\Dictotfa Ibfstor^ of the
Counties of Enolanb
EDITED BY WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A.
A HISTORY OF
STAFFORDSHIRE
VOLUME I
THE
VICTORIA HISTORY
OF THE COUNTIES
OF ENGLAND
STAFFORDSHIRE
LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE
AND COMPANY LIMITED
This History is issued to Subscribers only
By Archibald Constable & Company Limited
and printed by Eyre & Spottiswoode
H.M. Printers of London
INSCRIBED
TO THE MEMORY OF
HER LATE MAJESTY
QUEEN VICTORIA
WHO GRACIOUSLY GAVE
THE TITLE TO AND
ACCEPTED THE
DEDICATION OF
THIS HISTORY
THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
OF THE VICTORIA HISTORY
His GRACE THE LORD ARCH-
BISHOP OF CANTERBURY
His GRACE THE DUKE OF
BEDFORD, K.G.
President of the Zoological Society
His GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVON-
SHIRE, K.G.
Chancellor of the University of Cam-
bridge
His GRACE THE DUKE OF
PORTLAND, K.G.
His GRACE THE DUKE OF
ARGYLL, K.T.
THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF
ROSEBERY, K.G., K.T.
THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF
COVENTRY
President of the Royal Agricultural
Society
THE RT. HON. THE VISCOUNT
DILLON
Late President of the Society of
Antiquaries
THE RT. HON. THE LORD LISTER
Late President of the Royal Society
THE RT. HON. THE LORD
ALVERSTONE, G.C.M.G.
Lord Chief Justice
THE HON. WALTER ROTHSCHILD,
M.P.
SIR FREDERICK POLLOCK, BART.,
LL.D., F.S.A., ETC.
SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L.,
LL.D., F.R.S., ETC.
SIR EDWARD MAUNDE THOMP-
SON, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D.,
F.S.A., ETC.
Director of the British Museum
SIR CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM,
K.C.B., F.R.S., F.S.A.
President of the Royal Geographical
Society
SIR HENRY C. MAXWELL-LYTE,
K.C.B., M.A., F.S.A., ETC.
Keeper of the Public Records
SiREowiN RAYLANKESTER.K.C.B.,
M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., KTC.
Late Director of the Natural History
Museum, South Kensington
SIR Jos. HOOKER, G.C.S.I., M.D.,
D.C.L., F.R.S., ETC.
COL. SIR DUNCAN A. JOHNSTON,
K.C.M.G., C.B., R.E.
Late Director General of the Ordnance
Survey
SIR ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D.,
F.R.S., ETC.
REV. J. CHARLKS Cox, LL.D.,
F.S.A. , ETC.
LIONEL CUST, M.V.O., M.A.,
F.S.A., ETC.
Director of the National Portrait
Gallery
CHARLES H. FIRTH, M.A., LL.D.
Regius Professor of Modern History,
Oxford
ALBERT C. L. G. GUNTHER, M.A.
M.D., F.R.S., PH.D.
Late President of the Linnean Society
F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D.,
F.S.A.
Camden Professsor of Ancient History
REGINALD L. POOLE, M.A. .
University Lecturer in Diplomatic,
Oxford
]. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D.
WALTER RYE
W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A.
Assistant Secretary of the Society of
Antiquaries
Among the original members of
the Council were
THE LATE DUKE OF RUTLAND
THE LATE MARQUESS OF SALISBURY
THE LATE DR. MANDELL
CREIGHTON, BISHOP OK LONDON
THE LATE DR. STUBBS, BISHOP
OF OXFORD
THE LATE LORD ACTON
THE LATE SIR WILLIAM FLOWER
THE LATE PROFESSOR F. YORK
POWELL
and
THE LATE COL. SIR J. FARQI--
HARSON
General Editor WILLIAM PARE, F.S.A.
GENERAL ADVERTISEMENT
The VICTORIA HISTORY of the Counties of England is a National Historic Survey
which, under the direction of a large staff comprising the foremost students in science, history,
and archaeology, is designed to record the history of every county of England in detail. This
work was, by gracious permission, dedicated to Her late Majesty Queen Victoria, who gave it
her own name. It is the endeavour of all who are associated with the undertaking to make it
a worthy and permanent monument to her me.nory.
Rich as every county of England is in materials for local history, there has hitherto been
no attempt made to bring all these materials together into a coherent form.
Although from the seventeenth century down to quite recent times numerous county
histories have been issued, they are very unequal in merit ; the best of them are very rare
and costly ; most of them are imperfect and many are now out of date. Moreover, they were
the work of one or two isolated scholars, who, however scholarly, could not possibly deal
adequately with all the varied subjects which go to the making of a county history.
vn
In the VICTORIA HISTORY each county is not the labour of one or two men, but of many,
for the work is treated scientifically, and in order to embody in it all that modern scholarship
can contribute, a system of co-operation between experts and local students is applied, whereby
the history acquires a completeness and definite authority hitherto lacking in similar
undertakings.
The names of the distinguished men who have joined the Advisory Council are a
guarantee that the work represents the results of the latest discoveries in every department
of research, for the trend of modern thought insists upon the intelligent study of the past
and of the social, institutional, and political developments of national life. As these histories
are the first in which this object has been kept in view, and modern principles applied, it is
hoped that they will form a work of reference no less indispensable to the student than
welcome to the man of culture.
THE SCOPE OF THE WORK
The history of each county is complete in itself, and in each case its story is told from the
earliest times, commencing with the natural features and the flora and fauna. Thereafter
follow the antiquities, pre-Roman, Roman, and post-Roman ; ancient earthworks ; a new
translation and critical study of the Domesday Survey ; articles on political, ecclesiastical, social,
and economic history ; architecture, arts, industries, sport, etc. ; and topography. The greater
part of each history is devoted to a detailed description and history of each parish, containing
an account of the land and its owners from the Conquest to the present day. These manorial
histories are compiled from original documents in the national collections and from private
papers. A special feature is the wealth of illustrations afforded, for not only are buildings of
interest pictured, but the coats of arms of past and present landowners are given
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
It has always been, and still is, a reproach that England, with a collection of public
records greatly exceeding in extent and interest those of any other country in Europe, is yet
far behind her neighbours in the study of the genesis and growth of her national and local
institutions. Few Englishmen are probably aware that the national and local archives contain
for a period of 800 years in an almost unbroken chain of evidence, not only the political,
ecclesiastical, and constitutional history of the kingdom, but every detail of its financial and
social progress and the history of the land and its successive owners from generation to
generation. The neglect of our public and local records is no doubt largely due to the fact
that their interest and value is known to but a small number of people, and this again is
directly attributable to the absence in this country of any endowment for historical research.
