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Full text of "The Victoria history of the county of Stafford"

\Dictotfa Ibfstor^ of the 
Counties of Enolanb 

EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A. 



A HISTORY OF 
STAFFORDSHIRE 

VOLUME I 



THE 

VICTORIA HISTORY 

OF THE COUNTIES 
OF ENGLAND 



STAFFORDSHIRE 





LONDON 
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE 

AND COMPANY LIMITED 



This History is issued to Subscribers only 
By Archibald Constable & Company Limited 
and printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode 
H.M. Printers of London 



INSCRIBED 

TO THE MEMORY OF 

HER LATE MAJESTY 

QUEEN VICTORIA 

WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE 

THE TITLE TO AND 

ACCEPTED THE 

DEDICATION OF 

THIS HISTORY 



THE ADVISORY COUNCIL 
OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY 



His GRACE THE LORD ARCH- 
BISHOP OF CANTERBURY 

His GRACE THE DUKE OF 
BEDFORD, K.G. 

President of the Zoological Society 

His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVON- 
SHIRE, K.G. 

Chancellor of the University of Cam- 
bridge 

His GRACE THE DUKE OF 
PORTLAND, K.G. 

His GRACE THE DUKE OF 
ARGYLL, K.T. 

THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF 
ROSEBERY, K.G., K.T. 

THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF 
COVENTRY 

President of the Royal Agricultural 
Society 

THE RT. HON. THE VISCOUNT 
DILLON 

Late President of the Society of 
Antiquaries 

THE RT. HON. THE LORD LISTER 

Late President of the Royal Society 

THE RT. HON. THE LORD 
ALVERSTONE, G.C.M.G. 

Lord Chief Justice 

THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD, 

M.P. 
SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART., 

LL.D., F.S.A., ETC. 



SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., 
LL.D., F.R.S., ETC. 

SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMP- 
SON, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., 
F.S.A., ETC. 

Director of the British Museum 

SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, 
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A. 

President of the Royal Geographical 
Society 

SIR HENRY C. MAXWELL-LYTE, 
K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., ETC. 

Keeper of the Public Records 

SiREowiN RAYLANKESTER.K.C.B., 
M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., KTC. 

Late Director of the Natural History 
Museum, South Kensington 

SIR Jos. HOOKER, G.C.S.I., M.D., 
D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC. 

COL. SIR DUNCAN A. JOHNSTON, 
K.C.M.G., C.B., R.E. 

Late Director General of the Ordnance 
Survey 

SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D., 

F.R.S., ETC. 
REV. J. CHARLKS Cox, LL.D., 

F.S.A. , ETC. 
LIONEL CUST, M.V.O., M.A., 

F.S.A., ETC. 

Director of the National Portrait 
Gallery 

CHARLES H. FIRTH, M.A., LL.D. 

Regius Professor of Modern History, 
Oxford 



ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A. 
M.D., F.R.S., PH.D. 

Late President of the Linnean Society 

F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., 
F.S.A. 

Camden Professsor of Ancient History 

REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A. . 

University Lecturer in Diplomatic, 
Oxford 

]. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. 

WALTER RYE 

W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A. 

Assistant Secretary of the Society of 
Antiquaries 



Among the original members of 
the Council were 

THE LATE DUKE OF RUTLAND 
THE LATE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY 

THE LATE DR. MANDELL 
CREIGHTON, BISHOP OK LONDON 

THE LATE DR. STUBBS, BISHOP 
OF OXFORD 

THE LATE LORD ACTON 

THE LATE SIR WILLIAM FLOWER 

THE LATE PROFESSOR F. YORK 
POWELL 

and 
THE LATE COL. SIR J. FARQI-- 

HARSON 



General Editor WILLIAM PARE, F.S.A. 



GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT 

The VICTORIA HISTORY of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey 
which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history, 
and archaeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This 
work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it 
her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it 
a worthy and permanent monument to her me.nory. 

Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been 
no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form. 

Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county 
histories have been issued, they are very unequal in merit ; the best of them are very rare 
and costly ; most of them are imperfect and many are now out of date. Moreover, they were 
the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal 
adequately with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history. 



vn 



In the VICTORIA HISTORY each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of many, 
for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship 
can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby 
the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar 
undertakings. 

The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council are a 
guarantee that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department 
of research, for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past 
and of the social, institutional, and political developments of national life. As these histories 
are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is 
hoped that they will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than 
welcome to the man of culture. 

THE SCOPE OF THE WORK 

The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the 
earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter 
follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman, and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks ; a new 
translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social, 
and economic history ; architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc. ; and topography. The greater 
part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing 
an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial 
histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private 
papers. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of 
interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given 

HISTORICAL RESEARCH 

It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England, with a collection of public 
records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet 
far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local 
institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain 
for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political, 
ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and 
social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to 
generation. The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact 
that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is 
directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research. 
The government of this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our con- 
tinental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find 
that although an immense amount of work has been done by individual effort, the entire 
absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto 
robbed the results of much of their value. 

In the VICTORIA HISTORY, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our 
national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising 
the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts 
has been engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are 
fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among 
workers under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information 
is sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible. 

THE RECORDS COMMITTEE 

SIR EDWARD MAUNDK THOMPSON, K.C.B. C. T. MARTIN, B.A., F.S.A. 
SIR HENRY MAXWELL-LYTE, K.C.B. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. 

W. J. HARDY, F.S.A. S. R. SCARGILL-BIRD, F.S.A. 

F. MADAN, M.A. W. H. STEVENSON, M.A. 

G. F. WARNER, M.A., F.S.A. 

viii 



CARTOGRAPHY 

In addition to a general map in several sections, each History contains Geological, Oro- 
graphical, Botanical, Archaeological, and Domesday maps ; also maps illustrating the articles on 
Ecclesiastical and Political Histories, and the sections dealing with Topography. The Series 
contains many hundreds of maps in all. 

ARCHITECTURE 

A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many 
of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other 
monastic foundations. 

In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture, 
ecclesiastical, military, and domestic, are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. PEERS, M.A., 
F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history 
who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work : 



ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE 

J. BILSON, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. J. A. GOTCH, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. 

R. BLOMFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A. 

HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. W. H. KNOWLES, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. 

PROF. BALDWIN BROWN, M.A. ROLAND PAUL, F.S.A. 

ARTHUR S. FLOWER, M.A. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D. 

GEORGE E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A. PERCY G. STONE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. 

H. THACKERAY TURNER, F.S.A. 



The general plan of Contents and the names among others of 
those who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as 
follows : 

Naural History 

Geology. CLEMENT REID, F.R.S., HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.R.S., and others 
Paleontology. R. LVDEKICER, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S. 

/'Contributions by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., H. N. DIXON, F.L.S., G. C. DRUCE, M.A., F.L.S., 
Flora J WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., HERBERT Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S., R. I. POCOCK, REV. 
Fauna j T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S., etc., B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and 

^ other Specialists 

Prehistoric Remains. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., W. BOYD DAWKINS, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., 
F.S.A., GEO. CLINCH, F.G.S., JOHN GARSTANG, M.A., B.LiTT., F.S.A., and others 

Roman Remains. F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., and others 

Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. HERCULES READ, F.S.A., REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A., and others 

Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists 

Architecture. C. R. PEERS, M.A., F.S.A., W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A., HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, F.S.A., 
A. R. I.E. A., and others 

Ecclesiastical History. R. L. POOLE, M.A., and others 

Political History. PROF. C. H. FIRTH, M.A., LL.D., W. H. STEVENSON, M.A., J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., 
LL.D., PROF. T. F. TOUT, M.A., PROF. JAMES TAIT, M.A., and A. F. POLLARD 

History of Schools. A. F. LEACH, M.A., F.S.A. 

Maritime History of Coast Counties. SIR JOHN K. LAUCHTON, M.A., M. OPPENHHIM, and others 

Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities 

Agriculture. SIR ERNEST CLARKE, M.A., Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and othen 

Forestry. JOHN NISBET, D.CEc., and others 

Industries, Arts and Manufactures 

Social and Economic History 

Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. CUMINC, the REV. E. E. DORLING, M.A., and others 
Cricket. SIR HOME GORDON, BART. 



V By Various Authorities 



THE 

VICTORIA HISTORY 

OF THE COUNTY OF 

STAFFORD 



EDITED BY 

WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A 



VOLUME ONE 




LONDON 

ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE 

AND COMPANY LIMITED 




CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE 



Natural History (continued) 
Zoology (continued) 

Spiders .... 

Acarina (Mitej) 
Crustacean* . 

Fishes .... 

Reptiles and Rur.ichi.ins 
Birds .... 
Mammals . 

Early Man .... 

Romano-British Staffordshire 

Anglo-Saxon Remains 

Political History 

Social and Economic History . 
Table of Population, 1 80 1 - 1 90 1 

Ancient Earthworks 



By the late F. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A. 
By the Rev. F. C. R. JOURDAIN, M.A , etc. 

By the Rev. T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S., 
F.Z.S 

By G. H. STORER, F.Z.S 



By J. R. B. MASEFIELD, MA 

By G. H. STOKER, F.Z.S 

By GEORGE CLINCH, F.G.S. .... 
By W. PAGE, F.S.A., and Miss KEATE 
By REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A. 

By W. H. R CURTLER 

By Miss MILDRED SPENCER .... 
By GEORGE S. MINCHIN ..... 
By CHARLES LYNAM, F.S.A. .... 



PAGE 



120 
12 4 

i*5 
133 

137 

'39 
i6a 
169 

83 
199 
217 

2 75 

331 



XI 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

Steel Works, Bilston. By WILLIAM HYDE ........ . Frontispiece 

Granite Axe-Head found at Stone . . . . . . . . . . .170 

Plan of Interments in Barrow at Top Low, Swinscoe . . . . . , . 1 74 

Bronze-Age Pottery found in Sepulchral Barrows, Plate I ... full-page plate, facing 178 
Iron Lance-Head found at Stone . . . . . . . . . . .180 

Bronze-Age Pottery found in Sepulchral Barrows, Plate 1 1 . . full-page plate, facing 180 

Plan of Wall 195 

Bronze Object from Wall) 

Tile from Wall . .1 ' ****&.&* '9 

Pig of Lead, found at Hints . . . . . . . . . . . .197 

Iron Knife, found at Wetton . . ......... 197 

Lead Collar, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . 197 

Iron Knife, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . .197 

Bone Drinking-Cup, found at Wetton. . . . . . . . . . .197 

Whetstone, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . .197 

Horn Object, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . .197 

Bronze Brooches, Tweezers, and Chatelaine, Stapenhill ...... 200 

Vase, found at Stapenhill ... ... ... .... 201 

Iron Spear-Heads, Wichnor ............ 205 

Iron Buckle, Wichnor, with Section ........... 206 

Brooch, found at Wichnor ............ 206 

Iron Shield-Bosses, Wichnor ............ 207 

Pottery Vases, Wichnor ............. 207 

Grave at Barlaston (Plan and Section) ........... 209 

Remains of Bronze Bowl and Enamelled Discs found at Barlaston . . . . . .211 

Coin-Pendant, Forsbrook . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 

Ancient Earthworks : 

Bunbury Hill, Alton . . 334 

Bury Ring, Bradley 335 

Castle Ring, Cannock . . -337 

Kinver Edge Camp . . . . . . . . . . . . 33^ 

Berth Hill, Maer 339 

Castle Old Fort, Shenstone . . . . . . . . . . . 341 

Bury Bank, Stone 343 

Camp near Green's Forge, Kingswinford . ....... 344 

Longdon Camp .... ........ 345 

Knaves Castle, Ogley Hay 345 

Barrow Hill, near Rocester . 347 

Camp at Shareshill 348 

Camp at Chesterton, Wolstanton .......... 349 

Alton Castle 350 

Heighley Castle, Audley 351 

\V 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Ancient Earthworks (continued) 

Caverswall Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 

Site of Castle, Newcastle under Lyme . . . . . . . . . -353 

Dudley Castle .............. 354. 

Stafford Castle 355 

Tamworth Castle . . . . .356 

Tutbury Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . -357 

Littywood, Bradley . . . . . -359 

Ely the Wood Moat, Checkley 360 

Chartley Holme : Chartley Castle, Chartley Hall Moat, and an Earthwork called ' Daffodil 

Wood' 361 

Moat at Coppcnhall Gorse ............ 362 

Thorntree House, Uttoxeter ........... 367 

Stourton Castle, Kinver . . . . . . . . . . . .369 

Eccleshall Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 

Lichfield Ditch, East and North of Cathedral . . . . . . . .371 

Tyrley Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 

Mottley Pits Terraces, Stone . . . . . . . . . . 373 

Saxon Low, Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . -377 



LIST OF MAPS 

Geological Map f ac ; ng , 

Orographical Map ............ n 25 

Botanical Map A , 

4- 1 

Pre-Historical Map ............ 160 

Roman Map ...... ..... 185 

Anglo-Saxon Map ....... .... ion 

Ancient Earthworks Map . , 7I 





XVI 



PREFACE 

STAFFORDSHIRE has from an early date attracted the attention 
of the topographer. Jn 1593 Sampson Erdeswicke began his 
View and Survey of Staffordshire, which he left unfinished at his 
death in 1603. What became of the original manuscript of 
his work is unknown, but several copies exist, and although they were 
referred to by subsequent writers, none of them was printed till 1717 
when Curll issued the Survey, together with a letter written in 1669 
' from Sir Simon Degge, setting out the condition of the county at that 
date. The next to interest himself in the county was Robert Plot, who 
settled in Oxford for a time after taking his degree, and in 1677 
published The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Upon the reputation he 
acquired from this volume he was invited by Walter Chetwynd of 
Ingestry to undertake a similar work for Staffordshire, and in 1686 The 
Natural History of Staffordshire was issued. Under the term natural 
history Plot included the archaeological remains of the county, and it is 
for the record of these that his work is most valuable. In the unfinished 
History and Antiquities of Staffordshire, published in 1798, the Rev. Steb- 
bing Shaw made use of Erdeswicke's collections, and added much from 
the manuscript sources at the British Museum and elsewhere. He only 
completed his history up to the first part of the second volume and died 
in 1802. William Pitt published A Topographical History of Staffordshire 
in 1817, which is largely based on the work of the earlier historians of 
the county, particularly that of Robert Plot. The history of Stafford- 
shire, however, will always be associated with the name of William Salt, 
who, although not claiming to be an historian, yet collected the material 
upon which all future work on the topography of the county must be 
largely based. Shortly after his death in 1863 his collections were 
housed at Stafford and form a remarkable memorial of his industry. 
The work which he began is being continued and expanded by ' The 
William Salt Archaeological Society,' whose volumes have added much 
valuable material for the history of the county. 

The Editor has to regret that Professor Haverfield was unable to 
undertake the article on the Roman Remains of the county owing to 
the pressure of other engagements. The Editor, however, wishes to 
express his thanks to Professor Haverfield for reading the proofs of this 
article and to Mr. Charles Lynam, F.S.A., for the information and great 
assistance afforded on the same subject. He also desires to acknowledge 
his indebtedness to Mr. Josiah Wedgwood, M.P., for reading some of 
the proofs and for advice generally on the volume, and to Mr. E. 
Howarth and the Society of Antiquaries for illustrations. 

xvii c 



TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 



Abbrev. Plac. (Rec. 

Com.) 
Acts of P.C. . . 

Add 

Add. Chart. . . 

Admir 

Agarde .... 
Anct. Corresp. . . 
Anct. D. (P.R.O.) 

A 2420 
Ann. Mon. . 
Antiq 

App 

Arch 

Arch. Cant. 
Archd. Rec. . . 

Archit 

Assize R. . . . 
Aud. Off. . . . 
Aug. Off. . . . 
Ayloffe . . . 



Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re- 
cord Commission) 

Acts of Privy Council 

Additional 

Additional Charters 

Admiralty 

Agarde's Indices 

Ancient Correspondence 

Ancient Deeds(Public Record 
Office) A 2420 

Annales Monastic! 

Antiquarian or Antiquaries 

Appendix 

Archsologia or Archaeological 

Archaeologia Cantiana 

Archdeacons' Records 

Architectural 

Assize Rolls 

Audit Office 

Augmentation Office 

Ayloffe's Calendars 



Bed Bedford 

Beds Bedfordshire 

Berks .... Berkshire 

Bdle Bundle 

B.M British Museum 

Bodl. Lib. . . . Bodley's Library 

Boro Borough 

Brev. Reg. . . . Brevia Regia 

Brit Britain, British, Britannia, etc. 

Buck Buckingham 

Bucks .... Buckinghamshire 



Cal 

Camb. . 

Cambr 

Campb. Chart.. 

Cant 

Cap 

Carl 

Cart. Antiq. R. 
C.C.C. Camb. . 

Certiorari Bdles. 

(Rolls Chap.) 
Chan. Enr. Decree 

R. 

Chan. Proc. . . 
Chant. Cert. 



Chap. Ho. . . . 
Charity Inq. 
Chart. R. 20 Hen. 
III. pt. i. No. 10 



Calendar 

Cambridgeshire or Cambridge 

Cambria, Cambrian, Cam- 
brensis, etc. 

Campbell Charters 

Canterbury 

Chapter 

Carlisle 

Cartae Antiquae Rolls 

Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
bridge 

Certiorari Bundles (Rolls 
Chapel) 

Chancery Enrolled Decree 
Rolls 

Chancery Proceedings 

Chantry Certificates (or Cer- 
tificates of Colleges and 
Chantries) 

Chapter House 

Charity Inquisitions 

Charter Roll, 20 Henry III. 
part i. Number 10 



Chartul 

Chas 

Ches 

Chest 

Ch. Gds. (Exch. 
K.R.) 

Chich 

Chron 

Close .... 

Co 

Colch 

Coll 

Com 

Com. Pleas . . . 
Conf. R. . . . 
Co. Plac. . . . 

Cornw 

Corp 

Cott 

Ct. R 

Ct. of Wards . . 

Cumb 

Cur. Reg. . . . 

D 

D. and C. . . . 
De Bane. R. . . 
Dec. and Ord . 
Dep. Keeper's Rep. 

Derb 

Devon . . . . 

Dioc 

Doc 

Dods. MSS. . . 
Dom. Bk. . . . 

Dors 

Duchy of Lane. 
Dur 

East 

Eccl 

Eccl. Com. 

Edw 

Eliz 

Engl 

Engl. Hist. Rev. . 

Enr 

Epis. Reg. . 
Esch. Enr. Accts. . 
Excerpta e Rot. Fin. 

(Rec. Com.) 
Exch. Dep. . . 
Exch. K.B. . . 
Exch. K.R. . . 

Exch. L.T.R. 



Chartulary 

Charles 

Cheshire 

Chester 

Church Goods (Exchequer 

King's Remembrancer) 
Chichester 

Chronicle, Chronica, etc. 
Close Roll 
County 
Colchester 
Collections 
Commission 
Common Pleas 
Confirmation Rolls 
County Placita 
Cornwall 
Corporation 
Cotton or Cottonian 
Court Rolls 
Court of Wards 
Cumberland 
Curia Regis 

Deed or Deeds 

Dean and Chapter 

De Banco Rolls 

Decrees and Orders 

Deputy Keeper's Reports 

Derbyshire or Derby 

Devonshire 

Diocese 

Documents 

Dodsworth MSS 

Domesday Book 

Dorsetshire 

Duchy of Lancaster 

Durham 

Easter Term 
Ecclesiastical 

Ecclesiastical Commission 
Edward 
Elizabeth 

England or English 
English Historical Review 
Enrolled or Enrolment 
Episcopal Registers 
Escheators Enrolled Accounts 
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium 

(Record Commission) 
Exchequer Depositions 
Exchequer King's Bench 
Exchequer King's Remem- 
brancer 

Exchequer Lord Treasurer's 
Remembrancer 



xix 



TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 



Exch. of Pleas, Plea 

R. 

Exch. of Receipt . 
Exch. Spec. Com. . 



Feet of F. . . . 
Feod. Accts. (Ct. of 

Wards) 
Feod. Surv. (Ct. of 

Wards) 
Feud. Aids . . . 

fol 

Foreign R. . . . 
Forest Proc. 



Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll 

Exchequer of Receipt 
Exchequer Special Commis- 



Feet of Fines 

Feodaries Accounts (Court of 

Wards) 
Feodaries Surveys (Court of 

Wards) 
Feudal Aids 
Folio 

Foreign Rolls 
Forest Proceedings 



Gaz Gazette or Gazetteer 

Gen Genealogical, Genealogica, 

etc. 

Geo George 

Glouc Gloucestershire or Gloucester 

Guild Certif.(Chan-) Guild Certificates (Chancery) 
Ric. II. Richard II. 



Hants 

Harl. 

Hen. * 

Heref. 

Hertf. 

Herts 

Hil 

Hist. 



Hist. MSS. Com. 
Hosp. . . . 
Hund. R. . . 
Hunt. . . . 
Hunts . . . 



Inq. a.q.d. 
Inq. p.m. 
Inst 
Invent. . 



Itin. 



Journ 

Lamb. Lib. . . 

Lane 

L. and P. Hen. 

VIII. 
Lansd. 
Ld. Rev. Rec. . . 

Leic 

Le Neve's Ind. 

Lib 

Lich 

Line 

Lond. . . 



m. 
Mem. 



Hampshire 

Harley or Harleian 

Henry 

Herefordshire or Hereford 

Hertford 

Hertfordshire 

Hilary Term 

History, Historical,Historian, 

Historia, etc. 

Historical MSS. Commission 
Hospital 
Hundred Rolls 
Huntingdon 
Huntingdonshire 

Inquisitions ad quod damnum 
Inquisitions post mortem 
Institute or Institution 
Inventory or Inventories 
Ipswich 
Itinerary 

James 
Journal 

Lambeth Library 
Lancashire or Lancaster 
Letters and Papers, Hen. 

VIII. 

Lansdowne 

Land Revenue Records 
Leicestershire or Leicester 
Le Neve's Indices 
Library 
Lichfield 

Lincolnshire or Lincoln 
London 

Membrane 
Memorials 



Memo. R. . . . 

Mich 

Midd 

Mins. Accts. 
Misc. Bks. (Exch. 

K.R., Exch. 

T.R. or Aug. 

Off.) 



Mon. 

Monm. . . 
Mun. 
Mus. 

N. andQ. . 

Norf. . . 
Northampt. 
Northants . 
Northumb. . 
Norw. . 
Nott. 



N.S. 



Off. . . 
Orig. R. 
O.S. . . 
Oxf. . 



Palmer's Ind. . 
Pal. of Chest. . 
Pal. of Dur. . 
Pal. of Lane. . 

Par 

Parl 

Parl. R. . . . 
Parl. Surv. . 
Panic, for Gts. 

Pat 

P.C.C. 



Pet ...... 

Peterb ..... 

Phil ..... 

Pipe R ..... 

Plea R ..... 

Pop. Ret. . . . 

Pope Nich. Tax. 

(Rec. Com.) 
P.R.O ..... 

Proc ..... 

Proc. Soc. Antiq. . 



Pub. 



R 

Rec. . . . 
Recov. R. . . 
Rentals and Surv. 

Rep 

Rev 

Ric. . 



Memoranda Rolls 

Michaelmas Term 

Middlesex 

Ministers' Accounts 

Miscellaneous Books (Ex- 
chequer King's Remem- 
brancer, Exchequer Trea- 
sury of Receipt or Aug- 
mentation Office) 

Monastery, Monasticon 

Monmouth 

Muniments or Munimenta 

Museum 

Notes and Queries 
Norfolk 
Northampton 
Northamptonshire 
Northumberland 
Norwich 

Nottinghamshire or Notting- 
ham 
New Style 

Office 

Originalia Rolls 
Ordnance Survey 
Oxfordshire or Oxford 

Page 

Palmer's Indices 

Palatinate of Chester 

Palatinate of Durham 

Palatinate of Lancaster 

Parish, parochial, etc. 

Parliament or Parliamentary 

Parliament Rolls 

Parliamentary Surveys 

Particulars for Grants 

Patent Roll or Letters Patent 

Prerogative Court of Canter- 
bury 

Petition 

Peterborough 

Philip 

Pipe Roll 

Plea Rolls 

Population Returns 

Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re- 
cord Commission) 

Public Record Office 

Proceedings 

Proceedings of the Society of 
Antiquaries 

Part 

Publications 

Roll 

Records 

Recovery Rolls 

Rentals and Surveys 

Report 

Review 

Richard 



xx 



TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS 



RofF. .... Rochester diocese 
Rot. Cur. Reg. . Rotuli Curise Regis 
Rut Rutland 



Topog. 



Sarum .... 

Ser 

Sess. R 

Shrews 

Shrops .... 

Soc 

Soc. Antiq. . . . 

Somers 

Somers. Ho. 

S.P. Dorn. . . . 

Staff. .... 

Star Chamb. Proc. 

Stat 

Steph 

Subs. R. . . . 

Suff. 

Surr 

Suss 

Surv. of Ch. Liv- 
ings (Lamb.) or 
(Chan.) 



Salisbury diocese 
Series 

Sessions Rolls 
Shrewsbury 
Shropshire 
Society 

Society of Antiquaries 
Somerset 
Somerset House 
State Papers Domestic 
Staffordshire 

Star Chamber Proceedings 
Statute 
Stephen 
Subsidy Rolls 
Suffolk 
Surrey 
Sussex 

Surveys of Church Livings 
(Lambeth) or (Chancery) 



Trans. 
Transl. 
Treas. 
Trin. 



Topography or Topographi- 
cal 

Transactions 
Translation 
Treasury or Treasurer 
Trinity Term 



Univ University 



Valor Eccl. 

Com.) 

Vet. Mon. . 
V.C.H. . . 

Vic. . . . 
vol. . 



(Rec. 



Warw. . 
Westm. . 
Westmld. 
Will. . 
Wilts . 
Winton. 
Wore. . 

Yorks 



Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record 

Commission) 
Vetusta Monumenta 
Victoria County History 
Victoria 
Volume 

Warwickshire or Warwick 

Westminster 

Westmorland 

William 

Wiltshire 

Winchester diocese 

Worcestershire or Worcester 

Yorkshire 



A HISTORY OF 
STAFFORDSHIRE 



""HUH i It 1 

i j ii* 



Bin 




GEOLOGY 



JUST as the county of Staffordshire is situated toward the centre of 
England, so the geological formations met within its boundaries 
occupy a similar position in the geological scale. Tracing the 

well-known orderly ascending sequence of rocks from the oldest 
in Wales to the newest in the eastern counties, we find in the Triassic 
formation of the midlands the central link between these two extremes. 

The rocky ridges which characterise the older formations on the 
Welsh borderlands, when traced eastward, pass gradually beneath a 
mantle of red Triassic sandstones and marls, until in Staffordshire the 
latter form the commonest features of the landscape. Rising as islands 
out of them much older formations appear at the surface in the north 
and south, where by their bolder scenic aspects they afford a sharp contrast 
to the monotonous and softer outline of the red rocks ; and since the 
minerals essential to modern civilization are found in these older strata 
their presence is indicated by the great centres of population whose 
natural wants have been largely supplied from the rich grazing lands and 
vast reservoirs of pure underground water existing in the enveloping 
newer formation. The study of the geology of the county therefore 
forms the natural prelude to its history. 

Extending as they do over by far the larger part of the county, the 
red Triassic rocks, which have been aptly compared to a solidified sea, 
afford a datum to which the other stratified deposits may be conveni- 
ently referred. This great spread of one formation has been brought 
about by the dying away, ere it reaches the centre of the county, of the 
great Pennine uplift, which further north divides the Trias into an 
eastern and western portion. Thrown into wide gentle undulations 
where the major Pennine movement has died away, the formation 
naturally covers a wide expanse ; but these red rock waves may be said 
to have piled themselves up and broken against two ancient ridges : 
first, in North Staffordshire against the carboniferous offshoot of Derby- 
shire ; secondly, against the carboniferous uplift in South Staffordshire. 
In this way the conspicuous island character of these older deposits has 
arisen. Further, in the highest summits of the South Staffordshire island 
we recognize in the Dudley Hills and Sedgley Beacon the unburied peaks 
of Silurian strata, standing as lonely outposts of the Silurian territory to 
the west. 

It will be gathered from this that the formations represented are 
few in number. Of the three main divisions into which geologists have 
separated the stratified rocks, only the later portion of the great Palae- 
ozoic, the early stages of the Mesozoic and latest phases of the 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

Kainozoic eras are met with. The history of the formations present 
is however replete with interest, for not only are they grandly 
developed, but they have attracted the attention of some of the most 
celebrated observers in British geology, and conclusions which have 
revolutionized the science have been arrived at from investigations of 
these rocks in the laboratory or in the field. 

In the following tables giving the classification and sub-divisions of 
the Staffordshire rock formations in descending order the results of recent 
investigation and re-surveys have been embodied ; where the age of 
certain groups remains under discussion the published opinions of the 
latest authorities have been adhered to. 1 

TABLE OF STRATA IN STAFFORDSHIRE 



Period 



Formation 



Character of Material 



Approximate thick- 
ness in feet 



Recent 



Alluvium, Peat . 



Mud, silt, gravel, peat ; 
bordering streams, rivers 
and in hollows . 



up to 15 



Pleistocene 



Old River Drift 
Glacial Deposits 



Gravel, sand, loam, etc., 
of ancient river terraces 

Pebbly loam (Ratchel), 
sand, gravel, clay, cave 
earth . 



up to 40 



up to 130 



Keuper 



Rhaetic . . 
Keuper Marl 



Waterstones and Lower 
Keuper Sandstone 



Grey marl and black shales 
Red marls with thin sand- 
stones (skerries), beds of 
rock salt and gypsum . 
Red and white sandstones, 
building stones and 
false-bedded red sand- 



stones , 



up to 125 



up to 2,000 



up to 400 



1 For more detailed information the following works should be consulted : Memoirs of the Geological 
Survey, 'The Geology of the South Staffordshire Coalfield,' by J. Beete Jukes (1859) ; The Iron Orel 
of Great Britain, pts. ii. and iv., by Sir W. W. Smyth (i 862), for a description of the ironstones and for a 
list of fossils by J. W. Salter ; The Geology of the country round Stockfort, Maccksfield, Congleton and Leek, by 
E. Hull and A. H. Green (i 866) ; The Triassic and Permian Rocks of the Midland Counties of England, by 
E. Hull (i 869) ; The Geology of the country round Stoke-upon-Trent, by W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd (1902); 
The Geology of the Cheadle Coalfield, by G. Barrow (1903) ; Summaries of Progress of the Geological Survey 
from 1899 to 1902. A Sketch of the Geology of the Birmingham District, by Prof. C. Lapworth, Geologists' 
Association, 1898, gives a concise account of the stratified deposits of South Staffordshire, also a short 
description of the igneous rocks by Prof. W. W. Watts, and a brief summary of the ancient glaciers 
of the midland counties, by W. J. Harrison ; there is in addition a useful list of bibliographical refer- 
ences. A full account of the organic remains of the North Staffordshire Coalfield has been published by 
John Ward in Trans. North Staff. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. x. (1890) ; while the order and nature of the 
ironstones and coals are given by C. J. Homer in the Proc. Inn and Steel Inst. (1875). Several 
important papers treating of the local geology are scattered through the Trans. Birm. Philos. Sac., The 
Midland NaturaKst, and the Trans. North Staff. Field Club. The last-mentioned society publishes from 
time to time a bibliography by John Ward. 

The county includes the following maps of the Geological Survey on the scale of one inch = one 
mile : Sheets (Old Series) 62, N.E. Lichfield, Tamworth ; 62, N.W. Cannock Chase ; 62, S.E. Sutton 
Coldfield, Birmingham, Coleshill ; 62, S.W. Wolverhampton, Walsall, Dudley ; 72, N.W. Hanley, Stoke- 
on-Trent; 72, N.E. Ashbourne ; 72,8. W. Stafford, Stone; 72, S.E. Burton-on-Trent, Tutbury ; 72, S.E. 
Market Drayton, Eccleshall. Sheets (New Series) 123, Stoke-upon-Trent ; 1 10, Maccksfield. 



GEOLOGY 



Period 


Formation 


Character of Material 


Approximate thick- 
ness in feet 




Upper Mottled Sandstone 


False-bedded red sand- 








stones 


up to 70O 


Bi i n fpr 


Pebble Beds 


Red pebbly sandstones 


r O 


UI1 LCI 




with beds of shingle . 


up to 500 




Lower Mottled Sandstone 


False - bedded red sand- 








stones 


UD to 7OO 








r .j 




Upper Red Sandstones and 


Marls, sandstone and a 




Permian 


Marls of Enville 
Middle Red Sandstone and 


band of breccia . 
Sandstone, marls, conglo- 


up to 150 




Marls of Enville 


merates and ' trappoid 








breccia' 


up to 550 




Keele Sandstones and 


Red sandstones and marls, 






Marls, Lower Red 


thin beds of earthy lime- 






Sandstones and Marls 


stone, occasional thin 






of Enville 


seams of coal (N. Staffs). 


over 800 




Newcastle - under - Lyme 


Grey sandstones and marls, 






Series and Halesowen 


thin coals and two thin 






Sandstones 


limestones at the base . 


up to 400 




Etruria Marls and Oldhill 


Red marls with thin beds 






Brick Clays 


of earthy limestone, ashy 








green grits and conglo- 








merates 


up to 1,100 




Blackband Series of North 


Grey marls and sandstones, 






Staffordshire 


thin seams of coal and 








beds of laminated iron- 




Carboniferous 




stones (N. Staffs), and 








bands of earthy lime- 








stone 


up to 4. So 




Middle Coal Series . . 


Grey and black shales with 


r ^ j 






numerous coals ; beds of 








grit and ironstone . 


Up to I,2OO 




Lower Coal Series . 


Grey and black shales, 








bands of sandstone ; 








numerous seams of coal 


up to 4,000 




Millstone Grits and 


Grits, sandstones, shales ; 






Pendleside Series 


thin seams of coal and 








beds of dark impure 








limestone 


up to 2,000 




Carboniferous Limestone . 


Compact highly fossilifer- 


Great, but unde- 






ous limestone 


termined 




Ludlow Shales and Lime- 


Grey shales and beds of 






stones 


limestone 


up to 1,050 


Silurian 


Wen lock Limestone and 


Grey shales and beds of 






Shales 


limestone 


up to i, 600 




Woolhope Beds 


Limestone 


up to 80 




r 

Upper Llandovery or May 


Sandstone and grits 


not known 




Hill Sandstone 







A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

SILURIAN SYSTEM 

In the adjoining county of Shropshire the Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian, 
Ordovician and Silurian formations follow each other in natural con- 
secutive order. Of these only the Silurian emerges in Staffordshire, 
from under the intervening Red Rocks, on the crests of the three 
anticlines of Sedgley Beacon, Dudley Hills and Walsall. 

The complete sequence of the sediments composing this essentially 
marine deposit, the oldest of the county, does not occur in any one of 
the three localities ; yet by piecing together the information obtained 
in one district with that in another it is found that, excepting the initial 
stages represented by the Lower Llandovery sub-formation and that of 
the final close of the period (Ludlow Passage Beds), there is present, in 
the heart of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, a typical development of 
that most famous of British formations the Silurian. In one of its 
stages, that of the Wenlock, the district of Dudley has become especially 
celebrated both on account of its furnishing Murchison with material 
for his great work on the Silurian system and also for the abundance 
of typical fossils, excellently preserved. 

Upper Llando'very or May Hill Sandstone. The first deposits of the 
Silurian seas indicate shallow water conditions. They afford a very 
limited exposure, and that only in the Walsall area, where they con- 
sist of pale yellow, brown, or occasionally white sandstones poorly 
representing the littoral and sub-littoral deposits of the Upper Llan- 
dovery or May Hill Sandstone of the Welsh borderland. Among other 
fossils the characteristic brachiopods Stricklandinia /ens, S. Strata, and 
the trilobite Encrinurus punctatus are not uncommon. 

Barr Limestone. The May Hill Sandstone is closely followed by a 
band of richly fossiliferous limestone, well known to local geologists from 
its containing at Hay Head, in the parish of Barr, fine examples of 
a trilobite Ilcenus barriensis a fossil characteristic of the Woolhope 
Limestone of other Silurian regions, and to which the Barr Limestone, 
as it is locally known, corresponds. The limestone was formerly 
extensively quarried, but little opportunity of obtaining fossils now 
exists. 

Wenlock Limestone and Shale. The next overlying sub-division con- 
sists of slightly consolidated dark blue and grey mudstones and shales 
about 800 feet thick, at the summit of which lie two bands of limestone 
(Wenlock Limestone] separated by about 800 feet of shale. The lower 
shales are inclined at gentle angles in the Walsall area, and consequently 
cover a considerable extent of ground. They are not well exhibited in 
sections, but abundant fossils chiefly brachiopods and corals can be 
obtained in the railway cutting at Five Lanes. The limestones occur 
only in the western extremity of the inlier and are exposed in the rail- 
way cuttings within the town of Walsall and in some old quarries in the 
neighbourhood. In the Dudley Castle Hills and Wren's Nest the Wen- 
lock strata are bent up into an elongated dome dislocated by faults. The 

4 



GEOLOGY 

core of the hills consists of the lower shales ; the flanks of the two beds 
of limestone with their intervening shales and overlying Ludlow Shales. 
Owing to their purity and excellence as a flux, their proximity to the 
blast furnaces, and to the high inclination rendering the extraction of 
the stone a cheap and simple process, the limestones have been quarried 
for many centuries. This industry was sufficiently striking to attract 
the attention of Dr. Plot in 1686, who also unmistakably figures some 
of the common fossils. At the present day the underground excavations 
extend for great distances and to considerable depths into the heart of 
the hills, beneath which they form vast gloomy caverns, through which 
there wanders a long canal used in the transportation of the quarried 
stone. 

Fossils abound, some thin layers of the limestone being crowded 
with organic remains corals, brachiopods, bryozoa. The district has 
become especially famous for the extremely beautiful and extensive 
series of crinoids (stone-lilies) and for the excellent preservation and 
large number of trilobites which have not only enriched several local 
collections, but have found their way into many cabinets abroad. 

Ludlow Shales and Aymestry Limestone. At Walsall the Wenlock 
limestones are succeeded immediately by the unconformable Coal-measures, 
but around Dudley Castle they pass up into bluish grey shales belonging 
to the Ludlow sub-division, which in turn become covered up by Coal- 
measure strata. In the Sedgley inlier the upward sequence is further 
continued. Here, at Hurst Hill, a sharp anticline brings up the Wen- 
lock limestones with some overlying calcareous shales 1,000 feet thick 
and the fossil contents indicate an horizon equivalent to the Lower 
Ludlow Shales. To these succeeds a bed of limestone 25 feet thick, 
locally known as the Sedgley Limestone. It is not so pure as the Wen- 
lock Limestone, and burns into a greyish variety of lime locally dis- 
tinguished as ' black lime,' that made from the Wenlock Limestone 
being termed ' white lime.' The commonest fossil is Pentamerus knightii, 
which stamps it at once as the equivalent of the Aymestry Limestone of 
Shropshire. 

Upper Ludlow Shales. Whenever present in full sequence the 
Silurian deposits indicate a piling up of sediments on an oscillating sea 
floor until, towards the summit, the accumulations, assisted by gentle 
uprisings, gradually approached the surface of the sea. The commence- 
ment only of these conditions is met with in Staffordshire, and this 
in the Sedgley area alone, where a mere fragment of the lower portion 
of the Upper Ludlow Shales has been preserved in the centre of a syncline 
under a capping of Coal-measure sandstone, which has prevented its 
destruction by denudation. In sinking the Manor Pits near Hales- 
owen, it is stated that somewhat higher beds containing fossils of the 
Passage beds into the Old Red Sandstone were entered beneath the Coal- 
measures, but nowhere has any undoubted Old Red Sandstone been met 
with, and the formation next succeeding is separated by a great interval 
of time from the highest Silurian strata exposed on Sedgley Beacon. 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM 

We have seen that the geological history of Staffordshire presents, 
in the absence of the Old Red Sandstone, one of those tantalizing breaks 
so frequent in the imperfect record of the rocks. The missing chapters 
are found in Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and in South Wales, where 
the lacustrine deposits of the Old Red Sandstone indicate an elevation 
of the Silurian sea floor and the subsequent formation of large fresh- 
water lakes. So great was the time represented by the missing period 
that the fauna of the Carboniferous strata the next group met with 
has a totally distinct aspect : many new orders, many new genera 
make their appearance, while the species differ from those of the Silurian 
seas ; the vertebrata have increased in numbers and are very much 
more highly organized. 

The Carboniferous system commences abruptly with the marine 
conditions of the richly fossiliferous Mountain Limestone of North 
Staffordshire, when the ocean waters were warm and clear, and coral 
reefs, on which flourished a prolific marine fauna, extended their fringes 
along the coast line. A large river then appears to have entered the sea 
driving away the corals and many other life forms, and laying down first 
the muds and grits of the Pendleside Series, and then the grits and shales 
of the Millstone Grit period. Ultimately a delta appears to have been 
formed in which, or along its margins, the muds, shales, sandstones and 
numerous seams of coal constituting the Coal-measures, were deposited. 

The Carboniferous rocks stand out boldly above the Triassic plain 
in the North and South Staffordshire Coalfields. Though separated from 
each other by the intervening red strata, it is now almost beyond dispute 
that these isolated coalfields are connected underground. Local inter- 
ruptions there may be, such as are shown at the surface in the Silurian 
hills of Dudley and Walsall, but recent borings and shaft-sinkings to the 
east and west of the present outline of the South Staffordshire Coalfield 
prove conclusively the extension of the Coal-measures in these directions; 
while the identity of the Coal-measure sequence as a whole in North and 
South Staffordshire is strongly in favour of the sediments having been 
deposited in the same basin. 

The exact nature of the pre-carboniferous floor has not been ascer- 
tained, but the thinning away and final disappearance of the individual 
members of the system, when traced from the north-north-west to the 
south-south-east, shows it to have sloped rapidly upwards to the south- 
south-east, and at a still greater rate due south. Thus the southern area 
appears to have lain above water during the long period represented by 
the great thicknesses of the Carboniferous Limestone, Pendleside Series 
and Millstone Grits of the north, and not to have been submerged until 
Coal-measure times. 

The filling up of the basin and its submergence does not appear to 
have been a simple process, for a study of the Carboniferous rocks of the 
Midlands, especially in North Staffordshire, clearly shows that the period 

6 



GEOLOGY 

was marked by minor earth movements temporarily raising one area and 
depressing a closely contiguous one. Therefore, in the important search 
for coal underneath the red rocks, it will long remain uncertain what 
particular member of the Carboniferous System will be encountered or 
what its thickness will be. 

Differences in the distribution of the fossils have been taken to 
mark out the Carboniferous System into an Upper and a Lower portion, 
but authorities are at variance as to where the divisional line should be 
drawn. The plants and fishes indicate a change at the top of the so-called 
Yoredales (Pendleside Series) of Staffordshire ; the mollusca on the 
other hand show no such differences, but many of the marine forms con- 
tinue from the base of the Pendleside Series to high up in the Coal- 
measures. In a short sketch however it is out of place to enter into a 
discussion of this vexed question ; whatever floral and faunal changes 
may ultimately be found to differentiate the various stages, stratigraphi- 
cally, as Ramsay always contended, the Carboniferous System can be 
regarded as a unit. 

CARBONIFEROUS OR MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE 

The celebrated scenery of Dovedale and the beautiful valley of the 
Manifold owe their charms to the rocks of this important sub-division. 
Excavated into deep gorges and pinnacles of fantastic shapes, enhanced 
by the soft verdure of peculiar vividness and the delicacy of outline 
of numerous limestone-loving plants, threaded with caves and mysterious 
underground water channels, the Carboniferous Limestone country ever 
exerts a strong impression on the mind. 

The Carboniferous Limestone, which, as previously mentioned, only 
occurs in the north of the county, consists of an undivided mass of pale 
grey, white or blue limestone of great but undetermined thickness. The 
quality of the rock varies from place to place ; that at Caldon Low in the 
Weaver Hills is of exceptional purity, and thousands of tons are annually 
quarried for use as a flux in the iron furnaces of Staffordshire and for 
the production of alkalies and lime for various purposes. The pipes and 
hollows traversing the rocks have also yielded large quantities of copper 
and lead, the famous mines at Ecton being considered, toward rhe com- 
mencement of the eighteenth century, to be the richest copper mines in 
Europe. 

The outcrop of limestone in the Weaver Hills and the Manifold Valley 
forms a southerly extension of the large massif of the Carboniferous Lime- 
stone of Derbyshire, and similarily owes its existence to a strong anti- 
clinal uplift bringing it to the surface from under the denuded cover of 
the shales and grits of the Pendleside Series. The convolutions visible 
in the Staffordshire lobe of the Derbyshire limestone west of the Dove 
are doubtless continued, underneath the folded Pendleside strata, to the 
west of the main limestone outcrop in the Weaver Hills. This is shown 
to be the case by the small mass of limestone which comes to the surface 

7 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

at Mixon on the crest of a long oval-shaped dome that is bent into a large 
number of lesser anticlines and synclines, and threaded with mineral lodes 
containing ores of copper and lead. The top beds are also brought up on 
another sharp fold in an old quarry near Congleton Edge, close to the 
county border, west of Biddulph. In this section the highest thin bands 
of limestone are intercalated with layers of tuffs, fragments of lava and 
ashy fossiliferous limestone, thus denoting the presence of volcanic action 
during the deposition of the strata. 1 Such evidences of igneous or vol- 
canic activity during or closely subsequent to the deposition of the limestone 
are abundant in Derbyshire, but do not actually occur within the county. 

A curious bed made up of rolled shells and fragments of waterworn 
limestone has been traced by Dr. Wheelton Hind in the valley of the 
Manifold, from Apes Tor to Ecton Bridge and Warslow. It occurs at 
or near the summit of the limestone, a position it occupies in several 
places in Derbyshire, notably near Castleton. 

The Carboniferous Limestone abounds in fossils, including genera 
and species of corals, brachiopods, lamellibranchs, gasteropods, crustaceans 
and cephalopods, and other invertebrates. The prolific trilobite fauna 
of the Silurian and Devonian seas is however represented by only 
three genera Bracbymetopus, Griffitbides and Pbillipsia forms distinct 
from those of the preceding formations. Fish remains are not 
abundant within the Staffordshire area, but numerous specimens have 
been obtained at Park Hill in Derbyshire, just across the county border, 
including types with pavement teeth such as would be adapted for 
grinding and crushing corals. Attempts have been made, but with little 
success, to distinguish one part of the massive limestone from another 
by means of the fossils. Dr. Wheelton Hind regards the limestone as 
one big zone, of which Productus giganteus, P. cora, Ghonetes papilionacea, 
Amplexus coralloides constitute the zonal forms, and have a general dis- 
tribution throughout the deposits of the period. 

PENDLESIDE SERIES 

The clear waters of the limestone seas became ultimately charged 
with silts and muds brought down by a large river which spread its 
deposits not only over North Staffordshire but also over a wide area in 
mid-England, and which possibly reached the Isle of Man. 2 

With this change of conditions the varied marine fauna of the Car- 
boniferous Limestone seas vanished and was replaced by a few mud-loving 
molluscs, some of which are found attached to pieces of timber floated 
out into the turbid waters. Muds ceased at times to be borne seaward, 
enabling a marine fauna to establish itself. These periods of compara- 
tively clear water, of which the fauna is abundantly preserved on Congleton 
Edge in the strata exposed in a quarry to the east of the limestone inlier, 

1 W. Gibson and W. Hind, 'On Agglomerates and Tuffs in the Carboniferous Limestone 
Series of Congleton Edge,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. p. 548 (1899). 
J W. Hind, Stuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivii. 374 (i9 O1 )- 

8 



GEOLOGY 

were of brief duration and of sparse recurrence, for the series consists 
essentially of clays, shales, muds and sandstones of a united thickness of 
many hundreds of feet. Occasionally the quantity of vegetable matter 
floated down was in excess of any other material, and a mass of decaying 
vegetable debris accumulated, to be ultimately converted into a seam of 
coal, or it may be the carbonaceous matter collected in swamps lying at 
or near sea level. 

The Pendleside Series occurs in two areas to the east and west of 
Leek, being brought into this position by two major folds separated by the 
trough enclosing the Coal-measures of the Cheadle and Shaffalong Coal- 
fields with their enveloping Millstone Grits. The major folds are made 
up of minor convolutions, frequently of great complexity, of which a 
striking illustration is afforded by a section in Badgers Clough near Pye- 
Clough. The extensive quarries on the anticline of Gun Hill, west 
of Meerbrook, also forcibly illustrate, in the bent and shattered Pendleside 
grits and shales, the violent nature of the disturbances and the amount of 
compression the strata have undergone ; nor is this to be wondered at, 
seeing that these sections lie well within the influence of the Great 
Pennine uplift the dominant structural feature of mid-England. 

With the exception of deep dingles or gorges like those of the Dane 
Valley system and Churnet Valley the scenery is tame, consisting for the 
most part of open grassy moorland. This is due chiefly to the preponderance 
of soft shales, but also in part to the frequent low inclination of the strata. 
Whenever ridges such as Catsedge, Gun Hill and Morridge relieve this 
monotony they are found to be composed of sandstone or grit, of which 
the harder and more siliceous varieties are known as Crowstones, when 
they are extensively quarried for rough road metal. Coal smuts, thin seams 
of coal with fireclays, occasionally underlie these grits, and were formerly 
worked to a limited extent. 

Fossils are comparatively rare and poorly preserved. They occur 
in certain restricted bands in the shales, but are more abundant and better 
preserved in some thin layers and nodules (bullions) of dark earthy lime- 
stones clearly exposed in the banks of the Dane south of Wincle. They 
include several species of Gonia fifes (Glyphioceras), Posidonomya Becheri, 
Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella /avis, fossils Messrs. Hind and Howe 
find characterizing a similar set of strata above the Mountain Limestone 
in adjacent counties, especially on Pendle Hill (Lancashire), from which 
the series derives its name. 

The river system which transported the sediments of the Pendleside 
Series is considered by Dr. Hind to have flowed from the east and north- 
east. He observes the series to be thickest over Lancashire, where the 
succeeding Millstone Grits are also at their maximum development, 
while from this centre the beds thin out in all directions ; thus North 
Staffordshire lay towards the southern margin, South Staffordshire wholly 
beyond it. 

These strata have for long been regarded as the southern equivalent 
of the thick bands of white limestone and interbedded shales of Yoredale, 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

whence they were termed ' Yoredale Rocks,' the change from this supposed 
northern type being considered to take place in the neighbourhood of the 
great Craven faults. According to Messrs. Hind and Howe the Yore- 
dales of Yorkshire are the equivalents of the undivided massive limestone 
of Derbyshire, which splits up in the north into several bands separated 
by inter-bedded shales. The Pendleside Series they regard as occupying 
a superior position, and containing a fauna distinct from the Carboniferous 
Limestone of Derbyshire and the Yorkshire Yoredales. 1 

MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES 

This sub-division lithologically resembles the Pendleside Series, 
differing chiefly, as the name implies, in the greater prevalence of gritty 
material, aggregated into bands of considerable thickness separated by 
black and grey shales. While a definite band of grit (First Grit or 
Rough Rock) happens to separate the sub-division from the Coal- 
measures above, no such well marked or persistent bed indicates its 
junction with the Pendleside Series, to which it is allied in the closest 
possible stratigraphical manner. 

Conspicuous objects in the landscape, the different bands of grit 
follow each other in consecutive order with their separating bands of 
shale, and have been named from above downward : First Grit (Rough 
Rock or Farewell Rock of the miner), Second Grit (Haslingden Flags of 
Lancashire), 'Third Grit (Roaches Grit), Fourth and Fifth Grits (Kinder- 
scout Grits). These constitute in the north and north-east portion of 
the county grit bands of singular persistency, but traced southward they 
are found to decrease gradually till around the Pottery and Cheadle 
Coalfields only the First and Third Grits remain. 

Some distance below the Kinderscout Grits and separated from them 
by shales there lies an impersistent bed of grit, sometimes known as the 
' Yoredale Grit,' which has been regarded in Derbyshire as the base 
of the series, though avowedly an artificial datum line. 2 

Throughout nearly the whole length of their outcrop the Millstone 
Grits can be recognized almost at a glance by the distinctive features to 
which they give rise. The splendid escarpment of the Roaches and 
' The Rocks,' the crags of Ipstones and the numerous ' Edges ' Axe 
Edge, Ladderedge, Brown Edge, Congleton Edge and other less marked 
but still conspicuous ridges have been carved by denudation out of the 
various bands of grit whose broad sheets of heather-clad rocks end in 
rugged crags standing boldly out in the air, while the flanks and valleys 
lying at their feet have been fashioned out of the interbedded shales. 
These bold, bare, rocky ridges impressed early writers and seem to 

1 For a full account of the Pendleside Series the reader is referred to the paper by W. Hind and 
J. A. Howe, ' The Geological Succession and Paleontology of the Beds between the Millstone Grit and 
the Limestone Massif of Pendle Hill, and the equivalents in certain other parts of Britain,' Quart. 
Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivii. 347 (1901). 

2 ' The Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks and Millstone Grits of North Derbyshire ' 
(Mem. Geol. Survey), p. 8 (1887). 

IO 



GEOLOGY 

have exerted a powerful influence on the ancient inhabitants, appearing 
to them as something above the common and therefore fit burial places for 
their chiefs. Many of the stream-cut gorges are strikingly deep and 
gloomy ; while elsewhere the rocks have been opened out into curious 
chasms, such as the impressive cleft of Ludchurch 100 yards long, 30 to 
40 feet deep, and 6 to i o feet wide south of the Castle Cliff Rocks. 

The Millstone Grits are arranged in lesser or greater synclinal folds 
completely or partially surrounding the coalfields; frequently, as in the 
small elongated trough of Goldsitch Moss with perfect symmetry. 
Denudation has removed vast masses of material, thus severing the outcrops 
and forming detached areas, of which the outlier of the Third or Roaches 
Grit on the summit of Sheen Hill is the most remote. 

Seams of coal which are rare in the Pendleside Series become of 
greater frequency and are usually present a few feet above or lying 
directly on the grit bands. The most persistent is a seam above the 
Third Grit, which was formerly worked to a considerable extent in 
the Roaches and Ipstones areas. Another seam, known as the Feather 
Edge Coal, lying above the First Grit, also proved to be workable around 
parts of the Goldsitch Moss Coalfield, though the seam should more 
properly be included in the Coal-measures. The commercial value of 
the sub-division however mainly consists in the fairly good quality of the 
building stones afforded by the First and Third Grits, both of them, 
but especially the latter, being extensively quarried. 

The fossils of the ' grits ' consist of the remains of plants Ca/amifes, 
Lepidodendron. Plant remains are also met with in the shales, but 
the most interesting fossils are the marine organisms Ptennopecten papy- 
raceus, Posidoniella /&vis, Goniatites which occur in abundance in certain 
dark bands of impure limestone lying in muddy shales between the First 
and Third Grits, of which the banks of the Trent to the east of Knypers- 
ley Reservoir afford an excellent section. 

COAL MEASURES 

The detritus-bearing currents now swift, now gentle which de- 
posited the grits and shales of the Pendleside Series and Millstone Grits 
continued to carry their burden seaward long after the First Grit was laid 
down. The pauses in sedimentation however became more prolonged, 
the sea was frequently excluded, and the floor, owing to constant 
deposition aided by local elevation, was even raised above sea-level. The 
lower portion of the Coal-measure formation, with its great thicknesses 
of shales, clays, sandstone and intercalated coal seams, ironstones and 
marine bands, demands some such varied conditions of origin. During 
the later stages of the period the pauses became brief and a large body of 
sediment was deposited, but now under new conditions. A land-locked 
area appears to have been formed upon whose continuously sinking 
floor mainly red sediments thickly accumulated. The end of the story 
however is not known ; the record is lost or buried deep under the 
overlying Triassic rocks with their history of a new order of events. 

ii 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

We know however that before the commencement of the Trias era the 
Carboniferous strata were intensely folded, fractured and extensively de- 
nuded, resulting in their more or less complete isolation, so that in North 
Staffordshire we find the four detached coal basins of the Potteries, 
Cheadle, ShafFalong and Goldsitch Moss, while the South Staffordshire 
Coalfield is separated from the northern field by a wide expanse of 
Triassic rocks. 

Though the coalfields of the north and south possess many points 
in common the northern area presents the type development and will 
therefore be described first. 



THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELD 

Lower and Middle Coal-measures. Situated on the line of the great 
Pennine uplift or along its western margin it is not surprising to find 
this coal-bearing region complicated by numerous faults and folds. The 
folds trend in a general north and south direction, and enclose the four 
separate coalfields mentioned above. The Cheadle, ShafFalong and 
Pottery Coalfields may be connected under the Trias of Caverswall, but 
the small coalfield of Goldsitch Moss is sunk deep in a fold of Millstone 
Grits, and removed several miles from its sister coalfields. The im- 
portant coalfield of the Potteries can be further naturally divided into a 
central synclinal region and a western anticlinal portion. In the latter 
the coal seams are frequently vertical and occasionally bent on themselves; 
in the former the coals are sometimes highly inclined but never vertical. 
The faults, the majority of which trend north and south, are not only 
many but of very great throw ; one, known as the Apedale Fault, tra- 
versing the central portion of the Pottery Coalfield in a north and south 
direction exceeds 600 yards in vertical displacement, while an even 
larger dislocation extends along the western margin of the coalfield. The 
faults have exerted a strong influence on the physiography of the district. 
Thus the Apedale Fault lets in a strip of barren measures in the heart of 
the coalfield so that the ancient town of Newcastle-under-Lyme lies in a 
pleasant agricultural district, while immediately east and west there extends 
the usual grimy landscape of a coal-mining district ; again, on the west a 
large fault suddenly introduces unproductive measures, when the mining 
industry abruptly ends. 

The Coal-measures have been sub-divided into Lower, Middle and 
Upper; but the exact horizons at which the dividing lines should be 
drawn have not been definitely settled. Whatever scheme is adopted the 
lower and middle sub-divisions constitute the storehouse of the chief 
seams, of which the most important, commencing with the Winpenny 
Coal, about 1,200 feet above the First Grit, are grouped together. Above 
this coal there are no less than thirty recognized seams, making a total 
thickness of over 1 40 feet of coal. A seam towards the middle, known 
as the Ash Coal, has been taken by some geologists as the base of the 
middle sub-division, while another seam Bassey Mine Coal has been 

12 



GEOLOGY 

chosen as the base of the upper sub-division. The unequal rate of 
deposition of the Coal-measures is accentuated in the Pottery Coalfield, 
where the strata between the Bassey Mine and Winpenny Coals approxi- 
mate to 1,200 yards at Shelton, whereas at Apedale, 4 miles to the 
west, they are under 800 yards thick, from which the rate of diminu- 
tion can be calculated to be about i in 17, equivalent to a gradient of 
over 3 degrees. 

Below the Winpenny the coal seams are of small value, but one 
called the Crabtree Coal, a few yards above the First Grit, is well known 
from its shale roof, yielding in all four areas abundant specimens of 
Goniatites, Pterinopecten and Lingula. The strata below the Winpenny 
occur in all the four areas, while they constitute the entire measures of 
the small basin of Shaffalong and a considerable portion of that of Cheadle 
and Goldsitch Moss. 

The strata enclosing the coals and ironstones consist of clays, marls, 
fireclays and shales with an occasional band of sandstone very impersistent 
and of no great thickness. The colour is generally a dull grey excepting 
a few bands of intensely black shales or an occasional impersistent stratum 
of a red colour. The absence of any great mass of hard rocks is reflected 
in the scenery, which is tame and uninteresting, but whenever a ridge 
breaks the monotony it is almost certainly found to consist of one of the 
bands of sandstone, and inasmuch as the sandy material is more prevalent 
in the north so the ridgy character of the coalfield, as in the Norton 
district, becomes more pronounced. 

The numerous coal seams between the Ash and Winpenny Coals 
constitute the chief seams of the Pottery Coalfield. They include varieties 
suitable for house purposes, for making gas and coke, for raising steam, or 
for use in the arts and manufactures of the district. The only ironstone 
at present raised is the Burnwood Stone of the variety known as semi- 
blackband. In the adjacent Cheadle Coalfield there are also several valuable 
coal seams, but they have not been satisfactorily identified with those of 
the Pottery Coalfield. A peculiarity in the distribution of the coals in 
the Pottery area is the fact that certain easily recognized seams, which are 
gas or coking coals in the western area, rapidly lose a large quantity of 
their bituminous matter when traced eastward, until they become house 
or steam coals. 

The commonest fossils are molluscs, of which the most abundant 
belong to the genus Carbonicola (Anthracosia)^ regarded as a freshwater, 
mud-loving animal. They occur in great profusion in the ironstones 
and shales overlying the Cockshead, Ten-feet and other coals, forming 
the so-called ' mussel or cockle bands ' of the miner. In comparison with 
the Middle Coal-measures, fish remains may be said to be rare ; of great 
interest are fragments of various parts of the skeleton of the amphibian 
Loxomma, met with in the shale overlying the Cockshead Coal at Adderley 
Green. Within recent years a number of thin bands of shales and cal- 
careous nodules containing marine organisms have been brought to light 
at no less than seven widely separated horizons ; the lowest, as previ- 

13 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

ously mentioned, is the one above the Crabtree Coal ; the highest occurs 
only a few yards below the Ash Coal, while the remainder are found at 
intervals. In the highest band that above the Gin Mine Coal Mr. 
John Ward collected over twenty different species ; in the other bands 
Goniafites, Lingu/a, Pterinopecten, Posidoniella occur most frequently, and 
include some of the species of the Pendleside Series. As might be 
expected plant remains are not infrequent, though met with most 
abundantly on certain definite horizons. Among these Neuropteris 
heterophylla^ Alethopteris loncbitica indicate, according to Mr. R. Kidston, 
a low horizon throughout the Coal-measures of Great Britain. 1 

The strata between the Ash and Bassey Mine Coals (Middle Coal- 
measures) by their strict resemblance in colour, texture, composition 
and by their stratigraphical conformity to the rocks below denote the 
continuation of similar conditions. The coal seams number over four- 
teen, representing a collective thickness of nearly 50 feet of coal. The 
quality however is inferior to the seams of the lower sub-division, 
though they are of great value to the potter in baking his wares, 
and being near the surface over a large portion of the area are in 
great request. The Middle Coal-measures contain several bands of 
ironstone, but of these only the semi-blackband, laminated Chalkey 
Mine Ironstone is raised in any quantity. The number and variety of 
fish remains is extraordinary, especially in the shales associated with the 
Winghay or Knowles Ironstone of Longton and Fenton ; with them 
the remains of amphibia are sparingly associated. The mollusca are 
abundant in the lower portion, but become gradually rarer towards the 
summit. The flora, notably on the horizon of the Great Row Coal, 
is particularly rich. 

The strata above the Bassey Mine Coal (Upper Coal-measures] belong 
to a different class of sediments, being made up chiefly of red sandstones 
and marls, among which grey rocks retain a definite but quite subordinate 
position. Coal seams are thin and lie on widely separated horizons, but 
bands of earthy limestone, crowded with Entomostraca and very rare in 
the inferior sub-divisions, become a marked constituent. Four distinct 
groups of rock individualize the Upper Coal-measures. 

In the lowest (Blackband Series] the material remains much the same 
as in the Middle Coal-measures, but there is a tendency for red marls to 
be developed along definite horizons. Several bands of Blackband iron- 
stones frequently exceeding 4 feet in thickness, readily calcined and rich 
in metallic iron, render the group of great economical importance ; 
while the associated grey marls, along whose outcrop the pottery towns 
have gradually extended, may be said to have initiated the pottery trade. 
Even now, when clays foreign to the district have come into general use, 

1 The organic contents as a whole have been fully dealt with by John Ward, Trans. North Staff. 
Inst. Mining Engineers, vol. x. (1890), and Proc. North Staff. Field Club (1893-4). For the plants see 
R. Kidston, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xxxv. (l 891) and Proc. Royal Physical Society Edin. vol. xii. (i 893-4). 
The Lamellibranchs are described by Wheelton Hind, Palaontografhical Society, vols. xlviii.-l. For a recent 
account of the marine beds the reader may consult J. T. Stobbs, Tram. North Staff. Field Club, vols. 
xxrv., xxxvi. and Trans. Fed. Inst. xxii. 229 (1902). 



GEOLOGY 

the local marls continue to furnish the material for the vessels in which 
the pottery is baked in the kilns in addition to being extensively 
used for other purposes. The fauna indicates the conditions under which 
the strata were deposited ; for, excepting Entomostraca, which constitute 
three or more thin bands of impure limestone, and a few fishes, the animal 
life consisted of the delicate thin valved mollusc Antbracomya pbillipsi, 
met with in countless numbers in the Blackband Ironstones. The flora, 
occasionally rich in species and numbers, partakes, according to Mr. 
Kidston, of a transitional character between Middle and Upper Coal- 
measures, thus further illustrating the gradual passage of one stage into 
the other. 

The Etruria Marls, which succeed, consist almost exclusively of red 
and mottled marls exceeding i,ooofeet in thickness in the central area. 
Thin bands of green grits, apparently derived in great part from the 
breaking down of igneous rocks, are interstratified at intervals. Only 
one locally developed coal seam has been met with, and excepting two 
thin beds of limestone containing the serpula Spirorbis the entire group 
consists of practically unstratified red marls. 

The Newcastle-under-Lyme Series conformably overlying the Etruria 
Marls shows, as far as the colour and nature of the material is concerned, 
a return to the conditions of the Blackband group. Grey sandstones 
and shales, in which lie four thin seams of coal, constitute almost the 
entire bulk. Plant remains are numerous, including the characteristic 
Upper Coal-measure fossil, Pecopteris arborescens, but associated with 
others of Middle Coal-measure age. Two thin bands of limestone with 
Entomostraca and a minute shell (Anthracomya calcifera) which are exposed 
in the marl pits between Etruria and Longport, invariably commence 
the sequence. 

In the Keele Series? into which these grey strata graduate upward, 
we again find rocks of a brilliant red colour, mainly red sandstones with 
intercalated red marls, among which at intervals thin beds of limestone 
with Entomostraca are interstratified. The flora, though badly preserved, 
as in most red rocks, contains species having a wide range throughout 
the Coal-measure period. For how long the Carboniferous period con- 
tinued beyond the record contained in these red rocks remains uncertain, 
since the strictly unconformable Triassic rocks conceal the top beds of 
the Keele Series or whatever strata may elsewhere succeed, and thus 
the legend in North Staffordshire abruptly terminates. 

THE SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELD 

The Carboniferous strata of this coalfield are arranged in a dome 
possessing a length of about 23 miles and a breadth of 6 miles. This 
main anticline, broken by three subsidiary folds, constitutes the Dudley, 

1 This group was formerly placed in the Permian System. The reasons for the classification here 
adopted will be found in a paper by the author, <%uart. Journ. Geol. Sue. Ivii. 256 (1901), and in the 
'Geology of the Country around Stoke-upon-Trent ' (Mem. Geol. Survey), pp. 45-7 (1902). 

15 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

Barr and Netherton anticlines, between which lie the faulted synclines 
of Bilston, Corngreaves and Pensnett. The coalfield is completely 
surrounded by the unconformable Triassic rocks, underneath which it 
slopes gradually on the south and north, and against which it is 
faulted on the east and west by the great ' Boundary Faults.' The suc- 
cession consists in the main of a replica of that in North Staffordshire, but it 
is doubtful if the district came within reach of the Carboniferous waters 
until a considerable portion, if not the whole, of the Lower Coal- 
measures of North Staffordshire had been deposited. The Carboniferous 
Limestone, Pendleside Series and Millstone Grits are certainly absent, 
the Coal-measures being deposited on an irregular floor of Silurian rocks 
visible at the surface in the Dudley, Walsall and Sedgley areas, but also 
encountered underground between West Bromwich and Oldbury, where 
they constitute the so-called ' Silurian bank.' 

Lower or 'True Coal-measures. 1 In composition the strata (500 
to 1,050 feet thick) resemble the chief coal-bearing rocks of North 
Staffordshire, consisting of grey and white sandstones, shales, clays, 
ironstones and seams of coal. The most remarkable of the seams known 
as the ' Ten Yard ' or ' Thick Coal,' underlies Smethwick, Dudley, 
Walsall and Bilston, and was formerly quarried in the open near 
Tipton. It is not an undivided stratum of coal, but is made up of thir- 
teen or fourteen distinct layers separated from each other by thin partings 
of shaly material or ' bat.' South of Halesowen it thins out and 
becomes mixed with shaly matter ; but what is more remarkable when 
traced northward the component seams gradually separate until at Essing- 
ton and Pelsall the Thick Coal is represented by fourteen seams lying in 
a mass of shales and sandstones between 250 and 300 feet in thickness 
an excellent example of the unequal rate of sedimentation under which the 
Coal-measures were deposited. The Thick Coal has been proved to extend 
beyond the visible limits of the coalfield, having been recently encountered 
beneath the Red Rocks to the west at Himley, while it is being worked 
under the same formation to the east in the Sandwell Park and Hamstead 
Collieries. Again, to the north of the coalfield, pits have been sunk 
through the ' Pebble Beds ' of Cannock Chase, and a new coalfield 
developed in this direction. 

The scenery of the South Staffordshire Coalfield is aptly described 
under the name ' Black Country.' The original surface features over 
wide areas are not only entirely obliterated by refuse heaps and grimy 
manufacturing towns and villages, but over all there rests, day and night, 
a canopy of black smoke. 

In past years a large quantity of local ironstone was raised, but at 
the present day the greater bulk of the ore for use in the iron furnaces 
comes from Northamptonshire, the Potteries and elsewhere ; but it was 
the presence of iron ores, in conjunction with large quantities of cheaply 

1 The title assigned to the Coal-measures of South Staffordshire by Prof. Lapworth. Vide A 
Sketch of the Geology of the Birmingham District, Geologists' Association (1898). 

16 



GEOLOGY 

got coal, which has made Birmingham and Wolverhampton the great 
hardware manufacturing centres of the world. 

The Dudley Coalfield has been regarded as the typical area for the 
Middle Coal-measure flora of Great Britain. The genus Sphenopteris in this 
sub-division attains its maximum development. Stumps of the gigantic 
lycopod, Lepidodendron, have been met with in such profusion in the 
workings of the Parkfield Colliery as to form a veritable fossil forest. 
As in North Staffordshire the commonest mollusc is Carbonicola (Anthra- 
cosia). In addition to remains of fishes the coalfield has also yielded 
specimens of Arachnida and insects, types rare or unknown in North 
Staffordshire. All these fossils, excepting the Fishes, indicate the close 
proximity, if not the absolute presence, of land ; but below the Thick 
Coal, fossils such as Lingula, Productus, Discina and Pterinopecten show 
a temporary incursion of the sea ; though these marine episodes do not 
appear to have been of such frequent recurrence as in the north. 

