocean. The marine conditions thus established
were thenceforward persistent throughout the remainder of the Lower
Cretaceous and the whole of the Upper Cretaceous times. During the
first stages of this great period of submergence the Atherfield Clay and
Lower Greensand were deposited ; afterwards the Gault Clay and Upper
Greensand; and finally the thick white mass of the Chalk. Minor oscil-
lations of level during this long submergence were frequent, rendering
the sea now deeper and now shallower, and the coast-line sometimes near
and sometimes more remote ; and thereby causing modification or change
of character in the sediments. Indeed it is probable that during the
earlier stages the shore at times approached within the northern limits
1 For description of the scanty vertebrate remains of the Kentish Wealden, see subsequent article
'Palaeontology,' p. 31.
2 See subsequent records of deep boring-sections, pp. 25-8.
I q 2
A HISTORY OF KENT
of the county; but in the south the sea never lost its grip of the district
nor ceased to build up the framework of the present land.
Atherjield Clay. — The first deposit of this sea was the Atherfield
Clay, so named from a locality on the coast of the Isle of Wight where
it is typically exposed, a brown or greenish blue clay, somewhat sandy
in places, containing numerous marine fossils such as Ammotiites, Nautilus,
Exogyra (an extinct oyster) and many other shells, with small crustaceans,
fish teeth and other remains.
Owing to its soft perishable material, its comparatively slight thick-
ness, and the position of its outcrop on steep foundering slopes capped
by the harder overlying strata, it is rare that natural sections of this clay
are visible in Kent, though it was passed through in the railway tunnel
at Sevenoaks, and was in part recently exposed by artificial excavations
near the railway station at Hythe and at Bastead Mills near Plaxtole.
The mining shafts at Dover have however provided the most favourable
opportunity for studying this deposit in Kent ; its thickness here was
40 feet, the clay yielding large numbers of the characteristic fossils, and
its base resting with a sharp line of demarcation upon the Weald
Clay.
Hythe Beds. — As shown in Table II., the term Lower Greensand is
generally extended to include the Atherfield Clay as well as the over-
lying sandy deposits, but is more strictly applicable to the latter. It has
reference to the prevalence of disseminated grains of glauconite, a green
silicate of iron, in the series. Near the surface however this mineral is
usually decomposed by weathering, giving rusty red or yellow tints to
the sandy rocks. These deposits, being less readily erosible, form bold
terraces or ' features ' at their outcrop ; fringing the northern border of
the low tract of Weald Clay, they constitute most of the rolling country
between this lowland and the North Downs, and include much of the
pleasantest inland scenery of the county. They represent the accumula-
tions of a shallow current-swept sea at a time when the land was not far
distant. The series is admirably exposed where intersected by the present
coast in the cliffs between Folkestone and Hythe, and the names of its
subdivisions are founded on these sections.
The Hythe Beds, which constitute the lowest subdivision above the
Atherfield Clay, are composed of irregular alternations of slightly loamy
glauconitic semi-indurated sand (' hassock ') and hard sandy limestone.
These harder beds, known as ' Kentish Rag,' are extensively quarried for
building purposes and road mending at Hythe, Maidstone, Sevenoaks and
other places. They are frequently associated with thin layers of chert,
representing the nodular concentration of silica derived from the tiny
spicules composing the netted framework of the sponges that lived on
the old sea-floor. This chert, which is especially valued as a road material,
is most abundant in the upper part of the division on the high ground
south-west of Maidstone. Fossils are occasionally abundant in the Hythe
Beds, though rare in many localities. At Hythe the series has yielded
many echinoderms. Ammonites of several species. Nautilus, Belemnites of
10
GEOLOGY
a species useful in determining the foreign equivalents of the ' zone,'
Exogyra, Trigonia, and many brachiopods and other shells, besides some
interesting reptilian bones ; while at Maidstone also they have yielded
some fine remains of the Iguanodon, nowr in the British Museum, and
other extinct reptiles,* along with fragments of wood and coniferous fruits.
In the higher portion of their outcrop west of the Medway the
Hythe Beds carry large stretches of woodland and common land,
including Westerham Common and Brastead Chart, Whitley Scrubs,
Knole Park, Great Comp, Mereworth and East Mailing Woods ; but
east of the Medway their surface is generally very fertile and highly
cultivated, supporting many of the best hop and fruit gardens of the
Maidstone district.
Sandgate Beds. — The middle subdivision of the Lower Greensand,
the Sandgate Beds, consists of dark shaly pyritous clay and muddy
glauconitic silt or fine sand, having a thickness of about 80 feet on
the coast between Folkestone and Sandgate, where it attains its maximum
development. Westward these beds thin away or lose their distinctive
clayey character, so that at Maidstone they are represented by only
about 14 feet of strata, and a little farther to the west they cease to
be recognizable as an independent division. They are very sparingly
fossiliferous except in a nodular phosphatic band at their base, which
has yielded many brachiopods and other shells.^ Their narrow outcrop
is generally marked by the presence of small springs, where the water
percolating through the overlying sands is arrested and thrown out by
these clayey beds. The destructive landslip which occurred at Sandgate
in 1893 was due to the foundering of these beds along their seaward out-
crop during a wet season, owing mainly to the action of percolating water.*
Folkestone Beds. — As developed in the coast section, the Folkestone
Beds, which constitute the uppermost division of the Lower Greensand,
are composed of clean-washed light-coloured sands with irregular layers
of sandy limestone and cherty seams ('Folkestone Stone'), and darker
clayey sand and sandstone at the base, having a total thickness of about
90 feet. Minute siHceous sponge spicules are still recognizable in some
of the stony layers, and their presence explains the origin of the chert.
The extinct oyster Exogyra is plentiful in some of the beds, and the
remains of echinoderms, etc., and casts of large ammonites in others, but
fossils are not abundant except near the base and again in a band
of phosphatic nodules which occurs at Folkestone 3 or 4 feet below
the top of the division. The characteristic fossil of the last-mentioned
band is Ammonites mammillatus, and as this species is found in France
in a well-marked zone at the base of the Gault, it has been suggested
' See Summary of Progfess of the Geological Survey for 1897, p. 129.
2 For description of these reptilian and other vertebrate remains from the Hythe Beds, see subse-
quent article ' Palasontolog)-,' p. 31.
3 See F. G. H. Price, ' On the Lower Greensand and Gault of Folkestone,' Proc. Geol. Assoc.
(1875), iv. 135.
* See W. Topley, ' The Landslip at Sandgate,' ibid. (1893), xiii. 40, and Geographical Journal,
April, 1893.
II
A HISTORY OF KENT
that the uppermost portion of the Folkestone Sands should be classed
with the Gault,^
In their prolongation inland the stony bands of the Folkestone
Beds soon disappear, so that to the westward of Saltwood the division
consists for some distance almost entirely of sharp ' false-bedded ' sands
with irregular lines of ironstone. West of the Medway however, near
Ightham, the sands again include impersistent masses of extremely hard
glauconitic siliceous stone ('Ightham Stone' or 'Firestone'), and a
similar rock was found in the much attenuated Folkestone Beds passed
through in the colliery sinkings at Dover.
The coarser sand-grains of the deposit are frequently extremely
well-rounded and polished, as though by long-continued attrition in the
shifting sandbanks of the current-swept sea floor, and these smooth-
worn grains are particularly noticeable in the band containing the
phosphatic nodules near the top of the sands. This band probably
marks a falling off in the supply of sandy material as the waters became
deeper and the shore-line more distant, and foreshadows the approach of
the conditions under which the Gault was afterwards deposited. Where
unmodified by ' superficial ' accumulations, the Folkestone Beds make a
thin sterile soil, and such tracts are only partly cultivated.
SELBORNIAN
Gau/t— With the deepening and expansion of the sea basin the
sand-bearing currents ceased to reach the district, and only the finer
muddy material sank through the quiet waters to this part of the sea-
floor. This sediment accumulated to form the Gault, a more or less
calcareous clay, in which are embedded the beautifully preserved shells
and other remains of marine organisms of the period that gladden the
heart of the collector who examines the famous section exposed on the
coast at East Wear Bay near Folkestone. For the splendour and variety
of its fossils this locality is unrivalled in Kent and is scarcely equalled
elsewhere in the British Islands.
They include many species of Ammonites, Hamites and other allied
cephalopods, with Nautilus and Belemnites ; bivalve and univalve shells
in abundance and of wide variety ; crustaceans of several kinds ; small
corals ; many foraminifera ; the teeth and bones of fish and reptiles ;
and a few plant remains.^
Many of the shells still possess their original pearly iridescence,
and can be separated from the soft clayey matrix with all their delicate
markings and ornamentations intact. Being usually impregnated with iron
pyrites however, they decay rapidly when exposed to the weather, so that
it is only in freshly-cut sections on the shore or at the foot of the cliff
that they can be obtained in good condition. They are more abundant
' For recent discussion of this point, with description of the 'zone of Am. mammillalus' at
Folicestone, see Mem. Geol. Survey, 'The Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain,' i. 43, 73.
2 The reptilian and fish remains of the Gault are described in the context : see article ' Palsonto-
logy,' P- 3'-
12
GEOLOGY
in the lower than in the upper part of the Gault ; and the majority of
the species are confined to certain ' zones ' or bands which represent the
thickness of sediment accumulated during the period that successive
species flourished in this part of the ancient sea. The demarcation of
these life-zones and their comparison with the time-equivalents in other
regions have received much careful study/
From the coast the Gault, increasing gradually in thickness, stretches
inland in a narrow but uninterrupted belt rarely exceeding a mile in
width, to the western limit of the county, where it has a thickness of
about 200 feet, or nearly twice that of the Folkestone section. Being
more perishable than the underlying and overlying formations, its course
is marked by a tract of clayey land forming a depression of the surface,
bounded by the bold escarpment of the Chalk on the north, and by the
rising ground of the Lower Greensand on the south. It is used in
several places for brickmaking, and a band of phosphatic nodules at its
base was formerly dug at Cheriton near Folkestone for conversion into
chemical manure.
Upper Greensand. — The upper part of the Gault at East Wear Bay
is a light grey or buff-coloured marl in which fossils are comparatively
rare. This is capped by 1 o or 15 feet of glauconitic sandy marl, which
was originally considered to be the attenuated representative of the Upper
Greensand, a division that in Surrey attains a thickness of 150 feet or
more. It is now believed however that this glauconitic marl is really
the basement bed of the Chalk (' Chloritic Marl'), and that the true
Upper Greensand only commences in the extreme west of the county,
probably near Brastead, where a firm grey micaceous and siliceous rock
resembling the ' Malmstone ' of the Upper Greensand of Surrey may be
seen beneath the glauconitic sandy marl.'' According to this view the
upper part of the Kentish Gault passes laterally westward into the Upper
Greensand of Surrey, the one representing the calcareous mud and the
other the fine silt deposited at the same time on different parts of the
same sea-floor. For this reason it is urged that the Gault and Upper
Greensand should be linked together as a single formation, for which the
term ' Selbornian ' is suggested.^ This method of classification has there-
fore been adopted here ; but it must be remembered that in questions of
this kind the system of nomenclature employed is of little consequence
so long as the actual facts of the stratigraphical arrangement be definitely
understood.
CHALK
From the dawn of history to the present day perhaps the best
known fact regarding the rock-structure of England has been that the
principal part of the framework of Kent is built up of Chalk.
1 Our knowledge of the fossils of the Gault and their zonal distribution is principally due to the
work of F. G. H. Price {Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1874, xxx. 342, and monograph, 'The Gault,'
separately pub. Lond. 1879) ; and of C. E. De Ranee {Geol. Mag. 1868, v. 163). The most recent
list of these fossils is contained in the Mem. Geol. Survey referred to on the preceding page.
* Mem. Geol. Suix'ey, ' The Cretaceous Rocks of Great Britain,' i. 9 1 .
^ A. J. Jukes Browne, ibid. p. 30.
13
A HISTORY OF KENT
With the great white cliffs of this remarkable formation fronting the
Channel at the nearest point of approach of our shores to the continent,
in full view of all those who pass through this gateway of our seas, and
with the bold scarp of the North Downs, which marks its prolongation
into the interior no less conspicuous to the pilgrim by land, no other
feature could indeed be more impressively characteristic of the county.
The Downs form the highest ground in Kent, reaching elevations
of between 700 and 800 feet in its western part, and 600 to 700 feet
farther eastward. These heights are attained close to the steep escarp-
ment in which the Chalk terminates, the surface declining thence
gradually northward.
It would be superfluous to describe the general aspect of the forma-
tion, but we may dwell for a moment on the remarkably homogeneous
composition of the Chalk, which is one of its most extraordinary features.
Throughout the whole of its extent in England, from its lowest to its
highest beds, with a thickness in some places reaching from 1,000 to
1,500 feet, and from its first appearance in the cliffs of the English
Channel to its disappearance in Flamborough Head and the Yorkshire
Wolds, this peculiar white limestone preserves everywhere its identity of
character, with such minor modifications of structure as become apparent
only when the formation is closely studied. It is one of the common-
place ' wonders ' of geology that this huge mass has been built up almost
entirely from the remains of lime-secreting organisms, among which the
minute shells of foraminifera are especially abundant. For a period of
time which is admitted to have been long even by geological measure-
ment, and by any standard of human history would be reckoned inter-
minable, the calcareous ooze derived from generation after generation of
these organisms slowly accumulated on the floor of an open sea, too far
from the coast to receive more than an inconsiderable sprinkling of
current-borne detritus, and that usually of the lightest. At rare intervals
however stones rafted from the land, perhaps by floating ice or entangled
in the roots of seaweed or of fallen trees, were dropped to the sea bottom;
and are occasionally found in the Chalk, as for example in the neighbour-
hood of Gravesend,^ but their occurrence is quite exceptional. Nodules
of flint, often occurring abundantly in bands or in tabular masses, are
characteristic of a large part of the Chalk and form an integral portion
of the deposit. Like the cherts of the Lower Greensand, their material
has been mainly derived from the siliceous spicules of sponges, which
are known to have flourished in large numbers in the seas of the period.
Subdivisions of the Chalk. — The subdivision of this great mass into
Lower, Middle, and Upper Chalk was originally based mainly upon
slight differences of composition — the Lower Chalk being usually some-
what grey in colour, marly in its lower portion, and devoid of flints ;
the Middle division, white and rather flinty in places, sometimes with
a hard rock-band (the 'Chalk Rock') at the top ; and the Upper Chalk,
' Mem. Geo!. Survey, 'Geology of London,' i. 82.
14
A HISTORY OF KENT
With the great white cliffs of this remarkable formation fronting the
Channel at the nearest point of approach of our shores to the continent,
in full view of all those who pass through this gateway of our seas, and
with the bold scarp of the North Downs, which marks its prolongation
into the interior no less conspicuous to the pilgrim by land, no other
feature could indeed be more impressively characteristic of the county.
The Downs form the highest ground in Kent, reaching elevations
of between 700 and 800 feet in its western part, and 600 to 700 feet
farther eastward. These heights are attained close to the steep escarp-
ment in which the Chalk terminates, the surface declining thence
gradually northward.
It would be superfluous to describe the general aspect of the forma-
tion, but we may dwell for a moment on the remarkably homogeneous
composition of the Chalk, which is one of its most extraordinary features.
Throughout the whole of its extent in England, from its lowest to its
highest beds, with a thickness in some places reaching from 1,000 to
1,500 feet, and from its first appearance in the cliffs of the English
Channel to its disappearance in Flamborough Head and the Yorkshire
Wolds, this peculiar white limestone preserves everywhere its identity of
character, with such minor modifications of structure as become apparent
only when the formation is closely studied. It is one of the common-
place ' wonders ' of geology that this huge mass has been built up almost
entirely from the remains of lime-secreting organisms, among which the
minute shells of foraminifera are especially abundant. For a period of
time which is admitted to have been long even by geological measure-
ment, and by any standard of human history would be reckoned inter-
minable, the calcareous ooze derived from generation after generation of
these organisms slowly accumulated on the floor of an open sea, too far
from the coast to receive more than an inconsiderable sprinkling of
current-borne detritus, and that usually of the lightest. At rare intervals
however stones rafted from the land, perhaps by floating ice or entangled
in the roots of seaweed or of fallen trees, were dropped to the sea bottom;
and are occasionally found in the Chalk, as for example in the neighbour-
hood of Gravesend,' but their occurrence is quite exceptional. Nodules
of flint, often occurring abundantly in bands or in tabular masses, are
characteristic of a large part of the Chalk and form an integral portion
of the deposit. Like the cherts of the Lower Greensand, their material
has been mainly derived from the siliceous spicules of sponges, which
are known to have flourished in large numbers in the seas of the period.
Subdivisions of the Chalk. — The subdivision of this great mass into
Lower, Middle, and Upper Chalk was originally based mainly upon
slight differences of composition — the Lower Chalk being usually some-
what grey in colour, marly in its lower portion, and devoid of flints ;
the Middle division, white and rather flinty in places, sometimes with
a hard rock-band (the 'Chalk Rock') at the top ; and the Upper Chalk,
' Mem. Geol. Survey, 'Geology of London,' i. 82.
14
GEOLOGY
white and with many flints in some beds and few in others. But these
characters are found to be more or less impersistent when a wide area
is examined, and it is now recognized that the fossils afford a more
satisfactory basis for classification. During the vast period represented
by the Chalk, the fauna inhabiting the sea was steadily changing, most
of its species being gradually modified, or extinguished and replaced
by others. The shells and other hard parts of many of these organisms
were embedded in the slowly accumulating mud of the sea-floor ; and
by the succession of these fossil species synchronous divisions may be
recognized in widely separated districts, even where the enclosing rock-
substance has lost its distinguishing peculiarities. On this basis, by a
close study of its fossils, the Chalk of Kent has been recently re-classified,
divided into ' zones ' like the Gault, and correlated zone by zone with
the Chalk of other districts.^ For this purpose the tests of the sea-
urchins of the genera Micraster and Holaster, which along with other
genera are among the commonest fossils of the Chalk, have been found
especially serviceable; while certain other zones are distinguished by the
presence of another echinoderm, Marsupites ; by the different species
of the extinct cuttle-fish, Beleninitella and Actinocamax ; and by species
of brachiopods, Terebratulina and Rhynchonella. Besides the fossils which
have been selected as ' zonal ' indicators, the Chalk abounds in other
organic remains, including sponges of great variety ; small corals ; a few
univalve and many bivalve shells, the latter including characteristic
species of Inoceramus and Spondylus ; a few crustaceans ; many cephalo-
pods of the genera Ammonites^ Scaphites, Baculites, Nautilus, etc. ; and the
teeth, bones and other hard parts of numerous fish and reptiles.^
Owing to the prevalence of a covering of clayey earth, and in part
also to the lower average elevation of the hills, the Kentish Downs
present a more varied aspect than is usual in Chalk uplands. Instead
of a dry thin soil and treeless surface covered only with smooth short
turf, the Chalk in this county more frequently sustains a deep productive
loam, with cultivated tracts and park-lands in which the beech and
other trees thrive well.
The Chalk is extensively quarried in many places, especially along
the margin of the Thames valley, for burning into lime and for the
preparation of whiting. Mixed with clayey material it is also largely
used in the manufacture of Portland cement. As a water-bearing forma-
tion its economic importance is very great, the rainfall upon its surface
I Dr. A. W. Rowe, 'An Analysis of the genus Micraster,' Quart. Journ. Geo!. Soc. (1899) Iv.
494-544 ; and ' Zones of the White Challc of the English Coast, pt. I, Kent and Sussex,' Proc. Geol.
Assoc. (1900) xvi. 289-368 ; and ' pt. 2, Dorset,' ibid. xvii. 1-76. G. E. Dibley, 'Zonal Features
of the Chalk Pits in the Rochester, Gravesend and Croydon Areas,' Proc. Geol. Assoc. (1900) xvi.
484-99. The earlier work of Dr. C. Barrois, ' Recherches sur le terrain cretace superieur de
I'Angleterre et de I'lrlande,' Memoires de la Soc. Geol. du Nord, tome i. (1876), should also be referred
to.
« For the latest fossil lists see the papers of Dr. Rowe and Mr. Dibley above quoted and the Mem.
Geol. Survey, 'The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, vol. ii. The Chalk' (1902). For description of the
numerous vertebrate remains obtained from the Kentish Chalk, see article ' Palaeontology,' p. 31.
A HISTORY OF KENT
sinking rapidly through the pores and crevices of the rock, so that water
is stored underground in large quantity, and is obtained in abundance
from many deep wells.
Toward the close of the Cretaceous period the ocean which for
so long had covered the greater part of the British Islands became
diminished in depth and extent by reason of an elevatory movement of
this part of the earth's crust, and finally the whole region was brought
once more above sea-level. This change, so far as our country is con-
cerned, is indicated by a gap in the geological record, since it is of course
only in areas where at any particular period deposits have accumulated
that we can read the course of events directly from the stratigraphical
evidence. In Kent we can only judge of the great lapse of time between
the deposition of the highest beds of Chalk still preserved and of the lowest
of the overlying formations, by the fact that in the interval a vast change
had taken place in the life-forms, and that every species of the Chalk
sea, except perhaps a few microscopic animals of low development, had
become extinct and had been replaced by species unknown in the
previous epoch. To the marine life of the present time the fossils of
the Chalk bear scarcely a trace of specific or even generic resemblance ;
but those of the immediately overlying Eocene deposits, although still
very different, show a distinct and thenceforward increasing relationship
with the existing life-forms of our seas.
The floor of the Chalk sea appears to have been elevated so gradu-
ally and evenly in the south-east of England that, when it came within
reach of the erosive agency of waves and currents, its destruction pro-
ceeded at approximately the same rate over wide areas ; so that the newer
deposits, in part made up from its waste, were spread out upon the worn
surface in sheets almost parallel with the stratification of the Chalk
itself; and the unconformity of bedding which usually accompanies the
junction of rocks which differ considerably in age is rarely noticeable
where the lowermost Eocene beds rest upon the Chalk in the Kentish
sections.
LOWER LONDON TERTIARIES
When our stratigraphical record is resumed it indicates the exist-
ence of a shallow sea with shifting currents, and afterwards marks the
approach of the estuary of a large river probably flowing from the west-
ward into this sea. Under these conditions a changeful series of sands
and clays with pebble beds was formed, which are collectively known
as the Lower London Tertiaries and constitute the lowest group of
the Eocene period.
Thanet Beds. — The earliest member of the group is the Thanet
Beds, a marine deposit of fine pale-coloured sand, often somewhat clayey
or loamy. This, as its name implies, is well developed in the north-
eastern part of the county, in the shallow trough or syncline of Chalk
between the Isle of Thanet and the North Downs, where it has a
thickness of about 60 feet, and is exposed in the cliffs of Pegwell Bay
16
GEOLOGY
and near Reculvers. It ranges thence westward, with slight changes
of composition, along the northern slopes of the Chalk up to the Surrey
boundary, but dies out gradually in the eastern part of that county.
From the relatively insignificant thickness of this subdivision and from
the sUght resistance which it can offer to the erosive agencies, its out-
crop takes the form of a ragged irregular fringe to the Tertiaries, with
many detached patches or ' outliers ' surrounded by Chalk where the
wasting back of its mass has been unequal in rate at different spots. A
layer of unworn green-coated flints is constantly found at its base, these
having been derived from the Chalk either by the slow solution of the
original matrix by percolating waters after the deposition of the sands,^
or by its removal under gentle current action before their accumulation.
The fossils of the Thanet Beds consist mainly of a few marine shells,
which are found chiefly in the eastern part of the county and are very
rare in the western part. These beds, with the overlying members of
the group, may be studied in numerous fine artificial sections in the
north-western part of the county,* as for example in the railway cuttings
near Chislehurst, where the recent widening of the South-Eastern line
has laid open the whole sequence.^
Woolwich and Reading Beds. — Next in the series we find a mass
of sediments — the Woolwich and Reading Beds — which represent a
period when the northern part of Kent lay at the mouth of a lagoon or
estuary, with open sea to the north-eastward. In east Kent the deposits
of this period consist of sharp light-coloured false-bedded sand contain-
ing a few marine fossils, usually with a greenish clayey layer and rolled
pebbles of flint at the base. Farther westward the beds are more variable,
light-coloured sands being interbedded with clay and loam and with
indurated bands of oyster shells and occasional layers of flint pebbles.
These sediments are often crowded with estuarine shells of the genera
Cyrena, Unio, Corbula, Ostrea^ Paludina, Melania, Cerithium^ etc., and some-
times contain fragmentary plant-remains. These estuarine beds have
been supposed to indicate the existence of a large river flowing from the
west, but they have also been explained as representing the deltas of
smaller streams flowing northward from the tract now known as the
Weald.* The outcrop of the Woolwich and Reading Beds and also that
of the overlying Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds border that of the
Thanet Sand, and are subject to the same general conditions. It is found
however that the overlying division in each case extends in certain places
southward beyond the limits of the underlying bed, and then rests directly
upon the Chalk. This ' overstep ' of the newer upon the older member
of the series is held to show that the bounds of the sea were again
expanding over a sinking land.
* For discussion on this subject and references to literature see Mem. Geol. Survey, ' The London
Basin,' iv. 58.
* For list of Kentish sections near London see ibid. ' Guide to Geology of London and the
Neighbourhood,' by W. Whitaker, pp. 38, 4.3, 47, 57.
' See Proc. Geol. Assoc. (1900), xvi. 523, 533, and (1901), xvii. 69, 136.
* See ' Guide to London,' op. cit. p. 40 ; also The Building of the British Isles, by A. J. J.
Browne, p. 315.
I 17 3
A HISTORY OF KENT
Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds. — These beds, now classed as forming
the uppermost division of the Lower London Tertiaries, were originally
regarded as the ' Basement Bed ' of the London Clay.^ In west Kent
they are principally composed of peculiarly well-rolled flint pebbles
mixed with fine sand ; but in the eastern part of their outcrop, except
in an outlier at Shottenden Hill south of Selling, this predominant
pebbly character is lost, and they consist of fine light-buff sand with
dark grains, and sometimes with thin layers or patches of clay and a
pebbly band or a bed of sandy brown iron-ore at the base. The rounded
shape of all the pebbles is very characteristic and indicates long-continued
attrition of the flints on the Eocene shingle banks. The fossils of the
Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds are partly marine and partly estuarine,
the marine species predominating in the eastern sandy portion of the
formation. Westward the division thins out and disappears soon after
crossing the Surrey border.
LONDON CLAY
The deposition of the sands, estuarine muds and shingle beds of
the shallow-water Lower London Tertiaries was brought to a close by
a subsidence of the land, which carried down the whole district once
more beneath the sea and caused the earlier Eocene strata to be over-
spread by a deep mass of marine clay — the London Clay — which
constitutes the thickest and most widespread division of the Eocene
sediments of the London basin. This great bed of tenacious brown and
bluish-grey clay, attaining a thickness of from 400 to 480 feet where
present from base to summit, preserves the same character over wide
areas. It has usually an admixture of sand and flint pebbles in its lower-
most stratum, and also contains here and there layers of nodular calcareous
concretions, and segregations of pyrites. The calcareous nodules generally
show shrinkage-cracks or septa lined with calcite or aragonite, and on
this account are termed septaria ; these nodules have been collected
in large numbers in the Isle of Sheppey for use in the preparation of
cement.
The widest tracts of London Clay lie beyond the boundaries of
Kent to the north and west, but a glance at the geological map will
show that it also covers much ground in the northern part of our county,
lying always within a fringe of the Lower London Tertiaries. In the
west it is broken up into numerous outlying patches and spurs, the
remnants of a once continuous sheet which has been worn into shreds
by denuding agencies. Farther east, though much obscured by the
alluvium and other ' superficial ' deposits of the Thames and its tributaries,
it underlies the Hundred of Hoo and the Isle of Grain ; and reappears
from beneath the alluvium of the Medway in the Isle of Sheppey, where
its uppermost beds are in places preserved, and where it is well exposed
in cliff-sections long famous for their numerous and diversified fossils.
On the mainland farther eastward it underlies the undulating well-
* See Mem. Geol. Survey, 'The London Basin,' p. 239.
18
GEOLOGY
wooded tract known as The Blean, extending along the seacoast from
Whitstable to a little beyond Heme Bay and inland nearly up to the
valley of the Stour, but is frequently covered with patches of Pleistocene
gravel, brickearth and loam.
Though rich in fossils, these are unequally distributed, being very
numerous in some localities and rare or absent in others. They are
essentially marine, but include many remains drifted from the land ; and
it is probable that the river of which we had glimpses in the earlier
Eocene deposits still continued to pour its burden of land-waste into the
sea in this quarter, though its actual estuary now lay at some distance
from our district. Hence besides very numerous species of marine fish,
molluscs, crustaceans, annelids, echinoderms, corals, etc., the fossils include,
in less abundance, the relics of extinct mammals, birds, turtles and
crocodiles,^ along with many plant-remains, chiefly the seeds and fruits
which are preserved in a pyritized state. The most prolific locality for
these fossils, especially for the plants and vertebrate animals, is the coast
of Sheppey, as above mentioned. The climate of the period, as indicated
by these fossils, must have been considerably warmer than at present ;
and indeed throughout Early Tertiary times the conditions appear to
have been such as now only prevail much farther south in our hemi-
sphere.
Lower Bagshot Beds. — Of the events which succeeded the deposition
of the London Clay our evidence is meagre and all in shreds and patches.
Deposits preserved in Surrey and the country farther to the westward
indicate that there followed a gradual change, owing to the re-elevation
of the sea floor, so that shallow-water and estuarine conditions once
more prevailed in this part of England, whereby sands and pebble beds
were spread out over the London Clay. But in Kent, where they may
once have existed, these newer Eocene beds have been denuded away,
except in the Isle of Sheppey where in a few places the uppermost
portion of the London Clay passes upward into sand and loam with
clayey partings, supposed to represent the lowest part of the Lower
Bagshot Beds of Surrey. The largest of these outliers occurs between
Minster and Eastchurch ; it is barely a square mile in extent.
THE MIOCENE ELEVATION
Then follows a long blank in the stratigraphical succession, the
remainder of the Eocene and the whole of the Oligocene and Miocene
periods having no representatives in our county. Indeed, in no part
of England is there any deposit of Miocene age, and the Oligocene
is represented only in the ' Hampshire basin,' where there are alterna-
tions of marine, estuarine and freshwater strata of this age. We know
however that during this long interval great changes in the distribution
of land and sea took place throughout Europe, owing to powerful move-
1 For particulars respecting the vertebrate fauna of the London Clay, see subsequent article
' Palaeontology,' p. 3 1 .
19
A HISTORY OF KENT
ments of the earth's crust during Miocene times by which huge
mountain chains were upheaved in some parts and vast sheets of molten
lava poured out over the surface in others. In a minor but still important
degree these disturbances affected the whole of the south-east of England,
throwing the rocks into broad waves, or buckling them into sharp folds
such as may be seen in the cliff-sections of the Isle of Wight and of
Dorset.
Although the already-described ' overstep ' of the upper beyond the
lower divisions of the Lower London Tertiaries indicates that the eleva-
tion of the Wealden dome must have begun very early in Eocene times,
it was probably under the influence of these great earth-movements of the
Miocene period that the principal uplift took place. And as we shall
presently see, the form that was then given to the surface is still reflected
in the river-systems of the county, which must have been established
when the outline of the land was very different from that which it now
presents. It was after this elevation that the chiselling of the surface
commenced of which the existing relief is the distant outcome.
Once however in the interval between the Miocene uplift and the
present time the area must have been temporarily submerged beneath
the sea, as the following evidence will show.
PLIOCENE PERIOD
Lenham Beds. — Along the crest of the Downs from the coast above
Folkestone to within a few miles of Maidstone, the Chalk is capped here
and there with patches of rusty sand sometimes indurated into lumps
of ironstone. This material is usually unfossiliferous, but in two or
three places the hollow casts of marine shells have been found in the
ironstone, and these are sufficient to indicate that the deposit is of Older
Pliocene age, equivalent to the Diestian Beds of Belgium and to the
lower part of the Coralline Crag of Suffolk.' The sands appear originally
to have been glauconitic and full of shells, but have been slowly weathered
into their present condition by the percolation of surface-water through
them ; so that were it not for the preservation of the casts in the iron-
stone, from which it is possible to obtain determinable moulds of the
shells,* they would have been devoid of direct evidence as to their age.
The principal locality for these fossils is at Lenham, nine miles east of
Maidstone, where the sands and ironstone have sunk down into ' pipes '
or deep cylindrical holes melted out in the Chalk by the solvent action
of the surface drainage in passing along ' water-sinks.' The fauna, which
is exclusively marine, comprises species of Turritella, Pyrula, Pectunculus,
Area, Terebratula, etc., and is believed to indicate a depth of the sea of
not less than 40 fathoms during the accumulation of the sands. ^
1 Mr. F. W. Harmer has recently expressed the opinion that the Lenham Beds are slightly older
than the Coralline Crag. See Quart. Joum. Geol. Sec. (1900), Ivi. 708.
2 See C. Reid, Nature (1886), xxxiv. 341.
3 Mem. Geol. Survey, 'Pliocene Deposits of Britain,' p. 52.
GEOLOGY
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS
The Lenham Beds, with their tantalizingly fragmentary evidence
of extensive submergence, are the latest marine deposits of Kent, if
we except the low-level shingle of recent accumulation at Dungeness
and the estuarine silt of the marshes of the Thames. All the other
remnants of its later geological history tell of the long persistent waste
of a land surface shattered by winter frosts and torn down by the
gathering of the rains and melting snows into streams, or steadily lowered
by the solution of its limestones from the percolation of the sub-aerial
waters through its pores, each muddy stream and lime-charged spring
incessantly carrying its load of particles downward to the rivers, that in
turn sank their channels deeper and deeper into the land as they swept
powerfully onward to the sea.
The Denudation of the Weald. — Let us now consider more fully the
eloquent testimony which these rivers in themselves bear to the vast
change that the country has undergone since they began to flow in their
present courses. Although the plain of Weald Clay lies open eastward
to the sea, the Darent, the Medway and the Stour all flow northward
from it to break across the high opposing barriers of the Lower Green-
sand and Chalk in deep trench-like valleys that they have excavated at
right angles to the present escarpments. This behaviour seems inexplic-
able until we realize the geological conditions by which their courses
were originally determined. We must picture to ourselves the shape
of the land after the uplift of the Wealden dome, when the Chalk still
formed a continuous arch across the interior, of which only the
opposite buttresses now remain in the North and South Downs. From
this surface the drainage would necessarily flow northward and south-
ward on the opposite sides of the dome, which are precisely the present
directions of the principal rivers of Kent on the one side and of Sussex
on the other side ; and thus the problem no longer presents any difficulty.
Since the courses of these streams were established, the crest of the dome
has crumbled away ; formation after formation has been stripped off ;
the softer strata have been everywhere lowered relatively to the harder,
and longitudinal depressions formed in which tributary streams have
been nourished, thereby further accelerating the trenching of the surface ;
but still the main rivers have held their original direction and deepened
their channels across the broken shell of the land, and they will continue
to do so until they have sunk so deeply as to become powerless, or until
the country sinks again for renovation beneath the ocean.
Some relics of this period of erosion — mere shreds of waste left
scattered here and there for a while until the elements find time to round
off their work — will now claim our attention.
Clay-'with-F lints and other Hill Drift. — It is in the river valleys that
such traces are most abundantly found ; but they are not wanting even
on the hills. Thus, as already mentioned, the surface of the Chalk on
the Downs, where the ground is not too steep, is very generally over-
spread with an irregular sheet, from a few inches to several feet in
A HISTORY OF KENT
thickness, of loam and reddish-brown clay full of unworn flints, which
has accumulated deeply in the little ' pipes ' and hollows of the rock and
to a less extent on the intervening spaces. It is believed that this ' Clay-
with-Flints ' represents the insoluble matter remaining from the gradual
decay and lowering of the Chalk under the action of surface waters,
mixed here and there with a Httle detritus from Tertiary beds that once
existed at higher levels. Occasionally also patches of water-worn gravel
are found at high elevations, of uncertain origin but probably the relics
of long-vanished streams whose gathering grounds have been carried
away by the recession of the escarpments. Great interest has been
aroused in these high-level deposits of the Downs ^ by the discovery of
large numbers of weathered flints with rudely chipped edges, supposed
to be of human workmanship and of older date than the ' Paleolithic '
implements found in the gravels of lower levels, and therefore named
' eoliths.' The artificial character of these ' eoliths ' is denied by some
authorities, and the subject will require further investigation before it
can be regarded as settled.^
River Drift. — The older river deposits of the main valleys consist
of terraces of gravel, sand and flood-loam or brick-earth, that often
occur at levels high above the present streams and mark successive
stages in the deepening of their channels. These beds have been care-
fully studied in Kent, and much has been written regarding them ;
but space-limits forbid more than a brief mention here of the chief
exposures. Below Woolwich, where the Darent joins the Thames, the
slopes are bordered by a thick mass of fossiliferous brick-earth, inter-
stratified with sand and gravel, into which large pits have been dug
between Erith and Crayford. Besides numerous land and freshwater
shells, the remains of mammoth, elephant, rhinoceros, hippopotamus,
lion, bear, wolf, hyena, bison, bos, musk-ox, elk, stag, horse and many
smaller animals, including the Norwegian and the Arctic lemmings,^
have been obtained from these excavations,* and also coarsely-chipped
Paleolithic flint implements, undoubted relics of ancient man. In one
of the pits at Crayford flint flakes were scattered plentifully in a well-
defined layer, and this was proved to be an actual working-place of the
old implement-makers in chipping flint ' baches,' as in one case when
the contiguous flakes were collected it was found possible to replace them
in their relative positions so that the outline of the original unworked
1 The gravels of this district and the age of the flint implements have been discussed in detail
by the late Prof. J. Prestwich in the following papers : 'On the Occurrence of Palaeolithic Flint Imple-
ments in the neighbourhood of Ightham, Kent,' Quart. Journ. Geo/. Soc. (1889), xlv. 270 ; ' On . . .
a Southern Drift in the Thames Basin ..." ibid. xlvi. 155; ' On the Age, Formation and Successive
Drift Stages of the Darent Valley,' ibid. (1891), xlvii. ; 'Flint Implements of the Chalk Plateau of
Kent,' Joun. Anthrop. Inst. (1892), p. 24 ; and in Controverted Questions o/Geo/ogy, London, 870(1895),
pp. 49-81, etc. See also W. Cunnington, 'On some Palaeolithic Implements from the Plateau Gravels,
and their evidence concerning " Eolithic" Man,' Quart. Journ. Geo/. Soe. (1898), Ivi. 291.
2 For further discussion of these ' eoliths,' see the article on ' Early Man ' in this volume.
3 E. T. Newton, ' On the occurrence of Lemmings, etc., in the Thames Valley,' Geo/. Mag.
(1890), dec. 3. vii. 452.
* For further details, see article on ' Palaeontology,' p. 31.
22
GEOLOGY
block of flint was restored.^ In the implement-bearing gravels of
Galley Hill, Northfleet, human bones were found which may possibly
be of Paleolithic age.^
Old fluviatile deposits are particularly numerous in the Medway
valley, and must represent a long period of erosion, as ancient river
gravels occur as high as 300 feet above the present stream at East
Mailing/ In the brick-earths belonging to this valley, which fill wide
' pipes ' and open joints in the Kentish Rag around Maidstone, many
mammalian bones have been obtained, including those of mammoth,
rhinoceros, hyena, reindeer, bos, horse, etc., with a few land shells.
Similar fossils have occasionally been found in other parts of the valley.*
Of still greater interest is the large series of remains which has been
collected from a fissure in the Kentish Rag near Ightham, in the valley
of the Shode or Plaxtole tributary of the Medway.® These represent
most of the large animals last mentioned, along with the roedeer, Arctic
fox and common fox, and besides these, the bones of numerous small
mammals, birds and reptiles, which were obtained by carefully sifting the
material from the fissure. Among these smaller animals were several
bats, shrews and voles, with the Norwegian and Arctic lemmings and
the pika or tailless hare. Some of these animals are characteristic of
the present ' steppe fauna ' of northern Siberia, and they afford strong
support to the view* that a cold dry climate prevailed in this part of
England during some portion of Pleistocene times. The frog, toad,
newt, slow-worm, common snake and viper were also recognized ; and
the birds' bones represented the skylark, with probably the song-thrush,
wheatear, wagtail, buzzard, common duck and gull. Numerous land
and freshwater shells, with a few insect and plant remains, were also
found in this prolific fissure.
Another richly fossiliferous deposit deserving mention is the small
patch of gravel and loam worked out many years on the western edge
of the little valley at Folkestone, under the old Battery, which yielded
remains of the mammoth, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, Irish elk, rein-
deer, bison, bos, horse, etc.''
The valleys of the Stour and the Darent, though less fossiliferous,
bear similar testimony to long-continued fluviatile erosion, but we have
no space for further details under this head.^
1 See F. C. J. Spurrell. ' On the discovery of the place where Paleolithic Implements were made
at Crayford,' Quart. Jouitt. Geol. Soc. (1880), xxxvi. 544-8.
2 E. T. Newton, ' On a Human Sliull and Limb Bones found in the Palsolithic Terrace-Gravel at
Galley HiU, Kent,' Quart. Jourti. Geol. Soc. (1895), li. 505.
^ Mem. Geol. Survey, 'Geology of the Weald,' pp. 172-88.
* e.g. a femur of rhinoceros was recently obtained in drainage-works at Tonbridge, at the southern
edge of the Medway flat. See also subsequent article ' Palaeontology',' p. 31.
5 W. J. Lewis Abbott, ' The Ossiferous Fissures near Ightham ' ; and E. T. Newton, F.R.S., ' The
Vertebrate Fauna from the Fissure . . . ,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1894), 1. 171-210. See also
' Palaeontology,' p. 3 I .
® C. Reid, 'Desert or Steppe Conditions in Britain,' Natural Science (1893), iii. 367-70.
7 S. J. Mackie, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1851), vii. 257. See also 'Geology of the Weald,'
p. 163, for other references.
8 Among other localities for Paleolithic implements in Kent, probably derived from the River Drift,
23
A HISTORY OF KENT
In discussing this branch of our subject it is important to remember
that there are no deposits in Kent that can be directly assigned to the
glacial agencies which produced such widespread effects in the country
north of the Thames. The great ice-sheet that gradually crept over all
the northern lands of Europe after the close of Pliocene times seems to
have attained its southerly bounds at the estuary of the Thames, so that
Kent lay just beyond its margin. But during this Glacial Period the
conditions must have been even more favourable to unequal or valley
erosion in the bare country, exposed to alternate freezing and thawing and
to heavy floods derived from the melting of the winter snows, than in the
county farther north, which was to some extent protected by its mantle
of permanent ice. Hence, while boulder-clays and glacial gravels were
being outspread upon the land to the northward, torrential denudation
was rapidly cutting into the Kentish hills and sending turbid floods,
active in erosion, along its main valleys. There has been much dis-
cussion as to the exact relationship between the Glacial drifts of the
north of England and the fossiliferous gravels and brickearths of the
Thames valley,* the circumstances being of course unfavourable for
direct correlation. Some part of the older ' superficial ' deposits of
Kent are likely to be at least of Glacial age, but as subaerial conditions
were persistent throughout the period and have continued to prevail
up to the present time, the fragmentary evidence which remains is
scarcely sufficient to enable us to recognize the limits of the period in
Kent.
Recent Deposits. — Between the deposition of the old river-drift
with remains of extinct mammals and present-day conditions there
have been many intermediate stages, of which some record is pre-
served in the lower terraces and recent alluvium of the valleys.
These newer deposits all indicate a shrinkage in volume of the rivers,
and they also show that within comparatively recent times the land
has stood somewhat higher than at present. Excavations for docks
and other works below the level of high tide in the Thames valley
below London, especially between Woolwich and Erith, have revealed
layers of peat with trunks of trees, including the oak and yew,
indicating forest growth in situ, this peat being interstratified with beds
of marsh clay, the whole resting on river-gravel and sand. Where
fossils occur in these deposits they are all of species still living ; and
traces of human work of Neolithic and later date are also occasionally
found. The marshes of the lower Thames and of the mouths of the
Medway and the Stour are further examples of these recent alluvia, and
less extensive deposits of the same kind fringe the streams in the
interior.
are West Wickham, Swanscombe, Milton Street, Ash, Darent, Rainham, etc. G. Clinch, ' On Drift
Gravels at West Wickham,' Quart. Jouitt. Geo!. Soc. (1900), Ivi. 8 ; J. M. Mello, 'On some Palaeolithic
Implements of North Kent,' Re/i. British Assoc, for 1899 (Dover), p. 753, etc. See also article
on ' Early Man ' in present volume.
1 For summary, see Mem. Geol. Survey, 'Geology of London,' pp. 353-87.
24
GEOLOGY
Of similar character is the broad flat of Romney Marsh, which Hke
the marshes of the Thames lies below the level of high spring tides. It
is fringed along the greater part of its seaward margin by an accumula-
tion of recent shingle, arranged in ' fulls ' or ' storm beaches,' and by sand
dunes ; and where these are wanting the marsh is protected from the sea
by artificial embankments. Within the marsh, marine sand and shingle
is generally found at a depth of from lo to 20 feet, but this is overlain
by clay and peat with trunks of trees. Great changes have taken place
within the recent period in this tract both in the shape of the coast line
and in the course of the river Rother across the marsh, but as these will
be dealt with by the historian, passing reference to them will here
suffice.' The great shingle spit at Dunge Ness, where the accumulated
' storm beach ' is two or three miles wide, is known to be growing out
eastward at a rate estimated at about six yards annually, through the
steady transference of the shingle in that direction. Meanwhile on the
coast of the marsh to the westward the sea is encroaching, so that the
position and shape of the Ness is constantly undergoing modification,
and is known to have been quite diffisrent a few centuries ago.
Being concentrated upon a narrow shore-line, the effisct of the sea
upon the land is always more obvious than the subtle all-pervading
influence of the atmospheric agencies. It seems scarcely necessary to
mention that every part of the Kentish coast, except where artificially
protected, is undergoing change, though nowhere so rapidly as at
Dunge Ness. Its cliffs are being sapped and torn away piecemeal —
rapidly where composed of soft material, as at Sheppey and Reculvers ;
and more slowly, but still not very slowly, where of firmer build,
as in Thanet and the South Foreland ; while its shallow estuaries
are being gradually silted up and its salt marshes converted into firm
land.
DEEP-SEATED ROCKS
Having deciphered the later portion of the geological history of
the county, from the records contained in the structure of the present
surface, and having thereby incidentally made easier the reading of such
evidence as we may possess regarding the rocks which do not appear at
the surface, we will now turn back to the earlier chapters of the
history and consider the deep foundation of the county.
As mentioned at the beginning of this article, very important
additions have been recently made to our knowledge on this subject
by the numerous deep borings which have been sunk in search of
coal. Though the information as yet published regarding these borings
is somewhat limited, it enables us to add very considerably to the list of
formations recognized in Kent, and to prove the existence of a down-
ward succession reaching to the base of the Secondary or Mesozoic rocks
and even including part of the Palaeozoics.
* Consult Mem. Geo/. Survey, 'Geology of the Weald,' chap. xvii. p. 302, for geological account
of these changes.
I 25 4
A HISTORY OF KENT
As regards the history of these coal explorations it will suffice to
give references to the already extensive literature of the subject, and
to note that so long ago as the year 1856 the opinion that Coal Measures
might occur within a workable depth in Kent was clearly stated.^ It
was not until 1890 however that this opinion was verified by a deep
boring on the site of the Channel Tunnel Works at the base of
Shakspere Cliff near Dover/ which reached the Coal Measures at a depth
of 1,157 ^^^^ below the surface and passed through ten' coal seams at
various depths between 1,180 and 2,221 feet, of thicknesses varying from
I foot to 4 feet and giving an aggregate thickness of 22 feet of coal.
This discovery led to the sinking of shafts on the same site, and to the
commencement of several other borings in different parts of the interior
of the county for the purpose of testing the lateral extension of the
Coal Measures, the work being carried on entirely by private enterprise.
Owing to engineering difficulties and other causes however, in spite of
the expenditure of very large sums of money the Dover shafts have not
at the time of writing, reached the coal seams ; and only one of the
other borings — that at Ropersole, 8 miles north-west of Dover — is known
to have entered Carboniferous rocks, while another — at Brabourne,
5 miles east of Ashford — has shown that the Coal Measures do not
extend to that place. Sooner or later the deep-seated Coal Measures
of Kent will no doubt become of economic importance, and the pre-
sent aspect of the north-eastern part of the county thereby greatly
altered.
For the nearest places where the Jurassic and older rocks proved
in these borings may be seen at the surface, we have to look eastward
across the Channel to France, or westward to Somerset and the adjacent
western counties. The intermediate sections now obtained in Kent
are certain to prove of high scientific value in elucidating the deep-
seated geology of the whole of the south-east of England.
The following are the records of the Kentish borings which
have been published up to the present time : —
> R. A. C. Godwin-Austen, ' On the Probable Extension of the Coal Measures beneath the South-
eastern part of England,' Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. (1856), xii. 38. This author's opinion was fully
discussed and acquiesced in by Prof. J. Prestwich in ' Report on the Probabilities of finding Coal in
the South of England,' Reports of the Coal Commission (1871), i. 146. The hypothesis was sub-
sequently discussed by many other geologists. For critical review of this literature up to the year
1 888 consult W. Wliitaker, M^ot. Geol. Survey, 'The Geology of London ' (1889), vol. i. chap. 2,
'Underground Plain of Older Rocks,' pp. 10-49 ! ^"'^ ''^ 'Joum. Soc. Arts (1890), xxxviii. 543.
2 Prof W. Boyd Dawkins, under whose advice the boring was made, has published several papers
on the history of this exploration and on the results attained : see Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. (1890),
XX. 502 ; (1892) xxi. 456 ; (1894) xxii. 488 ; ibid. 'History of the Discovery' (1897), xxv. 155 ;
Reports British Assoc: Cardiff (1891), 637; Oxford (1894), p. 648; Dover (1899), p. 734;
Contemporary Revietv, April, 1890 ; ColRery Guardian, June, 1894, etc. Also for detailed sections of
Dover boring, see W. Boyd Dawkins in third paper above cited ; and joint paper by F. Brady, G. P.
Simpson and N. R. Griffith, 'The Kent Coalfield,' Trans. Fed. Inst. Mining Eng. (1895-6), xi. 540 ;
and for later general discussion of the subject, R. Etheridge, ' On the Relation between the Dover
and Franco-Belgian Coal Basins,' Rep. British. Assoc. Dover (1899), p. 730.
» Or twelve seams ; see Prof. W. B. Dawkins, Rep. British Assoc. Dover (1899), p. 736.
GEOLOGY
I. Dover Colliery, Shakspere Cliff '
Formation Thicknei
/ Grey Chalk and Chalk Marl
tCault
i Lower Greensand
Weald Clay
Hastings Beds
(Kimeridge Clay
Corallian Beds (including 12 feet of oolitic
iron-ore)*
Oxford Clay
Great Oolite Series
Lias
Coal Measures, with eight workable coal seams
having an aggregate thickness of 1 6 ft. of coal
Total depth of boring . . .
IL Brabourne Boring, 5 miles east of Ashford ^
System Formation Thickni
Upper Cretaceous . Gault
Lower Greensand and Atherfield Clay. . .
Weald Clay
Hastings Beds
Portland Oolite
Kimeridge Clay
Corallian Beds
». Oxford Clay
Great Oolite Series
r Middle Lias
\ Lower Lias
Triassic Conglomerates
Palaeozoic Rock, exact age unknown * . . .
Total . . .
in. RoPERsoLE Boring, 8 miles north-west of Dover
System
Upper Cretaceous
Lower Cretaceous
Upper Jurassic .
Middle Jurassic
Lower Jurassic .
Upper Carboniferous
Lower Cretaceous
Upper Jurassic .
Middle Jurassic .
Lower Jurassic .
Trias . . .
Palaeozoic . .
System
Upper Cretaceous .
Lower Cretaceous .
Upper Jurassic .
Middle Jurassic .
Lower Jurassic .
Upper Carboniferous
Formation Thi
Upper Chalk
Middle Chalk
Lower Grey Chalk
Glauconitic Marl
Gault
I Lower Greensand
i Atherfield Clay
( Purbeck-Wealden Beds
I Kimeridge Clay (?)
I Corallian Beds
[ Oxfordian and Callovian Beds . . . .
Bathonian Beds (Great Oolite Series) . .
JUpperLias(?)
t Middle Lias
Coal Measures, with two thin coal seams.
Total . .
I in feet
182
613
2,314
;ss: ft. in.
72 6
231
198
206 6
14
242
305
243
189 I
74 8
98 I
48 4
88 5
2,010 7
ii»
220
16
119
51
21
55
10
157
142
164
3
24 9
192 10
,773 7
> From summary published by R. Etheridge in Report Bntish Assoc, for 1899, p. 733. See also,
for full details of section, Prof. Boyd Dawkins in paper above cited ; and F. Brady, G. P. Simpson, and
N. R. Griffith, Tram. Fed. Inst, of Mining Engineers (1895-6), xi. 540.
2 W. B. Dawkins, Rep. British Assoc. Oxford (1894), p. 648.
» From record published by R. Etheridge in Report British Assoc, for 1899, p. 733.
* In Prof. Boyd Dawkins' opinion ' probably Devonian,' and therefore older than Carboniferous.
See ibid. p. 736.
6 From record published by Prof Boyd Dawkins, ibid. p. 735. The boring was not then
completed, but no further details have been published (July 1902).
27
A HISTORY OF KENT
Four other Kentish Borings,' viz. : —
IV. Ottinge V. HoTHFiELD VI. Old Soar V^II. Penshurst
lo miles 3 miles 5 miles (Ensfield)
Formation west of N.W. of N.N.E. of 3 miles west of
Dover Ashford Tonbridge Tonbridge
Lower Greensand and) ^ , a f» .o^f» , r„ h /f\
Atherfield Clay . .} ^^^ ^'- '^^^'-^ 5o ft.(?)
Wealden and Purbeck 146 „+ 593 „ + 650,, + 1511 ft.
Kimeridge Clay .. — — — 356,,+
These coal-exploration borings do not however exhaust our informa-
tion as to the deep-seated rocks of Kent. In the north-west of the county
two borings for other purposes had previously reached strata older than
any at the surface. These were as follows :
VIII. Boring at Crossness near Erith ^
System Formation Thickness in feet
Pleistocene . . Alluvium, Valley Drift, etc 39
Lower Eocene . Lower London Tertiaries 98
r, n . i Chalk 696 (?)
Upper Cretaceous i ^ , 7 \ /
'^'^ I Gault 175
i^'t^ \ } Red Marls and Sandstones (of doubtful age) . 52
(or Devonian) J ^ b / j .
Total . . . i,c6o
XL Boring at Chatham Dockyard^
System Formation Thickness in feet
Pleistocene . . Valley Drift, etc \
Lower Eocene . Lower London Tertiaries / '
Upper Cretaceous i r^ ,
"^"^ ^ Gault 193
Lower Cretaceous Lower Greensand 41
Upper Jurassic • Oxford Clay 22
Total . . . 965
We will now briefly discuss the fresh discoveries represented by the
above records and indicate their principal bearings, referring the reader
to the literature mentioned in foregoing footnotes for fuller information.
The first point which deserves attention is the surprising variety of the
older divisions of the Secondary rocks both in character and in thickness,
and the diversity of the underlying Palsozoic formations. The rapid
changes in the underground stratigraphy thus indicated are in striking con-
trast with the simplicity and regularity of the surface geology of the
1 Recorded by Prof Boyd Dawkins, Refott British Assoc, for 1899, p. 737. Borings have also
been made at Pluckley, 6 miles west of Ashford, and at a site between Ropersole and Dover, but the
records have not yet been published.
2 See Prof J. Prestwich, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc. (1878), xxxiv. 902 ; also W. Whitaker, 'Geology
of London ' (1889), i. 19, ii. 66.
3 See W. Whitaker, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (1886), xlii. 26, and 'Geology of London,'!. 27. Also
' The Deep-seated Geology of the Rochester District ' (Presidential Address), Trans. South-Eastern Union
of Scientific Socs.for 1899.
28
GEOLOGY
same tracts. It is remarkable also that all the Lower Cretaceous beds,
that at the surface stretch, as we have seen, from east to west across the
county with only slight modification, are found, when their underground
course is traced, to alter their character or to disappear entirely within
a few miles to the northward of their outcrop. Deep borings to the
north of the Thames have shown that this thinning away of the Second-
ary rocks below the Chalk becomes still more pronounced beyond the
Kentish boundary.
As to the Palaeozoic rocks, beyond the fact that they differ entirely
in character in different parts of the county and that the Coal Measures
are certainly present at Dover and Ropersole, we have not much definite
information, as it has not been found possible to determine the exact age
of the lowest beds reached in the Brabourne and Crossness borings on the
scanty evidence available. It is clear however that at some time before
the deposition of the Mesozoic beds these Paleozoic rocks had formed
a land surface, their component strata having been previously disturbed
and tilted and brought within the reach of erosive agencies ; so that at
the commencement of the Secondary era they had been denuded across
the edges and planed down to an uneven floor of diverse composition,
upon which the Mesozoic rocks were afterwards deposited. The
Triassic conglomerate of the Brabourne section, made up of pebbles
of older rocks, bears witness to this ancient epoch of land waste.
Early in Secondary times, portions of this land were submerged
beneath the sea, and soon the irregular ' Palaeozoic floor ' was buried
under the newer sediments, which rested unconformably across the worn
edges of the older formations. By unequal movement or tilting, perhaps
in gentle stages oft repeated, this floor was raised up northward, so that
the Secondary deposits were either unable to accumulate to so great a
thickness in that quarter as in the gradually sinking area to the south,
or were removed after their accumulation by being brought within the
reach of currents and wave-action. Thus may we explain the rapid
thinning away northward of all the Secondary rocks below the Chalk,
and their great thickness in the more southerly of the Kentish borings
and in Sussex.
The Jurassic (Lower Mesozoic) beds underlying Kent consist of
thick alternations of clays and limestones, the latter frequently showing
characteristic round-grained ' oolitic ' structure. These beds, from the
Lias upward to the base of the Purbecks, indicate a continuity of
marine conditions — at least in the south of the county — and have
yielded numerous fossils by which they can be identified and cor-
related with beds of the same age in the west of England. The
limestones of the ' Corallian ' division, like those of that period in
other parts of the country, are crowded with fossil corals, and have
probably originated as true coral reefs of the ancient sea.
At Crossness the whole of the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous beds
are absent, while at Chatham the attenuated representative of the
Lower Greensand rests directly on Oxford Clay although in the south
29
A HISTORY OF KENT
of the county the borings indicate two or three thousand feet of strata
of intermediate age.
Where the uppermost Jurassic beds are preserved they show that
after the deposition of the Kimeridge Clay, which appears to have
accumulated in waters of some depth, the sea became shallow and its
bottom covered with sand (' Portlandian '), and at a later stage ('Pur-
beck Beds ') its site was occupied by lagoons of brackish water through
the increasing influence of the rivers draining from the land ; until finally
the freshwater Wealden conditions were established, under which the
older surface rocks of the county were accumulated, as previously
described.
The northward overlap of the freshwater Wealden deposits across
the boundaries of the marine Jurassic series, and the further overlap
of the Gault and Chalk across the limits of both, are proof that the
relative uplift of the northern district must have been repeated at
several stages before the deposition of the Chalk. But after the great
Upper Cretaceous subsidence the axis of main uplift was shifted farther
southward ; and as already shown, the Wealden anticline was raised over
the tract in which the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks had attained
their greatest thickness.' The pressure which caused the upward bulging
of the Wealden dome appears to have acted laterally from the south,
the thick masses of yielding Secondary sediments, confined by the rigid
Palaeozoic slope on the north, obtaining relief from the compression by
broad undulation.
In this glimpse at the foundation rocks of the county we have been
enabled to trace the outlines of its evolution backward to the remoter
periods of geological time. But it must be remembered that in other
regions there are rocks now exposed at the surface of far higher antiquity
than the oldest of those reached by the deep borings in Kent, and that
although our records have covered a past that is immeasurable by any
time-standard within our grasp, they yet fail by many sons to reach
backward to the known limits of geological time. The Palaeozoic
sediments of Kent must themselves have had a floor on which to rest ;
and our knowledge is bounded only by the limitations of our researches.
1 As pointed out by Topley {Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xxx. 1 86, and 'Geology of the Weald,'
p. 241), the Wealden dome may have been in part built up by this thickening of the Secondary rocks
toward its centre, independently of the effect afterwards produced by unequal uplift.
PALAEONTOLOGY
THE river gravels and alluvial deposits, the London Clay and
the Cretaceous rocks of Kent are noted for the abundance and
fine preservation of their vertebrate fossils ; and a large number
of genera and species have been described from the two last-
named formations on the evidence of Kentish specimens. The London
Clay of Sheppey has in fact furnished practically all our information
with regard to the birds which inhabited England during the early
part of the Eocene period ; and the vertebrates of the Folkestone Gault
are to a great extent unknown elsewhere. The fissure of Pleistocene
age at Ightham has revealed the existence at a time when the mammoth
and woolly rhinoceros roamed over the south-east of England of a fauna
largely composed of species still existing. Of the other Pleistocene
deposits in the county perhaps the most important are the gravels at
Aylesford and Maidstone and the so-called bone-bed at Folkestone.^ An
interesting fact in connection with the county is the discovery of fossil
remains of the woolly rhinoceros at Chartham about the middle of the
seventeenth century, to which further allusion is made below.
The vertebrate fauna from one of the fissures in the Kentish Rag
near Ightham, which, as already said, is considered to be of Pleistocene
age, has been described by Mr. E. T. Newton,^ and is remarkable for
the number of species of the smaller mammals, whose remains are so
seldom preserved in formations of this age. The remains include those
of several kinds of bats, all apparently referable to existing species ; as
well as of the common and the lesser shrew and the mole. The
Ightham Carnivora comprise the wolf, fox, Arctic fox {Canis lagopus),
wild cat, cave-hy^na {Hycena crocuta spelaa), brown bear, badger, otter,
weasel, polecat, and a species regarded as an extinct kind of polecat and
named Mustek robusta. The rodents include an extinct species of suslik
[Spermophilus erythrogenoides) ; the wood-mouse [Mus sylvaticus), and an
extinct species of the same genus named M. lewisi ; six or seven species
of voles, some of which are unknown in the living state in Britain ;
the Norwegian lemming {Lemmas lemmas) and the banded lemming
[Dicrostonyx torqaatus) ; the common pica {Ochotona pusilla) ; the
common hare, the mountain hare {Lepus timidas), and the rabbit, the
remains of the latter being probably of later age than those of the other
mammals.
» See S. J. Mackie, Quart. Journ. Geo!. Soc. (185 i) vii. 257.
8 Ibid. (1894) 1. 188, and (1899) Iv. 419.
31
A HISTORY OF KENT
The hoofed mammals include the red deer, the reindeer, the roe,
the wild boar, the horse, the woolly rhinoceros {Rhhioceros antiquitatis),
and the mammoth [Elephas primigemiis) .
Mr. Newton also records a number of species of birds and a few of
reptiles and amphibians from the Ightham fissure ; but since all these
appear to belong to living British species, and the determinations are
in some instances more or less provisional, it will be unnecessary to
mention them by name on the present occasion.
The list of mammals from Kentish Pleistocene deposits other than
the Ightham fissure includes the following species. Of the cave-lion
{Felis leo spelad) the British Museum possesses a fine skull collected
by Mr. Spurrell and two fragments of the lower jaw from Crayford
and a couple of imperfect bones from Slade Green near Erith ; and
remains of the species have also been obtained from Sittingbourne.
The cave-hyaena [Hycena crocuta spelcea), a variety of the living spotted
African species, has been recorded from Erith, the wolf {Cam's lupus)
from Slade Green, and the fox (C vulpes) from Dartford. Of the
other Carnivora, the brown bear {Ursus arctus) has left its remains
at Crayford, and the badger [Meles meles) at Grovehurst in Milton-next-
Sittingbourne. The rodents from the same deposits comprise the field-
vole {Microtus agrestis) at Crayford, and the water-vole {M. amphibius)
at Crayford and Erith, as well as the sushk mentioned above under the
heading of the Ightham fauna, which has been recorded from Erith.
Among the hoofed mammals, remains of the aurochs,^ or extinct
wild ox (Eos taurus primigenius), occur at Broadmead near Folkestone,
Heme Bay, Maidstone and Slade Green ; and those of the Pleistocene
bison [B. bonasus) at East Wickham, Crayford, Folkestone and Wool-
wich. Very noteworthy is the occurrence of the musk-ox [Ovibos
moschatus) in the Crayford deposits,^ and also at Plumstead, since
remains of that ruminant are very scarce in Britain. Bones and
antlers of the red deer — probably the Caspian race [Cervus elaphus
marat) — have been discovered at Crayford, Folkestone, Maidstone and
Slade Green ; those of the giant fallow deer — the so-called Irish elk —
(C. giganteus) at Folkestone ; and those of the reindeer {Rangifer
tarandus) at Boughton, Folkestone, Otterham in Upchurch and Sitting-
bourne. The Pleistocene hippopotamus [Hippopotamus amphibius major)
has been recorded from Folkestone, and the wild boar {Sus scrofa) from
Maidstone.
Special interest attaches to a fragment of the skull and three upper
molar teeth of the woolly rhinoceros {Rhinoceros antiquitatis) from
Chartham near Canterbury, which are preserved in the British Museum.
These specimens were obtained in 1668 by a Mr. J. Somner, and are
described as the remains of a sea monster in a rare pamphlet, published
the following year in London, and entitled News from Chartham in Kent,
etc. Of this pamphlet (which is reprinted in the Philosophical T'ransac-
1 This name is frequently misapplied to the bison.
2 See W. Davies, Geo/o^cal Magazine, 1880, p. 246.
32
PALAEONTOLOGY
ttons for 1 70 1, p. 882) there is a copy in the King's Library, British
Museum. The specimens are described, with a woodcut of one of the
teeth, in Owen's British Fossil Mammals and Birds, under the name of
R. tichorhinus.
Remains of the woolly rhinoceros are also recorded from the
gravels of Aylesford, Canterbury, Chatham, Erith, Folkestone, Maid-
stone and Sittingbourne. Teeth of two other species of rhinoceros,
R. leptorbinus and R. mercki, have been obtained at Crayford ; in both
these species the upper cheek-teeth are of a simpler type than those
of the woolly rhinoceros. Teeth and other remains of the wild horse
[Equus caballus fossilis) have been met with at Chatham, Crayford, Erith,
Maidstone, Sittingbourne, Slade Green and other places in the county.
Of the mammoth, or hairy elephant [Elephas primigenius), molars,
tusks or bones have been found in many localities in the county, among
them Aylesford, Borstall near Rochester, Canterbury, Chatham, Crayford,
Erith, Folkestone, Green Street, Maidstone, the bed of the Medway,
Redborough near Rochester, Shoreham near Sevenoaks, Sittingbourne
and Slade's Green near Crayford. Remains of the straight-tusked
elephant (E. antiquus) are less common, but have been recorded from
Aylesford, Canterbury, Chatham, Maidstone and Slade's Green.
From the Pleistocene to the Lower Eocene is a long jump, but it
is not till we reach the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey that we
meet with any other mammalian remains (at least of any importance) in
the county. Very interesting, but unfortunately very imperfect, is part
of a mammahan skull, without the crowns of the teeth, which has been
made the type of a genus and species by the late Mr. W. Davies under
the name of Argil lotherium toliapicum} It is believed to indicate a
member of that primitive group of extinct carnivora known as the
Creodontia. A vertebra from Sheppey in the British Museum has been
assigned to Coryphodon eoccenus, a primitive hoofed mammal typified by
teeth dredged off the Essex coast. More interesting is an imperfect
skull from the London Clay near Heme Bay, constituting the type
specimen of Hyracotherium leporinum, a small hoofed mammal of the
approximate size of a fox, which forms one of the earliest stages in the
evolutionary line culminating in the modern horse. Part of a lower
jaw from Sheppey has been provisionally assigned to the same animal.
Both these valuable specimens are in the British Museum. The palatal
portion of the skull of another small mammal from Heme Bay, now in
the York Museum, has been described as Platychcerops richardsoni. It is
the only known specimen of its genus and species, and its affinities are
doubtful ; it is also known by the name of Miolophus planiceps. The
Kentish specimens of the three species last mentioned are all recorded in
part iii. of the British Museum Catalogue of Fossil Mammalia.
No less than six genera and species of extinct birds have been
estabHshed on the evidence of specimens from the London Clay of
Sheppey, five of which will be found noticed in the British Museum
1 See Cat. Post. Mamm. Brit. Mm. i. 41.
I 33 5
A HISTORY OF KENT
Catalogue of Fossil Birds. Among these the one known as Lithornis
vulturimis is represented by fragments of the skeleton, and is believed to
be one of the birds of prey. Argillornis longipinnis, on the other hand,
appears more nearly allied to the gannets, and had a spread of wing
fully as great as an albatross. A skull recently described by Dr. C. W.
Andrews ^ as Prophaethon shrubsolei (appropriately named in honour of
Mr. W. H. Shrubsole, the enthusiastic collector of Sheppey fossils) may
perhaps be regarded as indicating an ancestral type of tropic-bird
{Phaethon). More remarkable is Odontopteryx toliapica, a genus and
species named on the evidence of an imperfect skull in which the jaws
are strongly serrated, these serrations being in the bone itself and having
nothing to do with true teeth. Probably this bird was distantly related
to the gannet group {Stegampodes). Another type is Halcyornis toliapicus,
originally described from a small skull which was supposed to show
affinity to the kingfishers. Judging however from a wing-bone provision-
ally assigned to the species, its relations seem to be with the gulls.
Lastly, Dasornis londiniensis is known by a portion of a skull from
Sheppey, which indicates a bird of the approximate size of an ostrich.
Although the affinities of this gigantic bird are still problematical, it
was apparently related to Gastornis klaaseni, known by some limb-bones
from the Lower Eocene strata of Surrey.
Of the reptiles from the London Clay of the county all but three
belong to the chelonian order (tortoises and turtles) ; the exceptions
being a crocodile and one or two serpents. The crocodile [Crocodilus
spenceri) is a long-snouted species typified by a skull from Sheppey in the
collection of the British Museum ; it has received two other names,
C. toliapicus and C. champsoides. The snakes from this formation
indicate a distinct family [Palceophida), and were probably of marine
habits. The typical Palceophis toliapicus, which seems to have attained a
length of from ten to twelve feet, was described upon the evidence of
vertebrae from Sheppey, but is also recorded from the Middle Eocene
beds of Sussex. The larger P. typhceus, on the other hand, is typically
from Sussex, but apparently also occurs at Sheppey.
Among the tortoises and turtles from the Kentish Eocene, the
existing soft tortoises [Trionychidce), characterized by their sculptured
shells, devoid of horny shields, are represented by Trionyx pustulatus, a
species described on the evidence of a single plate of the upper shell from
Sheppey. Another plate from the same locality, in the British Museum,*
apparently indicates a second Kentish species of the genus. The soft
tortoises are now confined to the warmer regions of the globe, where
they are widely spread ; and their presence at Sheppey is indicative of
the tropical or subtropical nature of the Lower Eocene fauna. Among
the marine turtles, or Chelonidce, the extinct genus Argillochelys is typified
by specimens from the London Clay of Sheppey, in which formation
* Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, p. 776.
^ See Cat. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. iii. 21 ; in the same volume will be found descriptions of the
other Sheppey chelonians.
34
PALAEONTOLOGY ^^^.-.^^-^
occur the remains of four species, namely, A. antiqua, A. cunekeps, A.
convexa, and A. subcristata. These turtles appear to have been related to
the existing loggerhead [Thalassochelys), but were of comparatively small
size. The genus thalassochelys itself is also recorded from Sheppey,
although the specimens in the British Museum on which the determina-
tion rests are scarcely sufficient to afford specific characters. A second
extinct genus of the family is represented in the London Clay of
Sheppey by Lytoloma crasskostatum and L. planimentum, although both
these species were originally described upon the evidence of Essex
specimens. The turtles of this genus, which were of large size, differ
from their modern cousins, among other characters, by the great extent
of the union between the two branches of the lower jaw, and the
backward position in the skull of the inner apertures of the nasal
passage.
Passing on to the typical tortoises and terrapins [Testudinidce) it may
first of all be mentioned that a tortoise-shell from Sheppey originally
described as Emys comptoni has been assigned to the existing African
genus Homopus^ the members of which are terrestrial in their habits.
Two species of terrapin from the same locality and formation, to which the
names Emys testudiniformis and £. bkarmata were given by their describers,
are now known to be members of the existing American genus Chrysetnys.
Of special interest are two other freshwater tortoises from the London
Clay of Sheppey, since they belong to the family Pelomedusidce, the exist-
ing members of which, like all the tortoises which move their heads and
necks sideways {Pleurodira), are confined to the southern hemisphere.
One of these, Podocnemis bowerbanki, belongs to a genus now living in
South America and Madagascar, the typical Amazonian P. expansa being
the largest of existing freshwater tortoises. The second, Dacochelys
delabechei, has been made the type of a genus by itself, but might per-
haps be better included in Podocnemis. It was as large as the existing
Amazonian species mentioned above.
The list of chelonians from the London Clay of Sheppey closes
with the huge Eosphargis gigas, a species at first referred to the true
turtles, but now known to represent an extinct genus of leathery turtles
{Dermochelyidce), which differ from the former, among other characters,
by the upper shell being formed typically of a number of small bones
arranged so as to form a mosaic-like pavement. Some idea of the size
of the Sheppey species may be gathered when it is stated that the skull
measures 1 3 inches in diameter. There are numerous remains of this
huge turtle in the British Museum, all from Sheppey.
The numerous fishes from the London Clay of Sheppey are for the
most part of great interest, several of them being the sole representatives
of their genera. Some have been quite recently named by Dr. Smith
Woodward in the fourth part of the British Museum Catalogue of Fossil
Fishes ; to which work the reader may be referred for full descriptions of
the fossil fishes from all the formations of the county.
Commencing with the sharks and rays, we find two species of
35
A HISTORY OF KENT
eagle-ray, Myliobatis goniopleurus and M. toliapicus, described on the
evidence of their roller-like dental plates from Sheppey. An extinct
species, Rhinoptera daviesi, of an allied living genus, is known by a single
specimen of the dentition in the British Museum. The long-tailed
eagle-rays, whose dentition differs from that of Myliobatis by having no
lateral plates, are represented in this formation by Aetobatis irregularis, a
species described on the evidence of Sheppey specimens but also
occurring in other Eocene deposits.
Among the sharks, the existing genus Notidatius, characterized by
its comb-like teeth, is represented at Sheppey by N. serratissimus, a
species somewhat widely spread in the Eocene, but typically from that
locality. Of sharks allied to the existing porbeagle the widely spread
Lamna macrota, Otodus obliquus, Odontaspis elegans, and O. cuspidata have
left their sharply pointed teeth in the clay of the Isle of Sheppey, but
neither species is typically Kentish ; the species of Odontaspis also occur
at Heme Bay. A small relative {Carcharodon subserratus) of the great
Rondeleti's shark of modern seas is typified by a single tooth from
Sheppey in the collection of the British Museum.
Of fishes allied to the existing chimera, or king of the herrings,
dental plates referable to two extinct genera are not uncommon at
Sheppey. One of the species, Edaphodon bucklandi, was first described
from the Middle Eocene of Sussex, but the second, Elasmodus hunteri,
although also common to the Middle Eocene, is typified by a Sheppey
specimen in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons.
Very interesting is the occurrence in the London Clay of Sheppey
of dermal bones of a sturgeon, which have been provisionally assigned
to the typical living genus under the name of Acipenser toliapicus \ they
afford the earliest known evidence of true sturgeons.
Of the pycnodont ganoids — those hard-scaled extinct fishes with a
pavement of bean-like crushing teeth in the mouth — the species Pycnodus
toliapicus and P. bowerbanki are both peculiar to Sheppey, the latter
being apparently only known by the type specimen in the British
Museum.
To a more modern type of fish — the Elopidce, relatives of the
herrings — belongs a fossil in the British Museum from Sheppey which is
provisionally assigned to the living genus Elops. Two extinct species,
Megalops priscus and M. oblongus, of the other existing genus of the
family, are peculiar to the Sheppey deposits ; the same being the case
with Esocelops cavifrons, the sole representative of its genus, and known
only by a couple of specimens in the national collection. In the alUed
family Albulidce, the typical genus, of which one tropical species still
survives, is represented by Albula oweni in the Sheppey deposits, a species
apparently also occurring in the Middle Eocene of Belgium. The
genus and species Brychcetus muelleri, belonging to the family Osteoglossida,
now characteristic of the southern hemisphere, have been described
recently by Dr. Smith Woodward on the evidence of remains from
Sheppey in the British Museum. In the herring family {Clupeidce) re-
36
PALEONTOLOGY
mains of Halecopsis insignis, a genus and species typically from the
Belgian Eocene, occur at Sheppey.
A specially interesting Sheppey fish is Bucklandium diluvii, the only
member of an extinct genus of cat-fishes {Siluridce), apparently only
known by a single specimen in the British Museum. Two other re-
markable fishes from the Sheppey Eocene are Rhynchorhinus branchialis
and R. major, the sole representatives of a genus of marine eels
{Murcenidce) apparently nearly related to Eomyrus of the Belgian Eocene.
The tunnies {Scombrida) are represented by Eothynnus salmoneus, a genus
and species at present known only by Sheppey specimens ; another ex-
tinct genus, with the two species S. nuchalis and S. macropomus, of the
same family peculiar to the formation and locality being Scombrinus.
From a still older Eocene deposit, the Thanet Sands of Reculvers,
are known four teeth of an extinct porbeagle-like shark, Odontaspis rutoti,
typified by remains from the Belgian Eocene.
Coming to the fauna of the Cretaceous formations of the county
we find the list of reptiles from the Chalk by no means large. It in-
cludes however two species of gigantic flying saurians, or pterodactyles,
assigned to the Cretaceous genus Ornithochirus, under the names of O.
compressirostris and O. giganteus. Of both these species the type speci-
mens (now in the British Museum) were obtained by Bowerbank from
the Lower Chalk of Burham, the well known locality at the foot of the
Chalk escarpment at Blue Bell Hill, which has yielded such a number of
vertebrate remains. Acanthopholis horridus, an armoured herbivorous dino-
saur, apparently allied to Scelidosaurus of the Lias, was named by the late
Professor Huxley on the evidence of vertebrae and dermal plates from the
Chalk-marl of Folkestone. The great Cretaceous marine lizards known
as Mosasaurians (on account of the remains of the type species having
been obtained from the valley of the Meuse) are represented in the
Kentish Chalk by one tooth from Gravesend and a second from Maid-
stone in the collection of the British Museum, but neither has been
generically determined. Another group of marine lizards is typified by
Dolichosaurus longicollis, a comparatively small reptile described on the
evidence of an imperfect skeleton from Burham, and occurring elsewhere
in the county at Liddon Spout near Folkestone. Part of the lower jaw
of a reptile from the Middle Chalk of Cuxton has been regarded by
Mr. E. T. Newton as possibly belonging to the Rhynchocephalia — a
group represented at the present day only by the New Zealand tuatera
(Sphenodori) .
Of the chelonian order (turtles and tortoises) two species are
definitely known from the Kentish Chalk. One of these is a marine
turtle, probably allied to the huge Chelone hoffmanni of the topmost
Cretaceous of Belgium, and represented in the British Museum by re-
mains from Dover and Rochester. The second species, Chelone (or
Cimoliocbelys) benstedi, is typified by a specimen from Burham, and is also
known by remains from Wouldham and perhaps other localities in the
county. Possibly certain chelonian remains from the Gault of Folke-
37
A HISTORY OF KENT
stone belong to this species. All the known specimens indicate imma-
ture individuals.
Among the fish-lizards, or ichthyosaurians, the common Cretaceous
species Ichthyosaurus campylodon is represented in the county by teeth and
jaws from the Lower Chalk of Dover and the Chalk-marl of Folkestone,
as well perhaps as from the Gault of the latter place. Of the plesio-
saurians, another group of marine saurians, differing from the ichthyo-
saurians, among other features, by the structure of the skeleton of the
paddles, the long-necked Cretaceous genus Cimoliosaurus is represented
by C. sniithi in the Upper Chalk of Burham, and possibly also in the
Folkestone Gault. Large fluted teeth from the Chalk of Charing,
Cuxton, Dover and Hailing, described under the name of Polyptychodon
interruptus, indicate a huge short-necked member of the same order, the
type specimens of which appear to be Kentish. Other teeth from the
Chalk of the county have been referred to the closely allied, if not
identical, P. contiriuus, which is typically of Lower Greensand age.
The fishes from the Kentish Chalk form a list of almost appalling
length, including over seventy species. The beautifully corrugated and
pustulated crushing teeth of the Cretaceous rays of the genus Ptychodus
are not uncommonly met with (sometimes in associated sets) in the
chalk pits of the county, where no less than seven species are repre-
sented. These are P. mammillaris, from Chatham, Cuxton, Dover,
Hailing, Maidstone and Rochester ; P. rugosus, from Chatham, Dover,
Greenhithe and Rochester ; P. oweni, from Snodland and else-
where ; P. decurrens, from Burham, Dover, Hailing and Maidstone ;
P. polygyrus, from Bromley, Burham, Charlton, Gravesend, Hailing,
Maidstone and Northfleet ; P. multistriatus, from Burham, Dover, Maid-
stone and elsewhere ; and P. latissimus, from Maidstone and other local-
ities. Of these only the third and sixth were named on the evidence of
Kentish specimens.
Of the comb-toothed sharks remains of Notidanus microdon occur
at Burham, Charing and Maidstone. In the group of sharks {Cestra-
ciontidce) allied to the existing Port Jackson species, so well known for its
beautiful crushing teeth, the existing genus is represented by Cestracion
canaliculatus at Bromley, and C. rugosus at Charing, Dover and Maid-
stone, as well as in the Folkestone Gault. Another (extinct) generic
type is represented in the Dover Chalk by Synechodus illingworthi, and in
that of Dover, Gravesend and Margate by S. dubrisiensis ; the latter
species being named on the evidence of Kentish specimens. Two species
of dog-fish {Scyllium antiquum and S. dubium) are severally founded upon
single specimens, the one from Dover and the other from Burham.
Two species of beaked sharks (a genus still surviving in Japanese waters),
namely Scapanorhynchus rhaphiodon and S. subu/atus, are known from the
Chalk of the county, the latter being recorded from Charing, Dover,
Greenhithe and Hailing. Of far greater local interest is however Catitio-
scyllium decipiens, an extinct genus and species of shark, with striated
teeth, known only by part of the skeleton from the Lower Chalk of
PALAEONTOLOGY
Burham. Of the porbeagle sharks the existing genus Lamna is repre-
sented by L. appendiculata in the Lower Chalk, Chalk-marl and Gault of
the county, L. semiplicata at Charing and Rochester, and L. sulcata at
Rochester ; and the extinct Odontaspis by O. mantelli at Burham, Charing,
Dover, Gravesend and Greenhithe, and O. angustidens at Dover and
Hailing, neither of these species being typically Kentish. Finally, the
broad-toothed sharks of the Cretaceous genus Gorax are represented in
the county by remains of the widely spread C.fakatus, which have been
recorded from the Chalk of Bromley, Greenhithe, Margate and Maid-
stone.
Among the chimsroid fishes a lower jaw in the British Museum
believed to be from Kent has been described as Ischyodus incisus, but the
generic reference is open to some degree of doubt. In the allied genus
Edaphodon the species E. mantelli, typically from Sussex, is also known
from Burham, Charing and elsewhere in Kent, and the Sussex E.
agassizi is likewise recorded from Burham. The Sussex Elasmodectes
ivilletti is also known from Burham. The fringe-finned ganoids are
represented in the Lower Chalk of Dover and Maidstone by the well
known Macropoma mantelli, a species first described from Sussex.
In the sturgeon group the existing family Polyodontidce is represented
by the genus and species Pholidurus disjectus, described by Dr. Smith
Woodward on a fragment of the tail from Gravesend in the collection of
the British Museum. Quadrangular polished scales of the general type
of those of the ganoid Lepidotus in the same collection from the grey
Chalk of Folkestone have been provisionally assigned to that genus with
the name of L. pustulatus. Among the allied pycnodont ganoids a speci-
men in the British Museum of the lower dentition from Hailing has
been made the type of Ccelodus Jimbriatus, while the continental Pycno-
dus (?) scrobiculatus is represented in the same collection by the palatal
dentition from Charing. In another group of ganoids — the Eugnathidce
— the genus and species Neorhombolepis excelsus have been established by
Dr. Smith Woodward on the evidence of a specimen from Hailing,
while a Burham ichthyolite has been made the type of N. punctatus.
To the same family belongs Lophostomus dixoni, typically from Sussex,
but also known in the Maidstone Chalk. The spear-like teeth of the
widely spread Protosphyrcena ferox occur at Burham, Cuxton and else-
where in the county, and those of P. minor at Burham ; a third species,
P. compressirostris, has been founded by Dr. Smith Woodward on the
evidence of a beak in the British Museum from the Kentish Chalk. In
another family of long-beaked ganoids, the Aspidorhynchidce, the Sussex
fish Belonostomus cinctus is known in Kent by remains from Burham.
Passing on to the herring-like fishes of the family Elopidce, we find
the genus and species Elopopsis crassus typified by remains in the Brigh-
ton Museum from Mailing, and also represented by a Kentish specimen
in the British Museum. In another genus of the same family (typified
by the Sussex O. lewesiensis) we have Osmeroides levis described on the
evidence of remains from Burham. A third genus of the family has a
39
A HISTORY OF KENT
species, Thrissopater magnus, based on remains from Hollingbourne ; while
in a fourth we have the species Pachyrhizodus basalis and P. dibleyi (Bur-
ham and Maidstone) based on Kentish specimens, and likewise examples
of the more widely spread P. gardneri (Burham, Cuxton and near
Folkestone) and P. subulidens (Bromley, Burham and Hailing). The
fish described by Dixon as Pkthodus expansus is typified by a lower
dental plate from Mailing, and also occurs at Gravesend and Maid-
stone, as well as in the Folkestone Gault ; its serial position is not de-
finitely ascertained, but it probably belongs to one of two still existing
famihes — the Osteoglossida or the Albiilidce. A second Sussex species of
the genus P. oblongus occurs at Dover, while P. pentagon^ from Burham
and Dover, is typically Kentish.
In the family Chirocentridce the typically American Cretaceous
Portheus is represented in the Chalk of the county by P. daviesi, a species
named from a Maidstone specimen, and likewise at Hailing by P.
gaultinus, typically from the Folkestone Gault. In another genus of the
same family the species Ichthyodectes minor has been recorded from Maid-
stone and /. elegans from Dover and Hailing, while /. tenuidens has been
named from a Burham specimen. To the same family belongs Clado-
cyclus lewesiensis, a typically Sussex fish of which remains are known
from Burham and Dover. Saurodon intermedius, a member of a genus
of the same family occurring typically in the North American Creta-
ceous, was named on the evidence of remains from Dover ; and
Tomognathus mordax, a Sussex fish which may perhaps be included in
the same family, is represented in the Chalk of Kent by remains from
Burham, Chatham and Rochester.
Three fishes, Ctenothrissa radians, C. microcephala and Aulolepis typus,
of which remains occur at Burham, are typically from the Sussex Chalk,
and represent an extinct family [Ctenothrissidce] nearly allied to the
modern herrings. The first genus takes its name from the fact that the
edges of the scales are pectinated, whereas in the second they are smooth.
To the allied family Halosauridce (still represented in deep water at the
present day by a member of the type genus) belongs Enchelurus anglicus, a
species recently described by Dr. Smith Woodward on the evidence of a
specimen believed to be Kentish ; the other two members of the genus
are respectively from Westphalia and Syria. In the extinct family
Dercetidce, allied both to the herrings and salmonoids, we have Lepto-
trachelus elongatus, typically a Sussex fish, recorded from the Chalk of
Bromley, Charlton and Dover ; while in the Enchodontidce there is
Enchodus lewesiensis from Bromley and Burham, and E. pulchellus from
an unknown locality in the county, the former being typically a Sussex
and the latter a Kentish fish. To the same family belong Hake
eupterygius, from Burham, Hailing and Rochester ; Cimolichthys lewesiensis,
from Burham, Dover, Hailing and Maidstone ; and Prionolepis atigustus,
from Dover — the two latter being typically from Sussex and the third
from Cambridgeshire. In the still living family of scopeloids {Scopelidce)
are included Apateodus striatus, from Burham, Cuxton and Maidstone, and
40
PALEONTOLOGY
A. lanceolatus, from Dover — the former being typically from Sussex,
while the latter seems to be known solely by Kentish examples.
Syllamus anglicus, of which remains have been described from the
Chalk of Burham and Dover and the Gault of Folkestone, as well as
from Surrey, is allied to the atherines {Crossognathidce). More interesting
still is Urenchelys anglkus, typically from the Lower Chalk of Dover,
the Kentish representative of a genus of eels [Murcenidce) first described
from the North American Cretaceous. In the existing family Berychidce
we have remains of the well known Sussex fish Hoplopteryx leivesiensis
recorded from the Chalk of Cuxton, Dover, Folkestone, Hailing and
Rochester ; while those of H. superbus, likewise typically Sussex, occur
at Maidstone and other places in the county. Another member of the
same family, Homonotus dorsalis, was described by Dixon on the evidence
of an imperfect fish in the Brighton Museum from Mailing, other
remains occurring at Bromley, Charing and Northfleet. A well known
fish from the Sussex Chalk, named Berycopsis elegans, perhaps belonging
to the family Stromateidce (allies of the horse-mackerels), is represented
in the county by specimens from Burham, Cuxton and Maidstone.
From the Upper Greensand of Maidstone has been described a
species of Port Jackson shark under the name of Cestracion sulcatus,
apparently the only fish named from that formation in the county.
In addition to teeth of the common Cretaceous fish-lizard Ichthyo-
saurus campylodon, the Gault of Folkestone has yielded remains of a few
reptiles, all but one of which have been named on the evidence of speci-
mens from this formation. They include two species of pterodactyles of
large size, namely Ornithochirus daviesi and 0. diomedius, the remains of
the former having been originally regarded as those of a bird. Also
three plesiosaurians, or long-necked marine saurians, respectively named
Cimoliosaurus cantabrigiensis, C. constrtctus and C. smithi, the former being
typically from the Cambridge Greensand and the latter also occurring
in the Kentish Lower Greensand. A species, Rhinochelys elegans, belong-
ing to a genus of small marine chelonians occurring typically in the
Cambridge Greensand, and taking their name from a peculiarity in the
structure of the bones of the nose, has also been named on the evidence
of a Folkestone skull.
The fishes of the Folkestone Gault, in addition to a few species
common to the Chalk already noticed, comprise the following. The
comb-toothed sharks are represented by a species recently described
from this formation by Dr. A. Smith Woodward under the name of
Notidanus lanceolatus, while crushing sharks' teeth from Folkestone have
been made by the same author the types of a species of Acrodus, as A.
levis. Another cestraciont shark, Synechodus recurvus, typically from the
Russian Cretaceous, has also been identified from the Folkestone Gault.
Among the porbeagle family there occur remains of Oxyrhina macrorhiza,
a species typically from the Swiss Cretaceous, and also of Lamna macro-
rhiza, which was named on the evidence of North American specimens.
Among the chimaeroids the species Ischyodus thurmanni, originally
I 41 6
A HISTORY OF KENT
described from the Swiss Cretaceous, is represented both in the Gault of
Folkestone and the Lower Greensand of Maidstone. In the alHed genus
Edaphodon we have E. sedgwicki, typically from the Lower Greensand of
the Isle of Wight, in the Folkestone Gault, and perhaps also in the
Chalk-marl of Dover ; while a second species, E. laminosus, is typically
from Folkestone.
In a very different group of fishes the pycnodont ganoids are
represented by Ccelodus ellipticus, a large species known only by a single
specimen of the dentition from Folkestone preserved in the collection of
the British Museum.
In the herring group the genus and species of Elopidce known as
Thrissopater salmoneus were described on the evidence of Folkestone
specimens. In another family Portheus gaultinus, already referred to, is
typically from Folkestone ; and the same is the case with Ichthyodectes
serridens, of which only the type specimen appears to be known.
The remains of both reptiles and fishes appear to be comparatively
rare in the Lower Greensand of the county, although special interest
attaches to some of the former. Most interesting of all perhaps is a
large slab of sandstone from the Kentish Rag (Hythe beds of the Lower
Greensand) from near Maidstone, preserved in the British Museum, and
containing a considerable portion of the skeleton of the great herbivo-
rous, bipedal, terrestrial dinosaurian reptile Iguanodon mantelli. This fine
specimen, obtained in 1834 by Mr. W. H. Bensted, is generally
regarded as the type of the species, which is itself the type of the
genus. The name Iguanodon was however given by Mantell on the
evidence of teeth from the Wealden of Sussex, and refers to a supposed
resemblance existing between these teeth and those of the South Ameri-
can lizards known as iguanas. A cast of the complete skeleton of a
larger species of Iguanodon, from Belgium, is exhibited in the Natural
History Museum.
A dinosaur known only by a series of broken bones of the limbs
and pelvis from Lower Greensand of Hythe has been described under
the name of Dinodocus mackesoni, and is the sole representative of its
genus. It may be allied to the Jurassic Cardiodon {Cetiosaurus). The
large marine saurian known as Polyptychodon continuus, to which reference
has been made in an earlier portion of this article, is typically from the
Lower Greensand of Hythe and Maidstone. Another reptile from the
latter locality is one of the long-necked plesiosaurians, named Cimolio-
saurus latispinus. Fragments of the skull of a chelonian reptile from the
Lower Greensand of Maidstone have been made the types of a genus
and species under the name of Protemys serrata ; but their affinity is
uncertain, and they appear to have been lost.
In addition to Ischyodus thurmanni, already referred to, the fishes of
the Lower Greensand of the county are represented by two sharks,
Synechodus tenuis from Maidstone, and a species from near Folkestone,
which may be identical with the Swiss Odontaspis studeri. The former
species is at present peculiar to Kent.
42
PALEONTOLOGY
Vertebrate remains from the Kentish Wealden, so far at least as
pubhshed hsts go, appear to be singularly few. The carnivorous dino-
saur Megalosaurus oweni, typically from Sussex, is however represented in
the British Museum collection by a specimen from Tunbridge Wells. A
dinosaurian sacrum in the British Museum from the Hastings Sand of
Southborough has been made the type of a genus and species under the
name of Thecospondylus horneri, but its affinities are quite uncertain.
Lastly the crown of a large dinosaurian tooth from the Wealden of the
county has been referred by the present writer ^ to Pelorosaurus conybeari,
a genus and species typified by a gigantic bone of the fore-limb (humerus)
in the British Museum from the Wealden of Sussex.
Few vertebrate remains are more common in the Sussex Wealden
than the knob-like teeth and large highly polished quadrangular scales
of the fringe-finned ganoid fish Lepidotus mantelli, and similar remains
have been recorded from the same formation at Tunbridge Wells.
• Cat. Foss. Kept. Brit. Mus. iv. 240.
43
BOTANY
AS would naturally be expected, from its proximity to the
continent, Kent possesses a remarkably rich flora, probably
unrivalled in number of species by any other counties except
Hampshire and Sussex. The latter has not yet been thoroughly
explored, in spite of its general accessibility. Its critical plants, such as
the brambles and hawkweeds, are still imperfectly known ; and its much
longer stretch of coast, together with its milder and "warmer cHmate,
permitting the survival of such western species as the Cornish money-
wort {Sibthorpia europced)^ Bartsia viscosa, etc., give it certain advantages
in this respect, as compared with its eastern neighbour : so that, when
the botany of both has been more minutely investigated, it is reasonable
to suppose that Sussex will hold pride of place.
Kent is proverbially ' the garden of England,' but as regards at
least the north-west portion it might more appropriately be called
England's ' market-garden,' so considerable is the area devoted to raising
fruit and vegetables. This preponderance of cultivation has caused a
great disturbance of native plants ; at the same time, there has been a
compensating invasion of colonists and casuals, particularly in the sub-
urban districts. Although there is still a fairly large area of heathy
wastes, they are less extensive than those of Surrey ; nor, with the
exception of its chalk country, the richness of which is unequalled in
Britain, and its littoral and estuarine preponderance, is Kentish botany,
upon the whole, of equal interest to the explorer. At the same time,
there is (we believe) no county where so many species can be observed
during the course of a day's ramble in a few favoured spots, such as the
valley of the Medway above Rochester.
In our recently published work ^ we estimated the total number of
species (including Characea, here treated among the Alga), not reckoning
mere casuals or garden waifs, at about i,i6o, 1,014 being considered as
likely natives. This census is on the basis of the London Catalogue, ninth
edition, in which a large number of critical species are admitted to
equal rank with those of whose distinctness there is no question ; a mode
of treatment which is certainly open to some objection, but which seems,
in the present state of knowledge, to be the best preparation for a system
of grouping which cannot be successfully undertaken as yet. A few
interesting additions have already been made, and others will no doubt
> Flora of Kent, by Frederick Janson Hanbury and Edward Shearburn Marshall (1899 : F.J.
Hanbury, 37 Lombard Street, E.G., price iz/. 6d.).
45
A HISTORY OF KENT
be forthcoming in due time, mainly of course among the more intricate
forms, which are ' caviare to the general,' and are accordingly neglected
by most observers. Even in a relatively small fragment of a small
country like our ow^n the stores of Nature are not easily exhausted.
Considering the inroads of cultivation already alluded to, and in
spite of the depredations of thoughtless or unprincipled collectors, which
have told heavily upon the ferns and orchids, the list of proved extinctions
is surprisingly small. Leaving on one side the case of very doubtful
natives like Echinophora spinosa and ambiguities like Elymus geniculatus,
the following seven alone are certainly lost. It is quite possible, indeed,
that two or three of them may yet be rediscovered. Eryngiutn campestre
was found near New Romsey in 1873, and still held its ground in 1880;
but it has apparently since been buried under sand cast up by the sea.
The cotton-weed {Diotis candidissima), recorded from Sheppey by Hudson
in 1778, probably disappeared owing to an opposite cause, the northern
coast of this island having been steadily eaten away by the waves.
Cyclamen hedercefolium, formerly abundant in woods near Sandhurst (where,
the late Mr. W. W. Reeves informed us, it looked perfectly wild), was
exterminated by transplantation into gardens. The fen orchis [Liparis
Lceselii) appears to have been only once gathered at Ham Ponds near
Sandwich, by Dillwyn (in 1802) ; it may yet exist, as there is a fenny
tract suitable to it, and it is everywhere a plant of uncertain appearance.
The soldier orchis [Orchis militaris), though formerly often reported
owing to a confusion of names, O. purpurea being intended, can only be
credited to the county on the evidence of a specimen from Northfleet in
the herbarium of Dillenius at Oxford; the monkey orchis (0. Simia), on
the contrary, used to be found not only in the Dartford district, but also
near Faversham and Dover. Carex depauperata no longer exists in
Charlton Wood, where it was originally discovered and described by
Curtis.
The only British plant apparently restricted to Kent is the clove-
scented broom-rape [Orobanche caryophyllacea), which is however reported
from Suffolk on doubtful evidence.
The county was divided by H. C. Watson into two vice-counties,
fifteen east Kent and sixteen west Kent, ' separated by the river Medway
and its tributaries nearly up to Staplehurst, and thence by the high road
through Cranbrooke to the border of Sussex, near Hawkhurst.' This
arrangement was not serviceable for our purpose, nor was it found advis-
able, in planning out the districts, to adopt the excellent watershed
system now generally in vogue, owing to local conditions. Our ten
divisions may be briefly described as follows ; they are partly natural,
partly artificial : —
I. West : Along the Surrey border from near Keston to the
Thames, which bounds it on the north as far as Erith. East : Through
Crayford, Bexley, St. Mary Cray and Orpington to a little south of
Keston. Thence north-west to the starting point. Mainly Lower Eocene
(London clay, Woolwich and Thanet beds), with alluvium near the
46
BOTANY
river, and a little chalk in the east and south. The growth of
London and its suburbs has destroyed former stations for many good
plants. About Woolwich, Plumstead and Erith aliens are especially
numerous.
2. Lies east of district i, south of which its border follows the
Surrey boundary to a point between Tatsfield and Brasted. Hence it
runs east along the Pilgrims' Way, past Chevening, Otford and Wrot-
ham, to the Medway at Snodland ; then, turning north, descends this
river to its junction with the Thames ; thence west to Erith. Principally
chalk, with Lower Eocene beds, of which the Hundred of Hoo mainly
consists, and a considerable amount of alluvium about the two estuaries.
This is, botanically, the richest tract in Kent (and perhaps in all Britain),
owing to its great diversity of soil and elevation and its submaritime
coast. The southern half is well wooded and sparsely populated.
3. From Rochester down the Medway to Sheerness ; thence (in-
cluding Sheppey) along the sea to the channel separating Thanet from
the mainland, and south to Sarr railway bridge ; from this point west
along the line, through Canterbury, Faversham and Sittingbourne to the
Medway. Lower Eocene, with much alluvium in the north and a very
little chalk. There are extensive salt marshes, particularly westwards,
some of which are not yet thoroughly explored, and a large area of
woodland stretches west and north of Canterbury. The flora, though
interesting, is not very varied.
4. The Isle of Thanet ; bounded on the south by the winding
Stour. Entirely chalk, east from Birchington and round to Pegwell
Bay, where there is a band of Lower Eocene (Thanet beds) extending
for about four miles westward, with alluvium in the west and south.
The smallest district. Excepting the coast from Sandwich to Ramsgate,
it does not seem to have been much worked of late, and should repay
further search.
5. From the sea, south of districts 4 and 3, to Canterbury ; then
south-east along the high road by Barham and Lydden to Dover, and
north to Sandwich. Chalk, with extensive Lower Eocene beds about
Canterbury and Ash ; alluvium near the Stour and its tributaries, and a
long stretch of blown sand from Deal to Sandwich. The coast-flora is
very interesting, and has been thoroughly investigated ; the central (and
less attractive) part is not so well known.
6. Situated to the south of district 3 ; its border runs from Roches-
ter south along the Medway to Burham, thence south-east below the
downs, through Detling, HoUingbourne and Eastwell to Wye ; following
the railway north-east to Chilham, and thence north to the junction
with district 3 near Lower Ensinge. Chalk, with outliers of Lower
Eocene in the north, and some alluvium in the river valleys. Well
wooded in the west and south-east, with a typical chalk flora.
7. Bordered on the north-east and north-west by districts 5 and 6,
and from Dover to East Wear Bay by the Channel ; thence west and
north-west by the road through Beachborough, Postling and Pickersdean
47
A HISTORY OF KENT
to Wye. Wholly chalk. There are large woods between Stouting and
Bishopsbourne, as well as between Wye and Chartham. Several of the
choicer orchids have their headquarters hereabouts.
8. The west and south boundaries are formed by Surrey and
Sussex ; on the north it is bordered by district 2 as far as Snodland,
afterwards by district 6 as far as Grey Wethers ; hence by the main road
through Maidstone, Marden and Goudhurst to the Sussex boundary near
Lamberhurst. A belt of gault occupies the extreme north, just below
the chalk, range ; next comes the lower greensand series ; south of this
are the Weald clay and the Hastings sands. Here, and in districts 9
and 10, the geological formations run nearly due east and west, with a
southerly trend as they approach the sea. The woodlands are chiefly in
the north and south of this district. Tunbridge Wells and its neighbour-
hood produce many choice plants, and the southern tracts are prolific in
brambles.
9. Bounded on the north by district 6, on the west by district 8,
and on the south by Sussex, whence it follows the railway from Rye by
Appledore and Ashford to Wye. This and the preceding district (of
almost equal size) together occupy about a third of the county area.
Their geology is much alike, but the gault is at its widest between Ash-
ford and Wye, the lower greensand at its narrowest, with a corresponding
extension in breadth of the Weald clay. Near Appledore and in the
Rother valley alluvial deposits occur. There are some large woods,
especially near Cranbrook. The southern sands should produce some
novelties ; formerly they were rather difficult of access, but the opening
of the new railway has changed this.
10. District 7 lies to the east, and district 9 to the west. On the
south-west it touches Sussex for a few miles, having the channel south
and east. More than half of its area (the Romney Marsh and Dungeness
neighbourhood) is alluvium, shingle or blown sand, the remainder being
lower greensand — here broadening out again for some miles — gault and
Weald clay. Between Shornecliffe and Dungeness many rarities occur,
and the dykes still harbour relics of a considerable marsh vegetation,
now much reduced by drainage.
The following notes are condensed from Mr. B. Daydon Jackson's
very able summary of the history of Kent botany, which he most kindly
contributed to the Introduction of our Flora.
The first notice of plants in this county is given by ' the father of
English botany,' Dr. WilUam Turner, Dean of Wells, in his Names of
Herbes (1548), where he mentions Glaucium Jlavum, Brassica oleracea and
Crithenum maritimum (referred to in Shakespeare's King Lear) as growing
on Dover cliffs ; also the Spanish chestnut and butcher's broom. His
Herbal! {1^^1-6%) includes the earliest notice of the seakale [Cranibe
maritima) .
Lobelius and Pena, in their Stirpium Adversaria (1571), added eight
species, and the first-named, in his other writings, eight more.
48
BOTANY
Clusius mentions Blackstonia perfoliata, Gentia?ia Amarel/a, Calamintha
parvtflora. Salvia Verbenaca and Orchis latifolia.
John Gerard, in his Herball (1597), gives eighty-three new records,
mainly noted in districts i and 2.
Thomas Johnson (Gerard's reviser) was the first to write works
dealing solely with Kent plants, adding altogether no fewer than 332
species, if the identifications are correct, which is doubtful in a few
cases. He made two excursions into the county, the results of which
were published in 1629 and 1632.
John Parkinson, author of the Faradisus Terrestris (1629), is re-
sponsible for seventeen first notices.
Christopher Merrett's Pimx (1666) contains twenty-six novelties.
John Ray in his various writings furnished twenty-nine new records.
John Blackstone's Specimen Botanicum (1746) has fifteen additions of
his own, besides four others in a list of Faversham plants bequeathed by
John Bateman.
Passing by various minor contributors, we come to William Hudson,
whose Flora Anglica (1762 ; ed. ii. 1778) contains nineteen novelties.
Flantce Favershamienses (1777), by Edward Jacob, was the pioneer
of Kent local floras. It is a work of considerable merit, and enumerated
about 140 fresh species.
William Curtis added eleven plants in his beautifully illustrated
Flora Londinensis (ijyj-gS).
This brings us down to the period of English Botany (1790-18 14),
by Sir J. E. Smith. It includes half a dozen Kentish novelties due to
the author, and several others sent by correspondents.
L. W. Dillwyn's paper on plants of the Dover neighbourhood in
the Transactions of the Linnean Society (1802) contains eleven first records,
including such rarities as Cnicus eriophorus, Liparis, Cladium and Poa
bulbosa. In 1805 (with Dawson Turner) he brought out the Botanist's
Guide^ which includes five additions for Kent.
Robert Pocock of Gravesend was an industrious field botanist,
whose herbarium is now at the British Museum. His Natural History
of Kent (1809) is the earliest authority for Erysimum cheiranthoides and
Setaria viridis.
Of greater importance was T. F. Forster's F/or^ Tonbridgensis (18 16),
with no fewer than sixty-one new species ; but its accuracy cannot always
be relied on.
G. E. Smith's Catalogue of the Plants of South Kent (1829) deals
mainly with the neighbourhood of Dover, Folkestone and Hythe, and
embraces thirty-six first notices.
T\\^ Flora Metropolitana of Daniel Cooper (1835) furnished eighteen
novelties, but its information is not always trustworthy.
M. H. Cowell's Floral Guide to East Kent, deaUng chiefly with the
plants of the Faversham neighbourhood, gives twenty-one first notices.
T, I. M. Forster in 1842 issued a supplement to his father's Flora
Tonbridgensis, soon (1845) to be followed by Edward Jenner's Flora of
t 49 7
A HISTORY OF KENT
Tunbridge Wells, which sheds light upon some defects in the earlier book.
Among the chief Kentish botanists of this period were Edward Forster,
William Borrer, Joseph Woods and N. J. Winch.
The Phytologist (1841—54) often refers to plants of the county. Its
new series (1854-63) includes several discoveries by W. Pamplin and
A. Irvine.
T. B. Flower's Flora Thanetensis (1847) contains numerous errors.
In his various books (1835-74) H. C. Watson brought to light
several important additions, made by himself or others.
Professor Babington, A. G. More and W. W. Reeves all contributed
to the investigation of the county. A still more energetic explorer was
J. T. Syme (afterwards Dr. Boswell).
Since 1863 the recognized organ of British botanists has been the
Journal of Botany. Its present editor, Mr. James Britten, has always
readily given us the benefit of his assistance and advice.
While preparing the Flora of Kent, began in 1872 but not com-
pleted until 1899, we were fortunate in securing the aid of many willing
helpers ; but we have not space to name them all here. Of those who
have passed away, the following may be mentioned : W. W. Newbould,
Henry Trimen, F. M. Webb, Charles Darwin, G. Dowker and G. B.
WoUaston. From those who happily still survive we select : J. G.
Baker, W. H. Beeby, Arthur Bennett, J. S. Clarke, G. Claridge Druce,
J. F. Duthie, H. and J. Groves, E. M. Holmes, B. Daydon Jackson,
W. R. Jeffrey, H. Lamb, Maxwell T. Masters, J. Cosmo Melvill, Bishop
Mitchinson, W. Moyle Rogers, C. E. Salmon, C. W. Shepherd, G. C.
Walton, Sydney Webb, W. Whitwell and A. H. WoUey-Dod.
Instead of drawing up separate lists of rarities for each district, we
propose to briefly mention the more uncommon plants in various Orders,
which will give a better notion of the county vegetation as a whole.
Ranunculace^. — Thalictrum favum, L. (meadow rue) is most
plentiful in the Medway valley. T. collinum, Wallr. may have been found
by Parkinson on Margate cliffs ; if so, it has long since disappeared. A
^/a^-flowered form of Anemone nemorosa, L. (wood anemone) grows near
Tunbridge Wells. A. ranunculoides, L. is recorded by Hudson from
Wrotham, and A. apennina, L. has been observed at Trottescliffe and
Tonbridge ; but they are not natives. Adonis autumnalis, L. is well
established in chalky fields, though apparently decreasing ; and Myosurus
minimus, L. is thinly but generally distributed. Among the Batrachium
section of Ranunculus, R. peltatus, Schrank ; R. heterophyllus, Weber ; R.
circinatus, Sibth. ; R. trichophyllus, Chaix. ; and R. Drouetii, Godr. are all
more or less frequent. (Messrs. Groves found a new hybrid, R. Baudotii
X Drouetii, in Plumstead Marshes.) R. Baudotii, Godr. also abounds in
many submaritime localities. R. lutarius, Bouvet (intermedius, Hiern,
non Knaf ) has only been gathered near Tunbridge Wells ; and but three
stations in districts 8 and 9 are known for R. Lenormandi, F. Schultz.
Among the true buttercups, R. Lingua, L. and R. sardous, Crantz
50
BOTANY
{hirsutus. Curt.) are locally frequent ; R. parvijiorus, L. having a dozen
localities in six districts. Helleborus viridis, L. and H. fcetidus, L. are
truly wild in woods on chalk, the latter being confined to districts 2 and
6. Aquilegia vulgaris^ L. (columbine) is also native and locally abundant.
Delphinium Ajacis, Reichb. (larkspur), though found in every district, is
hardly more than a casual.
Berberide^. — The barberry [Berberis i;«/^^m, L.) , almost restricted
to hedges in Kent, is rare and not indigenous.
Nymph^ace^. — Both the white and the yellow water lily are
frequent, except near London. The former has its headquarters in the
Weald.
Pap AVERAGES. — Papaver sommyerumjlj. {opium, poppy) is naturalized
on the chalk, to which the rare P. Lecoqii, Lamotte is entirely, and the
local P. hybridum, L. mainly confined. Meconopsis cambrica, Vig. (Welsh
poppy) occurs (planted or escaped) at Hawkhurst, and Glaucium flavum^
Crantz is fairly common on the coast. Chelidonium majus, L. (celandine),
though plentiful, usually grows near houses and in roadside hedges.
FuMARiACE^. — Neckeria claviculata, N. E. Brown {Corydalis, DC),
though frequent in district i, is scarce elsewhere. Fumaria pallidifora,
Jord. has been found casually but twice ; F. Borai, Jord,, F. confusa,
Jord., and F. muralis. Sender are better established, though uncommon.
F, densijlora, DC. and F. parvifora. Lam. abound in many chalky fields ;
but F. Vaillantii, Loisel. is recorded only from Chatham, Cuxton,
Wouldham, Bredhurst and Maidstone.
Crucifer^. — Mathiola incana, R. Br. (hoary stock) has been found
on cliffs at Ramsgate and Broadstairs ; Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. (wallflower)
is also naturalized on the cliffs of Thanet, and from Folkestone to the
South Foreland. Nasturtium syhestre, R. Br. and N. amphibium, R. Br.
are both scarce ; N. palustre, DC. being uncommon outside districts 8
and 9. Barbarea arcuata, Reichb. has only one ascertained habitat, near
Sittingbourne ; and B. intermedia, Bor. but two, at Leeds and Penshurst.
B. prcecox, R. Br. (American cress) seems to be spreading. Arabis
hirsuta. Scop, keeps to the chalk, and even there is comparatively rare ;
A. Turrita, L. long since disappeared from a wall at Lewisham, where
Martyn discovered it ; and A. perfoliata. Lam. formerly frequent on sand
near London, has only been met with lately at Hayes, Chislehurst,
Chelsfield and Stourmouth. Cardamine amara, L. and C.fexuosa, With,
are local but not rare ; C. impatiens, L. grows at Maplehurst and in the
Eden valley, about Edenbridge and Penshurst ; C. bulbifera, R. Br.
{Dentaria, L.) being found here and there in districts 8 and 9. Draba
mura/is, L. (a recent addition) occurs on bare chalky ground near the
old racecourse, Wye ; Prof Percival suspects it to have been introduced
with conifers from Carlisle, but on grounds which appear to us in-
sufficient. Frophila brachycarpa, Jord. must surely occur in other places
besides Faversham, and between Deal and Sandwich. We have seen no
specimens of Cochlearia officinalis, L. (common scurvy-grass), recorded on
good authority from Greenwich and Strood ; C. danica, L. has but three
51
A HISTORY OF KENT
stations in Kent ; C. ang/ica, L., however is plentiful northwards by
tidal rivers and salt marshes. Its var. gemim, Hort {Hortii, Syme),
erroneously assumed to be the type in our flora, has occurred about
Woolwich and Queenborough, and may be not uncommon. Sisymbrium
Sophia, L. is scarce except in the north. Erysimum cheiranthoides, L.
may be native here and there on river sides, but is usually a colonist or
casual, and rather scarce. Brassica oleracea, L. (wild cabbage) is cer-
tainly indigenous on the southern cliffs from Folkestone to the South
Foreland ; and B. Sinapioides, Roth {nigra, Koch [black mustard]) is
equally so on the coast, though only a colonist inland. Diplotaxis temii-
folia, DC. has many natural stations; and D. muralis, DC. (first observed
in 1778) has spread from Thanet over many parts of the north and east.
Lepidium latifolium, L., though decreasing, still occurs about Upnor,
Broadstairs, Sandwich and Folkestone ; L. hirtum, Sm. [Smithii, Hooker),
a plant of light soils, is uncommon ; but L. Draba, L. accidentally
introduced at Ramsgate about a century ago, has become abundant in
many places. Iberis amara, L. (candytuft) used to be found at Shooters
Hill, Cobham, Aylesford and Deal. Hutchinsia petraa, planted (by
Dillenius .?) on a wall at Eltham, is extinct. Teesdalia mdicaulis, R. Br.,
abundant on the shingly beach at Lydd and Dungeness, also occurs about
Kingsdown, Stourmouth and Cranbrook. Crambe maritima, L. (seakale)
is now almost limited to the coast between Walmer and Folkestone.
Raphanus maritimus, Sm. has but one station, at Broadstairs.
VioLACE^. — Viola palustris, L. has its main range in districts 8,
9. V. odorata, L. (sweet violet) is certainly native on the chalk. While
V. ericetorum, Schrad. {canina, auct.) is fairly general on dry heaths, V.
lactea, Sm. has only been observed about Tunbridge Wells, and between
Leigh and Penshurst Park.
PoLYGALE^. — Polygala oxyptera, Reichb. is scarce, P. calcarea, F.
Schultz locally abundant, on the downs ; to which also P. austriaca,
Crantz (only found outside Kent in one British station) is restricted. It
has been gathered near Wye, Charing, Hartlip and Shoreham, and
probably occurs elsewhere.
Frankeniace^. — Fratikenia Icevis, L. (sea heath) may be found
here and there from Sheppey to New Romney.
Caryophylle^. — Dianthus Armeria, L. (Deptford pink), though not
rare, is decreasing ; D. deltoides, L. (maiden pink) being very scarce.
D. plumarius, L. and D. Caryophyllus, L. (aliens) linger on two or three
ruins. D. prolifer, L. is native about Hythe. Silene conica, L. abounds
on Deal sandhills and at Romney Warren ; S. anglica, L. being strangely
rare, and S. quinquevuhiera, L. merely sporadic. S. nutans, L. (Notting-
ham catchfly) has a considerable range in the south-east ; its near ally
S. italica, Pers., long known near Dartford, also grows at intervals from
Dungeness to St, Margaret's Bay. S. noctijiora, L, is not well established,
except in Thanet. Cerastium quaternellum, Fenzl {Mcenchia erecta, Sm.) is
local and of uncertain appearance ; but C. arvense, L. occurs frequently
on the chalk. Stellaria palustris, Retz {glauca. With.) has been found
BOTANY
near Deal and Tunbridge Wells ; S. umbrosa^ Opiz at Darenth, Elmsden
and Folkestone. Sagina maritima, Don, frequent from Hythe to Sand-
wich, has only been noticed elsewhere in Sheppey and at Heme Bay.
S. ciliata, Fr. is doubtless often overlooked in sandy ground ; about sixteen
stations are known for it. The only certain locality for S. subulata,
Presl is at Blackheath ; while S. nodosa, Fenzl is restricted to the
neighbourhood of Margate, Sandwich, Sandgate and Romney. The
usual Kentish form of Lepigonum salinum, Kindb. is the glandular L.
tieglectum, Kindb.
Hypericine^. — Hypericum Androscemum, L. (tutsan) occurs in every
district, and is rather common in the south, H. dubium. Leers has but
six specified stations, var. maculatum, Bab. being reported from Hawk-
hurst. H. montanum, L. prefers the border line between sand and chalk ;
it is rare, and only found in districts i, 2, 3, 8. H. Elodes, L. grows
about Keston and Chislehurst, around Tunbridge Wells, on Hothfield
Heath, and at Collier's Green ; also at Willesborough and Westenhanger.
Malvace^. — Althcea officinalis, L. (marsh mallow) may still be
found in a good many submaritime spots (it is common in Romney
Marsh) ; and A. hirsuta, L. holds its own about Cobham and Cuxton,
where it was discovered in 1792.
LiNE^. — Radiola linoides. Roth (all-seed), though locally frequent,
has not been seen in districts 2, 4, 6, 7. Linum angustifolium, Huds. is
most plentiful in the south and east, and appears to be absent from
district i,
Geraniace^. — Geranium pratense, L. (meadow crane's-bill) has been
found sparingly in all but three of our divisions ; G. pyrenaicum, Burm.
fil., though more common, is a doubtful native. G. rotundifolium, L.
(rare and local) has over a dozen stations, several being in the north-
west ; G. lucidum, L. being rather more frequent, though local. The
var. purpureum of G. Robertianum, L. (herb Robert) abounds on the
shingles of Dungeness ; it also grows at Hythe, Kingsdown, and between
Dover and Folkestone. Erodium moschatum, L'Herit. is possibly native
in Thanet, near Hythe, and at Sandgate ; E. maritimum, L'Herit, has
been gathered near Deal and on the walls of Sandgate Castle, but not
recently. Oxalis Acetosella, L. (wood sorrel), var. subpurpurascens, DC,
with rose-pink flowers, used to grow at Chislehurst (Gerard), and has
lately been found between Seal and Ightham. Impatiens bijiora. Walker
{fuha, Nutt.) is naturalized near Catford Bridge, Lewisham and Darenth.
Rhamne^. — Rhamnus catharticus, L. (buckthorn), common on
chalk, grows in every district ; the sand-loving alder buckthorn {R.
Frangula, L.) is frequent in districts i, 8, 9.
Leguminos^. — Genista pilosa, L, has but one Kentish station
(Wrotham Heath) ; G. anglica, L. (needle greenweed) being also com-
paratively scarce, owing to the paucity of damp commons, a remark
which applies to JJlex nanus, Forster. Trigonella purpurascens. Lam.,
rare inland, sometimes grows in profusion on the coast, like the choicer
Medicago denticulata, Willd. and M. minima, Desr. M. syhestris, Fr.
53
A HISTORY OF KENT
was discovered in 1896 in the Tunbridge Wells neighbourhood, and
reported to us as a true native. Trifolium ochroleucon, Huds. has three
alleged stations (near Greenwich, between Northfleet and Gadshill, and
at Sutton Valence) ; but we have seen no specimen. T. squamosum, L.
{maritimum, Huds.) and T. glomeratum, L. are locally frequent in the
north, and on the east and south coasts ; T suffocatum, L. being restricted
to Chislehurst Common, Blackheath, Upnor, and sandy or gravelly shores
from Lydd to Sandwich. Lotus tenuis, Wald. & Kit. is fairly frequent
on stiff soils ; but L. angustissimus, L. has only twice been obtained, viz.
in the Isle of Grain and near Gravesend. Coronilla varia, L. occurs in a
rough wood at Goodneston and on a hedge bank at Farleigh, no doubt
introduced ; and Astragalus glycyphyllos, L. (milk vetch) grows in many
thickets on the chalk. Sainfoin {Ombrychis vicicefolia. Scop.), common
on the downs, is probably often indigenous. Vicia gracilis, L. has been
found at Cobham, Heme Bay, between Whitstable and Canterbury, and
at Southborough. V. sylvatica, L. (wood vetch) possesses twenty stations ;
while V. lutea, L. is wild only about Lydd and Dungeness. V. lathyroides,
L. is locally plentiful on the coast ; but V. bithynica, L. only occurs at
Frinsbury, Hoo, Darenth Wood, Upnor, Deal, Folkestone and Sandwich.
Lathyrus Aphaca, L. has ten localities vouched for ; L. Nissolia, L.
being frequent in many parts. L. hirsutus, L. is considered by Mr.
Holmes to be native in a wood at Southborough, and L. sylvestris, L. is
not uncommon eastwards ; but L. latifolius, L. (everlasting pea) is only
an occasional escape from gardens. L. maritimus, Bigel. is now confined
to the shingles near Walmer and Dungeness.
Rosacea. — The brambles of Kent are still in need of much exami-
nation, few neighbourhoods having been thoroughly worked. Of those
known to be more or less common we may mention Rubus Idaus, L.
(raspberry) ; R. Lindleianus, Lees ; R. rhamnifolius, L. ; R. pulcherrimus,
Neum.; R. argentatus,'?. J. Muell.; R. rusticanus, Merc, {fruticosus, Sm.;
discolor, Bab.) ; R. pubescens, Wh., var. subinermis, Rogers ; R. macrophyllus,
Wh. & N. ; i?. Sprengelii, Wh. ; R. leucostachys, Schleich. ; R. radula,
Wh.; R. Babingtonii, Bell Salt.; R. scaber, Wh. & N. ; R. fuscus, Wh.
& N. (district i) ; R. foliosus, Wh. & N. ; /?. rosaceus, Wh. & N. ;
R. dasyphyllus, Rogers {pallidus, Bab.) ; R. viridis, Kalt. ; R. hirtus,
Wald. & Kit. ; R. dumetorum, Wh. & N. ; R. corylifolius, Sm. ; and jR.
ccesius, L. (dewberry). Other species are hitherto localized as follows :
R. Jissus, Lindl.: Hayes, Chislehurst and St. Paul's Cray Commons;
Paddlesworth (district 7). R. suberectus. And.: Bigberry and East Blean
Woods ; Willesborough. R. pUcatus, Wh. & N. : Chislehurst and St.
Paul's Cray Commons ; Dartford ; Tunbridge Wells. R. Rogersii, Linton :
Hayes Common. R. opacus, Focke : Preston (district 5). R. affinis,
Wh. & N. : near Plumstead (the other records are probably erroneous).
R. imbricatus, Hort : Tunbridge Wells. R. carpinifolius, Wh. & N. :
Hayes and Chislehurst Commons; Barming Heath. R. incurvatus, Bab.:
Tunbridge Wells. R. Bakeri, F. A. Lees: Hayes and Chislehurst
Commons. R. Selmeri, Lindeb. : Dartford Heath ; Fawke Common. R.
54
BOTANY
gratus, Focke : Plumstead Common; Thorndean Woods, etc. (district 3).
R. micans, Gren. & Godr. {adscitus, Genev.): Ryarsh ; Tunbridge Wells.
R. hirtif alius, Muell. & Wirtg. : Paddlesworth (district 7). R. pyramidalis,
Kalt. : East Wickham, Highlands, Mereworth, Ryarsh, Sevenoaks. R.
mucronatus, Blox.: near Eltham. R. Gelertii, Frid., var. criniger, Linton:
Ryarsh, Leybourne. R. anglosaxonicus, Gelert : Shooters Hill ; Ryarsh ;
Dartford Heath (var. raduloides, Rogers). R. lasioclados, Focke: Paddles-
worth ; Tunbridge Wells ; Sevenoaks (var. angustifolius, Rogers). R.
melanoxylon, Muell. & Wirtg. : Bexley Wood (WoUey-Dod, 1901). R.
infestus, Wh. : Tunbridge Wells ; Willesborough. R. Drejeri, G. Jensen :
Plumstead Common ; Blean Wood. R. podophyllus, P. J. Muell. : Plum-
stead Common. R. echinatus, Lindley : Bostal Heath, West Wood Lane
and Eltham; Strood, TrottesclifFe. R. oigoclados, Muell. & Lef. (var.
Newbouldii (Bab.): Tunbridge Wells; Leybourne; Wrotham Heath.
R. rudis, Wh. & N. : Chelsfield ; frequent about Ryarsh and Sevenoaks ;
Ham Street. R. Lejeunei, Wh. & N., var. ericetorum, Lef. : Eltham.
R. Bloxamii, Lees : Barming, Highlands and Leybourne ; Wrotham
Heath. R. pallidas, Wh. & N. : Shooters Hill ; East Wickham ; var.
leptopetalus, Rogers : St. Paul's Cray ; Chislehurst ; Shooters Hill. R.
longithyrsiger, Bab. : Shooters Hill ; Eltham. R. Powellii, Rogers :
Shooters Hill. R. adornatus, P. J. Muell.: Keston ; Leybourne, Mailing,
Bitchet Common ; Sandling Park. R. Koehleri, Wh. & N. : Becken-
ham, Chislehurst and Shooters Hill ; Halstead ; Canterbury ; Wye. R.
Marshalli, Focke & Rogers : Bostal Heath ; Tunbridge Wells. R.
hostilis, Muell. & Wirtg. : Ryarsh ; Offham ; Tunbridge Wells. R.
Bellardi, Wh. & N. : Fordwich ; near Ryarsh ; Sandling Park (var.
dentatus, Bab.). R. serpens, Wh. : Halstead; Shoreham ; Tunbridge
Wells ; Shooters Hill (var. R. rivularis, Muell. & Wirtg.). R.
britannicus, Rogers : Keston Common ; Orpington ; near Ryarsh. R.
Balfourianus, Blox.: Shooters Hill ; Wye ; Tunbridge Wells ; Ashford ;
Ham Street. The American R. spectabilis, Pursh is naturalized near
Sandling Junction, and R. laciniatus, Willd., another escape, has been
gathered on Chislehurst Common.