The government of this country has too often left to private enterprise work which our con-
tinental neighbours entrust to a government department. It is not surprising, therefore, to find
that although an immense amount of work has been done by individual effort, the entire
absence of organization among the workers and the lack of intelligent direction has hitherto
robbed the results of much of their value.
In the VICTORIA HISTORY, for the first time, a serious attempt is made to utilize our
national and local muniments to the best advantage by carefully organizing and supervising
the researches required. Under the direction of the Records Committee a large staff of experts
has been engaged at the Public Record Office in calendaring those classes of records which are
fruitful in material for local history, and by a system of interchange of communication among
workers under the direct supervision of the general editor and sub-editors a mass of information
is sorted and assigned to its correct place, which would otherwise be impossible.
THE RECORDS COMMITTEE
SIR EDWARD MAUNDK THOMPSON, K.C.B. C. T. MARTIN, B.A., F.S.A.
SIR HENRY MAXWELL-LYTE, K.C.B. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D.
W. J. HARDY, F.S.A. S. R. SCARGILL-BIRD, F.S.A.
F. MADAN, M.A. W. H. STEVENSON, M.A.
G. F. WARNER, M.A., F.S.A.
viii
CARTOGRAPHY
In addition to a general map in several sections, each History contains Geological, Oro-
graphical, Botanical, Archaeological, and Domesday maps ; also maps illustrating the articles on
Ecclesiastical and Political Histories, and the sections dealing with Topography. The Series
contains many hundreds of maps in all.
ARCHITECTURE
A special feature in connexion with the Architecture is a series of ground plans, many
of them coloured, showing the architectural history of castles, cathedrals, abbeys, and other
monastic foundations.
In order to secure the greatest possible accuracy, the descriptions of the Architecture,
ecclesiastical, military, and domestic, are under the supervision of Mr. C. R. PEERS, M.A.,
F.S.A., and a committee has been formed of the following students of architectural history
who are referred to as may be required concerning this department of the work :
ARCHITECTURAL COMMITTEE
J. BILSON, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. J. A. GOTCH, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
R. BLOMFIELD, M.A., F.S.A., A.R.A. W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A.
HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, F.S.A., A.R.I.B.A. W. H. KNOWLES, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
PROF. BALDWIN BROWN, M.A. ROLAND PAUL, F.S.A.
ARTHUR S. FLOWER, M.A. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D.
GEORGE E. Fox, M.A., F.S.A. PERCY G. STONE, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A.
H. THACKERAY TURNER, F.S.A.
The general plan of Contents and the names among others of
those who are contributing articles and giving assistance are as
follows :
Naural History
Geology. CLEMENT REID, F.R.S., HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.R.S., and others
Paleontology. R. LVDEKICER, F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S.
/'Contributions by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., H. N. DIXON, F.L.S., G. C. DRUCE, M.A., F.L.S.,
Flora J WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., HERBERT Goss, F.L.S., F.E.S., R. I. POCOCK, REV.
Fauna j T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S., etc., B. B. WOODWARD, F.G.S., F.R.M.S., etc., and
^ other Specialists
Prehistoric Remains. SIR JOHN EVANS, K.C.B., D.C.L., LL.D., W. BOYD DAWKINS, D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.,
F.S.A., GEO. CLINCH, F.G.S., JOHN GARSTANG, M.A., B.LiTT., F.S.A., and others
Roman Remains. F. HAVERFIELD, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A., and others
Anglo-Saxon Remains. C. HERCULES READ, F.S.A., REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A., and others
Domesday Book and other kindred Records. J. HORACE ROUND, M.A., LL.D., and other Specialists
Architecture. C. R. PEERS, M.A., F.S.A., W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, M.A., HAROLD BRAKSPEAR, F.S.A.,
A. R. I.E. A., and others
Ecclesiastical History. R. L. POOLE, M.A., and others
Political History. PROF. C. H. FIRTH, M.A., LL.D., W. H. STEVENSON, M.A., J. HORACE ROUND, M.A.,
LL.D., PROF. T. F. TOUT, M.A., PROF. JAMES TAIT, M.A., and A. F. POLLARD
History of Schools. A. F. LEACH, M.A., F.S.A.
Maritime History of Coast Counties. SIR JOHN K. LAUCHTON, M.A., M. OPPENHHIM, and others
Topographical Accounts of Parishes and Manors. By Various Authorities
Agriculture. SIR ERNEST CLARKE, M.A., Sec. to the Royal Agricultural Society, and othen
Forestry. JOHN NISBET, D.CEc., and others
Industries, Arts and Manufactures
Social and Economic History
Ancient and Modern Sport. E. D. CUMINC, the REV. E. E. DORLING, M.A., and others
Cricket. SIR HOME GORDON, BART.
V By Various Authorities
THE
VICTORIA HISTORY
OF THE COUNTY OF
STAFFORD
EDITED BY
WILLIAM PAGE, F.S.A
VOLUME ONE
LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE
AND COMPANY LIMITED
CONTENTS OF VOLUME ONE
Natural History (continued)
Zoology (continued)
Spiders ....
Acarina (Mitej)
Crustacean* .
Fishes ....
Reptiles and Rur.ichi.ins
Birds ....
Mammals .
Early Man ....
Romano-British Staffordshire
Anglo-Saxon Remains
Political History
Social and Economic History .
Table of Population, 1 80 1 - 1 90 1
Ancient Earthworks
By the late F. O. PICKARD-CAMBRIDGE, M.A.
By the Rev. F. C. R. JOURDAIN, M.A , etc.