Upper Coal Measures. The gradual infilling of the basin and final 
change in the character of the sediments, accompanied by the gradual 
passing away of the fauna, is as clearly illustrated in the southern part of 
the county as it is in the Potteries. In the districts of Corngreaves and 
Oldhill the ordinary grey Coal-measures graduate upwards into a con- 
siderable thickness (over 300 feet) of red clays (Red Coal-measure Clays of 
Jukes) indistinguishable from the Etruria Marls of the northern coalfield. 
Moreover they contain similar thin bands of ashy green grits known as 
' Espley Rocks,' As the area is not far distant from the Cambrian and 
Pre-Cambrian ridges of the Lickey Hills, these green grits, as might be 
expected, contain angular fragments of the Lickey rocks. Occasionally 
the grits are so coarse as to form a true breccia, interesting as fore- 
shadowing the breccia conditions so prevalent in the succeeding 
' Permian ' rocks of South Staffordshire. The red clays afford some of 
the material for the famous South Staffordshire blue bricks, and large 
quarries have been opened round Oldhill. 

The brick clays pass up near Halesowen (just beyond the county 
limits) into grey sandstones and marls (Halesowen Sandstone Group], about 
400 feet thick, containing an occasional thin seam of coal and a well 
marked band of Spirorbis limestone near the summit. These in turn are 
surmounted, quite conformably, by red sandstones and marls, generally 
included in the ' Permian ' formation, but identical with the Keele type 
of North Staffordshire. 

The sequence of the Upper Coal-measures of North Staffordshire 
is thus at once seen to be repeated around the southern margins of the 
South Staffordshire Coalfield, and the connection of the two fields 
either absolutely, or at least as regards the similarity in the sequence 
of events proved beyond dispute. The same sequence too has been 
detected in the deep sinkings and borings outside the exposed coalfields, 
where the green ' Espley Rocks ' at once afford the miner a clue to his 
position in the Coal-measure sequence. 

Origin of Coal. As the county abounds in this mineral a few words 
i 17 3 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

may be said regarding the prevalent opinions as to its mode of formation. 
The one most in vogue regards each seam as representing an ancient bed 
of vegetation, and the usually accompanying underclay or fireclay as 
the soil on which it grew. Another opinion considers that some 
at least of the coals are made up of floated vegetable matter, tranquilly 
deposited in still water at a time when other sedimentation was at a 
standstill. Under either view there cannot be any doubt that each seam 
indicates a pause of more or less duration and of frequent recurrence 
throughout the Coal-measure period. 1 

PERMIAN SYSTEM 

The red sandstones and marls succeeding the Halesowen Sandstone 
group have been regarded as belonging to a special type of ' Permian ' 
developed only on the west side of the Pennine Chain, but recent borings 
in Nottinghamshire have clearly shown the same type to be present on 
the east side of the Pennines. The limitation of the Permian system 
therefore needs revision, but it would be superfluous to discuss this ques- 
tion here. The red strata overlying the grey Halesowen Sandstone 
group are succeeded conformably by another set of red sandstones and 
marls with lenticular bands of calcareous conglomerates, which in turn 
are overlain by the so-called ' Trappoid Breccia ' of the Clent Hills (on 
the northern boundary of Worcestershire). These rocks have been 
classed as Middle Permian. 2 Very much the same succession occurs 
round Enville, but above the ' Trappoid Breccia ' a set of red marls 
with an intercalated band of breccia conformably follows, and has been 
regarded as forming an Upper Permian sub-division. 

Whether these distinct groups of rocks are the equivalent of the 
continental Permian system or not, it is beyond dispute that in this 
country they are intimately related to the Coal-measures, but separated 
from the Triassic system by one of the greatest unconformities known in 
British geology. On the other hand the Magnesian Limestone Series of 
the eastern counties considered to be the equivalent of the Permian 
Zechstein of Germany is removed from the highest Coal-measures by 
a strong unconformity, but is hardly separable from the Triassic 
deposits. 

The breccia bands which characterize the South Staffordshire 
' Permian Rocks ' retain a general lithological facies throughout the 
district. Set in a sandy or marly paste, angular fragments or blocks of 
volcanic rocks, mingled with others of fossiliferous, Carboniferous, 
Silurian and Cambrian sandstones and limestones, show the varied 
source of their derivation. Their origin has therefore led to much con- 

1 For a recent discussion on this interesting subject see Report of the British Association (1901), 
Bradford. 

* Quite recently a band of Spirorbis limestone has been discovered in the so-called Middle Permian 
at Franldey Lodge farm in the Clent area by T. C. Cantrill (Summary of Progress of the Geological 
Survey for 1901), pp. 63, 64. 

18 



GEOLOGY 

troversy, of which there are two opposing views. Some geologists, 
following the brilliant researches of Ramsay, 1 claim a glacial origin for this 
heterogeneous collection of rock fragments. Others 2 maintain them 
to be scree material swept down by sub-aerial torrents from a pre-Triassic 
hilly region situated in the south. 

TRIASSIC SYSTEM 

To whatever origin the ' Permian ' breccias of Clent and Enville be 
attributed, the next group the unconformable Triassic rocks affords a 
typical example of deposits laid down under continental conditions, 
as was long ago pointed out by Ramsay and Godwin-Austen. The 
change from the river-borne muds and silts of the Carboniferous period 
is not only vividly contrasted in the loosely compacted red sandstones 
and conglomerates of the Trias, but the vast interval of time intervening 
between the close of the one set of events and the opening of another 
is forcibly demonstrated by the newer formation reposing horizontally or 
at gentle angles on the denuded and intensely plicated carboniferous 
strata. This is recognized by geologists ending the Palaeozoic era with 
the Carboniferous or Permian systems, and starting an altogether fresh 
time epoch (Mesozoic) with the red rocks of the Trias. 

At its commencement in the Bunter period the Triassic continent 
an elevated Carboniferous sea floor presented a very irregular rocky 
surface fashioned out of a plane of marine denudation during upheavals 
succeeding the Carboniferous period, and carved out by long subsequent 
denudation. This rugged surface of pre-Triassic hill and dale and 
possibly mountainous country became gradually levelled by dry weather- 
ing, torrential rains and wind, while the material derived from these 
sources was swept into and slowly accumulated in the hollows. In the 
succeeding Keuper stage the broader depressions were further rilled with 
sediments deposited in a great lake subjected to such intense evaporation as 
to result in the deposition of thick beds of rock-salt and gypsum. Finally, 
at the close of the Keuper period the area became depressed, by gentle 
sinking movements, beneath the waters of the Rhaetic and Jurassic seas. 

The Triassic system is built up of sandstones and marls of an 
almost universal red colour due to a thin film of oxide of iron coating 
each particle. Traced across the district from west to east the individual 
members show a rapid decrease in thickness : collectively, on the west 
side of the South Staffordshire Coalfield the thickness amounts to 3,500 feet, 
which has dwindled to about 1,200 feet on the east side of this coalfield, 
but there is reason to believe that in the centre of the basin to the north 
of Stafford the westerly amount is reached or even exceeded. Owing to 
the general slight inclination of the strata the outcrops are especially 
broad ; they are narrowest round the Carboniferous tracts in the north 

1 'On the Occurrence of Angular, Subangular, Polished and Striated Fragments and Boulders in 
the Permian Breccia of Shropshire, Worcestershire, etc.,' <$uart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xi. 185 (1855). 

3 ' On the Permian Conglomerates of the Lower Severn Basin,' by W. Wickham King, Quart. 
Joum. Geol. Soc. Iv. 97-128 (1899). 

19 



A HISTORY FO STAFFORDSHIRE 

and south, from off which they dip to all points of the compass, and are 
broadest in the great central syncline occupied by the Keuper Marls. 

BUNTER PERIOD 

Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone. If the sub-aerial origin of the 
Bunter, as is now generally accepted, be correct, we might expect to 
find a varied distribution of the sediments ; especially would this be the 
case with the wind-borne deposits, to which some geologists consider a 
large portion of the Lower Mottled Sandstone may be directly or in- 
directly attributed. To the west of Wolverhampton, where this sub- 
division appears at its best, it reaches a thickness of 300 feet ; it is only 
met with locally in North Staffordshire, and is altogether absent on the 
east side of the South Staffordshire Coalfield. 

In the Wolverhampton area the strata consist of sandstones of the 
most varied hues, ranging from yellow through brown to bright ver- 
milion. Here also the remarkable false-bedding or ' oblique lamination,' 
characteristic of the sub-division, is admirably exhibited in a road cutting 
near the entrance to the lower town. Whether this be due to currents 
of water or wind the general roundness of the sand particles must be 
attributed to wind action, for no other agency is considered to be capable 
of rounding small sand grains, while it is one of the characteristic features 
of the desert sands of to-day. 1 

Owing to their soft nature the rocks are generally denuded into 
broad valleys, but in the interesting escarpment of Kinver Edge the top 
beds have been hardened by a calcareous cement, and overhang a deep 
valley excavated in the underlying softer portion. The ease with which 
the stone can be quarried has been taken advantage of by the inhabitants 
of Enville and Kinver, the neighbourhood of these villages showing 
numerous rock houses, of which those cut out of the sandstone of Holy 
Austin Rock are the best known. 

Bunter Pebble Beds. The strata of this sub-division are well 
developed in the north and south, where they hem in the Carboniferous 
formations against which they abut, sometimes with a faulted junction, 
but more frequently unconformably superimposed. They consist essen- 
tially of coarse false-bedded sandstones, through which pebbles of vein 
quartz and other rocks are widely scattered or are massed together 
with little or no intervening matrix, forming beds of shingle sometimes 
over 50 feet thick. At their outcrop the sandstones and conglomerates 
are usually incoherent, but in wells and borings the matrix is often 
highly calcareous, when the rock is intensely hard and much dreaded by 
well-sinkers. In the shingle beds the pebbles are of all sizes up to or 
slightly exceeding that of a man's head. The majority are quartzites 
white, brown, yellow or liver-coloured ; others consist of well rounded 
fragments of Mountain Limestone, chert, grits of various Palaeozoic 

1 For our knowledge of desert conditions the student is referred to Das gesetz der Wtistenbildung, by 
Professor Walther (Berlin, 1900). 

20 



GEOLOGY 

formations, and an occasional fragment of granite or volcanic grit. 1 
Speaking generally the massed gravels are more abundant in the north 
than in the south, and more persistent towards the base of the sub- 
division than near its summit. They are largely quarried for road metal 
and gravel in Trentham Park, Cannock Chase, south of Cheadle, Longton, 
and in many localities bordering the South Staffordshire Coalfield. 

To the west of the South Staffordshire Coalfield the sub-division is 
situated with apparent perfect conformity between the Lower and Upper 
Mottled Sandstone, but elsewhere in the county rests with a great discord- 
ance on the various members of the Carboniferous rocks or on 'Permian.' 
This unconformity can nowhere be better illustrated than by the outliers 
at Endon and around Leek, where the nearly horizontal pebbly Bunter 
sandstones rest on highly inclined or sharply folded Lower Carboniferous 
rocks. 

In its course along the western margin of the South Staffordshire 
Coalfield the outcrop is indicated by conspicuous ridges, such as Abbots 
Castle Hill, near Trysull, and Kinver Edge. Along the eastern side of 
the coalfield the outcrop extends in a well marked ridge from near 
Birmingham northward to Aldridge. The greatest expanse however 
constitutes the open undulating heather-clad moorland of Cannock Chase 
on which the characteristic weathering into deep coombes with inter- 
mediate rounded lobes is admirably illustrated. The same character is 
clearly portrayed round the North Staffordshire Coalfield, where the 
sub-formation gives rise to the picturesque woodlands of Maer, Swyn- 
nerton Park, Trentham Park, Burnt Wood and Bishops Wood. Perhaps 
the most interesting outcrop occurs in the Churnet valley between 
Cheddleton and Leek, where a small patch about seven miles long has 
been preserved in a deep pre-Triassic hollow excavated in the Lower 
Carboniferous rocks which on all sides surround and overlook the 
much newer formation. 

The mode and place of origin of the sandstones and shingle beds 
have given rise to much controversy among geologists. They have 
been regarded as the products of powerful oceanic currents ; another 
opinion holds them to be of sub-aerial origin, brought together by 
large rivers liable to heavy floods, or else by tumultuous torrents the effect 
of cloudbursts. Some geologists consider the pebbles to be derived from 
the breaking up of the conglomerates of the Old Red Sandstone ; others 
again would derive them from Palaeozoic rocks of different ages in rapid 
course of destruction by the ordinary agents of denudation acting during 
the Bunter period. Again, the views as to the source of origin are 
widely divergent : some geologists maintain that the pebbles were derived 
from the older formations in the north of England and Scotland ; others 
look to their source from an old rocky ridge extending between the south- 
west of England and western France ; while others think it not improb- 
able that much of the material might have been obtained from the older 

1 W. Molyneux, ' On the Gravel Beds of Trentham Park,' Trans. North Staff. Nat. Field Club 
(1886) ; Geol. Mag. iv. 173 (1867). 

21 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

formations known to exist in the Midlands beneath the Trias. Diver- 
gent as these views appear, they probably all contain an element of 
truth, for not from one but from many areas should the pebbles be derived if 
they were laid down under continental conditions. 1 

The strata are almost wholly unfossiliferous. In other parts of 
England the presence of Labyrinthodonts has been detected, but then 
only rarely, and consisting chiefly of footprints. The spongy nature of the 
sandstone and shingle beds renders the sub-division an almost unlimited 
reservoir of underground water, admirably suited for drinking pur- 
poses. The pebble beds are thus the source from which the chief towns 
of Staffordshire obtain their water supply. The strong springs, issuing 
from the rocks along lines of faults and major joints, or at their junction 
with the less pervious Carboniferous strata, help in no small degree to 
keep the streams and rivers from running dry during the summer months. 
The springs at Wall Grange pouring out over 2,000,000 gallons daily, 
supplied to the Potteries, are a case in point ; the Tern river also issues 
from the spring-fed lake at Maer Hall as a stream of no inconsiderable 
size. In other respects the Pebble Beds, beyond yielding road-metal for 
second class roads, possess little commercial importance. 

Upper Mottled Sandstone. This sub-division of vermilion-coloured 
non-pebbly sandstone, closely resembling the lower sub-division, follows 
conformably and runs parallel with the outcrop of the Pebble Beds to the 
west of the southern coalfield, but is hardly separable from them and not 
always present in North Staffordshire. One of the best sections in the 
Midlands is opened out in the road cutting at Tettenhall to the west of 
Wolverhampton. Flanked by the Pebble Beds and overlain by the hard 
Keuper basement beds the Upper Mottled Sandstone usually occupies low 
lying tracts overlooked by the inferior and superior sub-divisions of the 
Trias. Some of the most beautiful country lanes have been cut deep into 
these soft red sandstones, whose bright red colours so strikingly contrast 
with the delicate greens of lichen, moss and fern which cling to their 
damp crumbling surfaces. 

The soft incoherent nature of the stone renders it a favourite source 
of building sand, while the more loamy varieties yield good foundry and 
moulding sand, and are extensively quarried at Baldwins Gate near Maer 
for the Crewe Engineering Works. 

KEUPER PERIOD 

Keuper Basement Beds and Waterstones. During the whole of the 
Bunter period the elevatory forces were going on or were only temporarily 
stationary : in the succeeding Keuper period the successive overlaps of 
the individual members point to a cessation of any upward movements, 
while towards its close the Triassic continent began to slowly sink until 
it became finally submerged beneath the seas which were to hold sway 
during the whole of Mesozoic times. 

1 T. G. Bonney, Geol. Mag. Dec. n, vii. 404 (1880), ibid. Dec. 4, ii. 75 (1895); W. J. 
Harrison, Proc. Birm. Phil. Soc. vol. iii. (1881-3). 

22 



GEOLOGY 

The Keuper Basement Beds, or, as they are sometimes called, Lower 
Keuper Sandstones, are typically developed in the western portion of the 
county where they conformably surmount the Upper Mottled Sandstone. 
Owing to the general presence of a hard conglomerate or occasionally a 
breccia at the base they overlook the inferior sub-division in the form of 
well-marked scarps particularly well exhibited to the west of Wolver- 
hampton between Tettenhall and Shifnall and in the ridges west of 
Eccleshall. But it is at Alton where denudation has most successfully 
picked out these harder strata and fashioned a combination of escarpment, 
rocky cliff and deep ravine unrivalled by any other Triassic area. 

In the eastern part of South Staffordshire and generally in North 
Staffordshire the basal conglomerate and breccia are absent and the Keuper 
Waterstones rest with apparent conformity or apparent discordance on the 
' Pebble Beds.' In most places the basement beds are succeeded by even 
bedded red and white sandstones with interstratified layers of red and grey 
marl. Toward the summit the marl partings become more numerous 
and thicker with a consequent thinning of the intercalated sandstones, and 
so gradually pass into the Waterstones, so called from the thin sandstones 
possessing a fancied resemblance to watered silk and not to their affording 
a good water-bearing stratum as is sometimes stated. 

The red and white sandstones overlying the basement beds yield an 
excellent building stone extensively quarried around Wolverhampton, 
Rugeley and south of Cheadle. At Hollington and Stanton the stone is 
of exceptional quality, yielding large blocks sent to many parts of the 
kingdom. It has been, and still remains, a favourite stone for ecclesiastical 
architecture, country mansions and the larger buildings of many of the 
midland cities. Alton Towers is built of a freestone of Lower Keuper 
age obtained close at hand. 

The Lower Keuper Sandstones and building stones yield a few fossils 
of which remains of plants, poorly preserved, are not infrequent, but the 
most interesting are the rare remains of the gigantic Amphibian belong- 
ing to the sub-order Labyrinthodontia. 

The impressions of the hand-like feet chirosaurus (C heir other mm) 
of this animal have been met with on the surface of slabs of sandstones 
in many quarries, notably at Hollington, but the finest remains, consist- 
ing of a nearly complete skull, 9 inches long and 6 inches wide, were 
obtained in the quarries at Stanton. 1 

Throughout the Lower Keuper, but also occasionally in the Bunter, 
the cementing material frequently consists of barium sulphate standing out 
in relief on the weathered surfaces as star-like forms or else leached out 
and redeposited as small veins filling joints. Copper-ore, consisting of the 
blue and green carbonates, is occasionally present and has been worked at 
Bearstone. 

Keuper Marls. Nearly the whole of the central and low-lying 
portions of the county are occupied by this sub-division. Made up 

1 John Ward, 'On the Occurrence of Labyrinthodont Remains in the Keuper Sandstone of 
Stanton,' Tram. North Staff. Field Club (1900). 

23 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

essentially of soft red marls of nearly uniform composition, and lying at a 
gentle angle across the great syncline of central Staffordshire, the scenery 
of the Keuper Marl country lacks interest. Low scarps and ridges, where 
the strata consist of thin bands of brown and white flags (skerries) occasion- 
ally break the monotony, but except towards the base these features are 
impersistent. In the past the Keuper Marl country was largely covered 
with woods, of which Needwood Forest and Chartley Park remain as 
relics. 

The marls are of great thickness, possibly as much as 2,000 feet to 
the north-east of Stafford. That they were laid down under water, in a 
large lake subjected to intense evaporation, the beds of rocksalt and 
gypsum afford the most conclusive evidence. As the basin became rilled 
up the marls gradually extended over the underlying sub-divisions, and 
finally in the north overlapped them all until they invaded the bays and 
hollows of the Carboniferous rocks which here formed the margins of the 
basin. 

The red marl forms an excellent soil and was formerly dug for 
' top-dressing,' the small pits excavated for this purpose or for drinking 
troughs lying scattered in countless numbers all over its outcrop. The 
celebrated alabaster quarries of Fauld near Tutbury lie in the Keuper 
Marl. Alabaster is here obtained in large slabs, and was used 
extensively for the ornamental work of Croxden Abbey and Lichfield 
Cathedral. Two hundred years ago, and long before it was quarried near 
Tettenhall, the Burton workers in alabaster had attained a considerable 
status. Brine wells have been sunk into the marls to the north of 
Stafford and at Shirleywich. 

RHjETIC PERIOD 

The gradual passing away of the Triassic continental period is revealed 
in the interesting outliers of the Rhaetic formation in Needwood Forest 
and Bagots Park to the west of Burton-on-Trent. The sections are very 
meagre, the best being the exposure at Marchington Cliff where the 
red Keuper Marls pass up imperceptibly into bluish white conchoidal 
marls and impure limestones containing Axinus cloacinus and overlain by 
a few feet of the characteristic black Rhastic shales. 

With the Rhastic Beds the geological history of the county as re- 
corded in the solid rock formations terminates. We know that the Rhaetic 
deposits mark the commencement of a great regional depression during 
which Britain and western Europe lay submerged for a vast interval of 
time beneath the ocean, but of which no relics have been detected in 
Staffordshire. To the east the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems follow 
each other in consecutive order ; to the west, at Audlem, it is known that 
at least the Jurassic seas extended, but from Staffordshire its sediments 
have been swept away. Of the early stages of the Tertiary period, so 
well exhibited in the south-eastern counties, Staffordshire again presents 
a blank, so that volume after volume of the geological record has been 

24 



GEOLOGY 

destroyed and we pass abruptly from the deserts of the Trias to the arctic 
conditions of the Pleistocene period. 

Before describing this wonderful contrast of events we must however 
retrace our steps and briefly consider the igneous rocks breaking through 
the formations previously described. 

IGNEOUS AND VOLCANIC ROCKS 

The stratified deposits are in many places but a thin skin overlying 
a reservoir of molten material ever ready to burst forth and intrude itself 
along lines of weakness. Evidences of such weak spots are to be met 
with again and again among the formations whose history we have been 
tracing, yet it was only rarely that the underlying molten matter found 
egress from its subterranean reservoir. 

The earliest record is afforded by the limestone quarry on Congleton 
Edge (p. 8), where it becomes evident that during the closing scenes of 
the Carboniferous Limestone epoch a volcano was close at hand vomiting 
forth ashes and dust which fell into the surrounding seas and possibly 
sending forth a submarine lava stream. 

The famous basalts or trap rocks intruded into the Coal-measures of 
South Staffordshire present the next example. These cover no inconsider- 
able area at Rowley Regis, Barrow Hill, Pouk Hill, and again round 
Wednesfield. Each occurs as a ' sill ' whose intrusive character is shown 
by the coal-seams being charred where they came in contact with the 
molten mass or by the baking of the black Coal-measure shales at their 
junction with the basalt above and below. The largest sill forms the 
Rowley Regis mass, through which the tunnel between Rowley Regis 
Station and Old Hill passes. The lava was here injected into the space 
of an arched up mass of Coal-measure strata forming what is known as 
a ' laccolite,' of which the cover has been removed by denudation. 
During the process of cooling, a beautiful columnar structure, excellently 
preserved in Turner's Pit, was set up. 1 Huge spheroids of basalt are 
frequently enclosed between the joints which transversely divide the 
columns at fairly regular intervals. The Rowley Rag is largely used 
for road metal. 

Some uncertainty exists as to the age of the intrusions owing to the 
want of conclusive field evidence. Professor Watts 3 comments on the 
fresh appearance of the constituent minerals and the many features they 
possess in common with the well known Tertiary dykes of the north of 
Ireland and Scotland, and also on the fact that the Rowley mass partakes 
in the fractures affecting the coalfield, some of which, such as the 
Great Boundary Faults, traverse Jurassic rocks. None of the South 
Staffordshire intrusions pierce rocks later than high Coal-measures, but an 
interesting dyke met with in North Staffordshire traverses the marls of 
the Keuper period. This is a very narrow basaltic dyke, never more 

1 T. G. Bonney, S>uart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxxii. 151 (1876). 

a W. W. Watts, Geologists' Association, p. 399 (1898), op. cit., in which references to the literature 
on the igneous rocks are also given. 

I 25 4 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

than a few feet across, which has been traced from near Keele to a little 
north of Chebsey. 1 In its course it cuts across and alters rocks of Upper 
Coal-measure, Bunter and Keuper ages. The mineral constituents are 
exceedingly fresh, and in many respects the rock closely resembles the 
South Staffordshire intrusions. 

. 

PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT 

GLACIAL DEPOSITS 

The third great epoch of which the county presents a complete and 
most interesting record is that of the Pleistocene or Quaternary Period. 
There is abundant evidence to show that at this late geological time two 
great ice sheets were formed by the piling up of snow and ice over the 
North Sea and the Irish Sea and converged until their margins touched 
in Staffordshire somewhere in the region of Burton-on-Trent ; at the 
same period local glaciers descended from the Derbyshire and Welsh 
hills, spreading out their debris at their feet and mingling it with that 
carried inland by the two great ice sheets coming up from the sea. 

Compared with the events recorded in the latest of the solid geolo- 
gical formations the Rhaetic dealt with in this article, this refrigera- 
tion, which extended over the whole of northern Europe, happened 
but yesterday, its close according to some calculations not being further 
removed from the present day than 10,000 years. At its commence- 
ment the configuration of the land was much as it is to-day ; all that 
it accomplished was a little rounding off of surface inequalities by the 
rasping power of the ice and the filling up of pre-existing hollows or 
alteration of previous surface drainage by the accumulation of detritus 
or by barriers of ice. 

To understand the significance of the phenomena met with in 
Staffordshire it is essential to bear in mind that the Welsh, Cumbrian, 
Scotch and Pennine hills were as high at the commencement of the 
period as they are to-day, and that the chief valleys and plains of central 
England were in the main blocked out. This being recognized, the 
course which the ice sheets took will be easily comprehended. The 
one from the Irish Sea invaded the Cheshire and Shropshire plains, to 
be there joined by the more local ice flows from the Welsh hills ; the 
one from the North Sea spread over the eastern counties and pushed its 
way up the Trent valley, to be joined near Derby by the glaciers sent 
off from the Derbyshire hills. Such are the broad general outlines of 
the period. The existence of these moving masses of ice is plainly 
demonstrated by the character of the foreign material or train of boulders 
left scattered over the country, and by the ice grooves on the solid rocks 
radiating outwards from the elevated regions or pointing in the direction 
of the paths taken by the Irish Sea and North Sea ice. 

The three largest glaciers have been named : (i) The Arenig Glacier, 

1 J. Kirkby, ' On the Trap Dykes in the Hanchurch Hilh,' Tram. North Staff. Field Club, vol. 
xxviii. (1894). 

26 



GEOLOGY 

(2) the Irish Sea Glacier, (3) the North Sea Glacier, while the one from 
the Derbyshire hills may be termed (4) the Pennine Glacier. Their 
history has not been completely made out, and the order in which they 
invaded the district is uncertain, but the local glaciers had probably 
reached a considerable size before the foreign ice penetrated into the 
heart of the country. 

We will now briefly describe the phenomena presented by the 
different ice masses, mentioning neighbouring areas where necessary for 
a complete comprehension of the subject : 

Arenig Glacier. Descending from the Arenig Hills (2,817 ^ eet ) 
this glacier passed down the Vale of Llangollen and then debouched on 
to the Shropshire plain, where it threw down the masses of morainic 
material at Ruabon and Ellesmere. It would be natural to suppose that 
it would then have passed northward down the Dee valley with over- 
flows to the south along the Severn valley. The northern path however 
was blocked with ice coming from the Irish Sea and the southern course 
barred with ice from Plinlimmon. It was therefore compelled to assume 
a south-easterly course, impinging upon Staffordshire, round Wolverhamp- 
ton and the ground to the south, where occasional boulders of Welsh 
rocks, but mixed with others brought by the Irish Sea ice, are met 
with. Around the southern margins of the South Staffordshire Coal- 
field boulders from Wales become common, but the greatest number and 
the best sections in the drift lie beyond the county border. The Rowley 
Hills lie in the direct path of the Arenig glacier. Mr. Jerome Harrison 1 
finds no foreign drift on their summit, but on the contrary a train of basalt 
boulders has been traced from them for some distance to the south and 
east. On the rock being bared in quarrying operations, clearly striated 
rock surfaces, with the stria? pointing N.W. to S.E., have been laid bare, 
and the general contour of the hills Mr. Harrison regards as that of a great 
roche moutonnee. 

Carried along by the great moving mass of the Irish sea ice which 
also probably helped to push the Arenig glacier up the south-western 
flanks of the South Staffordshire Coalfield the glacier from Wales may 
have impinged on the northern coalfield, as along its western margin 
some boulders are met with which correspond very well with the 
rhyolitic lavas of Arenig. 

Irish Sea Glacier. This was the dominant and all-powerful mass of 
ice of which the presence can be traced over the greater part of the 
county. Its great thickness and power was derived from the glaciers of 
the south of Scotland, Ireland and the Lake district, which during glacial 
times descended into the Irish Sea basin, and uniting there with the glaciers 
resulting from the accumulated snowfall became ultimately piled up until 
the ice overrode the summit of Snaefell (2,024 feet) in the Isle of Man. 
Advancing southward it met with the resistance of the Welsh hills, and 
consequently split into one lobe which passed down St. George's Channel, 

1 ' Glacial Geology of the Birmingham District,' op. cit. 
27 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

and into another which swept across the Cheshire plain and finally in- 
vaded Staffordshire. Exactly where this great ice-sheet terminated has 
not been made out, but it may be roughly taken to have come to rest 
along a line joining Burton, Lichfield, Wolverhampton and Enville ; 
for north of this line the country is strewn with boulders and glacial 
detritus ; while to the south the relics are scanty and difficult to 
separate from the material spread out by the streams issuing from the 
foot of the ice. As the western ice approached the northern borders 
of the county it encountered the bold front of the North Staffordshire 
hills, which are only breached near Kidsgrove and to the east of Congle- 
ton. The ice however was of sufficient weight and thickness to override 
the Pottery Coalfield, and further north, in the direction of main move- 
ment, even reached an altitude of 1,300 feet to the east of Macclesfield. 
The gaps near Congleton however presented an easy overflow, and 
consequently we find an ice lobe penetrated down the Trent valley 
system, scattering its sands, clays and boulders in irregular mounds 
between Biddulph and Stoke-upon-Trent. To the south-east however 
the high ground around Cheadle almost completely arrested the further 
eastward course of the western ice, and consequently we meet with none 
or very little of its detritus between Uttoxeter and Cheadle ; on the con- 
trary the influence of the local Pennine glacier becomes apparent. 

The greatest accumulation of boulders is found on the western 
flanks of the North Staffordshire Coalfield and between Wolverhampton 
and Enville in South Staffordshire. As might be expected, they comprise 
a heterogeneous collection of Scotch and Lake district rocks, mingled with 
an occasional boulder from Wales, where the ice-sheet came into contact 
with the Arenig glacier. The commonest Lake district rocks are boulders 
of the red granite of Eskdale, granophyres from Buttermere, basalts with 
large crystals of augite, streaky garnetiferous lavas, amygdaloidal basalts and 
rhyolites. Rocks from Scotland are represented by blocks of hornblende- 
bearing granites and the tonalites of Galloway. The iceborne fragments 
are of all sizes, from mere pebbles up to blocks over 12 feet in length. 
Many of the larger boulders have been removed by man from their 
original resting-places and set up along the roadsides or at the corners 
of the streets in towns and villages, or in public parks, as at Wolver- 
hampton and Longton ; while in the western villages the streets are 
sometimes cobbled with the smaller stones. The boulders however 
represent but a small amount of the transported material. There are 
besides thick masses of ' Boulder Clay,' in which stones large and small 
lie scattered at all angles constituting in places a true ground moraine 
among which lenticular beds and sheets of sand are intercalated. The 
colour of the clay varies according to the nature of the ground swept 
over by the ice : it is brown or red when it lies on or has previously 
crossed an outcrop of Triassic rocks ; it is a deep dirty blue colour over 
tracts of Carboniferous rocks or in contiguous areas in advance of the 
ice-sheet, when it contains fragments of the Lower Carboniferous rocks, 
pieces of coal and even in one case portions of a coal seam, disrupted and 

28 



GEOLOGY 

carried onward by the ice. The clays are in many places used for bricks. 
The intercalated sands occur in masses sometimes exceeding a hundred feet 
in thickness, and are generally clean red, yellow, or buff sands, sometimes 
free of pebbles, but more often containing lenticles of gravel. They 
have been a favourite source for local water supplies, and the sites of 
many of the villages such as Betley, Wrinehill and Madeley were no 
doubt originally selected for this reason. It was originally thought, and 
the opinion is still sometimes upheld, that the clays and sands maintain a 
definite relationship. Thus there is considered to be an old stiff clay 
full of scratched stones (Till or Lower Boulder Clay] on which the sands 
and gravels (Middle Glacial Sands] rest. The latter have been taken by 
some glacialists to indicate an amelioration of climate and depression, 
followed by a re-elevation and second refrigeration represented by an 
overlying sheet of clay (Upper Boulder Clay). In the Trent basin Mr. 
Deeley 1 introduces further sub-divisions, each of which he regards as 
indicative of different stages of glaciation. Though this threefold sub- 
division can be frequently observed, it is commonly acknowledged that 
the presence of the three members at any one spot is accidental, while 
one or even two are as often absent as present. 

Both sands and clays, but more frequently the coarser bands of sand 
and lenticles of gravel, contain fragments of recent marine shells of types 
met with in the Irish Sea and in more northern waters. An entire 
specimen is the exception, the merest fragments being generally met 
with. Faint glacial stria? can sometimes be observed on the larger 
fragments. The commonest shells and fragments are cockle (Cardium 
edu/e), Mytilus edu/is, Turritella terebra^ Tellina balthica, Cyprina, My a. 
They are to be found in fair abundance round Wolverhampton, Madeley 
(Staffs), from Woore to Alsager, and near Biddulph, in pits opened in 
the clays and sands. 

North Sea Glacier. While the Irish Sea basin was filling up with 
ice, the North Sea, fed with glaciers from Scandinavia, was likewise 
being piled thick with ice which reached the English coast a little north 
of Flamborough Head. Sweeping inland it crossed the Trent at Gains- 
borough, and thence pushed its way up the Trent valley to Derby and 
Burton-on-Trent. Its influence on Staffordshire is scarcely appreciable, 
though it exercised a strong hold on Leicestershire. Passing as it did 
over the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of the eastern counties, its debris, 
gathered from these rocks, is at once distinguishable from the fragments 
of Palasozoic rocks brought into the county by the Irish Sea glacier. 
Flints, Chalk and fragments of the Lias and Oolites, mingled with an 
occasional Scandinavian gneiss or igneous rock, at once betray the presence 
of the North Sea ice. Only its fringe however reached Staffordshire, 
and scattered its far distant collected rocks around Burton-on-Trent, 
Abbots Bromley and possibly even as far west as Uttoxeter, though here 
the flinty gravel may in part be attributed to material washed out of 
the eastern ice. 

1 'The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlii. 437 (1886). 

29 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

Pennine Glacier. The Pennine hills evidently nourished their 
glaciers at the time the Welsh hills were swathed in ice. Their 
lobes of ice descended down the main valleys the Dove and Derwent 
carrying with them the rocks of the Derbyshire hills, and spreading 
them out on the rising ground south of Uttoxeter, Tutbury and Derby. 

Clear as to its origin, and of comparatively recent geological date, 
the Pleistocene period plainly shows its influence on the pre-existing 
physiographical outlines of the county. Remove the drift deposits 
on the north-western borders of the county, and a hollow, occasionally 
sinking below sea-level, would extend where now there is a plain 
from 200-300 feet above sea-level. Before the ice dropped its detritus 
in the Trent valley, between Bucknall and Stockton Brook, it can be 
clearly shown that the Trent flowed at the foot of the high bank of 
Carboniferous rocks descending from Wetley Moor, and that it is 
less in volume by that now carried ofF by the Stockton Brook, which 
feeds the Churnet, but in pre-glacial times flowed into the Trent. It is 
probable also that greater changes in drainage took place in the Dove 
valley system, but this comparatively modern line of research has not 
been worked out for this valley. 

RIVER DRIFT AND CAVE EARTH 

Between the final passing away of the ice-sheets and the earliest 
records of the human period in Staffordshire a long time elapses, during 
which the rivers were gradually assuming their present channels and rate of 
flow. The history of these lesser changes of river shrinkage and alteration 
of channel, accompanied by a slow modification of the fauna and flora, 
has not been sufficiently studied throughout the county, and the results 
obtained have depended largely upon chance excavations, so that our 
knowledge is necessarily imperfect. 

The older river deposits consist of terraces of gravel, sand and loam 
frequently met with at levels high above the present streams, though in 
some cases glacial gravels may have been mistaken for former river 
deposits and vice versa. 

On the west banks of the Trent, at Burton, old river gravels have 
been met with at Stretton 100 feet above the present water-level of the 
Trent. At a lower level, from 18 to 36 feet above the Trent, another 
platform of gravel extends between Stretton and Horninglow. 

Further down in the valley the town of Burton is situated on an 
old river gravel from 8 to 10 feet above the present water-level. The 
material composing it consists of well washed sand and gravel, from 20 
to 30 feet thick. High Street, Burton, and the older parts of the town 
are located on this terrace, the gravels and sands of which for many years 
alone yielded the water used in the celebrated breweries. Bones, jaws 
and teeth of Sus scrqfa, Bos taurus var. longifrons, horse and those of the 
dog and wolf have been obtained at times from these deposits. 

From the older river gravels of the Trent at Trentham Dr. Plot 

30 



GEOLOGY 

mentions the unearthing of the tusk of elephant ; Dr. Garner * also 
records remains of elephant and rhinoceros, associated with the bones 
of red deer and roebuck, from the ' diluvial ' gravels of the same 
neighbourhood. In altering the course of the Fowlea brook a fine 
skull of the wild bull (Bos taurus var. primigenius) with the horn cores 
complete was found near Etruria station. 3 Remains of Bos taurus var. 
longifrons and Bos urus have also been met with at Stone. 3 

It might be expected that, regarding their frequent occurrence in 
Derbyshire where recent discoveries show that the caves have probably 
existed from Pliocene times, 4 the remains of animals would be plenti- 
fully met with in fissures and caverns of the Carboniferous Limestone 
country of Staffordshire. This however is not the case, but from a 
fissure in the limestone at Bank End quarry, Waterhouses, in the valley 
of the Hamps, a large number of remains of Elepbas primigenius 
(mammoth) have been extracted from a red loamy clay mixed with 
fragments of limestone and rolled boulders of grit. 6 

The rivers continued to suffer shrinkage down to the historical 
period and further modified their channels. This is best exhibited 
around Burton," in the Trent valley, where a narrow fringe of alluvium 
borders the river. This, as well as the higher, more elevated terraces, 
has been liable to floods, of which the record will be dealt with by 
the historian. 

The solid framework of the county has now been traced from the 
earliest rock-written record to the time when the landscape assumed its 
familiar outline. Everywhere physical feature has been found dependent 
on geological structure : the diversified moorland of the north, the two 
great coalfields, the enveloping lowlands, have all been traced to the 
composition of the rocks and their structure. The history of the past 
contained in the rocks is everywhere incomplete, and may be faithfully 
summed up in the words of Charles Darwin in speaking of the 
geological record as a whole : ' For my part, I look at the geological 
record as a history of the world imperfectly kept, and written in a 
changing dialect only here and there a short chapter has been pre- 
served ; and of each page only here and there a few lines.' 



1 Natural History of the County of Stafford, p. 202 (1686). 

J Trans. North Staff. Field Club, vol. for 1878. 

3 Ibid. xxx. 1 10. 

4 W. Boyd Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlix. (1903). 

5 W. Brockbank, Proc. Lit. and Phill. Soc. Manchester (1862-4) ; J. Aitken, Traits. Manchester 
Geol. Soc. vol. xii. (1870-3). 

8 W. Molyneux, Burton-on-Trent ; its History, its Waters, etc. (1868). 



PALAEONTOLOGY 



WITH the exception of a very few obtained from the superficial 
deposits, the vertebrate fossils of Staffordshire seem to be 
restricted to the horizons of the Trias and the Coal 
Measures. Although the Coal Measure vertebrates are 
by far the more numerous, those from the Trias are, as a whole, much 
the more interesting, on account of the rarity, at least in this country, of 
the types to which they belong. An exception in this respect must, 
however, be made in the case of the shark-remains from the Coal 
Measures belonging to the genus Edestus, of which they are the only 
known British representatives. 

Of mammalian remains from the Pleistocene formations of the 
county a list has been drawn up by Mr. John Ward of Longton, and 
published in the Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club for 
igoa. 1 The earliest record dates back to 1688, when Robert Plot, 
in his Natural History of Staffordshire p , relates that a jaw and a tooth 
of a young elephant doubtless the mammoth (Elephas primigenius] 
were found in a marl-pit near Trentham. Probably it is these speci- 
mens which are referred to on page 258 of Owen's British Fossil 
Mammals and Birds, as having come under the observation of Dean 
Buckland. Be this as it may, Robert Garner, in his Natural History of 
the County of Stafford (1844), refers to the occurrence at Trentham and 
other places in the county, both in diluvial gravel, and also in the clay at 
the bottom of certain caves, of the bones of the red deer (Cervus elaphus), 
roe-buck (Capreolus capreolus), rhinoceros, elephant, and hyaena. The 
rhinoceros was doubtless the woolly Siberian Rhinoceros antiquitatis, while 
the elephant was probably the mammoth, and the hyaena the large cave 
race (Hyaena crocuta spelaea] of the existing South African spotted 
species. 

Parkinson, in his Organic Remains, figured a mammoth's molar from 
Staffordshire, which figure is reproduced on page 239 of Owen's work 
already cited; and in 1864 Mr. J. Plant* exhibited before the Man- 
chester Geological Society a series of the teeth and bones of the 
mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, and the Pleistocene race of the 
hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius major) which had been found in 
the county. 

1 Vol. xxxvi, 90. * Trans. Manchester Geol. Sue. v, 42. 

1 33 5 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

In 1864 Mr. Brockbank 8 recorded from a fissure in the Carboni- 
ferous Limestone at Bank End Quarry, Waterhouses, on the bank of the 
River Hamps, numerous remains of the mammoth, and it has been 
subsequently stated * that the collection obtained by Plant came from 
this spot. 

Mr. Ward records the extinct wild ox, or aurochs (Bos taurus 
prim/genius), from a bed near Etruria station, where a fine skull was 
found in 1877, and also a mammoth-tusk from Fenton. The aurochs 
and the domesticated Celtic shorthorn (the so-called Bos longifrons] are 
also recorded from Stone. 

The first evidence of vertebrate life recorded from the Keuper, or 
Upper Division of the Trias (New Red Sandstone), was in the form of casts 
of footsteps. These have been observed in quarries at Hollington and 
Alton * in North Staffordshire, in the building-stones of the Lower 
Keuper ; while others have been recorded from South Staffordshire 
along the outcrop of the harder beds of the Keuper a few miles north- 
west of Wolverhampton.' Yet others have been described from Stanton, 
two and a half miles from Burton-on-Trent, and also from Coven, near 
Brewood, in the southern division of the county. 7 These latter have 
been provisionally assigned to the rhynchocephalian reptile Rhynchosaurus, 
a forerunner of the living New Zealand tuatera (Spbenodon) t of which 
remains are recorded from the Keuper of Grinshill in Shropshire. Of 
those from the first-named localities some, at any rate, are, however, 
referable to Cbirosaurus (or Cbirotberiuni), creatures definitely known 
only by footprints of this type, but which have been generally regarded 
as large primeval salamanders, or labyrinthodont amphibians. 

This view is to some extent supported by the discovery in the 
Staffordshire Keuper of the skull of an undoubted labyrinthodont 
of considerable size, although not perhaps sufficiently large to have 
made footsteps of the biggest size known. This skull, which exhibits 
chiefly a cast of the inside of the upper surface, was discovered in 
a quarry at Stanton, about three miles from Norbury, in the building- 
stone of the Keuper. It was first described and figured by the late 
Mr. John Ward in the Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field 
Club for 1900,' where it is referred to the genus Dasycefs, typically 
from the Permian of Kenilworth ; but it has been again described and 
figured by Dr. A. Smith Woodward in the Proceedings of the Zoological 
Society of London for 1904,' under the name of Capitosaurus stantonensis. 
The genus to which the Stanton labyrinthodont is now referred occurs 
typically in the Keuper of Wiirtemberg. 

Some of the Keuper footprints may, on the other hand, have 
belonged to rhynchocephalian reptiles, of the occurrence of which in this 
formation decisive evidence has been recently obtained. This evidence 

Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. (1864), 46. ' Aitkin, Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. xii, 25. 

H. C. Beasley, Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc. 

J. Lomas, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1903, p. 5 ; and Beeby Thompson, Geol. Mag. (4), ix, (1902). 

Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. iv, 2 1 9. 

Vol. xxxiv, 1 08, pis. iv, v. 9 Vol. ii, 171, pis. xi, xii. 

34 



PALAEONTOLOGY 

takes the form of a slab of Keuper Sandstone obtained by Mr. J. N. B. 
Masefield from the Hollington quarries, displaying in great perfection the 
impression of the peculiar system of abdominal ribs characteristic of 
these reptiles. The specimen has been described and figured by Dr. 
Smith Woodward, 10 and referred to the genus Hyperodapedon, an ally of 
Rhynchosaurus, of which other remains are known from the Keuper of 
Warwick and Devonshire. 

Passing on to the vertebrate fauna of the Coal Measures of the 
county, we have first to refer to the occurrence in this formation of 
remains of primeval salamanders, some of which belong to true laby- 
rinthodonts, while others are referable to allied sections of the group 
now collectively known as Stegocephalia. These are recorded by Mr. 
John Ward in two papers, the first of which was contributed to the 
Transactions of the N. Staffordshire Institute of Mining Engineers for 1890," 
and the second to the Transactions of the N. Staffordshire Field Club for i goo. 12 

First in the list comes the fully-armoured species described by 
Professor Huxley on the evidence of a Yorkshire specimen under the 
name of Pholiderpeton scutiferum, of which genus it is the type. The 
species was recorded from the Coal Measures of Fenton by Mr. Ward in 
i875- 13 Many years ago (1844) Mr. Garner in his Natural History of 
the County of Stafford figured, as that of some kind of unknown fish, a 
tooth from Skelton Colliery, which now turns out to belong to the 
labyrinthodont known as Loxomma allmanni. This large species, of 
which a practically entire and uncrushed skull is known, is characterized 
by the large size and diamond-shape of the sockets of the eyes and by 
the lancet-like teeth ; and a fine series of its remains has been discovered 
in the county. They occur, for instance, in the shale overlying the 
Cockshead Ironstone at Adderley Green ; in shale above the Knowles 
and Chalky Mine Ironstones at Fenton and Longton ; in the Brown 
Mine Ironstone at Silverdale ; and in the Gubbin Ironstone at Skelton. 
Of the still larger Coal Measure labyrinthodont described by Huxley as 
Anthracosaurus russelli^ a number of well-preserved, although fragmentary, 
remains have been obtained from the Rag Mine Ironstone at Fenton and 
the Ash Ironstone at Longton. 

By far the most interesting of the Staffordshire stegocephalians is, 
however, Ceraterpeton gafaani, a member of the group Microsauria, 
measuring about ten inches in total length, and typically from Jarrow 
Colliery, Kilkenny. A single skeleton has been obtained from the shale 
overlying the Ash Ironstone at Longton Hall Colliery, Longton, which 
has been described by Dr. C. W. Andrews. 1 * At one time it was 
incorrectly identified with the allied genus Urocordylus. The genus 
Ceraterpeton takes its name from the long horn-like projections arising 
from the hind border of the skull. 

In addition to the forms above-mentioned, remains of other stego- 
cephalians are known from the Coal Measures of the county, some of 

10 Tram. N. Staff. Field Club, xxxix, 115, pi. iii (1905). " Vol. x. " Vol. xxxiv, 101. 

" Trans. N. Staff. FieU Club (1875), p. ^\^. " Geol. Mag. (4), ii, 83 (1895). 

35 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

which are provisionally assigned by Mr. Ward to the species known as 
Pteroplax cornuta, typically from the Northumberland Coal-field. 

Of the fishes of the Coal Measures of the county, by far the most 
interesting is a species of shark of the genus Edestus, the only British 
representative of its kind at present known. For many years certain 
remarkable bodies, somewhat resembling a large watch-spring armed on 
the convex side with teeth, have been known from the Carboniferous and 
Permian rocks of various countries : the most nearly complete coming 
from Russia. There has, however, been much uncertainty as to their 
true nature. At first they were supposed to be the fin-spines of fishes ; 
but the aforesaid Russian specimens clearly showed that they belong to 
the front of the jaws of sharks, and that they are true teeth, which are 
mounted upon their supporting bases in such a manner as to form a 
spiral. Hence the name of spiral-sawed sharks for the group to which 
they pertained. For a long time this group was known only from North 
America, Australia, Japan, and Russia ; the type genus being Edestus. 
Mr. E. T. Newton, in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, 
has, however, described part of the ' saw ' of one of these remarkable 
sharks from a marine band in the Coal Measures of Nettlebank, North 
Staffordshire, giving the name of Edestus triserratus to the species it 
represents. 

Of the primitive group of shark-like fishes known as Ichthyotomi, 
and characterized, among other features, by the exceedingly imperfect 
calcification of the spinal column and the long-jointed axis of the pectoral 
fins, there are several Staffordshire representatives, belonging to the 
family Pleuracanthidae. Of these, the species P/eu; acanthus laevissimus is 
typified by a fin-spine from Staffordshire, and is known to occur in the 
Coal Measures of the southern half of the county and at Longton. The 
second species, P. cylindricus, which occurs both at Longton and Fenton, 
and is also known by the spines, does not appear to have been originally 
named from Staffordshire specimens. The genus Diplodus takes its name 
from having been founded on peculiar two-pronged teeth, which may 
really belong to Pleur acanthus. The species D. gibbosus was established 
on the evidence of teeth of this type from the Coal Measures of Silver- 
dale, in South Staffordshire, but it also occurs at Longton. 

Most of the other Staffordshire shark-like fishes (Elasmobranchii) 
belong to the existing group Selachii, although chiefly to extinct families. 
In the family Petalodontidae, characterized by the teeth being so much 
reflexed and thickened that in some cases they almost assume a crushing 
type, we have in the first place remains of the two common Carboniferous 
species Janassa linguaeformis and y. clavata from the Coal Measures of 
the county. To the same family belong the species Ctenoptychius apicalis. 
from Silverdale, Longton, Fenton, and Harecastle, and Callopristodus 
pectinatus, from Fenton, neither of which is, however, typically from the 
county. On the other hand, Helodus simplex and Pleuroplax rankinei^ belong 
to another family, the Cochliodontiae, a specialized ancestral type of the 

15 Vol. Ix, i (1904). 
36 



PALAEONTOLOGY 

modern Port Jackson sharks (Cestraciontidae), characterized by the fusion 
of their crushing teeth into spirally twisted oblique plates. The first- 
named species, which is the sole representative of its genus, appears to 
have been founded on the evidence of teeth from Staffordshire, where it 
occurs at Longton, Fenton, and Silverdale, but the second seems to be 
typically from Northumberland. The existing Cestraciontidae have a 
Staffordshire representative in the form of Spbenacantbus hybodoides, a 
member of a widely spread extinct genus with several species. Within 
the county it occurs at Longton and also near Dudley. 

The other Staffordshire elasmobranch fish is Acanthodes ivardi, which 
takes its specific title from the late Mr. John Ward, of Longton, who did 
such good work in collecting and describing the fossil vertebrates of the 
county. It is a member of the Palaeozoic group Acanthodii, charac- 
terized among other features, by the persistent notochord, and the pres- 
ence of prominent dermal appendages to the gill-arches, which during 
life probably carried flaps of skin ; from this character the members of 
the group have been called fringe-gilled sharks. Acantbodes includes 
several other species, but A, ivardi occurs typically in the Deep-Mine 
Ironstone of Longton, although it is also known from the Scottish Coal- 
fields. A species of the allied genus Acantbodopsis from the Woodhouse 
Coal of the Cheadle Coalfield has been described by Dr. R. H. Traquair 
in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1894 16 as A. microdon, 
on the evidence of a specimen now in the British Museum. 

In addition to the foregoing, certain fin or dorsal spines of sharks or 
chimaeroids have been recorded from the Coal Measures of the county 
belonging to so-called genera of which the precise systematic position 
cannot at present be determined. Such is Gyracanthus formosus, widely 
distributed in the British Coalfields, and occurring in the county at 
Fenton. Another type is Euctenius unilateralis, originally described from 
a Lanarkshire specimen. Greater interest attaches to two masses of rock 
discovered by Mr. John Ward in the Middle Coal Measures of North 
Staffordshire containing numerous species of the doubtful type long 
known as Listracantbus. These have been described by Dr. Smith 
Woodward, 17 and are made the type of a new species, Listracantbus wardi. 
From these specimens it appears evident that the Listracantbus spines 
are strangely modified dermal tubercles occurring in considerable numbers 
on part at least of the head and body of the fish to which they pertain. 
They are identical with at least some of the structures from the Coal 
Measures of Indiana, U.S.A., described as Petrodus. 

With Ctenodus cristatus and Ct. murchisoni we come to two well- 
known representatives of the typical genus of the Carboniferous family 
Gtenodontidae^ which belongs to the sub-class of Dipnoi, or lung-fishes, 
and takes its name from the somewhat comb-like structure of the fine 
ridges on the large and flattened palatal teeth. The first species is 
recorded from Hanley and Tunstall, and the second from the Bassey Mine 
Ironstone of the Middle Coal Measures. 

16 Ser. 6, xiv, 372 (1894.). " Geol. Mag. (4), x, 486 (1903). 

37 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

The ganoids, or enamel-scaled fishes, of the Staffordshire Coal 
Measures include a considerable number of species belonging to the 
primitive fringe-finned group (Crossopterygii), now represented by the 
bichir and the reed-fish (Polypteridae) of the rivers of tropical Africa. 
In the Palaeozoic family Rhizodontidae, characterized by the foldings of 
the walls of the base of the teeth in a manner recalling that of the 
labyrinthodonts, we have, in the first place, two species of the genus 
Strepsodus from Longton, namely S. sauroides and S. sulcidens, the former 
being widely distributed in the British Coalfields, while the latter is- 
known elsewhere from Midlothian and Northumberland. The second 
Staffordshire member of the family is the widely distributed Rhizodopsif 
sauroides, of which remains are recorded from Fenton. The allied family 
Osteolepididae, in which the walls of the teeth are less folded while the 
scales are rhomboidal (instead of cycloidal) and more fully enamelled, is 
represented by four species, Megalichthys bibberti, M. coccolepis, M. inter- 
medius, and M. pygmaeus, of which the first is very widely distributed, 
while neither of the others is peculiar to, or typically from, the county. 
Finally, in the family Coelacantbidae, characterized by the cycloidal scales 
and (in the fossil state) the hollow spines of the vertebrae, we have the 
species Cae/acanthus e/egans, which although typically from the Coalfields 
of Ohio, is also common in those of England. 

Passing on to the fan-finned group (Actinopterygii), we have among 
the section Chondrostei, or sturgeon-like fishes, numerous representatives 
of the extinct families Palaeoniscidae and Platysomatidae. Both these, it 
may be observed, are fully scaled types, the former characterized by the 
elongated, and the latter by the deep contour of the body. In the first- 
named of these a fish from the Deep-Mine Ironstone Shale of Longton, 
at first described under the name of Microconodus mo/yneuxi, has been 
provisionally included in the genus Gonatodus, although its real systematic 
position is still uncertain. To the same family belongs Cycloptychius car- 
bonarius, typified by a fish from the aforesaid bed at Longton, collected 
by Mr. Ward, and the type of the genus. The allied Rhadinicbthys is 
represented by the four species, R. ivardt, R. monensis, R. macrodon, and 
R. planti, of which the first and third arc peculiar to the county. Of 
the genus JLlonicbtbys, which is more nearly allied to the typical Permian 
Pa/aeom'scus, no less than five species have been recorded from the Car- 
boniferous of the county, although some of these are still imperfectly 
known. They are E. semistriafus, from the Knowles Ironstone Shale of 
Fenton, E. aitkeni, from the Lower Coal Measures and Millstone Grit of 
North Staffordshire, E. egertoni, from Silverdale, Fenton, Longton, and 
Hanley, E. microlepidotus, from Longton, and E. oblongus, from Fenton. 
All but the second were described from Staffordshire specimens, and the 
last two are known only from the county. Another species peculiar 
to the county is Eurylepis angtica, described in 1894 by Dr. R. H. 
Traquair 18 on the evidence of a specimen from the Ash Shale of 
Longton. 

18 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xiv, 372 (1894). 
38 



PALAEONTOLOGY 

In the family Platysomatidae the two recognized representatives of 
the genus Mesolepis, namely M. ivardi and M. scalaris, were described from 
Staffordshire specimens, the first alone being known elsewhere, and then 
but doubtfully. Mesolepis, it may be mentioned, is characterized by the 
very deeply fusiform contour of the trunk, which is angulated at the 
back-fin, as is also the head. Finally the type genus Platysomus, in which 
the body is fully rhomboidal, is represented by P. parvulus, a species 
named on the evidence of specimens from the Knowles Ironstone Shale 
of Fenton. Chirodus granulatus is another member of the family of which 
remains have been obtained from the Staffordshire Carboniferous. 

Towards the close of his career the late Mr. John Ward, who did so 
much for the palaeontology of the country, contributed (in conjunction 
with Mr. J. T. Stobbs) to the transactions of the North Staffordshire Field 
Club 19 a paper on a newly discovered fish-bed in the Cheadle Coalfield, 
with notes on the distribution of fossil fishes in that district. The 
remains occur in a bed overlying the Cobble Coal, and are referable to 
Acanthodes ivardi, Gyracanthus fumosus, Lepracanthus colei, Pleuracanthus 
cylindricus, Pleuroplax rankinei, Helodus simplex, Sphenacantbus hybodoides, 
Ctenoptychius apicalis, Megalichthys hibberti, M. coc cole pis (?), Strep sodus 
sauroides, Elonichtbys semistriatus, E. aitkini, Platysomus parvulus, and 
Goelacanthus elegans. All are well-known species, but a few, like Lepra- 
canthus co/ei, are unknown elsewhere in the county. 

"Vol. xi,87 (1905-6). 



39 



BOTANY 



GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE COUNTY WITH 
RELATION TO THE FLORA 

STAFFORDSHIRE is rhomboidal in shape and somewhat irregular 
in outline ; its surface is richly undulating and greatly diversified. 
The long range of hills extending from the Cheviots in Scotland 
southward enters Staffordshire at the extreme north, and forms a 
range of mountain-like hills having a south-west direction from above 
Flash to below Bosley, and rising from 600 to over 1,700 feet above sea 
level. On the north-west side of the county thiselevated ridge is con- 
tinued past Cloud Hill and over Congleton Edge and Mow Cop, and the 
elevation in many places is over 1,000 feet above the sea. The prevailing 
geological character of the rocks are those of the Coal Measures and Mill- 
stone Grit, and the prevailing vegetation is that peculiar to the mountain 
moorland, such as the black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), the whortle- 
berry (Vaccmlum Vitis-Idaa),\mg (Calluna Vulgaris], heath (Erica cinerea), 
bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtilhts}, an abundant growth of bracken (Pteris 
aquilina)) thin grass, grey lichens and dark masses of hair moss (Poly- 
tricbum commune]. A narrow belt of mixed woodland, Forest Banks and 
Back Forest clothe a portion of the summit above Swithamley. Here is 
found the cow wheat [Melampyrum pratense], moss crop (Scirpus caspitosus) 
and the hawkweed (Hieracium umbellatum). The intervening valleys have 
a somewhat impervious subsoil, and are watered by frequent springs, 
which render them swampy, hence many of the bog-loving species are 
abundant, as sheep's rot (Hydrocotyle vu/garis), sundew (Drosera rotundi- 
folia), the arrow grass (Triglochin palustre] and the pearl wort (Sagina 
nodosd). A ridge of high land, over which the high road from Leek to 
Buxton is carried, rising from 500 feet at Leek to about 1,400 feet at 
Axe Edge, forms the partings of the Dane and several of the important 
rivers of the county the Dove, Manyfold, Churnet and Hamps. The 
country they water is wild flat lands, grass lands, moors and some little 
arable land, with small woodlands and several round topped hills, attain- 
ing in places an elevation of 1,200 to 1,300 feet above the sea. These 
hills are covered with short herbage, beautifully green in the early season, 
but soon scorched in the hotter months of summer. The limestone 
rock is abundantly exposed on their sides, and many of the more rare 
lime-loving species have here their home, such as wild pansy (Viola 
/utea), the rock rose (Heliantbemum vu/gare), the Jacob's ladder (Po/emo- 
nium caru/eum), Corydalls cla-uiculata and the rare little Hutcbinsia petreea. 
i 4i 6 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

The country around is broken by deep valleys, dales or gullies, watered 
by rivers and rivulets, in which are found the trailing stems of the water 
milfoil (Myriopbyllum spicatum) or streaming stems of water ranunculus 
(Ranunculus pseudo-Jiuitans), and on the marshy moorlands the golden 
saxifrage (Chrysosplenium alternifolium), the marsh violet (Viola palustris} 
and the beautiful grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris) . In the beauti- 
ful Dove dale the limestone rocks have been rent by the geological 
convulsions of nature, and present their naked faces or escarpments in 
the form of perpendicular rocks rising high above the level of the 
stream, attaining an elevation of over 1,000 feet above sea level, to 
which many fanciful names have been given. These rocks, abound- 
ing in fissures, are the homes of many of the rarest plants of the 
district, as the hairy violet (Viola birta}, the barberry (Berberis -vul- 
garis}, the wall whitlow grass (Draba muralis}, the rare bitter cress 
(Cardamine impatient), the kidney vetch (Anthyllis Vulneraria} and the 
dwarf furze (Ulex nanus}. In the valleys of the Hamps and Manyfold 
are similar mountain limestone rocks, fantastic in appearance, one of 
the more notable being Beeston Tor. Here is found the wild pansy 
(Viola lutea}, the white beam (Pyrus Aria) and the mossy saxifrage 
(Saxifraga hypnoides}, and on Ecton Hill the vernal sandwort (Arenaria 
verna). South of this are the fine limestone eminences, the Weaver 
Hills, rising to some 1,150 feet above the sea, clothed with rich grass in 
spring, but very bare in the hotter months, and with abundant exposed 
rocky surfaces, affording a home for many of the limestone loving species, 
such as the rock rose (Helianthemum vu/gare), the dropwort (Spirtza Fili- 
pendtila), the sandwort (Arenaria tenuifolia}, the autumn gentian (Gentiana 
Amarella}, the field gentian (G. campestris] and the long-stalked crane's 
bill (Geranium columbiniim}. In the southern portion of the county, 
south-west of Rugeley, the country though richly undulating rarely rises 
to greater altitudes than from 600 to 800 feet above sea level. Here 
are a series of round topped hills, a portion of the extensive Cannock 
Chase. These are usually clothed with thin grass, abundant bracken 
(Pteris aquilina}, and grey with a rich clothing of ling (Calluna vulgaris}, 
heath (Erica cinerea and E. tetralix), with dark green bushes of crow- 
berry (Empetrum nigrum), the whortleberry (Vaccinium Vitis-Id<#},and here 
and there gay with the golden flowers of the broom (Cytisus scoparius}, 
but with furze and bramble really rare ; very well wooded in parts with 
oak, elm and pine, and with a rich undergrowth of bilberry and bracken 
and often bluebells (Scilla nutans). In the valleys between the hills are 
swampy grass lands, watered by small rapid streams and rich in marsh 
plants, as the forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris}, and here also the bog 
asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), the grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palus- 
tris), the marsh violet (Viola palustris) and the trailing stems of the 
cranberry are abundant. South-west of this are the limestone hills of 
Dudley Castle and Sedgley Beacon. These are slight elevations, but 
appear more elevated by contrast with the low level of most of the 
country around. Dudley Castle is 730 feet above the sea, and its ruins 

42 






BOTANY 

were formerly the home of Cheiranthus Cbeiri, and in the grounds is the 
toothwort (Lathraa Squamaria) and the deadly nightshade (Atropa Bella- 
donna}. Sedgley Beacon is about 716 feet above the sea, the limestone 
quarries there being the home of the rare woolly thistle (Carduus hetero- 
phyllus], the hawkweed (Picris hieracioides], the mignonette (Reseda luted] , 
the gromwell (Litbospermttm officinale] and the rare soft rose (Rosa mollis}. 
The igneous rocks of Rowley Regis (820 ft.) do not harbour any special 
plants. 

In several places in the county salt springs exist, and at Shirley 
Wich, Ingestre and Salt are the seat of extensive salt works. In these 
localities maritime plants have been found and sometimes in abundance ; 
these are lingerers possibly of a former rich maritime flora. Among the 
more notable are the sea aster (Aster T'ripolium] , the sea milkwort (G/aux 
maritima), the stork's-bill (Erodium maritimum), the sea sandwort (Spergu- 
laria maritima) and the celery Apium graveo/ens. Near these localities 
is Kingston Pool near Stafford, formerly an extensive sheet of water 
yielding many salt loving plants, as Erodium maritimum, sea sedge (Scirpus 
maritimus) and the sea dock (Rumex maritimus] ; and at Branstone near 
Burton-on-Trent salt springs also exist, and here are found jR. maritimus 
and the celery Apium graveo/ens. 

Marshes and bogs have in former times been extensive in many of 
the districts, more especially in the north and north-west, where even in 
comparatively recent times extensive moorlands existed ; but drainage, 
reclamation and the growth of centres of industry have greatly lessened 
their area. The remains of what have been extensive bogs or mosses are 
still found near Biddulph and Congleton Edge, where are the rare marsh 
hawkweed (Crepis paludosa], the golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositi- 
folium), sheep's penny rot (Hydrocotyle vu/garis) and the pondweed Pota- 
mogeton rufescens. 

About Betley and Madeley much of the moorland is still marsh 
and bog, as at Craddock's Moss, formerly very extensive and the home 
of many rare bog plants, as the bladderwort (Utricularia minor), the 
bogbell (Andromeda Polifolia], grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris], 
the rare water soldier (Stratiotes aloides], the sundew (Drosera longifolia) 
and the small reed mace (Typha angustifolia) ; and a most notable marshy 
bog still exists near the ancient Chartley Castle, Chartley Moss. Here 
until lately the surroundings remained in their primitive condition, 
and many of the rarest paludal plants were to be found, such as the 
marsh St. John's wort (Hypericum elodes), the cranberry (Vaccinium oxy- 
coccus), the bog pimpernel (Anagalis tenella), the bogbell (Andromeda 
Polifolia), the fen sedge (Cladium Mariscus), the royal fern (Osmunda 
regalis] ; and in the adjoining woods, the rare shield ferns, Nephrodium 
crisfatum, N. Thelypteris and N. Oreopteris. In the southern part of the 
county was an extensive morass, Norton Bog, now a great mining centre ; 
but here still linger noticeable bog plants, as the black schcenus (Schcenus 
nigricans), the butter wort (Pinguicula vulgaris), the marsh violet (Viola 
palustris}, the marsh crowfoot (Ranunculus Lenormandi] and the marsh 

43 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

bedstraw (Galium uliginosum) ; and a small marsh near Penkridge has 
yielded one of our rarest marsh plants, Elatine Hydropiper. 

There are no natural lakes in Staffordshire, but many of the pools 
are natural and some of them exten'sive and like lakes in character. 
The large lake at Rudyard is purely artificial and has been formed by 
damming up a deep valley. Swampy places are on its margins, where 
are found the mud wort (Limosel/a aquatica), the marsh cinquefoil (Co- 
marum palustre), the money wort (Lysimachia vu/garis), and on the bank 
the trailing stems of Corydalis clauiculata. On the north-west borders at 
Betley and Balterly are large pools where are found several water-loving 
plants as the white water lily (Nymphcea alba], the sweet flag (Acorus 
Calamus) and the frog bit (Hydrocbaris Morsus-Ranee) , and in the valley 
of the Sow is the natural pool, Copmere Pool, very picturesque, clothed 
with a fringe of tall rushes and bulrushes, and in its waters a too abun- 
dant growth of Anacbaris ; here are also Ranunculus circinatus, the pond 
weed Potamogeton filiforme, and all the British duck weeds (Lemna trisulca, 
L. gibba, L. polyrbizza and L. minor). Near this is the large pool of Maer, 
in which is an abundant growth of sweet flag (Acorus Calamus), and on 
its banks the trailing St. John's wort (Hypericum bumifusum). In the park 
at Trentham is a fine lake-like pool formed by the river Trent. This is 
beautifully reed grown and fringed with the flowering rush (Butomus 
umbel/atus], the arrow-head (Sagittaria sagittifolia) , the rare bur reed (Spar- 
ganium neglectum), wood sedge (Scirpus sy/vaticus), wood rush (Luzula 
syhatica), and the rare pillwort (Pilularia pilulifera). But the finest natural 
sheet of water in the county is the large one, perfectly oval in form, 
called Aqualate Mere, which is one mile long and half a mile broad; 
the margins are marshy and yield much floral wealth ; here are found 
the water violet (Hottonia palustris), the brook weed (Samolus Valerandi], 
the reed grasses Calamagrostis Epigejos and C. lanceolatus, and on the 
banks the wild liquorice (Astragalus glycyphyllos) , the spindle tree (Euony- 
mus europteus), the bog myrtle (Myrica gale] , and the narrow-leaved reed 
mace (Typba angustifo/ia] ; near here is Forton Pool, where are the pond- 
weeds Potamogiton heteropbyllus and P. peclinatus. In the south-west of 
the county is Perton Pool; here are the mare's tail (Hippurus vu/garis), 
and the rare water milfoil (Myriopbyllum verticillatum), and on the con- 
fines of Birmingham is Harborn reservoir, where are Ranunculus circinatus 
and the rare mousetail (Myosurus minimus}. The woodlands of Stafford- 
shire are extensive, forming indeed one-twentieth of the whole area ; 
those of the southern portion of the county are usually destitute of any 
special wild flora, though often beautiful in the summer by the abun- 
dance of wild hyacinth (Scilla nutans], but in the north the woodlands 
are extensive and are the homes of some of our rarer native plants. 
The woods near Belmont in the valley of the Churnet possess craggy 
ravines watered by rapid streams, their banks clothed with a rich abun- 
dance of wild vegetation, and here are found the globe flower (Trollius 
europaus], the bear's foot (Helleborus fcetidus), the everlasting pea (Lathyrus 
Nissolia] and the London pride (Saxifraga umbrosa) ; and in the rich 

44 



BOTANY 

woods about Frog Hall and Oakamore are water-worn ravines yielding 
a wealth of rare plants, as the mountain nightshade (Circcea alpina), the 
mountain polypody (Polypodium Dryopteris], the winter green (Pyrola 
rotundifolia], the mountain valerian (Valeriana pyrenaica), sweet Cicely 
(Myrrbis odorata), the bladder fern (Gystopteris fragilis) and Veronica Bux- 
baumia ; and on the rocks near Alton Castle the deadly nightshade 
(Atropa Belladonna). On the north-west side of the county are the ex- 
tensive woodlands about Whitmore, where are the smaller skullcap (Scu- 
tellaria minor), abundance of woodruff (Asperula odorata) and the rare 
bramble Rubus suberectus. South of this is Bishop's Wood ; here are 
found the columbine (Aquilegia vu/garis), the stork's bill (Erodium mos- 
cbatum), the bog bean (Menyantbes trifoliata), the sundew (Drosera rotundi- 
folia} and the shield ferns Nepbrodium filix-mas and N. spinulosum. Near 
High Offley are the woods around Norbury, rich in rare brambles such 
as Rubus Lejeuni, R. birtus and R. Bellardi, and near the large pool the 
sedges Carex stricta and C. teretiuscula and the rare water dropwort 
(Enanthe Phellandrium. In the south-west of the county in the valley of 
the small river Smestow are extensive woodlands around Himley and 
Bagginton ; here are found the elecampane (Inula Helenium), the rare white 
mullein (Ferbascum Lycbnites], the mignonette (Reseda luted], herb Paris 
(Paris quadrifolid) , the lily of the valley (Convallaria maja/is] and the 
rare Lonicera Xylostcum; on the south-eastern side of the county are ex- 
tensive elevated woodlands, the remains of the great forest of Needwood, 
where are still found lingerers of a former rich sylvan flora, as the needle 
furze (Genista anglica], the small-leaved lime (Ti/ia parvifolia], frog 
orchis (Habernaria Kindts], mezerion (Daphne Mezereori), Jacob's ladder 
(Polemonium cceruleum], the borage (Borago officinale] and the burnet saxi- 
frage (Pimpinella major). 