Geum rivale, L. (water avens) was said by Jacob (1777) to grow at
Hothfield, and is not unlikely to occur. Fragaria elatior, Ehrh. (Hautbois
strawberry), has become established in a few places. Potentilla procumbens,
Sibth., often overlooked, is pretty common ; while P. argentea, L., though
found in all the divisions, is only plentiful in district i. P. palustris.
Scop. {Comarum palustre, L.), perhaps extinct at Keston, has also been
noted in Minster Marshes (district 4), near Ashford, and by the ponds
at Dungeness. Alchemilla vulgaris, L. (lady's mantle) has several stations
in district 8, but is very rare elsewhere. Agrimonia odorata. Miller, only
noticed at Plumstead, Fordwich, Tunbridge Wells, Pounds Bridge, and
near Penshurst, is likely to prove more frequent in the Weald.
The roses are fairly well represented. Rosa pimpinellifolia, L. (burnet
rose) grows chiefly on the downs ; of its hybrids (R.involuta, Sm.,and vars.),
R. pimpinellifolia x rubiginosa has been found at Boxley Warren, R. pirn-
A HISTORY OF KENT
pinellifolia x tomentosa at Snodland, Hailing, TrottesclifFe, Crockham Hill
and Southborough. Of R. rubella^ Sm. (perhaps also a pimpinellifolia
hybrid), an unlocalized west Kent specimen is in E. Forster's herbarium
at the British Museum. Vars. cotnosa. Rip. and jenensis, M. Schulze of
R. riibiginosa, L. (common on chalk) occur at Hailing and Boxley War-
ren respectively ; R. micrantha, Sm., var. hystrix (Leman) grows on
Dartford Heath, and var. permixta (Des.) at Upper Hailing, Halstead,
and Boxley ; R. micrantha y~rubigtnosa{\) at Boxley Warren. R. tomentosa^
Sm., R. obtusifolia, Desv. and its var. tomentella (Leman), and R. systyla.
Bast, are all frequent ; whereas R. glauca, Vill. is only recorded from
Chelsfield and Cuxton, and R. septum, Thuill. from Adisham, and be-
tween Chilham and Crundell. Pyrus torminalis, L., P. communis, L. (wild
pear), and P. germanica. Hooker fil. {Mespilus, L. [medlar]) are quite
local ; Darenth Wood being the sole station for P. pinnatijida, Ehrh.
(probably P. Aria x Aucuparia) .
Saxifrages. — Saxtfraga granulata, L., known for six divisions, is
not uncommon in districts i, 2, 8 ; Chrysospletiium alternifolium, L., being
the scarcer of our two species, though it has several stations in districts
8, 9, lo.
Crassulaces. — Cotyledon Umbilicus, L. (wall pennywort), always
rare, is mostly extinct, but was observed lately near Chilham. Sedum
Telephium, L. (orpine) and S. anglicum, Huds. are locally plentiful ; but
S. rejiexum, L. is usually if not always introduced (the Wrotham and
Ightham stations may be exceptions ; the plant found there was
apparently -S*. albescens. Haw.).
Droseraces. — Drosera rotundifolia, L. (sundew), for lack of suitable
situations, is of scanty occurrence, and D. intermedia, Hayne appears to
be absent.
Halorages. — Myriophyllum verticil latum, L. has a fairly general
distribution ; M. alternijiorum, DC, only recorded from Preston (district
5), Ham Ponds and Appledore, should also prove to be not uncommon
inland. Callitriche obtusangula, DC. is frequent near the sea ; but the
only home of C. truncata, Guss. is at Westerham.
Lythraces. — L. Hyssopifolia, L. has occurred between South Nor-
wood and Elmers End, near Rochester and Faversham, and possibly by
the old canal between Gravesend and Strood.
Onagraces. — Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. and Maur. grows be-
tween Chislehurst and Bickley, in Woolwich Arsenal, at Swanscombe
and River Hill, and between Whitstable and Canterbury. E. roseum,
Schreb.i £. adnatum, Griseb. (£. tetragonum. Curt., an L.?), and E.
palustre, L. are pretty generally distributed ; a remark probably applying
to E. Lamyi, F. Schultz, which is a perfectly distinct but imperfectly
known species. Several hybrids have been met with. (Enothera biennis,
L. (evening primrose) is rather freely naturalized ; CE. odorata, Jacq.
being apparently well established at Richborough and Ightham.
Umbellifers. — Echinophora spinosa, L., reported by old writers
from Faversham, Whitstable, Thanet and Sandwich, was (if correct) only
56
BOTANY
a ballast plant. Smyrnium Olusatrum, L. (Alexanders) is frequent and
native near tidal waters. Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. (hare's-ear) has its
chief range on the chalk in district 2 ; B. tenuissimum, L. being a fairly
common littoral species. Falcaria vulgaris, Bernh., a denizen or alien,
grows in chalky fields at Birchington and Wingham. Sium latifolium,
L. has disappeared from many of its old localities, but remains fairly
common in and near Romney Marsh. Pimpinella major, Huds. [magna,
L.) is unusually plentiful in Kent (both type and var. dissecta, N. E. Br.).
Crithmum maritimum, L. (samphire), frequent from Deal to Folkestone, is
also recorded from Halstow and Romney. (Enanthe silaifolia, Bieb. (easily
overlooked), grows at Chiddingstone, Sarre, between Sheerness and
Queenborough, and between Seabrooke and Appledore ; (E. Lachenalii,
C. Gmel. (in salt marshes) and CE. Phellandrium, Lam. (especially in the
Weald) occur freely ; but CE. fluviatilis, Coleman is restricted to streams
in east Kent. Peucedanum officinale, L., lost from the Thames marshes
since Ray's time, can still be obtained about Faversham, Whitstable and
Heme Bay. The localities for Daucus gummifer. Lam. are in Thanet,
and at Dover and Folkestone. Caucalis daucoides, L. occurs sparingly in
district 2, and was formerly found between Rochester and Maidstone ;
C. arvensis, Huds., though not very common, grows in all the districts.
Caprifoliace^. — Sambucus Ebulus, L. (dwarf elder) is reported in
over twenty locaHties ; and S. nigra, L. (var. laciniata, L.) in eleven.
Lonicera Caprifolium, L. (probably bird sown) grows at Bromley, Short-
lands, Knockholt and Upper Hailing.
RuBiACE^. — Rubia peregrina, L. (wild madder) appears to be con-
fined to the south coast, about Dover, Folkestone and Hythe. Galium
erectum, Huds. has been observed sparingly in seven districts ; while G.
uliginosum, L. is rare, except in district i. G. anglicum, Huds. is (or
was) found at Eltham, Bromley, Dartford, Crayford, Cobham, Farming-
ham and Lydden Spout (near Dover) ; G. tricorne, Stokes being rather
common in chalky soil.
Valeriane^. — Valeriatia dioica, L., rare in the dry chalk districts,
is not unfrequent elsewhere. V. Mikanii, Syme, hitherto known for cer-
tain only about Hailing and Wye, should prove to be more frequent in
copses on the chalk. Centranthus ruber, DC. (spur valerian) is abun-
dantly naturalized ; but C. Calcitrapa, Dufr. may be extinct at Eltham.
Valerianella carinata, Loisel. seems to be native, at least in some of its
stations, which are as follows : between West Wickham and Keston,
Upper Deal, between Wrotham and Ryarsh, Sutton Valence, and Bough-
ton Quarries, Linton. V. rimosa. Bast. {Auricula, DC.) has only occurred
in cornfields about West Wickham, Keston and Hayes, near Cobham,
and between Oare and Sheppey.
Composite. — Filago spathulata, Presl and F. minima, Fr. are both
rather uncommon. F. gallica, L., formerly found about Dartford, was
probably introduced with the crop. Gnaphalium syhaticum, L. is gene-
rally but locally distributed. Inula Helenium, L. (elecampane), a very
doubtful native, occurs quite rarely ; /. crithmoides, L. (golden samphire)
I 57 8
A HISTORY OF KENT
has several stations in district 3, and was recently discovered at Stoke
(district 2). Pulicaria vulgaris, Gasrtn. is on record from Lewisham,
Mottingham, Faversham, Hernhill, Redleaf and Snodland. Abundant
in the Tunbridge Wells neighbourhood, Anthemis nobilis, L. (chamomile)
is scarce elsewhere. Petasites fragrans, Presl spreads fast ; and P.
officinalis, Moench (butterbur) is frequent in the Weald. Senecio viscosus,
L., a common weed near London, is clearly native from Dungeness to
Hythe. S. squalidus, L, was originally introduced from Oxford by Dr.
Maxwell Masters to the old city wall at Canterbury. S. campestris, DC.
only occurs on the downs above Burham. Arctium nemorosum, Lej. and
A. intermedium, Lange are not uncommon, though less plentiful than A.
majus, Bernh, Cnicus eriophorus. Roth has apparently decreased, and
some of its alleged localities are doubtful ; it has chiefly occurred near
the south-east coast. C. pratensis, Willd., like its usual companions, is
quite scarce in Kent ; on the other hand, the Scotch thistle {Onopordon
Acanthium, L.) has been found in every division, with many stations in
districts 2, 3. The alien milk thistle {Mariana lactea. Hill ; Silybum
Marianum, Gaertn.) occurs fairly often ; but Serratula tinctoria, L. (saw-
wort) is quite rare, except about Keston, Bromley, Cranbrook and
Hawkhurst. Centaurea Jacea, L. and C. solstitialis, L. have no claim
to be native ; but C. Calcitrapa, L. is probably so on the coast. Arnoseris
pusilla, Gasrtn. has been collected only in sandy fields at Bexley and
Sutton Valence. Crepis fcetida, L. was noted for a good many suburban
stations ; but it is now lost in several of them, and may be found princi-
pally about Walmer and Hythe. C. taraxacifolia, Thuill., indigenous on
the chalk, abounds in Kent more than in any other English county ;
which is also probably the case with C. biennis, L. The hawkweeds have
not yet been properly worked out. Hieracium murorum, L. (usually var.
pellucidum, Lasst.) is frequent in the sandy parts of the Weald. H. vul-
gatum, Fr. var. glaucovirens, Dahlst. grows at Vill of Dunkirk (district 3)
and Stone Street (district 7) ; var. maculatum (Sm.), an alien, has oc-
curred on a wall at Sydenham and on Walmer beach. H. sciaphilum,
Uechtr. {H. sylvaticum, Sm..?) is frequent on sand, especially in districts
8, 9 ; like H. rigidum, Hartm., of which vars. acrifolium, Dahlst.
and scabrescens, Johanssen are probably the usual forms in Kent ; var.
tridentatum (Fr.) has been gathered in Bedgebury Woods near Cran-
brook. H. cantianum, F. J. Hanb., found near Tunbridge Wells and
Cranbrook, should occur in a good many places. H. boreale, Fr. is quite
common. Of H. umbellatum, L., frequent on heaths and in open wood-
lands, var. monticola (Jord.) is only known from Darenth Wood ; while
var. coronopifolium (Bernh.) occurs near Maidstone and Leybourne.
Hypochceris glabra, L. used to be found on Blackheath and Woolwich
Warren ; it still grows about Tunbridge Wells, Sevenoaks, Rodmersham,
Deal, Sandwich and Romney, sometimes in company with var. Balbisii
(Loisel.). Taraxacum erythrospermum, Andrz. (T". corniculatum, DC?)
often abounds on light sand. The type of T. palustre, DC. seems to be
much rarer than var. udum (Jord.) ; which, in spite of its name, is by no
58
BOTANY
means confined to wet places, being plentiful on the downs in district 2,
and doubtless elsewhere. Lactuca virosa, L., though local, has many
more localities than L. Scario/a, L., found sparingly in the maritime or
sub-maritime portions of districts i, 2, 3, 7. L. sa/igna, L. grows in a few
places near the Thames ; about Sheerness, Heme Bay, Whitstable and
Seasalter ; and at Wouldham. Sonchus palustris, L. (marsh sow-thistle)
is almost restricted to the Thames and Medway valleys (there is an out-
lying station at Ryarsh Wood) ; the alleged east Kent localities were
most likely errors, as large states oi S. arvensis growing in marshes have
often been mistaken for this species. Tragopogon pratense, L., var. Symei,
Ar. Benn. {grandijiorum, Bosw.) has been observed at Sydenham, Cobham
and Wye ; T. porrifolius, L. (salsify) being occasionally found more or
less naturalized.
Campanulace^. — Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reichb. (ivy-leaved bell-
flower) has occurred on the bogs in district i ; about Chevening,
Knockholt, Down, Cudham and Westerham ; and at Seal Chart. Phy-
teuma orbiculare, L., locally plentiful in Surrey and Sussex, is very rare
in Kent, being restricted to a few stations in district 2 and the cliffs
between Walmer and St. Margaret's ; it appears to be extinct at Beacon
Hill near Faversham. Campanula glomerata, L. (clustered bellflower),
though abundant in district 2, has a very thin distribution over the rest
of the chalk country ; C. latifolia, L. (giant bellflower) is recorded only
from Cobham, Rainham and Canterbury ; C. Rapu?iculus, L. from
Bexley, North Cray, Crayford, Dartford, Cobham and Harrietsham ;
while C. patula, L. has but two stations, near Bexley and at Cobham.
Vacciniace^. — The bilberry {Vaccinium Myrtillus, L.) has only
seven definite localities outside districts 8, 9, where it is locally abun-
dant ; and the cranberry {Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth, V. Oxycoccos, L.)
possesses a solitary station at Oldborough (district 8).
Ericace^. — Erica Tetralix, L. (cross-leaved heath) is very rare,
except on the moist sands of districts i, 8, 9 ; E. cinerea, L. (purple
heath) being also scarce in districts 2, 7, 10, and quite absent from
districts 3 to 6. Pyrola rotundifolia, L. has one west Kent habitat in
Joyden's Wood, Bexley ; it also occurs at Millstead (district 6), and in
seven parishes — mostly on the chalk — between Stouting and Stourmouth
(districts 5, 7). P. minor, L. has been found between Penshurst and
Maidstone, as well as near Eastwell, Nackington, Wye and Stouting.
Hypopitys Monotropa, Crantz (yellow birds'-nest) grows locally in six
divisions.
Plumbagine^. — Var. pyramidalis, Syme of Statice Limonium, L.
(sea lavender), which is common, occurs at Northfleet, Cuxton and
near Sheerness ; S. rariflora, Drejer being apparently confined to dis-
trict 3. S. auriculafolia, Vahl, fairly plentiful on the south coast, also
grows at Ramsgate, Margate, in Harty Isle and about Sheerness.
Primulace^. — Hottonia palustris, L. (water violet) is frequent.
Anagallis arvensis, L., var. carnea (Schrank) has been seen at Higham,
Shepherd's Well, Aylesford and Hawkhurst. A. ccerulea, Schreb. (blue
A HISTORY OF KENT
pimpernel), though generally distributed, is scarce outside district 2 ;
but A. tenel/a, L. (bog pimpernel) is fairly common. Centunculus
minimus, L. (bastard pimpernel) has been noted as follows : Chislehurst,
Tunbridge Wells, Hothfield, Brabourne, Willesborough and near Sand-
ling Park. Samolus Valera?jdi, L. (brookweed), a frequent coast plant,
grows inland at Tunbridge Wells, Snodland, Kingsnorth and Ashford.
ApocYNACEiE. — Vinca minor, L., though often only planted, is
certainly native in many of its stations, and plentiful in districts 8,9;
it has been found in all the districts.
Gentiane^. — Erythrcea pulchella, Fr. (dwarf centaury) is scarce,
but only absent from district 6 ; £. capitata, Willd. should be searched
for in Thanet and on the south coast cliffs. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L.
(marsh gentian) has but two known stations, at Tunbridge Wells and
Goudhurst ; and we distrust those which have been alleged for G.
campestris, L. (G. baltica, Murb. is more likely to have been found).
Menyanthes trifoliata, L. (bogbean) seems to be extinct in district i,
but grows freely in the marshes of district 5 and in a fair number of
other east Kent localities. Limnanthemum peltatutn, S. P. Gmel. (fringed
water-lily) is said to occur within the county near Tunbridge Wells ;
whether planted or native we have no means of judging.
BoRAGiNE^. — Cynoglossum germanicum, Jacq. (C. montanum. Lam.),
is now lost at Eltham, Keston, Bromley, Northfleet and Sandwich
(some of these cases, like that of Tunbridge Wells, may have been
errors). G. E. Smith's station near Stouting may still produce it.
Anchusa sempervirens, L. is a very scarce alien ; while Pulmonaria
officinalis, L., said by Milne and Gordon (1793) to be abundant in
woods between Chevening and Knockholt, and to occur between Cud-
ham and Down, has not been verified since. Myosotis repens, L. is not
uncommon in district 9, and perhaps elsewhere ; but most observers
have failed to distinguish it from the common forget-me-not. M.
sylvatica, Hoffm., although locally plentiful on chalk, cannot, upon
the whole, be called frequent. Lithospermum purpureo-cceruleum, L.
(blue gromwell), only found in and near Darenth Wood, appears at
uncertain intervals, and has lately been sought for without success.
CoNVOLVULACE^. — Volvulus Soldamlla, Junger [Convolvulus, L., sea
bindweed) is recorded from Shellness, Westgate (perhaps extinct in
these places), Pegwell to Deal, Dover to Folkestone and New Romney.
Cuscuta europcea, L. (greater dodder) has a station or two noted in
every district except 10 ; C. Epithymum, Murr. (lesser dodder), frequent
on heather and furze, abounds on Teucrium at Dungeness ; and C
Trifolii, Bab. is a troublesome pest in clover fields.
SoLANACE^. — Solanum nigrum, L., var. miniatum (Bernh.) grew
plentifully on the beach between Whitstable and Seasalter in 1875,
but we failed to find it there in 1894; var. luteo-virescens (Gmel.) has
occurred at Faversham and Tonbridge. Atropa Belladonna, L. (deadly
nightshade) abounds on the bushy hills of districts 2, 6, being found
more or less freely in all the districts, but probably not native off the
BOTANY
chalk ; a remark likewise applying to the generally distributed Hyo-
scyamus niger, L. (henbane).
ScRoPHULARiACE^. — VerbascuM Lychnitis, L. var. album. Miller
(white mullein) is quite common in district 2, and was formerly so
in district i ; there are a few stations in districts 3, 6, 8, 9. V.
nigrum, L. (dark mullein) seems to be equally at home on chalk and
sand, avoiding clay. V. virgatum, Stokes used to grow at Erith ; it
has been collected within living memory at Charlton, Forest Hill,
Dartford, and between Walmer and Kingsdown, but is a doubtful
native ; like V. Blattaria, L., which has occurred in eight districts,
though scarce and decreasing. Linaria repens. Miller, reported from
six places, was probably indigenous in most of them. L. vulgaris, L.
(toadflax), var. latifolia, Bab. is only known from Northfleet chalk pit ;
the monstrosity called var. Peloria has occurred near Dover and Faver-
sham. Mimulus Langsdorffii, Donn (M luteus, auct. angl., non L.)
establishes itself here and there by streams and ditches. Of the
critical eyebrights but little is yet known ; Euphrasia Rostkoviana,
Hayne and E. gracilis, Fr. will no doubt be found on most of the
heaths, and E. nemorosa, Pers. should prove to be common. E. Kerneri,
Wettst. grows on the downs at Upper Hailing ; we have also received
specimens of E. occidentalis, Wettst., gathered last year at Walmer by
Mr. C. P. Hurst. Melampyrum arvense, L. once occurred casually at
Dover. M. pratense, L., var. latifolium, Bab. is well marked in chalk
woods near Dartford, Shoreham, Adisham, Boxley, Hartlip and Wye ;
but intermediates between it and the type may usually be met with.
Orobanchace^. — Orobanche major, L. (common broomrape) has
occurred, but sparingly, in every district except 4, 10. O. caryophyllacea,
Sm., confined to the south-east coast, is locally plentiful from Sand-
wich to Folkestone ; one of its best stations is destroyed by the recent
boring for coal near Dover. O. elatior, Sutton has been rarely observed,
viz. about Woolwich, TrotteschfFe, Bigberry Woods (district 3), Dover
and Tunbridge Wells. O. Picridis, F. Schultz only grows on the under-
cliff between St. Margaret's and Kingsdown, and at Deal ; O. Hedera,
Duby (ivy broomrape) near Shoreham, and in an unspecified locality
in district 10 (WoUaston). O. mitior, Sm. (lesser broomrape), seldom
native, is a noxious weed in clover fields throughout the county. O.
amethystea, Thuill., limited to the underclifF near St. Margaret's, and
at Abbot's Cliff and Lydden Spout near Dover, is parasitical on wild
carrot and occasionally on restharrow. Lathrcea Squamaria, L. (tooth-
wort), though locally abundant, has not been observed in districts
3 to 5.
Lentibulariace^. — Utricularia vulgaris, L. (common bladderwort),
plentiful in the marshes of district 5, has been found in six other
divisions ; but U. neglecta, Lehm. has only been detected near Faver-
sham, at Ham Ponds and at Headcorn ; JJ. minor, L. at Ham Ponds,
and Eldergate in Romney Marsh.
Labiate. — Mentha rotundifolia, L. (round-leaved mint) has a dozen
61
A HISTORY OF KENT
stations in districts i to 8 ; M. /ongifo/m, Huds. {sylvestris, L., horse mint)
occurs in all the divisions, sometimes freely ; and M. sativa, L. (a series
of hybrids between arvemis and hirsutd) is not uncommon. M. piperita^
L. (peppermint) has been found about Deal, Luton, Headcorn, Boxley
and Rolvenden ; M. rubra, Sm. at Keston, Faversham (casual) and Sturry ;
M. gentilis, L. only by the Medway below Tonbridge. The recorded
stations of M. Pulegium, L. (pennyroyal) are Chislehurst Common, Lewis-
ham, Bickley, Dartford, Ospringe (near Faversham) and Dover. Origanum
vulgare, L. (marjoram), var. megastachyum (Link) is a speciality of the
undercliff near Folkestone. Thymus Chameedrys, Fr., as yet comparatively
little known, is probably general on dry soils. Calamintha parvijlora.
Lam. (C. Nepeta, Clairv.) occurs in districts i to 8 ; and is sometimes
abundant, though far less general than C. officinalis, Moench (common
calamint) ; C. syhatica, Bromf has also been reported from near Wye,
but we have seen no Kentish specimen. Melissa officinalis, L. (balm) may
be found naturalized here and there. Salvia pratensis, L. (meadow clary)
is native about Cobham and Cuxton, near Hartlip, and between West
Mailing and Wrotham ; casual or sporadic at Whitstable and Ryarsh,
and extinct at Mersham Hatch. Nepeta Cataria, L. (cat mint), recorded
from every district except i o, is rather common on the chalk ; Scutel-
laria minor, Huds. (lesser skullcap) being scarce outside districts 8, 9.
Melittis Melissophyllum, L. (bastard balm) may perhaps be truly wild
in its solitary station between Penshurst and Maidstone. Marrubium
vulgare, L. (horehound), though not very rare, is usually an evident
escape ; while Stachys germanica, L., formerly found near Darenth and
Lyminge, has not been obtained lately. S. annua, L. used to occur in
fields near Gadshill and Strood ; it has also been met with abundantly
on the open downs near Trottescliffe, as well as near Sevenoaks, and
may quite possibly be a native. Galeopsis dubia. Leers {yillosa, Huds.)
was formerly found in the neighbourhood of Dartford ; G. speciosa.
Miller {versicolor. Curt.) has been observed only on eight occasions.
Leonurus Cardiaca, L. (motherwort) has occurred, doubtless a mere
escape, at Woodchurch, Ospringe and Saltwood. hamium hybridum, L.
is locally plentiful in sandy ground. Teucrium Botrys, L. has a single
station on the downs above Upper Hailing ; whereas Ajuga Chamcepitys,
Schreb. is frequent on chalk, particularly in district 2.
Plantagine^. — Littorella juncea. Berg, (shore weed) is remarkably
rare, being only found at Brabourne and Dungeness.
Chenopodiace^. — Chenopodiufu poly sper mum, L., abundant in district
I, is frequent off the chalk ; while C. Vulvaria, L., though local, mainly
haunts the tidal rivers and coast, like C. Jicifolium, Sm. and C murale, L.
C. hybridum, L. and C. urbicum, L. are rather rare. C. botryodes, Sm.
only grows in the Thames salt marshes and near Sandwich ; and C.
glaucum, L. in two or three spots near London. Atriplex laciniata, L.
is restricted to the shores of districts 3, 4, 5, 10 ; A. pedunculata, L. to
the neighbourhood of Gravesend, Heme Bay and Sandwich. Of the
glassworts, Salicornia stricta, Dum. is common ; S. procumbens, Sm. and
62
BOTANY
S. ramosissma, Woods apparently not unfrequent. S. appressa, Dum.
grows at Seasalter and New Romney ; S. radicans, Sm. being plentiful
in the marshes of district 3 and near Sandwich, besides occurring on the
Isle of Grain and at Deal and Romney.
PoLYGONACE^. — Polygonum dumetorum, L. has only been noticed
about Woolwich, Faversham, Trinley and Ashford ; P. Raii, Bab. on
Grain Spit, and at Whitstable, Sandwich and Sandgate. P. minus,
Huds., figured in English Botany from Blackheath, has also been found
at Seal Chart, and possibly near Tunbridge Wells on the Kent side.
P. mite, Schrank, a species easily overlooked, is recorded from Lewis-
ham, Chislehurst, Minster (Sheppey), Hadlow and Tunbridge Wells ;
P. maculatum. Trim. & Dyer, being widely, though somewhat thinly,
spread. Outside district 8 P. Bistorta, L. (snakeweed) must be
described as a rarity. Rumex maritimus, L. (golden dock) has only
been gathered in the Thames marshes, and about Hythe and Romney ;
its near ally, R. limosus, Thuill. {palustris, Sm.) from Charlton to
Erith, at Whitstable, and perhaps between Margate and Sandwich.
Thymel^ace^. — Daphne Mezereum, L. (mezereon) is extremely
scarce, the only known stations being at Cobham, Godmersham and
near Broome Park ; thus offering a great contrast with the abun-
dance of the spurge laurel (D. Laureola, L,).
EL-ffiAGNACE^. — Hippophce rhamnoides, L. (sea buckthorn), though
extinct in Sheppey, abounds at intervals round the coast from Deal
to Romney.
LoRANTHACEuE. — Viscum album, L. (mistletoe) is uncommon, but
grows in every division except district 10.
Santalace^. — Thesium hutnifusum, DC, long sought for in vain,
has recently been discovered by the Rev. E. EUman near Bishopsbourne.
EupHORBiACE^. — Euphorbia platyphyllos, L. (warted spurge), though
unknown only for districts 5, 6, is rare, especially northwards. E.
Cyparissias, L. (cypress spurge) may be a true native on chalky hill-
sides near Dover ; while E. Paralias, L. (sea spurge) has become
extremely scarce owing to the inroads of the sea. E. Lathyris, L.
(caper spurge), usually an obvious escape, has some claim to be
thought indigenous near Cobham, Boxley and Milton ; as has Buxus
sempervirens, L. (box) at Boxley.
Urticace^. — Our two species of elm are both questionable
natives, unUke the hop [Humulus Lupulus, L.), though that is so
extensively cultivated. The Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera, L.) has
quite disappeared from Romney and Lydd.
Myricace^. — Myrica Gale, L. (bog myrtle), not found recently
at Tunbridge Wells or Willesborough, may yet be discovered in two
or three other neighbourhoods.
Salicine^. — Salix aurita, L., S. Caprea, L., S. cinerea, L. and S.
repens, L. are certainly, S. fragilis, L. and S. purpurea, L. probably
native ; the other species are usually, if not always planted. Several
hybrids occur Smithiana forms being common. Populus alba, L. and
63
A HISTORY OF KENT
P. canescens, Sm. generally look like aliens ; but P. tremula, L. (aspen)
is truly wild, and abounds in the Wealden woods.
Ceratophylle^. — Both species of hornwort {Ceratophyllum demer-
sum, L, and C. submersum, L.) are rather common ; but the latter does
not grow at any great distance from tidal waters.
Hydrocharide^. — Elodea canadensis, Michaux (American weed)
has become as plentiful in Kent as in the neighbouring counties.
Stratiotes aloides, L. grows in a pond near Dymchurch, where it was
almost certainly introduced.
Orchidace^. — No British county excels Kent in the number of
its orchids, though these are sadly diminished since a century ago,
largely owing to the rapacity of collectors. Malaxis paludosa, Sw.
(bog orchis) has only been found for certain near Tunbridge Wells
and Cranbrook. Neotfia Nidus-avis, Rich, (birds'-nest orchis) abounds
in chalky woods. Cephalanthera ensifolia. Rich, has been obtained near
Cobham, Cuxton, Falkham and Tunbridge Wells ; while C. pallens.
Rich, {grandijiora, Bab.) is an ornament of most beech-groves. Epipactis
violacea, Bor. has been recorded from Ryarsh, Cobham, Cuxton, Walder-
share, Ospringe, Dunton Green and Cowden ; but it is sometimes
confused with the much more frequent E. media, Bab., a species perhaps
too closely allied with the common E. latifoUa, All. (broad-leaved helle-
borine). E. palustris, Crantz (marsh helleborine), known for about
fifteen localities, is abundant in some of them. Orchis hircina. Scop,
(lizard orchis), once locally frequent in district 2, has disappeared from
nearly all the old stations ; but a fine specimen is still known near Wye,
and a trustworthy informant tells us that thirty plants were found at one
spot in 1900. O. ustulata, L. (dwarf orchis), perhaps extinct in district
2, still occurs in districts 5, 6, 7, 10 ; O. purpurea, Huds. being locally
plentiful in districts 2, 5, 6, 7. O. pyramidalis, L., O. Morio, L., O.
mascula, L., O. latifolia, L. and O. maculata, L. are all more or less
abundant ; whereas O. incarnata, L. has been discovered only in Minster
Marshes (Thanet), and at Ham Ponds and Lamberhurst. Aceras anthro-
pophora, R. Br. abounds in many places on the chalk ; as do Ophrys
apifera, Huds. (bee orchis), O. muscifera, Huds. (fly orchis), and the
more local O. aranifera, Huds. (spider orchis). O. arachnites. Lam. is
now practically restricted to the south-east in districts 7, 10 ; but Her-
minium Monorchis, R. Br. (musk orchis) has a wide range, and is fairly
common in districts 2, 7. Habenaria conopsea, Benth. (fragrant orchis),
H. bifolia, R. Br. and H. chloroleuca, Ridley (butterfly orchis) occur
freely ; while the frog orchis {H. viridis, R. Br.) is decidedly scarce,
and H. albida, Br. has only been observed at Lyminge.
Iride^. — The stinking iris {Iris fcetidissima, L.) is pretty common
in several districts. /. Pseudacorus, L. (yellow flag) usually occurs as
the var. acoriformis (Bor.). The pale-flowered var. Bastardi (Bor.) appears
to have been once found at Hayes.
Amaryllide^. — Narcissus biflorus. Curt, and N. poeticus, L. are not
true natives, though the former is well established occasionally ; the
64
BOTANY
daffodil {N. Pseudo-narcissus, L.) is however frequent, and often grows
in great plenty, particularly on clay. Only eight stations are known for
Galanthus nivalis, L. (snowdrop), which is usually, if not always, planted.
The snowflake [Leucojum cestivum, L.) has perhaps been recently destroyed
in Plumstead Marshes, where it was certainly found up to 1888 ; it is
extinct at Greenwich, but probably survives by the Medway at Cuxton.
LiLiACE^. — Asparagus officinalis, L. formerly grew by the Thames
at Greenwich and Gravesend, and still exists near Romney. Polygonatum
multijiorum. All. (Solomon's seal) is rare, though found in eight divisions ;
the only ascertained habitat of P. officinale. All. being Joyden's Wood,
Bexley. Convallaria majalis, L. (Uly of the valley) is local, rather than
rare. Allium vineale, L. (crow garlic) and A. ursinum, L. (ramsons)
are generally distributed ; A. oleraceum, L. chiefly grows in east Kent,
and is nowhere common. Scilla autumnalis, L, lingers on Blackheath,
and probably still occurs at Shorne Warren. Fritillaria Meleagris, L.
(snake's-head) used to be found at Bromley, Higham and Upnor, and
may yet exist in the two last-named stations. Gagea fascicularis, Salisb.
has been reported from West Coombe Park and Dartford ; Colchicum
autumnale, L. (meadow saffron) from Littlebourne and Cranbrook, as
well as (formerly) from near Plumstead. Narthecium ossifragum, Huds.
(bog asphodel) is quite scarce ; its only stations being at Bromley,
Keston, Hothfield, Willesborough and near Tunbridge Wells. Herb
Paris {Paris quadrifolia, L.), found in every district, abounds in many
chalk copses.
JuNCACE^. — The scarceness of Juncus squarrosus, L. is strange,
considering the number of heaths in the county ; we only know of
about half a dozen distinct stations, though it is frequent near Tun-
bridge Wells. Some of those assigned to J. compressus, Jacq. doubt-
less belong to J. Gerardi, Loisel. y . maritimus. Lam. is plentiful,
ascending the Thames up to Erith ; but y. acutus, L. only extends
along the sandy stretch between Deal and Pegwell Bay. y . obtusijiorus,
Ehrh. is local and mainly submaritime. Luzula Forsteri, DC. abounds in
many parts, often forming hybrids with L. vernalis, DC. (' L. Borreri,
Bromf ') ; and L. maxima, DC. (great woodrush), though absent over
large areas, is not uncommon ; this also holds good of L. erecta, Desv.
{multiflora, Lej.).
Typhace^. — Both species of bulrush are locally plentiful, T.
angustifoUa, L. probably more so than in any other English county.
Sparganium neglectum, Beeby, a recent segregate, will surely prove to
be frequent when better known ; and S. simplex, Huds. grows in
every district but 10. Excepting a Tunbridge Wells specimen in
Dillenius' herbarium, the peat-loving S. minimum, Fr. appears to be
limited to the brooks, Margate, and the marshes about Deal and Sandwich.
Aroide^. — Arum italicum. Mill, flourishes near the south coast at
Folkestone, Sandgate, Shornecliffe and Postling. Acorus Calamus, L.
(sweet flag) has been found in Sturry Marshes (district 5), at Penshurst,
and by a pond in private grounds at Bexley.
A HISTORY OF KENT
Lemnace^. — Lemna gibba, L. and L. polyrhiza, L. (great duckweed)
are both local, but occur in all the districts. Wolffia Michelii, Schleid.
has been found in several parts of districts 4, 5, and also near Lydd.
Alismace^. — Alisma ranuiiculoides, L., absent only from districts
3, 6, 9, is yet rare, except near Canterbury, Sandwich and Deal. The
arrowhead \Sagittaria sagittifolia, L.) abounds in the Weald and in Thanet,
though elsewhere uncommon ; Butomus umbellatus, L. (flowering rush)
is frequent ; but Damason'mm steilatum, Pers. {Actinocarpus Damasonium,
R. Br.), always very scarce, has not, we believe, been met with lately.
Naiad ACE^. — Potai7iogeton polygomf alius, Pourr. is local rather than
rare. P. lucens, L., P. pitsillus, L., P. pectinatus, L., and P. interruptus.
Kit. {Jiabellatus, Bab.) are all frequent ; the last-named abounds in
brackish water. Of the scarcer species we may mention P. coloratus,
Hornem. {plantagineus, Du Croz), found at Ham Ponds, Preston and
Hothfield ; P. aipinus, Balb. {rufescens, Schrad.), about Tonbridge,
Marden, Staplehurst and Sholden ; P. angustifo/ius, Presl {Zizii, Roth),
in the Stour near Wye ; P. acutifolius. Link, at Withamdrew (district
5) and Appledore ; P. obtusifolius, Mert. & Koch, rare in seven dis-
tricts ; and P. Friesii, Rupr., at Dartford, Marden and several places in
Thanet. Rtippia spiralis, Hartm. occurs in six localities (districts 2, 3,
10); R. rostellata, Koch being fairly common in saline pools and ditches,
often accompanied by Zannichellia pedicellata, Fr. Zostera marina, L.
(grass-wrack) is apparently absent from the south coast, being confined
to districts 3, 4.
Cyperace^. — Cyperus longus, L. (galingale) has but a single station
near Seabrooke (district 10). Eleocharis uniglumis, Reichb., only found
on the coast, has been noticed at Deal, Ham Ponds and Dungeness ;
E. multicaulis, Sm. at Keston, Greenhithe, Faversham, Hothfield and
Tunbridge Wells. Scirpus paiicijiorus, Lightf occurs at Ham Ponds and
Dungeness ; 6'. ccespitosus, L., S. fluitans, L., and S. setaceus, L. being
all rather uncommon. S. carinatus, Sm., now lost at Greenwich, grows
plentifully with S. triqueter, L. by the Medway at Aylesford. S. syhaticus,
L. has its headquarters in the Weald ; and ^S". Caricis, Retz {Blysmus
compressus, Panz) is scarce in six districts. Eriophorum vaginatum, L.
(hare's-tail cotton grass) seems to be lost from Tunbridge Wells ; its
alleged stations in Thanet rest on questionable authority. E. angusti-
folium. Roth (common cotton-grass) is thinly distributed ; and E.
latifolium, Hoppe has but two stations at Herringe and Willesborough.
Rhyncospora alba, Vahl has only been found near Tunbridge Wells ;
Schcenus nigricans, L. near Folkestone, and perhaps in Thanet. Cladium
jamaiceme, Crantz occurs in district 5 at Ham Ponds, Hacklinge, Sholden
and near Deal. The sedges have not yet been thoroughly worked out
in Kent. Among the more frequent species are Carex divisa, L. (sub-
maritime), C. disticha, Huds., C. arenaria, L. (inland on Wrotham
Heath), C. paniculata, L., C. vulpina, L., C. muricata, L., C. divulsa.
Good., C. remota, L., C. ovalis. Good., C. acuta, L. (mainly in district
8), C. Goodenowii,]. Gay (vulgaris, Fr.), C.jiacca, Schreb. [glauca. Scop),
66
BOTANY
C. pilulifera, L. (dry heaths, etc.), C. verna, Chaix. [pracox, Jacq.), C.
palkscens, L., C. panicea, L., C. pefidula, Huds. (common in the Weald),
C. syhatica, L., C. binervis, Sm. (on heaths), C distans, L. (submaritime),
C.Jiava, L. (as an aggregate), C. hirta, L., C. Pseudo-cyperus, L., C. acuti-
formis, Ehrh. {paludosa. Good.), C. riparia. Curt., C. rostrata, Stokes, and
C. vesicaria, L. (in the Weald). C. pulicaris, L. is inconspicuous and
scantily recorded ; C. teretiuscula. Good, has been found at Upnor near
Faversham and at Ham Ponds, Brooke and Dungeness ; C. echinata,
Murr. (stellulata. Good.) being local in six districts. C. axillaris. Good.
{remota x vulpina) is of occasional, C, Boenninghausiana, Weihe [paniculata
X remota) of very rare occurrence (Tunbridge Wells) ; C. elongata, L.
only grows near Tonbridge. C. curta. Good., preferring peat overlying
sand, finds but few places to suit it ; and C. Hudsonii, Ar. Benn. {stricta.
Good.) is limited to the Deal and Sandwich neighbourhood, though there
abundant. C. montana, L- grows near Faversham and in the woodlands
north of Canterbury ; C. strigosa, Huds. at Charlton, Tunbridge Wells,
Cranbrook, Benenden and Sutton Valence ; C. laevigata, Sm. in the south
(districts 8, 9, 10). C. Hornschuchiana, Hoppe is recorded by G. E.
Smith from Sandgate and Smeeth. C. extensa. Good, is found only
near Sandwich and Reculver. C. (Ederi, Retz has occurred at Keston,
Shooters Hill, Sandwich and Willesborough.
Gramine^. — Spartina stricta. Roth grows rather freely in district
3, to which it is apparently confined. Alopecurus fulvus, Sm. (a plant
of strong soils, easily overlooked) has been gathered about Eltham,
Hayes, Faversham, Sutton Valence, Marden and Staplehurst ; A. bulbosus,
Gouan only in north Kent, near Erith, Northfleet, Cooling and in
Sheppey. Milimn effusum, L. (millet grass), though local, flourishes in
every district. Phleum arenariiim, L. occurs near Whitstable, from Peg-
well Bay to Deal, and from Sandgate to Romney. Polypogon monspeliensis,
Desf., now lost near the Thames, except in Plumstead Marshes, is also
found at Halstow, Whitstable and Sandwich Flats. P. littoralis, Sm.
[Agrostis palustris x P. monspeliensis) used to grow at Plumstead. Cala-
magrostis epigeios. Roth, though scarce, is much less so than C. lanceolata.
Roth, reported on good authority from Sellinge, but very doubtfully
from Walmer and Charlton. Gastridium australe, Beauv. (nit grass), more
plentiful in the Weald than elsewhere, seems to be sometimes native both
on the coast and inland ; but Apera Spica-venti, Beauv. is a rather rare
colonist. Sieglingia decumbens, Bernh. {T'riodia decumbens, Beauv.) is less
frequent than in most southern counties ; on the other hand, Molinia
varia, Schrank {coerulea, Moench) is pretty generally distributed off the
chalk. Poa bulbosa, L. abounds between Deal and Pegwell Bay ; it has
also lately been discovered on the greensand cliffs at Folkestone. P.
compressa, L., though rather uncommon, has been noted in eight districts.
Glyceria plicata, Fr. is fairly plentiful ; the subspecies (or variety) G.
declinata, Breb., hitherto recorded only from Eltham and Hothfield, may
prove to be not unfrequent where water has stood in winter. G. distans,
Wahl., var. pseudo-procumbens, Wolley-Dod, which its author discovered
67
A HISTORY OF KENT
in marshes at Plumstead and Higham, was suspected by him to be
Festuca prociimbens x G. distans ; being almost intermediate and always
accompanied by both species. G. Borreri, Bab. is locally abundant in
muddy salt marshes of the north and east, its one station on the south
coast being at Dymchurch. Festuca uniglumis, Soland. grows sparingly
on Deal sandhills ; together with plenty of F. ambigua, Le Gall, also
found about Sandwich and Littlestone. F. sylvatica, Vill. is a Tunbridge
Wells rarity. F. loliacea. Curt. {F. pratensis x Lo/ium perenne) has occa-
sionally been met with. Bromus madritensis, L., was once found upon the
beach at Walmer and at Deal ; several allied species are casuals near
Woolwich. B. interruptus, Druce, hitherto detected only at Eltham,
Dartford and Barham, may easily have been passed by as a form of
B. mollis, L. Lolium temulentiwj, L. (darnel) is uncommon. Our mari-
time forms of Agropyron (T'riticum) are well represented in the county.
Hordeum syhaticitm, Huds. is reported from Riverhill (district 8), Hawk-
hurst and Cranbrook (district 9) ; the two last seem unlikely places
for it. Flymus arenarius, L. (lyme grass) really grows at Dover, as
alleged ; this makes the Thanet stations given by Flower less improb-
able than we had supposed.
FiLiCES. — In the suburban districts it is now difficult to find any
fern except bracken, and the rarer species have been sadly thinned out
elsewhere. Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm. (filmy fern), Asplenium
lanceolatum, Huds., and Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. are nearly, if not
quite, destroyed at Tunbridge Wells ; Osmunda regalis, L. only exists
in a few remote spots, and Ceterach officinarum, Willd. is in much the
same plight. Lastrcea Thelypteris, Presl, L. Oreopteris, Presl, and L.
spinulosa, Presl, still however occur in fair quantity. L. cetnula. Bracken-
bridge has two stations assigned to it in district 8. Botrychium Lunar ia,
Sw. (moonwort) was lately found near Goudhurst, and may survive in
some of its old haunts ; Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. (adder's tongue) is
frequent, except in the north-west.
Equisetace^. — Equisetum sylvaticum, L. (wood horsetail), though
observed in six of our divisions, must be called scarce. There are
specimens of E. hyemale, L. from east Kent in herbaria, but we do
not know the precise locality. Several other species occur freely.
Lycopodiace^. — Lycopodium inundatum, L. (bog clubmoss) still
grows at Keston and Hothfield, though probably lost at Chislehurst.
L. clavatum, L. (stag's-horn moss) has three stations in district 8 and
four in district 9.
Marsileace^. — Pilularia globulifera, L, (pillwort) is only recorded
from Sutton Valence.
THE MOSSES {Musci).
The chief feature of the Bryological flora of Kent is the absence of the great majority of
subalpine mosses, and of such as would occur in boggy districts or on elevated moors, these
geographical features being almost absent from Kent. This is the more singular in that the
sand rocks, just over the border of the county, in Sussex, furnish many subalpine species,
especially south of Tunbridge Wells. On the other hand the mosses characteristic of the
68
BOTANY
chalk formation are as well represented as they are in the South Downs of Sussex. A list of chc
species found in Kent was published by the writer of this article in the Journal of Botany,
1888, and a number of species that had not then been discovered were pointed out as litely to
occur. Most of these were subsequently detected in the county and an additional list was
published in the same Journal in 1901, pp. 179, 227.
But in the meanwhile the nomenclature of mosses had been altered, and it is consequently
necessary to give the list anew in order to bring it up to date, more especially as several more
species have been detected since 1 90 1. This increase of species has been largely due to the
investigations of the Rt. Hon. Mr. Justice Stirling of Goudhurst, Mr. W. E. Nicholson of
Lewes, and Mr. E. S. Salmon of Reigate, who have explored the district around Goudhurst,
to Mr. L. J. Cocks of Bromley, and to Mr. A. W. Hudson of Cranbrook, and in the case of
Sphagna to Mr. E. C. Horrell of Chelmsford.
The classification and nomenclature that have been followed in this list are those of the
second edition of the Student's Handbook of British Mosses, by H. N. Dixon, M.A., and H. G.
Jameson, M.A., published in 1904. The species rare in the county are indicated by an
asterisk. Those which as yet have been found only in Kent are Catharinea tenella in fruit
and Ephemerum stellatum. A few species are extremely rare in other counties, e.g. Nanomi-
trium tenerum and Pottia ccespitosa, fVeissia sterilis, W. crispata and W. multicapsularis. The
list includes 283 species, exclusive of numerous varieties.
Sphagnace.'e
Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh.
1.9
var. rubellum, Russow. 1
var. viride, Warnst. I
— crassicladum, Warnst. 8
— cuspidatum, R. & W. I
var. falcatum, Russ. I
— cymbifohum, Ehrh. I, 9
var. congestum, Schimp. 9
var. versicolor, Warnst. 9
var. pallescens, Warnst. i
— fimbriatum, Wils. I
— intermedium, Hoflm. I, 8
— medium, Limpr.
var. roseum, Warnst. I
— molluscum, Bruch. i
— papillosum, Lindb. I
var. sublaeve, Warnst. I, 8
var. normale, Warnst. I
— rigidum, Schimp. I
— rubellum, Wils.
var. rubrum, Grav. I
— rufescens, Warnst. I
— squarrosum, Pers. I, 8, 9
— subsecundum, Nees. I, S,
var. contortum, Schimp.
1,9
var. obesum, Wils. 9
— subnitens, R. & W.
var. violascens, Warnst. 9
var. virescens, Warnst. 9
— trinitense, C. Mull. I
— turfaceum, Warnst. I
Tetraphidace^
Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw.
I, 2 (fruiting, Joyden's
Wood), 8 (near Ightham),
9 (fruiting near Goud-
hurst)
— 'Browniana, Grev.
8 {Tunbridge Wells), 9
(Goudhurst). Very rare.
POLYTRICHACE^
Catharinea *angustata, Brid.
9 (Goudhurst) (fruiting)
— •tenella, Rohl. 9 (Goud-
hurst), fruiting. Very
rare.
— undulata, Web. & Mohr. l-io
var. attenuata, Wils. 9
var. minor, H. & M. 8
Polytrichum aloides, Brid. I, 8
— commune, L. I, 2, 8, 9
— formosum, Hedw. i, 8, 9
— juniperinum, Wils. I, 8, 9
— nanum, Brid. 8
— piliferum, Schreb. 8
— strictum. Banks. 10
— urnigerum, Brid. 8, 9
DlCRANACE^
Archidium*alternifolium,Schimp.
9 (Goudhurst)
Pleuridium alternifolium,
Rabenh. 8 (Ightham).
— axillare, Lindb. 8, 9
— subulatum, Br. & Schimp.
8,9
Ditrichum flexicaule, Hampe.
2, 5 (Sibertszvold), 8
— homomaUum, Hampe. I, 9
Seligeria calcarea, Br. & Schimp.
2,8
— 'paucifolia, Carr. 8 (Dunton
Green ; Maidstone), 10
(Folkestone)
— *pusilla, Br. & Schimp. 8
(Kcmsing ; Dunton Green)
Ceratodon purpureus, Brid. 8 9,
Cynodontium •Bruntoni, Br. &
Schimp. 8 (Tunbridge
Wells)
Dichodontium 'pellucidum,
Schimp. 8, 9
Dicranella cerviculata, Br. &
Schimp. 8, 9
69
Dicranella *crispa, Schimp. 8
(Speldhurst)
— heteromalla, Br. & Schimp.
I, 6, 8, 9
— "rufescens, Schimp. 9 (Goud-
hurst)
— *Schreberi, Schimp. 6 (Bred-
hurst), 7 (Dover), 8 (Seven-
oaks)
var. *elata, Schimp. 9 (Goud-
hurst)
varia, Schimp. 2, 8
Dicranoweissia cirrhata, Lindb.
8,9
Campylopus flexuosus, Brid. I, 8,
9
— *fragilis, Br. & Schimp.
8 (Rusthall Common)
— pyriformis, Brid. i, 8, 9
Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not. 8,
9, 10
var. rugifolium, Bosw. 9
— *flagellare, Hedw. I (Bos tall
Wood, Abbey Wood)
— majus, Turn, i, 8
— *montanum, Hedw. i (Ab-
bey Wood)
— scoparium, Hedw. i, 8
— *Scottianum, Turn. 8 (Chid-
dingstone)
Leucobryum glaucum, Schimp.
8,9
FlSSIDENTACEvE
Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw. 8,
9, 10
var. coUinus, Dixon. 8, 10
— bryoides, Hedw. 8
— 'decipiens, De Not. 8 (Seven-
oaks, Godden Green)
— 'exilis, Hedw. i (Bromley,
Keston)
— incurvus. Stark, i
— pusillus, Wils. 8
A HISTORY OF KENT
Fissidens taxifolius, Hedw. 8, lo
— viridulus, Wahl. I, 8, 9
var. fontanus, Wils. 8
GrIMMIACEjE
Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. 8, 9,
10
var. gracilis, Wils. 8
— *commutata, Hiibn. On
tiled roofs, 9 (Goudhurst)
— *decipiens, Lindb. On tiled
roofs, 9 (Goudhurst)
— *orbicularis, Bruch. 8 {Seven-
oaks)
— pulvinata, Smith, i, 8, 9, 10
*var. obtusa, Hiibn. 8
{Knole Park)
— •trichophylla, Grev. 8 {Ight-
ham, Tunbridge Wells),
9 {Goudhurst)
Racomitrium 'aciculare, Brid.
9 {Goudhurst), 8 {Rusthall
Common)
— •canescens, Brid. 8 {Rusthall
Common, in fruit ; Wester-
ham)
— •heterostichum, Brid. 8 {Ight-
ham, in fruit) ; 9 {Goud-
hurst, on roofs)
— *lanuginosum, Brid. 9 {Goud-
hurst, on tiled roofs)
ToRTULACEffi
Acaulon muticum, C. Miill. i,
2,8
Phascum curvicollum, Ehrh. 2,
8, 10,
— •Floerkeanum, \V. & M.
I {Keston), 2 {Shoreham),
8 {Otfori)
— cuspidatum, Schreb. 2, 3, 8
Pottia *bryoides, Witt. 2 {Shore-
ham) ; 9 {Goudhurst)
— 'caespitosa, C. M. 8 {Shore-
ham, Kemsing)
— Heimii, Turn. 5
— • intermedia. Turn. I, 8, 9
— lanceolata, C. M. 3, 8, 10
— minutula, Turn. 5, 8, 9
— recta. Mitt. 8, 9 {Goudhurst)
— 'Starkeana, C. M. 8 {Pern-
bury), 2 {Greenhithe)
— truncatula, Lindb. I, 5, 8
Tortula aloides, De Not. 2, 8,
10
— ambigua, Br. & Schimp. 2, 8
— ■*atrovirens, Lindb. 10 {Folke-
stone)
— "cuneifolia. Roth. 7 {Dover),
8 {Rusthall Common)
■— intermedia, Berk. 8, 9
— laevipila, Schwaegr. 6, 7, 8, 10
— marginata, Spruce. 2, 8
— muralis, Hedw. 8, 9, 10
var. rupestris, Sch. 8
var. xstiva, Brid. 8, 9
Tortula • mutica, Lindb. I
{Chislehurst), 8 {Otford), 9
{Goudhurst)
— "papillosa, Wils. 8 {Seven-
oaks), 9 {Postling, Hoth-
field), 10 {Lympne)
— 'pusiUa, Mitt. 2 {Green-
hithe), 8 {Keston, Wrot-
ham, Otfori)
— 'rigida, Schultz. 8 {Maid-
stone)
— ruralis, Ehrh. 8
— ruraliformis, Dixon. 5
— subulata, Hedw. 8
Barbula convoluta, Hedw. I, 3,
8, 10
— cylindrica, Schimp. 2 {Green-
hithe, in fruit), 8
— faUax, Hedw. I, 8
var. brevifolia, Wils. 6, 8
— *Hornschuchiana, Schultz. I
{Shoreham), 8 {Borough
Green, BesselFs Green)
— lurida, Lindb. 2, 8 {Godden
Green, in fruit), 10
— revoluta, Brid. 8, 9
— rigidula, Mitt. 7, 8, 9
— rubella. Mitt. 8, 9
— sinuosa, Braithw. 8, 10
— *spadicea. Mitt. 9 {Goud-
hurst)
— tophacea, Mitt. 8, 10 {Rom-
ney Marsh)
— unguiculata, Hedw. l-io
var. apiculata, Wils. 8
— vinealis, Brid. I, 8 {Ightham,
in fruit)
Leptodontium *flexifolium,
Hampe. 2 {Halstead),
9 {Goudhurst)
— 'gemmascens, Braithw. 8
{Riverhead)
Weisia crispa, Mitt. I {Keston),
3,7,8
*var. intermedia, W. E. Nich.
2 {Shoreham)
— *crispata, C. M. 2 {Shoreham)
— microstoma, C. M. 2, 8
var. obliqua, C. M. 8
— *multicapsularis. Mitt. 8
{Ightham, Besselfs Green)
— *mucronata, Br. & Schimp.
I {Forest Hill), 3 {Sheerness,
Whitstable)
— *squarrosa, C. M. 8 {Stone
Street, Bessell's Green, Ot-
ford), 9 {Goudhurst)
— *sterilis, W. E. Nicholson.
8 {Boxley Hill, Fawke
Common)
— 'tenuis, C. M. 8 {Maid-
stone, Sevenoaks, Leaves
Green)
— 'tortilis, C. M. 8 {Kem-
sing, Wrotham), 10 {Sand-
gate),
70
Weisia * verticillata, Brid. 8
{Ightham, Maidstone), 10
{Beachhorough)
— viridula, Hedw. 2, 7, 8, 9
Trichostomum*crispulum, Bruch.
7 {Folkestone Warren)
— flavovirens, Bruch. 5, 7, 10
— *mutabile, Bruch. 5 {Siberts-
wold)
— 'tortuosum, Dixon. 2 {Swan-
ley)
Pleurochaete 'squarrosa, Lindb.
5 {Deal, Sandwich), lo
{New Romney)
Cinclidotus •Brebissonii, Husn.
8 {Penshurst and Goud-
hurst in fruit ; Tonbridge)
Encalyptace.^
Encalypta streptocarpa, Hedw.
6, 8, 9
— vulgaris, I, 2, 8 {Cobham)
Orthotrichace^
Zygodon viridissimus, Brid. I,
2, 7, 8, 9
var. rupestris, Hartm. 8
(near Sevenoaks, in fruit)
Ulota Bruchii, Hornsch. 3, 8, 9,
10
— crispa, Brid. 6, 8
— phyllantha, Brid. 5, 9
Orthotrichum affine, Schrad.
3,8, 10
— anomalum, Hedw. 2, 8, 10
— *cupulatum, Hoffm. 8 {Shore-
ham, Kemsing)
— diaphanum, Schrad. 2, 6, 8,
9
— leiocarpum, Br. & Sch. 2, 3,
8,9
— Lyellii, H. & T. 3, 8 {Pens-
hurst, in fruit)
— *rivulare, Turn. 9 {Goud-
hurst)
— *Sprucei, Mont. 8 {Pens-
hurst), 9 {Goudhurst)
Orthotrichum *stramineum,
Hornsch. 8 {Sevenoaks)
— 'tenellum, Bruch. 8 {Pens-
hurst), 9 {Goudhurst)
Splachnace;e
Splachnum 'ampuUaceum, Linn.
Funariace^
Nanomitrium 'tenerum, Lindb.
9 {Cranbrook)
Ephemerum *recurvifolium,
Lindb. 8 {Sevenoaks,
Polehill)
— serratum, C. M. I, 8
var. angustifolium, B. & S. 8
— 'sessile, Rabenh. 9 {Goud-
hurst)
BOTANY
Ephemerum * stellatum, Philib.
9 (Goudhurst)
Physcomitrella 'patens, Br. &
Sch. 8 {Westerham, Pern-
bury Green)
Physcomitrium pyriforme, Brid.
3,5,8
Funaria *ericetorum, Dixon. 2
(Joydens Wooi), 9 (Goud-
hurst)
— fascicularis, Br. & Sch. 8
9
— hygrometrica, Hedw. l-io
Meesiace^
Aulacomnion androgynum,
Schwaegr. I {Abbey
Wood, in fruit), 8, 9
— palustre, Schwaegr. 8, 9, 10
BaRTRAMIACEjE
Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw.
I, 8, 9, 10 {Hythe)
— *ithyphyUa, Bird. 2 {Hal-
stead), 9 {Charing)
Philonotis *capillaris, Lindb. 8
{Godden Green), 9 {Goud-
hurst)
— fontana, Brid. i, 9, 10
Bryaceje
Leptobryum pyriforme, Wils.
8,9
Webera albicans, Schimp. I, 8
— annotina, Schwaegr.
8 {Pembury, in fruit), 9
— carnea, Schp. i, 2 {Green-
hithe, in fruit)
— nutans, Hedw. I, 8
— *Tozeri, Schimp. z {Swans-
combe Wood), 9 {Goud-
hurst)
Bryum *alpinum, Huds. I {Spring
Park Wood)
— argenteum, L. 2, 5, 8, 10
— atropurpureum, W. & M.
1,3,8
var. gracilentum, Tayl. I
— bimum, Schreb. 5, 8
— casspiticium, Linn, i, 3, 6,
8, 10 (Shorncliffe)
— capillare, L. 3, 5, 8
var. cochleariforme. 8
var. torquescens, Husn. 8, 10
— Donianum, Grev. I, 8 (in
fruit, near Sevenoaks) and
10 {Sandgate)
— erythrocarpum, Schwaegr. z,8
— inclinatum. Bland. 8
— intermedium, Brid. 8
— murale, Wils. 5, 8, 9
— pallens, Sw. I
— pallescens, Schleich. 8
— pendulum, Schimp. I, 5, 8
— •provinciale, Philib. 8 {Ight-
ham)
Bryum pseudotriquetrum,
Schwaegr. i, 8, 9
— 'roseum, Schreb. I {Eltham)
8 {Sevenoaks), 9 (Ashford)
Mnium *afSne, Bland. 8 {Sand-
ling, Ightham, in fruit on
Peneden Heath), 9 {Cran-
brook)
— 'cuspidatum, Hedw. 5 {Sand-
wich), 8 {Knole Park,
Ightham)
— hornum, L. I, 7, 8
— punctatum, L. 2, 7, 8
— rostratum, Schwaegr. I, 8
(in fruit near Sevenoaks),
9, 10
— *stellare, Reich. 7 {Dover),
8 {Langton Green), 9 {Char-
ing)
— undulatum, L. 2, 7, 8
(Tunbridge Wells, in fruit )
FoNTINALACEj*
Fontinalis antipyretica, L. 2, 8, 9
CRYPH.ffiACE.5;
Cryphasa heteromalla, Mohr.
3,8,9
NECKERACE.ff:
Neckera complanata, Hiibn. I,
8,9
— *crispa, Hedw. 2, 6, 8, 10
— pumila, Hedw. 6, 8 {Dunton
Green, in fruit), 9
Homalia trichomanoides, Br. & S.
2,8,9
HoOKERIACEjE
Pterygophyllum lucens, Brid.
3,8,9
Leucodontace«
•Antitrichia curtipendula, Brid.
10 {Lydd Beach)
Leucodon sciuroides, Schwaegr.
7, 8, 9
Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt.
8
Leskeace^
Anomodon viticulosus. Hook. &
Tayl. 2, 6, 8
Heterocladium *heteropterura,
Br. & Sch. 8 {Sevenoaks,
Tunbridge Wells), 9 {Goud-
hurst)
Leptodon 'Smithii, Mohr. 5
{Waldershare Park), 7
{Barham, Dover)
Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. 8, 9
Thuidium abietinum, Br. & Sch.
var. hystricosum, Mitt. 2,
8
— 'Blandovii, Br. & Sch, 8
{Tunbridge Wells)
71
Thuidium recognitum, Lindb.
I, 2, 8
— tamariscinum, Br. & Sch. 1,8
Hypnace^
Climacium dendroides, W. & M.
.5
Cylindrotheciumconcinnum, Sch.
2,8
Camptothecium lutescens, Br.
& Sch. 2, 8, 10 {Folkestone,
in fruit)
— sericeum, Kindb. I, 8
Brachythecium albicans, Br. &
Sch. I, 2, 5 (fruiting near
Dear), 8
— csspitosum, Dixon. 8, 9
— glareosum, Br. & Sch. 6, 8
— *illecebrum, De Not. i, 8
(in fruit near Tunbridge
Wells), 9, 10
— plumosum, Br. & Sch. 8, 9
— populeum, Br. & Sch. 6, 8, 9
— purum, Dixon. 2, 6 (in fruit
near Charing), 8, 10
— rivulare, Br. & Sch. 8, 9
— rutabulum, Br. & Sch. I, 8, 9
— 'salebrosum, Br. & Sch.
6 {Bredhurst)
var. *Mildei. 5 {Deal),
9 {Bidden den)
— velutinum, Br. & Sch.
I, 2, 8, 9
Eurhynchium ♦abbreviatum,
Schmp. 8 {Plaxtol)
— *circinnatum, Br. & Sch. 10
{Hythe)
— confertum, Milde. I, 8, 10
— crassinervium, Br. & Sch.
8 {Polehill, in fruit), 9
— *curvisetum, Sch. 10 {Hythe)
— megapolitanum, Milde. I,S, 8
— murale, Milde. 8, 9
— myosuroides, Schimp. I, 8
— myurum, Dixon. 8
— piliferum, Br. & Sch. 2, 8, 9
— - praelongum, Schimp. 2, 7, 8
— pumilum, Schimp. i, 8
— rusciforme, Milde. 2, 8, 9
— 'striatulum, Br. & Sch. 8
{Basted, S hif borne), 9
{Goudhurst)
— striatum, Br. & Sch. I, 8, 10
— Swartzii, Hobk. 2, 6, 8
{Otford and Maidstone, in
fruit)
— tenellum, Milde. 2, 8, 9
var. scabrellum, Dixon. 2, 8
Plagiothecium 'Borrerianum,
Spruce & Suld. 8 {Ight-
ham, Tunbridge Wells, in
fruit)
— denticulatum, Br. & Sch. I,
8, 10
— depressum, Dixon. 2, 8, lo
{Hythe)
A HISTORY OF KENT
Plagiothecium •latebricola, Br. &
Sch. I {Bromley), 8 {Ide
Hill, Chipstead), 9 {Goud-
hurst, with gemmae)
— 'Silesiacum, Br. & Sch.
I {Abbey JVood), 2 (Joy-
den's Wood), 8 {Sevenoaks)
Amblystegium filicinsm, De Not.
1,8
— *irriguum, Br. & Sch. 2 {Farn-
ingham, Greenhithe), 8
{Ivy Hatch, in fruit,
Maidstone), 9 {Hothfield)
— *Juratzkanum, Schimp.
I {Bromley), 8 {Kemsing)
— serpens, Br. & Sch. 2, 8
var. angustifolium, Limpr.
8
— *varium, Lindb. 8 {Kemsing)
Hypnum aduncum, Hedw. i, 9,
10
Hvpnum chrysophyllum, Brid.
I, 2, 8, 9, 10
— •commutatum, Hedw.
8 {Sottthborough)
— *cordifolium, Hedw. 8 {Ton-
bridge), 9 {Craubrook), 10
{Westenhanger)
— cupressiforme, L. I {Green-
hithe), 2 {Shoreham)
var. ericetorum. I, 8
— cuspidatum, L. I, 8, 9
— *elodes, Spruce. 5
— exannulatum, Gumb. I, 2, 8
var. falcifolium, Dixon. 9
— fluitans, L. I, 2
— hispidulum, Brid.
var. Sommerfeltii, Myr. 2
8, 10
• — *lycopodioides, Schwaegr. 8
{Tunbridge Wells)
— molluscum, Hedw. 2, 7, 8
Hypnum Patientias, Lindb. 8
— *polygamum, Schimp. 5 {Deal),
10 {Westenhanger)
— riparium, L. 2, 3, 8, 9
— Schreberi, Schimp. i, 2, 8
— stellatum, Schreb. I {Bex-
hi 7, 8
var. protensum, B. & S. 8
— 'stramineum, Dicks. 8 {Tun-
bridge Wells), 9 {Gotid-
hurst)
Hylocomium *brevirostre, Br.
& Sch. 8 {Hunger shall
Rocks, in fruit, Langton
Green)
— loreum, Br. & Sch. 8, 9
{Charing, in fruit)
— splendens, Br. & Sch. 3, 5, 8
— squarrosum, Schmp. I, 8
— triquetrum, Schimp. 2, 8, 9
{Charing, in fruit)
SCALE-MOSSES {Hepaticee).
A list of the Scale-mosses of Kent was published by the writer in the Journal of Botany
for 1878, pp. 43-54. Since that date a few more species have been added by the writer, and
by Mr. L. J. Cocks, of Bromley. The species which are met with in the neighbouring county
of Sussex on damp, shady, arenaceous rocks, are almost entirely absent from Kent. Unlike
the mosses and lichens, subalpine species of scale-mosses have not been observed on Lydd
Beach. The arrangement of the species, and the nomenclature adopted here, is that of
Dumortier in his Hepatica Europecs.
Marchantiace^ Jungermaniace^ {continued)
Asterella*hemispherica, Beauv. Cephaloziaconnivens, Lindb. I
1,2,9 — divaricata, Dumort. 1,2,8
Conocephalusconicus, Dumort. — *Lammersiana, Hiiben. I
— * lunulsfolia, Dumort. 8
{Tunbridge Wells)
Gymnocolea affinis, Dumort.
7,8
Lophocolea bidentata,Dumort.
1,8,9
— heterophylla, Dumort. I,
7, », 9
Lunularia cruciata, Dumort.
8,9
Marchantia polymorpha, Linn.
1,8,9
Preissia *commutata, Nees. 5
RlCCIACE^
Riccia glauca, Linn. 8, 9
var. minima, Lind. I
— 'crystallina, Linn. I
Ricciella fluitans, A. Br. 8, 9
JUNGERMANIACE^
Frullania dilatata, Dumort.
I, 7, 8
— Tamarisci, Dumort.
2, 8 {Sevenoaks), 10 {Lydd
Beach)
Lejeunia 'minutissima, Du-
mort. 2 {Morant's Court
Hill)
— serpyllifolia, Lib. 2
Radula complanata, Dumort.
2,8,9
Porella platyphylla, Lindb.
I, 2, 3, 6 (in fruit
sparingly near Kemsing)
8
Lepidozia reptans, Dumort.
2,8
{Keston
8 {Hun-
Chiloscyphus * polyanthus,
Corda. I, 8 (in fruit at
Ashurst and Abbey JFood)
Harpanthus *scutatus, Spruce.
8 {Hungershall Rocks)
Kantia *arguta, Nees. 8 {Seven-
oaks)
— trichomanis. Gray. 1,3,7,8
Blepharostoma *trichophylla,
Dumort. 8 {Hungershall
Rocks)
— setacea, Mitt. I, 3, 9
Scapania compacta, Dumort. 8
— curta, Dumort. 9
— nemorosa, Dumort. 1,2,8
Diplophyllum albicans, Du-
mort. 8
Plagiochila asplenioides, Du-
mort. 2, 7, 8, 9
Jungermannia attenuata, Lindb.
crenulata, Sm.
72
I, 8, 9
JuNCERMANiACE^ {continued)
Jungermannia capitata. Hook. 8
— *exsecta, Schmid. I, 8
— incisa, Schrad. 8
— 'inflata, Huds. 1
Common)
— *pumila, Dumort.
gershall Rocks)
— 'sphaerocarpa, Dumort. I
{Bexley, Hadloui)
— ventricosa, Dicks. 8, 9
Nardia emarginata, Gray. 8
{Rusthall Common)
— scalaris. Gray. I, 8
Fossombronia *caespitiformis,
De Not. 9 {Goudhurst)
— pusilla, Nees. 8, 9
Blasia *pusilla, Linn. 8 {Lang-
ton Green)
Pellia calycina, Tayl. I, 8, 9
— epiphylla, Raddi. 3, 5, 7,
8
Metzgeria furcata, Dumort.
2, 5 (in fruit, near Deal),
8 {Seal), 9 {Ashford)
Riccardia multifida, Gray. I,
2,7,8
— pinguis. Gray. I, 9 {Ash-
ford)
Anthoceros 'loevis, Linn. 8
{Speldhurst, Goudhurst)
— 'punctatus, Linn. 8 {Wool-
wich Heath, Rusthall
Common), 9 {Goudhurst)
BOTANY
FRESHWATER ALGM.
The freshwater algae of Kent have never been carefully worked out, except in the im-
mediate neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells. The most complete list that has been pub-
lished is that given in Jenner's Flora of Tunbridge Wells. To this list is now added a number
of species collected by the writer in the neighbourhood of Sevenoaks, and some diatoms col-
lected by the late Dr. E. Capron at Northfleet and Folkestone. But there are many localities
in Kent that would probably yield a large number of species not yet detected in the county,
such as the marsh ditches near the estuaries of the Thames and Medway, and those around
Minster and Grove Ferry, and on the coast near Deal and Reculver. Others would
unquestionably be found in the ponds scattered throughout the county. The following
list must therefore not be regarded as a fully representative one.
CYANOPHYCE^
Chroococcace^
Glaeocapsa arenaria, Rabenh.
Tunbridge Wells
Merismopsdia punctata,
Meyen. Tunbridge Wells
OSCILLATORIACE^
Arthrospira Jenneri, Stiz.
Tonbridge
Lyngbya vermicularis, Hass.
Rusthall Common.
Oscillatoria nigra, Vauch.
Sevenoaks
— tenuis, C. Ag. Tunbridge
Wells
— terebriformis, C. Ag. Tun-
bridge Wells
Phormidium autumnale, Gom.
Tunbridge Wells
RlVULARIACE^
Rivularia haematites, C. Ag.
Riverhead
NoSTOCACEjE
Anabsena spiralis, Thomps.
Tunbridge Wells
Nostoc commune, Vauch.
Kemsing, Westerham
BACILLARIACE^
Naviculaceje
Amphipleura pellucida, Kiitz.
Shoreham, Tunbridge Wells
Navicula viridis, Kiitz. Tun-
bridge Wells
Pleurosigma Hippocampus,
W. Sm. Shoreham
Scoliopleura Westii, Grun.
Northfleet
CyMBELLACEjE
Cymbella Cistula, Hempr.
Westerham
— lanceolatum, Ehr. Shore-
ham
Encyonema prostratum, Ralfs.
Sandhurst
GoMPHONEMACE^
Gomphonema acuminatum,
Ehr. Tunbridge Wells
— augur, Ehr. Shoreham
— constrictum, Ehr. Sfeld-
hurst, Shoreham
— exiguum, Kiitz. Westerhav
Achnanthace;e
Achnanthes minutissima, Kiitz.
Westerham, Shoreham,
Sevenoaks
NlTZSCHIACE^
Nitzschia acuminata, Grun.
Tilbury
— circumsuta, Grun. North-
fleet
— navicularis, Grun. North-
fleet
— sigmoidea, W. Sm. Otford,
Shoreham
SURIRELLACE*
Suriraya biseriata, Breb. North-
fleet
— striatula, Turp. Otford,
Shoreham
Campylodiscus bicostatus, W.
Sm. Northfleet
— echeneis, Ehr. Folkestone
— Thuretii, Breb. Folkestone
DlATOMACE^
Diatoma elongatum, C. Ag.
Tunbridge Wells
— vulgare, Bory. Otford,
Shoreham,Tunbridge Wells,
Sevenoaks
MeRIDIONACEjE
Meridion circulare, Ralfs.
Shoreham, Tunbridge
Wells
— constrictum, Ralfs. Tun-
bridge Wells
Fragilariace.i
Fragilaria capucina, Desmaz.
Shoreham
— gibba, Ehr. Tunbridge
Wells
— pectinalis, Lyngb. Tun-
bridge Wells
— virescens, Ralfs. Tunbridge
Wells
Synedra affinis, Kiitz. Pem-
bury
- Ulna, Ehr. Shoreham,
Speld hurst
Striatellaceje
Tabellaria fenestrata, Kiitz.
Tunbridge Wells
— flocculosa, Kiitz. Tun-
bridge Wells
73
EuNOTIACEjE
Pseudeunotia lunaris, Grun.
Lamberhurst, Goudhurst
Biddulphiace.'e
DenticeUa rhombus, Ehr. Folke-
stone
Triceratium alternans, Breb.
Folkestone
— favus, Ehr. Folkestone
— spinosum. Bail. Folkestone
— striolatum, Ehr. Folkestone
MeLOSIRACEjE
Lysigonium varians, De Toni.
Shoreham, Tunbridge Wells
Melosira arenaria, Moore.
Shoreham, Westerham
DESMIDIACE^
Arthrodesmus convergens, Ehr.
Rusthall Common
Closterium Leibleinii, Kiitz.
Rusthall Common
— Lunula, Nitzsch. Rust-
hall Common
— Ralfsii, Breb. Rusthall
Common
— striolatum, Ehr. Kent
Cosmarium Botrytis, Menegh.
Tunbridge Wells
— margaritiferum, Menegh.
Rusthall Common
— pyramidatum, Breb. Rust-
hall Common
Desmidium Svvartzii, C. Ag.
Rusthall Common
Disphynctium quadratum,
Hansg. Rusthall Common
Euastrum oblongum, Ralfs.
Rusthall Common
— verrucosum, Ehr. Rusthall
Common
Hyalotheca dissiliens, Breb.
Tunbridge Wells
— mucosa, Ehr. Tunbridge
Wells
Pleurotaenium TrabecuIa,Naeg.
Rusthall Common
Pleurotaeniopsis Cucumis,
Lagerh. Rusthall Com-
mon
Sphaeroszosma vertebratum,
Ralfs. Rusthall Common
lO
A HISTORY OF KENT
Desmidiaceje (continued)
Staurastrum alternans, Breb.
Rnsthdl Common
— dilatatum, Ehr. Rusthall
Common
— orbiculare, Ralfs. Tun-
bridge Wells
Xanthidium aculeatum, Ehr.
Tunbridge Jf'ells
— armatum, Breb. Tunbridge
Wells
— fasciculatum, Ehr. Tun-
bridge Wells
MoUCEOTIACE^
Mougeotia genuflexa, C. Ag.
Tonbridge
— recurva, De Toni. Rusthall
Common
Spirogyra arcta, Kiitz.
var. catenseformis, Kirchn.
Rackham Common
— decimina, Kiitz. Westerham
— elongata, Kiitz. Pembury
— gracilis, Kutz. Tunbridge
Wells
— Hassallii, Petit. Sandhurst
— inflata, Rabenh. Rusthall
Common
— mirabilis, Kutz. Tunbridge
Wells
— neglecta, Kiitz. Rusthall
Common
— nitida, Link. Sevenoaks
— porticaEs, Cleve. Kemsing
— tenuissima, Kutz. Hawk-
hurst
— varians, Kutz. Speldhurst
PaLMELLACEjE
Palmella hyalina, Rabenh.
Tunbridge Wells
Pediastrum Boryanum,
Menegh. Tunbridge Wells
Scenedesmus quadricaudatus,
Breb. Shoreham
Tetraspora lubrica, C. Ag.
Stone Street
Ulvace^e
Enteromorpha intestinalis,
Link. Tonbridge
Monostroma buUosum, With.
Tonbridge, Kemsing
Prasiola crispa, C. Ag. Tun-
bridge Wells
Confervace.s:
Draparnaldia plumosa, C. Ag.
Chipstead
Ch-btophoraceje
Chaetophora endiviEfolia,C.Ag.
Riverhead
— tuberculosa, Hook. Tun-
bridge Wells
Chroolepidace^
Trentepohlia aurea, Mart.
Chipstead
CEdogoniace^
Bulbochsete setigera, C. Ag.
Tunbridge Wells, Goud-
hurst
Qidogonium sequale, Kiitz.
Rusthall Common
— Boscii, Breb. Rusthall
Common
— cardiacum, Kiitz. Hook
Green
CEdogoniace^ {continued)
CEdogonium concatenatum,
Wittr. Lamberhurst
— inasquale, Kiitz. Rusthall
Common
— Mulleri, Kutz. Rusthall
Common
— Rothii, Wittr. Rusthall
Common
— vernale, Wittr. Rusthall
Common
Cladophorace.ii
Cladophora crispat.i, Kiitz.
Riverhead
— glomerata, Kiitz. Wester-
ham, Shoreham
BOTRYDIACE^
Botrydium granulatum, Grev.
Ash
Vaucheriace^
Vaucheria dichotoma, C. Ag.
Sevenoaks
— sessilis, DC. Rusthall Com-
mon
— terrestris, Lyngb. Seven-
oaks
RHODOPHYCE^
Bangiace^
Porphyridium cruentum, Nsg.
Sevenoaks
HeLMINTHOCLADIACEjE
Batrachospermum moniliforme,
Roth. Keston, Kemsing,
Riverhead, Maidstone
— pvramidale, Sirod. Tun-
bridge Wells
MARINE ALG^
The coast of Kent, owing to the geological character of the cliffs, is not remarkable for
rock pools, and consequently a large number of species of marine algse found on the rocky western
coast of England in much the same latitude have not been found in this county. But
only a comparatively small portion of the coast has been explored by algologists, with the
exception of the neighbourhood of Deal by Mr. J. T. Neeve. His search was rewarded by
the discovery of three species, new not only to the British Isles, but to science, viz. Neevea
repens, Batt. Erythropeltis discigera, Schm. var. Flustres, Batt. and Gonimophyllum Bu-ffhami,
Batt. Rhodynienia corallicola, Ardiss., aiiother species new to this country, has as yet only
been found in Kent. The neighbourhood of Folkestone has been examined at intervals by
Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, that of Sandgate by Mr. E. M. Holmes, that of Chatham by Dr. J. W.
S. Meiklejohn, and that of Margate by the late Mr. T. H. Buffham. The list at present
includes rather less than one-third of the known British species, but it is quite probable that
a careful search near the mouth of the rivers Thames and Medway, and on the coast of Romney
Marsh might add considerably to the number, especially of the Cyanophycece and Chlorophycecs.
CYANOPHYCE^
Cham.ssiphonace«
Dermocarpa violacea, Crn.
Deal (E. B.)
— prasina, Born. Folkestone
and Sandgate (on Geli-
dium crinale, J. Ag.) ;
Deal, on Gigartina mam-
millosa and on Laurencia
pinnatifida
OsCILLATORIACEjE
Lyngbya Agardhii,Gom. Mar-
gate (E. B.)
Hydrocoleum, lyngbyaceum,
Kiitz. \'ar. rupestre, Kiitz.
Folkestone (E. B.)
Calothrix confervicola, C. Ag.
Dover
■— scopulorum, C. Ag.
Dover
74
N0STOCACE.5;
Nostoc Linckia, Born. Graves-
end
CHLOROPHYCE.E
Palmellace.^;
Gloeocystis adnata. Nag. Dover
Ulvace^
Pringsheimia scutata, Reinke.
Margate
BOTANY
(Jlvace« {continued)
Monostroma fuscum, Wittr.
var. Blyttii, Wittr.
Dover
— Lactuca, J. Ag. Deal
Enteromorpha marginata, J.
Ag. Dover
— micrococca, Kiitz.
vai. tortuosa, J. Ag. Sand-
gate
— compressa, Grev. Deal,
Folkestone, Chatham
■— Linza, J. Ag. Folkestone,
Chatham
■— intestinalis, Link. Deal,
Folkestone, Chatham
— percursa, C. Ag. Deal
— erecta, J. Ag. Deal
Ulva Lactuca, L.
var. latissima. Folkestone,
Deal, Chatham
Ulotrichace^e
Ulothrix flacca, Thur. Deal,
Sandgate
Ch^TOPHORACEjE
Epicladia Flustrae, Batt. Deal,
Folkestone
CLADOPHORACEiE
Chaetomorpha Melagonium,
Kiitz. Deal, Folkestone
— Linum, Kiitz. Folkestone
— tortuosa, Kiitz. Folkestone
Rhizoclonium riparium, Harv.
Deal
Cladophora pellucida, Kiitz.
Folkestone
— rupestris, Kiitz. N. and S.
Foreland, Folkestone, Deal,
Ramsgate, Chatham
— utriculosa, Kiitz. Folke-
stone
var. falcata, H. and B.
Deal, on Cer. rubrum
— glaucescens, Harv. Deal
— albida, Kiitz. Folkestone,
Sandgate
— Hutchinsiae, Harv.
var. distans, Kiitz. Folke-
stone, abundant
— arcta, Kiitz. Deal
— lanosa, Kiitz. Dover
Bryopsidace^
Bryopsis plumosa, C. Ag.
Folkestone, N. and S.
Foreland
PH^OPHYCE^
Desmarestiace^
Desmarestia aculeata, Lamour.
Folkestone, Dover, Deal
— ligulata, Lamour. Folke-
stone, Dover, Deal
DlCTYSIPHONACE^
Dictysiphon foeniculaceus,
Grev. Deal
Punctariace.'e
Phloeospora brachiata, Born.
Folkestone
Punctaria plantaginea, Grev.
Folkestone
— latifolia, Grev. Chatham
Striaria attenuata, Grev. Deal
ScYTOSIPHONACE^
Scytosiphon lomentarius, J.
Ag. Dover, Deal
AsPEROCOCCACEjE
Asperococcus echinatus, Grev.
Dover.
EcTOCARPACEjE
Ectocarpus minimus. Nag. In
the receptacles of Himan-
thalia lorea, Lyngb. Dover
— velutinus, Kiitz. Deal
— siliculosus, Kiitz. Folke-
stone, Sandgate, Dover
var. typica, Kjellm. Deal
— fasciculatus, Harv. Deal,
Sandgate
— tomentosus, Lyngb. Dover,
Folkestone
— granulosus, C. Ag. Sand-
gate
Pylaiella littoralis, Kjellm.
f. typica, Kjellm. Deal,
Dover, Chatham
Isthmoplea sphaerophora,
Kjellm. Sandgate
Myriotrichia clavaeformis,
Harv. Deal
— filiformis, Harv. Deal
ChordacejE
Chorda Filum, Stackh. Deal,
Dover, Folkestone, Margate
Laminariace^
Laminaria saccharina, Lamx.
Deal, Folkestone
— digitata. Lam.
f. typica, Fosl. Folkestone
— Cloustonii, Edm. Sand-
gate, Deal, Chatham
Saccorhiza bulbosa, De la Pyl.
Dover.
Fucace^
Fucus vesiculosus, Linn. Deal,
Chatham, Folkestone
— serratus, Linn. Sandgate,
Folkestone, Deal, Dover,
Chatham
Ascophyllum nodosum, Le Jol.
Dover, Sandgate, Folkestone
var. minor, Turn. Dover
Pelvetia canaliculata, Decne. et
Thur. Chatham, Folke-
stone
Himanthalia lorea, Lyngb.
Deal
Cystoseira fibrosa, C. Ag. Deal
(floated in)
ELACHISTACE.ff:
Elachista fucicola, Fries. Deal
— scutulata, Duby. Deal
75
Sphacei,ariace.se
Sphacelaria cirrhosa, C. Ag.
var.pennata. Deal, Dover,
Folkestone
— plumigera, Holmes. East
Wear Bay, Heme Bay
Cladostephus spongiosus, C.
Ag. Sandgate, Folkestone,
Ramsgate, Deal, S. Fore-
land
— verticillatus, C. Ag. Folke-
stone
Stvpocaulon scoparium, Kiitz.
Folkestone, Dover, Deal,
Margate
Myrionemace^
Myrionema strangulans, Grev.
var. typica. Folkestone,
Dover
DlCTYOTACE^
Dictyota dichotoma, Lamour.
N. Foreland, Folkestone.
var. implexa, J. Ag.
Folkestone
Padina pavonia, Gaill.
Dover, Margate
RHODOPHYCEiE
PoRPHYRACEiS
Neevia repens, Batt. Deal
Erythrotrichia Boryana, Berth.
Folkestone
Erythropcltis discigera, Schm.
var. Flustrae, Batt. Deal
Bangia fuscopurpurea, Lyngb.
Deal
Porphyra laciniata, J. Ag.
var. umbilicata, J. Ag.
Folkestone, Deal, Sheer-
ness (E. B.)
Helminthocladiace^
Acroch^tium virgatulum, J.
Ag. Dover
Ch^ETANGIACEjE
Choreocolax Polysiphonix,
Reinsch. Folkestone, Deal
a- T. N.)
Gelidiace^
Harveyella mirabilis, Schmitz
et Rke. Deal
Wrangeliace^
Naccaria Wiggii, Endl. Folke-
stone
Gelidium crinale, J. Ag. Folke-
stone, Sandgate
— corneum, Lamour, Deal
Gigartinace^
Chondrus crispus, Stackh.
Sandgate, N. Foreland,
Folkestone, Deal
Gigartina mamillosa, J. Ag.
f. genuina, Batt. Deal,
Sandgate, Folkestone
f. acuta. Good, and
Woodw. Deal
i. prolifera. Turn. Deal
A HISTORY OF KENT
GigartinacEjE {continued)
Phyllophora rubens, Grev.
Folkestone, Dover, S. Fore-
land, Deal, Ramsgate
— membranifolia, J. Ag.
Folkestone, Deal, Dover ;
a narrow form occurs at
Deal
Gymnogongrus GrifEthsiE,
Mart. Sandgate (E. M. H.)
— Norvegicus, J. Ag. Dover,
S. Foreland, Deal
Ahnfeldtia plicata, Fries.
Folkestone, Deal, Chatham
Actinococcus peltaeformis,
Schmitz. Deal
Colacolepis incrustans, Schmitz.
Deal
Callophyllis laciniata, Kiitz.
Deal
Rhodophyllidace^
Cystoclonium purpurascens,
Kiitz. Dover, Deal
Catenella Opuntia, Grev.
Dover
Rhodophyllis bifida, Kiitz.
Deal
— appendiculata, J. Ag. Deal
Sphaerococcus coronopifolius,
Grev. Deal
Gracilaria confervoides, Grev.
Deal
Calliblepharis ciliata, Kiitz.
Dover, Deal, Folkestone,
Ramsgate
— jubata, Kiitz. Folkestone
Rhodymenia palmetta, Grev.
f. typica, Batt. Deal
f. flabelliformis, Kiitz.
Deal
— corallicola, Ardiss. Deal
— palmata, Grev. Folkestone,
Sandgate, Deal
Cordylecladia erecta, J. Ag.
Folkestone
Lomentaria articulata, Lyngb.
Dover, Deal, Folkestone,
Sandgate
— clavellosa, GaiO. Deal
— rosea, Thur. Ramsgate
(T. H. B.)
Chylocladia kaliformis, Grev.
Folkestone
Plocamium coccineum, Lyngb.
Folkestone, Dover, Deal,
Chatham
Nitophyllum laceratum, Grev.
Deal
Rhodophyllidace^ (continued)
Nitophyllum Gmelini, Harv.
Deal
Gonimophyllum Buffhami,
Batt. Deal
Delesseria alata, Lamour.
Folkestone, S. Foreland,
Chatham
— Hypoglossum, Lamour.
Folkestone, Deal
— ruscifolia, Lamour. Dover,
Deal
■— sinuosa, Lamour. Folke-
stone
— sanguinea, Lamour. Folke-
stone, Deal, Chatham
RH0D0MELACE.ffi:
Rhodomela subfusca, C. Ag.
Folkestone, S. Foreland,
Chatham
Laurencia caespitosa, Lamour.
Folkestone, Sandgate
— pinnatifida, Lamour. Folke-
stone, Dover, S. Foreland
Halopithys pinastroides, Kiitz.
Deal, Folkestone
Chondria dasyphylla, C. Ag.
Folkestone, Dover, Deal
Polysiphonia elongata, Grev.
Deal
— fibrillosa, Grev. N . Fore-
land
— fastigiata, Grev. Deal,
Folkestone, Sandgate
— atrorubescens, Grev. Deal
— nigrescens, Grev. Folke-
stone, Dover, S. Foreland,
Ramsgate
var. affinis, J. Ag. Rams-
gate
— violacea, Grev. Kent
— Brodisi, Grev.
var. typica. Holmes and
Batt. Folkestone
Brongniartella byssoides, Bory.
S. Foreland
Heterosiphonia coccinea,
Schmitz. Folkestone, Deal
CeRAMIACEjS
Spermothamnion Turneri,
Aresch.
var. monoica, Schm. Deal
— strictum, Ard. Sandgate
Griffithsia barbata, C. Ag.
Folkestone
— corallina, C. Ag. Folkestone
— setacea, C. Ag. S. Foreland,
Folkestone
Ceramiace^ {continued)
Halurus equisetifolius, Kiitz.
Folkestone, Deal
Rhodochorton floridulum, Nag.
5. Foreland
Callithamnion polyspermum,
C. Ag. Folkestone
— granulatum, C. Ag. Folke-
stone
— roseum, Harv. Folkestone
— corymbosum, Lyngb. Kent
(E. B.)
Plumaria elegans, Schm. Folke-
stone, Dover, S. Foreland
Antithamnion Plumula, Thur.
Folkestone
Ceramium rubrum, C. Ag.
Folkestone, Sandgate, Deal,
Chatham
— diaphanum, Roth. S. Fore-
land
— Deslongchampsii, Chauv.
Deal
— flabelligerum, C. Ag. Folke-
stone, Dover, S. Foreland
— cihatum, Ducluz. Chatham
— gracilUmum, Harv. Folke-
stone
Cryptonemiace^
Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm
Sheerness
Dumontia filiformis, Grev
Folkestone, Deal
Dilsea edulis, Stackh. S. Fore
land
Furcellaria fastigiata, Lamour
Folkestone, Dover, Deal
Chatham
Rhizophyllidace^
Polyides rotundus, Grev.
Folkestone, Dover, Deal
Petrocelis cruenta, J. Ag.
Folkestone
Hi LDEN BRAN DTIACEjE
Hildenbrandtia prototypus,
Nardo. Deal
CoRALLINACEiC
Melobesia zonalis, Fosl. Deal
— corticiformis, Kiitz. Deal,
Folkestone
Lithothamnion polymorphum,
Aresch. Folkestone, Sand-
gate, Deal
Corallina officinalis, Linn.
Folkestone, Sandgate, Dover,
Deal, Chatham,
— rubens, Ellis et Sol. Folke-
stone
CHARACE^.
Chara fragilis Desv. type has been noted in four localities, and var. Hedwigii Kuetz. in
three. C. hispida, L. is not uncommon near the sea and tidal waters ; what we believe to be
the var. rudis (Braun) was found by Mr. Dowker at Ham Ponds. C. vulgaris, L., by far
the most frequent species in the county, has occurred in every district, either as the type or
var. longihracteata Kuetz. or the submaritime var. -papillata Wallr. The only known stations
76
BOTANY
for folypella glomerata Leonh. are Plumstead Marshes and Folkestone Warren ; the scarce
1. frolifera Leonh. being restricted to ditches near Snodland. Nitella flexilis Agardh,
collected once near West Peckham, and TV. opaca Agardh, from six stations in districts 7, 8
and 9, complete our somewhat meagre list.
LICHENS (Lichenes).
The lichen flora of Kent is peculiar in relation to subalpine species, which are mostly
confined to the district known as Lydd Beach. These probably have grown from spores
carried by the wind from Devon, or from the opposite French coast.
The published records of lichens for Kent are comparatively few. Many of those given by
Foster and Jenner, in the Flora of Tunbridge Wells, have now disappeared, and the list given
by the present writer in the Journal of Botany for 1888 has since had little added to it.
In the following list the rarer species are marked with an asterisk. The classification
adopted is that of Crombie's British Lichens as far as the genus Pertusaria, and beyond that
genus, that of the third edition of Leighton's Lichen Flora of Great Britain.
COLLEMACEI Caliciei {continued) Ramalinei {continued)
CoUema cheileum, Ach. 8, 9 Calicium parietinum, Ach. 8 Ramalina fastigiata, Ach. 2,
— crispum, Ach. 2, 8 {Wes- — *phaeocephalum, Turn, and 8, 9
terham) Borr. 8 {Tunbridge Wells) — fraxinea, Ach. i, 6, 9
— quercinum, Pers. 8, 10
— trachehnum, Ach. 6, 8
Coniocybe *furfuracea, Ach.
I {Chislehurst)
Sphinctrina turbinata, Pers.
5,. 8
Trachylia tympanella, Fr. 8
SpHjEROPHOREI
Spharophoron * coraUoides,
Pers. 8 {Hungershdl Rocks)
B.EOMYCE^I
Baeomyces roseus, Pers. 8
— rufus, DC. 8
Cladonia •alcicornis, Flk. 10
{Lydd Beach)
— caespiticia, Flk. 8
— cariosa, Flk. 8
— cervicornis, Schaer. 8
• — degenerans, Flk.
var. amoena, Ach. I
— delicata, Flk. 2
var. subsquamosa, Nyl. 8
— digitata, Hoffm. 8
var. ostreatiformis,
Leight. 8
— fimbriata, Fr. 2
— furcata, Hoffm. 8
var. recurva, Hoffm. 10
• — gracilis, Hoffm. 10
— macilenta, Hoffm. I, 8
— pungens, Flk. 8
f. foliosa, Flk. 10
pyxidata, Fr. i, 7, 8, g
rangiferina, Hoffm.
— *furvum, Ach. 9 {Staple-
hurst), 10 {Lympne)
— *glaucescens, Hoffm. 2
{Chelsfieli)
— *nigrescens, Ach. 2, 8, 10
(in fruit near Halstead)
— pulposum, Ach. I, 5, 9, 10,
sub-sp. ceranoides, Nyl.
2 {Chelsfield)
Collemodium *biatorinum,
Nyl. 8 {Maidstone)
— 'microphyllum, Nyl. 3
{Selling), 10 {Folkestone)
— *plicatile, Nyl. 8 {Maid-
stone), 9 {Boughton Mon-
chelsea)
— Schraderi, Nyl. 2, 8 (in
fruit at Shoreham and
Kemsing), 10
— turgidum, Nyl. 8, 10
Leptogium *cretaceum, Nyl.
10 {Folkestone, in fruit)
— lacerum, Ach. 2, 8, 10
— *microscopicum, Nyl. 8
{Maidstone)
— •minutissimum, Fr. 2 {Hal-
stead)
— scotinum, Fr. 5, 6
var. sinuatum,Malbr.5
Collemopsis *diffundens, Nyl.
8 {Maidstone)
— *SchEreri, Nyl.
8 {Maidstone, Kemsing)
Pyrenidium 'actinellum, Nyl.
8 {Maidstone)
LICHENACEI
Caliciei
Calicium •chrysocephalum,
Ach. 8 {Shipbourne,
Penshurst)
— curtum. Turn, and Borr.
8, 10
— hyperellum, Ach. 8
— melanophajum, Ach.
var.ferrugineum,Schsr. 8
{Postling, in fruit)
— pollinaria, Ach. 6, 8, 9
f. humiUs, Ach. 8
USNEI
Usnea ceratina, Ach. 10
var. scabrosa, Ach. 10
f. ferruginascens,
Cromb. 3, 8, 10
— florida, Ach. 10
— hirta, Hoffm. 10
Alectoriei
Alectoria 'jubata, Nyl. sub-
sp. chalybeiformis, Ach.
8 {Rusthall Common)
Cetrariei
Cetraria aculeata, Fr.
5 {Sandwich)
*f. acanthella, Nyl. 10
{Lydd Beach) '
*f. hispida, Cromb. 10
{Lydd Beach)
Platysma *s2epincola, Nyl. 5
Court,
Cladina
— subsquamosa, Nyl. 8
— sylvadca, Hoffm. 8
Ramalinei
Ramalina calicaris, Hoffm.
var. canaliculata, Fr.
5, 9 {Hothfield, in
fruit), 10
var. subamphata, Nyl.
evernioides, Nyl. i
farinacea, Ach. I, 3,
77
(near Ripple
in fruit)
— *diffusum, Nyl. 8 {Pens-
hurst, Sevenoaks)
Parmeliei
Evernia prunastri, Ach. 8
{Penshurst and Wrotham,
in fruit), 9, 10
var *stictocera. Hook.
5 {Sandwich), lo {Lydd
Beach)
Parmelia 'acetabulum, Dub.
7 {Broome Park), 8 (fruit-
ing in Penshurst Park)
• — Borreri, Turn. 8 (JVester-
ham, in fruit)
— caperata, Ach. 2, 6, 8, 10
— exasperata, Nyl. I, 8, 9, lo
— *fuHginosa, Nyl. 8 {Ight-
ham, Rusthall Common)
— laevigata, Ach. 2, 6, 8, 9
— perforata, Wulf. 3, 7, 10
sub-sp. 'ciliata, Nyl.
8 {Lydd, in fruit)
A HISTORY OF KENT
Parmeliei (continued)
Parmelia perlata, Ach. I, 6, 8
— physodes, Ach. I, 8
f. labrosa, Ach. 8
f. tubulosa, Mudd. lo
— subaurifera, Nyl. 3, 8
— sulcata, Tayl. 8
— tiliacea, Ach. 8
Parmeliopsis *ambigua, Nyl.
8 (Sevenoaks, Ightham)
Stictei
Stictina 'fuliginosa, Nyl. 10
{Lydd Beach)
— *limbata, Nyl. 10 {Lydd
Beach)
Lobaria *scrobicuIata, Nyl. 10
{Lydd Beach, Ightham)
— *pulmonaria, Hoffm. 10
Ricasolia *laetevirens, Leight.
6 {Wye)
Nephromium 'lusitanicum,
Nyl. 10 {Lydd Beach)
Peltigera canina, Hoflfm. I, 5,
6, 8
— horizontalis, Hoffm. 8
{Ightham)
— polydactyla, Hoffm. i
{Halstead), 8, 10
— *rufescens, Hoffm. 3 {Cant-
erbury), 8 {Lamberhurst)
— 'spuria, Leight. 3 {Canter-
bury), 8 {Sevenoaks)
Physciei
Physcia •astroidea, Nyl. 7
{Broome Park, in fruit),
8 {Maidstone, Tunbridge
Wells)
— caesia, Nyl. 2 (Cobham)
— ciliaris, D. C. 7, 8, 9
var. actinota, Ach. 10
— *erosa, Leight. 8 {Dunton
Green, Penshurst), 9
{Egerton)
— *flavicans, D. C. 10 {Beach-
borough Park, Lydd
Beach)
— lychnea, Nyl. 2, 8
— parietina, De Not. I {Sid-
cup), 6, 8, 9
— pulverulenta, Nyl. 8
sub-sp. pityrea, Nyl.
6, 8, 10
sub-sp. venusta, Nyl. 8
— steDaris, Nyl.
sub-sp. tenella, Nyl. 8
— ulothrix, Nyl.
var. virella, Cromb. i,
6,8
Lecanorei
Pannaria nigra, Nyl. 8, 10
— 'rubiginosa, Del.
var. coeruleo-badia, Mudd.
I {Charlton)
Coccocarpia 'plumbea, Nyl.
10 {Lydd Beach in
fruit)
Lecanorei {continued)
Squamaria *saxicola, Sm. 8
{Otford)
Placodium callopismum,Mudd.
I, 8, 9, 10
— *decipiens, Leight. 2 {Eyns-
ford), 8 {Borough Green,
Sevenoaks)
— murorum, Leight. I, 6,
8, 10 {Sandgate)
— 'teicholytum, Cromb. 8
{Maidstone)
Candelaria *laciniosa, Nyl. 2
{Shoreham), 8 {Brasted,
Tunbridge Wells)
— vitellina, Cromb. 8, 10
sub-sp. xanthostigma,
Nyl. 9
Lecanora citrina, Ach. I, 3, 8
— albella, Nyl. I, 8
— allophana, Nyl. I, 6, 8
- — atra, Ach. i, 3, 8, 10
— *atro-flava, Nyl. 10 {Lydd
Beach)
— aurantiaca, Nyl. I, 2, 10
■— calcarea, Somm. 8, 10
var. Hoffmanni, Somm.
8
— cerina, Ach. 2, 5, 8, 10
— *coccinea, Cromb. 8 {Pens-
hurst Park)
— coilocarpa, Nyl. 8
— conizaea, Nyl. 8
— exigua, Nyl. 2, 6
— expallens, Ach. 3, 8, 9
var. lutescens, Nyl. 10
— galactina, Ach. 8, 10
— *gibbosa, Nyl. 10 {Lydd
Beach)
var. zonata. 10 {Lydd
Beach)
— 'glaucoma, Ach. 10 {Folke-
stone)
— intumescens, Koerb. 8
— irrubata, Nyl. 8
sub-sp. calva, Nyl. 10
— *luteoalba, Nyl. 2 {Eyns-
ford)
— pallescens, Nyl. 2, 8
— parella, Ach. 8
var. Turneri, Nyl. 2
— Parisiensis, Nyl. I, 9
— pruinosa, Nyl. 8
f. nuda, Nyl. 9
— rugosa, Nyl.
sub-sp. chlarona, Nyl.
8
— subfusca, Nyl. I, 6, 8
— "sulphurea, Ach. 3 {Can-
terbury), 9 {Charing)
— symmicta, Ach. 2
— 'tartarea, Ach. 8 {Rusthall
Common, Ightham)
■— *urbana, Nyl.
10 {Folkestone)
— varia, Ach. 2, 8
78
Lecanorei {continued)
Pertusaria amara, Nyl. I, 8,
9, 10
— communis, D. C. I, 8, 9
— 'dealbata, Nyl. 8 {Rusthall
Common)
— globuhfera, Nyl. 2, 8, 9
■— leioplaca, Schaer. 5, 6, 8
— lutescens, Lamy. 8
— 'multipunctata, Nyl.
3 {Canterbury)
— *velata, Nyl. 6 {Wye), 8
{Ightham, Sevenoaks)
f. aspergilla, Cromb.
8 {Sevenoaks), 10
{Hythe)
— Wulfenii,'D. C. I, 6, 8, 9
•f. carnea, Fr. 3 {Can-
terbury), 8 {Toy's Hill),
Phlyctis agelaea, Koerb. 8, 10
— argena, Koerb. 3, 9, 10
{Hythe, in fruit)
Thelotrema *lepadinum, Ach.
8 {Ightham)
Urceolaria scruposa, Ach. I, 8
Lecidea *abietina, Ach.
8 {Sevenoaks, Tunbridge
Wells)
— alboatra, Hoffm. 2, 8
var. epipolia, Ach. 5, 8
— "arceutina, Arn. 8 {Maid-
stone)
— aromatica, Sm. 8 {Ightham,
B arming)
— calcivora, Ehrh. I, 10
— canescens, Dicks, i, 7, 8,
ID {Broome Park and
Hythe, in fruit)
— Caradocensis, Leight, 8
{Sevenoaks, Westerham)
— coarctata, Sm.
var. glebulosa, Leight. 8
— concentrica, Dav. 8
— contigua, Fr. 8
— *cyrtella, Ach. 5 {Siberts-
tvold), 10 {Netuington)
— decolorans, Flk. I, 8
var. aporetica, Koerb. I
— 'denigrata, Fr. 8 {Tunbridge
Wells)
— 'disciformis, Fr. 8 {Seven-
oaks)
— *dubia, Borrer. 8 {Otford)
— effusa, var. fuscella, Fr. 5, 8
var. caesio-pruinosa,
Mudd. 5, 10
— *endoleuca, Nyl. 8 {Dunk's
Green)
— incompta, Borr. 8
— lucida, Ach. 8
— melaena, Nyl. 2, 8
— milliaria, Fr. 8
• — myriocarpa, D.C. 2, 3, 8,
10
— 'nigritula, Nyl.
8 {Tofs Hill), I {Hythe)
BOTANY
Lecanorei {continued)
Lecidea ostreata, Hoffm. 1,8
— parasema, Ach.
var. elaeochroma, Ach. 8
— *pelidna, Ach. 8 {Sun-
dridge)
— petraea, Wulf.
var. cinerea lo {Lydd
Beach)
— *premnea, Ach. 8
{Cobham, Penshurst)
— quernea, Dicks. I, 6, 8
— *rivulosa, Ach. 8 {Ightham)
— *rosella, Pars. 2 {Chelsfield)
— rubella, Ehrh. 2, 3, 8
— sabuletorum, Flk. 8
— *sph2eroides, Sommf. 8
{Toy's Hill)
— *spododes, Nyl. 2 {Cobham)
— tricolor. With, i, 2, 10
— uliginosa, Schrad. 2, 3, 8
Lecanorei {continued)
Lecidea vesicularis, Hoffm. 5,10
Graphidiei
Arthonia astroidea, Ach. 8
— cinnabarina, Walk. 8
var. anerythrsa, Nyl. 3
— *proximella, Nyl. 5
{Sibertswold)
Graphis elegans, Sm. 3, 8
— scripta, Ach. 6, 8
var. serpentina, Ach. 8
Opegrapha atra, Pars. 8
— herpetica, Ach. 6, 8
^*lyncea, Sm. 8 {Penshurst,
Cobham)
— saxicola, Ach. var. gyro-
carpa, Zw. 8
var. Persoonii, Ach. 8
— varia, Pars. f. notha, Ach.
2, 8
f . pulicaris, Lightf. 6, 8
Graphidiei {continued)
Opegrapha viridis, Pars. 2, 8, 10
Stigmatidium crassum, Dub. I,
3,8
Pyrenocarpei
Normandina laetevirens, Turn.
and Borr. 8 {Hungershall
Rocks)
Verrucaria conoidea Fr. 10
{Hythe)
— fuscaUa, Turn. 8
— gemmata, Ach. 7, 8
— glaucina, Ach. i, 8
— *macrostoma, Duf. 10
{Hythe)
— nigrescans, Pars. 8, 10
— nitida, Weig.
var. nitidella, Flk. 9
— olivacaa, Borr. 5, 8
— rupestris, Schrad.
var. muralis, Ach. 10
FUNGL
The county of Kent is comparatively rich in fungi, due partly to the large extent of
coppice wood laid down for hop poles, partly to the numerous pine woods in the county,
and partly to the number of old trees in many of the parks. The records here given are taken
from Foster's Flora Tunbridgensis, 1816 ; Berkeley, in English Flora, vol. v, pt. ii., 1836 ; Jenner,
Flora of lunbridge Wells, 184.5 ; Hussey, Illustrations of British Mycology, 1847 ; Berkeley,
Outlines of British Mycology, i860; Cooke, Handbook of British Fungi, 1871 ; W.T.T., List
of Fungi found near Tunbridge, Gardener's Chronicle, 1875 ; Worthington G. Smith, Drawings
in the British Museum, and Berkeley and Broome, in various volumes of the Annals of Natural
History ; and M. C. Cooke and G. Massee in Grevillea, vols, xv.-xviii. The species scattered
throughout these publications together with an extensive manuscript list compiled by Mr.
E. M. Holmes of Sevenoaks, were brought together in a list published in the Journal of Botany
for 1 88 1 by Mr. Thos. Howse. Since that date numerous other species have been detected
in the county, so that the list now given is a fairly complete one of the fungus flora of Kent, so
far as it has been investigated.
It will be noted, however, from the localities given, that many parts of the county have
not been thoroughly explored.
The records for Sydenham are almost entirely those noted by Mr. Howse as well as many
of those from Kemsing, Shoreham, Chislehurst, and Deal. The species from Tunbridge
Wells were, many of them, detected by the late Mr. Thos. Walker, F.L.S., and those from
Southborough by Mr. W. Fawcett, B.Sc. ; those from the neighbourhood of Greenwich by
the late Mr. F. Currey, F.L.S., who published a list in the. Report of the Botanical Committee
of the Greenzvich Natural History Club for December 3, 1857, those from the neighbourhood
of Goudhurst by Mr. A. S. Bicknell and the Right Hon. Lord Justice Stirling, and those
from the neighbourhood of Sevenoaks, Wrotham, Canterbury, Plumstead, Dover, and various
other parts of the county by Mr. E. M. Holmes, F.L.S.
Fuller details concerning localities, than can be given in this list, may be found in the
Journal of Botany, 1879, since the object here is to indicate the distribution of species in the
different sections of the county as indicated in the Flora of Kent.
HYMENOMYCETES
Agaricini
Amanita aspara, Fr. Near
Bromley
— excelsa, Fr. Shorne Wood
— mappa, Batsch. Sevenoaks,
Sandwich
— muscari, L. Sydenham
— pantherina, D. C. Chisle-
hurst
Agaricini {continued)
Amanita phalloides, Fr. Bex-
ley, Bostall Wood, Chisle-
hurst, Witley
— rubescens, Fr. In woods,
Sydenham
Amanitopus vaginata, Roze.
Common
Lepiota procera. Scop. Syd-
enham, Tonbridge, Deal
79
Agaricini {continued)
var. rhacodes, Vitt. Syd-
enham
Lepiota acutasquamosa. Wainm.
Tunbridge Wells
— amianthina, Scop. Seven-
oaks
— clypeolaria. Bull. Deal,
Canterbury
— cristata, A. & S. Sydenham
A HISTORY OF KENT
Agaricini (continued)
Lepiota erminea. Fr. S^al
Park.
— Friesii, Zasch. Tunbridge
Wells
— granulosa, Batsch. Syden-
ham, Tunbridge Wells
— holosericea, C. R. Staple-
kurst
— meleagris, Sow. On hot-
beds
— naucina, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells, Haaik hurst
Armillaria mucida, Schrad.
Sevenoaks, Goudhurst
Tricholoma album, Schaeff.
Orpington
— albo-brunneum, Pers. Syd-
enham, Tunbridge Wells
— cinerascens, Bull. Syden-
ham
— columbetta, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Bromley
— cuneifolium, Fr. Crystal
Palace, Tunbridge Wells
— flavo-brunneum, Fr. Syd-
enham, Chislehurst, Ton-
bridge
— grammopodium, BuO. Syd-
enham, Shoreham, Otford,
Bromley
— imbricatum, Fr. Bromley,
Goudhurst
— lascivum, Fr. Canterbury
— melaleucum, Pers. Syden-
ham
— nictitans, Fr. Shoreham,
Hayes
— nudum. Bull. Chislehurst,
Tunbridge Wells,Bromley,
Borough Green
— personatum, Fr. Bromley,
Lydd, Borough Green
— rutilans, Schaff. Syden-
ham
— saponaceum, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Shoreham, Seven-
oaks, Goudhurst, Tun-
bridge Wells
— sejunctum, Somm. Tun-
bridge Wells
— subpulverulentum, Pers.
Sydenham, Sandwich, Deal
— sulphureum, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Tunbridge Wells
— vaccinum, Fr. Be.xley
Clitocybe candicans, Pers.
Sydenham, Hadlow
— brumalis, Fr. Sydenham,
Canterbury
— cyathiformis, Bull. Shore-
ham, Bromley, Tunbridge
Wells
— dealbata, Sow. Bromley
— flaccida. Sow. Sydenham,
Chislehurst, Goudhurst
Agaricini {continued)
Clitocybe fragrans, Sow. Sand-
wich, Deal, near Frith
Wood, Bromley, Shoreham,
BesseWs Green
— geotropa, Bull. Tunbridge
Wells
— maximus. Alb. and Schu.
Sevenoaks
— gilva, Pers. West Farleigh
— metachrous, Fr. Sydenham
■— platyphylla, Fr. Syden-
ham
■— radicata, Relh. Sydenham,
Tunbridge Wells, Wrot-
ham, Sevenoaks
Collybia cirrhata, Schum.
Sydenham.
— inornata, Sow. Tunbridge
Wells
— macula ta, Alb. and Schu.
var. immaculata. Knole
Park
— nebularis, Batsch. Syden-
ham
— odora, Sow. Bromley,
Sevenoaks.
— phyllophila, Fr. Orping-
ton, Cobham
Laccaria beUa, B. & Br.
Mycena alcalina, Fr. Syden-
ham, Bostall Wood, Shore-
ham, Cobham, Bromley,
Starvecrow Wood
— capiUaris, Fr. Shoreham,
Darenth Wood
— citrinella, Pers. Otford
— collariata, Fr. Addington
— corticola, Fr. Shortlands,
Sevenoaks
— debilis, Fr. Wrotham
— elegans, Pers. Canterbury,
Bromley
— epipterygia, Scop. Syden-
ham
— filopes. Bull. Sydenham
— flavo-alba, Fr. Shoreham,
Crystal Palace
— galericulata, Scop. Syden-
ham, Knole Park
— galopoda, Fr. Sydenham
— lactea, Pers. Otford, Chis-
lehurst, Bromley, Mar-
gate, Canterbury
■— leptocephala, Pers. Knole
Park
— metata, Fr. Wrotham
— polygramma, Bull. Syden-
ham
— psammicola, B. & Br. Ad-
dington
— pterigena, Fr. Canterbury
— pura, Pers. Common
— rosella, Fr. Shoreham
— saccharifera, B. & Br.
Lower Sydenham
80
Agaricini {continued)
Mycena sanguinolenta, A. &. S.
Sydenham, Sevenoaks,
Canterbury
— tenerrima. Berk. Seven-
oaks, Otford
— vitilis, Fr. Sydenham
— vulgaris, Pers. Sydenham
Omphalia camptophylla, Berk.
Margate
— directa, B. & Br. Chisle-
hurst
— fibula. Bull. Sydenham
var. Swartzii, Fr. Syd-
enham, Crystal Palace
— muralis, Sow. Ightham,
Tunbridge Wells
— pyxidata. Bull. Dunton
Green, Tunbridge Wells
— umbellifera, Lin. Ightham,
Sydenham, Canterbury,
Starvecrow Wood
Pleurotus algidus, Fr. Syden-
ham
— circinnatus, Fr. Staple-
hurst
— corticatus, Fr. Staplehurst
— dryinus, Pers. Hayes
— hypnophilus, Berk. Bexley,
Sevenoaks
— lignatilis, Fr. Knole Park.
— ostreatus, Jacq. Sydenham,
Bromley, Hayes, Polehill
var. euosmus, Cke. Hayes,
West Wickham
— tremulus, Cr. Langton
Green
— ulmarius. Bull. Beckenham
Volvaria bombycina, Fr.
Bromley
— Taylori, Berk. Sandtcich
— volvacea, BuU. Bromley
Pluteus cervinus, Schaeff. Syd-
enham, Chislehurst, Seven-
oaks
— chrysophseus, Schseff. Shore-
ham, Otford
Entoloma clypeatum, Linn.
Sydenham
■— costatum, Fr. Maidstone
— jubatum, Fr. Knole
Park
— nidorosum, Fr. Knole Park.
Tunbridge Wells
— rhodopolium, Fr. Syden-
ham, Chislehurst, Dar-
enth Wood
— sericeum, Fr. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks
— Thomsoni, Berk. & Br.
West Farleigh
Clitopilus orcella. Bull. Syd-
enham
— prunulus, Scop. Bromley
Leptonia incana, Fr. Cray-
ford
Agaricini (continued)
Nolanea pascua, Pers. Syd-
enham
— picea, Kalchbr. Otford
Pholiota adiposa, Fr. Seven-
oaks
— caperata, Pers. Bromley
— dura, Bolt. Sydenham
— heteroclita, Fr. Bromley
— marginata, Batsch. Shore-
ham
— mutabilis, Schasff. Syden-
ham
— prECOx, Pers. Sydenham,
Knote Park, Pembury
— pudica, Fr. Canterbury
— radicosa, Bull. Otford
— spectabilis, Fr. Between
Shoreham and Dunton
Green, Chislehurst
— squarrosa, Mull. Knole
Park, Chislehurst, Cob-
ham, Bromley
— terrigena, Fr.
f. minor, fFest Farleigh
Inocybe fastigiata, Schsff.
Starvecrow JVood
— flocculosa, Berk. Bromley
— geophyUa, Fr. Bromley
— lacera, Fr. Sydenham
— pyriodora, Pers. Canter-
bury, Langton Green
— rimosa, Bull. Sevenoaks,
Shoreham, Bromley,
Sand
— scaber, Fr. Otford
— sindonia, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells
— trechispora. Berk. Syden-
ham
Hebeloma crustuliniforme,Bull.
Sydenham, Shoreham, Ot-
ford
— elatum, Fr. Buckland
— fastibile, Fr. Sydenham,
Tonbridge, Bromley, Sand-
wich
Flammulacarbonaria, Fr. Tun-
bridge If ells
— flavida, Schsff. Sydenham
— lubrica, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells
— sapinea, Fr. Bostall Wood
Naucoria cucumis, Pers. Seven-
oaks
— melanoides, Fr. Sydenham
— pediades, Fr. Sydenham
— semiorbicularis, Bull. Bras-
ted, Sevenoaks
— vervacti, Fr. Bromley
Galera hypnorum, Batsch.
Sydenham
— lateritia, Fr. Bromley
— ovalis, Fr. Sydenham
— tenera, Schasff.
Bromley, Sevenoaks, Deal
I
BOTANY
Agaricini (continued)
Tubaria furfuracea, Pers.
Sydenham
Crepidotus alveolus, Lasch.
Tunbridge Wells
— mollis, Fr.
Sevenoaks, Shoreham
— rubi. Berk. Margate, Tun-
bridge Wells
Claudopus variabilis, P. Hal-
stead, Otford, Sydenham,
Speldhurst
Psalliota arvensis, Schasff.
Sydenham, Tunbridge
Wells, Chislehurst
— campestris, L. Sydenham
var. silvicola, Sydenham
Stropharia aeruginosa, Curr.
Sydenham
— semiglobata, Batsch. Syd-
enham, Bromley, Ide Hill
— squamosa, Fr. Knole Park,
Tunbridge Wells, Seven-
oaks
Hypholoma appendiculatum,
Fr. Sydenham
— candoUeanum, Fr.
St. Paul's Cray, Chisle-
hurst
— ■epixanthum, Fr. Otford
— fasciculare, Huds. Syden-
ham
— hydrophilum, Bull. Dover
— lacrymabundum, Fr. Crys-
tal Palace
— sublateritium, Fr. Crystal
Palace
Psilocybe comptula. Berk. Crof-
ton Woods
— foenisecii, Fr. Sandwich
— nuciseda, Fr. West Farleigh
— semilanceata, Fr. Dartford
Heath, Knole Park
— spadicea, Schasff. Sydenham
— stercoraria, Schum. Cob-
ham
Psathyra corrugis, P. Syden-
ham
— fibrillosa, Pers. Tunbridge
Wells
— spadiceo-grisea, SchaflE.
Sydenham
Panaeolus campanulatus, Linn.
Sydenham, Sevenoaks
— fimiputris, Bull. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks, Bromley
— papilionaceus. Bull. Tun-
bridge, Sand'jiich
— separatus, Linn. Syden-
ham
Psathyrella atomata, Fr. Crys-
tal Palace, Bromley, Mar-
gate
— disseminata, P. Dunton
Green, Bromley
— gracilis, Fr. Bromley
8i
Agaricini {continued)
Coprinus atramentarius, Fr.
Sydenham, Chislehurst,
Shortlands
— comatus, Fr. Crystal Pa-
lace, Chislehurst, Bromley,
Beckenham
— ephemerus, Fr. Sydenham
— extinctorius, Fr. Kemsing
— micaceus, Fr. Sydenham,
Bromley, Wrotham, Cob-
ham, Sa?id:vich
— niveus, Fr. Deal, Bromley
— plicatilis, Fr. Sydenham,
Bromley, Sevenoaks, Had-
low, Tunbridge Wells,
Wrotham
— radiatus, Fr. Sydenham
Bolbitius apicalis, Smith.
Staplehurst
— tener, Berk. Sydenham
— titubans, Fr. Bromley
CORTINARIUS
(Phlegmacium) cyanopus, Fr.
Sevenoaks
— fulgens, Fr. Otford, Wro-
tham
— glaucopus, Fr. Wickham,
Bromley
— triumphans, Fr. Sevenoaks
(Myxacium) coUinitus, Fr.
Bromley, Tunbridge Wells
— elatior, Fr. Sydenham,
Bexley, Chislehurst, Tun-
bridge Wells, Borough
Green
(Inoloma) bolaris, Fr. Shoreham
— sublanatus, Fr. Sydenham,
Holzvood
— violaceus, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Goudhurst, Bromley
(Dermocybe anomalus) Fr.
Sydenham, Shoreham
— caninus, Fr. Chislehurst,
Shoreham, Tunbridge
Wells
— cinnamomeus, Fr. Bostall
Wood, Chislehurst, Sand-
wich, Keston
— sanguineus, Fr. Bromley,
Goudhurst
(Telamonia) armillatus, Fr.
Chislehurst, Bromley
— gentilis, Fr. Canterbury,
Bromley
— iliopodius, Fr. Canter-
bury, Bromley
— hemitrichus, Fr. Syden-
ham,
(Hygrocybe) castaneus, Fr.
Sydenham, Canterbury,
Tunbridge Wells
— imbutus, Fr. Sydenham
— leucopus, Fr. Syddnham
A HISTORY OF KENT
CoRTiNARius (continued)
Hygrocybe milvinus, Fr. Wrot-
ham
— Reedii, Berk. Hayes
Paxillus atro-tomentosus, Fr.
Sydenham
— crassus, Fr. Blackheath
— involutus, Fr. Sydenham
— leptopus, Fr. Sydenham
— pannoides, Fr. Charlton
— paradoxus, Kalch. Wrotham
Gomphidius glutinosus, Fr.
Sandwich, Bromley, Tun-
bridge Wells
— gracilis, Berk. & Br. Tun-
bridge Wells
— viscidus, Fr. Goudhurst
Hygrophorus arbustivus, Fr.
Shoreham, Wrotham
— calyptrsformis. Berk.
Sevenoaks
— ceraceus, Fr. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks
— coccineus, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Cobham Park,
Bromley
— conicus, Fr. Sydenham,Orp-
ington, Shoreham, Sand-
wich
— cossus, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells, Bromley
— discoideus, Fr. Shoreham,
Kemsing
— eburneus, Fr. Chislchurst,
Dunton Green, Shoreham,
Borough Green, Bromley
— hypothejus, Fr. Sydenham,
Plumstcad, Bromley,
Shoreham
— leporinus, Fr. Kent
— milvinus, Fr. Wrotham
— miniatus, Fr. Sydenham,
Chislehurst, Tunbridge
Wells
— niveus, Fr. Crystal Pa-
lace, Seal
— pratensis, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells, Tonbridge, Brom-
ley, Sevenoaks
— psittacinus, Fr. Crystal
Palace, Deal, Cobham,
Sevenoaks, Tunbridge Wells
— puniceus, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Tunbridge Wells
— russo-coriaceus, Berk. &
Mill. Tunbridge Wells,
Deal
— unguinosus, Fr. Sydenham
— virgineus, Wulf. Sevenoaks
Lactarius blennius, Fr. Syden-
ham, Tonbridge
— chrysorrhcEus, Fr. Plum-
stead, Goudhurst
deliciosus, Fr. Sydenham,
Sandwich, Bexley, Shore-
ham, Tunbridge Wells
CoRTiNARius {continued)
Lactarius fuliginosus, Fr. Near
Bromley
— glyciosmus, Fr. Sydenham,
Chislehurst
— mitissimus, Fr. Otford,
Sevenoaks
— piperatus, Fr. Wrotham,
Southborough, Hadlow,
Bromley
— plumbeus, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells
— quietus, Fr. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks, Bromley
— rufus, Fr. Sydenham, Chis-
lehurst, Keston, Sevenoaks
— serifluus, Fr. Sydenham,
Bromley, Hayes
— subdulcis, Fr. Sydenham,
Orpington, Bexley, Seven-
oaks, Brasted
— torminosus, Fr. Sandwich,
Bromley, Tunbridge Wells
— turpis, Fr. Sydenham
— uvidus, Fr. Hadlow
— vellereus, Fr. Bexley,
Sevenoaks
— volemus, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Maidstone, Hayes
Russula adusta, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Bromley, Goudhurst
— alutacea, Fr. Sandwich,
Bromley, Goudhurst
— cyanoxantha, Fr. Syden-
ham, Chislehurst, Seven-
oaks
— decolorans, Fr. Borough
Green
— depallens, Fr. Seal
— emetica, Fr. Chislehurst,
Bexley, Bromley, Seven-
oaks, Borough Green
— foctens, Fr. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks, Wrotham
— fragUis, Fr. Sydenham, Bex-
ley, Chislehurst, Wro-
tham, Sevenoaks, Ton-
bridge
— furcata, Fr. Orpington
— heterophylla, Fr. Syden-
ham, Joyden's Wood,
Bostall Wood, Chisle-
hurst, Wrotham, Seven-
oaks
— Integra, Fr. Sydenham,
Seal
— lepida, Fr. Hayes, Dunton
Green
— nigricans, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Chislehurst, Wrotham
— ochroleuca, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Chislehurst
— rosacea, Fr. Chislehurst,
Sevenoaks
— vesca, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Chislehurst
82
CoRTiNARius {continued)
Cantharellus aurantiacus, Fr.
Sydenham, Plumstead,
Sevenoaks
— cibarius, Fr. Plumstead,
Sevenoaks
— cupulatus, Fr. Goudhurst
Nyctalis asterophora, Fr.
Chislehurst.
— parasitica, Fr. Chislehurst,
Tunbridge Wells
Marasmius androsaceus, Fr.
Sydenham, Chislehurst,
Lewisham, Bromley
— epiphyllus, Fr. Sydenham,
Chislehurst, Bromley
— erythropus, Fr. Sydenham,
Tunbridge Wells, Bexley,
Hadlow, Cobham
— foetidus, Fr. Otford, Seven-
oaks
— insitius, Fr. Deal
— oreades, Fr. Sydenham,
Plumstead, Wrotham,
Deal
— peronatus, Fr. Wrotham,
Shoreham, Dunton Green,
Sevenoaks, Bromley
— porreus, Fr. Shoreham
— ramealis, Fr. Shoreham
— rotula, Fr. Plumstead,
Sevenoaks, Bromley
— saccharinus, Fr. East Far-
leigh
— terginus, Fr. Goudhurst
— urens, Fr. Sydenham
Lentinus cochleatus, Fr.
Knole Park
— lepideus, Fr. Dartford
— tigrinus, Fr. Southborough
— vulpinus, Fr. Margate
Panus conchatus, Fr. Seven-
oaks, Margate
— stypticus, Fr. Sydenham,
Shooter's Hill, Sevenoaks,
Wrotham, Shoreham,
Goudhurst
— torulosus, Fr. Dunton
Green, Sevenoaks
Lenzites betulina, Fr. Shooter''s
Hill, Sevenoaks, Wrot-
ham
— flaccida, Fr. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks
Schizophyllum commune, Fr.