By the Rev. T. R. R. STEBBING, M.A., F.R.S.,
F.Z.S
By G. H. STORER, F.Z.S
By J. R. B. MASEFIELD, MA
By G. H. STOKER, F.Z.S
By GEORGE CLINCH, F.G.S. ....
By W. PAGE, F.S.A., and Miss KEATE
By REGINALD A. SMITH, B.A., F.S.A.
By W. H. R CURTLER
By Miss MILDRED SPENCER ....
By GEORGE S. MINCHIN .....
By CHARLES LYNAM, F.S.A. ....
PAGE
120
12 4
i*5
133
137
'39
i6a
169
83
199
217
2 75
331
XI
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Steel Works, Bilston. By WILLIAM HYDE ........ . Frontispiece
Granite Axe-Head found at Stone . . . . . . . . . . .170
Plan of Interments in Barrow at Top Low, Swinscoe . . . . . , . 1 74
Bronze-Age Pottery found in Sepulchral Barrows, Plate I ... full-page plate, facing 178
Iron Lance-Head found at Stone . . . . . . . . . . .180
Bronze-Age Pottery found in Sepulchral Barrows, Plate 1 1 . . full-page plate, facing 180
Plan of Wall 195
Bronze Object from Wall)
Tile from Wall . .1 ' ****&.&* '9
Pig of Lead, found at Hints . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Iron Knife, found at Wetton . . ......... 197
Lead Collar, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Iron Knife, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Bone Drinking-Cup, found at Wetton. . . . . . . . . . .197
Whetstone, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Horn Object, found at Wetton . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Bronze Brooches, Tweezers, and Chatelaine, Stapenhill ...... 200
Vase, found at Stapenhill ... ... ... .... 201
Iron Spear-Heads, Wichnor ............ 205
Iron Buckle, Wichnor, with Section ........... 206
Brooch, found at Wichnor ............ 206
Iron Shield-Bosses, Wichnor ............ 207
Pottery Vases, Wichnor ............. 207
Grave at Barlaston (Plan and Section) ........... 209
Remains of Bronze Bowl and Enamelled Discs found at Barlaston . . . . . .211
Coin-Pendant, Forsbrook . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
Ancient Earthworks :
Bunbury Hill, Alton . . 334
Bury Ring, Bradley 335
Castle Ring, Cannock . . -337
Kinver Edge Camp . . . . . . . . . . . . 33^
Berth Hill, Maer 339
Castle Old Fort, Shenstone . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Bury Bank, Stone 343
Camp near Green's Forge, Kingswinford . ....... 344
Longdon Camp .... ........ 345
Knaves Castle, Ogley Hay 345
Barrow Hill, near Rocester . 347
Camp at Shareshill 348
Camp at Chesterton, Wolstanton .......... 349
Alton Castle 350
Heighley Castle, Audley 351
\V
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Ancient Earthworks (continued)
Caverswall Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . .352
Site of Castle, Newcastle under Lyme . . . . . . . . . -353
Dudley Castle .............. 354.
Stafford Castle 355
Tamworth Castle . . . . .356
Tutbury Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . -357
Littywood, Bradley . . . . . -359
Ely the Wood Moat, Checkley 360
Chartley Holme : Chartley Castle, Chartley Hall Moat, and an Earthwork called ' Daffodil
Wood' 361
Moat at Coppcnhall Gorse ............ 362
Thorntree House, Uttoxeter ........... 367
Stourton Castle, Kinver . . . . . . . . . . . .369
Eccleshall Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . .370
Lichfield Ditch, East and North of Cathedral . . . . . . . .371
Tyrley Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371
Mottley Pits Terraces, Stone . . . . . . . . . . 373
Saxon Low, Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . -377
LIST OF MAPS
Geological Map f ac ; ng ,
Orographical Map ............ n 25
Botanical Map A ,
4- 1
Pre-Historical Map ............ 160
Roman Map ...... ..... 185
Anglo-Saxon Map ....... .... ion
Ancient Earthworks Map . , 7I
XVI
PREFACE
STAFFORDSHIRE has from an early date attracted the attention
of the topographer. Jn 1593 Sampson Erdeswicke began his
View and Survey of Staffordshire, which he left unfinished at his
death in 1603. What became of the original manuscript of
his work is unknown, but several copies exist, and although they were
referred to by subsequent writers, none of them was printed till 1717
when Curll issued the Survey, together with a letter written in 1669
' from Sir Simon Degge, setting out the condition of the county at that
date. The next to interest himself in the county was Robert Plot, who
settled in Oxford for a time after taking his degree, and in 1677
published The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Upon the reputation he
acquired from this volume he was invited by Walter Chetwynd of
Ingestry to undertake a similar work for Staffordshire, and in 1686 The
Natural History of Staffordshire was issued. Under the term natural
history Plot included the archaeological remains of the county, and it is
for the record of these that his work is most valuable. In the unfinished
History and Antiquities of Staffordshire, published in 1798, the Rev. Steb-
bing Shaw made use of Erdeswicke's collections, and added much from
the manuscript sources at the British Museum and elsewhere. He only
completed his history up to the first part of the second volume and died
in 1802. William Pitt published A Topographical History of Staffordshire
in 1817, which is largely based on the work of the earlier historians of
the county, particularly that of Robert Plot. The history of Stafford-
shire, however, will always be associated with the name of William Salt,
who, although not claiming to be an historian, yet collected the material
upon which all future work on the topography of the county must be
largely based. Shortly after his death in 1863 his collections were
housed at Stafford and form a remarkable memorial of his industry.
The work which he began is being continued and expanded by ' The
William Salt Archaeological Society,' whose volumes have added much
valuable material for the history of the county.
The Editor has to regret that Professor Haverfield was unable to
undertake the article on the Roman Remains of the county owing to
the pressure of other engagements. The Editor, however, wishes to
express his thanks to Professor Haverfield for reading the proofs of this
article and to Mr. Charles Lynam, F.S.A., for the information and great
assistance afforded on the same subject. He also desires to acknowledge
his indebtedness to Mr. Josiah Wedgwood, M.P., for reading some of
the proofs and for advice generally on the volume, and to Mr. E.
Howarth and the Society of Antiquaries for illustrations.
xvii c
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbrev. Plac. (Rec.