A comparison may be made here between the flora of Staffordshire 
and that of the surrounding counties. Staffordshire has 94 plants not 
found in Worcestershire, 70 not recorded from Warwickshire, 118 not 
recorded from Leicestershire, 168 not recorded from Derbyshire, 121 not 
recorded from Cheshire, and 106 not recorded from Shropshire. Wor- 
cestershire has 65 not recorded from Staffordshire, Warwickshire 65, 
Leicestershire 50, Derbyshire 26, Cheshire 85, and Shropshire 38. The 
total flora of Staffordshire is 948 species, including flowering plants, 
ferns, horsetails and charas. The total flora of Great Britain is 1,958 
species ; hence it will be seen that Staffordshire yields less than half the 
British species. 

From its central position it naturally possesses a large percentage 
of the common or British type, namely 515 out of 532 for the whole 
kingdom; of the southern or English type 295 out of 409, one-eighth 
of the western type, one-sixth of the eastern type, and about one- 
eighth of the northern type. 

The botanical districts are based on the river basins. These are : 
I, the Weaver; 2, the Dove; 3, the Trent; 4, the Sow; 5, the Severn. 
With the exception of the Dane all the rivers of Staffordshire rise 

45 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

within the limits of the county, and nearly all have their whole course 
in the county and are tributary to the Trent. By an Act of Parliament, 
1897, the small peninsula-like prolongation of Staffordshire in which 
Upper Arley is situated has been added to Worcestershire, so that the 
Severn proper flows through no portion of the county, but drains a 
portion of the west and south-west by streams tributary to the Severn. 

i. THE WEAVER 

The Weaver is a Cheshire river tributary to the Mersey, and is fed by the waters of 
several streams draining the north and north-west of Staffordshire. The most important is 
the Dane. This river enters Staffordshire at Three Shires Head north-east of Flash, and is a 
rapid mountain stream forming the boundary between Staffordshire and Cheshire from near 
Flash to below Bosley ; here it passes into Cheshire, and after a long and varying course 
joins the Weaver near Northwick. It drains by numerous small tributaries a considerable 
portion of north Staffordshire, such as the country around Flash, Quarnford, the Roaches, 
Gradbach Hills, Swithamley, Rushton Marsh, and by an important stream rising on the east 
side of Mow Cop and Bradley Green, Gillow Heath and Biddulph. A portion of the county 
south-west of Biddulph is drained by small streams tributary to the Wheelock, which enters 
the Dane near Middlewick, and by Checkley Brook which joins the Weaver near Nantwich. 
These minor streams drain the country around Kidsgrove, Audley, Betley, Wrinehill, Made- 
ley and the northern portion of Whitmore, a district rich in some of the rarer plants, among 
which are : 

Ranunculus fluitans Andromeda polifolia Utricularia vulgaris 

Nymphaea alba Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea minor 

Empetrum nigrum Oxycoccus Potamogeton rufescens 

Cotyledon Umbilicus Cynoglossum officinale Osmunda regalis 
Crepis paludosa 

2. THE DOVE 

The Dove rises in a natural spring on Axe Edge at an elevation of 1,684 f eet above sea 
level and enters the county near Patch Edge, and flows south-east through a narrow valley to 
Longnor, where it receives a small feeder from the west rising on the high ground near 
Quarnford. After flowing 4 miles through another narrow valley it passes near Hartington. 
From here its course is a little more south through Pike Pool in Berresford Dale and 2 miles 
further through the weird narrow dale, the entrance to which it appears to have carved out of 
the solid rock. From this it flows between the craggy hills of Mill Dale, and below the 
beautiful Alstonfield church to the wild and romantic Dove Dale. Dove Dale is nearly 3 
miles long and is entered by a pathway between of lofty rocks and cliffs, surmounted by isolated 
crags called tors. The rocks are grand in aspect and covered with vegetation, trees and 
shrubs and smaller plants, many of them the rarest elements of the county flora, too frequently 
growing in inaccessible places. Here the Dove murmurs along over miniature falls and weirs, 
and amid boulders covered with rare cryptogamic wealth, with floating masses of Ranunculus 
pseudo-fluitam and the local float-grass Glyceria fluitans, and passing under Dove Bridge enters a 
broad fertile valley, and near Ham is joined by its important affluent the Manyfold. The 
Manyfold is formed by streams rising in the moorlands near Flash and near Croft Bottom, 
and flows south-east by Wiltshaw Hill and east through part of Longnor, then south through 
Ludbourne and Brund to Hulme End. Here the limestone hills divert its course south-west 
by Ecton Hill, near where it is fed by Blake brook and Warslow brook, draining a large 
extent of country around Warslow ; thence flowing through the beautiful Wetton valley, past 
Ossum's Hill and Thor's Cave to Beeston Tor, its bed unites with that of the Hamps. Near 
Wetton the river disappears for several miles, passing through an underground channel and 
emerging at Ham. The Hamps rises on the wild moors south-west of the Manyfold and has 
a course of 5 miles south through Keywall Green to Onecote ; it then flows eastward through 
Ford, then west through Winkshill ; here the high limestone hills divert its course easterly by 
Crowtrees and Waterhouses to Stoneyrock, where its course becomes northward through a 
beautiful rocky valley of about 3 miles to the union of its bed with that of the Manyfold at 
Beeston Tor. This river near here disappears for several miles and emerges at Ham, where it 
unites with the Manyfold, and the united stream joins the Dove near Thorpe. The Dove 

46 



BOTANY 

now continues its southward course near Okeover, Mayfield and Rocester, near where it is 
joined by the Churnet. The Churnet rises on the moorlands near Stoke Gutter and has a 
westerly course of about 4 miles to Tettesworth Reservoir, where it receives waters from 
Leek Frith and takes a southerly course through Tettesworth Reservoir, then westerly past 
Leek and near Rudyard, receiving waters from Wolf Low and Fair Edge, and here turns 
southward past Longsdon and then flows south and south-west through Cheddleton, Kingsley, 
Oakamore and Alton to its confluence with the Dove below Rocester. The beautiful Churnet 
valley from Cheddleton to beyond Alton is formed by high rocks and rocky woods with 
deep rocky ravines whose steep banks are clothed with trees, shrubs and rare wild flowers and 
mosses. Emerging from the hills the Churnet flows through a wide expanse of flat lands and 
enters the Dove below Rocester. Still flowing south past Uttoxeter the Dove receives two 
small feeders, Tean brook and Stoneyford brook, draining the country around Cheadle, Leigh 
and Uttoxeter ; the Dove now flows south-east past Marchington,Draycote and Tutbury, and 
enters the Trent near Newton Solney. The total length of the Dove is 45 miles ; it has a 
fall of 1,55 f eet from its source to its mouth, and drains nearly 400 square miles of country. 
The following are some of its rarer plants : 

Helleborus foetidus Anthyllis vulneraria Polemonium ceruleum 

Fumaria Vaillantii Lathyrus Nissolia Veronica polita 

Arabia hirsuta Prunus Padus Salvia Verbenaca 

Cardamine impatiens Rubus gratus Daphne Mezereon 

Draba muralis - Leyanus Carex pallescens 

Helianthemum vulgare serpens Avena pratensis 

Viola hirta - saxatilis Melica nutans 

Silene nutans Rosa involuta Polypodtum calcareum 

Stellaria nemorum Saxifraga umbrosa Botrychium Lunaria 

Geranium pusillum Doronicum Pardialianches Lycopodium clavatum 
columbinum 

3. THE TRENT 

The Trent rises in the north-west of the county between Biddulph and Mow Cop at 
about 700 feet above sea level. The stream almost immediately passes into Knypersley Pools, 
where several streams unite, with the surplus water proceeding from Biddulph Moor. The 
Trent now flows on 3 miles to Norton, below which a considerable tributary comes in called 
Fowlea, which rises near the Trent source, and flows through a parallel valley. The united 
stream flows about 3 miles to Stoke-upon-Trent, passing the town of Hanley and a long line 
of thickly-populated country, which it leaves to the west. Beyond Stoke it flows 2 miles 
further to Hanford, where it receives the Lyme from the north, a brook about 5 miles long 
flowing near Newcastle. A short distance from this it enters Trentham Park, where it forms 
a lake of about 80 acres. After leaving Trentham it flows near Barlaston, being fed by 
waters from the high lands about Hilderstone, and passing west of Stone it flows south-east 
near Sandon, Salt and Weston-on-Trent, being joined by Amerton brook and Gayton brook 
on its left bank and waters from Ingestre and Tixall on its right bank, and at Great Heywood 
is joined on its right bank by its important tributary the Sow. From its confluence with the 
Sow it still flows south-east through Rugeley, receiving on its right bank the Sherbrook, which 
waters a rich botanical valley on Cannock Chase, and flowing through Armitage its course 
becomes more easterly by Pipe Ridware, where it is joined by the river Blythe. The Blythe 
rises north-east of Chartley Park and flows south-east towards Leigh and through Gradwich 
and Grindley under Blithe Bridge, near Blithford Hall and through Blithford and Sandborough 
to its confluence with the Trent near Kings Bromley, being fed by waters from Chartley, 
Bagot Wood, Rake End and Kingston. The Trent now flows west near Wichnor Park, and 
above Alrewas to its confluence with the Tame near Croxall. The Tame rises north of 
Pelsall in the south of Cannock Chase, collecting waters from the Silurian Hills about Dudley 
and also from the country east of Wolverhampton and from the western ridge of Hamstead 
Hill and Walsall. These numerous feeders join the Tame near West Bromwich, and the 
Tame flowing through Perry Barr enters Warwickshire at Witton. Flowing through Castle 
Bromwich, Curdworth and Fazely it re-enters Staffordshire at Tamworth, receiving here an 
important tributary, Black brook, which drains a large extent of country about Chesterfield, 
Stonnall, Weeford and Hints, and passing through Drayton Park unites with the Tame near 
Fazeley. The Tame then flows through Elford to its confluence with the Trent near Croxall. 

47 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

The Trent now makes a sharp turn to the north and takes the direction of the Tame at the 
confluence. After a further flow of 6 miles it reaches Burton-on-Trent, and 2 miles lower 
receives the Dove. The area drained by the Trent is about 800 square miles, and in a 
distance of about 50 miles the bed of the river has fallen from 700 feet above sea to 1 80 feet, 
most part of this fall of 520 feet occurring in the first n miles, between the source and 
the confluence with Fowlea brook, where the bed of the stream is not more than 370 feet 
above sea. The mean fall of the first 5 miles of the Trent is at the rate of nearly 50 feet 
to the mile, and of the next five of 18 feet. After this the fall nowhere exceeds 8 feet to a 
mile. The following are some of the more noteworthy species : 

Myosurus minimus Rosa rubiginosa Habenaria conopsca 

Ranunculus Lingua Sedum Telephium Galanthus nivalis 

Cheiranthus Cheiri Drosera intermedia Fritillaria Meleagris 

Lepidium ruderale Carum segetum Acorus Calamus 

Dianthus Armeria Sambucus Ebulus Triglochin maritimum 

Hypericum elodes Carduus eriophorus Scirpus pauciflorus 

Radiola Millegrana Lactuca virosa Agrostis fulvus 

Genista anglica Campanula hederacea Polypodium Dryopteris 

Trifolium striatum Andromedia polifolia Lycopodium Selago 

Rubus suberectus Linaria repens Nitella flexilis 

micans Scutellaria minor opaca 

Rosa mollis Orchis pyramidalis 

4. THE Sow 

The Sow rises about I mile south-west of Hookham in a spring called Sowhead, 617 
feet above sea, and flows south by Bishop's Wood and New Inn Bank ; here its course turns 
eastward above Bishop's Offley and through Copmere and north of Eccleshall, where it re- 
ceives a stream coming from the north near Foxley ; still flowing south-east to Worston Mill 
it is joined by a considerable stream, Meece brook, from the north-west. The Meece origi- 
nates from three small streams south-west of Keel Park ; these unite near Whitmore, passing 
through the large pool in Whitmore Park and running parallel with the railway for several 
miles, flowing through Mill Mease and Norton Bridge, receiving tributaries on either side 
and draining a wide area east and west. The Sow now flows through Great Bridgeford and 
Stafford, being fed by waters from Seighford and on the east from Marstone. Below Stafford 
the Penk enters its right bank from the south-west. The Penk rises north-west of Wolver- 
hampton, and is joined by Billbrook near Codsall, and flows north through Brewood and Penk- 
ridge, bringing waters from Teddesley, Acton Trussell and Radford, north of which village 
it enters the Sow, draining a wide extent of country around Gnosall and Biymhill and the 
west portion of Cannock Chase. The Sow continues to flow south-east to its union with the 
Trent at Great Heywood, at an elevation of 238 feet above the sea. 

The Sow has a course of 2O miles, draining about 150,130 acres; it flows through a 
comparatively flat country and has a fall of about 380 feet. The following are some of the 
more noticeable plants : 

Ranunculus hirsutus Rubus Boreanus Glaux maritima 

Sisymbrium Sophia crineger Limosella aquatica 

Lepidium hirtum - Bloxamianus Orobanche major 

Cerastium quaternellum Rosa coriifolia Quercus sessiliflora 

Geranium lucidum Myriophyllum verticillatum Sparganium minimum 

Erodium moschatum CEnanthe Phellandrium Sagittaria sagittifolia 

Elatine Hydropiper Anthemis nobilis Calamagrostis lanceolata 

Euonymus europaeus Specularia hybrida Pilularia globulifera 

Onobrychis sativa Pyrola rotundifolia Chara fragilis 

5. THE SEVERN 

The Severn drains a large portion of the west and south-west of Staffordshire by small 
streams, which are the tributaries of larger streams flowing in Shropshire ; that portion of the 
county south-west of Wolverhampton is watered by the two small rivers, the Smestow and 
Stour. 

The river Tern is a brook-like stream, forming the boundary between Shropshire and 
Staffordshire for many miles, that is from Willoughby Wells to a point south-east of Market 

48 



BOTANY 



Drayton, and is fed by streams from Maer and west of Fair Oak. The Meese, a tributary 
to the Tern, receives Lanco brook, draining Offley Marsh, High Offley and the surrounding 
country, and has feeders from Norbury and Oulton ; and Dawford brook, draining Weston 
under Lizard and part of Blymhill, and flowing through Aqualate Mere, enters the Meese 
near Forton. Farther south the county is watered by the Stour and its affluents. The Stour 
enters the county east of Cradley, forming the county boundary for several miles, and drains 
a thickly populated district, yielding little of interest except the ever present coltsfoot, and 
passing through Stourbridge and Prestwood is joined by the small river Smestow at Stourton. 
The Smestow with its affluents is far reaching, receiving waters from Patingham, Wolver- 
hampton, the west side of Dudley, Himley, Trysull and Enville, and at Stourton joins the 
Stour. The Stour here takes the course of the Smestow, and flowing through Kinver and 
part of Worcestershire joins the Severn at Stourport. 

The following are some of the more rare plants of this district : 



Ranunculus parviflorus 
Aquilegia vulgaris 
Diplotaxis tenuifolia 
Senebiera didyma 
Reseda lutea 
Viola canina 
Silene anglica 
Cerastium semidecandrum 
arvense 
Vicia lathyroides 



Hypericum Androsxmum 
Erodium maritimum 
Lathyrus Aphaca 
Rubus curvidens 
Babingtonii 
Potentilla procumbens 
Rosa scabriuscula 
Ribes rubrum 
Caucalis nodosa 
Hippopithys multiflora 



Utricularia neglecta 
Myrica Gale 
Habenaria albida 
Sparganium minimum 
Potamogeton trichojes 
Carex teretiuscula 
Festuca elatior 
Asplenium Ceterach 
Chara hispida 



SUMMARY OF ORDERS, NUMBER OF GENERA AND OF SPECIES IN 

EACH ORDER, ETC. 





Number 
of 
Genera 


Number 
of 
Species 


Ex- 
cluded 
Species 




Number 
of 
Genera 


Number 
of 

Species 


Ex- 
cluded 
Species 


CLASS I 








Div. II. Calyciflora: 








DlCOTYLYDONES OR 
ExOGENj'E 








22. Celastrinea; 
23. Rhamneas . 


I 

I 


I 

2 













24. Sapindaceae . 


I 


I 


I 


Div. I. ThalamiftorfS 








25. Leguminosas . 


15 


40 


6 


I. Ranunculaceae . 


IO 


3 


2 


26. Rosaceas 


12 


9 2 


2 


2. Berberideae . 


I 


i 


I 


27. Saxifrages . 


4 


IO 


I 


3. Nymphzaceae . 


2 


2 





28. Crassulaceas 


2 


5 


2 


4. Papaveraceae 


2 


4 


I 


29. Droseraceas. 


I 


2 





5. Fumariaceae 


2 


5 


2 


30. Halorageas . 


3 


7 





6. Cruciferae . 


'9 


42 


7 


3 1 . Lythraceae . 


2 


3 





7. Resedaceae . 


I 


2 





32. Onagrarieas 


2 


1 1 


I 


8. Cistineae 


I 


I 





33. Cucubitaceas 


I 


i 





9. Violaceae 


I 


8 





34. Umbelliferae 


2 3 


3 1 


5 


10. Polygaleas . 


I 


2 





35. Araliaceas . 


I 


i 





12. Caryophylleas . 


12 


37 


2 


36. Cornaceas . 


I 


i 





I T.. Portulaceae . 


I 


i 


2 










o 
14. Elatineae 


I 


i 




Div. III. Corolliflora: 








15. Hypericineas . 


I 


8 





37. Caprifoliaceae . 


4 


5 


i 


1 6. Malvaceae . . . 


I 


3 


I 


38. Rubiaceas . 


3 


1 1 





17. Tiliacea; 


I 


i 


I 


39. Valerianeas . 


2 


6 


2 


1 8. Lineae .... 


2 


4 


I 


40. Dipsaceae . 


2 


5 





19. Geraniaceas 


4 


*3 


I 


41. Composite . 


40 


81 


5 


20. Ilicineae .... 


i 


i 





42. Campanulaceae 


4 


8 





21. Empetraceae 


i 


i 





43. Ericaceae . . . 


5 


ii 


i 



49 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 





Number 


Number 


Ex- 




Number 


Number 


Ex- 




of 


of 


cluded 




of 


of 


cluded 




Genera 


Species 


Species 




Genera 


Species 


Species 


44. Monotropeae . 


I 


I 





CLASS II 








46. Primulaceae 


7 


12 





MONOCOTYLEDONS 








47. Oleaceae 


2 


2 





Div. I. Petaloidete 








48. Apocynaceae . 
49. Gentianeae . 
50. Polemoniaceae . 
51. Boragineas . 
52. Convolvulaceae 
53. Solanaceae . 
54. Plantagineas 
55. Scrophularineas 
56. Orobancheae . 
57. Lentibularineas 
58. Verbenaceae 
59. Labiatae. 


I 

4 
i 
6 

2 

3 

2 

J 3 
I 

2 
I 

' 15 


I 

5 
i 

14 
3 
4 
5 
34 

2 

4 

i 

34 


I 

3 
i 

i 

2 

5 


75. Hydrocharideae 
76. Orchideae . 
77. Irideae .... 
78. Amaryllideae . 
79. Dioscoreae . 
80. Liliaceae 
81. Junceae .... 
83. Typhaceae . 
84. Aroideae 
85. Lemnaceae . 
86. Alismaceas . 
87. Naiadaceas . 


2 

8 
I 

2 
I 

9 

2 
2 
2 
I 

3 
3 


2 

18 

I 
2 

I 
12 
15 

7 

2 

4 
4 
J 9 


I 

2 
2 


Div.IV. Monochlamydets 








Div. II. Glumaceie 








60. Illecebraceae 


2 


2 





88. Cyperaceae . 


7 


5i 





61. Chenopodiaceas 


2 


9 





89. Gramineas . 


32 


67 


3 


62. Polygonaceae 


2 


20 


I 


CLASS III 








64. Thymelaeaceas . 
66. Loranthaceae . 


I 
I 


2 
I 





ACOTYLEDONS OR 








68. Euphorbiaceae . 


3 


7 


I 


CRYPTOGAMIA 








69. Urticaceae . 


3 


6 





Div. I. Vasculares 








70. Myricaceas . 


i 


i 





90. Filices .... 


12 


27 





71 . Cupuliferae . 


6 


8 





91. Equisetaceae 


I 


6 





72. Salicineas 
73. Ceratophylleae . 


2 
I 


21 
I 





92. Lycopodiaceae . 
94. Marsileaceas 


I 

I 


3 
i 





Div. V. Gymnospermcs 








Div. II. Cellularei 








74. Coniferae 


3 


3 





95. Characeae . 


2 


6 






SUMMARY OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION 
OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES 1 



RANUNCULACEJE 
Clematis Vitalba, L. 3-5 
Thalictrum flavum, L. 3-5 
Anemone nemorosa, L. 1-5 
[Adonis autumnalis], L. 3 
Myosurus minimus, L. 3, 5 
Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. 2-5 

- fluitans, Lam. 1-5 

b. Bachii, Wirtg. 2, 3, 5 

- pseudo-fluitans, Bab. 2, 3, 5 

- trichophyllus, Chaix. 4, 5 

Drouettii, Godr. 3-5 

b. Godronii, Gren. 4 

- heterophyllus, Web. 2 

peltatus, Schrank. 24 

b. truncatus, Hiern. 3, 4 

c. floribundus, Bab. 1-5 

d. penicillatus, Hiern. 2 

Lenormandi, F. Schultz. 1-5 

hederaceus, L. 15 



Ranunculus sceleratus, L. 1-3 

Flammula, L. 1-5 

b. pseudo-reptans, Syme. 

Lingua, L. 3-5 

auricomus, L. 2-5 

acris, L. 1-5 

repens, L. 1-5 

bulbosus, L. 1-5 

hirsutus, Curtis. 3-5 

parviflorus, L. 2-5 

arvensis, L. 2-5 
- Ficaria, L. 1-5 

Caltha palustris, L. 1-5 

b. Guerangerii, Bor. 3 
Trollius europaeus, L. 2 
Helleborus viridis, L. 2, 3 

fcetidus, L. 2 
Aquilegia vulgaris, L. 3-5 
[Delphinium Ajacis], Reichb. 3 
Aconitum Napellus, L. 2, 3 



1 The numbers refer to the botanical districts. 
50 



BOTANY 



BmniBUi 

Berberis vulgaris, L. 2-5 
[Epimedium alpinum], L. 3 

NYMPHS ACE.K 
Nuphar luteum, Sm. 1-5 
Nymphaea alba, L. 15 

PAPAVERACE.S: 
[Papaver somniferum], L. 2, 5 

Rhceas, L. 1-5 

b. strigosum, Boenn. 4 

dubium, L. 15 

b. Lecoqii, Lam. 2 

Argemone, L. 25 
Chelidonium majus, L. 1-5 

FUMARIACE.K 
[Corydalis bulbosa], DC. 2, 3, 5 

lutea], DC. 3 

claviculata, DC. 1-5 
Fumaria pallidiflora, Jord. 3, 4 

muralis, Sender. 3 

officinalis, L. I ; 

Vaillantii, Loisel. 2 

CRUCIFER^E 

Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. 3 
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. 1-5 

sylvestre, R. Br. 3-5 

palustre, DC. 2-5 

amphibium, R. Br. 2-5 
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. 1-5 

- arcuata, Reichb. 5 
[ przcox], R. Br. 3 
Arabis hirsuta, Scop. 2 

perfoliata, Lam. 3-5 
Cardamine amara, L. 1-5 

pratensis, L. 1-5 

hirsuta, L. 1-5 

- flexuosa, With. 1-5 

impatiens, L. 2, 3, 5 

bulbifera, Syme. 3 
[Alyssum calycinum], L. 3,5 
Draba muralis, L. 2, 3 

incana, L. 2 
.Erophila vulgaris, DC. 1-5 
[Cochlearia Armoracia], L. 3, 4 
[Hesperis matronalis], L. 2, 4. 
Sisymbrium Thalianum, Hook. 1-5 

Sophia, L. 2-4 

officinale, Scop. 1-5 

Alliaria, Scop. 1-5 
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. 2-5 
[Brassica Napus], L. 1-5 

- Rutabaga, DC. 1-5 

- Rapa, L. 2, 3, 5 

b. sylvestris, H. C. Wats. 2 

nigra, Koch. 2-5 

Sinapis, Visiani. 1-5 

- alba, Boiss. 3, 4 
Diplotaxis muralis, DC. 3 

tenuifolia, DC. 3-5 
[Camelina saliva], Crantz. 2 
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 1-5 
Senebiera didyma, Pers. 3, 4 

Coronopus, Poir. 2-5 



Lepidium rudcrale, L. 3 
[ sativum], L. 4 

campestre, R. Br. 1-5 

- Smithii, Hook. I, 3-5 
Thlaspi arvense, L. 3-5 
Iberis amara, L. 2 

Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br. 2, 3, 5 
Hutchinsia petrza, R. Br. 2 
Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. I, 3-5 

RESEDACE./E 
Reseda Luteola, L. 1-5 

- lutea, L. 3, 5 

ClSTINEJE 

Helianthemum vulgare, Gaertn. 2 

VIOLACE^E 
Viola palustris, L. 1-5 

- odorata, L. 1-5 

b. alba, Besser. 2-5 

c. lilacea, Auct. I 

- hirta, L. 2 

- flavicornis, Sm. 2-5 

- sylvatica, Fr. 1-5 

- Reichenbachiana, Bor. 2, 3-5 

- tricolor, L. 2-5 

- arvensis, Murr. 1-5 

- lutea, Huds. I, 2 

b. amajna, Syme. 2 

POLYGALE./E 
Polygala vulgaris, L. 2, 3, 5 

- deprcssa, Wend. 25 

CARYOPHYLLEJE 
Dianthus Armeria, L. 3 

- deltoides, L. 2, 5 
Saponaria officinalis, L. 3-5 
Silcne Cucubalus, Wibel. 1-5 

- gallica, L., a. anglica, L. 3,5 

- nutans, L. 2 

noctiflora, L. 3 
Lychnis Flos-cuculi, L. 1-5 

- diurna, Sibth. 1-5 

- vespertina, Sibth. 1-5 
Githago segetum, Desf. 3, 5 
Cerastium quarternellum, Fenzl. 3-5 

- tetrandrum, Curtis. 4 

semidecandrum, L. 3, 5 

glomeratum, Thuill. 1-5 

tnviale, Link. 1 5 

arvense, L. 5 
Stellaria aquatica, Scop. 2-5 

nemorum, L. 2 

media, Vill. 1-5 

b. neglecta, Weihe. 2, 3 

umbrosa, Opiz. 3 

Holostea, L. 1-5 

palustris, Ehrh. 3, 5 

graminea, L. 15 

uliginosa, Murr. 1-5 
Arenaria verna, L. 2 

tenuifolia, L. 2 

trinervia, L. 1-5 

serpyllifolia, L. l-J 

c. leptoclados, Guss. 3, 5 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Sagina apetala, L. 2-4 

ciliata, Fries. 3, 5 

procumbens, L. 15 

subulata, Presl. 2, 3 

nodosa, E. Mey. 2-5 

Spergula arvensis a. vulgaris, Boenn. I -5 

b. saliva, Boenn. 3, 5 
Spergularia rubra, Pers. 15 

salina, Presl. 3 

PORTULACE* 
Montia fontana, L., a. repens, Pers. 1-5 

b. rivularis, Gmel. 35 
[Claytonia perfoliata], Donn. 3 
[ Sibirica], L. 3 

ELATINE.S 
Elatine Hydropiper, L. 4 

HYPERICINEJE 
Hypericum Androszmum, L. 3-5 

- perforatum, L. 1-5 

b. angustifolium, Bab. 5 

- quadrangulum, L. 3-5 

- tetrapterum, Fries. 3-5 

- humifusum, L. 2-5 

- pulchrum, L. 1-5 

- hirsutum, L. 2-5 

- montanum, L. 3 

- elodes, Huds. 3, 5 

MALVACE./E 
Malva moschata, L. 25 

- sylvestris, L. 2-5 

- rotundifolia, L. 3-5 
[- alcea.] 3 

TlLIACEJE 

[Tilia vulgaris], Hayne. 1-5 

- parvifolia, Ehrh. 3, 4 

LINE* 

Radiola linoides, Gmel. 3, 5 
Linum catharticum, L. 1-5 

- perenne, L. 3, 4 

- angustifolium, L. 3 

[ usitatissimum], L. 1-5 

GERANIACE^E 
Geranium sylvaticum, L. 3 

- pratense, L. 2-5 

perenne, Huds. 2, 5 
[ Pheum.], L. 5 

- molle, L. 1-5 

- pusillum, L. 3-5 

- columbinum, L. 2, 3, 5 

- dissectum, L. I 5 

- Robertianum, L. 1-5 

- lucidum, L. 2-4 

Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit. 25 

- moschatum, L'Herit. 4, 5 

- maritimum, L'Herit. 3, 5 
Oxalis Acetosella, L. 2-5 

forma subpurpurascens, DC. I 
[Impatiens parviflora], DC. 5 

ILICINE* 
Ilex Aquifolium, L. 1-5 



EMPETRACEJE 
Empetrum nigrum, L. 13 

CELESTRINE/E 
Euonymus europzus, L. 1-5 

RHAMNE/E 
Rhamnus catharticus, L. 15 

Frangula, L. 1-5 

SAPINDACE.S: 

Acer campestre, L. 2-5 
[ Pseudo-platanus], L. 1-5 

LEGUMINOS.S 
Genista tinctoria, L. 2-5 

- anglica, L. 2, 3, 5 
Ulex europaeus, L. 1-5 

nanus, Forst. 5 

Gallii, Planch. 2-5 
Cytisus scoparius, Link. 1-5 
Ononis spinosa, L. 24 

- repens, L. 2, 3, 5 
[Medicago sativa], L. 2, 3, 5 

lupulina, L. 1-5 

denticulata, Willd. 5 
Melilotus altissima, Thuil. 24 

- alba, Desr. 3-5 

[ officinalis], Desr. 3, \ 

[ parviflora], Lam. 5 

Tri folium pratense, L. I-; 

- arvense, L. 25 

[ incarnatum], L. 1,2 
medium, Huds. 1-5 

striatum, L. 3, 4 
repens, L. 1-5 

[ hybridum], L. 2, 3 

procumbens, L. 15 

dubium, Sibth. 15 

filiforme, L. 3, 5 
Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. 2 
Lotus corniculatus, L. I 5 

- tenuis, Waldst and Kit. 2, 4, 5 

uliginosus, Schk. 15 
Astragalus glycyphyllos, L. 3-5 
Ornithopus perpusillus, L. 25 
Hippocrepis comosa, L. 2 
Onobrychis sativa, Lamk. 4 
Vicia tetrasperma, Mcench. 24 

hirsuta, Koch. 15 

Cracca, L. 15 

- sylvatica, L. 2, 3, 5 

- sepium, L. 1-5 
[ sativa], L. 2-4 

angustifolia, Roth. 15 

b. Bobartii, Forst. 3-5 

- lathyroides, L. 4, 5 
Lathyrus Aphaca, L. 5 

Nissolia, L. 2-4 

pratensis, L. 15 

sylvestris, L. 3 

macrorrhizus, Wimm. 2-5 

b. tenuifolius (Roth.). 2, 5 

ROSACES 
Prunus communis, Huds. 15 

insititia, L. 3, 5 



BOTANY 



Primus Avium, L. 2-5 

Cerasus, L. 4 

Padus, L. 2-5 
Spiraea Ulmaria, L. 1-5 

- Filipendula, L. 2, 3 
[ salicifolia], L. 3 
kubus idasus, L. 1-5 

fissus, Lindl. 2, 3 

suberectus, Anders. 3, 5 

- plicatus, W. & N. 1-3 

- hitidus, W. & N. 3 

- carpinifolius, W. & N. 1-4 

- incurvatus, Bab. 3, 5 

Lindleianus, Lees. 1-5 

- erythrinus, Genev. 35 

- rhamnifolius, W. & N. 2-5 

- b. Bakeri, F. A. Lees. 3-5 

nemoralis, P. J. Muell. 3 

b. glabratus, Bab. 3-5 

pulcherrimus, Neum. 1-5 

Lindebergii, P. J. Muell. 1-3, 5 

- villicaulis, Koehl. 2, 3, 5 

b. Selmeri, Lindeb. I, 3-5 

c. insularis, F. Aresch. 3 

d. calvatus, Blox. 1-5 

gratus, Focke. 2 

argentatus, P. J. Muell. 3 

b. robustus, P. J. Muell. 3 

rusticanus, Merc. 1-5 

pubescens, Weihe. 2, 3 

b. subinermis, Rogers. 5 

thyrsoideus, Wimm. 5 

macrophyllus, W. & N. 3-5 

b. Schlectendalii, Weihe. 3 
d. amplificatus, Lees. 2-5 

Sprengelii, Weihe. 2-4 

micans, Gren. & Godr. 3 

hirtifolius, Muell & Wirt. I, 3 

- pyramidalis, Kalt. 1-5 

leucostachys, Schliech. 1-5 

Boraeanus, Genev. 35 

curvidens, A. Ley. 3, 5 

mucronatus, Blox. 25 

Gelertii b. crinigcr, Linton. 2-5 

anglosaxonicus, Gelert. 2-5 

b. raduloides, Rogers. I 

infestus, Weihe. 35 

Leyanus, Rogers. 24 

radula, Weihe. 1-5 

b. anglicanus, Rogers. 35 

- podophyllus, P. J. Muell. 1-3 

echinatus, Lindl. 2-5 

oigoclados, Muell & LefV. 3 

b. Newbouldii, Bab. 35 

c. Bloxamianus, Coleman. 4 

Babingtonii, Bell Salt. 3, 5 

Lejeunii b. ericetorum, Lefv. 5 

Bloxamii, Lees. 25 

scaber, W. & N. 2-5 

- foscus, W. & N. 3 

b. nutans, Rogers. 3 

pallidus, W. & N. 2, 5 

foliosus, W. & N. 4, 5 

rosaceus, W. & N. 2, 4, 5 

b. hystrix, W. & N. 1-5 

c. sylvestris, P. J. M. 3, 5 



Rubus rosaceus, W. & N. 

e. infecundus, Rogers. 2-5 

adornatus, P. J. Muell. 3, 5 

Koehleri, W. & N. 2, 3, 5 

c. dasyphyllus, Rogers. 1-5 

fusco-ater, Weihe. 3, 5 

Bellardi, W. & N. 2, 5 

b. dentatus, Bab. 4, 5 

serpens, Weihe. 2 

- hirtus, W. & N. 5 

b. rotundifolius. 4, 5 

c. Kaltenbachii, Metsch. 3 

tereticaulis b. minutiflorus. 5 

dumetorum, W. & N. 3-5 

var diversifolius, Lindl. 2-5 
Tar. tuberculatus, Bab. 3-5 
var. concinnus, Warren. 2-5 
var. fasciculatus, P.J.M. 2-5 

corylifolius var. sublustris, Sm. 2-j 

var. cyclophyllus, Linden. 3 

Balfourianus, Blox. 2-5 

- caesius, L. 13, 5 

+ tenuis, Bell Salt. 2, 3, 5 

saxatilis, L. 2 
Geum urbanum, L. 15 

rivale, L. 2-5 

+ intermedium, Ehrh. 4 
Fragaria vesca, L. 1-5 
Potentilla Comarum, Nestl. 2-5 

- Tormentilla, Scop. 1-5 

- procumbens, Sibth. i, 5 

+ mixta, Nalte. 3, 5 

- reptans, L. 1-5 

- anserina, L. 1-5 

- Fragariastrum, Ehrh. 1-5 

- argentea, L. 3, 5 
Alchemilla arvensis, Lamk. 1-5 

vulgaris, L. 1 5 
Agnmonia Eupatoria, L. I ? 

- odorata, Mill. 4 
Poterium Sanguisorba, L. 24 
[ muricata], Spach. 3 

officinale, Hook fil. 2-5 
Rosa spinosissima, L. 2 

Sabini, Woods. 2 

- rubiginosa, L. 2-5 

- micrantha, Smith. 2, 4 

- tomentosa, Smith. 2-5 

b. subglobosa, Smith. 14 

d. scabriuscula, Smith. 2-5 

- canina a. lutetiana, Leman. 1-5 

c. sphaerica, Gren. z 

d. senticosa, Ach. 2 

e. dumalis, Bech. 1-5 

f. vinacea, Bnkcr. 2 

g. urbica, Leman. 1-4 
h. frondosa, Steven. 1 , 3 
i. arvatica, Baker. 2, 3 

j. dumetorum, Thuill. i, 4 
k. obtusifolium, Desv. 3 
. tomentilla, Leman. 35 
p. verticillacantha, Merat. 1-5 
q. collina, Jacq. 3 
/. cassia, Smith. 3, 4 
v. glauca, Vill. 1-5 
vi. subcristata, Baker. 2-5 



53 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Rosa canina 

X. coriifolia, Fr. 1-5 
y. Watsoni, Baker. 2, 3 
z. Borreri, Woods. 4 

arvensis, Huds. 15 
Pyrus communis, L. 3, 4 

Malus a. acerba, DC. 1-5 

b. mitis, Wallr. I, 2, 5 

torminalis, Ehrh. 2-5 

Aria, Ehrh. I, 2 

b. rupicola, Syme. 2 

c. scandica, Syme. 5 

- Aucuparia, Ehrh. 1-5 
Crataegus Oxyacantha, L. 2, 3, 5 

var. laciniata, Wallr. 2 
var. monogyna, Jacq. 1-5 

SAXIFRAGES 
Saxifraga umbrosa, L. 2 

tridactylites, L. 2-5 

granulata, L. 1-5 

- hypnoides, L. 2 
Chrysosplcnium alternifolium, L. 2-4 

- oppositifolium, L. 1-5 
Parnassia palustris, L. 2-5 
[Ribes Grossularia], L. 2-5 

alpinum, L. 2, 3 

rubrum, L. 4, 5 

nigrum, L. 3, 4 

CRASSULACE.S 

Cotyledon Umbillicus, L. 1,2 
Sedum Telephium, L. 2-4 

album, L. 3 

acre, L. 2-4 

[ reflexum], L. 1-4 
[Sempervivum tectorum], L. 3 

DROSERACEJE 
Droscra rotundifolia, L. I, 3-5 

intermedia, Hayne. 2, 3, 5 

HALORACE/E 

Hippuris vulgaris, L. 4, 5 
Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. 4, 5 

alterniflorum, DC. 3-5 
- spicatum, L. 2, 3, 5 

Callitriche platycarpa, Kuetz. 1-5 

hamulata, Kuetz. 2, 3 

obtusangula, Leg. 3 

LYTHRARIE.S; 
Lythrum Salic.iria, L. 2-5 

hyssopifolia (?), L. 3 
Peplis Portula, L. 2, 3 

ONAGRARIEJE 
Epilobium angustifolium, L. 2-5 

hirsutum, L. 1-5 

parviflorum, Schreb. 1-5 

montanum, L. 1-5 

roseum, Schreb. 2, 3 

f. roseum obscurum. 3 

obscurum, Schreb. 2, 3 

tetragonum, L. 3, 5 

palustre, L. 3-5 
[CEnothera biennis], L. 3 



Circaja lutettana, L. 25 

intermedia, L. C. 2 

alpina, L. I, 2 

CUCUBITACEJE 

Bryonia dioica, L. 35 

UMBELLIFER.S 

Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L. 1-5 
Sanicula europasa, L. 2-5 
Conium maculatum, L. 1-5 
[Smyrnium Olusatrum], L. 3 
Apium graveolens, L. 2, 3 

nodiflorum, Reichb. 1-5 

b. repens, Hook fil. 3, 4 

inundatum, Reichb. 2, 3, 5 
Cicuta virosa, L. 3, 4 

[Carum Petroselinum], B. & H. 2 

segetum, B. & H. 2, 3 
[ Carui], L. 3, 5 
Sison Amomum, L. 4 
Sium angustifolium, L. 25 
jEgopodium Podagraria, L. 1-5 
Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. 25 

magna, Huds. 2-5 
Conopodium denudatum, Koch. 1-5 
Myrrhis odorata, Scop. 14 
Chasrophyllum temulum, L. 1-5 
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L. 1-5 
Anthriscus vulgaris, Pers. 3, 4 

sylvestris, Hoffm. 1-5 
CEnanthe fistulosa, L. 25 

crocata, L. 3, 5 

Phellandrium, Lam. 2, 4, 5 
./Ethusa Cynapium, L. 1-5 
Silaus pratensis, Bess. 25 
Angelica sylvestris, L. 1-5 
[Archangelica officinalis], Hoff. 3 
[Peucedanum Ostruthium], Koch. 2, 3 

- sativum, Benth. 2-5 
Heracleum Sphondylium, L. 1-5 
Daucus Carota, L. 1-5 
Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds. 1-5 

- arvensis, Huds. 2-5 

nodosa, Scop. 2, 5 

ARALIACE.S 

Hedera Helix, L. 1-5 
CORNACEJE 

Cornus sanguinea, L. 2-5 
CAPRIFOLIACE./E 
Viburnum Opulus, L. 1-5 
Sambucus Ebulus, L. 2, 3 

nigra, L. 1-5 

Adoxa Moschatellina, L. 1-5 
Lonicera Periclymenum, L. 15 
[ xylosteum], L. 3, 5 

RUBIACEJE 
Galium verum, L. 1-5 

cruciata, Scop. 1-5 

palustre, L. 15 

b. elongatum, Presl. 2, 5 

c. Witheringii, Sm. 3, 5 

uliginosum, L. 5 

saxatile, L. 1-5 



51 



BOTANY 



Galium sylvestre, Poll. 2 

Mollugo, L. 2, 3, 5 

erectum, Huds. 3 

Aparine, L. 1-5 
Asperula odorata, L. 2-5 
Sherardia arvensis, L. 1-5 

VALERIANE.S 
Valeriana dioica, L. 1-5 

Mikani, Syme. 2 

sambucifolia, Willd. 2-5 
[ pyrenaica], L. 2 
[Centranthus ruber], DC. 2 
Valerianella olitoria, Poll. 2-4 

dentata, Poll. 2-4 

b. mixta, Dufr. 2, 3 

eriocarpa, Desv. 2, 3 

DIPSACE;E 
Dipsacus sylvestris, L. 2-5 

pilosus, L. 2-5 
Scabiosa succisa, L. 3, 5 

Columbaria, L. 2 

arvensis, L. 1-5 

COMPOSITE 

Eupatorium cannabinum, L. 1-5 
Aster Tripolium, L. 3, 4 
Erigeron acre, L. 2, 3, 5 
[ canadense], L. 3 
Bellis perennis, L. 1-5 
Solidago Virgaurea, L. z, 3, ; 
Inula Conyza, DC. 5 

Helenium, L. I, ; 
Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaert. i - 5 
Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. 3, 5 

uliginosum, L. 15 
Antennaria dioic.i, Br. 2 
[ margaritacea], Br. 2 
Filago germanica, L. 1-5 

minima, Fr. 2, 3, 5 
Bidens cernua, L. 2-5 

b. radiata, Sond. 4 

tripartita, L. 2, 3, 5 
Anthemis arvensis, L. 2-5 

Cotula, L. 1-5 

nobilis, L. 3~5 
Achillea Ptarmica, L. 3-5 

Millefolium, L. 1-5 
Matricaria Chamomilla, L. 2-5 

inodora, L. 1-5 
Chrysanthemum segetum, L. 1,3 

Leucanthemum, L. 15 

[ Parthenium], Pers. 2, 3, 5 
Tanacetum vulgare, L. 2-5 
Artemisia vulgaris, L. 1-5 

b. coarctata (Forcell). 3-5 

Absinthium, L. 4, 5 
Petasites vulgaris, Desf. 1-5 
[ alba], Gaert. 2 
Tussilago Farfara, L. 1-5 
Doronicum Pardalianches, L. 2 
Senecio vulgaris, L. 1-5 

sylvaticus, L. 2-5 

Jacobaea, L. 1-5 

erucifolius, L. 1-5 



Senecio aquaticus, Huds. 1-5 
[ saracenicus], L. 3 
Arctium majus, Schk. 3, 5 

nemorosum, Lej. 2-5 

minus, Schk. 1-5 

intermedium, Lange. 3, 5 
Carlina vulgaris, L. 25 
Centauria nigra, L. 1-5 

Scabiosa, L. 2-5 

Cyanus, L. 1-4 
Serratula tinctoria, L. 2, 3, 5 
Carduus nutans, L. 2-5 

crispus, L. 2-5 

Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. 1-5 

eriophorus, Roth. 3, 5 

arvensis, Hoffm. 1-5 

palustris, Willd. 1-5 

pratensis, Willd. 25 

- - heterophyllus, Willd. 2 
Onopordon Acanthium, L. 5 
[Sylybum Marianum], Gaert. 2, 3 
Cichorium Intybus, L. 3, 4 
Lapsana communis, L. 1 5 
Picris hieracioides, L. 2, 3, 5 
Crepis virens, L. 1-5 

paludosa, Moench. i, 2, 4 
Hieracium Pilosella, L. 1-5 

- anglicum, Fries. 2 

murorum, L. 2, 5 

- sylvaticum, Sm. i, 3-5 

maculatum, Sm. 4 

- sciaphilum, Uechtr. \ . 

- tridentatum, Fr. 3, 5 

- umbellatum, L. 1,3,5 

- boreale, Fr. 1-5 
Hypochxris glabra, L. 3 

- radicata, L. 1-5 
Leontodon hirtus, L. 2, 3, 5 

- hispidus, L. 1-5 

autumnalis, L. 15 
Taraxacum officinalc, Web. 1-5 

b. erythrospermum (Andrz.). 2, 3, 5 

c. palustre (DC.). 2, 3, 5 

d. udum (Jord.). 3 
Lactuca virosa, L. 2,3 

muralis, Fresen. 1-5 
Sonchus oleraceus, L. 1-5 

- asper, Hoffm. 1-5 

- arvensis, L. 1-5 

- palustris, L. 4 (?) 
Tragopogon pratense, L. 2-5 

b. minus (Mill.). 1-5 
[ porrifolium], L. 2, 3, 5 

CAMPANULACE^ 

Jasione montana, L. 1-5 
Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. 3 
Campanula rotundifolia, L. 1-5 

b. lancifolia (Mert. & Kit.). 3 

Rapunculus, L. 3, J 

- patula, L. 3, 5 

- latifolia, L. 2-4 

b. flore-alba (Auct.). 3 
[ Rapunculoides], L. 3 

Trachelium, L. 2, 3, 5 
Specularia hybrida, DC. 4, 5 



55 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



ERICACEJE 
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L. 2, 4, 5 

intermedia (Ruthe). 3, 4 

Vitis-Idaea, L. 1-5 

occycoccus, L. 1-5 
Andromeda polifolia, L. I, 3, 4 
Erica Tetralix, L. 1-5 

cinerea, L. 15 
Calluna vulgaris, Salisb. 1-5 

b. incana (Auct.). 3, 4 
Pyrola minor, Sw. 2 

media, Sw. 5 

- rotundifolia, (?) L. 2-4 

MONOTROPE.S 
Hypopithys monotropa, Crantz. 5 

PRIMULACEJE 

Primula vulgaris, Huds. 1-5 

b. caulescens (Auct.). 2, 3, 5 

veris, L. 1-5 
Lysimachia vulgaris, L. 2, 3, 5 

- nemorum, L. 2-5 

- Nummularia, L. 2-5 
Glaux maritima, L. 3,4 
Centunculus minimus, L. 3 
Anagalis arvensis, L. 1-5 

cerulea, Schreb. 3 

- tenella, L. 3-5 
Hottonia palustris, L. 3, 5 
Samolus Valerandi, L. 5 

OLEACEJE 

Ligustrum vulgare, L. 2-4 
Fraxinus excelsior, L. 1-5 

APOCYNACE.* 
Vinca minor, L. 1-5 
[ major], L. 3, 5 

GENTIANE.S 

Chlora perfoliata, L. 2-5 
Erythnea Centaurium, Pers. 1-5 
Gentiana Amarella, L. 2, 5 

campestris, L. 3 
Menyanthes trifoliata, L. 1-5 

PoLEMONIACE.'E 

Polemonium ceruleum, L. 2, 3, 5 

BORACINJUB 

Echium vulgare, L. 3-5 
[Borago officinalis], L. 2, 3 
Symphytum officinale, L. 

b. patens (Sibth.). I 

tuberosum, L. 2, 3 
Anchusa arvensis, Bieb. 3-5 
[ sempervirens], L. 3 
Lithospermum officinale, L. 2, 3, 5 

- arvense, L. 2-5 
[Pulmonaria officinalis], L. 3 
Myosotis palustris, Relh. 35 

b. strigulosa (Mert. & Koch). I, 

repens, G. Don. 1-4 

- csespitosa, Schultz. 2-5 

sylvatica, Hoffrn. 2-4 

- arvensis, Lam. 1-5 

b, umbrosa (Bab.). 2-5 

collina, Hoffm. 2, 3, 5 



Myosotis versicolor, Reich. 1-3 
Cynoglossum officinale, L. 1-3, 5 

CONVOLVULACE.K 
Convolrulus arvensis, L. 1-5 

sepium, L. 1-5 
Cuscuta europara, L. 3 
[ Trifolii], Bab. 3 

SOLANACE^E 

Hyoscyamus niger, L. 24 
Solanum Dulcamara, L. 1-5 

nigrum, L. 3, 5 
Atropa Belladonna, L. 2-5 
[Datura Stramonium], L. 3 

PLANTAGINE.S: 
Plantago major, L. 1-5 

b. intermedia, Gilib. 3 
media, L. 2-5 

lanceolata, L. 15 

b. Timbali, Jord. 3 

- Coronopus, L. 2, 3, 5 
Littorella lacustris, L. 2-4 

SCROPHULARINE./E 
Verbascum Thapsus, L. 2-5 

Lychnites, L. 5 

nigrum, L. 3, 5 

Blattaria, L. 3, 5 
[Linaria Cymbalaria], Mill. 1-5 

vulgaris, Mill. 1-5 

repens, Mill. 3 

minor, Desf. 3, 5 
Antirrhinum Orontium, L. 3 
[ majus], L. 3 
Scrophularia nodosa, L. 1-5 

- aquatica, L. 1-5 

umbrosa, Dum. 5 (r) 
[Mimulus luteus], L. 2, 3 
Limosella aquatica, L. 2-5 
Digitalis purpurca, L. 2-5 
Veronica agrestis, L. 1-5 

- polita, Fr. 2, 3 

- Buxbaumii, Ten. 2-5 

- hederasfblia, L. 1-5 

- arvensis, L. 1-5 

serpyllifolia, L. 15 

officinalis, L. 1-5 

Chamzdrys, L. 1-5 

montana, L. 2-5 

- scutellata, L. 2-5 

- Beccabunga, L. 1-5 

- Anagallis, L. 3-5 

Bartsia Odontites a. verna, Reich. 
b. serotina, Reich. 2, 3, 5 
Euphrasia officinalis, L. 1-5 
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. 1-5 

major, Ehrh. 2, 4 
Pedicularis palustris, L. 2-5 

sylvatica, L. 13, 5 
Melampyrum pratense, L. 3-5 
Lathrxa squamaria, L. 2, 3, 5 

OROBANCHEJE 
Orobanche major, L. i, 2, 4, 5 

elatior, Sutt. 2 



3-5 



BOTANY 



LENTIBULARINEJE 
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. 25 
Utricularia vulgaris, L. 1-3, 5 

neglecta, Lehm. 5 

minor, L. I, 3 

VERBENACE.S 
Verbena officinalis, L. 24 

LABIATJE 

Mentha sylvestris, L. 2, 3 
[ viridis], L. 1,3 

piperita, Huds. 2, 3, 5 

hirsuta, L. 1-5 

b. citrita, Ehrh. 3 
sativa, L. 25 

rubra, Sm. 2, 5 

- arvensis, L. 25 

- Pulegium, L. 1,5 
Lycopus europsus, L. 1-5 
Origanum vulgare, L. I, 2 
Thymus Serpyllum, L. 1-5 
Calamintha officinalis, Moench. 1-4 

Clinopodium, Spenn. 2-5 

Acinos, Claire. 2-5 

var. flore-albo (Auct.). 2, 5 
Salvia Verbenaca, L. 2, 5 
Nepeta Cataria, L. 1-4 

Glechoma, Benth. 1-5 
Prunella vulgaris, L. 1-5 
Scutellaria galericulata, L. 1-5 

minor, L. 3, 5 
Stachys sylvatica, L. 15 

palustris, L. 1-5 

var. ambigua (Sm.). z , 

arvensis, L. 24 

- Betonica, Benth. 1-4 
[ annua] (L.). 2 
Galeopsis Ladanum, L. 2-5 

- Tetrahit, L. 1-5 

speciosa, Mill. 2-5 
[Marrubium vulgare], L. 3 
[Leonorus Cardiaca], L. 3, 5 
Lamium purpureum, L. 1-5 

- hybridum, Vill. 3, 4 

- amplexicaule, L. i, 3-5 

album, L. 15 

[ maculatum], L. i, 3 

Galeobdolon, Crantz. 1-4 
Ballota nigra, L. 2-5 

b. alba (Lam.). 3 
Teucrium Scorodonia, L. 1-5 
Ajuga reptans, L. 1-5 

ILLECEBRACEJE 

Illecebrum verticillatum, L. 3 
Scleranthus annuus, L. 1-5 

CHENOPODIACE.S; 
Chenopodium Vulvafia, L. 3 

polyspermum, L. 2, 4 

- album, L. 1-5 

ficifolium, Sm. 3 

- urbicum, L. 3, 5 

rubrum, L. 5 

Bonus-Henricus, L. 25 
Atriplex patula, L. 1-5 

b. angustifolia, Sm. 3 



57 



Atriplex hastata, L. i, 3 

POLYGONACEJE 

Polygonum Bistorta, L. 2-4 

amphibium, L. 25 

lapathifolium, L. 1-5 

b. maculatum, Dyer. 3 

Persicaria, L. 1-5 

mite, Schrank. 3 

Hydropiper, L. 1-5 

minus, Huds. 3 

aviculare, L. 1-5 

var. arenastrum, Bor. 3, 4 

Convolvulus, L. 1-5 
Kumex obtusifolius, L. 1-5 

acutus, L. 2 

pulcher, L. 3, 4 

maritimus, L. 3-5 
palustris, Sm. 3, 4 

crispus, L. 1-5 

sanguineus, L. 2 

conglomerate, Mur. 1-5 

Hydrolapathum, Huds. 1-5 
[ alpinus], L. 2 

Acetosa, L 1-5 

Acetosella, L. 1-5 

THYMEL^EACEJE 
D.iphne Laureola, L. 2-5 

Mezereum, L. 2-4 

LORANTHACE./E 
Viscum album, L. 2, 3, 5 

EUPHORBIACEJE 
Euphorbia Helioscopia, L. 1-5 

amygdaloides, L. 2-5 

- Peplus, L. 1-5 

- exigua, L. 1-5 

[ Cyparissias], L. 5 

- Lathyris, L. 5 
Buxus sempervirens, L. l 
Mercurialis perennis, L. 1-5 

URTICACE./E 
Ulmus montana, Sm. 15 

- campestris, Sm. 1-5 
Urtica urens, L. 1-5 

- dioica, L. 1-5 
P.irietaria officinalis, L. i-r 
Humulus Lupulus, L. 2-5 

MYRICACE.S 
Myrica Gale, L. 1,5 

CUPULIFER^ 
Betula alba, L. 1-3, 5 

glutinosa, Fries, i, 3, 4 
Alnus glutinosa, Ga;rt. 1-5 
Quercus Robur, L. 1-5 

- sessiliflora, i, 35 
Fagus sylvatica, L. 1-5 
Corylus Avellana, L. 1-5 
Carpinus Betulus, L. 2-f 

SALICINE.S 
Populus alba, L. i, 3-5 

canescens, Sm. 3-5 

tremula, L. 15 

nigra, L. 2-5 

8 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Salix triandra. 3, 4 

amygdalina, L. 4 

Hoffmanniana, Sm. 3, 4 

undulata, Ehrh. 3, 5 

pentandra, L. 1-4 

fragilis, L. 2-5 

b. brittanica, F. B. White, i, 5 

alba, L. 1-5 

b. caerulea, Sm. 3 

c. vitellina, L. 1,3 

Caprea, L. 15 

cinerea, L. 15 

- aurita, L. 1-5 

- repens, L. 2, 5 

laurina, Sm. 5 

viminalis, L. 15 

Smithiana, Willd. 1-5 

purpurea, L. 13 

rubra, Huds. 4 

Lambertiana, Sm. 5 

CERATOPHYLLE^E 
Ceratophyllum demersum, L. 3-5 

CONIFERS 

Pinus sylvestris, L. 1-3 
Juniperus communis, L. I 
Taxus baccata, L. 2-4 

HYDROCHARIDE.K 

Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranx, L. 1,5 
Stratiotes aloides, L. I 
[Elodea canadensis], Michx. 1-5 

ORCHIDEJE 

Neottia Nidus-avis, L. 2, 4 
Listera ovata, Br. 2-5 
Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. 5 
Epipactis latifolia, Sw. 2-5 

palustris, Sw. I, 3, 4 
Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. 4 
Orchis mascula, L. 1-3 

- latifolia, L. 2-5 
. maculata, L. 1-5 

- Morio, L. 2, 3, 5 

ustulata, L. 5 

pyramidalis, L. 2, 3 
Ophrys apifera, Huds. 3, 5 
Habenaria conopsea, Benth. 2, 3, 5 

viridis, Br. 1-5 

albida, Br. 5 

bifolia, Br. 2, 3, 5 

chlorantha, Bab. 1-3 

IRIDEJE 

[Crocus vernus], All. 3 
[ nudiflorus], Sm. 2, 3 
Iris pseud-acorus, L. I, 3-5 

AMARYLLIDEJE 

Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L. 1-5 
[ biflorus], Curt. 3 
[ poeticus], L. 3 
Galanthus nivalis, L. 2-4 

DIOSCORE.K 
Tamus communis, L. 1-5 



LlLIACEJE 

Convallaria majalis, L. 2, 3 
Polygonatum multiflorum, All. 2, 3 
Allium vineale, L. 2 

oleraceum, L. 2, 3 

ursinum, L. 15 
Scilla autumnalis, L. 3 

nutans, Sm. 15 
Fritillaria Meleagris, L. 2, 3, 5 
Tulipa sylvestris, L. 3 
Colchicum autumnale, L. 3> 5 
Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. 2, 3, 5 
Paris quadrifolia, L. 2-5 

JUNCACE./E 

Juncus effusus, L. 1-5 

conglomerate, L. 1-5 

glaucus, Ehrh. 15 

squarrosus, L. I, 3, 4 

compressus, Jacq. 3, 4 

Gerardi, Loisel. 3 

obtusiflorus, Ehrh. 3 

acutiflorus, Ehrh. 1-5 

supinus, L. Moench. 1-5 

lamprocarpus, Ehrh. 1-5 

bufonius, L. 15 
Luzula maxima, DC. 1-5 

vernalis, DC. 15 

campestris, Willd. 1-5 

erecta, Desv. 2, 3 

b. congesta, Koch. I, 5 

TYPHACE* 
Sparganium ramosum, Huds. 1-5 

simplex, Huds. 1-5 

neglectum, Beeby. 1-5 

affine, Sch. 4, 5 

minimum, Fries. 3, 5 
Typha latifolia, L. 1-5 

angustifolia, L. 1-5 

AROIDE^E 

Arum maculatum, L. 1-5 
Acorus Calamus, L. I, 3, 4 

LEMNACE^E 
Lemna minor, L. 1-5 

trisulca, L. 2-5 

gibba, L. 3-5 

polyrrhiza, L. 3-5 

ALISMACEJE 

Alisma Plantago, L. 1-5 

b. lanceolatum, With. 3-5 

ranunculoides, L. 3-5 
Sagittaria sagittifolia, L. 2-5 
Butomus umbellatus, L. 3-5 

NAIADACEJE 
Triglochin palustre, L. 2-5 

maritimum, L. 3 
Potamogeton natans, L. 1,3-5 

polygonifolius, Power. 2-4 

rufescens, Schrad. I, 3, 5 

heterophyllus, Schreb. 3 

lucens, L. 1-5 

praelongus, Wulf. J, 4 



BOTANY 



Potamogeton perfoliatus, L. 35 

crispus, L. 15 

densus, L. 2 

zosterifolius, Schum. 3, 4 

obtusifolius, Mert. & Koch. 3 

pusillus, L. 2-5 

Friesii, Rupr. 3 

trichodes, Cham. 5 

pectinatus, L. 15 

flabellatus, Bab. 3-5 
Zannichellia palustris, L. 3-5 

CYPERACE^E 

Eleocharis acicularis, Sm. 3 

palustris, Sm. 1-5 

multicaulis, Sm. 3, 4 
Scirpus lacustris, L. I-; 

Tabernaemontani, Gmel. 3, 5 

maritimus, L. 3, 4 

sylvaticus, L. 2, 3, 5 

setaceus, L. 1-5 

fluitans, L. I, 3, 5 

casspitosus, L. 1,3 

pauciflorus, Lightf. 3 
Eriophorum vaginatum, L. 1-4 

angustifolium, Roth, i-t 
Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. I, 3 
Schoenus nigricans, L. 3,5 
Cladium Mariscus, Br. 3, 4 
Carex dioica, L. 3, 4 

pulicaris, L. 3, 5 

disticha, Huds. 3-5 

paniculata, L. 1-5 

teretiuscula, Good. 5 

muricata, L. 3-5 

divulsa, Good. 2, 3 

vulpina, L. 1-5 

- echinata, Murr. 1-5 

remota, L. 1-5 

leporina, L. 1-5 

canescens, L. 2-5 

acuta, L. 35 

stricta, Good. 3, 5 

Goodenovii, Gay. 1-5 

limosa, Schreb. 4(.')> 5 (.") 

glauca, Schreb. 1-5 

pallescens, L. i, 3, 5 

panicea, L. 1-5 

pendula, Huds. 1-4 

- praecox, Jacq. I, 3, 4 

pilulifera, L. 1-5 

him, L. 1-5 

flava, L. 1-5 

b. lepidocarpa, Tausch. 3, 4 

distans, L. 4, 5 

fulva, Good, i, 4 

binervis, Sm. 15 

laevigata, Sm. 3 

sylvatica, Huds. 2, 3, 5 

strigosa, Huds. 2, 3, 5 

vesicaria, L. 1-5 

ampullacea, Good. 1-5 

Pseudo-cyperus, L. 1-5 

paludosa, Good. 2-5 

riparia, Curt. 25 



Guifnui 

Setaria viridis, Beauv. 3 
[Phalaris canariensis], L. 3, 5 

arundinacea, L. 1-5 
Anthoxanthum odor.itum, L. 1-5 
[ Puelii], Lecoq. 3-5 
Alopecurus agrestis, L. 3, 4 

pratensis, L. 1-5 

geniculatus, L. 15 

fulvus, Sm. 3 
Milium effusum, L. 2-5 
Phleum pratense, L. 1-5 
Agrostis canina, L. 2-5 

vulgaris, With. 1-5 

b. pumila, L. 3 

nigra, With. 3-5 

alba, L. 2-5 

b. stolonifera, L. 5 
Calamagrostis Epigejos, Roth. 3-5 

lanceolata, Roth. 3-5 
Aira caryophyllea, L. i, 3-5 

praxox, L. 1,3-5 
Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. 1-5 

caespitosa, Beauv. 1-5 
Holcus lanatus, L. 1-5 

mollis, L. 2-5 

Trisetum flavescens, Beauv. 1-5 

Avena fatua, L. 3 

[ strigosa], Schreb. 3 

pratensis. 2, 3 

pubescens, Huds. 1-5 
Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. I 
Triodia decumbens, Beauv. 1-5 
Phragmites communis, Trin. 1,3-5 
Cynosurus cristatus, L. 1-5 
Kochleria cristata, Pers. z 
Molinia cscrulea, Mcench. i -.;. 
Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. 25 
Melica nutans, L. 2 

uniflora, Retz. 1-5 
Dactylis glomerata, L. 1-5 
Briza media, L. 2-5 

Poa annua, L. 1-5 

pratensis, L. 1-5 

b. subcerulea, Sm. 3, 4 

compressa, L. 3 

trivialis, L. 1-5 

nemoralis, L. 14 
Glyceria aquatica, Sm. 1-5 

fluitans, Br. 1-5 

b. plicata, Fr. 2-4 

c. pedicellata, Towns. 2,3,5 
Festuca elatior, L. 3, 5 

pratensis, Huds. 3 

gigantea, Vill. 1-5 

sylvatica, Vill. 5 (?) 

ovina, L. 25 

duriuscula, L. 3 

rubra, L. i, 3 

myuros, L. 5 

sciuroides, Roth. 1-5 

rigida, Kth. 2, 3 
Bromus asper, Murr. 1-5 

sterilis, L. 1-5 

mollis, L. 1-5 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Bromus racemosus, L. 2, 3 

secalinus, L. 3 

commutatus, Schreb. z, 3, ; 
Brachypodium sylvaticum, R. & S. 1-5 

pinnatum, Beauv. 3 
L.olium perenne, L. 15 

b. italicum, Br. 3 
Agropyrum caninura, Beauv. 3-5 

- repens, Beauv. 1-5 
Nardus stricta, L. 15 
Hordeum pratense, Huds. 2-4 

murinum, L. 14 

FILICES 

Hymenophyllum unilaterale, Willd. l 
Pteris aquilina, L. 15 
Lomaria Spicant, Desv. I, 35 
Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L. 2-5 

- Trichomanes, L. 1-4 

viride, Huds. 2 

Adiantum-nigrum, L. 1,2 

filix-foemina, Bernh. 1-5 

b. rhaeticum, Roth. 2-5 

Ceterach, L. 2, 5 
Scolopendnum vulgare, Sm. 3, 4 
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. 2, 3 
Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. 2-5 

- lobatum, Sw. 24 

- angul.ire, Willd. 2, 4, 5 
Nephrodium Filix-mas. 1-5 

b. affinis, Fisch. 2-4 

c. Borreri, Newm. 2, 3, 5 

cristata, Rich. 3, 4 

b. uliginosum, Newnm. 

- spinulosum, Desv. 2-5 

dilatatum, Desv. 2-5 



Nephrodium Thelypteris, Desv. 3, 5 

Oreopteris, Desv. 2, 3, 5 
Polypodium vulgare, L. 1-5 

Phegopteris, L. 3 

Dryopteris, L. 2, 3, 5 

Robertianum, Hoffm. 2 
Osmunda regalis, L. I, 3, 5 
Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. 25 
Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. 1-3, 5 

EQUISETACE./E 
Equisetum arvense, L. 

maximum, Lam. 2, 3, e 

sylvaticum, L. 2-4 

palustre, L. 1-5 

b. nudum, NeWm. 3, 4 
limosum, L. 2-4 

b. fluviatile, L. 2-4 

variegatum, Schliech. 2, 3, 5 

LYCOPODIACE/E 
Lycopodium clavatum. 1-4 

- inundatum. 2, 3, 5 

- Selago, L. I, 3, 5 

MARSILEACE.* 
Pilularia globulifera, L. 1,4, 5 

CHARACE.S 
Chara fragilis, Desv. 35 

d. Hedwigii, Kuetz. 3 

- hispida, L. I, 3, 5 

- vulgaris, L. 2, 3, 5 
Nitella translucens, Agard. 3, 4 

- flexilis, Agard. 3, 5 

opaca, Agard. 3 



THE MOSSES (Musci) 

Although a considerable area of Staffordshire is thickly populated 
and has the contaminated neighbourhood of busy centres of industry, 
there are still large stretches of undulating moorland, usually watered 
by streams liable to flooding, with marshy and boggy surroundings favour- 
able to a rich growth of mosses and their moisture loving allies the 
hepatics. Such is Sherbrook Valley, and there are many similar valleys 
north of Cannock where are found many of the rarer sphagnums, such 
as Sphagnum viride. Again west of Cannock are the remains of what 
were formerly extensive bog lands, such as Norton bog, where is the rare 
S. tenellum, and near Uttoxeter, in the deep and treacherous Chartley bog, 
are many of the sphagnums and other moisture loving species, such as the 
rare Polytrichum strictum. The woodlands of the county, though ex- 
tensive, are usually dry and rarely the homes of any but the more com- 
mon species ; but some of the woodlands around Gnosall and Norbury 
yield rarer mosses, such as the hair moss Polytrichum graa'/e, Bryum uligi- 
nosum and Fontinalis squamosa and other rare species ; and the rich wood- 
lands of the south-west have yielded some of our rarest species, such 
as Fumaria ericetorum, Pterygophyllum lucens and the rare Heterocladium 

60 



BOTANY 

fallax, first recorded from that locality as a British moss. But the most 
fertile localities for our rarer mosses are the water-splashed rocks of the 
limestone districts, as in the Dove dale ; here the ever present humidity 
renders the moss flora rich and varied ; on rocks in the stream are Eu- 
rhynchium crassinervium, Brachythecium illecebrum^ and on the limestone 
rocks the rare Amblestegium confervoides, its first British locality, and 
great masses of Weissia rupestris, Hypnum rugosum, and now and again 
T'richostomum mutabile. The calcareous rocks too of the Manyfold valley 
yield many lime lovers of interest, such as Weissia verticillata and Tricbo- 
stomum crispulum, and on the grit and limestone walls of Alton Encalypta 
streptocarpa is abundant, and the only fruiting example of Aulocomnion 
androgynum found in Britain was from these stone fences. In some of 
the limestone valleys of the Manyfold and Churnet are hollow cave-like 
openings worn out by water action in the ages past, and in these is seen, 
though rarely, the phosphorescent luminosity of the pretty little cavern 
moss Scbistostega osmundacea and some of the more delicate forms of 
Webera. The total moss flora of Staffordshire is larger than that of any 
of the surrounding counties so far as these are known, but as there are 
no properly representative lists published of some of them comparisons 
would be valueless. The total moss flora of Staffordshire is 285 species 
and 83 varieties, a total of 368 for the county. 