Kent
POLYPOREI
Boletus dsstivalis, Fr. Staple-
hurst
— alutarius, Fr. Kent
— badius, Fr. Plumstead,
Chislehurst, Sevenoaks
— bovinus, L. Goudhurst,
Sandwich
— calopus, Fr. Sevenoaks
— castaneus, Bull. Hayes
PoLYPOREi (continued)
Boletus chrysenteron,Fr. Syden-
ham, Sevenoaks, Chisle-
hurst, Bexley, Plumstead
— cyanescens, Bull. Staple-
hurst
— edulis, Bull. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks, Shoreham,
Bexley, Goudhurst
-- elegans, Schum. Goudhurst
— felleus, Bull. Chislehurst,
Sevenoaks
— flavus, With. Crystal
Palace, Bexley, Tunbridge
Wells
— granulatus, L. Tunbridge
Wells, Goudhurst, Keston
— laricinus, B. Shoreham,
Sevenoaks, Keston
— luridus, Fr. Sydenham,
Langton Green, Pickhurst,
Goudhurst
— luteus, L. Sydenham, Wro-
tham, Shoreham, Otford,
Kemsing
— pachypus, Fr. Sevenoaks,
Dunton Green, Goud-
hurst
var. amarus, Fr. Brom-
ley
— piperatus, Bull. Syden-
ham, Sevenoaks, Chisle-
hurst
— purpureus, Fr. Staplehurst
— rubinus, Smith. Bexley
— sanguineus, With. Staple-
hurst
— Satanas, Lenz. Goudhurst
— scaber, Fr. Sydenham,
Scve7ioaks, Bexley, Chisle-
hurst
— subtomentosus, L. Bexley,
Chislehurst, Sevenoaks,
Goudhurst
var. radicans, Kromb.
Staplehurst
— variegatus, Fr. Goudhurst,
Tunbridge Wells, Seven-
oaks
— versipellis, Fr. St. Mary
Cray, Goudhurst
— viscidus, Linn. Staplehurst
Strobilomyces strobilaceus,
Berk. Sevenoaks
Polystichus abietinus, Fr.
Kemsing, Sevenoaks,
Stone Street
— hirsutus, Fr. Goudhurst
— perennis, Fr. Bexley, Tun-
bridge Wells, Sevenoaks
— velutinus, Fr. Tujibridge
Wells
Polyporus adustus, Fr. Seven-
oaks
— betulinus, Fr. St. Mary
Cray, Sevenoaks
BOTANY
PoLYPOREi {continued)
Polyporus chionaeus, Fr. Dun-
ton Green, Sandwich
— crispus, Fr. Sydenham
— destructor, Fr. Otford
— dryadeus, Fr. Eynsjord,
Sevenoaks, Hayes, Cob-
ham
— fumosus, Fr. Sydenham,
Otford
■— giganteus, Fr. Kemsing
— Herbergii, Rost. Kent
(Currey in Grevillea, viii.
5)
— hybridus, Berk. & Br. Tun-
bridge Wells
— intybaceus, Fr. Chislehurst,
Shoreham, Tunbridge
Wells, Beckenham
— quercinus, Fr. Hayes,
Sevenoaks
— rufescens, Fr. Sydenham
— Schweintzii, Fr. Goudhurst
— sulfureus, Fr. Kemsing
Fomes annosus, Fr. Plum-
stead, Sydenham, Dunton
Green
— conchatus, Fr. Shortlands
— ferrugineus, Fr. Chisle-
hurst
— igniarius, Fr. Beckenham,
Farningham
— ribis, Fr. Sydenham, Seven-
oaks
— salicinus, Fr. Shortlands,
Seal
— ulmarius, Fr. Lewisham,
Chislehurst
Poria mollusca, Fr. Sydenham,
St. Mary Cray, Otford
— umbrina, Fr. Sevenoaks
— vaporaria, Fr. Chislehurst,
Bexley, Sevenoaks, M'ro-
tham
— vulgaris, Fr. Sevenoaks
Trametes gibbosa, Fr. Kem-
sing, Hayes Common
Da;dalea unicolor, Fr. Syden-
ham, Ightham, Dunton
Green, Tunbridge Wells
— quercina, Pers. Sydenham
Merulius corium, Fr. Siberts-
U'old, Sevenoaks
— serpens, Fr. Sydenham
— tremellosus, Schrad. Kem-
sing, Hayes Common
Fistulina hepatica, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Sevenoaks, Barm-
ing. West Wickham
Hydnei
Hydnum auriscalpium, L. Syd-
enham, Shoreham, Ight-
ham
— farinaceum, P. Sydenham
— graveolens, Del. South-
borough
83
Hydnei {continued)
Hydnum imbricatum, L. Near
Maidstone, Seal, Chart
— nigrum, Fr. Otford, Shore-
ham
— repandum, L. Sydenham
— udum, Fr. Margate
Sistotrema confluens, P. Tun-
bridge Wells
Phlebia merismoides, Fr. Hayes
Rectory
AURICULARINI
Craterellus cornucopoides, Fr.
Joyden's Wood, Halstead,
Borough Green
— sinuosus, Fr. Joyden's
Wood
Thelephora caryophyllea, Fr.
Southborough
— laciniata, P. Ightham,
Chislehurst, Canterbury
— fastidiosa, Fr. Darenth
Wood
Soppittiella sebacea, Fr. Joy-
den's Wood, Bostall Wood,
Tunbridge Wells
Stereum hirsutum, Fr. Syden-
ham
— ochroleucum, Fr. Brasted,
Westenhanger
— purpureum, Fr. Sydenham
— rugosum, Fr. Sydenham,
Brasted, Chart, Tunbridge
Wells
— sanguinolentum, Fr. Ight-
ham Toy's Hill, Dunton
Green
— spadiceum, Fr. Dunton
Green, Borough Green
— rubiginosum. Lev. Syden-
ham, Sevenoaks
Auricularia mesenterica, Bull.
Farningham, Seal,
Maidstone, D ov e'r,
Erith
Cyphella capula, Fr. Dar-
enth Wood
Corticium arachnoideum, Berk.
St. Mary Cray
— Carlylei, Mass. Borough
Green
— comedens, Fr. St. Mary
Cray
— cceruleum, Fr. Speldhurst
— Ixve, Br. Sydenham, St.
Mary Cray, Maidstone,
Erith
— nigrescens, Fr. Sydenham
— nudum, Fr. Sydenham,Mar-
gate
— Sambuci, P. Tunbridge
Wells, St. Mary Cray
Peniophora cinerea, Fr. Syd-
enham
— gigantea, Fr. Sydenham
na, Fr. Chislehurst
A HISTORY OF KENT
AuRicuLARiNi (continued)
Peniophora pubera, Fr. St.
Mary Cray
— quercina, P. St. Mary Cray,
Southborough
Clavariei
Clavaria aurea, Schsff. Tun-
bridge Wells
— ceranoides, P. TunbriJge
Wells
— cinerea, Bull. Dunton
Green
— condensata, Fr. West Far-
leigh
— coralloides, L. Sevenoaks
— cristata, Holmsk. Syden-
ham, Hythe, Halstead,
Seal
— fastigiata, D. C. Shoreham,
Tunbridge Wells, Seal
— fragilis, Holmsk. Seal Park
— fusiformis, Sow. Sydenham,
Tunbridge Wells
— inaequalis, Mull. Syden-
ham, Tunbridge Wells
— pistillaris, L. Sevenoaks
— rugosa, Bull. Sydenham,
Tunbridge Wells, Seal
— umbrina, Berk. Tunbridge
Wells
— vermiculata, Scop. Syden-
ham, Southborough
Calocera viscosa, Fr. Wrotham,
Shoreham
Sparassis crispa, Fr. Goud-
hurst, Tunbridge Wells
Pistillaria quisquilaris, Fr.
Darenth Wood, Kemsing
Tremellini
Tremella foliacea, P. Syden-
ham, Halstead, Sevenoaks,
Tunbridge Wells
— albida, Huds. Kemsing
— lutescens, Fr. Southborough
— mesenterica, Retz. Roch-
ester, Otford, Postling,
Southborough
— torta, Willd. St. Mary
Cray
— viscosa, Pers. Sydenham
Exldia glandulosa, Fr. Erith,
Southborough
Naematella nucleata Fr. Syd-
enham
Tremellodon gelatinosum,Pers.
Seal, Chart
Dacrymyces chrysocomus, Tul.
Tunbridge Wells
— deliquescens, Duby. Kem-
sing
— stellatus, Nees. Sydenham
G.^STEROMYCETES
Hypogtei
Hymenogaster luteus, Vitt.
Greenwich
HypoG.5:i {continued)
Melanogaster ambiguus, Vul.
var. intermedius, Seal,
Chart
Octaviania compacta, Tulasne.
Otjord
Phalloidei
Cynophallus caninus, Fr. Syd-
enham
Phallus impudicus, L. Syden-
ham, Bostall Wood, Lang-
ton Green, Westerham,
Sevenoaks
Trichogastres
Geaster coliformis, P. Be.xley,
East Wickham, Westzvood
near Southfieet, Plum-
stead
— fornicatus, Fr. Wickham,
near Bromley
■— Bryantii, Berk. Crockham
Hill, Sevenoaks
— striatus, D. C. Sevenoaks
Tulostoma mammosum, Fr.
Greenwich
Bovista nigrescens, P. Dart-
ford
Lycoperdon coelatum, Fr.
Shoreham, Hayes
— gemmatum, Fr. Willes-
borough, Tunbridge Wells
— giganteum, Batsch. Crystal
Palace, Sevenoaks
— pusillum, Fr. Deal
— pyriforme, Schaeff. Shore-
ham, Wrotham, Swans-
combe Wood, Jovdni's
Wood
— saccatum, Vahl. Abbey
Wood, Keston
Scleroderma vulgare, Fr. Syd-
enham, St. Paul's Cray,
Ightham, Tunbridge Wells
Myxogastres
Physarum cinereum, Batsch.
Sydenham
— didermoides, Ach. Green-
wich
— sinuosum, BuU. Darenth
Wood
Tilmadoche nutans, Rostaf.
Greenwich
Craterium leucocephalum,Pers.
Southborough
— minutum. Leers. Tun-
bridge Wells
Leocarpus fragilis, Dicks. Tun-
bridge Wells
Fuligo varians, Sommf. Syd-
enham, Deal, Tunbridge
Wells
Badhamia inaurata, Curr.
Chislehurst
— utricularis, Bull.
var. Schimperiana, Cooke.
Svdenham
84
Myxogastres (continued)
Didymium microcarpon, Fr.
Greenwich
— squamulosum, A. & S.
Sydenham
Chondrioderma difforme, Pers.
St. Mary Cray
— Michelli, Lib. Sydenham
— spumarioides, Fr. Green-
wich
Spumaria alba, D. C. Syden-
ham, Darenth, Deal
Stemonitis ferruginea, Ehr.
Sydenham
— fusca. Roth. Sydenham,
Darenth, Tunbridge
Wells
Comatricha Friesiana, De.By.
var. obovata, De.By.
Sydenham
var. oblongata, De.By.
Sydenham, Tunbridge
Wells
— typhina, Roth. Greenwich
Enerthenema papillata, Pers.
Greenwich
Lamprospore.5:
Reticularia lycoperdon, Bull.
Sydenham, Swanscombe,
Dunton Green, Stone
Street
Trichia chrysosperma, D. C.
Sydenham, St. Mary Cray,
Darenth Wood
— fallax, Pers. Kemsing, Tun-
bridge Wells
— turbinata, With. Darenlh
Wood, Tunbridge Wells
— varia, Pers. Shoreham
var. nigripes, Pers. Green-
wich
Arcyria cinerea, Schum. Green-
Pers. Sydenham,
Bostall Wood
— nutans, Fr. Dunton Green,
Tunbridge Wells
— punicea, Pers. Sydenham,
Shoreham, St. Mary
Cray, Darenth, Tunbridge
Wells
Lycogala epidendrum, Bu.x.
Sydenham, Tunbridge
Wells, Dunton Green
Perichaena depressa. Lib. Syd-
enham Hill
NlDULARIACEI
Cyathus striatus, Hoffm.
Greenwich, Sevenoaks
— vernicosus, D. C. Tunbridge
Wells, Sevenoaks
Crucibulum vulgare, Tul.
Greenwich, Borough
Green
Sphasrobolus stellatus, Tode.
Sydenham Hill
BOTANY
CONIOMYCETES
Sph^ronemei
Phoma Beckhausii, Cooke.
Dartfori
— Calystegiffi, Cooke. Dar-
enth
— Candollei, B. & Br. Swans-
combe
— complanata, Pers. Darenth
— depressua, B. & Br. Tun-
bridge Wells
— Durandiana, Sace & Roum.
Dartfori
— errabunda, Desm. Darenth
— exiguua, Desm. Tunbridge
Wells
— glandicola, Desm. Dart-
ford
— glyptica, Cooke & Mass.
Tunbridge Wells
— herbarum, West. Swans-
combe
— lirella, Desm. Swanscombe
— MirbeUii, Fr. Kent
— nebulosua, Berk. Tun-
bridge Wells, Sevenoaks
— petiolorum, Desm. Dart-
ford
— planiuscula, Sacc. Swans-
combe
— projecta, Cooke. Swans-
combe
— rhoina, Cooke. Swans-
combe
— samarorum, Desm. Dart-
ford
— scobina, Cooke. Darenth
— subcomplanata, Cooke &
Mass. Tunbridge Wells
— tamariscella, Sacc. W aimer
— vulgaris, Sacc. Dartford
Leptothyrium Castaneas, Spr.
Darenth
— medium, Cooke.
var. Castaniascola, Cooke.
— litigiosum, Desm. Darenth
— quercinum, Sacc. Darenth
— Ribis, Sacc. Darenth
Cryptosporium amygdalinum,
Darenth
— Neesii, Corda. Blackheath
Acrospermum graminum, Lib.
Dartford
Diplodia Crataegi, West. Kent
— herbarum. Lev. Darenth
— lantana, Fiickl. Darenth
— ligustri. West. Darenth
— mutila, Fr. Kent
— Sarothamni, Cooke & Hk.
Swanscombe
— Tilix, Fiickl. Blackheath
Hendersonia Fiedleri, West.
var. Symphoricarpi
Cooke.
— Robini^, West. Swans-
combe
Sph^ronemei {continued)
Vermicularia dematium, Fr.
Darenth
— trichella, Grev. Dartford
Septoria anemones, Desm.
Darenth
— Astragali, Desm. Darenth
— castaniascola, Desm. Dar-
enth
— Clematidis, Rob. Dartford,
Darenth, Swanscombe
— cornicola, Desm. Darenth
— Epilobi, West. Darenth
— Hederas, Desm. Dartford
— humilis. West. Dartford
— lamiicola, Sacc. Swans-
combe
— Lavandulae, Desm. Swans-
combe
— Lysimachiae, West. Dar-
enth, Swanscombe
— Populi, Desm. Swanscombe
— quercicola, Sacc. Darenth
— scabiosascola, Desm. Tun-
bridge Wells
— Ulmi, Kze. Greenwich
— Viburni, West. Darenth
— Virgaureae, Desm. Darenth
Phyllosticta Aceris, Sacc. Dar-
enth
— Arbuti, Desm. Swanscombe
— Berberidis, West. Darenth
— cornicola, D. C. Darenth
— destructiva, Desm. Dart-
ford
— Humuli, Sacc. & Sp. Swans-
combe
— Lauri, West. Swanscombe
— Lonicerae, West. Darenth
— maculiformis, Sacc. Dar-
enth
— Mahoniae, Sacc. & Sp.
Swanscombe
— Medicaginis, Fiickl. Dart-
ford
— Mercurialis, Desm. Dar-
enth
— Plantaginis, Sacc. Swans-
combe
— primulaecola, Desm. Dar-
enth
— ruscicola, Desm. Swans-
combe
— Vicix, Lib. Sydenham
Cheilaria Arbuti, Desm. Swans-
combe
— Coryli, Rob. Swanscombe
Prosthemium betulinum, Kze.
Blackheath
Asteroma Aceris, Rob. Dar-
enth
— Cratasgi, Berk. Tonbridge
— obscurum, Desm. Dartford
— Ulmi, Kl. Darenth
— carphospermum, Fr. Black-
heath
85
Sph^ronemei (continued)
Cytispora foliicola. Lib. Swans-
combe
— leucosperma, Pers. Tun-
bridge Wells
— rubescens, Fr. Swans-
combe
Melanconium bicolor, Nees.
Sydenham
— stilbostoma, Fr. Black-
heath
Cystopus candidus. Lev. Seven-
oaks, Tunbridge Wells
— cubicus, Lk. New Cross
— lepigoni, De Bay. North-
fleet
Uredine^
Caeomma Mercurialis, Wint.
Darenth Wood
— Saxifragae, Wint. Green-
wich
Coniothecium amentaceum,
Corda. Darenth Wood
Sporidesmium Lepraria, B. &
Br. Penshurst
Coleosporium Campanulae,Lev.
Darenth Wood
EndophyUum Euphorbi2,D.C.
Darenth Wood
Gymnosporangium clavariae-
forme, Plowr. Sydenham
Melampsora betulina, Desm.
Sydenham
— Cerastii, Schrot. Green-
wich
— Hypericorum, D. C. Dar-
enth Wood, Dunton Green
— Vitellina, D. C. Greenwich
^cidium Bunii, D. C. Dar-
enth
— Poterii, Cke. Dartford
Phragmidium acuminatum, Fr.
Dartford
— bulbosum, Fr. Greenwich
— gracile, Grev. Greenwich
— obtusum, Link. Greenwich
Puccinia Adoxae, D. C. Swans-
combe Wood
— albescens, Plowr. Green-
hithe
— Anemones, Pers. Abbey
Wood
— Apii, Corda. Northfleet
— Cardui, Plowr. Greenwich
— Caricis, Schum. Speldhurst
— Circeae, Pers. Greenwich
— clandestina, Carm. Joy-
den's Wood
— coronata, Corda. Tun-
bridge Wells
— difformis, Fckl. Green-
hithe
— discoidearum. Link. North-
fleet
— Epilobii, D. C. Tunbridge
Wells
A HISTORY OF KENT
Uridines {continued)
Puccinia Galii, Pers. Green-
hithe
— graminis, Pers. Greenwich,
Dartford
— Iridis, D. C. Swanscombe
Wood
— Lychnidearum, Fiickl.
Greenwich
— Malvacearum, Mont. Syd-
enham, Greenwich
— Menthae, Pers. Greenwich
— perplexans, Plowr. Maid-
stone
— pulverulenta, Grev. Green-
wich
— Saniculs, Grev. Bidbor-
ough, Darenth, Joyden's
Wood
— Saxifragarum, Schlecht.
Greenhithe, Greenwich
— Scorodoniae, Link. Green-
wich
— sparsa, Corda. Darenth
— striola, Link. Greenwich
— TraiKi, Plowr. Greenwich
— Tragopogonis, Pers. New
Cross
— Umbilici, Guep. Darenth
Wood
— variabilis, Grev. Tunbridge
Wells
— Vincae, Berk. Greenwich
— violarum. Link. Abbey
Wood, Borough Green
Triphragmium Ulmariae, Link.
Greenwich
Uredo Agrimoniae, D. C. Syd-
enham, Maidstone
— Iridis, Thurm. Darenth
— polypodii, Pers. Greenwich
Uromyces apiculosa. Lev. Tun-
bridge Wells
— Orobi, Wint. Tunbridge
Wells
— sparsa, Kze. & Schum.
Northfleet
— Valerianae, Wint. Speld-
hurst
Urocystis Viols, B. & Br.
Sevenoaks
Ustilago antherarum, Fr. Bex-
ley
— carbo, Tul. Greenwich
— hypodytes, Fr. New Cross
— longissima, Tul. Green-
wich
— receptaculorum, Fr. Nezv
Cross
HYPHOMYCETES
MUCEDINEJE
Oospora favorum, Sacc. Wool-
wich
Fusidium griseum, Link. Dart-
ford
MucEDiNE^ {continued)
Monilia fructigena, Pers.
Swanscombe
Cylindrium flavovirens, Ditm.
Darenth
Oidium Balsamii, Mont. Syd-
enham
— erysiphoides, Fr. Dartford
— Tuckeri, Berk. Margate
— fructigenum, Schrad.
Greenwich, Darenth
Aspergillus candidus. Link.
— flavus. Link. Blackheath
— glaucus. Link. Sydenham,
Greenwich
— virens. Link. Sydenham
Pencillium candidum. Link.
Greenwich
— crustaceum, Fr. Greenwich
Polyactis cana. Berk. Syden-
ham
— cinerea. Berk. Darenth,
Greenwich
— vulgaris. Link.
Sydenham, Greenwich
Haplaria grisea, Link. Alar-
gate
Rhinotrichum Opuntia, B. &
Br. Woolwich
Asterophora agaricicola, Corda.
Darenth
Botrytis argillacea. Cook.
Darenth
— Jonesii, B. & Br. Woolwich
— Tilletii, Desm. Darenth
— terrestris, Pers. Sydenham,
Darenth
Sepedonium chrysospermum,
Link. Greenwich, Syd-
enham
— roseum, Berk. Darenth,
Greenwich
Verticillium agaricinum,Corda.
Darenth
— lateritium. Berk. Elmstead
Peronosphora grisea, Ung.
Margate
— infestans, Mont. Green-
wich
— parasitica, Corda. Tun-
bridge Wells
— pygmasa, Ung. Swans-
combe Wood
Nematogonium aureum, Berk.
Greenwich, Sydenham
Trichothecium roseum, Link.
Darenth
Dactylium dendroides, Fr.
Darenth
Dematie^
Torula herbarum, Link. Dart-
ford
— monilioides, Corda. Green-
wich
— ovalispora. Berk. Tunbridge
Wells
86
Dematie.i {continued)
Torula pulveracea, Corda.
Darenth
Hormiscium hysteroides, Sacc.
Chislehurst
Zygodesmus terrestris, B. & Br.
Crundall
Monatospora repens, Mass.
Chislehurst
Dematium hispidulum, Fr.
Dartford, Greenwich
Cladosporium herbarum. Link.
Greenwich
Helminthosporium follicula-
tum, Corda. Darenth
— macrocarpum, Grev. Dar-
enth
— parvum. Grove. Darenth
— scolecoides, Corda. Syden-
ham
— Smithii, B. & Br. Green-
wich, Chislehurst
— velutinum. Link. Swans-
combe
Coniothecium amentacearum,
Corda. Brockley, Dar-
enth, Tonbridge
Brachysporium apicale, Sacc.
Swanscombe
Dictyosporium elegans, Corda.
Brockley
Stemphylium fuscum, Curr.
Blackheath
Macrosporium cladosporoides,
Desm. Dartford
Triposporium elegans, Corda.
Darenth
— Ficinusium, Preuss. Bex-
ley
Sporidesmium Cladosporii,
Corda. Darenth
Dendryphium comosum,Wallr.
Darenth, Chislehurst
— ramosum, Cooke. Darenth
Heterosporium echinulatum,
Cooke. Chislehurst
Cercospora mercurialis, Pers.
Darenth
Stilbe^
Stilbum fimetarium, Pers.
Elmstead
— tomentosum, Schr. Green-
wich
Isaria crassa, Link. Ketit
— farinosa, Fr. Darenth,
Greenwich, Blackheath
— fuciformis, Berk. Ashford
— umbrina, Pers. Sydenham
Ceratium hydnoides, A. & S.
Sydenham, Greenwich
Sporocybe byssoides, Pers.
Darenth
Graphium glaucocephalum,
Corda. Burnt Ash Lane
Stysanus stemonitis, Corda.
Sydenham, Chislehurst
Stilbeje (continued)
Graphiothecium parasiticum,
Desm. Dartford
Cylindrocolla urtics, Bon.
Eltham, Darenth, Jon-
bridge
Volutella setosa, Berk. Dart-
ford
Fusarium sarcochroum, Sacc.
Sydenham
Epicoccum neglectum, Desm.
Sydenham
PHYSOMYCETES
Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus,
Corda. Greenwich
Mucor caninus, Pers. Chisle-
hurst, Greenzvich
— fusiger, Link. Chislehurst
— mucedo, Linn. Sydenham,
Greenwich
— ramosus, Bull. Sydenham,
Greenwich
Pilobolus crystallinus, Tode.
Sydenham
— roridus, Schum. Green-
wich
Saprolegniaferax, Kutz. Seven-
oaks
Sporodinia dichotoma. Cord.
Sydenham
PYRENOMYCETES
Hypocreace^
Claviceps purpurea, Fr. Burnt
Ash Lane
— nigricans, Tul. JFands-
worth Common, only
found in Britain on
Eleocharis
Cordyceps capitata, Holms.
Southborough
— entomorrhiza, Dicks. South-
borough
— militaris, Fr. Rusthall
Common, Sydenham Hill
Epichloe typhina, Sacc. Seven-
oaks, Queensdoxn War-
ren, New Cross, South-
borough, West Mailing
Nectria cinnabarina, Tode.
Sevenoaks, Sydenham,
Tunbridge Wells
— mammoidea, Plow. Seal
Park
— inaurata, B. & Br. Green-
wich
— episphceria, Fr. Green-
wich
Dialonectria aurea, Grev. East
Farleigh
Hypocreagelatinosa.Fr. Green-
wich
AcTospermum graminum, Lib.
Dartford
BOTANY
Xylariace^
Xylaria digitata, Grev. Sydeji-
ham Hill, Greenwich,
Tunbridge Wells
— Hypoxylon, Grev. Syden-
ham Hill, Southborough
— polymorpha, Grev. Syden-
ham Hill, Sevenoaks
Thamnomyces hypotrichoides,
Ehrb. Cobham
Ustulina vulgaris, Tul. Seven-
oaks
Daldinia concentrica, Sacc.
Sevenoaks, West Mailing
Hypoxylon argillaceum, Fr.
Tunbridge Wells
— coccineum, Bull. Syden-
ham, Tunbridge Wells
— cohsrens, Pers. Darenth
— fuscum, Pers. Darenth,
Greenwich, Ightham
— multiforme, Fr. Sydenham,
Sevenoaks, Greenwich,
Tunbridge Wells
DoTHIDEACE^
Phyllachora Caricis, Fr. Seven-
oaks
— Pteridis, Reb. Darenth,
Tunbridge Wells
— Ulmi, Sacc. Tunbridge
Wells, Greenwich
Dothidea ribesia, Pers. Tun-
bridge Wells
— filicina, Fr. Southborough
— graminis, Fr. Greenwich
Rhytisma acerinum, Pers.
Sevenoaks
Stigmatea Robertiani, Fr.
Darenth Wood
DlATRYPACE.^
Diatrype angustata, Fr. Green-
wich
— aspersa, Fr. Eltham, Burnt
Ash Lane, Tunbridge
Wells
— bullata, Fr. Greenwich
— disciformis, Fr. Greenwich
— cincta, B. & Br. Black-
heath
— corniculata, B. and Br.
Tunbridge Wells
— favacea, Fr. Chislehurst
— ferruginea, Fr. Darenth,
Tunbridge Wells
— flavovirens, Fr. Darenth,
Greenwich
— hystrix, Fr. Chislehurst
— nigro-annulata, Grev.
Chislehurst
— quercina, Pers. Sydenham
Hill
— stigma, Hoffm. Darenth,
Chislehurst, Tunbridge
Wells, Blackheath, Green-
wich
— strumella, Fr. Dartford
87
DiATRYPACE^ {continued)
Diatrype turgida, Fr. Eltham,
Eynsford
— undulata, Fr. Greenwich
— varians, Curr. Eltham
— verrucEeformis, Ehr. Dover,
Greenwich, Abbey Wood
Valsace.e
Valsa Aceris, Fekl. Darenth
— a;sculicola, Cke. Sydenham
— ambiens, Fr.
var. CratKgi
— ceratophora, Tul. Elm-
stead
— cornicola, Cke. Darenth
— dissepta, Fr. Blackheath
— enteroleuca, Fr. Black-
heath
— extensa, Fr. Chislehurst
— faginea, Curr. Eltham
Grove
— leiophemia, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells
— nivea, Sacc. Sydenham
— oncostoma, Duby. Darenth
— quernea, Curr. Darenth
— salicina, Fr. Tunbridge
Wells
— stellulata, Fr. Eltham Grove
— stilbostoma, Cke. Swans-
combe
— suffusa, Fr. Godden Green
— tetraploa, B. & C. Elm-
hurst
Melanconis modonia, Fr.
Darenth
— stilbostoma, Fr. Black-
heath
— thelebola, Fr. Chislehurst
— Tilias, Fr. Blackheath
Pseudovalsa Berkeleyi, Tul.
Greenwich
— lanciformis, Tul. Green-
wich
— longipes, Tul. Chislehurst
— - profusa, De Not. Black-
heath Park
Fenestella vestita, Fr. Chisle-
hurst, Eltham Grove
EuTYPACEjE
Eutypa lata, Fr. Sydenham
— spinosa, Pers. Eltham
— nummularia Bulliardi, Tul.
Greenwich
Diaporthe adunca, Desm.
Kent (Massee)
— Beckhausii, Ntke. Darenth
— cryptica, Ntke. Kent
(Massee)
— Euphorbia, Cke. Darenth
— Phyllireae, Cke. Kent
(Massee)
— quadrinucleata, Curr.
Eltham
— Sarothamni, Awd. Darenth
— scobina, Ntke. Darenth
A HISTORY OF KENT
CUCURBITARIACE^
Cucurbitaria Berberidis, Sacc.
Hayes
— elongata, Fr. Swanscombe
— Spartii, N. Darenth
SUPERFICIALES
Lasiospharia superficiaIis,Curr.
Kent (Massee)
Coniochsta capillifera, Curr.
Kent (Massee)
Venturia ditricha, Fr. Darenth
— inasqualis, Cke. Darenth
— Potentilla;, Fr. Darenth
Chastomium atrum, Link.
Swans combe
Sordaria caudata, Cke. Black-
heath
Pertus^
Amphisphasria brachythele,
B. & Br. Chislehurst
LOPHIOSTOMACE^
Lophiostoma arundinis, Fr.
Chislehurst
— bicuspidatum, Cke. Dar-
enth
— hysterioides, Curr. Chisle-
hurst
Cerastostomace^
Gnomonia Arise, Fckl. Dar-
enth, Shoreham
— Avellans, Sch. Darenth
— Coryli, Batsch. Bexley,
Darenth
— setacea, Pers. Bexley, Dar-
enth
— vulgaris, Cke. Bexley, Dar-
enth
Lentomita ligneola, B. & Br.
Sydenham
OBTECT.ffi:
Massaria bufonia, B. & Br.
Eltham
— Curreyi, Tul. Blackheath,
Eltham Park
— foedans, Fr. Blackheath,
Eltham
— gigaspora, Fckl. Black-
heath, Darenth
— inquinans, Tode. Sydenham
— siparia, B. & Br. Black-
heath
Enchnoa infernalis, Kze. & Fr.
Sydenham
Leptosphaeria Tamaricis, Grev.
Dover
Delacourea eustegia, Cke.
Swanscombe
Caulicol^
Phomatospora Berkeleyi, Sacc.
Bexley
Raphidospora Urtics, Rabh.
Darenth
Heptameria clara, Cke. Sand-
gate
— clivensis, B. & Br. Darenth
Wood
Caulicol-e {continued)
Heptameria maculans, Desm.
Darenth
— planiuscula, B. & Br. Chisle-
hurst
— unicaudata, B. & Br. Dar-
enth
— Vectis, B. & Br. Darenth
Pleospora platyspora, S. Dar-
enth
Foliicol;e
Lastadia acerifera, Cke. Dar-
enth
Sphxrella aquilina, Fr. Dar-
enth
— arcana, Cke. Darenth
— atomus, Desm. Darenth
— hieracii, Cke. & Mass.
Tunbridge Wells
— Ligustri, Desm. Dartford
— maculsformis, P. Darenth
— oblivia, Cke. Darenth Wood
— sparsa, Wallr. Darenth
ASCOMYCETES
AsCOMYCEjE
Ascomyces deformans, Berk.
Sevenoaks
— Pruni, Fckl. Sevenoaks
— turgidus, Phil. Sevenoaks
Hysteriace.5;
Hysterium angustatum, A. & S.
Ightham
— pulicare, Pers. Chelsfield,
Ightham
Hysterographium elongatum,
Corda. Tunbridge Wells
— Fraxini, De Not. Green-
wich, Tunbridge Wells
Hypoderma virgultorum, D. C.
Greemvich
Lophodermium pinastri, Chev.
Tunbridge Wells
Dichsna faginea, Fr. Seven-
oaks
— quercina, Fr. Sevenoaks
DISCOMYCETES
Phacideace/e
Colpoma quercinum. Walk.
Greenwich, Darenth, Tun-
bridge Wells, Ightham
Rhytisma acerinum, Fr. Seven-
oaks
Trochila ilicis, Cr. Greenwich,
Chislehurst
Sticte.^
Stictis radiata, Pers. Green-
wich
Propolis faginea, Karst. Green-
wich
Dermate^
Cenangium Cerasi, Mass.
Greenu)ich
Sderoderris rubi, Mass. Green-
wich
Dermate-ie {continued)
Sderoderris fuliginosa, Karst.
Greenwich
— livida, Mass. Sydenham
Hill
Bulcarie.^
Bulgaria polymorpha, Wettst.
Sydenham, Hayes, Green-
wich, Halstead, Sevenoaks
Orbilia vinosa, Karst. Green-
wich
— leucostigma, Fr. Green-
wich
AsCOBOLE^
Ascobolus furfuraceus, Pers.
Greenwich, Sydenham
— immersus, Pers. Sydenham
Hill
Ascophanus argenteus. Bond.
Eltham
— carneus. Bond. Sydenham
Hill, Chislehurst
7i.z\zm.
Pseudopeziza albella, Mass.
Greenwich
— palustris, Mass. Chisle-
hurst
MoUisia atrata, Pers. Darenth,
Greenwich
— cinerea, Kant. Darenth,
Sydenham, Tunbridge
Wells
— fusca, Mass. Darenth
Belonidium lacustre, Phil.
Darenth, Blackheath
— pruinosum, Mass. Syden-
ham
Helotium aquaticum, Curr.
Chislehurst
— citrinum, Fr. Greenwich
var. pallescens, Mass.
Greenwich
— conigerum, Fr. Greenwich
— cyathoideum, Karst. Green-
wich
— fagineum, Fr. Greenwich
■— herbarum, Fr. Greenwich
— luteolum, Curr. Chisle-
hurst
— ochraceum. Berk. Syden-
ham Hill
— tuba, Fr. Chislehurst
— virgultorum, Karst. Green-
wich
Sclerotinia Curreyana, Karst.
Greenwich
Chlorosplenium sruginosum,
De Not.
Kemsing, Sevenoaks
Diplocarpa Curreyana, Mass.
Joyden's Wood
Lachnea scutellata, L. Green-
wich, Sydenham, Tun-
bridge Wells
— umhrata, Phil. Tunbridge
Wells
BOTANY
Peziz^ {continue^
Lachnella conformis, Ck. Dar-
enth
Dasyscypha barbata, Mass.
Sevenoaks
— Berkeley!, Mass. Darenth
— bicolor, Fckl. Ightham,
Tunbridge Wells
— calycina, Fckl. Greenwich,
Sydenham
— dematiicola, Mass. Darenth
— hyalina, Mass. Darenth
— Pteridis, Mass. Darenth
— sulphurea, Mass. Darenth
— Tami, Mass. Darenth
— virginea, Fckl. Greenwich,
St. Mary Cray, Syden-
ham, Tunbridge Wells
Neottiella nivea, Sacc. Dar-
enth, Greenwich
— Polytrichi, Mass. Seven-
oaks
Geopyxis coccinea, Jacq.
Maidstone, St. Mary
Cray, Southborough
— cupularis, Sacc. Sevenoaks
Barleaea constellatio, Sacc.
Addington
PeziZjE {continued)
Barlesa Crouani, Cke. Ight-
ham
Humaria domestica, Mass.
Greenwich
— granulata, Sacc. Sydenham,
Ightham, Tunbridge Wells
— humosa, Fr. Greenwich,
Tunbridge Wells, Dover
Peziza badia, Pers. Hayes
— repanda, Wahlenb. Kem-
sing
— venosa, Pers. Hayes
— vesiculosa, Bull. Green-
wich
Otidea aurantia, Mass. Green-
wich, Sydenharn, Seven-
oaks
— cochleata, Fckl. Green-
wich
Rhizina inflata, Quel. Seal,
Chart
Helvelle^
Helvella crispa, Fr. Dunton
Green, Godden Green,
Tonbridge
— elastica. Bull. Greenwich,
Rusthall Common
Helvelle^ (continued)
Helvella lacunosa, Afz. Green-
wich, Shoreham, Ot-
ford
— macropus, Karst. Green-
wich
— acicularis, Pers. Tunbridge
Wells
Leotia lubrica, Pers. Green-
wich, Shoreham, Tun-
bridge Wells
Morchella esculenta, Pers.
Greenwich, Sevenoaks
Gyromita gigas, Cke. Black-
heath
Mitrula phalloides, Chev.
Keston Common
Spathularia clavata, Sacc.
Shoreham
Geoglossum difforme, Fr.
Tunbridge Wells
— hirsutum, Pers. Deal
TuBERACEjE
Tuber excavatum, Vitt, Deal.
Otford.
Elaphomyces granulatus, Fr.
Sevenoaks, Tonbridge,
Tunbridge Wells
89
ZOOLOGY
MARINE ZOOLOGY
IT is now a number of years since I studied the marine animals in
any part of Kent, and then only in a few places suitable for living
on board my yacht Glimpse. There are long stretches of coast
quite unfit for this, which I have never examined ; and probably
the number of animals which I have been able to collect falls far short
of what could be found if the whole coast were adequately examined. I
have studied more or less completely seven different localities, viz., the
Thames near Greenhitheand Erith ; the Medway at and above Chatham ;
the Swale at and above Queenborough ; Ramsgate ; the Stour above
and below Sandwich ; Dover and the middle of the Straits of Dover.
Some of these can scarcely be called marine localities, but are of interest
in showing the changes which occur in passing down the lower end of
rivers to the sea. My knowledge of the coast being thus confined to
only a few districts, it would have been impossible for me to deal with
my subject in anything like a satisfactory manner, if it had not been for
the kind assistance of Mr. Sibert Saunders of Whitstable, Mr. Edward
Horsnaillof Folkestone, and Mrs. Hillier, widow of the late Dr. Hillier
of Ramsgate. Fortunately these had studied quite different parts of the
coast, and had collected animals belonging to groups which I had
neglected, whereas I had studied those to which they had paid little or
no attention. The result is that I am able to give a better account of
the subject than at one time I thought possible. On the whole it seems
to me best to describe my observations in different localities, and to give
entire the list of animals found by my friends elsewhere, modifying
some of the names so as to correspond with those in my article on the
marine biology of Essex.^ This plan will to some extent show local
variations.
Salinity of the Water.
Since the distribution of the various animals depends so much on
the salinity of the water, it will be well to consider this first. I have
carefully studied it over a wide area in the district of the Thames
estuary, along the coasts of Suffolk, Essex and Kent during the months
of May to September inclusive, and found that no very considerable
difference materially influences the distribution of the animals, unless it
be that other conditions influence both. My observations along the
« r.C.H. Essex, i. 69.
91
A HISTORY OF KENT
coast of Kent are much more limited than on the other side of the
estuary, but, as far as they go, they show that in summer the density
off Ramsgate is about the same as in the North Sea off Lowestoft, and
at the Nore about the same as in the Swin, being less than in the Wallet
along the coast of Essex, probably because there is a much larger area
of shallow water than along the coast of Kent exposed to evaporation in
summer. Possibly this is one reason amongst several others why the
animals differ materially.
The Swale at and above Queenborough is really a strait and not an
estuary, and at Queenborough there is only a small difference between
the density of high and low water, which plays such an important part
in some estuaries. There is only a small decrease in that part ot the
Swale near Milton Creek, which is farthest removed from the two
openings into the sea. These facts probably explain why, on the
whole, the animals found in the Swale differ considerably from those
met with in the estuaries of Essex and Suffolk.
The Medway up to and beyond Chatham, the Stour up to and
beyond Sandwich, and the Thames up to and beyond Erith, are
examples of the opposite extreme, the water being in some places
almost as salt as the sea when the tide is high, and almost fresh when it
is low. These facts have, of course, an immense influence on the
distribution of the animals along the north coast of Kent.
The Swale near Queenborough.
I have dredged and otherwise studied the Swale from its junction
with the Medway right up to Milton Creek. One thing which struck
me much was the great difference in the number and species of the
animals met with in different years. For example, on one occasion I
found the bottom almost covered with an enormous number of small
mussels, and there were few starfish. The next year these seemed to
have invaded the district, and almost or entirely cleared the ground of
mussels. One year the beautiful medusa, Chrysaora isosceles (Linn.),
was very common, but in other years almost or quite absent. In one
year I saw off the Nore more large individuals of Rhizostotna octopus
(Linn.) than I ever saw there or anywhere else. The other Medusa?
seen more or less frequently were Aurelia aurita (Linn.) and Cyanea
captllata (Linn.). Pleurobrachia pileus (Modeer) was common. An
unidentified Beroe was also found. The number of Noctiluca mUiaris
was sometimes very great. In July 1883 the average number from top
to bottom of the water was about 750 per gallon, and occasionally many
more.
Before it was burned down I used to find on the old pier many
specimens of the white, the flesh coloured and the dark brown varieties
of Act'moloba dianthus (Ellis), Sabella pavonia (Sav.), and a nemertian
worm, probably Serpejitaria fiisca (B.M. Cat. of Worms) which could
extend itself in a remarkable manner. From the mud banks I obtained
Nereis diver sicolor (Miiller) ; but by far the most interesting polychste
92
MARINE ZOOLOGY
worm seen was met with only in the Heteronereis condition. The
first occasion was at Sheerness in the evening of ii May, 1882, when
a considerable number were swimming near the surface at a rate of
a few miles an hour. At first I thought they were small red fish,
and on catching some was astonished to find that they were worms.
Fortunately some have been preserved in the public museum at Sheffield,
and have been identified by Dr. E.J. Allen as the heteronereis o( Nereis
longissima. He informs me that Dr. Jonathan Herder observed a similar
display at Plymouth in April, 1865, tiut that nothing of the kind has
been seen there in more recent years. Those obtained at Plymouth
were 6 or 7 inches long, whereas those at Sheerness were only 4|. The
only other occasion on which I have seen any was in the evening of 9
September, 1889, at Queenborough, when the above-named species was
abundant. I never found this species in an unmodified state in any part of
the Queenborough district. Though I have been very anxious to obtain
other specimens, I never saw a single individual in the same or subse-
quent years ; and it thus appears that, as in the case of Nereis dumerilii
(Aud. and M. Edw.) found in Essex and Suffolk, the heteronereis is very
seldom seen, and then great numbers almost simultaneously appear,
swimming at the surface for a few hours, being a most striking spectacle.
About a mile above Queenborough the Swale makes a remarkably
sudden turn, which has caused the tidal currents to excavate a large hole,
at least 8 fathoms deep, which is about four times the depth of the water
above or below. This is the only locality in the Thames district where
I have dredged Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius). Higher up I obtained
a number of fine specimens of the beautiful nudibranch 'EoUs papulosa
(Linn.) of which I never saw but one individual in Essex or Suffolk.
Acanthodoris pilosa (Miiller) is not uncommon in the Queenborough
district. One of the most striking peculiarities in the Swale near
Kingsferry is the great number of the common shore crab {Carcinus
mcenas) (Linn.), the spider crab [Stenorhynchus rostratus) and sponges,
chiefly Haiichondria panicea (Pallas), and the remarkably small number
of simple or compound ascidians : in fact, on the whole, this narrow
strait differs much from any other locality in the Thames district,
probably because it combines the shelter of an estuary with the salinity
of the more open water. Besides the above-named animals I have
found in the Queenborough district Tubular ia larynx (Ellis and Sol.),
T. indivisa, Solaster papposus (Fabr.), Ophiura ciliaris (Linn.), Ophiothrix
fragilis (O. F. Miiller), Caprella linearis, Idotea linearis and many excellent
specimens of Lerneonema sprattce, obtained from the whitebait caught in
such vast numbers. Appendicularians [Oikopleura sp.) occur in sievings of
the sea-water.
Ramsgate.
I have never examined any locality in which several species of
compound ascidians were seen to such great perfection as at Ramsgate
in the covered passages through which the water could be let out from
93
A HISTORY OF KENT
the inner into the outer harbour. In 1882 the surface was covered
with them, and among the most striking were various species or
varieties of Botryllus. These were not identified at the time, and the
few specimens preserved in the Public Museum at Sheffield could not now
be identified in a satisfactory manner, but are probably Botryllus schlosseri
and polycyclus. Botrylloides rubrum (M. Edw.) or a closely allied species,
and very fine specimens of Polyclinum auranthim also occurred. Of
simple ascidians Ascidiella aspersa (O. F. Miiller), and I think a few in-
dividuals of yf.T;/r§-/>;ra (O.F. M.) were found, and Cionaintestinalis (Linn),
of larger size than any seen in Essex or Suffolk, those 6 inches long
being common.
Straits of Dover.
On one occasion I dredged between Dover and Boulogne, and
found many fine specimens of Alcyoiuum digitatwn (Linn.) and many
sponges, chiefly if not entirely, Halichondria panicea (Pallas).
The Thames at Greenhithe and Erith.
In 1882 and 1883 I spent a number of weeks on my yacht off
Greenhithe and Erith, studying the water of the Thames on behalf of
the Board of Works. The greater part of my observations have only
an indirect connexion with marine biology, and I describe only a
few of my results. Much depends on the very strong tide, which
causes a great difference in the character of the water at different times
of day, which alternates between fresh and very salt. Few or no
sedentary animals are able to live under such conditions. Besides
this in some places the material deposited at the bottom at the period
of the neap tides is carried away by the much stronger current of the
spring tides. The living animals swimming in the water, of which
I determined the number per gallon, were those which move up and
down in the water, and at high tide many small shrimps were met with,
whereas the low water is mainly characterized by the presence of such
forms as Cyclops and Daphne. Gammarus occurs in about equal numbers
in high and low water. As bearing on the removal of sewage from the
water by Copepoda I may say that I found they lived about six times as
long when small quantities of human excrement were added to the water
as when none was added. Those living in the low water soon died in
the high water, and one part of sea water added to two or three of fresh
soon proved fatal, which explains what I observed where semi-marine
conditions occur along the northern shore of Kent.
The Medway.
In passing down the Medway from AUington to Sheerness, the
conditions are much modified by the great extent to which the tide
runs out in the upper part; and the amount of salt in the water where
a well-marked maximum in the number of Copepoda occurs appears not
to be the same as in the estuaries in Essex and Suffolk.
94
MARINE ZOOLOGY
Sandwich.
One of the most interesting facts connected with the marine
animals in the neighbourhood of Sandwich is the evidence furnished by
the mollusca of the great changes known to have occurred during the
historical period. Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) in a living state is
found only some way below Sandwich, but dead shells in good preser-
vation, in the position they had when living, are found in the mud of the
Great Stour, near Stourmouth, where they no doubt lived when there
was an open channel round by Reculver, which is now completely
closed.
Marine Animals in the Neighbourhood of Whitstable.
The following is a list of the invertebrate animals belonging to
certain groups found in the neighbourhood of Whitstable, for which I
am indebted to Mr. Sibert Saunders of that place. The names are
those given to me by him, except in the case of the Nudibranchs and
Ascidians,in which I give those adopted respectively by the Conchological
Society and by Professor Herdman.
Noctiluca miliaris
PORIFERA
Tethea lyncurium
Halichondria panicea
Cliona celata
— gorgonioides
Dysidea fragilis
Grantia ciliata
Clava multicornis
Hydractinia echinata
Coryne pusilla
— ramosa
Eudendrium ramosum
Tubularia indivisa
— larynx
Halecium halecinum
Sertularia rugosa
— rosacea
— pumila
— gracilis
— tamarisca
— filicula
• — abietina
— operculata
— argentea
— cupressina
Hydrallmania falcata
Aglaophena pluma
— tubulifera
— pennatula
Antennularia antennina
Plumularia pinnata
— setacea
Obelia gelatinosa
— geniculata
— dichotoma
— flabellata
Campanularia volubilis
— Integra
CTENOPHORA
Beroe fulgens
Pleurobrachia pileus (Moder)
anthozoa
Alcyonium digitatum
Actinoloba dianthus
Sagartia troglodytes
TeaUa crassicornis
Though Actinia mesembryanthemum is not
found at Whitstable, it is plentiful on the shore to
the east of Birchington.
ANNELIDA
Apoda
Pontobdella muricata
PoLYCHiSTA
Aphrodita aculeata
Lepidonotus cirratus
Nereis sp.
Nephthys casca
Phyllodoce viridis
— lamelligera
Spio seticornis
Cirratulus cirratus
Arenicola marina
A HISTORY OF KENT
PoLYCH^TA (continued)
Lanice conchilegia (Pall.)
Pectinaria belgica (Pall.)
Sabellaria tubularia (?)
— alveolata
Serpula vermicularis
POLYZOA
Tubulipora sp.
Scrupocellaria scruposa
— reptans
Bicellaria ciliata
Bugula purpuratincta
— avicularia
— plumosa
Crisidia cornuta
Crisia eburnea
— aculeata
— geniculata
— denticulata
Flustra foliacea
Cellepora pumicosa
Membranipora pilosa
— membranacea
Hippothea divaricata
Beania mirabilis
Gamellaria loricata
Alcyonidium galatinosum
— parasiticum
Cycloum papillosum
Amathia lendigera
Vesicularia spinosa
Valkeria cuscuta
Bowerbankia imbricata
Farella repens
Pedicellaria cernua
NUDIBRANCHIATA
Facelina coronata (Forbes and Goodsir)
Fiona marina (Forskol)
Archidoris tuberculata (Cuvier)
TUNICATA
Ascidiella virginea (O. F. Miiller)
Clavelina lepadiformis (O. F. Miiller)
Aplidium faUax (Johns)
Botryllus violaceus
— smaragdeus
Perophora listeri
Leptoclinum gelatinosum
Marine Animals in the Neighbourhood of Folkestone.
The following is a list of animals of certain groups found in the
neighbourhood of Folkestone, kindly supplied to me by Mr. Edward
Horsnaill of that place ; but in some cases I have altered his names so as
to correspond with those adopted in this series.
ANNELIDA
Apod.4
Tristoma molae. On a short sunfish caught off
Folkestone
Pontobdella muricata. Whitstahle
Chajtapoda
Sabellaria alveolata. St. Margaret's Bay and
Kingsdown, between Dover and Deal
Terebella. Common between tide marks
Serpula triquetra. Common between tide marks
Spirorbis. Common on sea weeds
Arenicola. In deep sand
Aphrodita aculeata. Common on mud bot-
tom. Often very plentiful on Dungeness
Beach
Polynoe sp. Common between tide marks
Sabella. A large species is very common at
Whitstahle. Probably S. pavonina (Sav.)
MOLLUSCA
NUDIBRANCHIATA
Eolis papillosa (Linn.). Fairly common under
stones between tide marks
Facelina coronata (Forbes and Goodsir). Be-
tween tide marks in summer
Tritonia hombergi (Cuvier). Dymchurch. Rare
Archidoris tuberculata (Bergh.). Not very un-
common in the Laminarian 2^ne
Lamelledoris bilamellata (Linn.). Comes inshore
to spawn about May or June, and may
be found on rocks between tide marks
ECHINODERMATA
Echinus miUiaris (Linn.). Common
Echinocyamus pusillus. From deep water and on
Eschara
Spatangus purpureus. From deep water
Palmipes membranaceus. Rare, but now and then
brought from deep water
Solaster papposus (Fabr.). Common in deeper
water and very plentiful on the Whitstahle
oyster beds
Cribella oculata. Found occasionally in summer ;
no doubt often passed over as Asterias rubens
Asterias rubens. Common everywhere on the coast
Ophiothrix fragilis (O. F. Muller). Common in
deep water round the coast
— neglecta. Very plentiful between tide marks
near Dover
Ophiura ciliaris (Linn.). Common at Whitstahle
between tide marks
One or two unidentified species
In addition to the above the British Association
Handbook for Dover gives as found on the Kentish
coast Astrophyton scutatum, Amphidotus cordatus,
Doto coronata, Aplysia punctata and Sigartia
minata
96
MARINE ZOOLOGY
The following is a list of shells collected by the late Dr. Hillier of
Ramsgate in that district, kindly supplied to me by Mrs. Hillier, now
of St. Albans. I have adopted the nomenclature of the Conchological
Society as given in the Journal of Conchology vol. x. p. 9. 1901, stating the
author of the specific rather than of the generic names; but in addition,
when different, I have also given in brackets the names used by Forbes
and Hanley, which appear to have been those adopted by Dr. Hillier.
Nucula nucleus (Linn.)
Nuculana minuta (Mull.). (Leda caudata)
Anomia ephippium (Linn.)
Glycimeris glycimeris (Linn.). (Pectunculus g.)
Barbatia lactea (Linn.). (Area 1.)
Mytilus edulis (Linn.)
Volsella modiola (Linn.). (Modiola m.)
— barbata (Linn.). (M. b.)
— adriatica (Lam.). (M. tulipa)
Ostrea edulis (Linn.)
Pecten varius (Linn.)
— opercularis (Linn.)
Lima sp.
Lucina sp.
Montacuta substriata (Montagu)
Lepton squamosum (Montagu)
Scrobicularia plana (da Costa). (S. piperata)
Tellina crassa (Gmelin)
— donacina (Linn)
— tenuis (da Costa)
— fabula (Gronovius)
Macoma balthica (Linn.). (Tellina solidula)
Donax vittatus (da Costa). (D. anatinus)
Mactra stultorum (Linn.)
Spisula elliptica (Brown). (Mactrae.)
Venus verrucosa (Linn.)
Timoclea ovata (Pennant). (Venus ovata)
Chamelcea gallina (Linn.) (Venus striatula)
Tapes virgineus (Linn.)
— pullastra (Montagu)
Cardium exiguum (Gmelin). (C. pygmaeum)
— edule (Linn.)
Lxvicardium norvegicum (Spengler). (Cardium
Mya arenaria (Linn.)
— truncata (Linn.)
Corbula gibba (Olivi). (C. nucleus)
Ensis ensis (Linn.). (Solen. e.)
— siliqua (Linn.). (S. s.)
Solen vagina (Linn.). (S. marginatus)
Saxicava rugosa (Linn.)
Pholas dactylus (Linn.)
Barnea Candida (Linn.) (Pholas c.)
— parva (Pennant). (P. p.)
Zirfea crispata (Linn.). (P. c.)
Teredo navalis (Linn.)
Lyonsia norvegica (Chemnitz)
SCAPHOPODA
Dentalium vulgare (da Costa). (D. tarentinum)
GASTROPODA
Patella vulgata (Linn.)
— pellucida (Linn.)
Acmasa virginea (Miiller)
Emarginula fissura (Linn.) (E. reticulata)
— conica (Schumacher). (E. rosea)
FissureUa grceca (Linn.) (F. reticulata)
Gibbula tumida (Montagu). (Trochus t.)
— cineraria (Linn.) (T. c.)
Calliostoma zizyphanus (Linn.) (T. z.)
Lacuna divaricata (Fabricius). (L. vincta)
— pallidula (da Costa)
Littorina obtusata (Linn.). (L. littoralis)
— rudis (Maton)
— littorea (Linn.)
Rissoa guerini (Recluz). (R. costulata)
Paludestrina stagnalis (Baster). (Rissoa ulvce)
Capulus hungaricus (Linn.). (Pileopsis h.)
Calyptrasa chinensis (Linn.)
Trivia europosa (Montagu). (Cyprea e.)
Natica catena (da Costa), (n. monilifera)
— alderi (Forbes)
Lamellaria perspicua (Linn.)
Velutina lavigata (Pennant)
Triforis perversa (Linn.) (Cerithium adversum)
Scala clathrus (Linn.). (Scalaria communis)
— clathratula (Adams). (Scalaria c.)
Cioniscus albidus (G. Adams). (Aclis unica)
Aclis ascaris (Turton)
Turbonilla lactea (Linn.). (Chemnitzia elegan-
tissima)
Eulima polita (Linn.)
Coecum glabrum (Montagu)
Turritella communis (Lamarck)
Buccinum undatum (Linn.)
Neptunea antiqua (Linn.). (Fusus antiquus)
Ocinebra erinacea (Linn.). (Murex e.)
Purpura lapiUus (Linn.)
Nassa reticulata (Linn.)
— pygmasa (Lamarck)
Bela turricula (Montagu). (Mangelia t.)
— rufa (Montagu). QA. r.)
Tornatina obtusa (Montagu). (Cyclichna o.)
Philine aperta (Linn.)
It will thus be seen that by combining my own observations with
those of others who have so kindly assisted me, it has been possible to give
a fairly satisfactory account of some of the groups of marine animals met
with both on the north and south-east coasts of Kent. At the same
' 97 13
A HISTORY OF KENT
time several very important groups have been more or less completely
overlooked by all of us. For example none of the lists contain any of
the Cephalopoda^ which I think I should have obtained if I had used my
small traw^l at Queenborough. When the Copepoda which I had
collected and preserved in alcohol were examined it was found that they
had deteriorated too much for proper identification. The sea spiders
{Pantopoda) seem also to have been overlooked, except a small specimen
oiPycnogonum littora le ionnd by me at Queenborough. The Crustacea
and fish are dealt with by other authors. Making due allowance for
imperfect collecting, there appears to be a marked difference between
the animals along the north and south-east shores of Kent, and still more
so between both and the coasts of Essex and Suffolk. A number of
animals which I have found in considerable quantity on one side of the
Thames estuary I have never seen on the other side ; and I am surprised
to find how much difference there is between the species collected by
others near Whitstable and Folkestone and those I have myself collected
during many years along the coasts of Essex and Suffolk. I much
regret that it is now out of my power to thoroughly investigate this wide
and difficult question of local distribution.
gy
MOLLUSCS
NON-MARINE
The non-marine mollusca are plentifully represented in Kent, the
physical features of the county being eminently favourable to their
development.
The terrestrial forms are more abundant throughout the northern
portion, or chalk district, than in the sandy and clayey areas verging on
the Weald, and find those varied conditions of bare dow^n, or wooded
dell and hedgerow, that suit the different requirements of the several
species. One of these, Helicella cantiana, takes its name from the county,
though this ' Kentish snail ' is by no means confined to this area : it was
apparently a late introduction into these islands, for it has not yet been
found in any but the most recent post-tertiary deposits.
The aquatic forms are nearly all present and abound in the numerous
ponds and streams as well as in the rivers ; while the salt-marshes and
estuaries of the coast provide suitable habitat for the brackish-water
forms.
The literature on the subject is very scattered, and consists mainly
of lists relating to isolated localities or notes concerning isolated occur-
rences. The most comprehensive paper is that on the ' Land Mollusca
of Kent,' by A, Santer Kennard {Kent. Mag. 1896, i. 418). From
these sources and the Records of the Conchological Society the sub-
joined list has been compiled.
Of the 139 species occurring in the whole of the British Islands, no
less than 1 1 1 may be met with in Kent. Among this number no account
is taken of such records as Helix pisana, alleged to have been found near
Folkestone, that was most probably only one of the endless varieties of
the somewhat similar Helicella virgata. Nor is Clausilia biplicata counted,
two examples of which were found in rejectamenta on the shore of
Dartford Creek, whither they had probably been wafted by the Thames
from some locality much higher up on its course. Still less is any notice
taken of the Helix cantianiformis, a name bestowed by a French con-
chologist on some unimportant variety of the ' Kentish snail.' Nor has
Vivipara contecta been included, though it once swarmed in a pond at
Beckenham, since filled in, where it was apparently introduced.
Three other species occur in post-tertiary deposits of the county
that have not yet been met with living in the district, viz. : Vertigo
antivertigo, V. pusilla and Succinea oblonga. The first two may have been
drifted down to their present place of sepulture, but the last-named was
certainly at one time a snail of Kent.
99
A HISTORY OF KENT
The two species of more particular interest in the assemblage,
which is characteristic for the south-east of England, are Helicella cartu-
siatia and Helix pomatia. The former is now a coastal species, practically
confined to Kent and Sussex, but it formerly ranged into east Kent, being
found in rain-wash deposits at Otford, Exedown and Greenhithe ; it has
also been obtained from a post-tertiary deposit at Felstead in Essex, and
a single dead (and possibly fossil) example has been picked up at Long
Stratton, Norfolk : it has even been reported from more remote locali-
ties, though these are doubtful records. The ' Roman snail ' {Helix
pomatia), long thought to have been introduced by the Romans, but now
known to have been a denizen of this country before their arrival, is
confined to the chalky ridge of the North Downs, along which it is met
with at intervals to as far east as Charing, so that here as elsewhere in
England it stops short of the sea.
A noteworthy absentee is Dreissensia polyt7iorpha, so plentiful in the
Thames further west, but nowhere recorded in Kent.
An introduction worthy of remark and one which may perhaps
ultimately become established, is the pretty little conical Helicella elegans,
for a colony of this species brought over from southern Europe has
been settled near Dover, where it appears to be flourishing and spreading.
A. GASTROPODA
I. PULMONATA
a. Stylommatophora
Testacella hal'iotidea, Drap. Sevenoaks ; Beck-
enham
— scutulum, Shy. Faversham ; Folkestone ;
Mabledon
Limax maximus, Linn.
— Jiavus, Linn.
— arborum, Bouch. -Chant. Local
AgrioUmax agrestis (Linn.)
— lavis (Mull)
Amalia sowerbii (F^r.)
— gagates (Drap.). Chatham ; Wichling
Fitrina pellucida (Mull.)
Vitrea crystallina (Mull.)
— alUaria (Miller)
— glabra (Brit. Auct.)
— cellaria (Mull.)
— nitidula (Drap.)
— pura (Aid.)
— radiatula (Aid.)
— nltida (Mull.)
— fulva (Mall.) Local
Ar'ion ater (Linn.)
— hortensis^ Ylr.
— circumscriptus, John.
— intermedius, Norm. Bromley
— subfuscus (Drap.). Wichling
Punctum pygniaum (Drap.)
Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.). Sevenoaks ;
Dover
— rotundata (Mull.)
Helicella v'lrgata (Da C.)
— itala (Linn.)
— caperata (Mont.)
— cantiana (Mont.)
— cartudana (Mull.)
Hygromia fusca (Mont.). Maidstone
— granulata (Aid.)
— hhp'ida (Linn.)
— rufescens (Penn.)
Acanthinula aculeata (Mull.). Local
Vallonia pulchella (Mull.)
Helidgona lapicida (Linn.)
— arbiistorum (Linn.)
Helix aspersa (Mull.)
— pomatia, Linn. Brastead ; Cudham ;
Otford ; near Maidstorte ; Stalisfield ;
Charing
— nemoralis, Linn.
— hortensis, Moll.
Buliminus obscurus (Mull.)
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull).
Axeca tridens (Pult.) Local
Cacilianella acicula (MqII).
Pupa secale^ Drap. Between Dover and
Folkestone
— cylindracea (Da C.)
— muscorum (Linn.)
Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.). Keston
MOLLUSCS
Vertigo minutissima, Hartm. Maidstone
(scarce)
— substriata (JefF.). Westerham ; rejecta-
menta of river Stour
— pygmtea (Drap.)
— angustior^ JefF. Ightham
Balea perversa (Linn.). Maidstone (scarce) ;
Sevenoaks ; Downe
Clausila lam'inata (Mont.)
— bidentata (Strom.)
— rolphii. Gray. Local
Succinea putris (Linn.)
— elegans, Risso. Greenhithe ; Deal
b. Basommatophora
Carychium minimum, MqII.
Alexia myosotis (Drap.). Erith ; river Stour,
Richborough
Leuconia bidentata (Mont.). Rejectamenta of
river Stour, Richborough
Jncylns fuviatilis, Mull.
Velletia lacustris (Linn.)
Limncea auricularia (Linn.)
— pereger (Mull.)
— palmtrii (Mull.)
— truncatula (Mall.)
— stagnalis (Linn.)
— glabra (Moll.). Erith
Amphipeplea glutinosa (Mull.). Sandwich ;
Deal
Planorbis corneus (Linn.)
— albus. Mull,
Planorbis glaber, Jeff. Thames Marshes ;
Paddock Wood
— nautileus (Linn.)
— carinatus, Miill.
— marginatus, Drap.
— vortex (Linn.)
— spirorbis, Milll.
— contortus (Linn.)
— fontanus (Lightf.)
— lineatus (Walker). Sandwich ; Deal
Physa fontinalis (Linn.)
— hypnorum (Linn.). Local
IL PROSOBRANCHIATA
Paludestrina confusa (Frau.). Thames Marshes
(almost, if not quite extinct)
— jenkinsi (Smith). Thames Marshes below
Crossness ; rejectamenta of river Stour ;
Hythe (one dead specimen)
— ventrosa (Mont.). Erith ; Ramsgate
— stagnalis (Bast.). Thames marshes and
dykes around the coast
Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.)
— leachii (Shepp.)
Vivipara vivipara (Linn.)
Valvata piscinalis (Mull.)
— cristata, Mali.
Assiminea grayana, Leach. Thames Marshes ;
Sandwich
Pomatias elegans (Miill.)
Acicula lineata (Drap.). Folkestone
Neritina fluviatilis (Linn.). River Medway
B. PELECYPODA
Unio pictorum (Linn.)
— tumidus, Retz.
Anodonta cygncea (Linn.)
Sphierium rivicola (Leach)
— corneum (Linn.)
— lacustre (Mall.)
udium amnicum (Mull.)
pusillum (Gmel.)
nitidum, Jenyns. Chislehurst
fontinale (Drap.). Ebbsfleet.
milium (Held.). Keston ; Heme Bay
INSECTS"
There are few English counties which had a more interesting insect
fauna than Kent, and this was doubtless due to its numerous and
extensive woods and marshes, to the varied geological formations, its
vast extent of coast line and river border and its proximity to the
continent.
Until a comparatively recent period probably no county in England
produced so many species of insects and so large a number of specimens ;
but the advantageous natural conditions of Kent have during the last
fifty years been seriously injured by over-cultivation and over-population,
the destruction of old woods and by the gradual encroachment, on the
north-western portion of the county, of London and its south-eastern
suburbs. The very small amount of common and waste lands in the
county, as compared with the thousands of acres of forests or woods,
heaths and commons in Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Dorset, Devon and
many other counties, and the extensive acreage devoted to hop gardens,
orchards and market gardens, may account for the rarity or entire absence
of some species formerly abundant in the county. On the other hand
certain species which are common on the continent are more frequently
found in Kent than in any other county in England.^
Probably no other English county has been so thoroughly worked
for the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) ; and the Coleoptera (beetles)
have also been most assiduously collected. The Orthoptera (grass-
hoppers, etc.), the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants) and the
Hemiptera (bugs) have not been neglected ; but the Neuroptera (dragon-
flies, etc.) and Diptera (flies) seem to have received less attention than
has been given to these orders in many other counties.
ORTHOPTERA
Earwigs, Grasshoppers, Crickets, Cockroaches, etc.
With the exception of Hampshire, Kent has a longer list of species
of this order than any other English county. Altogether thirty-three
' The sequence of the orders here followed is that adopted by Dr. D. Sharp, F.R.S., in the
Cambridge Natural History (1889-92). — H. G.
- I have to express my cordial thanks, for valuable assistance received, to the late Mr. C. G. Barrett,
F.E.S.; the late Mr. A. Beaumont, F.E.S. ; Mr. B. Bower, F.E.S. ; Mr. Malcolm Burr, Bj\., F.L.S. ;
Mr. E. A. Butler, B.A., B.Sc. ; Mr. Arthur J. Chitty, M.A., F.E.S ; Mr. Albert B. Earn, F.E.S. ; Mr.
Charles Fenn, F.E.S.-, Mr. Hubert Elgar ; the Rev. Canon Fowler, M.A., D.Sc, F.L.S. ; Mr. Edward
Goodwin; the late Colonel Howard L. Irby, F.L.S. ; Mr. William J. Lucas, B.A., F.E.S. ; Dr. H. G.
Knaggs.M.D., F.L.S. ; the late Mr. Robert McLachlan,F.R.S. ; Captain Savile G. Reid, R.E.,F.Z.S. ;
Mr. Edward Saunders, F.R.S. ; Mr. Frederick W. L. Sladen, F.E.S. ; Mr. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. ;
Commander J. J. Walker, R.N., F.L.S. ; Mr. Sydney Webb ; Mr. W. West; and Colonel John W.
Yerbury, R.A., F.Z.S.— H. G.
103
A HISTORY OF KENT
species are included, of which twenty-five appear to be indigenous ; five
are certainly introduced, and two are irregular or occasional visitors. The
more noteworthy Orthoptera from Kent are Apterygida albipennis, which
has been taken in only one other English county ; Platycleis rceselii, a
great rarity ; and Decticus verrucivorus, one of our scarcest grasshoppers.
Further collecting will doubtless show that the Mole Cricket {Gryllotalpa
gryllotalpd) and the Field Cricket {Gryllus campestris), and perhaps also
Mecostethus grossus, Ectobia lapponica and Platycleis brachyptera, are to
be found within its borders. Some at least of these species may be
confidently expected, and it is easily within the bounds of possibility
that forms new to the British fauna may be discovered. A few localities,
as for instance the Folkestone warren and the Deal sandhills, have been
well worked and have produced interesting forms. There are without
doubt many other spots in Kent which would equally repay the
collector.
FORFICULARIA
Ea?-'wigs
The rare earwig Labidura riparia. Pall., which is undoubtedly
indigenous to Great Britain, has been taken on the beach at Folke-
stone by a young lady who had ' sufficient observation to see that the
insect was a peculiar one, sufficient courage to capture it, and sufficient
discrimination to send it to ' the Rev. J. G. Wood.^ Anisolabis anmilipes,
Luc, has been taken at Queenborough and in numbers on the Isle of
Sheppey by Com. J. J. Walker, R.N. The Lesser Earwig [Labia minor, L.)
is frequent in the evening during the early summer, flying often in
company with Staphylinidce over dungheaps and flower beds. Forjicula
auricularia, L., the common earwig, is abundant everywhere. F. lesnei,
Finot, is somewhat locally distributed, but is fairly numerous on shrubs
in the Folkestone warren, and may best be taken by sweeping. That
rarity, Apterygida albipennis, Meg., was captured many years ago by
Professor Westwood at Ashford, and recorded by Stephens. Since
then it has only been once taken in Britain, i.e. in Norfolk in 1889.
A. arachidis, Yers., is a cosmopolitan form, and has been taken in
numbers in the Chemical Works at Queenborough by Com. J. J.
Walker, R.N.
BLATTODEA
Cockroaches
The little cockroach Ectobia parizeri, Steph., is by no means rare
on the sandhills at Deal. E. livida, Fabr., has been taken at Broadwater
Forest near Tunbridge Wells by Mr. F. Milton. Phyllodromia germanica,
L., the ' German Cockroach,' is numerous in many hotels, restaurants,
stores, etc. It has been noted at Blackheath and Folkestone. Blatta
orientalis, L., is of course abundant in most houses. Periplaneta americana,
L., also occurs in stores and warehouses, especially in seaport towns.
1 Insects at Home, by the Rev. J. G. Wood, p. 230. Mr. Lucas reports the capture of a second
specimen in 1902, so the species may now be considered as established as a British insect. — H. G.
104
INSECTS
ACRIDIODEA
Grasshoppers
TriixalldcB. Stembothrus Hneatus, Panz., is a local form, but abun-
dant in Folkestone warren, and S. viridulus, L., is common on grassy-
places throughout the county. That handsome grasshopper S. rufipes,
Zett., has been taken at Bromley, Heme Bay and Folkestone warren.
S. bicolor, Charp., and S. paralklus, Zett., are our two most abundant
grasshoppers. S. elegans, Charp., is abundant on the sandhills at Deal.
Gomphocerus rufus, L., is by no means common ; Com. J. J. Walker, R.N.,
has taken it at Chatham, and in 1896 it was common at the eastern
end of the Folkestone warren, though in 1898 none were to be seen
there ; it frequents grassy slopes and hillsides exposed to the sun. The
little grasshopper G. maculatus, Thunb., is common on sandy heaths
throughout the county ; it has been recorded from Holtye Common,
Deal, Folkestone warren, Tunbridge Wells and at Evington near Wye.
(Edipodidce. It is very doubtful whether the true Pachytylus migra-
torius, L., has ever occurred in this country. It is essentially an eastern or
levantine species, and swarms at times in Roumania and south Russia.
It has undoubtedly been taken as far west as Sicily, but almost certainly
the majority of so-called P. migratorius recorded in Britain are to be
referred to the following species. It is included here as most of the
locusts taken from time to time in Great Britain are recorded as
P. migratorius, and it is just possible that it may have occurred. The
locust P. danicus, L. {cinerascens, Fabr.), usually reported as Gryllus
migratorius, has been taken at various times in the county of Kent.
In 1846 numbers of locusts were observed at Margate; in 1848 G.
migratorius was plentiful at Heme Bay and frequent at Margate,* and
in 1859 was again plentiful at Heme Bay.
Of the Tettigidce, I'ettix subulatus, L., is widely distributed and
common. 7". bipunctatus, L., is still commoner than the last.
LOCUSTODEA
Grasshoppers
Phaneropteridce. Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc, has been recorded
from Heme Bay, Bromley, New Eltham, Folkestone warren, and from
near Strood. It is by no means rare, and probably is widely distributed
throughout the county.
Meconemidce. The delicate little grasshopper Meconema varium,
Fabr., is commoner than the above ; it is most probably common
throughout the county, and has been recorded from Bromley and New
Eltham.
ConocephalidcE. That handsome grasshopper Xiphidium dorsale, Latr.,
is one of our rarer species ; it has been recorded from Heme Bay and
» Rye Ent. W. Int. (Oct. 3, 1857), iii. 7-8.
I 103 14
A HISTORY OF KENT
Deal, and should be sought for in marshy places, and may best be taken
by sweeping.
Locustida. The Great Green Grasshopper {Locusta 'uiridissima, L.) is
one of our largest British insects. It is common along the south coast,
and very numerous at Deal, on the cliffs by Dover, in the warren at
Folkestone, and one was recorded from Broadstairs by the Rev. Canon
Fowler.
Decticida. That widely distributed and by no means uncommon
species Thamnotrizon cinereus, L., is frequently to be heard chirping on
warm autumn evenings in hedges and thickets, especially before rain ; it
is very abundant at the Folkestone warren, and occurs also at Edenbridge,
at Evington near Wye and near Strood. Platycleis grisea, Fabr., is com-
mon on open dry places, especially among rest-harrow and on chalky cliffs.
It is abundant on the Deal sandhills, on the Dover cliffs, in the warren
and on the cliffs at Folkestone. Mr. W. J. Lucas reports the capture
of one specimen between Walmer and Dover. P. roeselii^ Hagenb., is one
of our rarest grasshoppers, but has been taken at Heme Bay. The Wart-
biter {Decticus verrucivorus, Linn.) is one of our finest grasshoppers, but
is far from common. A specimen taken at Rochester by Professor
Henslow is recorded by Stephens and Curtis, and the species has been
twice taken at St. Margaret's Bay. D. albifrons, Fabr., a purely meri-
dional form, was taken at Ramsgate in 1850,' certainly an accidental
occurrence.
GRYLLODEA
Crickets
GrylUda. Gryllus domesticus, L., the House Cricket, is common
in many old houses and in bakeries. The Field Cricket (G. campestris,
L.) and the Mole Cricket {Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L.) will probably be
discovered in Kent before long, but cannot up to the present be recorded
from the county.
NEUROPTERA
Dragonjiies, Stom-JIies, Lacewings, Caddis-fies, etc.
Although some divisions of the insect fauna (the Lepidoptera,
Coleoptera and Hymenoptera, for instance) of the county of Kent have
been well worked out, this seems to be far from the case with most of
the Neuroptera. The numerous marshes must produce a plentiful caddis-
fly (T'richoptera) fauna, and probably a number of species of may-flies
{Ephemeridid), while no doubt the Planipennia (lacewings, etc.) would
repay working, especially in the hop gardens and orchards. That the
minute Psocidia have not been sought after is not surprising, and probably
owing to the absence of rapid streams the stone-flies [Perlidid) are not
well represented. Of the distribution of the most conspicuous group,
' Ent. Mo. Mag. xxx. 236.
106
INSECTS
the dragonflies [Odonata], on the other hand, we are fairly well acquainted,
and of them a useful list, including some fairly good species, can be given ;
but even these would repay attention.
Of the hibellulidce nine species have been recorded. Sympetrum
striolatum, Charp., has occurred at Lee (F. M. B. Carr), Heme Bay
(W. H. Bath), Appledore near Ashford (A. Beaumont), Kingsgate
(H. A. Sauze), Ramsgate (C. W. Colthrup), Sandwich (W. J. Lucas),
Deal and Dover district (C. G. Hall), Folkestone (H. J. Turner). A
male of S. fouscolombii, Selys, was taken in 1881 at Deal, and is now, I
believe, in the Dover Museum.^ One specimen of S. Jiaveolutn, Linn.,
was captured (G. T. Porritt) on the sandhills near Deal in August, 1888.^
S. sanguineutn, Miill., seems to be well distributed, at any rate in the
east, being noted from Appledore (Beaumont), Horsmonden (R. South),
Gravesend (Turner), Sandwich (Lucas), the Deal and Dover district
(Hall). Libellula depressa, Linn., has been recorded from Folkestone
(Porritt) and the Deal and Dover district (Hall) ; L. quadrimaculata,
Linn., from Kingsdown (Hall) and Dover (Porritt), sandhills. Deal
(Carr) ; while in 1900 an immigration of the latter was noticed in
the neighbourhood of Margate by H. Stocks and A. J. Mann. The
rare L. fuha, Miill., has more than once occurred at Deptford,^ Heme
Bay,* a female at Kingsdown near Deal in 1881 (Hall), and a rather
worn but full-coloured male near Sandwich, 22 August, 1898 (Lucas).
Orthetrum ccerulescens^ Fabr., has been noticed at Chattenden (Turner),
and 0. cancellatum, Linn., formerly occurred at Lee (McLachlan). Turn-
ing to the Mschnidce, we have no recent records oi Anax imperator. Leach,
but Evans gives Herne,° and it used to be found at Lee (McLachlan).
Brachytron pratense, Miill., is recorded for Sandwich, Deal and Dover
(Hall), and Heme.® Of the rare Mschna mixta, Latr., Kent has produced
a good number during the last year or two, localities being Appledore
(Beaumont), Ramsgate and Hythe (Colthrup), Deal (R. J. McOnie),
Kingsgate (Sauze), Shoreham (A. A. Buckstone), Folkestone (S. G. Hills).
M. cyanea, Miill., has been recorded for Appledore (Beaumont), Chatten-
den (Turner), Heme,' Deal and Dover district (Hall), Folkestone (Porritt) ;
and JE. grandis, Linn., from Deal and Dover district (Hall).
The last family, Agrionidce, needs more attention, recorded localities
being rather scanty. They are : Lestes sponsa, Hansem., Appledore
(Beaumont), Sandwich (Lucas), Deal (Hall) ; Platycnemis petinipes^
Pall., Sandwich (Carr) ; * Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz., Deal and Dover
district (Hall), Folkestone (Turner), Sandwich (Carr) ; Ischnura elegans,
Lind., Appledore (Beaumont), Horsmonden (South), Gravesend marshes
(Turner), Sandwich (Lucas), Deal, Dover and Folkestone (Hall) ; Agrion
pulchellum, Lind., Canterbury, (H. M. Briggs), Ramsgate (Colthrup), Deal
(Hall) ; A.puella, Linn., Deal and Dover district (Hall), Sandwich (Carr) ;
Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp., Gravesend marshes (Turner). Of these,
1 Vide Ent. Mo. Mag. xxi. 21 and xxv. 163. ^ Vide ibid. (1889), p. 214.
' Stephens' Ultutrations, pub. 1836. * Evans, Brit. Lib. pub. 1845.
6 Ibid. « Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid.
A HISTORY OF KENT
although so few locaHties for them have actually been recorded, no doubt
Sympetrum striolatum, JEschna grandis and Ischnura elegans are all over the
county, and probably the same may be said of Libellula depressa, JEschna
cyanea and Agrion puella}
HYMENOPTERA
PHYTOPHAGA
SawJJies, IFood-ivasps and Gall-flies
The saw-flies, wood-wasps and gall-flies are chiefly vegetable feeders,
but some of the species belonging to the group of gall-flies occur as
parasites inside the bodies of other insects.
The larvae of the sawflies [T^enthredinidce) somewhat resemble the
caterpillars of the Lepidoptera ; they can however be distinguished from
these by the larger number of legs. Most of them feed upon the leaves
of various plants and trees, and some of the species are very destructive.
Amongst these may be mentioned the Turnip Fly {Athalia spinarum, F.),
also Nematus ribesia. Scop., which attacks gooseberry and currant bushes
and sometimes almost strips them of their foliage. In the Cephida the
larvs are maggot-like and live inside the stems and buds. Cephas
pygmaus, L., inhabits corn-stalks and occasionally injures the crops
seriously, but it has not been reported as having done much damage
in this country.
The wood-wasps [Siricidce) are the largest insects in this section.
The larvas bore galleries in the wood of fir-trees. The two species of
Sirex that have occurred in Kent are probably not truly indigenous, but
were originally introduced in timber coming from abroad.
Most of the gall-flies [Cynipidce) produce morbid growths or
swellings known as galls on the stems, leaves, buds, flowers or roots of
the plants on which they feed. A few species do not make galls, but
feed on those produced by others.
With regard to the parasitic Cynipidce^ these mostly attack the
larvEe of certain Diptera and Aphides.
Few entomologists have up to the present interested themselves in
this section of the Hymenoptera, consequently the following list is prob-
ably far from complete : —
LIST OF KENTISH PHYTOPHAGA
Tenthredinid^ Tenthredinid^ {continued)
Tenthredo livida, L. Maidstone (Frisby), Tenthredo mandibularis, Pz. Darenth
Darenth (Chitty), Ripple (Sladen) IVood (Stephens)
— velox, Fab. Kent (Stephens) — maculata, Fourc. Darenth (Chitty),
— rufiventris, Pz. Darenth (Chitty), Maidstone (Frisby)
Maidstone (Frisby) — bicincta, L. Throwley (Chitty), Ripple
— atra, L. Darenth (Stephens) (Sladen), Maidstone (Frisby)
1 Of dragonflies not yet taken Sympetum scoticum, Don. ; Cordulia anea, Linn. ; Cordukgaster annu-
latus, Latr. ; jEschna juncea, Linn. ; Calopleryx spkndens, Harr. ; C. virgo, Linn. ; and Erythromma naias,
Hansem, are almost certainly present ; while Gomphus vulgatissimus, Linn. ; Lestes dryas, Kirb. ; Pyrrhosoma
tenellum, Vill. ; Ischnura pumilis, Charp. ; and Jgrion mercuriale, Charp., are not unlikely to be found.
loS
INSECTS
TENTHREDiNiDiE [continued)
Tenthredo mesomela, L. Common
— punctulata, Klug. Darenth (Chitty)
Rhogogastera viridis, L. Generally dis-
tributed
— picta, Klug. Widely distributed
— lateralis, Fab. Dareyith and Throtvley
(Chitty)
— aucuparias, Klug. (= gibbosa, Fall.).
Blackheath (Beaumont), Dover (Sla-
den), Maidstone (Frisby), Throwley
(Chitty)
Tenthredopsis litterata, GrofF.
var. cordata, Fourc. Lewisham
(Beaumont), Boxley (Frisby)
var. microcephala, Lep. Lewisham
(Beaumont), Throwley (Chitty)
var. femoralis, Steph. Plumstead
(Beaumont), Dover (Stephens)
var. caliginosa, Ste. Blackheath
(Beaumont), Throwley (Chitty)
— coqueberti, Klug. ( = nigricollis. Cam.).
Widely distributed
— scutellaris. Fab. Dover (Sladen)
— flavomaculata, Cam. Plumstead (Beau-
mont)
— ornata, Lep. Throwley (Chitty)
— campestris, Cam. Throwley (Chitty)
— dorsivittata, Cam. Plumstead (Beau-
mont)
— inornata. Cam. Plumstead (Beaumont),
Throwley (Chitty)
— nassata, L. Common
Pachyprotasis rapae, L. Widely distributed
— variegata, Thoms. Darenth Wood
(Stephens), Maidstone (Frisby)
Macrophya blanda, Fab. Throwley
(Chitty)
— neglecta, Klug. Ripple (Sladen), Throw-
ley (Chitty), IVrotham (Elgar),
Boxley^ Barming (Frisby, etc.)
— l2-punctata, L. Throwley (Chitty)
— albicincta, Schr. Plumstead (Beau-
mont), Throwley (Chitty), Maid-
stone (Frisby)
— ribis, Schr. Darenth Wood (Stephens)
— rustica, L. Boxley (Frisby)
— rufipes, L. Plumstead (Beaumont),
Ripple, St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen) ;
Darenth, Dover (Stephens)
— punctum-album, L. Throwley (Chitty),
Barming (Frisby)
Allantus scrophulariae, L. Throwley
(Chitty), Folkestone, Boxley (Elgar)
— tricinctus, Fab. Lewisham (Beaumont),
Ripple, St. Margaret's Bay (Sla-
den) ; Darenth (Stephens), Maidstone
(Frisby)
— marginellus. Fab. Throwley (Chitty)
— arcuatus, Forst. Common
Tenthredinid^ (continued)
Allantus cingulum, Klug. Birch Wood
(Smith), Throzuley (Chitty)
— viduus, Rossi. Darenth Wood (E.
Newman), Dover (C. W. Dale)
Dolerus palmatus, Klug. Darenth Wood
(Stephens)
— pratensis, Fall. Blackheath (Beaumont)
— picipes, Klug. Blackheath (Beaumont),
Throwley (Chitty)
— triplicatus, Klug. Maidstone (Frisby)
— lateritus, Klug. Dover (Sladen)
— fulviventris, Scop. Maidstone (Frisby)
— palustris, Klug. Dover (Sladen)
— gonagra, F. Common
— puncticollis, Thoms. Throwiey (Chitty)
— liogaster, Thoms. Blackheath (Beau-
mont)
— hcematodis, Schr. Dover (Sladen),
Plumstead (Beaumont)
— fissus, Htg. Plumstead (Beaumont),
Throwley (Chitty), Dover (Sladen),
Maidstone (Frisby)
— intermedius, Cam. Lewisham (Beau-
mont)
— niger, Klug. Plumstead (Beaumont),
Throwley (Chitty)
— aeneus, Htg. Plumstead (Beaumont),
Throwley (Chitty)
— elongatus, Thoms. Lewisham (Beau-
mont)
— coruscans, Kon. Throwley (Chitty)
Strongylogaster mixtus, Klug. Blackheath
(Beaumont)
Selandria serva, F. Common
— sixii, Voll. Blackheath (Beaumont)
— stramineipes, Klug. Throwley (Chitty),
Maidstone (Frisby)
— morio, F, Throwley (Chitty)
Taxonus
— ? agrorum, Fall. Birch Wood (Stephens)
— equiseti. Fall. Blackheath (Beaumont)
— glabratus. Fall. Widely distributed
Poecilosoma pulveratum, Retz. Lewisham
(Beaumont)
— guttatum. Fall. Lewisham (Beaumont)
— ? submuticum, Thoms. Dover (Sladen)
Eriocampoides annulipes, Thoms. Chat-
tenden (Beaumont)
— rosje, Harris. Blackheath (Beaumont)
Blennocampa albipes, Gmel."l Lewisham
— ruficrus J (Beaumont)
— ephippium, Pz. 1 Blackheath
— alchemillise. Cam./ (Beaumont)
— subcana, Zad. 1
— pusilla, Klg. \Lewisham (Beaumont)
— alternipes, Kl.j
— aterrima, Klug. Chattenden, Dodington
(Chitty)
— assimilis. Throwley (Chitty)
109
A HISTORY OF KENT
Tenthredinid^ [continued)
Tomostethus funereus, KIg. Appkdore
(Beaumont)
Hoplocampa pectoialis, Thorns. Lewis-
ham (Beaumont)
— plagiata, Klg. Lewiiham (Beaumont)
— chrysorrhoea, Klg. Appkdore (Beau-
mont)
Emphytus cinctus, L. Blackheath (Beau-
mont), Boxley (Frisby), Chattenden
Roughs, Throwley and Dodington
(Chitty)
— cingulatus, Lep. Darenth (Cameron,
Brit. Phyt. Hym. i. 271), Throwley,
etc. (Chitty)
— melanarius, Klug. Darenth IFood
(Stephens)
— calceatus, Klg. Blackheath (Beaumont),
Darenth, Birch Wood, Dover (Ste-
phens)
— tibialis, Pz. Blackheath (Beaumont)
— filiformis, Klg. Darenth (Stephens)
Phyllotoma vagans. Fall. Lewisham (Beau-
mont)
Fenusa melanopoda, Cam."!
— pumila, Klug. I Lewisham
— ulmi, Sund. j (Beaumont)
— betulas, Zad. J
Athalia ancilla, Lep. Darenth, Deal
(Chitty) ; Lewisham (Beaumont),
Ripple (Sladen)
— spinarum, F. Lewisham (Beaumont),
Maidstone (Frisby)
— rosae, L. Common
— lugens, Klg. Catford (Beaumont)
Dineura stilata, Klug.! ^, , ,„, . ,
-verna,Klug. | ^^''^^^^^ (^h.tty)
Croesus septentrionalis, L. Maidstone
(Frisby)
Cladius pectinicornis, Fourc. Widely dis-
tributed
— viminalis. Fall. 1 r • , ,r> %
— rufipes, Lep. I L'^^'^''"'" (Beaumont)
— drewseni, Thoms. Catford (Beaumont)
— padi, L. Throwley (Chitty), Blackheath
(Beaumont)
Nematus myosotidis, F. Maidstone (Frisby)
— ruficornis. Appkdore (Beaumont),
Rippk (Sladen)
— lucidus, Pz. Darenth /^W (Stephens ?)
— caprese, Pz. Lewisham (Beaumont)
— turgidus, Zad. Throwley (Chitty),
Lewisham (Beaumont)
— pallidiventris, Fall.\ Plumstead (Beau-
— obductus, Htg. J mont)
Tenthredinid^ [continued)
Nematus lacteus, Thoms. Maidstone
(Frisby), Plumstead (Beaumont)
— salicivorus, Cam. Plumstead (Beau-
mont)
— tibialis, Newm."! „, ,, , ,r> n
^J• 17 [ Blackheath [iiz3.umont)
— myosotidis, F. J '' '
— fruticum, Evers. Darenth Wood (Ste-
phens)
— ribesii, Scop. Blackheath (Beaumont)
— gallicola, West. Plumstead (Beaumont)
Pteronus testaceus. Appkdore (Beaumont)
Cimbex sylvarum, F. Maidstone (Frisby)
— femorata, L. Maidstone (Elgar), Dart-
ford (Leach)
— lutea, L. I j^^^^^^f^ jf^^^j (Leach)
— connata, Schr. J ^ '
Trichiosoma scalesii. Leach. Darenth
JVood (Stephens)
— vittelinae, L. Darenth Wood (Leach)
— lucorum, L. Ripple (Sladen), Barming,
Maidstone (Elgar)
— betuleti, Klug. Blackheath (Beaumont),
Maidstone (Frisby)
Abia sericea, L. Maidstone (Frisby)
Hylotoma fuscipes. Fall. Darenth Wood
(Stephens)
— ustulata, L. Throwley (Chitty)
— cyano-crocea, Forst. Blackheath (Beau-
mont), Throwley (Chitty)
Lophyrus pini, L. Maidstone (Elgar)
Pamphilus sylvarum, Ste. Darenth (Ste-
phens), Chattenden (Chitty)
— betulae, L. Birchwood (Stephens)
— inanitus, Vill. Boxley (Elgar)
Cephid^
Cephus femoratus, Curt. Darenth (Chitty)
— linearis, Schrank. Throwley (Chitty),
Chattenden (Beaumont)
— phthisicus, F. Chattenden (Beaumont),
Throwley (Chitty)
— tabidus, F. Rippk (Sladen), Darenth
(Chitty)
— pygmaeus, L. Throwley (Chitty),
Ripple (Sladen), Maidstone district
(Frisby)
— pusillus, Ste. Throwley (Chitty)
SiRiciDi?:
Sirex gigas, L. Maidstone (Frisby, etc.),
Burham (Elgar), Rippk (Sladen)
— juvencus, L. Maidstone (Frisby, etc.)
ORYSSIDyE
Oryssus abietinus. Scop. Darenth JVood
(Stephens)
1
2
Distributed
throughout Kent
/Ty^, Edenbridge ;
common
Wye, Edenbridge ;
plentiful
Wye ; not plentiful
Edenbridge ; common
/^j^, Edenbridge ;
fairly common
Distributed
throughout Kent
Distributed
j throughout Kent
Wye ; scarce
/Tj^, Edenbridge ;
fairly common
Distributed
throughout Kent
Edenbridge ; not
common
Wye ; scarce
g
II
1
.h's It's -se It ^ '8 i -. -s 111 -s
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fill 1-1 ill Ij II 1
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1
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..... jb ... . . . -2. ;^
^- . . i .^ 1 ^ ."
1 15 . 1 . 3 2= . . . . .i -^ 8
1 M 1 II 1 1 ! 1. 11 i
II 1 1 til 1 i 1! 1 1 t
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M i f i i'l -lis Ji 1 lui" 8 I J
1 1 1 1 i if |||i|| i|||| 1 1 if
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jl= - 111= =- = 4P12I i =-2
H
ttlt 1 i II llfllt |ll|i 1 till
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A HISTORY OF KENT
Mr. Lewis has also found eight galls formed by the following Cynipidx in Kent : —
Xestophnes potentillae, Cam. Rhodites rosae, Htg.
Aulax glechomse, Htg. — eglanteriae, Htg.
Diastrophus rubri, Htg. — nervOsus, Curt.
ENTOMOPHAGA
Ichneumori-Jiies, etc.
This is by far the most extensive and perplexing section of the
Hymenoptera. It is also the one that has been studied least, and it is
safe to say that a large number of the species occurring in Kent have not
even been described. This section therefore presents an exceptionally
interesting and promising field for entomological research.
The Entomophaga are parasites of the most pronounced kind ; they
deposit their eggs inside the bodies of other insects, and the larv£e feed
on the living tissues, avoiding the vitals until the fleshy portions have
been devoured. For this purpose the female is armed with a sting-like
ovipositor, which varies in length. In some of the groups the ovipositor
is visible — sometimes it is long — but in others it is concealed.
The Entomophaga prey mostly upon common species of insects. A
few of them confine their attacks to single species, but the majority feed
on a variety of species, and attack them in the larval stage. It is usual
for a number of specimens to inhabit the body of one caterpillar, and the
parasites are almost sure to cause death eventually, although cases are on
record in which the victim has arrived at the perfect stage. The
victims of many of the Entomophaga are destructive to crops, and were
it not for the attacks of the parasites the damage they might do would
be very great. The ichneumon-flies are therefore of the greatest
economic value, and few insects have a more important part to play in
maintaining the balance of nature.
The species vary in length from about an inch to less than
a millimetre. A large number of the species are exceedingly minute,
and can only be properly examined under a powerful lens.
The Entomophaga have been collected to some extent in Kent, and
several interesting species have been taken. One or two of these will be
mentioned in the following brief notice of each of the main groups.
Ichneutnonida. This is one of the largest groups, and probably
over a thousand species exist in the county, of which only about 300
have been recorded. Relative to those of other groups the majority of
the species are large. They are slender insects. Many of them are
black with yellow and red markings, and the antenns and legs are more
or less yellow. The large brightly-coloured species chiefly belong to the
extensive group of which the genus Ichneumon, L., is the type. Rhyssa
persuasoria, L., has occurred lately near Dover ; it destroys the larvs of
Sirex gigas. This ichneumon-fly is nearly an inch in length, and the
ovipositor, which is used to drill holes into trees infested with the
Sirex larvas, is itself longer than the body.
Braconidce, This is a moderate-sized group, of which probably over
INSECTS
200 species occur in Kent, although, as in the case of the Ichneumon-
ids, it is very difficult to make an accurate estimate. One of the best
known examples of this group is Apanteles glomeratus, L., which destroys
the larv£ of the common Garden White Butterfly {Pieris brassicce, L.),
and its little yellow cocoons may often be seen around the shrivelled skin
of its victim. Agathis mahacearum, Lat., an interesting and somewhat
rare species, has occurred at Appledore and near Dover ; it is parasitic
on Parasia lapella^ L. Blacus armatulus, Ruthe, has recently been intro-
duced into the British list from a specimen taken at Appledore.
Proctotrypidce. This group includes some of the very smallest
insects, and they are either parasitic on small insects or they infest the
eggs of larger ones. Several species have been taken in Kent.
Chalcididce. A great number of small insects are included in this
group. Brachymeria Jiavipes, one of the largest of the common species
found in the county, is only a quarter of an inch in length. Several of
the species are brilliantly metallic, but their beauties can only be seen
under the microscope. Certain species of the genus Ptero?»alus occa-
sionally swarm on the window panes of dwelling houses at some seasons
of the year, principally in the autumn.
'Evaniida. Although the British representatives of this group number
only six, it deserves more than passing notice. These insects may be
distinguished from all other Hymenoptera by the fact that the abdomen,
which is petiolated, springs from the upper or dorsal surface of the thorax,
and this gives them a most striking appearance. Faenus assectator, L., is
a common insect at St. Margaret's Bay, where it probably preys on
several species of wasps and bees.
TUBULIFERA
CHRYSIDID^
This little group of brilliantly coloured insects, popularly known as
' Ruby-tailed Flies,' is well represented in Kent. Chrysis ignita, L., is
the commonest and at the same time one of the largest and prettiest of
the British species, and it may be met with in all parts of the county,
hovering in hot sunshine around brick walls and old palings, its metallic
blue-green head and thorax contrasting strikingly with the fiery-red
abdomen, which shows a greenish-golden tinge in some lights. The
other species are not frequently met with.
The Chrysididce deposit their eggs in the cells of various Aculeata,
and the larvae devour the aculeate larvas. Chrysis ignita, L., attacks
several kinds of wasps and bees ; C. viridula, L,, is to be found especially
around the burrows of Odynerus spinipes.
The following species have been recorded from Kent : —
Cleptes pallipes, Lep. Lewhham (Beaumont) Ellampus auratus, L. Common
— nitidula, Fab. Kingsdown, St. Margaret's — caeruleus, Dahlb. ( = violaceus, Scop.).
Bay (Sladen) Leiulsham (Beaumont), Beamed (Elgar)
I 113 15
A HISTORY OF KENT
Ellampus aeneus, Fab. Lewisham (Beaumont) Chrysis pustulosa, Ab. Maidstone (Elgar)
Hedychridium minutum, Lep. ( = ardens, — viridula, L. (= bidentata, L.)- St.
Coq.). Deal, Dover (Sladen) ; Barming Margaret' i Bay (Sladen), Bearsted
(Elgar) (Elgar)
Chrysis neglecta, Shuck. Maidstone (Elgar), — ignita, L. Common everywhere
St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen) — ruddi, Shuck. St. Margaret's Bay
— cyanea, L. Lewisham (Beaumont), (Sladen)
Barming, Heme Bay (Elgar)
ACULEATA
Ants, Wasps and Bees
This section of the Hymenoptera has been studied in Kent more
than any of the others, and the occurrence of 303 species is recorded
out of the 384 that have up to the present been taken in Great
Britain. These include 16 species of ants (Heterogyna), 99 species of
sand- wasps {Fossores), 18 species of true wasps [Diploptera), and 170
species of bees {Anthophild) .
The habits of the Aculeata are more diverse and interesting than
those of any other insects. Most of them Uve solitarily, each female
forming and provisioning her own nest ; but in each of the groups
except the Fossores there are a few species which dwell in colonies, the
majority of the occupants of the colonies being workers (imperfect
females). The history of the formation and maintenance of these
colonies is more like that of a romance than a plain statement of natural
facts. Amongst the bees several genera are in a manner parasitic on
other bees ; they lay their eggs in their nests, so that the young of the
parasite feeds upon the pollen that another bee has provided for her own
offspring. The name of cuckoo-bees or ' inquilines ' has been given to
these parasites.
The food of the ants consists chiefly of animal matter, but scarcely
anything comes amiss to them ; the wasps, solitary and social, prey
mostly upon small insects which they catch and give to their young in
a living or freshly-killed condition, although many of the adults are fond
of honey, etc. ; the bees subsist entirely on honey and pollen gathered
from flowers.
As many as 8 species of Aculeata have not hitherto been recorded
from any place in Britain outside of Kent. These are : T'achytes lativahis.
Thorns., Miscopius maritimus, Sm., Cerceris emarginata, Pz., Odyfierus crassi-
cornis, Panz., and among the bees Prosopis piinctulatissbna, Sm., Bofnbus
pomorum, Vznz. , Andre?ja polita,^m.., and Cilissa melanura, Nyl. The last-
named species has only recently been introduced into the British list. Of
the others only two species have been taken lately, Miscophus maritimus,
Sm., which occurs annually at Deal, and Andrena polita, Sm.
A considerable amount of collecting has been done at intervals
stretching over a good many years in certain spots in the county, but
there are several large districts that are still entirely uninvestigated, and
these certainly contain many rare and interesting species and probably a
few new ones. The sandhills at Deal have long been known as a good
114
INSECTS
locality at which many important captures have been made ; the coast
between Deal and Dover has also been a favourite collecting ground for
some time, the most productive spots on it being Kingsdown and St.
Margaret's Bay. Some very good collecting has recently been done in
the neighbourhood of Maidstone, and here Oaken Wood near Barming,
Ightham Common and Upper Hailing have proved to be the best
localities.
The late Frederick Smith took several species in various parts of
the county which have not been met with since his time. One or two
of his insects have however been rediscovered at or near the original
locality — some quite lately — and it is probable that a careful search will
bring more of them to light. Of those that have recently been redis-
covered there are two species that deserve special mention, Phtlanthus
triangulum. Fab., and Andrena polita, Sm. A single male of the former
insect — a very handsome sand-wasp — was taken on the leas at Folkestone
14 August, 1898. The latest previous record of the capture of this in-
sect in Britain was more than thirty years before. This insect is particu-
larly interesting on account of its being the only sand-wasp which has
been observed to be bold enough to attack honey-bees for the purpose
of provisioning its nest with them. Andrena polita, Sm., was taken by
Smith probably about fifty years ago in the chalk pits at Northfleet, and
there has been no other recorded capture of this rare bee in Britain until
a female was taken at Upper Hailing in July, 1901.
Sphecodes rubicundus, v. Hag., is an interesting species of bee that
was first discovered to be British near Dover in 1895 ; it has however
since been taken in one or two places in the east and south of England.
The males of almost all the other British species of the genus Sphecodes
appear in July and August, but those of this species were found flying
in May. This and other circumstances pointed to the theory that this
species associated with Andrena labialis as an inquiline, and the idea has
lately gained weight. It is the more interesting because other species of
Sphecodes are believed to associate with the Halicti.
Another bee that calls for special attention is Botnbus smtthianus.
White. The variety of this species that occurs in Kent resembles
B. venustus very closely. It appears to be quite common in Romney
Marsh, where the writer has taken the males in abundance at the
flowers of the marsh mallow [Althcea officinalis).
Andrena lapponica, Zett., was discovered as a new bee to Britain
at Ightham near Maidstone in May, 1895. It has however occurred
recently in Cumberland and Scotland.
The collectors in the county are much indebted to Mr. Edward
Saunders, who has identified a large number of their captures and has
done much to arouse and maintain interest in this somewhat neglected
order of insects.
It is hoped that the following list may form the basis of a fuller
one in later years when our knowledge of the Kentish distribution of
these insects is increased.
115
A HISTORY OF KENT
HETEROGYNA
FORMICID^
Formica, L.
— rufa, L. Common in some districts.
Near Maidstone (Frisby), near Roches-
ter and Bredhurst (Elgar), Throwley
(Chitty)
— fusca, L. "I Generally
„ race cuniculariaj distributed
Lasius, Fab.
— f"''g'"r''^^*'" I Generally distributed
— niger, L. j
„ racealienus. Deal Sandhilh, Dover
(Hall)
— flavus, De Geer. Common
— umbratus, Nyl. Throwley (Chitty)
PoNERIDiT
Ponera, Latr.
— contracta, Latr. Rare. Deal (C. W.
Dale), Throwley, Charing Hill
(Chitty)
— punctatissima, RoEjer. Bromley (Saun-
ders), Deal (Hatl)
MYRMICIDi^:
Formicoxenus, Mayr.
— nitidulus, Nyl. Blean Woods (Chitty)
Myrmecina, Curt.
— latreillei, Curt. Near Down (White),
Dodington (Chitty)
Tetramorium, Mayr.
— cjEspitum, L. Throwley (Chitty), Deal,
Dover (Smith)
Leptothorax, Mayr.
— acervorum, Fab. Kings Wood near
HoUingbourne, ' Goddard's Castle,'
Thurnham (Frisby); Wye (White),
Throivley (Chitty)
— tuberum. Fab.
„ race nylanderi. Lfc (White),
Bromley (Saunders)
Stenamma, West.
— westwoodi. West. Rare. Maidstone
(Frisb)'), Twibridge Wells, Deal,
Charlton (White)
Myrmica, Latr.
— rubra, L.
„ race ruginodis ] generally
» " l^^>"°d>s distributed
„ „ scabrmodisj
Solenopsis, West.
— fugax, Latr. Rare. Deal (Smith)
FOSSORES
MUTILLID^
MutiUa, L.
— europaea, L. Rare. Darcnth, Binh
Wood (Smith) ; Rochester (Marshall)
— rufipes, Lat. Deal (Saunders, etc.) ;
MuTlLLlD^ [continued)
Chatham (Saunders) ; Plumstead,
Charlton, St. Margaret's Bay (Smith)
Myrmosa, Latr.
— melanocephala, Fab. Barming near
Maidstone (Elgar) ; Chatham, Heme
Bay (Saunders) ; Deal (Smith) ;
Kingsdown near Deal, St. Margaret's
Bay (Sladen)
TlPHID^
Tiphia, Fab.
— femorata. Fab. Kingsdown, St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen) ; Birch Wood, Deal
(Smith)
— minuta, V. de Lind. Ringwould near
Dover (Sladen)
Sapygid^
Sapyga, Latr.
— 5-punctata, Fab. Bromley (Saunders),
Barming (Elgar), near Dover (Sladen),
Throwley (Chitty)
POMFIUD^
Pompilus, Fab.
— unicolor, Spin. St. Margaret's Bay
(Sladen), Dartfird (Smith)
— bicolor, Lep. Upper Hailing (Lamb)
— rufipes, L. Deal (Smith, etc.)
— plumbeus. Fab. Deal (Smith, etc.)
— niger. Fab. Maidstone, Barming [Elg^r),
Wychling (Norton)
• — minutulus, Dalhb. St. Margaret's Bay
(Sladen), Throwley (Chitty)
— spissus, Schiodte. Boxlcy, Barming
(Frisby), Throwley (Chitty)
— chalybeatus, Schiodte. Deal (Saunders)
■— gibbus. Fab. Generally distributed
— wesmaeli, Thoms. Deal (Saunders)
— unguicularis, Thoms. Deal, Heme
Bay (Saunders), Throwley (Chitty)
— pectinipes, V. de Lind. Deal (Saun-
ders, etc.), Sandu'ich (Marshall), St.
Margaret's Bay (Sladen), Throwley
(Chitty)
Salius, Fab.
— fuscus, L. Widely distributed
— affinis, V. de Lind. Deal, Walmer
(Smith)
— exaltatus. Fab. Generally distributed
— notatulus, Saund. Erith, Darenth, Deal
(Smith)
— obtusiventris, Schiodte. Erith, Darenth
and Birch Wood (Smith), Dover (Sla-
den), Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— pusillus, Schiodte. Heme Bayi^2MnAzx%),
Throwley (Chitty)
— parvulus, Dahlb. Bromley (Saunders),
St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen), Throw-
ley (Chitty)
Calicurgus, Lep.
— hyalinatus. Fab. Throwley (Chitty)
INSECTS
PoMPILID.« {continued)
Pseudagenia, Kohl.
— carbonaria, Scop. Rare. Canterbury,
Birch Wood, Bexley (Marshall)
Agenia, Schiodte
■— hircana, Fab. Boxley (Frisby)
— variegata, L. IVychling (Norton)
Ceropales, Lat.
— maculata, Fab. Birch IVood (Smith),
Throw ley (Chitty)
Sphegid^
Astata, Latr.
— stigma, Panz. Deal (Smith, etc.)
Tachytes, Panz.
— unicolor, Panz. Rare. Deal (Smith,
etc.)
— pectinipes, L. Generally distributed
— lativalvis, Thoms. Very rare. Deal,
1882 (Saunders)
Miscophus, Jur.
— maritimus, Smith. Deal (Smith, etc.)
Trypoxylon, Latr.
— figulus, L. Maidstone district (Frisby,
etc.), Heme Bay (Elgar), Throw ley
(Chitty)
— clavicerum, Lep. Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.). Throw ley (Cliitty)
— attenuatum. Smith. Barming (Elgar)
Ammophila, Kirb.
— sabulosa, L. Barming, King's IVood
near Maidstone (Elgar) ; £)?fl/(Smith)
— campestris, Lat. JVychling (Norton)
— hirsuta, Scop. Deal (Saunders)
— lutaria, Fab. Deal (Smith, etc.)
Spilomena, Shuck.
— troglodytes, V. de Lind. Charlton
(Smith), 8t. Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
Stigmus, Jur.
— solskyi, Mor. Otham (Frisby, etc.),
Tunbridge IVells (Saunders)
Pemphredon, Latr.
— lugubris, Latr. 1 r-. ,
,° , J- n^r Common and
— shuckardi, Mor. \ n j- . u j
— lethifer. Shuck. / g'^nerally distributed
— morio, V. de Lind. Blackheath (Beau-
mont)
Diodontus, Curt.
— minutus, Fab. Common and generally
distributed
— luperus, Sluick. Dra/ (Saunders), iStf«<^-
wich (Marshall)
— tristis, V. de Lind. Generally distri-
buted
Passaloecus, Shuck.
— corniger. Shuck. J<f<7/V/5/5«^ (Frisby, etc.)
— insignis, V. de Lind. Maidsione{Frif,hy,
etc.)
— gracilis. Curt. Maidstone (Frisby)
— monilicornis, Dhlb. Rare. Dodington
(Chitty)
Sphegid^ (continued)
Mimesa, Shuck.
— shuckardi, Wesm. Boxlef (Frisby)
— bicolor,Fab. Erith,Deal,'Dover[?,m\t\\),
Darenth (Marshall)
— unicolor, V. de Lind. Charlton (Smith)
Psen, Latr.
— pallipes, Panz. Common and gene-
rally distributed
Gorytes, Latr.
— tumidus, Panz. Deal (Saunders), St.
Alargarei's Bay (Sladen), Sandwich
(Marshall), Boxley (Frisby)
— mystaceus, L. Sandling Woods (Frisby,
etc.), Barming (Elgar), Throwley
(Chitty), Wychling (Norton)
— quadrifasciatus, Fabr. Birch Wood
(Shuckard)
Nysson, Latr.
— spinosus. Fab. Barming (Elgar), Ring-
would (Sladen), Throwley (Chitty)
— dimidiatus, Jur. Kingsdown (Sladen),
Deal (Smith)
Mellinus, Fab.
— arvensis, L. Generally distributed
Philanthus, Fab.
— triangulum. Rare. Pegwell Bay{^m'\t\\),
Folkestone (Freke)
Cerceris, Latr.
— ornata, Schaff. Maidstone, Barming,
Upper Hailing (Elgar) ; Ringwould,
St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
— emarginata, Panz. Very rare. Kings-
down (Smith)
— quadricincta, Panz. Rare. Faver-
sham, Canterbury (Smith) ; Tilman-
stone (Sladen) ; Xjppcr Hailing (Elgar)
- — arenaria, L. Bearsted (Frisby), Maid-
stone (Elgar)
— interrupta, Panz. Birch JVood {^m\x\i)
— labiata. Fab. Kingsdown (Smith), Rams-
gate (Marshall), Tilmanstone (Sladen),
Upper Hailing (Elgar)
Oxybelus, Latr.
— uniglumis, L. Generally distributed.
— mucronatus, Fabr. Rare. Deal
(Smith)
Crabro, Fab.
— tibialis, Fab. Rare. Sandling Wood,
near Maidstone (Frisby), Tunbridge
Wells (Saunders)
— clavipes, L. Maidstone (Frisby, etc.),
Ringivould (Sladen)
— leucostomus, L. Common and gene-
rally distributed
— pubescens, Shuck. Dodington, Throw-
ley (Chitty)
— podagricus, V. de Lind. Bromley
(Saunders), Faversham (Chitty),
Barming (Lamb)
A HISTORY OF KENT
Sphegid^ (continued)
Crabro gonager, Lep. Rare. Near Allington
Locks, Maidstone (Bennett) ; Boxley
(Frisby)
— palmarius, Schreb. Birch and Darenth
Woods (Smith)
— palmipes, L. Maidstone district (Frisby,
etc.), Durenth (Chitty)
— varius, Lep. Maidstone (Frisby)
— anxius, Wesm. Tunbridge IVells
(Saunders)
— wesmaeli, V. de Lind. Barming (Elgar)
— elongatulus, V. de Lind. Boxley, Maid-
stone {Frishy, etc.) ; Throwley (Chitty)
— quadrimaculatus, Dhlb. Widely dis-
tributed
— dimidiatuSjFab. Maidstone{^n%\iy,&X.z)
— vagabundus, Panz. Maidstone, Barm-
ing (Elgar)
— cephalotes, Panz. Generally distributed
— chrysostomus, Lep. Maidstone (Frisby,
etc.), Yalding, Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— vagus, L. Throwley (Chitty), Upper
Hailing (Elgar)
— cribrarius, L. Generally distributed
— peltarius, Schreb. Boxley (Frisby, etc.),
Barming (Elgar), Throwley (Chitty)
— interruptus, De G. Darenth (Smith),
Ringvjould{^\2.Aen),Maidstone{^\gzr),
Throwley (Chitty)
— lituratus, Panz. Upper Hailing (Elgar),
Dodington, Throwley (Cliitty)
— albilabris. Fab. Generally distributed
— panzeri, V. de Lind. Darenth, Birch
Wood (Smith)
Entomognathus, Dahlb.
— brevis, V. de Lind. Common
DIPLOPTERA
EUMENID^
Odynerus, Latr.
— spinipes, L. Throwley (Chitty), St.
Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
— melanocephalus, Gmel. Betteshanger,
St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen) ; Barm-
ing, Blean (Elgar); Deal (Smith),
Throwley (Chitty), Wychling (Norton)
callosus, Thoms.
[Generally distributed
— parietum, L. _,
— pictus. Curt. Maidstone (Frisby, etc.),
Birling (Elgar), Ripple, St. Margaret's
Bay (Sladen) ; Throwley (Chitty)
— trimarginatus, Zett. Heme Bay (Saun-
ders),£)6'(?/(Smith, etc.), St. Margaret's
Bay (Sladen), Dungencss, Maidstone
(Eigar) ; Throzvley (Chitty)
— trifasciatus,01iv. Upper Halling{E\gzr),
Ripple (Sladen)
— parietinus, L. Widely distributed
— antilope, Panz. Maidstone (Frisby)
EuMENID^ [continued)
Odynerus crassicornis, Panz. Very rare.
Near Darenth Wood (Smith)
— gracilis, Brullc. Boxley (Frisby, etc.),
Barming (Elgar)
— sinuatus, Fab. Wychling (Norton),
Throwley (Chitty)
Vespid^
Vespa, L.
— crabro, L. Not common. Maidstone
(Frisby, etc.)
— vulgaris, L. \ Common and
— germanica, Fab.j generally distributed
— rufa, L. I Qg^grally distributed
— sylvestns. Scop. ) '
— norvegica. Fab. Borough Green (Frisby),
Maidstone district (Elgar), Ringwould
(Sladen), Sittingbourne (Chitty)
ANTHOPHILA
COLLETID.*:
Prosopis, Fab.
— cornuta, Sm. Rare. Throwley {CW\tty),
Kingsdown (Sladen), Oaken Wood,
Barming, Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— masoni, Saund. Local. Walmer
(Saunders, etc.), Kingsdown, St.
Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
• — dilatata, Kirby. Rare. Barming, Upper
Hailing, Folkestone (Elgar) ; Kingsdown
(Sladen), Throwley (Chitty)
— communis, Nyl. Generally distributed
— signata, Panz. Kingsdown, St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen) ; Maidstone
(Frisby, etc.), Throwley (Chitty)
— punctulatissima, Smith. Very rare.
Birch Wood (Smith)
— hyalinata. Smith. Common
— confusa, Nyl. Maidstone A'KU\cX.{Fnshy,
etc.), Throwley (Chitty), Ripple (Sla-
den)
— brevicornis, Nyl. Generally distributed
— pictipes, Nyl. Maidstone di\stnzti^\gzr),
Bromley, Heme Bay (Saunders) ; Dar-
enth (Chitty)
Colletes, Latr.
— succincta, L. King's Wood near Maid-
stone, Ightham (Elgar) ; St. Margaret's
Bay (Sladen)
— picistigma, Thoms. Kingsdown, St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen) ; Yalding, Heme
Bay, Upper Ha lling{E\gaT); Throwley
(Chitty)
— marginata. Smith. Deal (Smith, etc.),
St. Margaret's Bay (Elgar)
— daviesana. Smith. Maidstone district,
Folkestone (Elgar)
ANDRENID.ffi
Sphecodes, Latr.
— gibbus, L. Generally distributed
ii8
INSECTS
ANDRENiDiS {continued)
Sphecodes reticulatus, Thorns. Rare. St.
Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
— subquadratus, Sm. Common every-
where
— spinulosus, V. Hag. Rare. Upper
Hailing (Elgar), St. Margaret's Bay
(Sladen)
— rubicundus, v. Hag. Rare. Ripple^
St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen) ; Faver-
sham (Chitty), Farleigh, Upper Hal-
ling (Elgar)
— pilifrons, Thoms. Faversham (Chitty),
Maidstone district, Hollingbourne
(Frisby, etc.) ; Hothfield (Elgar)
— similis, Wesm. Dover district (Sladen),
Canterbury, Bromley (Saunders) ;
Maidstone district (Frisby, etc.),
Favershatn (Chitty)
— ferruginatus, Schenck. Ripple, St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen) ; Ightham (Elgar)
— hyalinatus, Schenck. Hollingbourne,
Upper Hailing, Hothfield (Elgar)
— puncticeps, Thoms. Maidstone, tipper
Hailing (Elgar), Deal and Dover dis-
trict (Sladen), Faversham (Chitty)
— variegatus, v. Hag. Heme Bay (Saun-
ders), Faversham (Chitty), Maidstone
(Elgar), Deal and Dover district (Sla-
den)
— dimidiatus, v. Hag. Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.)
— affinis, V. Hag. Generally distributed
Halictus, Latr.
— rubicundus, Chr. Common everywhere
— quadricinctus. Fab. Local. St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen), Upper Hailing
(Elgar)
— maculatus, Sm. Very rare. Upper
Hailing (Elgar)
— xanthopus, Kirb. Kingsdown (Smith,
etc.), Dartford (Perkins), St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen), Lenham, Boxley,
Barming, Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— leucozonius, Schrank. Common every-
where
— - zonulus. Smith. Generally distributed
— quadrinotatus, Kirb. Generally distri-
buted
— lasvigatus, Kirb. Greenwich, Charlton
(Smith) ; Upper Hailing, Snodland
(Elgar)
— cylindricus. Fab. Common everywhere
— albipes, Kirb. Generally distributed
— pauxillus, Schenck. Throwley (Chitty)
— subfasciatus, Nyl. Generally distri-
buted
— villosulus, Kirb. Common everywhere
— breviceps, Saund. Bromley (Saunders),
Barming, Wrotham (Elgar)
AndreniDjE [continued)
Halictus punctatissimus, Schenck. Deal
(Saunders), Barming, Brasted Chart
. (Elgar)
— nitidiusculus, Kirb. Common every-
where
— minutus, Kirb. Tunbridge Wells (Saun-
ders), Bearsted (Frisby, etc.), Barm-
ing (Elgar), Faversham (Chitty)
— minutissimus, Kirb. Widely distributed
— tumulorum, L. Common everywhere
— smeathmanellus, Kirb. Widely dis-
tributed
■— morio. Fab. Common everywhere
— leucopus, Kirb. Generally distributed
Andrena, Fab.
— albicans, Kirb. Common everywhere
— pilipes. Fab. Darenth, Walmer (Smith),
Ramsgate (Marshall), Dover (Walker),
St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
— tibialis, Kirb. Generally distributed
— bimaculata, Kirb. Hothfield (Lamb),
Dodington (Chitty)
— rosje, Panz. (= trimmerana, Kirb.).
Common everywhere
„ var. spinigera. Hollingbourne, Upper
Hailing (Elgar) ; Faversham (Chit-
ty), Ripple (Sladen), Tunbridge
Wells, Canterbury (Saunders) ;
Maidstone (Frisby)
— thoracica. Fab. Darenth, Folkestone
(Chitty) ; Wychling (Norton), Chat-
tenden (Elgar), Ripple, Chislet (Sladen)
— nitida, Fourc. Widely distributed
— cineraria, L. Dodington (Chitty), il/^r^-
worth (Lamb)
• — fulva, Schr. Common
— clarkella, Kirb. Faversham (Chitty),
Maidstone (Frisby, etc.), Wychling
(Norton)
— nigroasnea, Kirb. Common
— gwynana, Kirb. „
— angustior, Kirb. Boxley (Frisby, etc.),
Maidstone, Barming (Elgar) ; Faver-
sham (Chitty), Wychling (Norton)
— apicata. Smith. Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.), Wychling (Norton),
Faversham (Chitty)
— pratcox. Scop. Canterbury (Saunders),
Boxley (Frisby, etc.)
— lapponica, Zett. Rare. Ightham (Elgar)
— varians, Rossi. Maidstone distnct{FT\sby,
etc.), Faversham (Chitty), Wychling
(Norton)
— helvola, L. Ryarsh (Elgar), Faversham
(Chitty), Ripple (Sladen), Bromley,
Tunbridge Wells (Saunders)
— ambigua. Perk. Ripple (Sladen)
— fucata, Sm. Faversham (Chitty), Wych-
ling (Norton)
19
A HISTORY OF KENT
Andrenid^ {continued)
Andrena nigriceps, Kirb. Rare. Kingsdown
(Smith, etc.)
— simillima, Sm. Kingsdown (Smith), St.
Matgareis Bay (Sladen), Folkestone
(Elgar)
— fuscipes, Kirb. King's Wood near
Hollinghournc (Frisby, etc.), Ightham,
Brasted Chart (Elgar)
— denticulata, Kirb. Barming, Upper
Hailing (Elgar) ; Dodington (Chitty)
— fulvicrus, Kirb. Generally distributed
— fasciata, Nyl. Canterbury, Tiinbridge
Wells (Saunders) ; Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.), Faversham (Chitty)
— ferox, Sm. Rare. Dodington, Throiu-
ley (Chitty) ; Wychling (Norton)
— hattorfiana, Fab., dark var. Between
Walmer and Kingsdotun (Saunders,
etc.), Tilmanstone, Ringivould (Sladen)
— hattorfiana. Fab., red var. Upper Hal-
ling (Elgar) ; also at Erith, Darenth,
Birch Wood (Smith)
— cetii, Schrank. Kingsdown (Smith,
etc.), Dartford (Smith), Tilmanstone,
Ringivould (Sladen)
— cingulata. Fab. Boxley, HoUinghourne
(Elgar) ; Ripple (Sladen) ; Faversham
district (Chitty)
— albicrus, Kirb. Widely distributed
— chrysosceles, Kirb. Widely distributed
— coitana, Kirb. Faversham (Chitty),
Kingsdown (Sladen), Walmer (Smith),
Barming (Frisby, etc.), Kin^s Wood,
Luddesdown (Elgar)
— fulvago, Christ. Ripple (Sladen), Faver-
sham (Chitty)
— polita,Sm. Very rare. Northjieet l^mxth),
Upper Hailing (Elgar and Lamb)
— humilis, ImhofF. Maidstone, Barming
(Elgar) ; King's Wood (Frisby), Tun-
bridge Wells (Smith)
— labialis, Kirb. Widely distributed
— niveata, Friese. Ripple (Sladen), Faver-
sham (Chitty)
— minutula, Kirb. Common
— nana, Kirb. Widely distributed
— proxima, Kirb. JVrotham, Boxle\, Blue
Bell Hill, Upper Hailing (Elgar) ;
Throwley (Chitty)
— dorsata, Kirb. Barming, Maidstone
(Elgar) ; Faversham (Chitty)
— similis, Sm. Barming (Elgar), King's
Wood near HoUinghourne (Frisby),
Wychling (Norton)
— wilkella, Kirb. Generally distributed
— afzeliella, Kirb. Common
Cilissa, Leach.
— h^morrhoidalis, Fab. Kingsdoiun
(Smith), Upper Hailing (Elgar),
Andrenid^ [continued)
Ewell Minnis, St. Margaret's Bay
(Sladen)
Cilissa melanura, Nyl. Rare. St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Sladen), Upper Hailing
(Elgar)
— leporina, Panz. Deal and Dover dis-
trict (Sladen), Heme Bay, HoUing-
hourne, Hailing (Elgar) ; Faversham
(Chitty), Gravesend, Frith (Smith)
Nomada, Fab.
— solidaginis, Panz. Near Maidstone,
Hothfield, Brasted Chart, Upper
Hailing (Elgar) ; Tilmanstone (Sla-
den) ; Throwley (Chitty)
— fucata, Panz. Rare. Boxley (Elgar),
Throwley, Kingsdozvn (Chitty),
Darenth (Smith)
- — ■succincta, Panz. Common
— lineola, Panz. Faversham (Chitty),
Betteshanger (Sladen), Maidstone,
Boxley, Bredhurst (Elgar) ; Wychling
(Norton)
— alternata, Kirb. Common
— jacobaeae, Panz. Deal and Dover dis-
trict (Sladen), Faversham (Chitty),
Hothfield (Elgar)
— alboguttata, H. Schf. Rare. Farn-
horough (Smith)
— ruficornis, L. Common
„ var. signata, Jur. Wychling
(Norton), Ripple (Sladen)
— bifida, Thoms. Canterbury (Saun-
ders), King's //^W (Frisby), Faversham
(Chitty), Ripple (Sladen)
— borealis, Zett. Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.), Faversham (Chitty),
Wychling (Norton)
— ochrostoma, Kirb. Faversham (Chitty),
Maidstone district (Frisby, etc.), St.
Margaret's Bay, Ripple (Sladen) ;
Bromley (Saunders), // 'ychlingi^oxton)
— armata, H. SchfF. Very rare. Deal
(Smith)
— ferruginata, Kirb. Rare. King's Wood
(Frisby, etc.), Farleigh (Elgar), Deal
(Smith)
— fabriciana, L. Generally distributed
— flavoguttata, Kirb. ^a.v/c^' (Frisby, etc.),
JVrotham, Upper Hailing (Elgar) ;
Faversham (Chitty), Betteshanger
(Sladen)
— furva, Panz. Widely distributed
Dasypoda, Lat.
— hirtipes, Lat. Deal (Smith, etc.),
Hothfield, Lydd (Elgar) ; Charlton,
Paul's Cray (Smith)
Panurgus, Panz.
— calcaratus. Scop. Blackheath (Smith)
— ursinus, Gmel. Ramsgate (Marshall)
INSECTS
Apid^
Epeolus, Latr.
— productus, Thoms. Bearsted, St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Elgar), Charing (Mar-
shall)
— rufipes, Thoms. Deal (Smith, etc.)
Ceratina, Lat.
— cyanea, Kirb. Boxley^ Upper Hailing
(Elgar) ; Folkestone (Lewis)
Chelostoma, Lat.