Com.)
Acts of P.C. . .
Add
Add. Chart. . .
Admir
Agarde ....
Anct. Corresp. . .
Anct. D. (P.R.O.)
A 2420
Ann. Mon. .
Antiq
App
Arch
Arch. Cant.
Archd. Rec. . .
Archit
Assize R. . . .
Aud. Off. . . .
Aug. Off. . . .
Ayloffe . . .
Abbreviatio Placitorum (Re-
cord Commission)
Acts of Privy Council
Additional
Additional Charters
Admiralty
Agarde's Indices
Ancient Correspondence
Ancient Deeds(Public Record
Office) A 2420
Annales Monastic!
Antiquarian or Antiquaries
Appendix
Archsologia or Archaeological
Archaeologia Cantiana
Archdeacons' Records
Architectural
Assize Rolls
Audit Office
Augmentation Office
Ayloffe's Calendars
Bed Bedford
Beds Bedfordshire
Berks .... Berkshire
Bdle Bundle
B.M British Museum
Bodl. Lib. . . . Bodley's Library
Boro Borough
Brev. Reg. . . . Brevia Regia
Brit Britain, British, Britannia, etc.
Buck Buckingham
Bucks .... Buckinghamshire
Cal
Camb. .
Cambr
Campb. Chart..
Cant
Cap
Carl
Cart. Antiq. R.
C.C.C. Camb. .
Certiorari Bdles.
(Rolls Chap.)
Chan. Enr. Decree
R.
Chan. Proc. . .
Chant. Cert.
Chap. Ho. . . .
Charity Inq.
Chart. R. 20 Hen.
III. pt. i. No. 10
Calendar
Cambridgeshire or Cambridge
Cambria, Cambrian, Cam-
brensis, etc.
Campbell Charters
Canterbury
Chapter
Carlisle
Cartae Antiquae Rolls
Corpus Christi College, Cam-
bridge
Certiorari Bundles (Rolls
Chapel)
Chancery Enrolled Decree
Rolls
Chancery Proceedings
Chantry Certificates (or Cer-
tificates of Colleges and
Chantries)
Chapter House
Charity Inquisitions
Charter Roll, 20 Henry III.
part i. Number 10
Chartul
Chas
Ches
Chest
Ch. Gds. (Exch.
K.R.)
Chich
Chron
Close ....
Co
Colch
Coll
Com
Com. Pleas . . .
Conf. R. . . .
Co. Plac. . . .
Cornw
Corp
Cott
Ct. R
Ct. of Wards . .
Cumb
Cur. Reg. . . .
D
D. and C. . . .
De Bane. R. . .
Dec. and Ord .
Dep. Keeper's Rep.
Derb
Devon . . . .
Dioc
Doc
Dods. MSS. . .
Dom. Bk. . . .
Dors
Duchy of Lane.
Dur
East
Eccl
Eccl. Com.
Edw
Eliz
Engl
Engl. Hist. Rev. .
Enr
Epis. Reg. .
Esch. Enr. Accts. .
Excerpta e Rot. Fin.
(Rec. Com.)
Exch. Dep. . .
Exch. K.B. . .
Exch. K.R. . .
Exch. L.T.R.
Chartulary
Charles
Cheshire
Chester
Church Goods (Exchequer
King's Remembrancer)
Chichester
Chronicle, Chronica, etc.
Close Roll
County
Colchester
Collections
Commission
Common Pleas
Confirmation Rolls
County Placita
Cornwall
Corporation
Cotton or Cottonian
Court Rolls
Court of Wards
Cumberland
Curia Regis
Deed or Deeds
Dean and Chapter
De Banco Rolls
Decrees and Orders
Deputy Keeper's Reports
Derbyshire or Derby
Devonshire
Diocese
Documents
Dodsworth MSS
Domesday Book
Dorsetshire
Duchy of Lancaster
Durham
Easter Term
Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical Commission
Edward
Elizabeth
England or English
English Historical Review
Enrolled or Enrolment
Episcopal Registers
Escheators Enrolled Accounts
Excerpta e Rotulis Finium
(Record Commission)
Exchequer Depositions
Exchequer King's Bench
Exchequer King's Remem-
brancer
Exchequer Lord Treasurer's
Remembrancer
xix
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
Exch. of Pleas, Plea
R.
Exch. of Receipt .
Exch. Spec. Com. .
Feet of F. . . .
Feod. Accts. (Ct. of
Wards)
Feod. Surv. (Ct. of
Wards)
Feud. Aids . . .
fol
Foreign R. . . .
Forest Proc.
Exchequer of Pleas, Plea Roll
Exchequer of Receipt
Exchequer Special Commis-
Feet of Fines
Feodaries Accounts (Court of
Wards)
Feodaries Surveys (Court of
Wards)
Feudal Aids
Folio
Foreign Rolls
Forest Proceedings
Gaz Gazette or Gazetteer
Gen Genealogical, Genealogica,
etc.
Geo George
Glouc Gloucestershire or Gloucester
Guild Certif.(Chan-) Guild Certificates (Chancery)
Ric. II. Richard II.
Hants
Harl.
Hen. *
Heref.
Hertf.
Herts
Hil
Hist.
Hist. MSS. Com.
Hosp. . . .
Hund. R. . .
Hunt. . . .
Hunts . . .
Inq. a.q.d.
Inq. p.m.
Inst
Invent. .
Itin.
Journ
Lamb. Lib. . .
Lane
L. and P. Hen.
VIII.
Lansd.
Ld. Rev. Rec. . .
Leic
Le Neve's Ind.
Lib
Lich
Line
Lond. . .
m.
Mem.
Hampshire
Harley or Harleian
Henry
Herefordshire or Hereford
Hertford
Hertfordshire
Hilary Term
History, Historical,Historian,
Historia, etc.
Historical MSS. Commission
Hospital
Hundred Rolls
Huntingdon
Huntingdonshire
Inquisitions ad quod damnum
Inquisitions post mortem
Institute or Institution
Inventory or Inventories
Ipswich
Itinerary
James
Journal
Lambeth Library
Lancashire or Lancaster
Letters and Papers, Hen.