To show in a slight measure the distribution of the mosses enumer- 
ated, the county has been divided into the three districts drained by the 
rivers: (i) the Weaver; (2) the Trent, including the Dove and the 
Sow; and (3) the Severn; and the numbers given in the list following 
refer to these districts. 



Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh. 1-3 
ft. squarrosulum, N. & H. 2 

papillosum, Ldb. 2, 3 

ft. confertum, Ldb. 2 
y. stenophyllum, Ldb. 2 

- molle, Sull. 2 

y. tenerum, Braith. 2 

- tenellum, Ehrh. 2 

- subsecundum, Nees. 1-3 

ft. contortum, Schp. 1-3 
S. obesum, Schp. 2 
e. viride, Boul. 1-3 

- squarrosum, Pers. 2 

acutifolium, Ehrh. 2 

ft. rubellum, Russ. 2 
/x. patulum, Schp. 2 
v. hetevirens, Braith. 2 

Girgensohnii, Russ. 2 

fimbriatum, Wils. 2 

- intermedium, Hoffm. 2 

ft. riparium, Ldb. 2 
y. pulchrum, Ldb. 2 

cuspidatum, Ehrh. i, 2 

ft. falcatum, Russ. 2 
Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. 1-3 
Catharinea undulata, W. & N. 1-3 

y. Haussknechtii, Dixon. 3 
Oligotrichum incurvum, i, 2 



3 



Polytrichum nanum, Neck. 

ft. longisetum, Ldb. z 

- aloides, Hedw. 2, 3 

- urnigcrum, Linn. I, 2 

- piliferum, Schreb. 13 

- juniperinum, Willd. 2, 3 

- strictum, Banks. 2 

- gracile, Dicks. 2 

- formosum, Hedw. 2, 3 

commune, Linn. 1-3 

ft. perigoniale, B. & S. 2 
y. minus, Weis. 2 
Buxbaumia aphylla, Linn. 2 
Diphyscium foliosum, Mohr. 2 
Archidium alternifolium, Schp. 
Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. 2 

subulatum, Rab. 2, 3 

alternifolium, Rab. 2 
Ditrichum homomallum, Hpe. : 

flexicaule, Hpe. i, 2 

ft. densum, Braith. 2 
Seligeria pusilla, B. & S. 2 
Ceratodon purpureus, Brid. 1-3 

ft. paludosa, Bagnall. 2 

conicus, Ldb. i 
Rhabdoweissia fugax, B. & S. 2 
Cynodontium Bruntoni, B. & S. 
Dichodontium pellucidum, Schp. 



61 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Dichodontium pellucidum, Schp. 
ft. fagimontanum, Schp. 2 

flavescens, Ldb. I, 2 
Dicranclla heteromalla, Schp. 1-3 

y. interrupta, B. & S. 2 
o. sericea, Schp. 2, 3 

cerviculata, Schp. 2 

ft. pusilla, Schp. 2 

crispa, Schp. 2 

rufescens, Schp. 2, 3 

varia, Schp. 2, 3 

y. tenella, Schp. 3 

Schreberi, Schp. 2 

ft. elata, Schp. 2, 3 

squarrosa, Schp. I, 2 
Dicranoweissia cirrata, Ldb. 1-3 

crispula, Ldb. I, 2 
Campylopus flexuosus, Brid. I, 2 

y. paradoxus, Husn. 2 

pyriformis, Brid. 1-3 

- fragilis, B. & S. 1,2 
Dicranodontium longirostrum, B. & S. 2 
Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not. 13 

S. rugifolium, Bosw. 2 

scoparium, Hedw. 1-3 

J3. paludosum, Schp. z 
y. orthophyllum, Brid. 2 

majus, Turn. 2, 3 

fuscescens, Turn. 2, 3 

y. congestum, Husn. l 

strictum, Scliech. 2 

flagellare, Hedw. 2 

montanum, Hedw. 2, 3 
Leucobryum glaucum, Schp. i, 2 
Fissedens exilis, Hedw. 2 

viridulus, Wahl. 2, 3 

/?. Lylei, Wils. 2 

exiguus, Sull. 2 

- pusillus, Wils. 3 

incurvus, Starke. 2 

tamarindifolius, Wils. 2, 3 
bryoides, Hedw. 1-3 

crassipes, Wils. 3 

adiantoides, Hedw. 2. 3 

decipiens, De Not. 2, 3 
- taxifolius, Hedw. 13 
Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. 1-3 

ft. rivularis, W. & M. 1-3 
y. gracilis, W. & M. 3 
8. pumila, Schp. i, 2 

pulvinata, Sm. 13 

ft. obtusa, Hub. I, 2 

trichophylla, Grev. I, 2 

ovata, Schwgr. 2 
Rhacomitrium aciculare, Brid. 1-3 

ft. denticulatum, B. & S. I 

fasciculare, Brid. i, 2 

heterostichum, Brid. I, 2 

ft. alopecurum, Hub. i, 2 

lanuginosum, Brid. i, 2 

canescens, Brid. I, 2 

ft. cricoides, B. & S. 2 
Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, Fur. 2, 3 
Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. i 
Acaulon muticum, C.M. 2 



Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. 2, 3 
ft. piliferum, H. & T. 2 
y. Schreberianum, Brid. 2 
o. curvisetum, N. & H. 2 

Pottia bryoides, Mitt. 2 

truncatula, Lind. 1-3 

intermedia, FUr. 2, 3 

minutula, FUr. 2, 3 
. lanceolata, C.M. 2 

Tortula rigida, Schrad. 2 

ambigua, Angst. 2, 3 

aloides, De Not. 2 

cuneifolia, Roth. 3 

marginata, Spr. 2, 3 

muralis, Hedw. 1-3 

ft. rupestris, Wils. 2, 3 
y. sestiva, Brid. 2 

subulata, Hedw. 1-3 

- mutica, Ldb. 2, 3 

- Izvipila, Schw. 3 

- intermedia, Berk, i, 2 

ruralis, Ehrh. 1-3 
Barbula lurida, Ldb. 2 

rubella, Mitt. 1-3 

ft. dentata, Braith. 2 
y. ruberrima, Braith. 2 

- tophacea, Mitt. 1-3 

fallax, Hedw. 1-3 

ft. brevifolia, Schultz. 2 

recurvifolia, Schp. i, 2 

- spadicea, Mitt. I, 2 

rigidula, Mitt. 2 

- cylindrica, Schp. 2, 3 

- vinealis, Brid. 2, 3 

sinuosa, Braith. 2 

- Hornschuchiana, Schultz. 2, 3 

- revoluta, Brid. 1-3 

- convoluta, Hedw. 2 

ft. Sardoa, B. & S. 2 

unguiculata, Hedw. 1-3 

ft. cuspidata, Braith. 2, 3 
8. obtusifolia, Shultz. 2 

Leptodontium flexifolium, Hampe. i, 2 

Weissia crispa, Mitt. 2 

- microstoma, C.M. 2, 3 

- tortilis, C.M. 2 

viridula, Hedw. 1-3 

y gymnostomoides, B. & S. 2 

mucronata, B. & S. 2 

- tenui, C.M. 2 

rupestris, C.M. 2 

ft. ramosissima, C.M. 2 

verticillata, Brid. 2 
Trichostomum crispulum, Bruch. 2 

mutabile, Bruch. 2 

y. cophocarpum, Schp. 2 

tenuirostre, Ldb. 2 

nitidum, Schp. 2 

tortuosum, Dixon. 2 
Cinclidotus Brebissoni, Husn. 3 

fontinaloides, P. B. 2, 3 
Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. 2, 3 

. pilifera, Funck. 2 

y. obtusifolia, Funck. 2, 3 

streptocarpa, Hedw. 13 
Anaectangium compactum, Schwg. 2 



62 



BOTANY 



Zygodon viridissimus, R. Br. 2, 3 
ft. rupcstris, Ldb. 2 

Stirtoni, Schp. z 
Ulota crispa, Brid. 2 
Orthotrichum anomalum, Hcdw. 2 

/?. saxatile, Milde. 2 

cupulatum, HofFm. 2 

/?. nudum, Braith. 2 

leiocarpum, B. & S. 3 

affine, Schrad. 2, 3 

rivulare, Turn. 2, 3 

Sprucei, Mont. 3 

stramineum, Hornsch. 2 

diaphanum, Schrad. z, 3 
Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr. 2 
Splachnum ampullaceum, Linn. 2 
Ephemerum serratum, Hampe. 2 
Physcomitrella patens, B. & S. 2 
Physcomitrium sphaericum, Brid. 2 

pyriforme, Brid. 1-3 
Funaria fascicularis, Schp. 3 

ericetorum, Dixon. 3 

calcarea, Wahl. 3 

hygrometrica, Sibth. 1-3 

ft. calvescens, B. & S. 3 
Aulacomnium palustre, Schwg. 1-3 

- androgynum, Schwg. 1-3 
Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. 2, 3 

ft. crispa, B. & S. 2 

- CEderi, Sw. 2 
Philonotis fontana, Brid. 1-3 

8. pumila, Dixon. 2 

- caespitosa, Wils. 1 , 2 

- calcarea, Schp. 2 
Breutelia arcuata, Schp. 2 
Orthodontium gracile, Schw. 2 
Leptobryum pyriforme, Wi!s. 2 
Webera elongata, Schw. 2 

cruda, Schw. 2 

nutans, Hedw. 1-3 

/3. longiseta, B. & S. 2 

annotina, Schw. 2 

carnea, Schp. 2, 3 

albicans, Schp. 2, 3 
Bryum pendulum, Schp. 2, 3 
lacustre, Brid. I, 2 

- inclinatum, Bland. I, 2 

- uliginosum, B. & S. 2 

- pallens, Sw. 2, 3 

turbinatum, Schw. 2 

- bimum, Schreb. 2 

pseudo-triquetrum, Schw. 2 

- affine, Ldb. 2 

- intermedium, Brid. 2 

casspiticium, Linn. 1-3 

capillare, Linn. 1-3 

y. macrocarpum, Hdbn. 2, 3 
t. flaccidum, B. & S. 2, 3 

erythrocarpum, Schw. 2 

atropurpureum, W. & M. 2, 3 

/?. gracilentum, Tayl. 2 

murale, Wils. 2 

- argentcum, Linn. 1-3 
/8. majus, B. & S. 2 
y. lanatum, B. & S. 3 

roseum, Schreb. 2 



Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw. 2 

affine, Bland. 2 

rostratum, Schrad. 2, 3 

undulatum, Linn. 1-3 

hornum, Linn. 1-3 

serratum, Schrad. 2 
- stellare, Reich. 2, 3 

punctatum, Linn. 2, 3 

/J. elatum, Schp. 2 

subglobosum, B. & S. 2, 3 
Fontinalis antipyretica, Linn. 1-3 

y. gracilis, Schp. 1-3 

dolosa, Card. 2 

squamosa, Linn. 2, 3 
Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr. 3 
Neckera crispa, Hedw. 1-3 

ft. falcata, Boul. 2 

complanata, Htlbn. 2, 3 
Homalia trichomanoidcs, Brid. 2, 3 
Pterygophyllum lucens, Brid. 3 
Leucodon sciuroides, Schw. 2, 3 
Antitrichia curtipendula, Brid. I 
Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. 2, 3 
Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. 1-3 

ft. paludosa, Schp. 2, 3 
Anomoden viticulosum, H. & T. 2 
Hcterocladium heteropterum, B. & S. 3 

p. fallax, Milde. 3 
Thuidium tamariscinum, B. & S. 1-3 

recognitum, Lindb. 2 
Climacium dendroides, W. & N. 2 
Isothecium myurum, Brid. 2, 3 

ft. robustum, B. & S. 2 
Pleuropus sericeus, Dixon. 1-3 
Camptothedum lutescens, B. & S. 2 
Ijr.ichythecium glareosum, B. &. S. 2, 3 

- albicans, B. & S. 2, 3 

salebrosum, B. & S. 3 

ft. palustre, Schp. 2, 3 

- rutabulum, B. & S. 1-3 

/3. robustum, Schp. 2, 3 
y. longisetum, B. & S. 2 

- rivulare, B. & S. 1-3 

8. chrysophyllum, Bagnall. 2 

velutinum, B. & S. 1-3 

- populeum, B. & S. 2, 3 

plumosum, B. & S. 13 

ft. homomallum, B. & S. I 

- caespitosum, Dixon. 2, 3 

- illecebrum, De Not. 2 

- purum, Dixon. 1-3 
Hyocomium flagellare, B. & S. 2 
Eurhynchium piliferum, B. & S. 2,3 

crassinervum, B. & S. 2 

praslongum, B. & S. 1-3 

J3. Stokesii, L. Cat. 2, 3 

- Swartzii, Hobk. 2, 3 

- pumilum, Schp. 2, 3 
Teesdalei, Schp. 3 

tenellum, Milde. 2, 3 

myosuroides, Schp. 1-3 

striatum, B. & S. 2, 3 

rusciforme, Milde. 1-3 

ft. prolixum, Brid. 2 
y. atlanticum, Brid. I 

murale, Milde. 1-3 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Eurhynchium murale, Milde. 

y. julaceum, Schp. 1-3 

confertum, Milde. 13 

megapolitana, Bland. 3 
Plagiothecium depressum, Dixon. ; 

- Borrerianum, Spruce. 2, 3 

denticulatum, B. & S. 1-3 

ft. aptychus, L. Cat. 2, 3 
t. laxum. 3 

sylvaticum, B. & S. 1-3 

undulatum, B. & S. 1-3 
Amblestegium confervoides, B. & S. 

- serpens, B. & S. 1-3 

ft. majus, Brid. 3 

- varium, Ldb. 2 

- irriguum, B. & S. 

fluviatile, B. & S. 

filicinum, De Not. 1-3 
Hypnum riparium, Linn. 1-3 

ft. longifolium, Schp. 2, 
y. splendens, De Not. 3 

- polygamum, Schp. 2, 3 

ft. stagnatum. 3 

- stellatum, Schrcb. 2 

ft. protensum, B. & S. 2 

- chrysophyllum, Brid. 2, ^ 

ft. erectum, Bagnall. 2 

- Sommerfeltii, Myr. 2 

- aduncum, Hedw. 2, 3 

ft. Knieffii, Schp. 2, 3 

fluitans, Linn. 1-3 

ft. submersum, Schpr. 2 
exannulatum, Gtimb. 2 



2 
2 



Hypnum uncinatum, Hedw. I, 2 

vernicosum, Ldb. 2 

revolvens, Sw. 13 

ft. Cossonii, Ren. I, 2 

commutatum, Hedw. 2, 3 

fulcatum, Brid. 2 

ft. gracilescens, Schp. 2 

cupressiforme, Linn. 13 

ft. resupinatum, Schp. 1-3 
y. filiforme, Brid. 2, 3 
8. minus, Wils. 2 
f. ericetorum, B. & S. z, 3 
r/. tectorum, Brid. 2, 3 
0. elatum, B. & S. 2, 3 

- Patienti*, Ldb. 2, 3 

- molluscum, Hedw. 1-3 

y. fastigiatum, Bosw. I, 3 

palustre, Linn. 1-3 

ft. hamulosum, B. & S. 2, 3 
y. subsphaericarpon, B. & S. 2 

- ochraceum, Turn. I, 2 

stramineum, Dicks, i, 2 

- cordifolium, Hedw. 2, 3 

- giganteum, Schp. 2 

- cuspidatum, Linn. 1-3 

- Schreberi, Willd. 1-3 
Hylocomium splendens, B. & S. 1-3 

- loreum, B. & S. 2, 3 

- squarrosum, B. & S. 1-3 

ft. calvescens, Hobk. 2, 3 

- triquetrum, B. & S. I -3 
rugosum, De Not. 2 



THE LIVERWORTS (Hefatica) 

The following list of the liverworts of Staffordshire is incomplete, 
for this interesting group of plants has been only studied incidentally. 
The natural features of the county are such as promise a much richer 
record ; the wide moorlands of the northern portion of the county will 
probably yield many species not recorded below, and the valleys of the 
Dove, the Manyfold and the Churnet have been only partially examined; 
these districts alone if fully explored should very materially increase the 
record. 

The total number here recorded is only 82 species and varieties, 
being little more than one-third of those recorded for Great Britain. 
The more rare of these are Lejeunia Mackaii, Kantia arguta, Scapania 
curia, Cephalozia lunulcefolia, Jungermania cordifolia and Fossombronia 
cristata. So little has been done in the study of this group of plants 
in the neighbouring counties as to render any attempt at a comparison 
of little real value. 



Frullania Tamarisci, L. 1-3 

dilatata, L. 1-3 
Lejeunea Mackaii, Hook. 2 

serpyllifolia, Dicks. 2, 3 
Radula complanata, L. 1-3 
Porella Izvigata, Schrad. 2 

platyphylla, L. 2, 3 



Blepharozia ciliaris, L. 2 
Trichocolea tomentella, Ehrh. 2, 3 
Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Dill. 3 
Lepidozia reptans, L. 2, 3 
setacea, Web. 2 
Bazzania trilobata, L. 2 
Kantia trichomanis, L. 2, 3 



64 



BOTANY 



Kantia arguta, Mart. 2 
Cephalozia lunulaefolia, Dum. 2 

bicuspidata, L. 1-3 

Lammersiana, Huben. 2 

connivens, Dicks. 2 

Sphagni, Dicks. 2 

divaricata, Sm. 2, 3 

var. byssacea, Roth. 2 

stellulifera, Tayl. 2 
Scapania resupinata, Dill. ; L. 2 

aequiloba, Schw. 2 

aspera, Mull. & Bern. 2 

nemorosa, L. 2, 3 

undulata, L. 2, 3 

irrigua, Nees. 2 

curta, Mart. 2 

umbrosa, Schrad. 2 
Diplophyllum albicans, L. 1-3 
Lophocolea bidentata, L. 1-3 

cuspidata, Limpr. 2 

heterophylla, Schrad. 1-3 
Chiloscyphus polyanthos, L. 1-3 

b. rivularis, Nees. 2 
Mylia Taylori, Hook. 2 

anomala, Hook. 
Plagiochila asplenioides, L. 2, 3 

c. minor, Carr. 3 
Jungermania cordifolia, Hook. 2 

pumila, With. 3 

riparia, Tayl. 3 

- inflata, Huds. 2, 3 

- turbinata, Raddi. 3 

- sphaerocarpa, Hook. 2 

exsecta, Schmid. 2 



Jungermania Flcerkii, Web. & Mohr. 2 

barbata, Schmid. 2 

Lyoni, Tayl. 2 

incisa, Schrad. 2 

capitata, Hook. 2 

bicrenata, Schmid. 2 

porphyroleuca, Nees. 2 

ventricosa, Dicks. 2, 3 

crenulata, Sm. 2 

- gracillima, Sm. 3 
Eucalyx hyalina, Lyell. 2 
Nardia scalaris, Schrad. 2, 3 

6. major, Carr. 2 
Saccogyna viticulosa, Mich. 3 
Fossombronia caespitiformis, De Not. 2 

pusilla, L. 2, 3 

- cristata, Lindb. 2 
Blasia pusilla, L. 2, 3 
Pcllia epiphylla, L. 2, 3 
calycina, Tayl. 3 
Aneura multifidia, L. 2 

sinuata, Dicks. 2, 3 

pinguis, L. 2, 3 
Metzgeria pubescens, Schrank. 2 

furcata, L. 2, 3 
Marchantia polymorpha, L. 2, 3, 
Conocephalus conicus, L. 2, 3 
Reboulia hemispherica, L. 2 
Lunularia cruciata, L. 2, 3 
Targionia hypophylla, L. 2 
Riccia glauca, L. 2, 3 

glaucescens, Carr. 2 
Anthoceros punctatus, L. z, 3 



THE LICHENS (Licbenes) 

The lichens are a large tribe of cryptogams intermediate between 
the alga? and the fungi, approaching the alga? through the gelatinous 
forms of the Collemacei and the fungi through the Ascomycetes, but they 
differ from the fungi in not deriving nourishment from the matrix on 
which they grow but from the atmosphere, in their slow growth, their 
perennial existence, and in the presence in their structure of the green 
algae-like bodies, the gonidia. The researches of Schwendener have 
shown that the lichens are true fungi, parasitical on unicellular alga?, the 
gonidia, which exist immediately beneath the cortical layer, being alga? 
forms allied to Nostoc, Chroolepus or Palmella. The lichens are found 
throughout the county in one or other form from the low-lying heath- 
lands of the south to the highest points of the north, but are abundant in 
the normal condition only where the atmospheric conditions are good 
and wholesome. Over a large portion of the colliery districts and the 
more smoky surroundings of the Potteries they do not fully develop, 
but exist in an abnormal state, forming dust-like or filamentous patches, 
usually greyish white or yellow, on walls, trees or rocks, and in this 
state will exist for an indefinite time, increasing as do the alga? by 
the division of their cells ; this condition was known to the older 
botanists by the pseudo-generic names of Lepraria, Variolaria^ etc. But 
1 65 9 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

in the more open districts, as on the high lands about Swithamly, 
Flash and Quanford the gritstone and limestone rocks are rich in such 
species as Placodium murorum, Coniocype furfuraceum, Gladina pungens, Pla- 
tysma triste and Alec toria jubata. In the Wetton valley and the beautiful 
valley of the Dove the rocks of mountain limestone form a congenial 
home for some of the rarer species, as Umbillkaria polyphila, Platysma 
g/auca, bright yellow patches of Lecidia geographica, Spbcerophoron coral- 
/oides, Squamaria crassa, Lecanora parella and Solorina saccata; over a great 
portion of the county the more conspicuous tree-loving species are singu- 
larly absent, and only rarely are the tree trunks beautified with the con- 
spicuous fronds of Ramalina fraxinea , R. fastigiata or Usnea barbate, 

In the rich woodland districts around Whitmore and Trentham the 
trees are clothed with grey patches of Parmelia puherulenta^ P. pbysodes 
and P. stellaris ; the old palings of some of the damp woods are coated 
with Lecanora candelaria, Usnea birta, Parmelia olivacea and P. parietina ; 
and the wild moorlands about Cannock and Norton, notwithstanding the 
proximity of large colliery workings, are still a home for many of the 
heath-loving species, as Cladonia pyxidata, C. cornucopioides, C. digitata, 
C. rangiferina and Cladina syhatica. The sandstone rocks of the country 
around Stone yield their special species, as Lecanora squamulosa, Placodium 
cal/opismum and Verrucaria rupestris, and on the smooth bark of the holly 
the lime and crab are the singular forms of Graphis scripta, G. e/egans, 
Arthonia astroidea, A. lurida, Opegrapba imlgata and O. atra. 

The following list is an incomplete record of the Staffordshire lichens 
compiled in part from Garner's Natural History of the County of Stafford 
and the writer's personal observations. 



Family I. COLLEMACEI 
Collema melaenum, Ach. 

crispum, Huds. 

cristatum, Hoffm. 

flacciclum, Ach. 

multipartitum, Sm. 

nigrescens, Huds. 
Leptogium lacerum, Ach. 

var. pulvinatum (Hoff.) 

fragrans, Sm. 

tremelloides, L. 

turgidum, Ach. 

Schraderi, Bernh. 

Family II. LICHENACEI 
Sphinctrina turbinata, Pers. 

anglica, Nyl. 
Calcium trichiale, Ach. 

var. ferrugineum (Borr.) 

hyperellum, Ach. 

trachelinum, Ach. 

quercinum, Pers. 

curtum, Borr. 
Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach. 
Trachylia tigillaris, Fr. 

tympanclla, Fr. 
Sphaerophoron coralloides, Pers. 



66 



Sphaerophoron fragile, Pers. 
Baeomyces rufus, DC. 

icmadophilus, Ehrh. 
Cladonia pungens, Flk. 

cervicornis, Schaer. 

delicata, Flk. 

var. subsquamosa (Nyl.) 

alcicornis, Flk. 

pyxidata, Fr. 

var. fimbriata (Hoffm.) 

gracilis, Hoffm. 

furcata, Hoffm. 

squamosa, Hoffm. 

cornucopioides, Fr. 

deformis, Hoffm. 

var. macilenta (Hoffrn.) 
var. polydactyla (Flk.) 
Cladina sylvatica, Hoffm. 

rangiferina, Hoffm. 

uncialis, Hoffm. 
Stereocaulon pascliale, Ach. 

denudatum, Flk. 
Usnea barbata, L. 

var. florida (L.) 
var. hirta (L.) 
var. plicata (L.) 



BOTANY 



Alectoria jubata, L. 

lanata, L. 

Evernia furfuracea, Mann. 

prunastri, L. 
Ramalina calicaris, Hoffm. 

farinacea, L. 

fraxinea, L. 

fastigiata, Pers. 

evcrnioides, Nyl. 
Cetraria aculeata, Fr. 
Platysma triste, Web. 

diffusum, Web. 

glaucum, L. 

Nephromium lusitanicum, Schaer. 
Peltigera canina, L. 

rufescens, Hoffm. 

spuria, Ach. 

horizontalis, L. 
Solorina saccata, L. 
Stictina scrobiculata, Scop. 
Sticta pulmonaria, Ach. 
Ricasolia amplissima, Scop. 
Parmelia caperata, L. 

olivacea, L. 

physodes, L. 

ambigua, Wulf. 

perlata, L. 

pertusa, Schrank. 

tiliacea, Ach. 

Borreri, Turn. 

fuliginosa, Dub. 

perforata, Wulf. 

conspersa, Ehrh. 

acetabulum, Neck. 

saxatilis, L. 

var. omphalodes (L.) 
Physcia flavicans, Sw. 

parietina, L. 

var. lychnea (Ach.) 
var. polycarpa (Ehrh.) 

ciliaris, L. 

pulverulenta, Schreb. 

/. pityrea (Ach.) 

obscura, Ehrh. 

stellaris, L. 

var. tenella (Scop.) 
var. cassia (Hoffm.) 
Umbilicaria pustulata, Hoffm. 

polyphylla, L. 

f. congregata (T. & B.) 

flocculosa, Wulf. 

erosa, Ach. 

polyrhiza, L. 
Psoroma hypnorum, Vahl. 
Pannaria pezizoides, Web. 

nigra, Huds. 
Amphiloma lanuginosum, Ach. 
Squamaria crassa, Huds. 

saxicola, Poll. 
Placodium murorum, Hoffm. 



Placodium callopisum, Ach. 

citrinum, Ach. 

candicans, Dicks. 
Lecanora vitellina, Ach. 
candelaria, Ach. 

glaucocarpa/ pruinosa (Ach.) 

squamulosa, Schrad. 

fuscata, Schrad. 

tartarea, L. 

varia, Ehrh. 

atra, Huds. 

sulphurea, Hoffm. 

symmicta, Ach. 

lutescens, DC. 

subfusca, L. 

galactina, Ach. 

calcarea, L. 

f. HofFmanni (Ach.) 

Dicksonii, Ach. 

badia, Ach. 

parella, L. 

f. pallescens (L.) 

rupestris, Scop. 

/. calva (Dicks.) 

glaucoma, Hoffm. 
- albella, Pers. 

aurantiaca, Lightf. 
ochracea, Schaer. 
- ferruginea, Huds. 

cerina, Ehrh. 

arenaria, Pers. 

sophodes, Ach. 

f. exigua (Ach.) 

haematomma, Ehrh. 

ventosa, L. 
Pertusaria dealbata, Ach. 

communis, DC. 

f. rupestris (DC.) 

fallax, Pers. 

globulifera, Turn. 

leioplaca, Ach. 
Phlyctis agelaea, Ach. 

argena, Ach. 
Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach. 
Urceolaria scruposa, L. 
Lecidea ostreata, Hoffm. 

fuliginosa, Tayl. 

dispansa, Nyl. 

lucida, Ach. 

flexuosa, Fries 

f. aeruginosa (Borr.) 

decolorans, Flk. 

vernalis, L. 

atrofusca, Hepp. 

dubia, Borr. 

quernea, Dicks. 

viridescens, Schrad. 

sanguinaria, L. 

parasema, Ach. 

var. elzochroma (Ach.) 



67 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Lecidea uliginosa, Schrad. 

coarctata, Sm. 

rivulosa, Ach. 

contigua, Fr. 

f. leprosa (Leight.) 
f. flavicunda (Ach.) 

calcivora, Ehrh. 

canescens, Dicks. 

myriocarpa, DC. 

alocizoides, Leight. 

chalybeia, Borr. 

grossa, Pers. 

caeruleonigricans, Light. 

denigrata, Fr. 

tricolor, With. 

Ehrhartiana, Ach. 

diluta, Pers. 

Caradocensis, Leight. 

- incompta, Borr. 

- alboatra, Hoffm. 

f. epipolia (Ach.) 

- aromatica, Sm. 

- carneo-lutea, Turn. 

- umbrina, Ach. 

pachycarpa, Dur. 

- milliaria, Fr. 

- sabuletorum, Flk. 

- premnea, Ach. 

- carneola, Ach. 

- endoleuca, Nyl. 

rubella, Ehrh. 

geographica, L. 

- petrza, Wulf. 

- concentrica, Dav. 

- cupularis, Ehrh. 

- trucigena, Ach. 

- Parmeliarum, Smrf. 

- parasitica, Flk. 



Opegrapha herpetica, Ach. 
/. rubella (Pers.) 
/. rufescens (Pers.) 

atra, Pers. 

Turneri, Leight. 

varia, Pers. 

/. notha (Ach.) 
f. diaphora (Ach.) 

vulgata, Ach. 

Leightonii, Crombie 

lyncea, Sm. 
Stigmatidium crassum, Dub. 
Arthonia lurida, Ach. 

astroidea, Ach. 

Swartziana, Ach. 

pruinosa, Ach. 
Graphis elegans, Sm. 

scripta, Ach. 

var. serpentina (Ach.) 
var. pulverulenta (Ach.) 

inusta, Ach. 

sophistica, Nyl. 
Endocarpon miniatum, L. 

hepaticum, Ach. 
Verrucaria epigea, Ach. 

Dufourei, DC. 

nigrescens, Pers. 

glaucina, Ach. 

- viridula, Schrad. 

rupestris, Schrad. 

conoidea, Fries 

gemmata, Ach. 

epidermidis, Ach. 

- biformis, Borr. 

- chlorotica, Ach. 

f. trachona (Tay.) 

nitida, Weig. 



THE FRESHWATER ALG^ 

The freshwater algas are universally distributed and are to be 
found in every situation where moisture exists, amid the most deleterious 
surroundings or where the atmospheric conditions are good and health- 
ful ; ' on damp walls and palings, on soil heaps, damp earth, pathways, 
roadsides ; on wet rocks, stones in streams, in every ditch and water- 
course ; in canals, ponds, and attached to the various aquatic plants 
therein, in puddles, and the hoof holes of cattle in boggy places,' etc. 
The green dust-like growth on tree trunks, palings and old walls is one 
of the lower forms of alga?, Pleurococcus vu/garis ; in nearly every ditch 
one or other species of Vaucheria may be found ; old canals are frequently 
covered with the yellowish green masses of Enteromorpba intestinalis, and 
many of the old clay holes in the coal districts are rich in species of 
Nostoc and Conferva. The bogs, pools and watercourses of the Cannock 
district yield many of the more rare and beautiful species, as Chcetophora 

68 



BOTANY 

elegans, C. endivtefolia, or the elegant fronds of Drapardnaldia plumosa, the 
tufts of sphagnum rich gatherings of Desmids. The hoof holes formed 
in the marshy heathland are usually rich in Micrasterias, Euastrum and 
Straurastrum, and in some of the clear pools the beautiful Vohox globata 
may be found in abundance. On wet rocks in the Dove dale Glceocystis 
botryoides, Nostoc pruniforme and Chroolepus aureus have been found, and 
in the Dove and other rapid streams of that district the gelatinous masses 
of Batrachospermum moniliforme and B. atrum are sometimes abundant. 

The following list of freshwater algas has been compiled partly from 
Garner's Natural History of Staffordshire, from the Proceedings of the 
Birmingham Natural History Society and from the writer's observations. 



Ord. I. COCCOPHTCE&. 
I. PALMELLACE^: 

Pleurococcus vulgaris, Menegh 
Gleocystis botryoides, Kutz 
Palmella hyalina, Breb. 
Porphyridium cruentum, Nag. 
Botrydina vulgaris, Breb. 
Tetraspora bullosa, Ag. 

lubrica, Ag. 
Botryococcus Braunii, Kutz 
Apiocystis Brauniana, Nag. 

II. PROTOCOCCACE^: 

Protococcos viridis, Cohn 
Scenedesmusquadricaudatus, Br6b. 
Pediastrum angulosum, Ehr. 

Boryanum, Turp. 

III. VOLVOCINE^E 

Chlamydococcus pluvialis, A. Braun 
Volvox globator, L. 
Pandorinum morum, Ehr. 
Gonium pectorale, Mtill. 

Ord. II. ZTGOPHTCE& 
IV. DESMIDIE^ 

Desmidium Swartzii, Ktitz 
Closterium lunula, Mull. 

Dianas, Ehr. 

juncidum, Ralfs. 

rostratum, Ehr. 
Penium digitus (Ehr.), Ralfs. 
Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs. 
Micrasterias rotata, Ralfs. 

denticulata, Br6b. 

truncata, Corda 

papillifera, Breb. 
Euastrum verrucosum, Ehr. 

- oblongum, Ehr. 

- didelta, Turp. 

insigne, Hass. 

elegans, Ehr. 
Cosmarium pyramidatum, Bre'b. 



Cosmarium Meneghinii, Ralfs. 

undulatum, Cor. 

Brebissonii, Meneg. 

botrytis, Bory. 

biretum, Breb. 
Xanthidium cristatum, Ralfs. 
Arthrodesmus incus, Breb. 
Straurastrum dejectum, Ralfs. 

polymorphum, Br6b. 

orbiculare, Ralfs. 

- punctulatum, Breb. 

- hirsutum 

V. ZYGNEMACE/E 

Zygnema cruciata, Vauch. 
Spirogyra nitida, Dillwyn 

condensata, Vauch. 

flavescens (Hass.), Cleve. 

longata, Vauch. 

porticalis v. quinina, Ag. 
Zygogonium ericetorum v. terrestris, De 

Bary 
Mesocarpus scalaris, Hass. 

Ord. III. SIPHOPHTCE& 
VI. BOTRYDIACE^: 

Botrydium granulatum, L. 

VII. VAUCHERIACE^: 

Vaucheria Dillwynii, Ag. 

terrestris, Lyngb. 

sessilis, Vauch. 

geminata, Vauch. 

Ord. IV. NEMATOPHTCE& 
VIII. ULVACE^E 

Prasiola crispa, Kutz 
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Link. 

IX. CONFERVACE^: 

Conferva bombycina, Ag. 
Cladophora crispata, Roth. 

glomerata, L. (Dillw.) 



69 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

X. CEDOGONIACE^ Nostoc commune, Vauch. 

Bulbochaete setigera, Ag. csruleum, Lyng. 

verrucosum. Vauch. 
XL ULOTRICHE^E 

Schizogonium murale, Kdtz XVI. LYNGBY^E 

XII. CHROOLEPIDE^E Oscillaria tenuis, Ag. 

Chroolepus aureus (L.), KUtz ~ 1'mosa, Ag. 

nigra, Vauch. 
XIII. CH^TOPHORACE^: Lyngbia ochracea, Thur. 

Stigeoclonium nanum (Dillw.), Kdtz 

Draparnaldia glomerata, Ag. XVIII. CALOTRICHE^ 

- plumosa (Vauch.), Ag. Gloiotrichia natans, Thur. 

Chastophora pisirormis, Ag. 

BATRACHOSPERME ^ 



aendivxfolia, Ag. Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth. 

CLASS II. PHYCOCHROMOPHYCE^: 
Ord. II. NEMATOGENEJE 

XV. NOSTOCE^ XXII. LEMANEACE^E 

Nostoc muscorum, Ag. Lemanea fluviatilis, Ag. 

THE FUNGI 

The following list of the fungi of Staffordshire is in no way a 
complete one ; the county has not been exhaustively examined from 
a botanical point of view. Many of the districts, such as the extensive 
woodlands about Trentham, Swinnerton and Maer, have yielded a rich 
fungus flora, among others Polyporus hispidus, P. abietinus^ P. frondosa y 
P. annosus, the esculent Boletus edulis and Fistulina bepatica, and in 
some of these woods Boletus subtomentosus and B. Jfavus are abundant, 
and in places where the soil has been burnt and on the dried twigs 
abundance of the singular Hydnum membranaceum has been seen. The 
esculent Cantbarellus cibarius is sometimes abundant in the woods, on 
the heathy lands the beautiful C. aurantiacus, and in boggy places near 
Betley C. lobatus. In many of these woodlands the beautiful but fetid 
Phallus impudicus is frequent, and in those of Swinnerton the rarer and 
less fetid Cyanophallus caninus has been found. In the district around 
Blymhill many rare species have been recorded in the long past, as 
Cortinarius vio/aceus, C. gentilis, Lactarius torminosus and the edible L. 
deliciosus, and frequently throughout the county the fairy ring fungus 
(Marasmius oreades], is abundant. In the limestone districts of the Wetton 
valley some of the rarer species of Peziza are found, the common 
morel (Morcbella esculenta), Helvetia crispa, 'Thelepbora canina and Boletus 
asper ; but to localize even a tithe of the more interesting species would 
occupy too much space ; all at present known to the writer are recorded 
below. 

The nomenclature is that of Fries' Hymenomycete JLuropcea^ and 
Berkley's Outlines of British Fungology ; the authorities quoted are Garner's 
Natural History of 'Staffordshire ; The Reports and Transactions of the North 
Staffordshire and Archaological Society and the writer. 

70 



BOTANY 



Family. I. HYMENOMYCETES 
Genus I. AGARICUS, L. 
Sub-genus I. AMANITA, Fr. 

Agaricus phalloides, F. 
var. vernus (Bull.) 

mappa, Fr. 

muscarius, L. 

pantherinus, DC. 

rubescens, Pers. 

nitidus, Fr. 

asper, Fr. 

vaginatus, Bull. 

strangulatus, Fr. 

Sub-genus II. LEPIOTA, Fr. 

Agaricus procerus, Scop. 

rachodes, Vitt. 

- clypeolarius, Bull. 

carcharius, Pers. 

granulosus, Batsch. 

amianthinus, Scop. 

Sub-genus III. ARMILLARIA, Fr. 
Agaricus melleus, Vahl. 

Sub-genus IV. TRICHOLOMA, Fr. 

Agaricus sejunctus, Sow. 

albo-brunneus, Pers. 

rutilans, Schseff. 

luridus, Schzff. 

columbetta, Fr. 

scalpturatus, Fr. 

- imbricatus, Fr. 

- vaccinus, Pers. 

terreus, Schaeff. 

saponaceus, Fr. 

cuneifolius, Fr. 

virgatus, Fr. 

borealis, Fr. 

personatus, Fr. 

nudus, Bull. 

grammopodius, Bull. 

melaleucus, Pers. 

brevipes, Bull. 

Sub-genus V. CLITOCYBE, Fr. 

Agaricus nebularis, Batsch. 

clavipes, Pers. 

odorus, Bull. 

phyllophilus, Fr. 

pithyophilus, Fr. 

candicans, Pers. 

dealbatus, Sow. 

gallinaceus, Scop. 

giganteus, Fr. 

infundibuliformis, Schaeff. 

geotropus, Bull. 

inversus, Scop. 



Agaricus tuba, Fr. 

cyathiformis, Fr. 

brumalis, Fr. 

metachrous, Fr. 

ditopus, Fr. 

fragrans, Sow. 

laccatus, Scop. 

var. amethystinus, Bolt. 

Sub-genus VI. COU.YBIA, Fr. 

Agaricus radicatus, Relhan. 

platyphyllus, Fr. 

maculatus, A. & S. 

fusipes, Bull. 

butyraceus, Bull. 

velutipes, Curt. 

vertirugis, Cooke 

confluens, Pers. 

conigenus, Pers. 

cirrhatus, Schum. 

tuberosus, Bull. 

collinus, Scop. 

dryophilus, Bull. 

rancidus, Fr. 

Sub-genus VII. MVCENA, Fr. 

Agaricus purus, Pers. 

pseudo-purus, Cooke 

flavo-albus, Fr. 

galericulatus, Scop. 

var. calopus, Fr. 

polygrammus, Bull. 

ammoniacus, Fr. 

metatus, Fr. 

tenuis, Bolt. 

filopes, Bull. 

amictus, Fr. 

vitilis, Fr. 

acicula, Schaeff. 

sanguinolentus, A. & S. 

galopus, Pers. 

leucogalus, Cooke 

epipterygius, Scop. 

tenerrimus, Berk. 

electicus, Buckn. 

corticola, Schum. 

Sub-genus VIII. OMPHALIA, Fr. 

Agaricus sphagnicola, Berk. 

hepaticus, Batsch. 

umbelliferus, Linn. 

stellatus, Fr. 

fibula, Bull. 

Sub-genus IX. PLEUROTUS, Fr. 

Agaricus corticatus, Fr. 

dryinus, Pers. 

ulmarius, Bull. 

fimbriatus, Bolt. 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Agaricus ostreatus, Jacq. 

salignus, Fr. 

acerosus, Fr. 

applicatus, Batsch. 

chioneus, Pers. 

Sub-genus X. VOL v ARIA, Fr. 



Agaricus speciosus, Fr. 

parvulus, Weinm. 

Sub-genus XI. PLUTEUS, Fr. 

Agaricus cervinus, SchaefF. 

nanus, Pers. 

chrysophaeus, Schaeff. 

phlebophorus, Dittm. 

Sub-genus XII. ENTOLOMA, Fr. 

Agaricus sinuatus, Fr. 

prunuloides, Fr. 

jubatus, Fr. 

sericellus, Fr. 

clypeatus, Linn. 

rhodopolius, Fr. 

sericeus, Bull. 

nidorosus, Fr. 

Sub-genus XIII. CUTOPII.US, Fr. 

Agaricus prunulus, Scop. 

cancrinus, Fr. 

Sub-genus XIV. LEPTONIA, Fr. 

Agaricus lampropus, Fr. 

euchrous, Pers. 

chalybaeus, Pers. 

incanus, Fr. 

Sub-genus XV. NOLANEA, Fr. 

Agaricus pascuus, Pers. 

pisciodorus, Ces. 

Sub-genus XVI. CLAUDOPUS, Fr. 
Agaricus variabilis, Pers. 

Sub-genus XVII. PHOLIOTA, Fr. 

Agaricus durus, Bolt. 

radicosus, Bull. 

heteroclitus, Fr. 

aurivellus, Batsch. 

squarrosus, Mull. 

spectabilis, Fr. 

adiposus, Fr. 

mutabilis, SchaefF. 

Sub-genus XVIII. INOCYBE, Fr. 

Agaricus lanuginosus, Bull. 

scaber, Mall. 

fiocculosus, Berk. 

rimosus, Bull. 

asterosporus, Quel. 

eutheles, B. & Br. 



Agaricus geophyllus, Sow. 

Sub-genus XIX. HEBELOMA, Fr. 

Agaricus fastibilis, Fr. 

testaceus, Batsch. 

versipellis, Fr. 

mesophaeus, Fr. 

sinapizans, Fr. 

crustuliniformis, Bull. 

Sub-genus XX. FLAMMULA, Fr. 

Agaricus lentus, Pers. 

flavidus, SchaefF. 

inopus, Fr. 

sapineus, Fr. 

Sub-genus XXI. NAUCORIA, Fr. 

Agaricus melinoides, Fr. 

striae pes, Cooke 

sideroides, Bull. 

ped fades, Fr. 

semiorbicularis, Bull. 

conspersus, Pers. 

escharoides, Fr. 

Sub-genus XXII. GALERA, Fr. 

Agaricus lateritius, Fr. 
- tener, SchaefF. 

hypnorum, Batsch. 

mycenopsis (Fr.) 

Sub-genus XXIII. TUBARIA, Fr. 
Agaricus furfuraceus, Pers. 

Sub-genus XXIV. CREPIDOTUS, Fr, 

Agaricus alveolus, Lasch. 

mollis, Schaeff. 

Sub-genus XXV. PSALLIOTA, Fr. 

Agaricus arvensis, SchaefF. 

campestris, Linn. 

Sub-genus XXVI. STROPHARIA, Fr. 

Agaricus aeruginosa, Curt. 

albo-cyaneus, Desm. 

squamosus, Fr. 

stercorarius, Fr. 

semiglobatus, Batsch. 

Sub-genus XXVII. HYPHOLOMA, Fr. 

Agaricus sublateritius, Fr. 

fascicularis, Huds. 

lacrymabundus, Fr. 

velutinus, Fr. 

Candolleanus, Fr. 

appendiculatus, Bull. 

hydrophilus, Bull. 



BOTANY 



Sub-genus XXVIII. PSILOSYBE, Fr. 

Agaricus ericaeus, Pers. 

udus, Pers. 

semilanceatus, Fr. 

spadiceus, Fr. 

foenisecii, Pers. 

Sub-genus XXIX. PSATHYRA, Pers. 
Agaricus mastiger, B & Br. 

corrugis, Pers. 

spadiceogriseus, SchaefF. 

pennatus, Fr. 

Sub-genus XXX. PANJEOLUS, Fr. 
Agaricus separatus, Linn. 

- leucophanes, B. & Br. 

fimiputris, Bull. 

retirugis, Fr. 

campanulatus, Linn. 

papilionaceus, Fr. 

acuminatus, Fr. 

Sub-genus XXXI. PSATHYRELLA, Fr. 

Agaricus gracilis, Fr. 

pronus, Fr. 

- atomatus, Fr. 

disseminatus, Fr. 

Genus III. COPRINUS, Fr. 

Coprinus comatus, Fr. 

ovatus, Fr. 

atramentarius, Fr. 

fimetarius, Fr. 

var. cinereus (SchaefF.) 

tomentosus, Fr. 

niveus, Fr. 

micaceus, Fr. 

deliquescens, Fr. 

congregatus, Fr. 

domesticus, Fr. 

lagopus, Fr. 

ephemerus, Fr. 

plicatilis, Curt. 

Genus IV. BOLBITIUS, Fr. 

Bolbitius titubans, Fr. 

fragilis, Fr. 

Genus V. CORTINARIUS, Fr. 

(Phlegmacium) varius, Fr. 

anfractus, Fr. 

multiformis, Fr. 

purpurascens, Fr. 
(Myxacium) collinitus, Fr. 

elatior, Fr. 

delibutus, Fr. 
(Inoloma) violaceus, Fr. 

pholideus, Fr. 
(Dermocybe) ochroleucus, SchaefF. 

decumbens, Pers. 



73 



(Dermocybe) tabularis, Fr. 

caninus, Fr. 

anomalus, Fr. 

sanguineus, Fr. 

cinnamomeus, Fr. 
(Telamonia) bulbosus, Sow. 

torvus, Fr. 

hinnuleus, Fr. 

gentilis, Fr. 

brunneus, Fr. 

rigidus, Scop. 
(Hydrocybe) castaneus, Bull. 

leucopus, Bull. 

decipiens, Pers. 

Genus VI. GOMPHIDIUS, Fr. 

Gomphidius glutinosus, Fr. 

viscidus, Fr. 

gracilis, B. & Br. 

Genus VII. PAXILLUS, Fr. 
Paxillus involutus, Fr. 

Genus VIII. HYGROPHORUS, Fr. 

(Limacium) eburneus, Fr. 

hypothejus, Fr. 
(Camarophyllus) pratensis, Fr. 

virgineus, Fr. 
(Hygrocybye) laetus, Pers. 

ceraceus, Wulf. 

- coccineus, SchaefF. 

- miniatus, Fr. 

- puniceus, Fr. 

- conicus, Fr. 

chlorophanus, Fr. 

psittacinus, SchaefF. 

unguinosus, Fr. 

Genus IX. LACTARIUS, Fr. 

(Piperites) torminosus, Fr. 

cilicioides, Fr. 

- turpis, Fr. 

controversus, Fr. 

insulsus, Fr. 

utilis, Wcinm. 

- blennius, Fr. 
- hysginus, Fr. 

- uvidus, Fr. 

pyrogalus, Bull. 

pergamenus, Fr. 

vellereus, Fr. 
(Dapetes) deliciosus, Lim. 
(Russulares) pallidus, Pers. 

quietus, Fr. 

rufus, Scop. 

glyciosmus, Fr. 

serifluus, De Cand. 

subdulcis, Bull. 

mitissimus, Fr. 

camphoratus, Bull. 

10 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Genus X. RUSSULA, Pers. 
Russula nigricans, Fr. 

adusta, Fr. 

furcata, Fr. 

depallens, Fr. 

drimeia, Cooke 

virescens, SchaefF. 

rubra, Fr. ^ 

vesca, Fr. 

cyanoxantha, Fr. 

consobrina, Fr. 

var. sororia (Fr.) 

foetens, Fr. 
- fellea, Fr. 

emetica, Fr. 

ochroleuca, Fr. 

citrina, Gillet 

fragilis, Fr. 

var. violacea (Quillet) 

decolorans, Fr. 

aurata, Fr. 

alutacea, Fr. 

lutea, Fr. 

Genus XI. CANTHARELLUS, Adans. 

Cantharellus cibarius, Fr. 

aurantiacus, Fr. 

lobatus, Fr. 

Genus XII. NYCTALUS, Fr. 
Nyctalis parasitica, Fr. 

Genus XIII. MARASMIUS, Fr. 

Marasmius urens, Fr. 

peronatus, Fr. 

oreades, Fr. 

- fusco-purpureus, Pers. 

rotula, Fr. 

androsaceus, Fr. 

epiphyllus, Fr. 

Genus XIV. LENTINUS, Fr. 
Lentinus tigrinus, Fr. 

cochleatus, Fr. 

Genus XV. PANUS 

Panus torulosus, Fr. 

stypticus, Fr. 

Genus XVII. LENZITES, Fr. 

Lenzites betulinus, Fr. 

saepiaria, Fr. 

Ord. II. POLTPOREI 
Genus XVIII. BOLETUS, Dill. 
Boletus luteus, Linn. 

elegans, Schum. 

flavus, With. 

granulatus, Linn. 

bovinus, Linn. 



Boletus badius, Fr. 

piperatus, Bull. 

striaepee, Seer. 

chrysenteron, Fr. 

subtomentosus, Linn. 

parasiticus, Bull. 

pachypus, Fr. 

edulis, Bull. 

impolitus, Fr. 

luridus, SchaefF. 

laricinus, Berk. 

scaber, Fr. 

castaneus, Bull. 

Genus XIX. FISTULINA, Bull. 
Fistulina hepatica, Fr. 

Genus XX. POLYPORUS, Fr. 
Polyporus leptocephalus, Fr. 

rufescens, Fr. 

perennis, Fr. 

squamosus, Fr. 

varius, Fr. 

frondosus, Fr. 

intybaceus, Fr. 

cristatus, Fr. 

giganteus, Fr. 

sulphureus, Fr. 

nidulans, Fr. 

fumosus, Fr. 

hispidus, Fr. 

dryad eus, Fr. 

betulinus, Fr. 

fomentarius, Fr. 

igniarius, Fr. 

conchatus, Fr. 

ulmarius, Fr. 

annosus, Fr. 

radiatus, Fr. 

versicolor, Fr. 

abietinus, Fr. 

sanguinolentus, Fr. 

Genus XXI. TRAMETES, Fr. 

Trametes gibbosa, Fr. 

serpens, Fr. 

Genus XXII. D/EDALEA, Fr 

Daedalea quercina, Pers. 

unicolor, Fr. 

Genus XXIII. MERULIUS, Fr. 

Merulius corium, Fr. 

lachrymans, Fr. 

Ord. III. HTDNEI 
Genus XXV. HYDNUM, Linn. 

Hydnum repandum, Linn. 

auriscalpium, Linn. 

ferruginosum, Fr. 



74 



BOTANY 






Hydnum udum, Fr. 

niveum, Pers. 

farinaceum, Pers. 

Genus XXX. PHLEBIA, Fr. 
Phlebia merismoides, Fr. 

Genus XXXI. GRANDINIA, Fr. 
Grandinia granulosa, Fr. 

Ord. IV. THELEPHOREI 
Genus XXXIV. CRATERELLUS, Fr. 
Craterellus cornucopioides, Fr. 
Genus XXXV. THELEPHORA, Ehrh. 
Thelephora laciniata, Pers. 

Genus XXXVI. STEREUM, Fr. 

Stereum purpureum, Fr. 

hirsutum, Fr. 

spadiceum, Fr. 

sanguinolentum, Fr. 

Genus XXXVII. HYMENOCH^TE, 

Lev. 

Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Lev. 

corrugata, Berk. 

Genus XXXVIII. AURICULARIA, 

Bull. 
Auricularia mesenterica, Fr. 

Genus XXXIX. CORTICIUM, Fr. 

Corticium evolvens, Fr. 

giganteum, Fr. 

heve, Fr. 

sanguineum, Fr. 

quercinum, Fr. 

cinereum, Fr. 

incarnatum, Fr. 

nudum, Fr. 

aridum, Fr. 

sambuci, Fr. 

Genus XL. CYPHELLA, Fr. 
Cyphella capula, Fr. 

Ord. V. CLAVARIEI 
Genus XLI. CLAVARIA, Linn. 

Clavaria fastlgiata, Linn. 

coralloides, Linn. 

cinerea, Bull. 

cristata, Pers. 

rugosa, Bull. 

flaccida, Fr. 

stricta, Pers. 



Clavaria inequalis, Fl. Dan. 

vermicularis, Scop. 

fragilis, Holmsk. 

pistillaris, Linn. 

Genus XLII. CALOCERA, Fr. 

Calocera viscosa, Fr. 

cornea, Fr. 

Genus XLIV. PISTILLARIA, Fr. 
Pistillaria quisquiliaris, Fr. 

Ord. VI. TREMELLIN1 
Genus XLV. TREMELLA, Fr. 

Tremella foliacea, Pers. 

mesenterica, Retz. 

albida, Huds. 

Genus XLVI. EXIDIA, Fr. 
Exidia glandulosa, Fr. 

Genus XLVII. HIRNEOLA, Fr. 
Hirneola Auricula-Juda?, Berk. 

Genus XLIX. DACRYMYCES, Nees 
Dacrymyces stillatus, Nees 

Family II. GASTEROMYCETES 

Ord. VIII. PHALLOIDEI 
Genus LIX. PHALLUS, Linn. 
Phallus impudicus, Linn. 

Genus LX. CYNOPHALLUS, Fr. 
Cynophallus caninus, Fr. 

Ord. IX. TRICHOGASTRES 
Genus LXIV. GEASTER, Mich. 

Geaster fornicatus, Fr. 

fimbriatus, Fr. 

Genus LXV. BOVISTA, Dill. 

Bovista nigrescens, Pers. 

plumbea, Pers. 

Genus LX VI. LYCOPERDON,Tourn. 

Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch. 

cselatum, Fr. 

gemmatum, Fr. 

pyriforme, Schzff. 

Genus LXVII. SCLERODERMA,Pers. 

Scleroderma vulgare, Fr. 

verrucosum, Pers. 

Geaster, Fr. 



75 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



ADDENDA 

Since the above has been printed the following species have been 
recorded for the county : 

PLANTAGINEAE EMPETRACEAE 

Plantago major, L. 1-5 Empetrum nigrum, L. 1-3 

media, L. 2-4 

- lanceolata, L. 1-5 

coronopus, L. 2-4 
Littorella juncea, Berg. 2, 3 



76 






ZOOLOGY 

MOLLUSCS 



With the exception of the limestone patches in the extreme north 
and south of the county, the soil of Staffordshire is not favourable to 
molluscan life, consequently the greater number of the land shells are 
recorded from those calcareous districts. The larger Helices cannot be 
called abundant in any part of the county, and are most numerous along 
roadsides and in gardens, suggesting their comparatively late incursion 
into the area. The aquatic species on the other hand are abundant, and 
some forms such as Dreissensia appear to be extending their range. 

Altogether ninety-three species have been recorded for the county, 
exclusive of the following, due mostly to errors of identification, viz. 
Pupa seca/e, Glausilia biplicata, Succlnea oblonga, Amphipeplea glutinosa, 
Planorbis hneatus, Viiiipara contecta and Pisidium mtidum, as well as 
Helicella virgafa and H. cantiana ; the two last are however represented 
by colonies introduced, the former at Wren's Nest in 1887 and the 
latter at Sedgley in 1886. 

An introduction from abroad of some note is Physa beterostropha, 
Say, an American species that has recently been taken in a millpond 
fed by the Tame at Wood Green, Wednesbury. 

The whole assemblage is of the average British facies, with the 
interesting addition of Acanthinula lamellata, which till lately was 
thought to attain its southernmost present day range in this county, 
though formerly it lived quite down in the south of England ; recently 
however it has been ascertained that it occurs close to Reading. 

The principal records are those of Robert Garner, 1 Edwin Brown, 3 
J. R. B. Masefield 3 and G. Sherriff Tye. 4 

A. GASTROPODA 

I. PULMONATA Limax maximus, Linn. 

flavus. Linn. Cheadle ; Stone ; Stafford 
a. STYLOMMATOPHORA _ arhorum ^ Bouch.-Chant. 

Testacella ha/iotidea, Drap. Hanchurch near Agriollmax agrestis (Linn.) 
Trentham - Itevit (Mull.) 

1 Natural History of the County of Stafford ( 1 844). 

2 In Sir O. Moseley's Naturat History of Tutbury (1863). 

3 ' The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of North Staffordshire,' Trans. North Sta/s field Club, vol. 
xxxvi. (1902). 

4 'Mollusca of Birmingham and neighbourhood, Journ. Conch. (1874), i. 57, 68. 

77 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



Amalia iawerbii (Fir.) Garden of the Old 
Hall, Stone. ? Introduced 

gagates (Drap.) Two specimens near 

Stafford. ? Introduced 
Vitrina pellucida (Mull.) 
V'ttrea crystallina (Mall.) 

alliaria (Miller) 

glabra (Brit. Auct.) Stafford ; Heighley 

Castle ; Consall near Cheadle ; Long- 
don 

- ctllaria (Mall.) 

nitidula (Drap.) 

pura (Aid.) Stafford ; Cheadle ; Wren's 

Nest ; Stone 

radiatula (Aid.) Stafford ; Cheadle ; 

Stone ; Wren's Nest 

excavata (Bean) Maer ; Basford, near 

Leek ; Oakamoor ; Stafford 

nitida (Mall.) 

fuha (Moll.) 

Arlon ater(L\nn.) Common; a white variety 
has been taken at Xrentham 

hortensis, Fdr. 

- circumscriptus, John. Cheadle ; Stafford ; 

Harborne 

- intermedium, Norm. 

subfuscus (Drap.) Cheadle ; Stafford ; 

Brewood ; near Birmingham 
Punctum pygmceum (Drap.) Cheadle ; Staf- 
ford ; Stone 
Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.) 

rotundata (Mull.) 

Helicella itala (Linn.) Dovedale ; Grindon ; 
Wren's Nest ; Walsall ; Sedgley 

caperata (Mont.) 

Hygromia fusca (Mont.) Rare, Weaver Hills 
and Cotton Dale, Oakamoor ; Wren's 
Nest ; Harborne 

hispida (Linn.) 

rufescens (Penn.) Very local 
Acanthinula aculeata (Mull.) 

Icimellata (Jeff.) Cotton Dale, Oakamoor, 

under beech leaves ; Stafford (one dead 

specimen) 

Vallonia pukhella (Mall.) 
Helicigona lapicida (Linn.) 

arbustorum (Linn.) 

Helix asfersa, Mall. Rare and local ; said 
not to occur further north than Barlas- 
ton 

nemoraliif Linn. 

hortensis, Mall. 
Buliminus obscurus (Mall.) 
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.) 

Azeca trident (Pult.) Ham ; Weaver Hills ; 
Clent,Wolverhampton; Sedgley; Him- 
ley ; near Harborne 

Ctecilianella acicula (Mall.) Grindon ; Dove- 
dale ; Sedgley ; Wren's Nest 



Pupa cylindracea (Da C.) 

muscorum (Linn.) Grindon ; Stone 
Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) Cheadle ; 

Leek ; Stafford 
Vertigo substriata (Jeff.) Leek (one specimen) 

pyg m *a (Drap.) Grindon ; Weaver Hills ; 

Sedgley ; Dovedale 
Baled perversa (Linn.) Rare and local in 

the north 
Clauiilia laminata (Mont.) 

bidentata (Strfim.) 
Succinea putrit (Linn.) 

e/egans, Risso. Stafford ; Stone ; Dove- 

dale 



b. BASOMMATOPHORA 

Carychium minimum. Mill!. 
Ancylus fluviatilit, Mall. 
Velletia lacustris (Linn.) 
Limneea auricularia (Linn.) 

pereger (Mall.) 

palustris (Mall.) 

truncatula (Mall.) 

stagnal'n (Linn.) 

glabra (Mull.) Local in limestone dis- 

trict of the north ; canal at Stoke ; 
ponds near Cheadle 
Planorbis corneas (Linn.) 

albus, Mall. 

nautileus (Linn.) Maer ; Coppenhall ; 

Tixall ; Stafford ; River Penk 

carinatus, Mall. 

marginatus, Drap. 

vortex (Linn.) 

spirorbis, Mttll. Stafford ; Stone ; Frog- 

hall ; Lithfield 

contortus (Linn.) Stone ; Stafford 

fontanus (Lightf.) Stafford ; Oakamoor ; 

Harborne 
Physa fontinalis (Linn.) 

hypnorum (Linn.) Stafford ; near Weston ; 

Burton-on-Xrent ; Oldbury ; Wolver- 
hampton 



II. PROSOBRANCHIATA 

Paludeitrina jenkinsi (Smith) Canal at Dud- 
ley ; canal at Lichfield ; Willenhall 
Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.) 

leachii (Shepp.) 
Vivipara vivipara (Linn.) 
Vahata p'ucinalis (Mall.) 

criftata, Mttll. Stafford 

Neritina flu-viatil'u (Linn.) Canal at Col- 
wich ; Stone ; Kings Bromley ; Lich- 
field ; Milford 



MOLLUSCS 
B. PELECYPODA 

Drtisiensla polymorpba (Pall.) Canals as far Sph&rium ovale (Fr.) Canals : Stoke-on- 
north as Stoke-on-Trent. Specimens Trent ; Froghall ; Stone ; Dudley Port 

have been found containing pearls lacustre (Mtill.) 

(North Staff. Field Club Report, xxxiv. Pisidium amnicum (Mull.) 

65) pusil/um (Gmel.) 

Unto pictorum (Linn.) fontinale (Drap.) Common (the form 

tumidus, Retz. P. henslowianum occurs at Lichfield) 
Anodonta cygntea (Linn.) milium (Held.) Froghall ; Milford ; 
Sphterium rivicola (Leach) Coppenhall 

cerneum (Linn.) 



79 



INSECTS 



ORTHOPTERA 

(Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, and Crickets) 

Very little recent work appears to have been done in this order. R. Garner, in his 
Natural History of the County of Stafford (1844), mentions nine species, and the late Edwin 
Brown, in his l Fauna of Burton-on-Trent' (Natural History of Tut bury, p. 163), gives a list 
of fourteen species from the Burton district. Anisolabis maritima appears to have been 
introduced in bundles of returned cask staves into a Burton brewery. Those species marked t 
have been determined by Mr. W. J. Lucas. 

R.G. = R. Garner. E.B. = Edwin Brown. F.J. = Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain. 



FORFICULARIA 

Anisolabis maritima, Bonelli. Several living speci- 
mens occurred in a brewery at Burton 'some 
years ago' (E.B.) [1863] 

Lnbia minor, L. (R.G.) ; frequent, Burton (E.B.) 

Forficula auricularia, L. General 

BLATTODEA 

BlatU orientalis, L. 

Periplaneta americana, L. First recorded from 
Burton by E.B. in 1842 (R.G.) ; now resi- 
dent there 

ACRIDIODEA 

Stenobothrus viriJulus, L. Common Burton dis- 
trict (E.B.);t common on slopes near 
Ramshom Woods, Ellastone (F.J.) 

parallelus, Zett.t Also common near Rams- 
horn Woods, Ellastone (F.J.) 

Gomphocerusmaculatus.Thnb. (biguttatus, Charp.). 
Said to have been taken near Burton (E.B.);t 
among the screes on Bunster, Dovedale 
(FJ.) 



ACRIDIODEA (continued') 

Pachytylus migratorius, L. ' Has been captured 
. . . many times in this district' (E.B.) ; 
one at Burton in 1842 ; another in 1846, 
also at Stoke-on-Trent in 1857 (R.G.) 
cinerascens, Fb. One taken near Burton (E.B.) 
Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv. Visited the south- 
eastern counties in some numbers in 1869, 
spreading into Derbyshire, Staffordshire, &c. 
No later records 

GRYLLODEA 



' Rare, but caught in A'. 
Requires confirmation] 



[Gryllus campestris. 
Staffs: (R.G.) 

domesticus, L. 

[Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L. ' Taken in gardens 
about Birmingham' (R.G.). Not confirmed 
by subsequent observers. One was, how- 
ever, found in 1898 in a stove-house at 
Meaford Hall, near Stone, and a second was 
discovered while unloading a truck of 
' oxide ' at Longton on 1 4 September, 1 906, 
both probably imported accidentally (Zoo/. 
1906, p. 437)] 



NEUROPTERA 

(Psocids, Stone Flies, Dragon Flies, Lace-wings, etc.) 

The Neuroptera of Staffordshire have been but little studied. Mr. E. Brown (Natural 
History of Tutbury, pp. 171-4) mentions ten species of Odonata, but gives very scanty 
information regarding the rest of the order. Upwards of thirty years ago Mr. Brown's 
collection was critically examined by Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., and the Rev. A. E. Eaton. 
As will be seen from the following list, our knowledge of the Perlidae, Ephemeridae, and 
Hydroptilidae of Staffordshire is practically confined to what has been recorded by the 
Rev. A. E. Eaton, who paid special attention to those families in the Dove Valley in the 
neighbourhood of Ashburne. 

R.G. = R. Garner. E.B. = E. Brown. A.E.E. = A. E. Eaton. 

McL. = R. McLachlan. G.P. = G. Pullen. R.C.B. = R. C. Bradley. 

W.H.B. = W. Harcourt Bath. A.D.I. = A. D. Imms. 

F.J. = Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain. Ent. = Entomologist. 

80 



INSECTS 



PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA 

(Psocids, Stone Flies, and May Flies) 



PSOCIDAE 

Atropos divinatoria, Mull. ' In great numbers in 
our houses' (E.B.) 

Lachesilla fatidica, Westw. Not nearly so plenti- 
ful (E.B.) 

PERLIDAE 

Dictyopteryx microcephala, Pictet (bicaudata, 
Steph.). The Dove (coll. E.B.) 

Pcrla marginata, Panz. The Dove, near Mapleton 
(A.E.E.) ; Dovedale (G.P.) 

cephalotes, Curt. The Dove, Mafleton, plenti- 

ful (A.E.E.) 
Chloroperla grammatica, Poda (virescens, Pict.). 

Not uncommon near the Dove (E.B.) ; 

Uapleton (A.E.E.) 
Isopteryx tripunctau, Scop. Generally distributed 

in the Dove Valley 
Taeniopteryx nebulosa, L. Occurs in March on 

a bridge over the Trent (coll. E.B. ; A.E.E.) 
Leuctra geniculata, Steph. The slower parts of 

the Dove, near Mapleton, common (A.E.E.) 
Nemoura variegata, Oliv. ? Morton. Burton dis- 
trict (E.B.) ; common near Ashburne (A.E.E.) 

EPHEMERIDAE 

Ephemera vulgata, L. Common on the Trent 
near Burton (coll. E.B.) 

danica, Mull. The mayfly of the Dove 

(A.E.E.) 



EPHEMERIDAE (continued) 

Leptophlebia submarginata, Steph. (helvipes, Steph. ; 
geerii, Pict.). Dovedale (A.E.E.) 

cincta, Retz. Trout streams in the lower parts 

of the county (A.E.E.) 

Ephemerella ignita, Poda. The Dove and smaller 
streams (A.E.E.) 

Caenis dimidiata, Steph. On the Trent 

(A.E.E.) 

rivulorum, Eaton. The Dove, near Mayfeld. 

Abundant in June (A.E.E.) 

halterata, Fb. Trent and lower parts of the 

Dove Valley (A.E.E.) 

Baetis scambus, Eaton. The Dove, near Hanging 
Bridge and Nortury (A.E.E.) 

vernus, Curt. Streams and brook;, common 

(A.E.E.) 

rhodani, Pict. The Dove, &c. (A.E.E.) 

- pumilus, Burmeister. Brooks and trout- 
streams (A.E.E.) 
Centroptilum luteolum, Moll. Common (A.E.E.) 

pennulatum, Eaton. The Manifold, Ham 

(A.E.E.) 
Rhithrogena semicolorata, Curt. Swift parts of 

the Doi-e, near Mayfield, &c. (A.E.E.) 
Heptagenia sulphurea, Mull. Map,eton (A.E.E.) 
Ecdyurus venosus, Fb. The Dove, near Thoipe 

(A.E.E.) 

insignis, Eaton. Near Mafleton : needs con- 

firmation (A.E.E.) 



ODONATA 

(Dragon Flies) 



ANISOPTERIDES 

LlBELLULIDAE 

Leucorrhina dubia, Lind. Cannock Chase (R.C.B. 

in Ent. 1895, p. 282) 
Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. Probably the 

species recorded by E. Brown from Branston 

as L. flaveola, L. 

scoticum, Don. Whitmore Moss (R.G.) 
Libellula depressa, L. Common (R.G.) ; frequent 

in Burton district (E.B.) ; occasional in 
Dove Valley (F.J.) ; once Alstonfield (\V. H. 
Purchas) 

quadrimaculata, L. The Trent, near Burton 

(FJ.) 

Cordulia aenea, L. Moist woods (R.G.) F ; Staf- 
fordshire (W.H.B. in Handbook) 

AESCHNIDAE 

Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. Birmingham dis- 
trict (A.D.I.) 

Aeschna juncea, L,. Button Park (R.C.B.) ; Dove 
Valley, 1903-7 (F.J.) 

cyanea, Mttll. Very common, Burton (E.B.) ; 

Sutton Park (R.C.B.) ; a $, Stone, 1904 
(E. D. Bostock) 



ANISOPTERIDES (continued) 

AESCHNIDAE (Continued) 

Aeschna grandij.L. Common (R.G.); very common, 
Burton (E.B.) ; Dove Valley (F.J.) ; Sutton 
Park (R.C.B.) ; Birmingham district (A.D.I.) 