— florisomne, L. Bromley, Tunhridge
Wells (Saunders) ; Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.), IVrotham (Elgar),
Faversham (Chitty), Ripple (Sladen)
— campanularum, Kirb. Maidstone{Y\\'i'oy,
etc.), Boxley (Elgar)
Coelioxys, Lat.
- — quadridentata, L. Maidstone, IVrotham,
BrastedChart(E\g^r) ; Ripple {Shden)
— rufescens, Lep. \ xir-, i i- •, j
> f^ Widely distributed,
— elongata, Lep. k •' '
â– T but not very common
— acuminata, Lep. J •'
Megachile, Lat.
— maritima, Kirb. Occurs all along the
coast. Also at Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— willughbiella, Kirb. Widely distributed
— circumcincta, Lep. Folkestone JVarren
(Elgar)
— ligneseca, Kirb. Blackheath (Saunders),
Maidstone district, Chattenden{E\gnr);
Faversham (Chitty), Deal and Dover
district (Sladen)
— centuncularis, L. Common
— versicolor, Sm. King's Wood, Hothfield
(Elgar) ; Faversham (Chitty), Wych-
ling (Norton)
— argentata. Fab. Deal (Smith, etc.),
Littlestone (Elgar), Ramsgate (Mar-
shall)
Osmia, Panz.
— rufa, L. Common
— pilicornis, Sm. King's Wood near Maid-
stone, Banning, Ryarsh, Detling (El-
gar) ; Dodington, Torry Hill (Chitty) ;
Wychling (Norton)
— xanthomelana, Kirb. Rare. Darenth
Wood (Smith)
— coerulescens, L. Common
— fulviventris, Panz. Widely distributed
— bicolor, Schrank. On southern slopes
of chalk downs near Maidstone (El-
gar), Faversham (Chitty), JVychling
(Norton), St. Margaret's Bay (Sladen)
— aurulenta, Panz. Deal, Kingsdoivn, St.
Margaret's Bay (Sladen) ; Folkestone,
Reculver, Wrotham, Hailing (Elgar) ;
Mailing (Frisby), Heme Bay (Mar-
shall). Breeds in snail shells.
— Icucomelana, Kirb. Not common.
Barming Wrotham, Upper Hailing
AviDJE. [continued)
(Elgar), Charlton (Smith), Kingsdown
(Sladen), Dodington (Chitty)
Osmia spinulosa, Kirb. Widely distributed ;
abundant on the chalk
Stelis, Panz.
— aterrima, Panz. Widely distributed,
but not common
— phoeoptera, Kirb. Rare. Allington
(Elgar)
— octomaculata, Sm. Rare. Wrotham,
Upper Hailing (Elgar)
Anthidium, Fab.
— manicatum, L. Generally distributed
Eucera, Scop.
— longicornis, L, Maidstone district
(Frisby, etc.), Allington, Upper
Hailing (Elgar), Wychling (Norton),
Faversham (Chitty), Deal and Dover
district (Sladen)
Melecta, Lat.
— armata, Panz. Generally distributed
Anthophora, Lat.
— retusa, L. Bradhurst (Frisby), Monk-
down Wood near Boxley, Lydd (Elgar),
Betteshanger (Sladen), IVychling (Nor-
ton)
— pilipes, Fab. Common everywhere
— furcata, Panz. Deal (Saunders, etc.),
Dover district (Sladen), Maidstone
district (Frisby, etc.), JVychling (Nor-
ton)
— quadrimaculata, Panz. Blackheath i^-A.\xn-
ders), Upper Hailing, Burham at
black horehound (Elgar)
Saropoda, Lat.
- — bimaculata, Panz. Apparently rare.
Kingsdoivn (Sladen)
Psithyrus, Lep.
- — campestris, Panz. Faversham (Chitty),
Alkham, Ringivould (Sladen) ; Maid-
stone, Boxley (Elgar) ; Wychling (Nor-
ton)
— barbutellus, Kirb. Ripple (Sladen),
Maidstone (Frisby)
— quadricolor, Lep. Barming (Frisby,
etc.). Ripple (Sladen)
— rupestris, Fab. Generally distributed
— vestalis, Fourc. Common.
Bombus, Lat.
— smithianus. White. Dover (Latter),
Deal, Romney Marsh (Sladen) ;
Sheppey (Chitty)
— venustus, Sm. Widely distributed
— agrorum. Fab. Common everywhere
— derhamellus, Kirb. Widely distributed
— sylvarum, L. Common
— latreillellus, Kirb. Widely distributed
„ var. distinguendus. Dymchurch
(Elgar), ^^vi7j/;V;^ (Norton)
2J l6
A HISTORY OF KENT
Apid« {continued) Apid^ [continued)
Bombus hortorum, L. Common everywhere Bombus pomorum, Panz. Very rare. Deal
„ race subterraneus. Common (Smith)
„ „ var. harrisellus. — lapidarius, L. 1 ^ ,
" " ^ • T >• Common everywhere
Common — terrestris, L. J ■'
— jonellus, Kirb. Martin (Sladen), JVych- „ race lucorum, Sm. Common
ling (Norton) Apis, L.
— pratorum, L. Common everywhere — mellifica, L. Common everywhere
COLEOPTERA
Beetles
There is no county which is richer in Coleoptera than Kent. This
is due to its geographical situation and physical features. Within its
confines we find nearly all the conditions that are most productive of
beetle life — mud flats, salt marshes, brackish ditches with abundant
water plants, chalk cliffs, sandhills and stretches of seaweed covered
beach, and inland woods and undisturbed park land with plenty of
decaying trees ; while over and above all these is the luxuriant vegetation
and flora of the ' Garden of England.' On the north runs the great
estuary of the Thames, and from its right bank the deep estuary of the
Medway penetrates inland for miles, while from Whitstable to Dunge
Ness runs a varied coastline, including some of the best collecting
grounds in the kingdom, such as the Isle of Thanet, Pegwell Bay, and
the classic localities of Deal sandhills and Folkestone warren. Among
inland localities we may mention Birch and Darenth Woods, which have
been worked by collectors for more than a century, and which have been
as productive of rarities as the New Forest itself If the New Forest
has given us Anthaxia nitidula, Darenth Wood has yielded the equally
beautiful Agrilus biguttatus in numbers ; and if the New Forest and sur-
rounding district has produced species not found elsewhere in Britain,
Kent can lay claim to the same distinction. We need only mention
Harpalus cordatus, Stenolophus elegans, Brachida ?iotha, Lafigelandia anoph-
thalma, Cis bilamellatus, Lixus bicolor^ Apion lavigatum, A. semivittatum
and Baris scolopacea, and perhaps we ought to include the brilliant
Rhynchites bacchus, of which authentic specimens appear to have been
taken in Birch Wood at intervals from 1795 onwards, although now it
seems to be extinct in Britain.
The extraordinary productiveness of the district around the Medway
is shown by Com. J. J. Walker's list of the Coleoptera of the Rochester
district, which only comprises a six-mile radius round Chatham and
Rochester. This list contains over sixteen hundred species, or nearly one
half of the British Coleoptera. Com. Walker has thoroughly worked the
northern part of the county, and he would doubtless have compiled the
list of Kentish Coleoptera but for the fact that he is absent on duty in
Australian waters. I take this opportunity therefore of acknowledging
the use I have made of his valuable catalogue, and also of thanking Mr.
^ A single specimen of this insect has been recorded from the Portsmouth district, but this may
possibly have been in error. — W. W. F.
122
INSECTS
G. C. Champion for the loan of his exhaustive hst of the Coleoptera of
Kent and Surrey. I have been much helped by having had full access
to the late Dr. Power's collection while writing my work on British
Coleoptera, and I have of course included these records in my list, as well
as many others contributed by other entomologists, among them being
the late Mr. S. Stevens, Mr. R. W. Lloyd, the Rev. T. Wood, Mr. C. G.
Hall, the late Mr. W. G. Blatch and the late Mr. A. C. Horner. The
last mentioned collector paid especial attention to the small and obscure
Staphylinidce and Clavicornia of Tonbridge and its neighbourhood, and
added a considerable number of species to the Kentish fauna. The
total result has been a list which comprises the great majority of the
British Coleoptera, and which cannot, I feel sure, be beaten by any
other county of Great Britain.
Among the Carabidee, Carabus auratus, Calosoma sycophanta and
Diachromus germaiius are perhaps the most striking, but they are very
doubtfully indigenous. The genera Dyschirius and Harpaius are particu-
larly well represented, and such insects as Atnarafusca, Anchomenus livens,
Bembidium quaaripustulatum and hebia crux-minor deserve more than a
passing notice.
The best of the Dytiscids appear to be Dytiscus circumjiexus and
Hydaticus seminiger. Several species of Gyrinidse are found in the brackish
ditches, among them being G. elongatus and G. suffriani. The Hydro-
philida2 are well represented.
It would take too long to enumerate the good species that have
occurred among the Staphylinids. Aleochara brunmipennis has been taken
at Frindsbury near Rochester by Com. Walker and also at St. Mary Cray
by Dr. Sharp ; Ilyobates propinquus and /. forticornis have occurred at
West Wickham and Snodland respectively. About one hundred species
of Homalota are included in the list, several of them being very rare.
'Emus hirtus has been found on two or three occasions, and the following
deserve mention : Euryporus picipes (Strood and Faversham), ^edius
longicornis (Cobham ^^.v^), Staphylinusfuhipes (Folkestone), Ocypus cyaneus
(Folkestone), Philonthus punctus (Sheerness and Gravesend), P. fuscus
(Chatham and Cobham Vzvk), Medon castaneus (Deal), M. piceus (Bexley),
Acrognathus mandibularis (Tonbridge and Darenth Wood) and Compsochilus
palpalis (Sheerness and Tonbridge).
Among the Clavicornia several species of Atiisotoma and Colon are
especially noticeable. The very rare T'richonyx sulcicollis has been found
in one or two localities. Oxylcemus variolosus has occurred under bark at
Charlton, and one specimen of Silvatms sitnilis has been taken by Mr.
Walker in a birch faggot in Cobham Park.
Among the Scarab^ids may be mentioned Heptaulacus villosus and
Odontceus mobilicornis, and also the beautiful and very rare Gnorimus nobilis.
Several good Buprestida2 and Elaterid^ occur in the county. We
have already referred to Agrilus biguttatus. All the species of Trachys
and Throscus are found, and three or four of the red Elaters. Ludius
ferrugineus is now apparently extinct, but has occurred at Darenth Wood.
123
A HISTORY OF KENT
Ischtmies sangumicoUis, Athoiis rhombeiis and Agriotes sordidus must not be
forgotten, and Melanoius puncto-Uneatus is one of the prizes of the Deal
sandhills, and has also been taken at Pegwell Bay and at Dover.
The very rare Prionocyphon serriconiis has occurred in decaying logs
in Darenth and Birch Woods and in Cobham Park, and one pair of
Silis^ rujicollis has been found at Snodland by Com. "Walker. This species
is mostly confined to the fenny districts of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk.
Mr. Lewis captured one specimen of Dliioderus substriatus in Darenth
Wood. We have already alluded to the capture of Cis bilamellatm.
This insect was found in numbers by the Rev. T. Wood in West
Wickham Wood, and has not occurred elsewhere.
Several good species of Longicornia are found in the county, the
best being perhaps Hylotntpes baju/us, Molorchus iwibellatariim and
Strangalia scutellata. The latter species, which is not uncommon at times
in the New Forest, has been found very rarely in Cobham Park by Com.
Walker. Mr. S. Stevens many years ago recorded the capture of the
very rare S. revesiita on flowers in Darenth Wood.
The Phytophaga are very well represented. No less than thirteen
species of Cryptocephalus occur. The very rare Agelastica alni has recently
been taken at Deal by Mr. Jennings and Mr. Bedwell. Nearly thirty
species of Longitarsus are found in the county, including L. agilis, L.
distinguendus and other good insects, and Mr. Hall has taken the very
rare Crepidodera nitidula near Dover. Eleven species of Cassida have
been recorded, including C. mun-cea, C. fastuosa^ C. sanguinolenta, C.
riobilis and C. hemisphcerica.
Among the Heteromera the most notable species are perhaps the
following : T'etratoma desmaresti and T". ancora, Anisoxya fusciila, Osphya
bipunctata, Oncomera femorata (this strange insect is nocturnal in its habits
and is found on ivy and sallows and also comes to ' sugar '), Mordellistena
abdom'malis, Anaspis melanostoma, several very rare species of Meloe and
Situris muralis.
Judging from the varied flora of Kent, we should naturally expect
the Rhynchophora to be well represented, and such is certainly the case.
Many very good bark and decayed wood species also occur, such as
Macrocephalus albinus and Tropideres niveirostris. More than seventy
species of Apion are found, two of them being peculiar to the county,
and most of the other genera occur in much the same proportion. It is
hard to particularize, but the following species are worthy of especial
notice : Ccenopsis Jissirostris (Chislehurst and Plumstead), Brachysomus
hirtus (Cobham Park and Tonbridge), Hypera tigrina (Folkestone), Procas
armillatus (Darland Hill), Ceuthorrhynchus syrites (Birch Wood and Erith),
C. suturelha (Hythe, etc.), and C. pilosellus (Deal, etc.), Phytobius quadri-
nodosus (hte), Baris scolopacea (Sheerness), and Cryphalus fagi (Westerham
and Tonbridge).
* In the recently published List of the Beetles of Ireland, by the Rev. W. F. Johnson and Mr. J.
L. Halbert, this species is recorded as having been taken abundantly on the south bank of the Slaney
estuary near Killurin, Wexford, by sweeping herbage close to high water mark. — W. W. F.
124
INSECTS
CiCINDELIDii;
Cicindela campestris, L. Abundant in
sandy places
— hybrida, L., var. maritima, Dej. Rare.
On the coast from Deal to Romsgate.
There appears to be no record of
the capture of C. sylvatica, L., in
Kent, but it probably occurs, as it is
locally common in several localities
in Surrey
Carabid^
Cychrus rostratus, L. In moss, at roots of
heather, under dead leaves, in rotten
wood, etc. ; not common. Chisle-
hurst, Hayes, Cohham Park, Bexley,
Brcdhunt
Carabus catenulatus. Scop. Widely dis-
tributed and generally common.
Mr. J. J. Walker, however, records
it from the Rochester district as
* occasional ; Cohham Park, under
logs'
— nemoralis, Miill. Generally common ;
recorded however by Mr. Walker
as found ' in moss, etc., near Strood :
rare '
— violaceus, L. Common
— auratus, L. Very rare. Folkestone :
probably an importation. In 1863
a small colony was found by Dr.
Power and Mr. Brewer between
Hythe and Sandgate, but they may
have sprung from a batch turned
loose by Mr. Walker near Dover
some years before
— monilis, F. Generally common, but
recorded by Mr. Walker as not
common in the Rochester district
var. consitus, Panz. Formerly taken
at Beacon Court near Brompton
Calosoma sycophanta, L. Very rare.
Deal, Dover, Folkestone, Heme Bay
and Gravesend
— inquisitor, L. On oaks, in woods,
sometimes at ' sugar ' ; very local.
Darenth I Food
Notiophilus biguttatus, F. Common
— substriatus, Wat. Not so common as
the preceding, but generally distri-
buted
— quadripunctatus, Dej. Sandy places.
Rare, but probably overlooked. Tun-
bridge Wells, West IVlckham
— aquaticus, L. Common
— palustris, Duft. ,,
— rufipes, Curt. Sandy and gra\elly
places, under dead leaves, etc. ; not
common. Gravesend, Darenth [Food,
Cohham Park, under logs, rare
Leistus spinibarbis, F. Common
Carabid^ {continued)
Leistus fulvibarbis, Dej. Scarce. Snodland,
Higham, Cohham Park, etc.
— ferrugineus, L. Generally distri-
buted
— rufescens, F. Damp places, at roots
of grass, in moss, etc. ; not common.
Darenth IFood, Lewisham, Chatten-
den, Snodland, etc.
Nebria brevicollis, F. Very common
everywhere
Elaphrus cupreus, Duft. Generally distri-
buted and common
— riparius, L. Generally distributed
Loricera pilicornis, F. Very common
Clivina fossor, L. Comracn
— coUaris, Herbst. Not uncommon. Lee
(G. C. C), Snodland, under old
board in a marshy place ; rare
(J- J- w.)
Dyschirius thoracicus, Rossi. Sandy places
on the coast ; not common. Deal
— impunctipennis. Daws. Sandy places
on the coast ; rare. Deal
— politus, Dej. Sandy and clayey places,
inland and maritime ; not common.
Sheppey, Sheerness, West Wickham,
Deal
— extensus, Putz. On the coast only ;
very rare. Deal and near Folkestone
— salinus, Schaum. Salt marshes on the
coast and on the banks of tidal
rivers ; common. Rochester district,
St. Marys Island, Gravesend, Sheer-
ness, Whitstahle, Heme Bay, Deal
— aeneus, Dej. Sandy banks of ponds
and ditches, inland and maritime ;
not uncommon. Gravesend, Sheerness,
Snodland, Lee, Darenth Wood
— globosus, Herbst. Inland and maritime ;
local but not uncommon
Broscus cephalotes, L. Widely distributed ;
omitted however by Mr. Walker
from his Rochester list
Panasjsus crux-major, L. Marshy places ;
'' rare. Shooters Hill
— quadripustulatus, Sturm. On chalky
hillsides and in sandy places; not
common. Cuxton, ^eendown War-
ren, Doivn, Deal
Badister unipustulatus, Bon. Not com-
mon. Lewisham
— bipustulatus, F. Common
— sodalis. Not common. Darenth
Wood, Tonhridge, Snodland
— peltatus, Panz. Rare. Hythe
Licinus silphoides, F. Not uncommon.
— depressus, Payk. Widely distributed,
but much less common than the pre-
ceding species
125
A HISTORY OF KENT
Carabid^e {continued)
Callistus lunatus, F. Very local. Canter-
bury, Folkestone, Dover, Rochester
district (one specimen only), ^leen-
down Warren
Chlaenius vestitus, Payk. Widely distri-
buted
— nigricornis, F. Generally distributed
Oodes helopioides, F. Not common.
Banks of Medwax above Rochester,
Chatham, Tonbr'idge
Stenolophus teutonus, Schr. Very local.
Greenwich
— skrimshiranus, Steph. Not common.
Sheerness
— elegans, Dej. Salt marshes; rare.
Banks of Thames, towards Sheerness
and Sheppey, Sheerness, Deal
— vespertinus, Panz. Local. Sheerness,
Chatham, Lee, Higham
Acupalpus flavicollis, Sturm. Rare.
Higham, Chatham, Deal
— dorsalis, F. (gyllenhali, Thoms.). Local.
Higham, Chatham, Deal
— exiguus, Dej. Very local. Ramsgate
„ var. luridus, Dej. Widely dis-
tributed and common
— meridianus, L. Very common
— consputus, Duft. Rochester district,
rare ; Lee, Chatham and Sheerness,
rather comrr.on
[ — derelictus, Daws. One specimen re-
corded as taken by Mr. F. Smith at
Plumstead, Kent ; probably a variety
of A. dorsalis]
Bradycellus verbasci, Duft. Common
— harpalinus, Dej. Common
— similis, Dej. Widely distributed
Harpalus sabulicola, Panz. Very local and
rather scarce. Brcdhurst, Gravesend,
Folkestone, Deal
— rotundicollis, Fairm. Rather common
— punctatulus, Duft. Not common.
Chatham, Dartford, Darland Hill,
Folkestone
— azureus, F. Locally common
var. similis, Dej. With the preced-
ing, but much scarcer. Bredhurst
— cordatus, Duft. Rare. Deal
— rupicola, Sturm. Not common. Sheer-
ness, Deal, Dover, Hythe
— puncticollis, Payk. Common
— rufibarbis, F. Chattenden, Cobham
Park, etc., occasional
— parallelus, Dej. Rare. Rochester
district, Sheerness
— ruficornis, F. Very common
— aeneus, F. „ ,,
— consentaneus, Dej. Local, but often
abundant on the coast ; rare inland
126
Carabid^ {continued)
Harpalus tenebrosus, Dej. Very rare.
Margate
— rubripes, Duft. Rather common
— discoideus, F. Very rare. Gravesend
— caspius, Stev. Not uncommon, but local
— latus, L. Generally distributed and
common as a rule
— melancholicus, Dej. Very rare. Plum-
stead, one specimen taken by
myself between Broadstairs and
Margate, Deal
— tardus, Panz. Common as a rule ;
rare in the Rochester district
— servus, Duft. Rare. Deal, Romney Sands
and Covert Wood, Sandivich, Folke-
stone ; always on or near the coast
— anxius, Duft. Locally abundant on
the coast
— serripes, SchOn. Not uncommon on the
coast. Sheerness, Margate, Deal
— ignavuSjDuft. Local. Plumstead, Hythe
Dichirotrichus obsoletus, Dej. Local ;
salt marshes. Rainham, Whitstable,
Sheerness
— pubescens, Payk. Very common in
the salt marshes
Anisodactylus binotatus, F. Not uncom-
mon ; not recorded, however, from
the Rochester district
— poeciloides. Very local but not uncom-
mon. Gravesend, Sheppey, Sheerness,
Dover, Deal
Diachromus germanus, Er. Very rare
and doubtfully indigenous ; a few
specimens were taken many years
ago at Deal
Zabrus gibbus, F. Very local, but occa-
sionally common in cornfields
Stomis pumicatus, Panz. Common
Platyderus ruficollis. Marsh. Local. Black-
heath, Tonbr'idge, Sheerness, Margate,
Folkestone
Pterostichus cupreus, L. Very common
— versicolor, Sturm. Generally distributed
— dimidiatus, Ol. Very rare. Folkestone
— lepidus, F. Rare. Dartford and Charlton
— madidus, F. Very common
— niger, Schall. Common
— vulgaris, L. Very common
— anthracinus, 111. Not uncommon.
Tonbridge, Sheerness, Hythe, Dover
— nigrita, F. Common
— minor, Gyll. „
— strenuus, Panz. „
— diligens, Sturm. „
— picimanus, Duft. Local. Sheerness,
Chattenden
— inaequalis. Marsh. Local. Tonbridge
— vernalis, Gyll. Common
INSECTS
Carabid^ [continued)
Pterostichus striola, F. Common
Amara fulva, De G. Locally common ;
not recorded from the Rochester dis-
trict
— apricaria, Sturm. Common
— consularis, Duft. Local, but has oc-
curred not uncommonly in the north
of the county ; not recorded from
the south
— aulica, Panz. Generally distributed
— convexiuscula, Marsh. Local ; not
uncommon
— patricia, Duft. Rare. Burham Downs,
^^ueendown Warren, Chatham, Charl-
ton, Plumstead, Heme Bay, Deal,
Folkestone
— infima, Duft. Rare. Deal
— rufocincta, Dej. Very local. Deal
— livida, F. (bifrons, Gyll.). Local.
Rochester district, Sheerness, Deal
— fusca, Dej. Very rare. Plumstead
(W. West)
— ovata, F. Not common. Darland
Hill, Bredhurst, Chatham
— similata, Gyll. Common
— acuminata, Payk. Rare. Ciixton,
Darland Hill, Faversham, Chatham,
Margate
— tibialis, Payk. Common
— lunicoUis, Schiodte. Local, but not un-
common
— curta, Dej. Very local. Common on
the Deal sandhills
— spreta, Dej. Very local. Deal
— familiaris, Duft. Very common
— lucida, Duft. Local ; rare inland ;
sometimes abundant on the coast
— trivialis, Gyll. Very common
— communis, Panz. Common
— continua, Thoms. Not uncommon
— strenua, Zimm. Very rare. Isle of
Sheppey (Dawson) ; perhaps recorded
in error
— plebeia, Gyll. Widely distributed ;
not common in the Rochester dis-
trict
Calathus cisteloides, Panz. Very common
— fuscus, F. Local, but rather common
— flavipes, Fourc. Local, but not un-
common ; not recorded from the
Rochester district
— mollis. Marsh. Common on the coast
from JV^hitstable to Folkestone ; not
recorded from the Rochester district
— melanocephalus, L. Very common
— piceus. Marsh. Not uncommon, but
very local. Sevenoaks, Blackheath,
Cobham Park
Taphria nivalis, Panz. Local and not
Carabid^ [continued)
common. Hailing Downs, Black-
heath, Darenth Wood, Tonbridge, Deal
Pristonychus terricola, Herbst. Generally
distributed and, as a rule, common '
Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L. Not com-
mon ; in cellars and outhouses.
Sheerness, Greenivich, Deal
Anchomenus angusticollis, F. Common
— dorsalis. Mall. Very common
— albipes, F. „ „
— oblongus, Sturm. Very local. Lee,
Snodland, Chattenden
■— livens, Gyll. Rare. Snodland, Wester-
ham, Hythe, Tunbridge Wells
— marginatus, L. Very common
— sexpunctatus, L. Doubtfully recorded
by Mr. Champion from Ramsgate.
I know of no other record ; it has
occurred in several localities in
Surrey
— parumpunctatus, F. Very common
— atratus, Duft. Local. Lee, Snodland
■— viduus, Panz. Not uncommon
„ var. maestus, Duft. Very com-
mon ; much more abundant
than the type form
— versutus, Gyll. Very local. Lee,
Tonbridge
— micans, Nic. Local. Strood
■— scitulus, Dej. Rare. Lee
— fuliginosus, Panz. Very common
— gracilis, Gyll. Not uncommon, but
local. Lee, St. Mary Cray, Tun-
bridge Wells, Hythe
— thoreyi, Dej. Local. Higham, Snodland
— puellus, Dej. Not common. Snod-
land, in debris of reeds, Higham
Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. Generally
distributed
Tachys scutellaris. Germ. Local. Sheer-
ness, Whitstable
— bistriatus. Local. Maidstone, Tonbridge
Lymnasum nigropiceum. Marsh. Rare.
Whitstable, a few specimens
Cillenus lateralis, Sam. Very local. Sheppey,
Pegwell Bay
Bembidium rufescens, Gu6r. Widely dis-
tributed
— quinquestriatum, Gyll. Scarce. Cob-
ham Park, Gillingham, Blackheath,
Tonbridge, Deal
* Since this list was in print Lamostenus compla-
itatus, Dej., a recent addition to the British fauna,
has been recorded by Mr. Champion as having been
taken by Com. J. J. Walker, R.N., at Chatham
in 1874., and also by Professor Hudson Beare from
Strood ; it is very closely allied to Pristonychus terri-
cola, with which it has been mixed in collections. —
W. W. F.
127
A HISTORY OF KENT
CARABIDi€ (continued)
Bembidium obtusum, Sturm. Common
— guttula, F. Very common
— mannerheimi, Sahl. Local. Diirtford,
Maidstone
— biguttatum, F. Very common
— riparium, Ol. (iricolor, Bedel.). Local.
Plumitead marshes, Sheerness, St.
Maryi Island
— aeneum, Germ. Local. Gravesend,
Chatham^ banks of Mediuay above
Rochester ; rare (J. J. W.)
— assimile, Gyll. Local, but rather com-
mon. Gravesend, Sheerness, Chatham,
Snodland, Deal, Hythe
— clarki, Daws. Local. Higham, Lee,
Strood
— sturmi, Panz. Very rare. Bearsted
near Maidstone (Gorham), Hythe,
Dover
— articulatum, Panz. Not uncommon
— doris, Panz. Locally common. Cob-
ham, Chattenden, Darenth IVood,
Strood
— minimum, F. Near the coast ; com-
mon
— normannum, Dej. Near the coast ;
common
— gilvipes, Sturm. Local, but sometimes
abundant.
— lampros, Herbst. Very common
— tibiale. Rare. Tonbridge
— nitidulum. Marsh, (brunnipes, Sturm.).
Common
— quadriguttatum, F. Common
— quadripustulatum, Dej. Very rare.
Bearsted near Maidstone ; a few
specimens taken by Rev. H. S.
Gorham
— quadrimaculatum, Gyll. Common
— concinnum, Steph. Locally common
— femoratum, Sturm. Common
— bruxellense, Wesm. Not common.
Snodland, Gravesend, Maidstone
— saxatile, Gyll. Local. Dover
— littorale, Ol. Very common
— bipunctatum, L. Rare. Dartford
(Stephens)
— ephippium. Marsh. Salt marshes ;
locally common. Whitstable, Sheer-
— flammulatum, Clairv. Common
— varium, Ol. Locally abundant on the
coast ; rare inland
— obliquum, Sturm. Rare. Maidstone
Tachypus flavipes, Duft. Common
Trechus micros, Herbst. Rare. Darenth
Wood (BiUups)
— lapidosus. Sandy places on the coast ;
rare. DeaL Dover. Sheerness
CARABiDiT {continued)
Trechus minutus, F. Very common
— obtusus, Er. Not uncommon
Patrobus excavatus. Payk. Not uncommon
Pogonus luridipennis. Germ. Salt marshes,
on wet mud ; local and not com-
mon. JVhitstable, Sheerness, Sand-
ivich. Deal, Pegiuell Bay
— littoralis, Duft. Salt marshes; local.
JVhitstable, Gravesend, Sheerness,
Margate, Deal
— chalceus, Marsh. Salt marshes ; abun-
dant on the coast and about the
mouths of the Thames and Medway
Masoreus wetterhali, Gyll. Sandy places
on the coast ; local. Deal, Sheerness
Cymindis axillaris, F. Rare. Hailing
Doivns, Rochester district ; one ex-
ample under a stone, August, 1897
(J- J- W.)
Odacantha melanura, Payk. Rare. Birch-
ington, Margate
Lebia cyanocephala, L. Rare. Darenth
Wood, Dover
— chlorocephala, HofF. Local. Rainham,
Cuxton, Rochester district, Dartford,
Chatham, Folkestone. Occasionally
found in abundance under junipers
in winter
var. chrysocephala, Mots. Rochester
district ; rare
— crux-minor, L. Very rare. Plumstead,
Tunbridge Wells
Demetrias unipunctatus. Germ, (mono-
stigma, Sam.). Local, but not rare
where it occurs. Deal, Ramsgate, etc.
— atricapillus, L. Very common
Dromius linearis, Ol. „ ,,
— agilis, F. Rare. Eltharn, Cobham Park,
Blackheath, Greenhithe
— meridionalis, L. Common
— quadrimaculatus, L. Very common
— quadrinotatus, Panz. Common
— quadrisignatus, Dej. Rare. Ashford,
Maidstone
— melanocephalus, Dej. Very common
— nigriventris, Thoms. Local
— sigma, Rossi. Rare. Westerbam (Gor-
ham)
— vectensis, Rye. Rare. Chatham, Graves-
end, Sheerness, Rochester, Bexley
Blechrus maurus, Sturm. Common
Metabletus foveola, Gyll. Very common
— truncatellus, L. Locally common.
Sheerness, Chatham, Deal, Pegiuell
Bay, etc.
— obscuro-guttatus, Duft. Local, but not
uncommon and widely distributed.
Lionychus quadrillum, Duft. Rare. Sheer-
ness, Whitstable
INSECTS
Carabid^ {continued)
Polystichus vittatus, Brull^. Local and
usually rare. TFhitstabley Heme Bay,
Sheerness, Sheppey, Hythe
Drypta dentata. Very local and rare.
Faversham, Chatham, Chattenden
Brachinus crepitans, L. Locally common.
Gravesend, Sheerness, Chatham, Whit-
stable, Folkestone
[ — sclopeta, F. A small series said to
have been taken near Margate in
1830, but the record is very doubtful]
Haliplid^
Brychius elevatus, Panz. Local. Maid-
stone, Bexley
Haliplus obliquus, Er. Local. Lee, Deal
— confinis, Steph. Local. Lee, Gravesend
— flavicollis, Sturm. Common
— fulvus, F. Common in most localities ;
recorded as scarce from the Rochester
district
— variegatus, Sturm. Rare. Sheerness,
St rood, Rainham, Deal
— cinereus, Aub6. Rare. Lee
— ruficollis, De G. Very common
— fluviatilis, Aube. Rare. Chattenden,
Snodlatid, etc.
— lineatocollis, Marsh. Common
Cnemidotus impressus, F. Local. Lee,
Gravesend, Birchington, Whitstable,
Deal
Pelobiid^
Pelobius tardus, F. Widely distributed
and not uncommon
Dytiscid.«
Noterus sparsus, Marsh. Common
Laccophilus interruptus, Panz. Rather
common, but apparently scarce in
the Rochester district
— obscurus, Panz. (hyalinus, De G.).
Locally common
— variegatus, Germ. Extremely local
and usually rare. Pegwell Bay, Deal,
Dover
Bidessus geminus, F. Very local. Lee
Hyphydrus ovatus, L. Common
Coelambus versicolor, Schall. (reticulatus,
F.). Very local. Rainham, Deal
— inaequalis, F. Common
— decoratus, Gyll. Very local. Lee
— confluens, F. Local. Lewisham, Cat-
ford, Upnor
— parallelogrammus, Ahr. Brackish
ditches ; common
— impressopunctatus, Schall. (picipes, F.).
Rather common
Hydroporus pictus, F. Very common
— granularis, L. Not common. Lee
— fiavipes, Ol. Very local. Gravesend
— lepidus, 01. Local. Lee
Dytiscid^ [continued)
Hydroporus dorsalis, F. Rather common.
Rainham, Chattenden, Lee, Chatham
— lineatus, F. Rather local
— neglectus, Schaum. Rare. Zf^ (Power)
— angustatus, Sturm. Local. Lee, Deal
— gyllenhalijSchiodte. Locally common,
Lee, Darenth Wood
— vittula, Er. Not common. Lee
— palustris, L. Very common everywhere
— incognitus. Sharp. Sheerness ; one ex-
ample taken by Mr. Champion
which must apparently be referred
to this species
— erythrocephalus, L. Common
— melanarius, Sturm. Rare. Esher and
Lee Pit (Power)
— memnonius, Nic. Local. Darenth
JVood, Lee, Chattenden
— obscurus, Sturm. Not common. Lee
— discretus, Fairm. Rare. Lee
— pubescens, Gyll. (melanocephalus,
Marsh.). Very common
— planus, F. Common
— lituratus, F. Local. Gravesend, Chat-
ham, Lee, Chattenden
Agabus guttatus, Payk. Local. Greenwich
— biguttatus, 01. (nitidus, Steph.). Not
common. Maidstone
— paludosus, F. Local. Lee
— unguicularis. Thorns. Local. Lee
— didymus, Ol. Local. Lee, Chattenden
— nebulosus, Forst. Common
— conspersus. Marsh. Brackish ditches ;
common
— sturmii, Gyll. Locally common. Lee,
Rainham, Chattenden
— chalconotus, Panz. Locally common.
Lee, Darenth JVood, Chattenden
— bipustulatus, L. Very common every-
where
— Ilybius fuliginosus, F. Very common
— ater, De G. Locally common
— obscurus. Marsh. Not uncommon.
Lee, Greenwich, Snodland
Copelatus agilis, F. Not uncommon. Lee,
Rochester district. Deal
Rhantus grapii, Gyll. Local. Lee, Birch
Wood
— exoletus, Forst. Local. Lewisham
— pulverosus, Steph. Snodland and Rain-
ham, scarce ; Lee, rather common
— notatus. Berg. Not uncommon.
Gravesend, Whitstable, Sheerness,
Strood, Chattenden, etc.
Colymbetes fuscus, L. Very common
Dytiscus punctulatus, F. Rather common
— marginalis, F. Very common
— circumflexus, F. Local and not common.
Woodlands Farm, Chattenden and Lee
129 17
A HISTORY OF KENT
DYTisciDi* (continued)
Hydaticus seminiger, De G. (hybneri,Fab.).
Very local, but occasionally com-
mon. Lee
Acilius sulcatus, L. Common
Gyrinid^
Gyrinus elongatus, Aube. Rather com-
mon. Rainham^ Gravesendy Whit-
stahle. Deal
— natator, Scop. Very common every-
where
— suffriani, Scriba. Rare. Sandwich
(Sharp)
— marinus, Gyll. Local ; found both
inland and near the coast
Orectochilus villosus, Mull. Very local,
but not uncommon where it occurs ;
found in the Ravembourne at
Letuisham
Hydrophilid.^
Hydrophilus piceus, L. Not uncommon
where it occurs. Sheerness, Lee
Hydrocharis caraboides, L. Common
Hydrobius fuscipes, L. Very common
— oblongus, Herbst. Brackish ditches ;
local. Rainham, Gravesend, Sheer-
ness, IVhitstahle, Deal
Philhydrus testaceus, F. Not uncommon
— maritimus. Common near the coast
— nigricans, Zett. Not common. Plum-
stead, Lee, Gravesend, Greenwich, etc.
— melanocephalus, Ol. Local
— coarctatus, Gredl. (suturalis, Sharp).
Not uncommon
Cymbiodyta ovalis. Thorns. Common
Enochrus bicolor, Gyll. Local, but not
uncommon
Paracymus nigroaeneus, Sahl. Not com-
mon. Lee
Anacaena globulus, Payk. (limbata. Sharp.).
Very common
— limbata, F. (variabilis, Sharp.). Very
common
— bipustulata, Steph. Local. Lee
Helochares lividus, Forst. Local. Sheerness
— punctatus. Sharp. Common
Laccobius sinnatus. Mots, (nigriceps,
Thoms.). Not uncommon
— alutaceus, Thoms. Probably widely
distributed. Ramsgate, Deal
— bipunctatus, F. Locally abundant.
Gravesend, Folkestone, Deal
[L. minutus, L., is usually recorded as
abundant in the district, but I be-
lieve that L. bipunctatus, F., has
been confused with it. I have no
record of L. minutus, L., as Dr.
Sharp has determined it, from the
London district or the southern
counties]
Hydrophilid^^ [continued)
Berosus spinosus, Stev. Always in brackish
ponds and ditches ; local. Sheerness,
Sheppey
— signaticollis, Sharp. Local. Lee,
JVhitstable
— luridus, L. Local. Lee, Rainham,
Deal
— affinis, Brulle. Common
Limnebius truncatellus, Thoms. Not
uncommon
— papposus, Muls. Not uncommon
— nitidus, Marsh. Local
Chastarthria seminulum, Herbst. Com-
mon
Helophorus rugosus, Ol. Not uncommon
— nubilus, F. Common
— intermedius, Muls. Occasionally com-
mon
— aquaticus, L. Very common every-
where
var. acqualis, Thoms. With the type ;
occasional
— dorsalis. Marsh. Rare. Chattenden
— aeneipennis, Thoms. Common
— mulsanti. Rye. Not uncommon. Lee,
Chatham, Rainham, Darenth Wood
— affinis. Marsh. Generally common
— brevipalpis. Bedel. Not uncommon
— nanus, Sturm. Very local. Lee
(Power)
Hydrochus elongatus, Schall. Not un-
common
— angustatus, Germ. Common
Octhebius exaratus, Muls. Chiefly in
brackish ditches ; very local. Rain-
ham, Gravesend, JVhitstable
— margipallens, Latr. Chiefly in brackish
ditches ; locally abundant
— marinus, Payk. Brackish ditches ; com-
mon near the sea
— pygmaeus, F. Inland and maritime ;
rather common
— bicolon. Germ. Inland and maritime ;
rather common
— auriculatus, Rey. Locally common ;
Isle of Sheppey
— rufimarginatus, Steph. Inland and
maritime ; not common. Sheerness,
Strood, Maidstone
— nanus, Steph. (aeratus, Steph.). Inland
and maritime ; local
— punctatus, Steph. Very local near the
sea. Sheerness, Pegwell Bay
Hydraena testacea. Curt. Scarce. Lee
— riparia, Kug. Not common. Chatham
and Rochester district
Cyclonotum orbiculare, F. Common
Sphaeridium scarabaeoides, F. Very com-
mon everywhere
INSECTS
Hydrophilid.*; [continued)
Sphaeridium bipustulatum, F. Very com-
mon
var. marginatum, F. Not uncommon
Cercyon littoralis, Gyll. Abundant all
along the coast, on the shore
— depressus, Steph. Not uncommon with
the preceding
— hsmorrhous, Gyll. Local. Snodland,
Sheerness
— hamorrhoidalis, Herbst. Common
— obsoletus, Gyll. Local, and as a rule
not common
— aquaticus, Muls. Scarce. Sheppey,
Sheerness
— flavipes, F. Common
— lateralis, Marsh. Local. Darenth
Wood, Blue Bell Hill, Strood, Lee
— melanocephalus, L. Very common
— unipunctatus, L. Common
— quisquilius, L. „
— nigriceps, Marsh. Not common.
Greenwich, Rochester district
— pygmaeus. 111. Not uncommon
— terminatus. Marsh. Local and not
common. IVhitstahle, Cobham, Green-
wich
— analis, Payk. Common
— lugubris, Payk. Local. Lee, Sheerness
— minutus, Muls. Not common. Black-
heath
Megasternum boletophagum, Marsh. Com-
mon
Cryptopleurum atomarium, Muls. Com-
mon
STAPHYLINIDi€
Homoeusa acuminata, Mark. In the runs
of Formica fuliginosa and F. fusca.
Rare. Chatham, Upnor, Bromley,
Tonbridge
Aleochara ruficornis, Grav. Near nests of
Formica rufa and F. fusca. Very
rare. Charlton
— fuscipes, F. Very common everywhere
— lata, Grav. Much less common than
the preceding
— brevipennis, Grav. Rare. Whitstable,
Snodland
— tristis, Grav. Common
— bipunctata, Ol. Generally distributed,
and as a rule common
— cuniculorum, Kr. Rare. Maidstone,
West Wickham, Birch Wood, Darenth
Wood, Bearsted
— lanuginosa, Grav. Very common
— lygaea, Kr. Rare. Eltham, Tonbridge
— mcesta, Grav. Common
— mycetophaga, Kr. Rare. Birch JVood
— maerens, Gyll. Rare. Sheerness, Birch
Wood
Staphvlinid^ {continued)
Aleochara brunneipennis, Kr. Very rare :
Frindsbury near Rochester (J. J. W.) ;
St. Mary Cray (Sharp)
— nitida, Grav. Very common
var. bilineata, Gyll. Not nearly as
common as the type form
— morion, Grav. Common
— grisea, Kr. Not uncommon on the
shore in decaying seaweed. Heme
Bay, IVhitstahle, Broadstairs
— algarum, Fauv. Rather common in
decaying seaweed
— obscurella, Er. Not uncommon in
decaying seaweed. Sheerness, Margate
Microglossa suturalis, Sahl. Common
— pulla, Gyll. In holes of the sand
martin ; not uncommon, but local
— nidicola, Fairm. In holes of the sand
martin, etc.; not uncommon. Chisle-
hurst, Sevenoaks, Sheerness
Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark. Rare. Wig-
more Wood, New Brompton, Darenth
Wood
— lividipennis, Mann.* Common
— opaca, Grav. Common
— alternans, Grav. Very common in
decaying fungi
— exoleta, Er. Rare. Gravesend, Sheer-
ness, Tonbridge
— lentula, Er. Locally common. Leey
Darenth, Eltham, Tonbridge, etc.
— umbrata, Gyll. Common
— pectita, Sharp. Not common. Eltham,
Tonbridge
— nigrina, Wat. Local
— exigua, Er. Rare. Deal
— longiuscula, Er. Common
— formiceticola, Mark. Common in nests
of Formica rufa
— hasmorrhoa, Mann. Common ; often
in nests of Formica rufa
— amcena, Fairm. Very rare. Eltham
— waterhousei. Rye. Rare. Sheerness
— annularis, Sahl., var. pallidula, Mann.
Scarce. Tonbridge
— brachyptera, Steph. Cobham Park
(G. C. C.)
— misella, Kr. Rare. Wickham
Thiasophila angulata, Er. In nests of
Formica rufa ; common
— inquilina, Mark. In nests of Formica
fuliginosa ; rare. Charlton, Darenth,
Maidstone
1 I have omitted O. vittata, Mark., as I can
find no actual record for Kent, but it is sure to
occur, as it is locally common in Surrey and the
London district generally, in nests of Formica
fuliginosa.— "f^ . W. F.
131
A HISTORY OF KENT
StaphyliniDj« {continued)
Ischnoglossa prolixa, Grav. (rufopicea, Kr.).
Local. Chatham, Cobham Park,
Darenth Wood, Tonhridge
— corticina, Er. Rare. Bromley
Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. Rare. Sheerness,
Cobham Park
— maura, Er. Common
— picina, Aube. Rare. Maidstone, Bear-
sted, Tonbridge
Phloeopora reptans, Grav. Under bark ;
not common
Ocalea castanea, Er. Rare. Cobham Park
— latipennis, Sharp. Rare. Tonhridge
— badia, Er. Usually common. Rochester
district, scarce
Ilyobates nigricollis, Payk. Rare. Snodland,
Birch Wood, Folkestone
— propinquus, Aube. Very rare. West
Wickham
— forticornis, Lac.
Very rare. Snodland,
Rare. Shooters Hill,
one specimen
Calodera riparia, Er.
Tonbridge
— asthiops, Grav. Local. Darenth Wood,
Lee, Gravesend, Sheerness
— rubens, Er. Very local ; occasionally
found in abundance in flood refuse
in early spring. Lee (Power)
— umbrosa, Er. Not common. Darland
Hill, Bromley, Darenth, Chatham,
Charlton, Deal
Chilopora longitarsis, Er. Common
Dinarda markeli, Kies. In nests of For-
mica rufa ; not uncommon
Atemeles emarginatus, Grav. In nests of
Formica fusca, Myrmica scabrinodis,
M. ruginodis and M. Ijevinodis. Not
uncommon
— paradoxus, Grav. In nests of Myrmica
laevinodis and Formica fusca. Very
rare. Charlton, Folkestone
Myrmedonia limbata, Payk. In association
vv'ith Formica flava, F. fusca and F.
fuliginosa ; not uncommon ^
— humeralis, Grav. In nests of Formica
rufa ; rather common
— cognata, Mark. In nests of Formica
fuliginosa ; scarce. Tonbridge
— laticollis, Mark. In nests of Formica
fuliginosa. Locally common. Chat-
ham, Upnor
Astilbus canaliculatus, F. Very common
everywhere
• I cannot find an actual Kent record for
Myrmedonia funesta, Grav., but it almost cer-
tainly occurs in the nests of Formica fuliginosa, as
it is common in Surrey and the London district
generally. M. lugens, Grav., also probably occurs
in Kent.— W. W. F.
StaphylinidvI: [continued)
Callicerus obscurus, Grav. Local, but
widely distributed
— rigidicornis, Er. Rare. Chatham, Cob-
ham Park, Upnor, Lewisham, Esher,
etc.
Thamiaraea cinnamomea, Er. At the
exuding frass of Cossus infected
trees. Local. Sittingbcurne, Cobham
Park
— hospita, Er. At frass as the preceding.
Local. Sheerness, Sittingbourne, Cob-
ham Park
Notothecta flavipes, Grav. In nests of
Formica rufa. Common
— confusa, Mark. In nests of Formica
fuliginosa. Rare. Charlton
— anceps, Er. In nests of Formica rufa.
Common
Alianta incana, Er. Local, but widely
distributed
— plumbea, Wat. On the coast ; locally
common. Dover, Folkestone
Homalota planifrons, Wat. Very rare.
Charlton Pit
— gregaria, Er. Very common
— eximia, Sharp. Very rare. Tonbridge
(Horner)
— longula, Heer. Rare. Tonbridge
— littorea, Sharp. On the coast ; local.
Sheerness, Deal
— imbecilla, Wat. On or near the coast ;
local
— luteipes, Er. Rare. Sheerness, Ton-
bridge
— luridipennis, Mann. Local. Chatham,
Darland Hill
— gyllenhali, Thoms (londinensis. Sharp).
Local. Lee
— hygrotopora, Kr. Local. Tonbridge
— elongatula, Grav. Very common
— volans, Scriba. Common
— vestita, Grav. Abundant on the coast
— silvicola, Fuss. Rare. Bexley, Darenth
Wood, Esher, Tonbridge
— vicina, Steph. Very common
— pagana, Er. Local and not common.
Cobham Park, Darenth, Tonbridge
— graminicola, Gyll. Common
— halobrectha. Sharp. On or near the
coast ; not uncommon
— algae. Hardy (puncticeps, Thoms.). On
the coast ; not uncommon
— occulta, Er. Rare ; Gravesena
— fungivora, Thoms. Not uncommon
— nigella, Er. Not uncommon. Lee,
Sheerness, Strood
— aquata, Er. Rather common under
bark of various trees
— angustula, Gyll. Locally common
132
INSECTS
Staphylinid^ {continued)
Homalota linearis, Grav. Under bark and in
moss on trunks ; locally common
— debilis, Er. Local. Lee, Darenth
Wood, Tonhridge
— fallaciosa, Sharp. Rare. Lee
— deformis, Kr. Rare. Eltham, Tun-
br'tdge Wells
— cassula, Er. Rare. Shcernas, Deal
— circellaris, Grav. Very common every-
where
— elegantula, Bris. Rare. Chatham, Sheer-
ness, Wigmore Wood
— splendens, Kr. Very rare. Lee, Charl-
ton, Tonhridge
— immersa, Er. Not common. Cobham,
Sevenoaks, Tonhridge
— cuspidata, Er. Under bark ; local.
Cobham Park
— gemina, Er. Rare. Lee
— vilis, Er. Very rare. Eltham (Sharp),
Lee (Champion), Tonhridge (Hor-
ner)
— laticeps, Thoms. (difficilis, Bris.). Very
rare. Lee (Champion)
— analis, Grav. Abundant everywhere
— decipiens, Sharp. Rare. Lee, Chat-
ham, Charlton, Tonhridge
— soror, Kr. Rare. Lee, Tonhridge
— exilis, Er. Very local. Lee, Higham,
Tonhridge
— palleola, Er. Rare. Wigmore Wood,
Birch Wood, Darenth Wood, Chat-
ham
— depressa, Gyll. Widely distributed and
not uncommon
— hepatica, Er. Widely distributed, but
always rare. Cohham Park, Wigmore
Wood, Greenhithe, Chatham, St. Alary
Cray, Darenth Wood
— aquatica, Thoms. Local. Chatham,
Lee, Higham, Sevenoaks, Darenth
Wood
— jeneicollis. Sharp. Widely distributed
and not uncommon
— xanthoptera, Steph. Common
— euryptera, Steph. (succicola, Thoms.).
Rather common
— trinotata, Kr. Very common every-
where
— xanthopus, Thoms. Rare. Cohham,
Charlton, St. Mary Cray, Hythe
— triangulum, Kr. Widely distributed
— fungicola, Thoms. Common every-
where
— ignobilis. Sharp. Rare. Lee, Sevenoaks,
St. Mary Cray, Darenth Wood, Ton-
bridge
— boletobia, Thoms. Not uncommon
— liturata, Steph. Tonhridge (Horner)
133
StaphyliniDjT [continued)
Homalota coriaria, Kr. Not common.
Darenth and West Wickham Woods,
Sittinghourne
— sodalis, Er. Local. Darenth Wood,
Chatham, Rochester district
— clancula, Er. (atrata, Kr.) Very rare.
Lee (Champion)
— gagatina, Baudi. Generally distributed
— divisa, Mark. Rare. Darenth Wood,
St. Mary Cray, Gravesend, Tonhridge,
Deal
— nigricornis, Thoms. Local. Darenth
Wood, Tonhridge
— ravilla, Er. Chatham, Rochester district,
Bexley
— palustris, Kies. Not uncommon
— corvina, Thoms. Very local. Ton-
bridge
— perexigua, Sharp. Very rare. Sheer-
ness (J. J. W.), Tonhridge (Horner)
— scapularis, Sahb. Not common. Darenth
Wood, Chattenden, St rood, Chatham,
Folkestone
— testaceipes, Heer. Rare. Chatham,
Faversham, Wigmore Wood
— oblita, Er. Local, but occasionally
common. Darenth Wood, Chatham,
Sheerness, Deal, Tonhridge
— autumnalis, Er. At the exuding sap
of Cossus infected trees ; also under
bark ; rare. Hawkhurst, Tonhridge
— sericea, Muls. Common
— indubia, Sharp. Rare. Sheerness, Birch
Wood, Tonhridge
— mortuorum, Thoms. Rare. Birch
Wood ; perhaps recorded in error
— atricolor. Sharp. Rather common, but
local
— inquinula, Grav. Local, but not un-
common
— nigra, Kr. Very common everywhere
— germana. Sharp. Not common. Lee,
Chatham
— celata, Er. Rare. Darenth JFood
— sordidula, Er. Not uncommon
— canescens. Sharp. Local and not com-
mon ; perhaps overlooked. Lee,
Eltham, Tonhridge
— cauta, Er. (parva. Sahib. ?). Common
— villosula, Kr. Not common. Lee,
Darenth Wood, Upnor, Chatham, Ton-
bridge
— setigera. Sharp. Scarce.
— laevana, Muls. Rare.
bridge
— cinnamoptera, Thoms.
ness, Tonhridge
— atramentaria, Gyll. Very
everywhere
Tonhridge
Bexley, Ton-
Rare. Sheer-
common
A HISTORY OF KENT
Staphylinid^ {continued)
Homalota marcida, Er. Local, but often
found in abundance in fungi, leaves,
etc., in the autumn
— intermedia. Thorns. Not common.
Bexley, T onhndge
— longicornis, Grav. Common every-
where
— sordida. Marsh, (melanaria. Thorns.).
Very common everywhere
— testudinea, Er. Locally common
— aterrima, Grav. Common as a rule
— pygmaea, Grav. Local. Lee^ Chatham^
Sheerness, Tonhridge
— muscorum, Bris. Widely distributed
— pilosiventris. Thorns. Rare. Birch
Wood^ Lee, Tonhridge, Deal
— laticollis, Steph. (fusca, Sahl.). Com-
mon
— subsinuata, Er. Not common. Birch
Wood
— montivagans, Woll. (pulchra, Kr.).
Rare. Sheer-ness, Charlton
— orbata, Er. On the coast ; rare.
Whltitahle, Deal
— fungi, Grav. Very common every-
where
var. clientula, Er. Rather common
— orphana, Er. Rare. Sheerness, Sheppey
Gnypeta labilis, Er. Common
Tachyusa constricta, Er. Very local. Ton-
bridge
— scitula, Er. Rare. IVest Wlckham
— flavitarsis, Sahl. Local. Lee, Tonhridge,
Bear St ed
— umbratica, Er. Local. Lee, Tonhridge
— atra, Grav. Local. Lee, Sheer-ness, Deal
— concolor, Er. Rare. Lee, Eltham
Myrmecopora uvida, Er. On the coast ;
local. Whltstahle, Rochester, Sheer-
ness, Hythe
— sulcata, Kies. On the coast ; local.
Whltstahle, Rochester
Falagria sulcata, Payk. Very common
— sulcatula, Grav. Local. Chatham,
Sheerness, Deal
— thoracica. Curt. Not common. Birch
Wood, St. Peter's {Isle of Thanet),
Dover
— obscura, Grav. Common
Autalia impressa, Ol. Generally distributed
and common
— rivularis, Grav. Local ; not uncom-
mon
Encephalus complicans, Westw. Not un-
common. Upnor, Lee, Chatham,
Sheerness
Brachida notha, Er. Very rare. Only
taken in Britain in two localities in
Kent, viz. Chatham district, banks of
Staphylinid^ {continued)
Medway at Ralnham (Sharp and
Brewer), Folkestone (Rye)
Gyrophsena pulchella, Heer. Rare. West
JVlckham
— affinis, Mann. Common
— gentilis, Er. Not rare
— nana, Payk. Not common. Tonhridge
— fasciata, Marsh, (congrua, Er.). Rather
common
— minima, Er. Occasionally abundant,
but local. Birch JVood, Chatham
— lasvipennis, Kr. Very local, but abun-
dant where it occurs. Snodland, Ton-
hridge
— lucidula, Er. Very local. Lee, Eltham,
Snodland
— strictula, Er. Very local. Maidstone,
Darenth Wood
Agaricochara laevicollis, Kr. Very local.
Chathatn
Placusa pumilio, Er. Not uncommon.
Lee, Tonhridge
— infima, Er. Rare. West JVlckham
Epipeda plana, Gyll. Local. Sheerness,
Chatham
Silusa rubiginosa, Er. At the exuding sap
of the small black poplar infected
with the larva of Cossus ; rare.
Chatham Dockyard, Tonhridge
Leptusa fumida, Er. Very common
Sipalia ruficollis, Er. Local. Westerham,
Cohham Park
— testacea, Bris. One specimen taken by
Mr. Champion at Whltstahle, 6 June,
1870, which was unique as British
for many years until Mr. Blatch
found the species at JVeymouth
Bolitochara lucida, Grav. Not uncommon
— lunulata, Payk. Rare. Cohham Park.
— bella, Mark, (lunulata, Muls. et Rey.).
Local, but not uncommon, and
sometimes in great abundance
Phytosus spinifer. Curt. On the shore
below high-water mark ; not com-
mon. Margate, Broadstalrs
Diglossa mersa, Hal. Under shingle be-
low high-water mark ; rare. Sheer-
ness
Hygronoma dimidiata, Grav. Local, but
common
Oligota inflata, Mann. Not uncommon.
— pusillima, Grav. Generally common
— atomaria, Er. Rare. Charlton, Ton-
hridge, Deal
— punctulata, Heer. (ruficornis, Sharp).
Very common
— apicata, Er. Rare. Cohham, Bexley
Myllaena dubia, Grav. Local. Lee, Coh-
ham, Strood, Tonhridge
134
INSECTS
Staphylinid.^ {continued)
Myllasna intermedia, Er. Common
— minuta, Grav. Local. Strood, Sheer-
ness, Lee
— elongata, Matth. Not common. Sheer-
ness, Sheppey, Tonhridge
— gracilis, Matth. Local. Lee, Sheer-
ness
— brevicornis, Matth. Rather common
Deinopsis erosa, Steph. Local. Cohham,
Sheerness, Lee, Tonhridge
Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. Very com-
mon everywhere
— laaviusculus, Mann. Rare. Chatham
— seminulum, Er. Not common, though
occasionally abundant where it occurs.
Cohham Park, Strood, Folkestone
Conosoma littoreum, L. Not uncommon.
Strood, Darenth Wood
— pubescens, Grav. Generally distributed
and common
— immaculatum, Steph. Local
— pedicularium, Grav. Rare. Tonhridge
— lividum, Er. Generally distributed
— bipunctatum, Grav. Very rare. Chat-
ham
Tachyporus obtusus, L. Generally abun-
dant
var. nitidicollis, Steph. Rare. Ton-
hridge
— formosus, Matth. Rare. Chattenden,
Chatham, Tonhridge
— solutus, Er. Local, but not uncom-
mon
— pallidus, Sharp. Very local. Lee
— chrysomelinus, L. Very abundant
everywhere
— humerosus, Er. Generally distributed
— tersus, Er. Not uncommon in the
Chatham district, and probably
widely distributed
— hypnorum, F. Very abundant every-
where
— pusillus, Grav. Somewhat local. Sheer-
ness, Darenth TVood
— brunneus, F. Generally common
Lamprinus saginatus, Grav. Very rare.
TFeU Wickham
Cilea silphoides, L. Not uncommon
Tachinus humeralis, Grav. Very com-
mon everywhere
— bipustulatus, F. Not common. Charl-
ton, Catford
— rufipes, L. Very common everywhere
— subterraneus, L. Common and gener-
ally distributed
— marginellus, F. Very common every-
where
— laticoUis, Grav. Not common. Eltham,
Tonhridge
Staphylinid^ [continued)
Tachinus elongatus, Gyll. Rare. Sheerness,
IFest Wickham
Megacronus cingulatus, Mann. Rare. Bex-
ley, Cobhatn Park, Chattenden, Strood
— analis, F. Common
— inclinans, Grav. Rare. Birch Wood,
Sevenoah
Bolitobius lunulatus, L. (atricapillus, F.).
Common in fungi
— trinotatus, Er. Common everywhere
in fungi
— exoletus, Er. With the preceding, but
less common
— pygmasus, F. Common in fungi
Mycetoporus lucidus, Er. Not common.
Bexley, Maidstone
— splendens, Marsh. Local
— lepidus, Grav. Rather common
— longulus, Mann. Less common than
the preceding
— nanus, Er. Rare. Chatham, Darland
Hill
— angularis, Rey (reyi, Panz). Not com-
mon. Birch Wood
— clavicornis, Steph. Very local ; Cohham
Park, not common
— splendidus, Grav. Generally distributed
and common
— longicornis, Kr. Rare. West Wickham
Habrocerus capillaricornis, Grav. Not
uncommon
Trichophya pilicornis, Gyll. Rare. Ton-
bridge
Euryporus picipes, Payk. Rare. Strood,
Chattenden, Faversham (J. J. W. and
G. C. C.)
Heterothops binotata, Er. Locally com-
mon in decaying seaweed on the
shore
— prasvia, Er. Rare ; among rubbish at
Messrs. Spencer's Oil Mills, Strood
— dissimilis, Grav. Common
— quadripunctula, Gyll. Rare. St. Mary
Cray, Cohham Park, Darenth Wood,
Cuxton
Quedius longicornis, Kr. Very rare. Cob-
ham Park, one specimen
— microps, Grav. Very scarce. Cohham
Park, Chatham
— ventralis, Ar. (truncicola, Fairm.).
Rare. Greenwich, Maidstone, Lee,
Bearsted, Tonhridge
— lateralis, Grav. Scarce. Cohham Park
— mesomelinus, Marsh. Common
— fulgidus, F. Common. The variety
with red elytra, usually referred to
Q. quadripunctatus. Thorns, has
occurred rarely at Sheerness
var. fageti, Thoms. Occasional
A HISTORY OF KENT
Staph VLiNiD^ {continued)
Quedius cruentus, Ol. Local, but not
uncommon
— scitus, Grav. Rare. Chathatn, Cob-
ham, Tonbrldge
— impressus, Panz. (cinctus, Payk.). Very
common
— brevis, Er. In nests of Formica rufa
and rarely of F. fuliginosa ; local,
but not uncommon
— fuliginosus, Grav. Local. Lee
— tristis, Grav. Very common
— molochinus, Grav. Common
— picipes, Mann. „
— nigriceps, Kr. Local. Bexley, Chat-
ham, Cobham Park, Abbey Wood,
Darenth Wood
— fumatus, Steph. (peltatus, Er.). Local.
Birch Wood, Bexley, Chatham, Cob-
ham Park, Higham, Maidstone
— maurorufus, Grav. Local. Strood, Lee,
Higham, Snodland
— umbrinus, Er. Rare. Sydenham
— suturalis, Kies. Local, but not un-
common
— scintillans, Grav. Local. Cobham Park,
Strood, Maidstone, Bearsted, West
Wickham
— rufipes, Grav. Not uncommon
— attenuatus, Gyll. Very local. Graves-
end, Tonbridge
— semiaeneus, Steph. Local, but not un-
common
— boops, Grav. Very common
Creophilus maxillosus, L. Very common
every v/here
Emus hirtus, L. Very rare. Sheerness
(Howard), Darland Hill (Chaney),
Gore Court Park, Sittingbourne
(J- J- w.)
Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. Not uncom-
mon
— murinus, L. Common, but somewhat
local
Staphylinus pubescens, De G. Not com-
mon. Blackheath
— fulvipes, Scop. Rare. Folkestone
— stercorarius, Ol. Not common. Black-
heath, Sheerness, Bredhurst, Whitstable,
Deal
— latebricola, Grav. Rare. Chattenden,
Wigmore Wood, Faversham, Folke-
stone
— cxsareus, Ceder. Widely distributed,
but not common
Ocypus olens, Mull. Very abundant every-
where
— similis, Payk. Local. Birchington,
St. Peter's {Isle of Thanet), Ton-
bridge, Folkestone
Staphylinid.^ {continued)
Ocypus cyaneus, Payk. Very rare.
Folkestone
— brunnipes, F. Not uncommon
— fuscatus, Grav. Rare. Chattenden,
Tonbridge, Margate
— cupreus, Rossi. Very common
— pedator, Grav. Rare. Folkestone, Sand-
wich
— ater, Grav. Rather common on the
coast, but very rare inland
— morio, Grav. Very common
— compressus. Marsh. Local. Lewisham
Philonthus splendens, F. Local. Lee,
Greeniuich, Darland Hill
— intermedius. Not very common
— laminatus, Creutz. Common and
generally distributed
— aeneus, Rossi. Very common
— proximus, Kr. (succicola, Thoms.).
Scarce. Sheerness, Cobham, Darenth
Wood
— addendus, Sharp. Rare. Cobham Park
— carbonarius, Gyll. Not uncommon.
Chatham, Blackheath, etc.
— decorus, Grav. Not common. Darenth
Wood, Cobham Park, Cuxton, Ton-
bridge
— politus, F. Very common
— varius, Gyll. „ „
— marginatus, F. Common
— lepidus, Grav. Very local, but in some
numbers where it occurs. Deal
— albipes, Grav. Not common. Sheer-
ness, Maidstone, Abbey Wood, Ton-
bridge
— umbratilis, Grav. Rare. Snodland,
Whitstable, Maidstone, Eltham, Ton-
bridge
— cephalotes, Grav. Local. Greeniuich,
Sheerness
— fimetarius, Grav. Common
— sordidus, Grav. „
— fuscus, Grav. Very rare. Chatham
Dockyard ; Cobham Park, one speci-
men, 1889 (J.J. W.)
— ebeninus, Grav. Usually common ;
recorded however by Mr. Walker as
not common in the Rochester district
— fumigatus, Er. Local and not com-
mon. Chatham, Sevenoaks, Darenth
Wood, Lee, Tonbridge
— debilis, Grav. Common
— sanguinolentus, Grav. Common. Chat-
ham, Sheerness, etc.
— cruentatus, Gmel. (bipustulatus, Panz.).
Common
— longicornis, Steph. (scybalarius, Nord.).
Not uncommon
— varians, Payk. Common
[36
INSECTS
Staphylinid^ {continued)
Philonthus agilis, Grav. Local. TFhitstahle,
Tonbridge
— vernalis, Grav. Rare. Higham, Chat-
tenden and Strood (J. J. Walker) ;
Deal (Power)
— ventralis, Grav. Local. Sheerness, Lee,
Tonbridge, Dover
— discoideus, Grav. Not uncommon
— quisquiliarius, Gyll. Local. Higham,
Snodland, Lee, Chatham, Faversham,
Tonbridge
var. dimidiatus, Er. Rare. Maidstone
— splendidulus, Grav. Rare. Tonbridge
(Horner)
— thermarum, Aub6. Local. IVester-
ham
— nigrita, Nord. Rare. Eltham
— fumarius, Grav. Local. Higham, Lee,
Elthain, Strood, Folkestone
— micans, Grav. Local. Banks of Med-
way, Lee, Birch Wood, Tonbridge
— astutus, Er. Very rare. Sandgate, two
specimens (Horner)
— trossulus, Nord. Very common
— fulvipes, F. Rare. Snodland, one
specimen (J. J. W.)
— punctus, Grav. Rare. Sheerness and
Gravesend
— puella, Nord. Rare. Gravesend
Cafius fucicola, Curt. Rare. Sheerness
— xantholoma, Grav. Abundant in de-
caying seaweed all along the coast
— sericeus, Holme. Local. JVhitstuble,
Sheerness, Margate, Kingsgate, Broad-
stairs
Actobius cinerascens, Grav. Not uncom-
mon, but local. Strood, Lee, Sheer-
ness, Higham, scarce (J. J. W.)
— signaticornis, Rey. Rare. Banks of
Medway below Strood
— villosulus, Steph. Rare. Higham
— procerulus, Grav. Local. Whitstahle,
Lee, Sevenoaks
Xantholinus fulgidus, F. Scarce. Ton-
bridge
— glabratus, Grav. Very common
— ochraceus, Gyll. Local, but not un-
common
— atratus, Heer. In nests of Formica
rufa ; not uncommon
— glaber, Nord. Under bark, often in
company with ants ; very rare.
IVesterhum, Cobham Park
— tricolor, F. Not uncommon
— linearis, Ol. Very common
— longiventris, Heer. Common
Leptacinus parumpunctatus, Gyll. Local.
Lee, Darenth JVood, Sheerness, Chat-
ham, Tonbridge, Kingsgate
I I
StaphyliniDjT [continued)
Leptacinus batychrus, Gyll. Local, but
not uncommon ; distributed much
as the preceding
— linearis, Grav. Very common
— formicetorum, Miirk. In nests of For-
mica rufa ; local, but not uncommon.
Plumstead, Chatham, Frith, Mar-
gate
Baptolinus alternans, Grav. Rather com-
mon
Othius fulvipennis, F. Not uncommon
— laviusculus, Steph. (punctipennis, Lac.)
Local, but not uncommon
— melanocephalus, Grav. Rare. Roches-
ter district ; perhaps the specimens
should be referred to the following
species
— myrmecophilus, Kies. Generally dis-
tributed and common
Lathrobium elongatum, L. Not uncom-
mon
— boreale, Hoch. Widely distributed,
but not very common
— fulvipenne, Grav. Very common every-
where
— angustatum, Lac. Rare. Higham,
Strood, Gravesend, Folkestone
— brunnipes, F. Very common and
generally distributed
— longulum, Grav. Generally distributed
and common
— punctatum, Zett. Local. Lee, Da-
renth JVood, Tonbridge
— quadratum, Payk. Rare. Darenth
JVood
— terminatum, Grav. Common
— pallidum, Nord. Rare. JVest JVick-
harn
— multipunctum, Grav. Local. Chat-
ham, Sheerness, Darenth, Hythe
Achenium depressum, Grav. Generally
distributed
— humile, Nic. Not common. Chatham,
Chattenden, Sheerness, Lee, Tonbridge,
Deal, Hythe
Cryptobium glaberrimum, Herbst (fracti-
corne, Payk). Not uncommon
Stilicus fragilis, Grav. In the damp bottoms
of woodstacks ; rare but occasionally
in numbers. Darenth JVood, Strood,
Cobham, Maidstone, Bearsted, Chat-
ham, Tonbridge
— rufipes. Germ. Common
— orbiculatus, Er. Local, but not un-
common
— subtilis, Er. Local. Darland Hill,
Tonbridge
— affinis, Er. Very common
— geniculatus, Er. Not uncommon
37 IB
A HISTORY OF KENT
Staphylinid^ {continued)
Scopasus sulcicoUis, Steph. (minutus, Er.).
Rare. Lee, Higham, Diirenth, Ton-
bridge, St. Peter's [hie of Thanet)
— cognatus, Rey. Very rare, one speci-
men. JP^ingham, near Sandwich ;
perhaps identical with the preced-
ing
Medon castaneus, Grav. Very rare. Deal
(C. G. Hall)
— piceus, Kr. Very rare. Bexley
(Champion), Darenth Wood (Black-
burn)
— brunneus, Er. Local. Birch Wood,
Chatham, Cobham
— fusculus, Mann. Very local. JVester-
ham, Tonbridge
— apicalis, Er. Very rare. Erith
— propinquus, Bris. Very common
— melanocephalus, F. Common and
generally distributed
— obsoletus, Nord. Rare. Heme Bay,
Tonbridge
Lithocharis ochracea, Grav. Common
and generally distributed
Sunius filiformis, Latr. Rare. Folkestone
— intermedius, Er. Locally abundant.
Darland Hill, Chatham, Strood, Lee,
Sheerness, Tonbridge
— angustatus, Payk. Very common
Paederus littoralis, Grav. Common and
generally distributed
— riparius, L. Local. Snodland, Faver-
sham
— fuscipes, Curt. Very local. Snodland,
in profusion, 1874 (J. J. W.)
Evaesthetus scaber, Grav. Local. Chat-
ham, Wigwore Wood, Lee, Sheerness
— ruficapillus, Lac. Locally abundant.
Snodland, Higham, Strood, Lee
Stenus biguttatus, L. Local. Snodland,
Darenth JFood, Lewisham, Charlton
— bipunctatus, Er. Local. Darenth
JVood, Lee, Sevenoaks, Charlton
— guttula. Mull. Not common. Sheer-
ness, Charlton, Heme Bay
— bimaculatus, Gyll. Common and
widely distributed.
— asphaltinus, Er. Rare. Cobham, Charl-
ton, Strood, Erith, Chatham, West
Wickham, Tonbridge
— juno, F. Common and generally
distributed
— ater, Mann. Local. Greenhithe,
Sheerness, Chatham, Faversham, Chil-
ham. Deal
— speculator, Er. Very common and
generally distributed
— providus, Er., var. rogeri, Kr. Com-
mon, but less abundant than the
Staphylinid^ (continued)
preceding, and the type form does
not occur in Britain
Stenus buphthalmus, Grav. Common and
generally distributed
— melanopus. Marsh. Common and
widely distributed
— incrassatus, Er. Scarce. Sheerness,
Maidstone, Tonbridge
— morio, Grav. Very rare. Tonbridge
(Horner)
— canaliculatus, Gyll. Local. Lee,
Chatham, Sheerness, Deal
— pusillus, Er, Local, but widely distri-
buted
— exiguus, Er. Scarce. Tonbridge
— fuscipes, Grav. Very local. Cobham
— circularis, Grav. Not common. El-
tham, Cobham, Tonbridge
— declaratus, Er. Common and gener-
ally distributed
— crassus, Steph. (crassiventris, Thoms.).
Local, but not uncommon. Lee,
Eltham, Sheerness, Northjleet, Ton-
bridge
— carbonarius, Gyll. Rare. Sheppey, Ton-
bridge
— argus, Grav. Rare. Tonbridge
— nigritulus, Gyll. Local. Lee, Wester-
ham, Northjleet, Tonbridge
— brunnipes, Steph. (unicolor,Er.). Abun-
dant everywhere
— subaeneus, Er. Local. Chatham, Up-
nor, Sheerness, Tonbridge
— ossium, Steph. (impressipennis, Duv.).
Generally common
— fuscicornis, Er. Not common. Cob-
ham, Charlton, Greenhithe, Darenth,
Tonbridge
— geniculatus, Grav. Very local. JFick-
ham
— palustris. Rare. Bearsted (Gorham)
— impressus. Germ. Very common
— aerosus, Er. (annulatus. Crotch).
Darenth Wood, Hayes, Plumstead,
Deal
— pallipes, Grav. Local. Lee, Eltham,
Tonbridge
— flavipes, Steph. Common and gener-
ally distributed
— pubescens, Steph. Local, but rather
widely distributed
— binotatus, Ljungh. Not uncom-
mon
— canescens, Rosh. (major, Rey). Local,
and as a rule rare. Darenth Wood,
Snodland, Faversham, Maidstone,
Sandiuich
— pallitarsis, Steph. Local. Sheerness,
Maidstone
13a
INSECTS
Staphylinid^ {continued)
Stenus bifoveolatus, Gyll. Common
— nitidiusculus, Steph. (tempestivus, Er.).
Very local. Strood
— picipennis, Er. Local. Maidstone^
Folkestone
— picipes, Steph. (rusticus, Er.). Com-
mon and generally distributed.
— foveicollis, Kr. (brevicollis, Thorns.).
Rare. Hayes
— cicindeloides, Grav. Common and
generally distributed
— similis, Herbst. Common and gener-
ally distributed
— solutus, Er. Rare. Lee, Birchington
near Margate
— tarsalis, Ljungh. Common and gener-
ally distributed
— paganus, Er. Local, but widely dis-
tributed.
— latifrons, Er. Local, but not uncom-
mon
— fornicatus, Steph. Rare. Maidstone
Oxyporus rufus, F. Local, but not un-
common, and widely distributed
Bledius spectabilis, Kr. Locally common.
Sheerness, Gravesend, St. Marys Island,
Pegwell Bay, Dover, Deal
— tricornis, Herbst. Very local, but
sometimes in profusion. Sheerness,
Sandgate, Deal
— bicornis. Germ. Very local and scarce.
Pegwell Bay, Deal
— subterraneus, Er. Scarce. Maidstone
— longulus, Er. Very local. Bexley,
Charlton, West IVickham, Maid-
stone
— fracticornis, Paylc. Scarce. Charlton,
Tunbridge Wells
— opacus. Block. Rare. Charlton
— atricapillus. Germ. Locally abundant.
Strood and Vpnor (J. J. W.)
— crassicollis, Lac. Rare. Walmer (Dr.
Power and Mr. Hall)
Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. Common
everywhere.
— cornutus, Gyll. Generally distributed
— capito, Heer. Local. Darenth Wood,
Sheerness, Chatham, Cohham, Seven-
oaks, Bearsted, Folkestone, Dover
— nodifrons, Sahib. Local, but widely
distributed
— nitens, Sahib. Rare. Lee
Oxytelus rugosus, Grav. Very common
everywhere
— insecatus, Grav. Local and not com-
mon, but widely distributed ; it has
occurred in some numbers in St.
Peter's, Thanet, in decayed potatoes
(Wood)
139
Staphylinid^ (continued)
Oxytelus sculptus, Grav. Very common
— laqueatus. Marsh. Common
— piceus, L. Very rare. Birch Wood,
Snodland
— inustus, Grav. Common
— sculpturatus, Grav. Very common
— nitidulus, Grav. Common
— complanatus, Er. „
— clypeonitens, Pand. (speculifrons. Rye).
Rare. Cobham Park, Sheerness, Plum-
stead, Tonbridge
— tetracarinatus, Block. Very common
everywhere
— fairmairei, Pand. Very rare, ^een-
down Warren ; one specimen
Haploderus ccelatus, Grav. Very common
Ancyrophorus aureus, Fauv. Very scarce.
Trogophloeus arcuatus, Steph. Very scarce.
Tonbridge
— bilineatus, Steph. Very common
— rivularis, Mots, (erichsoni, Sharp).
Local, but rather widely distri-
buted
— fuliginosus, Grav. Not common. Sheer-
ness, Faversham, Tonbridge
— foveolatus. Sahib. Rare. Whitstable
and Sheerness (Champion), Darenth
Wood (Blatch)
— corticinus, Grav. Generally distributed
and common
— halophilus, Kries. Rare. Sheerness,
Rochester, Chatham
— pusillus, Grav. Not uncommon. Chat-
ham, Rochester district, Sheerness,
Kingsgate, Deal
— tenellus, Er. Rare. Darenth Wood
— subtilis, Er. Rare. Eltham. (Speci-
mens in Dr. Power's collection from
this locality placed under T. tenellus
ought apparently to be referred to
this scarce species)
Syntomium aeneum. Mull. Not uncommon.
Dover, Folkestone, Tonbridge
Coprophilus striatulus, F. Common and
generally distributed
Acrognathus mandibularis, Gyll. Very rare.
Tonbridge (Horner), Darenth Wood
Compsochilus palpalis, Er. Very rare.
Sheerness (Walker), Tonbridge (taken
by Mr. Wollaston, and many years
after, 1887, in some small numbers
by Mr. Horner and Mr. Blatch)
Deleaster dichrons, Grav. Rare. Lewisham,
Bromley, Maidstone, Bearsted
var. leachii. Curt. Sometimes found
with the type, but usually occurs
in a different locality. Hythe, Ton-
bridge
A HISTORY OF KENT
Staphvlinid^ (continued)
Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze. Common
everywhere in moss in damp places
— pubescens, Mann. Not common.
Bromhy
— sicula, Er. (punctata, Brit. Cat.). Local.
Chatham, Snod/and, Folkeitotie
Acidota cruentata, Mann. Very rare.
Greenwich, Birch JVood
Olophrum piceum, Gyll. Common and
generally distributed
Lathrimaeum atrocephalum, Gyll. Com-
mon and generally distributed
— unicolor, Steph. Common and gener-
ally distributed
Pliilorhinum sordidum, Steph. Not un-
common. Darenth Wood, Shrer-
ness
Coryphium angusticoUe, Steph. Rare.
Darland Hill, St. Mary Cray, Chat-
ham
Homalium rivulare, Payk. Abundant
everywhere
— rugulipenne, Rye. In decaying sea-
weed ; very rare. Gravesend ; per-
haps described in error from this
locality
— lasviusculum, Gyll. Common in sea-
weed all along the coast
— riparium, Thoms. In decaying sea-
weed ; local. Sheerness, IVhitstahle,
Pegwell Bay
— allardi, Fairm. Rare. Eltham, Mar-
gate
— exiguum, Gyll. Rare. Cobham Park
(Walker)
— oxyacanths, Grav. Local, but widely
distributed
— cassum, Grav. Common and generally
distributed
— nigriceps, Kries. Local. Darenth Wood,
Strood, Faversham
— pusillum, Grav. Not uncommon under
bark of fir
— punctipennc, Thoms. Not uncommon
under bark of birch and beech
— rufipes, Fourc. (florale, Payk.). Rather
common
— salicis, Gyll. Rare. Beanted near
Maidstone (Gorham)
— vile, Er. Generally distributed and
common under bark
— iopterum, Steph. Local but not un-
common. Bexley, Chatham
— planum, Payk. Under bark and at
sap ; local, but not uncommon. Cob-
ham Park, Darenth IVood
— concinnum. Marsh. Common
— deplanatum, Gyll. Rare. Darland
Hill, Tonbridge
Staphylinid^ [continued)
Homalium striatum, Grav. Not uncom-
mon. Cobham Park, IVhitstable,
Sheerness, Pegivcll Bay, Maidstone,
Deal
Hapalarasa pygmaea, Gyll. Not common.
Sheerness, Birch Wood, Cobham Pari,
Darenth Wood, Bromley, Tonbridge
Eusphalerum primula, Steph. Very local.
Chatham, Chattenden, Maidstone
Anthobium minutum, F. Local. Cobham
Park
— ophthalmicum, Payk. Generally dis-
tributed and common
— torquatum. Marsh. Generally distri-
buted and common
Proteinus ovalis, Steph. (brevicollis, Er.).
Generally distributed and common
— brachypterus, F. Generally distributed
and common
— macropterus, Gyll. Scarce. Cobham
Park, Chattenden, Birch Wood, Chat-
ham, Sheerness, Tonbridge
— atomarius, Er. Local. Darenth Wood,
Faversham, Brasted
Megarthrus denticollis. Beck. Local.
Sheerness, Rochester district. Ton-
bridge
— affinis, Mill. Not uncommon
— depressus, Lac. Generally distributed
— sinuatocollis, Lac. Generally distri-
buted and common
— hemipterus. 111. Very local, but com-
mon where it occurs, in putrid
fungi. Darenth Wood, Chatham,
Sheerness, Tonbridge, Mereworth,
Sevenoaks
Phlceobium clypeatum, Milll. Widely dis-
tributed
Phloeocharis subtilissima, Mann. Very
local and not common. Sevenoaks,
Tonbridge
Pseudopsis sulcata, Newm. Very rare.
Kingsgate, one specimen
Prognatha quadricornis, Lac. Local. Cob-
ham Park, Chatham, Erith, Tonbridge,
Kingsgate
Leptinid^
Leptinus testaceus. Mull. Rare. Chatham,
Cobham Park (about thirty examples
in debris about the entrance of a nest
of a humble bee (J. J. Walker)
SlLPHlD^
Calyptomerus dubius. Marsh. Local. Lee
Clambus pubescens, Redt. Not uncom-
mon. Chatham, Darenth Wood, etc.
— armadillo, De G. Not uncommon.
Lee, St. Mary Cray
— minutus, Sturm. Scarce. Cobham
Park
140
INSECTS
SiLPHlD.*: [continued)
Agathidium atrum, Payk. Local. Favcr-
sham, Bexky, Rochester district ; very
scarce
— seminulum, L. Local. Chatham,
Sevcnoaks, Darenth Wood, Rochester
district
— Isevigatum, Er. Generally distri-
buted
— marginatum, Sturm. Scarce as a rule.
Sheerness, Chatham, Deal, Darland
Hill; not rare (J. J. W.)
— varians, Beck. Local. Cohhayn Park,
Chattendcn, ^leendown Warren, Dar-
enth Wood
— globosum, Muls. Rare. Bexky, Dar-
land Hill, Chatham, Darenth and
Birch Woods
— rotundatum, Gyll. Rare. Chatham,
Darenth Wood ; sometimes not rare
in Cobham Park (J. J. W.)
— nigrinum, Sturm. As a rule scarce.
Chatham, Darenth Wood, Cobham
Park, Chattendcn, etc. ; frequent
(J- J. W.)
Amphicyllis globus, F. Not common, but
occasionally occurs in numbers. As
a rule very scarce. Darenth JVood,
Chatham, Sheppey, Wigmore Wood,
Cobham Park, ^eendown Warren,
etc.
Liodes humeralis, Kug. Locally common
— orbicularis, Herbst. As a rule rare.
Chattendcn, Darenth Wood, Strood.
In snuff-like fungus on decaying
wood. Cobham Park ; common,
1885 and 1889.
Cyrtusa pauxilla, Schmidt. Not uncom-
mon, but local. Wigmore JVood,
Cobham Park, Charlton, Maidstone,
Gravesend, Chatham, Birch Wood
Anisotoma cinnamomea, Panz. By even-
ing sweeping under beech trees in
autumn ; rare. Darland Hill,
^leendown Warren, Cobham Park,
Chatham, Eythorne near Dover
— oblonga, Er. (grandis, Fairm.) Very
rare. Cobham Park
— picea. 111. Very rare. Sandwich (E. A.
Waterhouse)
— dubia, Kug. Not uncommon
— badia, Sturm. Local, but not uncom-
mon, and widely distributed
— ovalis, Schmidt. Rare. Cobham Park,
Sheppey
— punctulata, Gyll. (litura, Steph.).
Local. Cobham Park, ^leendoiun
Warren, not rare ; Folkestone
— calcarata, Er. Generally distributed
and common
SlLPHlD^ {continued)
Anisotoma curvipes, Schmidt (macropus.
Rye). Very rare. Cuxton ; one
specimen, 22 June, 1895 (J. J. W.)
— nigrita, Schmidt. Very local. Darland
^Hill, Chatham
— lunicollis. Rye. Very rare. Forest
Hill (Marsh.), Sydenham (Water-
house)
— triepkei, Schmidt. Very rare. Forest
Hill (Power)
— pallens, Sturm. Very rare. Deal;
three examples, 1873 (J. J. W.)
— rugosa, Steph. Very rare. Cobham
Park ; one example, 2 October,
1897 (J.J. Walker)
— parvula, Sahib. Rare. Chattendcn,
Chatham, Cobham Park, Darenth
Wood, Whitstable
Colenis dentipes, Gyll. Not uncommon
and generally distributed
Agaricophagus cephalotes, Schmidt. Rare.
Cobham Park, Chatham, Sandwich
— conformis, Er. Rare. Birch JVood.
Perhaps not distinct from the pre-
ceding
Hydnobius punctatissimus, Steph. Rare.
^teendown JVarrcn, Folkestone
— strigosus, Schmidt. Rare. Chattendcn,
Cobham Park, Sheppey, Darenth JVood,
Maidstone
Necrophorus humator, Goeze. Common
and generally distributed
— mortuorum, F. Not uncommon
— vestigator, Hersch. Rare. Deal
— ruspator, Er. Rare. Cobham Park
— interruptus, Steph. Rare. Hailing
Downs, Cobham Park, Dover
— vespillo, L. Local. Greenwich, Graves-
end, Cobham Park, Sheerness
Necrodes littoralis, L. Very local and not
common. Snodland, Hailing Downs
Silpha tristis. 111. Local. Darland Hill,
scarce (J. J. W.); Sheerness, Chatham,
Deal, Dover
— obscura, L. Local, but widely distri-
buted
— quadripunctata, L. Very local. Dar-
enth JVood ; Chattendcn, a dark var-
iety (J. J. W.)
— opaca, L. Rare. JVhitstable, Deal
— thoracica, L. Very local and not
common. Cobham Park
— rugosa, L. Generally distributed and
common
— sinuata, F. Not uncommon
— laevigata, F. Not uncommon and
widely distributed
— atrata, L. Generally distributed and
common
141
A HISTORY OF KENT
SlLPHlD^ [continued)
Choleva angustata, F. Rare. Upnor,
Sheerncis, Chatham
— cisteloides, Froh. Rather common, but
never plentiful
— intermedia, Kr. Rare. Birch Wood,
Dover
— spadicea, Sturm. Rare. Cohham Great
Wood, Bexley, St. Mary Cray
— agilis, 111. Local. Sheerness, Bexley,
Darenth Wood
— velox, Spence. Common and generally
distributed
— wilkini, Spence. Less common than
the preceding, but widely distributed
— anisotomoides, Spence. Local, ^jeen-
down, Chatham, Darenth Wood,
Ramsgate, Folkestone
— fusca, Panz. Local and never com-
mon. Greenwich, Rochester, Cohham
Park, Chatham
— nigricans, Spence. As the preceding.
Chattenden, Cohham Park, Lee, Birch
Wood, Sheerness
— morio, F. Mr. Walker records this as
generally distributed and not rare in
the Rochester district ; as a rule it is
not common. Sheerness, Chatham,
Lee
— grandicollis, Er. Local. Cohham Park,
Chatham, Sheerness, etc.
— nigrita, Er. Local, but w^idely distri-
buted
— tristis, Panz. Generally distributed and
common
— chrysomeloides, Panz. Generally dis-
tributed
— fumata, Spence. Not uncommon
— watsoni, Spence. With the preceding,
but less common
— colonoides, Kr. Very rare; one speci-
men in rotten stump of ash, April,
1897. Cohham Park (J. J. W.)
— sericeus, F. Common everywhere
— varicornis, Kr. Very rare. Folkestone
(Power)
Colon viennense, Herbst. Rare. Wigmore
Wood, Cohham Park, Rainham, Dar-
enth Wood, Birch Wood, Lee, Chat-
ham
— serripes, Sahib. Rare. Cohham Park,
Maidstone, Lee
— dentipes, Sahib. Very rare. Darenth
Wood (Champion)
var. zebei, Kr. Very rare. JVigmore
Wood near Chatham (J. J. W.)
— brumeum, Latr. The only member ot
the genus that cannot be called rare.
Sevcnoaks, Darenth Wood, Chatham,
Cohham Park, Chattenden, etc.
SlLPHlD^ {continued)
Colon appendiculatum. Sahib. Very rare.
Birch Wood (Power)
— denticulatum, Kr. Very rare. Darenth
Wood (Power), Hythe (Rye)
— latum, Kr. Very rare. Greenhithe
(Waterhouse)
[The members of the genus Colon .ire among
our very rarest beetles ; they are all taken by
sweeping in the summer]
Bathyscia (Adelops) woUastoni, Jans. This
species used to be considered ex-
tremely rare, but has occurred in
numbers in the Isle of Thanet near
Broadstairs in decaying seed potatoes,
where I have taken it with the Rev.
T. Wood in his garden ; it has also
occurred at Staple and Wingham,
and is probably general but over-
looked
ScVDM^NIDi^
Neuraphes elongatulus, MuU. Not com-
mon. Lee, Faversham, Sandwich
— angulatus, Mlill. Not common. Lee,
Sheerness, West Wickham, Tonhridge,
Sandwich
— sparshalli, Denny, Rare. Sheerness,
Lee, Cohham Park, Sittingbourne
var. minutus, Chaud. (pumilio,
Schaum). Rare. Lee (Power)
— longicollis. Mots, (prasteritus, Rye).
Rare. Cohham Park, Wigmore Wood,
Snodland, Erith, Strood, Folkestone,
Sandwich
Scydmsnus scutellaris. Mull. Generally
distributed and common
— collaris, Mull. Usually common. Ro-
chester district, scarce (J. J. W.)
— pusillus, Mull. Rare. Chatham dis-
trict ; once found in some numbers
at Snowledge Bottom (J. J. W.)
— exilis, Er. Under rotten beech bark.
Cohham Park, rare
Euconnus denticornis. Mull. Rare. Faver-
sham, Ashford, Darenth Wood, Chat-
tenden
— hirticollis, 111. Rare. Snodland, Faver-
sham
— fimetarius, Chaud. Rare. Sheerness,
Bromley, Darenth Wood, Ton-
bridge
Eumicrus tarsatus. Mull. Generally dis-
tributed and common
Euthia scydmaenoides, Steph. Rare. Black-
heath, Dover
— plicata, Gyll. Very rare. Cohham
Park, one specimen (J. J. W.)
Cephennium thoracicum, Mull. Not un-
common
142
INSECTS
PsELAPHID^
Pselaphus heisei, Herbst. Generally dis-
tributed and not uncommon
Tychus niger, Payk. Common and gener-
ally distributed
Bythinus bulbifer, Reich. Common in
several localities. Chatham district,
scarce
— curtisii. Local. Chatham, Cobham,
Birch Wood
— securiger, Reich. Rare. Bromley
(Saunders)
— burrellii, Denny. Rare. Faversham,
Bromley, Birch Wood
Batrisus venustus, Reich. In or about
ants' nests, chiefly Formica fuligi-
nosa ; rare. Birch Wood
Rybaxis sanguinea, L. Locally common
Bryaxis waterhousei, Rye. Very local.
Rochester (bank of Medway), Rain-
ham, Strood, Sheerness, Whitstable
— fossulata, Reich. Generally distributed
— helferi, Schmidt. Salt marshes ; locally
common. Gravesend, Chatham, Sheer-
ness, Whitstable, Strood, Kingsgate,
Folkestone
— haematica, Reich. Local, but occa-
sionally abundant ; more frequent
about the banks of large rivers.
Chatham
— juncorum. Leach. Generally distri-
buted
— impressa, Panz. Not common. Lee,
Eltham, Strood
Trichonyx sulcicollis, Reich. Very rare.
Cobham Park (J. J. W.), Lee (Douglas
and Scott)
Bibloporus bicolor, Denny. Under bark ;
not common. Cobham Park, Bexley,
Sevenoaks, Brasted, Bearsted
Euplectus kunzei, Aube. In moss, dead
leaves, etc. ; rare. Cobham Park,
Sevenoaks, Greenhithe, Darenth Wood,
Bearsted
— duponti, Aub^. Very rare ; one speci-
men under rotten beech bark in
company with B. bicolor at Cobham
Park (J. J. W.)
— karsteni, Reich. In cut grass, hot
beds, etc.; rare under loose bark.
Cobham Park, Strood
— signatus, Reich. In vegetable refuse,
cut grass, etc. ; rarely under bark ;
not uncommon in some localities,
more scarce in others
— nanus, Reich. In haystack and vege-
table refuse, also under bark ; rare.
Lee
— sanguineus, Denny. As the preceding;
not uncommon in some localities,
PsELAPHlD^ {continued)
scarce apparently in others, but prob-
ably overlooked
Euplectus piceus, Mots, (nigricans, Chaud.).
Under bark ; very scarce in hotbeds ;
not common. Darenth Wood, Cobham
Park, St. Mary Cray, Hawkhurst,
Maidstone
— ambiguus, Reich. Many places at roots
of grass, occasionally in haystacks ;
local, but sometimes not uncommon
where it occurs. Lee, Eltham, Sheer-
ness, Bromley
Tp.ichopterygid^
Ptinella aptera, Gu^r. Under bark of dead
trees ; not uncommon. Cobham
Park, Brasted
Trichopteryx thoracica, Waltl. Rare.
Lee
— atomaria, De G. Not uncommon
— anthracina, Matth. Rare. Chatham,
Sheerness
— grandicollis, Mannh. Not uncommon.
Lee, Whitstable
— lata. Mots. Common everywhere
— cantiana, Matth. Rare. Tonbridge
(Wollaston)
— fascicularis, Herbst. Not uncommon.
Lee
— seminitens, Matth. Snodland, not un-
common
— attenuata. Gill. Rare. Snodland
— sericans, Heer. Not common. Lee,
Kingsgate
— bovina. Mots. Not uncommon. Chat-
ham, St. Mary Cray, etc.
— edithia, Matth. Very rare. Tonbridge
(Wollaston)
— longula, Matth. Rare. Tonbridge
— montandonii. All. „ „
— chevrolatii, All. „ „
Nephanes titan, Newm. Locally com-
mon. Darenth JVood, Tonbridge,
Kingsgate. Probably overlooked ;
sometimes in profusion where it
occurs
Ptilium spencei, All. Locally common.
Lee, Tonbridge
— exaratum. All. Rare, Tonbridge
— myrmecophillum. All. In nests of
Formica rufa. Chislehurst
— foveolatum. All. Locally abundant.
Kingsgate
Millidium trisulcatum. Local. Tonbridge
Actidium coarctatum, Hal. Locally com-
mon ; under seaweed on the coast,
and also inland in hotbeds, etc.
Sheerness (J. J. W.), Kingsgate, in
profusion (T. Wood) ; formerly con-
sidered extremely rare
143
A HISTORY OF KENT
Trichopterygid-s: [continued)
Nossidium pilosellum, Marsh. Local. Cob-
ham Park, Birch IFood, Darenth Wood
Ptenidium punctatum, Gyll. Under sea-
weed ; locally common. Whltstable,
Klngsgate
— fuscicorne, Er. Local. Lee, Eltham
— nitidum, Heer (pusillum, Er.). Local.
Shecrnesi
— evanescens, Marsli. (apicale, Er.). Com-
mon everywhere
— formicetorum, Kr. In nests of Formica
rufa and F. fuliginosa. IVigmore IVood;
scarce
— turgidum, Thorns. Strood, rare (Cham-
pion) ; Cohham Park, in wet decayed
ash-wood, rather common (J. J. W.)
CORYLOPHID^
Orthoperus, Kluki, Wank, (brunnipes, Brit.
Cat.). Local. Sheernas, Cohharn Park
— atomus, Gyll. Sheerncss ; prob.ibly
general but overlooked
Corylophus cassidioides, Marsh. Not un-
common. Gravaend, Sheerness, Da-
renth TFood, Birchington, etc.
— sublasvipennis, Duv. Rare. Gravesend,
Heme Bay
Sericoderus lateralis, Gyll. Generally dis-
tributed and common
Phalacrid^
Phalacrus corruscus, Payk. Common and
generally distributed
var. humberti, Tourn. Not uncom-
mon. Sheerness, Chatham, Darenth
Wood, Whitstable, etc.
— brisouti. Rye. Rare. Gravesend, Lee,
Rainham, Lcwisham, Sheppey, Deal
— brunnipes, Bris. Rare. Chathatn,
Chattenden, Sheerness, Lee
Olibrus corticalis, Panz. Locally common
and widely distributed
— aeneus, F. Common everywhere
— liquidus, Er. Common and generally
distributed
— particeps, Muls. (affinis, Brit. Cat.).
Rare. Folkestone
— millefolii, Payk. Rare. Lee, Kingsgate
— pygmaeus, Sturm. Not common. Da-
renth Wood, Cobham
Stilbus testaceus, Panz. (geminus. 111.; con-
similis. Marsh.). Very common
everywhere
— atomarius, L. Rare. Snodland
— oblongus, Er. In stems of Typha ;
locally common. Snodland, Chatham,
Gravesend, Sheppey, Birchington, Peg-
well Bay
COCCINELLID^
Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L. (Lasia glo-
bosa, L.). Locally common
CocciNELLID^ [continued)
Hippodamia 1 3-punctata, L. Marshy places
on reeds, etc. ; rare. Deal
— variegata, Goeze (mutabilis, Scriba).
Local. St. Mary Cray, Kingsgate,
Margate, Deal
Anisosticta 19-punctata, L. Marshy
places, amongst reeds and aquatic
plants. Local. Lee, Gravesend,
Birchington
Adalia obliterata, L. On firs ; not un-
common
— bipunctata, L. Abundant throughout
the kingdom
Mysia oblona;oG;uttata, L. On firs. Local.
West Wickham
Anatis ocellata, L. On firs. Locally
common
Coccinella lo-punctata, L. (variabilis. III).
Common everywhere
— hieroglyphica, L. Under fir trees, etc.
Local. Brasted, Chattenden, Chatham
— 1 1 -punctata, L. Generally common
— 7-punctata, L. Common everywhere
— distincta, Fald. (labilis, Muls.). Very
local in sandy places. Heme Ba\,
JFhitstable, Kingsgate
Halyzia i6-guttata, Poda. Local. JVhit-
stable, Sheerness
— 14-guttata, L. Not uncommon on
young alders, larch, whitethorn, etc.
— i8-guttata, L. On firs; not uncommon
— conglobata, L. (14-punctata, L.). Com-
mon and generally distributed
— 22-punctata, L. Common and gener-
ally distributed
Micraspis i6-punctata, L. Marshy places;
local, but very common where it occurs
var. poweri, Weise. Lee Pit (Power) ;
very rare
Hyperaspis reppensis, Herbst. Rather
scarce and very local. Sheerness
Scymnus pulchellus, Herbst (4-lunulatus,
111.). One example, ' Kent ' (Rye's
collection)
— nigrinus, Kug. On the Scotch fir ;
scarce. Chattenden, Chatham, Birch
Wood
— pygmseus, Fourc. Local. Chatham,
Lee, Deal, Dover
— frontalis, F. Common
— suturalis, Thunb. Not uncommon on
and under the Scotch fir
var. limbatus, Steph. Not uncommon.
Lee
— testaceus, Mots, (mulsanti, Wat.).
Marshy places, at roots of grass,
under seaweed, etc. ; local. Lee,
Chatham, Chattenden, Sheerness, Folke-
stone
144
INSECTS
CocciNELLID^ {continued)
Scymnus haemorrhoidalis, Herbst. Common
and generally distributed
— capitatus, F. Local. Rochester district,
Lee, Faversham
— ater, Kug. Sandy places, at roots of
grass, etc. ; rare. Deal
— minimus, Rossi. Very local. Chat-
ham, Borland Hill, Cobham, Belve-
dere, Sheerness, Darenth fVood, Birch
Wood
Platynaspis luteorubra (villosa, Fourc).
Very local. Darland Hill, Chat-
ham, in profusion under bark of
dead fir trees in winter (J. J. W.) ;
rarely under oak bark, Queendown
Warren (J. J. W.) ; Deal, Folke-
stone
Chilocorus similis, Rossi. Local, but not
uncommon. Chatham, Darenth
Wood, Chattenden, Shooters Hill,
Folkestone
— bipustulatus, L. Apparently very local.
Brasted
Exochomus 4-pustulatus, L. Locally com-
mon. Chatham, Dartford, Shooters
Hill. Under fir bark, Darland Hill,
scarce (J. J. W.)
Rhizobius litura, F. Common everywhere
Coccidula rufa, Herbst. Very common and
generally distributed
— scutellata, Herbst. Marshy places on
aquatic plants ; local. Gravesend,
Sheerness, St. Mary's Island, Birch-
ington (abundant), Pegwell Bay
Endomychid^
Mycetaea hirta. Marsh. In haystack re-
fuse, cornbins, etc. ; often in cellars
about beer drippings and in fungi in
wine cellars. Generally distributed
and common
Alexia pilifera, Mull. Locally common
and widely distributed
Lycoperdina bovistas, F. In pufF balls
(Lycoperdon bovistae) ; very local,
but generally common where found.
Birch Wood
Endomychus coccineus, L. In fungoid
growth, and under bark of decaying
birch, elm, etc. ; locally common.
Sevenoaks, Lewisham, Cobham Park,
Cuxton, ^leendown JVarren, Boxley,
Westerham, Abbey Wood, Sittingbourne
EaOTYLIDiE
Dacne humeralis, F. In hard boleti on
beech and elms ; rare. Sheerness
— rufifrons, F. In fungoid growth on
trees ; locally common
Triplax russica, L. In fungi on trees ; not
common. Darenth Wood
EROTYLiDiS: {continued)
Triplax lacordairei, Crotch. In fungoid
growth on ash and other trees ;
very rare. Darenth Wood (Cham-
pion), Frith (Power)
Cyrtotriplax bipustulata, F. In fungi on
trees and rotten stumps ; local and
not common. Darenth Wood, Birch
Wood
CoLYDIIDiB
Aglenus brunneus, Gyll. In manure heaps,
cornbins, hotbeds, etc. ; rare. Ash-
ford
Oxylaemus variolosus, Duft. (coesus, Er.).
Under bark ; very rare. Charlton
(Pelerin)
Orthocerus muticus, L. Sandy places ;
local, but not uncommon. Sheerness,
Deal, Dover
Cicones variegatus, Hellw. Under bark of
beech and hornbeam ; rare. Brom-
ley, Chatham, Westerham, Chilham
Langelandia anophthalma, Aub6. Very
rare ; the only locality in Britain is
St. Peter's, Thanet, where I took it
in decaying seed potatoes in 1886
in the Rev. J. G. Wood's garden,
where his son had discovered it some
little time before
Cerylon histeroides, F. Under bark and
in ants' nests ; rather common
— fagi, Bris. Under bark and under
fallen beech branches ; rare. Cob-
ham Park, Chatham, Sevenoaks,
St. Mary Cray, Darenth Wood
— ferrugineum, Steph. (angustatum, Er.).
Under bark of felled ash and beech
trees ; very local, but occasionally
abundant. Cobham Park, Chatham,
Chilham
HlSTERID.«:
Hister quadrimaculatus, L. Formerly not
uncommon on or near the coast.
Gravesend, Sheerness, Chatham, Whit-
stable, Heme Bay, Ramsgate, Deal.
Appears now to be much less often
met with
— unicolor, L. Generally distributed and
common
— cadaverinus, HofF. Generally distri-
buted and common
— succicola, Thoms. In carcases and
also putrid fungi and at sap ; not
common. Cobham Park, Sevenoaks,
Darenth and Birch Woods
— purpurascens, Herbst. Local but widely
distributed
— neglectus, Germ. Not uncommon in
several localities. Banks of Medway,
not common
145
A HISTORY OF KENT
HiSTERiDi^ {continued)
Hister carbonarius, 111. Generally distri-
buted and common
— sinuatus, 111. Very rare. Dartford
Heath (Stephens) ; doubtfully indi-
genous
— bissexstriatus, F. Not common, but
occasionally in numbers. Blackheath,
Deal ; Sheerness in profusion in
flood refuse (J. J. W.)
— i2-striatus, Schr. Local. Blackheath,
. Chatham Dockyard, Sheerness, Deal
— bimaculatus, L. Common and widely
distributed
Carcinops minima, Aube. Common and
widely distributed
Paromalus flavicornis, Herbst. Not un-
common. Greenwich, Chatham, Cob-
ham, Chilham
Dendrophilus punctatus, 111. In nests of
Formica fuliginosa, also in rotten
wood and dead animals ; not com-
mon. Greenwich, JFest Wickham
— pygmaeus, L. In nests of Formica
rufa ; local. Plumstead, IVigmore
Wood
Myrmetes piceus, Payk. In nests of
Formica rufa ; local. Plumstead
Gnathoncus nannetensis, Mars. In birds'
nests, dead birds, haystack refuse,
etc. ; not common. Cobham Park,
Lee, Sheerness, Deal
Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. Generally dis-
tributed and common
— aeneus, Gyll. Generally distributed
and common
— immundus, Gyll. On sandhills near
the coast ; very local. Deal
— virescens, Payk. In dung, sometimes
on flowers of watercress feeding on
the larvae of Phaedon cochlearise ;
rare. Cobham Park, Sheerness,
Darenth Wood, Maidstone, Sand-
wich, Deal, Folkestone
— metallicus, Herbst. On sandhills near
the coast ; rare. Deal
— rugifrons, Payk. On the coast ; rare.
^Deal
— maritimus, Steph. On the coast ; rare.
Margate
Abraeus globosus, HofF. In rotten wood ;
local. Cobham Park, Abbey Wood,
West Wickham
— granulum, Er. As a rule very rare,
but taken in some numbers in 1889
in the rotten wood of an ash tree at
Cobham Park
Acritus minutus, Herbst. In manure heaps
and hotbeds, etc. ; rather common.
Sheerness, Greenwich, Whitstable
HlSTERID.^ {continued)
Onthophilus striatus, F. In dung, vege-
table refuse, etc. ; not uncommon
MlCROPEPLIDiâ‚ ¬
Micropeplus porcatus, Payk. Local. Seven-
oaks, Birch Wood
— staphylinoides, Marsh. Local. Sheer-
ness, Faversham
— margaritae, Duv. Generally distributed
NlTIDULlDi€
Brachypterus gravidus. 111. On Linaria
vulgaris ; not uncommon and widely
distributed
— pubescens, Er. On nettles ; generally
distributed
— urticae, Kug. On nettles ; very com-
mon everywhere
Cercus pedicularius, L. On Spiraea ul-
maria in marshy places ; not com-
mon. Greenhithe, Maidstone
— bipustulatus, Payk. On Spiraea, Epilo-
bium, Carex, etc. ; local. Snodland,
Maidstone, Wingham near Sandwich
— rufilabris, Latr. Often on reeds and
rushes and on other[plants ; common
Carpophilus hemipterus, L. Chatham Dock-
yard, one specimen at sap of a Cossus
infected poplar (J. J. W.)
Epuraea decemguttata, F. At sap of oaks,
etc. ; rare. Tonbridge
— diffusa, Bris. One specimen at sap of
a Cossus infected poplar in Chatham
Dockyard (J. J. W.)
— asstiva, L. In hawthorn blossom in
spring ; very abundant
— melina, Er. With the preceding ;
local. Chatham, Darenth Wood
— florea, Er. Under bark, at sap and in
flowers ; local but not uncommon
— deleta, Er. Usually in fresh Boleti ; not
uncommon. Snodland, Darenth Wood,
Chatham
— parvula, Sturm. In faggots ; very
local. Darenth Wood
— obsoleta, F. Under bark, at sap, in
fungi, etc. Not uncommon
— neglecta, Sturm. At sap of freshly cut
trees, also in faggots ; very rare.
Darenth Wood (Champion), West
Wickham (Janson)
— pusilla, Er. Under bark and at sap ;
local. Darenth Wood
Omosiphora limbata, F. In fungi, etc. ;
local, sometimes plentiful. Chatham,
Cobham Park, Sheerness, Dartford
Micrurula melanocephala. Marsh. On
flowers and trees in blossom in early
summer ; local. Cobham Park, in pro-
fusion on maple blossoms ; Sevenoaks,
St. Mary Cray, Birch Wood, Dover
146
INSECTS
NlTIDULID.^ (continued)
Nitidula bipustulata, L. Under bones,
carcases of birds and animals, etc. ;
Rather common
— quadripustulata, F. As the preceding ;
not common. Darenth TVood^ Black-
heathy Chatham^ Sheerness, Whitstable
— rufipes, L. As the preceding ; rare.
Darenth Woody Gravesend, Chatham,
Sheerness *
Soronia punctatissima, 111. At exuding
sap, near burrows of Cossus ; not
common. Darenth Wood, Chatham
Dockyard, Cobham Park, etc.
— grisea, L. As the preceding, but much
commoner
Amphotis marginata, Er. Old beech trees,
in runs of Formica fuliginosa ; rare.
Birch Wood, Maidstone
Omosita colon, L. Under bones, etc. ;
very common
— discoidea, F. Under bones, etc. ; very
common
Thalycra sericea, Sturm. At exuding sap ;
near Cossus burrows ; rare. Cob-
ham Park, Chattenden, Bromley, Birch
Wood, Sandwich
Pocadius ferrugineus, F. In decaying
Lycoperdons and other fungi ; local.
Cobham Great Wood, scarce ; Dover
Pria dulcamarae. 111. On Solanum dulca-
mara ; not uncommon, but rather
local. Cobham and surrounding dis-
trict, Sheerness, Lee, Darenth Wood
Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. On various
flowers, especially hawthorn ; very
common
— lumbaris, Sturm. On Umbelliferas,
broom and other flowers ; local.
Rochester district, not rare on haw-
thorn ; Snodland, Darenth Wood
— fulvipes, Bris. In marshy places on
Cruciferae and other flowers ; rare.
Strood, Chattenden, Darenth Wood
— coracinus, Sturm. On the flowers of
Galium and Prunus spinosa ; very
rare. Darenth Wood (Rye)
— aeneus, F. On flowers, especially Cruci-
fers and Ranunculaceje ; very abun-
dant everywhere
— viridescens, F. With the preceding
and nearly as abundant
— difficilis, Heer. On Labiatae, especially
Lamium album ; locally common.
Darland Hill, Chatham, Sheerness,
St. Mary Cray, Darenth Wood,
Maidstone
1 This and the preceding species were taken
plentifully by Com. Walker in Chatham Dockyard
in 1897 and 1898 in a bone laid down for a trap.
NiTiDULlD.ffi {continued)
Meligethes kunzei, Er. On Agraphis nutans,
Lamium album, etc. ; rare. Chat-
ham
— memnonius, Er. On Labiatae, espe-
cially Lamium album and Stachys
sylvatica ; not uncommon
— brunnicornis, Sturm. As the preced-
ing ; not uncommon
— pedicularius, Gyll. On Lamium al-
bum and Salvia pratensis ; local.
Chatham, Darenth Wood
— bidens, Bris. On Teucrium scorodo-
nia ; local. Chatham, Birch Wood
— umbrosus, Sturm. On Labiatae, Genis-
tae, Hieracium, etc. ; very local, but
not uncommon. Chatham, Seven-
oaks, Darenth Wood, Bearsted, Bra-
sted, etc.
— incanus, Sturm. On Echium vulgare ;
very rare. Darenth Wood, one speci-
men (G. R. Waterhouse)
— ovatus, Sturm. On Labiatae ; not
uncommon in several localities.
Rochester district, rare (J. J. W.)
— flavipes, Sturm. On Labiatae, etc. ;
locally common
— picipes, Sturm. On various flowers ;
abundant everywhere
— rotundicollis, Bris. On Trifolium and
Genista ; very rare. Chatham
— symphyti, Heer. On Agraphis nutans ;
rare. Darenth Wood, St. Mary Cray,
Chatham
— serripes, Gyll. On Echium vulgare,
etc. ; not common. Darenth Wood,
Faversham
— murinus, Er. (seniculus, Er.). On
Cynoglossum and Echium vulgare ;
locally common. Chatham, Maidstone
var. planiusculus,Er. Very rare. Birch
Wood (Power)
— lugubris, Sturm. On Thymus ser-
pyllum, Helianthemum, etc. ; very
local. Chattenden, Wigmore Wood,
Sheerness, Bearsted, Maidstone
— obscurus, Er. (distinctus, W. C). On
Mentha, Teucrium, Cynoglossum,
etc. ; local and widely distributed
— erythropus, Gyll. On Helianthemum
vulgare, Potentilla tormentilla, etc. ;
locally common
— solidus, Sturm. On Helianthemum
vulgare, chiefly in chalky places ;
local, but not uncommon. Darenth
Wood, Chatham, Dart ford. Birch
Wood, Bearsted, Faversham, etc.
Cychramus luteus, F. On flowers of
whitethorn and also in fungi ; not
uncommon
147
A HISTORY OF KENT
NlTIDULID^ {continued)
Cychramus fungicola, Heer. In fungi ;
not uncommon
Cryptarcha strigata, F. At exuding sap of
Cossus infested oaks, also under bark ;
rare. Cobham Park, Weiterham,
Belvedere
— imperialis, F. With the preceding,
but more scarce. Cobham Park
[As far as I know no species of Ips has been
recorded from Kent, but I. quadripunctata pro-
bably occurs, as it is not rare in Surrey at sap and
under bark.]
Rhizophagus cribratus, Gyll. Under bark
and at roots of trees, especially oak ;
rare. Birch Wood
— depressus, F. Under bark of oak, fir,
etc. ; local. Chatham, Borland Hill
— perforatus, Er. Under bark and at
sap ; not common as a rule. Cob-
ham Park, Borland Hill, frequent
(J. J. W.); Sheerness, Barenth, St.
Peter's {Isle of Thanet)
— parallelocollis, Er. Under bark, at sap,
in fungoid growth, etc. ; not com-
mon. Cobham Park
— ferrugineus, Payk. Under bark, at fir
sap, etc. ; local. Borland Hill,
scarce ; Sevenoaks, Barenth Wood
— bipustulatus, F. Under bark, at sap,
etc. ; very common
— politus, Hellw. Under bark of pines,
etc. ; very rare. Lee, one specimen
(Douglas)
TrOGOSITIDjE
Nemosoma elongatum, L. Under bark,
parasitic on Hylesinus vittatus ; very
rare. Barenth Wood (Stephens)
Tenebrioides mauritanicus, L. In granaries,
etc. ; not uncommon — an imported
species
Thymalus limbatus, F. Under bark ; very
rare. Westcrham (Stephens)
MoNOTOMIDi^
Monotoma conicicollis, Aube. In nests or
Formica rufa ; local, but not uncom-
mon where it occurs. Plumstead,
Wigmore Wood
— formicetorum, Thoms. With the pre-
ceding ; perhaps less common
— spinicoUis, Aube. In cut grass, hot-
beds, haystack bottoms, etc. ; not
common. Chatham, Barenth Wood,
Maidstone, Forest Hill, Kingsgate,
etc.
— brevicollis, Payk. As the preceding ;
rare. Gravesend, Sheerness, Barenth
Wood, Maidstone
— picipes, Herbst. As the preceding ;
very common
MoNOTOMID^ {continued)
Monotoma quadricollis, Aube. In hay-
stack bottoms, dungheaps, etc. ; local,
but not uncommon
— rufa, Redt. In haystack refuse, cut
grass, etc., sometimes in granaries ;
locally common. Lee, Sheerness, El-
thom. New Brompton
— sub-4-foveolata, Wat. As the preced-
ing ; very rare. Strood and Sheer-
ness (J. J. W.)
— longicollis, Gyll. As the preceding ;
not common. Sheerness, St. Peter s
{Isle of Thanet)
Lathridhdj^
Anommatus i2-striatus, Wesm. In de-
caying wood, refuse, rotten seed
potatoes underground, etc. ; rare.
Sheerness (Walker), St. Peter's {Isle of
Thanet) and Kingsgate (T. Wood)
Lathridius lardarius, De G. In moss, vege-
table refuse, etc. ; generally dis-
tributed
— angulatus, Humm. As the preceding ;
common
Coninomus nodifer, Westw. In vegetable
refuse, woodstacks, faggots, etc. ;
very common
— carinatus, Gyll. Under bark, in dead
twigs, moss, etc. ; very rare. Syden-
ham
Enicmus minutus, L. In stacks, vegetable
refuse, etc. ; abundant everywhere
— transversus, Ol. As the preceding;
abundant everywhere
— testaceus, Steph. In powdery fungus
on decaying wood ; as a rule rare,
but occasionally in numbers. Barenth
Wood, Cobham Park
Cartodere ruficollis. Marsh. In haystack
and other refuse, fungi, etc. ; locally
common. Cobham Park, Lee, Plum-
stead, Sheerness
— elongata. Curt. As the preceding.
Cobham Park, plentiful in dry leaves
under a log, October, 1889 (J.J. W.),
Greenwich, Gravesend, Bishop's Wood,
Barenth Wood, Bearsted
Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. (punctulata.
Marsh.). In haystack refuse, moss,
decaying seaweed, etc. ; not uncom-
mon
— crenulata, Gyll. As the preceding ;
not uncommon on the coast, rare
inland
— denticulata, Gyll. As the preceding ;
rather local, but not uncommon
— serrata, Payk. In refuse, under bark,
also in ants' nests ; not common.
Borland Hill, Chatham
148
INSECTS
Lathridiid/e {continued)
Corticaria umbilicata, Beck, (cylindrica,
Mann.). In moss ; very local.
Chattenden, Strood, Shooters Hill.
Mr. Walker records it as being
much less common than it used to
be
— fulva, Com. I have a record of this
species from ' Kent,' but I consider
it to be doubtful
— clongata, Humm. In refuse, moss,
etc. ; generally distributed and com-
mon
— fenestralis, L. (rufula, Zett.). As the
preceding ; not common, and usually
occurs singly. Chattenden, Chatham,
Darenth Wood, Sevenoaks
Melanophthalma gibbosa, Herbst. In moss,
haystack refuse, etc. ; abundant
everywhere
— transversalis var. w^ollastoni, Wat.
In moss, haystack refuse, etc.,
and also in and among rushes on
the coast ; rare, but plentiful some-
times where it occurs. Sheerness,
Darenth Wood, Chatham, Kingsgate.
We do not apparently possess the
type form in Britain
— fuscula, Humm. In moss, refuse, etc. ;
very common
— fulvipes. Com. (curta, Woll.). Sandy
places on the coast, in decaying sea-
weed and at roots of grass ; locally
common
CucujiD^
Pediacus dermestoides, F. Under bark
and in chinks of freshly cut oaks,
etc. ; very rare. Cobham Park
(Walker)
Lsemophloeus bimaculatus, Payk. Under
bark of oak, beech and hornbeam ;
very rare. Gore Court near Beantal
(Gorham), Bromley, Kent (under oak
bark)
— duplicatus, Waltl. Under bark of
beech, oak, etc., also in fungus ;
very local, and as a rule rare. Cob-
ham Park, rare in dry fungus ;
Maidstone, Farnhorough, Bromley (in
numbers)
— pusillus, Schon. In a granary at Strood;
probably introduced
— ferrugineus, Steph. In haystack refuse,
in granaries and under bark ; com-
mon ; probably introduced
• — ater, OI. In dead stems of broom ;
rare. Darenth Wood
— clematidis, Er. In dead stems of Cle-
matis vitalba ; rare. Gravesend
(Janson), Dartford (Champion)
CucujiD.-E [continued)
Brontes planatus, L. Under bark of dead
beech trees ; very rare. Blackheath
(Douglas)
Psammachus bipunctatus, F. Marshy
places, in refuse, etc. ; local. Lee,
Higham, Rainham, Snodland, Strood,
Bearsted, Wickham, Birchington,
Folkestone
Silvanus surinamensis, L. In sugar, in
granaries, etc. ; an introduced
species ; not uncommon. Cobham
Park, by sweeping
— unidentatus, F. Under bark of
oak, beech, etc. ; local. Cobham
Park
— similis, Er. Very rare ; one specimen
in a birch faggot, Cobham Park
(J. J. W.). Mr. Champion has
taken it abundantly at Esher in
Surrey, but only in dead branches
of Scotch fir
BYTURIDiE
Byturus sambuci. Scop. On flowers ; rather
common
— tomentosus, F. On flowers, especially
on raspberry blossoms ; common
Cryptophagid^
Diphyllus lunatus, F. In the black fungus
and under bark of old ash trees ;
rare. Chatham, Sheerness
Telmatophilus sparganii, Ahr. In stems
of Sparganium, Typha, etc. ; rare.
Pegwell Bay, Hythe, Sandwich
— caricis, Ol. In stems of Typha, also
by sweeping in marshy places ; com-
mon. Snodland, Sheerness, Lee,
Hythe
— typhsc. Fall. In stems of Typha, also
in flood refuse, etc. ; locally com-
mon. Snodland, Chatham, Sheerness,
Hythe
— schonherri, Gyll. As the preceding ;
not uncommon. Sheerness, Deal
■— brevicollis, Aubc. As the preceding ;
rare. Sheerness, Birchington, Pegwell
Bay, Sandwich, Hythe
Antherophagusnigricornis, F. On flowers;
also in and about nests of humble
bees, and taken attached to the bees
in flight ; rather common
— pallcns, Gyll. Often in and near
humble bees' nests ; rare, ^teen-
down Warren, Chattenden, Cobham
Park, Darenth Wood, Folkestone,
Dover, Birchington, Kingsgate, etc.
— silaceus, Herbst. By sweeping ; prob-
ably with humble bees ; rare. Dar-
land Hill (very rare), Darenth (Food,
Gravesend, Deal, Folkestone
149
A HISTORY OF KENT
Cryptophagid^ (continued)
Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Herbst. In Lyco-
perdons ; locally common
— setulosus, Sturm. In fungi, refuse,
etc., also in nests of humble bees ;
not uncommon and widely distributed
— pilosus, Gyll. In haystack bottoms,
cut grass, etc. ; often in hotbeds ;
common
— punctipennis, Bris. As the preceding ;
local
— ruficornis, Steph. In black fungus on
old ash trees ; usually rare. Strood
(Champion), Cobham Park. It has
been taken in some numbers at
Strood by Mr. J. J. Walker since
Mr. Champion recorded it
— populi, Payk. In fungi, rotten wood,
etc., also about the burrows of bees'
nests, especially CoUetes daviesiana ;
local and usually rare. Sydenham,
Margate
— saginatus, Sturm. In fungi, refuse ;
local. Sheerness, Gravesend
— umbratus, Er. In haystack refuse, etc. ;
rare. Plumstead, St. Peter's {hie oj
Thanet)
— scanicus, L. As the preceding ; com-
mon everywhere
var. patruelis, Sturm. With the type
form, but much rarer
— badius, Sturm. As the preceding ; not
common. Sheerness, Darenth, Lee,
Gravesend, Tonbridge, Folkestone
— dentatus, Herbst. As the preceding ;
very common
— distinguendus, Sturm. As the preced-
ing ; not uncommon, but local
— acutangulus, Gyll. As the preceding ;
local. Sheerness, Lee, Deal
— fumatus, Gyll. In cellars, etc. ; very
rare. Deal
— cellaris. Scop. In refuse, haystack
bottoms, etc. ; not uncommon. Cob-
ham Park, Rochester, Sheerness, Graves-
end
— affinis, Sturm. As the preceding and
also in fungi ; not uncommon in
some localities. Cobham Park, scarce
— pubescens, Sturm. In moss and hay-
stack refuse ; local. Chatham, Cob-
ham Park (attached to wasps' nests)
— bicolor, Sturm. In haystack refuse,
etc. ; not common. Sheerness, Strood
Micrambe vini, Panz. On the flowers of
gorse and broom, also in stable re-
fuse ; common everywhere
Paramecosoma melanocephalum, Herbst.
On sallows, in flood refuse, etc. ;
rare. Chatham
Cryptophagid^ [continued)
Caenoscelis pallida, Woll. Evening sweep-
ing, also in runs of Formica fuliginosa;
rare. Chatham, Cobham Park
Atomaria barani, Bris. Marshy places, at
roots of grass and in flood refuse ;
rare. Eltham, Lee
— nigriventris, Steph. (nana, Er.). Very
common
— umbrina, Er. In moss, dead leaves,
refuse, etc. ; local. Lee, Darenth IVood
— linearis, Steph. As the preceding ;
common everywhere
— badia, Er. In dead branches of Scotch
fir ; rare. Gravesend (Power), Dover
(Hall)
— fuscipes, Gyll. In haystack refuse,
manure heaps, and under seaweed
near the coast ; local. Sheerness,
Chatham, Deal
— peltata, Kr. In haystack and vegetable
refuse ; rare. Chatham, Cobham Park,
Sheerness
— munda, Er. As the preceding ; local.
Strood, Sheerness, Lee, Cowley
— impressa, Er. As the preceding ; very
rare. Lee, one specimen (Sharp)
— fuscata, Sch. As the preceding ; local.
— atra, Herbst. Damp places, by sweep-
ing ; very rare. Leigh, one speci-
men (Miss Shepherd)
— pusilla, Payk. In moss, haystack re-
fuse, by evening sweeping, etc. ;
local. Sheerness, Lee
— atricapilla, Steph. As the preceding ;
very common
— berolinensis, Kr. As the preceding ;
local. Sheerness, Lee, Sevenoaks, IVhit-
stable. West Wickham, Tonbridge
— basalis, Er. In vegetable refuse ;
very scarce. Darenth Wood
— mesomelinus, Herbst. Marshy places, in
flood refuse and at roots of grass ;
locally abundant. Sheerness, Higham,
Snodland, Eltham
— gutta, Steph. As the preceding ;
locally abundant. Sheerness, Chat-
ham, Rochester, Maidstone, Birchington
— apicalis, Er. In haystack and other
refuse, hotbeds, etc. ; local. Lee,
Chatham
— analis, Er. As the preceding ; locally
common
— ruficornis. Marsh. Very common
— versicolor, Er. In sheep dung ; rare.
Shooters Hill
Ephistemus globosus, Waltl. In haystack
refuse, in dung, under bark, etc. ;
rare. Snodland, Lee, Cowley, Charl-
150
INSECTS
Cryptophagid^ {continued)
Ephistemus gyrinoides, Marsh. In haystack
refuse ; common everywhere
— globulus, Payk. As the preceding ;
rare. Sheerness ; perhaps a variety
of E. gyrinoides
SCAPHIDIID^
Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, Ol. In rot-
ten stumps, logs, fungi, etc. ; not
uncommon. Cobham Park, Darenth
Wood
Scaphisoma agaricinum, L. As the pre-
ceding ; not uncommon. Chatham,
Sheerness, Whhstable, Darenth and
Birch Woods, etc.