VIII.
Lansdowne
Land Revenue Records
Leicestershire or Leicester
Le Neve's Indices
Library
Lichfield
Lincolnshire or Lincoln
London
Membrane
Memorials
Memo. R. . . .
Mich
Midd
Mins. Accts.
Misc. Bks. (Exch.
K.R., Exch.
T.R. or Aug.
Off.)
Mon.
Monm. . .
Mun.
Mus.
N. andQ. .
Norf. . .
Northampt.
Northants .
Northumb. .
Norw. .
Nott.
N.S.
Off. . .
Orig. R.
O.S. . .
Oxf. .
Palmer's Ind. .
Pal. of Chest. .
Pal. of Dur. .
Pal. of Lane. .
Par
Parl
Parl. R. . . .
Parl. Surv. .
Panic, for Gts.
Pat
P.C.C.
Pet ......
Peterb .....
Phil .....
Pipe R .....
Plea R .....
Pop. Ret. . . .
Pope Nich. Tax.
(Rec. Com.)
P.R.O .....
Proc .....
Proc. Soc. Antiq. .
Pub.
R
Rec. . . .
Recov. R. . .
Rentals and Surv.
Rep
Rev
Ric. .
Memoranda Rolls
Michaelmas Term
Middlesex
Ministers' Accounts
Miscellaneous Books (Ex-
chequer King's Remem-
brancer, Exchequer Trea-
sury of Receipt or Aug-
mentation Office)
Monastery, Monasticon
Monmouth
Muniments or Munimenta
Museum
Notes and Queries
Norfolk
Northampton
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Norwich
Nottinghamshire or Notting-
ham
New Style
Office
Originalia Rolls
Ordnance Survey
Oxfordshire or Oxford
Page
Palmer's Indices
Palatinate of Chester
Palatinate of Durham
Palatinate of Lancaster
Parish, parochial, etc.
Parliament or Parliamentary
Parliament Rolls
Parliamentary Surveys
Particulars for Grants
Patent Roll or Letters Patent
Prerogative Court of Canter-
bury
Petition
Peterborough
Philip
Pipe Roll
Plea Rolls
Population Returns
Pope Nicholas' Taxation (Re-
cord Commission)
Public Record Office
Proceedings
Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries
Part
Publications
Roll
Records
Recovery Rolls
Rentals and Surveys
Report
Review
Richard
xx
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS
RofF. .... Rochester diocese
Rot. Cur. Reg. . Rotuli Curise Regis
Rut Rutland
Topog.
Sarum ....
Ser
Sess. R
Shrews
Shrops ....
Soc
Soc. Antiq. . . .
Somers
Somers. Ho.
S.P. Dorn. . . .
Staff. ....
Star Chamb. Proc.
Stat
Steph
Subs. R. . . .
Suff.
Surr
Suss
Surv. of Ch. Liv-
ings (Lamb.) or
(Chan.)
Salisbury diocese
Series
Sessions Rolls
Shrewsbury
Shropshire
Society
Society of Antiquaries
Somerset
Somerset House
State Papers Domestic
Staffordshire
Star Chamber Proceedings
Statute
Stephen
Subsidy Rolls
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Surveys of Church Livings
(Lambeth) or (Chancery)
Trans.
Transl.
Treas.
Trin.
Topography or Topographi-
cal
Transactions
Translation
Treasury or Treasurer
Trinity Term
Univ University
Valor Eccl.
Com.)
Vet. Mon. .
V.C.H. . .
Vic. . . .
vol. .
(Rec.
Warw. .
Westm. .
Westmld.
Will. .
Wilts .
Winton.
Wore. .
Yorks
Valor Ecclesiasticus (Record
Commission)
Vetusta Monumenta
Victoria County History
Victoria
Volume
Warwickshire or Warwick
Westminster
Westmorland
William
Wiltshire
Winchester diocese
Worcestershire or Worcester
Yorkshire
A HISTORY OF
STAFFORDSHIRE
""HUH i It 1
i j ii*
Bin
GEOLOGY
JUST as the county of Staffordshire is situated toward the centre of
England, so the geological formations met within its boundaries
occupy a similar position in the geological scale. Tracing the
well-known orderly ascending sequence of rocks from the oldest
in Wales to the newest in the eastern counties, we find in the Triassic
formation of the midlands the central link between these two extremes.
The rocky ridges which characterise the older formations on the
Welsh borderlands, when traced eastward, pass gradually beneath a
mantle of red Triassic sandstones and marls, until in Staffordshire the
latter form the commonest features of the landscape. Rising as islands
out of them much older formations appear at the surface in the north
and south, where by their bolder scenic aspects they afford a sharp contrast
to the monotonous and softer outline of the red rocks ; and since the
minerals essential to modern civilization are found in these older strata
their presence is indicated by the great centres of population whose
natural wants have been largely supplied from the rich grazing lands and
vast reservoirs of pure underground water existing in the enveloping
newer formation. The study of the geology of the county therefore
forms the natural prelude to its history.
Extending as they do over by far the larger part of the county, the
red Triassic rocks, which have been aptly compared to a solidified sea,
afford a datum to which the other stratified deposits may be conveni-
ently referred. This great spread of one formation has been brought
about by the dying away, ere it reaches the centre of the county, of the
great Pennine uplift, which further north divides the Trias into an
eastern and western portion. Thrown into wide gentle undulations
where the major Pennine movement has died away, the formation
naturally covers a wide expanse ; but these red rock waves may be said
to have piled themselves up and broken against two ancient ridges :
first, in North Staffordshire against the carboniferous offshoot of Derby-
shire ; secondly, against the carboniferous uplift in South Staffordshire.
In this way the conspicuous island character of these older deposits has
arisen. Further, in the highest summits of the South Staffordshire island
we recognize in the Dudley Hills and Sedgley Beacon the unburied peaks
of Silurian strata, standing as lonely outposts of the Silurian territory to
the west.