ZYGOPTERIDES 

ACRIONIDAE 

Calopteryx virgo, L. Common (R.G.) ; near 

Bretby Mill (E.B.) 
splendens, Harr. Common on the Trent 

(E.B.) ; Cannock Chase (W. J. Lucas) 
Erythromma naias, Hansem. Cannock Chase 

(R.C.B.) ; Sutton Park (R.C.B.) 
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. (minium, Harr.). 

Common near the Trent (E.B.) ; Birmingham 

district, abundant (A.D.I.) ; Mayfield and 

Dove Valley (F.J.) 
Ischnura elegans, L'nd. Common near the Trent 

(E.B. ; F.J.) 
Agrion puella, L. Common (R.G.) ; common 

near the Trent (E.B.) ; Birmingham district, 

common (A.D.I.) 
Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. Cannock Chase 

(R.C.B.) ; Sutton Coldfield (A.D.I.) 



81 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



PLANIPENNIA 
(Snake FKes, Laceviing Flies, and Scorfion Fiiei) 



SIALIDAE 

Sialis lutaria, L. Common on the banks of ponds 
and rivers ; banks of Dove and Treat (E.B.) 
fuliginos.i, Pict. Near Mapleton (A.E.E.) 

HEMEROBIIDAE 
Osmylus fulvicephalus, Scop, (chrysops, auct.). 

Near Mapleton (A.E.E.) 
Sisyra fuscata, Fb. Common (A.E.E.) 
Micromus variegatus, Fb. Common (A.E.E.) 
Hcmerobius [the Staffordshire species have not 

been worked out] 



CONIOPTERYGIDAE 

Goniopteryx tineiformis, Curt. Common (A.E.E.) 

CHRYSOPIDAE 

Chrysopa vittata, Wesm. ' Common in our wooJs,' 

Burton district (E.B.) 
perla, L. 'Also common in woods,' Burton 

district (E.B.) 

PANORPIDAE 

Panorpa communis, L. Common (R.G.) ; very 
common, Burton district (E.B.) 



TRICHOPTERA 

(Caddis Flies) 

The few species of Staffordshire Caddis flies here mentioned are mostly recorded from 
this county in the monographs of Robert McLachlan, F.R.S., published in 1865 and from 
1874 to 1884, and in the pages of the Entomologist? Monthly Magazine. 

E. M. M. = Entom. Monthly Magazine. McL. = R. McLachlan. 

A. E. E. = A. E. Eaton. ] C. = Joseph Chappell. 



INA QUIPALPIA 

PHRYGANEIDAE 

Neuronia clathrata, Kol. First recorded from Britain 
by J. Chappell in the EMM., 1868, i, 
vol. iv, p. 204, as taken in Bishop's Wood 

LlMNOPHIUDAE 

Limnophilus vittatus, Fab. Burnt and Bishop's 
Woods (}. C. in EMM., 1868, I, vol. v, 
p. 48) 

- auricula, Curt. Burnt and Bishop's Woods 

(J. C. ibid.) 

luridus, Curt. In a greenhouse at Willough- 
bridge (J. C. ibid.) 

- fuscicornis, Ramb. (fumigatus, Hag.). Burton- 

on-Trent (McL.) 

Stenophylax alpestris, Kol. Recorded for the first 
time in Great Britain by R. McLachlan in 
the EMM., 1868, I, vol. iv, p. 205, as 
taken in Burnt H'oods by J. Chappell. (In 
Dale's mus.) 

Metanaea (Halesus) flavipennis, Pict. (guttatipen- 
nis, McL.). Probably taken by Edwin 
Brown near Burton-on-Trent (McL.) 



INAEQUIPALPIA (continued} 
SERICOSTOMATIDAE 

Lasiocephala (Mormonia) basalis, Kol. Dovedale 
(A. E. E.) 

AEQUIPALPIA 

LEPTOCERIDAE 

Leptocerus alboguttatus, Hag. (bimaculatus, Steph.). 
Burton-on- Trent (McL.) 

annulicornis, Steph. Burton-on-Trent ;McL.) 
Triaenodes commutatus, McL. Dovedale (McL.) 

conspersa, Ramb. Dovedale (B. Cooke in 

Dale's mus.) 

RHYACOPHILIDAE 
Glossoma boltoni, Curt. Near Ashburne (A. E. E.) 

HYDROPTILIDAE 

Hydroptila (Phrixocoma, Eaton) sparsa, Curt. 
Burton-on-Trent, abundant (A. E. E.) 

forcipata, Eaton. Oakamoor and the R. Dove, 

near Nortury and Ashburne (A. E. E.) 

occulta, Eaton. The R. Dove, near Mapleton 

(A. E. E.) 

femoralis, Eaton (longispina, McL., 1884). 

The R. Dove, near Mapleton (A.E.E.) 



HYMENOPTERA 

(Ants, Wasps, Bees, Saw/lies, &c.) 

The following list has been compiled from various sources which may be summarized as 
follows : 

The earliest county list is that of R. Garner (History of the County of Stafford, 1 844), a 
brief list of some nineteen species of no particular value. In 1863 was published Edwin 
Brown's ' Fauna of Burton ' (Natural History of Tutbury), which contains lists of sixty-eight 
species of Phytophagous and eighty-one Aculeate Hymenoptera. The Entomophaga are 

82 






INSECTS 

scarcely more than noticed in passing, but five species of Chrysididae are mentioned. As 
Mr. Brown's collections have been dispersed and the specimens are not available for examina- 
tion, the synonomy presents many difficulties and a good deal of uncertainty is attached to the 
identification of several species. The area included is also somewhat vaguely defined, embracing 
parts of Derbyshire and Leicestershire, and only in a few cases is the exact locality given. 

ACULEATA 

Of late years Mr. E. D. Bostock has contributed a list of nineteen species taken near Stone 
in 1888 to the Report of the N. Staffs. Field Club for 1889, p. 17, and a brief list of twelve 
species from near Tittensor by the Rev. F. A. Walker appeared in the same publication 
in 1896 (p. 63). Mr. J. R. B. Masefield took thirty-four species of Aculeata near Cheadle 
in 1896, which were determined by Mr. E. Saunders (Report N.S.F.C., 1897, p. 59), and nas 
since supplemented this list by several fresh records. Mr. A. H. Martineau has also furnished 
me with a list of twenty-seven species which he has taken at Colwich and has kindly contri- 
buted some notes on the Heterogyna. Most of these records are incorporated in a paper by the 
writer in the Report of the N. Staffs, Field Club for 1902-3, pp. 81-7, in which 1 13 species are 
recorded. 

From the above it will be seen that the only recent work is that which has been done 
in the Aculeata ; with the exception of a few notes by Mr. Brett on the gall-makers, the 
Phytophaga have been unworked for forty years past, and the Entomophaga have up to the 
present received no attention whatever. 

The following abbreviations have been used : 

R. G. = R. Garner (Nat. Hist, of the County of Stafford) 

E. B. = E. Brown (Burton) 

F. D. M. = the Rev. F. D. Morice 
J. R. B. M. = J. R. B. Masefield (Cheadle) 
E. D. B. = E. D. Bostock (Tixall) 
A. H. M. = A. H. Martineau (Colwich) 

R. C. B. = R. C. Bradley (Cannock Chase) 
F. A. W. = the Rev. F. A. Walker (Tittensor) 
C. B. = Cyril Brett (Alton) 

F. J. = the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain (Mayfield, &c.) 

An asterisk (*) prefixed to the name of any species signifies that specimens have been 
determined by Mr. E. Saunders. Where Burton is given as the locality, without authority, 
the record is taken from Mr. E. Brown's list. 

HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA 

(Ants, Wasps, and Bees) 

HETEROGYNA HETEROGYNA (continued) 

FORMICIDAE MVRMICIDAE (continued') 

Formica rufa, L. Common in most large woods Leptotliorax acervorum, Fb. Rare, usually found 

fusca, Latr. Very common generally, in under bark in old stumps, Cohvich (A. H. M.) 

banks and hedgerows Myrmica rubra, L. Common, nesting in ground 

Lasius fuliginosus, Latr. Outwood Hills (E. B.) ; (A. H. M.) ; race scabrinodis, Nyl. Near 

not common, generally nests in decayed Burton. 

stumps, &c. (A. H. M.) [Crematogaster scutellaris, Oliv. Recorded by 

umbratus, Nyl. Colwich, but not common as Dr. Mason from a fernery at Burton ; prob- 

a rule ; near roots of decayed stumps ably imported with cork (EMM., xxv, 

(A. H. M.) 330; Ent. 1889, p. 191.)] 

flavus, De G. Very common on eastern slope 

of Qutvuod Hills (E. B.) ; generally common FOSSORES 

in fields where soil is light (A. H. M.) SAPYGIDAE 

niger, L. Common, Burton ; very common, Sapyga quinquepunctata, Fb. Burton 

often in gardens (A. H. M.) clavicornis, L. Burton, not common ('one 

in P. B. Mason's collection, without data, 

MYRMICIDAE E. Saunders '). Mr. A. H. Martineau in- 

Myrmecina latreillii, Curt. Cannock (Ent. 1901, forms me that Dr. Mason has also taken this 

p. 232) ; Colwich in dead tree stumps, not species on several occasions at Burton since 

common (A. H. M.) the publication of Saunders' monograph 

83 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



FOSSORES (continued) 

PoMPILIDAE 

Pompilus viaticus, L. (fuscus, Sm.). Burton 

gibbus, Fb. The Oaks marlplt, near Burton; 

Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
* pectinipes, V. de L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 
Salius exaltatus, Fb. Burton 
* pusillus, Schiod. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 

SPHEGIDAE 

Tachytes pectinipes, L. One taken at Cannock (Ent. 
1899, p. 46) ; Colwich, common (A.H.M.) 
Trypoxylon figulus, L. Burton ; Colwich, in 
wood posts, common (A. H. M.) 

clavicerum, St. F. Colteich, in wood posts, 

rare (A. H. M.) 

attenuatum, Sm. Colwich, in wood posts, 

rare (A. H. M.) 
Ammophila sabulosa, L. Cannock (R. C B., Ent. 

1894, p. 77) 
Pemphredon shuckardi, Moraw. (Cemonus 

unicolor, Smith pars). Burton. 
Diodontus minutus, Fb. Burton 

tristis, V. de L. Burton 
Psen pallipes, Pz. Burton 

'Gorytes mystaceus, L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; 

Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
'Mellinus arvensis, L. Shobnall, &c. (E. B.) ; 

Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 
Oxybelus uniglumis, L. Colwich, common 

(A. H. M.) 
"Crabro palmipes, L. Ckeadle (J. R. B. M.) ; 

Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
* elongatulus, V. de L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 



FOSSORES (continued) 
SPHEGIDAE (continued) 

*Crabro dimidiatus, Fb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 
* cephalotes, Pz. Cheadle 0- R- B. M.) 

cribrarius, L. Shohnalt, &c. (E. B.) 

chrysostoma, St. F. (xylurgus, Shuck). Burton 

peltarius, Schr. (patellatus, Pz.). Burton 

DIPLOPTERA 

VESPIDAE 

Vespa crabro, L. Not rare, Whitmore (R. G.) ; 

rare in Burton district ; Mayfield, a nest 

Sept. 1902 (F. J.) 

* vulgaris, L. Common everywhere 
' germanica, Fb. Also vary common 

rufa, L. Dovedale, not uncommon (E. B.) ; 

Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 

* sylvestris, Scop. Burton, scarce ; Cheadle 

(J. R. B. M.) ; Tittensor (F. A. W.) ; Dove 
Valley (F. J.) 

* norvegica, Fb. Burton, not uncommon ; 
$ Cheadle, 1903 (J. R. B. M.) ; Dove 
Valley (F.J.) 

EuMENIDAK 

Odynerus spinipes, L. Burton 

parietum, L. Common : Burton ; Mayfield 

and Dove valley (F. J.) 
* pictus, Curt. Eccleshall (F. D. M.) ; Cheadle 

(J. R. B. M.) ; Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
* trimarginatus, Zett. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 

Mayfield& Dove Valle-j (F. J.) 

* - parietinus, L. Cheadie (J. R. B. M.) 



ANTHOPHILA 



OBTUSILINGUES 

CoLLETIDAE 



Colletes succinctus, L. Cannock (F. D. M.) 

- davicsanus, Smith. Burton ; one $, Colvilch 

(A. H. M.) 

* cunicularius, L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 
Prosopis communis, Nyl. Burton 

ACUTILINGUES 

ANDRENIDAE 

Sphecodes gibbus, L. Shobnall marlpit (E. B.) ; 
Stone (E. D. B.) 

subquadratus, Smith. Stone (E. D. B.) 

- pilifrons, Thorns, (prob. rufescens, Sm.). 

Burton ? 

affinis, V. Hag. Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
*Halictus rubicundus, Chr. General : Burton ; 

Stone (E. D. B.) ; Uayfield (F. J.) ; Cheadle 
(J. R. B. M.) ; Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 

quadrinotatus, Kirb. Burton 

cylindricus, Fb. Burton 

albipes, Kirb. Burton 

longulus, Smith. Burton (?) 

nitidiusculus, Kirb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; 
Stone (E. D. B.) 

tumulorum, L. Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 



ACUTILINGUES (continued) 
ANDRENIDAE (continued) 

Halictussmeathmanellus,Kirb. Cheadle (J.R.B.M.) 

morio, Fb. Burton 

'Andrena albicans, Kirb. Burton ; Ckeadle 
(}. R. B. M.) ; Stone (E. D. B.) 

* rosae, Pz. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 

var. trimmerana, Kirb. Stone (E. D. B.) 

nitida, Fourc. Burton ; Trentham Park, very 

common (F. A. W.) 

cineraria, L. Burton ; Store (E. D. B.) ; 

Trentham Park, very local (F. A. W.) 
* fulva, Schr. Burton; Cheadle, large colonies 

(J. R. B. M.) ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; Trentham 

Park, not very common (F. A. W.) 
* nigroaenea, Kirb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; 

Trentham Park, very common (F. A. W.) 
* angustior, Kirb. Cheadle (]. R. B. M.) ; 

Colwich, rare (A. H. M.) 
* helvola, L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; Stone 

(E. D. B.) 
* fucata, Smith. Cheadk (J. R. B. M.) ; CoAcicA, 

rare (A. H. M.) 

fuscipes, Kirb. Several on heather, Cannock 

Chase (F. D. M.) 

fulvicrus, Kirb. Burton 



84 



INSECTS 



ACUTILINGUES (continued) 
ANDRENIDAE (continued') 

Andrena cingulata, Fb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 
* albicrus, Kirb. Burton ; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; 

Stone (E. D. B.) ; Colwich, common 

(A. H. M.) 

minutula, Kirb. Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
* nana, Kirb. $, CheaJle, 1903 (J. R. B. M.) 

wilkella, Kirb. Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 
* similis, Smith. Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 

Nomada succincta, Pz. Shobnall, &c. (E. B.) 
* alternata, Kirb. CheaJle (]. R. B. M.) ; Stone 
(E. D. B.) ; Trentham Park, plentiful 
(F. A. W.) 

lathburiana, Kirb. Stone, rare (E. D. B.) ; 

Colwich, rare (A. H. M.) 

ruficornis, L. Cannock (R. C. B., Ent. 1895, 

p. 283) ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; Colwich, common 
(A. H. M.) 

* bifida, Thorns. CheaJle (]. R. B. M.) ; Col- 
wich (C. J. W., Ent. 1896, p. 222) ; Stone, 
rare (E. D. B.) 

lateralis, Pz. Trentham Park, near Tittensor, 

one or two only (F. A. W.) 

ochrostoma, Kirb. Burton ; Cannock (R. C. B. 

Ent. 1895, p. 283) ; Colwich, common 
(A. H. M.) 

ferruginata, Kirb. (germanica, Smith). Bur- 

ton 

fabriciana, L. Burton ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; 

Colwich, common (A. H. M.) 

flavoguttata, Kirb. Burton ; Cannock (R. C. B. 

Ent. 1895, p. 283) 

APIDAE 

Chelostoma florisomne, L. Burton ; Colwich, 

common (A. H. M.) 
Coelioxys elongata, St. F. (simplex, Nyl.). 

Burton 



ACUTILINGUES (continued) 
APIDAE (continued) 

'Megachile willughbiella, Kirb. Burton; Cheadle 
(J. R. B. M.) ; MayfieU (F. J.) 

* centuncularis, L. Maer and Whltmore (R. G.); 
Burton ; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 

Osrnia rufa, L. Burton; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; 
Stone (E. D. B.) 

bicolor, Schr. Burton 
Anthidium manicatum, L. Burton 

Eucera longicornis, L. Scalpcli/ Hill near Burton 

(E. B.) 

Melecta armata, Pz. Burton 
Anthophora pilipes, Fb. (acervorum, Smith). 

Burton ; Stone (E. D. B.) 
*Psithyrus vestalis, Fourc. Burton ; Cheadle 

(J. R. B. M.) ; Dove Valley (F. J.) 
* campestris, Pz. Burton; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 

quadricolor, St. F. (barbutellus, Smith). Burton 
*Bombus venustus, Smith (senilis, Fb.). Burton ; 

Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) 
* agrorum, Fb. Burton ; Cheadle (J. R. B. M) ; 

Trentham Park (F. A. W.) ; Marftld(. ].), 

&c. 
* hortorum, L. Burton ; CheaJle (]. R. B. M.). 

var. harrisellus,Kirb. CheaJle (J.R.B.M.) 
* latreillellus, Kirb. Burton ; Cheadle (J.R.B.M.) 

- sylvarum, L. Burton 

derhamellus, Kirb. Burton 

* lapidanus, L. Common, Burton ; Cheadle 
(J. R. B. M.) ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; one, at 
Tittensor (F. A. W.) ; Dove Valley (F. J.) 

- lapponicus, Fb. One $ Cannock (F. D. M.) 
* pratorum, L. Burton; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.); 

Stone (E. D. B.) ; Mayfield (F. J.), &c. 
* terrestris, L. Very common. Var.* virgin- 

alis. One J>, Cheadle, 1903 (J. R. B. M.) 
Apis mellifica, L. Occasionally reverts to wild 

state. Nests in woodpeckers' holes, Cannock 

Chase (F. J.) Var. ligustica, introduced 



PHYTOPHAGA 

(Saw Flies and Gall Flies) 



TENTHREDINIDAE 
TENTHREDINA 



Tenthredo livida, L. Burton 

solitaria, Scop. Burton 

rufiventris, Pz. Burton 

, punctulata, Klug. Burton 

viridis, L. Burton 

gibbosa, Fall, (aucupariae, Klug.), Burton 
Tenthredopsis nigricollis, St. F. Burton 

scutellaris, Fb. Burton 

nassata, L. (melanorrhaea, Gmel.), Burton 
Pachyprotasis rapae, L. Burton 
Macrophya blanda, Fb. Burton 

neglecta, Klug. Burton 

albicincta, Schr. Burton 

punctum album, L. (punctum, Fb.). Burton 
Allantus scrophulariae, L. Burton 

tricinctus, Fb. (vespiformis, L.). Burton 

marginellus, Fb. (viennensis, Pz.). Burton 



TENTHREDINIDAE (continued) 
TENTHREDINA (continued) 

Allantus arcuatus, Forst. Burton 

macula, Fourc. (zonata, Pz.), Burton ; Dove- 

dale, W. E. Ryles 
Dolerus gonagra, Fb. Burton 

chappelli, Cam. ' One taken by Mr. J. 

Chappell in Staffordshire ' (Cameron, Man. 
Phyt. Hymcnoptera, \, I 66) 
haematodis, Schr. Burton 

- coracinus, Klug. Burton 

niger, L. Burton 
Strongylogaster cingulatus, Fb. Burton 

- delicatulus, Fall (eborinus, Klug.). Burton 
Selandria serva, Fb. Burton 

stramineipes, Klug. Burton 

Taxonus glabratus, Fall (rufipes, St. F). Burton 
Eriocampa limacina, Retz. Burton ; Dove Valley, 
(F.J.) 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



TENTHREDINIDAE (continued) 

TENTHREDINA (continued) 
Eriocampa rosae, Harris. Occasionally in south 

(F- JO 

Blennocampa albipes, Gmel. Burton 

bipunctata, Klug. Burton 

fuscipennis, Fall, (luteiventris, Klug.) Burton 

fuliginosa, Schr. Burton 

pusilla, Klug. Burton 

Athalia spinarum, Fb. The ' nigger ' or turnip 
fly. Burton, &c. 

rosae, L. Burton 

NEMATINA 

Dineura stilata, Klug. (bicolor, Steph.) Burton 
Cladiuspectinicornis, Fourc. (difformis, Pz.) Burton, 
common 

viminalis, Fall (grandis, St. F.), Burton 

- eradiatus, Htg. (morio, St. F.). Burton, common 
Nematus appendiculatus, Htg. (pallipes, St. F.), 

Burton 

- lucidus, Pz. Burton 

- haem:>rrhoidalis, Cam. Burton 

- miliaris, Pz. Burton 

- myosotidis, Fb. Burton 

- croceus, Fall (dorsalis, St. F.). Burton 

- salicis, L- (capreae, Fb.). Burton 

ribesii, Scop, (trimaculatus, St. F.), R. G. ; 

Burton ; Dcre Val.'ey (F. J.), &c. 

salicis-cinereae, Retz. On Salix alba at Alton, 

August, 03 (C.B.) 

- gallicola, Westw., on Salix fragilis, L. Alton 

(C.B.) ; R. Trent (F.J.) 

ClMBIClNA 

Cimbex lutea, L. (femorata, L.). Near Burton, on 

alder and birch, rare 

Trichiosoma lucorum, L. Common in early 
spring, Burton ; Dove Valley (F. J.) 

HYLOTOMINA 

Hylotoma rosae, L. Burton, infests rose trees 

cyaneocrocea, Forst. Burton 

PAMPHILINA 
Pamphilus sylvaticus, L. Burton 



TENTHREDINIDAE (continued) 
CEPHIDAE 

Cephus phthisiacus, Fb. (pallipes, Klug.). Burton 

tabidus, Fb. Burton 

pygmaeus, L. Burton 

SIRICIDAE 

Sirex gigas, L. Females occur occasionally, Ham 
(R.G.) ; Dove Valley ; Uttoxeter (F. J.) ; 
Hanley (W. Bladen) ; Stone, fairly common ; 
Cbeadle (J. R. B. M.) ; Helelgh Castle Wood 
(T. W. Daltry) 

juvencus, L. Large numbers found in a dead 

spruce-fir, in all stages of development, in 
August, 1850 (Sir O. Mosley, Zoo!. 1850, 
p. 2960). 'Produced some years ago in 
great numbers from a diseased spruce fir at 
Rolleston' (E. B.) [1863]; one taken near 
Stone (W. Wells Bladen) 

melanocerus, Thorns, (noctilio, Fb.). $ taken 

at Cheadle in 1897 (J. R. B. M., N.S.F.C. 
Report, 1 898, p. 64). (Regarded by Cameron 
as probably not a distinct species.) 

CYNIPJDAE 

Rhodites cgianteriae, Htg. On Rosa canina, L., 
at Alton (C. B.) 

rosae, L. Generally distributed 

forma-tuberculata. Great Gate (C. B.) 
Aulax heiracii, Bouche. On H. umbellatum 

(R. G.) 

Xestophanes brevitarsis, Thorns. On Potentilla 
silvestris, Neck. Alton (C. B.) 

Andricus fecundatrix, Htg. On Quercus robur, L. 
Alton (C.B.) 

Cynips kollari, Htg. Already established in the 
district round Burton in 1863 ; now com- 
mon on Q. robur, L. everywhere 

Biorhiza terminalis, Fb. Also common on Q. ro- 
bur, L. everywhere 

Dryophanta folii, Htg. (scutellaris, Adler) ? Alien 
(C. B.) 

Neuroterus numismatis, Oliv. Common 

lenticularis, Oliv. Common on Q. robur, L. 

Alton (C. B.) 



HYMENOPTERA ENTOMOPHAGA 



(Cbrjsids, Ichneumons, 



CHRYSIDIDAE 

Cleptes pallipes, St. F. (semiaurata, L.). Burton 
Elampus (Hedychrum) auratus, L. Burton 
Chrysis cyanea, L. Burton 

viridula, L. Burton 

ignita, L. Burton ; Mayfeld, and Dove Valley, 

not uncommon (F.J.) 

IcHNEUMONIDAI 

[Still remain unworkcd. R. C. Bradley (Eat. 
1896, p. 222) records a pair of Banchus 
pirtuJ, Fb. from Cokvich, and specimens of 



[Also 



ICHNEUMONIDAE (continued) 

Pimpla turionellae, L. and Ichneumon ex- 
tensorius, L. were identified by Mr. C. 
Morley among some insects taken at Cheadle 
in 1903] 

BRACONIDAE 

unworked up to the present. Edwin Brown 
mentions Microgaster glomeratus as ' very 
common,' and also records Evania appendi- 
gaster as parasitic on the cockroach in the 
Burton district] 



86 



INSECTS 



COLEOPTERA 

(Beetles) 

The materials from which the subsequent list has been compiled are mainly as follows : 
(i) R. Garner's Natural History cf the County of Stafford, 1844, with a supplement dated 1860, 
containing a list of 171 species in all ; most of these are species of ubiquitous occurrence, and 
the identifications in some cases are almost certainly wrong. Garner had the assistance 
of Messrs. Finder and J. B. Davis in drawing up his list of Coleoptera, and says (p. 241) 
that to Mr. Davis he is indebted to a considerable extent for the list. (2) A list in Fauna of 
the Neighbourhood of Burton on Trent by Edwin Brown (J. Van Voorst), 1863. This contains 
623 species, mostly collected in Staffordshire, but a few are from Derbyshire only, the district 
round Burton embracing portions of both counties. (3) A list of ' Coleoptera collected in the 
Neighbourhood of Burton,' by H. W. 'Bates, in the Zoologist for 1848, p. 1997, noting 77 
species. (4) A list of 491 species by Mr. L. H. Jahn in the Report of the N. Staffs. Field 
Club, 1904-5, pp. 73-90, and a supplementary list of 93 species, i.e., 1906-7, p. 81-5. 
Nearly all Mr. Jahn's material has been through my hands. It includes several purely northern 
forms introduced in timber for the pits, but as several of these seem to be establishing them- 
selves in the Hanley neighbourhood, it is better to include them. 

I have been able to supplement these lists considerably from scattered records in Fowler's 
British Coleoptera and in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, as well as from a small list 
of captures at Cheadle by Mr. Johnston. It is hoped that the county list thus compiled, 
though very imperfect, especially in the Staphylinidae and Curculionidae, will act as a useful 
basis and stimulus for further collecting. Where no authority for the record is given, it is to be 
understood that it stands on the authority of Mr. Brown (Burton), Canon Fowler, or myself 
(Cannock Chase and Needwood Forest) ; Mr. Jahn (Hanley and Swynnerton) or Mr. Johnston 
(Cheadle). Otherwise the author's name is invariably given. Species whose occurrence in the 
county seems, for various reasons, to need confirmation, are inclosed in square brackets [ ]. 
Absence of locality points to general distribution, inferred at present rather than ascertained. 



ClCINDELlDAE 

Cicindela campestris, L. 

CARABIDAE 

Cychrus rostratus, L. 
Carabus granulatus, L. 

monilis, F. 

catenulatus, Scop. 

nemoralis, Mull. 

violaceus, L. 

nitens, L. Cannock Chase 

(Brown) ; Wetley Moor 
(Jahn) 
Notiophilus biguttatus, F. 

aquaticus, L. 
Leistus spinibarbis, F. 

fulvibarbis, Dej. 

ferruginous, L. 

rufescens, F. 
Ncbria brevicollis, F. 

gyllenhali, Sch. Cheadle 

livida, F. Cannock Chase 

(Garneys and Harris) 
Elaphrus riparius, L. 

cupreus, Duft. 
Loricera pilicornis, F. 
Clivina fossor, L. 

collar. s, Hbst. Hanley ; Bur- 

ton, occasional 

Dyschirius aeneus, Dej. Burton 
and CannockChase(ovt\er) 



CARABIDAE (cont.) 

Miscodcra arctica, Payk. Cannock 
Chase; cf. Ent. 1898, 
p. 271 

Brojcus cephalotes, L. Stvynner- 
ton 

Badister bipustulatus, F. 

Licinus depressus, Payk. Dove- 
dale (Brown and Jahn) 

Chlaenius vestitus, Payk. Can- 
nock Chase 

nigricornis, F. Dovcstde 

(Brown) 

Oodes helopioides, F. Burton 
Acupalpus meridianus, L. Hen- 
hurst (Brown) 
Bradycellus cognatus, Gyll. 

verbasci, Duft. 

harpalinus, Dej. 

Harpalus rupicola, St. Burton 
(Fowler) 

ruficornis, F. 

aeneus, F. 

latus, L. 

Anisodactylus binotatus, F. Bur- 
ton 

Stomis pumicatus, Panz. Burton ; 
Cheadle; Hanley 

Platyderus ruficollis, Marsh. 
Lichfield and Burton 
(Fowler) 

Pterostichus cupreus, L. 

87 



CARABIDAE (com.) 

Pterostichus vcrsicolor, St. 

- madidus, F. 

lepidus, F. Cannock Chase 

in some number, vide also 
Ent. 1895, p. 236 

niger, Sch. 

- vulgaris, L. 

- nigrita, F. 

- gracilis, Dej. Burton (Fow- 
ler) 

strenuus, Panz. 

- diligens, St. 

picimanus, Duft. Cannock 

Chase 

- vernalis, Gyll. Burton 

striola, F. 
Amara apricaria, Payk. 

consularis, Duft. Cannock 

Chate 

- aulica, Panz. 

- patricia, Duft. Cannock Chase 

bifrons, Gyll. Manifold 

Valley (Jahn) 
ovata, F. Cheadle 

similata, Gyll. Burton ; 

Cheadle 

acuminata, Payk. Burton 

tibialis, Payk. 

lunicollis, Sch. Burton ; 

Cannock Chase 

sprcta, Dej. Cannock Chase 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



CARABIDAE (coat.) 

Amara familiaris, Duft. 

anthobia, Villa. Hanley 

trivialis, Gyll. 

communis, Panz. 

plebeia, Gyll 
Calathus cisteloides, Panz. 

fuscus, F. Stone and Dove- 

dale (Jahn) 

- melanocephalus, L. 

- piceus, Marsh. Trentkam 

(Jahn) 

Taphria nivalis, Panz. Burton, rare 
Pristonychus terricola, Hbst. 
Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L. 

Burton 
Anchomenus angusticollis, F. 

- dorsalis, Mull. 

- albipes, F. 

- marginatus, L. 

- sexpunctatus, L. One speci- 

men in Dovedale (Jahn) 

- parumpunctatus, F. 

- viduus, Panz., and var. moes- 

tus, Duft. Hanky, Burton 

- fuliginosus, Panz. 

- gracilis, Gyll. Hanley 

- piceus, L. Hanley, Burton 

- thoreyi, Dej. Burton (Fow- 

ler) 

puellus, Dej. Burton (Fow- 

ler) 

Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk. 
Bembidium rufescens, Guer. 

- quinquestriatum, Gyll. Bur- 

ton (Fowler) ; Churnet 
Galley (Jahn) 

- obtusum, St. 

- guttula, F. 

- mannerheimi, Sahl. Hanley 

- biguttatum, F. 

- articulatum, Panz. Burton 

- lampros, Hbst. 

nigricorne, Gyll. Cannock 

Chase (Blatch) 

atrocaeruleum, Steph. Burton 

(Bates) 

tibiale, Duft. Burton (Fow- 

ler) 

decorum, Panz. Burton 

(Bates) 
monticola, St. Burton 

- quadriguttatum, F. 

quadrimaculatum, Gyll. 

femoratum, St. 

bruxellense, Wesm. Cannock 

Cfiaie 

littorale, Ol. 

fluviatile, Dej. Burton 

punctulatum, Drap. Burton 

bipunctatum, L. Cannock 

Chase 

flammulatum, Clairv. By the 

Trent and Dove (Garneys 
and Gorham) 



CARABIDAE (cont.) 

Bembidium obliquum, St. Near 
Burton. one specimen 
(Fowler) 

Tachypus flavipes, L. 

Trechus discus, F. Rare by the 
Trent and Dove (Garneys) 

rubens, F. Canmck Chase; 

Hanley 

minutus, F. 

secalis, Payk. Burton 
Patrobus excavatus, Payk. 

assimilis, Ch. Cannock Chase 
Cymindis vaporariorum, L. Can- 
nock Chase (Smith in 
Ent. 1895, p. 236, and 
Blatch, I.e. 1890, p. 208) 

Lebia chlorocephala, Hoff. Bur- 
ton, occasional ; Dovedale 
(Jahn) 

Demetrias atricapillus, L. 

Dromius linearis, Ol. 

agilis, F. Burton common, 

Trentham (Jahn) 

quadrimaculatus, L. 

quadrinotatus, Panz. 

melanocephalus, Dej. 
Metabletus foveola, Gyll. 

truncatellus, L. Cannock Chase 

HALIPLIDAE 

Brychius elevatus, Panz. R.Dove 

(Jahn) 
Haliplus obliquus, Er. 

- mucronatus, Steph. Burton, 

very rare (Garneys) 

- flavicollis, St. Burton (Bates) 

variegatus, St. 

- ruficollis, De G. 

- fluviatilis, Aube. Newcastle 

under Lyme (Jahn) 
lineatocollis, Marsh. 

PELOBIIDAE 

Pelobius tardus, Hbst. Two at 
Stone (Jahn) 

DYTISCIDAE 

Noterus clavicornis, De G. Bur- 
ton 

- sparsus, Marsh. Newcastle 

under Lyme (Jahn) 
Laccophilus interruptus, Panz. 

obscurus, Panz. 
Hyphydrus ovatus, L. 
Coelambus versicolor, Sch. 

inaequalis, F. 

parallelogrammus, Ahr. Bur- 

ton 
Deronectes depressus, F. 

assimilis, Payk. One at Bur- 

ton (Bates) 
Hydroporus pictus, F. 

88 



DYTISCIDAE (cont.} 

Hydroporus dorsalis, F. Neu-cast,'f 
under Lyme (Jahn) 

rivalis.Gyll. Burton,not scarce 

in River Dove (Jahn) 

lineatus, F. 

palustris, L. 

erythrocephalus, L. 

pubescens, Gyll. 

planus, F. 

melanarius, St. Canned Chase t 

a specimen intermediate 
between type and var. 
monticola Sharp 

marginatus, Duft. Cannock 

Chase (Blatch) 

Agabus guttatus, Payk. New- 
castle under Lyme (Jahn), 
CktaMt 

paludosus, F. Burton 

nebulosus, Forst. 

sturmi, Gyll. 

chalconotus, Panz. 
bipustulatus, L. 
Platambus maculatus, L. 
Ilybius fuliginosus, F. 

fenestratus, F. Burton (Bates) 

ater, De G. 

obscurus, Marsh. Burton 
Rhantus exoletus, Forst. Re- 
corded by Garner 

bistriatus, Berg. Burton 

(Fowler) 

Colymbetes fuscus, L. 
Dytiscus marginalis, L. 

- punctulatus, F. 
Acilius sulcatus, L. 

GYRINIDAE 

Gyrinus natator, Scop. 

elongatus, Aube. Cannock 

Chase 

Orectochilus villosus, Mull. 
Burton 

HYDROPHILIDAE 

Hydrobius fuscipes, L. 

Philhydrus nigricans, Z. New- 
castle under Lyme (Jahn), 
Swynnerton 

minutus, F. Burton 

coarctatus, Gred. Hanley 
Anacaena globulus, Payk. 

limbata, F. 
Helochares lividus, Forst. 
Laccobius minutus, L. Need- 
wood Forest 

nigriceps, Thorns. 
Berosus luridus, L. Burton 
Limnebius truncatellus, Th. 
Chaetarthria seminulum, Herbst. 

Cannock Chase 
Helophorus rugosus, Ol. 



INSECTS 



HYDROPHILIDAE (cortt.) 

Helophorus aquaticus, L. and var. 
aequalis, Th. Ckeadle 

aeneipennis, Thorns. 

mulsanti, Rye. Cheadle 

brevipalpis, Bedel 
Hydrochus elongatus, Schall. 

Hartley, common 
Henicocerus exsculptus, Germ. 

Burton (Bates) ; Stone (Jahn) 
Hydraena pulchella, Germ. 

River Dove, near Burton 

(Fowler) 

palustris, Er. Cheadle 
Sphaeridium scarabaeo'des, F. 

bipustulatum, F. and var. mar- 

ginatum, F. 
Cercyon haemorrhoidalis, Herbst. 

obsoletus, Gyll. Hanky ; Bur- 

ton (Fowler) 

flavipes, F. 

lateralis, Marsh. 

melanocephalus, L. 

unipunctatus, L. 

quisquilius, L. 

pygmaeus, 111. Burton 
Megasternum boletophagum, 

Marsh. 
Cryptopleurumatomarium,Muls. 

STAPHYLIMDAE 
Aleochara fuscipes, F. 

lanuginosa, Gr. 

moerens, Gyll. Burton 

(Fowler) 

Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark. 
Hanky 

alternans, Grav. 

nigrina, Wat. Needwood 

Forest 

Isc.hnoglossa prolixa, Grav. Bur- 
ton (Fowler) 

corticina, Er. Needwood Forest 
Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. Needwood 

Forest 
Phloeopora reptans, Grav. 

corticalis, Grav. Cannock 

Chase ; Needuood Forest 
Ocalea castanea, Er. Hanky 
Calodera aethiops, Grav. Need- 

ivood Forest 

Astilbus canaliculatus, F. 
Homalota gyllenhali, Thorns. 

Needivood Forest 

hygrotopora, Kr. Cannock 

Chase 

silvicola, Fuss. Cannock Chase 

graminicola, Gyll. 

aequata, Er. Ncedwood Forest 

linearis, Gr. Cannock Chase 

pilicornis, Thorns. 'Needwood 

Forest 

immersa, Er. Cannock Chase ; 

'Needwood Forest 

trinotata, Kr. 



STAPHYLINIDAE (font.) 

Homalota xanthopus, Thorns. 
Needtvood Forest 

diversa, Sharp. Cannock 

Chase (Blatch in Eat. 
1890, p. 208) 

sodalis, Er. Needivood Forest 

nigra, Kr. 

cinnamoptera, Thorns. Need- 

wood Forest 

marcida, Er. Hanky 

pygmaea, Gr. Cannock Chase 
Tachyusa atra, Gr. Cannock 

Chase 

Autalia impressa, Ol. 

Encephalus complicans, Westw. 
Needwood Forest 

Gyrophaena affinis, Man. Can- 
nock Chase 

pulchella, Heer. Hanchurch 

nana, Payk. Cannock Chase 

laevipennis, Kr. Hanchurch 

(Jahn) 
Agaricochara laevicollis, Kr. 

Cannock Chase 
Placusa pumilio, Gr. Cannock 

Chase 

Bolitochara lucida, Gr. Hanley 
Hygronoma dimidiata, Gr. 

Hanky 
Gymnusa brevicollis, Payk. 

Cannock Chase 

- variegata, Kies. CanuocA 

Chase 
Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk. 

- laeviusculus, Man. Cannock 

Chase 

Conosoma pubescens, Gr. 
Tachyporus obtusus, L. 

chrysomelmus, L. 

- humerosus, Er. 

- hypnorum, F. 

brunneus, F. 
Cilea silphoides, L. 
Tachinus humeralis, Gr. 

- rufipes, L. A ferruginous 

var. near Burton (Fowler) 

- subterraneus, L. 

- marginellus, F. 
Megacronus cingulatus, Man. 

Cannock Chase 

- analis, F. Cheadle ; Cannock 

Chase 

inclinans, Gr. Hanchurch 
Bolitobius lunulatus, L. 

- trinotatus, Gr. 

- pygmaeus, F. 
Mycetoporus lucidus, Er. 

lepidus.Gr. Hanchurch (Jahn) 

splendidus, Gr. 
Heterothops dissimilis, Gr. 
Quedius ventralis, Kr. Rudyard 

(Jahn) 

mesomelinus, Marsh. Stone 

(Jahn) 

89 



STAPHYLINIDAE (cor.t.) 

Quedius fulgidus, F. Burton 

cruentus, Ol. Stvynnerton 

xanthopus, Er. Burton 

impressus, Panz. (cinctus, 

Payk) 

- fuliginosus, Gr. 

tristis, Gr. 

molochinus, Gr. 

- nigriceps, Kr. Burton 

- umbrinus, Er. Hanley 

scintillans, Gr. Needviood 

Forest 

- rufipes, Gr. 

- attenuatus, Gyll. Burton 

semiaeneus, Sieph. Cannock 

Chase ; Needuood Forest 
Creophilus maxillosus, L. 
Leistotrophus nebulosus, F. 
murinus, L. Burton 
Staphylinus pubescens, De G. 

Burton 

stercorarius, Ol. Burton ; 

Doredale (fahn) 

latebricola, Gr. Burton 

- erythropterus, L. 

- cacsareus, Ceder 
Ocypus olens, Mull. 

similis, F. Burton 

brunnipes, F. Dwedale (Jahn) 

cupreus, Rossi 

- morio, Gr. 

compressus, Marsh. Burton 
Philonthus splendens, F. 

- intermedius, Boisd. 

- laminatus, Cr. 

- aeneus, Rossi 

- proximus, Kr. Cannock Chase 

- decorus, Gr. 

- politus, F. 

varius, Gyll. 

- marginatus, F. 

- fimetarius, Gr. 

ebeninus, Gr. Hanky 

- sanguinolentus, Gr. Burton; 

Hanley 

cruentatus, Gm. 

varians, Payk 

nigrita, Nord. Cannock Chase 

fulvipcs, F. Burton (Fowler) 

puella, Nord. Needwood 

Forest ; Dovedale 
Cafius xantholoma, Gr. Burton; 

Cannock Chase (Jahn) 
Xantholinus glabratus, Gr. 

punctulatus, Gr. 

tricolor, F. Cheadle 

linearis, Ol. 

longiventris, Hcer 
Nudobius lentus, Gr. Hanley 

No doubt introduced 
Baptolinus alternans, Gr. 
Othius fulvipennis, F. 

myrmecophilus, Kies. 
Lathrobium elongatum, L. 

12 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



STAPHYLINIDAE (cant.) 

Lathrobium fulvipenne, Gr. 

brunnipes, F. 

-- rufipcnne, Gyll. Cannock 
Chase (Blatch) 

longulum, Gr. Burton 

- multipvmctum, Gr. Burton 
Cryptobium glaberrimum, Hbst. 

Cannock Chase 
Stilicus orbiculatus, Er. Burton ; 

Needtvood Forest 

- affinis, Er. 

Medon obsoletus, Nord. Burton 

(Harris) 

Lithocharis ochracea, Gr. Burton 
Sunius angustatus, Payk. 
Paederus littoralis, Gr. 

riparius, L. Burton 
Evaesthetus ruficapillus, Lac. 

Needti-ood Forest 
Dianous coerulescens, Gyll. 

Dovedale (Fowler) 
Stenus biguttatus, L. Banks of 

Dot'e near Burton (Fowler) 

bipunctatus, Er. Banks of 

Dove near Burton (Fowler) 

- guttula, Mull. Banks of 

Dove near Burton (Fowler) 

- juno, F. 

- guynemeri, Duv. Cannock 

Chase (Blatch in Ent. 
1890, p. 208) 

- speculator, Er. 

- brunnipes, Steph. 

impressus, Germ. 

- carbonarius, Gyll. Burton 

(Fowler) 

- pallipes, Gr. Ncedzt-ood Forest 

- flavipes, Gr. N cedti-ood Forest 

- pubescens, Steph. 

- binotatus, Lj. Cannock Chase 

- cicindeloides, Gr. 

- similis, Hbst. 

Bledius opacus, Block. Burton 
(Fowler); Hanchurch (Jahn) 
Platystethus arenarius, Fourc. 
Oxytelus rugbsus, Gr. 

fulvipes, Er. Needviood (Gor- 

ham, Harris, and others) 

laqueatus, Marsh 

inustus, Gr. Cannock Chase 

sculpturatus, Gr. 

- tetracarinatus, Block 
Trogophloeus rivularis, Mots. 

Cannock Chase 

corticinus, Gr. Cannock Chase 

pusillus, Gr. Burton (Fowler) 
Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze 
Olophrum piceum, Gyll. 
Lathrimaeum unicolor, Steph. 
Deliphrum tectum, Payk. Han- 

ley 
Cory phi urn angusticolle, Steph. 

Needwood Forest 
Homalium rivulare, Payk. 



STAPHYLINIDAE (cant.) 

Homalium oxyacanthae, Grav. 

excavatum, Steph. Burton 

rufipes, Fourc. 

deplanatum, Gyll. Cannock 

Chase 
Anthobium minutum, F. 

ophthalmicum, Payk. 

torquatum, Marsh. 
Proteinus brachypterus, F. 
Megarthrus depressus, Lac. 
Prognatha quadriconiis, Lac. 

Needtvood Forest 

LEPTINIDAE 

Leptinus testaceus, Mull. Need- 
wood Forest, in large num- 
bers, in a humble-bee's nest 
(Gorham) 

SILPHIDAE 

Agathidium nigripenne, Kug. 
Needwood Forest ; Trent- 
ham (Jahn) 

atrum, Payk. Cannock Chase ; 

Needtvood Forest 

seminulum, L. Cannock Chase 

varians, Beck. N eedtvood Forest 

globosum, Muls. Cannock 

Chase 

rotundatum, Gyll. Cannock 

Chase 

nigrinum, St. Needwood 

Forest ; Trcntham (Jahn) 
Amphicyllis globus, F. Burton 
Liodes humeralis, Kug. 

orbicuhris, Hbst. Cannock 

Chase 

Anisotoma calcarata, Er. Stvyn- 
ncrton ; Cannock Chase 

punctulata, Gyll. Burton 

(Harris) 

cinnamomea, Panz. Cheadle 
Necrophorus humator, Goeze 

mortuorum, F. 

ruspator, Er. Hanley 

vespillo, L. 

vestigator, Hers. Burton ; 

Hanley (Garner) 

Necrodes littoralis, L. Trentham 
(Jahn), Throwley and Tit- 
tensor (Garner") ; Burton 

Silpha nigrita, Cr. Burton 

obscura, L. Burton, also re- 

corded by Garner 

quadripunctata, L. Burton 

(Fowler) ; Stvynnerton 
- opaca, L. Cannock Chase 

thoracica, L. 

rugosa, L. 

sinuata, F. 

laevigata, F. Cannock Chase; 

Burton 

90 



SILPHIDAE (cent.) 

Silpha atrata, L. 

var. brunnea, Hbst. Re- 
corded by Garner 
Choleva angustata, F. Burton 

cisteloides, Panz. Cheadle; 

Hanley 

coracina, Kell. Needwood 

Forest ; Trentham (Jahn) 

grandicollis, Er. 

nigrita, Er. Cannock Chase 

tristis, Pz. 

kirbyi,Spence. Cannock Chase 

chrysomeloides, Panz. 

fumata, Spence 
Catops sericeus, F. 

SCYDMAENIDAE 

Neuraphes sparshalli, Den. Bur- 
ton (Fowler) 
Scydmaenus collaris, Mull. 

exilis, Er. Cannock Chase, 

Hanchtirch (Jahn) 

PSELAPHIDAE 

Pselaphus heisei, Hbst. Hen- 
hurst (Brown) ; R. Doze 
(Bates) 

Tychus niger, Payk. 

Bythinus puncticollis, Den. Bur- 
ton, common (Fowler) 

curtisii, Den. Henhurst 

(Brown) 

Bryaxis fossulata, Reich. Hen- 
hurst (Brown) 

haematica, Reich. Henkurst 

(Brown) ; R. Dove (Bates) 

impressa, Panz. 

Batrisus venustus, Reich. Bagofs 
Park (Gorham) 

Bibloporus bicolor, Den. Can- 
nock Chase 

Euplectus punctatus, Muls. Can- 
nock Chase 

karsteni, Reich. CannockChase 

nanus, Reich. Cannock Chase 

piceus, Mots. Cannock Chase 

TRICHOPTERYGI DAE 

Pteryx suturalis, Heer. Han- 
church (Jahn) 

Ptinella denticollis, Fairm. Need- 
wood Forest (Blatch) ; Hanley 

aptcra, Gu6r. Cannock Chase 

angustula, Gill. Cannock Chase 
Trichopteryx thoracica, Walt. 

Burton ; Needu-ood Forest 
Nossidium pilosellum, Marsh. 

Needti-ood Forest (Gorham) 
Ptenidium evanescens, Marsh 

Needwood Forest (Gorham). 

PHALACRIDAE 

Phalacrus corruscus, Payk. 
Stilbus testaceus, Panz. 



INSECTS 



COCCI NELLI DAE 

Subcoccinella z^-punctata, L. 
Burton ; Dovedale (Jahn) 

Hippodamia variegata, Goeze. 
Burton 

Anisosticta ig-punctata, L. Can- 
nock Chase (Jahn) 

Adalia obliterata, L. 

bipunctata, L. 

Mysia oblongoguttata, L. Swyn- 
nerton ; Cannock Chase 
(Brown) ; Cheadle 

Anatis ocellata, L. 

Coccinella lo-punctata, L. 

hieroglyphica, L. Cannock 

Chase 

I l-punctata, L. 

5-punctata, L. Burton 
- 7-punctata, L. 

Halyzia 14-guttata, L. 

i8-guttata, L. 

conglobata, L. Szvynnerton 

22-punctata, L. 
Micraspis i6-punctata, L. Burton 
Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst. 

Staffordshire (Fowler) 
Scymnus nigrinus, Kug. Can- 
nock Chase 

capitatus, F. Cannock Chase; 

Hanky 
Chilocorus similis, Rossi. Burton 

bipustulatus.L. CannockChase; 

Burton 
Exochomus quadripustulatus, L. 

Cannock Chase ; Burton 
Rhizobius litura, F. 
Coccidula rufa, Hbst. 

ENDOMYCHIDAE 
Mycetaea hirta, Marsh. Hamey 

EROTYLIDAI 

Dacne humeralis, F. Needwood 
Forest 

rufifrons, F. Burton ; Han- 

church (Jahn) 

Triplax russica, L. Needwood 
Forest ; Cannock Chase 

aenea,Schall. Needwood Forest; 

Byrkley Park (Brown) 
Cyrtotriplax bipustulata, F. Han- 
church (Jahn) 

CoLYDIIDAE 

Cerylon histeroides, F. 
ferrugineum, Steph. Cannock 
Chase ; Trentham (Jahn) 

fagi, Bris. One at Hanchurch 

HlSTERIDAE 

Hister unicolor, L 

cadaverinus, HofF. Hanley 

succicola, Thorns. Cannock 

Chase 

purpurascens,Hbst. Burton 



HISTERIDAE (eont.) 
Hister carbonarius, 111. 

bimaculatus, L. 
Gnathoncus nannetensis, Marsh. 

Cannock Chase 
Saprinus nitidulus, Payk. 

aeneus, F. 
Onthophilus striatus, F. 

MlCROPEPLIDAE 

Micropeplus margaritae, Duv. 

NlTIDULIDAE 

Brachypterus pubescens, Er. 
Cercus' rufilabris, Latr. 
Epuraea aestiva, L. 

deleta, Er. Hanley 

obsoleta, F. 

pusilla, Er. 

angustula, Er. Stone (Jahn) 
Nitidub bipustulata, L. 
Soroniapunctatissima, 111. Burton 

- grisea, L. 
Omosita colon, L. 

- discoidea, F. 

Pocadius ferruginous, F. Burton 
Meligethes rufipes, Gyll. 

aeneus, F. 

viridescens, F. 

difficilis, Heer. Staffordshire 

(Fowler) 

Cychramus luteus, F. Lurlon 
Ips quadriguttat.i, F. Necdtvood 

Forest ; Hanckurch (Jahn) 

quadripunctata, Hbst. Need- 

wofd Forest ; Hanchurch 
(Jahn) 

Rhizophagus parallelocollis, Er. 
Cannock Chase 

ferrugincus, Pk. 

nitidulus, F. Cannock Chase ; 

Needwood Forest 

dispar, Gyll 

bipustulatus, F. 

TROGOSITIDAE 

Nemosoma clongatum, L. In- 
troduced in Welsh timber 

Thymalus limbatus, F. Dore- 
dale (Jahn) ; Cannock Chase 

LATHRIDIIDAE 

Lathridius lardarius, De G. 

Coninomus nodifer, Westw. 

[ constrictus, Humm. Record- 
ed doubtfully by Fowler 
from Burton] 

Enicmus minutus, L. 

fungicola, Thorns. Cannock 

Chase, in numbers 

brevicornis, Mannh. Cannock 

Chase, under birch bark 

(Blatch) 
Cartodere filum, Aubi. Burton, 

in a herbarium (Fowler) 
Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. Hanky 

9 1 



LATHRIDIIDAE (cont.~) 

Melanophthalma gibbosa, Hbst. 

fuscula, Humm. 

Pediacus dermestoides, F. Stone 



CuCUJIDAE 

Silvanus unidentatus, Ol. 

BYTURIDAE 
Byturus tomentosus, F. 

CRYPTOPHAGIDAE 

Antherophagus nigricornis, F. 
Hanchurch (Jahn) 

- pallens, Gyll. Cannock Chase 
Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Hbst. 

scanicus, L. 

dentatus, Hbst. 
Micrambe vini, Panz. 
Atomaria barani, Bris. Hanley 

- fuscipes, Gyll. CannockChase 

nigripennis, Payk. Burton 

(Harris) 

fuscata, Sch. 

pusilla, Payk. 

basalis, Er. Burton (Fowler) 

mesomelas, Hbst. Burton 

(Bates) 

ruficornis, Marsh. 

ScAPHIDIIDAE 

Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, Ol. 
Cannock Chase 

Scaphisoma boleti, Panz. Need- 
wood Forest ; Hanley 

MYCETOPHAGIDAE 
Typhaea fumata, L. 
Triphyllus suturalis, F. 

punctatus, F. Burton ; Swyn- 

nerton 
Litargus bifasciatus, F. Swyn- 

nerton and Meaford (Jahn) 
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus, 

L. 

piceus, F. 

atomarius, F. Burton 

DEKMESTIDAE 

Dermestes vulpinus, F. Wol- 
stanton (Jahn) 

murinus, L. Knightley Park 

(Brown) ; Hanley 

lardarius, L. 
Attagenus pellio, L. 
Megatoma undata, Er. Burton ; 

Cannock Chase 
Anthrenus musaeorum, L. Burton 

claviger, Er. Meaford (Jahn) 

BYRRHIDAE 

Byrrhus pilula, L. 

fasciatus, F. 

dorsalis, F. 

Simplocaria semistriata, F. Can- 
nock Chase 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



FARM DAE 

Elmis aeneus, Mull. 

volkmari, Panz. Burton 

(Fowler) 
Potaminus substriatus, Mull. 

R. Dove near Burton 

(Fowler) 
Parnus auriculatus, Panz. 

prolifericornis, F. 

LUCANIDAF 

Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. 
Brereton (R.G.) ; Burton, 
one at Trentham (Jahn) 

Sinodendron cylindricum, L. 

SCARABAEIDAE 

Copris lunaris, L. Whitmore 

(Chappell) 

Onthophagus ovatus, L. Scalp- 
cliff Hill (Brown) ; Burton 

(Bates), also recorded by 

Garner 

- coenobita, Hbst. Needwood 

Forest 
Aphodius erraticus, L. Burton 

- subterraneus, L. 

- fossor, L. 

- haemorrhoidalis, L. 

- foetens, F. 

- fimetarius, L. 

- scybalarius, F. 

- ater, De G. 

- granarius, L. 

- sordidus, F. Burton 

- rufescens, F. Burton 

- pusillus, Hbst. 

- merdarius, F. 

- inquinatus, F. Hanky 

- sticticus,Panz. Burton (Bates) 

- punctatosulcatus, St. 

- prodromus, Br. 

- contaminatus, Hbst. 

- obliteratus, Panz. Needwood 

Forest 
Aphodius luridus, F. Burton 

var. nigripes, F. Burton 
(Bates) 

- rufipes, L. 

- depressus, Kug. 
Aegialia arenaria, F. Hanley 
Gcotrupes typhoeus, L. Abun- 
dant on Swynnerton and 
Whitmore Heaths (Pinder 

fide Garner) 

- stercorarius, L. 

- spiniger, Marsh 

- mutator, Marsh. Needuiood 

Forest ; Dovedale (Brown) 

- vernalis, L. Recorded by 

Garner 

- sylvaticus, Panz. Hanley, 

common 



SCARABAEIDAE (cant.) 

Trox sabulosus, L. Burton ,- 
Cannock Chase, vide also 
Ent. 1896, p. 200 

Hoplia philanthus, Fuss. Hanley 

Serica brunnea, L. 

Melolontha vulgaris, F. 

Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. One 
at Stone (Jahn) 

Phyllopertha horticola, L. 

Cetonia aurata, L. North Staffs. 
(Garner) 

BUPRESTIDAE 
Agrilus viridis, L. Burton (Bates) 

THROSCIDAE 

Throscus dermestoides, L. Han- 
ley ; Cannock Chase 

ELATERIDAE 

Lacon murinus, L. 
Cryptohypnus quadripustulatus, 
F. Burton; Dovedale (Jahn) 

riparius, F. 

Elater pomorum, Hbst. Cannock 
Chase 

balteatus, L. Cannock Chase ; 

Hanley 

nigrinus, P.nyk. Burnt Wood 

(Chappell) ; Trentham 

(Jahn) 

Melanotus rufipes, Hbst. 
Athous niger, L. 

haemorrhoidalis, F. 

vittatus, F. Burton; Cannock 

Chase 

longicollis, Ol. Burton 
Limonius minutus, L. Burton 
Sericosomus brunneus, L. Can- 
nock Chase ; Burnt Wood 
(Fowler) 

Adrastus limbatus, F. 
Agriotes sputator, L. 

obscurus, L. 

lineatus, L. 

sobrinus, Kies. 
- pallidulus, 111. 

Dolopius marginatus, L. 
Corymbites pectinicornis, L. 
Burton ; Trentham (Jahn) 

cupreus, F. 

var. aeruginosus, F. 

tessellatus, F. Burton 

quercus, Gyll 

var. ochropterus, Steph. 
Cheadle ; Cannock 

' ia ; Chase 

L holosericeus, F. Burton 

aeneus, L. Burton ; Cannock 

Chase 
Campylus linearis, L. 

9 2 



DASCILLIDAE 

Dascillus cervinus, L. Burton ; 

Dovedale (Jahn) 
Helodes marginata, F. 

minuta, L. 
Microcara livida, F. 
Cyphon coarctatus, Payk 

nitidulus, Th. 

variabilis, Th. 

pallidulus, Boh. Cannock 

Chase 

LAMPYRIDAE 

Lampyris noctiluca, L. Widely 
distributed 

TELEPHORIDAE 

Podabrus alpinus, Payk. Can- 
nock Chase ; Wee/ and Stone 
(Jahn) 

Ancistronycha abdominalis, F. 
Dovedale (Jahn) 

Telephone fuscus, L. (fide Gar- 
ner) 

rusticus, Fall 

lividus, L. 

var. dispar, F. Cheadle 

pellucidus, F. 

nigricans, Mll'l. 

var. discoideus, Steph 
Cheadle 

lituratus, Fall. 

bicolor, F. 

haemorrhoidalis, F. Trent- 

ham (Jahn), Burton 

flavilabris, Fall. 

thoracicus, Ol. Burton 
Rhagonycha unicolor, Curt. 

Cannock Chase 

fulva, Scop. 

testacea, L. 

limbata, Thorns. 

pallida, F. 
Malthinus punctatus, Fourc. 

fasciatus, Ol. Burton 

frontalis, Marsh. Camtock 

Chase 
Malthodes marginatus, Latr. 

guttifer, Kies. Cannock 

Chase (Blatch) 

minimus, L. 

MELYRIDAE 

Malachius aeneus, L. Burton 

bipustulatus, L. 

viridis, F. Trentham Park 

(Garner) 

Axinotarsus ruficollis, Ol. Bur- 
ton (Bates) 

Anthocomus fasciatus, L. Hanley 
Dasytes aerosus, Kies. Burton 
Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh. 
Cannock Chase 



INSECTS 



CLERIDAE 

Thanasimus formicarius, L. 

Hanley 

Necrobia ruficollis, F. Burton 
Corynetes coeruleus, De G. 

Burton 

LlMEXYLONIDAE 

Hylecoetus dermestoides, L. 
Cannock Chase 

PTINIDAE 
Ptinus fur, L. 

lichenum, Marsh. Burton 
Niptus hololeucus, Fald. fide 

Mason in E.M.M. 1893, 
p. 238 

crenatus, F. Burton; Staffs. 

(Garner) 

, Hedobia imperialis, L. Burton ; 
Needwood Forest ; Hanley 

ANOBIIDAE 

Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll. 
Priobium castaneum, F. 
Anobium domesticum, Fourc. 

paniceum, L. Burton 
Xestobium tessellatum, F. Bur- 
ton ; Needwood Forest 

Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Bur- 
ton ; Sivy nner ton 
Ernobius moliis, L. Burton 
Xyletinus ater, Panz. Burton 
(Bates) 

BOSTRICHIDAE 

Bostrichus capucinus, L. Bur- 
ton (E. Brown in coll. 
Power) 

SPHINDIDAE 

Sphindus dubius, Gyll. Cannock 
Chase 

ClSSIDAE 

Cis boleti, Scop. 

villosulus, Marsh. Needwood 

Forest 

hispidus, Payk. Cannock 

Chase 

bidentatus, Ol. Cannock 

Chase 

pygmaeus, Marsh. Burton 

fuscatus, Mell. Cannock 

Chase 
Ennearthron cornutum, Gyll. 

Cannock Chase 
Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll. 

PRIONIDAE 

Prionus coriarius, L. Old trees 
in Staffs. (Garner), Can- 
nock Chase in 1890 and 
1892 (Masefield), one at 
Trentham (Jahn) 



CERAMBYCIDAE 

Aromia moschata, L. Burton 
Callidium violaceum, L. North 

Staffs. (Garner) 
Clytus arietis, L. 

mysticus, L. Burton 
Gracilia minuta, F. Burton 
Rhagium inquisitor, F. Trent- 
ham (Garner) 

bifasciatum, F. Scalpdijf 

Hill, Brown ; Swynncrton, 
common (Garner) 

indagator, Gyll. Swynnerton. 

This northern species is 

very rare in England 
Toxotus meridianus, Panz. Bur- 
ton ; Barlaston (Jahn) 
Pachyta cerambyciformis, Schr. 

On wild Angelica (Garner) 
Leptura livida, F. Burnt Wood 

(Fowler) 
Strangalia quadrifasciata, L. One 

at Sivynnerton 

armata, Hbst. 

melanura, L. Burnt Wood 

(Fowler) 

Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G. 
Oakamoor (Garner) ,- Han- 
church (Jahn) 
- ruficornis, F. 

[ praeusta, F. Oakamoor 
(Garner)] 

LAMIIDAE 

Acanthocinus aedilis, L. One 
in the Trent meadows be- 
low Hanley, four at Han- 
ky and Stoke (Jahn) 

Pogonochaerus fasciculatus, De G. 
Hanley 

bidentatus, Th. 

dentatus, Fourc. Sivynnerton 
Leiopus nebulosus, L. Cannock 

Chase ; Trentham (Jahn) 
Monochammus sutor, L. Burton ; 

introduced in timber 
Agapanthia lineatocollis, Don. 

Cannock Chase (Jahn) 
Saperda populnea, L. 
Tetrops praeusta, L. Burton 
Stenostola ferrea, Schr. Hen- 
hurst (Brown) 

BRUCHIDAE 
Bruchus rufimanus, Boh. CheaJle 

EUPODA 

Donacia crassipes, F. Burton 
(Fowler) ; Trent side 
(Brown) 

versicolorea, Brahm. Burton; 

Trentham (Jahn) 

sparganii, Ahr. Burton 

limbata, Panz. Burton 

93 



EUPODA (cant.) 

Donacia bicolora, Zsch. Cannock 
Chase ; Burnt Wood (Fow- 
ler) 

simplex, F. Trent side 

(Brown) ; Hanley, common 

ssmicuprea, Panz. Hanley 

clavipes, F. Burton (Fowler) 

sericea, L. Burton, very 

common, Trentham (Jahn) 

discolor, Panz. Cannock Chase 

affinis, Kunze. Trent side 

(Brown) 

[Haemonia curtisi, Lac. Trent 
side and Burton, probably 
should be succeeding 
species] 

appendiculata, Panz. Burton 

(Rev. C. F. Thornewill) 
Zeugophora subspinosa, F. Bur- 
ton ; Hanley 
Lema cyanella, L. 

lichenis, Voet. 

melanopa, L. 

Crioceris asparagi, L. Burton ; 
Hanley 

CAMPTOSOMATA 

Clythra quadripunctata, L. Burnt 
Wood (Fowler) ; two in 
Churnet Galley (Jahn) 

Cryptocephalus coryli, L. Can- 
nock Chaseon birch(Blatch) 

bipunctatus,L. var. lineola,F. 

Chartley Moss and Burnt 
Wood (Fowler) ; Dovcdale 
(Jahn) 

aureolus, Suffr. Dovedale 

on Hieracium (Fowler and 
Jahn) 

punctiger, Payk. Cannock 

Chase 

- parvulus, Mull. Chartley 
Moss and Burnt It'ood 
(Fowler) 

decemmaculatus, L. Chartley 

Moss (Harris and Garneys) 
var. bothnicus, L. Chart- 
ley Moss (Harris and 
Garneys) 

fulvus, Goeze. Hanley 

pusillus, F. Burton 

labiatus, L. 

CYCLICA 

Timarcha tenebricosa, F. 

violaceonigra, De G. 
Chrysomela staphylea, L. 

polita, L. 

orichalcia, Mull. Burton ; 

Hanley 

varians, Sch. 

goettingensis, L. Near Bur- 

ton (Fowler) 

graminis, L. Burton 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



CYCLICA (font.) 

Chrysomela menthrasti, Suff. 
Burton (Fowler) ; Cheadle ; 
common on mint in gardens 
at Wolverhampton (Jahn) 

fastuosa, Scop. Burton ; 

Cbeadle ; Swynnerton 

didymata, Scr. Henburst 

(Brown) ; Burton 

hyperici, Forst. Henhunt 

(Brown) ; Dovedale (Jahn) 
Melasoma aeneum, L. Dave- 
dale (Brown) ; Burnt 
Wood (Fowler) ; Cannock 
Chase 

populi, L. Cannock Chase ; 

only at Swynnerton (Jahn) ; 
recorded by Garner 

longicolle, Suffr. Dovedale, 

not uncommon (Jahn) ; 
recorded by Garner 
Phytodecta rufipes, De G. Burnt 
Wood (Fowler) ; Burton 
(Bates) 

olivacea, Forst. Burton 

pallida, L. Burton (Bates) ; 

Cheadle 

Gastroidea viridula, De G. Bur- 
ton ; Cbeadle 

polygoni, L. 
Phacdon tumidulus, Germ. 

armoraciae, L. Burton ; 

Hanley 

cochleariae, F. 
Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L. 

vitellinae, L. 
Hydrothassa aucta, F. 

- marginella, L. 
Prasocuris junci, Br. 

phellandrii, L. 
Phyllobrotica 4-maculata, L. 

Swynnerton ; Trentham 
(JaEn) 
Luperus rufipes, Scop. 

flavipcs, L. Cheadle 
Lochmaea caprcae, L. 

suturalis, Thorns Cheadle; 

Hanley 

crataegi, Forst. 
Galerucella viburni, Payk. Bur- 
ton (Bates) 

nymphaeae, L. Cannock 

Chase 

sagittariae, Gyll. Burton 

tenella, L. Burton 
Adimonia tanaceti, L. Burton 

Cannock Chase ; Burnt 
Wood (Fowler) 
Sermyla halensis, L. 

HALTICIDAE 

Longitarsus luridus, Scop. 

suturellus, Duft. 

atricillus, L. 

melanocephali s, All. 



HALTICIDAE (font.) 

Longitarsus nasturtii, F. Near 
Burton (Fowler) 

lycopi, Foudr. Hanley 

membranaceus, Foudr. Han- 

ley 

flavicornis, Steph. Hanley 

pusillus, Gyll. 

reichei, All. Needtvood Forest 

(Gorham) 

jacobaeae, Wat. 

gracilis, Kuts. 

laevis, Duft. Hanley 

pellucidus, Foudr. Hanley 
Haltica oleracea, L. 

ericeti, All. 

Phyllotreta nigripes, F. Need- 
wood forest (Gorham) 

punctulata, Marsh. Need- 

wood Forest 

atra, Pk. Cannock Chase 

cruciferae, Goeze 

vittula, Redt. 

undulata, Kuts. 

nemorum, L. Very de- 

structive in 1843 (Garner) 

cxclamationis, Th. Cannock 

Chase 
Aphthona nonstriata, Goeze 

venustula, Kuts. Needwood 

Forest 

virescens, Foudr. Dovedale 

(J^n) 
Sphaeroderma testaceum, F. 

cardui, Gyll. Recorded by 

Garner 
Mniophila muscorum, Koch. 

Hanley 
Mantura chrysanthemi, Koch. 

Trentham (Garner) 
Crepidodera transversa, Marsh. 

ferruginea, Scop. 

rufipes, L. 

helxines, L. Rolleston, &c. 

(Brown) 

nitidula, L. Hanley ; re- 

corded by Garner 

aurata, Marsh. 
Hippuriphila modeeri, L. 
Chaetocnema hortensis, Fourc. 
Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh. 
Psylliodes chalcomera, 111. 

chrysocephala, L. Hanley 

napi, Koch. 

affinis, Payk. Hanley 



CRYPTOSTOMATA 

Cassida vibex, F. Dovedale (Jahn) 

flaveola, Th. Burton, Hanley 

equestris, F. Burton 

viridis, F. 

hemisphaerica, Hbst. Near 

Burton (Harris) 

94 



TENEBRIONIDAE 

Blaps mortisaga, L. Burton. 
Garner's records of Shelton 
and Madeley Mill probably 
refer to B. mucronata 

mucronata, Latr. One at 

Hanley 

Crypticus quisquilius, L. Hanley 
Scaphidema metallicum, F. Lich- 
field (Fowler) ; Byrkley 
Park (Brown) 
Tenebrio molitor, L. 
Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Hanley 
Tribolium ferrugineum, F. Bur- 
ton (Fowler) 

confusum, Duv. Burton 

(Fowler) 

Hypophloeus linearis, F. Trent- 
bam (Jahn) 

Helops striatus, Fourc. 