— boleti, Panz. As the preceding ; not
common. Snodland, Whit stable. Birch
Wood, Bishop's Wood
Mycetophagid^
Typhsea fumata, L. In haystack refuse
and granaries ; common every-
where
Triphyllus suturalis, F. In fungi on old
trees ; not common. Sheerness
— punctatus, F. As the preceding ;
common
Litargus bifasciatus, F, Under bark of
beech and other trees ; local. Dar-
land Hill, Boxley, Westerham, Maid-
stone
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, L. In
fungi, rotten wood, etc. ; common
and generally distributed
— piceus, F. In fungi on old trees and
in damp logs ; very rare. Cobham
Park, Lee
— atomarius, F. Under loose dry beech
bark ; locally common. Chatham,
^eendown Warren, Holly Hill,
Wigmore Wood, Brasted, Sevenoaks,
Westerham, Farnborough, etc.
— quadriguttatus, Mull. In decayed ash,
cut grass, haystack bottoms, granary
refuse, etc. ; rare. Cobham Park,
Dartford, Sheerness
— multipunctatus, Hellw. In fungi on
trees, under bark, etc. ; very local.
Sheerness, Darenth Wood, Sandwich
(abundant, Gorham)
Dermestid^
Dermestes vulpinus, F. In hides, furs,
etc. ; only too common
— frischii, Kug. In dead animals, etc. ;
rare. Greenwich, Deal
— murinus, L. In small dry carcases
(birds, mice, moles, etc.) ; common
— undulatus, Brahm. In dead birds, fish,
etc. ; usually on the coast ; local,
but widely distributed
— lardarius, L. In skins, bacon, dead
Dermestid^ {continued)
animals, etc. ; far too common in
houses and warehouses, rarer out of
doors
Attagenus pellio, L. In skins, furs, natural
history specimens, etc. ; common
Megatoma undata, Er. In skins and furs,
also on palings, under bark, and even
in flowers ; very local and usually
rare. Lewisham, Lee, Darenth
Tiresias serra, F. Under dry bark ;
rare. Greenwich, Cobham Park,
Sheerness
Anthrenus varius, F. In natural history
specimens, also on flowers ; not com-
mon. Lee, Cowley, Dover, etc.
— musaeorum, L. As the preceding;
too common
— claviger, Er. On flowers ; local.
Sheerness, Chatham district, Darenth
Wood
Byrrhid^
Syncalypta spinosa, Rossi. In chalky places,
at roots of grass, in moss, etc. ; locally
common at times, but as a rule rare.
Darland Hill, Cuxton, Snowledge
Bottom, Sheerness, Faversham, Deal,
Folkestone
— hirsuta. Sharp. As the preceding ;
locally common. Darland Hill,
New Brompton, Higham, Cuxton,
Faversham, Farnborough, Deal, Folke-
stone
Byrrhus pilula, L. At roots of grass, in
moss, etc. ; generally common
var. dennyi, Steph. Sandy and chalky
places ; at roots of Teucrium scoro-
donia; rare. Tunbridge Wells, Cow-
ley
— fasciatus, F. Sandy places ; not un-
common, but very local. Chattenden,
Whitstable, Sheerness
— dorsalis, F. Sandy places ; rare. Plum-
stead, Cowley, West Wickham, Belve-
dere, Dover
— murinus, F. At roots of heath, in
moss, etc. ; rare. Plumstead
Cytilus varius, F. Damp places, in moss,
at roots of grass ; local. Chatten-
den, Wigmore Wood, Sheerness
Simplocaria semistriata, F. In flood re-
fuse, moss, etc. ; common.
Limnichus pygmaeus, Sturm. Sandy and
chalky places, in moss, etc. ; rare.
Higham, Sheerness, Sheppey, Deal
Aspidiphorus orbiculatus, Gyll. In brown
powdery fungus or rotten wood ;
rare. Cobham Park, Wigmore Wood,
Bishop's Wood, Darenth Wood, Faver-
sham
151
A HISTORY OF KENT
Parnid^
Elmis aeneus, Mull. In running water,
clinging to stones, logs, or bits of
wood ; locally common
— volkmari, Panz. As the preceding ;
rare. Maithtone
Limnius tuberculatus, Mull. In running
water ; locally common. Lnvhbam ;
probably widely distributed.
— rivularis, Rosenh. In running water ;
rare. Birchingtofi near Alargate
Parnus prolifericornis, F. Pond sides, under
stones in damp places, etc. ; gene-
rally distributed and common
— auriculatus, 111. As the preceding ;
local and not uncommon as a rule.
Snodland (scarce), Lee, Favers/xim
Heterocerus femoralis, Kies. Banks of
ponds and ditches ; not common.
Sheerness, Gravesend, Deal
. — obsoletus. Curt. Banks of brackish
ditches ; sometimes in tidal refuse
and seaweed ; local. Gravesend,
Rochester, Chatham, Sheerness
— marginatus, F. Banks of ponds and
ditches ; not uncommon, especially
near the coast. Lee, Sheerness, Rain-
ham, Gravesend, JFhitstable, Maid-
stone
— Isvigatus, Panz. Banks of ponds and
ditches ; local. Lee, Darenth Wood
— britannicus, Kuwert. (sericans, Brit.
Col. ; nec Kies). Rare. Gravesend,
Sheerness, Pegwell Bay
LUCANID^
Lucanus cervus, L. On trunks of trees
and flying at dusk about midsummer;
common and generally distributed
Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. In decaying
ash trees ; rather common
Sinodendron cylindricum, L. In rotten
wood of ash, beech, willow, etc. ;
not uncommon
SCARAB.€ID^
Copris lunaris, L. Sandy places ; in dung ;
local, and as a rule rare. Greenwich,
Char/ton, Bexley, Chatham, Birch
Wood, Sittingboiirne
Onthophagus nutans, F. In dung ; rare.
Darenth Wood
— ovatus, L, In dung and decaying
fungi ; generally distributed and
common
— coenobita, Herbst. In dung ; common
as a rule
— vacca, L. In dung ; common
— fracticornis, Payk. In dung ; local ;
found especially near the coast.
Whitstable, Deal, Dover
— nuchicornis. In dung ; local. Green-
ScARABiUDiE [continued)
wich, Gravesend, Whitstable, Belvedere,
Cobham Park (scarce, in deer's dung),
Deal
Aphodius erraticus, L.* Common
— subterraneus, L. Local, but not un-
common
— fossor, L. Very common
— haemorrhoidalis, L. Common
■— foetens, F. Not common. St. Peter's
{Isle of Thanet), Pegwell Bay, Folke-
stone, Dover
— fimetarius, L. Common everywhere
— scybalarius, F. Common
— ater, De G. Common and generall)
distributed
— constans, Duft. Rare. Belvedere (T.
Wood)
— granarius, L. Very common through-
out the county
— nitidulus, F. Not very common.
Darenth Wood, Pliimstead, Sand-
wich, Deal
■— sordidus, F. Rare. Greenwich, Belve-
dere, Plumstead
— rufescens, F. Local. Greenwich,
Whitstable, Belvedere, Cobham Park,
Tonbridge, Pegwell Bay, Hythe,
Dover
— putridus, Sturm. Rare. Cobham Park,
Tonbridge
— plagiatus, L. Under stones, in flood
refuse, etc. ; rarely in dung ; locally
common. Sheerness, Deal, Dover
■— lividus, Ol. Very local. Lee,
Darenth Wood, Greenwich, Sitting-
bourne, Kingsgate (in abundance, T.
Wood)
— porcus, F. Not common. Chatham
Lines, St. Peter's {Isle of Thanet),
Kingsgate, Ramsgate
— tristis, Panz. Very local. Whitstable
— pusillus, Herbst. Somewhat local, but
by no means uncommon
— merdarius, F. Generally distributed
and common
— inquinatus, F. Local. Birch and Da-
renth Woods, Chatham, Deal
— tessulatus, Payk. Rare. Darland Hill,
Walderslade, Chatham, Tunhridge
Wells, Kingsgate, Broadstairs, Deal,
Folkestone
— sticticus, Panz. Very local. Belve-
dere, Tonbridge, Darenth Wood
— consputus, Cr. Very local and usually
rare. Gravesend, New Brompton,
* All the species of Aphodius are found in dung
of various animals ; also in hotbeds and manure
heaps, and very often on the wing in numbers.
INSECTS
ScaraBj€id^ {continued)
Chatham, Broadstalrs, Kingsgate, Ash-
ford. Mr. Walker records it as
abundant in Sheppey in late autumn
and early spring
Aphodius punctato-sulcatus, Sturm. Com-
mon everywhere
— prodromus, Brahm. Common
— contaminatus, Herbst. Common every-
where
— obliteratus, Panz. Local. Birch JVood,
Darenth Wood, Cohham Park, Ton-
bridge
— zenkeri, Germ. Local and rare. Cob-
ham Park, Sevenoais
— luridus, F.' Local, but not uncommon.
Whitstahle, ^teendoivn Warren, Cob-
ham Park
— rufipes, L. Very common everywhere
— depressus, Kug. Local. Chatham. The
typical red variety is extremely
rare
Heptaulacus sus, Herbst. Sandy places,
in dung ; local. Deal, Sandwich
— villosus, Gyll. Sandy and chalky places ;
by sweeping, etc. Considered one
of the rarest British beetles until
Dr. Sharp and Mr. Walker took
it in great profusion by sweeping
in a very limited grassy spot on
the south side of Cobham Park, on
20 June, 1889
Oxyomus porcatus, F. In vegetable re-
fuse, hotbeds, etc. ; not uncommon
and widely distributed
Pssamobius sulcicollis, Herbst. On the
coast ; in and on the sand, occa-
sionally under seaweed ; rare. Deal,
Dover
i^lgialia arenaria, F. On the coast ; prob-
ably common, but I only have a
record from Deal
Odontaeus mobilicornis, F. In dung ;
usually taken on the wing ; very
rare. Darenth Wood, Birch Wood,
Charlton, Dartford
Gcotrupes typhoeus, L. Under cow dung.
Greenwich, and probably general
— spiniger, Marsh. In dung ; generally
distributed and common
— stercorarius, L. In dung ; generally
distributed and common
— mutator, Marsh. In dung ; generally
distributed and common
— sylvaticus, Panz. In dung ; generally
distributed and common
— vernalis, L. Local. Greenwich, Plum-
stead, Belvedere, etc.
1 The entirely black variety is not uncommon
!n Cobham Park and neighbourhood.
ScARAB^ffilDi^: {continued)
Geotrupes pyrenaeus, Charp. Sandy heaths ;
very local and rare. Belvedere
Trox sabulosus, L. Sandy places ; in dry
carcases, rams' horns, etc.; rare. Sund-
ridge, Dover
— scaber, L. In dry carcases, hides, bones,
etc. ; local. Blackheath, Tonbridge
Hoplia philanthus, FUss. On flowers, etc. ;
local, but usually common where it
occurs. Chatham, Lee, West Wick-
ham, Sheerness, Tonbridge, Pegiuell
Bay, Dover, etc.
Homaloplia ruricola, F. The black variety
is very rare. On flowers ; as a rule
rare. Cobham Great JVood, ^leen-
doivn Warren, Horsted, Darenth Wood,
Dover, Sandwich (in numbers, and also
a black variety, C. O. Waterhouse)
Serica brunnea, L. By sweeping ; also on
or about poplars and birch ; local.
Sevenoaks, Lee, etc. Rochester district.
not common
Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. Generally dis-
tributed and often in profusion, flying
about trees at dusk
Melolontha vulgaris, F. About trees, fly-
ing at dusk ; generally distributed
and often in great abundance. Mr.
Walker records it as ' decidedly less
abundant now than in former years '
in the Rochester district
[Polyphylla fullo, F. All the known British
specimens up to Stephens' time were
recorded as taken between Hythe and
Ramsgate, chiefly in the neighbour-
hood of Deal and Sandwich. One
has occurred at Belvedere, Kent, since,
but the species is certainly not indi-
genous]
Phyllopertha horticola, L. On flowers,
young trees, etc. ; common
Anomala frischi, F. Sandy places, usually
on the coast ; not uncommon at
Deal, and probably widely distri-
buted
Cetonia aurata, L. On flowers ; gene-
rally distributed and common
Gnorimus nobilis, L. On flowers and in
orchards, in the rotten wood of trees,
etc. ; very rare. One specimen, road
between Farningham and Darenth
Wood, 1896 (R. W. Lloyd)
BuPRESTIDit
Agrilus biguttatus, F. Found flying about
and settling on oak stumps and felled
timber ; in clearings in woods ; very
local. Darenth Wood (in some num-
bers, Power and Champion)
— laticornis, 111. By beating young hazel.
153
A HISTORY OF KENT
BuPRESTlD>« {continued)
oak, birch, etc. ; very local. Darenth
Wood
Agrilus angustulus, III. As the preceding ;
very local. Darenth Wood
Aphanisticus pusillus, Ol. By sweeping,
in moss, etc. ; rare. Chattenden,
Strood, Deal, Folkestone
Trachys minuta, L. On sallows and
hazels ; local. Chattenden, Chatham,
Darenth Wood
— pumila, 111. By sweeping short herb-
age ; in moss and at roots of Marru-
bium vulgare, etc. ; very rare. Cob-
ham Par-^, eight examples in 1897-8
— troglodytes, Gyll. In moss and on
flowers ; rare. Cuxton, one speci-
men (J. J. W.) ; Chatham ; Folke-
stone (Waterhouse)
ThROSCIDj^
Throscus dermestoides, L. Often com-
monly found by evening sweeping ;
generally distributed and common
— carinifrons, Bonv. By evening sweep-
ing ; very local. Cobham Park, Chat-
tenden, St. Marys Island (rather
plentiful, J. J. W.), Sheppey, Chisle-
hurst, Tonbridge (in numbers, A. C.
Horner)
— elateroides, Heer. At roots of grass; often
in salt marshes, and by evening sweep-
ing ; very local. Rainham, St. Mary's
Island, Chatham, Sheerness, Cowley
— obtusus. Curt. In moss, haystack
refuse, etc. ; not common as a rule
and very local, but occasionally in
numbers. Lee, Sheerness, Darland
Hill, Chatham
EUCNEMID^
Melasis buprestoides, L. In decaying beech
and hornbeam ; local. Cobham Park,
sometimes plentiful (J. J. W.) ; Seven-
oaks, Darenth Wood, Tonbridge
ElateriDj*
Lacon murinus, L. On grassy hillsides,
under stones, etc. ; common
Cardiophorus asellus, Er. Sandy places,
at roots of grass and by sweeping ;
very local and as a rule rare. Faver-
sham, Darenth Wood, Birch Wood
Cryptohypnus quadripustulatus, F. Damp
grassy places ; scarce. Lee, Cowley
Elater sanguinolentus, Schr. At roots of
heath, on nettle flowers, etc. ; rare.
Darenth Wood
— pomonas, Steph. Very rare. Darenth
IFood (Stephens), but this record re-
quires confirmation
— elongatulus, F. In decaying oaks ;
very rare. Darenth Wood (Power)
ELATERiDii: [continued)
Elater balteatus, L. On birches ; occasion-
ally in rotten wood of oak and birch ;
not uncommon. Darenth Wood, Birch
Wood, Abbey Wood, Shooters Hill, and
probably general
Ischnodes sanguinicollis, Panz. In rotten
wood and fungus ; rare. Greenwich,
Blackheath, Sheerness
Ludius ferrugineus, L. In decayed trees ;
very rare. Darenth Wood; the species
has not been taken for many years
Melanotus punctolineatus, Pel. Sandy
places, at roots of grass, etc. ; rare.
Pegwell Bay, Deal, Dover
— rufipes, Herbst. In rotten wood and
on the wing ; common
var. castanipes, Payk. In rotten
wood; rare. Cobham Par k{]. ]. W .),
Tonbridge (Horner)
Athous rhombeus, Ol. In decaying trees
and logs ; also on bracken ; very
rare. Cobham Park, one specimen,
(H. A. Maling)
— niger, L. By sweeping in woods ; not
uncommon
— longicollis, 01. By sweeping in woods ;
not uncommon
— difFormis, Lac. By sweeping, especially
at night ; not common. Eastry (Got-
ham) ; Ramsgate,'m alders(Stephens) ;
Sandwich (Waterhouse) ; St. Peter's,
Isle of Thanet (T. Wood); Deal
(Hull)
— hasmorrhoidalis,F. On bracken, !;szels,
birches, etc. ; very common through-
out the kingdom
— vittatus, F. As the preceding, but local.
Darenth Wood
Limonius cylindricus, Payk. By sweeping
in damp places ; rare. Birch Wood
— minutus, L. On flowers, etc. ; local,
but not uncommon
Adrastus limbatus, F. By sweeping in
grassy places in woods ; local.
Sheerness, Chatham, Sevenoaks
— pusillus, F. By sweeping long coarse
grass in open ground. Sandwich
(E. A. Waterhouse), Deal and Dover
(Hall)
Agriotes sputator, L. Under stones, at
roots of grass, etc. ; common and
generally distributed
— obscurus, L. As the preceding ; very
common
— lineatus, L. As the preceding ; very
common
— sordidus. 111. Sandy coasts and banks
of rivers, under stones and in flood
refuse ; very local and usually rare.
INSECTS
Elaterid^ {continued)
Chatham, Strood, Sheerness (in num-
bers), Sheppey
Agriotes sobrinus, Kies. By beating and
sweeping in woods; rather local.
Chatham, Darenth Wood
— pallidulus, 111. As the preceding ; com-
mon
Dolopius marginatus, L. As the preceding ;
local. Darenth Wood, Chatham
Corymbites quercus, Gyll. By sweeping
and beating ; not common. Birch
and Darenth JVoods, Belvedere
— holosericeus, F. By sweeping, under
stones, etc. ; local. Darenth Wood,
Lee
— asneus, L. Grassy places ; rare. Belve-
dere, West Wickham, Birch Wood
— metallicuSjPayk. By sweeping bracken,
etc. ; sometimes on sallows ; rare.
Darenth Wood
— bipustulatus, L. In decaying willow ;
also by sweeping. Tonbridge, Sand-
wich
Campylus linearis, L. By beating and
sweeping in woods ; not rare
Dascillid.^
Dascillus cervinus, L. In chalky places,
on flowers ; local, and sometimes
plentiful
Helodes minuta, L. In damp places by
sweeping ; also on sallows and alder ;
local, but not rare
Microcara livida, F. By sweeping ; also
on hawthorn ; local. Chathatn, Sheer-
ness, Lee, Darenth Wood
Cyphon coarctatus, Payk. By sweeping
in damp places ; rare. Snodland,
Chattenden, Sheerness
— nitidulus, Thorns. As the preced-
ing ; rather common
— variabilis, Thunb. As the preceding ;
common
— pallidulus. Boh. As the preceding ;
rather common, but local. Lee,
Chatham, Chattenden, Snodland, Sheer-
— padi, L. As the preceding ; local. Lee,
Chattenden, Snodland, Dover
Prionocyphon serricornis. Mull. By sweep-
ing ; also in decaying logs ; very rare.
Darenth Wood, Birch Wood, Cobham
Park
Scirtes hemisphaericus, L. Marshy places ;
on sallow and alder ; local. Tonbridge,
Pegwell Bay, Deal
— orbicularis, Panz. As the preceding ;
very local and usually rare. Near
Cltffe (in numbers), Gravesend, Sheer-
ness^ Deal
LycidjE
Platycis minutus, F. In or on old stumps
of fir and ash ; very rare. Cobham
Park, Birch Wood, Darenth Wood,
Ashford, Tunbridge Wells, Sandwich
Lampyrid^e
Lampyris noctiluca, L. On grassy and
mossy banks ; the male often flies
to light ; somewhat local, but more
or less common
Silis ruficollis, F. By sweeping; very rare ;
a pair on rushes, Snodland, 20 June,
1895 (J. J. W.)
Telephorid^e
Podabrus alpinus, Payk. On various trees ;
locally common. Darenth Wood
Telephorus fuscus, L. By sweeping Umbel-
liferas, etc. ; local. Gravesend, Snod-
land, Chattenden, Dartford
— rusticus. Fall. On flowers and shrubs ;
common everywhere
— lividus, L. On flowers and shrubs ;
common everywhere
var. dispar, F. Rare. Folkestone
— pellucidus, F. On flowers and shrubs ;
local. Darenth Wood, Chatham dis-
trict, common
— nigricans. Mull. On flowers in woods
and lanes ; local. Darenth Wood,
Chatham district
var. discoideus, Steph. Not uncom-
mon. Darenth Wood, Chatham dis-
trict, Whitstahle, etc.
— lituratus. Fall. Chiefly on Umbellifers ;
rather common
— figuratus,Mann. On hawthorn blossom.
Chattenden and Snodland, not rare ;
not however a common insect
— bicolor, F. On flowers, oaks, etc. ;
common
— haemorrhoidalis, F. Chiefly on haw-
thorn blossoms ; local. Rochester dis-
trict, Darenth JVood, Lee
— oralis. Germ. On flowers, etc., especially
near the coast ; local. ^atAfj/^r dis-
trict, Gravesend, Lee, Sheerness, Whit-
stable, Deal
— flavilabris, Fall. On flowers, etc. ;
generally distributed and common
— thoracicus, Ol. By sweeping in marshy
places, on osiers, etc. ; very local.
Sydenham, Belvedere, Tonbridge, Peg-
well Bay, Dover
Rhagonycha unicolor. Curt. By sweeping
long grass in woods ; rare. Cobham
Park, Snodland, Citxton, ^teendown
Warren, Darenth JVood, Sevenoaks,
Maidstone
— fuscicornis, Ol. Chiefly on hawthorn
blossoms in woods ; local, but not
155
A HISTORY OF KENT
Telephoridje {continued)
rare. Rochester district, Darenth
IVood, Lee, Sevenoais, Dover
Rhagoiiycha fulva, Scop. Chiefly on Um-
bellifersc ; very common everywhere
— tcstacea, L. On flowers, etc., especially
hawthorn blossom ; in damp places ;
not common. Rochester district, Ton-
bridge
— limbata. Thorns. By sweeping ; very
common
— pallida, F. Chiefly in woods ; common
Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. In woods ;
rather common
- — fasciatus,01. In woods ; rather common
— balteatus, SufFr. In woods ; rather
common
— frontalis. Marsh. By beating and
sweeping under fir trees ; not com-
mon. Cobham Park, Birch IVood
Malthodes marginatus, Latr. By beating
and sweeping in woods ; common
— mysticus, Kies. By beating and sweep-
ing ; rare. Tonhridge
— fiavoguttatus, Kies. By sweeping in a
damp thicket at iSnart'/awa', rare (J. J.W.)
— dispar, Germ. By beating and sweep-
ing in or near woods ; rare. Darenth
Wood
■— pcllucidus, Kies. On young birches,
grass, etc. ; rare. Sevenoaks
— minimus, L. In damp places, by sweep-
ing ; common
— atomus, Thoms. In or near woods;
local ; scarce in the Rochester dis-
trict ; rather common in some places.
Lee, Sevenoaks, Darenth JVood, Folke-
stone, etc.
Melyrid.^
Malachius aeneus, L. On flowers, especially
in woods, etc. ; local. Chatham, Chat-
tenden, Lee, Sheerness, Darenth JVood,
Belvedere, Tonhridge
■— bipustulatus, L. By general sweeping ;
common everywhere
— viridis, F. As the preceding ; rather
common and widely distributed
— marginellus, Ol. On flowers, mostly
on the coast ; locally common.
Snodland and Cohham Park, rare ;
JVhitstahle,Birchiyigton,Folkestone,Deal
Axinotarsus pulicarius, F. On Umbclli-
fcras ; rare. Charlton
— ruficollis, Ol. By sweeping ; locally
common. Beckenham, Erith, Ton-
hridge, etc.
Anthocomus fasciatus, L. By sweeping ;
on Umbellifcr;e ; sometimes on sal-
lows and willows ; local, but widely
distributed
Melyrid.^ (continued)
Dasytes flavipes, F. (plumbeus. Mull). By
sweeping herbage in lanes and woods ;
not uncommon
— oculatus, Kies. As the preceding ;
rare. Cobham Park under oaks,
Chatham, Darenth JVood
— arosus, Kies (plumbeo-niger, Goeze).
Local, but not uncommon
Psilothrix nobilis, 111. On flowers, especially
of Hieracium, on the coast ; locally
common. JVhitstahle, Heme Bay, etc.
Dolichosoma lineare, Rossi. Grassy banks
on the coast ; local, but not uncom-
mon. Sheerness, Deal
Haplocnemus impressus. Marsh. Under
bark of elm, oak, pear, etc. ; rare.
Sheerness
PhlcEophilus edwardsi, Steph. Under bark
and in rotten wood ; also by sweep-
ing ; rare. Cohham Park, Tonbridge,
Maidstone
Clerid^
Tillus elongatus, L. On decaying wood ;
sometimes on elder blossom. Cobham
Park, Sydenham, Darenth JVood, Ton-
bridge
Opilo mollis, L. By sweeping and beating
dead hedges ; as a rule rare. Upnor,
Darland Hill, Lee, Darenth JVood,
Chatham, Sheerness, JVhitstahle
Tarsostenus univiltatus, Rossi. On flowers,
etc. JVinchmore Hill, Kent. Two
specimens recorded by Stephens and
Curtis. It has recently been found
in some numbers at Harwich by Mr.
VVIiitaker
Thanasimus formicarius, L. Under bark
of felled trees, especially fir ; very
local. Sheerness, Maidstone, Bearsted,
Deal, JValmer, Dover
Necrobia ruficollis, F. In carcases, old
bones, etc. Common
— violacea, L. In dry carcases ; also on
flowers. Darland Hill, etc. Rochester
district, not rare (J. J. W.). I can
find no other record
— rufipes, De G. In old bones and car-
cases ; local. Greenwich, Sheerness
Corynetes coeruleus, De G. In old bones,
etc. ; also on flowers ; local, but
widely distributed, and occasionally
common
Drilid^
Drilus flavescens, Rossi. By sweeping in
chalky places where snails occur plenti-
fully ; male not uncommon locally ;
female extremely rare. Rochester
district, Strood, etc. ; Darenth JVood,
Ashford, Dover, Folkestone
156
INSECTS
Ptinid^
Ptinus germanus, F. In old posts ; rare.
Orpington (Power)
— sexpunctatus, Panz. In old wood ;
sometimes in houses ; rare. Black-
heath
— fur, L. In old wood, often in houses ;
far too common
— subpilosus, Mull. In rotten wood and
small carcases ; sometimes with ants ;
very rare. Cohham Park, one ex-
ample (J. J. W.)
[ — pilosus. Mull. Said to have been
taken at Chatham, but probably in
error]
Niptus hololeucus, Fald. In old houses,
cupboards, etc. ; generally distri-
buted
Hedobia imperialis, L. In old hedges, some-
times on the wing ; not common.
Darenth Wood, JVcit JVickham, Coh-
ham Park, Darland Hill, Faversham,
Tonbridge, Deal
Anobiid^
Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. By sweeping
under fir trees ; local and usually
scarce. Darland Hill, Cohham Park,
Birch Wood, Favenham
— anobioides, Chev. In old stumps of
broom, also bred from dead bramble
sticks ; very rare. Plumstead, Maid-
stone
Priobium castaneum, F, In dead hedges,
decayed hornbeam, old posts, etc. ;
rather common
Anobium denticolle, Panz. In old oak
trees ; very rare. Erith, on an old
fence (Power)
— domesticum, Fourc. In old wood, in
houses, old buildings, hedges, etc. ;
only too common
— fiilvicorne, Sturm. In dead hedges ;
common
— paniceum, L. A common introduced
species, found in old flour, bread,
biscuit and other stores
Xestobium tessellatum. In old wood of
willow and oak ; also in houses ;
common and generally distributed
Ernobius mollis, L. In old posts ; also
under fir trees ; local. Sheerness,
Cohham Park, Lee, Whitstahle
Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. In old posts ;
also in decaying oak, willow and
hornbeam ; not uncommon
Ochina hederse, MuU. In old ivy ; not
uncommon
Xyletinus ater, Panz. In decayed wood ;
very rare. Charlton (Janson), Ton-
bridge (Horner)
Anobiid^ {continued)
Coenocara bovistae, HofF. In Lycoperdons;
rare. Beanted, Tonbridge, Deal
Dorcatoma chrysomelina, Sturm. In de-
ca}'ed oak trees ; very rare. Ton-
bridge (Horner)
— flavicornis, F. In fungi on trees ; very
rare. Cohham Park, 1889 and 1895
(J- J- w.)
BOSTRICHID^
Dinoderus substriatus, Payk. Very rare.
Darenth Wood, one example (G.
Lewis)
Rhizopertha pusilla, F. An introduced
species ; found in old stores, on
walls of oil mills, etc.
Lyctid^
Lyctus canaliculatus, F. On oak palings,
under bark, etc. ; locally common
— brunneus, Steph. On oak palings
and in oak stumps ; very rare.
Cohham Park, one specimen, July,
1889 (J. J. W.)
Sphindid^
Sphindus dubius, Gyll. In powdery fungus
on old wood ; rare. Cohham Park,
Chatham
Cis boleti, Scop. In boleti, especially Poly-
pori, on the bark of rotten trees ;
very common
— villosulus, Marsh. In boleti, also under
bark of willow ; locally common.
Rochester district, Chatham, Graves-
end, Darenth Wood
— micans, Herbst. In boleti, etc. ; not
common. Darland Hill, Chatham,
Gravesend, Hawkhunt, West Wickham
— hispidus, Payk. In boleti ; local.
Hailing Downs (common), Chat-
ham, Cuxton, Darenth Wood
— bidentatus, Ol. In boleti ; not un-
common
— alni, Gyll. In boleti, also on old
stumps ; local, and as a rule rare.
Darenth IVood, Hawkhurst, Cohham
Park (under dead boughs lying on
the ground)
— nitidus, Herbst. In boleti ; common
— pygmaeus. Marsh. In boleti, on de-
caying hornbeam and other trees.
Cohham Park, not rare (J. J. W.) ;
Tonbridge, as a rule rare
— festivus, Panz. In boleti and dead
bou2;hs ; rare. Cohham Park, Dar-
land Hill, Whitstahle
— fuscatus, Mell. In boleti ; very local ;
bred in abundance from hard white
fungus on oak. Cohham Park,
1896-7 (J. J. W.)
157
A HISTORY OF KENT
CissiD^ {continued)
Cis bilamellatus, Wood. In boleti and
under wood ; taken in profusion
by the Rev. T. Wood at IFest
IFickham Wood ; not recorded from
any other locaHty, either British or
foreign
Ennearthron affine, Gyll. In small boleti
on old trees and stumps ; common
— cornutum, Gyll. In fungoid growth
on trees ; as a rule very scarce.
Cobham Park, Chatham, Sheerness,
Darenth JVood, Hawkhurst, West
Wkkham (in numbers, T. Wood)
Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. In boleti,
on old stumps, etc. ; common
PRIONIDiE
Prionus coriarius, L. On trunks of oak
trees, also in decaying trees ; rare.
Cobham Park, Sevenoaks, Belvedere,
Tonbrldge, Folkestone
CERAMBYCIDi?:
Aromia moschata, L. In decaying willows ;
common
Hylotrupes bajulus, L. In old posts, etc. ;
very rare. Belvedere (T. Wood),
Deal
Callidium violaceum, L. In decaying fir
posts, etc. ; local. Darenth Wood
— variabile, L. In decaying trees, occa-
sionally at ' sugar ' ; rare. Black-
heath, Sydenhatn in numbers (Power),
Lee, Cobham Great Wood, Frindsbury,
Sheerness, Tonbrldge, Dover
— alni, L. In dead hedges, faggots,
in woods, on flowers, etc. ; local
Clytus arcuatus, L. In decaying trees,
old posts, etc. ; rare. Chislehurst
(Stephens), Greenwich (West)
— arietis, L. In old posts and on shrubs ;
common
— mysticus, L. On hawthorn blossom,
also in old posts and dead hedges ;
local but not uncommon
Gracilia minuta, F. In dead twigs, old
hedges, baskets, etc. ; locally com-
mon
Molorchus umbellatarum, L. On haw-
thorn blossom, etc., also in dead
hedges ; rare. Darenth Wood, Syden-
ham, Whitstable
[Cerambyx cerdo, L. Has occurred at
Deptford, but is plainly not indige-
nous]
Rhagium inquisitor, F. In decaying trees,
also on flowers ; common
— bifasciatum, F. In decaying trees ;
local, but not uncommon
Toxotus meridianus, Panz. On Umbelli-
ferse, in woods ; not uncommon
Cerambycid^ (continued)
Pachyta collaris, L. On Umbelliferae, es-
pecially in and near hop-gardens ;
local but usually common where it
occurs. Cobham Park, Chattenden,
Wigmore Wood, Bexley, Shooters Hill,
Darenth Wood, Tonbridge, Maidstone
Anoplodera sexguttata, F. On flowers in
woods ; rare. Darenth Wood
Leptura scutellata, F. In old stumps of
beech and hornbeam ; very rare.
Cobham Park
— livida, F. On flowers ; rather com-
mon
Strangalia quadrifasciata, L. On flowers
and in rotten wood ; local. Darenth
Wood, Cobham Park, Chatham, Sitting-
bourne, JVesterham
— revestita, L. On flowers ; very rare.
Darenth and Birch Woods (S. Stevens)
— armata, Herbst. On flowers in woods ;
common and generally distributed
— nigra, L. On flowers in woods ;
local and not common. Darenth
Wood, Westerham, Tonbridge
— melanura, L. On flowers ; generally
distributed and common
Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G. On
flowers, especially hawthorn ; in
woods and hedges ; not uncommon
and generally distributed
— analis, Panz. On flowers, and oak and
elm trees ; rare. Chattenden (Wal-
ker), Darenth Wood (Stephens),
Westerham (Gorham), Belvedere (T.
Wood)
— ruficornis, F. On flowers, in hedges
and woods ; very common
Lamiid^
Leiopus nebulosus, L. In dead hedges, on
alders and other trees ; not uncommon
Pogonochaerus bidentatus. Thorns. In
dead hedges and under bark ; not
uncommon but local
— dentatus, Fourc. In hazel twigs, old
hedges, old ivy, under bark, etc. ;
not uncommon
Agapanthia lineatocoUis, Don. On thistles
and Heracleum ; rare. Darenth
Wood and West Wickham Wood
Saperda populnea, L. On sallows, poplars,
aspens, etc. ; local. Darenth Wood,
Chattenden
Tetrops prausta, L. In flowers and on
old hedges ; rather common and
sometimes plentiful
Phytcecia cylindrica, L. On flowers of
ox-eye daisy, UmbcUifera?, etc. ;
rare. Chattenden, Wigmore Wood,
§^eendown Warren, Whitstable
158
INSECTS
Bruchid/e
Bruchus cisti, F. On Helianthemum
vulgare ; not uncommon, but some-
what local
— canus, Germ. On sainfoin (Onobrychis
sativa) ; rare. Hailing Downs, Chat-
tenden, Chatham, Gravesend, Darenth
Wood
— pisi, L. In warehouses, in peas, etc. ;
not rare ; introduced
— rufimanus. Boh. On beans, under
bark in winter ; common
— affinis, Frol. Imported in beans ; rare.
Sydenham, Bearsted
— atomarius, L. On flowers ; local but
widely distributed
— rufipes, Herbst. (nubilus, Boh.). On
Leguminosae ; very rare. Gravesend,
three specimens, June, 1869 (Power)
— loti, Payk. On Lathyrus pratensis,
also on Lotus corniculatus ; local
but widely distributed
— lentis, Boh. On Leguminosx ; rare.
Gravesend and Birch Wood (Power)
— villosus, F. (ater, Marsh.). On Legu-
minosas, Helianthemum, Spartium,
etc. ; locally common and widely
distributed
EUPODA
Orsodacna lineola, Panz. (nigriceps, Latr.).
On hawthorn blossom, also on sallows,
etc. ; rare, Gravesend and Darenth
Wood
var. humeralis, Latr. On blossom
and in decaying wood of haw-
thorn ; very rare. Darenth Wood
Donacia crassipes, F. On the white water-
lily and other aquatic plants ; rare.
Tonbridge, Deal
— dentata, Hoppe. On aquatic plants ;
rare. Sheerness
— versicolorea, Brahm. (bidens, Ol.). On
aquatic plants ; local. Lee, Deal
— sparganii, Ahr. On aquatic plants ;
rare. Pegwell Bay, in ditches
(Gorham), Sandwich
— limbata, Panz. (lemnas, F.). On aqua-
tic plants ; local, but widely distri-
buted
— bicolora, Zach. (sagittariae, F.). On
aquatic plants ; local. Lee, Maid-
stone, Deal
— thalassina. Germ. On Scirpus, Carex,
etc. ; rare. Pegwell Bay, Deal
— impressa, F. On Carex, etc. ; rare.
Maidstone, Sandwich
— simplex, F. (linearis, Hoppe). On
rushes, etc. ; common
— vulgaris, Zach. (typhse, Ahr.). On
Typha, Sparganium, etc. ; local and
EuPODA [continued)
as a rule rare. Lewisham, Pegwell
Bay, Deal, Sandwich
Donacia clavipes, F. (menyanthidis, Gyll.).
On aquatic plants in May and June ;
local. Whitstable
— semicuprea, Panz. (simplex, F. ; syst.
El.). As the preceding ; local.
Dover, Sandwich
— cinerea, Herbst (hydrochasridis, F.).
On Sparganium, Typha, Arundo,
etc., in May and June ; rare. Wool-
wich
— sericea, L. On aquatic plants ; com-
mon
— discolor, Panz. (comari, SufFr.). On
aquatic plants ; rare. Lewisham^
Deal
— braccata. Scop, (nigra, F.). On aquatic
plants in June ; locally common.
Greenwich, Woolwich, Gravesend,
Whitstable, Bearsted, Pegwell Bay,
Deal
— affinis, Kunze. On Carex, etc., in
May and June ; local and as a rule
scarce. Snodland (locally common),
Greenwich, Maidstone, Birchington,
Dover
Haemonia curtisi, Lac. On Potamogeton
pectinatus and Zostera marina, in
brackish water near the coast ; locally
common, but only found in a few
localities. Cuxton, Gravesend, Sheer-
ness, Birchington
Zeugophora subspinosa, F. On young
aspens in woods ; local, but not un-
common
— flavicollis. Marsh. In woods ; very
rare. yf^A/or^ (Hart.), 5^Ar/^ji (Stephens)
Lema cyanella, L. (puncticoUis, Curt.). By
sweeping in meadows ; as a rule on
thistles, especially Cirsium arvense ;
local. Chattenden, Darenth Wood,
Maidstone
— lichenis, Voet. (cyanella, SufFr. nee L.).
Marshy places ; very common
— melanopa, L. On herbage ; common
and generally distributed
Crioceris lilii. Scop, (merdigera, F.). On
the white lily, in gardens ; very
rare. Deptford ; Chattenden, one
specimen, 1895
— asparagi, L. On asparagus, in gardens ;
locally common
Camptosomata
Labidostomis tridentata, L. On sallows,
birches, oaks, etc. ; rare. Darenth
Wood
Clythra quadripunctata, L. On oaks,
birches and hazels, also by sweeping ;
159
A HISTORY OF KENT
CaMPTosomata {continued)
often connected with Formica rufa ;
local. Lee, Wigmore Wood, Chatten-
den, Whititable, etc.
Cryptocephalus coryli, L. On young
hazels in woods in June ; rare.
Darenth JVood, Cobham Park ; taken
in numbers in the latter locality in
1858, but not again found until
4 June, 1898, when Mr. Walker
took a single specimen on hawthorn
blossom
— sexpunctatus, L. On young hazels and
birches in woods in June ; rare.
Darenth Wood, Cohham Park ; like
the preceding, taken in numbers in
1858 in the latter locality by Dr.
Power and others, but has not oc-
curred since
— bipunctatus, L., var. lineola, F. On
young birch, hazel, oak, etc., in
woods in June ; very local, ^een-
down JVarren, abundant on stunted
hazel ; Cuxton, Wigmore Wood,
Darenth Wood, Birch Wood, Folkestone
— aureolus, SufFr. On flowers, especially
Hieracium ; common in June
— hypochasridis, L. On flowers of
Hieracium ; locally common. Roch-
ester district, Darenth Wood, Dover,
Folkestone
— ochrostoma, Har. (nitidulus, Gyll.) On
young birch and hazels ; scarce.
Cobham Park, Darenth IVood
— punctiger, Payk. As the preceding ;
rare. Darenth Wood, Lee
— parvulus. Mull, (fulcratus. Germ.). On
young birches, etc. ; scarce. Darenth
Wood, Birch Wood
— moraei, L. By sweeping in chalky
places ; very local. Cobham Park,
Wigmore Wood, ^eendown IVarren,
Betteshanger Park, Tonbridge
— bilineatus, L. By sweeping ; very
local. Lee, Whitstable, ^eendozvn
Warren, Birchington, Folkestone
— fulvus, Goeze (minutus, F.). By
sweeping ; local, but not uncommon
— pusillus, F. On young birches, etc.,
in woods ; local, but not uncommon
in several localities
— labiatus, L. On young birches, hazels,
oaks, etc. ; common
Cycuca
Lamprosoma concolor, Sturm. By sweep-
ing herbage, sometimes in moss ;
local, but widely distributed
Timarcha tenebricosa, F. In grassy places,
on heaths, on Galium mollugo, etc. ;
very common
l\Cl.lCA [continued)
Timarcha violaceonigra, De G. On Galium
verum, on chalky hillsides and in
meadows ; common
Chrysomela marginalis, Duft. On the
flowers of Linaria ; local but not
uncommon
— marginata, L. Sandy and grassy places ;
rare. Pegwell Bay
— banksi, F. Chalky and sandy places ;
local. Dartford, Plumstead, Graves-
end, Belvedere, Darenth and Birch
Woods, Folkestone, Dover
— staphylasa, L. By sweeping, also on
grass ; common and generally dis-
tributed
— polita, L. As the preceding ; common
everywhere
— orichalcia, Mull. On Ballota nigra,
etc. ; local and not common in the
Rochester district near Cuxton ; not
uncommon in some places. Plum-
stead, Darenth Wood, Belvedere, Abbey
Wood
— haemoptera, L. On sandy coasts ;
locally common. Sheppey, Pegwell
Bay, Deal, Sandwich
— varians, Schall. By sweeping ; local
and somewhat rare. Wigmore Wood,
Chattenden, Bredhurst, Chatham, Dar-
enth JVood
— goettingensis, L. Sandy and chalky
places ; not common. Upnor,
Darland Hill, Hailing Downs, Chat-
ham, Beckenham, Darenth Wood,
Sittingbourne, Chislehurst, Orpington,
Belvedere, Ashford, Bromley, Folke-
stone ; often occurs singly
— graminis, L. Very local. Dover
— menthrasti, Suffr. On Tanacetum
vulgare and Mentha aquatica ; very
local. Westerham, Kent, Dover,
Folkestone
— fastuosa, Scop. On Labiate, etc., also
by beating hawthorn ; local. Dar-
enth Wood, Deal, Dover
— didymata, Scriba. In grassy places ;
rare. Cuxton Doivns, Darenth Wood,
Dover, Folkestone
— hyperici, Forst. On Hypericum ;
local, but not uncommon. Cuxton,
Cobham Park, West Wickham, Sheer-
ness, Darenth JVood
Melasoma populi, L. On young poplars
and sallows ; local. Folkestone,
Dover
— longicolle, Suffr. On sallows and
aspens ; very local. Blackheath,
Darenth Wood, Chattenden, Dover
Phytodecta rufipes, De G. On hazels.
j6o
INSECTS
Cyclica [continued)
aspens, sallows, etc. ; local. Darenth
Wood, Wat Wlckham
Phytodecta vi'minalis, L. On sallows and
willows ; local. Darenth and West
Wlckham Woods
— olivacea, Forst. On the broom ;
locally common and widely distri-
buted
— pallida, L. On sallow, hazel, moun-
tain ash, etc. ; not common. West
Wlckham, Folkestone
Gastroidea viridula, De G. (raphaiii,
Herbst). On the dock ; scarce.
Snodland (J. J. W.) ; there appears
to be no other record from Kent
— polygoni, L. On Polygonum aviculare
and docks ; very common and some-
times in profusion
Plagiodera versicolora, Laich. On willows
and birches ; very local. Canterbury
Phsedon tumidulus, Germ. By sweeping ;
common
— armoraciae, L. (betulae, Kust.). In
damp places, by sweeping ; common
— cochlearia;, F. On Crucifera ; ratlier
common. Snodland, Higham, Lee,
SheernesSy Whitstable
— concinnus, Steph. Salt marshes, at
roots of grass, in flood rubbish, etc. ;
rare. Banks of Medway, Gravescnd
Phyllodecta vulgatjssima, L. On sallows,
willows, poplars, etc. ; common
— cavifrons. Thorns. On Populus nigra
and P. tremulas ; very local and
scarce. Darenth Wood
— vitellinas, L. As the preceding ; very
common
Hydrothassa aucta, F. Damp places ; not
uncommon
— marginella, L. By sweeping, also at
roots of grass ; common
Prasocuris junci, Brahm. On Veronica
beccabunga (the brooklime) ; rather
common
— phellandrii, L. On Phellandrium
aquaticum, on banks of ponds and
slow streams ; common
Agelastica alni, L. Very rare ; five speci-
mens taken at Deal on the pathways
in the streets on 6 May, 1900, by
Mr. Jennings and Mr. Bedwell
Luperus nigrofasciatus, Goeze. On gorse,
broom, ling, etc. ; rare. Westerham
— rufipes. Scop. On birch, willow, alder,
etc. ; local. Rochester district, Whit-
stable
— flavipes, L. On birch, willow, alder,
hazel, etc. ; local. Lee, Walderslade
in the Rochester district, scarce
Cyclica [continued)
Loclimasa caprese, L. On sallows and
willows ; local. Rochester district
— cratasgi, Forst. On flowers of white-
thorn ; local and not common.
Wigmore Wood, Cohham Park, Chat-
tenden, etc.
Galerucella viburni, Payk. On Viburnum
opulus (the guelder rose) and V.
lantana ; local. Lee, Darenth Wood,
Chattenden, Wigmore Wood
— nymphaes, L. On aquatic plants,
especially Nymphaea and Nupar ;
local. Snodland, Deal
— sagittarise, Gyll. On Lysimachia,
Hydrocharis, Hypericum, rushes, etc. ;
local. Lee
— lineola, F. On willows, alders and
hazels ; local. Snodland, Greenhithe
— calmariensis, L. On Lythrum salicaria,
etc. ; local. Snodland, Maidstone,
Dover
— tenella, L. In osier beds on willows,
also on alders and Spiraea ulmaria ;
locally common. Snodland (abund-
ant), Lee
Adimonia tanaceti, L. On Tanacetum
vulgare, also in dry, sandy and grassy
places ; apparently scarce. Darenth
Wood, Chattenden
Sermyla halensis, L. On flowers, especi-
ally species of Galium ; generally
distributed and common
Longitarsus pulex, Schr. Chalky places,
on Teucrium scorodonia, Thymus
serpyllum, etc. ; locally common and
widely distributed
— anchusae, Payk. On Echium vulgare,
Cynoglossum, Anchusa, etc. ; locally
common. Hailing Downs, Darenth
Wood, Bearsted, Maidstone
— parvulus, Payk. (ater, F.). On low
plants and on hornbeam ; rare. Chat-
ham, Whitstable, Birchington, Deal
— absinth ii, Kuts. Salt marshes, on
Artemisia maritima ; locally com-
mon. Upnor, Chatham, Strood,
Gravesend, Sheerness, Whitstable,
Deal
— dorsalis, F. In chalky places, on
Senecio jacobaea and S. vulgaris ;
local and not common. Bexley,
Darenth Wood, Folkestone
— luridus, Scop. On low plants ; com-
mon everywhere
— brunneus, Dufts. On low plants ;
widely distributed
— agilis, Rye. On Scrophularia aquatica
and S. nodosa ; very scarce. Snod-
land, Staple, Bearsted
161
A HISTORY OF KENT
Cyclica {continued) <
Longitarsus suturellus, Dufts. On Senecio
jacobaea; very local. Chattenden,ct.c.
var. fuscicoUis, Steph. Locally com-
mon
— atricillus, L. On Medicago and other
low plants ; common
— patruelis, All. On Verbascum ; rare.
Darenth Wood
— melanocephalus, All. By sweeping ;
very common
— atriceps, Kuts. By sweeping ; rare.
Cobham Great Wood, Darenth
Wood
— distinguendus, Rye. On Teucrium
scorodonia and Scrophularia nodosa ;
very local and usually rare. Roches-
ter district, Wigmore Wood and Bhie
Bell Hill
— nasturtii, F. On Echium vulgare ;
rare. Lee, Darenth Wood, Birch
Wood
— piciceps, Steph. On Senecio jacobaea ;
locally common. Darenth Wood,
Chatham
— membranaceus, Foudr. (teucrii, All.).
On Teucrium scorodonia (the wood-
sage) ; local. Wigmore Wood, Dar-
enth Wood, Chatham, Gravesend,
Dover
— ballotas, Marsh. On Ballota nigra and
Marrubium vulgare ; locally com-
mon. Darenth Wood, Faversham,
Chatham, Gravesend, Sheeniess, Birch-
ington
— waterhousei, Kuts. By sweeping herb-
age ; rare. Chattenden, Chatham
— exoletus, L. (femoralis, Marsh.). On
Echium vulgare and Convolvulus
sepium ; locally common. Hailing
and Cuxton Downs, Darenth Wood,
Sheerness, Whitstahle, Maidstone,
Dover
— pusillus, Gyll. On Thymus serpyllum ;
locally common
— tabidus, F. (and var. thapsi, Marsh.). On
Verbascum thapsus ; local but not
uncommon where it occurs. Cob-
ham Park and neighbourhood, Chat-
ham, Sevenoaks, Sheerness, Darenth
Wood, Dover
— jacobaeas, Wat. On Senecio jacobaea
(ragwort) ; very common
— ochrolcucus. Marsh. By sweeping
herbage ; not uncommon
— gracilis, Kuts. On Senecio jacobasa ;
locally common
- — lavis, Duft. On Chrysanthemum,
Artemisia, etc. ; locally common
and widely distributed
162
'VCLICA [continued)
Longitarsus pellucidus, Foudr. On Tri-
folium and Mentha ; not common.
Darenth Wood, Sheerness, Whitstahle,
Maidstone
Haltica lythri, Aube. Marshy places, on
Epilobium and Lythrum salicaria ;
locally common. Snodland, Higham,
Maidstone
— ampelophaga, Guer. On young hazels
in woods ; locally common. Darenth
Wood, Chattenden, Wigmore Wood,
Birch Wood
— oleracea, L. (pusilla. All. nee Duft.).
Probably common
— pusilla, Duft. (helianthemi. All.). On
Helianthcmum and Epilobium; local.
Rochester district, Maidstone
Hermaeophaga mercurialis, F. On Mer-
curialis perennis ; common in woods
and hedges
Phyllotreta nodicornis. Marsh. On the
wild mignonette. Reseda lutea ; com-
mon on the chalk, though somewhat
local
— nigripes, F. (lepidii, Koch). On
Crucifcrae ; locally common
— consobrina. Curt, (melasna, 111.). Very
local and as a rule not common,
but taken in great numbers by the
Rev. T. Woo^d at St. Peter s [Isle of
Thanet), doing injury to cabbage,
etc. IVest Wickham, Maidstone
— punctulata. Marsh. On Cruciferae ;
not common. Margate
— atra, Payk. On Cruciferae ; common
and generally distributed
— cruciferae, Goeze (obscurella. 111.).
Locally common. Lee, Dartford,
Sheerness, Plunistead, Margate, Rams-
gate, Deal
— vittula, Redt. On Nasturtium amphi-
bium and other Cruciferae ; locally
common
— undulata, Kuts. On Cruciferae, espe-
cially turnips ; this is the ' turnip-
fly,' and is only too common
— nemorum, L. As the preceding ; very
common ; also spoken of as ' the
turnip-fly '
— ochripes. Curt. On the hedge mustard
(Erysimum alliaria) and other Cruci-
ferae ; common and widely distri-
buted
— sinuata, Steph. On Raphanus rapha-
nistrum and other Cruciferae ; rare.
Blue Bell Hill [Chatham) and Sheerness
— tetrastigma. Com. On Cardamine
amara and nasturtium ; locally
common. Snodland, Maidstone
INSECTS
CvCLICA {continued)
Phyllotreta exclamationis, Thunb. (bras-
sicas, F.). Marshy places, on Criici-
feras ; very local. Rochester district
Aphthona lutescens, Gyll. Marshy places,
on Comarum palustre, Ly thrum
salicaria, etc. ; very local. Snodland,
Maidstone
— nonstriata, Goeze. On Irispseudacorus;
locally common. Snodlandy Chatham,
Northfleet
— venustula, Kuts. On the wood-spurge
(Euphorbia amygdaloides) ; locally
common. Rochester district, St.
Peter's {Thanet), Chatham, Darenth
Wood, Birch Wood
— atro-coerulea, Steph. By sweeping in
chalky places ; locally common
— virescens, Foudr. By sweeping low
plants in marshy places ; local.
Maidstone, Deal, Folkestone
— atratula, All. In chalky places, on
Teucrium, Helianthemum, etc. ;
locally common. Rochester district,
Chatham, Sevenoaks, Margate, Dover
— herbigrada, Curt. By sweeping in
chalky places ; locally common.
Rochester district, Chatham, Maid-
stone, Dover
Batophila rubi, Payk. On Rubus and also
on low plants ; local. Blue Bell
Hill,nenT Chatham, Maidstone, Dover
— serata, Marsh. On Rubus and haw-
thorn ; common and generally dis-
tributed
Sphreroderma testaceum, F. On thistles ;
common and generally distributed
— cardui, Gyll. On knapweed and
thistles ; common and widely dis-
tributed
Apteropeda orbiculata, Marsh. By sweep-
ing, often found in moss ; common
and generally distributed
— globosa, 111. In moss, etc. ; rare.
Cohham Great Pari and Walderslade
(J- J- w.)
Mniophila muscorum, Koch. In moss on
chalky banks, stumps of trees, etc. ;
locally common. Rochester district,
Faversham, Birch Wood, Darenth
Wood, Westerham
Podgacrica fuscipes, L. On mallows
(Malva sylvestris and M. moschata) ;
common and generally distributed
— fuscicornis, L. As the preceding
Mantura rustica, L. By sweeping, on
Rumex, etc. ; not very common, but
widely distributed
— obtusata, Gyll. On Spirjea ulmaria,
Helianthemum, etc. ; local and as
Cyclica [continued)
a rule rare. Snodland, HoUinghourne,
Maidstone
Mantura matthewsi. Curt. On Helian-
themum, in chalky places ; very local.
Rochester district (not rare), Chatham,
Faversham, Maidstone, Eastry, Folke-
stone
Ochrosis salicarias, Payk. Marshy places,
on Lysimachia, Lythrum and Hyperi-
cum ; very local. Cohham Great
Wood, on Lysimachia nummularia,
in shady places, not rare (J. J.
W.)
Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. On
thistles, etc. ; somewhat local but
common
— ferruginea. Scop. On nettles, etc. ;
common
— rufipes, L. On Malva, Orobus and
Vicia ; common
— ventralis, 111. By sweeping, in moss,
etc. ; local. St. Mary Cray, Chat-
ham, Faversham
— nitidula, L. On willows and aspens ;
very rare. Dover (C. G. Hall)
— helxines, L. On willows, sallows,
aspens and poplars ; generally distri-
buted and common
— chloris, Foudr. As the preceding ;
locally common. Snodland, Sheer-
ness, Maidstone, Dover
— aurata, Marsh. As the preceding ;
very common
Hippuriphila modeeri, L. Marshy places,
on Equisetum arvense ; locally com-
mon. Snodland, Sheerness, Faversham,
Maidstone, Deal, Folkestone
Epitrix pubescens, Koch. On Solanum
dulcamara, marshy places ; rare.
hvade (J. J. W.), Sheppey
Chaetocnema subccerulea, Kuts. By sweep-
ing herbage, in moss, etc. Pegwell
Bay, Dover
— hortensis, Fourc. By sweeping herb-
age ; common and generally distri-
buted
Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. By sweep-
ing ; abundant everywhere
Psylliodes attenuata, Koch. On hops ;
generally distributed throughout the
hop districts and occasionally very
destructive
— chrysocephala, L. On Cruciferx, es-
pecially near the coast ; common
var. anglica, F. Not uncommon
— napi, Koch. On Cruciferae, especially
watercress ; common, but not so
often met with as the preceding
species
163
A HISTORY OF KENT
Cyclica {continued)
Psylliodes cuprea, Koch. On Crucifera-,
poppies, etc. ; not rare
— affinis, Payk. On Solanaceae ; common
and widely distributed
— marcida, 111. Sandy coasts ; on Cranibe
and Cakile, etc.; rare. Sheerness
— dulcamaras, Koch. Chalky places; on
Solanum dulcamara ; local. Rochester
district, Chatham^ Dartford, Darenth
Wood, Westerham, Maidstone
— chalcomera. 111. On thistles, etc.;
local. Cohham Park, Chatham,
IVhttstahle, Maidstone, Folkestone
— picina. Marsh. Damp places ; on
Lythrum salicaria, and also on Cir-
sium; not common. Snodland, West
Wlckham
Cryptosomata
Cassida murrasa, L. On Inula dysenterica
(fleabane) and Mentha ; very local
and scarce. Greenwich, Plaistow,
Dover, Sandwich
— fastuosa, Schall (vittata, F.). On Sene-
cio jacobaea ; very rare. Chattenden,
Greenwich
— nebulosa, L. On low plants ; rare.
Darenth Wood
— vibex, F. On Centaurea, thistles, etc.;
local. Darenth Wood, Birch Wood,
Belvedere, Cobham Park, Chattenden,
Chatham, Faversham, Whitstahle,
Tonbridge
— sanguinolenta, F. On thistles, Achillea
millefolium and other low plants ;
not common. Blue Bell Hill near
Rochester, Chatham, Deal, Dover,
Folkestone
— vittata, Vill. (oblonga. 111.). On Sali-
cornia and other salt marsh plants ;
almost always found near the coast ;
local, but widely distributed
— nobilis, L. On low plants in chalky
and sandy places; local and rather
scarce, but very widely distributed
— flaveola, Thunb. (obsoleta, 111.). On
starwort and other low plants, also in
moss, decaying seaweed, etc. ; common
— equestris, F. Marshy places on Men-
tha aquatica; not common. Snodland,
Maidstone, Dover
— viridis, F. On thistles; very common
— hemisphasrica, Herbst. On Silene in-
flata and other low plants, at roots of
Reseda, etc.; rare and usually found
singly. ^eendown Warren, Birch
Wood, Lee, Deal, Folkestone
Tenebrionid^
Blaps mucronata, Latr. In houses and
cellars; generally distributed
Tenebrionid^ {continued)
Blaps similis, Latr. In cellars and outbuild-
ings, also out of doors ; not common.
Strood, Kingsgate on the seashore (T.
Wood), Dover
Crypticus quisquilius, L. Sandy places on
the coast ; local. Sheerness, Dover,
Deal, Sandwich
Heliopathes gibbus, F. Sandy places on
the coast ; locally common. Deal,
Dover
Opatrum sabulosum, Gyll. Sandy places
on the coast ; locally common.
Whitstable, Deal, Dover
Microzoum tibiale, Redt. Mostly on the
coast, but not always; locally com-
mon. Deal, Dover
Phaleria cadaverina, F. On the coast,
under seaweed, at roots of grass, etc. ;
local. Margate, Dover
Heledona agaricola, F. In dry white
boleti on oak trees ; very local.
Cobham Park (sometimes very plenti-
ful), Chatham, West Wickham
Scaphidema aeneum, F. In old stumps,
among damp dead sticks, etc. ; local,
but not uncommon in several locali-
ties
Alphitophagus quadripustulatus, Steph. In
great numbers in a granary at Strood
Tenebrio molitor, L. In old flour in
granaries ; common
— obscurus, F. In old flour, etc. ; much
rarer than the preceding. Strood,
Sheerness, Whitstable, Dover
Alphitobius diaperinus, Panz. In flour,
etc. ; probably introduced ; not com-
mon, ^eenborough (J. J. W.)
— piceus, Ol. As the preceding ; rather
common. Rainham, Dover, etc.
Gnathocerus cornutus, F. In flour, bread,
etc., a cosmopolitan species ; local.
Dover,2ind probably widely distributed
Tribolium ferrugineum, F. A cosmopoli-
tan species occurring in flour, also
under bark of trees. Rainham,
Sheerness, Dover, St. Peter's {Isle of
Thanet) and probably common
Hypophloeus bicolor, Ol. Under bark of
elms ; very local. Sydenham, Chat-
ham, Charlton, Lee, in old elms near
Chattenden, also in burrows of Sco-
lytus destructor
Latheticus oryzae, Wat. A cosmopolitan
species. Lee
Helops coeruleus, L. In decaying willows,
old posts, etc. ; very local. Chat-
ham, New Brompton, Darenth JVood,
Greenwich, Belvedere, Gravesend,
Sheerness, Dover
164
INSECTS
Tenebrionid^ {continued)
Helops pallidas, Curt. Sandy places on the
coast ; not common. Deal
— striatus, Fourc. In rotten wood, under
loose bark, at ' sugar,' etc. ; common
everywhere
Lagriid^
Lagria hirta, L. In hedges, on flowers ;
very common
ClSTELID^
Cistela luperus, Herbst. On hazels and
young oaks ; local, but widely dis-
tributed
— ceramboides, L. On oaks, Umbelliferae,
etc.; rare. Sydenham, Belvedere,
Lee, Darenth Wood
— murina, L. On flowers and shrubs ;
common
Eryx ater, F. In decaying willow, ash,
etc.; nocturnal; rare. Cobham Park,
Chatham
Mycetochares bipustulata. 111. Under bark
and in rotten wood ; rare. Lee,
Darenth Wood, Dover
Cteniopus sulphureus, L. A coast species,
on flowers, rushes, etc. ; locally
common. Deal, Dover, Folkestone
Melandryidjs:
Tetratoma fungorum, F. In fungoid
growth on decaying trees, etc. ; very
local, and as a rule not common.
Erith, Sheerness
— desmaresti, Latr. In rotten wood with
fungus growth ; very rare. Becken-
ham (Power)
— ancora, F. In moss on old stumps or
fir, beech, etc. ; very rare ; two speci-
mens, one at Darland Hill, the other
in Cobham Park (J. J. W.)
Orchesia micans, Panz. In fungoid growth
on old trees ; rare. Westerham,
Darenth Wood, Cobham Park (in
hard boleti)
Clinocara undulata, Kr. In fungoid growth
and under bark of beech and horn-
beam, also on hawthorn blossom ;
rare. Chatham, Cobham Park (in
plenty, J. J. W. and G. C. C.)
Hallomenus humeralis, Panz. In fungoid
growth on old trees, rotten willow,
etc.; very rare. St. Mary's Island,
Lee, Cobham Park, Chatham
Conopalpus testaceus, Ol. In dead boughs
of trees, also by sweeping ; rare.
Darenth Wood (R. W. Lloyd),
Shooters Hill
Melandrya caraboides, L. In old willow
stumps ; local. Darenth Wood, Lee,
Charlton, Sevenoaks, Belvedere, Ton-
bridge, Dover
Melandryid^ [continued)
Anisoxya fuscula. 111. In dead twigs
and by sweeping ; very rare. Lee,
Darenth Wood, Cobham Park
Abdera quadrifasciata, Steph. In fungoid
growth on decayed hornbeam, also
in short rotten stumps of boughs ;
very rare. Cobham Park, Tonbridge
— bifasciata. Marsh. In dead boughs,
also by beating hedges at the end of
July; rare. Cobham Park, Chatten-
den, Darenth Wood, Birch Wood
Phloeotrya rufipes, Gyll. In decaying oak,
etc.; rare. Brasted, near Sevenoaks,
Tunbridge Wells
Hypulus quercinus, Quens. In decaying
oak, etc., also by sweeping ; very
rare. Darenth Wood, Plumstead
Wood (one specimen, S. Stevens)
Osphya bipunctata, F. On hawthorn
blossom ; very rare. Chattenden
Roughs (about a dozen specimens
taken by Mr. Champion, Mr. Walker
and Mr. Chitty)
Pvthidj«
Salpingus castaneus, Panz. In decaying fir
branches ; local. West Wickham,
Darland Hill, near Chatham
— aeratus, Muls. (ater, Payk.). In dead
twigs of fir, on walls and palings, etc.;
rare. Gravesend, Sheppey,Sittingbourne,
West Wickham
— foveolatus, Ljungh. Very rare ; one
example taken by Mr. Walker under
beech bark in Cobham Park on
21 August, 1895
Lissodema quadripustulata. Marsh. Among
dead sticks and twigs ; very local.
Rochester district, Darenth Wood, Lee,
Sittingbourne, Tunbridge Wells, Kings-
gate
Rhinosimus ruficollis, L. Under bark and
in dead twigs ; local but not un-
common
— viridipennis, Steph. As the preced-
ing ; not common but widely dis-
tributed
— planirostris, F. Under bark, in moss,
by sweeping, etc. ; common and
generally distributed
CEdemerid.*:
CEdemera nobilis. Scop. On flowers ;
generally distributed and common
— lurida. Marsh. On flowers, chiefly in
chalky places ; local, but widely dis-
tributed
Oncomera femorata, F. On ivy bloom
and at sallows ; nocturnal in its
habits and comes to ' sugar ' ; local,
but not rare. Wigmore Wood, Chat-
165
A HISTORY OF KENT
CEdemerid^ {continued)
ham, Darenth Wood, Tunhridge JVells,
IVeiterham, Dover
Nacerdes melanura, Schmidt. On old
posts and timber on the sea shore
and at the mouths of large rivers ;
rather common locally and widely-
distributed
Ischnomera coerulea, L. In rotten wood
of ivy, willow, etc., also on haw-
thorn blossom ; local, but widely
distributed
Pyrochroid^
Pyrochroa coccinea, L. Under bark of
decaying oak ; very local, but some-
times found in numbers where it
occurs. Darenth and Birch TVoods
— serraticornis, Scop. On flowers and
herbage ; very common
MoRDELLID^
Mordella fasciata, F. On flowers of Um-
belliferas in woods ; local, but some-
times very common. Chattenden,
Cuxton, Strood, Maidstone, Sitting-
bourne, Canterbury, Dover
— aculeata, L. On flowers and herbage;
very rare. Cobham Park, one speci-
men, June, 1897 (J. J. W.), Wester-
ham (Gorham)
Mordellistena abdominalis, F. On flowers
of hawthorn and Umbelliferae, in
and near woods ; rare. Chattenden
Roughs, Chatham, Strood, Darenth
Wood, Sevenoaks, Bearsted, Folkestone
— humeralis, L. On Umbelliferae ; rare.
Cobham Park, Hailing, Sevenoaks,
Maidstone
var. lateralis, Ol. Less uncommon
than the type form. Lee, Darenth
Wood, Chatham, Sevenoaks, Bear-
sted
— brunnea, F. On flowers of Umbelli-
ferae, by beating hawthorn hedges,
etc. ; local, and as a rule scarce.
Chattenden, Chatham, Eltham,Darenth
Wood
— pumila, Gyll. On flowers, especially
on the chalk ; locally common
— brevicauda, Boh. Chiefly on butter-
cups and Hieracium ; very local.
Rochester district (not rare), Maidstone,
Folkestone
— parvula, Gyll., var. inaqualis, Muls.
On Artemisia ; local, but sometimes
abundant. Sheerness (in numbers).
Deal, Folkestone ; the type form does
not apparently occur in Britain
Anaspis frontalis, L. On hawthorn blos-
som and on herbage ; common
everywhere
MoRDELLiD^ [continued)
Anaspis garneysi, Fowler. On hawthorn
blossom ; rare. Cobham Park
— pulicaria, Costa (forcipata, Muls.). On
flowers, etc. ; locally common
— rufilabris, Gyll. On flowers and in
dead twigs, etc. ; local, perhaps over-
looked. Darenth Wood
— melanostoma, Costa (monilicornis,
Muls.). On flowers ; very rare.
Darenth Wood, one specimen
(Power)
— geoffroyi. Mull. On flowers, especially
hawthorn blossom ; local, but not
uncommon
— ruficollis, F. On hawthorn blossom,
Umbelliferze, etc. ; very common
— flava, L., var. thoracica, L. (? costas,
Emery). On hawthorn blossom ;
not common. Cobham Park, Darenth
Wood
— subtestacea, Steph. On hawthorn
blossom, etc.; local. Chattenden,
Sevenoaks, Darenth Wood, West Wick-
ham, Birch Wood, etc.
— maculata, Fourc. On hawthorn blos-
som, etc.; common everywhere
Anthicid^
Notoxus monoceros, L. Sandy places, in-
land and on the coast ; not uncom-
mon and widely distributed
Anthicus humilis. Germ. Salt marshes on
wet mud ; not uncommon locally
and widely distributed
— salinus. Crotch. Salt marshes ; rare.
Gravesend, Strood
— floralis, L. In hotbeds, haystack refuse,
etc.; very common
var. quisquilius, Thoms. With the
type form and equally common
— instabilis, Schmidt. Salt marshes ;
locally common
— angustatus, Curt. Salt marshes and on
the beach under seaweed ; rare.
Gravesend
— antherinus, L. In moss, haystack and
vegetable refuse, etc. ; common and
generally distributed
Xylophilid^
Xylophilus populneus, F. In old trees,
dead hedges, on flowers, etc.; rare.
Darenth Wood, Lee, Lewisham, Birch
Wood, Sheerness
- — oculatus, Gyll. In decaying oak, white-
thorn, etc. ; rare. Lee (Douglas and
Scott), Birch Wood (Power)
MeloS; proscarabxus, L, Found crawling
on heaths, meadows, roads, etc., in
early spring ; common
INSECTS
MELOIDiS {continued)
Meloe violaceus, Marsh. As the preceding
but much less common. Cuxton,
Queendown JFarren, Blue Bell Hill,
Strood, Dover
— autumnalis, Ol. On grassy banks,
pathways, etc., near the coast ; very
rare. Dartford (Stephens), Ramsgate
(Newman)
— cicatricosus, Leach. As the preceding ;
extremely local, but sometimes in
numbers. Margate and St. Peter s,
Thanct (T. Wood), Ramsgate in great
profusion (Champion), Deal (Syme),
Dover (Hall)
— variegatus, Don. As the preceding ;
very rare. Isle of Thanet, between
Broadstairs and Ramsgate (Stephens),
Ramsgate (T. Wood), Margate (T.
Wood), Dover (Hall)
— rugosus. Marsh. Grassy banks, etc.,
in the vicinity of nests of Antho-
phora; very rare. Afflr^(7/^ (Stephens),
Broadstairs (T. Wood)
— brevicoUis, Panz. Sandy heaths ; very
rare. Dartford (Spiers), Faversham
(Power)
Sitaris muralis, Forst. Parasitic on Antho-
phora, and found in and near the
nests ; very rare. ' Kent ' (Ste-
phens)
PLATYRRHINIDi^
Brachytarsus fasciatus, Forst. In decaying
hawthorn, elm, furze, etc., also by
sweeping; local. Lee, Darland Hill^
Chattenden, Dover
— varius, F. In decaying hawthorn, and
also on firs and hazels ; rare. Darenth
Wood
Macrocephalus (Anthribus) albinus, L. In
decaying trees, especially oaks, wil-
lows and birches ; rare. Elthatn,
Gravesend and Darenth IVood
(Stephens), Ashford, Chattenden^ Ab-
bots Wood, Folkestone
Tropideres niveirostris, F. In dead wood
of birch, oak, etc., also in dead
hedges and faggot stacks ; very r-are.
Darenth Wood (Champion), West
Wick ham (Power)
Choragus sheppardi, Kirby In dead
twigs, also sitting at the roots of
trees ; rare. Wigmore Wood, Chat-
tenden, Chatham, Sevenoaks, St. Peter's,
Isle of Thanet (where I have found
several specimens), Deal
CURCULIONID^
Apoderus coryli, L. On the hazel ; local.
Rochester district, Sheppey, Darenth
CuRCULIONlDi^ {continued)
Attelabus curculionoides, L. On young
oaks ; local but widely distributed
and not uncommon
Byctiscus betuleti, F. In woods on young
birch and hazel ; very local. Darenth
Wood, Wesierham
— populi, L. On young aspens ; very
local. Darenth and Lee Woods,
Blenden
Rhynchites auratus. Scop. On Prunus
spinosa in hedges ; very rare and
doubtful ; recorded by Marsham as
' taken in numbers at Crayford in
Kent'
— bacchus, L. On the apple and vine
and Prunus spinosa ; very rare.
Crawford and Birch Wood (Stephens);
Birch Wood, taken in 1795 by Lady
Maryon Wilson (Power)
— cupreus, L. On the flowers of the
mountain ash and other trees ; very
rare. Darenth Wood (Stephens)
— aquatus, L. On hawthorn blossom ;
common and generally distributed
— aeneovirens. Marsh. In woods and
hedges, on oaks, hazels, etc. ; not
uncommon
— cceruleus, De G. On various fruit
trees, apple, plum and pear, etc., also
on hawthorn blossom ; local. Chat-
tenden Roughs, Darenth Wood, Sheer-
ness. Shooters Hill, Maidstone
— minutus, Herbst. On young trees in
woods, especially oaks, also on herb-
age ; common and widely distributed
■— interpunctatus, Steph. On young trees;
not common. Darenth and Birch
Woods
— pauxillus, Germ. On young oaks,
hazels, etc., in woods ; rare. Darenth
Wood
— nanus, Payk. On young birches in
woods ; local and not uncommon
— uncinatus, Thoms. On aspens, sal-
lows, oaks, hazels, etc.; local. Chat-
tenden Roughs, scarce ; Darenth Wood,
Maidstone
— sericeus, Herbst. On young birch and
hazel in woods ; very local. Chat-
tenden Roughs, rare ; Darenth Wood
— pubescens, F. On young birch, hazel,
oak, etc., in woods ; not common.
S^ieendown Warren, Darenth Wood,
Westerham
Deporaus megacephalus. Germ. On young
birches ; local. Shorne, Darenth
Wood, Birch Wood, West Wickham
— betula;, L. On various young trees,
but chiefly birches ; common
167
A HISTORY OF KENT
CurculioniDj^: {continued)
Apion pomonas, F. On Vicia sepium,
Lathyrus pratensis, etc. ; common
— craccae, L. On Vicia cracca, etc. ;
local. Darenth Wood, Chattenden
Roughs, Dover, Hythe
— subulatum, Kirby. On Vicia, Lathy-
rus and Lotus ; local. Chattenden
Roughs, Chatham, Tonbridge, Maid-
stone, Heme Bay, Dover
— ulicis, Fcirst. On Ulex europasus
(common furze) and U. nanus ; very
common everywhere
— genista, Kirby. On Genista ; rare.
Bearsted near Maidstone
— fuscirostre, F. On Genista and Saro-
thamnus ; very local. Chattenden,
JVhitstable, Plumstead, Birch Wood,
Charlton
— malvas, F. On species of Malva ;
common and generally distributed
— urticarium, Herbst. On Urtica dioica
(the common stinging nettle) ; locally
common. Darenth Wood, Gravesend,
Dartford, Sheer ness. Belvedere, Sitting-
bourne, Deal
— miniatum, Germ. On the dock
(Rumex obtusifolius, etc.) ; common
and generally distributed
— cruentatum, Walt. On the sorrel
(Rumex acetosella), and also on sal-
lows ; not common. Sydenham,
Cohham Park, Chatham, Birch Wood,
Deal
— hamatodes, Kirby. Sandy places,
chiefly on the wood sage (Teucrium
scorodonia) ; local but not uncom-
mon. Rochester district, Deal
— rubens, Steph. Sandy places on sorrel
and wood sage ; not common. Cob-
ham Park, West Wickham
— pallipes, Kirby. On Mercurialis pe-
rennis and Allium, chiefly in chalky
districts ; very local. Birch Wood,
Scvenoaks, St. Mary Cray, Birching-
ton, Maidstone
— semivittatum, Gyll. On Mercurialis
annua; very rare ; found many years
asjo by Mr. Walton in the Tivoli
gardens, Margate ; there is no other
British record
— rufirostre, F. On mallows ; common
everywhere
— viciae, Payk. On Vicia cracca ; locally
common. Chattenden, Chatham,
Birch Wood, Deal
— difForme, Germ. Marshy places, on
Polygonum hydropiper, etc. ; not
uncommon locally and widely dis-
tributed
CuRCULlONlD^ {continued)
Apion dissimile. Germ. On Trifolium ar-
vense ; very local. Sevenoaks, Birch
Wood, Deal, Sandwich
— varipes, Germ. On the red clover ;
very local. Birch Wood, Dartford,
Maidstone, Birchington, Pegviell Bay,
Dover
— lasvicolle, Kirby. Sandy and chalky
places, in stack refuse, etc. ; local.
Rainham Marshes, Darenth, Graves-
end, Sheerness, Dartford, Deal, Dover
— schonherri, Boh. Probably on Tri-
folium ; very local. Sheerness {G.C.C
and J. J. W.)
— apricans, Herbst. On the red clover
(Trifolium pratense) and occasionally
on trees ; generally distributed and
common
— bohemani, Thoms. On the rest-
harrow (Ononis) ; common and
generally distributed, but found
chiefly on the coast
— trifolii, L. On the red clover ; gener-
ally distributed and common
— dichroum. Bedel. On the white clover
(Trifolium repens). Spiraea, etc. ;
generally distributed and common
— iiigritarse, Kirby. On various species
of clover ; common
— confluens, Kirby. On Matricaria
chamomilla and Chrysanthemum
leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy); locally
common and widely distributed
— stolidum. Germ. On the ox-eye
daisy ; not common. Chattenden,
Hailing Downs, Birch Wood, Sheer-
ness, Birchington, Folkestone, Deal
— sorbi, F. On Matricaria, Anthemis,
the wild cherry, the blackthorn, etc.;
female very rare, male extremely
rare. Tunbridge JVells (male)
— hookeri, Kirby. On Matricaria cha-
momilla, Hieracium, red clover, etc. ;
not uncommon and widely distri-
buted
— seneum, F. On various species of
mallow ; very common
— radiolus, F. With the preceding and
equally common
— onopordi, Kirby. On Onopordon
acanthium and other thistles ; very
common
— carduorum, Kirby. On thistles; gener-
ally distributed and common
— laevigatum, Kirby. By sweeping low
plants in August and September ;
extremely rare ; a few specimens
have been captured in Birch Wood
many years ago by Mr. S. Stevens
1 68
INSECTS
CuRCULIONlD^ {continued)
and others; it is found on Gnaphalium
(Filago) gallicum, the larva living in
a gall on the terminal bud of the
plant
Apion flavimanum, Gyll. Chalky districts
on Teucrium scorodonia ; very local.
Rochester district, not rare ; Graves-
end, Faversham, Bearsted
— annulipes, Wenck. Chalky hillsides ;
very rare. Chattenden, one specimen
(Champion)
— vicinum, Kirby. On Thymus ser-
pyllum, Mentha aquatica, etc. ; rare.
Pegivell Bay (T. Wood)
— atomarium, Kirby. Chalky places on
Thymus serpyllum ; very local.
Cohham Park, Cuxton Downs, Dar-
land Hill, Birch Wood, Dover
— minimum, Herbst. On various species
of Salix ; very local, and as a rule
rare. Maidstone, Dover
— virens, Herbst. On species of clover ;
common and generally distributed
— punctigerum, Payk. On Vicia sepium
and V. cracca ; local, but widely
distributed
— pisi, F. On clovers and vetches ; one
of our most abundant species
— a;thiops, Herbst. On Vicia sepium
and V. sativa ; rather common
— ebeninum, Kirby. On Lotus corni-
culatus, L. major, etc. ; local, but
not uncommon
— filirostre, Kirby. Chalky and sandy
places ; scarce. Rochester district,
Dartford, Birch JVood, Charlton,
Sheerness, JVhitstahle, Maidstone
— striatum, Kirby. On Ulex and Saro-
thamnus ; common and generally
distributed
— immune, Kirby. On Sarothamnus ;
local, but not uncommon where
found. Charlton, Chatham, Birch
Wood, Bearsted, Dover
— ononis, Kirby. On Ononis spinosa ;
locally common. Whitstable, Dover,
Folkestone
— spencei, Kirby. On Vicia cracca ;
rare. Margate
— ervi, Kirby. On Lathyrus pratensis,
etc. Common
— vorax, Herbst. On Vicia cracca and
other Leguminosae ; rather common
and widely distributed
— gyllenhali, Kirby. On Vicia cracca ;
also on trees ; rare. Whitstable
-'- imicolor, Kirby. On Vicia cracca
and other Leguminosne ; rare. Chat-
tenden, Chatham, etc.
CuRCULIONlD^ {continued)
Apion meliloti, Kirby. On Melilotus officin-
alis ; locally abundant. Charlton,
Bearsted, Frindshury chalk pits, Snod-
land
— scutellare, Kirby. On furze (Ulex
europseus and U. nanus) ; very local.
Charlton
— livescerum, Gyll. On the sainfoin
(Onobrychis sativa) ; local. Rochester
district, JVhitstahle, Darenth Wood,
Dartford, Birchington
— waltoni, Steph. Chalky places, on
Thymus serpyllum, etc. ; very local.
Rochester district, Sevenoaks, Dartford,
Faversham
— loti, Kirby. On Lotus corniculatus ;
common
— seniculum, Kirby. On Trifolium pra-
tense and other low plants ; rather
common and widely distributed
— tenue, Kirby. On Melilotus and
Medicago ; not so common as the
preceding, but generally distributed
— simile, Kirby. On birch ; local.
Birch Wood, Gravesend, Whitstable
— pubescens, Kirby. On willows and
by sweeping ; very local. Rochester
district, rare ; Birch Wood, Sheerness,
Kingsgate, Deal
— curtisi, Walt. On the Coast, by
sweeping ; very local. Deal
— limonii, Kirby. Salt marshes on the
decaying leaves and at old roots of
Statice limonium (the sea lavender) ;
very local. Gravesend, Strood, Sheer-
ness, Sheppey, Whitstable, Dover, Folke-
stone, Hythe
— sedi, Germ. Sandy places on species
of Sedum ; very local, and as a rule
rare. Deal
— marchicum, Herbst. On dock, wood-
sage, etc. ; local. Bromley, Deal,
Dover
— affine, Kirby. Under Sarothamnus
scoparius and by sweeping ; not
common. Lee, Bearsted
— violaceum,' Kirby. On species of dock ;
very common
— hydrolapathi, Kirby. On the great
water dock (Rumex hydrolapathum),
and also on R. obtusifolius ; local.
Snodland, St. Mary Cray, Chatham,
Lee, Sheerness, Dartford
— humile. Germ. On the dock and on
herbage generally ; very common
everywhere
Otiorrh)nchus tenebricosus, Herbst. By
beating hedges, in moss, etc. ; not
uncommon on the chalk
169
A HISTORY OF KENT
CuRCULiONiDyi; {continued)
Otiorrhynchus fuscipes, Walton. As the
preceding ; not common. Chatham,
Sheerness, Folkestone
- — atroapterus, De G. On the coast, at
roots of grass, etc. ; locally common.
Deal, Dover
— rancus, F. By sweeping herbage, in
chalky or sandy pl.ices ; rare. Dar-
land Hill, Cobham Park, Greenhithe,
Bearsted
— scabrosus, Marsh. Under stones, in
moss, at roots of plants, etc. ; also
on hedges ; common
— ligneus, Ol. As the preceding but less
common, though widely distributed
— picipes, F. By beating young trees
and hedges ; only too common ;
sometimes does great damage to
raspberry canes
— sulcatus, F. At roots of plants
moss, etc.
very common
; ofte
very injurious to vines, strawberries,
ferns, etc.
rugifrons, Gyll. At roots of grass,
under decaying seaweed, etc. ;
mostly near the coast ; local. Dover
ovatus, L. In moss, on hedges, etc. ;
generally common
muscorum, Bris. In moss, by sweep-
mg, etc. ; not uncommon.
Dart-
ford, JVeit Wickham, St. Mary Cray
Trachyphloeus aristatus, Gyll. In moss and
at roots of Lotus corniculatus, in
sandy or chalky places ; not com-
mon. Faversham, Birch Wood
— squamulatus, Ol. As the preceding ;
not common. Darland Hill, Chat-
ham, Favenham, Hythe
— scaber, L. In moss and by sweeping ;
common
— scabriculus, L. In sandy and chalky
places, in moss, and at roots of herb-
age ; common
— spinimanus. Germ. On chalky hill-
sides, at the roots of Helianthemum
vulgare ; very local and usually very
rare. Rochester and Chatham dis-
trict ; taken in large numbers at
Darland Hill, ^leendown Warren,
etc., by Mr. Champion and Mr.
Walker. Sheppey, Dover
— alternans, Gyll. As the preceding ;
very local. Darland Hill, ^leen-
dotun Warren, Hailing, Ashford,
Eastry, Margate, Dover (common,
J. J. W.), Folkestone
Cienopsis fissirostris,Walt. In thick wet moss
in May in sandy places ; rare. Chisle-
hurst (Marsh.), Plumstead (Smith)
CuRCULlONlD-« {continued)
Canopsis waltoni, Boli. Sandy and chalky
places, in moss, etc. ; very local.
Chatham, Dartford, Plumstead (abun-
dant 30 July, 1864, Power), Hythe
Stropliosomus coryli, F. On young hazel,
oaks, etc. ; common everywhere
— capitatus, De G. As the preceding ;
common
■— retusus. Marsh. On heath, gorse,
young oaks, etc. ; local. Darenth
Wood, Brastcd
— faber, Herbst. At roots of grass and
low plants, etc. ; local, but widely
distributed
— lateralis, Payk. On heath and ling ;
very common
Exomias araneiformis, Schr. In moss, etc. ;
common everywhere
— pellucidus, Boh. Sandy places ; very
local, and as a rule rare, but some-
times in profusion. Eastry near
Sandwich (Gorham), 5/. Peter's, Isle
of Thanet (T. Wood)
Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd. In moss
and faggots and by sweeping ; locally
common. Darland Hill, ^icendown
Warren, Snodhurst, Cohham Park,
Darenth Wood, Birch Wood, West
TFickham
— hirtus. Boh. Chalky hillsides in moss ;
very rare. Cobham Park, Blue Bell
Hill, Walderslade (J. J. W.), Ton-
bridge (Wollaston)
Sciaphilus muricatus, F. In woods and
hedges, often in moss ; common
Tropiphorus carinatus. Mull. In moss,
under stones and by sweeping ; rare.
Wigmore Wood, Chatham, Faversham,
Folkestone, Hythe
Liophloeus nubilus, F. On hedges and
herbage ; common
Metallites marginatus, Steph. On broom
and juniper ; very local. Wigmore
Wood, Chatham, St. Mary Cray,
Birch Wood, Maidstone
Polydrusus micans, F. On young birches,
wild cherry, hazels, sallows, oaks,
etc. ; local. Cuxton, Wigmore Wood,
Darenth Wood, Shooters Hill, Wes-
terham, Bearsted, Sivanscombe TVood
near Gravesend
— tereticollis, De G. (undatus, F.). On
young trees in woods and hedges ;
common and generally distributed
— pterygomalis. Boh. On young oaks
and hazels ; somewhat local but
common. Chatham, Darenth JFood,
etc.
— flavipes, De G. On young trees in
170
INSECTS
CuRCULiONiD^ {continued)
woods ; rare. Lee, Beamed near
Maidstone, Hythe
Polydrusus cervinus, L. On young trees, es-
pecially oaks, birch and fir ; common
and generally distributed
— chrysomela, Ol. On Artemisia mari-
tima, on the coast ; rare. Near
Strood, Gravesend, Sheerness
— confluens, Steph. On broom and
furze ; very local, but not un-
common where it occurs. Charlton,
Plumstead, Gravesend, Bearsted
Phyllobius oblongus, L. On elms and
apple trees, also by beating hedges ;
common and generally distributed
— calcaratus, F. On alders, also on
young trees in woods, etc. ; local.
Lee, Darenth Wood
— urticae, De G. On nettles ; very com-
mon and generally distributed
— pyrij L- On hawthorn, nettles, young
trees in woods, etc. ; common and
generally distributed
— argentatus, L. On young birches,
oaks, etc. ; very common
— maculicornis. Germ. On young oaks,
hazels, etc. ; local, but not un-
common and widely distributed
— pomonae, Ol. On young trees ; local
but not uncommon
— viridiaeris, Laich. (uniformis, Marsh.).
Very abundant, and generally dis-
tributed
Tanymecus palliatus, F. On burdocks,
thistles, nettles, etc. ; local. Darenth
Wood, Chattenden Roughs (rather
scarce), Chatham, Sheerness
Philopedon geminatus, F. Sandy places
on the coast. Deal, abundant, and
probably common elsewhere
Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh. On young
trees, also by sweeping ; local, but
very widely distributed
Barynotus obscurus, F. At roots of grass,
in moss, etc. ; rather common
— elevatus, Marsh, (masrens auct nee F.).
As the preceding ; local, and as a
rule scarce. St. Mary Cray, Chisle-
hurst, banks of Medway (in flood
rubbish), Folkestone
Alophus triguttatus, F. Sandy and chalky
places, under stones, in moss, etc. ;
not uncommon as a rule. Rochester
district (rare), Chatham, Ranisgate,
Dover, Folkestone
Sitones griseus, F. Sandy places, at roots
of Genistje, grass, etc. ; very local.
Deal
— cambricus, Steph. Marshy places, at
CuRCULlONlD^ [continued)
roots of grass, in moss, and by sweep-
ing ; rare. Chattenden Roughs, Lee,
Charlton, Plumstead, Hythe
Sitones regensteinensis, Herbst. On broom
and furze ; abundant everywhere
— crinitus, Herbst. On broom, clover,
peas, etc., often in sandpits ; com-
mon and generally distributed
— tibialis, Herbst. On broom, furze,
clover, heath, etc. ; very common
— brevicollis, Schon. Chattenden Roughs,
etc. ; perhaps a variety of the pre-
ceding
— hispidulus, F. On clover ; very com-
mon
— humeralis, Steph. On clover, vetches,
etc. ; common
— meliloti, Walt. On Melilotus officin-
alis ; very local. Frindsbury chalk
pits (common), Chatham, Plumstead
— flavescens, Marsh. By sweeping clover,
in moss, etc. ; rather common and
widely distributed
— puncticoUis, Steph. On clover, vetches,
etc. ; very common
— suturalis, Steph. On vetches and other
low plants ; rather local. Chatten-
den, Heme Bay, Whitstable
— ononidis. Sharp. On Ononis spinosa ;
very local. Heme Bay, Whit-
stable
— lineatus, L. On clover, vetches, peas,
etc. ; only too common ; often very
injurious to peas
— sulcifrons, Thunb. By sweeping clover,
lucerne, vetch, etc. ; rather common
and widely distributed
Gronops lunatus, L. At roots of low
plants, nearly always by the sea ;
local. Blackheath, Deal, Dover
Limobius dissimilis, Herbst. On Geranium
pratense, also at roots of Geranium
sanguineum ; rare. Darland Hill,
Holly Hill, Boxley Warren, Chatham,
Sandwich sandhills
— mixtus, Boh. Sandy places ; on
Erodium cicutarium ; very local.
Deal sandhills (common), Dover
Hypera punctata, F. On species of Tri-
folium, in moss, etc. ; very common
everywhere
— fasiculata, Herbst. Sandy places near
the sea, under Erodium cicutarium ;
extremely local. Deal sandhills,
Sandwich
— rumicis, L. Marshy places, on docks ;
common
— pollux, F. On various Umbelliferap
(Sium, etc.) ; local, but not un-
A HISTORY OF KENT
CuRCULlONlD-« [continued)
common where it occurs. Higham
(scarce), 'Northfleet, Pegwell Bay,
Sandwich, Dover, Folkestone
Hypera alternans, Steph. (julini, Sahib).
Marshy places, at roots of plants,
etc. ; not common. Lee, Eastry,
Sandwich, Pegwell Bay
— polygon!, L. On various plants, es-
pecially Leguminosas, Polygonum,
Lychnis and Silene inflata ; widely
distributed, but commoner in some
localities than in others
— tigrina, Boh. Chalky places, on the
heads of Daucus carota (the wild
carrot) ; very rare. Dover, Folkestone
(S. Stevens)
— elongata, Payk. Very rare and per-
haps not indigenous. Birch Wood
(Power and Brewer). Dr. Power's
specimen appears doubtful
— suspiciosa, Herbst. On various Le-
guminosae ; local, but not un-
common, and widely distributed
— variabilis, Herbst. On various Le-
guminosae, Trifolium, Medicago,
etc. ; very common and generally
distributed
— murina, F. By sweeping, also at
roots of grass ; very local. Syden-
ham, Rochester district, Whitstable,
Gravesend, Dartford, Maidstone
— plantaginis, De G. Chalky and sandy
places, in moss and on low plants,
especially Plantago ; not uncommon
and widely distributed
— trilineata. Marsh. On Leguminosa?,
also in moss and hay stack refuse ;
rather common
— nigrirostris, F. On various species of
clover ; common everywhere
Rhinocyllus latirostris, Latr. On species
of thistles ; local and usually rare.
Canterbury, Faversham (where Mr.
Walker found it in abundance)
Cleonus sulcirostris, L. On species of
thistles ; chiefly but not entirely
on the coast ; common
Lixus algirus, L. (angustatus, F.). On
thistles and low growing Malvaceae ;
very rare. Sydenham (Stephens)
— bicolor, Ol. On the coast, under and
at the roots of Erodium cicutarium ;
very local and usually rare. Deal
sandhills, Isle of Thanet, Sandwich
sandhills (Gorham)
Larinus carlina, Ol. On thistles ; rare.
Dover, Sandgate
Liosoma ovatulum, Clairv. In moss and
at roots of grass ; common
CuRCULIONID^ {continued)
Liosoma ovatulum var. collaris. Rye.
Occurs with the type form, but
much more rarely. Lee, Chattenden
Roughs
— oblongulum. Boh. Chalky and sandy
places, in moss and by sweeping ;
rare. Chattenden Roughs, JVigmore
I Food, Cobham Great J Food, Faver-
sham
— pyrenasum, Bris. (troglodytes, Rye.).
Chalky banks, in damp moss in
spring ; very rare. Blue Bell Hill,
Chatham and Faversham (J. J. W.
and G. C. C.)
Liparus coronatus, Goeze. On Umbelli-
feras (Heracleum chasrophyllum,
etc.), also under stones, on grass
stems and crawling on roads ; rather
common. Strood, Darland Hill,
Lee, Darenth Wood, Maidstone, Folke-
stone, etc.
— germanus, L. Not common. Maid-
stone, Staple, Sandgate, Dover, Ash-
ford, Hythe, Folkestone
Curculio abietis, L. On pines and firs ;
locally common and widely dis-
tributed
Plinthus caliginosus, F. Under stones and
in moss, also under faggots in woods ;
local, but not uncommon in some
places. Rochester district, scarce ;
Chatham, Charlton, Faversham,
Dartford, Maidstone, Westerham,
Kingsgate, Sandgate, Dover, Folkestone
Orchestes quercus, L. On oaks ; common
and generally distributed
— scutellaris, Gyll. On alder and wild
cherry ; rare. Darenth Wood (Ste-
phens), Bearsted, Deal
— alni, L. On elms, etc. ; common
everywhere
var. ferrugineus, Marsh. With the
preceding, but not so common
— ilicis, F. On oak, birch, holly, etc. ;
somewhat local, but not uncommon.
Lee, Darenth Wood
var. nigripes. Fowler. Rare. Birch
[Food, Plumstead and Folkestone
(Power)
— avellana, Don. On hazels and oaks ;
not uncommon and widely dis-
tributed
— fagi, L. On the beech ; common
everywhere
— pratensis. Germ. By sweeping thyme
and other low plants ; on the chalk ;
very local, and as a rule rare. Chat-
tenden, Hailing Doxuns, Maidstone,
Folkestone
172
INSECTS
CuRCULlONIDit {continued)
Orchestes rusci, Herbst. In woods, on hazel,
birch, etc. ; not uncommon
— stigma, Germ. On sallows, willows,
alders, etc. ; not uncommon
— salicis, L. On willows and sallows ;
local, but not uncommon. Chatham^
Sheerness, Darenth Wood
— saliceti, Payk. On willows and sal-
lows ; very local, and not common
as a rule. ChaUenden (not rare),
Smdland
Rhamphus flavicornis, Clairv. On willows,
etc. ; locally common and widely
distributed
Orthocastes setiger, Beck. Sandy and
chalky places, in moss and at roots
of low plants, especially ragwort and
sorrel ; local, but not uncommon in
many places. Blue Bell and Darland
Hills (scarce), Chatham, Sheerness,
Faversham, Kingsgate, Dover, Deal
Pseudostyphlus pilumnus,Gyll. On Matri-
caria chamomilla ; very local. Dar-
land Hill (rare), Chatham, Lee, Sheer-
ness
Procas armillatus, F. Very rare ; a single
specimen was taken by Mr. J. J.
Walker in a dry tuft of grass at
Darland Hill on II March, 1897
Grypidius equiseti, F. On Equisetum ;
not common. Chattenden, Hythe
Erirrhinus scirpi, F. Marshy places, on
Scirpus ; not common. Gravesend
— bimaculatus, F. Near river banks, on
sallows, etc. ; not common. Banks
of Medway, Gravesend
— acridulus, L. Marshy places, in moss,
flood refuse, etc. ; very common
Thryogenes festucae, Herbst. Marshy
places, on Scirpus and Carex ; not
common. Gravesend, JVhitstable
— nereis, Payk. Marshy places, in tufts
of grass, on reeds, etc. ; locally com-
mon. Rainham Marshes, Sheerness,
JVhitstable, Gravesend, Faversham,
Birchington, Sandivich, Deal
— scirrhosus, Gyll. Marshy places, on
water plants ; not common. Sheer-
ness, Eltham, Pegivell Bay
Dorytomus vorax, F. On poplars and
aspens, often in chinks of the bark ;
very local. Dover
— tremulae. On young aspens (Populus
tremula), also on P. alba, end
of June ; rare. Birch Wood, Siuans-
comhe Wood (near Gravesend), West
Wickham
— tortrix, L. On aspens and willows ;
very local. Darenth Wood, Svjans-
CuRCULiONiD^ [continued)
combe Wood, St. Peter s [Isle of
Thanet)
Dorytomus maculatus. Marsh. On willows
and sallows ; common and generally
distributed
var. costirostris, Gyll. On young
aspens and sallows ; rare. Darenth
and Sivanscombe JVoods, Chatten-
den
var. silbermanni, Wenck. On wil-
lows and aspens ; very local.
Sheerness, Darenth Wood
— melanophthalmus, Payk., var. agnathus,
Boh. On sallows ; very local.
Sydenham, Darenth Wood
— pectoralis, Gyll. On sallows ; local.
Chattenden Roughs (rather scarce),
Darenth Wood, Sydenham, Whit-
stable, Sevenoaks, Dover
Smicronyx reichei, Gyll. On dodder
(Cuscuta europasa and C. epithy-
mum) ; rare. Holly Hill and Cuxton
Downs, Birch Wood
var. championis, Fowler. Rare;
Folkestone (E. A. Waterhouse),
between Folkestone and Dover
(Champion)
— jungermannias, Reich. On Cuscuta
epithymum. Rare, but sometimes
locally common. Hailing Downs
near Rochester
Tanysphyrus lemnas, F. In ponds and
ditches, on Lemna ; common and
widely distributed
Bagous alismatis. Marsh. In ditches and
stagnant ponds, on Alisma plantago
(the water-plantain) ; local, but not
uncommon. Smdland, Lee, Rams-
gate, Deal, Dover
— cylindrus, Payk. In ditches, on aquatic
plants ; rare. Lee, Gravesend, Sheppey,
Whitstable
— binodulus, Herbst. In ditches ; very
rare. Sandwich (Sharp and Saunders)
— nodulosus, Gyll. In ditches ; very
rare. Pegwell Bay
— argillaceus, Gyll. (inceratus, Brit. Coll.).
Brackish ditches ; very local and
usually rare. Gravesend, Sheerness
— limosus, Gyll. In brackish ditches ;
very local and usually rare. St.
Mary's Island and Cuxton, Sheerness,
Gravesend (in numbers, 19 April,
1867, Power)
— tempestivus, Herbst. In ditches ; very
local. Sheerness, Gravesend, Whit-
stable, Maidstone
— subcarinatus, Brit. Coll. In ditches ;
rare. Sheerness
173
A HISTORY OF KENT
CuRCULiONiD^ [continued) C
Bagous claudicans, Boh. (frit, Brit. Coll.).
Rare, but more common than the
preceding, and sometimes found in
numbers. Sheerness
Anoplus plantaris, Naez. On young trees
in woods ; common
Elleschus bipunctatus, L. On sallows
and poplars ; very local. Day-enth
Wood
Tychius venustus, F. On broom ; ex-
tremely local. Darenth Wood, Birch
Wood, Sittingiourne
— squamulatus, Gyll. On the chalk, by
sweeping ; the larva feeds in pods of
Lotus corniculatus ; local. Darland
Hill, Smdland, Charlton
— schneideri, Herbst. On the chalk,
on Anthyllis vulneraria ; very local.
Rochester district, Charlton, Kingsgate
Folkestone
— meIiIoti,Steph. On Melilotus officinalis.
Locally common. Rochester district,
Charlton, Maidstone, Dover
— lineatulus, Bris. On the chalk, on
Anthyllis vulneraria ; local and not
common. Blue Bell Hill, Chatham,
Darenth Wood, Heme Bay
— junceus, Reich. By sweeping vetch
and clover, chiefly on the chalk ;
local. Rochester district, Charlton,
West JFickham
— tomentosus, Herbst. Chalky and
sandy places, on vetches, etc. ; local.
Rochester district, Tonbridge
— tibialis, Boh. Sandy places, by
sweeping ; rare. Deal
— pygmaeus, Bris. On broom and other
plants ; not common. Rochester dis-
trict, Gravesend, Hawkhurst, Maid-
stone, Deal
Miccotrogus picirostris, F. By sweeping,
in haystack refuse, perhaps attached
more particularly to the red clover ;
common and widely distributed
Sibinia potentillae. Germ. Sandy places ;
on Spergula arvensis, etc. ; very
local. Belvedere, Birch Wood
— arenariae, Steph. Sandy places near the
coast ; on Arenaria maritima ; locally
common. Sheerness
— primita, Herbst. On Spergula arvensis
and other low plants ; local. Roches-
ter district. Birch Wood, Chatham,
Sheerness, Maidstone, Dartford, Dover
Miarus graminis, Gyll. Chalky hill-
sides, in flowers of Campanula
glomerata ; very local and not com-
mon. Cuxton Downs
— plantarum. Germ. On Linaria vul-
174
URCULIONID^ [continued)
garis, Lotus, etc. ; very local and
not common. Darland Hill, Chat-
tenden, Darenth, Greenhithe, Dart-
ford
Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll. Marshy
places, on Veronica anagallis ; rare.
Snodland, Deal
— beccabungae, L. Marshy places, on
Veronica beccabunga and Scrophu-
laria aquatica ; very local. Snodland,
Eastry, Dartford, Maidstone, Dover
— melanarius, Germ. On Veronica, in
woods, lanes, etc. ; local. Darenth
and Birch Woods, Chatham, Faver-
sham, Sevenoaks, Folkestone
— rostellum, Herbst. Damp places by
sweeping, Matricaria, Achillea, etc. ;
rare. Darland Hill and Wigmore
Wood (rarely by sweeping under fir
trees, J. J. W.), Birch Wood, Lee,
Faversham
— pascuorum, Gyll. Chalky and sandy
places, by sweeping ; local, but not
uncommon. Sevenoaks, Tunbridge
Wells, Pegwell Bay, Deal, Folkestone
— labilis, Herbst. On the chalk, by
sweeping ; very local. Chattenden,
Chatham, Folkestone
— antirrhini, Payk. (noctis, Brit. Coll.).
On Linaria vulgaris ; local. Roches-
ter district, common ; Dartford,
Birchington, Deal
— collinus, Gyll. On Linaria vulgaris ;
very rare. Charlton pits (S. Stevens)
— linaria, Panz. Rare. Charlton pits
(S. Stevens)
Mecinus pyraster, Herbst. On species of
Plantago ; common everywhere
— circulatus. Marsh. On species of
Plantago ; rare. Darland Hill,
Chatham, Sheerness
— collaris. Germ. Salt marshes, on
Plantago coronopus and P. mari-
tima ; rare. Rochester district,
Gravesend, Sheerness
Anthonomus ulmi, De G. On and under
elms ; not common. Chattenden, St.
Mary Cray, Lee
— rosinse, Des Gozis. On the hawthorn ;
rare. Chattenden Roughs
— pedicularius, L. On hawthorn ; gene-
rally common
• — chevrolati, Desb. On the hawthorn
and the service tree ; rare. Syden-
ham and Darenth Wood (Power), Chat-
tenden Roughs (Walker), Deal (Hall)
— rubi, Herbst. On various species of
Rubus and Rosa ; common and
generally distributed
INSECTS
CurculioniDjE {continued)
Nanophyes lythri, F. On the purple
loosestrife (Ly thrum salicaria) ;
local, but occasionally in profusion,
and widely distributed.
Cionus scrophularias, L. On Scrophularia
and Verbascum ; very local. Darenth
Wood
— tuberculosus. Scop. On the same
plants as the preceding ; very local
and not common. Lee, Greenwich
— hortulanus. Marsh. On the same
plants in chalky districts ; common
— blattariae, F. On the same plants ;
local, but not uncommon
— pulchellus, Herbst. On Scrophularia
nodosa ; local, but occasionally
found in abundance and not un-
common
Orobitis cyaneus, L. Sandy and chalky
places, chiefly the latter ; on Orobus,
and in moss in winter ; not uncom-
mon and widely distributed
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, L. On willows,
especially in osier beds ; local, but
not uncommon. Chatham, Upnor,
Ramsgate, Dover
Acalles roboris. Curt. By beating dead
twigs of oaks, hedges, etc. ^leen-
down Warren, by sweeping under
beech trees ; Darenth Wood, Bexley,
Deal
— ptinoides. Marsh. On heaths, by
beating dead branches of fir, etc. ;
not uncommon. Bexley, Rochester
district, Chatham, PlumUead, TFick-
ham Wood, Tonbridge, Kingsgate, Deal
— turbatus. Boh. By beating dead hedges ;
in poplar faggots, etc. Rochester
district, Darenth JVood, Lee, Dartford,
Grave send. Deal
Coeliodes rubicundus, Herbst. On young
trees, especially birch, also by sweep-
ing ; not common. Darenth Wood,
Faversham, West Wickham, Birch
Wood, Belvedere
— quercus, F. On young oaks ; not
uncommon
— ruber. Marsh. On young oaks ; not
uncommon
— erythroleucus, Gmel. (subrufus, Herbst).
On young oaks, etc. ; not common.
Darenth Wood, Birch Wood, Charlton,
Maidstone
— cardui, Herbst (fuliginosus, Marsh.).
By sweeping, in moss, on roads
and pavements, etc. ; common every-
where
— quadrimaculatus, L. On the common
nettle ; very common everywhere
CuRCULlONID^ {continued)
Coeliodes exiguus, Ol. Chalky and sandy
places, especially near the coast ;
on various species of Geranium ;
local, but not uncommon, and widely
distributed
Poophagus sisymbrii, F. Marshy places,
on watercress and other Cruciferae ;
not uncommon. Snodland, Rainham,
Hythe
— nasturtii. Germ. In ditches, on water-
cress ; very scarce. Hythe
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. On
various Crucifera; ; generally dis-
tributed and common
— syrites. Germ. By sweeping herbage ;
very rare. Birch Wood, on Silene
inflata (Power) ; Erith
— setosus. Boh. Sandy places, on Iberis
amara and Nasturtium officinale ;
extremely local. Dartford
— constrictus. Marsh. On Erysimum
alliarium (hedge mustard) ; local,
but not uncommon, and widely dis-
tributed
— cochlearias, Gyll. On Cardamine pra-
tensis and Cochlearia officinalis ;
local, but sometimes in abundance
and widely distributed
— ericas, Gyll. On ling and heather ;
very common on heaths
— erysimi, F. On Erysimum and other
Cruciferae ; generally distributed and
common
— contractus. Marsh. On Crucifera ;
very common
— cyanipennis. Germ. On Sisymbrium
officinale. Erysimum alliaria, etc. ;
locally common and widely dis-
tributed
— chalybaeus, Germ.' On Sisymbrium
officinale and other Crucifera; ; local,
but not uncommon where it occurs,
and widely distributed
— hirtulus. Germ. On Sisymbrium, etc. ;
rare. Deal
— suturellus, Gyll. On Cardamine pra-
tensis and C. amara ; very rare.
Snodland (Walker and Champion),
Hythe (Tylden), Bearsted near Maid-
stone (Gorham)
— pilosellus, Gyll. By sweeping ; food
plant apparently not known ; very
rare. Birch Wood, Charlton, Plum-
stead, Deal
1 The variety viridifennis (C. viridipemis, Bris.)
has been taken by Mr. Champion at Whitstable
on Mercurialis perennis. It may be a separate
species.
175
A HISTORY OF KENT
CuRCULlONID^ {continued)
Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, Panz. On
various Crucifers ; common
— geographicus, Goeze (echii, F.). On
Echium vulgare ; local. Hailing
Doxuns, TVhitstable^ Deal, Dover,
Sandgate
— pollinarius, Forst. On nettles ; com-
mon everywhere
— viduatus, Gyll. On Stachys arvensis ;
rare. Sheerness
— picitarsis, Gyll. On various Crucifers ;
local, and as a rule rare. Erith,
Darenth Wood, Belvedere (in plenty),
Chatham Hill, St. Marys Hand,
Saltwood, Beanted, Sheerness, Folke-
stone, Hythe
— pleurostigma. Marsh. On Crucifera ;
common everyw^here
— alliarias, Bris. On Erysimum alliaria ;
local. Wigmore Wood, Snodland,
Cobham Park, Chatham, Maidstone,
St. Mary Cray, Folkestone
— rapx, Gyll. On Sisymbrium offici-
nale ; rare. Lee, Lewisham, Belve-
dere
— resedx, Marsh. On Reseda luteola
and R. lutea ; very local, and as a
rule rare. Chatham, Strood, Green-
hithe, Gravesend, Dover, Deal
— punctiger, Gyll. On the dandelion,
mostly on the chalk ; rare. Snodland,
Darenth, Deal, Hythe
— marginatus, Payk. By sweeping ; the
larva lives in the heads of Hypo-
chaeris ; local, but found in a large
number of places, and not uncommon
in the county
— urticae, Boh. On nettles and Stachys ;
rare. Snodland, Maidstone
— rugulosus, Herbst. Marshy places, on
Corymbiferas ; not uncommon, and
widely distributed
— melanostictus. Marsh. On species of
Labiatas ; not common. Lee, Bear-
sted, Folkestone
— asperifoliarum, Gyll. On various
Boraginaceae (Echium, Cynoglossum,
etc.) ; not uncommon
— euphorbise, Bris. By sweeping ; food
plant somewhat doubtful ; rare.
Darenth (Power), Dartford and Deal
(Champion). Mr. S. Stevens found
it on Veronica
— chrysanthemi, Germ. On Chrysanthe-
mum leucanthemum (ox-eye daisy) ;
local. Chattenden Roughs, Lee, Maid-
stone, Dover, Folkestone
— triangulum. Boh. On Achillea mille-
folium ; rare. Birch Wood (S.
CuRCULiONiD^ {continued)
Stevens), Deal (Champion and
Garneys), Folkestone (Power)
Ceuthorrhynchus litura, F. On thistles ;
common and widely distributed
— trimaculatus, F. On thistles ; local,
and much less common than the
preceding. Rochester district, not
rare ; Dover, Folkestone, etc.
Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis, Payk. On
various species of Cruciferas (Capsella,
Erysimum, etc.) ; common and
generally distributed
— hepaticus, Gyll. On Brassica cheiran-
thus and other Cruciferx ; rare.
Darland Hill and Faversham (Wal-
ker), Eastry and IVingham (Gorham)
— pyrrorhynchus. Marsh. On Sisym-
brium officinale ; local, but not un-
common
— nigrinus, Marsh. By sweeping, chiefly
on the chalk ; local. Rochester dis-
trict, general ; Dartford, Faversham,
Maidstone
— melanarius, Steph. In marshy places,
on Nasturtium officinale ; local.
Snodland, Lee, Staple, Sandwich,
Hythe
— terminatus, Herbst. On Daucus
maritimus ; local. Rochester district,
rare ; Whitstable, Dover, Folkestone,
Hythe
— horridus, F. On thistles ; very local.
Rochester district, not uncommon ;
Sheerness, Whitstable, Dover, Folke-
stone
— distinctus, Bris. By sweeping ; rare.
Dover
— quercicola, Payk. By sweeping ; local
and seldom abundant, but somewhat
widely distributed
— troglodytes, F. On plantain ; common
everywhere
— chevrolati, Bris. On Achillea mille-
folium ; very local. St. Marys
Island (in plenty in 1898), Blue Bell
Hill, Lee, Birch Wood, Deal, Dover,
Hythe
— rufulus, Duf. (frontalis, Bris.). On
Achillea millefolium and Plantago
lanceolata ; very local. Darland
Hill, Sheerness, Whitstable, Kings-
gate
— dawsoni, Bris. On Plantago coro-
nopus, and perhaps P. maritima ;
also at roots of Reseda with the
preceding species ; very local. Dar-
land Hili, Strood, Dover, Folkestone
Amalus haemorrhous, Herbst. In moss and
by sweeping ; generally distributed
170
INSECTS
CuRCULIONIDit {continued)
Rhinoncus pericarpius, F. On Polygonum,
dock, thistles, etc. ; common and
generally distributed
— gramineus, F. Marshy places ; on
Polygonum ; very local. Snodland,
West Wickham, Deal, Sandgate
— perpendicularis, Reich. In damp
places ; on species of Polygonum ;
rather common and widely distri-
buted
— castor, F. In sandy places ; at roots
of docks, etc.; generally distributed
and common
— denticollis, Gyll. Chalky and sandy
places, by sweeping ; also in grass
tufts in winter ; rare. Borland Hill,
Blue Bell Hill, Chattenden, Cobham
Park, Hythe
Eubrychius velatus. In stagnant or slowly
moving water ; on Potamogeton, etc. ;
rare. Whitstahle
Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. As the
preceding ; local, but not uncommon
and widely distributed
Phytobius waltoni, Boh. Very scarce ;
sparingly in a dried up ditch at
Snodland (J. J. W.)
— quadrituberculatus, F. Marshy places ;
not uncommon and widely distri-
buted
— canaliculatus, Fahr. Marshy places,
on aquatic plants ; also by sweeping ;
very local. Blue Bell Hill and Cob-
ham Park, rare ; Sheerness
— quadricornis, Gyll. On aquatic plants,
especially Polygonum lapathifolium ;
rare. Sheerness (Walker)
— quadrinodosus, Gyll. On aquatic
plants, especially Polygonum am-
phibium ; very rare. Lee (Power
and Champion)
Limnobaris T-album, L. In damp mea-
dows ; not uncommon. Rochester
district, common ; Faversham, Maid-
stone
Baris laticoUis, Marsh. On Cruciferae ;
as a rule rare. Charlton, Deal,
Folkestone (common)
— picicornis. Marsh. On Reseda lutea ;
local, but sometimes abundant, and
widely distributed
— lepidii. Germ. Marshy places, especially
on the sandy banks of rivers ; also
in grass, at roots of Tanacetum, etc.;
very local, but not uncommon.
Cobham Park, Snodland, Shooters Hill,
Lewisham, Bearsted, Dover
— scolopacea. Germ. Salt marshes ; by
sweeping the sea purslane (Atriplex
177
CuRCULIONlD^ {continued)
portulacoides) and other plants ;
extremely local and usually very
rare. Sheerness (Champion and
Walker)
Balaninus venosus, Grav. On oaks, in
woods and hedges ; not uncommon
— nucum, L. On hazel ; common
— turbatus, Gyll. On oak, hazel, etc. ;
not common. Rochester district,
widely distributed but scarce ;
Darenth and Birch Woods, Wester-
ham, Sheerness
— betulae, Steph. On birch ; very rare.
Plumstead (S. Stevens)
— villosus, F. On oaks and hazels, also
on hawthorn blossom ; local. Chat-
tenden, St. Mary Cray, Darenth and
Birch Woods, Whitstahle
— salicivorus, Payk. On willows ; com-
mon
— pyrrhoceras. Marsh. On oak, hazel,
willow, etc. ; much less common
than the preceding. Chattenden, Lee,
Greenwich, Darenth Wood, and prob-
ably widely distributed
Calandra granaria, L. In granaries, bakers'
shops, etc. ; only too common
— oryza, L. With the preceding ; plenti-
ful in granaries in Rochester, Strood,
Rainham, etc.
Cossonus ferrugineus, Clairv. In decaying
willows, elms, oaks, etc. ; not com-
mon. Greenwich
Rhyncolus lignarius. Marsh. In decaying
elms, oaks, ivy, etc. ; common
— ater, L. In decaying fir, also in elm ;
rare. Darland Hill, Sittingbourne
Caulotrypis aeneopiceus. Boh. In old posts,
old wine casks, etc. ; very scarce.
5/. Margaret's Bay, Deal
Codiosoma spadix, Herbst. In old posts on
the seashore and on the banks at the
mouths of large rivers ; locally com-
mon. Gravesend, Sheerness, Pegwell
Bay
Magdalis armigera, Fourc. (atramentaria,
Marsh.). By beating dead hedges ;
also on elms ; not uncommon.
Chattenden (in profusion, 24 May,
1894, J. J. W.), Lee, Darenth
Wood, Belvedere, Plumstead, Sheerness,
Whit stable, etc.
— cerasi, L. In dead hedges and by
sweeping ; not uncommon
— pruni, L. As the preceding ; common
— barbicornis, Latr. By beating hedges
and by sweeping ; rare. Lee, Lewis-
ham, Darenth Wood, Ashford, Chat-
tenden
23
A HISTORY OF KENT
SCOLYTID^
Scolytus destructor, Ol. In elms ; only
too common
— pruni, Ratz. In decaying apple, cherry
and other fruit trees ; rare. Lower
Rainham (J. J. W.) ; Tonbr'idge
(Horner)
— intricatus, Ratz. In decaying oak ;
rare. Cohham Park, Darenth Wood
— rugulosus, Ratz. In decaying oak,
cherry, apple, pear, elm, etc. ; very
local. Cobham Park (by sweeping),
Chatham, Birch and Darenth IVoodi,
Whltstable
— multistriatus. Marsh. As the preced-
ing ; local, but not uncommon.
Birch and Darenth IVoods, Sheerness
Hylastes ater, Payk. Under bark of pines,
and by sweeping under Scotch firs ;
locally common. Darland Hill,
Chatham
— cunicularius, Er. In decaying firs )
local and scarce. IVesterham
— opacus, Er. In and under decaying
firs ; not uncommon locally. Dar-
land Hill, Wickham, Tonbridge
— palliatus, Gyll. As the preceding.
Darland Hill, TVest Wickham
Hylastinus obscurus. Marsh. On broom
and furze, also on clover. Ononis,
etc. ; local. Birch and Darenth
Woods, Sheerness, Gravesend, Dartford,
Bearsted, Folkestone
Hylesinus crenatus, F. In decaying ash
trees ; as a rule rare, but sometimes
common where it occurs. Cobham
Park, West Wickham, Abbey Wood
— oleiperda, F. In decaying ash, also
by sweeping ; local. Cobham Park,
Sheerness
— fraxini, F. In decaying ash, also by
sweeping ; generally distributed and
common
— vittatus, F. In decaying elms ; very
local. Greenwich, Wickham
Myelophilus piniperda. In and under de-
caying firs ; very local. Darland
Hill, Chatham
Cissophagus hederae, Schmidt. In decaying
ivy ; not common. Darland Hill,
Cobham Great Wood, St. Mary Cray,
Dartford
ScOLYTID^ {continued)
Phlceophthorus rhododactylus, Marsh. In
dead stems of furze, broom, etc.
Darland Hill and Chattenden, rare ;
not however uncommon in several '
other localities, and widely distributed
Cryphalus abietis, Ratz. In dead shoots of
the Scotch fir ; very rare. West
Wickham Wood (Champion)
Magdalis fagi, Nord. In decaying beeches ;
very rare. Westerham (Gorham),
Tonbridge (Horner)
Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh. In dead
twigs of the Scotch fir, also by
sweeping underneath the trees ; lo-
cally common and widely distri-
buted
Xylocleptes bispinus, Duft. In dead stems
of Clematis vitalba ; locally common
and widely distributed
Dryocaetes villosus, F. In decaying oaks ;
also sometimes in chestnuts and
hollies ; common and generally dis-
tributed
— coryli, Perris. In dead twigs and
branches of hazel and hornbeam,
also by sweeping ; very rare. Darenth
and Birch Woods, Chattenden, and
near Cuxton
Taphrorychus bicolor, Herbst. In de-
caying oaks ; very rare. Down, near
Beckenham (Crotch); Darenth Wood
(Champion)
Tomicus laricis, F. In decaying larches ;
not common. Westerham
Trypodendron domesticum, L. In hard
dead wood of beech, alder, birch,
oak and other trees ; rare. Wester-
ham, Brasted
Xyleborus dryographus, Ratz. In decaying
oak and beech ; rare. Abbey Wood
— saxeseni, Ratz. In oak, beech, apple,
hornbeam and other trees ; scarce.
Cobham Park, in a sound oak log
SxYLOPIDiS
A number of Halicti infested with apterous
Strepsipterous females were once
found by Sir S. S. Saunders at
Folkestone. These probably belonged
to the very rare Halictophagus
curtisii. Dale, but no male was dis-
covered
LEPIDOPTERA
Butterjiies and Moths
Kent was formerly a paradise for collectors of insects of this order,
and in the old days no county produced
178
larger number of species or a
INSECTS
greater abundance of specimens ; but over cultivation, over population,
the destruction of old woods, drainage and the spread of the metro-
politan area vvrith its buildings and smoke have, during the last half a
century, considerably reduced the numbers of species and specimens, at
any rate in the north-western part of the county, which has been almost
absorbed by London suburbs. Such species however as occur in this
country chiefly by immigration from the continent are more commonly
taken in the south-east, east and north-east of Kent than in any other
part of the United Kingdom.
RHOPALOCERA
Butter Jiies^
The Wood White [Leucophasia sinapis, L.) was formerly common
in many woods in the county, and has been recorded from the Blean
Woods ^ between Canterbury and Heme Bay, from Sturry, Pembury,
Wateringbury,' Tunbridge Wells, Tenterden, and from Darenth and
Birch Woods. From the two localities last named and from the rest of
the metropolitan district it has long disappeared. It still occurs spar-
ingly in some of the woods in the county, but is extinct in most of the
localities where it was formerly common.
The Black-veined White {Aporia cratagi, L.) was, up to five-
and-thirty or forty years ago, a common species in the county, occur-
ring plentifully about Sheerness, Ramsgate, Heme Bay, Wye, Ashford,
Selling, Shottenden, Sturry, Maidstone, Chattenden, Rochester and
Strood. Excepting in an orchard district in east Kent, it disappeared
from the county about 1868 or 1869 and is now practically extinct in
Kent, as it is in Sussex, Hampshire, Gloucestershire, Northamptonshire,
Huntingdonshire, Monmouthshire, Glamorganshire and other counties
where it formerly abounded. Possibly, if unmolested, the species*
may increase its area and be again established in the county under
favourable climatic conditions. The Large Cabbage White {Pieris
brassica, L.), the Small Cabbage White (P. rapa, L.) and the
Green-veined White (P. napi, L.) are generally distributed through-
out the county and are more or less abundant according to the
season. That rare butterfly the Bath White (P. daplidice^ L.) has been
* Stragglers of the Swallow-tail {Papilio machaon, L.) have occasionally been captured or observed
on the north-east, east and south-east coast, as about Heme Bay, Ramsgate, Deal and Dover. Dr.
Knaggs in his Macro-Lepidoptera of Folkestone (1870) says, ^Machaon has been met with year after year
on the East Cliff, Dover, beyond the castle.' Mr. A. B. Farn informs me that a few larvs were found
feeding on rue in a herbalist's garden at Stone near Dartford in 1874, and the larvae have also several
times been found in the neighbourhood of Faversham. At the present day the species in a truly wild
condition, in this country, is confined to Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire, and to the fens in the Norfolk
Broads. The specimens seen or captured in Kent in recent years were doubtless immigrants from the
continent, or escapes. — H. G.
2 Mr. Charles Fenn records the species from the Blean Woods. — H. G.
3 Mr. Edward Goodwin of Canon Court, Wateringbury, states that Mr. R. H. Fremlin used to
take this species commonly at Wateringbury forty years ago, but that it has long been extinct there. —
H. G.
* Mr. A. B. Farn says it was very abundant in the Chattenden woods in the late ' fifties,' and there
was no difficulty in collecting the pupae from the stems of the blackthorn. — H. G.
179
A HISTORY OF KENT
recorded more frequently from Kent than from any other part of the
United Kingdom, and many specimens have from time to time been
taken in all parts of the county, especially about Broadstairs, Margate,
Ramsgate, Sandwich, Deal,^ Dover, Folkestone and Hythe. This species,
being common on the continent of Europe, would naturally be more
frequently found in Kent owing to its proximity to the continent than
in other English counties. The Orange Tip {Anthochar'u cardamines, L.)
is generally distributed in lanes, roadsides, fields and woods. The Brim-
stone {Gonepteryx rhamni, L.) occurs throughout the county and is com-
mon in most woods and other places where its food plant is plentiful.
The Clouded Yellow {Colias edusa, Fb.) is generally distributed through-
out the county, and is, in certain seasons, abundant on the chalk downs
and on railway banks, and in clover and lucerne fields, especially on the
coast about Dover, Folkestone, Deal, Sandwich, Margate, Heme Bay,
Westgate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate. It is also plentiful nearer London,
as at Strood, Greenhithe and Dartford, and even in the metropolitan
district in certain seasons. The white variety of the female (var. helice)
generally occurs with the type more or less commonly, and I have taken
several forms of great interest near Dover. The Pale Clouded Yellow
(C. hyale, L.) is generally distributed throughout the county and is in
some years abundant about Margate, Ramsgate, Deal, Dover and Folke-
stone. It also occurs inland as at Maidstone, Yalding, Ashford and
Wye ; in the metropolitan district about Dartford, Greenhithe and
Eltham, and even close to London. I found it commonly near Dover
and Folkestone in 1888. The Silver-washed Fritillary {Argynnis paphia,
L.) occurs in some of the Kentish woods, but it is not abundant as it is
in the New Forest and in the Forest of Dean. I am not aware of the
occurrence in Kent of the melanic variety of the female (var. valezina),^
but the late Mr. Ramsay Cox reported having on one occasion seen
a specimen in a wood near Sturry, The Dark Green Fritillary [A.
aglaia, L.) is generally distributed throughout the county both on the
chalk hills and in the wooded part of the weald. It is common on the
North Downs between Canterbury and the North Foreland and about
Folkestone, Dover, Otford, Shoreham, West Wickham and everywhere
on the downs. I have found it abundantly at the base of the downs to
the north of Folkestone and between Folkestone and Dover. The High
Brown Fritillary {A. adippe, L.)' is not so generally distributed as the
last species, but it is not uncommon in some localities near Watering-
bury and near Sevenoaks. It also occurs in Kingswood and Penny Pot
Woods, between Wye and Canterbury. I have taken it in Eastwell Park
1 Colonel Swinhoe about six years ago recorded in the Entomologist the capture of three specimens
at Deal.— H. G.
* I doubt the occurrence of this variety in Kent. In my experience it is confined to the New
Forest, where it is, in some seasons, very common. I have never seen it in the Forest of Dean in
Gloucestershire or on the banks of the Wye.. It has been reported as occurring singly in Devon,
Dorset and Sussex. — H. G.