It will be gathered from this that the formations represented are
few in number. Of the three main divisions into which geologists have
separated the stratified rocks, only the later portion of the great Palae-
ozoic, the early stages of the Mesozoic and latest phases of the
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Kainozoic eras are met with. The history of the formations present
is however replete with interest, for not only are they grandly
developed, but they have attracted the attention of some of the most
celebrated observers in British geology, and conclusions which have
revolutionized the science have been arrived at from investigations of
these rocks in the laboratory or in the field.
In the following tables giving the classification and sub-divisions of
the Staffordshire rock formations in descending order the results of recent
investigation and re-surveys have been embodied ; where the age of
certain groups remains under discussion the published opinions of the
latest authorities have been adhered to. 1
TABLE OF STRATA IN STAFFORDSHIRE
Period
Formation
Character of Material
Approximate thick-
ness in feet
Recent
Alluvium, Peat .
Mud, silt, gravel, peat ;
bordering streams, rivers
and in hollows .
up to 15
Pleistocene
Old River Drift
Glacial Deposits
Gravel, sand, loam, etc.,
of ancient river terraces
Pebbly loam (Ratchel),
sand, gravel, clay, cave
earth .
up to 40
up to 130
Keuper
Rhaetic . .
Keuper Marl
Waterstones and Lower
Keuper Sandstone
Grey marl and black shales
Red marls with thin sand-
stones (skerries), beds of
rock salt and gypsum .
Red and white sandstones,
building stones and
false-bedded red sand-
stones ,
up to 125
up to 2,000
up to 400
1 For more detailed information the following works should be consulted : Memoirs of the Geological
Survey, 'The Geology of the South Staffordshire Coalfield,' by J. Beete Jukes (1859) ; The Iron Orel
of Great Britain, pts. ii. and iv., by Sir W. W. Smyth (i 862), for a description of the ironstones and for a
list of fossils by J. W. Salter ; The Geology of the country round Stockfort, Maccksfield, Congleton and Leek, by
E. Hull and A. H. Green (i 866) ; The Triassic and Permian Rocks of the Midland Counties of England, by
E. Hull (i 869) ; The Geology of the country round Stoke-upon-Trent, by W. Gibson and C. B. Wedd (1902);
The Geology of the Cheadle Coalfield, by G. Barrow (1903) ; Summaries of Progress of the Geological Survey
from 1899 to 1902. A Sketch of the Geology of the Birmingham District, by Prof. C. Lapworth, Geologists'
Association, 1898, gives a concise account of the stratified deposits of South Staffordshire, also a short
description of the igneous rocks by Prof. W. W. Watts, and a brief summary of the ancient glaciers
of the midland counties, by W. J. Harrison ; there is in addition a useful list of bibliographical refer-
ences. A full account of the organic remains of the North Staffordshire Coalfield has been published by
John Ward in Trans. North Staff. Inst. Min. Eng. vol. x. (1890) ; while the order and nature of the
ironstones and coals are given by C. J. Homer in the Proc. Inn and Steel Inst. (1875). Several
important papers treating of the local geology are scattered through the Trans. Birm. Philos. Sac., The
Midland NaturaKst, and the Trans. North Staff. Field Club. The last-mentioned society publishes from
time to time a bibliography by John Ward.
The county includes the following maps of the Geological Survey on the scale of one inch = one
mile : Sheets (Old Series) 62, N.E. Lichfield, Tamworth ; 62, N.W. Cannock Chase ; 62, S.E. Sutton
Coldfield, Birmingham, Coleshill ; 62, S.W. Wolverhampton, Walsall, Dudley ; 72, N.W. Hanley, Stoke-
on-Trent; 72, N.E. Ashbourne ; 72,8. W. Stafford, Stone; 72, S.E. Burton-on-Trent, Tutbury ; 72, S.E.
Market Drayton, Eccleshall. Sheets (New Series) 123, Stoke-upon-Trent ; 1 10, Maccksfield.
GEOLOGY
Period
Formation
Character of Material
Approximate thick-
ness in feet
Upper Mottled Sandstone
False-bedded red sand-
stones
up to 70O
Bi i n fpr
Pebble Beds
Red pebbly sandstones
r O
UI1 LCI
with beds of shingle .
up to 500
Lower Mottled Sandstone
False - bedded red sand-
stones
UD to 7OO
r .j
Upper Red Sandstones and
Marls, sandstone and a
Permian
Marls of Enville
Middle Red Sandstone and
band of breccia .
Sandstone, marls, conglo-
up to 150
Marls of Enville
merates and ' trappoid
breccia'
up to 550
Keele Sandstones and
Red sandstones and marls,
Marls, Lower Red
thin beds of earthy lime-
Sandstones and Marls
stone, occasional thin
of Enville
seams of coal (N. Staffs).
over 800
Newcastle - under - Lyme
Grey sandstones and marls,
Series and Halesowen
thin coals and two thin
Sandstones
limestones at the base .
up to 400
Etruria Marls and Oldhill
Red marls with thin beds
Brick Clays
of earthy limestone, ashy
green grits and conglo-
merates
up to 1,100
Blackband Series of North
Grey marls and sandstones,
Staffordshire
thin seams of coal and
beds of laminated iron-
Carboniferous
stones (N. Staffs), and
bands of earthy lime-
stone
up to 4. So
Middle Coal Series . .
Grey and black shales with
r ^ j
numerous coals ; beds of
grit and ironstone .
Up to I,2OO
Lower Coal Series .
Grey and black shales,
bands of sandstone ;
numerous seams of coal
up to 4,000
Millstone Grits and
Grits, sandstones, shales ;
Pendleside Series
thin seams of coal and
beds of dark impure
limestone
up to 2,000
Carboniferous Limestone .
Compact highly fossilifer-
Great, but unde-
ous limestone
termined
Ludlow Shales and Lime-
Grey shales and beds of
stones
limestone
up to 1,050
Silurian
Wen lock Limestone and
Grey shales and beds of
Shales
limestone
up to i, 600
Woolhope Beds
Limestone
up to 80
r
Upper Llandovery or May
Sandstone and grits
not known
Hill Sandstone
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
SILURIAN SYSTEM
In the adjoining county of Shropshire the Pre-Cambrian, Cambrian,
Ordovician and Silurian formations follow each other in natural con-
secutive order. Of these only the Silurian emerges in Staffordshire,
from under the intervening Red Rocks, on the crests of the three
anticlines of Sedgley Beacon, Dudley Hills and Walsall.