LAG RI i DAE 

Lagria him, L. 
Cistela murina, L 



MELANDRVIDAE 



Can- 



Tetratoma fungorum, F. 
nock Chase 

Orchesia micans, Panz. Burton, 
Cannock Chase. (Ellis in 
Ent. 1898, p. 271) 

Hallomenus humeralis, Panz. 

Conopalpus testaceus, Ol. 

PYTHIDAE 

Pytho depressus, L. Hanley, in 
imported timber 

Salpingus castaneus, Panz. Can- 
nock Chase 

aeratus, Muls. Hanley 
Lissodema quadripustulata, 

Marsh. Burton 
Rhinosimus ruficollis, L. 

planirostris, F. 

OEDEMERIDAE 

Oedemera nobilis, Scop. 

Nacerdes melanura, Schm. Bur- 
ton, probably introduced 
with timber 

PYROCHROIDAE 
Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop. 

MORDELLIDAE 

Anaspis frontalis, L. 

pulicaria, Costa. Needwood 

Forest 

geoffroyi, Mull. 

ruficollis, F. 

maculata, Fourc. 

ANTHICIDAE i 

Anthicus floralis, L. 

antherinus, L 



INSECTS 



MELOIDAE 

Meloe proscarabaeus, L. 

violaceus, Marsh. Bagnall 

(Garner) , Button 

PLATYRRHINIDAE 

Brachytarsus fasciatus, F orst. Bur- 
ton ; Cannock Chase 

varius, F. Burton ; Stable ford 

(Jahn) 

CURCULIONIDAE 

Apoderus coryli, L. Burton 
Attelabus curculionoides, L. 

Burnt Wood (Fowler) ; 

Cheadle ; Burton ; Stoynner- 

ton 
Rhinomacer attelaboides, F. 

Sviynnerton, not common 
Rhynchites aequatus, L. Burton 

cupreus, L. Ckeadle; Stvyn- 

nerton 

aeneovirens, Marsh. Burnt 

Wood (Fowler) ; Burton 

coeruleus, De G. Button 

minutus, Hbst. 

- interpunctatus, Steph. Bur- 

ton 

nan us, Payk. Hanky 

uncinatus, Thorns. Cannock 

Chase 

sericeus, Hbst. Burton (Bates) 

- pubescens, F. Burton; a few 

at Stvynnerton 
Deporaus megacephalus, Germ. 

betulae, L. 
Apion pomonae, F. 

- craccae, L. Burton 

- ulicis, FOrst. 

- malvae, F. Burton 

- haematodes, Kirby 

- miniatum, Germ. Burton 

- rufirostre, F. Burton 

varipes, Germ. 

- apricans, Hbst. Burton 

- assimile, Kirby 

trifolii, L. 

dichroum, Bed. 

nigritarse, Kirby 

aeneum, F. 

carduorum, Kirby 

- pisi, F. 

striatum, Kirby 

ervi, Kirby 

vorax, Hbst. Burton; Cheadle 

meliloti, Kirby. Burton 

- scutellare, Kirby 

- loti, Kirby 

seniculum, Kirby 

violaceum, Kirby 

hydrolapathi, Kirby 

humile, Germ. 
Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus.Hbst. 

Burton ; also recorded by 
Garner 



CURCULIONIDAE (cant.) 

Otiorrhynchus picipes, F. Here 
belong Garner's O. notatus 
and O. septentrionis 

sulcatus, F. 

rugifrons, Gyll. 

ovatus, L. 

muscorum, Bris. Hanley ; 

banks of R. Dove, near 
Burton (Fowler) 

Trachyphloeus squamulatus, Ol. 
Cannock Chase ; Burton 

Caenopsis fissirostris, Walt. Can- 
nock Chase and Hednesford 
(Blatch) 

waltoni, Boh. Cannock Chase 
Strophosomus coryli, F. 

capitatus, De G. 

- retusus, Marsh. 

- lateralis, Payk. 
Exomias araneiformis, Sch. 
Omias mollinus, Boh. Burton 
Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd. 

Burton ; Sviynnerton 
Sciaphilus muricatus, F. 
Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh. 

Burton 

Liophloeus nubilus, F. Burton 
Polydrusu; micans, F. Burton 

(Bates) ; recorded also by 

Garner 

- tereticollis, DC G. 

pterygomalis, Boh. 

cervinus, L. 
Phyllobius oblongus, L. 

calcaratus, F. Recorded by 

Garner 

- urticae, De G. 

- pyri, L. 

argentatus, L. 

rruculicornis, Germ. 

pomonae, Ol. 

- viridiaeris, L;iich. 

viridicollis, F. Dovtdale 

(Fowler) ; Cheadle ; Sfvyn- 

nerton 

Philopedon geminatus, F. Burton 
Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh. 

Burton (Bates) 
Barynotus obscurus, F. 

schbnherri, Zett. Hanley 

- elevatus, Marsh. Burton 
Alophus triguttatus, F. 
Sitones cambricus, Steph. Bur- 
ton (Bates) 

regensteinensis, Hbst. 

- tibialis, Hbst. 

[ crinitus, Hbst. Recorded 
as well as S. griseus, F. by 
Garner, but both require 
confirmation ; cf. Fowler 
on these two species] 

- hispidulus, F. 

- humeralis, Steph. Burton 

flavescens, Marsh. 

95 



CURCULIONIDAE (cont.) 

Sitones puncticollis, Steph. Re- 
corded by Garner 

suturalis, Steph. 

Hneatus, L. 

- sulcifrons, Th. 
Hypera punctata, F. 

rumicis, L. 

suspiciosa, Hbst. 

- polygon!, L. 

- variabilis, Hbst. 

- plantaginis, De G. 

trilineata, Marsh. Burton ; 

Cburnet Valley (Jahn) 

- nigrirostris, F. 

Cleonus sulcirostris, L. Burton 

- nebulosus, L. Burton 
Liosoma ovatulum, Clair. 
Liparus coronatus, Goeze. Bur- 
ton ; also recorded by 
Garner 

Curculio abietis, L. 
Pissodes pini, L. Hanley, in in- 
troduced timber 

- notatus, F. Hanley 
Orchestes quercus, L. 

- alni, L. 

- ilicis, F. Burton (Bates) 

- fagi, L. 

- rusci, Hbst. Hanley 

- avellanae, Don. Eu -ton 

sahcis, L. Henhurst (Brown) ; 

Hanley 

Rhamphus flavicornis, Clair. 

Grypidius equiseti, F. Need- 
wood Forest ; Cannock Chase 

Erirrhinus bimaculatus, F. 
Knightley Park (Brown) 

acridulus, L. 

[ aethiops, F. Burton (Bates 
and Brown) ; recorded also 
by Garner, but in view of 
its rarity requires confir- 
mation. Fowler does not 
give these records] 

Thryogenes nereis, Payk. NeeJ- 
tvood Forest 

Dorytomus vorax, F. Hanley, 
common 

tortrix, L. Burton (Bates) ; 

Henhurst (Brown) 

pectoralis, Panz. Burton 

(Bates) ; Needwood Forest ; 
Stcynnerton 

validirostris, Gyll. Needivood 

Forest (Gorham) ; Henhurst 
(Brown) 

maculatus, Marsh. 

var. costirostris, Gyll. 

Henhurst (Brown) 
Tanysphyrus lemnae, F. 
Bagous alismatis, Marsh. 
[ frit, Hbst. Burton] 

tempestivus, Marsh. Burton 
Anoplus plantaris, Naez. 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



CuRCULIONIDAE 

Elleschus bipunctatus, L. Burton 
(Bates); Henhurst (Brown); 
Burnt Wood (Fowler) 

Tychius mcliloti, Steph. Burton 

tomentosus, Hbst. Burton 
Miccotrogus picirostris, F. 
Mecinus pyraster, Hbst. 
Anthonomus ulmi, De G. 

pedicularius, L. 

- pomorum, L. Burton 

rubi, Hbst. 
Clonus scrophulariae, L. 

- blattariae, F. 

- pulchellus, Hbst. 
Cryptorrhynchuslapathi,L. Bur- 
ton ; Cannock Chase 

Acalles roboris, Curt. Cannock 
Chase 

ptinoides, Marsh. Burton ; 

Cannock Chase 
Coeliodes rubicundus, Hbst. 

- quercus, F. 

- quadrimaculatus, L. 
Poophagus sisymbrii, F. 
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk. 

- erysimi, F. Recorded by 

Garner ; one at Su-ynner- 
ton (Jahn) 

- contractus, Marsh. 

- quadridens, Panz. 



CuRCULIONIDAE (fOnt.) 

Ceuthorrhynchus pollinarius, 
Forst. 

litura, F. 

trimaculatus, F. Dovedalc 

Oahn) 
Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis,Payk. 

pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh. 

troglodytes, F. 

Amalus haemorrhous, Hbst. 

Cheadle 
Rhinoncus pericarpius, L. 

perpendicularis, Reich. 
Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh. 

Burton (Bates) 

Limnobaris T-album, L. Hanley 
Baris picicornis, Marsh. Knightley 

(Brown) 
Balaninus venosus, Gr. Sandon 

(Jahn) 

nucum, L. 

villosus, F. Burnt Wood 

(Fowler) 

pyrrhoceras, Marsh. 

salicivorus, Payk. 
Calandra granaria, L. 

oryzae, L. 

Magdalis carbonaria, L. Burton 
(Bates and Brown) 

armigera, Fourc. Hanley ; 

Burton 



CURCULIONIDAE (coat.) 

Magdalis cerasi,L. Cannock Chase; 
Sandon (Jahn) 

pruni, L. 

SCOLYTIDAE 

Scolytus destructor, Ol. 
Hylastes ater, Pk. 

palliatus, Gyll 

Hylesinus crenatus, F. Burton ; 
very common and destruc- 
tive about Madelty (Bland- 
ford) ; Meaford (Jahn) 

fraxini, Panz. 

vittatus, F. Burton ; 'Need- 

wood Forest ; Trentham 
(Fowler) 

Myelophilus piniperda, L. 

Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh. 
Burton (Fowler) 

Dryocaetes autographus, Ratz. 
Hanley, probably in im- 
ported timber 

villosus, F. 

Tomicus typographus, L. Hanley 

acuminatus, Gyll. Hanley 

laricis, F. Hanley 
Pityogenes chalcographus, L. 

Hanley 

bidentatus, Hbst. 
Trypodendron domesticum, L. 



The following species have from time to time occurred at Hanley in imported 
timber : Ernobius nigrinus, St. ; Anthaxia quadripunctata, L. ; Semanotus undatus, L. ; Cal- 
lidiurn coriaceum, Pk. ; Curcu/io piceus, de G. ; Crypturgui pusil/us, Gyll. The last-named 
seems to be establishing itself locally. 



LEPIDOPTERA 

(Butter/lies and Moths] 

Staffordshire cannot be said to be rich in Rhopalocera (Butterflies) as only forty-two or 
rather more than half of the British species have been met with in the county, and these 
with the exception of the commoner ' Whites,' E. cardamines, V. urticae, and atalanta and perhaps 
E. ianira, cannot be considered as abundant or even fairly common. The rarer species are 
uncertain both in appearance and in numbers, and generally very local in distribution. Two 
species (L. sinapis and A. paphia] are only represented in the county records by a single 
occurrence each, although other records may have been overlooked. The county is, however, of 
great interest to entomologists as it was formerly a home of the now extinct large Copper Butterfly 
(Polyommatus dispar y Haw.) if the following account of its occurrence in Staffordshire is authentic. 
The late Richard Weaver, in The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer for 1856, p. 1 8 (quoted in 
The Field in December, 1893), states : 'A few days ago a gentleman brought and showed 
me a male and female of that species, namely Polyommatus dispar. Haw. (the large Copper 
Butterfly), which he had captured last year in Staffordshire. This is a new locality to me and 
I suppose is to most entomologists.' 

The species of Heterocera (moths) found in the county are on the other hand numerous, 
and many of the species are themselves frequently met with in great numbers, and their larvae 
are at times most destructive to trees and crops. The county of Stafford being situated nearly 
in the centre of England, and the northern portion of it being at an altitude running to 
considerably over 1,000 ft. above sea level, may be considered as somewhere about the 
dividing line between the northern and southern species of British Lepidoptera, and thus we 
find many species of both .northern and southern insects in our lists. 

96 



INSECTS 

The county is an attractive one from the fact that two of our rarest British moths 
(Lasdocampa ilicifolia, L. and Notodonta bicolor, Hb.) were first captured within its bounds. 
The first authentic British record of L. ilicifiHa was of a specimen taken by Atkinson on 
Cannock Chase on 17 May, 1851, although Stephens had previously described this moth as 
British in 1828, and it is figured by Humphreys and Westwood, but at that time no British 
specimen was known. Atkinson's insect was exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological 
Society in London on 2 June, 1851, by Mr. Smith. Since then other specimens have been 
taken on Cannock Chase by Partridge, Weaver and the Brothers Bonney, and on the 
17 May, 1896, an anniversary of the date of the capture of the first insect of this species, 
Dr. Freer took the last recorded example of this moth from that locality. Larvae have since 
been met with in the same locality. N. bicolor, Hb., the other rare British insect before 
mentioned, was taken in the Burnt Woods in Staffordshire on several occasions in 1861 and 
following years. The only other reputed British locality for this insect is Killarney, in Ire- 
land. The actual number of species of the various families recorded as having been met 
with in Staffordshire is as follows : 

British Liat Staffordshire List 

Rhopalocera ........ 65 42 

Heterocera 

Sphinges ........ 39 23 

Bombyces ....... 1 1 1 69 

Noctuae ........ 324 182 

Geometrae ....... 280 178 

Pyralides ........ 78 34 

Pterophori ....... 37 11 

Crambi ........ 83 27 

Tortrices . ....... 343 144 

Tineae ........ 720 238 



2,080 948 

The principal authorities on the Macro-Lepicloptera of Staffordshire are Garner's 
Natural History of the County of Stafford, published in 1840 ; Sir O. Mosley's Natural History 
of Tutbury, published in 1863, which contains a list of the Lepidoptera of the Burton district 
by the well-known entomologist, Mr. Edwin Brown ; Contributions to the Fauna and Flora of 
Repton, by Mr. W. Garneys and others (ed. 2, 1881) ; the Annual Reports of the North Staf- 
fordshire Field Club (1866 to 1906) ; a paper on 'the Lepidoptera of Burton-on-Trent and 
neighbourhood,' which first appeared in the Entomologist for 1885, and was afterwards 
reprinted with additions in the Transactions of the Burton-on-Trent Natural History Society for 
1889 ; besides various notes and papers which have appeared in the Entomologist, the Midland 
Naturalist, and other Natural History magazines and works on Entomology. In the following 
list the records of Macro-Lepidoptera are taken from the reports of the North Staffordshire 
Field Club unless otherwise stated. 

Much less attention has been given to the Micro-Lepidoptera. Mr. Brown's list com- 
prised some 280 species of Tortrices and Tineae ; Mr. C. G. Barrett collected sixty species, 
chiefly at Cannock, in June 1886 (Report N.S.F.C. 1887, p. 13), and in 1880 the Rev. T. W. 
Daltry contributed his first notes on the subject to the same publication. In 1891 
(Report, p. 17) seventy-nine species had been recorded by him, and subsequently a few more 
have been added. In 1892 Messrs. J. T. Harris and P. B. Mason published a list of the 
Crambi, Tortrices, and Tineae of the Burton district (Transactions Burton-on-Trent Natural 
History Society, ii, p. l), while in the Report of the North Staffordshire Field Club for 
1899, p. 60, Mr. E. D. Bostock recorded 17 species, many of which were new to 
the county list. The present list also contains a number of records by Messrs. W. G. 
Blatch and R. C. Bradley, for which I am indebted to Mr. C. J. Wainwright, and Dr. R. 
Freer has contributed a list of 131 species taken by himself in the Rugeley district and the 
adjoining part of Cannock Chase. 

E. B = E. Brown. C. G. B. - C. G. Barrett. T. W. D = Rev. T. W. Daltry. 

B. L. = Burton Society, List of Macro-Lepidoptera (1885-9). 

B. S. = J. T. Harris and Dr. Mason (1892). E. D. B. = E. D. Bostock. 

C. J. W. = C. J. Wainwright. R. C. B. = R. C. Bradley. 

W. G. B. = W. G. Blatch. R. F. = Dr. R. Freer. 

i 97 '3 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



RHOPALOCERA 



PlERIDAE 



NYMPHALIDAE (cont.) 



Pieris brassicae, L. General 

rapae, L. Plentiful throughout the county 

napi, L. In gardens and meadows, but not so 

plentiful as the two last species 
Euchk>5 cardamines, L. Very general in the 

spring and frequents lilac bloom 
Leucophasia sinapis, L. Only recorded as having 

occurred once at Stvynnerton by Mr. Alfred 

Smith 
Colias edusa, Fb. Rare, but has been observed in 

most parts of the county. The var. helice, 

Hb. has been taken once near Stafford 
Gonopteryx rhamni, L. Rare. Madeley, Crad- 

docKt Moss, Dovedale, Cheadle, Oakamoor, 

Hamfs Valley, Mayfeld 

NYMPHALIDAE 

Argynnis selene, Schiff. Burnt Woods, Bagofs 
Park, Dovedale, Chartley (B. L.) 

euphrosyne, L. Common in Burnt Woods in 

some seasons 

aglai.i, L. Fairly plentiful on Cannock Chase, 

one dark var. formerly Dcvedale 

adippe, L. Trentl.am in June, 1901, and 

Downs Banks, near Stone, 1893 ; formerly 
Dovedale (late Rev. H. Harpur Crevve) 
- paphia, L. One in Swynnerton Old Park, 

1890 

Mclitaea aurinia, Rott. CraJdock's Moss, but very 
uncertain in appearance ; one at Burton 
(B. L.) 

athalia, Rott. Burnt Woods (}. B. Hodgkin- 

son), abundant in one locality in South 
Staffordshire (J. Hardy, vide Newman's 
British Butterflies, 48) 

Vanessa C-album, L. A few noted most years, 
but far from common. Madeley, Cheadle, 
Oakamoor, Cannock Chase, Leek, Tixall, 
Stone 

polychloros, L. One pupa at Madeley. An 

imago, Alstonfield, 1875 ; Dovedale, Frads- 
vj ell Heath, near Stone, 1902 ; Burton, 'Need- 
wood Forest (B. L.) 

urticae, L. Very common everywhere, and 

often emerges from hibernation on sunny 
days in winter 

io, L. Very general in September and hiber- 
nated specimens in early spring 

antiopa, L. Very rare, but has been taken at 

Badenhall near Eccleshall, Swynnerton, Stvyth- 
amley, Madeley, and has been observed at 
Alstonfieldty Rev. W. H. Purchas in 1880. 
A noticeable immigration of this insect into 
North Staffordshire took place in 1872. 
One was seen near Warslovi on 28 August, 
and another in the same district about the 
same time. Miss Malleson observed one 
near Hit/me End the same morning, and 
Miss Purchas took a specimen (probably the 
same individual) on the following after- 
noon. Another was taken near Longnor on 



2 September, and two not far from Leek on 

3 September. Mr. Hugo H. Crewe saw 
one near Warslow on 5 September, and 
two more were taken on the moors shortly 
after 

Vanessa atalanta, L. Some years very abundant and 
general throughout the county 

cardui, L. Very uncertain, but plentiful some 

years 

SATYRIDAE 

Pararge megaera, L. Occasional, but nowhere 

common ; Forest Banks, Needwood (B. L.). 

Not met with in the north of the 

county 

Satyrus semele, I,. Bunster Hill, Dovedale 

(B. L.) 

Epinephele ianira, L. Common generally, but 

local 

tithonus, L. Not common. Cannock Chase, 

Madeley, Burton (B. L.) 
- hyperanthes, L. Local. Burnt Woods, Madeley, 

Needwood Forest (B. L.) 

Coenonympha typhon, Rott. Very local. Chartley, 
Chorlton Moss, and all the specimens appear 
to be of the var. rothliebi, Stgr. Stafford- 
shire appears to be about the southern limit 
of this insect 

pamphilus, L. Very common on heaths 

LYCAENIDAE 

Thecla W-album, Knoch. One taken near Mod- 
dershall in 1899 ; Burton, Knightley Perk, 
(B. L.), Market Drayton, 1902 (E. D. B.) 

quercus, L. Stvynnerton, plentiful 

rubi, L. Common, but local. Cannock Chase, 

Cheadle, Maer, Stone, Dovedale; formerly 

plentiful (B. L.) 
Polyommatus phloeas, L. Common generally in 

late summer and autumn 
Lycaena aegon, Schiff. Very rare at Wolverhamp- 

ton (F. O. Morris, vide Newman's British 

Butterflies, p. 121) 

astrarche, Bgstr. Some years abundant in 

Dovedale 

icarus, Rott. Fairly common, but not in great 

abundance 

argiolus, L. Maer, Needwood Forest, Bunit 

Woods, Rugeley, Whitman, Parson's Brake 

minima, Fues. Rare, Dovedale 

HESPERIIDAE 

Syrichthus malvae, L. Very rare. Burnt Woods 
Nisoniades tages, L. Leycett on coal-pit lows, near 

Market Drayton; Dovedale (B. L.) 
Hesperia thaumas, Hufn. Local on railway banks 

at Madeley ; Burton, not uncommon (B. L.) 

sylvanus, Esp. Local, Burnt Woods, Maer ; 

Bagofs Park, common ; Chartley ; Burton, 
not uncommon (B. L.) 

comma, L. Chartley (B. L.) 



INSECTS 



HETEROCERA 



SPHINGES 
SPHINGIDAB 



BOMBYCES 

NYCTEOLIDAE 



Acherontia atropos, L. Very general. No less 
than 200 larvae of this species were brought 
to one entomologist in this county in 1900 

Sphinx convolvuli, L. Occurs occasionally, Made- 
ley, Stone, several years ; Stoke and Hanley, 
1903 ; Rugeley, 1904 ; Burton (B. L.) 

ligustri, L. The larva is said to have been 

taken near Stoke on Trent ; not infrequent at 
Burton (B. L.) 

Deilephila gallii, SchifF. One taken at Handsworth, 
1888 (C. J. Wain wright) 

livornica, Esp. Taken twice at Wolstanton in 

1897 and 1900. One at Mayjield on 18 
May, 1904 

Choerocampa ' cclerio, L. One at Rugeley, 1853 
(R. W. Hawkins). One taken at Burton in 
October, 1880 (B. L.) 

porcellus, L. Not uncommon at valerian and 

rhododendron flowers, Stone, Stafford, 
Cheadle ; Oakedge, Rugeley (B. L.) 
- elpenor, L. General in larval stage 
Smsrinthus ocellatus, L. General in the middle 
and south of the county in orchards 

populi, L. Common throughout the county 

tiliae, L. Very rare. Larvae said to have 

been taken at Trentbam, and one imago near 
Market Dray ton. Two larvae Rugeley, 1902 
Macroglossa stellatarum, L. Very general most 
years, appearing in spring, and again in 
early autumn 

bombyliformis, Och. CraJilock's Moss 

SESIIDAE 

Trochilium apiformis, Clerck. Rare, Stoke-on- 
Trent, Cheadle, Warslow 

crabroniformis, Lewin. General 

Sesia sphegiformis, Fb. Plentiful in Burnt Woods 
some years, Craddocki Moss 

tipuliformis, Clerck. General in gardens 

where currants are grown 

culiciformis, L. Plentiful some years in Burnt 

Woods, Cannock Chase, E. D. B. 



ZVGAENIDAE 

Ino statices, L. Rare and local, Madeley ; Dove- 
dale (B. L.) 

geryon, Hb. Rare, Staffordshire side of Dove- 

dak 

Zygaena trifolii, Esp. Rare and local Cannock 
Chase 

lonicerae, Esp. Canal bank Cheswardine, rare 

filipendulae, L. Rare, railway cutting near 

Madeley, Cannock Chase, Grindon; Burton, 
Dwedale (B. L.) 

1 Choerocampa nerii, L. One at Burton, 1888 (B. L.) One 
t Hanley, Sept. 1896. 



Sarothripus undulanus, Hb. One at Stvynnerton 
Hylophila prasinana, L. Not uncommon in woods, 
Madeley, Leek ; Burton (B. L.) 

bicolorana, Fues. One pupa at Stone in 1905, 

which duly hatched out (E. D. B.) 

NOLI DAE 

Nola cucullatella, L. Not generally common, 
Madeley, Rugeley; common at Burton (B. L.) 

confusalis, H.-S. Bishop') and Burnt Woods ; 

Burton (B. L.) 

LlTHOSIIDAE 

Nudaria mundana, L. General, Madeley, Cborlton 
Moss, Weaver Hills, Dovedale, Leek ; scarce, 
Burton (B. L.) 

Lithosia me ; omella, L. Burnt Woods, Swynnerton, 
Cannock Chase, Chartley 

lurideola, Zinck. Common, Burton (B. L.) 

EUCHELIIDAE 

Deiopeia pulchella, L. Once taken in a mendow 

near Walton's Wood, Madeley, 25 June, 

1892 
Euchelia iacobaeae, L. Pell Wall near Market 

Drafton, and larvae on Cannock Chase ; in a 

garden at Burton once (B. L.) 

CHELONIIDAE 

Nemeophila russula, L. ($ sannio, L.). Not un- 
common on most mosses 

plantaginis, L. Local, but occurs in many 

districts 
Arctia caia, L. Common in south of county, but 

gets rarer further north, and doubtful if it 

occurs at all in extreme north of the county 
Spilosoma fuliginosa, L. Not common, Chorhon 

Moss, Stone, Cannock Chase, Gun near Leek ; 

Chartley, Dovedale (B. L.) 

mendica, Clerck. Near Marchlngton (E. B.) 

. * .' "' \ Very common everywhere 

menthrastn, Esp. j ' 

urticae, Esp. Larvae found once near Burton 

(E. B.) 

HEPIALIDAE 

Hepialus humuli, L. Common in meadows, the 
silvery white wings of the male being very 
conspicuous at dusk when hovering over 
grass 

sylvanus, L. General 

velleda, Hb. General on heaths and com- 

mons, but Staffordshire is about the southern 
limit where this insect is found commonly 
- lupulinus, L.j v mjnon 

hectus, L. j 



99 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



BOMBYCES (continued) 

COSSIDAB 

Cossus ligniperda, Fb. Not common, larvae in 

ash and willow trees 
Zeuzera pyrina, L. Rare, Toxall (E. B.), Burton, 

Rolleston (B. L.) ; Stafford, Hanlty, Cheadle ; 

Handsttiorth (C. J. W.), Stone, E. D. B. 

COCHLIOPODIDAE 

Heterogenea limacodes, Hufn. Two specimens 
taken at Hanky, 15 July, 1903 

LIPARIDAE 

Porthesia chrysorrhoea, L. Several at Rugeley in 

1892-3 ; at electric light at Stoke Station, 

1905 
si mills, Fues. Common throughout the 

county 

Leucoma salicis, L. Burton (B. L.) 
Dasychira pudibunda, L. Not uncommon in south, 

but not recorded in north of the county 
Orgyia gonostigma, Fb. One larva at Rugeley 

(B. L.) 
- antiqua, L. General, and some years abundant 

as far north as Cheadle and Leek 



BOMBYCIDAE 

Trichiura crataegi, L. Rare, two taken at gas 
lamps at Stone ; larva, Market Dray ton; Bur- 
ton (B. L.) 

Poecilocampa populi, L. Not uncommon coming 
to light, Stvynnerton, Stone, Tlxall, Rugeley, 
Cheadle ; Needwood (B. L.) 

Eriogaster lanestris, L. Nests of larvae, Market 
Drayton ; 'Needwood forest, common Burton 
(B. L.) 

Bombyx rubi, L. Common on heaths, Madeley, 
Leek ; Cannock Chase ; Dovedale (B. L.) 

quercus, L. Common some years about Stone 

and other places, but generally of the variety 

callunae, Palmer 
Cdonestis potatoria, L. Common throughout the 

southern half of the county 
Lasiocampa quercifolia, L. Larvae taken near 

Rugeley (B. L.) 

ilicifolia, L. Taken several times on Cannock 

Chase, which is one of the very few localities 
where this moth occurs in England. (For 
particulars see p. 97) 

ENDROMIDAE 

Endromis versicolor, L. Used to be taken in the 
Burnt Woods 

SATURNHDAE 

Saturnia pavonia, L. Common on heaths all 
through the county. Males assemble from 
long distances to a virgin female 



BOMBYCES (continued) 
DREPANULIDAE 

Drcpana lacertinaria, L. Fairly common on birch 
trees 

falcataria, L. Not uncommon 

binaria, Hum. Burnt Woods, 1902 

Cilix glaucata, Scop. Common some years. Stone, 
Cheadle, Rugeley, Market Drayton ; Burton 
(B. L.) 

DlCRANURIDAE 

Dicranura bicuspis, Bork. Not common. Chorlton 
Moss ; Cannock Chase, Rolleston (B. L.) 

furcula, L. Occasional, Burnt Woods, Madeley; 

Burton (E. B.) 

bifida, Hb. Occasional, Stoke-on-Trent, Stone, 

Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase ; Burton (B. L.) 

vinula, L. Very common throughout the 

county 

NOTODONTIDAE 

Pterostoma palpina, L. Chorlton, Stone, Burnt 

Woods, Cannock Chase ; Burton (B.L.) 
Lophopteryx camelina, L. Common 

carmelita, Esp. Rugeley (B. L.) 
Notodonta bicolor, Hb. Eight specimens of this 

rare moth were taken in the Burnt Woods 
by Messrs. I. Smith, Chappell, and Charlton 
(see Zoologist, 1861, p. 7682 ; also New- 
man's British Moths, p. 228). The following 
is an account of the capture of the first 
specimen of this insect in Staffordshire, taken 
from the Zoologist, 1861, p. 7682 : 'At the 
ordinary monthly meeting of the Manchester 
Entomological Society held on 3 July, 
Mr. John Smith, an artisan collector resi- 
dent here, exhibited a specimen of Noto- 
donta bicolor captured by himself at Burnt 
Woods, Staffordshire, in the latter part of 
June last. The specimen, a fine male, 
though a little rubbed through being boxed 
out of the net, excited much interest at the 
meeting as being the first of the species 
known to have occurred in Great Britain, 
J. Hardy, pro Sec.' 

dictaea, L. Not uncommon. Whitmore, Stoke- 

on-Trent, Cannock Chase, Cheadle, Burnt 
Woods ; Bur/on (B. L.) 

dictaeoides, Esp. Not uncommon, Bishop's 

Woods, Cannock Chase, Leek 

dromedarius, L. The larvae frequently taken 

Madeley, Stvynnerton, Burnt Woods, Cheadle, 
Consall ; Cannock Chase (B. L.) 

ziczac, L. Larvae not uncommon on willow 

and sallow ; Madeley, Ckeadle, Bishop's and 
Burnt Woods 

trepida, Esp. Rare Stvynnerton, Burnt Woods 

chaonia, Hb. One at Steynnerton 

trimacula, Esp. Burnt Woods, Stvynnerton, 

Cannock Chase 

PYGAERIDAS 

Phalera bucephala, L. Very common, the larvae 
frequently stripping branches of trees of all 
their leaves. 

Pygaera curtula, L. Burton (E. B.) 



100 



INSECTS 



BOMBYCES (continued) 
CYMATOPHORIDAE 






Thyatira derasa, L. Not common Macteley, Burnt 
Woods, Dovedale, Leek ; Burton (B. L.) 

batis, L. General, but not plentiful; Cheadle, 

Madeley, Rugeley, Leek, Burnt Woods ; Bur- 
ton (B. L.) 

Cymatophora duplaris, L. Not uncommon, Can- 
nock Chase, MaJeley, Burnt Woods, Cheadle ; 
Henhurst near Burton (E. B.) 

Asphalia diluta, Fb. Rare, Burnt Woods; Hen- 
hurst near Burton (E. B.) 

flavicornis, L. Common, Swynnerton, Cannock 

Chase, Cheadle ; Burton once (B. L.) 

ridens, Fb. Rare, Staynnerton, Trentham 

NOCTUAE 
BRYOPHILIDAE 

Bryophila perla, Fb. Common on walls, the larvae 
feeding on lichens 

BoMBYCOIDAE 

Demas coryli, L. Rare, larvae on birch and oak 
at Staynnerton and Dtmmingsdale near Cheadle; 
Dovedale (B. L.) 

Acronycta tridens, Schift'. Fairly common at Bur- 
ton (B. L.), Rugeley 

psi, L. Common throughout the county 

leporina, L. General, but not common, Leek, 
Chorlton, Cheadle, Barlaston, Burnt Woods, 
Cannock Chase, Chartlcy ; Burton (B. L.) 

- megacephala, Fb. Not common, Bishop's and 

Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase 

- alni, L. General, and reported from most 

parts of the county 

- rumicis, L. Common, and variety ' salicis ' 

not uncommon 

menyanthidis, View. Rare, Craddock's Moss, 

Chorlton, War slow, Chartlcy, Leek 
Diloba caeruleocephala, L. Common throughout 
the middle and south of the county 

LEUCANIIDAE 

Leucania conigera, Fb. Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

lithargyria, Esp. Common 

comma, L. Burnt Woods, Rugeley ; Henhurst 

and Burton (B. L.) 

impura, Hb.) ,-, 

T ( Common 

pallens, L. J 

Coenobia rufa, Haw. Henhurst near Burton (E. B.) 
Tapinostola fulva, Hb. Fairly common, Chorlton, 
Madeley, Betton, Cheadle, Cannock Chase ; 
Bagofs Park, Burton (B. L.) 

Nonagria arundinis, Fb. Larvae common in bul- 
rushes 

lutosa, Hb. One at light Stone ; at light Bur- 

ton (B.L.) 

APAMEIDAE 

Gortyna ochracea, Hb. Fairly common 
Hydroecia nictitans, Bork. Not common, Whit- 
more, Cheadle, Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase ; 
Henhurst, Burton, Rugeley (B. L.) 



NOCTUAE (continued) 
APAMEIDAE (continued) 

Hydroecia petasitis, Dbl. One at Froghall near 
Cheadle, and larvae in stems of Petasitis vul- 
garis 

micacea, Esp. Occasional, Swynnerton, Madeley, 

Oakamoor, Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 
Axylia putris, L. Fairly common 
Xylophasia rurea, Fb. Common with the var. 

combusta, Dup. 

lithoxylea, Fb. Common 

monoglypha, Hufn. Very abundant every- 

where with its melanic var. 

hepatica, L. Not common, Madeley ; Hen- 

Aunt, Burton (B. L.) 
scolopacina, Esp. Local. Cheadle; Leek; 

Knightley Park ; Shobnall (B. L.) ; Burnt 

Woods, E. D. B. 
Dipterygia scabriuscula, L. Rare. Swynnerton ; 

Madeley ; Bunt Woods 
Aporophyla australis, Bdv. One at light at Stoke- 

on-Trent 
Neuria reticulata, Vill. Sviyntierton ; Burnt Woods ; 

Henhurst, nr. Burton (E. B.) 
Neuronia popularis, Fb. General. Madeley ; 

Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Market Dray ton ; Burton 

(B.L.) 

Charaeas graminis, L. Common 
Cerigo matura, Hufn. Rugeley occasionally at 

light ; one at Branston, Sept. 1905 ; Knight- 
ley (E. B.) 
Luperina testacea, Hb. Common 

cespitis, Fb. General 

Mamestra sordida, Bork. Market Dray ton ; Burton, 
at sugar (B. L.) 

brassicae, L. Very abundant, and the larvae 

very destructive to plants of the cabbage tribe 

- persicariae, L. Local. Burton (B. L.) ; Made- 

ley ; Rugeley ; Handsmrth (C. J. W.) 
Apamea basilinea, Fb. Common, and larvae 
destructive 

gemina, Hb. Not uncommon, and the vnr. 

remissa, Tr. occasionally 

- unanimis, Tr. Not common. Clayton ; Made- 

ley ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

- leucostigma, Hb. Occasional. Cannock Chase, 

Tixall 

didyma, Esp. Common 

Miana strigilis, Clerck. Abundant and very varia- 
ble, the black form being very common 

fasciuncula, Haw. Fairly common. Madeley ; 

Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Burnt Woods ; Burton 
(B.L.) 

literosa, Haw. Occasional. Madeley ; Burnt 

Woods ; Rugelet 

bicoloria, Vill. Rare. Chorlton Moss; Rugeley 

arcuosa, Haw. Not uncommon. Madeley ; 

Dovedale ; Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Henhurst ; 
Burton (E. B.) 
Celaena haworthii, Curt. Rare. Dane Valley 

CARADRINIDAE 

Grammesia trigrammica, Hufn. Not common. 

Dovedale ; Stvynnerton ; Burton (B. L.) 
Stilbia anomala, Haw. Not uncommon in Cannock 

Chase 



101 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



NOCTUAE (continued) 
CARADRINIDAB (continued') 

Caradrina morpheus, Hufn. Common 

alsines, Brahm. Local ; very plentiful some 

years at Rugeley 

taraxaci, Hb. Rugeley ; Madeley ; Market 

Drayton 

- quadripunctata, Fb. Very common 
Rusina tenebrosa, Hb. Common in woods, 
coming to sugar 



NOCTUIDAE 

Agrotis suffusa, Hb. Rare. Madeley ; Burnt 
Woods; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

saucia, Hb. Rare. Stvynnerton ; Chorlton Moss ; 

Clayton ; Burnt Woods ; Rugeley ; Burton 
(B. L.) 

- segetum, SchifF. Very common, and larvae 

destructive to farm crops 

- exclamationis, L. Very abundant 

- corticea, Hb. Rare. Sviynnerton 

- nigricans, L. Local ; Rugeley ; common some 

years 

- tritici, L. Not common. Market Drayton ; 

Rugeley 

- aquilina, Hb. The Lawns, Burton (E. B.) 

- strigula, Thnb. Common some years. Szvyn- 

nerton ; Burnt Woods ; C hartley Moss ; Can- 
nock Chase 

- obscura, Brahm. One Burnt Woods; Burton, 

rare (E. B.) 

- simulans, Hufn. Reported from Staffordshire 

(see Newman's British Moths, p. 336) 
Noctua glareosa, Esp. Common some years, 
Madeley ; Cheadle ; Burnt Woods ; Cannock 
Chase ; Rugeley 

augur, Fb. Common throughout the county 

- P| eCU ' L ' . I General 

C-mgrum, L. J 

- triangulum, Hufn. Madeley ; Burnt Woods ; 

Rugeley ; Henhurst, nr. Burton (B. L.) 

brunnea, Fb. Common 

festiva, Hb. Very abundant 

- dahlii, Hb. Fairly common, but uncertain. 

Cheadle ; Burnt Woods, very abundant Aug., 

1905 ; Cannock Chase 
rubi, View. General 

umbrosa, Hb. ) 
- baia, Fb. j 

castanea, Esp. Often plentiful on heaths ; 

Stvynnerton ; Burnt Woods. Very variable in 
colouration. A striking yellow variety (var. 
xanthe) has been taken by Mr. Woodforde 
in the Burnt Woods several years in August, 
and is not known to occur elsewhere (see 
Rep. North Staffs. Field Club 1900-1, p. 64, 
for a paper and coloured plate of this in- 
teresting variety) 

xanthographa, Fb. Common generally with 

many red and dark varieties 

Triphaena ianthina, Esp. Fairly common. Made- 
ley ; Craddock'j Moss ; Cheadle ; Stone ; Ruge- 
ley ; Henhurst; Burton (B. L.) 



Common 



NOCTUAE (continued) 
NOCTUIDAE (continued) 

Triphaena fimbria, L. Uncertain in appearance, 
but common some years. Stvynnerton ; Stone ; 
Cheadle ; Burnt Woods, in all its varieties. 
Rugeley ; Henhurst; Burton (B. L.) 

interjecta, Hb. Rare. Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

comes, Hb. Common some years 

pronuba, L. Very abundant everywhere. A 

hermaphrodite variety was taken by Mr. 
E. W. H. Blagg and Mr. F. C. Woodforde 
in Dovedale in 1893 with left forewing, var. 
inuba, and right forewing mottled as in the 
type 

AMPHIPYRIDAE 

Amphipyra pyramidea, L. Rare. Stvynnerton ; 
Burton (B. L.) 

tragopogonis, L. Very common 
Mania typica, L. Very common 

maura, L. Common 

ORTHOSIIDAE 

Panolis piniperda, Panz. Common at sallow bloom 

and in pine woods 
Pachnobia rubricosa, Fb. Common at sallow bloom 

Taeniocampa gothica, L. ) ,, 

r ,_, c [ Very common 

mcerta, Hufn. 

opima, Hb. Two specimens taken at Cannock 

Chase by Mr. Burnett 

populeti, Fb. Not common. Madeley ; Leek ; 

Cheadle ; Burnt Woods ; Henkurst, nr. Bur- 
ton (B. L.) 

stabilis, View. Very abundant 

gracilis, Fb. Rare. Madeiey ; Rugeley ; Bur- 

ton ; Branston (B. L.). Not reported in the 
north of the county 

miniosa, Fb. Rare. Stvynnerton ; Burnt Woods 

munda, Esp. Not common. Madeley ; Burnt 

Woods 

pulverulenta, Esp. Common at sallows in south 

of the county, rare in the north 
Orthosia suspecta, Hb. Common locally and vari- 
able in colour 

upsilon, Bork. Not common. Chorlton, larva ; 

Cheadle ; larvae common, Burton (B. L.) 

lota, Clerck j 

macilenta, Hb. J 

Anchocelis rufina, L. Common some years 

pistacina, Fb. Not uncommon. Burnt Woods ; 

Market Drayton ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

litura, L. Common 
Cerastis vaccinii, L. "j 

spadicea, Hb. \ Very common 
Scopelosoma satellitia, L. J 

Xanthia citrago, L. Not uncommon. Cheadle; 
Rugeley ; Market Drayton 

fulvago, L. Common, var. flavescens, Esp. 

Madeley 

flavago, Fb. Common some years. Rugeley ; 

Cheadle ; Burnt Woods ; Burton (B. L.) 

gilvago, Esp. Not common. Burnt Woods ; 

Rugeley ; Oakamoor ; Burton (E. B.) 

circellaris, Hufn. Common 



Common 



102 



INSECTS 



NOCTUAE (continued) 
ORTHOSIIDAE (continued) 

Cirrhoedia xerampelina, Hb. Common some 
years. Madeley ; Stone ; Tixall ; Chead/e ; 
Leek, nr. Mow Cop ; Dovedale ; Burton (B. L.) 

CoSMIIDAE 

Tethea subtusa, Och. Larvae, Stoke-on-Trent ; 
Madeley ; Henburst, nr. Burton (E. B.) ; 
Handsworth (C. J. W.) 

retusa, L. Larvae on sallow, Wrinehill 
Cosmia paleacea, Esp. Very local and not com- 
mon. Cannock Chase 

Calymnia traperina, L. Common 

diffinis, L. Burton (E. B.) 

affinis, L. Rare. Burnt Woods ; Burton (B. L.) 

HADENIDAE 

Dianthoecia nana, Rott. Rare. Market Drayton 

capsincola, Hb. Common 

cucubali, Fues. Not common. Madeley ; 

Rugeley ; Burton, common (B. L.) 

carpophaga, Bork. Rare. Rugeley ; Shobnall ; 

Burton (B. L.) 

Hccatera serena, Fb. Not common. Stuynnerton ; 
Leek; Rugeley 

Polia chi, L. Generally common, especially in the 
north of the county 

Dasypolia templi, Thnb. One at Cheadle ; Wan- 
low (Hugo H. Crewe) ; Cauldon, nr. Cheadle, 
1906 

Cleoceris viminalis, Fb. Rudyard; Madeley ; Chart- 
ley ; Leek ; Rugeley ; Burnt Woods ; Hen- 
hurst, nr. Burton (B. L.) 

Miselia oxyacanthae, L. Very common, and var. 
capucina frequent 

Agriopis aprilina, L. ~\ 

Euplexia lucipara, L. > Common 

Phlogophora meticulosa, L. J 

Aplecta prasina, Fb. Fairly common. Swynner- 
ton ; Madelcy ; Burnt Woods ; Cheadle ; Dove- 
dale 

occulta, L. One taken in Bagofs Park 

(C. A. E. Rodgers, Ent. 1895, p. 284.) 

nebulosa, Hufm. Common in woods 

tincta, Brahm. Common at sugar. Burnt 

Woods ; Cannock Chase 
Hadena adusta, Esp. Not common. Burnt Woods ; 

Cannock Chase ; Henhurst ; Burton (B. L.) 

protea, Bork. Fairly common. Cheadle ; Leek ; 

Cannock Chase ; Burton (B. L.) 

glauca, Hb. Not uncommon. Swynnerton ; 

Cannock Chase; Burnt Woids ; Leek 

dentina, Esp. Not common. Madeley ; Burnt 

Woods ; Rugeley ; common Burton (B. L.) 

trifolii, Rott. Larvae occasionally Rugeley. 

This county is probably the northern limit 
for this species ; common Burton (B. L.) 

dissimilis, Knoch. Not common, Whitmore ; 

Market Drayton ; Madeley ; scarce at Rugeley ; 
Henhurst ; and Burton (B. L.) 

oleracea, L. Common everywhere 



NOCTUAE (continued) 
HADENIDAE (continued) 

Hadena pisi, L. Common some seasons, and larvae 
on broom and sallow 

thalassina, Rott. Common 

contigua, Vill. Fairly common on Cannock 

Chase 

genistae, Bork. Rare. Burnt Woods 

XYLINIDAK 

Xylocampa areola, Esp. General 
Calocampa vetusta, Hb. Rare. Swynnerten ; Burnt 
Woods ; Henhurst ; and Burton (B. L.) 

exoleta, L. General. Burnt Woods ; Cheadle ; 

Henhurst, nr. Burton (B. L.) 

solidaginis, Hb. Common where the bilberry 

grows. Stvythamley ; Leek ; Cannock Chase ; 

Burnt Woods 
Asteroscopus sphinx, Hufn. At lamps on Burton 

Bridge (E. B.) 
Cucullia verbasci, L. Larvae taken at Madeley, and 

at Grindon, June, 1905, in considerable 

numbers 
- chamomillae, Schiff. Not common Madeley; 

Market Drayton; Handsworth (C. J. W.) 

umbratica, L. Common. Cheadle; Stone; 

Market Drayton ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

GONOPTERIDAE 

Gonoptera libatnx, L. Common everywhere 

PLUSH DAE 

Habrostola tripartita, Hufn. Local. Cheadle; 
Rugeley ; Market Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) 

triplasia, L. Fairly common. Cheadle ; Rugf- 

ley ; Market Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) ; Hands- 
Dearth 
Plusia chrysitis, L. Common 

fe.'tucae, L. Local. Madeley ; Betton Moss ; 

Leek ; Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) ; 
common Trent Galley, nr. Lichfield 

iota, L. "I 

pulchrina, Haw. > Common 

gamma, L. J 

interrogationis, L. Rare. Maer ; Cannock 

Chase; Leek 

HELIOTHIDAE 

Anarta myrtilli, L. Common on heather through- 
out the county 

Heliaca tcncbrata, Scop. Not common. Swynner- 
ton ; Madeley ; Rugeley ; common some years, 
Burton 

PoAPHILIDAE. 

Phytometra viridaria, Clerck. Craddock'i Moss; 
Cannock Chase 

EUCLIDIIDAE 

Euclidia mi, Clerck. Rare. Craddock's Moss; 
Dovedale ; The Lawns, Burton ; and Chartley 
(B. L.) 

glyphica, L. Rare. Madeley 



I0 3 



A HISTORY OF 

NOCTUAE (continued) 
CATOCALIDAE 

Catocala fraxini, L. Once at Burton, 2 Oct. 1852 
(E.B.) 

AVENTIIDAE 

Aventia flexula, SchifF. Chartley Moss 

HERMINIIDAE 

Zanclognatha grisealis. Hb. Not uncommon. 
Rugeley ; Walton's Wood ; Madeley ; Burnt 
Woods ; Henhurst, nr. Burton (B. L.) / Hands- 
worth (C. J. W.) 

tarsipennalis, Tr. One at Tixa/l, and one at 
Market Drayton 

Pechypogon barbalis, Clerck. Burnt Woods 



STAFFORDSHIRE 

NOCTUAE (continued) 
HERMINIIDAE (continued) 

Bomolocha pontis, Thnb. Common but locaL 
Stuymterton Heath ; Burnt Woods ; Maer ; 
Cheadle 

Hypena proboscidalis, L. Common everywhere on 
nettles 

Hypenodes costaestrigalis, St. Bunt Woods, very- 
abundant, Aug. 1905 (E. D. B.) 

BREPHIDES 

Brephos parthenias, L. Plentiful in March around 
birch trees. Swynnerton ; Cheadle ; Burnt 
Woods ; Chartley ; Cannock Chase 



GEOMETRAE 



UROPTERYCIOAE 

Uropteryx sambucaria, L. Common throughout 
the county 

ENNOMIDAE 

Epione apiciaria, Schiff. Not common. Madeley ; 

BagofsPark; Cheadle; Handsworth ; Rugcley ; 

Henhurst ; and Burton (E. B.) 
Rumia luteolata, L. Common 
Venilia macularia, L. Rare and local. Dovedale; 

Dydon Wood (B.L.) 
Angerona prunaria, L. Local. Swynnerton ; Burnt 

Woods 
Metrocampa margaritaria, L. General. Stone ; 

Cheadle ; Cannock Chase ; Swynnerton ; Burton 

(B.L.) 
Ellopia prosapiaria, L. Common in all pine 

woods 
Eurymene dolobraria, L. Rare. Sivynnerton ; 

Burnt Woods ; Madeley ; Henhurst nr. Bur- 
ton (E. B.) 
Pericallia syringaria, L. Occasional. Madeley ; 

Stone ; Ellastone ; Burnt If 'cods ; Rolleston; and 

Burton (B.L.) ,- Handsworth (C. J. W.) 
Selenia bilunaria, Esp. ) General in the southern 

lunaria, SchifF. j half of the county 
Odontopera bidentata, Clerck. Common 
Crocallis elinguaria, L. Very generally distributed 
Eugonia almaria, L. Choriton Moss ; Burnt Woods; 

Cannock Chase ; Oakedge ; and Burton (B. L.) 

fuscantaria, Haw. One at Madeley ; Stone, at 

light ; Stoke-on-Trent, at electric light ; Bur- 
ton (E. B.) 

- erosaria, Bork. Swynnerton ; Burnt Woods ; 
Madeley ; Burton, rare (E. B.) 

quercinaria, Hum. Fairly common. Burnt 

Woods ; Burton (B. L.) 
Himera pennaria, L. Common 

AMPIIIDASYDAE 



AMPHIDASYDA-E (continued) 

Amphidasys strataria, Hufn. General, but not 
common. Trentham, Madeley, Stone, Cheadle, 
Rugeley ; Cannock Chase and Burton (B. L.) ; 
Handsworth (C. J. W.) 

betularia, L. Fairly common and the variety 

doubledayaria, Mill, more common than the 
type of recent years 

BOARMIIDAE 

Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnb. Rare. Madeley, 
Market Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) ; Hands- 
worth (C. J. W.) 

Cleora lichenaria, Hufn. Henhurst nr. Burton (B. L.) 
Boarmia repandata, L. Very common and 
variable in markings and colour, and given to 
melanism 

gemmaria, Brahm. Common everywhere 

Tephrosia crepuscularia, Hb. ) .-, 

u- j i T> i r Common 

biundulana, Bork. J 

punctularia, Hb. Common on Cannock 

Chase 

GEOMETRIDAE 

Geometra papilionaria, L. Not uncommon. 
Choriton Moss, Cannock Chase, Burnt Woods, 
Cheadle ; Oakedge, Burton (B. L.) 

Phorodesma pustulata, Hufn. Once taken at 
Stvynnerton ; once Shobnall (B. L.) ; at electric 
light, Hanley, July, 1905 

lodis lactearia, L. Rugeley ; Burton, com- 
mon (B. L.) 

Hemithea strigata, Mall. Market Drayton; Hen- 
hurst nr. Burton (B. L.) 

EPHYRIDAE 

Zonosoma porata, Fb. Not common. Swynnerton, 
Burnt Woods 

punctaria, L. Burnt Woods; Cannock Chase (B. L.) 

pendularia, Clerck. Numerous some years in 

Burnt Woods 



Phigalia pedaria, Fb. Plentifully distributed ACIDALIIDAE 

Nyssia hispidaria, Fb. Rare. Bishop's Woods, in Asthena luteata, SchifF. Local. Burnt Woods and 

March Cannock Chase ; Oakedge (B. L.) 

Bistonhirtaria,Clerck. Rugeley (Z.L.); Stone, Trentham candidata, SchifF. Fairly common 

104 



INSECTS 



GEOMETRAE (continue*!) 
ACIDALIIDAE (continued) 

Asthena sylvata, Hb. Not common. Bishop's Woods, 
Madeley, Dovedale, Rushton ; Henhunt nr. 
Cannock Chase (B. L.) 

blomeri, Curt. Very local and rare, Stone, 

Dovedale, Shobna/l, Hoar Cross, and Need- 

toood (B. L.) 
Euoisteria obliterata, Hufn. Burnt Woods and 

Cannock Chase ; Oakedge, common (B. L.) 
Venusia cambrica, Curt. Common in woods 

around Cheadle and Leek, which is probably 

the southern limit of this insect 
Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn.^ 

bisetata, Hufn. I Fairly common 
- virgularia, Hb. J 

- subsericeata, Haw. Local, Dovedale 

immutata, L. Chartley 

remutaria, Hb. Common 

fumata, St. Sttynnerton, Maer nr. Cheadle, 

Dovedale ; Chaitley (B. L.) 

imitaria, Hb. Scarce. Madeley, Market Dray- 

ton, Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

aversata, L. Common generally 

inornata, Haw. Swynnerlon, Burnt Woods, 

Cannock Chase 

emarginata, L. Rare. Madeley; Burton (B. L.) 
Timandra amataria, L. Rare and local. Stoke-on- 

Trent, Rugeley ; Tatenhill and Henhurst nr. 
Burton (B. L.) 

CABERIDAE 

Cabera pusaria, L. Common 

rotundaria, Haw. Very rare, Heleigh Castle nr. 

MaJeley 

exanthemata, L. Very general 

Bapta temerata, Hb. Henhurst nr. Burton (E. B.) 

MACARIIDAE 

Macaria notata, L. Local, Swynnerton, Burnt Woods, 
very abundant some years 

liturata, Clerck. Swynnerton, Maer, Cheadle, 

Cannock Chase 
Halia vauaria, L. Very common 

Fl DON 1 1 DAE 

Panagra petraria, Hb. Common on heaths 
Numeria pulveraria, L. Occasional and local, 

Burnt Woods ; Henhurst nr. Burton (E. B.) 
Scodiona belgiaria, Hb. Rare, one at Whitmore, 

Cannock Chase, nr. Cheadle, Leek 
Ematurga atomaria, L. "j 

Bupalus piniaria, L. L Abundant 

Aspilates strigillaria, Hb. J 

ZERENIDAE 

Abroxas grossulariata, L. Very common in gardens 

sylvata, Scop. General and abundant in many 

valleys in the north of the county. 
Ligdia adustata, Schiff. Very rare, one at 

Madeley 
Lomaspilis marginata, L. Common locally 



GEOMETRAE (continued) 
HYBERNIIDAE 



Hybernia rupicapraria, Hb. 

leucophearia, Schiff. 

aurantiaria, Esp. 

marginaria, Bork. 

defoliaria, L. 






Common through - 
I out the county 



J 



Anisopteryx aescularia, Schiff. General 



LARENTIIDAE 



Abundant 



Cheimatobia brumata, L. 

- boreata, Hb. 

Oporabia dilutata, Bork. Common 

- filigrammaria, H. S. Rare. Gun nr. Leek 
Larentia didymata, L. Very common 

multistrigaria, Haw. Fairly common. Madeley, 

Cheadle, Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase 

caesiata, Lang. On heaths, Cheadle and Leek, 

not further south ; Dovedale (B. L.) 

flavicinctata, Hb. Rare, Dovedale 

salicata, Hb. Moors nr. Leek 

olivata, Bork. Rare, one in Dovedale, 1886 

vindaria, Fb. Common in woods 
Emmelesia affinitata, St. Common, but local 

alchemillata, L. Not uncommon, Whitmore, 

Stone, Stoke-on-Trent, Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

albulata, Schiff. Common where food plant 

(Rhinanthus crista-galli) grows 

- decolorata, Hb. Local, Madeley, Cheadle, 

Rugeley ; Handsworth (C. J. W.) 

- taeniata, St. Dovedale (B. L.) 

Eupithecia venosata, Fb. Ashley, Rugeley ; Sfiob- 
nall (B. L.) 

- linariata, Fb. Market Drayton 

pulchellata, St. Common 

- oblongata, Thnb. Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.), 

Madeley, 1902 

succenturiata, L. Rugeley 

- subfulvata, Haw. Madeley, Rugeley, Stone 

- plumbeolata, Haw. Stvynnerton, Bishop's and 

Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase 

isogrammaria, H. S. One at Burton (B. L.) 

pygmaeata, Hb. Chorlton Moss, Burnt Woods 

- satyrata, Hb. Cannock Chase, Burnt Woods 

- castigat.i, Hb. Common 

- trisignaria, H. S. Market Drayton 

fraxinata, Crewe. Madeley, Rugelcy ; Burton 

(B. L.) ; Handsworth (C. J. W.) 

- valerianata, Hb. nr. Madeley, 1907 (F. C. 

Woodforde) 

- indigata, Hb. Common in pine woods 

- nanata, Hb. Common on heaths, Cannock 

Chase, Chartley, Burnt Woods 

subnotata, Hb. ) 

\ Common 

vulgata, Haw. J 

albipunctata, Haw. Rugeley, occasionally 

var. angelicata, Bar. Madeley 

abslnthiata, Clerck. Common where food plant 

grows 

minutata, Gn. Madeley, Burnt Woods, Rugeley 

assimilata, Gn. Common on food plant 

tenuiata, Hb. Swynnerton, Madeley, Bagot's Park 

lariciata, Frr. Common in larch woods 

abbreviata, St. Not uncommon, Swynnerton, 

Cheadle, Burnt Woods; Burton (B. L.) 



I0 5 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



GEOMETRAE (continued) 
LARENTIIDAE (continued) 

Eupithecia exiguata, Hb. Common 

sobrinata, Hb. Local, Madeley ; Burton (B. L.) 

pumilata, Hb. Not common 

rectangulata, L. General, Madeley, Cheadle, 

Rugeley ; Handsviorth (C. J. W.) ;Burton (B. L.) 

debiliata, Hb. Common nr. Cheadle and where 

bilberry grows 

Lobophora halterata, Hufn. Burnt Woods ; Hen- 
hurst nr. Burton (B. L.) 

viretata, Hb. Burnt Woods ; Bishop's Woods, 

Parson's Brake (B. L.) 

carpinata, Bork. Stvynnerton ; Burnt Woods ; 

Hcnhurst, Hopwas Wood (B. L.) 
Thera variata, Schiff. j Common in pine woods, 

- firmata, Hb. J general 

Hysipetes ruberata, Frr. Chorlton Moss, Cheadle, 
Rugeley, Warslow 

trifasciata, Bork. Local, Burnt Woods, Cannock 

Ckase ; Netvborough, Oakedge, Burton (B. L.) 

sordidata, Fb. Common throughout the 

county, and very variable in colour and 
markings 

Melanthia bicolorata, Hufn. Knightley and Oak- 
edge Park (B. L.) ; Chorlton, Cannock Chase 

ocellata, L. General 

-- albicillata, L. Not uncommon 
Melanippe hastata, L. Fairly common some years, 
CraddtcVi Moss, Bishop's and Burnt Woods, 
Hanchurch, Rugeley 

- tristata, L. Not common, Chartley, Leek ; 

common, Rugeley (B. L.) 

procellata, Fb. Very rare, two at Trtntham in 

two successive years 

- rivata, Hb. Rare, Burnt Woods 

- sociata, Bork. > y 

- montanata, Bork. J 

- galiata, Hb. Local and rare, Dovedale, Cheadle 

fluctuata, L. Common 

Anticlea badiata, Hb. Not uncommon 

- nigrof.isciaria, Goze. Fairly common 
Coremia munitata, Hb. Very rare, one Trentkam 

- designata, Hufn. 

ferrugata, Clerck. 

unidentaria, Haw. 
Camptogramma bilineata, Lj 

- fluviata, Hb. One at gas light, Trent Vale 
Phibalapteryx vittata, Bork. Stoke-on-Trent, Mar- 
ket Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) 

Triphosa dubitata, L. Not common, Madeley, 

In limestone caves, Gnndon and Dovedale ; 

Burnt Woods at sallow, Rugeley ; Burton 

district (B. L.) 
Eucosmia certata, Hb. Market Drayton, Rugelfy ; 

Burton (B.L.) 

undulata, L. Stvynnerton, Maer, Cheadle, 

Bishop's and Burnt Woods; Cannock Chase 

(B. L.) 

Scotosia rhamnata, Schiff. Rare, Dovedale 
Cidaria siderata, Hufn. One near Market Drayton 

miata, L. Dovedale (B. L.) 

corylata, Thnb. Common in woods 

truncata, Hufn. Common in pine woods 

immanata, Haw. . Very common 



common 



Common 



GEOMETRAE (continued) 
LARENTIIDAE (continued) 

Cidaria suffumata, Hb. General, Chorlton Moss, 
Bishop's and Burnt Woods; Stone, Leek; 
Burton (B. L.) 

var. piceata, St. Stone, Trentham, Tixall 
(E. D. B.) 

silaceata, Hb. Not common, Madeley, Dove- 

dale; Henhurst and Knightley Park ; Burton 
(B. L.) 

prunata, L. Bishop's Woods, Cheadle, Rugeley, 

Market Drayton , Burton, Colwlch (B. L.) 

testata, L. "j 

populata, L. I Common 

fulvata, Forst. J 

dotata, L. Fairly common 

asiociata, Bork. Common 

Pelurga comitata, L. Market Drayton; Burton, 
Shobnall (B.L.) 

EuBOLIIDAE 

Eubolia cervinata, Schiff. Local, Madeley, Market 
Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) 

limitata, Scop. Common 

plumbaria, Fb. Common on heaths 

bipunctaria, Schiff. Common on the limestone 

in the north of the county 

Carsia paludata, Thnb. Rare, C hartley ; sparingly 
in Dovedale (B. L.) 

Anaitis plagiata, L. Fairly common on the lime- 
stone in the north of the county ; Cannock 
Chase 

Chesias spartiata, Fues. Chorlton, Pipe Gate, Stone ; 
Burton (E. B.) ; Handsviorth (C. J. W.) 

rufata, Fb. Rare, Chorlton, Market Drayton ; 

one at light, Burton (B. L.) 

SlONIDAE 

Tanagra atrata, L. Common, especially in dales 
in the north of the county 

PYRALIDES 

PYRALIDIIDAE 

Aglossa pinguinalis, L. General, Madeley, Rugeley, 

Burton, &c. 
Pyralis glaucinalis, L. Burnt Woods, Burton (B. L.) 

farinalis, L. Common throughout the county 
Scoparia ambigualis, Tr. Common 

cembrae, Haw. Fairly common, Cannock 

Chase 

dubitalis, Hb. Common, Dovedale, Cannock 

Chase 

murana, Curt. Burton, Cannock (B. L.) 
[ ingratella, Zell. ? Parson's Brake (B. L.)] 

mercurella, L. Burton (E. B.) 

ulmella, Dale. Wood near Uttoxeter (B. L.) ; 

Cannock Chase 

crataegella, Hb. Rugeley 

- truncicolella,Sta. Common in woods. 
Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. Madeley, Burton 

(B.L.) 
Pyrausta aurata, Scop. Dovedale 

purpurales, L. Not common, Craddock's Moss, 

Dovedale, Cannock Chase, Knightley Park 
(E. B.) 



1 06 



INSECTS 



PYRALIDES (continued) 
PYRALIDIIDAE (continued') 

Herbula cespitalis, SchifF. Weaver Hills, Dovedale 
Ennychia cingulata, L. Dovedale 

BOTYDAE 

Eurrhypara urticata, L. Common on Kettles. 
Scopula lutealis, Hb.^ 

olivalis, Schiff. ! Common 

prunalis, SchifF. J 

ferrugalis, Hb. Burnt Woods 
Botys pandalis, Hb. Tixall 

rur.ilis, Schiff. One at Little Madeley, Rugeley, 

common, Burton district (B. L.) 

Fuscalis, SchifF. Common in meadows 
Ebulea crocealis Hb. Grafton's Wood, Madeley, 

Cannock Chase 

sambucalis, SchifF. Common on elder 
Spilodes verticalis, L. Stone, (E. D. B.) 
Pionea forficalis, L. Common 

HYDROCAMPIDAE 

Cataclysta lemnata, L. Common on duckweed 
Paraponyx stratiotata, L. Madeley ; Burton 

(B. L.) 
Hydrocampa nymphaeata, L. Common 

;tagnata, Don. Madeley ; Burton, common 

(B. L.) 

ACENTROPODIDAE 

Acentropus niveus, Oliv. Common on the Trent, 
Burton (B. L.) 

PTEROPHORI 
CHRYSOCORIDIDAE 

Chrysocorus festaliella, Hb. Henhurst near Burton 
(E. B.) 

PTEROPHORIDAE 

Platyptilia gonodactyla, SchifF. Near Burton (B. L.) 
Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb. Burton, Cannock 

Chase 

Oxyptilus teucrii, Greening. Cannock Chase 
Mimaeseoptilus plagiodactylus, Su. Tixall 

- pterodactylus, L. Tixall ; Burton (B. L.) 
Aedematophorus lithodactylus, Tr. Near Burton 

(B. L.) 
Pterophorus monodactylus, L. Common Burton 

(B. L.) 
Aciptilia tetradactyla, L. Burton (E. B.) 

pentadactyla, L. Common Burton (B. L.) ; 

Mayfeld, very common (F. J.) 

ALUCITIDAE 

Alucita hexadactyla, L. Common Burton (B. L.); 
Dove Valley, occasional (F. J.) ; Alstonfield 
(W. H. Purchas) 

CRAMBI 
CHIUDAE 
Schoenobius forficellus, Thnb. Burton (B. S.) 

mucronellus, SchifF. Rare, one at Madeiey ; 

one at Rugeley ; Shobnall Canal (B. S.) 

gigantellus, SchifF. Burton (B. S.) 



CRAMBI (continued') 
CRAMBIDAE 

Crambus falsellus, SchifF. Rugeley ; Burton (B. S.) 

pratellus, L. Common in gras;fields 

pascuellus, L. Common 

uliginosellus, Zell. Tixall, rare 

margaritellus, Hb. Common on mosses, Chorl- 

ton, Cannock Chase 

pinellus, L. One in Burnt Woods ; common 

Cannock Chase 

perlellus, Scop. Two at Su-ynncrton, Rugeley ; 

Burton (B. S.) 

warringtonellus, Zell. Chorlton, Craddock's 

Moss 

tristcllus, Fb. Common 

inquinatellus, SchifF. Rugeley; Sinai Park 

(B. S.) 

culmellus, L. ) 
- hortuellus, Hb. } 

PHYCIDAE 

Ephestia elutella, Hb. Burton (B. S.) 

ficclla, St. Madeley 
Cryptoblabes bistriga, Haw. Hopwas 
Plodia interpunctella, Hb. Madeley 
Phycis betulae, G5zc. Stvynnerton 

fusca, Haw. Common on heaths, Cannock 

Chase, Sivy nner ton 

Nephopteryx spissicella, Fb. Swynnertcn 
Pempelia, palumbella, Fb. Cannock Chase, Sx-yn- 

nerton 
Rhodophaea advenella, Zinck. Rugeley 

consociella, Hb. Common, Sti-ynnerton 

GALLKRIDAE 

Aphormia sociella, L. Market Drayton 
Achroea grisella, Fb. Madeley ; Burton (B. S.) 

TORTRICES 

ToRTRICIDAE 

Tortrix podana, Scjp. Burton, common (E. B., 
B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very com- 
mon, Rugeley (R. F.) 

xylosteana, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. 

Staffs. (T. D. W.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

sorbiana, Hb. The Oaks, &c. (E. B.) ; Burton 

(B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common, 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

rosana, L. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) ; 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, 
Rugeley, (R. F.) 

cinnamomeana, Tr. Maer Woods plentiful 

(T. W. D.) 

- heparana, SchifF. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very 
common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

ribeana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.); 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

corylana, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton 

(B. S.) ; Swynnerton Old Park (T. W. D.) ; 
common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

unifasciana, Dup. Burton, common (E. B.. 

B. S.) ; very common, Rugeley (R. F.) 



I0 7 



HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



TORTRICES (continued) 
TORTRICIDAE (continued) 

Tortrix costana, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) ; very com- 
mon, Rugeley (R. F,) 

viburnana, Fb. Burton, rare (E. B.) ; Can- 

nock Chase (C.G.K.); Rugeley, common (R.F.) 

palleana, Fb. Burton, rare (E. B., B. S.) 

var. icterana, Frol. N. Staffs (T.W.D.) 

viridana, L. Everywhere very common 

(E. D. B.) ; Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs. 
(T. W. D.) ; Dydon Wood (F. I.) ; Rugeley, 
(R. F.) 

ministrana, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B., R. F.) ; 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

var. fcrrugana, Hb. Burton (B. S.) 

forsterana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.); 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley, very com- 
mon (R. F.) 

Amphisa gerningana, SchifF. Chorlton Moss 
(T. W. D.) 

- prodromana, Hb. Chorlton Moss (T. W. D.) 
Oenectra pilleriana, SchifF. Rugeley (R. F.) 
Leptogramma literana, L. Burton, rare (E. B.) ; 

Madeley and Swymerton (T. W. D.) 
Pcronea sponsana, Fb. Drakelow (E. B.) ; Rugeley 
(R. F.) 

rufana, Schift. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) 

mixtana, Hb. Maer Woods in heather 

(T. W. D.) 

- schalleriana, L. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) 

- variegana, SchifF. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. 

Stiffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Rugeley 
(R. F.) 

ferrugana, Tr. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs. 

(T. W. D.) ; Rugeley R. F.) 

- aspersana, Hb. A'. Staffs. (T. VV. D.) 
Rhacodia caudana, Fb. Henhurst, common (E. B.) ; 

Burton (B. S.) 
Teras contaminana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B., 

1?. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, 

Rugeley (R. F.) 
Dictyopteryx loeflingiana, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; 

Burton (B. S.) ; A'. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

holmiana, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton (B.S.); 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common, Rugeley 
(R.F.) 

bergmanniana, L. Burton, common (E. B., 

B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common, 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

forskalcana, L. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.); 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Rugtley 

(R. F.) 
Argyrotoxa conwayana, Fb. Burton, common 

(E. B., B. S.) ; Stafford (C. G. B.) ; N. Staffs. 