3 Mr. Farn records the capture of one specimen at Chattenden Woods in 1876, and Mr. Fenn
says it formerly occurred at Darenth. Mr. Goodwin says it is fairly common near Wateringbury. —
H. G.
itio
INSECTS
near Wye, and it has been reported from the Blean Woods between
Canterbury and Heme Bay, from West Wickham and elsewhere in
the county. The Queen of Spain Fritillary [A. lathonia, L.), which
though very rare in this country is a common continental species, has
been taken more frequently in Kent than in any other part of the United
Kingdom. Many specimens have in the last fifty years been captured
near Birch Wood, Darenth Wood, Gravesend, Milton, Shoreham, Heme
Bay, Margate, Ramsgate, Deal, Walmer, Dover and Folkestone. The
capture of thirteen specimens near Canterbury in 1868 has been recorded,
and Mr. Sydney Webb states that eighteen specimens were taken near
Dover in September, 1880. The number of captures of this species in
Kent is no doubt due to the proximity of the county to the continent of
Europe. The Pearl-bordered Fritillary [A. euphrosyne, L.) is generally
distributed in the woods of the county except in the metropolitan dis-
trict, where it has, in common with the majority of other butterflies,
become extinct or extremely rare in consequence of the extension of
buildings, drainage, London smoke and over cultivation. The Small
Pearl-bordered Fritillary [A. selene, SchifF.) has long since disappeared
from most of the woods near London, but it still occurs, more or
less commonly, in the Blean Woods, near Heme Bay, in most of the
woods between Wye and Canterbury, and in the southern and south-
western side of the county near Tenterden. That very local species the
Greasy Fritillary {Melitcea aurinia^ Rott.) occurred formerly in great
abundance in the Ham Marshes near Sandwich, but owing to the
rapacity of London and Canterbury dealers it gradually became scarcer,
until in 1888 or 1889, in consequence of the drainage of the low-lying
meadows, in which it used chiefly to occur, it almost disappeared, and at
the present time is practically extinct. I am unaware of the occurrence
of this local species in any other part of the county. The Pearl-
bordered Likeness or Heath Fritillary {M. athalia, Rott.) used to be
abundant in the Blean Woods near Canterbury, and in the south-west
of the county in Knock Wood and other woods near Tenterden, and
elsewhere on the borders of Sussex. It also occurred in other woods in
the Weald, and was abundant in Chattenden Woods near Rochester, but
disappeared suddenly from this locality some thirty years ago. It may
still occur near Tenterden and in other woods on the borders of Sussex.
The Small Tortoiseshell {Vanessa urticce, L.) is common throughout the
county. The Large Tortoiseshell ' {V. polychloros, L.) is generally distri-
buted and sometimes common, but is much less abundant than formerly.
» The Granville Fritillary {Melittea ctnxia, L.) is recorded by the late Mr. W. O. Hammond as
having formerly occurred about the cliffs near St. Margaret's Bay and near Folkestone. I have no
knowledge of its occurrence anywhere in England within the last forty years except in the Isle of Wight.
Mr. Ullyett also includes M. aur'mia in his list of ' Folkestone Lepidoptera.' If it ever occurred between
Folkestone and Dover it has been long extinct. — H. G.
2 The Comma Butterfly {Fanessa c-album, L.) is said to have been common in the hop gardens
about eighty or ninety years ago. Mr. Sydney Webb says that although it has now no fixed abode in
the county a few specimens are annually captured to the east and west of Dover. It has been taken
near Walmer and Alkham, and also at Shepherdswell in 1894. The specimens are no doubt immigrants
from the continent. — H. G.
181
A HISTORY OF KENT
It occurs in the London district and has also been found near Tenterden,
Tonbridge, Canterbury, Wye, Ashford, Faversham, and in many other
places in the county. Captain Savile Reid says it is rare about Yald-
ing and Maidstone. The rare Camberwell Beauty {F. antiopa, L.)
occurs perhaps more frequently in Kent — from its proximity to the
continent — than in any other English county. Lewin, an old naturalist,
reported that in the middle of August, 1789, he saw two specimens near
Faversham, one of which he had the good fortune to take, and in the
course of a week, he was agreeably surprised with seeing and taking
many of them in the most perfect condition. Captures of this species
have, during recent years, been made near Dover, Maidstone, Folke-
stone, Charlton, Lee and Eltham.^ Mr. Goodwin says he has twice
seen it near Wateringbury, and he records the capture of a fine speci-
men on 18 August, 1898, at East Farleigh. Captain Savile Reid states
that a specimen was taken near Yalding in 1889 and another speci-
men in the same year near Maidstone. The Peacock {F. to, L.) was
formerly an abundant species and generally distributed, but it has for
many years past been gradually disappearing and has become in many
places a comparatively scarce species. The Red Admiral (F. atalanta,
L.) is generally distributed and often common even in metropolitan
gardens. The Painted Lady {F. cardui, L.) occurs in some seasons
all over the county, but is generally most 'plentiful in clover and
lucerne fields, especially near the coast. The Purple Emperor [Apatura
iris, L.^) formerly occurred in most of the oak woods in the Weald and
elsewhere, but it has become rare for years past, and has entirely dis-
appeared from many woods where it used to be abundant. It has long
been extinct in the London district. I found it in abundance in 1876,
1877 and 1878 in Chattenden Woods, about four or five miles north
from Rochester. It has however since died out or been exterminated
there. It has also been taken near Tenterden, Pembury,^ Ashford, Wye,
Canterbury, Selling, Sevenoaks, and various parts of the Weald. Mr.
Goodwin says it formerly occurred in the Mereworth Woods near
Maidstone and was common near Cranbrook in 1883. The Marbled
White {Arge galathea, L.) is locally plentiful in many parts of the
county. I have taken it in abundance in Eastwell Park near Wye,
and it occurs commonly on the chalk near Wateringbury, Shoreham
and Strood. It is abundant along the eastern and south-eastern coasts
near Ramsgate, Deal, Walmer, Dover and Folkestone. The Wood
Argus [Satyrus egeria, L.) is generally distributed in woods and lanes
throughout the county, but according to Captain Savile Reid and Mr.
Goodwin it is gradually disappearing. The Wall {S. tnegcera, L.) is
* The most recent capture of Vanessa anltopa was made by Mr. A. H. Jones at Eltham in the
autumn of 190 1.
^ The occurrence of the White Admiral {Limcnith sybil/a, L.) has been recorded from Tenterden
and also from the borders of Sussex. Mr. Farn says it was plentiful in Chattenden Woods in the
late fifties, but disappeared about the same time as the Black-veined White. I have not heard of its cap-
ture in this county during the last forty years, and do not think it can now be regarded as a Kentish
species. — H. G.
' It was formerly common at Pembury, and m.iy still occur there. — H. G.
182
INSECTS
generally distributed, but Mr. Charles Fenn says it is gradually dis-
appearing from the London district. The Grayling (S. seme/e, L.) is
locally common on the chalk hills ; Mr. Fenn says it occurs plentifully
near Deal and Folkestone, and I have taken it near Dover. The Mea-
dow^ Brown [S. mmra, L.) is generally common in meadows, marshes,
and on the hillsides. The Large Heath {S. tithoi^us^ L.), so common in
most places, is not universally distributed in the county, for according
to Mr. Webb it does not occur within eight miles of Dover. I have
not found it near Dover or Walmer, but it is reported from Bekesbourne
near Canterbury and other parts of the county. Mr. Fenn says it is not
common as a rule on the coast, and that it is fast disappearing from the
neighbourhood of London. The Ringlet {S. hyperanthus) is not scarce in
the county and has been taken commonly near Sevenoaks, Shoreham,
and in most of the woods in the Weald. The Small Heath {Chortobius
pamphilus, L.) is everywhere common in fields, marshes and hillsides.
The Green Hairstreak [Thecla rubi, L.) is generally distributed in
suitable places, but has disappeared from the London district. Captain
Savile Reid says it is common on the chalk hills near Yalding and
Maidstone. The Purple Hairstreak {T. quercus, L.) is generally distri-
buted in oak woods in the county, but has disappeared from, or become
very scarce in, the London district. Mr. Fenn records it from Chatten-
den and Chislehurst, Colonel Irby from West Wickham, and Mr.
Goodwin says it is common near Wateringbury. The White Letter
Hairstreak (T. w-album, Knoch.) is in some years very common in
many parts of the county. I have found it abundantly in and
near Chattenden Woods and elsewhere in the neighbourhood of
Rochester, Mr. Goodwin reports it from Gravesend. The Brown
Hairstreak (T. betulce, L.) has been recorded from woods and lanes
about Sheldwick, Dartford, and from Darenth Wood and Birch Wood.
From the two latter localities it has long since disappeared. Colonel
Irby informed me that he had taken it commonly on the railway banks
near Ham Street Station, between Appledore and Ashford. Mr. Sydney
Webb states that it also occurs in some years in numbers between
Canterbury and Selling. The Small Copper {Polyommatus phlceas, L.)
is generally distributed throughout the county. I have never met with
the Silver Studded Blue {Lycana agon, Schiff.) in Kent, but Mr. Arthur
Rose informs me that he takes it commonly on the chalk near Seven-
oaks. It also occurs, or occurred, on Tunbridge Wells Common, in Frant
Forest near Tunbridge Wells, and on many parts of the downs, particu-
larly throughout the Dover district. It is also reported as formerly oc-
curring in Darenth and Birch Woods. The Brown Argus (L. agestis, Hb.)
is generally distributed in the chalk districts throughout the county, and
the Common Blue (L. alexis, Hb.) is common in most places on the
chalk, sand and clay. The Adonis or Clifden Blue (L. adonis, Fb.)
is locally abundant on the chalk near Shoreham, Folkestone, Dover,
Deal, Chilham and elsewhere. The Chalk Hill Blue (L. corydon,
Fb.) is generally distributed in the chalk districts and is abundant in
183
A HISTORY OF KENT
many places near Dover, Folkestone, Deal, Shoreham and elsewhere.
The Small Blue (L. alms^ Fb.) occurs in many places in the chalk
district. The Holly Blue (L. argiolus, L.) is generally distributed
throughout the county along hedgerows and woodsides, and also in
gardens where holly and ivy abound. During the past few years it has
been a very common metropolitan species, occurring in abundance in
suburban gardens. The Duke of Burgundy {Nenieobhis lucina, L.) occurs
in many woods, in the Weald and in the Blean Woods and elsewhere near
Canterbury. It also occurs near Wye and Dover, and was formerly com-
mon in Darenth Wood, but Mr. Fenn says it has long been extinct there.
The Grizzled Skipper {Syrichthus alveolus, Hb.) is generally distributed
and common in most of the woods in the county. The Dingy Skipper
[Thanaos tages, L.) is generally distributed on the chalk hills. Mr.
Webb states the coast form is whiter and more brightly-coloured than
inland specimens. The Large Skipper [Hesperia syhanus, Esp.) is of
common occurrence throughout the county. The Silver Spotted Skipper
[Hesperia comma, L.) is locally common near Canterbury, Deal, Dover,
and in many places on the chalk hills. The Small Skipper [H. linea,
Fb.), is common everywhere, and H. lineola, which was originally
detected in this country in east Essex, has been recorded by Mr. Farn,
Mr. Fenn and others from the Cliffe Marshes, north-east of Gravesend.
HETEROCERA
Moths
Kent contains a great number of interesting moths which ought
to receive a detailed notice, but, in consequence of the limited space
which can be spared in this volume for the Insecta, little more than a
list of species, prefaced with a few notes on those which are most local
and characteristic of the county, can be published.
The Bedstraw Hawk Moth {Deilephila galii, Schiff.), although by
no means confined to the county, has perhaps been found more freely in
Kent than in any other part of the United Kingdom, except on the
coast of Sussex. The larvae are sometimes comparatively common on
the yellow bedstraw in August and September about Folkestone, Dover,
Walmer, Deal, Sandwich, Ramsgate and elsewhere along the coast. I
bred a good series of the moth in 1889 from the caterpillars I had
collected on the Kentish coast in the autumn of 1888. That very rare
species D. livornka, Esp., has been occasionally found about Folkestone
and Dover and also at Lewisham. The Silver-striped Hawk Moth
{Gharocampa celerio, L.) is commoner and has been taken at Tenterden
and many other places in the county. The Oleander Hawk Moth
(C. nerii, L.), one of the grandest species of Sphingidas occurring in
this country, was taken many years ago at Dover, and Captain Savile
' The Mazarine Blue {Lycana ads, SchifF.) is stated by Mr. Tutt to have formerly been taken near
Cuxton about 187 1. Mr. Farn says he worked the Cuxton district in 1 87 1 and prior to that year,
but he never saw this species. — H. G.
184
INSECTS
Reid recorded the capture of another specimen at Yalding near Maid-
stone on September i8, 1900. That very rare Clearwing, Sesia ai^dre-
niformis, Lasp., was first taken by Mr. Chant at Greenhithe more than
forty years ago, and a few other specimens have since been met with
near Chattenden and elsewhere in the county. The beautiful Fiery
Clearwing {S. chrysidiformis, Esp.) is, in this' county, entirely confined
to the undercliff between Folkestone and Dover, where it was first
taken about 1856 by the late Mr. Brewer of Reigate. The larva feed
in the roots of the common dock. I found the species commonly
in the Warren some fifteen or sixteen years ago, but it has become
much rarer of late years owing to the digging up of the dock roots by
London and Folkestone dealers with the object of breeding the species.
Another local species is S. ichneumofiiformis, Fb., which is not uncommon
along the coast about Ramsgate, Margate, Deal, Dover and Folkestone.
The beautiful little Nola albulalis, Hb., formerly occurred in abundance ^
in Chattenden Woods near Rochester, where I collected a fine series in
1876. The rare N. cetjtonalis, Hb., has been taken near Deal, Dover and
Folkestone. One of the most interesting species in the county is the
Pigmy Footman [Lithosia liitarella, Schiff.) which was first made known
as a British species by the late Mr. Henry Doubleday, who named it L.
pygmeola. It was abundant on the Deal sandhills twenty years ago, but
it seems in danger of being exterminated chiefly by man's agency. I
am not aware of its occurrence elsewhere in the United Kingdom.
The rare Deiopea pulchella, L., has been taken near Heme Bay, Margate,
Ramsgate, Deal, Walmer, Dover and Folkestone. The beautiful Scarlet
Tiger {Callimorpha dominula, L.) was formerly very abundant at St.
Margaret's Bay, but the locality has much changed and has been partly
destroyed by the fall of the cliffs. It still occurs between Walmer and
Deal, and sparingly in one or two more inland localities. Another inter-
esting Kentish species is the Ground Lackey {Bombyx castrensis^ L.),
which is very abundant in the Isle of Sheppey and elsewhere in the salt
marshes on the banks of the Thames below Erith. One of the grandest
of British moths, the Kentish Glory {Endromis versicolor, L.), formerly
occurred — as is obvious from its name — in the county, but it has long
been extinct* in Kent as it has been in Tilgate Forest, between Worth
and Balcomb, and in St. Leonard's Forest, between Three Bridges and
Horsham in north Sussex, The Large Thorn {Knnomos autumnaria,
Wernb.) was formerly very rare in this county, but it has in the last
twenty years been taken or bred in numbers about Deal, Walmer, Dover
and Folkestone. The rare Acidalia ochrata^ Scop., was formerly plenti-
ful at Sandwich, but its locality has been almost destroyed by the estab-
lishment of the local golf links, and it may disappear. Another local
' This is the species referred to by Mr. Stainton in his Manual as Trochllium allantiforme. — H. G.
^ Mr. Webb says this species has also been taken in Sussex and Essex. — H. G.
^ Mr. Fenn says it is still common at Chattenden. — H. G.
* Mr. Goodwin states that Mr. Fremlin found a batch of ova near Wateringbury in i860, but he
knows of no subsequent record of its occurrence in the county. — H. G.
5 It also occurs near Southend in Essex. I know of no other localities. — H. G.
X ' 185 24
A HISTORY OF KENT
moth is A. emutaria^ Hb., which occurs in the marshes near Woolwich
and elsewhere on the banks of the Thames. Another typical Kentish
species is the Black-veined Moth {Scoria dealbata, L.^), which is plentiful
in several parts of the county, especially about Westwell near Wye and
in Chattenden Woods near Rochester. With the exception of one
specimen, which I found in a wood near Hailsham in east Sussex, and a
few specimens recorded by Mr. T. H. Briggs from Thurning in Hunt-
ingdonshire, I am not aware of the occurrence, in this country, of this
interesting species out of the county of Kent. That beautiful little
species Sterrha sacraria, L., has several times been taken near Folkestone,
Dover and elsewhere on the Kentish coast. The scarce Chocolate Tip
[Clostera anachoreta, Fb.) was originally discovered at Folkestone by Mr.
Sydney Cooper and Dr. Knaggs. It has since been found at St. Leonards
and elsewhere in south Sussex, but the great majority of the specimens
in our collections were obtained from Kent. The scarce Prominent'
[Notodonta carmelita, Esp.) was formerly found at Birch Wood and still
occurs sparingly at West Wickham and near Wateringbury.
Coming to the Noctuae we find that the rare Leucania albipuncta,
Fb., has been taken more frequently about Folkestone than anywhere
else in the United Kingdom. Tapinostola bondii^ Knaggs, another species
of very limited distribution in Europe, used to be common on the
West Cliff at Folkestone. The very rare Nonagria sparganii, Esp.,
has only been taken near Hythe and Deal, and the localities are known
to few entomologists. The local Pachetra leucophcea. View, has been
taken commonly on the Wye Downs, at Westwell, and near Graves-
end ; and the scarce Mamestra abjecta, Hb., has occurred at Dartford
and Greenwich and commonly near Gravesend. One of the most
interesting Kentish species is Dianthecia albimacula, Bork., first taken
at Birch Wood in 1816. It has since been captured and bred in
abundance from the Warren at Folkestone, where its food plant, the
Nottingham catchfly [Silene nutans), is plentiful. It also occurs on
Shakespeare's Cliff near Dover, and elsewhere on the coast where its food
plant occurs. That great rarity Cucullia gnaphalii, Hb., was originally
taken in Darenth Wood, and the beautiful scarce Burnished Brass {Plusia
chryson^ Esp.) was first taken at Deal by the late Mr. Harding. P. moneta,
which is now almost generally distributed, was first taken near Dover.
Mr. Webb informs me that the following very rare species have also
been taken in the county, viz. Hydrilla palustris, H., Xylina zinckenii,T.,
Micra ostrina, H., and Catephta alchymista, S.V.
* It is plentiful in the New Forest in certain swamps, but prior to its discovery there it was looiced
upon as mainly a Kentish species, though specimens have been recorded from Norfolk. — H. G.
2 Mr. H. T. Stainton in his Manual mentions Charing and Faversham as localities. — H. G.
3 Colonel Irby records this species from West Wickham, and Mr. Goodwin refers to it as being
scarce near Wateringbury.
â– * The species is locally abundant to the west of Lyme Regis on the borders of the counties of
Dorset and Devon. Except in this locality I am not aware of its occurrence anywhere in the United
Kingdom out of Kent. Dr. Knaggs informs me that it is still common at Folkestone. — H. G.
6 Plusia chiyson (formerly known as P. onchakca, Hb.) has, during the last sixteen or seventeen
years, been taken or bred in great numbers from Chippenham Fen nc.ir Fordham in east Cambridge-
shire.— H. G.
186
INSECTS
Many other interesting Kentish species might be referred to in
detail if space permitted. The following Hst of the moths of Kent has
been compiled partly from my own notes and partly from those kindly
suppHed to me by Mr. Albert B. Farn, Mr. Charles Fenn, Mr. Edward
Goodwin, Colonel Howard L. Irby, F.L.S., Dr. H. G. Knaggs, F.L.S.,
Captain Savile G. Reid, R.E., F.Z.S., Mr. J. W. Tutt, Mr. Sydney Webb
and other residents in the county. I have also obtained assistance from
Stainton's Manual and from the lists by Dr. Knaggs and Mr. Ullyett of
the Lepidoptera of the Folkestone district.
NOCTURNI 1
Procris statices, L. Sandwich,^ Chattenden,
etc.
— geryon,^ Hb. Folkestone
— globulariae/ H.b „
Zygjena trifolii, Esp. Sandwich, Deal, Dover,
Folkestone, Wye, etc.
— lonicerae, Esp. Chattenden
— filipendulas, L. Generally distributed and
abundant at Deal, Dover, Folkestone,
Wye, etc.
Smerinthus ocellatus, L. "] Generally distri-
— populi, L. \ buted, common in
— tilias, L. J some places
Acherontia atropos, L. Deal, Walmer, Dover,
Folkestone, Lee, Eltham, West Wickham
Sphinx convolvuli, L. Deal, Dover, Water-
ingbury, Talding, Lee, Eltham, etc. ;
common in 1898 and 1901
— ligustri, L. Generally distributed, com-
mon in some places
Deilephila galii, Schiff. Sandwich, Deal, St.
Margaret's Bay, Dover, Folkestone, etc. ;
rare
— livornica, Esp. Dover, Folkestone ; very
rare
Chaerocampa celerio, L. Dover, Tenterden ;
very rare
— porcellus, L. Deal, Dover, Folkestone,
Dartford, Greenhithe, etc.
— elpenor, L. Deal, Dartford, Greenhithe,
Erith, Tenterden
' I am especially indebted to Mr. Charles Fenn
and to Capt. Savile Reid, R.E., for assistance in
the compilation of this list, and to Mr. C. G.
Barrett and Mr. Sydney Webb for icindly perusing
the same and making additions and suggestions. —
H. G.
* The fact that certain localities are mentioned
does not imply that a species does not occur else-
where. A complete list of known localities would
occupy far more space than can be spared for In-
sects in a work like the present. — H. G.
^ These two species are included by Mr.
Ullyett in his list of Folkestone Lepidoptera con-
tained in his Rambles of a Naturalist round Folkestone,
published in 1880, and Mr. Webb says that they
still occurred in the district in 1 90 1. — H. G.
Ch^rocampa nerii, L. Dover, Talding ;
extremely rare
Macroglossa stellatarum, L. Generally dis-
tributed, some years very common
— fuciformis, L. Blean Woods, Darenth,
Maidstone, Wateringbury • scarce
— bombyliformis, Och. Ham Marshes,
Sandwich ; very local
Sesia myopiformis, Bork. Eltham, Lee, Folke-
stone ; common in gardens and among
wild crab trees
— culiciformis, L. Dartford, Bexley, Folke-
stone, etc. ; not uncommon amongst
birch trees
— formiciformis, Esp. Dartford Marshes
— chrysidiformis, Esp. The Warren, Folke-
stone
— ichneumoniformis, Fb. Folkestone, Dover,
Deal, Canterbury, etc.
— cynipiformis, Esp. Darenth, Bexley, Folke-
stone, etc.
— tipuliformis, Clerck. Generally common
in gardens
— allantiformis, Wd. Greenhithe, Chatten-
den, Folkestone, Shepherdswell ; very
rare
— bembeciformis, Hb. Eltham, Bexley,
Folkestone
— apiformis, Clerck. Dartford, Watering-
bury, Folkestone
Zeuzera aesculi, L. Eltham, Greenhithe,
Lewisham, Bromley, Talding, West
Wickham
Cossus ligniperda, Fb. Generally common
Hepialus hectus, L. Generally abundant
— lupulinus, L. „ „
— sylvinus, L. Lee, Greenhithe, Dover, Folke-
stone, Talding ; not uncommon
— velleda, Hb. Formerly common at Dar-
enth ; occurs near Maidstone and Folke-
stone
— humuli, L. Generally common
Limacodes testudo, SchifF. Darenth, Chatten-
den
Nola cucullatella, L. Generally common
— cristulalis, Dup. Blean, Darenth, West
Wickham^ Folkestone
187
A HISTORY OF KENT
Nola strigula, Schiff. Dartford, Greenhithe,
Wat jyickhain
— centonalis, Hb. Formerly at Deal and
Folkestone
— albulalis, Hb. Not scarce at Chattenden
Nudaria senex, Hb. Sandwich, Lee, Eltham,
Greenhitbe, Dartford
— mundana, L. Formerly abundant at
Eltham and Lee; raiding, Greenhitht;
Folkestone
Setina irrorella, Clcrck. Shoreham, Otford,
Folkestone
Calligenia miniata, Forst. Erith, Darenth,
Greenhithe, Talding, Tenterden
Lithosia mesomella, Forst. Chislehurst, Green-
hithe, Blean, Talding, Tenterden, Folke-
stone
— muscerda,* Hufn. Ham Ponds nz^r Sand-
wich
— aureola, Hb. Chattenden, Blean, Darenth
— pygmeola, Dbl. Deal ; formerly abun-
dant ; getting scarcer
— complanula, Bdv. Lee, Greenhithe, Bexley,
Folkestone, Talding, etc. ; getting scarce
— complana, L. Blean, Folkestone, Green-
hithe, Abbey Wood, Darenth ; scarcer
than formerly
— griseola,^ Hb. Sandwich, Greenhithe,
Eltham, Talding
— rubricollis, L. Formerly at Darenth and
West Wickham ; near Folkestone and
Shepherdswell. I have no other records,
but the species must occur in many
other places in the county
Deiopeia pulchella, L. Dover, Deal, Folke-
stone, etc. ; rare
Euchelia jacobaeas, L. Locally abundant
Callimorpha dominula, L. Sandwich, Deal ;
abundant in some years
Euthemonia russula, L. Chislehurst, Blean,
Talding ; formerly common near Water-
ingbury
Chelonia plantaginis, L. Chattenden, Green-
hithe, Darenth, Blean, Wateringbury,
Folkestone, Wye and Shoreham
— caja, L. Generally distributed, but not
so common as formerly
— villica, L. Deal, Folkestone, Eltham,
Greenhithe, Talding, Wateringbury, etc. ;
not common
' This species is abundant in Horning Fen,
Norfolk. With the exception of the occurrence of
a specimen or two in Matley Bog in the New Forest
and a few specimens in the Ham Marshes near
Sandwich, I am not aware of its existence out of
the Norfolk fens.— H. G.
* Mr. Fenn records the occurrence once at
Bexley of Lithosia quadra, L., Mr. Ullyett includes
this species in his list of Folkestone species, and
Mr. Webb records it from near Dover. — H. G.
Arctia fuliginosa, L. Eltham, Greenhithe,
Wateiingbury, Talding
— mendica, Clerck. Generally distributed
but not abundant
— lubricepeda, Esp. Generally common
— menthastri, Esp. „ „
— urtics, Esp. Deal, Dartford, Greenhithe,
Plumstead ; very local
Liparis chrysorrhcea, L. Ramsgate, Talding,
Deal, Gravesend, Sheppey, Tenterden
— auriflua, Fb. Generally abundant
— salicis, L. Lee, Eltham, Greenhithe, Deal ;
common
— monacha, L. Wateringbury, West Wick-
ham, not common ; formerly at
Darenth
Orgyia pudibunda, L. Occurs generally, but
is not very common
— gonostigma,^ Fb. Bexley formerly
— antiqua, L. Common everywhere
Demas coryli, L. Eltham, Folkestone, JVater-
ingbury. West Wickham ; scarce
Trichiura cratasgi, L. Eltham, Folkestone ;
scarce
Pscilocampa populi, L. Chattenden, Green-
hithe, Eltham, Talding, Wateringbury
Eriogaster lanestris, L. Darenth, Greenhithe,
Sevenoaks ; common in the larval state
Bombyx neustria, L. Generally common ;
formerly too abundant in the larval
state, but now scarcer
— castrensis, L. Cliffe, Isle of Sheppey ;
very local
— rubi, L. Generally distributed, some-
times common
— quercus, L. Generally distributed but
getting scarcer
— trifolii, Esp. Ramsgate, Dover, Dungeness
Odonestis potatoria, L. Generally common,
abundant at Deal and some other places
Lasiocampa quercifolia, L. Lee, Eltham,
Greenhithe, Plumstead, Dartford, Tald-
ing, Maidstone, etc. ; scarce
Saturnia carpini, Schiff. Eltham, Folkestone,
Greenhithe, Chislehurst, etc. ; not gener-
ally common in Kent
GEOMETRY
Urapteryx sambucata, L. Generally com-
mon, abundant in the London suburbs
Epione apiciaria, Schiff. Lee, Eltham, Deal,
Dartford, Talding, Greenhithe, West
Wickham, Folkestone
— advenaria, Hb. Sevenoaks, Pemhury,
Wateringbury ; very local
Rumia crategata, L. Generally abundant
3 Mr. C. Fenn records this species from Bexley,
but I have no knowledge of its occurrence in
Kent.— H. G.
INSECTS
Venilia maculata, L. Generally common
Angerona prunaria, L. Chattenden, Green-
hithe, Dartford^ IVateringbury^ Folke-
stone
Metrocampa margaritata, L. Generally com-
mon
Ellopia fasciaria, Schiff. In most of the fir
woods in the county
Eurymene dolabraria, L. Lee, Greenhtthc,
Bexley, Eltham, Dartford, Wateringbury^
IVeit IVickham, Pembury, Folkestone
Pericallia syringaria, L. Eltham, Lee, Dart-
ford, Talding, Pembury, Folkestone, Dover
Selenia illunaria, Hb. Generally common,
sometimes abundant
— lunaria, SchifF. Dartford, Bexley, Lee,
Eltham, Water'inghury, Talding, Pem-
bury, Folkestone
— illustraria, Hb. Eltham, Dartford, Cobham,
Wateringbury
Odontopera bidentata, Clerck. Generally
common. Mr. Webb says that the
Dover specimens often have a distinct
black band on the wings
Crocallis elinguaria, L. Generally common
Ennomos alniaria, Esp. Deal, Dover, Folke-
stone, Margate
— tiliaria, Bork. Lee, Eltham, Charlton,
Dartford, Deal, Folkestone
— fuscantaria, Haw. Lee, Eltham, Green-
hithe, Charlton, Talding, Deal, Folke-
stone
— erosaria, Bork. Bexley, Eltham, Lee,
Talding, Chattenden, West Wickham,
Tenterden
— angularia, Bork. Lee, Eltham, Bexley,
Chislehurst ; generally common
Hemera pennaria, L. Generally common
Phigalia pilosaria, Hb. „ „
Nyssia hispidaria, Fb. Bexley, Shooters Hill,
West Wickham ; very local
Biston hirtaria, Clerck. Generally abundant
Amphidasis prodromaria, Schiff. Lee, Bromley,
Eltham
— betularia, L. Generally common
Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnb. Common in
and near London and about Talding and
West Wickham
Clcora lichenaria, Hufn. Deal, Dartford,
Talding, Dover
Boarmia repandata, L. Generally distributed
and not uncommon
— rhomboidaria, Hb. Generally abundant
— abietaria/ Hb. Pembury and Shepherds-
well
1 Mr. Stainton gives Pembury as a locality for
this species in his Manual. I have no other record
of its occurrence in Kent except Shepherdswell. —
H. G.
Boarmia roboraria, Schiff. Maidstone, Talding,
Wateringbury, West Wickham, Tenter-
den
— consortaria, Fb. Dartford, Talding,
Wateringbury, West Wickham, Folke-
stone
Tephrosia consonaria, Hb. Talding, Water-
ingbury, Sevenoaks, West Wickham, Pem-
bury, Folkestone
— crepuscularia, Hb. Eltham, Wateringbury,
Farnborough, West Wickham, Folkestone
— biundularia, Bork. Generally distributed
— extersaria, Hb. Bexley, Dartford, JVater-
ingbury. West Wickham, Folkestone
— punctulata, Hb. Generally common
Gnophos obscurata, Hb. Shoreham, Otford,
Deal, Dover, Folkestone
Boletobia fuliginaria. Has been taken near
Deptford, and at Greenhithe by Mr.
Farn ; very rare
Pseudoterpna cytisaria, Schiff. Erith, Bexley,
Abbey Wood, Chislehurst
Geometra papilionaria, L. Eltham, Bexley,
Greenhithe, Talding, Wateringbury,
Chislehurst, Dartford, West Wickham,
Pembury, Tenterden, Folkestone
— smaragdaria,^ Fb. Sheppey ; very rare
lodis vernaria, Hb. Generally distributed
on the chalk
— lactasaria, L. Generally common
Phorodesma bajularia, Schiff. Bexley, Eltham
Erith, Chislehurst, Chattenden, Water-
ingbury, West Wickham, Folkestone
Hemithea thymiaria, Gn. Generally common
Ephyra porata, Fb. Dartford, Chattenden
Bexley, Talding, West Wickham, Folke-
stone
— punctaria, L. Dartford, Chattenden
Bexley, Talding, West Wickham, Folke-
stone
— trilinearia, Bork. Sevenoaks, Talding^
West Wickham
— omicronaria, Hb. Bexley, Chattenden
Dartford, Wateringbury, Pembury, Folke-
stone
— orbicularia, Hb. Once at Blackheath.
West Wickham
— pendularia, Clerck. Common at Pembury
Tenterden, and many other places
Hjria auroraria, Bork. Ham Ponds, Sand-
wich
Asthena luteata, Schiff. Bexley, Chattenden,
Talding, Dartford, Folkestone
— candidata, Schiff. Generally common
— sylvata, Hb. Greenhithe, Eltham, Water-
ingbury, Tenterden, Folkestone
^ Mr. Farn says this species has been found in
Sheppey. I am not aware of its occurrence ex-
cept on the Essex coast. — H. G.
189
A HISTORY OF KENT
Eupisteria heparata, Haw. Eltham, Bexley^
Chattenden, Chidehunt, TVest Wickham
Acidalia ochrata, Scop. Sandwich ; formerly
abundant
— perochraria, Fisch. Hezr Dartford ; very
rare. Doubtful if ever taken. — H. G.
— scutulata, Hb. Generally common, often
abundant
— bisetata, Hufn. Generally common
— trigeminata, Haw. Lee, Greenhithe, Dart-
ford
— rusticata, Fb. Greenhlthe, near Chattenden,
Folkestone
— osseata, Haw. Locally abundant. Deal
— dilutaria. Common
— incanaria, Hb. Generally abundant
— ornata. Scop. Shoreham, Greenhlthe, Ot-
ford, Taldlng, Deal, Folkestone
— promutata, Gn. Deal, Lee, Folkestone
— straminata, Tr. Chislehurst, Yalding,
etc.
— subsericeata, Haw. Chattenden, Yalding,
Eltham, Dartford, West Wickham
— immutata, L. Dartford, Gravesend, Deal,
West Wickham
— remutata, Hb. Generally common
— strigillata, Hb. Folkestone Warren. Mr.
Webb states that it is now nearly
extinct
— imitaria, Hb. Deal, Lee, Bexley, Eltham,
Dartford, Yalding, West Wickham
— emutaria, Hb. Dartford, Deal, Graves-
end, Sandwich, New Romney
— aversata, L. Generally abundant
— inornata, Haw. Lee, Eltham, Chislehurst,
Bexley, Folkestone
— emarginata, L. Lee, Eltham, Bexley,
Yalding, Folkestone
Timandra amataria, L. Lee, Eltham, Water-
ingbury, Yalding, Dartford, Pembury ;
common in many places
Cabera pusaria, L. Generally common
„ var. rotundaria. Haw. Folkestone
— exanthemata, Scop. Generally common
Corycia temerata, Hb. Chattenden, Dartford,
Yalding, Eltham, West Wickham, Folke-
stone
— taminata, Hb. Plumstead, Chattenden,
Yalding, Dartford, West Wickham, Folke-
stone
Aleucis pictaria. Curt. Formerly on Dartford
Heath
Macaria notata,* L. Chislehurst, West Wick-
ham, Dartford, Wateringbury, Yalding,
Greenhlthe, Pembury, Tenterden
— alternata, L. Folkestone, Dover, Shepherds-
well. Sometimes commoner than the
preceding species, according to Mr.
Sydney Webb
Macaria liturata, Clerck. Sevenoaks, Plumstead,
West Wickham, Greenhithe
Halia wavaria, Fb. Generally abundant
Strenia clathrata, L. Lee, Eltham, Bexley,
Chattenden, Dartford, Deal, etc.
Panagra petraria, Hb. Generally common
Numeria pulveraria, L. Eltham, Bexley,
Farningham, Dartford, Folkestone
Scodiona belgiaria, Hb. Chislehurst, Green-
hithe
Fidonia atomaria, L. Generally abundant
— piniaria, L. Generally common amongst
fir trees
— conspicuata, s.v. Formerly abundant at
Greenhithe, but now extinct according
to Mr. Webb
Minoa euphorbiata, Scop. Blean, Dartford,
Abbey Wood, West Wickham
Scoria dealbata, L. Chattenden, common ;
near Wateringbury, very local ; IVest-
well Downs near Wye, abundant ;
Charing, near Faversham
Sterrha sacraria, L. Folkestone, Dover, etc. ;
very rare
Aplasta ononaria,^ Fues. Folkestone. Mr.
Webb says ' Formerly near Folkestone ;
a few specimens taken prior to 1880.'
Very rare
Aspilates strigillaria, Hb, Blean, Chattenden,
Folkestone
— citraria, Hb. Dartford, Eltham, Deal,
Folkestone
— gilvaria, Fb. Shoreham, Deal, Dover,
Folkestone ; common on the chalk
hills
Abraxas grossulariata, L. Generally abun-
dant
— ulmata, Fb. Abbey Wood, Folkestone ; rare
in the county since i860, according to
Mr. Webb
Ligdia adustata, SchifF. Locally common
Lomaspilis marginata, L. Generally abun-
dant
Pachycnemia hippocastanaria, Hb. Chislehurst,
West Wickham
Hybernia rupicapraria, Hb. Generally com-
mon
— leucophearia, SchifF. Generally com-
mon
— aurantiaria, Esp. Deal, Eltham, Chisle-
hurst, West Wickham
— progemmaria, Hb. Generally common
— defoliaria, Clerck. „ „
Anisopteryx aescularia, SchifF. Generally
common
1 Colonel Irby informed me that this species is,
or was abundant at West Wickham. — H. G.
' Mr. Ullyett includes this species in his list of
Folkestone Lepidoptera. — H. G.
INSECTS
Cheimatobia brumata,* L. Generally far too
abundant
— boreata, Hb. Common
Oporabia dilutata. Generally common
Larentia didymata, Bork. Locally common.
Dartford, Talding^ etc.
— multistrigaria, Haw. Dartford
— olivata, Bork. Darenth, IVateringhury
— pectinitaria, Fues. Generally common
Emmelesia affinitata, St. Deal^ Abbey Wood,
JVateringbury, Yalding
— alchemillata, L. Dartford, West Wickham,
Wateringbury, Yalding ; scarce
— albulata, SchifF. Bexley, Lee, Chattenden,
Water'tngbury, Folkestone
— decolorata, Hb. Eltham, Erith, Dart-
ford, Wateringbury, Yalding, Folkestone
— unifasciata, Haw. Beckenham, Chattenden
Eupithecia venosata, Fb. Darenth, Erith,
Wateringbury, Folkestone
— linariata, Fb. Lee, Sidcup, Eltham, Yald-
ing, Folkestone
— pulchellata, St. Darenth, Wateringbury,
Yalding, Dungeness Beach
— centaureata, Fb. Generally common
— succenturiata, L. Lee, Eltham, Dartford,
Yalding
— subfulvata, Haw. Lee, Eltham, Dartford,
Yalding, Folkestone
— plumbeolata, Haw. Lee, Chattenden, Folke-
stone
— isogrammata, H.S. Cliffe, Deal, Folke-
stone, Dartford
— satyrata, Hb. Chattenden, Folkestone
— castigata, Hb. Eltham, Bexley, Chatten-
den, Folkestone
— trisignata, H.S. Otford, Sevenoaks
— lariciata, Frr. Deal, Dartford
— albipunctata, Haw. Lee, Eltham
— pusillata, Fb. West Wickham
— pimpinellata, Hb. Folkestone
— fraxinata, Crewe. Lee, Canterbury, Lewis-
ham, Chattenden, Bexley, Folkestone
— indigata, Hb. Abbey Wood, Plumstead,
Yalding, Sevenoaks
— nanata, Hb. Dartford ; common on
heaths
— subnotata, Hb, Generally common
— campanulata, H.S. Darenth
— vulgata, Haw. Generally common
— expallidata, Gn. Darenth, Greenhithe,
Yalding, Folkestone
— absynthiata, Clerck. Generally common
— minutata, Gn. Yalding, Chislehurst, Dart-
ford
' This is one of the most injurious insects.
The larvae periodically cause immense damage to
fruit trees, sometimes completely stripping them of
leaves.— H. G.
Eupithecia assimillata, Gn. Lee, Eltham,
Yalding, Folkestone
— tenuiata, Hb. Chattenden
— dodoneata, Gn. Lee, Eltham
— subciliata, Gn. Hythe, Folkestone
— abbreviata, St. Generally distributed
— exiguata, Hb. Lee, Eltham, Folkestone
— sobrinata, Hb. Blackheath, Watering-
bury
— pumilata, Hb. Generally common
— coronata, Hb. Dartford, Farningham,
Wateringbury, Yalding, Erith, Folke-
stone
— rectangulata, L. Generally abundant
Collix sparsata, Hb. Sandwich
Lobophora sexalata, Vill. Eltham, Sidcup ;
scarce
— hexapterata, Schiff. Bexley, Eltham, West
Wickham, Sandwich
— viretata, Hb. Eltham, Wateringbury,
Folkestone, etc. ; scarce
— lobulata, Hb. Sidcup, Wateringbury, Folke-
stone ; not common
— polycommata, Hb. Formerly at Green-
hithe, Folkestone
Thera juniperata, L. Dover, Wateringbury ;
common on the chalk
— variata, SchifF. Generally common
— firmata, Hb. West Wickham
Hypsipetes ruberata, Frr. Dartford ; scarce
— impluviata, Hb. Bexley, Sidcup, Eltham,
West Wickham, Peinbury
— elutata, Hb. Generally abundant
Melanthia rubiginata, Fb. Lee, Eltham, Deal,
Dartford
— ocellata, L. Generally distributed
— albicillata, L. Eltham, Bexley, Dartford,
Wateringbury, Tenterden, Folkestone
Melanippe hastata, L. Dartford, Blean Woods,
Tenterden, Folkestone
— procellata, Fb. Common on the chalk
in some places
— rivata, Hb. Common on the chalk
— subtristata, Haw. Generally common
— montanata, Bork. Generally abundant
— galiata, Hb. Deal, Dover, Folkestone
— fluctuata, L. Generally abundant
Anticlea rubidata, Fb. Lee, Eltham, Yalding,
Deal, Pembury, Tenterden
— badiata, Hb. Generally common
— derivata, Bork. Lee, Eltham, Bromley,
Dartford, Wateringbury, Folkestone
Coremia propugnata, Fb. Erith, Eltham,
getting scarce ; Wateringbury, very
common ; West Wickham
— ferrugata, Clerck. Generally common
— unidentaria, Haw. „ „
— quadrifasciaria, Clerck. Erith, Bexley,
Dartford, Wateringbury, West JVick-
ham ; rare
191
A HISTORY OF KENT
Camptogramma bilineata, L. Generally abun-
dant
— fluviata, Hb. Greenhithe, Eltham, Lee,
Charlton, JVest IVickham, Folkestone
Phibalapteryx tersata, Hb. Common on the
chalk
— polygrammata, Blc. Mr. Webb states
that a specimen was taken at the mill
pond, Dartford, in 1874
— lignata, Hb. Lee, Eltham, Dartford, Folke-
stone
— vitalbata, Hb. Charlton, Plumstead, Dart-
ford, tVateringbury, Folhstone
Scotosia dubitata, L. Chhlehunt, Lee, Eltham,
Folkestone
— vetulata, Schiff. Lewisham, Chlslehurst ;
locally common
— rhamnata,SchifF. Lewisham, Talding, Dart-
ford, Folkestone
— certata, Hb. Lee, Blackheath, Folkestone
— undulata, L. Eltham, Dartford, Seal, Pem-
bury, Tenterden
Cidaria miata, L. Lee, Chattenden, Watering-
bury, Talding, JFest fVickham ; rather
scarce
— psittacata, SchifF. Folkestone
— picata, Hb. Sevenoaks, TFateringbury, Dart-
ford, Pembtiry, Tenterden, Folkestone
— corylata, Thnb. Generally common
— sagittata, F. Near IFye, and one specimen
at Dover in 1885, according to Mr.
Webb
— russata, Bork. Generally common
— immanata, Haw. Generally distributed
— sufFumata, Hb. Lee, Eltham, TVater-
ingbury, Folkestone
— silaceata, Hb. Bexley, Dartford, TVatering-
bury, Talding, TVest TVickham, Folkestone
— prunata, L. Deal ; often common
— testata, L. Generally common
— fulvata, Forst. „ „
— pyraliata, Fb. Generally distributed ; for-
merly abundant
— dotata, L. Generally common in gardens
Pelurga comitata, L. Lee, Greenwich, Deal,
TVest TVickham, Folkestone
Eubolia cervinaria, SchifF. Lee, Eltham, TVater-
ingbury, Talding, Deal, Folkestone
— mensuraria, Schiff. Generally common
— palumbaria, Bork. Deal, TVateringbury,
Folkestone, Chattenden, Shoreham, TVest
TVickham
— bipunctaria, Schiff. Generally abundant
on the chalk ; also at Eltham and Grove
Park
— lineolata, Hb. Deal, Sandwich ; abundant
Anaitis plagiata, L. Generally common
Chesias spartiata, Fuess. „ „
— obliquaria, Bork. Eltham, Abbey TVood,
Erith, TT'ateringbury, Folkestone
Tanagra chaeropyllata, L. Plumstead, Folke-
stone, TVest TVickham
DREPANULID^
Platypteryx lacertula, Schiff. Generally dis-
tributed and not scarce
— falcula, Schiff. Generally distributed and
not scarce
— hamula, Esp. Dartford, Lee, Chislehurst,
Eltham, Chattenden, TVest TVickham,
Folkestone
— unguicula, Hb. Bexle\, scarce ; TVater-
ingbury, fairly comm on ; TP'est TVick-
ham
Cilix spinula, Schiff. Generally common
PSEUDO-BOMBYCES
Dicranura furcula, L. Lewisham, Greenhithe,
TVateringbury, Folkestone ; scarce
— bifida, Hb. Bexley, Charlton, Greenhithe,
TVateringbury, Folkestone ; scarce
— vinula, L. Generally common
Stauropus fagi, L. Dartford, Bexley, Farn-
borough, TVateringbury, TVest TVickham ;
scarce
Petasia cassinea, Hb. Chattenden, Eltham,
Talding, TVateringbury
Pygaera bucephala, L. Generally abundant
Clostera curtula, L. Bromley, Bexley, Charl-
ton, Greenhithe, TVest TVickham ; scarce
— anachoreta, Fb. TValmer, Folkestone, Deal ;
very local
— reclusa, Fb. Common in some places ;
TVateringbury, scarce
Ptilophora plumigera, * Esp. Chattenden,
TVrotham ; very rare
Ptilodontis palpina, L. Lee, Eltham, Bexley,
Talding, TVateringbury, Folkestone ; com-
mon
Notodonta camelina, L. Generally distributed
and not scarce
— cucullina,Hb.^ TVateringbury ; very scarce
— carmelita, Esp. Dartford, Chislehurst, TVest
TVickham, TVateringbury ; very scarce
— dictsa, L. TVateringbury, Talding, Deal,
Eltham, Lee, Greenhithe, TVest TVickham,
Folkestone
1 This species is almost confined to Buckingham-
shire, but Mr. Farn says he once took the perfect
insect at Chattenden, and Mr. Goodwin says he
found a larva at Wroth.im. — H. G.
2 This species is almost confined to the neigh-
bourhood of Halton in Buckinghamshire. With
the exception of Mr. Goodwin's record for the
neighbourhood of Wateringbury, I have no note
of its occurrence in the United Kingdom out of
Buckinghamshire ; but Mr. G. C. Barrett states it
has been taken in several other counties, — H. G.
192
INSECTS
Notodonta dictsoides, Esp. Greenhithe, Dart-
ford, Chlskhurst, TVateringbury, Wat
Wickham ; scarce
— dromedarius, L. Dartford, Bexley, Chhle-
hurst, Talding, TFateringbury
— ziczac, L. Greenhithe, Dartford, Talding,
Wateringhury ; common in some places
— trepida, Esp. Eltham, Dartford, JFeit
Wickham, Talding, Wateringhury ;
scarce
— chaonia, Hb. Eltham, Lee, Dartford,
Folkestone, Wateringhury ; very scarce
— dodonea, Hb. Eltham, Greenhithe, Tald-
ing, Folkestone ; scarce
Diloba c2eruleocephala,L. Chattenden, Eltham,
Deal, Wateringhury ; often common
NOCTU^
Thyatira derasa, L. Lee, Eltham, Dartford,
Bexley, Wateringhury, Talding, West
Wickham ; scarce
— batis, L. Lee, Eltham, Folkestone, Dart-
ford, Bexley, Wateringhury, West Wick-
ham
Cymatophora duplaris, L, Deal, Dartford,
Eltham, Bexley, Chislehurst, Watering-
hury, Folkestone
— fluctuosa, Hb. West Wickham, Eltham,
Dartford, Wateringhury, uncommon ;
West Wickham, Folkestone
— diluta, Fb. Common in many places
— or, Fb. Bexley, Addington, Dartford,
Eltham, Wateringhury, West Wickham,
Folkestone
— flavicornis, L. West Wickham, Dartford,
Chislehurst, Wateringhury, Folkestone
— ridens,^ Fb. West Wickham
Bryophila glandifera, Hb. Deal, Folkestone,
West Wickham
— perla, Fb. Generally abundant
Diphthera orion,' E. Folkestone
Acronycta tridens, SchifF. Dartford, Bexley,
Lee, Lewisham, Folkestone
— psi, L. Generally common
— leporina, L. Eltham, Dartford, Chisle-
hurst, Wateringhury, West Wickham ;
scarce
— aceris, L. Lee, Eltham, Blackheath, Water-
inghury, West Wickham, Folkestone
— megacephala, Fb. Generally common
— ligustri/ Fb. Bexley, Eltham, Dartford,
Wateringhury
1 Colonel Irby records this species from West
Wickham. I have no note of its occurrence
elsewhere in the county. — H. G.
* Included by Mr. Ullyett in his list of Folke-
stone Lepidoptera. I have no other records. —
H. G.
* Mr. Goodwin states that a larva of Acronycta
Acronycta rumicis, L. Deal, Eltham, Water-
inghury
— auricoma,* Fb. Blean Woods, Folkestone
Leucania conigera, Fb. Generally common
— vitellina, Hb. Folkestone ; very rare
— lithargyria, Esp. Generally common
— albipuncta,^ Fb. Folkestone, not common ;
Talding, one specimen at ' light,' Deal
— obsoleta, Hb. Cliffe, Greenhithe, etc.
— littoralis, Cart. Deal ; common
— pudorina, Hb. Greenhithe, Chislehurst,
Sandwich ; common
— comma, L. Generally common in suit-
able places
— straminea, Tr. Greenhithe, Cliffe, Deal,
Greenwich, Dartford, Folkestone
— impura, Hb. Generally abundant
— pallens, L. „ „
— phragmitidis, Hb. Greenhithe, Cliffe, Deal,
Greenwich, Gravesend
Tapinistola bondii, Knaggs. Folkestone
Senta ulvas, Hb. Cliffe, Gravesend, Green-
hithe, etc.
— despecta, Tr. Deal ; abundant in some
places
— fulva,® Hb. Greenhithe, Deal, etc. ; abun-
dant in some places
— geminipuncta. Hatch. Greenhithe, Cliffe,
Gravesend, Deal, Folkestone
— sparganii, Esp. Hythe, Deal ; very rare
Nonagria typhae, Esp. Common in some
localities
— lutosa, Hb. Eltham, Lee, Greenhithe,
Wateringhury, Folkestone
Gortyna flavago, Esp. Common in some
localities
Hydrascia nictitans. Boric. Generally com-
mon ; often abundant
— micacea, Esp. Eltham, Lee, Deal, etc. ;
common
Axylia putris, L. Generally common
Xylophasia rurea, Fb. „ „
— lithoxylea, Fb. „ „
— sublustris, Esp. Deal; common
— polydon, L. Generally abundant
— hepatica, L. Bexley, Dartford, Lee, Water-
inghury, etc. ; common
alni, L., was once taken near Wateringhury, and
Mr. Ullyett includes the species in his Folkestone
list.— H. G.
* Mr. Charles Fenn gives Blean Woods as a
locality for this species, and Mr. Ullyett includes
it in his list of Folkestone Lepidoptera. — H. G.
6 Captain Savile Reid records the capture at
'light' of a specimen of this species at Yalding
on September lo, 1896. — H. G.
* Mr. Ullyett includes Nonagria hellmanni,
Evers., in his list of Folkestone species. I am
not aware of its occurrence out of the Fen
districts of Cambridge and Norfolk. — H. G.
193
A HISTORY OF KENT
Xylophasia scolopacina,* Esp. Once at Lewis-
ham ; near Maidstone ; Folkestone, rare
Dipterygia pinastri, L. Generally common
in the London district ; JVateringbury,
uncommon ; West Wickham
Xylomiges conspicillaris, L. Formerly at
Dartford, Greenhithe
Aporophila australis, Bdv. Deal ; abundant
Laphygma exigua, Hb. Lee, Greenwich, Deal,
etc. ; very rare
Neuria saponariae, Bork. Dartford, Bexley,
TVateringhury, Folkestone
Heliophobus popularis, Fb. Eltham, Deal,
West Wickham, Folkestone
Chareas graminis, L. Deal, Wateringhury
Pachetra leucophasa,^ View. Wye, JVestwell,
Folkestone ; a very local species
Cerigo cytherea, Fb. Generally common ;
Deal, abundant
Luperina testacea, Hb. Generally abundant
— cespitis, Fb. Chislehurst, West Wickham,
Yalding, Folkestone ; not uncommon at
« light ^
Mamestra abjecta, Hb. Dartford, Greenwich,
Gravesend, Deal, Folkestone
— anceps, Hb. Generally common
— albicolon, Hb. Deal ; common
— brassicae, L. Generally abundant
— persicarias, L. Generally common
Apamea basilinea, Fb. „ ,,
— gemina, Hb. „ ,,
— unanimis, Tr. Eltham, Lee, Deal, etc.
— ophiogramma, Esp. Lee, Eltham, Green-
wich, Deal ; common in some places,
but generally rare
— fibrosa, Hb. Deal
— oculea, Gn. Generally common and often
abundant
Miana strigilis, Clerck. Generally common
and often abundant
— fasciuncula. Haw. Generally abundant
— literosa. Haw. Eltham, Lee, Bexley, Dart-
ford, Folkestone
— furuncula, Tr. Generally common and
often abundant
— arcuosa. Haw. Lee, Eltham, Chislehurst,
Dartford
Gramesia trilinea, Bork. Generally common
Caradrina morpheus, Hufn. Generally com-
mon ; often abundant
— alsines, Brahm. Generally common ; often
abundant
— blanda, Tr. Generally common ; often
abundant
— ambigua, Fb. Deal, and elsewhere
— cubicularis, Bork. Generally common
> Mr. Fenn is responsible for this record. — H. G. ^ Captain Savile Reid has
^ Mr. Ullyett includes this species in his list of Yalding, though he says then
lU-psf/^n,. T <.r,;rlr,nrpr-, — H Q. neighbourhood. — H. G.
194
_ __, Ully
Folkestone Lepidoptera
Rusina tenebrosa, Hb. Dartford, Bexley,
Chislehurst, etc.
Agrotis valligera, Hb. Deal, abundant ; Folke-
stone
— puta, Hb. Generally common
— sufflisa, Hb. „ „
— saucia, Hb. Catford, Greenhithe, Lee, Deal,
Wateringhury, Folkestone
— segetum, Schiff. Generally abundant
— exclamationis, L. „ „
— corticea, Hb. Generally common ; Deal,
abundant
— cinerea, Hb. Greenhithe, Folkestone, Wye,
Dover
— ripae, Hb. Deal, Sandwich ; scarce
— cursoria, Bork. Greenhithe, Deal ; scarce
— nigricans, L. Greenhithe, Deal, Green-
wich, Chislehurst, etc. ; abundant in
some places
— tritici, L. Chislehurst, Greenwich, West
Wickham, Dover ; abundant at Deal
— aquilina, Hb. Eltham, Greenwich, Folke-
stone
— agathina, Dap. Chislehurst, West Wick-
ham, etc.
— porphyrea,^ Hb. Wateringhury, Talding,
and common on heather
— ravida, Hb. Greenhithe, Folkestone
— lucernea, L. Sandwich
Triphasna ianthina, Esp. Generally common
— fimbria, L. Frith, Dartford, Bexley,
Eltham, Chislehurst, Wateringhury, West
JVickham
— interjecta, Hb. Dover, Folkestone, West
Wickham, Eltham ; not generally com-
mon
— comes, Hb. (orbona, Fb.). Generally com-
mon
— pronuba, L. Generally abundant
Noctua glareosa, Esp. Abbey Wood, now ex-
tinct ; West Wickham, Folkestone
— augur, Fb. Eltham, Deal, Chislehurst,
JVateringbury, etc. ; abundant in many
places
— plecta, L. Deal, Eltham, West Wickham ;
common in some places
— c-nigrum, L. Deal, Dartford, Eltham,
Folkestone, West Wickham
— ditrapezium, Bork. Dartford ; rare
— triangulum, Hufn. Generally common
— rhomboidea, Tr. Bexley, Abbey JVood,
West Wickham
■— brunnea, Fb. Generally common
— festiva, Hb. „ „
— dahlii, Hb. West Wickham, Watering-
bury, Yalding
taken this species at
is no heather in the
INSECTS
Noctua rubi, View. Generally common
— umbrosa, Hb. Lee, Sandwich
— baja, Fb. Generally common
— neglecta, Hb. Chislehurst, Abbey Wood,
IVateringbury, JVest Wickham ; not
common
— xanthographa, Fb. Generally abundant
Trachea piniperda, Panz. Waterlnghury, IVest
Wickham, Folkestone
Taeniocampa gothica, L. Greenhithe, Water-
ingbury ; generally common
— leucographa, Hb. West Wickham, Folke-
stone
— rubricosa, Fb. Generally distributed, but
getting scarce
— instabilis, Esp. Generally common
— populeti, Fb. Lee, Eltham, Bexley ; com-
mon in some places
— stabilis, View. Generally abundant
— gracilis, Fb. Generally distributed and
not scarce
— miniosa, Fb. Eltham, Chattenden, Yald-
ing ; abundant in some places
— munda, Esp. Generally distributed and
common
— cruda, Tr. Generally abundant
Orthosia suspecta, Hb. Chislehurst, common ;
Folkestone
— ypsilon, Bork. Eltham, Greenwich, Abbey
Wood Marshes ; common
— lota, Clerck. Generally common
— macilenta, Hb. Charlton, Sevenoaks, West
Wickham, Folkestone
Anchocelis rufina, L. Dartford, Bexley, Water-
ingbiiry, Folkestone
— pistacina, Fb. Generally common
— lunosa, Haw. Eltham, Lee, Wateringbury,
Deal, Folkestone
— litura, L. Dartford, Bexley, Deal, Water-
ingbury ; common
Cerastes vaccinii, L. Generally common
— spadicea, Hb. „ „
— erythrocephala, Fb. Darenth, Wye, Folke-
stone ; very rare
Scopelosoma satellitia, L. Generally common
Oporina croceago, Fb. Chislehurst, Eltham,
Dartford, Talding, Wateringbury, Folke-
stone
Xanthia citrago, L. Lee, Chislehurst, Black-
heath, Talding
— cerago, Fb. Generally common
— silago, Hb. Generally distributed and
not scarce
— aurago, Fb. Greenhithe, Lee, Sevenoaks
— ocellaris. Bexley ; very rare
— gilvago, Esp. Greenhithe, Dartford, Folke-
stone, etc. ; rare
— ferruginea, Esp. Generally common
Cirhasdia xerampelina, Hb. Eltham, Charl-
ton^ Folkestone
Tethea subtusa, Fb. Lee, Greenhithe, Eltham,
Bexley, Wateringbury
— retusa, L. Eltham, Talding, Folkestone ;
scarce
Dicycla 00,1 L. Hayes, Bexley, Eltham, West
Wickham ; rare
Cosmia trapezina,. L. Generally abundant
— diffinis, L. Greenhithe, Abbey Wood, Lee,
Bexley, Eltham, Talding, Wateringbury,
West Wickham
— affinis, L. Greenhithe, Lee, Chattenden,
Eltham, Talding
Eremobia ochroleuca, Esp. Dover, Graves-
end, Greenhithe, Deal, Cuxton, Maid-
stone, Folkestone ; scarce
Dianthaecia carpophaga, Bork. Erith, Green-
hithe, Folkestone
— capsincola, Hb. Generally common
— cucubali, Fues. Lewisham, Greenhithe,
Talding, Wateringbury, Folkestone
— albimacula, Bork. Folkestone Warren, com-
mon ; and near Dover
— conspersa, Esp. Dartford, Greenhithe,
Wateringbury, Folkestone
Hecatera dysodeje, Hb. Dartford, Folkestone
— Serena, Fb. Generally common
Polia flavicincta, Fb. Greenhithe, Eltham,
Erith, Deal, Wateringbury, West Wick-
ham, Folkestone
Epunda lutulenta, Bork. Dartford, Deal,
Folkestone
— viminalis, Fb. Generally common
Miselia oxyacanthas, L. „ „
Agriopis aprilina, L. Dartford, Greenhithe,
Wateringbury, Folkestone
Phlogophora meticulosa, L. Generally com-
mon
Euplexia lucipara, L. Generally common
Aplecta herbida,* Hb. Dartford, Eltham,
Wateringbury, Folkestone
— nebulosa, Hufn. Generally common
— tincta, Brahm. Chislehurst, Dartford,
Wateringbury, West Wickham, Folkestone
— advena, Fb. Occurs at Wateringbury,
Talding, Folkestone
Hadena adusta, E. West Wickham
— protea, Bork. Bexley, Dartford
— dentina, Esp. Generally common
— chenopodii, Fb. Generally common,
sometimes abundant
— suasa, Bork. Greemvich, Greenhithe, Graves-
end, Cliffe
— oleracea, L. Generally abundant
1 Colonel Irby informed me that the variety of
00 known as renagp occurs at West Wickham. —
H. G.
2 Mr. Fenn states that Aplecta occulta, L.,
formerly occurred at Lee and Blackheath, and Mr.
UUyett includes it in his list of Folkestone Lepi-
doptera. — H. G.
A HISTORY OF KENT
Hadena pisi, L. Generally common in the
larval state
— thalassina, Rett. Generally common
— contigua, Veil. Darenth, Greenhithe,
Taldlng, JVest IVickham, Folkestone
— genistae, Bork. Lee, Greenwich, Dartford,
Talding, Wateringbury, Folkeitone
Xylocampa lithoriza, Bork. Generally com-
mon
Calocampa vetusta, Hb. Dartford, Deal,
Folkestone
— exoleta, L. fVateringbury, Folkestone ;
scarce
Xylina zinckenii, Tr. Belvedere ; one at
Erith, one at Darenth ; very rare
— semibrunnea, Haw. Erith, Dartford,
Hythe, JVatertngbury, Talding, Folkes-
tone
— petrificata, Fb. Folkestone
— rhizolitha, s.v. West Wickham
CucuUia verbasci, L. Dartford, Greenhithe,
Eltham, Talding, Wateringbury, West
Wickham
— scrophulariae, Esp. Dartford
— asteris, Schiff. Bexley, Eltham, Dartford,
Talding, Wateringbury, West Wickham,
Folkestone
— gnaphalii/ Hb. Greenhithe, Dartford,
Wilmington, Sevenoaks
— chamomills, SchifF. Lee, Eltham, Bexley,
Dartford ; sometimes abundant
— umbratica, L. Lee, Eltham, Bexley, Dart-
ford, Talding, Wateringbury, West Wick-
ham, Folkestone
Heliothis marginata, Fb. Dartford, Deal,
Folkestone
— dipsacea,^ L. Folkestone
— peltigera, SchifF. Lee, Deal, Folkestone
— armigera,^ Hb. Folkestone ; Mr. Webb
says ' common at Dover in 1879 '
Anarta myrtilli, L, Generally common on
heaths
Heliodes arbuti, Fb. Common in many
places in meadows
Agrophila sulphuralis,* L. Z)(7r//or(/, formerly ;
Folkestone, Dover, Walmer, Shepherdswell,
Canterbury
1 Mr. Goodwin states that he has taken the
larvae of this rare insect very sparingly in the
Sevenoaks district. — H. G.
2 Mr. Ullyett includes both H. armigera and H.
dipsacea in his list of Folkestone Lepidoptera. —
H. G.
8 This species is abundant in the Brecksand dis-
trict of south-west Norfolk and west Suffolk, but
casual specimens have been taken in Kent. Mr.
Webb says it was formerly called ' the Margate
Beauty,' and within the last ten years he has known
of the capture of individual specimens at Walmer,
Dover, Shepherdswell and Canterbury. — H. G.
196
Acontia luctuosa, Esp. Lee, Dartford, Tald-
ing, Wateringbury, Folkestone
— Solaris, s.v. Shepherdswell, Adisham
Erastria fuscula, Bork. Dartford, Greenhithe,
Chattenden, West Wickham, Folkestone
Hydrelia unca, SchifF. Ham Marshes near
Sandwich
Brephos parthenias, L. West Wickham,
Chislchurst, Wateringbury, Talding,
Folkestone
Habrostola urticae, Hb. Lee, Eltham, Water-
ingbury, JVest Wickham
— triplasia, L. Lee, Eltham, Erith, West
Wickham
Plusia chryson, E. (orichalcea, Hb.). Formerly
at Deal and Folkestone
— moneta.* Greenhithe, Eltham, Deal, Water-
ingbury, Bexley, Talding ; occurring
now nearly everywhere. First taken at
Dover and doubtless an immigrant from
the continent
— chrysitis, L. Generally common
— festucas, L. Greenwich, Deal, Folkestone
— iota, L. Dartford, Eltham, Talding,
Wateringbury, West Wickham
— v-aureum, Gn. Dartford, Talding, Water-
ingbury, Folkestone
— gamma, L. Generally abundant
Gonoptera libatrix, L. Generally distri-
buted
Amphipyra pyramidea, L. Bexley, Dartford,
Chislehurst, Wateringbury, West Wick-
ham, Folkestone
— tragopogonis, L. Generally common
Mania typica, L. „ „
— maura, L. „ „
Toxocampa pastinum, Tr. Gravesend, Chat-
tenden, Folkestone
Catocala fraxini, L. Has occurred at Farn-
borough and Folkestone ; very rare
— nupta,^ L. Generally common
— sponsa, L. Mr. Webb states that it has
been taken at Dover
Ophiodes lunaris,* SchifF Folkestone ; Mr.
Barrett says it was once taken at West
Wickham
Euclidia mi, Clerck. Generally common
— glyphica, L. „ „
Phytometra asnea, Hb. Folkestone, Watering-
bury, etc. ; common in many places
* Captain Savile Reid records the capture of
two specimens at dusk in 1896 and one at ' light '
in 1 90 1. — H. G.
^ Mr. Ullyett includes Catocala promissa in
his list of Folkestone Lepidoptera. I have no other
record of the occurrence of this species in the
county. — H. G.
8 Inserted on the authority of Mr. Ullyett's
list.— H. G.
INSECTS
DELTOIDES
Madopa sallcalis, Schiff. Shooters Hill, West
Wickham, Tenterden, formerly near
Bexley
Hypena proboscidalis, L. Generally common
— rostralis, L. Greenhithe, Talding, Tenter-
den ; not uncommon
— crassalis, Fb. Sevenoaks, Seal, etc.
Hypenodes albistrigalis, Haw. Greenhithe,
Chislehurst, Tenterden, Folkestone
— costaestrigalis, St. Chislehurst, Pembury,
Folkestone
Rivula sericealis, Scop. Bexley, Greenhithe,
Lee, Talding, Tenterden, Deal, Folkestone^
Sevenoaks
Herminia derivalis, Hb. Tenterden near
Canterbury, Folkestone
— barbalis, Clerck. Dartford, Greenhithe,
Chattenden, Tenterden ; very common
in some places
— tarsipennalis, Tr. Generally abundant
— grisealis, Hb. Generally common
— cribralis, Hb. Greenhithe, Dartford, Deal
Aventia flexula, Schiff. Sevenoaks
PYRALIDES
Odontia dentalis, Schiff. Deal, Dover,
Folkestone
Pyralis fimbrialis, Schiff. Generally common
— farinalis, L. „ „
— glaucinalis, L. Greenhithe, Lee, Eltham,
Deal, Tenterden, Folkestone
Aglossa pinguinalis, L. Generally common
Cledeobia angustalis, Schiff. Deal, Shoreham,
Folkestone, etc.
Pyrausta punicealis, Schiff. Common on the
downs everywhere
— purpuralis, L. Common on the downs
everywhere
— ostrinalis, Hb. Common on the downs
everywhere
Herbula cespitalis, Schiff. Common on the
downs everywhere
Ennychia anguinalis, Hb. Common on the
chalk downs
— cingulalis, Schiff. Chalk downs
— octomaculalis, Fb. Blean Woods, Folke-
stone, Darenth formerly
Agrotera nemoralis,"^ Scop. Near Sturry
commonly, and formerly near Folke-
stone
Endotricha flammealis, Schiff. Generally
1 Mr. Farn refers to this as a Kentish species.
I do not know of any localities, but Dr. H. G.
Knaggs informs me that this species has occurred
commonly near Sturry. Mr. Ullyett includes it
in his list of Folkestone Lepidoptera. — H. G.
Cataclysta lemnalis, Schiff. Generally com-
mon
Paraponyx stratiotalis, Schiff. Greenhithe,
Talding, Gravesend, Lee
Hydrocampa nymphasalis, Schiff. Generally
common
— stagnalis, Gn. Greenhithe, Deal, Lee ;
common
Botys pandalis, Hb. Dartford, Talding, Pern-
bury, Folkestone
— flavalis, Schiff. Folkestone
— hyalinalis, Hb. Deal, Greenhithe, Seven-
oaks, Folkestone
— verticalis, Schiff. Generally common,
often abundant
— lancealis, Schiff. Greenhithe, Abbey Wood,
Eltham, Tenterden, Folkestone
— fuscalis, Schiff. Greenhithe, Dartford,
Chattenden, Folkestone
— urticalis, Schiff. Generally common
Ebulea crocealis, Hb. Greenhithe, Deal, Bex-
ley, Dartford, Folkestone
— verbascalis, Schiff. Greenhithe, Chatham,
Bexley, Erith, Chattenden ; often abun-
dant
— sambucalis, Schiff. Generally common
— stachydalis, Zinc. Greenhithe, Talding,
Chattenden, Dover
Pionea forficalis, L. Generally common
— stramentalis, Hb. Greenhithe, Otford,
Shoreham, Talding, Sevenoaks, Watering-
bury, Folkestone
Spilodes sticticalis, L. Deal, Pembury, Folke-
stone ; rare
— palealis, Schiff. Greenhithe, Maidstone,
Deal, Dover, Folkestone ; rare
— cinctalis, Tr. Greenhithe, Dartford, Folke-
stone
Scopula lutealis, Hb. Greenhithe, Dartford,
Deal
— olivalis, Schiff. Generally common
— prunalis, Schiff. „ „
— ferrugalis, Hb. Generally distributed
Lemodes pulveralis, Hb. Folkestone; Mr,
Webb states that it has not been taken
for ten years or more
Stenopteryx hybridalis, Hb. Generally com-
mon
Margarodes unionalis, Hb. Near Dover
Diasemia ramburialis, Dup. Folkestone, St.
Margaret's, Ashford
Scoparia ambigualis, Tr. Generally common
— basistrigalis, Knaggs. Dartford, Bexley
— cembrae, Haw. Generally distributed
— dubitalis, Hb. Generally common
— ingratella, Zell. St. Margaret's ^oy,
Folkestone
— lineola, Curt. Deal, Folkestone
— mercurella, L. Generally common
— cratasgella, Hb. Bexley, Folkestone
A HISTORY OF KENT
Scoparia truncicolella, Sta. Greenhithe, Chhle-
hurst ; common
— angustea, St. Greenhithe, Deal, Bexley,
Folkestone
— pallida, St. Greenhithe, Deal, Folkestone
CRAMBITES
Platytes cerussellus, SchifF. Greenhithe, Deal,
Folkestone, Sevenoaks ; often abundant
— alpinellus, Hb. Deal
Crambus falsellus, SchifF. Lee, Greenhithe,
Talding, Eltham, Deal, Dartford, Folke-
stone
— pratellus, L. Generally common, often
abundant
— dumetellus, Hb. Folkestone
— pascuellus, L. Generally abundant
— uliginosellus, Zell. Sandwich, Pembury,
Tenterdcn ; common
— pinetellus, L. Greenhithe, Dartford, Elt-
ham, Lee, Chislehurst, Talding, Folke-
stone
— perlellus, Scop. Generally common
var. warringtonellus, Zell. Folkestone
— tristellus, Fb. Generally abundant
— contaminellus, Hb. Deal, common ;
Blackheath
— geniculellus, Haw. Greenhithe, Deal,
Dartford, Folkestone
— culmellus, L. Generally common, often
abundant
— chrysonuchellus, Scop. Greenhithe, Deal,
Bexley, Dartford
— hortuellus, Hb. Generally common
Chile phragmitellus, Hb. Greenhithe, Green-
wich, Cliffe, Deal, Gravescnd, Folkestone
— mucronellus, Schiff. Deal, Cliffe
Schaenobius forficellus, Thub. Greenhithe,
Deal, Eltham, Folkestone
Anerasia lotella, Hb. Deal; common
lUythia carnella, L. Greenhithe, Shoreham,
Folkestone
Myclophila crirella, Hb. Greenhithe, Lee,
Dartford, Eltham
Homosoma sinuella, Fb. Greenhithe, Deal;
common
— nimbella, Zell. Greenhithe, Folkestone
— binxvella, Hb. Dartford, Bexley, Deal,
Greenhithe, Folkestone
Nyctegretes achatinella, Hb. Deal
Ephestia elutella, Hb. Lee, Dartford, Bexley
— semirufa, St. Lewisham
— pinguis, Haw. Eltham, Folkestone
— formosella, Haw. Lewisham
Crypoblabes bistriga, Haw. Eltham, Dart-
ford, Folkestone
Gymnanclya canella, Hb. Minster
Nephopteryx angustella, Hb. Deal, Shoreham
Phycis betulella, Goze. Chislehurst, Chatten-
den, Bexley, etc.
— carbonaella, Fisch. Chislehurst, etc., etc.
— dilutella, Hb. Common on the chalk
downs
— ornatella, SchifF. Common on the chalk
downs near the sea
— roborella, Zinck. Darenth, Bexley, Folke-
stone
Pempelia palumbella, Fb. Shoreham, Folke-
stone
Rhodophea consociella, Hb. Generally com-
mon excepting near the sea
— advenella, Zinck. Lee, Eltham, Folkestone
— suavella, Zinck. Dartford, Eltham, Folke-
stone
— tumidella, Zinck. Dartford, Bexley, Chat-
tenden, Folkestone
— rubrotibiella, Fisch. Lewisham, Folkestone
Oncocera ahenella, Zinck. Deal, Shoreham,
Folkestone
Melia sociella, L. Generally common
— anella, Gn. Deal, Folkestone. Mr. Webb
says it has not been seen for years
Galleria cerella, L. Dover, Folkestone
Melephora alveariella, Gn. „ „
MICRO-LEPIDOPTERA
TORTRICES
Halias prasinana, L. Chislehurst, Seal, Chat-
tenden, etc.
— quercana, SchifF. Dartford, Sevenoaks, etc.
— chlorana, L. Lee, etc.
Sarrothripa revayana, Tr. Eltham, West
IVickham, Lewisham
Tortrix podana, Scop. Generally distributed
— cratsgana, Hb. Chislehurst, Gravesend,
Sevenoaks, Folkestone, etc.
— xylostcana, L. Generally distributed
— sorbiana, Hb. Widely distributed
— rosana, L. Generally distributed
Tortrix diversana, Hb. Lee, Chislehurst,
Chattcnden, Greenhithe, etc.
— cinnamomeana, Tr. Dover, Seal, Darenth
— heparana, Schiff. Generally distributed
— ribeana, Hb. „ „
— corylana, Fb. „ „
— unifasciana, Dup. „ „
— semialbana, Gn. Darenth, Greenhithe,
Folkestone
— costana, Fb. Greenwich, Lee, Eltham, etc.
— viburnana, Fb. Tunhridge JFells, etc.
— pallcana, Hb. Folkestone, etc.
— \ iridana, L. Generally distributed
— ministrana, L. „ ,>
198
INSECTS
Generally distributed
Eltham^ Chattenden,
West Wickham,
^th, Tim-
Tortrix forsterana, Fb.
Dichelia grotiana, Fb.
Dartford^ etc.
Leptogramma literana, L.
Bexley, Folkestone, etc.
— scabrana, Fb. Sevenoaks, Dare.
bridge Wells, etc.
Peronea sponsana, Fb. Generally distributed
— rufana, SchifF. Dover, Birch Wood
— schalleriana, L. Generally distributed
— comparana, Hb, „ „
— variegana, Schiff. ,, „
— cristana, Fb. Folkestone, Darenth, West
Wickham, etc.
— hastiana, L. Generally distributed
— ferrugana, Tr. ,, „
— logiana, SchiiF. „ „
— aspersana, Hb. Most chalk downs
Rhacodia caudana, Fb. Generally distributed
Teras contamina, Hb. „ „
Dictyopteryx loeflingiana, L. ,, „
— holmiana, L. „ ,,
— bergmanniana, L. „ „
— forskaleana, L. „ „
Argyrotoza conwayana, Fb. „ „
Ptycholoma lecheana, L. „ „
PENTHINIDiE
Diluta hartmanniana, L. Mottingham, Graves-
end, Eltham, etc.
— semifasciana, Haw. Widely distributed
Penthina corticana, Hb. Generally distributed
— betulsetana, Haw., St. Generally dis-
tributed
— caprasana, Hb. Darenth, Tunbridge Wells,
Eltham, West Wickham, Seal, Chisle-
hurst, etc.
— sororculana, Zett. Generally distributed
— pruniana, Hb. „ „
— ochroleucana, Hb. „ „
— variegana, Hb. „ „
— sauciana, Hb. lunbridge Wells, Seal, etc.
— gentiana, Hb. Generally distributed
— sellana, Hb. „ „
— marginana. Haw. Tunbridge Wells, Chat-
tenden, Dover, Folkestone, Greenhithe, etc.
— fuligana, Hb. Folkestone, Lee, Chattenden,
Eltham, etc.
Antithesia salicella, L. Generally distributed
SPILONOTID^
Hedya ocellana, Fb. Generally distributed
— laricina, Zell. „ „
— pauperana, Dup., Frr. Darenth
— aceriana, Dup.
— dealbana, Frol.
— neglectana, Dup.
— servillana, Dup.
Eltham, etc.
Generally distributed
nth, Chattenden,
Hedya simplana, Fisch. Darenth
Spilonota incarnatana, Hb. Bexley
— trimaculana. Haw. Generally distributed
— rosEColana, Dbl. „ „
— roborana, Tr. „ „
Pardia tripunctana, Fb. „ „
SERICORID^, Gn.
Aspis udmanniana, L. Generally distributed
Sideria achatana, Fb. „ „
Sericoris euphorbiana,^ Frr. Folkestone, Shore-
ham
— bifasciana, Haw., St. Chislehurst, Bexley,
West Wickham, etc.
— littoralis. Curt. Gravesend, Hythe, etc.
— fuligiana, Haw. (non Hb.) D.L. Folke-
stone, Gravesend
— cespitana, Hb. Generally on chalk downs
— rivulana, Scop. Generally distributed
— urticana, Hb. „ „
— lacunana, Dup. „ „
Roxana arcuana, Clerck, L. Darenth,
Greenhithe, etc.
Euchromia purpurana. Haw. Shoreham,
Chattenden, etc.
Orthotasnia antiquana, Hb. Generally distri-
buted
— striana, Schiff. Generally distributed
— branderiana, L. Bexley, Eltham, Folke-
stone, Darenth, etc.
— ericetana, Westw. Chislehurst, etc.
SCIAPHILID^, Gn.
Eriopsela fractifasciana, Haw. Generally on
chalk downs
— quadrana, Hb. West Wickham, Dover,
Folkestone, Darenth, etc.
Phtheocroa rugosana, Hb. Generally dis-
tributed
Cnephasia cinctana, Schiff. Near Dover and
near Canterbury
— musculana, Hb. Generally distributed
Sciaphila nubilana, Hb. „ „
— conspersana, Dougl. Folkestone, etc.
— subjectana, Gn., St. Generally distributed
— virgaureana, Tr. „ „
— pascuana, Hb. „ „
— chrysantheana, Dup. „ „
— sinuana, St. Chislehurst, Sidcup
— hybridana, Hb. Generally distributed
Sphaleroptera ictericana, Haw. Generally
distributed
Capua favillaceana, Hb. Generally distributed
GRAPHOLITHID^
Bactra lanceolana, Hb. Generally distributed
1 Mr. Sydney Webb says that this species
(euphorbidiui) occurs sparingly in some woods, but
is extinct at Folkestone. — H. G.
199
A HISTORY OF KENT
Bactra furfurana, Haw. Folkestone ; now al-
most extinct
Phoxopteryx siculana, Hb. West JVickham,
Darenth, etc.
— uncana, Hb. Chislehurst, Bex/ey, Seal,
Tunhridge Wells, etc.
— biarcuana, St. Darenth, Tunhridge Wells,
etc.
— inornatana, H.S. Darenth, Tunhridge
Wells, etc.
— comptana, Frol. Generally on chalk downs
— myrtillana, Tr. Sevenoaks
— lundana, Fb. Generally distributed
— derasana, Hb. „ „
— diminutana, Haw. Chattenden, Eltham,
Folkestone, Greenhithe, etc.
— mitterbacheriana. Generally distributed
— upupana, Tr., H.S. Tf^est Wickham,
Chislehurst, Eltham, Darenth, etc.
— lactana, Fb. Generally distributed
Grapholitha ramella, L. „ „
— nisella, Clerck. „ „
• — • cinerana, Haw. Bexley, Folkestone, Darenth
— nigromaculana, Haw. Generally dis-
tributed
— subocellana, Don. Generally distributed
— minutana, Hb. Lee, Bexley, Blackheath,
Eltham, etc.
— trimaculana, Don., Wilk. Generally
distributed
— penkleriana, Fisch. Generally distributed
— obtusana, Haw. Folkestone, Chattenden,
Darenth, Eltham, Tunhridge Wells, etc.
— nffivana, Hb. Generally distributed
— geminana, St. Seal
— cascana, Schl. Between Deal and Dover ;
now apparently extinct according to
Mr. Webb.— H. G.
Phloeodes tetraquetrana, Haw. Generally
distributed
— immundana, Fisch. Generally distributed
— demarniana, Fisch. Chislehurst, Darenth,
Bexley, Swanscomhe, etc.
Hypermecia angustana, Hb. Generally dis-
tributed
Batodes angustiorana. Haw. Generally dis-
tributed
Pasdisca bilunana, Haw. Generally distri-
buted
— oppressana,Tr. Eltham, Folkestone, Lee, etc.
— ratzeburghiana. Seal, Stone
— rubiginosana, H.S. Chislehurst, Seal
— corticana, Hb. Generally distributed
— profundana, Fb., Wilk. Generally dis-
tributed
— ophthalmicana, Hb. Bexley, Folkestone,
Elihtim
— occultana, Dougl. Chislehurst, Bexley
— solandriana, L. Generally distributed
— semifuscana, St. „ „
Ephippiphora similana, Hb. Generally dis-
tributed
— cirsiana, Zell. Chattenden, Forest Hill,
West Wickham, Bexley, etc.
— pflugiana, Haw. Generally distributed
— brunnichiana, Frol. „ „
— inopiana, Haw. Chattenden, Folkestone,
Darenth, Dover
— fcenella, L., Wilk. Dartford, Bexley,
Eltham, etc.
— nigricostana, Haw. Generally distributed
— signatana, Dougl. Folkestone, Dover,
Chattenden
— trigeminana, St. Generally distributed
— tetragonana, St. Chattenden, Stone, Folke-
stone
— populana, Fb. Chislehurst, Folkestone,
Darenth, Eltham
— obscurana, St. West Wickham, Eltham,
Bexley, Chattenden, Darenth
Olindia ulmana, Hb. Seal, Folkestone
Semasia spiniana, Fisch., Dup. Lee, West
Wickham, Darenth, etc.
— ianthinana, Dup. Generally distributed
— rufillana, Wilk., Zell. „
— woeberiana, Schiff. „ „
Coccyx splendidulana, Gn. Generally dis-
tributed
— argyrana, Hb. Generally distributed
— tasdella, Clerck, L. „ „
— nanana, Tr. Bexley, Sevenoaks
Heusimene fimbriana, Haw. West Wickham,
Chislehurst, etc.
Retinia buoliana, SchifF. Generally distributed
— pinicolana, Dbl. Tunhridge Wells, Bexley,
West Wickham, etc.
— turionana, Hb. West Wickham, Tun-
hridge Jf^ells, Sevenoaks
— pinivorana, Zell. Generally distributed
— sylvestrana. Curt., Wilk. Bexley, West
JVickham
Carpocapsa splendidana, Hb. Generally dis-
tributed
— grossana. Haw. Bexley
— pomonella, L. Generally distributed
Opadia funebrana, Tr. In most gardens and
plum orchards
Endopisa nigricana, St. Generally distributed
Stigmonota, Gn. ; ravulana, H.S. Folkestone
— coniferana, Ratzb. Bexley, Chislehurst
— leplastrierana, Curt. Deal, Folkestone,
Dover, etc.
— perlepidana. Haw. Chattenden, Darenth,
Folkestone
— internana, Gn. Blackheath, Chislehurst,
Tunhridge TFells, etc.
— compositella, Fb. Generally distributed
— nitidana, Fb., Wilk. „ „
— trauniana, SchifF. Darenth, Plumstead,
Bexley
INSECTS
Eltham, Stone, Chattenden,
Lee, Folkestone, Darenth,
Stigmonota regiana, Zell. Generally distributed
— roseticolana, Zell. „ „
— germarana, Hb. Eltham, Chattenden, TFest
JVickhatn, etc.
Dicroramphia politana, Hb. Lee, Chattenden,
Mottingham, etc.
— alpinana, Tr.
etc.
— sequana, Hb.
Bexley
— petiverella, L. Generally distributed
— plumbana, Scop. „ „
— plumbagana, Tr. „ „
— acuminatana, Zell. Cuxton, Lee, Shore-
ham, Folkestone, etc.
— simpliciana, Haw. Dover, Bexley, Eltham,
Dartford, etc.
— consortana, S. Charlton, Shoreham, Folke-
stone, etc.
Pyrodes rheediella, Clerck, L. Generally
distributed
Catoptria albersana, Hb. Generally distri-
buted
— ulicetana, Haw. Generally distributed
— Juliana, Curt. Lee, Bexley, Eltham, etc.
— microgrammana, Gn. Dover, Folkestone,
Walmer
— hypericana, Hb. Generally distributed
— cana, Haw., St., Wd. Generally dis-
tributed
— fulvana, St., Wilk. Folkestone, Dover, etc.
— candidulana, Nolck. Gravesend, Green-
hithe, etc.
— scopoliana. Haw., St., Wd. Generally
distributed
— caecimaculana, Hb. Darenth, etc.
— conterminana, H.S. Dartford, Folkestone
— aemulana, Schil. Darenth, Plumstead,
Swanscomhe
— tripoliana, Bar. Gravesend
— expallidana. Haw. Dover, Stone, Folke-
stone, Shoreham
— citrana, Hb. Folkestone
— pupillana, Clerck, L. Folkestone
Trycheris aurana, Fb. Chattenden, Eltham,
St. Mary Cray, Greenhithe, Folkestone
PYRALOIDID^, Gn.
Choreutes bjerkandrella, Thnb. Folkestone
— myllerana, Fb. Fairly distributed
Symasthis pariana, Clerck, L. Generally dis-
tributed
— oxyacanthella, L. Generally distributed
CONCHYLID^, Gn.
Eupoecilia nana, Haw. Generally distributed
— dubitana, Hb. „ „
— atricapitana, St. Charlton, Bexley, Folke-
stone, Dover, Shoreham
Eupoecilia maculosana. Haw. Generally dis-
tributed
— amandana, H.S. Darenth, Folkestone,
Cuxton, etc.
— hybridella, Hb. Shoreham, Chattenden, etc.
— ambiguella, Hb. West tVickham
— angustana, Hb. Generally distributed
— curvistrigana, Wilk. Dover, Bexley, Deal,
near Gravesend, etc.
— affinitana, Dougl. Gravesend
— vectisana, Westw. „
— mussehliana, Tr. Deal
— udana, Gn. Deal
— notulana, Zell. Folkestone
— rupicola, Curt. Dover, Deal
— flavicillana, Dbl. Deal, Shoreham, Folke-
stone
— roseana. Haw. Generally distributed
— subroseana, Haw. Seal, near Dartford,
Dover
— implicitana, H.S. Eltham, Darenth, Lee,
Chattenden, Plumstead
— sabulicola, Wlsm. Cuxton, Shoreham
Xanthosetia zoegana, L. Generally distributed
— hamana, L. „ „
Chrosis alcella, Schulz. „ „
— bifasciana, Hb. Chattenden, Tunhridge,
Darenth, Swanscomhe
Lobesia reliquana, Hb. Generally distributed
Argyrolepia subbaumanniana, Wilk. Folke-
stone, Cuxton, Stone, Shoreham, Dover, etc.
— zephyrana, Tr. Lee, Dover, Shoreham,
Tunhridge Wells, etc.
— maritimana, Gn. Deal
— badiana, Hb. Generally distributed
— cnicana, Dbl. „ „
— aeneana, Hb., Haw. Chattenden, Folkestone
Conchylis dipoltella, Hb. Folkestone, Charlton
— francillana, Fb. Generally distributed
— dilucidana, St. „ „
— smeathmaniana, Fb. Lee, Darenth, Elt-
ham, Stone, Dover, etc.
— straminea. Haw. Generally distributed
— alternana, St. Folkestone, Deal, Dover
APHELIID^, Gn.
Aphelia osseana. Scop. Generally distributed
Tortricodes hyemana, Hb. „ „
TINEM
EPIGRAPHIID^, Gn.
Lemnatophila phryganella, Hb., Sta. Gene-
rally distributed
Exapate congelatella, Clerck. Eltham
Diurnea fagella, Fb., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
Semioscopus avellanella, Hb. Generally
distributed
Epigraphia steinkellneriana. Bexley
201 26
A HISTORY OF KENT
PSYCHID^, Brd.
Talneporia pseudo-bombycella, Hb. Gene-
rally distributed
Epichnopteryx puUa, Esp. Chattenden, Dover,
Cuxton, etc.
— reticella, Newm., Brd. Gravesend, Sheer-
ness
Fumea crassiorella, Brd. Deal
— casta, Pall. Generally distributed
Solenobia inconspicuella, Sta. Bexley, Pem-
hury, Plumstead, Beckenham, etc.
— douglasi, Sta. (praec. var. r). Birch Wood
Luffia ferchaulella, St. Deal, Leiuisham,
Darenth
TINEID^, Sta.
Diplodoma marginepunctella, St. Bexley,
Pemhury, Alkham, Darenth, Plumstead
Xysmatodoma melanella, Haw. Lee, Chhle-
hurst, Bexley, etc.
Ochsenheimeria birdella, Curt., Sta. Lee,
Lewisham, Bexley
— bisontella, Zell, Sta. Dartford Heath
— vaculella, Fisch, Sta. Lee, Lewisham,
Shooters Hill, Mottingham
Scardia boleti, Fb., Sta. Bexley
— corticella, Curt., Sta. Lee, Blackheath,
Bexley, etc.
— parasiteila, Hb., Sta. West Wickham,
Chislehurst, Eltham, etc.
— granella, L., Sta. Generally distributed
— cloacella. Haw., St. „ „
— ruricolella, Sta. Swanscombe
— arcella, Fb., Sta. Bexley, Lee, Chislehurst,
Greenhithe, etc.
Blabophanes ferruginella, Hb., Sta. Gene-
rally distributed
— rusticella, Hb., Sta. Generally distributed
Tinea tapetzella, L., St., Sta. Generally
distributed
— albipunctella, Haw. Dartford Heath
— caprimulgella, H.S. Blackheath
— angustipennis, H.S., Hein.
— misella, Zell., Sta. Generally distributed
— pellionella, L., Sta. „ „
— pallescentella. Dover
— fuscipunctella, Haw., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
— argentimaculella, Sta. Blackheath, Sidcup,
Eltham
— lapella, Hb., Sta. Generally distributed
— simplicella, H.S., Sta. Deal, Dover, etc.
— nigripunctella. Haw. Folkestone
— semifulvella, Haw. Generally distributed
Phylloporia bistrigella. Haw., Sta. Pemhury,
Eltham, Bexley
Tineola bisclliclla, Hml., Zell. Generally
distributed
Lampronia quadripunctella, Fb. Lee, Bexley,
Alkham, Pemhury, etc.
— luzella, Hb., St., Sta. Tenterden, Eltham,
Bexley, Chattenden, etc.
— praslatella, SchifF., Sta. Bexley, Pemhury
— rubiella, Bjerlc., Sta. Generally distributed
Incurvaria muscalella, Fb., Sta. Generally
distributed
— pectinea. Haw., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— tenuicornis, Sta., Hein. Chislehurst
— oelilmanniella, Hb. Generally distributed
— capitella, Clerck, Sta. ,, „
Micropteryx cathella, L., Sta. Generally
distributed
— aruncella. Scop. Pemhury, Tenterden,
Darenth, near Penge
— seppella, Fb. Generally distributed
— mansuetella, Zell., Sta. West Wickham,
Pemhury
— aureatella, Scop. Chislehurst, Pemhury
— thunbergella,Fb.,Sta. Generally distributed
— purpurella. Haw., St. „ ,,
— semipurpurella, St., Sta. „ „
— unimaculella, Zett., Sta. „ „
— sangii. Wood. Bexley, Chislehurst
— sparmanella, Bosc, Sta. Chislehurst,
Bexley, Eltham, Pemhury
— subpurpurella. Haw. Generally distri-
buted
Nemophora swammerdammella, L. Generally
distributed
— schwarziella, Zell., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
ADELID^
Adela fibulella, Fb., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— rufimitrella. Scop., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— croesella. Scop. Alkham, Farningham
— degeerella, L., Sta. Generally distributed
— viridella, L., Scop., Sta. „ „
Nematois cupriacellus, Hb., Sta. Pemhury
— fasciellus, Fb., St. Darenth, Gravesend,
Greenhithe
— minimellus, Zell., Sta. Pemhury
HYPONOMEUTID^, St.
Swammerdammia combinella, Hb. Eltham,
Pemhury, Alkham, Tenterden
— cassiclla, Hb. Generally distributed
— oxyacanthella, Dup. „ „
— pyrella, Vill., Sta.
— spiniella, Hb., Zell. Chattenden, Lee, etc.
Scythropia cratasgella, L., St., Sta. Bexley,
Pemhury, Chattenden, Lewisham
Hyponomeuta vigintipunctatus, Retz. Bcck-
enham
INSECTS
Hyponomeuta plumbellus, Schiff., Sta. Gene-
rally distributed
— padellus, L., Sta. Generally distributed
— cagnagellus, Hb. „ „
Anesychia bipunctella, Fb., Sta. Dover
— decemguttella, Hb. Sta. Darenth, Folke-
stone
— funerella. Dover
Prays curtisellus, Don. Generally distributed
PLUTELLID.E, Sta.
Eidophasia messingiella, Fisch. Eltham^Dart-
fordy Pembury
Plutella maculipennis, Curt. Generally dis-
tributed
— porrectella, L., Sta. Lee, Lewisham, Alk-
ham, etc.
Cerostoma sequella, Clerck, L., Sta. Shore-
ham
— vittella, L., Sta. Generally distributed
— radiatella, Don., Sta. „ „
— costella, Fb., Sta. „ „
— sylvella, L., Sta. Chis/ehurst, Bex/ey,
E/tham, Petnbury, etc.
— alpella, SchifF., Sta. Lewisham, Pembury
— lucella, Fb., Sta. Lee, etc.
Harpipteryx scabrella, L., St., Sta. Beckenham,
Bromley, Chislehunt, Eltham, Bexley
— nemorella, L., St., Sta. Bexley, etc.
— xylostella, L., Sta. Generally distributed
Theristis mucronella, Scop. Eltham, Bexley,
Darenth, Swanky
GELECHIIDiE, Sta.
Lee, etc.
Smu'
Orthotelia sparganella, Thnb., Sta.
Henicostoma lobelia, SchifF., Sta.
Kidbrooke, Lee, etc.
Phibalocera quercana, Fb., Sta. Generally
distributed
Depressaria costosa, Haw., Sta. Generally
distributed
— flavella, Hb. Dover, Lee, Bexley, Eltham,
etc.
— pallorella, Zell., Sta. Dover
— assimilella, Tr., Sta. Lee, Bexley, Chatten-
den, Tenterden, etc.
— nanatella, Sta., Zell. Dover, Birch Wood,
Shoreham, Charlton, etc.
— scopariella, Hein. Lee, etc.
— atomella, Hb. Charlton, etc.
— arenella, SchifF., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— propinquella, Tr., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— subpropinquella, Sta. Folkestone, Darenth,
Falkham, Swanky
— rhodochrella, H.S. Folkestone, Darenth
— alstroemeriana, Clerck. Generally distri-
buted
203
Depressaria purpurea, Haw., Sta. Alkham,
Darenth, Falkham, Green Street Green,
Swanky, Tenterden
— liturella, Hb. Lee, Lewisham, West Wick-
ham
— conterminella, Zell., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
— angelicella, Hb., Sta. Tenterden
— carduella, Hb., Sta. Bexley, Pembury,
Dartford Heath
— ocellana, Fb., Sta. Eltham, Bexley
— applana, Fb., Haw., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
— zephyrella, Hb. Deal
— rotundella, Dougl., Sta. Folkestone, Shore-
ham
— depressella, Hb., Sta. Folkestone
— discipunctella, H.S. „
— douglasella, Sta. Folkestone, Darenth
— weirella, Sta. Eltham, Lewisham
— cha;rophylli, Zell. Generally distributed
— ultimella, Sta. Folkestone
— nervosa. Haw., Sta. Alkham
— badiella, Hb., Sta. Dartford Heath, near
Foot's Cray
— heracleana, De Geer. Generally distri-
buted
Psoricoptera gibbosella, Zell. Chiskhurst
Gelechia vilella, Zell. Folkestone
— nigra, Haw. Lee, Bexley, Alkham
— hippophaslla, Schr. Deal, Folkestone
— malvella, Hb. Lee, Chiskhurst
— lentiginosella, Zell. Tunbridge Wells
— ericetella, Hb. Generally distributed
— mulinella, Zell. „ „
— sororculella, Hb. Bexley, Eltham, Shooters
Hill, Lee, Chiskhurst, etc.
— diffinis. Haw., Sta. Bexley, Chiskhurst
— rhombella, SchifF. Lee, Eltham, Grove
Park
— distinctella, Zell., Sta. Bexley
— scalella. Scop. Swanscombe, Chattenden,
Chiskhurst, Bexley, Shooters Hill, Dar-
enth
Brachmia moufFetella, Schiff. Lee, Pembury,
Eltham, Bexley, Chiskhurst
Bryotropha terrella, Hb., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
— desertella, Dougl., Sta. Deal
— senectella, Zell., Sta. Lee, Stone, Shore-
ham, Chiskhurst, etc.
— similis, Dougl. Lee, Charlton
— affinis, Dougl. Mottington, Cliffe, Charl-
ton, Bexley, Lee, Lewisham
— basaltinella, Zell., Sta. Swanscombe, Chat-
tenden
— domestica. Haw., Sta. Bexley, Lee, Ten-
terden, Dartford, Chiskhurst
Lita acuminatella, Sircom. Dover, Bexley,
Shoreham
A HISTORY OF KENT
Lita artemisiella, Tr. Bexley^ Alkham, Shore-
ham
— costella, Westw., Sta. Lee^ Petnhury,
Leiuhham
— maculea, Haw., St. Lewisham, Tenter-
den, Lee, Chislehurst, Eltham, etc.
— blandulella, Tutt. Deal
— tricolorella, Haw., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— fraternella, Dougl. Lee, Leivisham, Eltham,
Chislehurst
— maculiferella, Dougl. Lewlsham, Lee,
Eltham
— semidecandrella, Sta. & Thelf. Deal
— marmorea. Haw., Sta. Deal
— obsoletella, Fisch., Sta. Lee
— salicorniae, Hernig.
— atriplicella, Fisch., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
Teleia proximella, Hb., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
— notatella, Hb., Sta, Chislehurst, Pemhury,
Darenth, Eltham
— vulgella, Hb., Sta. Generally distributed
— luculella, Hb.
— scriptella, Hb., Sta. Lewisham, Pembury,
Eltham, Kidbrooke, Lee
— fugitivella, Zell., Sta. Generally distri-
buted
— sequax, Haw., Sta. Dover, Alkhain,
Shoreham, Stone, Bexley, etc.
— dodecella, L., Sta. Generally distributed
— triparella, Zell., Sta. JVest Wickham,
Lee, Kidbrooke, Darenth, etc.
Recurvaria leucatella, Clerck, L. Generally
distributed
— nanella, Hb. Bexley, Lee, Pembury, Charl-
ton, Eltham, etc.
Pcecilia nivea, Haw. Darenth, Bexley, Eltham
— albiceps, Zell., Sta. Eltham, Lee, Lewis-
ham, Bexley, etc.
Argyritis pictella, Zell., Sta. Deal, Dover
Nannodia stipella, Hb. Bexley, Alkham,
Lee, Chislehurst, Pembury
— hermannella, Fb., Sta. Eltham, Lee,
Chislehurst, Bexley, Greenwich
Apodia bifractella, Mann., Sta. Shoreham,
Dover, Stone
Ptocheuusa inopella, Zell., Sta. Folkestone,
Northjleet, Shoreham, Chattenden, Lewis-
ham, Pembury
— osseella, Sta. Deal, Chattenden
— subocellea, St. Alkham, Dover, Shoreham,
Pembury
Ergatis ericinella, Dup., Sta. Dartford Heath,
West Wickham
Doryphora palustrella, Dougl. Deal
— arundinetella, Zell. Lee
— lutulentella, Zell., Sta. Dartford Heath
— servella, Hb. Shooters Hill
Monochroa tenebrella, Hb., St. Generally
distributed
Lamprotes atrella. Haw., Sta. Lee, Perry
Street, Bexley
Anacampsis albipalpella, H.S.
— ligulella, Zell., Sta. Alkham, Chattenden,
Pembury
— vorticella, Scop. Pembury
— tasniolella, Tr. Generally distributed
— immaculatella, Dougl. West Wickham
— anthyllidella, Hb., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
Acanthopila alacella, Dup. Bexley
Tachyptilia populella, Clerck. Generally
distributed
Brachycrossata cinerella, Clerck. Darenth,
Shoreham, Pembury, Bexley, Chattenden
Ceratophora rufescens. Haw. Generally dis-
tributed
Cladodes gerronella, Zell. Chislehurst, Lee,
Bexley, Tunbridge Wells
Parasia lappella, L. Shoreham, Folkestone,
Dover, Bexley
— metzneriella, Sta. Chattenden, Alkham,
Charlton
— carlinella, Dougl. Shoreham, Folkestone
— neuropterella, Fisch. Deal, Dover, Stone
Cleodora cytisella. Curt. Bexley, Lee, Chisle-
hurst, Pembury
— striatella, Hb. Lewisham
Cheleria hiibnerella, Don. Bexley, Eltham,
West Wickham, Shoreham, Perry Street
Anarsia spartiella, Schr. Dover, Chislehurst,
Pemhury, Alkham
— genistae, Sta. Lee, Alkham, Pemhury
Hypsilophus schmidiellus. Dover, Greenhithe
— marginellus, Fb. Shoreham
Sophronia parenthesella, L. Bexley, Shoreham,
West Wickham, Alkham, Lewisham
Pleurota bicostella, Clerck. Chislehurst, Pem-
bury
Harpella geoffrella, L. Generally distributed
Hypercallia citrinalis, Scop. Shoreham, Darenth,
Kemsing, Greenhithe, Sevenoaks
Dasycera sulphurella, Fb. Generally dis-
tributed
— olivierella, Fb. Tenterden, Lee, Chatten-
den, Darenth, Pembury, Eltham, Bexley,
Stone
CEcophora minutella, L. Bexley, Swanscombe,
Chattenden, Darenth, Pemhury
— fulviguttella, Zell. Pembury, Lee
— tripuncta. Haw. Greenhithe, Tenterden,
Pembury
— augustella, Hb. Bexley, Mottingham
— lunaris. Haw. Lewisham, Bexley, Eltham,
Pembury, Chislehurst, Lee, Darenth
— lambdella, Don. Charlton
— tinctella, Hb. West Wickham, Chattenden,
Pembury
INSECTS
CEcophora panzerella, St. Plumstead^ Bexley,
Swanscombe, Sea/, Darenth
— unitella, Hb. Lee, Pembury, Stone, Bexley
— flavifrontella, Hb. Eltham, West Wick-
ham, Pembury, Bexley, Chislehurst
— fuscescens, Haw. Generally distributed
— pseudospretella, Sta. „ „
CEcogenia quadripuncta, Haw. Lee, Eltham,
Chislehurst, Forest Hill
Endrosis fenestrella, Scop. Generally dis-
tributed
Butalis grandipennis, Haw. Pembury
— senescens, Sta. Shoreham, Alkham
— laminella, H.S. Cuxton
Amphisbatis incongruella, Sta. West Wickham
Pancalia latreillella, Curt. Pembury
— lewenhcekella, L. Shoreham, Alkham,
Bexley, Farningham, Pembury, Darenth
GLYPHIPTERYGIDiE
Acrolepia perlepidella, Sta. Darenth
— pygmasana, Haw., St. Lewisham
Roslerstammia erxlebenella, Fb. Darenth,
Bexley, Chislehurst, Eltham, Pembury
Glyphipteryx fuscoviridella, Haw. Generally
distributed
— thrasonella, Scop. Generally distributed
— equitella, Scop., Sta. Lee, Cliffe
— forsterella, Fb. Chattenden, Pembury,
Tenterden
— fischeriella, Zell. Generally distributed
^chmia dentella, Zell. Plumstead, Bexley,
Greenhithe
Perittia obscurepunctella, Sta. Lee, Tenterden,
Lewisham, Pembury
Heliozele sericiella. Haw. Generally distri-
buted
— stannella, Dover
— resplendella, Dougl. Chislehurst, Eltham,
West Wickham, Beckenham, Pembury
— betulz, Sta. Chislehurst
Douglasia ocnerostomella, Sta. Dover
ARGYRESTHIIDiE
Argyresthia ephippella, Fb., Sta. Pembury
— nitidella, Fb., Sta. Generally distributed
— semitestacella, Curt. Pembury, West
Wickham, Bexley, Shoreham
— spiniella, Zell., Sta. Pembury
— albistria. Haw. Generally distributed
— conjugella, Zell. Plumstead, West Wick-
ham, Bexley
— semifusca. Haw. Generally distributed
— mendica. Haw. Greenhithe, Bexley, Chat-
tenden, Darenth, Pembury
— glaucinella, Zell. Eltham, Darenth, Bexley
— retinella, Zell. Generally distributed
— dilectella, Zell. Lee
Argyresthia curvella, L., Sta. West Wickham,
Lee, Bexley, Charlton, Chattenden, Pem-
bury, Tenterden
— pygmasella, Hb. Generally distributed
— goedartella, L. „ „
— brochella, Hb. „ „
— atmoriella, Bnks. Bexley, Chislehurst
— arceuthina, Zell. Shoreham
— aurulentella, Zell. Tenterden
Cedestis farinatella, Dup. Generally dis-
tributed
— gysselinella,Dup. Near Walmer and Dover
Ocnerostoma piniariella, Zell. Generally
distributed
Zelleria hepariella, Mann. Dartford Heath,
Pembury
GRACILARIIDiE
Gracilaria alchimiella, Scop. Generally dis-
tributed
— stigmatella, Fb. Generally distributed
— hemidactylella, Fb. Pembury
— populetorum, Zell. Birch Wood
— elongella, L. Eltham, Chislehurst, Bexley,
Tenterden
— tringipennella, Zell. Lee, Chattenden,
Chislehurst, Alkham, Pembury
— syringella, Fb. Generally distributed
— omissella, Dougl. Darenth, Bexley, Stone,
Lee, Plumstead, Mottingham
— phasianpennella, Hb. Pembury
— auroguttella, St. West Wickham, Eltham,
Lee, Bexley, Lewisham, Tenterden
— ononidis, Zell. Pembury, Dover
Coriscium brongniartellum, Fb. Bexley
— cuculippennellum, Hb. Dartford Heath,
Pembury
Ornix avellanella, Sta. Generally distributed
— anglicella, Sta. „ „
— betulae, Sta. „ „
— scutulatella, Sta. Dartford Heath
— torquillella, Sta. Pembury
— guttea, Haw. Lee, Eltham, Chattenden,
Darenth, Pembury, Tenterden
COLEOPHORIDiE
Goniodoma auroguttella, Fisch. Gravesend
Coleophora fabriciella, Vill. Lee, Forest Hill
— deauratella. Lien. Pembury, Lee
— fuscocuprella, H.S. Plumstead, Bexley,
Darenth, Chattenden, Stone
— alcyonipennella, Kol. Lee, Bexley, Alk-
ham, Mottingham
— paripennella, Zell., Sta. Kidhrooke, Chisle-
hurst, Lee, Darenth, Bexley
— potentillae, Sta. Chislehurst
— wockeella, Zell. Canterbury, Pembury
— ochrea. Haw. Alkham
— lixella, Zell. Shoreham, Alkham, Cuxton
205
A HISTORY OF KENT
Coleophora vibicella, Hb. Chattenden
— conspicuella, Mann. Cuxton
— pyrrhulipennella. Dartford Heath
— albicosta, Haw. Generally distributed
— vulnerarias, Zell. Deal
— anatipennella, Hb. Chattenden^ Folkestone,
Lee, Puddle Dock, Eltham, etc.
— palliatella, Zinck. Eltham, Pembury,
Chattenden, JFest Wkkham, Darenth,
etc.
— ibipennella, Heyd. Chhlehunt, Lewishani,
Darenth, JVeit JVickham, Bexley, etc.
— ardeaspennella, Scott. Darenth, Chatten-
den, Eltham, Bexley
— currucipennella, Fisch. Chattenden, Ten-
terden
— niveicostella, Fisch. Shoreham, Dartford
Heath, Cuxton
— discordella, Zell. Shoreham, Pembury,
Forest Hill
— genistas, Sta. Chlslehurst, Dartford Heath
— saturatella, Sta. Chattenden, Lee, Stone,
Charlton
— onosmella, Brahm. Dover, Alkham
— conyzas, Zell. Shoreham, Cuxton, Dover
— inflatae, Sta. Lee, Swanlef, Greenhithe
— therinella, Tgstr. Lee, Mottlnghatn
— maritimella, Sta. Thames marshes
— troglodytella, Dup. Generally distributed
— lineolea, Haw. „ „
— murinipennella, Fisch. Pembury
— casspititiella, Zell. Generally distributed
— laripennella, Zett. Lee, Shoreham
— apicella, Sta. Tunhridge Wells
— argentula, Zell. Lee
— tripoliella, Hodgn. Thames marshes
— virgaureae, Sta. Darenth, Plumstead,
Bexley, etc.
— hemerobiella, Scop. Charlton
— juncicolella, Sta. Dartford Heath, Chlsle-
hurst
— laricella, Hb. TVest Wkkham, Chlslehurst,
Bexley
— albitarsella, Zell., Sta. Mottingham, Dover,
Plumstead, Tenterden, Lewisham
— nigricella, St., Sta. Generally distributed
— fuscedinella, Zell., Sta. Generally dis-
tributed
— gryphipennella, Bouche. Plumstead, Lee,
Tenterden, Hither Green
— siccifolia, Sta. Lewisham, Tenterden
— bicolorella, Scott. Eltham, West Wkk-
ham, Greenhithe, Mottingham
— viminetella, Heyd. Lee, Eltham
— olivaceella, Sta. Bexley, Lee, St. Mary
Cray, West Wkkham
— solitariella, Zell. Generally distributed
— lutipennella, Zell. Eltham, Bexley
— badiipennella, Fisch. Erlth, Lee, Mot-
tingham
Coleophora limosipennella, Fisch. Chlsle-
hurst, Stone, Bexley, Darenth, Abbey
Wood, Lewisharn
— wilkinsoni, Scott. Chlslehurst, Bexley,
Darenth
ELACHISTIDiE
Bedellia somnulentella, Zell. Leiuisham
Stathmopoda pedella, L. Lewisham
Cosmopteryx eximia, Haw. Lewisham, Seven-
oaks
Batrachedra prasangusta, Haw. Lee, Pembury,
Bexley, Eltham, etc.
— pinicolella, Dup. Bexley, Lee, Dover
CEnophila v-flava, Haw. Beckenham
Chauliodus insecurellus, Sta.
— illigerellus, Hb. Deal, Chlslehurst, Dover
Laverna propinquella, Sta. Chattenden, Bexley
— miscella, SchiiF. Dover, Greenhithe, Alk-
ham
— Stephens!, Sta. Greenhithe
— epilobiella, Schr. Generally distributed
— ochraceella. Curt. Eltham, Lee
— decorella, St. Pembury
— subbistrigella. Haw. Bexley, Darenth,
Pembury, Falkham, Halstead, Chelsfield
— vinolentella, H.S. Lee
— hellerella, Dup. Bexley, Lee, Swanscombe,
Eltham
— atra, Haw. Alkham, Lewisham
— rhamniella, Zell. Greenhithe, Pembury
Chrysoclysta linneella, Clerck. Lee, Eltham
— bimaculella. Elthatn, Chattenden
— aurifrontella, Hb. Lee, Eltham, Pembury,
Bexley, Chattenden, Charlton, Chlslehurst
Asychna profugella, Zell. Kemsing
— modestella, Dup. Eltham, Lewisham,
Chattenden, Pembury, Stone
— asratella, Zell. Darenth, Pembury
— terminella. Dale. West JVkkham, Pem-
bury
Antispila pfeiiFerella, Hb. Eleham, Bexley,
Mottingham, Alkham, Let, Stone, Pem-
bury, etc.
— treitschkiella, Fisch. Lewisham, Dover,
Plumstead, Lee
Stephensia brunnichella, L., Sta. Shoreham
Elachista gleichenella, Fb., Sta. Pembury,
West Wickham, Bexley, Chattenden
— magnificella, Tgstr. West Wickham
— albifrontella, Hb. Generally distributed
— atricomella, Sta. Alkham, Lee, Swans-
combe, Eltham, Pembury, Chattenden,
Bexley
— luticomella, Zell., Sta. Beckenham, Eltham,
Lee, Bexley, Chattenden
— poae, Dougl. Leivisham, Greenwich, Lee
— cinereopunctella. Haw. Chattenden, Ten-
terden, Pembury
— trapeziella, H.S. West Wkkham
INSECTS
Elachista stabilella, Sta. Eltham, Bexley
— nigrella, Hb. Eltham, Alkham, Becken-
ham, Sivanscombe, Pembury, Chislehunt
— - subnigrella, Dougl. Eltham
— humifis, Zell. IFest Wkkham
— perplexella, Sta. Beckenham
— bedellella, Sircom. Pembury
— obscurella, Sta. Generally distributed
— zonariella, Tgstr. Lee
— gangabella, Fisch. Alkham^ Chattenden,
Beckenham, Siuanscombe
— tasniatella, Sta. Bexley^ Chattenden, West
Wickham
— megerlella, Zell. Eltham, Lee, Darenth,
Alkham, Stone, Chattenden, Pembury,
etc.
— adscitella, Sta. Eltham
— cerussella, Hb. Lewisham
— biatomella, Sta. Lee, Dover, Chattenden,
Shoreham
— triatomea, Haw. Alkham, Shoreham, Lee,
Dover
— pollinariella, Zell. Bexley, Chattenden,
Shoreham
— - rufocinerea, Haw. Generally distributed
— subalbidella, Schl. IVest Wickham, Pem-
bury, Chhlehunt
— argentella, Clerck. Folkestone, Lee, Eltham,
Dover, Chislehurst, Darenth, Alkham
Tischeria complanella, Hb. Chattenden, Pem-
bury, Mottingham, West Wickham, Bex-
ley, etc.
— dodonasa, Heyd. West Wkkham, Abbey
Lithocolletis salicicolella, Sircom. Eltham,
Chislehurst, Pembury, Leivisham
— viminetorum, Sta. Lewisham, Chislehurst
— carpinicolella, Sta. Mottingham, Lee, Bex-
ley, Lewisham, Pembury
— ulmifoliella, Hb. Generally distributed
— spinolella, Dup. ,, „
— quercifoliella, Fisch. „ „
— messaniella, Zell. „ „
— corylifoliella, Haw. ,, „
— viminiella, Sircom. Chislehurst, Eltham
— scopariella, Fisch. Lee, Dartford Heath
— ulicicolella, Vaughan. Dartford Heath
— alnifoliella, Hb. Generally distributed
— heergeriella, Zell. Pembury, Tenterden
— cramerella, Fb. Generally distributed
— tenella, Zell. Mottingham, Lee, Bexley
— sylvella, Haw. Lewisham, Pembury, Bex-
ley, Mottingham, Kidbrooke, Eltham, Lee
— emberizoepennella. West Wickham, Pem-
bury, Bexley, Eltham, Darenth
— frolichiella, Zell. Tenterden
— dunningiella, Sta. Pembury, Bexley
— nicellii, Zell. West Wickham, Plumstead,
Bexley, Lee, Eltham
— settinensis, Nicelli. Eltham, Beckenham
— schreberella, Fb. Lewisham, Lee, Dart-
ford, Erith, etc.
— tristrigella, Haw. Lewisham, Bexley
— trifasciella, Haw. Tenterden, Darenth,
Bexley, Seal, Pembury
- — comparella, Fisch. Eltham, Blackheath,
Lee, Beckenham
— marginea, Haw. Bexley, Chislehurst, Pem-
bury, Eltham, Tenterden, etc.
LITHOCOLLETID^
Lithocolletis roboris, Zell. Tenterden
— lantanella, Schr. Greenhithe, Stone, Bexley,
Pembury, Shoreham, Otford, etc.
— irradiella, Scott. Beckenham
— bremiella, Zell. Bexley, Darenth, Stone
— lautella, Zell. Eltham, Chislehurst, Ten-
terden, Pembury
— cavella, Zell. Chislehurst, Bexley, IVest
Wickham, Darenth
— concomitella, Bkns. Generally distributed
— blancardella, Fb. „ „
— oxyacanthae, Frey. „ „
— sorbi, Frey. Lee
— cerasicolella, H.S. Greenhithe, Bexley
coryli, Nicelli. Kidbrooke, Pembury, Lee,
Bexley
— spinicolella, Kol. Eltham, Bexley, Pem-
bury
— faginella, Mann. West Wickham, Mot-
tingham, Pembury
— mespilella, Hb. Lewisham, Lee
207
LYONETIID^
Lyonetia clerckella, L. Bexley, Greenhithe,
Pembury
Phyllocnistis suffusella, Zell. Beckenham, Bex-
ley, Chislehurst, Mottingham, Eltham,
Riverhead, Halstead
— saligna, Zell. Chislehurst, Pembury
Cemiostoma spartifoliella, Hb. Pembury,
Lee
— laburnella, Heyd. Lee, Eltham, Shoreham,
Charlton
— scitella, Zell. Lee, Tenterden, Bexley
— wailesella, Sta. Tunhridge Wells, Pembury
Opostega salaciella, Tr. Dartford Heath, Lee
Bucculatrix nigricomella, Zell. Lee, Motting-
ham
— cidarella, Tisch. Eltham, Bexley, Pem-
bury
— ulmella, Mann. Bexley, Pembury, Darenth,
West Wkkham
— artemisiella, H.S. Folkestone
— cratasgi, Zell. Bexley, Chattenden, Lewis-
ham, Pembury
— demaryella, Dup. Darenth, Pembury
— maritima, Sta. Thames marshes
A HISTORY OF KENT
Bucculatrix boyerella, Dup. Eltham^ Bexley,
Grcenhlthe, Sidcup, Mottingham, Pembury
— frangulella, Goze. Darenth, Tenterden,
Pemlmry
— thoracella, Thnb. Bexiey
— cristatella, Fisch. Lee, Black Fen
NEPTICULID^
Nepticula atricapitella, Haw. Lewlsham,
Eltham, Beckenham, Chattenden, JVeit
JVlckham
— ruficapitella, Haw. Chattenden, Becken-
ham, Ehham, TVest JFickham, Lewisham
— basiguttella, Hein. TVest Wickham
— anomalella, Goze. Tenterden, Beckenham,
Lee, Leivisham
— pygmaeella, Haw. Lewisham, Mottingham
— pomella, Vaughan. Lewisham
— oxyacanthella, Sta. Lewisham, Charlton,
Dartford Heath, Mottingham
— aucuparias, Frey. (?) West Wickham
— viscerella, Dougl. Lewisham, Norwood,
Woodside, West Wickham
— catharticella, Sta. Alkham, Darenth, Lee,
Leivisham
— septembrella, Sta. Chattenden, Darenth,
Beckenham, Lewisham, West Wickham
— intimella, Zell., Sta. Dartford Heath
— subbimaculella, Haw. Chattenden, Chisle-
hurst, Lewisham, Northfleet, Pembury
— argyropeza, Zell. Beckenham
— subapicella, Sta. „
— trimaculella, Haw. Eltham, Lee, Lewisham
— quinquella, Bedell., Sta. Beckenham, West
Wickham
— sericopeza, Zell. Dartford Heath, Lewis-
ham
— floslactella, Haw. Bexley, Chattenden,
Darenth, Eltham, Lewisham, Pembury,
Tenter den
— salicis, Sta. Chattenden, Eltham, Lewis-
ham, Southhorough
— microtheriella, Wing. Beckenham, Chat-
ham, Darenth, Lewisham, Plumstead
— betulicola, St. Chislehurst, Darenth, West
Wickham
— ignobilella, Sta. Beckenham, Lewisham
— argentipedella, Zell. Bexley, Chislehurst,
Darenth, Eltham, Dartford Heath, West
Wickham
— plagicolella, Sta. Darenth, Dartford Heath,
Eltham, Lewisham
— turicella, H.S. Bexley
— basalella, H.S. Lewisham
— malella, Sta. „
— angulifasciella, Sta. Beckenham, Lewisham
— atricollis, Sta. Lewisham
— arcuatella, H.S. West Wickham
— gratiosella, Sta. Lewisham, Beckenham
— poterii. Folkestone Warren
Nepticula acetosa. Folkestone Warren
— ulmivora, Hein. West Wickham
— marginicolella, Sta. Beckenham, Lewisham,
West Wickham
— alnetella, Sta. Beckenham, Eltham, Leivis-
ham
— glutinosae, Sta. Eltham
— continuella, Sta. Lewisham
— aenofasciella, H.S. Folkestone
— aurella, Fb. Lewisham, West Wickham,
Tenter den
— gei, Wk. Chislehurst
— splendidissimella, H.S.
— luteella, Sta. Dartford Heath, Lewisham,
West Wickham
— regiella, H.S. Darenth, Dartford Heath
Trifurcula atrifrontella, Sta. Bexley, Lewisham
— squamatella, Sta. Charlton
— immundella, Zell., Sta. Charlton, Lee
— pulverosella, Sta. Lewisham, Eltham
PTEROPHORI
Agdistes bennettii, Curt. Gravesend, Sheerness
Cncemidorphus rhododactylus, Fb. Chattenden,
Lewisham, Plumstead
Platyptilia bertrami, Hb. Dover, Alkham,
Pembury
— gonodactyla, SchifF. Generally distributed
— zetterstedtii. Sydenham, Dover
Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb. Generally
distributed
— cosmodactyla, Hb. Pembury, Dover
— parvidactylus. Alkham, Charlton, Cuxton,
Pembury, Shoreham
— teucrii. Greening. Shoreham, Dover
— laetus, Zell. Dover, St. Margaret's Bay
— pilosellae, Zell. Dover, Folkestone
Mimoeseoptilus phaeodactylus, Hb. Alkham,
Bexley, Cuxton, Lee, Shoreham
— bipunctidactylus. Haw. Chattenden, Dover,
Pembury, Alkham
— plagiodactyla, Stn. Chattenden, Shoreham
— pterodactylus, L. Generally distributed
CEdematophorus lithodactylus, Tr, Chatten-
den, Dover
Pterophorus monodactylus, L. Generally
distributed
Leioptilus lienigianus, Zell. Deal, Dover,
Eltham, Lee, Bexley, Mottingham
— tephradactylus, Hb. Pembury, Dover
— osteodactylus, Zell. Darenth, Dover
— microdactylus, Hb. Alkham, Dover, Pem-
bury
Aciptilia galactodactyla, Hb. Bexley, Ightham,
Darenth, Shoreham, Pembury, Tcnterden
— baliodactyla, Zell. Dover
— tetradactyla, L. Shoreham, Dover, Alkham,
Pembury
— pciitadactyla, L. Generally distributed
Alucita polydactyla. „ „
208
INSECTS
DIPTERA
Flies
In consequence of the paucity of collectors of this order, especially
in Kent, I am only able to supply the following meagre list of Diptera.
It contains the names of such species as are known by me to occur in
Kent, supplemented by the names of species whose occurrence in the
county has been recorded by Walker, Curtis, Haliday, Verrall and
others.
A large number of species are recorded by Verrall in his British
Flies, vol. viii., and in his ' List of British Tipulidse' {E.M.M. vol. xxiii.
1888), with indefinite localities, such as ' Penzance to Tongue.' Probably
all these occur in the county, but they have not been collated where a
definite Kentish locality cannot be assigned to them.
Many common species, e.g. Ciilex pipiens, Musca domestica, etc., etc.,
must occur, but as they have not been recorded, nor are specimens of
them in local collections, they are omitted.
A list of Diptera taken in the neighbourhood of Maidstone has been
sent me by Mr. H. Elgar, and thirty-one species therefrom have been
added to my list. Mr. Elgar has also sent many additional localities,
which are also enumerated, for species already recorded.
After all the total number of species for the county does not reach
350, a poor proportion out of the 2,800 named in Verrall's 'List'
ed. 2.
PULICIDit
Hystrichopsylla talps, Curt. Halstow
Cecidomyid^
Cecidomyia reaumurii, Brein. JVye (galls
only)
Diplosis botularia, Wim. Kent (Theobald)
Mycetophilid^
Empheria pictipennis, Hal. Kent (Walker)
Platyura marginata,* Mg. Barming {E\g2.r)
Macrocera vittata, Mg. Bearsted
— stigma, Curtis. „
BlBIONID^
Scatopsc notata, Linn. Maidstone
— incompleta, Verr. Abbey Wood
— brevicornis, Mg. Folkestone
Dilophus febrilis, Linn. „
Bibio venosus, Mg. Birch Wood, ? St.
Mary Cray (Curtis)
— laniger, Mg. Folkestone
— varipes, Mg. Bexley (Haliday)
— marci, Linn. Common (Elgar)
— hortulanus, Linn. „ „
— johannis, Linn. Folkestone
— sp. inc near hortulanus. Bearsted
Note. — Of species marked with an * either the
record is doubtful, or doubts exist as to whether
the locality is within the boundaries of the county.
—J. w. y.
I 209
Chironomid^
Chironomus viridis, Mcq. Folkestone
Ceratopogon pictus, Mg. Kent (Walker)
CULICID^
Anopheles maculipennis, Mg. Wye
— nigripes, Stasg. Wye (Nuttall)
Culex diversus, Theob. Tunbridge Wells
(Theobald)
— dorsalis, Mg. Lewisham
TiPULIDit
Ptychoptera contaminata, Linn. Graves-
end
— paludosa, Mg. Bearsted
Limnobia nubeculosa, Mg. Folkestone
— analis, Mg., Verr. Plumstead
— nigropunctata, Schum. Darenth
— macrostigma, Schum. Tunbridge Wells
Dicranomyia sericata, Mg. Kent (Verrall,
E.M.M. vol. xxiii.)