The complete sequence of the sediments composing this essentially
marine deposit, the oldest of the county, does not occur in any one of
the three localities ; yet by piecing together the information obtained
in one district with that in another it is found that, excepting the initial
stages represented by the Lower Llandovery sub-formation and that of
the final close of the period (Ludlow Passage Beds), there is present, in
the heart of the South Staffordshire Coalfield, a typical development of
that most famous of British formations the Silurian. In one of its
stages, that of the Wenlock, the district of Dudley has become especially
celebrated both on account of its furnishing Murchison with material
for his great work on the Silurian system and also for the abundance
of typical fossils, excellently preserved.
Upper Llando'very or May Hill Sandstone. The first deposits of the
Silurian seas indicate shallow water conditions. They afford a very
limited exposure, and that only in the Walsall area, where they con-
sist of pale yellow, brown, or occasionally white sandstones poorly
representing the littoral and sub-littoral deposits of the Upper Llan-
dovery or May Hill Sandstone of the Welsh borderland. Among other
fossils the characteristic brachiopods Stricklandinia /ens, S. Strata, and
the trilobite Encrinurus punctatus are not uncommon.
Barr Limestone. The May Hill Sandstone is closely followed by a
band of richly fossiliferous limestone, well known to local geologists from
its containing at Hay Head, in the parish of Barr, fine examples of
a trilobite Ilcenus barriensis a fossil characteristic of the Woolhope
Limestone of other Silurian regions, and to which the Barr Limestone,
as it is locally known, corresponds. The limestone was formerly
extensively quarried, but little opportunity of obtaining fossils now
exists.
Wenlock Limestone and Shale. The next overlying sub-division con-
sists of slightly consolidated dark blue and grey mudstones and shales
about 800 feet thick, at the summit of which lie two bands of limestone
(Wenlock Limestone] separated by about 800 feet of shale. The lower
shales are inclined at gentle angles in the Walsall area, and consequently
cover a considerable extent of ground. They are not well exhibited in
sections, but abundant fossils chiefly brachiopods and corals can be
obtained in the railway cutting at Five Lanes. The limestones occur
only in the western extremity of the inlier and are exposed in the rail-
way cuttings within the town of Walsall and in some old quarries in the
neighbourhood. In the Dudley Castle Hills and Wren's Nest the Wen-
lock strata are bent up into an elongated dome dislocated by faults. The
4
GEOLOGY
core of the hills consists of the lower shales ; the flanks of the two beds
of limestone with their intervening shales and overlying Ludlow Shales.
Owing to their purity and excellence as a flux, their proximity to the
blast furnaces, and to the high inclination rendering the extraction of
the stone a cheap and simple process, the limestones have been quarried
for many centuries. This industry was sufficiently striking to attract
the attention of Dr. Plot in 1686, who also unmistakably figures some
of the common fossils. At the present day the underground excavations
extend for great distances and to considerable depths into the heart of
the hills, beneath which they form vast gloomy caverns, through which
there wanders a long canal used in the transportation of the quarried
stone.
Fossils abound, some thin layers of the limestone being crowded
with organic remains corals, brachiopods, bryozoa. The district has
become especially famous for the extremely beautiful and extensive
series of crinoids (stone-lilies) and for the excellent preservation and
large number of trilobites which have not only enriched several local
collections, but have found their way into many cabinets abroad.
Ludlow Shales and Aymestry Limestone. At Walsall the Wenlock
limestones are succeeded immediately by the unconformable Coal-measures,
but around Dudley Castle they pass up into bluish grey shales belonging
to the Ludlow sub-division, which in turn become covered up by Coal-
measure strata. In the Sedgley inlier the upward sequence is further
continued. Here, at Hurst Hill, a sharp anticline brings up the Wen-
lock limestones with some overlying calcareous shales 1,000 feet thick
and the fossil contents indicate an horizon equivalent to the Lower
Ludlow Shales. To these succeeds a bed of limestone 25 feet thick,
locally known as the Sedgley Limestone. It is not so pure as the Wen-
lock Limestone, and burns into a greyish variety of lime locally dis-
tinguished as ' black lime,' that made from the Wenlock Limestone
being termed ' white lime.' The commonest fossil is Pentamerus knightii,
which stamps it at once as the equivalent of the Aymestry Limestone of
Shropshire.
Upper Ludlow Shales. Whenever present in full sequence the
Silurian deposits indicate a piling up of sediments on an oscillating sea
floor until, towards the summit, the accumulations, assisted by gentle
uprisings, gradually approached the surface of the sea. The commence-
ment only of these conditions is met with in Staffordshire, and this
in the Sedgley area alone, where a mere fragment of the lower portion
of the Upper Ludlow Shales has been preserved in the centre of a syncline
under a capping of Coal-measure sandstone, which has prevented its
destruction by denudation. In sinking the Manor Pits near Hales-
owen, it is stated that somewhat higher beds containing fossils of the
Passage beds into the Old Red Sandstone were entered beneath the Coal-
measures, but nowhere has any undoubted Old Red Sandstone been met
with, and the formation next succeeding is separated by a great interval
of time from the highest Silurian strata exposed on Sedgley Beacon.
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM
We have seen that the geological history of Staffordshire presents,
in the absence of the Old Red Sandstone, one of those tantalizing breaks
so frequent in the imperfect record of the rocks. The missing chapters
are found in Worcestershire, Herefordshire, and in South Wales, where
the lacustrine deposits of the Old Red Sandstone indicate an elevation
of the Silurian sea floor and the subsequent formation of large fresh-
water lakes. So great was the time represented by the missing period
that the fauna of the Carboniferous strata the next group met with
has a totally distinct aspect : many new orders, many new genera
make their appearance, while the species differ from those of the Silurian
seas ; the vertebrata have increased in numbers and are very much
more highly organized.