(T. W. D.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.) 
Ptycholoma lecheana, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B., 

R. C. B.) ; Hopuias Wood (W. G. B.) ; N. 

Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

PENTHINIDAE 

Penthina corticana, Hb. N. Staff's. (T. W. D.) ; 
very common, Rugeley (R. F) 

betulaetana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 

Cannock (C. J. W.) ; Sutton (R. C. B.) ; 
Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 



TORTRICES (continued) 
PENTHINIDAE (continued) 

Penthina sororculana, Zett. Cannock (W. G. B.) ; A^. 
Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common, Rugeley, (R. F.) 

pruniana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. 

Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

ochroleucana, Hb. Tixall (E. D. B) ; com- 

mon, Rugeley (R. F.) 

variegana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; very 

common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

sauciana, Hb. Plentiful Maer Woods, &c. 

(T. W. D.) ; Cannock (C. J. W.) ; Sutton 
(W. G. B.) 

marginana, Haw. Burton, rare (E. B.) 

fuligana, Hb. Burton, rare (E. B.) 

SPILONOTIDAE 

Hedya ocellana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B., 
B. S.) ; very common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

neglectana, Dup. Burton, common (E. B.) 
Spilonota trimaculana, Haw. Burton, common 

(E. B.) ; Tixall (E. D. B.) ; very common, 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

rosaecolona, Dbl. Burton, common (E. B., 

B. S.) ; very common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

roborana, Tr. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.)- 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

Pardia tripunctana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.) ; 
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Ruge- 
ley (R. F.) 

SERICORIDAE 

Aspis udmanniana, L. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) ; 
Burton (B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; com- 
mon Rugeley (R. F.) 

Sideria achatana, Fb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 
Sericoris bifasciana, Haw. (decrepit.ina). One 
beaten from Scotch fir, Cannock Chase 
(W. S. Atkinson) 

rivulana, Scop. Burton (F. B.) ; Cannock 

Chase (W. G. B.) 

urticana, Hb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

lacunana, Dup. Burton, very common (E. B., 

B. S.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; N. Staffs. 

(T. W. D.) 
Mixodia schulziana, Fb. Craddock's Moss, Chartley 

Moss (R. C. B.) 
Roxana arcuana, Clerck. Cannock Chase, abundant 

in June (W. S. Atkinson) ; N. Staffs. 

(T. W. D.) 
Orthotaenia antiquana, Hb. Rugeley (R. F.) 

striana, SchifF. Burton, rare (E. B., B. S.) ; 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

SciAPHILIDAE 

Phtheochroa rugosana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.); 

one at Handstvorth (C. J. W.) 
Cnephasia musculana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.); 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B., VV. G. B.) ; N. 

Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.) 
Sciaphila nubilana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B.); 

common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

subjectana, Gn. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) ; 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 



108 



INSECTS 



TORTRICES (continued) 
SCIAPHILIDAE (continued) 

Sciaphila virgaureana, Tr. Burton, common (E. B., 
B. S.) ; N. Staffi. (T. W. D.) ; common, 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

pascuana, Hb. Tixall (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

chrvsantheana, Dup. Rugeley (R. F.) 

hybridana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B., 

B. S.) ; Stafford (C. G. B.) ; N. Stafs. 

(T. W. D.) ; common, Rugeley (R. F.) 
Sphaleroptera ictericana, Haw. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 
Capua favillaceana, Hb. Cannock Chan (G. C. B.) ; 

N. Staffi. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 
Clepsis rusticana, Tr. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) 



GRAPHOLITHIDAE 

Bactra lanceolana, Hb. Cannock Chase (C. G. B); 
N. Staffi. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Rage- 
Ay (R. F.) 

Phoxopteryx myrtillana, Tr. Cannock Chase and 
Rugeley, abundant (R F., C. G. B., W. G. B ) ; 
Maer, CraddocKs Moss, plentiful on bilberry 
(T. W. D.) 

- lundana Fb. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) ; 

Stafford (C. G. B.) ; on trefoil (T. W. D.) 

- diminutana, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 

mitterpacheriana, Schiff. Bur/on, common 

(E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

- lactana, Fl. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.,) 
Grapholitha ramella, L. Burton (E. B.) ; Hoftcas 

Wood (W. G. B.) ; common, Rugeley (R. F.) 

nisella, Clerck. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 
subocellana, Don. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

trimaculana, Don. Burton, common (E. B., 

B. S.) 

penkleriana, Fisch. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock 

(R. C. B.) ; N. Stafs. (T. W. D.) 

- naevana, Hb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

geminana, St. Plentiful in pine and fir woods 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 
Phloeodes tetraquetrana, Haw. Burton (E. B., 

B. S.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B., W. G. B.); 

Rugeley (R. F.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 
Hypermecia angustana, Hb. Henhurst (E. B.) ; 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 
Batodes angustiorana, Haw. Burton, common 

(E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Ruge- 
ley (R. F.) 
Paedisca bilunana, Haw. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; 

Rugeley, very common (R. F.) ; Hopwas 

Wood (W. G. B.) 

ratzeburghiana, Sax. The Oaks, Burton (E. B., 

B. S.) 

corticana, Hb. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) ; Hop- 

was Woods (W. G. B.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

- occultana, Dougl. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; 

Rugeley (R. F.) 

- solandriana, L. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) ; Made- 

ley, on birch (T. W. D.) ; Cannock Chase 
(W. G. B.) ; Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 



TORTRICES (continued) 
GRAPHOLITHIDAE (continued) 

Ephippiphora similana, Hb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

cirsiana, Zell. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

pflugiana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. 

Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

brunnichiana, FrOl. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 

Rugeley (R. F ) 

[ foenella, L. Cannock Chase ? (C. G. B., fide 
B. S.) ; probably for pflugiana, Haw.] 

nigricostana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

trigeminana, St. Rugeley (R. F.) 

tetragonana, St. Burton (E. B.) 

Semasia ianthinana, Dup. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

rufillana, Wilk. Burton (E. B.) 

woeberiana, Schift". Burton (E. B., B. S.) 
Coccyx argyrana, Hb. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock 

Chase (C. G. B.) : Necdwood (B. S.) ; Sutton 
(R. C. B.) ; Hopu-as (W. G. B.) ; N. Staffs. 
(T.W. D.) &c. 

taedella, Clerck. Burton, Sic., common, (E. B., 

B. S.) ; Milford (C. G. B.) ; Maer Woods, 
abundant on spruce (T. W. D.) 

- nanana, Tr. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 
Heusimine fimbriana, Haw. Steynnerton Old Park 

(T. W. D.) ; Sutton Park (W. G. B.) 
Retinia buoliana, Schift". Burton (B. S.) 

pinivorana, Zell. Beaten from Scotch fir 

(T. W. D.) ; Ruge/ey (R. F.) 
Carpocapsa pomonella, L. Burton (E. B.) 
Endopisa nigricana, St. Burton (E. B.) 
Stigmonota coniferana, (Rlz.). The Oaks, Burton 

(E. B.) 

perlepidana, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 

nitidana, Fb. Burton (E. B.) 

regiana, Zell. Madeley, on sycamore (T. W. D.) 

- roseticolana, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 
Dicrorhampha sequana, Hb. Burton (B. S.) 

- petiverella, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

- plumbana, Scop. Burton (B. S.) 

saturnana, Gn. Burton \ (E. B.) ; Rugeley 
(R. F.) 

- plumbagan.t, Tr. Burton (E. B.) 

acuminata, Zell. Tixall (E. D. B.) 

tanaceti, St. Rugeley, very common locally 

(R. F ) 

Catoptria ulicetana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 
on gorse (T. W. D.) ; Cannock Chase 
(W. G. B.) ; Rugeley, very common 
(R. F.) 

hypericana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

cana, Haw. The Oaks (B. S.) 

scopoliana, Haw. The Oaks (E. B.) 

expallidana, Haw. The Oaks (E. B.) 

citrana, Hb. Rugeley (R. F.) 
Trycheris aurana, Fb. Burton (E. B.) 



PYRALOIDIDAE 

Symaethis oxyacanthella, L. Burton, very common 
(E. B., B. S.) ; very common Rugeley 
(R. F.) 



109 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



TORTRICES (continued) 

CONCHYLIDAI 

Eupoccilia nana, Haw. The Oaks, Burton (E.B.), 
abundant Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; very- 
common Rugeley (R. F.) 

dubitana, Hb. Rugeley (R. F.) 

hybridella, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; 

on heaths (T. W. D.) 

angustana, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; 

abundant on all heaths (T. W.D.); Cannock 
(R. C. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

roseana, Haw. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; 

Shobnall marlflt (B. S.) 

Xanthosetia zoegana, L. Burton, Sinai Park 
(B. S.), N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common 
Rugeley (R.F.) 

hamana, L. The Oaks, &c. (E. B.), Burton 

(B. S.), N. Staffs. (T.W.D.), Rugeley (R. F.) 
Chrosis alcella, Schutz. N. Staffs^. (T. W. D.) 
Argyrolepia hartmanniana, Clerck. Craddock's 

Moss (T. W. D.) 

zephyrana, Fr. Henhurst (E. B.) ? 

- badiana, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E.B.) ; N. 
Staffs. (T. W. D.) 

cnicana, Dbl. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; Col- 

wich (C. G. B.) ;? Cannock (C. G. B. fide B. S.) 
Conchylis straminea, Haw. Madeley on thistles 
(T. W. D.); Rugeley (R. F.) 

APHELIIDAE. 

Aphelia osseana, Scop. Burton (B. S.) ; A'. Staffs. 

(T. W. D.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 
Tortricodes hycmana, Hb. Henkurst, &c., (E. B., 

B.S.) ; Sutton Park, common (C. J. W.) ; 

N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) 



TINEAE 
EPIGRAPHIIDAE 

Lemnatophila phryganella, Hb. Common Rugeley 

(R. F.) 
Diurnea fagella, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.) ; 

very common, Rugeley (R. F.) ; probably 

common everywhere (E. D. B.) 
Semioscopus avellanella, Hb. Hopwas Wood 

(W.G. B.); Rugeley (R.F.) 
Epigraphia steinkellneriana, Schiff. Henhurst 

(E. B.); R U ge/ey(R.F.) 

PSYCHIDAE 

Talaeporia pseudo-bombycella, Hb. Cannock Chase 
(C. G. B., W. G. B.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.) 

Fumea intermediella, Brd. Cannock Chase (C. G. B., 
R. F.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.) 

Solenobia inconspicuella, Sta. Hofwas Wood (E. B.) ; 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

TlNEIDAE 

Diplodoma marginepunctella, St. Cannock Chase 

(C. G. B.) 

Scardia corticella, Curt. Rugeley (R. F.) 
granella, L. Burton (B. S.) 



TINEAE (continued) 
TINEIDAE (continued) 

Scardia cloacella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; very common 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

arcella, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) 
Blabophanes rusticella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.); 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; very common 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

Tinea fulvimitrella, SoJof. Burton (E. B., B.S.) ; 
Cannock Chase (C. G. B., W. G. B) ; Rugeley 
(R. F.) 

tapetzella, L. Burton common (E. B., B. S.) ; 

common Rugeley (R. F.) 

misella, Zell. Tatenhill (E. B.); Rugeley (R. F.) 

pellionella, L. Burton (B. S.) 

fuscipunctella, Haw. Tatenhill and Burton 

(E. B., B. S.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

pallescentella, Sta. Burton (B. S.) 

- lapella, Hb. Burton (E.B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

merdella, Zell. Burton (B. S.) 

semifulvella, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton 

(B. S.) ; Tixall (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 
Tineola biscllie'.la, Hm>. Tixall (E. D. B.) 
Lampronia luzella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

- praelatella, SchifF. Sinai Park (E. B.) 

- rubiella, Bjerk. Tixall (E. D. B.) 
Incurvaria muscalella, Fb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Hoptvas Wood 
(W. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

pectinea, Haw. Hofwas Wood (R. C. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

capitella, Clerck. Tixall (E. D. B.) 
Micropteryx calthella, L. Henhurst (E.B.) ; 

Burton (B.S.) ; Stafford (C. G. B.) 

seppella, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) 

aureatclla, Scop. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock 

Chase (C. G. B.) 

thunbergella, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) 

- fastuosella, Zell. Burton (B. S.) 

semipurpurella, St. Rugeley (R. F.) 

subpurpurella, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.); Burton 
(B. S.) ; Hofu-as Wood (W. G. B.) 

Nemophora swammerdammella, L. Burton (E. B.) ; 
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

schwarziella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) ,- Cannock 

Chase (C. G. B.) 

metaxella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

ADELIDAE 
Scop. Needwood, common 



Adela rufimitrel'a, 
(B. S.) 

croesella, Scop. 

degeerella, L. 



Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) 
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; 
Ruge/ey, common (R. F.) 
- viridella, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley, 
common (R. F.) 



HYPONOMEUTIDAE 

Swammerdammia combinella, Hb. Henhurst (E. B.); 
Rugeley (R. F.) 

caesiella, Hb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) 

oxyacanthella, Dup. Burton (B. S.) 

pyrella, Vill. Burton (E. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

spiniella, Hb. Burton (B. S.) 



110 



INSECTS 



TINEAE (continued) 
HYPONOMEUTIDAE (continued) 

Hyponomeuta padellus, L. Burton, common (E. B., 
B. S.) ; Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 

cagnagellus, Hb. Burton (E. B.) ? ; Rugeley, 

very common (R. F.) 

evonymellus, L. Near Uttoxeter (E. B.) 
Prays curtisellus, Don. Henhurst (E. B.) ; com- 
mon in Handsworth, both type and black 
form (C. J. W.) ; Rugeley, common (R. F.) 

PLUTELLIDAE 

Plutella cruciferarum, Zell. Burton, common 
(E. B.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley, 
very common (R. F.) 

porrectella, L. Burton, rare (B. S.) 
Cerostoma vittella, L. Henhurst (E. B.) 

radiatella, Don. Henhurst, common (E. B.) 

costella, Fb. Henhurst, common (E. B.) 
Harpipteryx nemorella, L. Henhurst, scarce (E. B.) 

xylostella, L. Henhurst, common (E. B.) ; 

Tixall (E. D. B.) 

GELECHIIDAF. 

Orthotelia sparganella, Thnb. Burton (B. S.) 
Phibalocera quercana, Fb. Burton (? B. S.) ; Can- 
nock Chase (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley, very common 
(R. F.) 

Depressaria costosa, Haw. Burton (E. B.) ; 

Rugeley (R. F.) 

flavella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

- assimilella, Tr. Rugeley (R. F.) 

- arenella, SchifF. Henhurst, common (E. B.) 

- propinquella, Tr. Henhurst, common (E. B.) ; 

Rugeley (R. F.) 

- alstroemeriana Clerck. Henhurst (E. B.) 

- purpurea, Haw. Henhurst (E.B.) 

- - liturella, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) 

angelicella, Hb. Henhurst (E. B.) 

- ocellana, Fb. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) 

- applana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

ciliella, Sta. Henhurst, plentiful (E. B.) 

heracleana, De G. Burton (E. B.) ; Rugeley, 

common (R. F.) 
[Gelechia malvella, Hb. Burton (E. E.JSJe B. S.)] 

- velocella, Fisch. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) 

ericetella, Hb. Cannock Chase, swarming 

(C. G. B.); Ruge/ey,\ery common (R. F.) 

sororculella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

longicornis, Curt. Cannock Chase, common 

(C.G.B.); Rugeley (R. F.) 

diffinis, Haw. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) 

rhombella, Schiff. Rugeley (R. F.) 
Brachmia mouffetella, SchifF. Burton (E. B.) 
Bryotropha terrella, Hb. Burton, common (E. B.); 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

politella, Dougl. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) 

senectella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

affinis, Dougl. Burton (E. B.) 

domestica, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 
Lita artemisiella, Tr. Burton (E. B.) 

viscariella, Logan. Stapenhill (B. S.) 



TINEAE (continued) 
GELECHIIDAE (continued) 

Lita maculea, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 

tricolorella, Haw. Tatenhi/l, common (B. S.) 

fraternella, Dougl. Burton (E. B.) 

maculiferella, Dougl. Burton. 

hubneri, Haw. Burton (E. B.); Hoftvas Wood 

0- Sang) 

atriplicella, Fisch. Burton (E. B.) 

Teleia proximella, Hb. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.); 
Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 

- notatella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

- vulgella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

luculella, Hb. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Hop- 

was Wood(C. }. W.) ; Sutton Park (W. G. B.) 

- fugitivella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 

triparella, Zell. Rugeley (R. F.) 
Ptocheuusa subocellea, St. Burton (E. B.) 
Ergatis ericinella, Dup. Tixall (E. D. B.) 
Doryphora lucidella, St. Burton (E. B.) 
Monochroa tenebrell.i, Hb. Burton (K. B.) 
Lamprotes atrella, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 
Anacampsis ligulella, Zell. Burton (E. 15.) 

- anthyllidella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 
Brachycrossata cinerella, Clerck. Burton (E. B.) 
Ceratophora rufescens, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 
Chelaria hubnerella, Don. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; 

Rugeley (R. F.) 

Anarsia spartiella, Schr. Railway cuttings (B. S.) 
Hypsilophus marginellus, Fb. Burton (E.B.) 
Pleurota bicostella, Clerck. Cannock Chase, com- 
mon (C. G. B.) ; Chartley Moss (R. C. B.) ; 
Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 
Harpella geoftrelh, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 

Rugeley (R. F.) 

Dasycera sulphurell.i, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.); 
Cannock Chase (C. G. B. fide B. L.); Stafford, 
everywhere (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley, common 
(R. F.) 

Oecophora minutella, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Rugelfy 
(R. F.) 

fulviguttella, Zell. Henhurst (E. B.) ; llopwas 

Wood (W. G. B.) 

stipella, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

fuscencens, H;iw. Burton (E. B.) 

pseudopretella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; 

Tixall (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley, very common 
(R. F.) 

Endrosis fenestrella, Scop. Tixall (E. D. B.) ; 
Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 

GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE 

Glyph iptery x fuscoviridella, Haw. Burton (E.B.); 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley, (R. F.) 
equitella, Scop. Burton (E. B.) 

fischeriella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Staf- 

ford (C. G. B.) 
Heliozele sericiella, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.) 

ARGYRESTHIIDAE 

Argyresthia ephippella, Fb. Stapenhill, &c (B. S.) 

nitidella, Fb. Henhurst, &c., common (E. B.); 

Cannock Chase (B. S., C. G. B.) 



ill 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



TINEAE (continue d) 
AIGYRESTHIIDAE (continued) 

Argyresthia spiniella, Zell. Burton (F. B.) ; Rugeley 
(R. F.) 

albistria, Haw. Henhunt, &c. common (E. B.) ; 

Tutbury Road, Burton (B. S.) 

semifusca, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

glaucinella, Zell. Bradgate Park (B. S.) 

retinella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 

- dilectella, Zell. Stafenhil! (B. S.) 

curvella, L. The Oaks, &c., Burton (E. B.) ; 

Rugeley, very common (R. F.) 

pygmaeella, Hb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; 

Chartley (R. C. B.) 

goedartella, L. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

brochella, Hb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; Tixall 

(E. D. B.) 

Zelleria insignipennella, Sta. Henhunt (E. B.); 
Shobna.l, Burton (B. S.) 

GRACILARHDAE 

Gracilaria alchimiella, Scop. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) 

- stigmatella, Fb. Henhunt (E. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R.F.) 

- hemidactylella, Fb. Henhunt (E. B.) 

- elongella, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Cannock 

Chase (C. G. B., R. C. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

syringella, Fb. Burton (E. B.) 

auroguttella, St. Henhunt (E. B.) 
Coriscium culculipennellum, Hb. Henhunt (E. B.) 
Ornix anglicella, St. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock 

Chase (C.G.B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

betulae, Sta. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) and 

(W. G. B.) 

- torquilella, Sta. Burton (E. B.) 

guttea, Haw. Rugeley (R. F.) 



TINEAE (continued) 
ELACHISTIDAE (continued) 

Laverna propinquella, Sta. Burton (E. B.) r 

epilobiella, Schr. Burton (E. B.) 

decorella, St. Burton (E. B.) 

vinolentella, H. S. Burton (B. S.) 

atra, Haw. Burton (E. B.); Rugeley (R. F.) 
Chrysoclysta schrankella, Hb. Cannock Chafe 

(C.J.W.) ; Sutton (R.C. B.) 

aurifrontelh, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 
Asychna terminella, Dale. Rosliston Road, Burton 

(B. S.) 
Stephensia brunnichella, L. The Oaks, Burton 

(E. B.) 
Elachista albifrontella, Hb. The Oaks, Burton 

(E. B.) ; Burton (B. S.) 

atricomella, Sta. Burton (E. B.) 

luticomella, Zell. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; 

Henhurst (B. S.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

monticola, Wk. Drakelow Mill (B. S.) 

nigrella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) ? 

subnigrella, Dougl. (B. S.) 

humilis, Zell. Burton (E. B.) ? 

perplexella, Sta. Burton (B. S.) 

obscurella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Cannock 

Chase (C. G. B.) 

zonariella, Tgstr. Burton (E. B.) 

megerlella.Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 
- cerussella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

paludum, Frey. Drakelow Mill (B. S.) 

biatomella, Sta. Tixall (E. D. B.) 

rufocinerea, Haw. Burton, very common (E. B., 

B.S) ; Rugeley (R.F.) 

argentella, Clerck. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B.). ; Rugeley (R. F.) 
Tischeria complanelh, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.); 
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; H of was Wood 
(W. G. B.) 

marginea, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 



COLEOPHORIDAE 

Coleophora paripennella, Zell. Burton, &c. (B. S.) 

murinipennella, Fisch. Burton (E. B.) ? 

- caespititiella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Can- 

nock Chase (C. G. B.) 

- laripennella, Zett. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton 

(B.S.) 

- argentula, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 

- albiursella, Zell. Burton (B. S.) 

- nigricella, St. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock Chase 

(C. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.) 

fuscedinella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) ; Rugeley 

(R. F.) 

- gryphipennella, Bonche. Burton (B. S.) 

siccifolia, Sta. Tutbury Road, Burton (B. S.) ; 

Tixall (E .D. B.) 

viminetella, Heyd. Burton (E. B.) 

- badiipennella, Fisch. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

ELACHISTIDAE 

Batrachedra praeangusta, Haw. Burton (B. S.) 
Chauliodus illigerellus, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 



LlTHOCOLLETI DAE 

Lithocolletis roboris, Zell. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) 

pomifoliella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

- coryli, Nicelli. Burton (B. S.) 

spinicolella, Kol. Rolleston Road, Burton (B. S.) 

faginella, Mann. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

salicicolella, Sircom. Burton (E. B.) 

ulmifoliella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S) ; Can- 

nock Chase (C. G. B.) 

spinolella, Dup. Burton (E. B.) 

quercifoliella, Fisch. Burton (E. B., B. S.) - T 

Cannock Chase (C. G. B ) 

messaniella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 

corylifoliella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

viminiella, Sircom. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

alnifoliella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

heegeriella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 

cramerella, Fb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Can- 

nock Chase (C. G. B.) 

- sylvella, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 

nicellii, Zell. Burton, common (B. S.) 

tristrigella, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 

trifasciella, Haw. Burton (E. B.) 



112 



INSECTS 



TINEAE (continued} 
LYONETIIDAE 

Lyonetia clerckella, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton 

(B. S.) 
Cemiostoma spartifoliella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) 

laburnella, Heyd. Burton, common (B. S.) 

- scitella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 
Bucculatrix ulmella, Mann. Burton (E. B.) 

crataegi, Zell. Burton (E. B.) 

- boyerella, Dup. Burton (E. B.) 

thoracella, Thnb. Burton (E. B.) 

NEPTICULIDAE 

Nepticula ruficapitella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

anomalella, Goze. Burton (B. S.) 

pygmaeella, Haw. Burton (B. S.) 

oiyacanthella, Sta. Burton (B. S.) ; Tlxall 

(E. D. B.) 



TINEAE (continued) 
NEPTICULIDAE (continued) 

Nepticula intimella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

sub-bimaculella, Haw. Burton (B.S.) 

trimaculella, Haw. Burton (B. S.) 

floslactella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

myrtillella, Edl. Cannock Chase (C, G. B.) 

microtheriella, Wing. Burton (B. S.) 

ignobilella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

argentipedella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

plagicolella, Sta. Henhurst (B. S.) 

tityrella, Dougl. Branston (B. S.) 

- malella, Sta. Burton (B. S.) 

- angulifasciella, Sta Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

gratiosella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

marginicolella, Sta. Burton (B. S.) 

aurella, Fb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) 

splendidissimella, H. S. Burton (B. S.) 



DIPTERA 

Flies 

The following list can only be regarded as a first instalment towards the compilation of 
a county list, for the number of species therein recorded only amounts to a little over 300, 
while some 3,000 species of Diptera are known to exist in Great Britain. It is founded on 
the late Mr. Edwin Brown's list of the Diptera of the Burton-on-Trent district, published in 
the Natural History of Tutbury in 1863 (pp. 210-23). Several species as to the identification 
of which some doubt exists or which are not now recognized as British, have been omitted. 
An asterisk (*) prefixed to the name of any species denotes that local specimens are to be 
found in the British Museum collection of British Diptera. Some notes on the gall-making 
Cecidomyidae, by Mr. Cyril Brett, as observed in the Alton district, have appeared in the 
Reports and Transactions of the North Staffs. Field Club, 1902-3 (pp. 92-3) and 1905-6, 
(pp. 75-6). 

Where Burton is given as a locality without further particulars it must be understood that 
the statement is made on the authority of Mr. E. Brown's list. 

Species marked (t) have been kindly determined by the Rev. A. Thornley, and those 
marked (11) by Mr. E. E. Austen. 

The following abbreviations have been used : 

R. G. = R. Garner, Nat. History of the County oj Stafford (1840) 

E. B. = Edwin Brown, 'Fauna of Burton-on-Trent' in Nat. Hist. ofTutbury (1863) 

R. C. B. = R. C. Bradley (Cannock Chase) 

C. J. W. = C. J. Wainwright (Handsworth) 

C. B. = Cyril Brett (Alton) 

F. J. = Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain (Dove Valley) 

G. H. V. = G. H. Verrall (Dovedale and Colwich) 

Br. Fl. = G. H. Verrall, British Flies, vol. viii. 

E. M. M. = The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine 

Ent. = The Entomologist 



NEMATOCERA 

PULICIDAE 

Pules irritans, L. 

canis, Curt. On dogs 
Trichopsylla sciurorum, Bouch6. 

(E. B.) 

gallinae, Schrk. In fowl houses, general 



ORTHORRHAPHA 

NEMATOCERA (continued) 

PULICIDAE (continued) 

On the house 

A rf ' 

On squirrels 



Trichopsylla hirundinis, Curt. 

martin (E. B.) 
Ctenopsyllus musculi, Dug&. 

(E. B.) 



On the rat 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



NEMATOCERA (continued) 
CECIDOMYIDAE 

Cecidomyia betulae, Winn. Alton, galls on 
Betula verrucosa, Erhrh. Sept. 1902 ; 
Coombe Woods, 22 July, 1905 (C. B.) 

bursaria, Bremi. Common, galls on Nepeta 

glechoma, Benth. (C. B.) 

crataegi, Winn. Common, galls on Cratae- 

gus oxyacantha, L. (C. B.) 

galii, Lw. Between Alton and Denstone, 

galls on Galium verum, 25 July, 1904 ; 
Three Lowes, 14 Aug., 1905 (C. B.) 

- lathyri, Frfld. Cotton, 31 July, 1905 (C. B.) 

- marginem-torquens, Bremi. Galls on Salix 

viminalis, L. (C. B.) 

persicariae, L. Bradley, galls on Polygonum 

amphibium, L., 25 Sept., 1902 ; Alton, 
July, 1905 (C. B.) 

pteridis, Mull. Common, galls on Pteris 

aquilina, L., Aug., 1903; Beliiont, 22 
July, 1905 (C. B.) 

- ranunculi, Bremi. Three Lowes, 22 Aug., 

1905 (C. B.) 

- rosarum, Hardy. Common, 1903, on Rosa 

canina, L. (C. B.) 

- taxi, Inch. Bradley, galls on Taxus baccata, 

L., Sept., 1903 (C. B.) 

- tiliae, Schrk. Alton, galls on Tilia grandifolia, 

Ehrh. 22 July, 1903 ; Rudyard, 25 
July, 1905 (C.B.) 

ulmariae, Bremi. Alton district, common, 

galls on Spiraea ulmaria, L., July, 1903 
and 1905 (C. B.) 

urticae, Perns. Alton district, galls on 

Urtica dioica, L., Aug., 1903 (C. B.) 

veronicae, Vallot. Burton (E. B.) ; common, 

galls on Veronica chamaedrys, L. (C. B ) 
Diplosis botularia,VVinn. Alton, galls on Fraxinus 
excelsior, L., Aug., 1903 (C. B.) 

- loti, Deg. Alton, 5 Aug., 1905 (C. B.) 

- tritici, Kirb. In wheat ears (E. B.) 
Hormomyiaannulipes, Hart, (piligera, Lw.). Com- 
mon, galls on Fagus silvatica, L.; Rudyard, 
25 July, 1905 (C. B.) 

capreae, Winn. On Salix caprea, L. Alton, 

Aug., 1903 (C. B.) 

fagi, Hart. Dimmingsdale, galls on F. sil- 

vatica, L., Sept., 1902 ; Rudyard, 25 
July, 1905 (C. B.) 

millefolii, Lw. Three Louies, n Aug., 1905 

(C. B.) 

MYCETOPHILIDAE 

Sciara thomae, L. Cannock (R. C. B. Ent. 1891, 

p. 78) 

*Mycetophila lineola, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 
*Rhymosia fasciata, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 

fenestralis, Mg. Common 
Exechia fungorum, De G. Burton 
Allodia crassicornis, Stan. Burton 

Phronia crassipes, Winn. Colwlch, common 
(G. H. V. in E. M. M. xxx, 78) 

- dubia, Dzied. Colwich (G. H.V. in E. M. M. 

xxx, 79) 



N E M ATOC ERA (continued ) 
MYCETOPHILIDAE (continued) 

'Boletina trivittata, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 

[Lasiosoma maura, Wlk. Barton] 

Sciophila fasciata, Ztt. Burton 

Platyura fasciata, Ltr Burton 

Macrocera lutea, Mg. Burton 
* centralis, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 
'Bolitophila cinerea, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 

BIBIONIDAE 

Scatopse notata, L. Common about manure 
heaps 

pulicaria, Lw. Colwich (G. H. V. in 

E. M. M. xxx, 79) 
Bibio pomonae, F. ' Frequent ' (R. G.) 

- marci, L. Common 

leucopterus, Mg. Burton 

ferruginatus, Gmel. Burton 

laniger, Mg. Burton 

clavipes, Mg. Burton 

SlMULIDAE 

Simulium reptans, L. Common 

nanum, Ztt. Colwlch (G. H. V. in E. M. M. 

xxx, 79) 

CHIRONOMIDAE 

Chironomus plumosus, L. Burton 

prasinus, Mg. Burton 

tentans, F. Burton 

* pcdellus, De G. Common, Burton ; also 
Dovedale (G. H. V '.) 

viridis, Mcq. Very common, Burton 
* viridulus, L. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 

* nigrimanus, Staeg. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 
* pictulus, Mg. Dovedale (G. H.V.) 
* albimanus, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 
* nubilus, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 
*Cricotopus tremulus, L. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 
*Orthocladius variabilis, Staeg. Dovedale 

(G. H. V.) 

'Diamesa obscurimanus, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 
Tanypus varius, F. Burton 

nebulosus, Mg. Burton 

' punctatus, F. Colwlch (G. H. V.) 

ornatus, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V. in E. M. M. 

xxx, 79) 
* trifascipennis, Ztt. Dovedale (G. H. V.) and 

Colwich, abundant (G. H. V. in E. M. M. 

xxx, 79) 

[ zonatus, F. Burton] 
Ceratopogon pulicaris, L. Burton, very common 

- nitidus, Mcq. Burton, very common 
femoratus, Mg. Colwich (G. H. V.) 

PsYCHODIDAE 

Pericoma nubila, Mg. Burton 

Psychoda phalaenoides, L. Burton, common 

CULICIDAE 

Corethra plumicornis, F. Burton 
Culex annulatus, Schrk. Very common 

nemorosus, Mg. Very common 

pipiens, L. (ciliaris, L.). Very common 



114 



INSECTS 



NEMATOCERA (continued} 

PTYCHOPTERIDAK 
' Ptychoptera paludosa, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 



LIMNOBIDAE 



Burton 



Burton 
Burton , 

Egg- 



Cohaich 
Dwedale 



Burton 
Dovedale (G H. V.) ; 
C. B. in E. M. M. 



Limnobia nubeculosa, Mg. 

tripunctata, F. Burton 
Dicranomyia modesta, Mg. 

*Rhiphidia maculata, Mg. 

(G. H. V.) 
'Molophilus propinquus, 

(G. H. V.) 

Rhypholophus lineatus, Mg. 
'Lipsothrix errans, Wlk. 

also Cannock (R. 

xxxii, 53) 
Ephelia submarmorata,Verr. Colw'uh (G. H. V.); 

also Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.) 

marmorata, Mg. Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.) 
*Dactylol.ibis frauenfeldi, Egg. Dovedale 

(G H. V.) 

Trichocera hiemalis, De G. Very common 
Pedicia rivosa, L. (R. G.) 
Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg. Cannock 

(R. C. B. in E. M. M. xxxii, 53) 

TlPULIDAE 

Dolichopeza sylvicola, Curt. Cannock (R. C. B. 

ibid.) 
Pachyrrhina crocata, L. Burton ; Cannock 

(R. C. B. ibid.) 

maculosa, Mg Cannock (R. C. B. ibid ) 

quadrifaria, Mg. Burton 

annulicornis, Mg. Burton ; Cannock (R. C. B. 

ibid.) 
"Tipula varipennis, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) ; 

Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.) 
- lunata, L. Cannock (R. C. B ibid) 

gigantea, Schrk. Common, Burton ; Dove 

fal/ey (F. J.) ; Ckeadle (}. Masefield) ; 
Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.) 

lutescens, F. Very common 

oleracea, L. Very common 

BRACHYCERA 
STRATIOMYIDAE 

Oxycera pulchella, Mg. (rara, Wlk.). Burton 
Chrysonotus bipuncta;us, Scop. Burton 
Sargus flavipes, Mg. Burton 

cuprarius, L. Burton 



BRACHYCERA (continued) 
STRATIOMYIDAE (continued) 

Chloromyia Formosa, Scop. Burton 
Microchrysa polita, L Burton 
Beris clavipes, L. Burton 

TABANIDAE 

Haematopota pluvialis, L. Common 
Therioplectes tropicus, Mg. Burton 
Tabanus bovinus, L. Cannock Chase (E. B.) 
Chrysops caecutiens, L. Common (R. G.) 

LEPTIDAE 

Leptis scolopacea, L. Burton ; Dove Valley, &c. 
Chrysopilus aureus, Mg. Burton 
Atherix ibis, F. Burton 

ASILIDAE 

Dioctria oelandica, L. Burton 

rufipes, De G. Burton 

Asilus crabroniformis, L. Burton, rare 

BoMBYLIDAE 

[Anthrax hottentotta, L. (?) Burton\ 

Bombylius, sp. (?) Burton 

THEREVIDAE 
Thereva annulata, F. Burton 

EMPIDAE 

Rhamphomyia nigripes, F. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 

- sulcata, Fin. Burton 
Kmpis tessellata, F. Burton 

- livida, L. Burton 

* bilineata, Lw. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 

- chioptera, Fin. Burton 
Hil.ira cilipes, Mg. Burton 

- maura, F. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 

- fuscipes, F. Colwich (G. H. V.) 

* Tachydromia agilis, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) 

DoLICHOPODIDAE 

Poecilobothrus nobilitatus, L. Burton 
Porphyrops praerosa, Lw. Dwedale (G. H. V.) 

LoNCHOPTERIDAE 

Lonchoptera punctum, Mg. Burton 
trestes, Mg. Burton 



CYCLORRHAPHA 



PROBOSCIDEA 

SYRPHIDAE 

Paragus tibialis, Fin. (obscurus, Mg.). Burton 

Pipizella flavitarsis, Mg. Burton 

Pipiza noctiluca, L. Burton 

bimaculata, Mg. (guttata, Mg.). Burton 

Cnemodon vitripennis, Mg. Burton 



PROBOSCIDEA (continued) 
SYRPHIDAE (continued) 

Liogaster metallina, F. (Jiscicornis, Mg.). 

Burton 

Chrysogaster splendens, Mg. Burton 
[ hirtella, Lw. (? viduata, Fin.). Burton\ 
- solstitialis, Fin. (fumipennis, Steph.). Burton 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



PROBOSCIDEA (continued) 
SYRPHIDAE (continued) 

Chilosia scutellata, Fin. Burton 

pulchripes, Lw. Dovedale (Br. Fl.) 

variabilis, Pz. Burton 

[ illustrata, Harr. (? oestracea, L.). Burton] 

grossa, Fin. Burton 

fPlatychirus manicatus, Mg. Burton; Dove 
Valley (F. J.) 

clypeatus, Mg. Burton 
Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forst. Burton 

rosarum, F. Burton 
Melanostoma mellinum, L. Burton 

scalare, F. Burton 

Leucozona lucorum, L. Burton ; Dove Valley 

(F. J-) 
Ischyrosyrphus glaucius, L. Burton 

- laterarius, Mull. Burton 

tCatabomba pyrastri, L. Burton; Mayfield and 

Dove Valley (F. J.) 
Syrphus albostriatus, Fin. Burton 

torvus, O.-S. (topiarius, Mg.). Burton 

1 'f ribesii, L. Burton ; Dove Valley, common 

. (. F - >). 

vitripennis, Mg. Burton 

corollae, F. Burton 

- bifasciatus, F. Burton 

t balteatus, De G. Burton; Mayfield and 
Dove Valley (F. J.) 

- auricollis, Mg. Burton 

- umbellatarum F. Burton ; Coltcich (C. J. W.) 

compositarum, Verr. Colwicb (C. J. W.) 

- arcticus, Ztt. Colwich (C. J. W.) 
Xanthogramma ornatum, Mg. Burton 

- citrofasciatum, De G. Burton 
Baccha obscuripennis, Mg. Burton 

- elongata, F. Burton 

tSphegina clunipes, Fin. One in Dove Valley, 

6 Sept., 1902 (F. J.) 
Ascia podagrica, F. Burton 
Brachyopa bicolor, Fin. Burton 
Rhingia rostrata, L. Burton 
t campestris, Mg. Mayfield and Dove Valley 

(F. JO 

Volucella bombylans, L. Burton 
f pellucens, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Dove 

Valley (F. J.), &c. 
Eristalis sepulchralis, L. Burton 
t tenax, L. Common 

ft intricarius, L. Burton ; Dove Valley (F. J.) 
ft arbustorum, L. Burton ; Dove Valley 

(F. J.) 

f nemorum, L. Burton ; Dove Valley (F. J.) 
ft pertinax, Scop. Dove Valley (F. J.) 

- horticola, De G. Burton 
Myiatropa florea, L. Burton 

Helophilus trivittatus, F. Cannock (R. C. B. 

Ent. 1890, p. 352) 

t pendulus, L. Burton ; Mayfield and Dove 
Valley (F. J.) 

lineatus, F. Burton 
Criorrhina asilica, Fin. Burton 
Xylota segnis, L. Burton 

lenta, Mg. Burton 

sylvarum, L. Burton 



PROBOSCIDEA (continued) 
SYRPHIDAE (continued) 

Xylota nemorum, F. Colwich (C. J. W.) ; Can- 
nock, one (R. C. B. in EMM. xxxii, 

P- SO 

f Syritta pipiens, L. Burton ; Dove Valley, com- 
mon (F. J.) 

Eumerus strigatus, Fin. Burton 
Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. Burton 
Calliprobola speciosa, Rossi. Burton ? 
'Sericomyia borealis, Fin. Burton ; also Can- 
nock (F. D. Morice) 

lappona, L. Burton 
Chrysotoxum arcuatum, L. Burton 

bicinctum, L. Burton 

CONOPIDAE 

Conops quadrifusciata, De G. Burton 
t flavipes, L. Mayfield and Dove Valley (F. J.) 
Oncomyia atra, F. Burton 
Sicus ferrugineus, L. Burton 

OESTRIDAE 

Gastrophilus equi, F. Common 
Hypoderma bovis, De G. Common, doing con- 
siderable damage to the hides of oxen 
Oestrus ovis, L. Very common in some years 



TACHINIDAE 

tOlivieria lateralis, F. Burton ; Mayfield and 
Dove Valley (F. J.) 

Micropalpus vulpinus, Fin. Burton 

Echinomyia fera, L. Burton 

Fabricia ierox, L. Burton 

tSarcophaga carnaria, L. Generally distributed 
tvar. similis, Meade. Dove Valley (F. J.) 

melanura, Mg. Burton 

Dexiosoma caninum, F. Burton 

Prosena sybarita, F. Burton 



MUSCIDAE 

Stomoxys calcitrans, L. Burton ; scarce in Dove 

Valley (F. J.) 
Pollenia vespillo, F. Burton 

rudis, F. Burton 
Graphomyia maculata, Scop. Burton 
Musca domestica, L. Everywhere 

corvina, F. Burton 
Cyrtoneura stabulans, Fin. Burton 
Morellia hortorum, Fin. Burton 
Mesembrina meridiana, L. Frequently seen on 

the trunks of trees in many places (R. G.); 
Burton 

Pyrellia lasiophthalma, Mcq. Burton 
Calliphora vomitoria, L. Everywhere 
Euphoria cornicina, F. Burton 
tLucilia caesar, L. Common 
[ illustris, Mg. ? Burton] 



INSECTS 



PROBOSCIDEA (continued) 
ANTHOMYIOAE 

Polietes lardaria, F. Burton 
Hyetodesia incana, W. Burton 

signata, Mg. Burton 

erratica, Fin. Burton 
Mydaea angelicae, Scop. Burton 
Mydea pagana, F. Burton 

impuncta, Fin. Burton 
Hydrophoria conica, W. Burton 

*Hylemyia virginea, Mg. Colwich (G. H. V.) 

praepotens, W. Burton 
Anthomyia pluvialis, L. Burton 

radicum, L. Burton, &c. 
"Chortophila cinerella, Fin. DoveJalt (G. H. V.) 

sepia, Mg. Burton. 

Phorbia cepetorum, Meade. Burton, &c. 
Pegomyia betae, Curt. Common in some years 
Homalomyia canicularis, L. Burton 
Caricea tigrina, F. Burton 

CoRDYLURIDAE 

Scatophaga lutaria, F. Burton 

stercoraria, L. Everywhere 

HELOMYZIDAE 

Helomyza flava, Mg. Burton 
Blepharoptera serrata, L. Burton 

SCIOMYZIDAE 

Dryomyza flaveola, F. Burton 
Neottiophilum praeustum, Mg. Burton 
Sciomyza obtusa, Fin. Burton 

cinerella, Fin. Burton 

albocostata, Fin. Burton 
Tetanocera ferruginea, Fin. Burton 

* robusta, Lw. Cannock (R. C. B.) 
Limnia marginata, F. Burton 

rufifrons, F. Burton 
Elgiva cucularia, L. Burton 

PSILIDAE 

Psila fimetaria, L. Burton 

pallida, Fin. Burton 

MlCROPEZIDAK 

Calobata trivialis, Lw. Dovedale (G. H. V. in 
EMM. xxx, p. 145) 

ORTALIDAE 

Pteropaectria afflicta, Mg. Burton 
Anacampta urticae, L. Burton 
Platystoma seminationis, F. Burton 
Seoptera vibrans, L. Burton 

TRYPETIDAE 

Acidia heraclei, L. Burton ; Hanttswort/i, com- 
mon (C.J.W.) 
Spilographia zoe, Mg. Handsworth (C. J. W.) 

artemisiae, F. Burton 
Rhagoletis cerasi, L. Burton 
Trypeta cornuta, . Burton 

serratulae, L. Burton 



PROBUSCIDEA (Continued) 
TRYPETIDAE (continued) 

Urophora solstitialis, L. Burton ; Denstone, 
28 July and Aug., 1905, Alton, Aug., 
1905 (C.B.) 

Carphotricha guttularis, Mg. Burton 

Tephrites parietina, L. Burton 

leontodontis, De G. Burton 
Urellia stellata, Fuessl. Burton 

LoNCHAEIDAE 

Lonchaea vaginalis, Fin. Burton 
Palloptera saltuum, L. Burton 

ustulata, Fin. Burton 

umbellatarum, F. Burton 

arcuata, Fin. Burton 

SAPROMYZIDAE 

Lauxania cylindricornis, F. Burton 

aenea, Fin. Burton 

OPOMYZIDAE 

Balioptera combinata, L. Burton 
Opomyza florum, F. Burton 

SEPSIDAE 
Nemopoda tarsalis, Wlk. Burton 

PlOPHILIDAE 

Piophila casei, L. Larvae in cheese 

EPHYDRIDAE 

Notiphila cinerea, Fin. Burton 
Psilopa leucostoma, Mg. Burton 
Ephydra riparia, Fin. Burton 

CHLOROPIDAE 

Meromyza variegata, Mg. Burton 
Chlorops cinctipes, Mg. Burton 

PHYTOMYZIDAE 
Napomyza lateralis, Fin. Burton 

BORRORIDAE 

Borborus nitidus, Mg. Burton 

equinus, Fin. Burton 
Sphaerocera subsultans, F. Burton 
Limosina sylvatica, Mg. Burton 

ochripes, Mg. Burton 

fungicola, Hal. Burton 

PHORIDAE 
Phora rufipes, Mg. Burton 

EPROBOSCIDEA 

HlPPOBOSCIDAE 

Ornithomyia avicularia, L. On owls, &c., at 

Burton 
Stenopteryx hirundinis, L. On martins and 

swallows (E. B., F.J.) 
Melophagus ovinus, L. Common on sheep 

everywhere 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA 

(Bug,) 



GYMNOCERATA 
PENTATOMIDAE 

Asopus punctatus, L. Cannock Chase (Blatch) 
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, L. Cannock Chase 
(Blatch) 

LYGAEIDAE 

Gastrodes abietis, L. Burton (J. T. Harris) 
TINGIDAE 

Monanthia costata, Fieb. Cannock Chase (Blatch) 

- humuli, Fb. Button Park (Blatch) 

HEBRIDAE 
Hebrus ruficeps, Thorns. Cannock Chase (Blatch) 

HYDROMETRIDAE 

Mesovelia furcata, Muls. and Rey. One from the 
R. Trent, near Burton (E.B.) ; see E. M. M. 
iv, 5 (1867) 

Hydrometra stagnorum, L. Common. 

Vclia currens, Fb. On the R. Trent (E. B.) 

Gerris paludum, Fb. Very abundant 

SALDIDAE 

Salda orthochila, Fieb. Cannock Chase (Blatch) 

- cocksii, Curt. Cannock Chase (Blatch) 

- cincta, H. Sch, Cannock Chase (Blatch) 

Cl.MICIDAE 

Cimex lectularius, L. 

Piezostethus cursitans, Fall. Needtcood Forest 
(Blatch) 



GYMNOCERATA (continued) 
CAPSIDAE 

Lopus gothicus, L. Cannock Chase (Bhtch) 

flavomarginatus, Don. 'On nettles' (R. G.) 
Calocoris sex-guttatus, Fl. Common near Barlas- 

ton (J. W. Ellis) 

alpestris, Mey. Burton (E. B.) 
Atractotomus mali, Mey. Cannock Chase (Blatch) 

CRYPTOCERATA 
NAUCORIDAE 

Naucoris cimicoides, L. Common in brooks 
(R. G.) ; in railway cuttings at Wetmore 
(E. B.) 

NEPIDAE 

Nepa cinerea, L. Common. Canals at Stoke-on- 
Trent (R. G.), &c. ; Burton (E. B.) ; Dot'e 
ralky (F. J.) 

NoTONECTIDAE 

Notonecta glauca, L. Very common. Fenton Pool 
(R. G.), &c. 

var. furcata and maculata (E. B.) 

CORIXIDAE 

Corixa geoffroyi, Leach. Not uncommon, Burton 
district (E.B.) 

atomaria, Illig. (affinis, Leach). Common (E.B.) 
- coleoptrata, Fl. Burton (W. W. F.) 

Sigara minutissima, L. Burton (W. W. F.); not un- 
common in the R. Trent near Burton (E.B.) 



HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA 



CICADINA 

ISSIDAE 



CICADINA (continued) 
CERCOPIDAE 



Issus coleoptratus, Geoff. Near Burton, not com- : Triecphora vulnerata, Illig. ? 
mon (E. B.) ; Dovedale (B. Cooke) Philaenus spumarius, L. Verj 



ClXIIDAE 



Very common 
LEDRIDAE 

Ledra aurita, L. Burton district, in woods, rare 
Cixius pilosus, Ol., or nervosus, L. (rcynosbatis, (E.B.) 

fb. of E. B.). Common in woods, Burton 
district (E. B.) 



DELPHACIDE 

[' Several species are abundant ' (E. B.)] 
[Stiroma borealis, J. Sahl. In mus. P. B. Mason of 
Burton, but without locality] 



118 



ACOCEPHALIDAE 

Acocephalus nervosus, Schr. ? 

PSYLLINA 

PSYLLIDAE 

Psylla. [Many species, E. B.] 



INSECTS 



APHIDES, &c. 

The late Sir O. Mosley contributed some articles on Aphides to the early volumes of the 
Gardeners' Chronicle, and Mr. E. Brown gives some observations in his account of the fauna 
of the Burton district (Natural History of Tutbury, &c., p. 167). Mr. C. Brett has also 
recorded a few species from the Alton district (Report North Staffs. Field Club, 1905-6, 
p. 75-6). 

Sir O. Mosley = O.M. E. Brown = E.B. C. Brett = C.B. Rev. F. C. R. Jour- 
dain = F. J. 



APHIDIDAE 

. Siphonophora pisi, Kalt. (lathyri) (O. M.) 

- avellanae, Schr. (coryli) (O. M.) 

Phorodon humuli, Schr. On Humulus lupulus 

(E. B., F. J.) 

Myzus ribis, L. Alton, July, 1905 (C. B.) 
Rhopalosiphum ribis, L. On Ribes nigrum, Dove 

Valley, common (F. J.) ; Uttoxeter, August, 

1904 (C.B.) 
Siphocoryne xylostei, Schrank. On Lonicera peri- 

clymenum, Alton, August, 1903 (C. B.) 
Aphis brassicae L. On Brassica oleracea, common 

(F- JO 

crataegi, Kalt. On Crataegus oxyacantha, 

Dove Valley (F. J.); Alton, July, 1904 (C. B.) 

malvae, Walk. (O. M.) 

- mali, Fb. On Pyrus malus, Dove Valley (F. J.) 

- atriplicis, L. On Atriplex patula, Alton, July, 

1903 ; Denstone, July, 1905 (C. B.) 

rumicis, L. On Hedera helix, &c. (F. J.) 

amygdali, Fonsc. 'On Peach and Plum trees' 

(E. B.) 

- pyri, Fonsc. On Pyrus malus, Alton, ^ \ July, 

1 904 (C.B.) 

Callipterus coryli, Gotze. On Corylus avellana, 

&c. (O. M.) 
Dryobius roboris, L. (O. M.) 



APHIDIDAE (continued} 

Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm. ' Eriosoma mali' 

(O. M.) ; ' American Blight,' Dave Valley 

(F. J.) 
- ulmi, L. On Ulmus montana, Alton, August, 

1903 (C.B.) 
Tetraneura ulmi, De Geer. On U. campestris, 

Roston, August, 1903 (C. B.) 
Chermes abietis, L. On spruce fir (E. B.) ; Alton, 

on Abies excelsa, August, 1903 (C.B.) 

laricis, Htg. On larch (E. B.) 

COCCI DAE 

Aspidiotus, sp. (Scale Insects). Common on green- 
house plants 

Lecanium persicae, Burm. 'On plum and apricot 
trees. Burton ' (E. B.) 

Dorthesia cataphracta, Shaw. Henhurst (E. B.) 

ALEYRODIDAE 

Alleyrodes proletella, Wlk. Frequently found flying 
in lanes (E.B.) 

fragariae, Wlk. On strawberry (E. B.) 

phillyreae, Hal. Common on Phillyrea (E. B). 
Dactylopius, sp. (Mealybug). On vines in green- 
houses (F.J.) 



719 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



ARACHNIDA 

Spiders, etc. 

Very few species of spiders, eighty-two in all, have been collected 
in the county of Staffordshire, and the greater number of these were 
taken in the neighbourhood of Handsworth by Mr. F. P. Smith, while 
the rest were taken by myself near Cannock. 

ARANE^ 

ARACHNOMOR PHM 

DYSDERIDjE 

Spiders with six eyes and two pairs of stigmatic openings, situated close together on the 
genital rima ; the anterior pair communicating with lung books, the posterior with tracheal 
tubes. Tarsal claws, two in Dysdera, three in Harpactes and Segestria. 



1. Dysdera cambridgii, Thorell. 

Cannock. 

Not uncommon under stones and bark of 
trees, where it lurks within a tubular retreat. 
The spider is easily recognizable by its elon- 
gate form, orange legs, dark mahogany cara- 
pace and pale clay-yellow abdomen. The 
palpal bulb of the male has no cross-piece at 
the apex. The spider is also known as D. 
erytbryna, Blackwall. 

T-, , ,-, T V 

2. Dysdera crocota, C. L. Koch. 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Larger than the last species, with a deep 
orange-pink carapace, orange legs, and abdo- 



men with a delicate rosy-pink flush. The 
palpal bulb of the male has a cross-piece at 
the apex. This spider is also known as D. 
rubtcunda, Blackwall. 

3. Segestria senocu/ata (Linnaeus). 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 
Not common . under bark of trees> in the 

crev ices of loose stone walls and amongst 
d etac h e d rocks. Recognizable by its linear 
f orm and the black diamond-shaped blotches 
on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. 

4. Oonops pulcher, Templeton. 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 
Rare ; a very small linear brick-red spider. 



DRASSIDjE 

Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. The tracheal openings lie just 
in front of the spinners. The tarsal claws are two in number, the anterior pair of spinners 
are set wide apart at the base, and the maxillae are more or less impressed across the middle. 



5. Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer). 
Cannock. 



Very common under stones. 
as Drassus lapidicolens. 



Also known 



CLUBIONID^E 



Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. The tracheal openings lie 
immediately in front of the spinners. The tarsal claws are two in number, but the anterior 
pair of spinners are set close together at the base ; the maxillae are convex and not impressed 
across the middle. 



9. Clubiona corticalis, Walckenaer. 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

10 . Clubiona trivia/is, L. Koch. 
Cannock. 



6. Clubiona pallidula (Clerck). 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

7. Clubiona terrestris, Westring. 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

8. Clubiona compta, C. L. Koch. 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 



The spiders of this family resemble those of the Clubionidte in most respects, except that 
the tracheal stigmatic openings beneath the abdomen are situated about midway between the 

120 



SPIDERS 

genital rima and the spinners, and not, as in the last family, immediately in front of the 
spinners. One species only is indigenous to Great Britain and is very common amongst the 
foliage of trees in May and June. 

11. Anypbeena accmtuata (Walckenaer). Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

THOMISID^E 

Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows, two tarsal claws and anterior 
spinners close together at their base. Maxillae not impressed. The crab-like shape and side- 
long movements of these spiders are their chief characteristics, enabling them to be easily 
distinguished from the more elongate Drassidte and Clubionidte. 

12. Philodromus aureolus (Clerck). 14. Xysticus cristatus (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

13. Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer). 15. Oxyptlla prattcola (C. L. Koch). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

ATTID^E 

The spiders of this family may be recognized in a general way by their mode of pro- 
gression, consisting of a series of leaps. More particularly they may be known by the square 
shape of the cephalic region and the fact that the eyes are arranged in three rows of 4, 2, 2, 
the centrals of the anterior row being much the largest. Otherwise the spiders are simply 
specialized Clubionids with two tarsal claws and other minor characters possessed in common 
with other members of this family. 

1 6. Salticus scenicus (Clerck). 17. Ergane falcata (Clerck). 

Handsworth (F.P.S.) ; Cannock. Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Known also as Salticus ceronatus, BLickwall. 

PISAURID^ 

Spiders with eight eyes in three rows of 4, 2, 2 ; the small anterior eyes being sometimes 
in a straight line, sometimes recurved and sometimes procurved. Those of the other two rows 
are situated in the form of a rectangle of various proportions and are much larger than the 
eyes of the anterior row. The tarsal claws are three in number. Pisaura runs freely over 
the herbage, carrying its egg-sac beneath the sternum ; while Dolomedes is a dweller in marshes 
and swamps. 

1 8. Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck). Known also as Dolomedes, or Ocyale, mirabilis. 
Cannock. 

LYCOSIDjE 

The members of this family are to be found running freely over the ground, and carry- 
ing the egg-sac attached to the spinners. Many of the larger species make a short burrow in 
the soil and there keep guard over the egg-sac. Eyes and tarsal claws as in the Phauridie, 
with slight differences. 

19. Lycosa ruricola (De Geer). 22. Pardosa lugubrts (Walckenaer). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Cannock. 

Known also as L. campestris, Blackwall. 23. Pardosa pullata (Clerck). 

Cannock. 

20. Lycosa terrico/a, Thorell. Known also as Lycosa otscura, Blackwall. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

. r T.I , 11 2 4- "ardosa prattvaga (C. L. Koch). 

Known also as L. agrettca. Blackwall. , ./ 

Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

21. Lycosa pulverulenta (Clerck). This species is given in Mr. Campbell's 
Cannock ; Handsworth (F.P.S.). list as L y ceta r 'P aria , C - L. Koch. 

Known also as L. rapax, Blackwall, and 25. Pardosa amentata (Clerck). 
Tarentula pulverulenta. Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

I 121 16 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



AGELENID^: 

Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two straight or more or less curved transverse rows. 
Tarsal claws, three. The species of this family spin a large sheet-like web, and construct a 
tubular retreat at the back of it, which leads to some crevice amongst the rocks or in the 
herbage, or in the chinks in the walls of outhouses and barns, wherever the various species may 
happen to be found. The habits of Argyroneta, the water spider, are however quite different. 
The posterior pair of spinners is much longer than the others in the more typical genera of 
this family. 



26. Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

27. Ttgenaria derhami (Scopoli). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

A very common species everywhere. 



28. Tegenaria silvestrii, L. Koch. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

29. Ccelotes atropos (Walckenaer). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 



The spiders included in this family have eight eyes, situated in two rows, the lateral eyes 
of both rows being usually adjacent, if not in actual contact, while the central eyes form a 
quadrangle. The tarsal claws are three, often with other supernumerary tlaws. The web is 
either an orbicular snare, as in the case of the ' common garden spider,' or consists of a sheet 
of webbinsj, beneath which the spider hangs and captures its prey as it falls upon the sheet. 
This immense family includes those usually separated under the names Epeiridte and Linyphiidts. 



30. Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck). 
Cannock. 

Known also as Linyphia cryptico/ens, Black- 
wall. 

31. Meta segmentata (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Very abundant. Known also as Epeira 
indinata, Blackwall. 

32. Meta meriarue (Scopoli). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Not uncommon. Known also as Epeira 
antriada, Blackwall, and a striking variety as 43 
E. celata, Blackwall. 

33. Cyclosa conica (Pallas). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

A few specimens only have been taken. 
Known also as Epeira conica, Blackwall. 

34. Zilla x - notata (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Very common. Known also as Epeira 
simi/is, Blackwall. 

35. Zilla atrica, C. L. Koch. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Almost as common as the above. Known 
also as Epeira callophylla, Blackwall. 

36. Araneut diadematus (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.) ; Cannock. 

37. Araneus gibbosus (Walckenaer). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

38. Pachygnatha clerckii y Sun dc vail. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 



39. Pachygnatha degeerii, Sundevall. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

40. Pachygnatha listeri, Sundevall. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Much rarer than the other two species 
above. 

4 1 . Linyphia triangularis (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

42. Linyphia clathrata, Sundevall. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Drapetisca soda/is (Sundevall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

44. Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linnzeus). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

45. Labulla thoracica (Wider). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

46. Bolypbantes luteolus (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

47. Tapinopa longideus (Wider). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

48. Lepthyphantes minutus (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

49. Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert). 
Cannock. 

50. Lepthyphantes nebulosus (Sundevall). 
Cannock. 

51. Lepthyphantes ericeus (Blackwall). 
Cannock. 

52. Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 



122 



SPIDERS 



53. Lepthyphantes blackwaUii, Kulczynski. 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

54. Batbyphantes dorsalis (Wider). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

55. Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

56. Bathyphantes concolor (Wider). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

57. Centromerus sylvaticut (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

58. Macrargus rufui (Wider). 
Cannock. 

59. Centromerus simplex (F. P.-Cambridge). 
Cannock, Brewery cellar. 

60. Microneta viaria (Blackwall). 
Cannock. 

6 1. Microneta fuscipalpis (C. L. Koch). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

62. Pedanostethus lividus (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 



63. Kulczynskiellum fuscum (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

64. Gonatium rubens (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

65. Dicyphus cornutui (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

66. Dicymbium nigrum (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

67. Erigone dentipalpis (Wider). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

68. Tiso vagans (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

69. Lophomma punctatum (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

70. Plcesiocrarus fuscipes (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

71. Entelecara acuminata (Wider). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

72. Arrecerus acuminatus (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.) ; Cannock. 



THERIDIID^E 

The members of this family have eight eyes, situated very much like those of the Argio- 
pidit ; but the mandibles are usually weak, the maxillae are inclined over the labium, and the 
posterior legs have a comb of stiff curved spines beneath the tarsi. The web consists of a 
tangle of crossing lines, and the spider often constructs a tent-like retreat wherein the egg-sac 
is hung up. The tarsal claws are three in number. 



73. Theridion pictum (Walckenaer). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 



74 



75 



Theridion iisyphium (Clerck). 
Cannock. 
Known also as T. nervoium, Blackwall. 

Theridion denticulatum (Walckenaer). 
Cannock. 



76. 



77- 



Theridion varians, Hahn. 
Cannock. 



Theridion ovatum (Clerck). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

78. Pholcomma gibbum (Westring). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

79. Crustulina guttata (Wicler). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

MIMETID^ 

Spiders of this family are similar in general respects to the Theridiidie, having eight eyes 
and three tarsal claws. The species of Era construct a small brown pear-shaped or cylindrical 
egg-cocoon suspended on a fine silken stalk. 

80. Erofurcata (Villers). Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

This spider is known also as E. thoracica and Theridion variegatum, Blackwall. 

DICTYNID^E 

The spiders belonging to this family possess three tarsal claws, and the eyes, eight in 
number, situated in two transverse rows, the laterals being in contact. The cribellum (or 
extra pair of spinning organs) and the calamistrum (a row of curving bristles on the protarsi of 
the fourth pair of legs) are present in all members of the family. They construct a tubular 
retreat with an outer sheet of webbing, which is covered with a flocculent silk made with the 
calamistrum from threads furnished by the cribellum. 

81. Amaurobiut fenestralis (Stroem). 82. Amaurobius similis (Blackwall). 
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Handsworth (F.P.S.). 

Not so common as simi/is. Known also as Common. Known also under the 
Ciniflo atroxy Blackwall. Ciniflo. 

123 



name 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 
ACARINA 

Mites 

The following list is compiled from the records contributed by Mr. Cyril Brett to the 
Reparts of the N. Staff. Field Club for 1902-3 (pp. 92-3), and 1905-6 (pp. 75-6). 



ERIOPHYINAE 

Eriophyes aucupariae, Conn. On Pyrus aucuparia 
Gaert., Alton, Aug. 1903 ; Rudyard, 25 
July, 1905 ; Manifold Valley, Aug. 190; 

- axillaris, auct. On Alnus glutinosa, Medic., 

Alton, 12 Sept. 1902 ; Consall, Rudyard, 
July, 1905 

invitarau, Nal. On Alnus glutinosa, Medic., 

Alton, 1 1 Sept. 1902 

goniothorax, Nal. On Crataegus oxyacantha, 

L., Alton, Aug. 1903 ; Belmont, July, 1905 

- lact'u, Nal. On Alnus glutinosa, Medic., Alton, 

12 Sept. 1902 

- macrochilus, Nal. On Acer campestre, L., 

Denstone, Aug. 1903 

- macrorbynchus, Nal. On Acer campestre, L., 

Denstone, Aug. 1903 ; near Prestwood, 20 
Aug. 1905 

- rut/it, Canest. On Betula verrucosa, Erhr., 

common, Alton, Sept. 1902 



ERIOPHYINAE continued 

Eriophyfs thomasi. On Thymus serpyllum, L., 
Ramshorn, July, 1903 

slmilis, Nal. On Prunus spinosa, L., Alton, 2 1 

July, 1904; Denstone, n Aug. 1905 

tctanothrix laevis, Nal. On Salix caprea, L., 

Alton, Aug. 1903 



PHYLLOCOPTINAE 

Pbyllocoptes acericola, Nal. On Acer pseudo- 
platanus, L., Dimmingsdale, 24 Sept. 
1902 

arianus, Nal. On leaves of Pyrus aria, Erhr., 

Belmont Woods, 22 July, 1905 

fraxini, Nal. On Fraxinus excelsior, L., Alton, 

Aug. 1903 ; Belmont, 22 July; Rudyard, 25 
July ; near Foxt, 31 July, 1905 



124 



CRUSTACEANS 



In maritime counties this branch of our fauna forces itself upon the attention of the most 
unobservant. In many inland districts, on the other hand, the keenest students of natural 
history have suffered it to lie in absolute neglect. Staffordshire, therefore, is rather exception- 
ally fortunate in having been long exempt from this indifference. The earlier notices, it is 
true, have their scientific interest suffused with an antiquarian glamour. At many points also 
they attest the presence of crustaceans in the bogs and streams of the county by implication 
rather than by express mention of any particular genera and species. Amongst these remote 
authorities The Natural History of Staffordshire, by Robert Plot, LL.D., Keeper of the 
Ashmolean Museum and professor of chemistry in the University of Oxford, has the first 
claim on our consideration. For a predominantly aquatic group of animals we must welcome 
Plot's quaint conclusion in dealing with the hydrography of the shire : 

All which summ'd up together, we find at the foot of the account, that it is water'd with no 
less than 24 Rivers of name, though a Mediterranean county ; besides the endless number of 
anonymous RinJles and small brooks that must needs attend them ; a number perhaps that very 
few Countries of the like extent can be found to surpass, if any that equals it. 1 

It is, in fact, in anonymous rindles and small pools that some species of Entomostraca are most 
surely obtained. For direct record, however, of any crustacean, Plot must be consulted in a 
part of his work which, with our modern views of classification, would be thought very unlikely 
to supply it. The heading 'Of Brutes' to the chapter in question is more concise than dis- 
criminating. ' Under the title of Brute!,' he says, ' I comprehend (as in Oxfordshire) all 
Animals whatever that have sense and locomotion, except the rational, whether they are the 
inhabitants of the Air, Water, or Earth, such as Birds, Insects, Fishes, Reptiles, and Quadrupeds.'' * 
A long period indeed elapsed before either popular or scientific opinion effectively disentangled 
Crustacea from the insects and fishes of this miscellaneous host. After a discussion of the 
burbot or birdbolt, sometimes called the nonsuch because of its rarity, and provisionally identified 
with Mustela Jluviatilis, Plot remarks : 

But though I heard only of this single fish that I think undescribed (for that there are a sort of 
Crevices in the stream that passes by Overend and Longdon, that will not boile red, is only 
accidental, as was shown before in Oxfordshire) yet I was informed of divers very unusual 
observations, concerning scaled, as well as smooth fish. 3 

The crevices mentioned in the queer parenthesis are obviously the common river crayfish, 
properly called Potamobius pallipcs (Lereboullet). In his next section Plot says : 

There are other fish, too, both of the scaled and shell'd kinds, that will live and breed in 
places very uncommon to their species, thus Gudgeons and Crevices live well and breed in the 
pooles at Bentley and thrive to a just magnitude, but then these ponds are always fedd with 
Springs. 

In the distinction between scaled fishes on the one hand and smooth or shelled fishes on the other, 
there seems to be a glimmering of suspicion that, though the crevice with its polished coat was 
just as much a fish as the barbel and the carp, it was still a fish with a difference. That the 
Entomostraca parasitic on carp and other freshwater fishes did not attract Plot's attention is a 
definite loss, as we are left without any of the unusual observations upon them which he might 
otherwise have reported. He discusses at much length the brine-pits of Staffordshire, but takes 
no notice of the so-called brine-worm, Artemia salina (Linn.), once so abundant at Lymington, 

1 Op. cit. chap. 2, 21, p. 43 (1686). * Ibid. chap. 7, p. 228. 

3 Ibid. 29, p. 241. 

125 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

in Hampshire. It may reasonably be inferred from Plot's silence on the subject that this 
interesting phyllopod did not occur in Staffordshire. 

An interval of more than a hundred years brings us to the publication of another important 
work, The History and Antiquities of Staffordshire, by the Rev. Stebbing Shaw, B.D., F.A.S., 
and fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge. Although this intervening period includes the 
birth and death of Linnaeus, and great strides in carcinology, due to such men as Pallas, 
J. C. Fabricius, and Herbst, it cannot be said that Mr. Shaw's work betrays any acquaintance 
with the progress made in this branch of science. Only a single passage from his two folio 
volumes, other than quotations from Plot, has any direct bearing on our subject. In the 
account of Mavesyn Ridware (proper), when describing the fishery within Armitage and 
Handsacre, he explains that there the River Trent is not navigable, adding, 

and perhaps within the boundaries of this fishery there is an unusual number of deeps and 
shallows, so necessary to the different tribes with which it is plentifully stored. The best sorts 
are pike, perch, greyling, eel, gudgeon, and crawfish in plenty ; more rare are trout and burbot ; 
of tench 3 or 4 in a year ; carp very rare ; and within memory a brace or two of salmon ; but 
these were white and out of season. Of the coarse sorts, barbel and chub may be seen in large 
shoals. 4 

The crayfish, it will be observed, is here still counted as a fish. To this day apparently the 
spelling and pronunciation of the name varies without rule in different parts of England between 
crayfish and crawfish. As a matter of convenience the latter should be restricted to the marine 
Palinurus, sometimes called the spiny lobster, leaving the term crayfish to the river species. 
Shaw's work contains a long catalogue of plants by Samuel Dickenson, LL.B., rector of 
BIymhill, Staffordshire, ending with 'Utricularia vulgaris hooded water-milfoile. Bogs. In 
a bog near BIymhill.' 6 Just as the names of fishes are an indirect testimony to the occurrence 
of various Entomostraca known to be commonly parasitic upon them, so the names of various 
water-plants in Mr. Dickenson 's list are a guarantee that a large assemblage of Cladocera and 
Copepoda, which almost invariably accompany these plants, will not be found wanting to the 
waters of the county. 