— pilipennis,Egg. KentiVtrtzW, E.M.M.
vol. xxiii.)
Rhamphidia longirostris, Mg. Tunbridge
Wells
Molophilus appendiculatus, Staeg. Kent
(Verrall, E.M.M. vol. xxiii.)
— propinquus, Egg. Kent (Verrall,
E.M.M. vol.^xxiii.)
Erioptera macropthalma, Lw. Tunbridge
Wells
27
A HISTORY OF KENT
TiPULiD^ (continued)
Ephelia submarmorata,Verr. TunbridgefFel/s
Limnophila dispar, Mg. Kent (Verrall,
E.M.M. vol. xxHi.)
— ferruginea, Mg. Kent (Verrall, E.M.M.
vol. xxiii.)
— filata, Walk. Kent (Verrall, E.M.M.
vol. xxiii.)
Adelphomyia senilis, Hal. Kent (Verrall,
E.M.M. vol. xxiii.)
Pachyrrhina imperialis, Mg. St. Mary
Cray, Tunbridge Wells
— quadrifaria, Mg. Maidstone
— annulicornis, Mg. Tunbridge JVells
Tipula varipennis, Mg. Folkestone
— scripta, Mg. Maidstone
— flavolineata, Mg. Darenth
— lateralis, Mg. Gravesend
— vernalis, Mg. Belvedere
— oleracea, Linn. Folkestone
— fascipennis, Mg. Kent (Verrall, E.M.M.
vol. xxiii.)
— ochracea, Mg. Tunbridge Wells
Dictenidia bimaculata, Linn. Darenth
(Curtis)
Ctenophora pectinicornis, Linn. Darenth
(Curtis)
Rhyphid^
Rhyphus fenestralis, Scop. Bearsted
Stratiomyid^
Pachygaster atra, Panz. Maidstone
Ephippium thoracicum, Ltr. Darenth
(Walk. Dip. Brit.)
Nemotelus pantherinus, Linn. North Cray
(Curtis)
— uliginosus, Linn. Gravesend
Oxycera pulchella, Mg. Belvedere
— trilineata. Fab. Belvedere, Gravesend
Stratiomys furcata, Fab. Gravesend
— furcata var. riparia, Mg. Gravesend,
Plumstcad
— longicornis, Scop. Gravesend, Belvedere
Odontomyia ornata, Mg. Gravesend
— tigrina, Fab. Gravesend
— viridula. Fab. „
Chloromyia formosa. Scop. Gravesend,
Folkestone
Microchrysa polita, Linn. Bearsted
— flavicornis, Mg. Dover (Curtis)
Beris clavipes, Linn. Bearsted
— vallata, Forst. Maidstone
— chalybeata, Forst. Darenth
Leptid.*
Atherix ibis, Fab. Darenth (Curtis)
— marginata. Fab. „ „
Symphoromyia immaculata, Fab. Darenth
(Walker)
Chrysopila helvola.* Sandivich (Curtis).
Recorded by Curtis, but collated
with doubt
AsiLiDi^;
Dioctria atricapilla, Mg. Gravesend
— rufipes, Deg. Gravesend
— baumhaueri, Mg. Bearsted
Isopogon brevirostris, Mg. Darenth (Curtis)
Laphria marginata, Linn. „ „
Asilus crabroniformis, Linn. Maidstone
(Elgar)
Neoitamus cyanurus, Lw. Darenth
Dysmachus trigonus, Mg. Bearsted
BOMBYLID^
Bombylius discolor, Mik. Maidstone
— major, Linn. Maidstone, Talding
Systcechus ctenopterus (?) * and
Exoprosopa pandora (r).* Recorded by
Curtis, but probably incorrect
Anthrax hottentota, Linn. Upper Hailing
(Elgar)
Therevid^i:
Thereva plebeia, Linn. Folkestone
ScENOPINIDjE
Scenopinus fenestralis, Linn. Bearsted
Empid^
Empis pennaria. Fin. Darenth
— lutea, Mg. Dover (Curtis, Platyptera
ochrea)
— tessellata Fab. Common (Elgar)
Hilara maura, Fab. St. Mary Cray
Stilpon graminum, Fin. Bexley (Haliday)
DoLICHOPODID^
Dolichopus virgultorum,* Hal. Mailing
— clavipes,* Hal. Mailing
— asneus, Deg. Hythe
Pcecilobothrus nobilitatus, Linn. Gravesend
Hercostomus cretifer, Wlk. Harrietsham
(Walker, alulifer)
Porphyrops pencillata, Lw. Deal (Verrall,
E.M.M. 1894)
— nasuta. Fin. Deal (Verrall, E.M.M.
1894)
Xiphandrum caliginosum, Mg. Abbey Wood
Scellus notatus, Fab. Bromley (Curtis)
Platypezid^
Platycnema pulicaria. Fin. St. Mary Cray
Callimyia amceiia, Mg. Kent (Verrall)
— speciosa, Mg. St. Mary Cray
Platypeza consobrina, Ztt. St. Alary Cray
— rufa, Mg. St. Mary Cray
— fasciata, Mg. „ „
— infumata, Hal. Kent (Verrall)
PlPUNCULID^
Chalarus spurius, Fin. Kent (Verrall)
Verrallia aucta, Fin. „ „
— pilosa, Ztt. „ „
— villosa v. Ros. „ „
Pipunculus furcatus. Egg. „ „
— modestus, Hal. Kent (Haliday)
— hasmorrhoidalis, Ztt. Abbey Wood
S^RPHID.^
Paragus tibialis, Fin. Folkestone
INSECTS
Syrphid^ [continued)
Pipizella virens, Fab. Belvedere
— flavitarsis,* Mg. Barming (Elgar)
— heringi, Ztt. 5^. Mary Cray
Pipiza luteitarsis, Ztt. Darenth
— quadrimaculata, Panz. Folkestone
— bimaculata,* Mg. Upper Hailing
(Elgar)
— signata, Mg. Folkestone
Chrysogastcr solstitialis, Fin. Heme Bay
Chilosia antiqua (r), Mg. Deptford (Curtis)
— scutellata,* Fin. Maidstone, Barming
(Elgar)
— variabilis (?), Panz. Darenth (Curtis)
— grossa, Fin. Darenth, Talding
— soror, Ztt. Folkestone
— albipila, Mg. Kent (Verrall)
— proxima, Zett. „ „
Platychirus manicatus, Mg. Old Charlton
— albimanus, Fab. Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— fulviventris, Mcq. Gravesend, Belve-
dere
— clypeatus, Mg. Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— angustatus, Ztt. Kent (Verrall)
Pyrophsena granditarsa, Forst. Gravesend
— rosarum, Fab. Kent (Verrall)
Melanostoma ambiguum, Fin. Darenth
— mellinum, Linn. Folkestone
— scalare, Fab. Plaxtol (Elgar)
Xanthandrus comtus, Harr. Kent (Verrall)
Leucozona lucorum, Linn. Folkestone
Ischyrosyrphrus laternarius, Mull. Heme
Bay
Catabomba pyrastri, Linn. Dover
— selenitica,* Mg. West Wickham Wood
(Verrall)
Syrphus albostriatus, Fin. Folkestone
— tricinctus, Fall. Barming, Ightham,
Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— venustus, Mg. Folkestone (Elgar)
— vitripennis, Mg. Maidstone, Ightham
(Elgar)
— nitidicollis, Mg. Kent (Verrall)
— latifasciatus, Mcq. „ „
— coroUae, Fab. Maidstone
— luniger, Mg. Old Charlton
— bifasciatus, Fab. Barming, Ightham,
Upper Hailing (Elgar)
— balteatus, Deg. Conheath, Holling-
bourne, Barming (Elgar)
— umbellatarum, Fab. Bearsted (Elgar)
Sphaerophoria scripta, Linn. (var. dispar,
Lw.). Old Charlton
— menthasthri, Linn. Boxley, Upper
Hailing, Barming (Elger)
— flavicanda, Ztt. Darenth
Xanthogramma citrofasciatum, Deg.
Belvedere, Folkestone
— ornatum, Mg. Talding, Merton, Fawk-
ham
Syrphid^ {continued)
Bacchaobscuripennis, Mg. Bromley (Curtis)
Ascia podagrica, Fab. Maidstone
— floralis, Mg. Maidstone
Brachyopa bicolor, Fin. Bearsted
Rhingia campestris, Mg. Belvedere
Volucella pellucens, Linn. Bearsted
— inflata, Fab. Barming and Upper Hal-
ling (Elgar) ; Darenth (Curtis)
— bombylans, Linn. Dover (Curtis)
Eristalis sepulchralis, Linn. Old Charlton
— aeneus, Scop. Heme Bay, Gravesend,
Upper Hailing
— tenax, Linn. Belvedere
— intricarius, Linn. Barming, Barham,
Abbey Wood, Boxley
— arbustorum, Linn. Heme Bay
— pertinax, Scop. Hollingbourne, Bred-
hurst, Boxley
— nemorum, Linn. Kent (Curtis), Barm-
ing, Boxley
— horticola(?). Kin£s Wood, near Maid-
stone (Elgar)
Myiatropa florea, Linn. Heme Bay
Helophilus trivittatus, Fab. Dover, Old
Charlton
— hybridus, Lw. Old Charlton
— pendulus, Linn. Old Charlton, Folke-
stone
— transfugus, Linn. Old Charlton
— lineatus, Fab. Kent (Verrall)
— vittatus, Mg. Gravesend, Belvedere
Merodon equestris, Fab. Beckenham
Tropidia scita, Harr. Gravesend
Criorrhina berberina, Fab. Banning, Upper
Hailing (Elgar)
— oxyacanthas, Mg. Kent (Verrall)
— floccosa, Mg. Maidstone (Elgar)
— asilica, Fin. Kent (Verrall)
Xylota segnis, Linn. Dover (Curtis)
— sylvarum, Linn. Heme Bay
— florum (?), Fab. Barming (Elgar)
Syritta pipiens, Linn. Folkestone
Eumerus strigatus, Fin. Darenth, Abbey
Wood, Lee
— ornatus, Mg. Darenth, Barming, Upper
Hailing
Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. Darenth,
St. Mary Cray, Tunbridge Wells,
Folkestone
Chrysotoxum cautum, Harr. Kent (Verrall),
Barming, Upper Hailing
— octomaculatum, Curtis. Merton, Maid-
stone
— elegans, Lw. Kent (Verrall)
— festivum, Linn. Deal, Upper Hailing
— bicinctum, Linn. Deal, Heme Bay
CoNOPIDiE
Conops quadrifasciatus, Deg. Birch Wood,
St. Mary Crayi)) (Curtis)
A HISTORY OF KENT
CoNOPlDi* {continued)
Conops flavipes, Linnc. Birch Wood
(Curtis)
Physocephala rufipes, Fab. Deal
Oncomyia atra, Fab. Dover (Curtis)
Sicus ferrugineus, Linn^. Darenth, Fawk-
ham
Myopa buccata, Linn. Barming, Bred-
hunt (Elgar)
MuSCIDyE
Meigenia bisignata, Mg. Maidstone
(Meade, E.M.M. 1892)
Ceromasia senilis, Mg. Gravesend, Old
Charlton
Gymnochaeta viridis, Fin. Folkestone
Exorista fimbriata, Mg. Kent (Meade,
E.M.M. 1 891)
Epicampocera ambulans, Mg. Darenih
Blepharidea vulgaris. Fin. „
Myxexorista macrops, Br. & Berg. Darenth
(Verrall, E.M.M. 1894)
Eutachina rustica, Mg. Old Charlton
Gonia fasciata, Mg. Maidstone, Bearsted,
Dover
— divisa, Mg. Darenth, Maidstone
— ornata, Mg. Darenth
Somoleja rebaptizata, Rnd. Gravesend,
Old Charlton
Macquartia tenebricosa, Ing. Darenth
— grisea, Fin. Darenth
Thelaira leucozona, Panz. Maidstone
Myobia sp. inc. Maidstone
Olivieria lateralis, Fab. Maidstone, Graves-
end
Micropalpus pudicus, Rnd. Bearsted
Echinomyia grossa, Linnd. Deal
— fera, Linn. Common (Elgar)
Servillia ursina, Mg. Maidstone, Barming
Digonichaeta setipennis. Fin. Maidstone
Thryptocera minutissima, Ztt. Old Charl-
ton
Siphona geniculata, Deg. Belvedere, Old
Charlton
Allophora pusilla, Mg. Gravesend
Trixa oestroidea, Desv. Belvedere
Melanophora atra, Mcq. Bearsted
— roralis, Linn. Maidstone
Rhinophora atramentaria, Mg. Belvedere
— simplicissima, Lw. Belvedere
Sarcophaga carnaria, Linn. Maidstone
— nigriventris, Mg. Folkestone, Belvedere
— ofFuscata, Schiner. Folkestone
Onesia sepulchralis, Linn. Maidstone
Nyctia halterata, Panz. Maidstone, Fawk-
ham
Melanomyia nana, Mg. Maidstone
Macronychia agrestis. Fin. Blackheath
Dexiosoma caninum. Fab. Maidstone
Stomoxys calcitrans, Linn. Maidstone,
Ramsgate, Folkestone
MusciD^ {continued)
Pollenia rudis, Fab. Maidstone
— vespillo. Fab. Maidstone, Old Charlton
Musca corvina. Fab. „ „
Graphomyia maculata. Scop. Old Charl-
ton
Myiospila meditabunda, Fab. Old Charl-
ton, Folkestone, Gravesend
Mesembrina meridiana, Linn. Maidstone
(Elgar)
Cyrtoneura curvipes, Mcq. Maidstone
— hortorum, Fin. Maidstone, Folkestone
— stabulans, Fin. Old Charlton
Protocalliphora grcenlandica, Ztt. Belve-
dere
Calliphora cognata, Mg. Maidstone
— micans, Mg. Belvedere
— erythrocephala, Mg. Folkestone, Maid-
stone
Pyrellia lasiophthalma, Mcq. Darenth
— eriophthalma, Mcq. Maidstone
Lucilia cornicina. Fab. Folkestone
— casar, Linn. Old Charlton
— ruficeps, Mg. Maidstone
Gastrophilus equi, Fab. Deal
[Recorded by Dr. Meade, but collated
with doubt : —
? Plesina nigrisquama. Maidstone {E.M.M.
1894)
? Aphria ? angustifrons. Folkestone{E.M.M.
1894)
? Exorista biserialis. Maidstone {E.M.M.
1891)
? Metopia argyrocephala. Kent {E. M.M.
1892)
? Anachastopsis ocyptenna. Kent {E.M.M.
1892)]
Anthomyid^
Mydea urbana,* Mg. Mailing
— allotala, Mg. Lee (Meade)
Spilogaster depuncta,* Fin. Mailing
Hydrotasa armipes. Fab. Darenth (Curtis)
Hydrophoria conica, W. Darenth
Hylemyia puella, Mg. „
Chortophila albescens, Ztt. Plumstead
— striolata, Fin. Darenth
Allognota agromyzella, Rnd. Tunhridge
Wells
Hoplogaster mollicula, Fin. Darenth
(Walker)
Lispe tentaculata, Deg. Old Charlton
CoRDYLURIDit
Cordylura umbrosa, Mg. Abbey Wood
Paralleloma albipes, Fin. Darenth
Cnemopogon apicalis, Mg. „
Norellia spinimana. Fin. „
Spathiophora hydromyzina. Fin. Graves-
end
Ceratinostoma ostiorum, Hal. Gravesend,
Folkestone
INSECTS
CoRDYLURID.?: {continued)
Scatophaga lutaria, Fab. Bearsted
— inquinata, Mg. Darenth
— stercoraria, Linn. Old Charlton
— merdaria, Fab. Gravesend
— dalmatica, Beck. „
— litorea, Fin. „
PHYCODROMIDiT
Oiygma luctuosum, Mg. Folkestoni
Helomyzid^
Helomyza olens, Lw. (pallida, Fin. ?).
Darenth
— pectoralis, Lw. St. Mary Cray
SCIOMYZID^
Dryomyza flaveola, Fab. Bearsted
— flaveola var. zawadskii, Schummel.
Plumitead
Sciomyza dorsata, Ztt. Gravesend
Tetanocera elata, Fab. Maidstone
— laevifrons, Lw. Blackheath
— ferruginea, Fin. Gravesend
— robusta, Lw. Plumstead, Belvedere
— reticulata, Fab. ( = coryleti, Scop.).
Plumstead
— punctulata, Scop. Bearsted, Folkestone
Limnia marginata. Fab. Gravesend, Heme
Bay
— unguicornis. Scop. Bearsted
— obliterata, Fab. Maidstone, Belvedere
Elgiva albiseta. Scop. Plumstead
— rufa, Panz. Kidhrook, Plumstead, Graves-
end
Sepedon spinipes. Scop. Blackheath
— sphegeus. Fab. Old Charlton, Darenth,
Maidstone
PsiLIDiE
Chyliza leptogaster, Panz. Bearsted
MlCROPEZID.5:
Micropeza corrigiolata, Linn. Bearsted
Ortalid^
Dorycera graminum. Fab. Gravesend
Ptilonota centralis, Fab. Darenth
Pteropsectria nigrina, Mg. Bearsted
— frondescentise, Linn. Fawley
Ceroxys picta, Mg. Gravesend
— omissa, Mg. „
Anacampta urtica;, Linn. Gravesend,
Belvedere
Platystoma seminationis. Fab. Folkestone,
Maidstone
Rivellia syngenesias. Fab. North Cray
(Curtis)
Seoptera vibrans, Linn. Bearsted, Belvedere
Ulidia erythropthalma, Mg. Bearsted
Chrysomyza demandata, Fab. Old Charl-
ton
Trypetid^
Acidia heraclei, Linn. Old Charlton, Black-
heath, Belvedere
Trypetid^ [continued)
Spilographa zoe, Mg. Lewisham, Maid-
stone
Trypeta cornuta, Fab. Sittinghourne (Cur-
tis)
— onotrophes, Lw. Lexuisham
Urophora stylata. Fab. Heme Bay
Carpotricha guttularis, Mg. Heme Bay,
Lewisham
Tephritis miliaria, Schrk. Catford
LONCH^ID^
Palloptera ustulata, Fin. Maidstone
— angelicas v. Ros. „
— (Toxoneura) muliebris, Harr. Black-
heath
Sapromyzidj*
Peplomyza wiedemanii, Lw. Blackheath
Sapromyza lupulina, Fab. Bearsted
— fasciata, Fin. Gravesend
— pallidiventris. Fin. Bearsted
— obsoleta, Fin. Blackheath
— difformis, Lw. Maidstone
■— rorida. Fin. „
— praeusta, Fin. „
— decipiens, Lw. Bearsted
— flaviventris, Costa. St. Mary Cray
Lauxania asnea, Fin. Barming (Elgar)
Opomyzid^
Opomyza germinationis, Linn. Bearsted
Pelethophila flava, Linn. Bearsted, Maid-
stone
Sepsid^
Henicita annulipes, Mg. Bexley (Curtis)
Sepsis pilipes, v. d. Wulp. Abbey Wood
Piophila nigriceps, Mg. Gravesend
EphydridjE
Discomyza incurva. Fin. St. MargaretU
Bay
Chloropid^e
Eurina lurida, Mg. Plumstead
Centor nudipes, Lw. Bearsted
Chloropisca glabra, Mg. „
Anthracophaga frontosa, Mg. Abbey Wood
Meromyza lata, Mg. Lewisham
Camarota flavitarsis, Mg. Bexley (Haliday,
aurifrons)
Agromyzid^
Ochthiphila juncorum. Fin. Bearsted
Phytomyzid^
Chromatomyia obscurella. Fin. Tunbridge
Wells
HiPPOBOSCIDiE
Hippobosca equina (?), Linn. Maidstone
(Elgar) ; very doubtful
Ornithomyia avicularia, Linn. Ramsgate ;
on long-eared owl
Stenopteryx hirundinis, Linn. Mailing,
Larkfield ; on house martin (Elgar)
313
A HISTORY OF KENT
HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA
Bugs
In this division of the Hemiptera the county is very well repre-
sented, 330 species having been recorded. Darenth Wood, Birch Wood
and Deal are all historical hunting grounds, and have produced a great
number of rarities. Three species only figure as peculiar to the county
so far as records will allow me to judge, viz. Eurygaster nigra. Fab., Jalla
dumosa, Lin., and Aradus aterrimus, D. & S. The first two have only
occurred at Deal, the last one only at Darenth. Another Deal rarity,
Emblethis verbasci. Fab., has only occurred elsewhere in the Scilly Islands,
where Mr. Champion took it in some numbers. It is also abundant in
Jersey.
GYMNOCERATA
PENTATOMIDit
Odontoscelis, Lap.
knapweed
Deal (Hall),
August '
Margate
Generally distributed
fuliginosa, Lin. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.)
Corimelsena, White
— scarabaoides, Lin. Deal (Saunders),
Margate (Billups), Chatham, Darenth
(Champion), Folkestone (Rye), Dod-
ington, etc. (Chitty)
Eurygaster, Lap.
— maura, Lin. Folkestone (Douglas and
Scott, etc.). Deal (Billups), St. Mar-
garet's Bay (Newbery), Chatham
(Champion), Dover, ' common by
sweeping
_ (Hall)
— nigra, Fab.
(Billups)
Podops, Lap.
— inuncta, Fab,
Sehirus, Am. S.
— bicolor, Lin. Generally distributed
— biguttatus, Lin. Chalky lanes Dover,
'not common ' (Hall), Deal (B'Mups),
Darenth, Chatham (Champion), Dod-
ington (Chitty)
— morio, Lin. Higham, Kent (Billups)
Gnathoconus, Fieb.
— albomarginatus, Fab. Dover, 'common
by sweeping in lanes' (Hall), Deal
(Billups, etc.), Hythe (Blatch), Hunt-
ingfield (Chitty), Lee (West)
— picipes, Fall. Bromley (Saunders)
Sciocoris, Fall.
— cursitans, Fab. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.)
iElia, Fab.
— acuminata, Lin. Darenth Wood
(Douglas and Scott), Huntingfield
(Chitty), Bickley (Jennings)
214
PENTATOMiD^ffi {continued)
Neottiglossa, Curt.
— inflexa, WolfF. Generally distributed
Eysarcoris, Hahn.
— melanocephalus. Fab. Darenth Wood
(Douglas and Scott), Chatham (Cham-
pion), Tonbridge (Blatch), Dodington
(Chitty), Tunbridge Wells (Billups),
Farleigh, Bredhurst, BIrling (Elgar),
Hawkhurst (Butler)
— aeneus. Scop. Faversham (J. J. Walker)
Pentatoma, Oliv.
— baccarum, Lin. Cliffs, Dover (Hall),
Bickley (Jennings), Dodington (Chitty)
— prasina, Lin. Bromley, bred from
larva beaten from ivy (West), Maid-
stone (Elgar), Heme Bay (Butler),
Huntingfield (Chitty)
Piezodorus, Fieb.
— lituratus, Fab. Dover (Hall), Plumstead,
Brockley, Abbey Wood (West), Mail-
ing (Elgar)
Tropicoris, Hahn.
— rufipes, Lin. Dover district ' gene-
rally distributed' (Hall), Shooters
Hill (West), Huntingfield (Chitty)
Strachia, Hahn.
— festiva, Lin. Lee (Douglas and Scott),
Kingswood, near Maidstone, Oaken
Wood, Barming (Elgar), Dodington
(Chitty)
— oleracea, Lin. CliSs, Dover (Hall),
Deal (Saunders), Huntingfield (Chitty)
Picromerus, Am. S.
— bidens, Lin. Folkestone on ragwort
(West), Boxley (El^ar), Deal (New-
bery)
Podisus, H.S.
— luridus. Fab. Darenth (Champion),
Abbey Wood (West)
Jalla, Hahn.
— dumosa, Lin. Larva, Deal (Saunders)
INSECTS
Pentatomid^ (continued)
Zicrona, Am. S.
— coerulea, Lin. Chatham, Canterbury,
Hlgham (Champion)
ACANTHOSOMID^
Acanthosoma, Curt.
— haemorrhoidale, Lin. Deal (Hall),
Abbey Wood, Lewisham (West),
Barming (Elgar), Dodington
(Chitty)
— dentatum, De G. Plumstead (Billups),
Shooters Hill, on oaks (West)
— interstinctum, Lin. Shooters Hill, on
birches (West), Her>ie Bay (Butler),
Dodington (Chitty)
CoREIDiE
Enoplops, Am. S.
— scapha. Fab. Folkestone (Douglas and
Scott), St. Margaret's Bay (Hall,
etc.). Sandwich (Billups), Dover
(Newbery)
Syromastes, Latr.
— marginatus, Lin. Dover (Hall), Deal,
Blean Woods (Chitty)
Verlusia, Spin.
— rhombea, Lin. Deal (Douglas), Darenth
(Champion)
Pseudophlasus, Burm.
— fallenii, Schill. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.)
Bathysolen, Fieb.
— nubilus. Fall. Deal (Scott)
Ceraleptus, Cost.
— lividus. Stein. Deal (Power, etc.),
Chattenden (Champion)
Coreus, Fab.
— denticulatus, Scop. Darenth, Folkestone,
Eltham (Douglas and Scott, etc.),
Plumstead (Champion), Tonbridge
(Blatch), Margate (Billups), Lee
(West), Deal (Newbery), Dodington
(Chitty)
Alydus, Fab.
— calcaratus, Lin. Plumstead Common,
Folkestone (Douglas and Scott)
Stenocephalus, Latr.
— agilis, Scop. Folkestone (Hall), Darenth
(Champion), Oaken Wood, Barming
(Elgar)
Corizus, Fall.
— crassicornis, Lin. Deal (Champion)
— maculatus, Fieb. Sandwich (Billups)
— capitatus. Fab. Sheppey, Chatham
(Champion), Heme Bay (Saunders,
etc.). Oaken Wood, Barming (Elgar),
Huntingfield (Chitty)
— parumpunctatus, Schill. Deal (Douglas
and Scott), Chatham (Champion),
Huntingfield (Chitty), Abbey Wood
(West)
CoREID^ {continued)
Myrmus, Hahn.
— myriformis, Fall. Dartford Brent
(Douglas and Scott), Folkestone, Dover,
Deal (Hall), Swalecliffc (Butler),
Kidhrook (West), Dodington (Chitty)
Chorosoma, Curt.
— schilling!, Schml. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.), Yarmouth (J. C. Dale),
Margate (Billups), Swalecliffe Marsh
(Butler)
Berytid.*;
Neides, Latr.
— tipularius, Lin. Deal, Folkestone (Doug-
las and Scott)
Berytus, Fab.
— clavipes. Fab. Darenth Wood, Folkes-
stone (Douglas and Scott), Whitstable
(Champion)
— minor, H.S. Deal, Charlton (Douglas
and Scott), Lee (West)
— signoreti, Fieb. West Wickham Wood,
Deal (Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall)
— montivagus, Fieb. Folkestone, Charlton
(Douglas and Scott), Sheppey, Chatham
(Champion), Dodington (Chitty)
— crassipes, H.S. Bexley (Douglas and
Scott)
Metacanthus, Cost.
— punctipes. Germ. Folkestone, Deal
(Douglas and Scott)
Lygaeus, Fab.
— equestris, Lin. 5/. Margaret's Bay
(Hall)
Nysius, Dall.
— lineatus. Cost. Plumstead (West)
— thymi, WolfF. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.), Swalecliffe, abundant
(Butler)
Cymus, Hahn.
— glandicolor, Hahn. Lee (Douglas and
Scott), Grove Park (West)
— claviculus. Fall. Deal, Dartford, Lewis-
ham (Douglas and Scott), Plumstead
marshes (West)
Ischnorhynchus, Fieb.
— resedas, Panz. Deal (Butler), Darenth
(Champion), Dodington (Chitty)
— geminatus, Fieb. Plumstead (West)
Ischnodemus, Fieb.
— sabuleti, Fall. Folkestone (Lewis)
Henestaris, Spin.
— laticeps. Curt. Deal (Billups)
— halophilus, Burm. Hampton, nar Heme
Bay (Saunders), Whitstable, Sheppey
(Champion), Szvalecliffe (Butler),
Dodington (Chitty)
Chilacis, Fieb.
— typhae, Perr. Deal
A HISTORY OF KENT
LvG^IDiC {continued)
Heterogaster, Schill.
— urticEC, Fab. Deal, Charlton (Douglas
and Scott), Abbey Wood (West)
Rhyparochromus, Curt.
— antennatus, Schill. Sheerness, JVhit-
itable, Chatham (Champion), Heme
Bay (Saunders)
— prastextatus, H.S. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.).
— dilatatus, H.S. Deal (Billups), Shooters
Hill, Blackheath (West), near Faver-
sham (Chitty)
— chiragra. Fab. Deal (Billups),
Heme Bay (Saunders), Dodington
(Chitty)
Ischnocoris, Fieb.
— angustulus, Boh. Dartford, Tunhridge
^JVelh (Douglas and Scott)
Macrodema, Fieb.
— micropterum. Curt. Plumstead, Tun-
bridge JVells (Douglas and Scott)
Pionosomus, Fieb.
— varius, WolfF. Sandwich (Curtis, etc.).
Deal (J. J. Walker)
Plinthisus, Fieb.
— brevipennis, Latr. Deal, Dartford
Heath (Douglas and Scott), Sheemess,
Sheppey, Chatham (Champion), Dod-
ington (Chitty), Folkestone (West),
Dover (Hall)
Lasiosomus, Fieb.
— enervis, H.S. Chatham (Champion),
Huntingheld (Chitty)
Acompus, Fieb.
— rufipes, WolfF. Snodland, Chatham
(Champion)
Stygnus, Fieb.
— rusticus, Fall. Lee, Beckenham (Douglas
and Scott), Swalaliffe (Butler)
— pcdestris. Fall. Dartford Brent {Dous}2S
and Scott), Deal, Dover (Hall), Tole-
hurst (Chitty), Lee (West)
— arenarius, Hahn. Deal, Dover (Hall),
Lee (West), Swaleclife (Butler),
Dodington (Chitty)
Peritrechus, Fieb.
— geniculatus, Hahn. Lee (West), Sivale-
cliffe (Butler), Bickley (Jennings)
— nubilus. Fall. Dartford (Douglas and
Scott), Whitstable, Deal, ^Southend
(Champion), Heme Bay (Saunders),
Swaleclife (Butler)
— luniger, Schill. Darenth, Bexley
(Douglas and Scott), Deal (Saun-
ders), Dover (Hall), Shooters Hill
(West), Hothfield Heath (Elgar)
Trapezonotus, Fieb.
— distinguendus, Flor. Whitstable (Cham-
pion), Dodington (Chitty)
h\GJS.lV)M {continued)
Trapezonotus agrestis, Panz. D^o/ (Douglas
and Scott), Darenth Wood (Douglas),
SwalecHffe{^\xt.\cx), Dodington iCWMly)
Aphanus, Lap.
— rolandri, Lin. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Dartford, Plumstead (Cham-
pion)
— lynccus. Fab. Dartford Heath (Scott),
Deal (Douglas, etc.).
— pedestris, Panz. Lee (Douglas and
Scott, etc.), Ashford (Marshall),
Gravesend
— pini, Lin. Chatham, Darenth (Cham-
pion), Dodington (Chitty)
Emblethis, Fieb.
— verbasci. Fab. Deal
Eremocoris, Fieb.
— fenestratus, H.S. Chatham (Champion)
Drymus, Fieb.
— pilicornis, M. & R. Sheppey (Cham-
pion)
— sylvaticus. Fab. Donjer (Hall), Lee
(West), Deal (Newbery), Swalecliffe
(Butler), Dodington (Chitty)
— brunneus. Sahib. Dodington (Chitty)
— piceus, Flor. Broadivater Forest, Tun-
hridge Wells (Saunders)
Notochilus, Fieb.
— contractus, H.S. Generally distributed
Scolopostethus, Fieb.
— affinis, Schill. Dover district, common
(Hall) ; Lee, Lewisham, Kidhrook,
West Wickham Wood (West), Hunt-
ingfield (Chitty)
— grandis, Horv. Tunhridge Wells (Saun-
ders)
— neglectus, Edw. Dover (Hall), Lee,
Lewisham, Kidhrook (West), St.
Margaret's Bay (Saunders)
— decoratus, Hahn. Dover (Hall), Plum-
stead (West), Tolehurst (Chitty)
Gastrodes, Westw.
— ferrugineus, Lin. Birch Wood (Mar-
shall)
TlNGIDID^
Piesma, Lap.
— quad rata, Fieb. Plumstead Marshes
(West), Dover, St. Radegunds (New-
bery), Swalecliffe (Butler)
— capitata, WolfF. Lee, Bickley (Douglas
and Scott), Dover (Hall), Deal (New-
bery), Dodington (Chitty)
Serenthia, Spin.
— Iseta, Fall. Deal, Tunhridge Wells
(Douglas and Scott), Heme Bay
(Saunders), Sheppey, Whitstable
(Champion)
Campylostira, Fieb.
— verna, Fall. Chatham (Champion)
i6
INSECTS
TiNGlDlD/E (continued)
Acalypta, West.
— brunnea, Germ. Darenth Wood
(Douglas and Scott)
— parvula, Fall. Dover district, 'abun-
dant' (Hall), Deal (Newbery),
Whitstable (Butler), Bickley (Jen-
nings), Dodington (Chitty)
Dictyonota, Curt.
— crassicornis, Fall. Eltham, Plumstead
(Douglas and Scott), Deal (Hall),
Dover (Newbery), Dodington (Chitty),
Swalecliffe (Butler)
— strichnocera, Fieb. Dartford Brent
(Douglas and Scott), Blackheath (West)
— fuliginosa, Costa. Plunutead (West),
Maidstone (Elgar)
Derephysia, Spin.
— foliacea. Fall. Blackheath (West),
Dover (Newbery), Heme Bay (But-
ler), Dodington (Chitty), Bickley
(Jennings)
Monanthia, Lep.
— ampliata, Fieb. Lee, Chidehurst (Doug-
las and Scott), Chatham (Champion),
Kidbrook (West)
— cardui, Lin. Dover, Deal (Hall), Kid-
brook (West), Swaleclife (Butler)
— ciliata, Fieb. Dodington (Chitty)
— costata, Fab. Tunbridge TVelh (Cham-
pion), Folkestone (Rye), Margate,
Deal (Billups), Chatham (West)
— dumetorum, H.S. Lee (Douglas and
Scott), Swalecliffe (Butler), Darenth
(Champion)
— simplex, H.S. Bexley (Scott), Folkestone,
Darenth, Chatham (Champion)
- — humuli. Fab. Lee (Douglas and Scott)
ARADIDiE
Aradus, Fab.
— depressus, Fab. Bromley (Saunders),
Darenth Wood (Marshall), Tonbridge
(Blatch), Dodington (Chitty), Chat-
ham, Sevenoaks (Champion)
— corticalis, Lin. West Wickham (Doug-
las and Scott)
— aterrimus, D. & S. Darenth Wood
(Douglas and Scott)
Aneurus, Curt.
— Isvis, Fab. Bromley (Saunders), Darenth
Wood (Marshall), Chatham (Cham-
pion)
Hebrid^
Hebrus, Curt.
— pusillus, Fall. Plumstead Marshes
(Douglas and Scott)
HYDROMETRIDiE
Hydrometra, Latr.
— stagnorum, Lin. Dover (Hall), Cat-
ford (West), Tolehurst (Chitty)
Hydrometrid^ [continued)
Microvelia, West.
— pygmaea, Duf. Plumstead Marshes
(Douglas and Scott), Grove Park,
Lee (West)
Vclia, Latr.
• — currens, Fab. Dover (Hall), Lee,
Catford (West), Allington (Elgar)
Gerris, Fab.
— paludum, Fab. Eltham
— najas, De G. Catford (West)
— thoracica, Schum. Dover (Hall), Plum-
stead Marshes (West), Sandwich (New-
bery)
— gibbifera, Schum. Lee, Catford
(West)
— lacustris, Lin. Lee, Catford (West),
Swaleclife (Butler)
— odontogaster, Zett. Lee (West), Folke-
stone Warren (Newbery)
— argentata, Schum. Catford (West)
Reduviid^
Ploiaria, Scop.
— vagabunda, Lin. Lee (Douglas and
Scott), Blackheath (West), Swaleclife
(Butler)
Reduvius, Fab.
— personatus, Lin. Deal, Dover (Hall),
Maidstone, Boxley (Elgar)
Coranus, Curt.
— subapterus, De G. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.)
Prostemma, Lap.
— guttula, Fab. Sandwich, 1837 (Ken-
nedy), Charlton (Janson)
Nabis, Latr.
— brevipennis, Hahn. Darenth (Mar-
shall), Bromley (Saunders), Dover
(Hall), Lee (West)
— lativentris. Boh. Dover (Hall), Lee
(West), Kingsdown (Newbery)
— major. Cost. Dover (Hall), Lee, Lewis-
ham, Kidbrook (West), Deal (New-
bery), Swalecliffe (Butler)
— flavomarginatus, Scholtz. Deal, Heme
Bay (Saunders), Swalecliffe Marsh,
Whitstable (Butler), Kidbrook (West)
— limbatus, Dahlb. Dover (Hall), Kid-
brook (West), Deal (Newbery), Swale-
cliffe (Butler)
— lineatus, Dahlb. Heme Bay (Saun-
ders, etc.)
— ferus, Lin. Dover (Hall), Kidbrook
(West), Deal (Newbery), Swalecliffe
(Butler)
— rugosus, Lin. Dover (Hall), Lee,
"Lewisham, Plumstead (West), Maid-
stone (Elgar)
— ericetorum, Scholtz. Dover (Hall),
Plumstead (West)
217 28
A HISTORY OF KENT
Salda, Fab.
— pilosa, Fall. Sandwich (Curtis), Pegwell
Bay (Saunders), Margate (Billups),
Sheppey (Champion)
— saltatoria, Lin. Lee (West), Deal
(Newbery)
— pallipes, Fab. Deal (Douglas and
Scott)
— pilosella, Thorns. Gravesend, Mar-
gate (Billups), Deal (Newbery),
JVhitstable (Butler)
— orthochila, Fieb. Tunbridge JVelh
(Saunders)
— littoralis, Lin. Deal^ Sheerness (Doug-
las and Scott), JVhitstable (Butler)
— lateralis. Fall. Deal (Douglas and
Scott), Sheppey, Whitstable (Cham-
pion, etc.), Margate (Billups), Peg-
well Bay (Saunders)
— cincta, H.S. Lee, Eltham (Douglas
and Scott, etc.)
ClMICID^
Ceratocombus, Sign.
— coleoptratus, Zett. Bexley (Champion)
Cimex, Lin.
— lectularius, Lin. Dover, ' perhaps rarer
than in some towns ' (Hall) ; Green-
wich (West) ; possibly occurs else-
where but not recorded (E.S.)
Lyctocoris
— campestris, Fall. Dover (Hall), Kid-
brook (West), Swalecliffe (Butler)
Piezostethus, Fieb.
— galactinus, Fieb. Lewisham (West),
Swalecliffe (Butler)
Temnostethus, Fieb.
— pusillus, H.S. Darenth Wood, Tun-
bridge JVelh (Douglas and Scott),
Stvalecliffe (Butler)
Anthocoris, Fall.
— confusus, Reut. Darenth (Champion),
Blackheath, Lee, Lewisham (West)
— nemoralis. Fab. Dover district, abun-
dant (Hall), Blackheath, Lee, Lewis-
ham (West)
— sarothamni, D. & S. Lee (Billups)
— sylvestris, Lin. Dover district, abun-
dant (Hall), Swalecliffe (Butler)
— gallarum ulmi, De G. Kidbrook (West),
St. Radegunds (Newbery)
Tetraphleps, Fieb.
— vittata, Fieb. Darenth IVood (Billups),
Bostol JVood, Plumstead (West)
Acompocoris, Reut.
— pygmaeus, Fall. Bostol JVood, Plum-
stead (West)
Triphleps, Fieb.
— nigra, WolflF. Tunbridge JVells, Heme
Bay (Saunders), Plumstead (West)
ClMIClD^ {continued)
Triphleps majuscula, Reut. Heme Bay
(Saunders), Deal (Billups), Lewisham
(West), Swalecliffe (Butler)
— minuta, Lin. Lee, Plumstead Common
(Douglas and Scott), Deal (Hall)
Cardiastethus, Fieb.
— fasciiventris, Garb. Sheppey (Champion)
Xylocoris, Duf.
— ater, Duf. Sittingbourne (Champion)
Microphysa, Westw.
— pselaphiformis. Curt. Lee, Darenth
(Douglas and Scott), Bromley, Tun-
bridge JVells (Saunders)
— elegantula, Baer. Tunbridge JVells
(Saunders)
Myrmedobia, Baer.
— distinguenda, Reut. Swalecliffe (Butler)
Capsidj^
Pithanus, Fieb.
— masrkeli, H.S. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott), Dover (Hall), Lee (West),
Deal (Newbery), Dodington, etc.
(Chitty), Swalecliffe (Butler)
Acetropis, Fieb.
— gimmerthalii, Flor. Birch JVood
(Power), Deal (Dale), Kidbrook
(West)
Miris, Fab.
— calcaratus. Fall. Lewisham, Darenth
(Douglas and Scott), Folkestone,
Deal (West)
— lasvigatus, Lin. Generally distributed
Megalocera;a, Fieb.
— erratica, Lin. Dover, etc. (Hall), Kid-
brook, Lee, Lewisham (West), Little-
stone (Elgar), Dodington (Chitty),
â– Deal, Swalecliffe (Butler)
— longicornis. Fall. Lee, Bexley, Dart-
ford (Douglas and Scott), Dover
(Hall), Folkestone (West)
— ruficornis, Fourc. Dartford, Charlton
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Kidbrook, Lee (West), Dodington,
etc. (Chitty), Swalecliffe (Butler)
Teratocoris, Fieb.
— antennatus, Boh. Hampton near Heme
Bay (Butler), Sheppey (Champion)
— saundersi, D. & S. JVhitstable (But-
ler), Deal (Saunders)
Leptopterna, Fieb.
— ferrugata. Fall. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott), Dover (Hall), Folkestone, Kid-
brook (West)
— dolobrata, Lin. Lee, Eltham (Douglas
and Scott), Kidbrook, Shooters Hill
(West), Huntingdeld (Chitty)
Monalocoris, Dahlb.
— filicis, Lin. Plumstead (West), Brom-
ley (Saunders), Tolehurst (Chitty)
I8
INSECTS
Capsid^ {continued)
Bryocons, Fall.
— pteridis, Fall. Tunbridge IVelh (Doug-
las and Scott)
Pantilius, Curt.
— tunicatus, Fab. Darenth Wood (Doug-
las and Scott), Bromley (Saunders),
Dover (Hall), Abbey Wood (West),
Huntinglield (Chitty)
Lopus, Hahn.
— gothicus, Lin. Birch Wood (Marshall)
— flavomarginatus, Don. Halfway Street
(Douglas and Scott), Abbey Wood
(West), Blean Woods (Chitty)
Miridius, Fieb.
— quadrivirigatus, Costa. Deal (Douglas
and Scott, etc.), Sheppey (Champion),
Dover (Hall), Swalecliffe (Butler)
Phytocoris, Fall.
— populi, Lin. Blackheath (Douglas and
Scott), Dffuer (Hall)
— tilise, Fab. Dover (Hall), Blackheath,
Lee, Leiuisham (West)
— longipennis, Flor. Blackheath (Doug-
las and Scott), Abbey Wood (West)
— dimidiatus, Kb. Darenth Wood (Doug-
las and Scott), Hither Green,Lee (West)
— reuteri, Saund. Dartford Brent (Doug-
las and Scott), Blackheath, Kidhrook
(West)
— varipes. Boh. Dover (Hall), Folkestone
(West), Boxley (Elgar), Heme Bay
(Saunders)
— ulmi, Lin. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Dover (Hall), Lee, Leiuisham
(West), Heme Bay (Saunders)
Calocoris, Fieb.
— striatellus, Fab. Lewisham, Bexley,
Darenth Wood (Douglas and Scott),
Shooters Hill (West), Chattenden
(Chitty), Tunbridge Wells (Saunders)
— fulvomaculatus, De G. Darenth
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Abbey Wood (West)
— bipunctatus. Fab. Dover district (Hall),
Lee, Lewisham (West), Barrning
(Elgar), Heme Bay (Saunders),
Swalecliffe (Butler)
— chenopodii. Fall. Dover district (Hall),
Lee (West), Heme Bay (Saunders),
Swalecliffe (Butler), Huntingfield
(Chitty)
— roseomaculatus, De G. Darenth, Folke-
stone (Douglas and Scott), Kingdown
(Hall), Huntingfield (Chitty)
— marginellus. Fab. Charing, Kent, ^ rare'
(Marshall)
— infusus, H.S. Lewisham (Douglas and
Scott), Lee, Greeniuich Park (West),
Bromley (Saunders)
^APsiD^ [continued)
Calocoris striatus, Lin. Darenth Wood, Tun-
bridge Wells (Douglas and Scott),
Plumstead (West), Chattenden Roughs
(Chitty)
Oncognathus, Fieb.
— binotatus. Fab. Bexley, Darenth (Doug-
las and Scott), Dover (Hall), Hunt-
ingfield (Chitty)
Dichrooscytus, Fieb.
— rufipennis. Fall. Dartford Heath
(Douglas and Scott)
Plesiocoris, Fieb.
— rugicollis. Fall. Deal (Saunders),
Plumstead (West)
Lygus, Hahn.
— pratensis. Fab. Generally distributed
— rubricatus. Fall. Brotnley (Saunders),
Darenth (Champion), Dover (Hall)
— contaminatus. Fall. Darenth, Dart-
ford (Douglas and Scott), Dover
(Hall), Lewisham, West Wickham
Wood (West), Sevenoaks (Butler)
— viridis. Fall. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Dover (Hall), Blackheath
(West)
— lucorum, Mey. Dover (Hall)
— spinolas, Mey. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott), Bromley (Saunders), Sevenoaks
(Butler), Dover (Hall)
— pabulinus, Lin. Tunbridge Wells
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Lee, Lewisham (West), Dodington,
Tolehurst (Chitty)
— viscicola. Put. Dodington (Chitty)
— pastinacae. Fall. Strood (Douglas and
Scott), Abbey Wood (West), Swale-
cliffe (Butler)
— cervinus, H.S. Blackheath (West),
Swalecliffe (Butler)
— kalmii, Lin. Dmjer (Hall), Deal (New-
bery)
Zygimus, Fieb.
— pinastri. Fall. Bromley (Saunders),
Bostol Wood, Plumstead (West)
Pceciloscytus, Fieb.
— gyllenhalii, Fall. Dover (Hall), Kings-
down (Newbery)
— nigritus, Fall. Deal (Billups), Dover
(Hall), Darenth (Chitty)
— unifasciatus. Fab. Lee, Folkestone
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall)
Camptobrochis, Fieb.
— lutescens, Schill. Bromley (Saunders),
Dover (Hall), Blackheath, Plumstead,
Lee, West Wickham Wood (West)
Liocoris, Fieb.
— tripustulatus, Fab. Dover (Hall), Kid-
brook, Lee, Lewisham (West), Dod-
ington, etc. (Chitty)
219
Capsid^ [continued)
Capsus, Fab.
— laniarius, Lin. Dover (Hall), Lee,
Lewhhiun (West), Maidstone (Elgar)
— scutellaris, Fab. Dartford Heath
(Douglas and Scott)
Bothynotus, Fieb.
— pilosus. Boh. Between Heme Bay
and Canterbury one _?_ (Butler)
Rhopalotomus, Fieb.
— ater, Lin. Dover (Hall), Lee, Lewis-
ham, Kidhrook (West), Harrietsham,
Barming (Elgar), Dodington (Chitty)
Pilophorus, Hahn.
— cinnamopterus, Kb. Firs between
Heme Bay and Canterbury (Butler),
Plumstead (Douglas and Scott)
— perplexus, Scott. Lewisham (Douglas
and Scott), Bromley (Saunders), Deal
(Hall), Blackheath (West), Swalecliffe
(Butler)
— clavatus, Lin. Lee (Douglas and Scott)
Systellonotus, Fieb.
— triguttatus, Lin. Dover (Hall)
AUodapus, Fieb.
— rufescens, Burm. Plumstead (Douglas
and Scott), Swalecliffe Marsh (Butler)
Halticus, Burm.
— luteicollis, Panz. Sirood (Douglas and
Scott), Bromley (Saunders)
— apterus, Lin. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Heme Bay (Saunders)
Orthocephalus, Fieb.
— saltator, Hahn. Eltham, Folkestone
(Douglas and Scott), Brockley (West),
Deal (Newbery), Dodington, etc.
(Chitty)
Macrolophus, Fieb.
— nubilus, H.S. Lewisham (Douglas and
Scott), Tunbridge Wells (Saunders),
West Wickham Wood (West)
Dicyphus, Fieb.
— epilobii, Reut. Folkestone, Lewisham
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Kidbrook (West), Sandwich (New-
bery)
— errans, Wolff. Lewisham, Eltham,
Darenth (Douglas and Scott), Abbey
Wood (West)
— stachydis, Reut. Dover (Hall), Dod-
ington (Chitty)
— pallid icornis, Fieb. Plumstead, Darenth,
Tunbridge Wells (Douglas and Scott),
Abbey Wood (West)
— globulifer, Fall. Lewisham, Eltham,
Bexley (Douglas and Scott), Abbey
Wood (West), Dodington (Chitty)
-^ annulatus, Wolff. Deal, Folkestone
(Douglas and Scott), Heme Bay
(Saunders)
A HISTORY OF KENT
Capsid^ [continued)
Campyloneura, Fieb.
— virgula, H.S. JFickham, Bromley, Bex-
ley (Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Blackheath, Lee (West), Dodington
(Chitty)
Cyllocoris, Hahn.
— histrionicus, Lin. Darenth Wood
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Abbey Wood (West)
— flavonotatus. Boh. Lewisham (Douglas
and Scott), Darenth (Champion),
Shooters Hill Wood (West), Dodington
(Chitty)
/Etorhinus, Fieb.
— angulatus. Fab. Lewisham (Douglas
and Scott), Dover (Hall), Blackheath,
Lee (West), Dodington (Chitty)
Globiceps, Latr.
— fiavomaculatus, Fab. Eltham (Douglas
and Scott), Dover (Hall), Dodington
(Chitty)
— cruciatus, Reut. Dartford Brent
(Douglas and Scott), Deal (Saunders)
Mecomma, Fieb.
— ambulans, Fall. Plumstead (Douglas
and Scott), Abbey Wood, Grove Park,
Lee (West)
Cyrtorrhinus, Fieb.
— caricis. Fall. Tunbridge Wells (Butler)
— pygmasus, Zett. Deal (Butler), Sand-
wich (Billups)
— flaveolus, Reut. Whitstable (Butler)
Orthotylus, Fieb.
— bilineatus. Fall. Plumstead, Shooters
Hill (West)
— flavinervis, Kb. Lewisham (Douglas
and Scott), Bromley (Saunders), Forest
Hill (Champion), Catford (West)
— marginalis, Reut. Lewisham (Douglas
and Scott), Lee (West), Tolehurst
(Chitty)
— nassatus. Fab. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott), Bromley (Saunders), Blackheath
(West)
— viridinervis, Kb. Blackheath (West)
— prasinus, Fall. Kidbrook (West)
— scotti, Reut. Bromley (Saunders)
— ochrotrichus, D. & S. Folkestone
(Douglas and Scott)
— diaphanus, Kb. Lee, Eltham (Douglas
and Scott), Bromley (Saunders), Lewis-
ham (West)
- — flavosparsus. Sahib. Lee (Douglas and
Scott), Pegwell Bay, Whitstable,
Swalecliffe (Butler), Kidbrook, Lewis-
ham (West)
— chloropterus, Kb. Plumstead (West)
— concolor, Kb. Tunbridge Wells (Doug-
las and Scott)
INSECTS
Capsid.^ {continued)
Orthotylus adenocarpi, Perr. Plumstead
(BiUups)
— rubidus, Fieb. & Put. Pegwell Bay,
WhiUtable, Sivaledife (Butler), Heme
Bay (Saunders)
— ericetorum, Fall. Plumstead, West
Wickham Wood (West), Tolehurst
(Chitty)
Hypsitylus, Fieb.
— bicolor, D. & S. Blackheath, Charlton
(Douglas and Scott)
Loxops, Fieb.
— coccinea, Mey. Abbey Wood (West),
Sevenoaks (Butler)
Heterotoma, Latr.
— merioptera, Scop. Eltham, Bexley, Dar-
enth (Douglas and Scott), Dover
(Hall), Kidbrook (West), Huntingfield
(Chitty)
Heterocordylus, Fieb.
— tibialis, Hahn. Dartford Heath, Birch
Wood (Douglas and Scott), Plumstead
(West)
Malacocoris, Fieb.
— chlorizans, Fall. Bexley (Douglas and
Scott), Lee, Lewisham (West)
Onychumenus, Reut.
— decolor. Fall. Eltham, Dartford Brent
(Douglas and Scott), Tunhridge Wells,
Deal (Butler), Dover (Hall), Hunting-
field (Chitty)
Oncotylus, Fieb.
— viridiflavus, Goeze. Hurst Wood, Tun-
bridge Wells (Douglas and Scott),
Sevenoaks (Butler)
Macrotylus, Fieb.
— paykulli. Fall. Folkestone (Douglas and
Scott), Dover (Hall)
Conostethus, Fieb.
— salinus, J. Sahib. Gravesend
(Power)
— roseus, Fall. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott)
Hoplomachus, Fieb.
— thunbergi, Fall. Birch Wood (Power),
Darenth Wood (Billups), Boxley Hills
(Marshall)
Macrocoleus, Fieb.
— hortulanus, Mey. Darenth Wood
— molliculus. Fall. Folkestone, Lee (Doug-
las and Scott), Dover (Hall), Sivale-
dife (Butler)
Amblytylus, Fieb.
— affinis, Fieb. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott), Tunhridge Wells (Saunders),
Lee (Billups), Dover (Newbery),
Dodington (Chitty)
— brevicollis, Fieb. 'Shooters Hilt (West)
Harpocera, Curt.
Capsid.^ [continued)
Harpocera thoracica. Fall. Lewisham,
Eltham, Bexley (Douglas and Scott),
Grove Park, Lee (West), Bromley
(Saunders), Dodington (Chitty)
Byrsoptera, Spin.
— rufifrons, Fall. Blackheath, Tunhridge
Wells (Douglas and Scott), Abbey
Wood (West), Deal (Newbery),
Dodington (Chitty)
Phylus, Hahn.
— palliceps, Fieb. Darenth Wood {Doug-
hs and Scott), Shooters Hill (West),
Bromley {Sounders), Dodington (Chitty)
— melanocephalus, Lin. Darenth Wood
(Douglas and Scott), Dover (Hall),
Shooters Hill (West), Bromley, Tun-
bridge Wells (Saunders)
— coryli, Lin. Darenth Wood (Douglas
and Scott), Dover (Hall), Shooters Hill
(West), Tunbridge Wells (Saunders)
Atractotomus, Fieb.
— mali, Mey. Catford (West)
— magnicornis. Fall. West Wickham,
Bromley (Saunders), Bostol Wood,
Plumstead (West)
Psallus, Fieb.
— ambiguus. Fall. Eltham (Douglas and
Scott), Tunbridge Wells (Saunders),
Kidbrook (West)
— betuleti. Fall. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Shooters Hill, West Wickham
Wood (West)
— obscurellus. Fall. Dartford Heath
(Douglas and Scott), Bostol Wood,
West Wickham Wood (West), Brom-
ley (Saunders)
— variabilis. Fall. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Shooters Hill, West Wickham
Wood (West), Tunbridge Wells (Saun-
ders)
— querctis, Kb. Darenth (Douglas and
Scott), Bromley (Saunders), Shooters
Hill, West Wickham Wood (West)
— lepidus, Fieb. Dartford (Douglas and
Scott), Abbey Wood (West), Bromley
(Saunders)
— alnicola, D. & S. Catford (West)
— fallenii, Reut. Lnuisham (West)
— varians, H.S. Dover (Hall), Shooters
Hill (West), Bromley, Tunbridge Wells
(Saunders)
— albicinctus, Kb. West WickhamQ)
(Chaney)
— sanguineus. Fab. Deal, Lewisham
(Douglas and Scott), Lewisham, Folke-
stone (West)
— salicellus, Mey. Wickham, Darenth,
Tunbridge Wells (Douglas and Scott),
Lee (West), Tolehurst (Chitty)
A HISTORY OF KENT
Capsid^ {continued)
Psallus rotermundi, Schltz. Blackheath
(Douglas and Scott), Heme Bay
(Saunders)
Plagiognathus, Fieb.
— albipennis, Fall. Sheppey (Champion),
Swaleclife (Butler), Deal (Billups),
Eltham, Lee (Bignell)
— viridulus, Fall. Generally distributed
— arbustorum. Fab. „ „
— roseri, H.S. Bromley (Saunders), Lewi$-
ham (West)
— bohemanni, Fall. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.)
— nigritulus. Fall. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.)
— pulicarius. Fall. Deal (Douglas and
Scott, etc.), Brockley (West)
— saltitans. Fall. Deal (Newbery)
Asciodema, Reut.
— obsoletum, D. & S. Blackheath (Douglas
and Scott)
CRYPTOCERATA
Naucorid^
Naucoris, GeofFr.
— cimicoides, Lin. Dover (Hall), Plum-
stead Marshy Ponds, Lee, Lewlsham
(West), Sheppey, Iwade, Deal
(Chitty)
Nepid^
Nepa, Lin.
— cinerea, Lin. Iwade (Chitty)
Ranatra, Fab.
— linearis, Lin. Lee
NoTONECTIDiS
Notonecta, Lin.
NoTONECTlD^ [continued)
Notonecta glauca, Lin. Dover (Hall),
Plumstead Marsh, Lee, Catford
(West), Swaleclife (Butler)
Plea, Leach.
— minutissima. Fab. Dover (Hall), Folke-
stone Warren (Newbery), Swalecliffe
(Butler), Deal (Chitty)
CORIXID^
Corixa, Geoffr.
— geoffroyi, Leach. £)^^/(Hall),Z«(West)
— atomaria. 111. Gravesend (Douglas and
Scott), Deal (Hall), Catford (West),
Swalecliffe (Butler)
— lugubris, Fieb. Gravesend (Douglas
and Scott), Plumstead (West), Swale-
cliffe (Butler)
— hieroglyphica, Duf. Deal (Hall), Lee,
Catford (West)
— sahlbergi, Fieb. Deal (Hall), Lee, Cat-
ford (West)
— linnasi, Fieb. Deal (Hall)
— limitata, Fieb. Lee (West)
— semistriata, Fieb. Lee (Douglas and
Scott)
— striata, Lin. Deal (Hall), Lee, Catford
(West)
— fallenii, Fieb. Deal{llz\\), Lee (West)
— distincta, Fieb. Lewlsham (Douglas
and Scott), Lee (West)
— mcesta, Fieb. Deal (Hall)
— fabricii, Fieb. Deal (Hall), Lee (West)
— prasusta, Fieb. Lee (West)
— concinna, Fieb. Lewisham (Douglas
and Scott), Gravesend (Champion)
— coleoptrata. Fab. Whitstahle (Cham-
pion), Folkestone (Hall), Lee (West)
HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA
Cicadas, Fiend-Jiies, Lantern-Jiies
Aphides,
CICADINA
Centrotus cornutus, Linn. Abbey Wood
Tettigometra impressopunctata. Sign.
Folkestone (Douglas)
Issus coleoptratus, GeofFr. Blackheath ;
beating ivy
Oliarus panzeri. Low. Kidbrook, near Black-
heath, on elm ; Lee, Kent, on sallows ;
Deal, Heme Bay, Bromley (Saunders)
Cixius pilosus, Ol. Lee, on oaks ; all three
varieties equally common
— cunicularis, Linn. Crown Wood, Shooters
Hill
var. dionysii. West Wickham ; beat-
ing hazel
, Frog-hoppers, Grass-flies,
etc.
Cixius nervosus, Linn. Wickham Wood, on
birch ; Lee, on oak ; Kidbrook Lane,
on elm
— stigmaticus. Germ. Deal (Douglas)
— brachycranus, Fieb. Catford, on Popu-
lus alba ; Hurst JVood, Tunbridge
Wells (Douglas) ; Heme Bay (Saunders)
— scotti, Edw. Deal; sweeping; Tun-
bridge JVells (Saunders)
— remotus, Edw. Deal (Douglas)
Abiraca clavicornis. Fab. Dartford (Rye,
Douglas and Scott)
Delphax pulchella. Curt. Sandwich (Mar-
shall), Lee (Scott)
Liburnia vittipennis, J. Sahl.
INSECTS
Liburnia scotti, Fieb. Sallow Pit, Lee and
Abbey Wood Marshes (Scott)
— unicolor, H.S. Plumstead Marshes ;
common on reeds ; Heme Bay
(Saunders), Seasalter (Butler)
— signoreti, Scott. Abbey Wood (Scott)
— capnodes, Scott. Lee (Scott)
— scutellata, Scott. Darenth (Marshall)
— pellucida, Fab. Lnuisham, Plumstead,
Blackheath, Brockley ; very common
amongst grasses
— difficilis, Edw. Lee, Plumstead, Cat-
ford ; common sweeping grasses
— discolor, Boh. Abbey Wood ; sweeping
— forcipata, Boh. Grove Park, Lee ;
sweeping
— discreta, Edw. Heme Bay (Saunders)
— aubei, Ferris. „ „
— fairmairei, Ferris. Grove Park, Lee ;
sweeping
— limbata. Fab. Kidhrook, Lee ; on rushes
— douglasi, Scott. Folkestone (Douglas)
— lineata, Ferris. Grove Park, Lee ; on
grasses
Dicranotropis hamata. Boh. Plumstead
Marsh, Lee, Brockley ; sweeping
Stiroma pteridis, Boh. Wickham Wood ;
common on ferns, Macropterous form
rare
— affinis, Fieb. Abbe^ Wood ; sweeping
Triecphora vulnerata, Illig. Lee, on sallows ;
Darenth Wood (Curtis), Heme Bay
(Butler)
Aphrophora alni, Fall. Lewisham, on alders
and poplars
— salicis, De G. Lee, on willows
Fhilaenus spumarius, Linn. This well
known species can be taken in abund-
ance everywhere by sweeping, beat-
ing or searching almost any tree or
plant
— campestris, Fall. Very common on
waste grounds. Lee, Kidbrook
— exclamationis, Thunb. Dover (Dale)
— lineatus, Linn. Abundant. Black-
heath, Lewisham, Brockley, and many
other places by sweeping
Ledra aurita, Linn. This fine species I
have taken ( (? ? ) by beating oaks.
Wickham Wood
Ulopa reticulata, Fab. Plumstead, on heath ;
Darenth Wood (Marshall)
Megophthalmus scanicus, Fall. Abbey
Wood, Brockley ; by sweeping ; Heme
Bay (Saunders)
Macropsis lanio, Linn. Very common
beating oaks. Shooters Hill IVood
Bythoscopus alni, Schr. Catford, on alders ;
very common on hazel at Grove
Park, Lee
Bythoscopus rufusculus, Fieb. Lewisham,
on willows
— flavicoUis, Linn. Shooters Hill, Wick-
ham Wood, on birch ; all the varieties
equally represented
Fediopsis tiliz. Germ. This rare species I
beat out of the common lime trees
in Wickham Wood. Although re-
ported on limes on the continent, I
think there has been a doubt as to
its food plant in this county. Mr. J.
Edwards has also taken it on limes
at Cheltenham
— scutellatus. Boh. Abbey Wood, Lee,
Kidbrook ; on sallows
— tibialis, Scott. Lee, Lewisham ; beat-
ing brambles ; Dartford Heath (Scott)
— fuscinervis. Boh. Shooters Hill ; on
aspens
— distinctus, Scott. Darenth (Douglas)
— ulmi, Scott. Kidbrook ; on elm ; very
common on fences, Blackheaih, during
stormy weather
— cereus. Germ. Grove Park, Lee ; beat-
ing sallows
— virescens, Fab. Lewisham 5 on wil-
lows
Idiocerus adustus, H.S. Plumstead, Black-
heath, Catford ; on willows
— distinguendus, Kbm. Lee, Blackheath,
Brockley ; common on Fopulus alba ;
Lewisham (Douglas)
— tremulas, Estl. Shooters Hill ; on
aspens
— laminatus, Flor. Plumstead, on Lom-
bardy poplars ; Shooters Hill, on
aspen
— lituratus. Fall. Deal (Butler)
— tibialis, Fieb. Darenth (Douglas)
— vitreus. Fab. Blackheath, Brockley ; on
Lombardy poplars
— fulgidus, Fab. Blackheath, Lewisham ;
on poplars
— populi, Linn. Lewisham, Shooters Hill ;
common on aspen
— confusus, Flor. Lewisham ; on sallows
— albicans, Kbm. Blackheath, Brockley,
Lee ; very common on Fopulus alba
Agallia puncticeps, Germ. Plumstead
(Beaumont)
— venosa, Fall. Deal (Marshall)
Evacanthus interruptus, Linn. Bromley ; on
nettles
— acuminatus, Fab. Abbey Wood, Wick-
ham Wood ; on various bushes
Tettigonia viridis, Liv. Lewisham ; on
nettles
Acocephalus nervosus, Schrk. Lewisham,
Lee, Kidbrook, and many other places ;
very common amongst thistles
223
A HISTORY OF KENT
Acocephalus albifrons, Linn. Blackheath ;
very common under furze bushes ;
IVhltstable (Butler)
— brunneo-bifasciatus, GeofF. Kidbrooi,
Blackheath ; with albifrons under
furze bushes ; Catford ; abundant at
roots of grass ; Heme Bay (Saunders)
— histrionicus, Fab. Deal (Marshall)
— flavostriatus, Don. Catford ; at roots
of grass ; Heme Bay (Saunders)
Eupelix cuspidata, Fab. Shooters Hill ;
sweeping ; Deal (Marshall)
Graphocroerusventralis, Fall. Grove Park,
Lee ; sweeping in meadows ; Abbey
Wood (Douglas and Scott)
Doratura stylata, Boh. Greenwich ; at
roots of grass ; Kidbrook, Lee ; sweep-
ing
Paramesus nervosus, Fall. Sandwich (Mar-
shall), Heme Bay (Butler)
Stictocoris preyssleri, H.S. Plumstead ;
sweeping ; Heme Bay (Butler)
• — flaveolus, Boh. Kidbrooi ; in damp
places very common. This species
is a recent addition to the British
fauna (See E. M. M., January,
1902)
Athysanus sordidus, Zett. Catford ; at
roots of grass abundant ; Blackheath ;
under furze bushes
— grisescens, Zett. Shooters Hill; in
damp places
— communis, J. Sahl. Lee, Lewisham,
Shooters Hill, Deal, on the sandhills,
September ; Swalecliffe (Butler)
— obscurellus, Kbm. Lee, Lewisham, and
many other places ; sweeping
— obsoletus, Kbm. Kidbrook, Shooters
Hill, Lee ; Deal (Butler)
Deltocephalus abdominalis, Fab. Elmers
End ; sweeping along the roadsides
— striifrons, Kbm. Heme Bay (Saunders)
— pascuellus, Fall. Lewisham and dis-
trict ; abundant
— ocellaris, Fall. Plumstead Marshes,
Lewisham, Greenwich, Lee ; abun-
dant
— coronifer. Marsh. Blackheath ; under
furze bushes
— repletus, Fieb. Shooters Hill Wood ;
sweeping
— flori, Fieb. Shooters Hill Wood ; sweep-
ing
— distinguendus, Flor. Shooters Hill;
sweeping
— striatus, Linn. Blackheath and district ;
abundant
— punctum, Flor. Plumstead
— argus, Marsh. Wickham JVood ; sweep-
ing in open spaces
Deltocephalus pulicaris. Fall. Kidbrook,
Catford, Shooters Hill, Grove Park, Lee
Allygus commutatus, Fieb. Abbey Wood ;
beating wych elm ; Tunbridge Wells
(Saunders)
— modestus, Fieb. Grove Park, Lee,
Blackheath ; on fences during stormy
weather
— mixtus, Fab. Lee, Lewisham ; on oaks
Thamnotettix prasina. Fall. Abbey Wood ;
beating
— dilutior, Kbm. On oaks ; Wickham
Wood
— subfuscula, Fall. Grove Park, Lee, on
oak and hazel ; Wickham Wood, on
hazel
— variegata, Kbm. Plumstead Marsh ;
sweeping
— splendidula, Fab. Blackheath ; beating
ivy
— crocea, H.S. Blackheath, Lee, Plumstead
Limottetix 4-notata, Fab. Lee, Kidbrook,
Shooters Hill
— sulphurella, Zett. Grove Park, Lee,
Lewisham, Brockley
Cicadula variata. Fall. Wickham Wood
— sexnotata, Fall. Lewisham, Brockley
Alebra albostriella, Fall. The three varie-
ties fairly represented in the Black-
heath district
Dicraneura citrinella, Zett. Wickham
Wood; Deal {M?irshz\\)
— pygmaea, Dougl. Darenth Wood
(Douglas)
— variata. Hardy. Shooters Hill ; sweep-
ing near furze bushes
K}'bos smaragdula, Fall. Blackheath, Lee,
Lewisham ; on sallows, poplars, and
alder
Chlorita viridula. Fall. Kidbrook, Lewis-
ham ; August sweeping and beating
Eupteryx notatus, Curt. Folkestone Warren
(Douglas)
— urticae, Fab. Blackheath, Lewisham
district ; common on nettles
— stachydearum, Hardy. Lewisham
(Douglas)
— melissae, Curt. Lee ; sweeping low
plants
— auratus, Liv. Blackheath, Lewisham,
and several other places ; on nettles
— atropunctatus, Goeze. Greenwich, Cat-
ford ; in gardens on a variety of
plants
— abrotani, Dougl. Lewisham (Douglas)
— germari, Zett. TFest IVickham, Bostol
IVood, Plumstead ; on pines
— pulchellus. Fall. Blackheath, Abbey
Wood, West Wickham ; very com-
mon on oaks
INSECTS
Eupteryx concinnus, Germ. Blackheath,
Shooters Hill, IVest Wickham ; on
oaks, but more commonly on beech
Typhlocyba jucunda, H.S. Catford ; on
alders
— sexpunctata, Fall. Brockley ; on sal-
lows
— debilis, Dougl. Kidbrook Lane ; beat-
ing maple ; Darenth Wood (Douglas)
— ulmi, Linn. Blackheath and many other
places ; on elm, very abundant
— tenerrima, H.S. Kidbrook, Lee ; com-
mon on brambles
— aurovittata, Dougl. Kidbrook ; amongst
oak
— gratiosa, Boh. Blackheath ; on beech
— cratsegi, Dougl. Kidbrook, Lee ; on
whitethorn
— lethierryi, Edw. Blackheath ; very
common on elm
— rosae, Linn. Kidbrook; common
amongst roses
— salicicola, Edw. Lee ; amongst sal-
lows
— hippocastani, Edw. Greenwich Park ; on
horse-chestnut ; Lewisham (Douglas)
— avellanae, Edw. Wickham Wood ; on
hazel ; Lewisham (Douglas)
— candidula, Kir. Blackheath, Lee, Lewis-
ham ; on Populus alba. This species
is a recent addition to the British
fauna. (See E.M.M.^ December,
1900)
— opaca, Edw. Greenwich Park ; on
horse-chestnut, one specimen only ;
Lewisham (Douglas)
— quercus, Fall. Blackheath, Lee, Leivis-
ham, Plumstead ; very common on
Typhlocyba nitidula. Fab. Blackheath ;
on wych elm
— geometrica, Schr. Catford; on alders
Zygina alneti, Dahl. „ ,^
— flammigera, GeofF. Blackheath, on oak ;
Lee, Lewisham, on whitethorn
— hyperici, H.S. Wickham Wood; on
Hypericum ; Darenth Wood{Doughs)
PSYLLINA
Rhinocola ericae. Curt. Plumstead ; on
heath
— aceris, Linn. Kidbrook; on maple, one
specimen only
Aphalara exilis, Web. and Mohr. Deal
(Dale)
— nervosa, Forst. Bromley (Douglas), Lee
(Scott)
Psyllopsis fraxinicola, Forst. Catford ; on
ash ; Lee (Scott)
— fraxini, Linn. Catford, Abbey IVood ;
on ash
Psylla salicicola, Forst. Lee ; on sallows
— hippophaes, Forst. Deal ; on sea buck-
thorn
— betulas, Linn. Shooters Hill, Wickham
Wood ; on birch
— costalis, Flor. Plumstead ; on sallows
— peregrina, Forst. Wickham Wood ; on
whitethorn
— alni, Linn. Catford ; on alders
— forsteri, Flor. „ „
— buxi, Linn. Greemvich Park ; on horse-
chestnut
— spartii, Guer. Plumstead; on broom
Arytasna genistae, Latr. „ „
Trioza urticae, Linn. Kidbrook ; on nettles,
very common
— viridula, Zett. Lee (Scott)
225
29
A HISTORY OF KENT
ARACHNIDA
Spiders
The spider fauna of this county should be at least as prolific in
species as that of any in England, and would doubtless prove to be so
if it were well worked. Had it not been for the efforts of the Rev.
T. R. R. Stebbing of Tunbridge Wells there would have been scarcely
any list to publish ; for the rest, a few species are recorded by the author
and Mr. F. P. Smith. A collection of the late Mr. F. Walker, pre-
served in the British Museum {Nat. Hist.) as microscopic slides, were
collected at Southgate, Middlesex, and do not unfortunately include
the types either of Schanobates walkeri or Araneus signatus, species which
are probably the immature and variety of well-known spiders respec-
tively. Of a total of 534 species of spiders recorded for Great Britain
and Ireland, Kent can so far claim but 1 1 8 ; while of Arachnida, in-
cluding pseudo-scorpions and harvestmen, there are only 122 species in
all. In the following list where no authority or collector is quoted the
author takes the responsibility.
ARANE^
ARACHNOMORPHM
DYSDERIDiE
Spiders with six eyes and two pairs of stigmatic openings, situated close together on the
genital rima ; the anterior pair communicating with lung books, the posterior with tracheal
tubes. Tarsal claws, two in Dysdera, three in Harpactes and Segestria.
1. Dysdera cambridgii, Thorell. Rare under bark of trees, and recognizable
Lydd. by its linear ant-like form, black carapace,
Not uncommon under stones and bark of and pale clay-yellow abdomen and three tar-
trees, where it lurks within a tubular retreat, s*^' daws.
The spider is easily recognizable by its elon-
gate form, orange legs, dark mahogany cara- 4- Segestria senoculata (Linnasus).
pace and pale clay-yellow abdomen. The Sevenoaks.
palpal bulb of the male has no cross-piece at . , , , i r • ,
L T-L J • 1 1 r> Not common ; under bark of trees, m the
the apex. 1 he spider is also known as £>. ^ , ' n ■i
, TJ1 1 II crevices of loose stone walls and amongst de-
ervthrvna. clackwall. ,, , „ ....... ° ^
â– ' ^ ' tached rocks. Recognizable by its linear form
2. Dysdera crocota, C. L. Koch. and the black diamond-shaped blotches on the
Gravesend (F. P. S.). dorsal surface of the abdomen.
Larger than the last species, with a deep
orange-pink carapace, orange legs, and abdo- 5. Schcenohates walkeri, Blackwall.
men with a delicate rosy-pink flush. The Broadstairs (Walker),
palpal bulb of the male has a cross-piece at , , .,^ ,, .,,,.,.
the apex. This spider is also known as D. ^r. Walker was in the habit of making
rubicunda, Blackwall. microscopical slides of his specimens, and it
is highly probable that this spider was an
3. Harpactes hombergii (Scopoli). immature Dysderid flattened out by the glass
Rusthall (T. R. R. S.). cover-slip.
SPIDERS
DRASSID^
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. The tracheal openings lie just
in front of the spinners. The tarsal claws are two in number, the anterior pair of spinners
being set wide apart at the base, and the maxillae are more or less impressed across the middle.
6. Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer
Lydd.
Very common under stones,
as Drassus lapidicohns.
7. Scotophaus hlackwallii (Thorell).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Also known A dark elongate mouse-grey spider, often
found wandering about the walls of dwelling
and outhouses at night. Known also as Dras-
sus sericeus, Blackwall.
CLUBIONIDiE
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. The tracheal openings lie
immediately in front of the spinners. The tarsal claws are two in number, but the anterior
pair of spinners are set close together at the base ; the maxillae are convex and not impressed
across the middle.
8. Zora spinimana (Sundevall).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also as Hecaerge spinimana or macu-
lata.
9. Cluhiona stagnatilis, Kulczynski.
Lydd.
Known also as C. holosericea, Blackwall.
This species is usually fairly common amongst
the dry sedge grass and rushes in swampy
places.
10. Cluhiona terrestris, Westring.
Yalding ; Gravesend (F. P. S.) ; Tunbridge
WeUs (T. R. R. S.).
Not uncommon in the summer time, when
it may be found wandering about at night on
the walls of outhouses, palings, etc. Known
also as C amarantha, Blackwall.
11. Cluhiona reclusa, O. P.-Cambridge.
Yalding.
A rarer species than the last ; usually beaten
from foliage and bushes in the summer time.
12. Cluhiona lutescens, Westring.
Tonbridge.
Rare ; but sometimes fairly abundant where
it occurs amongst dry rushes and sedge grass
in swampy places.
13. Cluhiona hrevipes, Blackwall.
Yalding, Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Not uncommon amongst foliage in the
summer time.
14. Cluhiona pallidula (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A larger species than any of the above,
and usually fairly common amongst bramble
bushes, where the female makes its egg-cocoon
within the folded leaves. Known also as C
epimelas, Blackwall.
15. Cluhiona corticalis (Walckenaer).
Sevenoaks.
Almost as large a species as the last-named.
Not common ; under the bark of large elm
and other trees in ancient parks.
1 6. Cluhiona phragmitis, C. L. Koch.
Yalding, Tonbridge.
Very common indeed amongst rushes and
dry sedge grass in swamps, where the females
construct a pure white silken retreat amongst
the blades or under the bark of riverside pal-
ings, posts, pollard willow trees, etc. Known
also as C. deinognatha, O. P.-Cambridge.
17. Cluhiona compta, C. L. Koch.
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
A very small species, whose abdomen is
striped diagonally on each side, similarly to
that of C. corticalis. Not uncommon amongst
the foliage of bushes and shrubs in the sum-
mer time.
18. Chiracnnthium erraticum (Walckenaer).
Yalding.
Sometimes very common in the folded
leaves of the various species of bramble in
the summer time. The spider resembles a
Cluhionid, but has longer legs and a red
stripe down the abdomen.
19. Agroeca hrunnea (Blackwall).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Rarely found amongst dead leaves and at
the roots of herbage in woods. Known also
under Agelena.
227
A HISTORY OF KENT
ANYPH^NIDiE
20. Anyphana accentuate (Walckenaer). lies in the middle of the ventral surface of
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.). the abdomen between the genital rima and
Often common on the foliage of oak and the spinners, and not, as in the last family,
other trees. This spider is remarkable for immediately in front of the spinners. Known
the position of the spiracular opening, which ^'^o under Cluhiona.
THOMISID^
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows, two tarsal claws, and anterior
spinners close together at their base. Maxillae not impressed. The crab-like shape and side-
long movements of these spiders are their chief characteristics, enabling them to be easily dis-
tinguished, as a rule, from the more elongate Drasiidie and Clubionidie.
21. Philodromus dispar, Walckenaer.
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
This spider, with its shiny black abdomen,
is not uncommon in the summer time amongst
foliage, and can sometimes be observed crouch-
ing flat upon palings. It is very swift in its
movements.
22. Philodromus aureolus (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A very abundant species, with usually a
dull red - brown abdomen, with yellowish
central pattern. It frequents the foliage of
trees of all kinds, and especially in the im-
mature condition will outnumber all other
species which fall into the umbrella beneath
the beating-stick.
23. Philodromus caspiticolis, Walckenaer.
Yalding.
ment from foes as they lie close to the pale
rush stems and slender dry blades.
25. Xysticus crista tus (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
This is by far the commonest of the ' crab-
spiders,' and is found abundantly on foliage
or crouching on bare places in fields and com-
mons. Known also under Thomisus.
26. Xysticus erraticus (Blackwall).
Yalding.
A larger species than the last, having in-
stead of a narrow wedge-shaped dark central
bar on the carapace a broad spade -shaped
dull red band margined with white. Known
also under Thomisus.
27. Misutnena vatia (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
This species, one of the largest of the
This species is possibly only a variety of Thomisida, can be found in the blossoms of
the last-named, and frequents similar situa- "~ """ '" — i-— - -- l —
tions. Known also as P. ctespiticolens^ Black-
wall.
24. Tihellus oblongus (Walckenaer),
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A long, very narrow, dull white or straw-
coloured spider, often common amongst dry
grass in many different localities. They at-
tain however their largest size amongst the
sedge -grass and rushes in swamps and bogs.
The elongate form assists in their conceal-
various woodland plants, where it crouches
amongst the petals on the watch for its
prey. The colour of the female is yellow,
with red lateral slashes ; the male being
much smaller and almost black. Known
also as Thomisus citreus, Blackwall.
28. Diaa dorsata (Fabricius).
Tunbridge Wells, Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
A bright green spider with large dull red-
brown central patch on the abdomen ; not
uncommon on herbage and amongst flowers.
Known also as Thomisus floricokm^ Blackwall.
SALTICIDiE
The spiders of this family may be recognized in a general way by their mode of progres-
sion, consisting of a series of leaps, often many times their own length. More particularly
they may be known by the square shape of the cephalic region and the fact that the eyes are
arranged in three rows of 4, 2, 2 ; the centrals of the anterior row being much the largest
and usually iridescent. Those of the second row are the smallest, while the posterior pair is
placed well back and helps to give the quadrate character to the carapace. Otherwise these
spiders are simply specialized Cluhionids with two t.nrsal claws and other minor characters
possessed in common with members of this latter family.
228
SPIDERS
They can be beaten from foliage or found
monest, Salticus scenkus, will be well known to
of houses in the bright sunshine.
29. Salticus scenicus (Clerck).
Yalding, Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A black species with white lateral stripes.
Known also under Epiblemum.
30. Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Salticus.
31. Neon reiiculatus (Blackwall).
Tonbridge.
Known also under Salticus.
32. Ergane falcata (Clerck).
Sevenoaks.
Common amongst dry leaves in woods.
Known also as Salticus or Hasarius falcatus.
amongst herbage and under stones. The com-
all observers, running and leaping on the walls
33. Heliophanus cupreus (Walckenaer).
Folkestone.
A shining black and coppery spider, found
in some abundance on the coast. Known also
under Salticus.
34. Ballus depressus (Walckenaer).
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
A very small brown flattened species, found
amongst dead leaves and herbage. Known
also as Salticus obscurus, Blackwall.
35. Pellenes tripunctatus (Walckenaer).
Folkestone (Col. Le Grice).
A very rare species. Examples of both
sexes were found hopping about amongst the
chalk lumps on the coast.
PISAURID^
Spiders with eight eyes in three rows of 4, 2, 2 ; the small anterior eyes being some-
times in a straight line, sometimes recurved and sometimes procurved. Those of the other
two rows are situated in the form of a rectangle of various proportions, and are much larger
than the eyes of the anterior row. The tarsal claws are three in number. Pisaura runs
freely over the herbage, carrying its egg-sac beneath the sternum ; while Dolomedes is a dweller
in marshes and swamps.
36. Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck)
Yalding ; Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.), Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Known also as Dolomedes or Ocyale mirabilis.
LYCOSID^
The members of this family are to be found running freely over the ground, and carry-
ing the egg-sac attached to the spinners. Many of the larger species make a short burrow in
the soil and there keep guard over the egg-sac. Eyes and tarsal claws as in the Pisaurida,
with slight differences.
ning rapidly over the dead leaves in the woods.
Known also under Lycosa.
37. Lycosa ruricola (De Geer).
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Very similar to the next species, but the
male has a claw on the palpus and the female
a much smaller vulva. Known also under
Trochosa and as Lycosa campestris, Blackwall.
38. Lycosa terricola (Thorell).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also as L. agretyca, Blackwall, and
under Trochosa.
39. Lycosa pulverulenta (Clerck).
Yalding ; Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also as L. rapax, Blackwall, and
under Tarentula.
40. Pardosa lugubris (Walckenaer).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A very abundant spider in the spring, run-
41. Pardosa pullata {C\trck).
Yalding ; Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Lycosa and as L. obscura,
Blackwall.
42. Pardosa palustris (Linnaeus).
Yalding.
Known also under Lycosa and as L. exigua,
Blackwall (in part).
43. Pardosa amentata (Clerck).
Yalding ; River Hill (T. R. R. S.), Graves-
end (F. P. S.).
Very abundant on logs of wood or hatch-
ways in meadows and by the riverside ; also
A HISTORY OF KENT
in gardens. One of our largest Pardosas.
Known also under Lycma and as L. saccata,
Blackwall.
44. Pardosa annulata, Thorell.
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Somewhat similar to but smaller than the
last-named species. Known also under Lycoia.
45. Pirata piraticus (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Common in marshy places, carrying its
pure white egg-sac on the spinners. Known
also under Lycosa.
AGELENIDiE
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. Legs with three tarsal claws.
The species of this family spin a large sheet-like web, and construct a tubular retreat at the
back of it, which leads to some crevice amongst the rocks, the roots of herbage or the chinks
in the walls of outhouses, wherever the various species may happen to be found. The pos-
terior pair of spinners is usually much longer than the other two pairs.
46. Tegenaria atrica (C. L. Koch).
Yalding.
A very large spider with long legs, not un-
common in cellars and outhouses and also in
holes in banks, etc.
47. Tegenaria derhamii (Scopoli).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Smaller, paler and more common than
the last named ; almost entirely confined to
houses and outbuildings. Known also as T.
civilis.
48. Tegenaria silvestris, L. Koch.
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A still smaller species, sometimes not un-
common amongst rockeries in greenhouses
and gardens. Known also as T. campestris.
49. Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck).
Yalding.
A common spider, large when full grown,
spinning a huge sheet-like white web over the
herbage, with a funnel-shaped tubular retreat.
Like others of the family the posterior pair of
spinners is formed of two distinct segments.
ARGYOPID^
The spiders included in this family have eight eyes, situated in two rows, the lateral eyes
of both rows being usually adjacent if not in actual contact, while the central eyes form a
quadrangle. The tarsal claws are three, .often with other supernumerary claws. The web is
either an orbicular snare, or consists of a sheet of webbing beneath which the spiders hang
and capture the prey as it falls upon the sheet. This immense family includes those usually
separated under the names Epeirida and Linyphiida.
50. Meta segmentata (Clerck).
Hurst Wood (T.R.R.S); Gravesend (F.P.S.).
A very abundant spider in the summer and
autumn amongst nettles and other herbage
along hedgerows. The spiders vary very
much in size and spin an orbicular web hav-
ing a clear space in the centre as do others
of the genus and also Tetragnatha, thus differ-
ing from the genus Aranem (Epeira). Known
also as Epeira inclmata, Blackwall.
51. Meta meriance (Scopoli).
Yalding ; Gravesend (F. P. S.).
A larger species found in cellars and damp
places. Known also as Epeira antriada,
Blackwall, and a variety with a white band
down the centre of the abdomen as E. celata,
Blackwall.
52. Tetragnatha externa (Linnseus).
Tunbridge WeUs (T. R. R. S.).
A very common species of elongate form
which sits in the centre of its web with legs
stretched out in front and behind. Not so
entirely confined to marshy localities as the
next species and easily recognized by the
silvery white band under the abdomen. The
jaws in the males of this genus are very large
and conspicuous.
53. Tetragnatha solandri (Scopoli),
Tunbridge WeUs (T. R. R. S.).
Very similar to the last species in general
appearance, but almost entirely confined to
river banks and marshy swamps. Can be
recognized by the dull white bands beneath
the abdomen and the absence of any pale line
on the sternum.
54. Pachygnatha clerckii, Sundevall.
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Resembles a Tetragnatha in the possession
of very large mandibles, but is not elongate
and spins no web to speak of. Found under
leaves and at the roots of herbage, especially
in marshy places.
230
SPIDERS
55- Pachygnatha degeerii, Sundevall.
Gravesend(F. P. S.); Hurst Wood (T.R.R.S.).
Smaller and commoner than the last species.
Found at the roots of herbage.
56. Cyclosa conica (Pallas).
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
A rare but easily recognized species, having
a humped triangular abdomen and sits in the
centre of its web on a band of white trans-
parent silk, possibly from a distance appearing
like the dung of a small bird upon the
surrounding foliage. Known also under
Epeira.
57. Zi/la X -notata (Clerck).
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
A very common spider, usually spinning its
web on or in the proximity of buildings.
The web has a vacant wedge-shaped piece
with a single free ray from the centre.
Known also as Epeira simi/is, Blackwall.
58. Zilla atrica, C. L. Koch.
Hurst Wood, Tunbridge WeUs (T. R. R. S.);
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Almost as common as the above, but more
usually confined to the foliage of trees and
bushes. The males have a very long palpus,
while in x -notata these are very short.
Known also as Epeira callophylla, Blackwall.
59. Araneus cucurhitinus, Clerck.
Tunbridge WeUs (T. R. R. S.).
A beautiful green spider with bright red
tip at the tail end, rendering it like the bud
of a flower. Known also under Epeira.
60. Araneus diadematuSy Clerck.
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.) ; Gravesend
(F. P. S.).
By far the commonest of our spiders, being
known as the ' garden spider,' of large size,
usually red-brown with white lozenge-shaped
spots, spinning an orb-web. Known also
under Epeira.
61. Araneus quadratus, Clerck.
Rusthall Common (T. R. R. S.) ; Gravesend
(F. P. S.).
A common spider in October on most
heathy commons where it spins a strong orb-
web and makes a tent for concealment under
the heather or gorse. Its food consists chiefly
of the common honey-bee, and in colour it is
warm pink with green and yellow shading
with four large white spots on the back of
the abdomen. Known also under Epeira.
62. Araneus cornutus, Clerck.
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Abundant in the rush-beds, etc., near
streams or in swampy places. Known also
as Epeira apodisa, Blackwall.
63. Araneus patagiatuSy Clerck.
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Very similar to the last species but usually
darker in colour and not so universally dis-
tributed about the country. Known also
under Epeira.
64. Araneus sclopetarius^ Clerck.
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
A much larger and more darkly marked
species than either of the two last and found
on the margins of streams, in the angles of
boathouses, or on riverside palings. Known
also as Epeira sericata, Blackwall.
65. Araneus umbraticus, Clerck.
Tunbridge Wells (T R. R. S.).
A large species, very like the last in general
appearance but much more flattened, for it
lives under the bark of trees and posts, spin-
ning a strong orb-web and venturing out of
its lurking place only at nightfall. Known
also under Epeira.
66. Araneus gibbosus, Walckenaer.
Seven oaks.
A rare species, taken by beating lichen-
covered bushes and trees, and recognized by
the two angular tubercles on the shoulders of
the abdomen. Known also as Epeira arbus-
torum and E. bicornis.
67. Araneus triguttatus, Fabricius.
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
Not uncommon on iron palings, where the
rust-red patch on the forepart of the abdomen
resembles a spot of iron-rust and thus favours
concealment. It can also be beaten from the
foliage of trees. Known also as Epeira aga-
lena.
68. Araneus signatus, Blackwall.
Broadstairs (Walker).
The type of this species has been lost, so
that is is difficult to determine its identity
with any certainty. It is probably only a
variety of the last species. Known also under
Epeira.
69. Linyphia triangularis (Clerck).
Yalding.
A very abundant species in autumn, whose
sheet-like snares glistening with dewdrops
form a conspicuous feature on the hedges and
bushes in the early mornings. The mandibles
in the male are very long, resembling those in
Tttragnatha.
231
A HISTORY OF KENT
70. Linyph'ta pusilla, Sundevall.
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A smaller species than the last, with deep
black ventral region. The palpus in the
male sex has a long spiral spine. It spins
its web near the ground amongst herbage.
Known also as L. fuliginea, Blackwall.
71. Linyphia montana (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A large species whose habits are similar to
those of triangularis. It is however often
found in conservatories and outhouses. Known
also as L. marginata, Blackwall.
72. Linyphia hortensis, Sundevall.
Rusthall (T. R. R. S.).
Not a common species, somewhat similar
to pusilla in general appearance and habits.
Known also as L. pratensis, Blackwall.
73. Linyphia dathrata, Sundevall.
Yalding.
Resembles montana, but is smaller. Very
common amongst herbage. Known also as
Neriene marginata, Blackwall.
74. Linyphia peltata (Wider).
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
A very small and common species found
amongst the foliage of trees and bushes in
the summer time. A variety is known also
as L. rubea, Blackwall.
75. LabuIIa thoracica (Wider).
Yalding.
Not uncommon in outhouses or under over-
hanging banks and rocks. The male is re-
markable for the enormously long spiral spine
on the palpal bulb.
76. Stemonyphantes Uneatus (Linnaeus).
Hawkesbury, Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also as Linyphia bucculenta, O. P.-C,
and Neriene trilineata, Blackwall.
77. Drapetisca socio lis (Sundevall).
Hurst Wood (T R. R. S.).
Not uncommon, often abundant, where it
occurs, sitting close to the bark of fir and
other trees. Known also under Linyphia.
78. Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert).
Yalding ; Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A very common species in stables, haylofts,
and outhouses. Known also under Linyphia.
79. Lepthyphantes nehulosus (Sundevall).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A rarer and larger species found in similar
situations to the last. Known also as Liny-
phia vivax, Blackwall, and under Linyphia.
80. Lepthyphantes hlachvallii, Kulczynski.
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Often very common at the roots of herb-
age in September. Known also as Linyphia
tenebricola (Wider), O. P.-C, and L. terricola,
O. P.-C. and Blackwall.
81. Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall).
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Very similar to the last species and found
under the same conditions. Known also as
Linyphia tenebricola, O. P.-C.
82. Lepthyphantes minutus (Blackwall).'
Gravesend (F. P. S.).
Known also under Linyphia.
83. Bathyphantes pullatus (O. P.-Cambridge).
Yalding.
Known also under Linyphia. Common in
marshy swamps.
84. Bathyphantes nigrinus (Westring).
Tonbridge, Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also as Linyphia pulla, Blackwall,
and also under Linyphia. Common in marshes
and swamps.
85. Bathyphantes meadii (O. P.-Cambridge).
Tonbridge.
Known also as Linyphia approximata (O.
P.-C). Common in localities similar to those
in which the last two species are found.
86. Bathyphantes concokr (Wider).
Yalding.
Known also as Theridion filipes, Blackwall,
and under Linyphia.
87. Bathyphantes circumspectus (Blackwall).
Tonbridge.
Known also under Linyphia.
88. Bathyphantes dorsalis (Wider).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Common on the foliage of trees and bushes
in the summer time. Known also under
Linyphia and as L. claytonia, Blackwall.
89. PcEciloneta variegata (Blackwall).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Linyphia and Neriene.
90. Centromerus hicolor (Blackwall).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Linyphia, Neriene and
Tmeticus. Common in September and Octo-
ber, running on palings in the bright sun-
shine.
91. Microneta viaria (Blackwall).
Tonbridge.
Known also under Neriene.
232
SPIDERS
92. Erigone atra (Blackwall).
Yalding.
Known also under Neriene. Often abun-
dant on railings.
93. Tho vagans (Blackwall).
Hurstwood ; Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Rare amongst dead leaves in woods and
shrubberies. Known also under Neriene and
as N. longimana.
94. Gongylldium rufipes (Sundevall).
Gravesend (F. P. S.) ; Tunbridge Wells
(T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Neriene and as N, mun-
da, Blackwall.
95. Gonatium rubens (Blackwall).
Gravesend (F. P. S.) ; Hurstwood (T.R.R.S.).
Known also under Neriene.
96. Gonatium isaheUinum (C. L. Koch).
Yalding.
Known also as Neriene rubella, Blackwall.
97. Dicyphus cornuius (Blackwall).
Hurstwood (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Neriene.
98. Hypomma bituberculatum (Blackwall).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Neriene.
99. Stylothorax apicatus (Blackwall).
Hurstwood (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Neriene.
100. Kukzymkiellum fmcum (Blackwall).
Yalding.
Known also under Neriene.
lOi. Walckenaeria acuminata, Blackwall.
Rusthall (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under the name Walckenaera.
102. Diplocephalus latifrons [0.?.-Cz.mhnAgc).
Rusthall (T. R. R. S.).
Known also under Walckenaera.
THERIDIIDiE
The members of this family have eight eyes situated very much like those of the Argyo-
pida, but the mandibles are usually weak, the maxillae are inclined over the labium, and
the posterior legs have a comb of stiff curved serrated spines beneath the tarsi. The web con-
sists of a tangle of crossing lines, and the spider often constructs a tent-like retreat wherein
the egg-sac is hung up.
to the body in the middle of the tangled web.
Sometimes, but not often, a few chips of dry
leaf fallen into the web may be utilized as a
sort of apology for a tent-like retreat, con-
structed in the case of T. formomm with such
elaborate skill. When prey of any kind falls
into the toils the spider hurries down and with
the tarsal comb on the fourth pair of legs
commences kicking out from the spinners
silken fluid, often quite moist like treacle,
which strikes against and hardens on the
victim. In this way very large spiders, beetles
and woodlice are ensnared and converted into
food. With a rapid and irritable movement
of the forelegs also, small tufts of fine silk are
gathered and flung promiscuously over the
web. The male, a much smaller spider, may
often also be seen hanging near at hand in
the web, and the one or more brown pear-
shaped egg-sacs also hang in the upper part
of the toil. Sometimes these spiders are found
outside the houses, but rarely, if ever, amongst
the shrubs in the open garden.
105. Theridion varians, Hahn.
103. Theridion formosum (Clerck).
Hurstwood (T. R. R. S.).
Not uncommon in the open woods amongst
the young oak trees where the spiders spin an
irregular tangled web close to the trunk,
amongst the clusters of small twigs and
shoots growing on the stems of the trees.
Hanging somewhere in the web can be found
a small tent-like domicile made of fragments
of dead leaves, lichen and other debris.
Within it the spider remains crouched, in
close attendance upon her treasured egg-sac,
dropping instantly to the ground if the tent-
like retreat be handled or the web even
touched. The female is about the size of a
small pea, very gibbous, or humped on the
upper side, orange or black with narrow white
curving stripes running from the dorsal apex
down the sides. Known also as T. sisyphium,
Blackwall.
104. Theridion tepidariorum, C. L. Koch.
Yalding; Canterbury.
This large species is one of our commonest
spiders in conservatories and greenhouses,
where the curious triangular-shaped female
may be seen hanging with legs closely gathered
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.) ; Canterbur>',
Yalding.
A very much smaller species, varying con-
30
A HISTORY OF KENT
siderably in colour, found abundantly in
greenhouses and also amongst shrubs in the
open garden. This species makes no tent-
like retreat, but sits close to the one or more
pale rounded egg-sacs usually spun up against
a beam or window-sill.
1 06. Theridion dent'iculatum (Walckenaer).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Also a very small and abundant species,
occurring on the outside of windows and
outhouses and also on walls and palings. It
makes no tent-like retreat and the habits are
very similar to those of the last species.
107. Theridion sisyphium (Clerck).
Gravesend (F. P. S.) ; Tunbridge Wells
(T. R. R. S.).
Very common on gorse and holly bushes,
where they construct a tent-like domicile
and spin up within its shelter the small
greenish egg-sacs. The young when hatched
pass also their earlier days within the tent,
but on the death of the mother spider they
scatter, taking up positions for themselves
amongst the neighbouring foliage. Known
also as T, nervosum, Blackwall.
108. Theridion pictum (Walckenaer).
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
A very beautiful species, resembling a large
example of T. varians with a bright red and
white dentated band on the dorsal side of the
abdomen, found, often abundantly, on holly
and other bushes, where they construct a
large and very perfectly formed thimble-
shaped domicile, covered with dry chips of
leaves and twigs, often decorated with the
wings, legs, wing-cases and other debris of
the victims which have served them for food.
109. Theridion vittatum, C. L. Koch.
Hurst Wood (T. R. R. S.).
Not uncommon on palings under trees or
amongst herbage in woods. Known also as
T. pulchellum.
no. Theridion himaculatum (Linnasus).
Gravesend (F.P.S.) Hurst Wood (T.R.R.S.).
Known also as T. carolinum, Blackwall.
The males can be recognized by the sharp
spur on the coxa of the fourth pair of legs.
111. Theridion ovatum (Clerck).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.) ; Gravesend
(F. P. S.).
A very common species. The female lives
in the folded leaf of a bramble, or that of
some other shrub, spinning the edges together.
Within this domicile she constructs a round
sea-green egg-sac about as large as a very
small pea. The spider has a pale yellow
abdomen with a broad pink central dorsal
band or two pink bands, one on each side.
Another variety has no pink bands, but a row
of black spots on each side. The male and
female can often be found together within
their leafy domicile. This spider is also
known under the name Phyllonethis lineata,
and under Theridion.
112. Theridion pollens, Blackwall.
Hurstwood (T.R.R.S.).
This minute Theridioid, pale yellow in
colour, with often a dark, or paler, dorsal spot
on the abdomen, lives beneath the leaves of
shrubs and trees, laurel, elm, lime, etc., where
it spins its minute pear-shaped pure white
egg-sac, which rests on its larger end and has
several small cusps towards the sharp-pointed
stalk.
113. Steatoda bipunctata (Linnasus).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
A dark brown shiny rather flattened spider,
living in chinks of walls, angles of windows
and crevices in the partitions of old stables,
etc., emerging usually at nightfall. The
males are remarkable for their very large palpi
and also for the possession of a stridulating
organ, formed by a series of chitinous ridges
in a hollow at the anterior part of the abdo-
men, which move over some cusps on the
conical posterior of the carapace.
114. Enoplognatha thoracica {Vlahn).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
Known also as Neriene albipunctata, O.
P.-Cambridge and Drepanodus obscurus, O.
P. -Cambridge.
PHOLCID^
Spiders with more or less slender bodies and very long slender legs. The eyes are situated
in three groups — a group of two in the centre and a group of three on each side. The only
British species we possess is a well known frequenter of houses in the southern counties,
spinning an irregular web and moving swiftly with a circular shaking motion when alarmed.
115. Pholcus phalangioides (Fuesslin).
Tenterden (T. R. R. S.).
234
SPIDERS
DICTYNID^
The spiders belonging to this family possess three tarsal claws, and the eyes, eight in
number, situated in two transverse rows, the laterals being in contact. The cribellum (or
extra pair of spinning organs) and the calamistrum (a row of curving bristles on the protarsi
of the fourth pair of legs) are present in all members of the family. They construct a tubu-
lar retreat with an outer sheet of webbing, which is covered with a flocculent silk made with
the calamistrum from threads furnished by the cribellum.
n6. Jmaurobius similis (Bhckwall). 117. Jmaurobius fercx [WalckenAer).
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.). Beckenham.
A very common species in greenhouses, ,^ "^^^".^ ^^T T""'' ,f '"^ ^\""\ T'*"
stables and other outhouses. The males ma; P^^^^ /"^^k.ngs, found m cellars and also be-
neath rocks and stones on the coast
or m
often be found wandering above the walls of . r , , â– ,
dwelling-houses after nightfall. Known also "'"'''' f ^'f' J" '^' °.P^" ^"""''y-
under the name Cinijlo. ^"°^" ^'^° ""'^^ '^^ "^'"^ ^'"'>-
n8. Dictyna uncinata, Thorell.
Tunbridge Wells (T. R. R. S.).
CHERNETES
CHELIFERIDiE
Out of twenty species of false scorpions hitherto recorded as indigenous to Great Britain
only two have been taken in this county. That this small number is simply due to lack of
investigation may be gathered from the fact that fourteen species of the order have been taken
in the county of Dorset. The various species can usually be found amongst moss and dead
leaves or beneath stones and the bark of trees. They are unmistakable on account of their
possession of a pair of forcipated palpi, like those of the true scorpion. These are usually
extended wide open when the Arachnid is alarmed while it hastens backwards to take shelter.
In spite of this scorpion-like appearance these little creatures are much more nearly allied to
the mites or Acaridea.
119. Chelifer latrei/lii, Leach. I20. Cherries insuetus, O. P.-Cambridge.
Sandwich (Matthews) ; Deal (W. F. Bland- Dover (W. P. Haydon).
ford). This species, found amongst the refuse in
an oil mill, has been taken in no other locality
British or continental.
OPILIONES
The harvestmen are spider-like creatures with eight long legs, the tarsi long and very
flexible. Eyes simple, two in number, situated on each side of an eye eminence. Body not
divided into two distinct regions by a narrow pedicle, as in spiders. Abdomen segmentate ;
breathing apparatus consisting of tracheal tubes connected with external stigmata beneath.
121. Phalangium parietinum, De Geer. 122. Nemastoma lugubre (O. F. Muller).
Yalding. Tonbridge.
235
CRUSTACEANS
IN the early part of the eighteenth century the natural history of
Kent could be collected by an impartial hand without the least
notice of crustaceans as forming part of the fauna. Yet indirectly
the historian in question shows that the county is supremely well
fitted to produce and harbour a great many species of this class, for he
says : ' besides divers Bays and Creeks by the Thames and Sea-Side,
there are sundry fresh Rivers and pleasant Streams ; as the Medway,
Darent, and Stowre, besides sundry Rivulets and Brooks, which supply
the Inhabitants with Plenty of Fish, yet not to equal some other
maritime Counties in Quantity, or Variety, except in their Oysters,
found in the East Swale or near Faversham.' ' He also mentions several
plants as growing in ditches, brooks, salt marshes, and on the sea-shore.
If it be added that the county lies between the waters of the North Sea
and those of the English Channel, and that its land surface is richly
diversified with woods, gardens, hedgerows, lanes and quarries, almost
every favourable circumstance will appear to be combined for supplying
it plentifully with crustaceans of various orders and diversified modes of
life. The actual abundance of species is being gradually established by
direct observation.
Of the genuine Brachyura a fair proportion are on record from the
waters of Kent. These short-tailed decapods, with the nervous system
highly concentrated, are the true crabs. They are rightly regarded as
standing at the head of the Malacostraca. The most familiar British
form and that which with us attains the largest size is Cancer pagurus,
Linn., known as the great crab or the eatable crab. Bell notices that
the family Bythesea of Kent is one of those that ' bear this animal in
their coat-armour.' '^ In the British Association Handbook to Dover,
(1899), Messrs. Sydney Webb and Edward Horsnaill, treating of ' Sea
Life,' say that Cancer pagurus frequents the laminarian zone, but small
specimens may often be found between tide-marks.' This is true of
many places besides Dover, for the species is found all round our coasts
and often in great abundance. The estimate regarding it, that a large
female can carry on its swimmerets three millions of eggs and that even
a small one can have half a million^ may help to explain the plentiful-
ness. Experts, however, agree in strongly deprecating a wasteful use of
1 Magna Britannia et Hibernia, Antiqua et Nova. . . . Collected and Composed by an impartial
Hand, ii. 1 194 (1720).
2 British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 66.
' H. C. Williamson, Fishery Board for Scotland, Ann. Rep. xviii. pt. 3, 89 (1900).
A HISTORY OF KENT
this bountiful supply. Inquiries with a view to restrictive legislation
have led to many valuable reports, those of recent years by Wilson,
Meek, Cunningham and Williamson usefully combining scientific with
economic conclusions. Only one or two points out of many can be
considered here. The process called ecdysis or exuviation is repeated
probably several times in the life of every crustacean that reaches
maturity. Many a schoolboy, preparing for a swim, instead of sedately
taking off his garments one by one, will slip out of them all at one
cast. A crab with the growing pains improves upon this. It slips out
of its skin. It comes so clean and clear away from the skin of its teeth
and the teeth of its skin that the slough is a complete model of the
animal with carapace, limbs, jaws, feathered hairs, delicate spines, or
whatever else may be the appropriate furniture. Having become too
stout for its unyielding harness the crab bursts it, obviously for the sake
of getting a chance to expand in a new and still flexible vest. But such
of the Decapoda as have inflated claws, strongly encrusted and narrow
at the joints, can find no easy task in withdrawing their arms from these
natural sleeves. The procedure which they have inherited and cannot
dispense with is no longer very well suited to the accoutrement with
which in process of time they have become equipped. But besides
being essential to growth, the casting of the shell is also of service in the
pairing of crabs. It does not occur simultaneously in the two sexes.
The male Cancer pagurus is still securely armoured while his consort is
in the soft helpless state which follows exuviation, and under these
circumstances is repeatedly found keeping watch and ward over her.
Some naturalists, observing the husbands in this apparently chivalrous
attitude, looked upon it as probably ' a pretty trait of cancerine character,
and one not unworthy of their acute instinct and sagacity in other
respects.' ' There is however a somewhat less sentimental explanation
available. There is reason to think that only while the skin of his
partner is still pliable can the male find the auspicious time for intro-
ducing into the spermatheca the fertilizing elements.'' Between the two
sexes there are several differential characters. By one of them, according
to Dr. Williamson, ' it is possible to distinguish the sex of a crab when
it is little more than a quarter of an inch in breadth.'^ This difference
lies in the circumstance that the infolded abdomen or pleon of the
female has four pairs of swimmerets, whereas the first and second paired
appendages of the male pleon are modified into organs for conveying the
spermatophores into the spermatheca. While both sexes are still small,
the narrow pleon of the male is contrasted witb the broad one of the
female, and later on the male is further distinguished by his more mas-
sive claws and by having the crenulated edge of his carapace broader
and somewhat upturned. That the genital openings belong to the
ultimate thoracic segment in the male but to the antepenultimate in the
1 White, Popular History of British Crustacea, p. 39 (1857), quotation from Gosse.
' Fishery Board for Scotland, l8iA Annual Report, pt. 3, 82.
3 Loc. cit. p. 99.
238
CRUSTACEANS
female is the rule throughout the Malacostraca. Williamson points out
that Frank Buckland was mistaken in supposing that soft crabs always
contained a great deal of water, for ' the body fluid of the crab is not
water ; it is richly albuminous : on exposure to air for a little time it
becomes black ; and if a quantity of it is treated with picro-sulphuric
acid it coagulates into a solid mass.' '
In the family Cancridae to which the great eatable crab belongs is
placed a very different looking and somewhat anomalous form, Pirimela
denticulata (Montagu). Kent has the credit of having introduced this
pretty little species to science, though the honour of first naming it
belongs to the celebrated Devonshire naturalist. Montagu called it
Cancer denticulatus, and together with a characteristic figure supplied an
account of much merit considering the date at which it was com-
posed. He described it as follows : — ' Thorax broad before, narrow
behind, rugged with spines and tubercles, the margin continued in one
series of subserrated denticulations : the front between the eyes is quin-
quedentate, the middle spine the longest : the sides are also quinque-
dentate, besides a small process over each eye : eyes prominent : antennae
obscure ; the arms not longer than the body, angulated, or ridged
longitudinally with blunt spines at the top of the middle joint ; fangs
angulated and denticulated ; the legs are also angulated ; claws subulate :
tail narrow, regularly tapering. Length three-quarters of an inch,
breadth rather more. This singular species of crab was sent to me,
amongst a variety of British Cancri, by my late worthy friend Mr. Boys,
as the produce of the coast of Sandwich.' ^ It should be understood that
by the ' fangs ' are intended the thumb and finger of the chelipeds or
front legs, the middle joints of which are spoken of as ' arms.' The
subulate claws are the awl-shaped fingers or terminal joints of the walking
legs. It is to be lamented that Montagu only described two out of the
various ' Cancri ' which his friend sent him as products of this county.
Besides the extreme difference of size between the great C. pagurus and
the little Pirimela, it will be noticed that the former has each antero-
lateral border of the carapace divided into nine lobes, while in the latter
each, by a much more common arrangement, is cut into five teeth. In
the family which includes them both, the folding of the little first
antennae is longitudinal, but in the next two families it is transverse or
very oblique.
Of the Xanthids one representative is reported from Dover, where,
it is said, Pilumnus \hirtellus (Linn.) may be found ' under stones below
Shakespere's and Abbot's Cliffs.' ' This is a hairy little species having
the ' front,' that is the border between the orbits, chiefly composed of
two broad finely denticulate lobes. Each antero-lateral margin of the
carapace has five teeth, but the tooth adjoining the orbit is very small.
1 Fishery Board for Scotland, iSth Annual Report, pt. 3, 105.
2 Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ix. 87, pi. 2, fig. 2 (paper read 1805, published 1808).
3 Handbook to Dover, p. 87. As all the references to this useful guide will be concerned with pages
87, 88, this notice will perhaps suffice once for all.
239
A HISTORY OF KENT
The Portunidae, while agreeing with the Xanthidae in regard to
the resting position of the first antennae, are distinguished both from
them and the Cancridae by a character which in its full development is
much more striking to the eye. Instead of having the terminal joint of
the last legs subulate, they have it very much flattened so as to make a
convenient swimming paddle. This character, however, is subject to
many gradations, so that in the common shore crab, Carcinus maenas
(Linn.), the joint in question is narrowly lanceolate, only a little more
paddle-like than the stiliform ' fingers ' of the three preceding pairs.
One may look upon this as a natural accommodation to the shore-
tramping habits of the animal. Leach says that ' this very common
species inhabits all the estuaries and rocky shores of Great Britain,
lurking beneath stones and tangle or burrowing in the sand.' ' Its range
indeed is very extensive, since it has been traced up the North Sea into
almost arctic waters, to the Black Sea and the Red Sea, to Brazil, to
the Bay of Panama, to the Hawaiian Islands, and now is shown by
Messrs. Fulton and Grant to be establishing itself in Australian waters.'^
Adam White refers some of the specimens in the British Museum to
' Sandgate, Kent. From old collections,'^ and the Handbook to Dover
says tha.t' Carci/ius Maenas, the common shore or green crab, is abundant,
and a great source of pleasure to all children.' Of the genus Portunus,
Fabricius, at least four species can be attributed to these waters. Bell,
after mentioning other localities for P. puber (Linn.), the velvet
swimming crab, adds that he has ' taken it on the southern coast of
Kent, where, however, it appears to be more rare,' ' The Handbook to
Dover says, ' Portunus puber and depurator are swimming crabs, usually
found near the lower water mark of our coast line.' Of P. mannoreus.
Leach, Bell says, ' at Sandgate, in the month of May, 1844,1 procured
by dredging nearly four hundred specimens at two casts of the dredge,
of which about three-fourths were females: several of these were carry-
ing spawn, which is of a rich orange colour.' ° Of P. piisi/lus. Leach,
Bell quotes the statement made by Mr. W. Thompson, the Irish
naturalist, ' I have several times taken it in the stomach of fishes ; in
one instance, in a Trigla Giirnardus, taken in the open sea off Dover.'*
As this little species occurs off the Isle of Man, all along the southern
coast of England, and in the Firth of Forth, the friendly intervention of
a gurnard may suffice to establish its Kentish domicile. For P. holsatui,
Fabricius, we must have recourse again to White's British Museum
Catalogue which attributes specimens of this species to ' Sandgate : from
the collection of Col. Montagu." The distinctions between this species and
P. marmoreus are so undemonstrative that some may prefer to write the
two under the older name given by Fabricius. The furry coat of the
velvet crab (P. puber) and the rich blue of the exposed parts distinguish
' Mdacostraca Podophthalmata Bntunniae, text to pi. 5 (18 1 6).
' The Victorian Naturalist, xvii. 145 (1900).
' Catalogue of British Crustacea in Brit. iMus. p. 12 (1850).
* British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 92.
' Loc. cit. p. 107. * Loc. cit. p. 113. ' Op. cit. p. 15.
240
CRUSTACEANS
it quite clearly from the marble crab which has a smooth carapace with
patterns worked in buffs and reddish browns, and also from P. depurator
(Linn.), the cleanser swimming crab, which has the carapace pale
reddish brown in colour and irregularly granular in texture. Of this
cleanser or port-scavenger Leach says, ' It is well known to the fisher-
men under the name of flying crab, and is supposed by them (though
erroneously) to destroy oysters, by insinuating its flattened foot into the
shells when the animal opens for food.' ' The terminal joint of the fifth
foot is here, as in P. holsatus, broadly oval and smooth, not ridged as in
P. puber. P. pusillus, the dwarf swimming crab, is much smaller than
the other species of the genus here recorded.
In the same section of Cyclometopa, or round-fronted crabs, is
included another family, the Corystidae, represented in Great Britain by
the singular masked crab, Corystes cassivelaunus (Pennant). The mark-
ings on the carapace, especially if a little accentuated by pen or pencil,
give the effect of human features, and to this Bell's English name for it is
due, the same idea having been previously conveyed by the Latin name,
personatus, which Herbst bestowed upon the female. The chelipeds of
the male are so very much longer than those of the other sex, that the
earlier students may be excused for having thought that they had a
specific distinction to deal with. In the Corystidae as in the Cancridae
the first antennae are longitudinally folded, but whereas in Cancer
pagurus the carapace is much broader than long, and the second antennae
are inconspicuous, here the carapace is much longer than broad and the
second antennae are as long as or longer than the carapace. Moreover by
a geniculation of the peduncles these external antennae have their flagella
brought close together in the longitudinal axis of the animal as if they
were the inner instead of the outer pair. The masked crab has the habit
of burying itself perpendicularly tail foremost in the sand at the bottom
of the sea during the day time. While in this position it naturally finds
the ordinary mode of respiration in vogue with the Brachyura by no
means convenient. For as a rule the current of water which bathes
the branchiae or gills enters the branchial chambers below the branchi-
ostegite or branchial-cover, and comes out in front by the apertures at
the sides of the mouth. But Corystes in its burrow being beset by
sand, except for the little tube which it forms with its hairy second
antennae stretched upward in juxtaposition, can only enjoy the current
by reversing it. Mr. Walter Garstang, who by help of an aquarium
has carefully watched this creature's behaviour, thus summarizes the
matter : ' The elongation of the antennae, and the arrangement of the
hairs upon them, the double bend of their basal joints, the structure of
the parts bounding the prostomial chamber, and the arrangement of
hairs upon them, are characters which in conjunction with the reversal
of the respiratory current, adapt the respiratory mechanism of the crab
in a remarkably complete manner to the arenicolous mode of life. The
antennal tube enables the crab to draw its supplies of water directly from
' Edinb. Encycl. vii. 390 (1813).
I 241 31
A HISTORY OF KENT
the superincumbent reservoir of water, while the arrangement of hairs is
such as to constitute a sieve, keeping the sand away from the respira-
tory organs.' '
The reader will no doubt perceive that the current entering from
above, can, after bathing the branchiae, soak, away as it pleases into the
surrounding sand, but the sand however moist would not supply a stream
which the crab could pump upwards. Bell allots this species to Kent
among other localities, saying, 'in May, 1843, at Sandgate, I took a
single specimen with the dredge, and on the following day ten more in
the shrimp-trawl ; these were all females.' " The Handbook to Dover
says 'Corystes cassivelaunus, the helmet crab, is not uncommon in East-
wear Bay, where it burrows in the sand ; it is occasionally found also in
Dover Bay, and probably all round the coast in suitable localities.'
The section Catometopa, ' with front deflexed,' is poorly repre-
sented in the annals of Kent. It would be altogether unrepresented but
for the above-mentioned Handbook, which remarks that Pinnotheres ptsiim,
the little pea crab, lives within the shells of living mussels in amicable
friendship.' This would seem to imply that some friendships are not
amicable, and perhaps the epithet was added expressly to rebut the
stories which accuse pea-crabs of maltreating their hosts. Whatever
•their generic name may impute, they really do not hunt the pinna.
They do not place malicious pebbles between the valves of casually
gaping oysters. There is not the slightest proof that they make their
meals of these or any other molluscs. In this genus the carapace of
the female is remarkably soft. The external maxilHpeds have the
terminal joint attached, not as usual end to end with the preceding
joint, but to the middle of that joint's front margin.
The section Oxyrrhyncha, or ' sharp beaks,' have the carapace
narrowed in front, and usually produced into a rostrum. Several species
have been noticed in this county. All of them come under the popular
designation of spider-crabs. Macropodia rostrata (Linn.) may be accepted
on the authority of Mr. E. Lovett, who, using a preoccupied generic
name, now discarded, says that "â– Stenorhyncus rostratus is common in the
Thames Estuary.' ^ M. tenuirostris (Leach) is vouched for from Whit-
stable by Messrs. Hardy and Oakden under the name ' Stenorhyncbiis
tenuirostris^ ' Pisa tetraodon occurs at the Nore,' according to Lovett.'
For this the more correct name is Blastus tetraodon (Pennant). Of
Hyas araneus (Linn.) Leach says, ' this species is very common on
the coasts of Scotland and Kent. . . . The young is frequently found
inhabiting pools of water amongst the rocks at low tide, and is often
covered with fragments of marine plants, which adhere to the hairs of
the legs and shell ; in this state it has been observed on the coast of
Perthshire, near Montrose, by G. Milne, Esq., and on that of Kent,
« Journal of the Marine Biological Association, new ser. iv. 231 (1S96).
' British Stalk-eyed Crustacea, p. 161.
' 7he Essex Naturalist, xi. 252 (1900).
« Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, ser. 2, iv. 328 (1889).
» Essex Nat. xi. 253.
242
CRUSTACEANS
near Sandgate, by myself.' ' Bell says that ' he has dredged it on
oyster-beds at Sandgate, of large size, at from ten to twelve fathoms,'
and as to its habits makes the following observation : ' Mr. Hailstone
states that this crab spawns in February ; this, however, cannot be
universally the case, as I took several females at Sandgate early in May,
in the year 1843, every one of which was carrying her load of spawn,
which is of a rich deep orange colour.' " Of H. coarctatus. Leach, Bell
says, ' Dr. Leach mentions Sandgate as a particular habitat, where I
also obtained several specimens by dredging in May.' To this he
presently adds : 'It is said by Mr. Hailstone to spawn in January.
Amongst those which I obtained at Sandgate in the month of May,
were several females, all without spawn.' ^ The distinctness of this species
from H. araneus, its very constant companion, is said by competentobser-
vers not to be doubtful. The specific name refers to the constriction of the
carapace, and the amount of variation of which this is susceptible does
not appear to have been as yet subjected to any exact investigation. The
Handbook to Trover says, ' Hyas araneus, Pisa tetraodon, and one of the
Stenorhynchus, presumably tefiuirostrls, all bearing the same trivial name
[spider crab], are sometimes to be met with between high and low
water marks on rocky parts of the coast.' But while corroborating
other authorities for these three, the Handbook is the sole voucher for a
more important species than any of them, by the following statement :
'â– Maia squinado, the spider crab, with its spinous carapace, is not nearly
so abundant with us as in many other seaside places ; the young speci-
mens of it are occasionally taken in crab and lobster pots. Its somewhat
fierce aspect may be against it, but if it were only better known, it
would command a large sale among gastronomic epicures.' The
spines and hairs of the carapace often give shelter to various species of
small amphipods. The propriety of its current technical name, Maia
squinado (Herbst), involves questions almost more prickly than its coat.
The genus Maja, with the alternative spelling Maia, was established by
the celebrated Lamarck in 1801,* nominally to include the two genera
which Fabricius had called Inachiis and Parthe?7ope. But the reference
which Lamarck gives to Herbst for the first of these divisions has
nothing to do with Inachus. It guides the reader to Herbst's descrip-
tion and figure of Cancer maja, which, as will presently be seen, belongs
to an entirely different group of crustaceans. Since both Inachus and
Parthenope are perfectly valid, Lamarck's Maja on its author's own
showing has no standing place. It has no right to displace either of
them, let alone both. In reality it was still-born, although for a
hundred years authors in ignorance of the facts have allowed it a
fictitious life. Independently of Lamarck's fatal confusion, there is a
further difficulty, already pointed out by Miss M. J. Rathbun, that
'â– Maia was used by Brisson, 1760, for a genus of birds, accepted by
• Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britannia, text to pi. 2Ia (iSi6).
2 Brit. Stalk-eyed Crust, pp. 33, 34. ^ Loc. cit. pp. 38, 39.
• Systeme des Animaux sans vertehres, pp. 154, 428.
243
A HISTORY OF KENT
many ornithologists.' ' For Maia squhiaao I have now therefore deemed
it absolutely necessary to propose the new generic name Mamaia, being
led to the choice of that particular form by the desire to cause as little
alteration as possible in the sectional titles, such as Maiidae, founded on
the older name and needing a correspondent change/
Of the Brachyura anomala the brown fur-coated Dromia vulgaris,
Milne-Edwards, may, it seems, be claimed as a lawful prize for the fauna
of this county. It is mentioned in the Handbook to Dover, and Bell
says, 'The first intimation of the present species as a native of Britain
occurs in an announcement by Mr. John Edward Gray, at a meeting
of the Zoological Club of the Linnaean Society, as long since as June
22nd, 1824. These were stated to have been seen by that gentleman
in Billingsgate Market, amongst some oysters, which had been brought
from Whitstable Bay, on the Kentish coast.' ' Though the anomalous
Brachyura Hke the genuine ones are devoid of well developed uropods,
these missing appendages of the sixth pleon segment appear to be repre-
sented in the family Dromiidae by a pair of small lateral plates between
the sixth and seventh segments. In this section the last pair of walking
legs, when folded at rest, lie more or less on the back of the carapace
and they are often very short. The branchiae also are not as in the true
crabs limited to a maximum of nine pairs, but often exceed the number
of fourteen pairs which is found in the family Dromiidae.
The Handbook to Dover says : ' Lithodes maia and Dromia vulgaris
prefer the deeper water in the Channel ; they are only brought ashore
at times by fishermen. The little Porcellana longicornis prefers also deep
water : it is generally brought in upon scallops, and is also partial to
cavities of Eschara. P. platycheles, on the contrary, is common under
stones between tide-marks, a habit which also commends itself to
Galathea squatnifera below Abbot's Cliff. Pagurus bernhardus, the
hermit crab, which conceals its defenceless body in an empty shell of
whelk or natica, is more common upon mud than sand bottoms.'
These observations introduce us to the Macrura anomala, the anomalous
long-tailed decapods, most of which are distinguished from the true
crabs by having uropods, and those which are without these appendages
have in other respects a different arrangement of the pleon. To the
latter group belongs Lithodes maia (Linn.), the ' northern stone crab,'
an extremely interesting acquisition for Kentish waters. The extension
of its range to the English Channel is noteworthy, but the record would
be much increased in value could more precise information be furnished
as to the place of capture and actual depth of water from which the
capture was made. Fishing boats sometimes come into harbour from
very distant excursions, and may occasionally bring in trophies not
their own obtained by exchange. It is however now well known that
> Proc. Biological Society of Washington, xi. 160 (1897).
> On this subject the specialist may wish further to consult Proc. Biol. Soc, Washington, xviii.
p. 73 (Rathbun), p. 157 (Stebbing) (1905).
3 Zoological Journ. i. 419 ; Brit. Stalk-eyed Crust, p. 371
244
CRUSTACEANS
the family Lithodidae has a very extensive distribution, and that species
in general, once supposed to be strictly boreal, find their way far south
in deep w^ater. The close resemblance of Lithodes main to the true crabs
is indicated by the frequent confusion between it and the species re-
named above as Matnaia squinado. In dorsal view and in handling, these
thorny crustaceans are not so very dissimilar, but in the structure of the
pleon or tail there is great divergence. Besides difference in the
appendages, the pleon of Lithodes is composed, not of simple seg-
ments placed regularly end to end, but of rows of calcified plates, which
in the female exhibit an extraordinary want of symmetry. This last
character helps to explain the close connexion recognized between two
assortments of Crustacea, the Lithodinea and Pagurinea, which are
combined under the Paguridea, though superficially not at all alike.
Of the second group Eupagurus bernhardus (Linn.), the best known
English hermit crab, is found in Kent both according to the Handbook,
and according to the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, two
members of which, Messrs. Hardy and Oakden, report it as observed at
Whitstable in September 1889. The elongate, soft, twisted pleon of
the hermit is obviously unsymmetrical.
From the Paguridea we pass to the Galatheidea, which include
the crab-like Porcellanidae and the lobster-like Galatheidae. Both
families are symmetrical, both have the uropods well developed, and both
like the rest of the Macrura anomala have only the first pair of legs
chelate and the fifth pair very small. Of the two common little
English species Porcellana platycheles (Pennant) is easily distinguished
from P. longicornis (Linn.) by the much greater breadth of its chelipeds.
Both species have long second antennae. By the thin pleon flattened
against the breast they are marked off very clearly from the Galatheidae.
Of the latter family Galathea squamifera. Leach, has been already men-
tioned as occurring at Dover. Another species, G. strigosa (Linn.), can
also be claimed on the faith of a notice in Country Life for April 6,
1 90 1, to which my attention was called by Mr. Lionel Robinson, some-
time editor of the Annual Register. An excellent figure of the species
is given, from a photograph by Mr. Charles Hussey, who in sending it
made the following observations : — ' The original was picked up alive
between Sandown Castle and Deal Pier by Mr. James Richardson, who
sent it on to me for identification, but I must candidly confess I do not
know what it is. My ignorance, however, is shared by every one who
has seen it. None of the many fishermen in this district have seen a
similar specimen before, and as most of them have spent their whole
lives on the beach and in fishing round here, their ignorance is fairly
strong evidence that this shell-fish is, if not new, at any rate exceedingly
rare. . . . The live colours of this specimen were exceedingly beautiful.
The shell was a vivid red, almost the colour of a boiled lobster, picked
out with fantastic designs in Cambridge blue (shown as white in the
photograph), the claws were a dull brown with crimson tips, the thorns,
both on claws and body, tipped with white. The inside edges of the
245
A HISTORY OF KENT
tips of the claws, as the photograph clearly shows, are covered with stiff
hair or bristles, brown at the base, tipped with crimson, the eyes dark
indigo blue. The length of the specimen over all is 6 inches ; from
snout to tip of tail 3^ inches; length of claws from socket to tip,
3I inches ; greatest width across the carapace, i| inches. The only
crustacean which I can find mentioned in the books at my disposal
which is at all likely to answer to the specimen in my possession is the
painted squat lobster {Galathea strigosd). It is, however, only just
mentioned ; there is no description nor illustration of it, and as I have
never seen a specimen, I am unable to confirm or refute the theory.
Against the idea of its being a lobster are the facts of its size, its colour,
its having only three pairs of legs — lobsters and nearly all crabs have
four ; the Japanese porcupine crab (Lithodes hystrix) is among the
notable exceptions to the rule — and the long slender claws covered with
hair at the tips. The relative size of the cephalothorax and the abdomen
seem to point to its being a connecting link between the long-tailed and
short-tailed crustaceans.'
As there are five British species of Galathea^ it is fortunate that
Mr. Hussey gave particulars of size and colour and a trustworthy
portrait by which his felicitous 'theory' as to the name of the species
can be fully confirmed. His inference from the fishermen's ignorance
is more open to question, since ignorance as a rule is ' fairly strong
evidence ' of nothing but its own innocent self. As already explained,
the last pair of legs, fifth or fourth according as the chelipeds are or are
not reckoned in the series, are not wanting in these crustaceans. They
are very slight and often doubled away within the branchial cavity so
that they escape notice. The Japanese porcupine crab, now known as
Acantholithus histrix (de Haan), has also its full complement of legs.
According to the most modern view, the lobsters do indeed lead up to
these Macrura anomala and also to the Brachyura, but through two
separate lines of evolution, not as was formerly thought through the
former to the latter. For distinguishing G. strigosa, which Adam White
calls the common plated lobster, from G. sqimmifera, which he calls
Montagu's plated lobster,' it should be noticed that the latter has nine
spines to the rostrum, and the former has seven, the foremost of these
seven being much more advanced than the foremost of the nine.
G. strigosa is much the larger with the hands of its chelipeds more
spinose, and with the third joint of its outer maxillipeds longer than the
fourth, while in the other species that relation of length is reversed.
In the great assemblage of the normal Macrura Kent is sparsely
represented, though the few species it can claim are distributed among
several families. The list may properly be headed by the common
lobster, Astacus gammarus (Linn.), and the Norway lobster, Nephrops
mrvegiciis (Linn.), both belonging to the family Nephropsidae. The
former is no doubt intended by Ireland in his history of Kent, when he
says, ' The native Milton oysters are superior to any others, as well as
' Popular History of British Crustacea, p. 87.
246
CRUSTACEANS
the lobsters caught off the Isle of Thanet.' ' Herein he is perhaps
evincing a fine patriotism of the palate, rather than stating the result of
actual comparison between Kentish lobsters and those of all other
counties and countries. The Handbook to Dover says, ' Homarus vulgaris,
the lobster, of course occurs, but it is far from common with us,
although one of 1 2 lbs. weight was hooked and brought to the surface
by an angler upon the Admiralty Pier some years ago. Nephrops
norvegicus, the small red or Norway lobster, is much more equable in
size, and never attains even the dimensions of vulgaris of but moderate
growth.' Of these two species the more accurate scientific names
have been already given. The species themselves run no risk of
being confounded, the colours being very distinct, and the sharply
four-sided hands of the chelipeds in Nephrops being very charac-
teristic. In the neighbouring family of the Potamobiidae the
river crayfish, Potamobius palUpes (Lereboullet), is distinguished from
both the lobsters by having, among other differences, the last segment
of the thorax or peraeon slightly movable instead of coalesced with
the one preceding. All these three species agree in having the second
and third pairs of legs chelate, though in a far feebler manner than the
first pair which generally monopolize the title of chelipeds. They
differ in several details affecting the rostrum, the ' scale ' of the second
antennae, and other points. The occurrence of the river crayfish in
Kent does not appear to have been hitherto recorded. My friend the
Rev. R. Ashington Bullen, F.L.S., F.G.S., informs me that it occurs in
the river Darent in Kent at Shoreham, and that he kept specimens
alive in his vicarage there. Also my neighbour Mr. Rix assures me
that in his boyhood it frequented the streamlet running through Bishops-
down Park, Tunbridge Wells.
Of the tribe Caridea, containing the majority of the world's
shrimps and prawns, only four species are told of in this county.
When England's Topographer says that ' Courtstairs, otherwise Pegwell
Bay, is famed for shrimps, lobsters, turbot, soles, mullets, etc., and a
most delicious flat fish, called a prill, very much sought after,' ^ his
shrimps are probably Crangon vulgaris, Fabricius, but if not, the occur-
rence of that species at Whitstable is vouched for by Messrs. Hardy
and Oakden of the Quekett Microscopical Club, who also give the
same locality as a habitat of Palaemon serratus. Dr. G. S. Brady
incidentally mentions the finding of Crangon vulgaris at Gravesend.^ In
the Appendix to his ' Report on the Fisheries of Nor jo Ik' Frank Buckland
quotes, from ' Rules, Orders, and Ordnances for the Fisheries in Thames
and Medway' under date 1785, the following decrees, ' White shrimps
shall only be taken from the 24th day of August yearly to the 25th day
of March ; Red shrimps shall be taken in the river Medway only, and
• England's Topographer, or A New and Complete History of the County of Kent. By W. H. Ireland,
p. loi (1828).
» Op. cit. i. 536. The name ' prill ' has passed out of use in favour of ' brill.'
> Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xxvi. pt. 2, 376 (1868).
247
A HISTORY OF KENT
that from the 25th day of April yearly to the ist day of July.' The
terms are a little indefinite. Adam White calls Palaemon squilla the
' White Shrimp,' but adds that ' other species beside this are named
" White Shrimp.'" ' Mr. Lovett says of Pandalus amulicornis, ' It is in
fact the " Red Shrimp " of the Thames excursion steamers. It works
the tide up and down for its food, and is a most useful scavenger. The
term " Red Shrimp" is applied to several diverse species round the coast.
At Southampton I saw Palaemon squilla (the small prawn) hawked
about under this commercial name, and P. varians, where it occurs
commonly, is also so called.' '' The Handbook to Dover says, ' Pandalus
annulicornis, the red or soldier shrimp, and Crangon vulgaris, the brown
shrimp, are imported, for Dover is one of the very few seaside resorts
where shrimping does not commend itself as a livelihood to any of its
inhabitants. Palaemon serratus, the prawn, occurs sparingly to the
west, but in St. Margaret's Bay, where the scour of the tides is less,
they may be obtained in some seasons very commonly.' From these
passages there is obviously no sure inference that the small prawn,
Leander squilla (Linn.) has been taken in Kentish waters. On the
other hand, allowing for changes in nomenclature, there is satisfactory
attestation oi Leander serratus (Pennant), Pandalus montagui. Leach, and
Crangon vulgaris, Fabricius, representing respectively three families, the
Palaemonidae, Pandalidae, and Crangonidae. The first two species,
which the unlearned may prefer to call prawns, have a long serrate
rostrum projecting from the carapace. The third species, the common
shrimp, has no rostrum worth speaking of It is further distinguished
by the first pair of legs. These are moderately robust, but only
subchelate. They are grasping organs, but the finger, instead of
closing against a produced thumb with the action of tongs, closes down
upon the dilated end of the palm. In Leander the nippers are of
normal structure but small. In Pandalus they are so minute that till
recently their existence was overlooked and the limbs were thought to
end in a simple point. The second pair of legs are chelate in all the
three species, though here also there are several differences of structure.
In none of the three, nor in any others of the tribe Caridea, are the third
pair of limbs chelate, as they are in the lobster and the river crayfish.
Of the stalk-eyed Crustacea one more species has to be noticed.
This is no proper prawn, though its correct name is Praunus jiexuosus
(O. F. Miiller). It belongs to the order Schizopoda, which owe their
name ' cleft-footed ' to the circumstance that their legs are two branched.
The malacostracan appendages when fully developed have a branch
called the epipod given off from the first joint, and another called the
exopod usually given off from the second. It is this exopod which has
in general disappeared from the limbs of the peraeon, but is retained in
the Schizopoda. Colonel Montagu, who in Devonshire had himself
found Miiller's Cancer jiexuosus, chose while recognizing that name to
1 Popular History of British Crustacea, p. 135.
2 The Essex Naturalist, xi. 255.
248
CRUSTACEANS
figure and describe the species under a new one, Cancer Astacus tnultipes.
He says ' By means of the accurate pencil of Mr. Henry Boys, who
favoured me with drawings of many of the marine animals found at
Sandwich, I have been able to identify this crab as an inhabitant also of
the Kentish coast.' ^ The genus Macromysis, White, to which this
species is often referred, is much later than Leach's Pr annus.
To the sessile-eyed Malacostraca of this county no great attention
has hitherto been paid. T^he Handbook to Dover incidentally mentions
a single isopod, saying in regard to Leander serratus, ' Oftentimes the
carapace is disfigured by the internal parasite, Bopyrus squillarum, scarcely
a specimen being free from it, but in the last two years they appear to
have escaped.' Strictly speaking, this is not an internal parasite. In
the proper sense of the word, one might say, it is not a parasite at all.
The animal insinuating itself between the side wall of the prawn's
carapace and its branchiae lodges there, apparently without doing its
host any damage whatever unless by wounding its vanity. But if the
prawn suffers from the look of having a swollen cheek, the female
Bopyrus endures more injury than she inflicts. In her narrow apart-
ment she becomes quite lopsided and foregoes all independence of
movement for the sake of the very numerous progeny which she
brings into the world. Her mate is by comparison insigni-
ficant in size, but he retains his symmetry and a limited pedestrianism.
Giard and Bonnier have pointed out that Latreille, to whom the generic
and specific names of Bopyrus squillarum are due, did not distinguish
L. serratus from L. squilla. They therefore propose the name B.
fougerouxi for the species of Bopyrus which is found in the former.
Of all the free-swimming marine Isopods I find none mentioned
except Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius) as to which Leach says, ' This
species is very common on the rocky shores of Devonshire, Kent, and
Cornwall.' ' As the generic name implies, these creatures can roll
themselves up into spheres like some of the land isopods.
The freshwater isopod of England is Asellus aquaticus (Linn.). It
is abundant in little weedy streams about Tunbridge Wells and not
likely to be scarce in any county.
The Isopoda terrestria are at present less meagrely represented than
the aquatic families, though adequate research would be sure to invert
this numerical relation. Lugia oceanica (Linn.) has been observed at
Dover and other places on the coast of Kent by Messrs. W. M. Webb
and J. A. Murie. This is a land species never found except at the lip
of the sea."" Trkhoniscus pusillus, Brandt, is recorded from Chislehurst
by Bate and Westwood,* under the name Philougria riparia (Koch).
From the following species of the group it may be briefly distinguished
as alone having a four-jointed flagellum on the peduncle of the
second antennae. Philoscia muscorum (Scopoli) has this flagellum three-
' Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ix. 91 (1808). = Ibid. xi. 363 (18 15).
3 W. M. Webb and C. Sillem, The British Woodlice, p. 20, pi. I (1906).
* British sessiU-eyei Crustacea, ii. 457.
I 249 i'Z
A HISTORY OF KENT
jointed. It is a smooth and shining, rapidly running species, common
at Tunbridge Wells, and probably all over England. Oniscus asellus,
Linn., agrees with it in the number of joints to the flagellum and in
being found at Tunbridge Wells and indiscriminately elsewhere, but it
is very much larger, slow-moving, and though glossy by no means
absolutely smooth. In all our remaining species the flagellum is
two-jointed, still in Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii, Brandt, the first of
the two joints is characteristic by its minuteness. This species has
been taken at Tunbridge Wells in an ants' nest, the habitat which it
appears invariably to occupy. Porcellio scaber, Latreille, is common at
Tunbridge Wells, but not a rarity anywhere. Of the same genus
P. pictus, Brandt and Ratzeburg, and P. laevis, Latreille, are also
assigned to this county.' Between the first and third no confusion is
possible, because P. scaber, as the name intimates, is rough all over
with tubercles, while the very broad P. laevis is named from the
smoothness of its surface. The painted Porcellio is recorded from
Chislehurst and has also been taken at Tunbridge Wells. It comes near
to P. scaber, but it differs from it in having the first joint of the
flagellum longer than the second. Also the head is very dull in contrast
to the variegated colouring in the rest of the dorsal surface. Metoponorthus
pruinosus, Brandt, is recorded from Chislehurst.'' It differs from the
species of Porcellio, which have the front strongly trilobed, by a
reduction of the lateral lobes giving it comparatively a ' straight front '
in accord with its generic name. Cylisticus convexus (de Geer) is re-
ported by Mr. W. M. Webb from Bluebell Hill, Maidstone. It is Hke
Porcellio, but capable of globation.^ AnnadilUdiitni vulgare (Latreille)
and A. nasatum, Budde-Lund, have both been taken at Tunbridge Wells,
and the latter also at Riverhill, near Sevenoaks. From all the preced-
ing terrestrial isopods, except Cylisticus, they are marked off by the
power they possess of rolling up into a ball. In the common species
the front is simple, but in A. nasatum its middle part is turned back
dorsally with something of a nasiform projection. Though twelve out
of the twenty-four English species may be thought a fair proportion
for a single county to possess, no doubt Kent will eventually be found
to have several in addition to those here enumerated.
The Amphipoda, which agree with the Isopoda in having sessile
eyes and a peraeon or middle body of seven articulated segments, differ
from them very essentially by the position of the breathing organs.
These in the genuine isopods are confined to the pleon, but in all the
amphipods are attached to limbs of the peraeon. Of this latter order
the species are extremely numerous, and it is reasonable to suppose that
the few recorded from Kentish waters are an inconsiderable percentage
of the number really present. The fresh-water species, Gammarus
pulex (Linn.), is plentiful here as elsewhere, found in ponds, rivulets,
and occasionally in wells. But of more interest are the 'well shrimps'
' British sessile-eyed Crustacea, ii. 482, 484. ' Loc. cit. ii 488.
3 The British Woodlice, p. 39, pi. 21.
250
CRUSTACEANS
proper, which are limited to the last kind of habitat. A diligent and
prolonged inquiry after these curiosities for a great while led to nothing
but vague information and unfulfilled promises, until, at length, a
lecture delivered to a working class audience produced the desired result.
Of Niphargus aquilex, Schiodte, Mr. Spalding has since then from time
to time very obligingly supplied me with living specimens from his well
at Rusthall, Tunbridge Wells. Some of them have lived very inex-
pensively for months in a small glass jar supplied with nothing but clear
water. Out of respect to their former domicile their new home was
kept in the shade. Niphargus fotjtanus, Spence Bate, has been taken by
Mr. Lubbock (now Lord Avebury) ' in a well at High Elms in Kent.' '
Between these two species there is a considerable difference in the
second pair of limbs, which have the hands elongate pear-shaped in
N.fontams, but subtriangular, short and broad in N. aquilex. Their
colourless transparency at once distinguishes these well-shrimps from the
greenish or brownish Gammarus, but there are several other points of
difference. If attention be turned to the terminal appendages, known
as the third uropods, those in G. pulex will be found to have the two
branches not very unequal, but in Niphargus the inner branch is rudi-
mentary, while the outer is very elongate and distinctly two-jointed.
Of marine species Melita palmata (Montagu) has been sent me from
Whitstable by Mr. G. S. Saunders, F.L.S., together with Jassa pul-
chella. Leach, which till recently has been by a misconception trans-
ferred to the genus Podocerus. The singular mud-burrowing Corophium
volutator (Pallas) under the untenable name C. longiconie, Latreille, is
recorded by Leach who says that it ' Inhabits the coast of the European
Ocean. At low tide it may be observed crawling amongst the mud.
It is very common at the mouth of the river Medway, from whence
we have received a vast number of specimens.' ' For Capreila linearis
(Linn.) from Whitstable I am indebted to Mr. G. S. Saunders. While
all the other amphipods here named belong to the tribe Gammaridea in
which the pleon is highly developed, this last species belongs to the
Caprellidea in which the pleon is almost evanescent. In this tribe the
species of the family Caprellidae from their extreme tenuity have been
called spectre-shrimps, and from their habit of bowing with the front
part of their bodies while with their hind feet they cling to seaweeds
they have also been called praying shrimps. Adam White, however,
gives to C. linearis the elegant name of ' Pennant's Skeleton Screw.' '
In the Entomostraca we no longer find that steadfastness of pattern
which can be traced throughout the Malacostraca, allowing us to believe,
in spite of all existing exceptions, that between the eyes at one end of the
animal and the telson at the other there are or have been nineteen body-
segments each with its pair of appendages. In the Entomostraca the
body-segments may be more in number, or as is generally the case they
1 British sessik-eyed Crustacea, i. 321.
2 Encyclopaedia Britannica (5th Ed.), Art. Annulosa, p. 426 (1S16).
3 Popular History of British Crustacea, p. 214.
A HISTORY OF KENT
may be fewer, but the mystic nineteen is a number avoided. There are
three principal divisions, the Branchiopoda named from their branchial
feet, the Ostracoda with carapaces in the fashion of bivalve shells, and
the Copepoda called oar-footed because their legs are locomotive, in
contrast to the Cladocera which swim by help of their second antennae.
The first subdivision of the Branchiopoda consists of the Phyllopoda,
the ' leaf-footed.' Of this notable company there are three sets. One
of these, with which we are not here concerned, is called Conchophylla,
because all the leaf-like feet are concealed in a bivalved shell-like
carapace ; another is called Gymnophylla because all the ' leaves ' are
exposed to view, and a third is named Notophylla because a large
dorsal shield covers many but not all of the footbearing segments.
This last is or was illustrated in Kent by the wonderful Apus cancri-
formis, Schaeffer. The species is described by Baird as ' about two
inches and a half long, and one inch and a half in diameter ; of a
brownish-yellow colour, clouded with marks of a deeper hue.' There
are sixty pairs of feet, the structure of which is not a little complicated,
comprising on the inner line a maxilla-like basal lobe followed by five
subjointed ' endites,' and on the outer two ' exites,' namely, a flask-
shaped gill and a simple triangular flabellum or accessory gill. The
eleventh pair of feet carries the ovisacs in the female and the genital
openings in the male. Behind this the caudal part of the animal has
segments with several pairs of appendages to each and several segments
without any appendages, the last segment of all however being provided
with two long jointed streamers.* Herr Stadt-Secretarius Klein first
introduced this remarkable creature to science by sending it, with a
good drawing and Latin description, from Dantzic to the entomologist
Job. Leonhard Frisch, who published it in 1732.' Klein, it appears,
soon afterwards wrote about it to Sir Hans Sloane, and in connexion
with this letter, the following paragraph is worth quoting from Baird's
long and excellent discussion of the species : —
' About the same time a number of specimens of the same animal
were found in Kent by the Rev. Mr. Littleton Brown, F.R.S., who,
in August 1736, sent a specimen, with a letter to Dr. Mortimer, then
secretary to the Royal Society, and which is published, along with
Klein's letter to Sir Hans Sloane, in the Philosophical Transactions for
1738, No. 447. " I brought it," he says, " from a pond upon Bexby
(Bexley ?) Common, where great numbers have been observed for these
five weeks past. The pond was quite dry, the 24th of June, but upon
its being filled with the great thunder-shower, upon the 25th, within
two days the pond was observed to swarm with them, by a farmer
watering his cows there." '*
Of the Gymnophylla Baird reports finding the ' Fairy Shrimp,'
» British Entomostraca, p. 30 (1850).
» See Packard, U.S. Geological Survey, p. 315 (1883).
i" Beschreibung von allerlei Insecten in Teutschland, pt. x. p. I.
< British Entomostraca, p. 29.
252
CRUSTACEANS
Chirocephalus diaphaiius, Prevost, in pools on Blackheath, a locality
which, if now in the county of London, in those days belonged to Kent.
This species, though very similar in structure to the Apus, is through
the absence of the shield very different in appearance. Also its eyes
are stalked instead of sessile, and its feet are reduced to the more
moderate number of eleven pairs. The second antennae of the male
form large claspers, thus accounting for the generic name which im-
plies that the head is furnished with hands. The specific name
alludes to the beautiful translucence of the animal. Its eggs, like
those of many other freshwater Entomostraca, can remain a long time
in dried mud without losing the capacity of developing subsequently
in water.
The Cladocera, a second subdivision of the Branchiopoda, are
named from the branching second antennae which are their locomotive
appendages. They furnish the fresh waters of all counties with
numerous species. In Kent about a score of species have been
catalogued, several of them quite recently through the assiduity of Mr.
D. J. Scourfield, editor of the Journal of the Quekett Microscopical
Club. It happens that all these species are included in one tribe, called
the Anomopoda because they have their five or six pairs of feet not all
alike, the first two pairs being, in contrast to those which follow, more
or less prehensile and without branchial laminae. The tribe is divided
into four families, among which the known Kentish species are repre-
sented as follows. The family Daphniidae no doubt contributes
Daphnia pulex (de Geer), since that species, according to Baird ' lives in
almost all pools, and ditches of standing water, round London, etc."
But this commonest of species is not free from perplexities, as will be
seen by those who study the synonymy in Lilljeborg's great work on the
Cladocera of Sweden. Baird establishes two other species of the genus
D. psittacea from ' Pond on Blackheath ' and D. schoefferi from ' Pond on
Bexley Heath, Kent, August and September, 1849.'' In addition to
these D. obtusa, Kurz, is reported from Keston by Mr. Scourfield, and a
variety propinqua of the same species by Dr. G. S. Brady from the
neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells. This variety was originally dis-
tinguished as a separate species by Professor Sars, who reared it out of
dried mud sent him from South Africa.' Baird's D. schoefferi is identi-
fied by Brady with the earlier D. magna, Straus, which he refers to a
new genus Dactylura, but this is cancelled by Lilljeborg, who identifies
Baird's species and that of Straus with the yet earlier D. pennata (O. F.
Miiller). As to Baird's D. psittacea, Brady says, it ' is quite unknown to
me, though noted by some continental authors.' * Lilljeborg confesses
to have confused it at first with Baird's later JD. atkinsoni, but now
describes and figures it under its own name, with the recognition that
Jules Richard had already distinguished it from £). atkinsoni in exemplary
• British Entomostraca, p. 29. ' Loc. cit. pp. 93, 95.
3 Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumberland, Durham, and Neuuastle-upon-Tyne, xiii. pt. 2, 225 (1898).
♦ Loc. cit. 244.
253
A HISTORY OF KENT
fashion. D. obtusa is regarded by Lilljeborg as nothing but one of the
numerous varieties of Z). pulex, and since D. propinqua is described as
' in general character intermediate between D. pulex and Z). obtusa^ it
scarcely needs a distinctive name. Brady says, ' I have seen but one
male of this form . . . this has the short abdominal processes charac-
teristic of D. obtusa^ and appears to be the prevailing form of Daphnia
in Kent and Sussex. In the spring of 1897 I found it abundantly . . .
in ponds at Bayhall, Tunbridge Wells.' ' The same family contains
Shnocephalus vetulus (O. F. Miiller) found at Chislehurst by Mr. Scour-
field and by myself at Tunbridge Wells, and two species of Moina, M.
rectirostris (O. F. Miiller) and M. branchiata (Jurine), both recorded by
Baird from a " Pond on Blackheath." ' ' Recently Shnocephalus vetulus has
been renamed Simosa vetula by the Rev. Dr. Norman, its older generic
name being preoccupied.
Of the next family Bosminidae Mr. Scourfield reports Bosmina
cornuta (Jurine) from Keston. By Lilljeborg this species is identified
with the earlier longirostris of O. F. Miiller. In this family, it may be
observed, the intestine is simple, and thereby it is distinguished from the
Daphniidae, in which the intestine has in front two caecal processes, and
from the Chydoridae, in which the intestine is looped. Unfortunately
our third family, the Macrotrichidae, occasionally have the caecal
processes and sometimes have a loop to the intestine, but often are devoid
of these characters. By this inconstancy they seriously detract from the
value of this internal apparatus as a help to classification. To the
Macrotrichidae belongs Ilyocryptus sordidus (Lievin), found by Mr.
Scourfield at Orpington. The species of this genus have neither the
anterior caeca nor the median loop. While the habit of hiding in the
mud is expressed by the generic title, the specific name sordidus intimates
that the bearer of it does not escape the ordinary consequence of touching
what is foul. This is not quite a matter of course with crustaceans, for
some manage to emerge from mud with their coats exquisitely glossy,
although the same mud clings to their dead bodies very tenaciously.
The Chydoridae supply the county with several species. The ubiqui-
tous little Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Miiller) is reported by Mr. Scourfield
from Hayes, Keston, Gravesend, Orpington and Chislehurst, and has also
been found at Great Bayhall, near Tunbridge Wells. The slightly larger
C. globosus, Baird, is reported by Baird from ' Pond near Bexley Heath,
July.' ' The same author records his own Alona ovata from ' Pond on
Blackheath, April 1848." Of the same genus Mr. Scourfield reports
A. quadrangularis (O. F, Miiller) from Orpington, A. tenuicaudis, Sars,
from Keston, A. rectangula, Sars, also from Keston, and A. guttata, Sars,
from Chislehurst. The first of these five is exposed to a twofold doubt.
Brady and Norman make it doubtfully a synonym oi A.rostrata (Koch).
Lilljeborg in his ' Cladocera Sueciae ' takes no notice of Baird's ovata,
> Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumhirland, Durham, and Nezvcastle-upon-Tynf, siii. pt. 2, 226 (1898).
' British Entomostraca, pp. loi, 102.
> Loc. cit. p 128. « Lqc. cit. p. 133.
254
CRUSTACEANS
but speaks of Koch's rostrata as hovering between the genera Alonella zn^
Alona, using however for the latter genus the preoccupied nzme^ Lynceus.
Alonella nana (Baird) is reported from Keston by Mr. Scourfield. As its
length is given by Norman and Brady at xhs of an inch/ one may credit
their statement that it is the smallest of our British Cladocera, as also
Lilljcborg's that it is the smallest of the Swedish. Graptoleberis testudin-
aria (S. Fischer) by its coarsely reticulated valves justifies the generic
name of ' scribble-skin.' Its specific name indicates its likeness on a
very diminutive scale to a tortoise, the effect being produced in a lateral
view by the arched upper or dorsal margin of the valves and the broadly
protruding rostral part of the head. The species was taken by Mr.
Scourfield at Keston, who at the same place obtained Peracantha truncata
(O. F. Miiller). This I have myself taken at Tunbridge Wells. It may
be of use to remember that in this family the second antennae have both
branches three-jointed, whereas in the other three families one branch is
four-jointed, the single genus Bosminopsis excepted.
The Ostracoda offer a study in some respects more difficult than that
of the Cladocera, inasmuch as the valves are little or not at all transparent
and are capable of tightly shutting in the whole body. Of the two tribes
now accepted, Myodocopa and Fodocopa, the former are marine and
have not as yet attracted attention in the sea about Kent. Of the latter,
which include a very large number of freshwater forms, many have been
recognized in this county. The local species are distributed among two
out of the five families of this division, the Cyprididae and Cytheridae.
Belonging to the first of these are the following species of seven genera.
Cypris fuscata (Jurine) is reported by Mr. Scourfield from Chislehurst,
is found in ponds near Tunbridge Wells, and is one of the most abundant
British species. C. incongruens, Ramdohr, which includes C. aurantia
Qurine), so named from the orange tints of its valves, has been found in
Kent by Professor Rupert Jones and is recorded by Baird from Black-
heath and Dover." C. virens (Jurine), common in small ponds and
ditches everywhere, has been taken by Mr. Scourfield at Chislehurst and
by myself near Tunbridge Wells. Cypria ophthalmica Qurine) is reported
by Mr. Scourfield from Keston, Gravesend, and Orpington. Brady and
Norman speak of it as ' one of the commonest of British species, occur-
ring everywhere in ditches, ponds, and lakes, both freshwater and
brackish.^ In 1868 Dr. Brady was happy to have found one male
specimen of this species. In 1896, however, he and Dr. Norman give
' males common ' as a characteristic of the genus Cypria^ but of Cypris
they say, ' until quite lately males in this genus were unknown ; and up
to the present time no male has been found in the British Islands.' *
Cyclocypris serena (Koch) is recorded by Scourfield from Chislehurst, and
» Natural History Trans. Northumberland, etc., 397 (1867).
' See G. S. Brady, Monograph of recent British Ostracoda, in Trans. Linn. Soc. London, xxvi. pt. 2,
363 (1868). A reference to this valuable monograph may be understood for localities of Kentish
Ostracoda here quoted, when no other authority is specified.
' Transactions Royal Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv. 69 (1889).
♦ Loc. cit. ser. 2, v. 719, 720 (1896).
255
A HISTORY OF KENT
C. laevis (O. F. Miiller) from Orpington. In this genus males are
common. Its species have the shell excessively tumid, contrasting with
the sub-compressed form in Cypria. Oi Cypridop sis vidua (O. F. Miiller),
since referred to a new genus Pionocypris, Brady in 1868 says, 'I have
specimens from many different localities, ranging from Kent to Dumfries-
shire,' and Cypridopsis aculeata (Lilljeborg) he records as obtained by
Rupert Jones at 'Gravesend, in brackish water.' With the latter was
taken a species at that time called Cypris gibba, Ramdohr, which, Dr.
Brady says, ' seems to be an almost ubiquitous species, but is liable to
escape observation, owing to its habit of escaping on the bottom or
embedding itself in the mud or soft clay.' This has since been trans-
ferred to a new genus Ilyocypris, 'the mud Cypris," and the species
itself has been split into two, I. gibba, Ramdohr, and /. bradyi, Sars,' but
which of the two or whether both should be credited to Kent I am not
in a position to decide. Along with the preceding another species of
similar habits was taken, Candona Candida (O. F. Miiller), of which Dr.
Brady remarks, ' some large adult specimens, collected by Professor T.
Rupert Jones in slightly brackish water at Gravesend, exhibit near the
posterior extremity of the shell a peculiar reticulated pattern, very
similar to that of Cytherideis nobilis (Brady), a marine species found on
the coast of Crete,' the two species being also not unlike in shape and
general appearance. ' The males of C. Candida,' he says, ' are much
more abundant than those of any other species of the family ; they
appear, indeed, to be almost as plentiful as the females.' Candona
lactea, Baird, is recorded from ' freshwater pond, at Charing, Kent.'
Brady observes that ' the animals belonging to this genus have no
swimming power, and are very sluggish in their movements, crawling
leisurely on the bottom, or on the stems of water plants or sometimes
burying themselves in the mud.' On the other hand in the next genus,
Pontocypris, which as the name implies is marine, the animals are quite
well able to swim, though in practice they appear ' to dehght especially
in a muddy bottom, and probably do not stir far away from it.' P.
trigonella, Sars, was taken by Mr. E. C. Davison in the estuary of the
Thames.
The family Cytheridae supplies numerous species distributed among
ten genera. As distinguished from the preceding family, in which the
shell is generally thin, horny, and tolerably smooth, and the eyes when
present are usually confluent, here the shell is generally hard, calcareous,
and rough, and the eyes when present are more or less separated. In
the extensive genus Cythere we have C. lutea, O. F. Miiller, from the
North Foreland, of which the C. viridis of Brady's Monograph, from
Girdler Sand, Thames, and the C. reniformis of Baird, from North
Foreland, near Dover, are synonyms ;' C. confusa, Brady and Norman,
from Margate ; * C. pellucida, Baird, from the Girdler Sand in the
• Transactions Royal Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv. 106. ' Loc. cit. ser. 2, v. 727.
3 Brady and Norman, Transactions Rov. Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv. 125.
« Loc. cit. iv. 126, 127.
256
CRUSTACEANS
estuary of the Thames, and from the same locality C. tenera, Brady ;
C. albomaculata, Baird, taken at Whitstable by Rupert Jones, at Girdler
Sand (Thames) and Margate by E. C. Davison ; C. gibbosa, Brady and
Robertson, found by those authors in the Thames Estuary ; C. tuberculata
(Sars) from Margatei; C. villosa (Sars), obtained by Davison at Margate
and Girdler Sand; C. navicula (Norman), of which Brady recognized
his Cythere Jidicula as a synonym, from the estuary of the Thames and
various other places, but in all of them rare, with a specific name
suggestive of the form, which Norman thus describes, 'ventral aspect
boat-shaped, the resemblance most striking ; centrally depressed at the
juncture of the valves; bow moderately sharp, of good breadth of beam,
sculptured with raised, threadlike concentric lines, representing the
timbers, while the small nodulous processes stand for the thole-pins. The
dorsal and end views bear out the illusion, the former representing a
boat viewed from below, with a well-marked keel, and the latter being
triangular, with gently rounded sides ; ' C.fuscata, Brady, found by Brady
and Robertson in the Thames,^ C. antiquata Baird from the Thames^
and C whitei (Baird) from the Girdler Sand.*
Cytheridea papulosa. Bosquet, has been found in the Thames
Estuary, by Davison, and of the same genus C. elongata, Brady, in Peg-
well Bay by Rupert Jones, and in shell sand from the Thames by Dr.
Brady ; C. torosa (Jones) has been found at Gravesend by Professor
Jones, at Girdler Sand by Davison, and in shell sand from Pegwell Bay
by Brady ; C. lacustris (Sars) was obtained from the Thames Estuary by
Brady and Robertson.* Eucythere declivis (Norman), of which E. argus
(Sars) is a synonym, is recorded from ' Girdler Sand,' this like most of
the specimens from that locality having been collected by Mr. E. C.
Davison. Loxoconcha impressa (Baird) ' in the shell sand from the
Girdler Sand' (Thames) ' is described as one of the commonest of British
species.' The generic name means ' oblique shell,' and in accord with
this Dr. Brady observes, ' the genus is well characterized by the oblique
" peach-stone " outline of the carapace.' To the same genus belong
L. guttata (Norman) from Girdler Sand, Thames, and ofFDungeness Bay;
L. viridis (O. F. Miiller), of which L. elliptica, Brady, from Girdler
Sand, is now recognized as a synonym ; and L. tamarindus (Jones) from
Margate and ' in shell sand, Girdler Sand.' Xestoleberis aurantia (Baird)
is reported by Brady and Norman from the estuary of the Thames and
from ofFDungeness Bay. This species shows 'colour deep brownish
orange, or sometimes white ; a very conspicuous black or deep crimson
spot in front of the eyes.' The genus. Dr. Brady says, 'is chiefly
distinguished by the peculiar form of the carapace, which is very low
and pointed in front, elevated and tumid behind, in these respects
offering a direct contrast to the genus Eucythere' It has the ' shell
very smooth and polished, ornamented with small round distinct
» Brady and Norman, Transactions Roy. Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv. 143.
» Loc. cit. iv. 148. 3 Loc. cit. 168. ♦ Loc. cit. 169.
• See Monograph of Post-tertiary Entomostraca, 179 (1874).
I 237 33
A HISTORY OF KENT
papillae.' The generic name signifies 'polished skin'. Cylherura
striata, Sars, one of the commonest of its genus, ' occurring in tidal
pools, as well as in all depths of water round the British coasts, and ex-
tending commonly into the estuaries of rivers on the east coast of Eng-
land,' ' is specially reported from Girdler Sand ; C. similis, Sars, is
recorded under the synonym C. propinqua by Brady and Robertson from
the Thames Estuary ; ^ C producta, Brady, one of the less common species,
is reported by Brady and Norman from the Thames and Dungeness Bay,^
and by the same authors their C. simplex from the ' Thames Estuary, 7
fathoms.' ' As to the genus Cytherura Brady says that its species are
the smallest of all the Ostracoda. Bythocythere recta (Brady) has been
obtained by Dr. Brady in Dungeness Bay.° Sclerochilus contortus (Nor-
man) was found by Davison at Margate and ' in shell sand, Girdler
Sand.' In this genus the elongated valves are ' very hard, especially
towards the margins,' thus accounting for the generic title ' hard-lip.'
Dr. Brady in 1868 says, 'in outward appearance the one species belonging
to this genus is scarcely separable from the following [Paradoxostoma) ;
but the structure of the animal shows an apparent transition from the
Cythere type to that of Paradoxostoma. This is more especially evident
in the mandibles and mouth.' On the other hand in 1889 Brady and
Norman separate from the Cytheridae a new family Paradoxostomatidae
for species which among other characters have the valves thin, fragile,
smooth, imperfectly closed in front, and the mandibles stiliform."
G. O. Sars (1891), however, and G. W. Muller (1894) think the
additional family unnecessary, or only to be accepted with modifications
as a subfamily of the Cytheridae. Paradoxostoma variabile (Baird),
reported from Dover by Baird' and obtained from Girdler Sand, Thames,
by Davison, is exposed to some doubt by the remark of Dr. G. W.
Muller that P. variabile is obviously a collective name for numerous
species, some of which can only be distinguished by minute anatomical
details.' P. abbrrviatum, Sars, P. enstforme, Brady, and P. Jlexuosum,
Brady, have all been obtained from Girdler Sand, and the last also
from Dungeness Bay."
For the Copepoda of the county the authorities are not very
numerous. Among those who have published results of their re-
searches, the foremost is Mr. Lubbock (Lord Avebury), who in 1863
records seven species of Cyclops from Kentish ponds. As to the family
in general, he says : ' Considering that they are among the commonest
inhabitants of our fresh waters, that probably there is not a weedy
pond in the country which does not contain two or three species, it is
somewhat remarkable that the genus should have been so completely
* Transactions Roy. Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv. 196.
« Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 4, v. 25 (1870).
3 Transactions Royal Dublin Society, ser. 2, iv. 199.
* Loc. cit. p. 201. * Loc. cit. p. 222. * Loc. cit. p. 67.
' British Entomostraca, 170.
8 Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, Ostracoden, 313 (1894).
* Transactions Roy. Dublin Society, iv. ser. 2, 237.
258
CRUSTACEANS
neglected by our English zoologists ; and yet I am not aware that any
one has written on the freshwater Cyclopidae of Great Britain since the
appearance of Dr. Baird's work, or has attempted to compare our
English forms with those described by the foreign carcinologists, and
especially by Claus and Fischer." Since then the comparison has been
carried further back to the works of Koch and Jurine, with the result
that specific names accepted in 1863 have undergone various dis-
placements. Beginning with the species of Cyclops that have the first
antennae seventeen-jointed, we find that C. coronatus^ Claus, recorded by
Lubbock from Chislehurst, is transferred by Brady to C. signatus, Koch,
but Mr. Scourfield, who has found the same species at Keston, adopts
for it the admittedly earlier name, C. albidus (Jurine). This species has
a serrated rib or crest on the last joint of the first antennae, while C.
tenuicornis, Claus, recorded by Lubbock from Chislehurst, with the
remark that ' this species is very nearly allied to C. corotmtus, if indeed
distinct,' has the crest simple. The smooth crest, however, is now
supposed only to represent a slightly earlier stage in the animal's
development.^ C. strenuus, Fischer, is reported by Scourfield from
Hayes and Keston. For this species the same name is adopted by
Brady, though he gives as synonyms the earlier names, Monoculus
quadricornis rubens, Jurine, and Cyclops pictus, Koch, as well as the later
C. bre-vicaudatus, Claus, which Lubbock found 'common at Chisle-
hurst,' and C. clausii, Lubbock, which that author found ' common in
a pond on Farnborough Common in Kent, May 1861 ; and also in a
horse pond at Reigate, in July ; at Chislehurst Common, in February,
March, April, and September.' Lubbock mentions that ' the male seizes
hold of the penultimate legs of the female with his prehensile antennae,'
and that ' the egg-bags are at first greenish, but gradually become light
pink.' By Scourfield C. leuckarti, Claus, is reported from Keston ;
C. dybowskii (Lande), from Hayes ; C. viridis (Jurine), var. gigas^ Claus,
from Hayes, Keston, Gravesend and Chislehurst, and C. bicuspidatus,
Claus, var. lubbockii, Brady, from Gravesend. C. brevicornis, Claus,
recorded by Lubbock as ' common in ponds at Farnborough and
Chislehurst, in Kent, etc.,' is now identified with C. viridis (Jurine).
Of the species which have the first antennae twelve-jointed, C. serrii-
latus, Fischer, is recorded from Kent by Lubbock, who mentions it as
one of the smallest species of the genus, apparently hardy, and living
well in confinement. By Scourfield it is reported from Hayes, Keston,
Gravesend and Orpington. C. phaleratus, Koch, with ten-jointed first
antennae, is recorded by Lubbock from Chislehurst, but under the later
name C. acanthocarpoides, Fischer. C. Jimbriatus, Fischer, with the first
antennae only eight-jointed, is reported by Scourfield from Keston. Of
the family Diaptomidae Diaptomus castor (Jurine) and D. gracilis, Sars,
are reported by Scourfield from Chislehurst, and had been previously
recorded from Kent by Lubbock, who supposing the second species
' Transactions Linn. Soc. London, xxiv. pt. 2, 197 (1863).
» See Brady, Natural History Transactions, Northumberland, etc. xi. 72 (1891).
259
A HISTORY OF KENT
to be new named it D. westwoodii. In this genus the first antennae
are twenty-five jointed, the right one in the male being prehensile.
Eurytemora affinis (Poppe) and £. lac'wulata (Fischer) have been found
by Scourfield at Gravesend. The first antennae are twenty-four jointed,
with the clasper on the right. Of the family Arpacticidae Canthocampus
staphylinus (Jurine) is reported by Scourfield from Chislehurst, and
Moraria ajidersonsmithi, T. and A. Scott, from Keston. The last-named
authors say that the genus Moraria was instituted to include an interest-
ing Arpactid from Loch Morar, Inverness-shire, ' having characters
connecting the fresh-water species Attheyella cryptorum, Brady, with the
marine Cylindropsyllus laevis, Brady.' ' ' The anterior antennae in both
male and female are short, stout, and seven-jointed, the male antennae
being hinged between the fourth and fifth joints, and adapted for
grasping.'^ Mr. Scourfield, writing to me, 17 May 1902, says, 'I
also enclose a summary of all my records of fresh and brackish water
Entomostraca from Kent. I am sorry it is not longer, but it has
happened that I have not collected much in Kent. There are, however,
several interesting things in the list, e.g. the two species of 'Eurytemora,
Cyclops dybowskii, and Moraria andersonsfiiithi.^ It can scarcely be neces-
sary to point out how largely Mr. Scourfield, by his generous supply of
unpublished lists, has contributed to the completeness of this report on
the Crustacea of the county.
Of parasitic and semiparasitic Entomostraca many are Copepoda
which attach themselves with more or less freedom or fixity to fishes,
and are on that account called ' fish-lice.' How large a number of
parasitic Crustacea in general might be added to the catalogue of the
Kentish fauna can be with certainty inferred from some passages in
England's Topographer, in which their hosts are mentioned. Thus Mr.
Ireland says, ' The Medway abounds in fish ; particularly carp, perch,
tench, pike, dace, chub, roach, and gudgeons ; and but rarely a salmon
is caught weighing twelve or fourteen pounds : that fish formerly
abounded in this river,i as several manors belonging to the priory of
Rochester were compelled to furnish one or more annually, for the
table of the monks : and below Rochester, the finest and largest smelts
are caught, as well as soals, flounders, dabs, thornbacks, maids, etc. In
former times the sturgeon was so abundant in the stream that the Bishop
of Rochester claimed a duty from the same, which constituted a con-
siderable part of his revenue, as second to the Archbishop ; another
being also paid to the King.' 'The Cray abounds in trout of the finest
flavour, colour and size.' Elsewhere he tells us that ' In the year
1774 a most remarkable fish was caught on Faversham Flats, called mola
salviani, or the sun fish, which weighed about nineteen pounds and a
half, and was two feet in diameter. This fish is very rarely met with in
our narrow seas,' and in a ' Chronology of remarkable events relating
to Maidstone,' one entry is, ' R. whale and two porpusses taken in
> Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 6, xi. 213 (1893).
» T. Scott in Eleventh Annual Report of the Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. 3, 228 (1893).
260
CRUSTACEANS
the Medway." The sunfish, which is now called Orthagonscus mola, is
a little paradise for parasites, but also the Right Whale carries its
amphipod Cyamus, the carp its branchiopod Argulus, the sturgeon its
strange-looking copepod Dichelestium, and so on through the list might
be mentioned one eccentric form after another, which is only waiting
for a chronicler to give it the right of taking its place in the Kentish
fauna.
Something still remains to be said of the Thyrostraca, better known
as cirripedes and better still as barnacles, if betterness of knowledge can
be reckoned by the familiarity of a name. Of the sessile species the
county may at least claim Darwin's Balanus improvisus, since he says of
it, • This species, as far as my experience goes, is commoner on the
shores of Kent than on other parts of England : the first specimens
which I met with, I owed to the kindness of Mr. Metcalf ; they were
attached to wooden stakes from Heme Bay, together with a single
specimen of B. crenatus : I have seen other specimens from near
Woolwich, from the Kentish oyster-beds, from Sandwich and from
Ramsgate. . , . This species is often attached to wood. At Ramsgate,
the specimens were attached to a small coasting vessel, and they must
have been immersed five or six feet ; they were associated with B.
crenatus^ and with a few of B. balamides.^ At Monte Video Darwin
found this species capable of living in water perfectly fresh, with a
chance at high tide of having a bath in slightly brackish water. He
remarks on the singularity of a species capable of living in fresh water
and likewise in the saltest seas, when ' even brackish water is a deadly
poison to several, probably to most, species of the genus.'* Of B.
crenatus, Bruguiere, Darwin says : ' I have received specimens from all
parts of the coast of Great Britain and Ireland, generally attached to
Crustacea and moUusca, and never hitherto from rocks uncovered by the
tide. ... At Ramsgate, in Kent, I saw a rudder of a ship, in which
the two or three upper feet were thickly coated with B. balanoides, and
the two or three lower feet with B. crenatus and improvisus mingled,
together with a few of B. balanoides.'^ This latter species often crowds
the shore between extreme tide-marks, but Darwin doubts whether it
ever lives below the lowest ebb.* He also points out that ' When a
specimen is disarticulated, our present species can at once be dis-
tinguished from B. cre?:atus (and from B. improvisus) by its membranous
basis, and by the solid or cancellated walls, which are rarely permeated
by regular tubes or pores ; and the walls when porose are not internally
ribbed.'* From B. crenatus the species B. improvisus is distinguished
externally by having the edges of the radii ' much smoother and
rounded, and the whole shell less rugged, internally by the porose basis,
the presence of an adductor ridge on the under side of the scutum, and
the graduated teeth on each side of the central notch in the labrum.' '
' England's Topographer, i. 105 (1828) ; ii. 586 (1829) ; iii. 696 (1829).
3 Monograph of the Balanidae, 252 (Ray Soc. 1854). ' Loc. cit. 264.
* Loc. cit. 272. » Loc. cit. 271. • Loc. cit. 265.
261
A HISTORY OF KENT
It should be understood that the scuta and terga are two pairs of valves
forming the operculum or lid of a Balanus ; the radii are the modified
sides of the shell's immovable compartments ; they overlap the alae
which are also lateral protuberances of the walls but are overlapped
instead of overlapping.
Of the strange parasitic Thyrostraca it is quite clear that at least
one species has been found abundantly in Kent. This follows from the
remarks appended by Bell to his account of the crab Portunus marmoreus^
which he personally appears to have procured only in this county. He
says, ' There is another fact relative to this species which is worth
recording, and that is, the extent to which they are infested with a
remarkable parasite, occupying the space between the folded abdomen
and the sternum, and having the prima facie appearance of a bag of
immature eggs. Both males and females are equally obnoxious to it,
and from its size and situation it must present an insuperable barrier to
impregnation. It consists principally of a mass of minute eggs, which
are arranged in bundles attached to filaments, like bunches of grapes ;
the alimentary canal passes directly through the body, the mouth being
attached to the intestine of the crab, which it pierces near its extremity,
and from which in all probability it derives its nourishment. The anal
opening, which is distinct and obvious, is visible without removing the
parasite from its position. The whole is of a rounded trihedral form,
and is covered by a tough but thin integument. I have occasionally
found it infesting Carcinus maenas, but never in such numbers as in the
present species.' ' It is difficult to understand how Bell could have
written this account without calling to mind that the parasite which he
had observed on the common shore crab had been already described by
J. Vaughan Thompson in 1836 as Sacculina carcini. There is now a
considerable literature concerned with the structure and life history of
the Sacculinidae. It cannot be taken for granted from superficial
resemblance that these parasites when found on different hosts belong to
one and the same species.
The foregoing catalogue of Kentish Crustacea may be deemed a
fairly long one and well diversified. It is so. Nevertheless the natural-
ist will easily understand that in every direction some, and in many
directions very large, amplification of it may be predicted as the result
of future researches.
» British Stalk-eyei Crustacea, Io8.
262
FISHES
The data from which the present list is drawn are derived from
three sources : Boys' Fishes of Sandwich^ ^792, the handbook to Dover,
prepared for the meeting of the British Association in 1899, and con-
taining a list of the fishes, by Mr. Sydney Webb, and Dr. J. Murie's
Thames 'Estuary Sea Fisheries, part i., 1903. The names of freshwater
species are prefixed with an asterisk ; two asterisks denote occurrence in
both fresh and salt water.
TELEOSTEANS
ACANTHOPTERYGII
t. Perch. Perca fluviatilis, Linn.
*2. Sea Bass. Morone labrax, Linn.
{Lab-
rax lupus, Day).
3. Maigre. Sciatia aquila, Lacep.
Taken off Margate in October, 1843.
4. Common Sea Bream. Pagellus centrodon-
tus, Delaroche.
5. Pandora Sea Bass. Pagellus erythrinus,
Linn.
6. Red Mullet. Mullus barbatus, Linn.
7. Ballan Wrass. Labrus maculatus, Bl.
8. Baillon's Wrass. Crenilabrus melops, Linn.
Specimens from the Thames estuary have
been presented to the British Museum by
Dr. Murie.
•9. Miller's Thumb. Cottus gobio, Linn.
10. Father-lasher or Bull-head. Cottus scot-
â– pius, Linn.
11. Lucky Proach. Cottus bubalis, Euphr.
12. Four-horned Cottus. Cottus quadricornis,
Linn.
13. Grey Gurnard. Trigla gurnardus, Linn.
14. Streaked Gurnard. Trigla lineata, Gmel.
15. Red Gurnard or Elleck. Trigla cuculus,
Linn.
16. Sapphirine Gurnard or Tubfish. Trigla
hirundo, Linn.
17. Piper. Trigla lyra, Linn.
18. Dogge or Armed Bullhead.
phractus, Linn.
Jgonus cata-
19. Lump-sucker. Cyclopterus lunipus, Linn.
20. Sea-snail. Liparis vulgaris, Flem.
21. Diminutive Sea-snail. Liparis montagui,
Donov.
22. Spotted Goby. Gobius minutus, Gmel.
23. Two-spotted Goby. Gobius ruthensparri.
Euphr.
24. Willughby's Goby.
Gobius paganellus,
Aphia pellucida.
Gmel.
25. Transparent Goby.
Nardo.
Has been found at the mouth of the Thames
by Dr. J. Murie.
26. John Dory. Zeus faber, Linn.
27. Boar-fish. Capros aper, Linn.
Is often taken singly at Dover.
28. Scad or Horse-mackerel. Caranx trach-
urus, Linn.
29. Pilot-fish. Naucrates ductor, Linn.
Individuals are on record from Folkestone,
Dover, Ramsgate, and Margate.
30. Tunny. Thunnus thynnus, Linn.
In 1 801 three were taken off Margate, this
being the first record of tunnies on the Eng-
lish coast. Others have since come ashore on
the coast of Kent. In May 1880, the skull of
one, 10 inches wide, was found at Margate.
31. Mackerel. Scomber scombrus, hinn.
32. Sword-fish. Xiphias gladius, Linn.
33. Great Weever. Trachinus draco, Linn.
34. Lesser Weever. Trachinus vipera, Cuv.
and Val.
263
A HISTORY OF KENT
35. Dragonet. CaUionymus lyra, Linn.
36. Butterfly Blenny. Blennius ocellaris,
Linn.
' Has more than once been detected by
Mr. E. Horsnaill at Dover ' according to Mr.
Sydney Webb.
37. Butter-fish. Centronotus gunellus, Linn.
38. Viviparous Blenny. Zoarces viviparus,
Linn.
39. Angler or Fishing frog. Lophius fisca-
torius, Linn.
Occasionally captured at Dover.
ANACANTHINI
40. Cod. Gadus morrhua, Linn.
41. Haddock. Gadus csglefinus, Linn.
42. Bib or Pont. Gadus luscus, Linn.
43. Power. Gadus minutus, Linn.
44. Coal-fish. Gadus virens, Linn.
45. Whiting. Gadus merlangus, Linn.
46. Pollack. Gadus pollachius, Linn.
47. Hake. Merluccius vulgaris, Cuv.
48. Fork-beard. Phycis blennioides, Bl. Sch.
49. Lesser Fork-beard. Raniceps raninus,
Linn.
50. Ling. Molva vulgaris, Flem.
51. Five-bearded Rockling. Motella mustela,
Linn.
52. Three-bearded Rockling. Motella tricir-
rata, Bl.
PLEURONECTOIDEI
53. Halibut. Hippoglossus vulgaris, Flem.
54. Turbot. Rhombus maximus, Linn.
55. Brill. Rhombus lavis, Linn.
56. Common Topknot. Zeugopterus punc-
tatus, Bl.
57. Plaice. Pleuronectes platessa, Linn.
58. Lemon Dab. Pleuronectes microcefhalus,
Donov.
59. Dab. Pleuronectes limanda, Linn.
•*6o. Flounder. Pleuronectes flesus, Linn.
61. Pole or Long flounder. Pleuronectes cyno-
glossus, Linn.
62. Sole. Solea vulgaris, Quens.
The Dover or Kingsdown Soles, it may be
observed, command the highest prices on the
London market.
63. Thickback. Solea variegata, Donov.
64. Solenette. Solea lutea, Risso.
PLECTOGNATHI
65. File-fish. Balistes capriscus, Linn.
A single specimen was captured near Folke-
stone in 1884.
66. Sun-fish. Orthagoriscus mola, Linn.
PERCESOCES
**6j. Thin-lipped Grey Mullet. Mugil cap-
ito, Cuv.
**68. Thick-lipped Grey Mullet. Mugit
chelo, Cuv.
69. Atherine. Atherina presbyter, Jen.
Stated by Day to be absent from Kent, but
reported from Dover by Mr. Sydney Webb,
and from the Thames Estuary by Dr. Murie.
70. Larger Launce or Sand Eel. Ammodytes
lanceolatus, Lesauv.
71. Lesser Launce. Ammodytes tobianus,
Linn.
72. Garfish. Belone vulgaris, Flem.
73. Flying Fish. Exocoetus volitans, Linn.
Murie records the capture of an example in
the Medway at Rochester, in September 1898.
HEMIBRANCHH
••74. Three-spined Stickleback. Gastrosteus
aculeatus, Linn.
•75. Ten-spined Stickleback. Gastrosteus
pungitius, Linn.
76. Fifteen-spined Stickleback. Gastrosteus
spinachia, Linn.
SELENICHTHYES
77. Opah or Moon-fish. Lampris tuna, Linn.
Of exceptional occurrence.
LOPHOBRANCHH
78. Broad-nosed Pipe-fish. Siphonostoma
typhle, Linn.
79. Greater Pipe-fish. Syngnathus acus, Linn.
80. Snake Pipe-fish. Nerophis esquoreus, Linn.
81. Straight-nosed Pipe-fish. Nerophis ophi-
dian, Linn.
82. Sea-horse. Hippocampus antiquorum.
Leach.
Frequently taken along the Sandwich Flats.
264
FISHES
*83. Pike.
HAPLOMI
Esox lucius, Linn.
OSTARIOPHYSI
Carp. Cyprinus carpio, Linn.
Crucian Carp. Cyprinus carassius, Linn.
Gudgeon. Gobio fluviatilis, Flem.
Rudd. Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, Linn.
Roach. Leuciscus rutilus, Linn.
Chub. Leuciscus cephalus, Linn.
Dace. Leuciscus dohula, Linn. (Z. vul-
garis, Day).
Minnow. Leuciscus phoxinus, Linn.
Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.
Bream. Abramis brama, Linn.
Bleak. Alburnus lucidus, H. and K.
Loach. Nemachilus barbatulus, Linn.
MALACOPTERYGII
'•96. Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn.
•*97. Trout. Salmo trutta, Linn.
*98. Houting. Coregonus oxyrhynchus, Linn.
Has been taken in the Thames estuary.
99. Smelt. Osmerus eperlanus, Linn.
100. Argentine. Argentina sphyrana, hinn.
Recorded by Boys.
loi. Anchovy. Engraulis encrasicholus,'Linn.
A casual visitor.
102. Herring. Clupea harengus, Linn.
The true ' Whitebait ' is the young of the
herring.
103. Pilchard or Sardine. Clupea pilchardus,
Linn.
104. Sprat. Clupea sprattus, Linn.
**I05. Shad. Clupea alosa, Linn.
**io6. Thwait. Clupea finta, Cuv.
APODES
••107. Eel. Anguilla vulgaris, Turt.
108. Conger. Conger vulgaris, Cuv.
GANOIDS
**I09. Sturgeon. Acipenser sturio, Linn.
no. Porbeagle. Lamna cornubica, Gmel.
III. Hammerhead. Sphyrna zygana, Linn,
ccording
CHONDROPTERYGIANS
6. Tope. Galeus vulgaris, Flem.
7. Picked Dogfish. Acanthias vulgaris.
Has been seen at Dover in
to Mr. Sydney Webb. Had previously been
recorded by Boys.
112. Rough Hound, or Small-spotted Dog-
fish. Scyllium canicula, Linn.
113. Nurse-Hound, or Large-spotted Dog-
fish. Scyllium stellare, Linn. (5.
catulus. Day.)
1 14. Thrasher. Alopias vulpes, Gmel.
First recorded by Boys. Specimens have
been captured off Folkestone in 1867, 1868,
and 1869.
115. Smooth-Hound. Mustelus liEvis,Y\em.
{M. vulgaris. Day).
Risso.
[8. Monk-fish or Angel.
Linn.
Rhina
tquattna.
119. True Skate.
120. Thornback.
Raia batis, Linn.
Raia clavata, Linn.
Raia oxyrhynchus.
121. Long-nosed Skate
Linn.
122. Homelyn. Raia maculata, Monxagn.
123. Sting Ray. Trygon pastinaca, Linn.
124. Eagle Ray or Whip Ray. Myliobatis
aquila, Linn.
Occasionally seen at Dover, according to
Mr. Sydney Webb.
*I25. Sea Lamprey.
Linn.
CYCLOSTOMES
Petromyzon marinus.
**I26. Lampern.
Linn.
Petromyzon fluviatilis,
265
34
AND
REPTILES
BATRACHIANS
The Reptile fauna of this county is an extremely poor one, only the
species generally distributed over England being on record. The Sand
Lizard {Lacej-ta agiiis) and the Smooth Snake (Coronella austriaca), which
occur in some localities in Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire and Dorsetshire,
are absent, and the more widely distributed Palmated Newt [Molge
palmatd) has not been observed in Kent, although no doubt it will be
found some day. We must therefore content ourselves, at present, with
the meagre list of 4 reptiles and 5 batrachians. The Natter-jack Toad
{Bufo calamitd) which appears on the list, occurred in days gone by on
Blackheath, and according to Mr. Sydney Webb is still found near
Dover, but not in abundance.
REPTILES
1. Common Lizard. Lacerta vivipara, 3. Common or Ringed Snake. Troptdonotus
Jacq. natrix, Linn.
2. Slow-worm. Anguis fragilis, Linn. 4. Viper or Adder. Vipera berus, Linn.
BATRACHIANS
1. Common Frog. Rana Umporaria, Linn. 4. Great crested Newt. Molge cristatajhiUT.
2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris, Laur. 5. Common Newt. Molge vulgaris, Linn.
3. Natter-jack Toad. Bufo calamita, Laur.
{Triton punctatus, Latr.).
266
BIRDS
Before enumerating the birds that are found in Kent, a brief survey
of the principal features of the county in relation to its bird life is
desirable, since natural conditions influence to a great extent the distri-
bution of birds.
By possessing a wealth of water, marshland, woods and cultivated
districts, Kent is one of the richest counties in England as regards bird
life. Its fertile undulating landscape, running in and out from woods
and copses to park, meadow and cultivated crop land, hop land and
fruit orchards, intersected with hedgerows, which, to borrow an expres-
sive phrase, produce ' a well upholstered look,' have earned for Kent the
name of ' the Garden of England.' And, when to our county the
summer brings the hosts of migrants that make their haunts in the
sheltered woods and dells, and fill the country-side with melody, one
would think that Kent might also be well called the Garden of Song.
The heart of Kent contains principally the district known as the
Weald (forest tract), the site in former times of dense impenetrable
forests. In this district many woods of considerable size, copses and
wooded dells (locally known as ' shaws ' and ' gills ') are to be found,
interspersed with timbered parks, young plantations of larch and fir,
grass land, hop land and arable fields.
During the summer months the woods with their quiet streams,
moist-breathing meadows bordering the copses, and stout hedgerow
bottoms become the sanctuary of many of our warblers. In these local-
ities the nightingale, blackcap-warbler, willow-warbler, chiffchafF, white-
throat and lesser whitethroat are to be found nesting ; and in the fir
and beech-grown parts the wood-wren — that daintiest and prettiest of
our warblers — may be met with, while in the cooler depths of shade
and thicket the grasshopper-warbler makes a home.
The ranks of many of these summer migrants have greatly increased
during the past few summers owing to the heavy plagues of caterpillars
that have been experienced in many districts. The small oak-green
caterpillar [Tortrix viridana), which every season mercilessly strips many
of our oak trees, forms a favourite food, especially of the two white-
throats, blackcap and garden-warblers.
While these summer denizens of our woods are on the increase, our
birds of prey are steadily decreasing. This fact must be put down to
cultivation and the large increase in game rearing, and the consequent
war waged against them by gamekeepers. For example, in the beginning
of the eighteenth century the kite, now extinct in the county, was
common. In those days places were rough and wild, cattle and sheep
267
A HISTORY OF KENT
were allowed to remain and rot where they died, and their carcases
afforded ample food for these carrion-eating birds. But now farms have
sprung up over the whole land, the pasture fields are well kept, and
all cattle that die are carefully buried ; an observation which applies to
the raven, now a rare bird in the county.
Next in order of rarity may be mentioned the honey buzzard and
common buzzard, both in danger of becoming lost to Kent, while at
the present time the only two hawks still fairly numerous are the kestrel
and sparrow-hawk.
Regarding the owls — the tawny owl and long-eared owl, once in
danger of becoming scarce, have rallied, owing to the present protection
afforded to them.
Before leaving our world of woods another bird is worthy of men-
tion — that is the golden oriole. This bird has not unfrequently occurred
in Kent, and may be looked upon as rather more than a passing visitor,
since there are at least three authenticated instances of its having bred
in the county. There is not a doubt that this handsome species would
become an annual breeder with us, provided it were protected from
persecution ; and apart from the pleasure to be derived from seeing it
in our woods and gardens and hearing its flute-like notes, its presence
in the garden would be valuable, since it devours all kinds of caterpillars
and other harmful insects.
In mentioning the large woods, we must not omit the part the
smaller ones play in the fostering of our wild birds. We refer to the
young plantations of larch, fir and chestnut that have sprung up in the
county within the last few years.
Owing to these warm coverts, with their beds of thistles and plenti-
ful undergrass, the number of small finches has greatly increased. Flocks
of goldfinches hanging about the thistle-down are now common sights ;
siskins too, at the fall of the year, put in a brave appearance, while the
clear strings of musical notes from a host of linnets and redpolls will
often strike upon the ear.
Another interesting fact about the up-growth of these plantations is
that they have induced the woodcock to breed in the suitable localities.
Our hop land, which furnishes one of the most conspicious features
of Kentish scenery, influences to some extent our bird life.
In September, before the poles are pulled, swallows and martins
throng the gardens, gathering a harvest from the hop-fly and other
insects attracted by the bine ; while at a time when insect life is becom-
ing scarce, this supply of food makes all the difference to these departing
migrants, and hence our county offers an attractive high road to the
Hirundinidce on their migration southward. Then in winter, when hard
frost binds the ground and the farmer enriches the hop gardens from
the farmyard, flocks of larks and finches invade them from time to
time to gain a living.
The next important features of the county to be considered are the
shore-line and marshland. The high chalk cliffs about Dover offer a safe
268
BIRDS
asylum to large colonies of herring-gulls during the breeding season ;
while still more interesting is the fact that the peregrine falcon breeds in
inaccessible portions of the cliffs. And here, probably, many years ago
the chough bred, for it is included in Mr. Boys' list of Kent birds, and
we believe that it bred (sparingly) in the neighbouring county of Sussex.
On the north shore-line are Pegwell and Sandwich Bays, localities
rich in shore birds. The former forms the mouth of the river Stour,
and with its large expanse of mud flats — about two miles in width and
nearly the same in length — becomes the resort during winter of many
gulls and waders at low water.
Sandwich Bay is flanked by sand hills and has a wide tract of
sand and mud flats, visible at low tide. From this place most of
the rare birds recorded by Mr. Boys were obtained, and it was here
that the Sandwich tern was discovered by him to be a British bird
in 1784.
In the south-east corner of Kent from Hythe to Lydd there is a
wide expanse of stones, that has been reclaimed from the sea. About
Lydd it is interspersed with shallow pools of brackish water and reed-girt
ponds. Among the latter are the well-known Hoppen Petts, the only
Kentish breeding home of the black-headed gull. This great tract of
stones is locally known as the ' Lydd beach.' Its brown surface is here
and there relieved by green patches of the creeping sloe, cup-shaped
hollies and clusters of the yellow beach poppy. In relation to bird life
the Lydd beach, in the days of Knox, was one of the most attractive
localities in the county ; but now, owing to the increased firing of both
artillery and small arms from the camp at Lydd during the height of
the breeding season, and the opening out of a portion of the beach by
the Dungeness railway, many interesting species are on the point of dis-
appearing.
The thicknee and Kentish plovers now only breed there sparingly ;
the colonies of common and lesser terns have diminished, while the
spoonbill and avocet have become rare visitors.
Between Lydd and Rye harbour the tide lays bare a wealth of sand.
During migration this coast line is filled with bird voices. At low tide
crowds of gulls line the water's edge. At times they raise a cackling
chorus, now loud, now soft as a breathing echo. Then away on the sand
the rattling cry of the turnstone, the plaintive notes of the ringed plover
and the tremulant whistle of the dunlin will fitfully strike the ear.
Farther inland, behind the Lydd beach, is the Romney marshland, where,
in the days of Dr. Plomley of Lydd, in the ' forties,' both the ruff and
bearded tit were found breeding and the great bustard was not uncom-
mon. The other marshes in the county are those about Rainham, near
Stourmouth, Wingham and Minster. Like Romney Marsh, all these
localities in former days harboured many birds. Owing to the increase
of cultivation and drainage, the area of these marshes has been consider-
ably restricted, and consequently the ranks of our marsh-loving birds are
much thinned compared with their number in former times.
269
A HISTORY OF KENT
In spring, migrants arrive on the south coast ; some to stay, others to
pass over the county on their w^ay northward to breed. In autumn the
return migration begins, and the birds, which have bred in the north,
make their way to the south-east portion of the county, about Dungeness,
where the crossing to the continent is shortest. About the same time
a migrational movement from the south-west to this same point also
takes place. The immigrations of the birds to the county from northern
Europe and the continent during autumn and winter are few. Kent lies
too far south to catch the movement that extends at those seasons across
the North Sea to our east coasts.
The local museums are the Folkestone, Margate, Canterbury, Maid-
stone and Dover collections. Those of the first three places are in poor
condition and records are for the most part lost.
In the last named there is the Plomley collection, containing many
species obtained by Dr. Plomley from Lydd and Romney Marsh. The
private collections I have referred to in my ' History of Kent Birds '
are those of the late Mr. Walter Prentis (now at Rochester) of Mr.
Oxenden Hammond of St. Alban's Court, Nonington ; and of the
Rev. Benjamin Austen of Walmer. These contain many rare species,
principally obtained from the northern portions of the county. Lastly,
my own collection, consisting chiefly of birds from the Weald and the
south coast.
In this article I have only given records which I have been able to
authenticate. I have omitted a few, elsewhere recorded, which are not
in my opinion satisfactory. My best thanks are due to Mr. Meade-
Waldo for his assistance in correcting my proofs. I have referred to
the following works : —
Yairell's History of British Birds (ed. 4, 1885 Newton & Saunders)
Manual of British Birds, Howard Saunders (1898)
Handbook of British Birds, Harting (1901)
Boys' History of Sandwich (List)
List of Folkestone Birds (Henry UUyett)
77;!^ Zoologist, 1 840-1 90 1
The Birds of Rainham, Walter Prentis (i 894)
The author's own notes, 1 887-1 900
The author's articles in The Kentish Express, August 1899, to June 1 900
I. Missel-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. tember a migration southward may be noticed
Locally, Missel-bird, Screech. ^.'"^''S '"^"f °{ °"^. home-bred birds, but
these partial migrations depend to a great
The missel - thrush is well distributed extent upon the supply of food. Should the
throughout the wooded portions of the yews in October yield a good store of berries,
county and among our orchards. In the numbers of birds will remain in the locality to
breeding season the number of nests in one devour them. During a severe winter large
locality is sometimes considerable, as many batches of foreigners appear in the county, to
as five or six being found close together. leave again however in the following spring.
This plentiful distribution invariably occurs In the severe winter of 1890 a great influx took
after a mild winter, when no severe weather place, and these foreigners were invariably the
has come to decimate the ranks of our home- first to succumb to the cold weather. Owing
bred birds. About the end of July migra- probably to severe privations the plumage of
tion commences, the flocks consisting mainly these birds was paler in colour than that of
of young birds. Towards the end of Sep- our residents.
270
BIRDS
2. Song-Thrush. Turdus musicus, Linn.
Locally, Grey Bird, Snailjobber.
A common resident. During a severe
winter or a dry season partial migrations
occur to the vicinity of the sea-coast, where
the birds feed on mussels and marine insects
along the shore. After a time these indi-
viduals become dark in plumage.
3. Redwing. Turdus iliacus, Linn.
A winter migrant to the county ; generally
appearing towards the middle of October in
small parties, in company with the fieldfare.
These are but advance guards of larger forces,
which come as the year nears its end ; the
numbers vary however according to the severity
of the winter. When the weather is mild and
open very few visit the county. During a
severe winter their numbers are large, and
they remain with us until the stores of holly
berries give out, when the greater number
disappear altogether from the county, and we
see no more of them until they pass in the
spring on their homeward journey, when they
have been observed as late as the end of
March.
4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn.
The remarks on the preceding species
apply equally to the fieldfare, which is also a
winter migrant to the county, but it stays
later than the redwing.
5. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn.
A common resident, which has increased
in numbers of late years, owing to the ex-
tension of fruit growing in Kent. Mulberries
form a favourite fruit of this bird. In Octo-
ber blackbirds leave our gardens for the most
part, and resort to the woods, where they seek
their living on ground moistened by fallen
leaves and dripping branches. The blackbird
is essentially a worm-feeding bird, and there
is not a doubt that fallen leaves attract worms
more readily to the surface. Partial migra-
tions occur in autumn and winter and again
in spring.
6. Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn.
Occurs in Kent as a migrant only. Mr,
Walter Prentis says : ' The ring-ouzel passes
through Rainham on its passage north in
spring, south in autumn ; sometimes, when
food is to be had, staying a few days with
us ; always wild, choosing for its perch the
tops of trees.' In October, on its journey
southward, this bird resorts to furze-covered
commons near the sea, and should berries be
plentiful it prolongs its stay. It is by no
means a common migrant in the county.
7. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.)
Locally, Clod-hopper.
The wheatear arrives in Kent towards the
middle of March, and by the time that month
draws to an end becomes a familiar figure in
our coastland scenery. It is decidedly local
as a breeding species in the interior of the
county, its distribution varying according to
the condition of the spring. Should March
be an inclement month, not a few leave the
bleak land near the coast and pass further in-
land for summer quarters. The males appear
to precede the females, for on several occasions
when noting the arrival of this bird in spring
I have seen none but males. In Kent the
principal breeding localities of the wheatear
are the Lydd beach around Dungeness, Little-
stone and in the vicinities of Sandwich and
Pegwell Bays and Whitstable, while it nests
annually on the low ground between Graves-
end and Chatham. The firing-courses at
Lydd that now take place annually over this
wide tract of beach have apparently failed to
banish the wheatear, as they have several other
breeding species. In this locality curious un-
looked-for spots are often chosen by the birds
for their nests. Discarded tins, kettles, and
crevices in the gabion casemates are frequently
made use of; while in May 1896 the writer
discovered a nest inside an empty four-
pounder shell. Again, it is not unusual to
find the wheatear's nest in a depression on
the bare beach. In a case like this dry grass
alone is used, the nest resembling a large
edition of the lark's, but the normal feather
lining is then absent and the nest is thereby
rendered less conspicuous. In August a
congregating movement may be noticed, and
the numbers of birds bred on the south coast
are augmented for a short season by mi-
grants from the westward, especially on the
Sussex downs, where, in the days of our fore-
fathers, the shepherds carried on a regular trade
in these birds, which were looked upon as a
great delicacy. We read in Gilbert White's
letter to Daines Barrington in December 1 773
(Letter xvii.), that ' at the time of wheat har-
vest, they begin to be taken in great numbers
and sent for "sale in vast quantities to Bright-
helmstone and Tonbridge, and appear at the
tables of all the gentry that entertain with any
degree of elegance.'
8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.)
A summer migrant to the county, arriving
in the second week of April and departing
again at the end of August, when parties of
young birds in their rufous and black plumage
may be observed lingering about waste land,
271
A HISTORY OF KENT
on their way to the coast. The appearance
of these parties is however irregular. On
30 August 1896 a small flock of six
birds (the first since 1893) appeared in a
fallow field near Cranbrook. They caught
their prey after the manner of flycatchers,
being very busy just at dusk in obtaining it,
retiring for the night to a neighbouring turnip
field. All these birds were young males with
their conspicuous white shoulder patches ; a
fact which I have found to be the case on
several former occasions, thereby indicating
that the males keep separate from the females
on migration. The whinchat breeds locally in
the county. Two nests have been sent to me
from the neighbourhood of Tunbridge Wells,
while in the neighbourhood of Edenbridge
the bird is common about the rough railway
embankments. Mr. Walter Prentis of Rain-
ham writes : ' A pair frequented a narrow
coppice on my farm in 1886. On mowing
clover and making hay in the field adjoining, a
nest was discovered containing four blue eggs,
built on the ground after the manner of the
sky-lark's.'
9, Stonechat. Pratincola riibicola (Linn.)
Locally, Furze Chat.
Although a resident, this species is more
uncommon than the whinchat, since the
nature of the county is unsuitable. It is
more often observed in winter than summer,
usually about our marshland.
10. Redstart. Ruticilla phcenicurus (Linn.)
Locally, Fire-tail.
The redstart is sparingly distributed during
the summer and breeds in suitable localities,
appearing in April and leaving again in Sep-
tember. Like the nightingale it is generally
to be found breeding in colonies, and the same
locality will often be resorted to year after
year. It is however a shy bird, and if per-
secuted will constantly change its breeding
haunts. This accounts for their disappearing
from districts where they used to be numerous.
It is found in the Rainham (Prentis) and Stour-
mouth districts (Dowker). Wherever there are
fir woods it is generally to be found. Near
Cranbrook it breeds annually in the Bedgebury
woods, where in May 1896 I observed no
fewer than five pairs in a single morning, and
found several nests, two of which were on
ledges of sandstone in an old disused pit: nest-
ing sites the redstart appears to be particularly
fond of. In the same month, on 12 May,
I discovered another nest in a very curious
situation. It was placed inside a disused
pheasant's coop, and side by side was another
nest belonging to a marsh-tit. On my ap-
proach the owners flew away, showing eggs
in both nests.
11. Black Redstart. Ruticilla //Vy^ (Scopoli)
A scarce winter visitor to Kent. I have
observed individuals on the hills about Dover
and Folkestone. No authenticated instance
of the bird breeding in England has yet been
recorded. Mr. Oxenden Hammond observed
an old male bird near Wingham on 9 May
1883, which looks suspiciously as if a pair were
breeding in the locality, yet the nest was not
discovered. This redstart is by no means com-
mon in the county, although it is said to be
increasing in other counties. A reason for
this may be looked for in the fact that this
species generally affects high ground near the
sea on its arrival. The only high coast that
Kent can show is in the vicinity of Folke-
stone, Dover and St. Margaret's Bay, and
there specimens of the black redstart have
occasionally been obtained.
12. Red-spotted Bluethroat. Cyanecula suecica
(Linn.)
A very rare visitor in spring and autumn.
Kent lies too far south for us to receive
many stragglers of this species.' To my
knowledge three specimens have been ob-
ained in Kent. One in Sheppey in 1844
(George Dowker). On 16 May 1845 a
fine old male bird was taken in a nightingale
trap and was kept alive for several months,
and during that time examined by the well
known ornithologist, the late Mr. John Han-
cock. The third instance occurred in Septem-
ber 1 88 1, when a specimen was obtained in
the marshes near Dartford. Mr. Grey, the
curator of the Dover Museum, writes as fol-
lows : ' I once saw a beautiful specimen of
the bluethroat in the meadow behind the
Castle and followed it for some time. It
kept flying from a hedge to a turnip field,
but only having a butterfly-net with me I
stood no chance of getting it.'
1 3. Redbreast. Erlthacus rubecula (Linn.)
A common resident. In September a mi-
gration southward may be observed. When
1 During the autumn migration individuals are
obtained almost annually on the Norfolk coast
between Wells and Cromer {F.C.H. Norfolk, i.
228). This portion of the English coast might
be described as a halting or resting place in the
movement of migration of those birds that breed
in northern Europe, for a northerly wind sends
these migrants to this prominent piece of coast-line,
whence after a short stay they cross the sea on
their way southward.
272
BIRDS
winter approaches many of the robins, especi-
ally the birds of the year, retire to our thick
fir woods, where they roost in the warm beds
of pine-needles, or in holes scratched by rabbits
and other rodents.
14. Nightingale. Dau/ias luscinia (Linn.)
In the third week of April the nightingale
appears in the county (the male birds arriving
first) to take up their summer quarters in our
copses. This species has increased very much
within the last three years, and pairs may even
be found nesting within the confines of our
gardens. A good idea of its distribution in
the county may be arrived at by following the
course of the valleys, for the nightingale in-
variably selects the low wood-covered ground,
where streams may be found, in preference
to any other ; and in such places colonies
may be met with, the birds returning yearly
to the same spots. A remarkable instance
of devotion towards their offspring occurred
near Cranbrook in 1897. A pair chose as
a nesting site a bank directly behind the
rifle range, where practice was carried on
twice a week. The nest was placed in a hole
made by former bullets and in a line with the
central target. Two days after the young
appeared the male bird was killed, but his
mate continued to feed her five young
ones amid the spattering of bullets. The
young eventually left the nest and gained a
bunch of faggots just above it, and whilst
here one of the little band was killed. After
this the mother led them to a safer retreat,
out of range.
15. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bcchs^itln)
Locally, Nettle-creeper.
Between 13 and 20 April the common
whitethroat may be looked for, but the date
of its arrival varies a good deal with the con-
dition of the weather, for should the spring
be wet and inclement the bird will not be
seen much before the latter date. This
summer migrant is numerous throughout the
county.
16. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca {h'mn.)
The lesser whitethroat arrives about the
same time as its close congener, but it is
rather a scarce bird and of local distribution,
keeping much to the tops of trees, especially
oaks. A marked increase in the numbers
of this warbler took place in many localities
in the summer of 1896, when both this and
the previous season were remarkable for the
great plagues of the green oak-moth {Tortrix
viridana), whose caterpillars stripped and dril-
led to a deplorable extent many of our oaks.
I
On these the young of the lesser whitethroat
are principally fed.
17. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.)
Common in the well wooded districts from
the middle of April onward, but its distribu-
tion varies yearly. Its appearance in Kent
has been recorded in the end of March.
18. Garden-Warbler. Sylvia hartensis {Bech-
stein)
Not so common as the preceding species,
and I have noticed that in localities where the
one species abounds the other is absent. In
the summer of 1896, when our oaks suffered
severely from caterpillars, the garden-warbler,
which had been scarce in the neighbourhood
of Cranbrook, became numerous, while at the
same time the blackcap warbler almost dis-
appeared.
19. Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod-
daert).
This warbler is named after the town near
which it was first recognized as an English
species by Dr. Latham, who obtained a pair
on Bexley Heath near Dartford on 10 April
1773. It is a scarce resident and chiefly
confined to the western portion of the county,
where there are heath and furze commons.
It has been obtained at Guston near Dover
(16 March 1887), at Woolwich {Zoologiit,
1863, p. 8819) and at Rainham (Prentis).
20. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus, K. L. Koch.
Found throughout the county. Of late
years it has become numerous owing to the
increase of larch and fir plantations, where it
is generally to be found in small parties
throughout the winter, returning in the spring
to our gardens as soon as the deodars begin to
put forth their shoots, beneath whose tray-
like branches it suspends its beautiful little
nest. About the middle of November, when
stormy weather with south-westerly winds is
generally experienced, numbers arrive on the
coast from the continent and leave again in
April. These birds possess a roving disposi-
tion and continually shift from one locality to
another, never being in one place for any
length of time. Mr. Walter Prentis of Rain-
ham, writing in 1894, says : 'I have not seen
the golden-crested wren for several years ;
what has become of them I do not know,
unless they have been affected by the cold and
wet summers.'
21. Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus (C. L.
Brehm).
This wren is a rare visitor to the county.
73 35
A HISTORY OF KENT
The specimens on record have all been ob-
tained in the winter and after stormy weather.
The first individual, a female, was shot in an
apple tree in December i860 at Rainham,
by Mr. Walter Prentis. Another specimen
was obtained at Whitfield near Dover in
1884; while the last two records are from
the neighbourhood of Lydd. On 10 October
1896, after several days of stormy weather
with strong south-easterly winds, a male bird
was shot by Mr. Brann of Broomhill farm
near Rye, in an apple tree outside his house.
The bird was in company with several of the
common species. It was sent to me for
identification and preserved by Mr. Springett
ofCranbrook. The second specimen, another
male, was shot in the same tree in 1897, and
curiously enough on the same date, 10 Octo-
ber. Both of the specimens are now in my
collection.
22. ChiiFchaff. Phylloscopm rufus (Bechstein)
Locally Oven-builder.
A common spring migrant. My diary for
several years records its appearance between
24 and 28 March, when its well known note
has been very hoarse and hardly audible.
23. Willow-Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus
(Linn.)
Locally, Yellow Wren.
A common summer migrant coming in the
first week of April, and from that period on-
ward this bird arrives in parties at well marked
intervals, a wood that was silent before be-
coming suddenly filled with their voices. As
soon as the buds of the apple trees show
signs of bursting, the bird is often to be
heard in orchards, where it seeks after and
feeds upon the destructive apple aphis {Aph'n
mali). The food of this little warbler con-
sists to a great extent of these injurious in-
sects, and for this reason gardeners should
encourage the bird in their gardens, where,
in August especially, it may be noticed attack-
ing the broods of aphis on the rose bushes. I
have found the willow-warbler nesting in
colonies, discovering as many as five nests in
one copse. From the shape of their nests
both the willow-warbler and chifFchafF are
locally known as ' oven birds.'
24. Wood-Warbler. Phyttoscopus sibilatrix
(Bechstein)
Locally, Yellovif Willow- Wren.
The wood-warbler is of local distribution
in the county and arrives about the middle of
April. In some districts however it is the
most numerous of the three yellow warblers.
I first observed this species in the Cranbrook
district in the summer of i8g6. A few pairs
now come annually to certain spots in the
Angley and Bedgebury woods, in which are
to be found tall firs and beeches, trees of
which the wood-warbler seems very fond.
At Eastwell near Ashford the wood-warbler
is locally distributed, while it does not appear
to be found in the Canterbury district (Oxen-
den Hammond). In the woods about Dover
it breeds sparingly (Gray). In the Chatham
and Sittingbourne districts the bird is only
seen on passage in spring and autumn.
25. Icterine Warbler. Hypokh icterina
(Vieillot)
The rare icterine warbler has occurred
once in Kent ; the first example obtained in
England is now in the Dover Museum,
having been killed at Eythorne on 15 June
1848 by the late Charles Gordon. This
warbler is common on the continent, and it
is quite likely that it occurs more often in
England than is supposed, since, owing to the
thick foliage, it probably escapes detection,
while to an ordinary observer the bird would
pass as a wood-warbler. However, its stouter
build, yellower under-parts and the lack of
yellowish-green on the upper parts, serve
principally to distinguish it from the latter
species.
26. Reed - Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus
(Vieillot)
This warbler arrives in Kent in the latter
part of April and is still plentiful in suitable
localities, especially in the Wingham and
Romney marshland and in the vicinity of the
river Rother, but there is not a doubt that
its numbers have of late years decreased,
owing to the drainage of our reed beds and
marshy places. Further, this drainage and
the prolonged droughts of the last three sea-
sons have afforded to the farmers an easier
access to these reed beds, which they now
systematically cut over, using the reeds as
thatching material for their stacks.
[No identified example of the marsh-
warbler {Acrocephalus palustris, Bechstein) is
known to have occurred in the county, but
the species may easily have been overlooked,
owing to its similarity to the reed-warbler,
from which it chiefly differs in having the
upper parts washed with a distinct greenish
olive-brown instead of rufous. Especially
is this noticeable in the feathers of the
rump. I have carefully examined a reputed
specimen of this bird in the fine collection of
Mr. Walter Prentis and mentioned by him
274
BIRDS
in his Birds of Ra'inham (p. 25), but it is a
reed-warbler and fails to correspond with
typical examples of A. palustr'is with which I
have compared the example.]
27. Great Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus tur-
do'tdes (Meyer)
This bird is an extremely rare visitor ; only
two specimens have been obtained in Kent.
On 4 May 1853 ^" individual was shot by the
side of a pond near Sittingbourne by Mr. G.
Thomas of that place. The other was ob-
tained in the Wingham marshes on 14 Sep-
tember 1 88 1, by Mr. Oxenden Hammond,
who writes of the occurrence as follows :
'While snipe shooting, on September 14th, I
came across a warbler of some kind, which I
failed to identify satisfactorily. I had marked
a snipe down, as I believed, in a water-cress
covered stream, which flowed between an
alder bed on one bank and a bank of very
high reeds on the other. I had not gone far
up the windings of this channel, when the
bird in question rose out of the coarse herbage
and instantly entered the reed-bed opposite.
I was struck by its appearance and sent my
retriever into the reeds. The bird moved
through the reeds at once before the dog,
and my keeper seeing it, forced it out by a
thrust or two of my marsh-jumping pole. It
flew along the watercourse very low, just
topping the cresses with a weak fluttering
flight, and some dust shot then struck it down.
I found no difficulty in identifying the bird
as the great reed warbler.'
28. Sedge- Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis
(Bechstein)
In Kent the sedge-warbler arrives at the
end of April and frequents ditches which are
overrun with brambles and places where there
is rough herbage. The vicinity of water is
not essential to this bird, the nest being often
found on the ground in thick grass by the
roadside. During the migration in September
small parties may be seen in the dykes of our
marsh-land near the sea.
29. Aquatic Warbler. Acrocephalus aquaticus
(J. F. Gmelin)
Has occurred once in the county, an
example being obtained near Dover by the
late Mr. C. Gordon. The specimen remained
in Dr. Plomley's collection in the museum of
that town for some time unidentified till
February 1871, when Mr. J. H. Gurney
found it to be a genuine example of this
rare warbler. In Borrer's Birds of Sussex
there is a fine coloured plate of the aquatic
warbler by Mr. Keulemans.
30. Grasshopper-Warbler. Locustella navia
(Boddaert)
This warbler, locally known as 'cricket-
bird,' comes to us near the end of April,
taking up its abode in thickets, close as a rule
to running water where there is plenty of
' bottom ' in the form of coarse grass. It is
by no means common and of very local dis-
tribution. Its retiring and skulking habits
make observation difficult, the bird being
more often heard than seen, its peculiar scis-
sor-grinding song breaking the silence of
evening. According to Mr. Walter Prentis
this bird, formerly plentiful, has disappeared
from the Rainham district. In his collec-
tion there is a peculiar variety obtained on 5
June 1869; back greenish-brown with darker
markings, breast greenish-yellow without spots.
In the Cranbrook neighbourhood a few pairs
breed annually in the woods around Sissing-
hurst. It is found near Maidstone, a nest
and two eggs with the female bird being
in the museum of that town, and taken near
HoUingbourne in May 1882. Nests have
also been found near Ashford, while in the
Stourmouth district the bird is scarce (Dowker).
About Dover it breeds sparingly (Gray), and
it has also been observed at Pembury near
Tunbridge Wells {Zool. 1857, p. 5685).
3 1 . Hedge-Sparrow. Accentor nodularis (Linn.)
A well distributed resident in the county,
its numbers remaining constant throughout
the year. Although one of the earliest of
British breeding birds it is often among the
latest. In the Cranbrook neighbourhood a
brood was still in the nest on 23 August
1890.
32. Dipper. Cinclus aquaticus, Bechstein.
The dipper or water-ouzel is a rare bird in
Kent, where only a few individuals on mi-
gration have been obtained. The county is
unsuitable to the habits of this species, as shal-
low rivers studded with stones and running
streams are not to be found in Kent, so the
dipper as a resident is absent. I have the
following records : Two in the Dover
Museum, one being in the Plomley collec-
tion, and therefore probably obtained in the
neighbourhood of Lydd ; the other shot on
the river at Dover in 1870 (Charles Gordon).
One in the local collection of the Maidstone
Museum (G. Simmons). Lastly, in Decem-
ber 1890, a dipper was shot on the rocks at
Margate (J. H. Gurney, Zool. 1 89 1, p. 274).
To "these records I shall also place the
observation of one near Cranbrook. The dip-
per is such a remarkable looking bird that
it can hardly be mistaken for any other. On
275
A HISTORY OF KENT
4 November 1894, Mr. Thomas Weston of
Standen House, Benenden, observed a bird
which flew close to him. It was shot at, but
not obtained. A few days afterwards he
identified the bird as the same as some dip-
pers, obtained in Scotland, in Mr. Springett's
shop in Cranbrook. The country below
Benenden is not at all an unlikely locality
for one of these birds, since there are several
running streams that find their way into the
Rother.
33. Bearded Tit or Reedling. Panurus biar-
micus (Linn.)
Many years ago the bearded tit or reed-
pheasant ceased to exist in Kent, and there
is now no likelihood of its ever returning
owing to the drainage of our marshes and
reedy places, while the constant cutting over
of the reeds affords these shy birds no asylums
for their nests. Formerly it was a resident.
In the second edition of his British Ornith-
5%y, published in 1 821, Graves writes: 'The
bearded titmouse is found in considerable
abundance in the extensive tracts of reedland
from Woolwich to Erith in Kent' ; while
in the days of Dr. Plomley of Lydd (about
1840), whose collection of Kent birds is now
in the Dover Museum, ' the reed-pheasant
was occasionally found in Romney Marsh '
(Bartlett, Zoo/. 1884, p. 621). Mr. George
Dowker, writing in 1889, says, 'the Rev. B.
Austin shot one in the Monkton Marshes some
years ago.' In 1 865 three specimens, one male
and two females, were shot at Burham near
Maidstone (Prentis). Before that time it
probably ceased to breed in the county.
In my collection I have a pair obtained
from Romney Marsh in 1844, and by the
worn condition of the female's plumage these
birds had evidently bred that year in the
marsh.
34. Long-tailed Tit. Acredula caudata{h\nn.)
Locally, Bottle Tit, Muffle Tit.
A common resident. From October on-
wards small parties of these birds may fre-
quently be observed threading their way
through our larch plantations and copses. By
the time March has come these parties have
paired off and then resort much to orchards,
where they often select the lichened boughs of
the apple trees for their nests. An example
of the typical A. catidata, distinguished from
our British bird by the entire head being
white, was obtained near Dover Castle by
Mr. Gordon and is now in the collection of
Mr. Walter Prentis of Rainham, where I
have seen it.
35. Great Tit. Parus major, Linn.
The great tit, locally known as ' ox-eye,'
is very common throughout the county. It
begins to utter its shrill staccato note, like the
whetting of a saw, very early in the year, if the
weather is mild, becoming very persistent in
March. Curious nesting sites are frequently
chosen by this tit. On more than one occa-
sion in the Cranbrook neighbourhood I have
found the nest built in an old squirrel's drey ;
but holes in fruit trees are for the most part
chosen, the birds often returning to the same
nesting site in several successive seasons till
the nesting material collected together assumes
great proportions. A nest taken at Bedge-
bury in 1896, built in a disused pheasant's
coop, was of remarkable dimensions shaped
like a square block of well-felted moss.
36. Coal-Tit. Parus ater, Linn.
Locally, Blackcap.
Locally distributed. Where the marsh-tit
is present this species is generally absent.
This I think is due to the pugnacity and
quarrelsome nature of the marsh-tit. The
coal-tit is a retiring bird and keeps much to
our fir plantations, especially during the
breeding season, while the marsh-tit may
often be found nesting in our gardens.
37. Marsh-Tit. Parus palustris, Linn.
A common resident. The nesting site of
this species varies according to the nature of
the locality. About Cranbrook holes in
pollard willows close to running water and
in other decayed trees (often bored by the
bird itself) are generally selected. In the
Rainham district low stubbs in the woods are
taken for nesting sites (Prentis). Both this
and the preceding species very often nest in
holes in the ground.
This bird has been known to conceal her
eggs before commencing incubation should
her nest be in the vicinity of any disturbing
influence. In May 1896, in a garden near
Cranbrook, this tit built its nest in an old
decayed laburnum, close to a spot where
rubbish was continually being deposited. The
nest, when I found it, contained two eggs
which were carefully covered over and con-
cealed with a thin layer of hair and wool,
felted together. The next morning the three
eggs were similarly treated. After the full
complement were laid incubation commenced
and the young eventually hatched.
This tit is also, like the coal-tit, locally
called ' blackcap.'
276
BIRDS
38. Blue Tit. Parus aeruleus, Linn.
Locally, Tom-tit.
A well distributed resident. It is observed
either singly or in pairs throughout the year,
haunting the woods and copses in winter
and our gardens and orchards in early spring,
when it does much good in destroying the
eggs of the destructive coccus insect, which
infests the bark of apple and pear trees.
39. Nuthatch. Sitta casta. Wolf.
Locally, Nutjobber, Woodpecker.
In the wooded districts this bird is common,
but in some localities its distribution does not
always remain constant.
Near Cranbrook in 1896 the nuthatch
bred very sparingly as compared with former
years ; while on the other hand a wonderful
increase took place in its numbers in the
Tunbridge Wells district. Although the
nuthatch is partial to woods as feeding
grounds, well-timbered grass land proves a
still greater attraction, the turf being care-
fully hunted for small worms. In Kent
holes in apple trees and oaks are for the most
part chosen- as nesting sites, especially those
in the former trees. A favourite hole is
often resorted to annually. A remarkable
instance of the building economy of this
species came under my notice in the spring of
1898. On 25 April a pair commenced
building in a hole of an old apple tree. The
first thing the birds did was to build up a
store of clay and mud in the fork of a branch
adjoining the nest-hole. Within a couple of
days this lump of clay reached a height of six
inches and two in thickness. This material was
mixed with horsehair and portions of skeleton
leaves. All this work was accomplished by
the female bird, the male accompanying her
on her journeys. The female next directed
her attention to the nest-hole itself, filling the
bottom with bits of straw and dead grass-
stalks. When this was done she commenced
to line both sides of the entrance with clay.
After this she would gain the entrance, face
about and begin to chisel away the rough
ends of the clay lining till the surface became
smooth. As the building went on the natural
aperture of the hole was soon reduced in size,
till at length the bird, on issuing from it, had
literally to wriggle her body to and fro to get
out. She looked a queer little object on
leaving the hole, her back and wings coated
with mud. A pair of starlings then attacked
the nest and destroyed a great deal of the
clay lining. The nuthatches however were
not to be beaten. To meet this emergency
they at once commenced to draw upon their
store of clay on the neighbouring branch.
Breaking ofF a piece of the hard material the
female bird would disappear into the nest-
hole, the next minute to appear at the entrance
with the clay made soft and ready for use by
means of her saliva. In this way the nest-
hole was soon rebuilt.
During the breeding season — about the
middle of April — the clear musical whistle of
this bird becomes tremulant and might then be
described as a series of bubbling notes. The
winter call-note is 'tewit,' rapidly uttered and
repeated several times in succession. This
cry, merely prolonged and slurred upwards,
becomes the spring call-note just mentioned.
Towards the end of May, when the young
are abroad, this bird becomes silent and is
seldom heard again till September, when the
winter call-note is resumed.
40. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, K. L. Koch.
A well known resident. In October the
numbers of our resident birds are increased by
migrants which appear on the south coast,
generally after strong south-westerly gales
have been experienced, when I have noticed
numbers hiding in the sheltered dykes and
weather-beaten trees and bushes in the marsh
land between Rye and Dungeness.
41. Tree-Creeper. Certh'ia familiaris, Linn.
Locally, Tree-crawler.
A resident sparingly distributed in the
county, but more numerous in the well-
timbered and wooded districts.
42. Pied Wagtail. MotacUla lugubris, Tem-
minck.
A well distributed resident, more numerous
at certain seasons than at others. Many of
the old birds stay with us throughout the
winter. In the early autumn the young of
the year begin to move southward, and at
that time these are often seen in numbers on
our lawns during the heat of an August day
busy catching the flying ants. At the end
of September they congregate prior to cross-
ing the Channel near the sea-dykes between
Rye and Dungeness, and gradually edge their
way to the latter place, where the passage is
shortest.
In spring, about the middle of March,
adult birds appear along our coast-line, the
males as a rule being the first-comers. Al-
binistic specimens are now and again met
with. There is one in the Dover Museum.
This wagtail is locally named ' dishwasher.'
43. White Wagtail. MotacUla alba, Linn.
An irregular summer migrant. There arc
277
A HISTORY OF KENT
two specimens in the Dover Museum from
Lydd, where this species has nested
(Plomley).
44. Grey Wagtail. Motadlla melanopr^
Pallas.
A summer and winter visitant, but very
locally distributed. It keeps much to the
vicinity of running water, and is seldom found
like the pied wagtail on fallow or grass
land. In September immature birds visit our
brooks and streams on their migration south-
ward, often remaining for several days in the
locality, while during winter an occasional
adult bird has come under my notice. It
breeds very sparingly in the county. I have
records of nests taken near Cranbrook and in
the vicinity of Dover, not far from the river.
It does not appear to breed in the Rainham
district, but is now and again met with
during winter in the marsh land (Prentis).
45. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motadlla
Jlava, Linn.
An occasional summer visitor. An indi-
vidual was killed by striking itself against the
telegraph wires between Deal and Dover on
I May 1889. Mr. Oxenden Hammond iden-
tified the bird soon after it was picked up.
46. Yellow Wagtail. Motadlla rait (Bona-
parte)
A summer visitor to the county, the influx
in some years being considerable. Many
breed in the dyke land between Rye and
Dungeness, where I have frequently found
nests. A few individuals pass further inland
and frequent plough land and pea fields, where
they breed. I have seen them near Ashford,
frequenting bean fields, to which they seem
very partial. Towards the end of August
they begin to congregate prior to departure,
and may sometimes be seen in considerable
numbers on the south coast. The young are
the first to depart, the old birds going some-
what later, some of which remain with us
till quite late in autumn. In 1894 a bird
was observed at Cranbrook on 1 9 October.
The following note is from my diary during
the migration season near Rye in 1896 :
' On August 27th, during the evening, an ex-
traordinary influx of yellow wagtails took
place. The bean and stubble fields became
literally alive with them, while many perched
after the manner of swallows on the telegraph
wires near the sea-wall. Just now the
males of this species are very quarrelsome and
may constantly be seen fighting amongst them-
selves.' This wagtail arrives in the county with
considerable regularity. In 1S95 it appeared
at Cranbrook on 2 April, and in the following
year on 26 March. Mr. Prentis of Rain-
ham says : ' The yellow wagtail comes on
or about April loth, sooner or later accord-
ing to the weather : they breed as a rule in
our pea-fields, not often in the clover.' On
10 April 1895 Mr. Springett of Cranbrook
received a beautifully coloured specimen
obtained in the neighbourhood. The whole
of the underparts were a rich sulphur-yellow.
Examples of this kind not unfrequently
occur. Mr. Prentis says : ' the first-comers
on the spring migration are always the most
brilliant in plumage.'
47. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivlalis (Linn.)
A well distributed summer visitor, arriving
during the first week in April and leaving
again in September. It frequents copses and
woods (especially those of the latter that have
been cut over) in the vicinity of moist low-
lying ground. Mr. Prentis says : ' In the
Rainham district, when making hay near the
woods, the tree-pipit flies from heap to heap,
keeping the hay-makers company, singing all
the while its pleasing song.' This bird
arrives in the county with surprising regu-
larity. In the Cranbrook district in 1894,
1895 and 1896 the dates of arrival were 7,
4 and 2 April respectively.
48. Meadow-Pipit. Jnthus pratensis [L'mn.)
A resident in the county throughout the
year, but the majority, consisting chiefly of
young birds, leave in September, when I have
observed considerable parties feeding on
grass seeds among the sand dunes in the
vicinity of the south coast, prior to their
departure across the Channel. In March a
return migration takes place, small parties
after leaving the coast line coming to our
meadows, where they disperse and pair off for
the breeding season.
49. Red- throated Pipit. Anthus cerv'inus
(Pallas)
An example of this rare species was shot
by Mr. Prentis at Rainham in April 1880
{Birds of Rainham, p. 32). It was identified
by Dr. R. B. Sharpe.
50. Richard's Pipit. Anthus ridjardi, VieWlot.
This rare pipit has been obtained twice in
the county, while on another occasion in the
year 1 890 it was observed at Rainham by Mr.
Prentis. The late Mr. Charles Gordon of the
Dover Museum, writing in October i868,
says : 'On the 2 1st of October, I shot a
most superb specimen of Richard's Pipit in a
cornfield in the environs of Dover. It
BIRDS
attracted my attention by its loud call. The
specimen is in good condition having com-
pleted its moult. It is a male.' This speci-
men is now in the Dover Museum. In
1890, about the middle of November, a
second specimen was caught by a bird-catcher
near Dover and is now in the collection of
Mr. Oxenden Hammond.
51. Rock-Pipit. Anthus obscurus (Latham)
An uncommon visitor in spring and
autumn. On the south coast between Rye
and Dungeness, individuals, all adults, may
be noticed at the beginning of October. In
the Rainham district, Mr. Prentis says: 'It
is common in winter along the shores of
our creeks, it does not occur in summer
time.' In the same paragraph Mr. Prentis
records an observation of the Scandinavian
form of the rock-pipit {A. rupestris) : ' On a
rough day in March, the wind blowing for
several days from the east, the marsh was
full of rock pipits. I observed a strange
looking variety with a reddish - brown
breast, its note on being disturbed was very
different from that of the rock pipits.'
Booth says : ' The rock pipit used to arrive
in Sussex in considerable numbers from March
to April, though it never remained to breed.'
52. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn.
A summer migrant. There is not a
doubt that this beautiful bird would become
an annual breeder in the county provided
it was protected from molestation, but
unfortunately its bright plumage catches the
eye of the greedy gunner, into whose hands,
nine cases out of ten, it falls an easy victim.
This bird has nested on four occasions in the
county. In June 1836 a pair reared their
young in an ash plantation near Ord. The
young were taken every care of, but did not
long survive their captivity. In May 1 849
a nest with three eggs, together with the
parent birds, were taken near Elmstone. The
nest was suspended from the extreme end of
a top branch of an oak tree and composed
entirely of wool, carefully bound together
with dried grass. Both the old birds and
the nest are in the Dover Museum. In
1 85 1 another nest and eggs were taken at
West Mill near Wingham, Kent (Harting,
Handbook Brit. Birds, 1 90 1, p. 36). In
June 1874 another pair nested in Dumpton
Park, Isle of Thanet, and owing to the pro-
tection afforded them by Mr. Bankes Tomlin
they reared their young in safety. Mr.
Harting saw the nest, and gives an interesting
description of it in his Summer Migrants, p.
268.
The following further specimens have
been recorded from the county : One, June
1850, near Elmstone {Zool. 1850, p. 2851);
one, 14 June, 1853, Eltham {Zool. 1853, P-
4014) ; one (female), autumn 1868, Faver-
sham {Zool. 1869); one (female), June 1869,
Southfield Park, Tunbridge Wells. In the
collection of Mr. Hammond there is a pair,
obtained near Wingham. Of late years my
records are : Adult male, adult female, 1883,
near Dover (Prentis collection) ; adult male.
May 1893, Sissinghurst {Zool. 1896, p. 346);
adult female, 15 May 1896, High Halden
{Zool. 1896, p. 346); another seen June
1896, Sissinghurst {Zool. 1896, p. 346)
From these records it will be readily seen
that there would be little or no difficulty in
inducing the golden oriole to become a regular
summer resident, provided it were carefully
protected from persecution. These orioles
come over in pairs with full intention of
nesting. The males are the ones that are
generally shot, while the females, owing to
their less brilliant plumage, escape observation
more easily. However, at the present time
the bird can only be regarded as a visitor
that comes to our shores in danger of its life.
53. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor,
Linn.
An irregular autumn and winter visitor,
generally met with outside the wooded dis-
tricts. There is no record of ita ever having
bred in the county, although I have obtained
specimens from the neighbourhood of East-
well as late as March. In the Cranbrook
district it has been observed by Mr. Springett,
who told me that on one occasion, while out
rabbiting, he saw a band of tits all collected
together in the thick undergrowth, and one
and all making a great uproar. They were
being driven forward by a great grey shrike,
who was endeavouring to force them to
debouch into an open) field hard by. The
little birds got so confused after a time that
many left their thick retreat, and consequently
one of their number fell a victim.
54. Lesser Grey Shrike. Laninus minor, J. F.
Gmelin.
A rare visitor in spring and autumn. An
individual was observed on 15 May 1897, in
mid Kent by Mr. F. W. Frohawk {Zool.
1897, p. 427)-
55. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio,hinn.
Locally, Butcher Bird.
A local summer migrant, arriving in the
county at the end of April. More plentiful
in the wooded portions, in which it has
279
A HISTORY OF KENT
increased during the last few years. Thick
copses in the vicinity of woods are favour-
ite resorts, where it is not unusual to find
several nests in close proximity to one
another. A ' tiller ' or some other small
tree is chosen as a look-out post, and this is
resorted to some time before building is com-
menced. Incubation is performed by the
female, who leaves the nest and flies to the
' tiller,' and is there fed by the male. When
the young are about a week old the parents
display great activity in searching after food.
Should the male come to the nest and find
his mate feeding the young ones he straight-
way impales the prey upon the thorns around
the nest and is off again into the thicket. In
the less enclosed portions of the county the
nest is generally built in thick thorn bushes
on the borders of pastures or in roadside
hedges. In August the red-backed shrikes
with their families may be observed basking
on the sunny side of palings that border
plantations. By the end of the month these
parties have left us.
56. Woodchat Shrike. Lanius pomeranus,
Sparrman.
A very rare summer visitant. It has been
obtained four times in the county : one near
Faversham, July 1868 [Zool. 1869, p. 1863) ;
two near Rainham, one on 7 May 1868, in
the collection of Mr. Walter Prentis ; one
caught by bird-catchers in the warren between
Dover and Folkestone and identified by Mr.
Hammond, in whose collection it may be
seen.
57. Waxwing. Jmpe/is garru/us, Linn.
A rare winter visitor, by no means regular,
many years elapsing between the visits ; the
occurrences being generally marked by a
severe winter. It appears in small parties
and is sometimes found in company with
starlings. In the autumn of 1840 a specimen
was obtained at Kingston near Canterbury
(Pemberton Barlett). In January 1848 eight
were killed at Deal. In 1850 a remarkable
visitation took place. Several were obtained
in January of that year near Maidstone, from
Eltham and Rainham, and from Brenchley
near Tunbridge Wells. In December 1867
eight specimens were procured in the Plum-
stead marshes near Woolwich, and three in
the woods about Faversham ; and according
to Mr. Prentis of Rainham, ' one was shot
from a pair in our woods in 1867, another
obtained in an orchard, while a small flock
was seen in an orchard near Milton.'
The last recorded visitation took place in
January 1893, when a female was shot at
280
Smarden, and on 24 January a male at
Marden. Both specimens I examined in the
flesh ; they were shot when in company with
starlings, and were feeding at the time on
the haws in a hedgerow. The winter was
a severe one.
58. Pied Flycatcher. Muidcapa atricapillci,
Linn.
A scarce spring and autumn migrant.
There is no evidence of its breeding in Kent.
In the autumn of 1894 I obtained near Cran-
brook a female, evidently on migration. It
was at the top of a tall oak tree and in com-
pany with some willow-warblers.
In the collection of Mr. Prentis there is an
adult male, obtained at Rainham in 188 1.
59-
Spotted Flycatcher.
Linn.
Muicicapa grisola,
A well distributed summer visitant, arriving
in the county during the first week in May.
It is wonderfully punctual in its appearance
every summer, and for three consecutive years
I have recorded its arrival within a day of
each other. It leaves in the middle of Sep-
tember.
60. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn.
A well known summer migrant, but not
so plentiful during the last fsw years. The
migration movement southward in autumn
may be well noticed on the south coast be-
tween Rye and Dungeness. Throughout
September large batches of swallows on migra-
tion break their journey along this portion of
the coast. Flock after flock comes and goes,
always edging to the eastward — to Dun-
geness, where the crossing is effected.
61. House-Martin. Chelidon urhica (Linn.)
A common summer migrant. In many
localities it nests in considerable numbers,
but in others it has disappeared, owing to the
persecution it receives from the house-sparrow,
which appropriates and takes possession of its
nest.
62. Sand-Martin. Cottle rtparia (Linn.)
A summer migrant of local distribution.
It nests in many of our railway cuttings and
sand pits. Throughout the Weald it is by
no means common. It breeds near Cran-
brook, where I have taken the eggs ; near
Dover ; and there is a large colony close to
the station at Chislehurst. The breeding
distribution of this species in Kent may be
roughly taken as running along the chalk
range from Dover to the neighbourhood of
Sevenoaks.
Regarding the migration of this species, as
BIRDS
well as of the two former ones, the following
notes from my diary, taken on the Lydd
coast in the autumn of 1896, may be of
interest : —
September \th, 1896. — On my way to Rye.
Large numbers of swallows flying to and fro over
the hops. The hop fly is very abundant this year.
These birds were busy catching them as they left
the hops.
Sept. 6th, near Lydd. — Young swallows and
martins are in great strength, skimming to and fro
over brackish pieces of water, or basking on the
sands at low tide. Towards evening these large
bands had moved eastward along the coast and
were within two miles of Dnngeness Point.
Sept. wth. — Stormy, south-westerly wind.
Numbers of young swallows and with them a few
sand martins.
Sept. J2t6. — Cloudy, south-westerly winds.
Large numbers of sand martins, both old and
young.
Sept. l^ti. — Strong south-westerly wind. The
majority of swallows and sand martins have left.
Sept. z^ti. — Very rainy ; a strong south-westerly
gale.
Sept. zdth. — Squally. A further influx of young
swallows and sand martins has taken place. The
swallows seemed tired, many squatted motionless
on the grass, now and again hovering over it after
the manner of kestrels. The sand martins were
by far the most active. Their flight appeared
steady and strong.
Sept. 2%th. — A large number of swallows, pro-
bably the last batch of migrants. They hovered
to and fro over a row of corn stacks, catching the
flies and insects that were attracted by the straw.
3 p.m. — The flocks of swallows round the
stacks have suddenly disappeared. Towards even-
ing heavy rain came on with a strong south-westerly
gale. It looks as if these birds had foreseen the
coming storm and had taken advantage of the com-
paratively fine afternoon to cross the channel in
safety.
October \th. — A few swallows and house martins
about ; they are in very poor condition. The
mortality in these late passages must be great.
Oct. I ith. — The main body of the late broods
of house martins appeared on the coast this morn-
ing. They attached themselves in parties to cot-
tages and farm buildings, in front of which they
hovered and circled in a sluggish manner. Several
were found perished on the window sills, while
not a few lacked tail feathers, looking in this state,
as they flitted to and fro, more like little bats than
anything else — a routed army flying in full retreat.
It would not have been difficult to knock many
over with a stick, so weary did they seem, barely
possessing enough strength to fly up to the eaves,
where they clung to peer and search in vain for
tiny mud-beaded houses, like those they had left
only a few weeks back.
63. Greenfinch. Ligurinus chlorU (Linn.)
A common resident. In autumn and
winter these birds resort to the stubble fields
with chaffinches and sparrows. In September
the greenfinch does considerable damage to
the hops. During severe weather they leave
the fields for the vicinity of farm buildings.
In the collection of Mr. Prentis there is
a wild hybrid between this species and the
linnet. This occurrence is extremely rare.
64. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vu/garis,V?dhs.
Locally, Grosbeak.
Previous to 1895 this bird was not com-
mon. Now it is steadily increasing in the
wooded districts, nesting annually in our
woods. I have frequently found in one
small wood several nests within a short dis-
tance of one another. It is only since we
have experienced the caterpillar plagues of
the oak-moth that this bird has become
numerous in the Weald.
Partial migration of the hawfinch occurs in
the winter, the bird returning to our woods
in the spring. In Kent it nests in the woods,
and in our orchards and pleasure grounds.
In the woods the hawfinch generally chooses
an overhanging bough of a large oak or the
fork of a ' tiller ' for its nest, whose height
from the ground varies from 12 feet to 15
feet. Sometimes fresh leaves are intertwined
with the nest as additional concealment, and
this is invariably the case when it is built on
a tree-limb which has leaf-shoots. Consider-
able discretion is shown in the choice of a
nesting site, the oaks that are the most for-
ward being selected, so that by the time
building is completed the oak may be out in
full leaf, when the other trees are merely
toned with the filmy green of bursting buds.
Although this species is shy in character, it
prefers to nest in the proximity of dwellings ;
for instance, near a keeper's cottage or in a
tree that borders a much-frequented ride in a
wood. The number of males appear to pre-
dominate over the females. Very often in
the breeding season the female will have a
follower in the shape of another male. Should
anything threaten the nest both males appear
on the scene and share in the common
danger ; and if by chance the female's mate is
destroyed, the second male takes his place and
performs all his duties. In March a con-
siderable influx of these birds occurs. Num-
bers of pairs arrive in gardens and enclosures
where beech trees grow, and these favoured
localities are resorted to yearly. In these
places they stay till about the middle of
April, when they betake themselves to neigh-
bouring woods and copses to breed. The
early morning is the time to observe these
birds. They go stringing over the tree-tops
in single and double file in order to recon-
281 36
A HISTORY OF KENT
iioitre every corner of the wood with an eye bine of the hop plant. During winter the
to clioosing a nest site, the wiiole time utter- linnet is sparsely distributed throughout the
ing their metallic call-notes. county.
65. Goldfinch. Carduclis elegans, Stephens.
A resident, but of local distribution. A
few years ago it was decreasing rapidly, but
now, owing to the Wild Birds Protection
Act and the increase of plantations, which
foster the growth of thistles, this charming
little bird has once more rallied and is again
numerous in the favoured localities. From
October onwards small flocks may con-
stantly be observed where there is thistle-
growth and rough herbage.
66. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.)
A winter visitor, coming to us in small
flocks wherever there is alder and hornbeam,
of the seeds of which this bird is very fond.
It generally appears in November in company
with the lesser redpoll, but its appearance is
irregular.
67. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus {hinn.)
An abundant resident.
68. Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.)
A winter visitor, and as a rule by no means
common. It comes in small parties in Octo-
ber. I have never found it breeding in Kent.
The specimens on record have all been taken
in the northern portion of the county,
69. ChaflRnch. FrlngUla caskbs, Linn.
A well distributed resident, its numbers
remaining constant throughout the year.
In October a congregating movement is
noticed, the flocks frequenting our stubble
fields ; the sexes then usually keeping apart,
although I have sometimes observed them
together.
70. Brambling. Fringilla mont'ifringilla, Linn.
An occasional visitor in winter, especially
in severe weather. It sometimes remains
with us as late as March. I have seldom met
with this species. In the beech districts it is
abundant in good beechmast years.
71. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.)
A well distributed resident throughout the
county. At the end of August linnets resort
in large flocks to our fallow fields, especially
where charlock grows. Towards the end of
September our inland localities are deserted
for the vicinity of the south coast, where large
flocks congregate close to the beach, remain-
ing there till their moult is completed before
resuming their migration southward. In
Kent the nest is frequently built in the upper
72. Mealy Redpoll. Linota llnaria (Linn.)
An irregular winter visitor. In November
1895 large flocks appeared on the hills near
Dover. Numbers fell victims to the bird-
catchers. On 28 September 1899 I obtained
a specimen near Lydd out of a flock of
linnets.
73. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot)
A winter visitor chiefly, some years more
plentiful than in others. As a breeding
species it is very local. The nest has been
taken near Tunbridge Wells, 18 May 1863
(Wharton, Zool p. 8951). On 6 June 1895
I found a nest near Cranbrook. It was
placed in the upper branches of a small thick
hazel 'tot' in a copse. A nest containing
five eggs was taken in the cemetery at Maid-
stone in May 1898. It is now in the
museum of that town. Towards the end of
December this species is most in evidence,
frequenting our woods in small flocks,
especially where the silver birch and horn-
beam grow. In the Cranbrook district a
great many of these trees within the last two
years have been planted and the flocks of
redpolls have increased. I am convinced
that this species will become a regular breeder
before long in the Weald.
74. Twite. Linota /avirostris (L'mn.)
Occurs in winter in the vicinity of the
shore-line. It is a regular visitor to our
marshes, appearing about the beginning of
October and feeding chiefly upon the seeds
of the marsh plants which are covered at the
spring tides. In November I have seen small
parties in company with linnets frequenting
the long ' spiky ' grass on the sand dunes near
Rye harbour. Mr. Bristow of St. Leonards has
specimens frequently from the Sussex coast.
75. Bullfinch. Pyrrhu/a europaa, VieiWot.
A well known resident, more numerous
than formerly. Three years ago its ranks
were decidedly thinned owing to the existence
of sparrow-clubs, which are not so much in
fashion now. In 1895 the sparrow-club at
Sissinghurst gave as much as 31/. per head for
every bullfinch taken. During that summer
one lad alone sent up ninety-seven heads.
Throughout the winter the bullfinches resort
in small parties, chiefly consisting of females,
to our woods and copses, coming to the
orchards in spring.
282
BIRDS
76. Crossbill. Lox'ia curvifostra, Linn.
A spring and autumn visitant of irregular
occurrence, remaining frequently for some
weeks in the favoured locality. In Novem-
ber 1898 small parties were observed near
Cranbrook. Several specimens were obtained
and also from the neighbourhood of Hawk-
hurst. These parties were noticed from time
to time in the locality till late in the following
spring. On 27 July 1868 a pair of fine adult
birds were seen by Mr. Oxenden Hammond
at Wingham. There is not a doubt that this
crossbill breeds occasionally in Kent, and there
is an instance on record (Harting, Handbook
Brit. Birds, 1 901, p. 89) ; at the best how-
ever the nesting of this species in Kent can
only be regarded as of very exceptional occur-
rence. There are not enough pines and fir
woods in this county to attract this species.
In the Maidstone Museum there is a young
crossbill which was killed by a boy with a
stone on the Loose Road near Maidstone on
25 May 1899.
77. The Two-barred Crossbill. Loxia bijas-
ciata (C. L. Brehm)
On 26 December 1902 a female specimen
of this rare wanderer was shot by Mr. H.
Dale on Cold Blow farm, Woodchurch, and
was exhibited by Mr. N. F. Ticehurst at the
British Ornithologists' Club on 18 February
1903. The bird is now in my collection.
This is the first recorded occurrence for Kent.
78. Corn-Bunting. Emberiza miliaria, L\nn^
Locally, Bunting Lark.
A resident, but distributed sparingly on the
low ground near the coast, frequenting the
clover and pea fields, where it breeds. The
bird is decidedly uncommon in the interior of
the county. I have found nests near Lydd.
Towards the end of September a migration
movement takes place, and then these bunt-
ings may be found consorting with flocks of
linnets near the shore-line. Very few stay
with us throughout the winter.
79. Yellow Hammer. Emberiza citrinella,
Linn.
A common resident. Congregates in
winter on the stubble fields.
80. Cirl Bunting. Emberiza cirlus, Linn.
A resident but of local distribution. Mr.
Prentis writes : ' There is only one patch
in my district where the cirl bunting is to
be found. I once found a nest containing
eggs in an old dried-up decoy pond ; it was
built on the ground amongst the dead stems of
the reeds. This bird is sometimes taken by
the bird-catchers in winter.'
81. Ortolan. Emberiza hortulana, h'mn.
This is one of those birds whose occurrence
must be looked upon with a certain amount
of suspicion, since numbers are annually
imported from the continent and escapes are
notorious. There is however a genuine
example in the collection of Mr. Prentis
obtained in 1874 near Dover and preserved
by Mr. Charles Gordon of the Dover
Museum. This bunting is an irregular spring
and autumn visitor.
82. Reed-Bunting. Emberiza schceniclus, h'mn.
A well distributed resident in the vicinity
of the coast, breeding in the osiers and sedges
of our marsh land. At the end of August
migration takes place and large flocks people
the reed beds and dykes on the south coast
till the end of September. In winter it is
distributed sparingly. Its numbers in the
interior of the county at that season have
increased very much of late owing to the
increase of young larch plantations, which
these birds seem fond of haunting.
83. Snow - Bunting. Plectrophenax nivalis
(Linn.)
A cold weather visitor of uncertain occur-
rence on our shore-line. Small flocks, chiefly
immature birds, appear in November and
December. They are often to be found in
company with larks on the stubble fields close
to the shore.
84. Lapland Bunting. Calcarius lapponicus
(Linn.)
A rare visitor in autumn and winter on
our coast. In Mr. Oxenden Hammond's
collection there is a specimen obtained near
Wingham in November 1882. I have also
examined two specimens in Mr. Prentis' col-
lection, killed near Dover in 1872 and 1890
respectively. In the latter specimen there is
a considerable amount of black on the chest,
while the breast is whitish.
85. Starling. Sturnus vulgaris, Linn.
Locally, Stare.
An abundant resident. A migration move-
ment takes place in autumn, when throughout
September enormous flocks frequent our
marsh land both on the north and south coast
prior to leaving the county, the direction
generally taken being to the south-westward.
During severe droughts our currant and rasp-
berry bushes are attacked by this bird. In
early spring a return migration takes place,
283
A HISTORY OF KENT
but not on half such a big scale. In the
collection of Mr. Prentis there is a cream-
coloured variety. Such specimens, as well
as albinisms, occur occasionally.
86. Rose-coloured Starling. Pastor roseus
(Linn.)
A visitor of rare occurrence. In the Maid-
stone Museum there is a specimen obtained
in the neighbourhood in 1863. In 1889
Mr. Hammond of St. Alban's Court obtained
a fine adult specimen near Godmersham ; it
is now in his collection. In the summer of
1889 another specimen was obtained at God-
mersham and examined in the flesh by Mr.
Gordon of the Dover Museum (Z«fl/. 1889,
p. 185). On 14 May 1901 an adult male
was shot near Appledore and is now in my
collection. In the collection of Mr. Prentis
there is a specimen obtained at Wye.
87. Chough. Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linn.)
In his History of Sandwich Dr. Boys men-
tions the chough in his list of Kent birds. It
was many years ago a resident in Sussex, and
therefore it is not unlikely it was also found
in those days in Kent inhabiting probably the
Dover cliffs. It is a curious thing, but in the
arms of the see of Canterbury three choughs
are shown. When the late Archbishop
Benson came from Cornwall he said that he
had come from the home of the chough to
find the bird engraved on his coat-of-arms at
Canterbury.
88. Nutcracker. Nucifragacaryocatactes (Linn.)
A visitor of rare occurrence. There are
two records : one, Kent (Latham, Synopsis, i.
400, 1781); one near Eddington, Kent, 17
November 1885 {Zoo/. 1885, p. 480).
89. Jay. Garrulus glandarius (Linn.)
This bird is still plentiful throughout the
county, but not so abundant as it used to be,
for where game is preserved the woods are
searched by the keepers in a most systematic
manner, and as soon as the young are hatched
they and the parent birds are killed. Partial
migrations occur in autumn, and the number
of home-bred birds are augmented by
foreigners during the winter months.
90. Magpie. Pica rustica (Scopoli)
A resident, less numerous than formerly.
The remarks on the jay apply equally to this
species.
91. Jackdaw. Corvus monedula, Linn.
Locally, Daw.
A resident, but locally distributed. It may
frequently be found nesting in holes in trees
close to rookeries. The jackdaws return to
their nesting localities early in March, the
majority not remaining with us throughout
the winter. A remarkable instance of the
sagacity of this species occurred near Cran-
brook in 1895. A pair had a nest and the
eggs were taken. The birds deserted the
nest-hole and straightway took to another
tree about 500 yards distant. In this the
two remaining eggs were laid. These were
smeared all over with a thick coating of mud,
which made it difficult to detect them in the
nest.
92. Raven. Corvus corax, Linn.
Seldom, if ever, met with now.
93. Carrion-Crow. Corvus corone, Linn.
A resident, but getting scarcer every year.
Owing to the more thorough system of farm-
ing nowadays, which restricts the food of this
species, and persecution by gamekeepers, it
seldom breeds now in our woods. In May
1894 I found a nest in the Bedgebury woods
near Cranbrook.
94. Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix, Linn.
Locally, Dun Crow, Saddle-back.
A regular winter visitor, arriving on our
shores towards the end of October, the
majority appearing later — in November.
These birds generally remain throughout the
winter about our marshes and the vicinity
of the coast, but if the weather is severe
and rough they pass further inland to more
sheltered situation 