From the life of the celebrated entomologist and palaeographer, John Obadiah Westwood, 
it appears that he was born in Sheffield in 1805, and at first educated there, but afterwards at 
a school in Lichfield, whither the family had removed. 6 Professor Westwood, as is well 
known, made his mark in carcinology as well as in other departments of learning, and in this 
respect it is interesting to trace his connexion with this county. In the British Cyclopaedia of 
Natural History, by Charles Partington, Westwood wrote sundry articles on Crustacea, one 
of which contains the following passages : ' Cray fish. A crustaceous animal, belonging 
to the order Decapods and section Macroura, and forming the genus Potamobius of Leach, 
although Desmarets and others unite it with the lobster in the genus Astacus.' Further 
on he says : 

They are caught by sinking a net, or spiny faggots, in the middle of which a piece of 
putrid meat is placed. We well remember the delight with which in our schoolboy days we 
would escape from the trammels of Bonnycastle and Virgil, and go groping, with our shirt sleeves 
tucked up, in the holes in brooks where the crayfish were met with, and can therefore speak from 
experience of the sharpness of the bite they can inflict with their claws. 7 

As Bonnycastle and Virgil must have been concerned with his later schooldays, it is fair to 
conclude that the youthful Westwood was nipped by the chelipeds of Staffordshire crayfish. 
His determination of the generic name should not be overlooked. 

A few years later The Natural History of the County of Stafford, by Robert Garner, F.L.S., 
considerably enlarges our outlook. Under the heading ' Crustacea,' Mr. Garner supplies the 
following information : 

The animals composing the Crustacea are very beautiful ; most of them inhabit salt water, 
many, however, fresh, and of these some are interesting. 

Argulus foRaceus. Very common on the stickleback ; most of which little fish, in our canals, 
we have noticed to be affected with this parasite. The Argulus is very curious, and adheres to 
the fish by two round suckers, generally about the head, or to the side ; when detached it swims 
beautifully. 

' Op. cit. (1798), vol. i, pp. 1 88, 189. 5 Ibid. pp. 97-115. 

6 Diet. Nat. Biog., Art. ' Westwood.' ' Op. cit. (1836), vol. ii, p. 187. 

126 



CRUSTACEANS 

Astacus communis. Crawfish. Abundant in clear streams. This will live long out of water, 
but a short time if placed in water from a pond or well. 

Gammarus Pulex. Fresh-water shrimp. Common : this is by no means a test of the purity 
of water, as has been said ; I find it in muddy brooks, as well as in fountains. 

Asellus vulgaris. Common with the preceding. 

Cyclops vulgaris. This and the following are very minute, and both may be seen in water 
from most streams or ponds. 

Dapknia Pulex? 
The following are terrestrial : 

Oniscus Asellus. Common ; congregated under stones, &c. 

PorcelRo scaber. Abundant in decayed wood ; Swinnerton Park. 

Armadillo vulgaris. Under stones, &c. Cheshire cavern.' 

By the designation Astacui communis the river crayfish is evidently intended. The intima- 
tion that it will live longer out of water than in water from a pond or well is probably based on 
the amphibious habits of this animal. Those who try to domesticate it, often no doubt with 
the kindest intentions, plunge it into a bowl or other aquarium so plentifully supplied with 
water that the creature is soon practically drowned. Since it is not adapted for climbing steep 
and slippery walls of glass or earthenware, the depth of liquid in its prison should be only 
between one and two inches, to give it the same chance which it has in its native haunts of 
changing from aquatic to aerial surroundings. Other comments on Mr. Garner's records may 
be reserved till after the introduction of a still later and fuller authority covering much the 
same ground, but with additional knowledge and more regard for scientific classification. The 
work in question is The Natural History of Tutbitry, by Sir Oswald Mosley, bart., D.C.L., 
F.L.S., together with the Fauna and Flora of the district surrounding Tutbury and Burton-on- 
Trent, by Edward Brown, with an appendix. This local fauna contains the following 
notices : 

Sub-class Crustacea : 

Order Podophthalma. Tribe Decapoda Macroura. 

Family Astacidea. Astacus Jiuviatills (Fabr.). The Common Crayfish. This diminutive 
freshwater lobster is found abundantly in the Dove, in which stream it is easily captured by 
means of basket traps baited with bullock's liver. It is valued as an ornamental garnish for 
dishes, as well as for its own edible properties. It is found occasionally in the Wimshill Brook, 
a small stream that runs into the Trent, but I have never known it to be taken from that river 
itself. 
Order Edriophthalma. Tribe Amphipoda. 

Family Gammaridae. Gammarus pulex (Fabr.). The Freshwater Shrimp. Very 
abundant in the Trent. It is an interesting species to keep in an aquarium, owing to its lively 
and eccentric movements 
Tribe Isopoda. 

Family Asellidae. Asellus vulgaris (Latr.). The Freshwater Asellus. Exceedingly 
numerous in the Trent, where it abounds together with the last-mentioned species, more 
especially in the beds of Anacharis alslnastrum. It is probably to be found in all the running 
streams of the district. 10 Oniscus ascllus (Linn.). The Wood Louse. Very common under- 
neath stones and rotten wood. A large light-coloured form, occurring underneath stones at 
Dovedale, is probably a distinct species. 

Family Porcellionidae. Porcellio scaber (Latr.). The Scabrous Wood Louse ; Sclater or 
Slater. Common in similar situations with the last. Armadillo vulgaris (Latr.). The Lesser 
Pill Millepede. Common amongst moss and underneath stones. 
Order Poecilopoda. 

Family Argulidae. Argulus foliaceus (Jurine). The Fish Louse. Found sometimes para- 
sitic upon freshwater fishes in ponds. Daphnia pulex (Latr.). The Water Flea. Common 
in stagnant and slowly-running water. Daphnia vetula (Straus). The Blunt-headed Water 
Flea. Common in similar situations with the last. The bivalve shells of some species of 
Daphnia occur in the peat bed at Burton-on-Trent. 

Family Lynceidae. Several undetermined species of the genera Euryanus and Chydorus 
are common in stagnant water. 

Family Cypridae. Species of the genera Cyfrit and Candona are abundant in ditches. 
The minute shell-cases of these little animals are very " indestructible in their nature. A 
species of Cypris or Cythere occurs in a fossil state abundantly in the shales beneath the Wood- 
field seam of coal at Newhall and Swadlincote. 

8 Op. cit. (1844), p. 329. ' Ibid. p. 330. 

" Ibid. (1863), p. 130. " Ibid. p. 131. 

127 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

Family Cyclopidac. Cyclops quadricornis (Mtlll.). The Four-horned Cyclops or Lesser 
Water Flea. This species swarms in water that is at all stagnant. I have known it to make its 
appearance in an elevated roof water-cistern a very few months after the cistern had been made. 
The eggs must, apparently, have been conveyed to the roof either by rain or wind. 
Order Rotifera. 

This order, which consists of interesting microscopic forms of life, has generally been 
classed with the Infusoria : but the organization of the Rotifera shows clearly they naturally be- 
long to the Crustacea, and that they follow the Entomostraca in a lineal series. The species of 
this order are not numerous in the district, but Rotifer vulgaris (Ehr.), the Common Wheel 
Animalcule, is very abundant in the dirt that accumulates in spouts and in roof-gutters, and it 
is a most pleasing object for the microscope." 

So full and intelligent an account of the Crustacea is quite exceptional in the faunistic 
catalogues of inland districts at the date when the above report by Mr. Edward Brown was 
published. That it should now in some points be open to criticism is in no way a reproach, 
but the natural consequence of such progress as science has happily been making in the 
interval. Thus, to begin with, the systematic position of the rotifers, as at present accepted, 
while ranking them far above infusorians, by no means gives them admission into the class 
with which we are here dealing. There is a vast group or phylum of animals to which 
Sir E. Ray Lankester has applied the term Appendiculata, because their more or less 
segmented bodies are capable of bearing on each body-segment a pair of hollow lateral append- 
ages or parapodia moved by intrinsic muscles and penetrated by blood-spaces. The phylum is 
divided into three sub-phyla, respectively called Rotifera, Chaetopoda, Arthropoda. See- 
ing that the Chaetopods or true worms are interposed between the first of these groups and the 
Arthropoda, with jointed legs, to which the crustaceans and other important classes belong, 
the relationship between a rotifer and a shrimp is evidently very remote. In the general 
history of animals this relationship is not to be disregarded, but it will not justify the inclusion 
of creatures so very distinct in one and the same class. 

The genera and species mentioned by Mr. Garner and Mr. Brown are not very 
numerous, compared with the whole number which will beyond doubt be eventually found 
within the waters of Staffordshire. But few as they are, they fortunately spread themselves 
over most of the chief sections of the class likely to be represented in the district. Any one, 
therefore, who made himself acquainted with these examples alone would lay the foundation 
for a very complete mastery of the whole subject. He would have to do, however, only with 
two of the sub-classes, the Malacostraca and Entomostraca, and in the former he would make 
no intimacy with the stalk-eyed, ten-footed, short-tailed, true crabs, the Brachyura. This 
highly organized group might be inclined, after Dr. Plot's example, to lump together almost 
all other crustaceans as being in comparison with their own intelligent selves mere brutes. In 
the tropics they have indeed some worthy competitors among the Macrura anomala. But 
none of the specially gifted land crustaceans have been attracted to our uncertain climate. In 
the central parts of England the highest representative of the class is the podophthalmous, 
macruran decapod, already often mentioned, Potamobitu pallipes. This is included with the 
lobster in the tribe Astacidea, but belongs to a separate family, the Potamobiidae. As being 
podophthalmous the river crayfish shares with an endless variety of crabs, lobsters, prawns, and 
shrimps, the peculiarity of having its eyes on movable stalks or peduncles. The theory is that 
the organs of vision have been developed on the pair of appendages pertaining to the first body- 
segment, although in almost all cases the segment itself has become immovably fused with the 
segment behind it. Also in common with the animals classified in popular speech under the 
four names above given, the crayfish is a decapod. Its ten feet are distributed in pairs to the 
body-segments numbered from the tenth to the fourteenth. The Malacostracan body is 
composed of twenty-one segments, each of them, with doubtful exception of the last, being 
endowed actually or potentially with a pair of appendages. More or fewer of these are called 
feet, according as they show more or less plainly an analogy with the legs and arms of verte- 
brate animals. From crabs the crayfish is separated by being macrurous or long-tailed. Yet 
in both the tail or pleon consists of the last seven body-segments, from the fifteenth to the 
twenty-first. But somehow, apart from the question of length or shortness, an additional 
distinction has arisen, that, while in the genuine Macrura the last segment but one always 
carries a pair of appendages, this pair is always wanting in the genuine Brachyura. 

The drop in dignity is rather abrupt from the only stalk-eyed decapod which our inland 
counties possess to the Edriophthalma tetradecapoda, or sessile-eyed, fourteen-footed Malacos- 

11 Op. cit. (1863), p. 132. 
128 



CRUSTACEANS 

tracans. The latter are so insignificant in size compared with the crayfish, and differ from it 
so much in general appearance as well as in some obvious details of structure, that an unin- 
structed observer would be little likely to suspect their near relationship. To Gammarus pulex 
(de Geer), so widely distributed and so abundant in our brooks and ponds, both Garner and 
Brown give the vernacular name of freshwater shrimp. Adam White, on the other hand, in 
his Popular History of British Crustacea, calls it the ' freshwater screw.' 13 In his general 
survey he had other uses for the term ' shrimp,' which precluded his applying it to any sessile- 
eyed species. The shrimp or shrimps of commerce, some of which can live in fresh water 
are Macrura decapoda like the crayfish. But G. pulex, besides having no ocular peduncles, has 
seven pairs of leg-like appendages, beginning with the eighth instead of the tenth body-segment. 
Nevertheless these striking differences do not outweigh its other shrimp-like affinities. The 
eyes, it is true, being seated in the head, give no direct evidence of the initial segment, but the 
second and third segments in front of the mouth are attested by the two pairs of antennae, a 
true crustacean characteristic, while at and behind the mouth we find in true malacostracan 
sequence the mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, and one pair of maxillipeds. The difference 
which then presents itself is far less schismatical than might at first be supposed. In the 
higher groups the eighth and ninth pairs of appendages are definitely organs of the mouth, 
known as second and third maxillipeds. These pairs in the lower groups are concerned more 
in grasping the food than in mincing it up. They are called gnathopods, a name which can- 
not well be distinguished by interpretation from maxillipeds, the implication being in each 
case that the appendages in question are either legs that have made themselves useful as jaws 
or jaws that have made themselves useful as legs. In the family Gammaridae, of which 
G. pulex is an excellent representative, the nearly related genera Niphargus and Crangonyx 
contain species which from their habitat have received the common designation of well- 
shrimps. It remains to be seen whether the wells of Staffordshire will, like those of some 
neighbouring counties, yield any of these exceptionally interesting and rather rarely-seen, 
forms. 

Like the Amphipoda just described the Isopoda are sessile-eyed. They have, too, the 
same disposition of the mouth-organs, followed by the legs in seven pairs. In both orders 
alike the cephalothoracic shield or carapace is only produced to cover the maxillipeds, not as in 
the Brachyura and Macrura extended to the fourteenth segment of the body. A rather start- 
ling difference, however, sets the two orders somewhat widely apart. For, whereas the 
breathing organs of the Amphipoda are, like those of the crayfish, all in front of the pleon, all 
those of the genuine Isopoda are within it. To counterbalance such separative distinctions 
among the malacostracan orders, it may be noticed as a unifying character that all along the 
line the sexual openings of the female belong to the twelfth body-segment, and those of the 
male to the fourteenth. Of freshwater isopods our Mediterranean counties, as Plot calls them, 
have only one species, the proper name of which is, not Asellus vulgaris (Latreille), but Asellus 
aquaticus (Linn.). It has as much or as little right as Gammarus pulex to be called the fresh- 
water shrimp. To call it, as Brown does, the freshwater Asellus, is not much to the purpose, 
because in this genus, established by Geoffroy in 1762, all the species belong exclusively to 
fresh water. It may also be thought superfluous to have the typical species named aquaticus, 
since none of the species are other than aquatic. But the explanation is found when we look 
a little further back into its scientific history. Linnaeus regarded it as belonging to the old 
comprehensive genus Oniscus, which at one time included all the terrestrial isopods, so that a 
species found constantly in water and nowhere else could naturally be distinguished as a water- 
dwelling Oniscus. Again, among the land-dwelling species Oniscus asellus, Linn., was the most 
familiar, so that Geoffroy, when separating the aquatic species from its sub-aerial companions, 
may have thought it well to preserve a memory of the old connexion by taking Asellus 
as the name of his new genus. The differences between the two species which are 
thus partially namesakes are now recognized as very considerable, with the result that Asellus 
aquaticus is allotted to a family Asellidae in the tribe Asellota, while Oniscus asellus stands in a 
family Oniscidae in the tribe Oniscidea. Concerning the large light-coloured form to which 
Mr. Brown alludes as possibly deserving to be specifically distinguished from the last-named 
species, the caution may be expressed that in some of our common land isopods variations of 
colour appear without affecting their other characteristics. This is eminently true of the next 
species, Porcellio scaber, Latreille. It belongs to the same family as the Oniscus, is nearly its 
equal in size, and perhaps fully its equal in abundance. It is rather narrower in shape and 

"Op. cit. (1857), p. 184. 
I 129 17 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

has a rougher surface. The flagellum or slender lash-like part of its second antennae is 
divided into only two joints instead of three, and the first two pairs of pleopods, appendages of 
the first and second pleon-segments, are furnished with pseudo-tracheae, aids to aerial respira- 
tion which are wanting in Oniscus. The third species of this tribe in Mr. Brown's catalogue 
should be called Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille). It belongs to a separate family, Armadilli- 
diidae. Its antennae and pleopods have the characters above mentioned as pertaining to 
P. scaber, but among marks distinguishing it from that species are the globular form into which 
the body can be composed, and the structure of the uropods or last pair of appendages, which 
have the outer branch laminar instead of cylindrical. The vernacular names, wood louse, 
scabrous wood louse or slater, and lesser pill millepede are of old standing and will not perhaps 
easily be dislodged, but they conceal the true position of these animals in the system of nature. 
By calling them woodland shrimps or garden shrimps we at least run a happy risk of bringing 
home to the unscientific understanding the fact that they are true crustaceans. The last of 
the three might better be called in English the pill shrimp than the pill millepede. It is pro- 
perly distinguished by Mr. Brown from Glomeris marginata, Olivier, the greater pill millepede, 14 
which really is not a crustacean, but a species of the family Glomeridae, in the order Diplo- 
poda, among the myriapods. Armadillidium vulgare, with its modest supply of fourteen legs, 
has no claim to be noted as either a lesser or a greater member of that many-footed 
company. 

The sub-class Entomostraca, divided into three great sections, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda, 
Copepoda, does not display that arithmetical unity of body segmentation observable in the 
Malacostraca. On the contrary, the segments are sometimes many more than twenty-one, 
and sometimes are left almost entirely to the imagination. The family Argulidae, which 
Mr. Brown assigns to the Poecilopoda, as to an order of equal rank with the Entomostraca, 
is now generally grouped with the latter. Its peculiarities, however, still leave its exact status 
uncertain. Some authorities place it among the Branchiopoda, others among the Copepoda. 
In the former section it has to be distinguished from the Phyllopoda and Cladocera as an order 
Branchiura, or as a sub-order, if the Branchiopoda are themselves regarded as an order. The 
genus ArgultU) O. F. Mtlller, has the strange character that its second maxillae are metamor- 
phosed into sucker-disks, by which it can attach itself firmly to a fish, and also march freely 
over the surface of its victim by holding on with one sucker and moving the other alternately. 
These disks are a striking example of the adaptability with which crustacean appendages lend 
themselves to varying circumstances. The adhesive apparatus in the Argulidae, however, 
is not always or entirely dependent on the method of suction, but is always partially and 
sometimes wholly contrived by hook and by crook. In any case the adhesion is intended to 
subserve another kind of suction, effected by the siphon or mouth-tube, in the structure of 
which the lips, mandibles, and first maxillae take part. An unpaired venomous sting may or 
may not be present. Argulus foliaceus (Linn.), sometimes called the carp-louse, is a very 
indiscriminate feeder, attaching itself not only to carp and sticklebacks, but to several other 
freshwater fishes, and even to tadpoles. It is a powerful swimmer. If it is to be classed with 
the parasitic Copepoda, it markedly differs from that group in general in that the females do 
not carry their eggs about with them after extrusion, but deposit them on some extraneous 
substance. 

Records of Phyllopoda arc for the moment wanting in this county. The Cladocera 
have received more attention. For though Mr. Brown's examples are for the most part very 
vague, a welcome contribution to this branch of our subject was supplied in 1895 in the 
Synopsis of the British Cladocera 1 by Mr. T. V. Hodgson, a gentleman since distinguished as 
biologist to the National Antarctic Expedition on the 'Discovery.' In the same year was 
published the first part of a classical work on this group, entitled Revision des Cladaceres, by 
Jules Richard. 16 M. Richard defines the Cladocera as 

small free Entomostraca, with distinct head, the rest of the body usually compressed from side to 
side, and enclosed in a two-valved carapace ; the antennae of the second pair two-branched, each 
branch carrying setae, and composed of only two to four joints ; the mandibles altogether devoid 
of palps ; the pairs of feet four to six in number, of which usually the majority or all are 
foliaceous, lobate ; the eye single." 

11 Nat. Hist. Tutbury, p. 137. 

11 Jount. Birmingham Nat. Hist, and Phil. Soc. 101. , 

" Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoo/, (ser. 7), vol. xviii, p. 279, continued in (ser. 8) vol. ii, p. 187 (1896). 

" Op. cit. 304. 

I 3 



CRUSTACEANS 

Unlike most crustaceans, the Cladocera swim by means of the branching second antennae, to 
which the name of the group refers. Another comparatively uncommon feature, uncommon 
at least as affecting adult life, is the extreme transparency of the test or carapace which covers 
without concealing the details of the organism. There are two sections of the group, each 
divided into two subsections, but as it happens all the species as yet definitely recorded from this 
county belong to one and the same subsection. In the section Calyptomera, the feet and 
body of the animal are well covered by the carapace. In the subsection Anomopoda, instead 
of six pairs of feet all alike foliaceous, branchial, and non-prehensile, there are five or six pairs, 
of which the two anterior are more or less prehensile, not branchial and foliaceous, and differing 
from the hinder pairs. - This sub-section includes the majority of the Cladocera in general, and 
among them that which is most widely known, Daphnia pulex (de Geer). The familiarity 
which breeds contempt allows men to speak and write of this innocent crustacean as 'the water 
flea.' That either Mr. Garner or Mr. Brown observed the true D. pulex in this county, it is 
impossible to guarantee. Within the genus Daphne or Daphnia there are many species and 
varieties which only experts laboriously distinguish. That the family Daphniidae is here 
really represented may be trusted from the mention of Daphnia vetula (Straus) as the blunt- 
headed water flea. But this species dates back further than Straus to O. F. Muller, and at a 
later date became the type of Schodler's genus Simocephalus, so named because the head is 
obtuse at the top instead of keeled, as in Daphnia. The new generic name, however, was 
preoccupied, and has recently been changed by Dr. Norman to Simosa. Two other members 
of the same family have been found by Mr. Hodgson in Staffordshire, namely, Scapholeberis 
mucronata (O.F.M.) at Kingswood, and Moina rectirostris (Jurine) in a horsepond near Harborne. 18 
The last genus is distinguished from the other three by not having a distinct rostrum, and by 
having the first antennae of the female long and freely mobile. In Daphnia the dorsal and 
ventral margins of the valves are drawn gradually together to end in a long or short process, 
which may be ventral, or inclining to dorsal, but which leaves nothing that can be clearly 
distinguished as a hind margin. In Scapholeberis, on the other hand, the straight or nearly 
straight ventral margins are produced into processes, the bases of which are connected with the 
dorsal edge by a clear stretch of hind margin. In Simosa the hind margin is large and rounded 
off at each extremity. Mr. Hodgson reports Ilyoeryptus sordidus (Lievin) from Kingswood. 
This mud-loving species belongs to the family Macrotrichidae, in which long and mobile first 
antennae are the rule, instead of the exception as in the case of Moina among the Daphniidae. 
The species with which we are here concerned is said to lead an unromantic existence, having 
given up the natural use of its second antennae as swimming organs, to employ them only for 
crawling over the mud or burrowing in it, usually in a considerable depth of water. Under 
the family Lynceidae Mr. Brown reports that several undetermined species of the genera 
Eurycercus and Chydorus are common in stagnant water. The statement is partially redeemed 
from indefiniteness by the circumstance that the former genus is, so far as known, represented 
in England only by a single species, Eurycercus lamellatus (O.F.M. ). Chydorus, it is true, has 
some four or five species recorded from the British Isles, but of these C. sphaericus (O.F.M.) 
is considered to be the commonest and most widely distributed of all the Cladocera, so that its 
occurrence here may be regarded as certain. Alonella nanus (Baird) was taken by Mr. Hodgson 
at Kingswood. For the family containing these three species the name Chydoridae should be 
adopted in place of Lynceidae, since the genus Lynceus has been shown to have its systematic 
place elsewhere. 19 A. nanus is said to be the smallest Entomostracan known at present. 20 It 
may well be called the dwarf, since the female is only just over and the male is just under one 
hundredth of an inch in length. Chydorus sphaericus, however, in the male sex is never much 
longer. But its female is sometimes twice as long, and this in turn is surpassed in sevenfold 
degree by the female of Eurycercus lamellatus. That species, therefore, exhibits a veritable 
giant measuring nearly a sixth of an inch from head to tail, and matching this length by a 
similarly unusual depth between the dorsal and ventral margins. 

Concerning the Ostracoda or box-entomostracans which, unlike the Cladocera, have no 
distinct head, but are shut up in their two valves like little molluscs authorities for this county 
supply no definite information. That species of the genera Cypris, Muller, and Candona, 
Baird, both belonging to the family Cyprididae, ' are abundant in ditches,' is a statement that 
would no doubt be applicable to all our counties. 

18 Synopsis, p. in. 

" TheZool. (1902), p. 101. 

* Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club (ser. 2), vol. viii, p. 444 (1903). 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

Similarly, with regard to the Copepoda or oar-footed Entomostraca, the notice that 
Cyclops quadricornis, Mtlller, of the family Cyclopidae, occurs in stagnant water, is not very 
instructive. It is uncertain which of several species may be intended by the name quadricornis, 
and the use of it without any explanatory details implies a rather superficial acquaintance with 
Copepoda in general. 

In 1895 Mr. D. J. Scourfield made a guarded suggestion that the little-known ento- 
mostracan fauna of Wales might eventually show some essential differences from that of the 
south-east of England, which has been investigated with much assiduity. 31 Should this prove 
to be so it will be interesting to learn where the line of cleavage or fusion between the 
discrepant faunas should be drawn, and whether the rarities or distinctive species of east and 
west may chance to have a common gathering place in the waters of Staffordshire. 

11 Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club (ser. 2), vol. vi, 137. 



132 



FISHES 



In compiling the following list recently introduced species, such as 
the American brook trout (Salmo fontinalis, Mitch.), the rainbow trout 
(S. irideus, Giinther), etc., have not been mentioned, the indigenous and 
long-resident species only being included. I must here acknowledge 
my indebtedness to the lists of the late Robert Garner and Edwin 
Brown, the names of these authorities being mentioned whenever their 
observations have been quoted. A paper on ' North Staffordshire Fresh- 
water Fish,' by Mr. John R. B. Masefield, M.A., in the Annual Report 
and 'Transactions of the North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club and 
Archaeological Society, vol. xxviii., is especially useful from containing 
lists of localities which show the distribution of the several species in 
the district of which he treats. 



TELEOSTEANS 



ACANTHOPTERYGII 

1. Perch. Perca fluvlatUis, Linn. 
Common throughout the county. Perch 

have been taken in the Trent up to 4^ Ib. 
in weight. 

2. Ruffe or Daddy Ruffe. Acerina cernua, 

Linn. 

Common in rivers and canals. 

3. Bullhead or Miller's Thumb. Coitus gobio, 

Linn. 

Plentiful in streams and in rivers where 
gravel and stones are found. 

ANACANTHINI 

4. Burbot or Burbolt. Lota vulgaris, Cuv. 

Locally, Eel Pout. 

This curious and interesting fish is occa- 
sionally taken in the Trent and its larger 
tributaries up to 4 Ib. in weight. It has 
long been known as a Staffordshire fish, 
having been very quaintly described and 
figured by Plot in his Natural History of 
Staffordshire (1686). Plot's figure is a re- 
duced copy of a picture drawn for Colonel 
Comberford of a specimen ' taken in the 
Tame, near Faseley Bridge, by Goody er 
Holt, a Free Mason, as he was repairing 
it, August nth, 1654.' Plot recorded three 
other instances of the occurrence of the 
burbot in Staffordshire. 



HEMIBRANCHII 



Gastrosteus 



5. Three - spined Stickleback. 
aculeatus, Linn. 

This little fish is common in rivers, streams 
and ponds throughout the county, and the 
forms, originally described as distinct species 
and now considered only varieties, known as 
the rough-tailed (G. trachurus, Cuv.), half- 
armed (G. semiarmatus, Cuv.) and smooth- 
tailed sticklebacks (G. leuirus, Cuv.), are all 
found in the Trent and its tributaries. The 
brilliant colours assumed by the males during 
the breeding season, their pugnacity and especi- 
ally their nest-building, have rendered these 
little fish famous, but the nest, according to 
my own observations, is often a very flimsy 
affair, being at times merely a little heap of 
Conferva or other weed through which the 
body of the male has made a tunnel and 
which he jealously guards. The best example 
however of a stickleback's nest which I have 
ever seen I found in a pond in the neighbour- 
ing county of Leicester. This was a well- 
built, roughly cylindrical structure of roots 
and small twigs, so well placed together that 
the whole did not collapse when taken from 
the water. In this case the materials of the 
nest were not glued or cemented together in 
any way, and I have never been able to see 
the male engaged in strengthening the walls 
of his house by means of the sticky mucus he 



133 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



is said to exude for this purpose. 1 The parti- 
cular nest just described resembled very greatly 
a diminutive copy of the play-bowers of the 
Australian bower-birds, but unlike them was 
well roofed in above. 

The large short-spined stickleback (G. bra- 
chycentrus, Cuv.), regarded by GUnther as a 
separate species and by White and others 
as a variety only of G. acultatus, has been 
recorded from Stow Pool near Lichfield by 
Thompson in his Natural History of Ireland. 
In July, 1 836, Thompson obtained from Stow 
Pool the largest example of this fish which 
had come under his notice, and gives this 
place as the only English habitat known to 
him. Up to the present I have not met with 
this fish myself in Staffordshire, but have taken 
it in company with the common stickleback 
in Leicestershire and have kept it in aquaria. 
Unfortunately all my specimens proved to be 
females, and as they were unprovided with 
nests the ova were devoured by the other 
sticklebacks as soon as deposited. There is 
little doubt but for the solicitude bestowed 
on the developing eggs and young fry by the 
male fish the voracity of the stickleback would 
long ago have led to its own annihilation. 

Amongst the many names by which the 
common stickleback is known locally are 
robin applied to the male in his breeding 
dress, jack-sharp and jack-bannock. 

6. Ten-spined Stickleback. Gastrosteus pungi- 

tius, Linn. 

Generally distributed, but not so abundant 
as the common stickleback. This is more 
slender in form than the last-named and less 
brilliantly coloured, being olive green on the 
back and white on the sides and belly. The 
fins and frequently the whole body are suf- 
fused with a yellowish tinge. The under- 
side is generally marked with little black 
spots, which in the male predominate to 
such a degree that it is not inaptly called 
the ' tinker ' by boys. 

HAPLOMI 

7. Pike or Jack. Esox lucius, Linn. 
Common and of large size. Several of 

20 Ib. weight have been taken near Burton, 
and fish of 30 Ib. and over have been re- 
corded from the Trent. 

OSTARIOPHYSI 

8. Carp. Cyprinw carpio, Linn. 

In the large pools and ponds of the county 



1 GUnther, quoting Coste, in Introduction to the 
Study of Fishes (1880), p. 506. 



and in the Trent carp of 1 5 (Plot) and even 
of 1 9^ Ib. have been recorded (Garner). 

9. Crucian Carp. Cyprinus carassius, Linn. 
Naturalized in ponds in the county, as are 

also its varieties, the gold carp (C. auratus, 
Linn.) and the Prussian carp (C. gibe/io, Bloch). 

10. Barbel. Barbus vu/garis, Fleming. 
Common in the Trent and the lower part 

of the Dove, and attaining a large size. There 
are several noted haunts of the barbel near 
Burton, and when fhe water is clear the fish 
may be seen rooting like swine in the mud 
of the deep holes. 

11. Gudgeon. Goblo fluviatilis, Fleming. 

12. Roach. Leuciscus rutilus, Linn. 

In rivers and meres : very common. In 
Aqualate Mere the hybrid between this fish 
and the bream (Abramh brama. Linn.), known 
as the Pomeranian bream (A. buggenhagii, 
Bloch) exists, and an interesting account of its 
capture there is given by the Rev. W. Hough- 
ton in his British Freshwater Fishes. 

13. Chub. Leuciscus cepha/us, Linn. 

14. Dace. Leuciscus dobula y Linn. 

Day Leuciscus vulgaris. 

15. Rudd or Red-eye. Leuciscus erythrophthal- 

mus y Linn. 

1 6. Minnow. Leuciscus pboxinus, Linn. 
Locally called ' pink,' from the bright tints 

it assumes in the breeding season. 

17. Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv. 
In pools and meres. 

1 8. Bream. Abramis brama. Linn. 

In rivers and meres. Up to 7 Ib. in 
weight (Garner). 

19. White Bream or Bream Flat. Abramis 

b/icca, Bloch. 

This fish is included in the Staffordshire 
lists on the authority of the late Mr. Edwin 
Brown, who wrote : ' Bailey, the angler of 
Nottingham, says this fish is mixed up with 
the preceding in the Trent.' 

20. Bleak. Alburnus lucidus, Heck, et Kner. 

21. Loach. Nemachilus barbatu/us, Linn. 

22. Spined Loach. Cobitis taenia, Linn. 

This fish, generally considered somewhat 
rare, is common in the Trent, but is fre- 
quently confused with small individuals of 
the last species. The presence of the small 



134 



FISHES 



bifid spine beneath the eye will at once dis- 
tinguish the spined loach from the common 
or ' stone ' loach. 

MALACOPTERYGII 

23. Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn. 

Passes up the Trent on its way from the 
sea to spawn, but at Newton Solney, where 
the Dove joins the main river, the salmon 
almost invariably enter the smaller stream. 
At Dove Cliff, two miles above this point, is 
a well known salmon leap provided with a 
ladder, where on favourable occasions the 
keeper of the mill told me he had seen as 
many as twenty salmon ascend in an hour. 
Some individuals, especially when the river 
is in flood, pass onwards up the Trent and 
have even forced their way into ditches, 
where when the water has fallen they have 
met an ignominious death. 

24. Trout. Salmo trutta, Linn. 
According to the latest authorities the sea 

trout (S. trutta, S. cambricus) and the brown 
river trout (S. fario) are regarded as merely 
local races of one species. 

It is perhaps unnecessary to say that the 
brown trout is common in Staffordshire, and 
that from the days of Izaac Walton at least 
the Dove has been famous for its large and 
well flavoured fish. 

The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain has called my 
attention to the following records of what 
must have been the largest trout ever taken in 
Staffordshire : 

From the Zoologist for 1848, p. 2342 : 
' Capture of an enormous trout at Drayton 



Manor. A trout weighing upwards of 21 
Ib. and measuring 41 J inches in length was 
taken on the 4th of November [1848], in a 
small tributary of the Trent, on the property 
of Sir Robert Peel, at Drayton Manor. It 
was transmitted to London by Sir Robert, 
and a faithful portrait of the fish has been 
painted for the honourable baronet by Mr. 
Waterhouse Hawkins. Edward Newman.' 

Again, in the Zoologist for 1896, p. 360, 
the following extract from the Angler's Journal 
of 20 December, 1884, is quoted, and seems 
to indicate the same fish as that referred to by 
E. Newman, although the weights given are 
not identical : ' The largest English trout on 
record is believed to be that from Drayton 
Park, which weighed 22j Ib., the skeleton of 
which was presented to the College of Sur- 
geons.' 

25. Grayling. Thymallus vexillifer, Linn. 
Common in many of our rivers, especially 

the Dove and the Blythe. 

APODES 

26. Common Eel. Anguilla vu/garis, Turt. 
Both varieties of the common eel the 

sharp-nosed (A. acutirostris, Yarrell) and the 
broad-nosed eel or grig (A. /atirostris, Yarrell) 
are common in Staffordshire. Adult eels begin 
to descend the Trent towards the sea, with 
us, in July. They breed in the sea, and from 
the larval form, the Leptocephalus brevirostris, 
Kaup., is developed the young eel or elver 
which ascends the rivers in numbers during 
spring and early summer. 



GANOIDS 



27. Sturgeon. Acipenser sturio, Linn. 



made its way up the Trent as high as this 



The late Mr. Edwin Brown, writing in district [Burton], but no such occurrence has 
1863, says : 'Instances are on record of this, been known of late years.' 
the so-called royal, fish having in olden times 



CYCLOSTOMES 



28. Sea Lamprey. Petromyzon marinus, Linn. 
Rarely ascends from the sea as far as Staf- 
fordshire. Brown mentions an instance of 
one, 2^ feet in length, taken in the Dove in 
June, 1863. 



29. Lampern or River Lamprey. Petromyzon 

ftuviatilis. Linn. 
Not uncommon. 

30. Mud Lamprey or Pride. Petromyzon 

branchia/is, Linn. 



135 



REPTILES 
AND BATRACHIANS 

Staffordshire is not rich either in the number of species of its 
reptiles, as compared with more southern counties, or in the individual 
abundance of such forms which do occur within the county boundaries. 
Thus Staffordshire possesses two lizards the common lizard and the 
blindworm, and two snakes the harmless grass snake and the viper. 
Neither the sand lizard (Lacerta agi'/is, Linn.) nor the smooth snake 
(Coronella austriaca, Laur.) are found in Staffordshire, although both 
have been reported, on one occasion each, as met with by individuals 
quite incapable of identifying these species at a glance, and no specimen 
of either has hitherto been obtained in Staffordshire. 

Staffordshire can claim one species of frog, one toad and three 
newts in her list of batrachians. In the neighbouring county of 
Chester however the second British species of toad is met with 
the pretty active natterjack toad (Bufo calamita^ Laur.), and from thence 
many years ago specimens were introduced into Staffordshire by the 
late Mr. Edwin Brown, and turned out by Sir Oswald Mosley in his 
grounds at Rolleston. This colony still survived ten years after its 
introduction, so that it is just possible that descendants may still exist 
and be claimed as indigenous by some observer ignorant of their history. 
In a somewhat similar manner I was myself the means of unintentionally 
introducing the natterjack into Leicestershire, having presented a series 
of living specimens of various ages to the Leicester Museum, which I 
had collected in Lancashire. Some of these were turned out in the 
museum grounds by the curator, Mr. Montagu Browne, F.G.S., F.Z.S., 
as recorded in his Vertebrate Animals of Leicestershire and Rut/and, p. 182. 
It is scarcely probable that in this case any would long survive. 

It may be well to mention perhaps that the natterjack toad may 
readily be recognized by the yellow line down the middle of the back 
and by its active movements. It can also withstand heat far better than 
the common toad. 

REPTILES 

LACERTILIA Cannock Chase. In Staffordshire however it 

never appears in such numbers as it does in 

i. Common, Scaly, or Viviparous L.zard. the Charnwood Forest district of Leicester- 
Lacerta vtvifara, Jacqum. shire> where j haye more frequently met with 

Not uncommon in the wilder, heathy parts it than in any other part of the midlands 
of the county, especially in the north and on known to me. 

I 137 18 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



2. Blind-worm or Slow-worm. Anguls fra- 

gilis, Linn. 

Not uncommon in similar situations to 
those affected by the common lizard. The 
blind-worm varies greatly in colour according 
to age. The young, for some time after 
birth, are nearly white above and black below. 
Half-grown individuals are sometimes copper 
coloured, whilst mature specimens, especially 
females, become dark grey and so thick as to 
be mistaken for vipers at a casual glance by 
unsophisticated persons. Although usually the 
most gentle of reptiles and possessing only the 
startling habit of suddenly breaking off the 
tail when seized, such aged individuals will 
occasionally, though rarely, strike at the hand 
in a very snake-like manner. 

OPHIDIA 

3. Common Ringed or Grass Snake. Tropi- 

donotus natrix, Linn. 

Ray Natrix torquata. 
Generally distributed, but becoming more 



rare every year, although it holds its own 
against the advance of cultivation far better 
than does the viper or even the blind-worm. 

4. Viper or Adder. Vipera berus, Linn. 

Occurs at Chartley Park, Cannock Chase 
and other places in the county, but is de- 
creasing in numbers as its haunts become 
drained and the land cultivated. It was 
formerly abundant at Chartley, where Sir 
Oswald Mosley records that in a single day's 
shooting he has ' disturbed several of them ; 
and their venomous bite has sometimes proved 
fatal to valuable pointers, which stand at them 
as if they had the scent of game ' (Natural 
History of Tutbury, p. 60). 

Although the viper varies a great deal in- 
dividually both in ground colour and markings, 
this is largely a matter of sex ; bright, light- 
coloured specimens with a black, well defined 
zig-zag dorsal line being males, whilst the 
shorter, thinner-tailed females are brown or 
reddish with the markings more indistinct. 



BATRACHIANS 



ECAUDATA 

1. Common Frog. Rana temporaria, Linn. 
Common and generally distributed. 

2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris, Laur. 
Fairly abundant. 

CAUDATA 

3. Great Crested or Warty Newt. Molge 

crlitata, Laur. 
Common in ponds and ditches. 

4. Smooth Newt. Molge vulgaris, Linn. 
Abundant in similar situations to the last. 

This species possesses the power of restoring 
its damaged members, and is sometimes met 
with having additional toes on either the fore 
or the hind feet. Mr. James Yates, M.R.C.S., 
of Cambridge, for many years resident in Staf- 
fordshire, writes me under date 4 February, 
1901, that he has frequently seen newts in 
cellars from which they could not set out in 
search of ponds, and in such places he has 
' seen their eggs connected together like a 



string of pearls.' This is also the case, 
according to my own experience, when the 
ova are deposited in water containing no 
aquatic plants. Ordinarily, as is well known, 
the female newt carefully encloses each egg 
in the coil of a leaf which forms a hollow 
cylinder around it, and whilst it protects the 
egg allows free access of water to the develop- 
ing embryo. 

5. Palmated Newt. Molge pa/mata, Sch. 

Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., informs me 
that he has a note of the occurrence of this 
interesting species of newt in the south of the 
county, but in Staffordshire it would seem to 
be local, as I have been unable to meet with 
it in mid-Staffordshire, and Mr. Masefield 
himself has failed to obtain it in the Cheadle 
district. 

The palmated newt, especially when im- 
mature, is doubtless frequently confused with 
the smooth newt, from which however it can 
always be distinguished by its unspotted throat, 
and the male in the breeding season by his web- 
bed feet and the curious mucro or thread at 
the end of his tail. 



138 



BIRDS 

As Staffordshire is an exclusively inland county, and occupies an area 
comprising some of the highest land in the centre of England, with bleak 
moorlands rising to an altitude of upwards of 1,500 feet above sea level 
it contains no large rivers, but at the same time it is the birthplace of 
the Trent and the Dove, and numerous smaller streams which become 
tributaries of the Severn and the Mersey. These smaller streams have 
in many cases during past centuries gradually formed deep gorges and well 
sheltered and wooded valleys much frequented by many of the warblers 
and other small birds, and forming also the home of the dipper (Cinclus 
aquaticus] and the ring-ouzel (Turdus torquatus}. The large meres of 
Aqualate and Copmere and lakes and reservoirs at Trentham, Han- 
church, Rudyard, Madeley, Chillington and elsewhere find a home for 
the grebes and are frequented in winter time by many species of wild- 
fowl. In the south-east of the county we have the extensive and barren 
heather covered tract known as Cannock Chase, where the red grouse 
(Lagopus scoticus] and the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), owing to careful 
protection, once more abound, after having at one time almost reached 
the verge of extinction. The physiographical features of the county 
before referred to attract several species of wild birds in the breeding 
season which do not nest in many counties in England, such as the curlew 
(Numenius arquata), the ring-ouzel (Turdus torquatus] , the grey wagtail 
(Motacilla melanope}^ and the dipper (Cinclus aquaticus}. Staffordshire also 
borders closely upon, if it does not actually lie within, the range of 
one of the great flight lines of many of our British migratory birds, 
namely that from the mouth of the Humber and the north-east coast 
across England to the Bristol Channel. ' By this flight line,' says 
Whitlock (Birds of Derbyshire, pp. 16, 17), ' travel in autumn the 
whimbrel, curlew, greenshank, green sandpiper, wood sandpiper, little 
stint, longtailed duck, common scoter, Manx shearwater, gulls, terns, 
lapwings, golden and ringed plovers, hooded crows, fieldfares, redwings, 
sky-larks, chaffinches and mistle-thrushes, with occasional visits of the 
grey plover and bar-tailed godwit.' The return migration of these birds 
takes place by the same route to a great extent, and these birds meet our 
spring migrants coming by the same route, and thus Whitlock goes on to 
say ' we have two opposing streams of birds on the move at the same 
time.' Referring to this same flight line Dr. McAldowie 1 says : 

I believe this migratory route to be of great ornithological importance not only to 
Staffordshire but to the country generally. It brings many fine birds to our county 

1 ' Birds of Staffordshire ' in Report North Staffordshire Field Club, \ 893, pp. 15-17. 

139 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 

... I believe it is an ancient route and in pleistocene times was a great migratory 
highway and that it has been gradually abandoned by the majority of migrants since 
the formation of the present coast line . . . Staffordshire appears to be the natural 
boundary between the habitats of northern and southern species of birds in Great 
Britain, for example it forms the northern boundary of the Nightingale, the Nuthatch, 
the Reed Warbler and perhaps of the Hobby, and on the other hand to limit on the 
south the haunts of the Red Grouse and the Sandpiper ... A hill route migration in 
which the Dotterel and the Rough-legged Buzzard are prominent species also affects 
our county. 

The list of Staffordshire birds though somewhat deficient in aquatic 
species otherwise compares favourably with those of adjoining counties. 
At the time of publication of the Birds of Staffordshire (1893) no fewer 
than 234 species were included in the county list, of which 66 were 
then considered as residents, 30 as summer migrants, 18 as winter 
migrants and 120 as occasional visitors and stragglers. A revision of 
this list shows that considerable alterations must be made in order to gain 
a correct idea of our county avifauna. Three new species may be added 
since 1893, namely white-tailed eagle, shore-lark and flamingo. On the 
other hand the records of the following species must be considered as too 
doubtful to be retained in the list : black redstart (mistaken identification 
of eggs), pine-grosbeak and great black woodpecker ; and the following 
species were included in error, not having been recorded within the limits 
of our county : Bewick's swan, long-tailed duck, purple sandpiper, black- 
tailed godwit ; while the following species must be regarded as escapes 
and are not included in the British list : Virginian colin, Canada goose, 
Egyptian goose, summer duck. 

In the case of the following species the evidence is at present 
insufficient to admit them into our list : Aquatic warbler, Dartford 
warbler, firecrest, mealy redpoll, crested-lark, bean-goose, little crake, 
eared grebe, little stint, grey plover. 

The evidence is also somewhat unsatisfactory with regard to two 
species mentioned below, but they are retained in the list : blue-headed 
wagtail and marsh-harrier. 

The revised total, including the 3 new species and exclusive of 
the 21 which have been removed from the list, now amounts to 216 
Of these 94 breed regularly in the county and 9 others have been known 
to nest, while there is some reason to suppose that the hobby, shoveler 
.and spotted-crake may nest occasionally, and the hen-harrier, honey 
buzzard, kite, raven, bittern and bearded-tit undoubtedly bred formerly 
in the county. 

The following species regularly nest in the county : 

1. Mistle-Thrush 10. Lesser Whitethroat 19. Grasshopper- Warbler 

2. Song-Thrush n. Blackcap 20. Hedge-Sparrow 

3. Blackbird 12. Garden-Warbler 21. Dipper 

4. Ring-Ouzel 13. Goldcrest 22. Long-tailed Tit 

5. Wheatear 14. Chiffchaff 23. Great Tit 

6. Whinchat 15. Willow- Warbler 24. Coal-Tit 

7. Redstart 16. Wood-Warbler 25. Marsh-Tit 

8. Redbreast 17. Reed-Warbler 26. Blue Tit 

9. Whitethroat 18. Sedge-Warbler 27. Nuthatch 

140 



BIRDS 



28. Wren 

29. Tree-Creeper 

30. Pied Wagtail 

31. Grey Wagtail 

32. Yellow Wagtail 

33. Tree-Pipit 

34. Meadow-Pipit 

35. Red-backed Shrike 

36. Spotted Flycatcher 

37. Swallow 

38. House-Martin 

39. Sand-Martin 

40. Greenfinch 

41. Hawfinch 

42. Goldfinch 

43. House-Sparrow 

44. Tree-Sparrow 

45. Chaffinch 

46. Linnet 

47. Lesser Redpoll 

48. Bullfinch 

49. Corn-Bunting 

50. Yellow Hammer 



51. 
52. 

53- 

54. 
55. 
56. 
57 



Reed-Bunting 
Starling 



Magpie 
Jackdaw 
Carrion-Crow 
Rook 

58. Sky-Lark 

59. Swift 

60. Nightjar 

61. Green Woodpecker 

62. Great Spotted Wood- 

pecker 

63. Lesser Spotted Wood- 

pecker 

64. Kingfisher 

65. Cuckoo 

66. Barn-Owl 

67. Long-eared Owl 

68. Tawny Owl 

69. Sparrow-Hawk 

70. Kestrel 

71. Heron 



72. Mute Swan 

73. Mallard 

74. Teal 

75. Tufted-Duck 

76. Wood-Pigeon 

77. Stock-Dove 

78. Turtle-Dove 

79. Black Grouse 

80. Red Grouse 

8 1. Pheasant 

82. Partridge 

83. Red-legged Partridge 

84. Land-Rail 

85. Water-Rail 

86. Moorhen 

87. Coot 

88. Lapwing 

89. Woodcock 

90. Common Snipe 

91. Common Sandpiper 

92. Curlew 

93. Great Crested Grebe 

94. Little Grebe 



The following occasionally nest in the county : 



95. Stonechat 

96. Nightingale 

97. Twite 



98. Crossbill 

99. Wood-Lark 
IOO. Wryneck 



id I. Merlin 

102. Quail 

103. Redshank 



The birds of prey are well represented, and several species might 
once again become general if not destroyed owing to the supposed 
exigencies of game preservation and its accompanying cruel pole-trap, 
while on the other hand game preservation and the consequently quiet 
and carefully guarded woods have during recent years conduced to the 
nesting of the woodcock (Scolopax rusticula) in increasing numbers and 
of the tufted-duck (Fuligula cristata), many pairs of which now breed 
in the south-west of the county. 

The greater interest recently taken in wild bird life has directed 
public attention to our fast diminishing avifauna, with the result that the 
County Council orders made in pursuance of the Wild Bird Protection 
Acts are without doubt beginning to bear fruit, and it is possible that 
some species of wild birds such as the great crested grebe (Podicipes 
cristatus), the kingfisher (Alcedo ispida) and the white owl (Strix fammea) 
now fast decreasing in numbers in the county, may yet be saved. As 
education advances and the game preserver and gamekeeper become 
conversant with the life history and food of the hobby (Fa/co sub- 
buteo), the merlin (Fa/co <zsa/on), the nightjar (Caprimulgus europceus) 
and the woodpeckers, it is to be hoped they may stay their hand when 
on the trigger of deadly firearms, and also abolish the cruel pole-trap 
which even proves fatal sometimes to the very birds which it is supposed 
to protect. 

141 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



with supplement, 
Mosley, D.C.L., 



The bibliography of Staffordshire birds, or list of books containing 
references thereto, commences with the year 1676 and is as follows : 

1676. Ornithologia (London), Francis Willoughby. 

1678. English translation of same (London), John Ray. 

1686. Natural History of Staffordshire (Oxford), Dr. Robert Plot, LL.D. 

1798. History and Antiquities of Staffordshire (London), Stebbing Shaw, containing 

sketch of Zoology of Staffordshire by John H. Dickenson. 
1836. British Song Birds (London), Neville Wood. 
1836. The Ornithologist's Text Book (London), Neville Wood. 
1 844. Natural History of the County of Stafford, Robert Garner, 

i860. 
1863. The Natural History of Tutbury (London), Sir Oswald 

including the Fauna of Burton-on-Trent, Edwin Brown. 
1865 to 1903. Papers and Notes in Reports of the North Staffordshire Field Club, by 

Dr. McAldowie, Ernest W. H. Blagg, M.B.O.U., John R. B. Masefield, M.A., 

W. Wells Bladen and others. 

1878. Scientific Rambles around Macclesfield, J. D. Sainter. 
1879. 'Birds and their Habits,' pt. I, Midland Naturalist (London and Birmingham), 

H. G. Xomlinson. 

1880. ' Birds and their habits,' pt. 2, Burton-on-Trent Natural History Society Report. 
1 88 1. 'Our Summer Migrants,' Midland Naturalist. 
1892. Birds of Derbyshire (London and Derby), F. B. Whitlock. 
1893. Birds of Staffordshire (Stoke-on-Trent), A. M. McAldowie, M.D., F.R.S.Ed. 

To the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain our thanks are especially due for 
his invaluable assistance and for many notes and additions to the following 
list of Staffordshire birds. 



1. Mistle-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn. 

Locally, Shrite, Stormcock (Garner), Thrice- 
cock. 

A common resident, nesting in woods, 
copses and orchards, and migrating south in 
severe weather. 

2. Sons-Thrush. Turdus musicus. Linn. 

O / 

Locally, Throstle. 

Common and partly migratory in winter. 
Pied varieties have occurred at Xhickbroom 
in 1842 and Swythamley in 1859 (Birds of 
Staffordshire, p. 36). 

3. Redwing. Turdus iliacus, Linn. 

A winter visitor in flocks to our meadows, 
arriving in October and roosting in sheltered 
woods or thick shrubberies, where they are 
frequently followed and preyed upon by the 
sparrow-hawk. 

4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn. 

A winter visitor in flocks, feeding upon 
holly berries, hips and haws, and occasionally 
remaining till May. A somewhat shyer bird 
than the redwing. Mr. E. Brown (' Fauna 
of Burton-on-Trent,' p. 94 in Sir O. Mosley's 
Nat. Hist, of Tutbury) asserts that a nest was 
obtained by Mr. Allen at Longcroft a few 
years ago. 



5. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn. 

Very common. Many migrate south in 
severe weather. Albino, pied and cream or 
buff varieties are not uncommon. 

6. Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn. 

A regular summer visitant to the high 
moorland districts in the north of the county, 
where it nests regularly, assembling in flocks 
prior to migration in autumn. The berries of 
the mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia) are a 
favourite food of this bird. 

7. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.) 

A summer visitor to our heaths and moor- 
lands,even frequenting disused colliery mounds, 
but has diminished in numbers of late years. 

8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.) 

Locally, Utic. 

A common summer visitant to heaths and 
meadows. 

9. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.) 
Formerly a common resident, but now only 

occasionally seen and its nest rarely found. 

I o. Redstart. Ruticilla phaenicurus (Linn.) 

Locally, Firetail. 
A summer migrant, generally distributed, 



142 



BIRDS 



and nesting in walls and holes of trees. It is 
a shy bird and its soft alarm note is frequently 
heard when the bird itself is not seen. Mr. 
E. W. H. Blagg has taken eggs with distinct 
fine red spots. 

[Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli) 
The Zoologist for 1852 (p. 3503) contains an 
account of the discovery of a nest supposed to 
belong to this species, which is also referred to 
by Hewitson in the third edition of his Eggs 
of British Birds (p. 1 06). The birds, how- 
ever, do not appear to have been identified at 
the nest, and the description of the ' situation 
in which the nest was found points pretty 
conclusively to the next species, which is known 
occasionally to lay white eggs.] 

1 1 . Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.) 
Common and partially migratory in very 

severe weather. A pied variety was observed 
by Mr. E. W. H. Blagg at Forsbrook near 
Cheadle in 1892 (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 

43) 

12. Nightingale. Daulias lusdnia (Linn.) 

A rare summer visitor. Mr. E. Brown 
(Fauna of Burton, p. 96) records it as extra- 
ordinarily abundant near Burton about 1853, 
but rare subsequently. Further notes of its 
appearances will be found in the Birds of 
Staffordshire (p. 43) and the Reports of the North 
Staffordshire Field Club for 1880, 1893 and 
1896. 

13. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein) 
Locally, Peggy Whitethroat. 

A very common summer migrant, arriving 
in May. 

14. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca 

(Linn.) 

A summer migrant, but rarer than the last 
named species. 

15. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.) 

A fairly common summer visitor, with a 
sweet little song. 

1 6. Garden-Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech- 

stein) 
A summer visitant and generally distributed. 

[Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod- 
daert) 

This species is said to have been observed 
on Cannock Chase, but no specimen appears 
to have been obtained, and without further 
evidence its occurrence so far from its usual 
habitat can hardly be considered as proved 
(Birds of Staffordshire, p. 47).] 



17. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus, K. L. 

Koch. 

A resident and to be found in small family 
parties in winter. 

[Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus (C. L. 
Brehm) 

Noted by Garner as 'occasional,' and 
included in Sainter's list, but no satisfactory 
identification of this bird has been recorded in 
the county.] 

1 8. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechstein) 
The earliest of our summer migrants, 

arriving in March and common in most 
districts. 

19. Willow- Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus 

(Linn.) 
Locally, Peep. 

A common summer visitant throughout the 
county. 

20. Wood-Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix 

(Bechstein) 

A summer migrant, arriving later than the 
willow-warbler. It is generally distributed 
in fair numbers in the valleys of the county. 

21. Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus 

(Vieillot) 

Locally, Reed Sparrow (E. Brown). 
A local summer migrant to the Trent, the 
lower part of the Dove and the larger meres 
of the county, such as Aqualate, Copmere, 
etc. It is much less common now than 
formerly on the Trent and Dove. 

22. Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis 

(Bechstein) 

A common summer visitor to marshy 
districts. 

[Aquatic Warbler. Acrocephalus aquaticus 
(J. F. Gmelin) 

A nest and eggs supposed to belong to this 
species have been taken at Copmere, but no 
specimens of the bird have been secured and 
the resemblance of the eggs of the aquatic 
warbler to those of the preceding species 
renders identification very doubtful (Birds of 
Staffordshire, p. 50).] 

23. Grasshopper-Warbler. Locustella navia 

(Boddaert) 

A summer migrant, local in its distribution 
and far from common. It has been recorded 
as nesting near Cheadle (1888), Trentham, 
Stone and Burton-on-Trent (see Reports of 
the North Staffs Field Club). 



143 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



24. Hedge - Sparrow. Accentor modularis 

(Linn.) 

A common resident throughout the county. 
It has a cheerful song, and is one of our most 
useful and harmless birds. 

25. Dipper. Cine/us aquaticus, Bechstein. 

A fairly common resident on most of the 
streams in the north of the county, nesting 
regularly under bridges and against rocks. A 
few nests are placed under banks and in 
hollows of tree stumps. It is also found 
occasionally in other parts of the county as far 
south as Stone, where it breeds, and Madeley, 
and it has been recorded in winter from 
Handsworth (12 Jan. 1882). 

26. Reedling or Bearded Tit. Panurus biar- 

micus (Linn.) 

The only record of this species is that of 
Garner, who says, ' Rare, but has occurred at 
Aqualate Mere and on the Dove : Mr. 
Emery ' (p. 280). Mr. Francis Boughey of 
Aqualate, writing on 9 December 1888, says : 
' I have still got two eggs that were taken out 
of a nest here in my possession ; they were 
taken out of a gorse bush about half a mile 
from the house ; the remainder of the nest of 
eggs were left to hatch which I believe they 
did and the old birds were seen often. I 
understand also that one specimen of the 
bearded tit was shot afterwards here.' 

27. Long-tailed Tit. Acredula caudata, Linn. 
Locally, Bottle Tit. 

Generally resident throughout the county, 
occurring in small flocks or family parties 
during the winter. 

28. Great Tit. Parus major, Linn. 
Locally, Sawyer, Ox-eye, Blackcap. 

Resident and common. 

29. Coal-Tit. Parus ater, Linn. 
Resident and generally distributed, but not 

so common as the great or blue tit. 

30. Marsh-Tit. Parus palustris, Linn. 
Resident, but local and scarcer than the 

preceding species. 

31. Blue Tit. Parus caeruleus, Linn. 
Locally, Tomtit. 

Resident and common. 

32. Nuthatch. Sitta carsia, Wolf. 

Local and scarce. A few pairs however 
breed with us, and nests have been recorded 
at Eccleshall in 1884, and at Sandon and 
Barlaston in 1897 (Report North Staff's Field 



Club, 1898). Sir O. Mosley (Nat. Hist, of 
Tutbury, p. 48) relates how on 16 August, 
1846, at least a hundred of these birds visited 
the gardens at Rolleston, many remaining till 
the following November. Mr. Meynell 
reported it at Farley near Cheadle in 1889 
(Report North Staffs Field Club, 1890, p. 22). 

33. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, K. L. Koch. 
Resident and common. In winter a number 

of these little birds frequently roost together in 
holes or old nests apparently for warmth 
(cf. Nat. Hist, of Tutbury, p. 48, and Report 
North Staffs Field Club, 1896, p. 49). 

34. Tree-Creeper. Certhia familiaris, Linn. 

Resident, breeding not uncommonly in the 
wooded districts, but rarer in the north of the 
county. 

35. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris, Tem- 

minck. 

A partial migrant, many moving south in 
severe weather, although they may be seen 
during every month in the year. A common 
foster parent of the cuckoo and one of our 
most useful birds, being exclusively an insect 
feeder. 

36. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba, Linn. 
Mr. E. Brown (Fauna of Burton, p. 98) 

describes this bird as mostly occurring in 
autumn in the Burton district, and Messrs. 
E. A. Brown and H. G. Tomlinson have also 
noticed it on the Trent, but there is no 
definite record of its appearance in any other 
part of the county. Possibly it has been 
overlooked on account of its general resem- 
blance to the last species. 

37. Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope, Pallas. 
A resident or partial migrant, breeding 

annually by the Dove and other streams in 
the northern parts of the county, but scarce on 
the Trent, where however it is well known 
as a winter visitor. Normally the grey wag- 
tail does not breed in the counties south-east 
of Staffordshire, although it has been known to 
do so exceptionally. 

38. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla 

flava, Linn. 

The evidence with regard to the occurrence 
of this species is not very satisfactory. Garner 
states that it occurs at Betley and it is also 
mentioned in Mr. Sainter's list. 

39. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla rait (Bona- 

parte) 

A common summer migrant, arriving about 
the beginning of April, but Mr. H. G. 



144 



BIRDS 



Tomlinson has occasionally seen one in 
March at Burton (Birds of Derbyshire, p. 66). 

40. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivia/is (Linn.) 
Locally, Titlark, Bank Lark. 

A common spring visitor, generally dis- 
tributed throughout the county, except on the 
moors, where it is replaced by the meadow 
pipit. It is very conspicuous in spring on 
account of its habit of ascending from its 
perch on the top of a tree and returning again 
to its post with outstretched wings, singing all 
the way. 

41. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensls (Linn.) 
Common on the uplands and moors, and 

partially migratory in its habits, moving south 
in severe weather. Many cuckoos are reared 
in nests of this species in north Staffordshire. 

42. Richard's Pipit. Anthus richardi (Vieillot) 
Garner in his Appendix (p. 34) mentions one 

example, which was obtained near Stone and 
was in Mr. Ration's collection (Garner MS.) 
Mr. R. W. Chase has an adult male which 
was taken near Handsworth on 21 October 
1887 (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 59). 

43. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn. 
A rare visitor which has occurred twice. 

One was shot near Barton-urider-Needwood 
about 1869 (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 59), and 
another was killed by a boy near Burton-on- 
Trent on 19 April 1871 (Birds of Derbyshire, 
p. 69). 

44. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor, 

Linn. 

Another rare visitor, usually occurring in 
the autumn and winter months. Garner 
(p. 274) says it has been obtained at Need- 
wood, Bramshall, etc., and in his MS. notes 
mentions a later occurrence at Stone, where 
it was shot by Mr. Hatton (Birds of Stafford- 
shire, p. 60). Sir O. Mosley (Nat. Hist, of 
Tutbury, p. 37) mentions two : one shot at 
Burton Bridge on 2 December 1844, and 
the other killed by a stone on 4 April 1845 
between Dunstall and Burton (Zoo/, p. 1209). 
In the North Staffs Field Club Report for 1886 
two are recorded as having been killed near 
Alton in the spring of the previous year. 
Somewhere about this time one was shot at 
Mayfield and passed through the hands of 
Poole, the Ashbourne bird-stuffer. The latest 
occurrence is that of one at Grindon in 1898 
(Report North Staffs Field Club, 1899). 

45. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio, Linn. 
A regular summer migrant to the south, 



but rare in the north of the county. Nests 
are mentioned in the Birds of Staffordshire 
(p. 60) at Clayton, King's Bromley (1891), 
near Stoke and Alton (1892). A pair gener- 
ally breed near the entrance to Dovedale. 

46. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn. 

A rare winter visitor. Garner includes it 
in his list on the authority of Dr. Hewgill and 
Mr. Brown. Sir O. Mosley (Nat. Hist, of 
Tutbury, p. 43) says that it visits the banks of 
the Trent at irregular periods during the 
winter months, and that many were observed 
in the Burton district in 1827, l %35 ar >d 
1850. Writing later in the Zoologist (1868) 
he states that on Sunday, 31 May, a young 
bird was caught by his brother near a Pinus 
douglasii in his grounds. When placed on an 
iron railing the two old birds immediately 
came to it and were distinctly identified, the 
red marks on the wing-tips being clearly seen. 
Although the whole family were noticed by 
several people for upwards of a week after- 
wards none were captured. A nest was sub- 
sequently found on a branch of the Douglas 
pine about 60 ft. from the ground, and ' con- 
sisted of wool intermixed with fibres of grass 
and bits of the same fir.' In January 1893 
one was killed by a boy at Oulton near Stone 
while feeding on the fruit of the wild rose. 



47. Pied Flycatcher. 
Linn. 



Muscicapa atricapilla, 



A rare summer visitor, recorded by Garner 
from Bagot's Park and Trentham (1843). 
Mr. E. Brown (Fauna of Burton, p. 94) says 
it has ' been killed at Bagot's Park and at 
Stretton, near Burton-on-Trent.' Mr. W. 
Wells Bladen found a nest at Sandon on 7 
May 1880 which he took to be that of this 
bird, but the date is unusually early and the 
situation unlikely. In 1883 Mr. E. W. H. 
Blagg obtained a male near Cheadle, and Mr. 
H. Meynell observed one at Alton on 2 May 
1889, while Dr. McAldowie saw one at 
Northwood near Trentham in June 1892. 
Mr. H. G. Tomlinson saw a cock bird in 
May 1898 near Tutbury, and Mr. Forshaw 
two at Uttoxeter the same year, and another 
was seen by the writer at Cheadle 28 April 
1902 (Reports North Staffs Field Club}. 

48. Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola, 

Linn. 

An abundant and familiar summer migrant, 
arriving in May and frequenting garden rail- 
ings and bare branches in orchards, from 
which it takes short flights in search of prey, 
returning to the same spot after the capture of 
each fly or other insect. Very soon after its 



145 



A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE 



arrival this bird proceeds to build its nest in 
creepers or shrubs trained against walls, or on 
beams or even door-hinges, seeming to prefer 
the vicinity of human dwellings. 

49. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn. 

A common summer migrant, arriving 
according to F. B. Whitlock by the Trent 
valley migration route. Several instances of 
white or cream-coloured varieties are recorded 
in the Birds of Staffordshire, p. 64. In 1887 
many were killed by a sudden fall of tempera- 
ture in May (Report North Staffs Field Club), 
and the same thing appears to have taken place 
on 31 May 1855 (Nat. Hist, of Tutbury, 
p. 50). 

50. House-Martin. Chelidon urbica (Linn.) 
A common summer migrant, but decreasing 

in numbers owing chiefly to the persecution 
to which they are subjected by the house 
sparrow, which destroys both eggs and young, 
evicting the rightful owners from their nests. 
The latest date recorded for the stay of this 
species with us is 7 November 1891, on 
which date three were seen at Cheadle (Birds 
of Staffordshire, p. 65). 

51. Sand-Martin. Cotile riparia (Linn.) 
Locally, Bank Swallow. 

A common summer visitor, but rather local, 
varying in numbers according to the accom- 
modation afforded by gravel and sandpits, river 
banks and railway cuttings for nesting pur- 
poses. 

52. Greenfinch. Ligurinus Moris (Linn.) 
Locally, Green Linnet. 

Resident and abundant throughout the 
county, flocking in winter, and frequenting 
fields and stackyards. 

53. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas. 
Although formerly regarded as a rare winter 

visitor, the hawfinch has established itself of 
recent years as a breeding species and now 
nests regularly in woods and orchards in many 
parts of the county. Mr. E. Brown (Fauna 
of Burton, p. 100) seems to have been the 
first to suspect that it bred with us (1863). 
At the present time it may be said to be 
abundant in the Cheadle and Stone districts, 
and breeds in fair numbers round Eccleshall 
and Abbots Bromley. In the autumn small 
flocks frequent gardens and feed on peas, 
cherries, yew, hawthorn and holly berries. 

54. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans, Stephens. 
Locally, Seven-coloured Linnet, Red Linnet. 

A partial migrant formerly abundant but 



becoming rarer every year. It still breeds in 
a few localities and is not uncommon in the 
damson orchards of the Dove valley. Flocks 
appear occasionally in the north of the county 
during the winter. The seeds of thistles 
form the principal food of this bird, and its 
wholesale capture is a serious injury to 
farmers. 

55. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.) 

A local winter visitor appearing in flocks 
which feed on the seeds of the alder (Alnus 
glutinosa]. Large numbers were observed in 
Consall Woods, October 1885, and near 
Trentham, January 1893 (Birds of Staffordshire, 
p. 67). During hard weather they have been 
observed feeding on the seeds of spent hops 
from breweries in the town of Stone. A 
regular winter visitant at Willoughbridge 
(Report North Staff's Field Club, 1894, p. 55). 

56. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.) 
Abundant and resident. Albino and pied 

varieties have frequently been met with (Birds 
of Staffordshire, p. 70). 

57- Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.) 
A resident in fair numbers, but local and 
frequently overlooked from its general resem- 
blance to the last species. Mr. W. W. 
Bladen noticed a colony at Stafford Castle in 
1879, an<1 Mr. E. W. H. Blagg observed a 
large flock at Rocester, but as a rule it is found 
in small colonies. 

58. Chaffinch. Fringilla ccelebs, Linn. 
Locally, Piedfinch, Piedy, Redfinch, Spink or 

Pink. 

A very abundant species, resident and 
assembling in large flocks in winter. 

59. Brambling. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn. 
A winter visitant arriving in flocks and 

feeding on beech mast. In severe weather it 
frequents stack yards in company with other 
birds. 

60. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.) 
Locally, Brown Linnet. 

A common resident, especially on downs 
and heaths. 

[Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria (Linn.) 
Included in Mr. Sainter's list without any 
particulars. Further evidence is necessary 
before it can be admitted to our list.] 

61. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot) 
Resident and fairly common in some dis- 
tricts, nesting regularly near Cheadle, Sandon 
and in the Dove valley. 



146 



BIRDS 



62. Twite. Linota flavirostris (Linn.) 
Resident and not uncommon in the moor- 
lands in the north of the county. It is a 
northern species, and Staffordshire forms part 
of the southern limit of its breeding range. 

63. Bullfinch. Pj/rrhula europtea, Vieillot. 
A very generauy distributed resident. It 

is common in the woods of north Stafford- 
shire during the winter months. 

[Pine-Grosbeak. Pyrrhula enucleator (Linn.) 

Garner's work (p. 279) contains the follow- 
ing reference to this species : ' Needwood. 
Bred in an orchard, north Staffordshire, 1842.' 
Probably the hawfinch was mistaken for the 
present species.] 

64. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn. 

An uncertain visitor occurring in flocks 
during the winter months. As it is a very 
early breeder possibly some of the birds which 
have been observed in the spring may have 
bred in the county. Garner records the 
crossbill as ' seen near Burton, Uttoxeter, etc.,' 
and E. Brown says it occurred plentifully in 
the fir plantations near Burton about 1838 
(Fauna of Burton, p. 100). It has also been 
reported from Barhill (near Madeley) and near 
Burton in 1879, and regularly for some years 
at Swynnerton (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 7