The Carboniferous system commences abruptly with the marine
conditions of the richly fossiliferous Mountain Limestone of North
Staffordshire, when the ocean waters were warm and clear, and coral
reefs, on which flourished a prolific marine fauna, extended their fringes
along the coast line. A large river then appears to have entered the sea
driving away the corals and many other life forms, and laying down first
the muds and grits of the Pendleside Series, and then the grits and shales
of the Millstone Grit period. Ultimately a delta appears to have been
formed in which, or along its margins, the muds, shales, sandstones and
numerous seams of coal constituting the Coal-measures, were deposited.
The Carboniferous rocks stand out boldly above the Triassic plain
in the North and South Staffordshire Coalfields. Though separated from
each other by the intervening red strata, it is now almost beyond dispute
that these isolated coalfields are connected underground. Local inter-
ruptions there may be, such as are shown at the surface in the Silurian
hills of Dudley and Walsall, but recent borings and shaft-sinkings to the
east and west of the present outline of the South Staffordshire Coalfield
prove conclusively the extension of the Coal-measures in these directions;
while the identity of the Coal-measure sequence as a whole in North and
South Staffordshire is strongly in favour of the sediments having been
deposited in the same basin.
The exact nature of the pre-carboniferous floor has not been ascer-
tained, but the thinning away and final disappearance of the individual
members of the system, when traced from the north-north-west to the
south-south-east, shows it to have sloped rapidly upwards to the south-
south-east, and at a still greater rate due south. Thus the southern area
appears to have lain above water during the long period represented by
the great thicknesses of the Carboniferous Limestone, Pendleside Series
and Millstone Grits of the north, and not to have been submerged until
Coal-measure times.
The filling up of the basin and its submergence does not appear to
have been a simple process, for a study of the Carboniferous rocks of the
Midlands, especially in North Staffordshire, clearly shows that the period
6
GEOLOGY
was marked by minor earth movements temporarily raising one area and
depressing a closely contiguous one. Therefore, in the important search
for coal underneath the red rocks, it will long remain uncertain what
particular member of the Carboniferous System will be encountered or
what its thickness will be.
Differences in the distribution of the fossils have been taken to
mark out the Carboniferous System into an Upper and a Lower portion,
but authorities are at variance as to where the divisional line should be
drawn. The plants and fishes indicate a change at the top of the so-called
Yoredales (Pendleside Series) of Staffordshire ; the mollusca on the
other hand show no such differences, but many of the marine forms con-
tinue from the base of the Pendleside Series to high up in the Coal-
measures. In a short sketch however it is out of place to enter into a
discussion of this vexed question ; whatever floral and faunal changes
may ultimately be found to differentiate the various stages, stratigraphi-
cally, as Ramsay always contended, the Carboniferous System can be
regarded as a unit.
CARBONIFEROUS OR MOUNTAIN LIMESTONE
The celebrated scenery of Dovedale and the beautiful valley of the
Manifold owe their charms to the rocks of this important sub-division.
Excavated into deep gorges and pinnacles of fantastic shapes, enhanced
by the soft verdure of peculiar vividness and the delicacy of outline
of numerous limestone-loving plants, threaded with caves and mysterious
underground water channels, the Carboniferous Limestone country ever
exerts a strong impression on the mind.
The Carboniferous Limestone, which, as previously mentioned, only
occurs in the north of the county, consists of an undivided mass of pale
grey, white or blue limestone of great but undetermined thickness. The
quality of the rock varies from place to place ; that at Caldon Low in the
Weaver Hills is of exceptional purity, and thousands of tons are annually
quarried for use as a flux in the iron furnaces of Staffordshire and for
the production of alkalies and lime for various purposes. The pipes and
hollows traversing the rocks have also yielded large quantities of copper
and lead, the famous mines at Ecton being considered, toward rhe com-
mencement of the eighteenth century, to be the richest copper mines in
Europe.
The outcrop of limestone in the Weaver Hills and the Manifold Valley
forms a southerly extension of the large massif of the Carboniferous Lime-
stone of Derbyshire, and similarily owes its existence to a strong anti-
clinal uplift bringing it to the surface from under the denuded cover of
the shales and grits of the Pendleside Series. The convolutions visible
in the Staffordshire lobe of the Derbyshire limestone west of the Dove
are doubtless continued, underneath the folded Pendleside strata, to the
west of the main limestone outcrop in the Weaver Hills. This is shown
to be the case by the small mass of limestone which comes to the surface
7
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
at Mixon on the crest of a long oval-shaped dome that is bent into a large
number of lesser anticlines and synclines, and threaded with mineral lodes
containing ores of copper and lead. The top beds are also brought up on
another sharp fold in an old quarry near Congleton Edge, close to the
county border, west of Biddulph. In this section the highest thin bands
of limestone are intercalated with layers of tuffs, fragments of lava and
ashy fossiliferous limestone, thus denoting the presence of volcanic action
during the deposition of the strata. 1 Such evidences of igneous or vol-
canic activity during or closely subsequent to the deposition of the limestone
are abundant in Derbyshire, but do not actually occur within the county.
A curious bed made up of rolled shells and fragments of waterworn
limestone has been traced by Dr. Wheelton Hind in the valley of the
Manifold, from Apes Tor to Ecton Bridge and Warslow. It occurs at
or near the summit of the limestone, a position it occupies in several
places in Derbyshire, notably near Castleton.
The Carboniferous Limestone abounds in fossils, including genera
and species of corals, brachiopods, lamellibranchs, gasteropods, crustaceans
and cephalopods, and other invertebrates. The prolific trilobite fauna
of the Silurian and Devonian seas is however represented by only
three genera Bracbymetopus, Griffitbides and Pbillipsia forms distinct
from those of the preceding formations. Fish remains are not
abundant within the Staffordshire area, but numerous specimens have
been obtained at Park Hill in Derbyshire, just across the county border,
including types with pavement teeth such as would be adapted for
grinding and crushing corals. Attempts have been made, but with little
success, to distinguish one part of the massive limestone from another
by means of the fossils. Dr. Wheelton Hind regards the limestone as
one big zone, of which Productus giganteus, P. cora, Ghonetes papilionacea,
Amplexus coralloides constitute the zonal forms, and have a general dis-
tribution throughout the deposits of the period.
PENDLESIDE SERIES
The clear waters of the limestone seas became ultimately charged
with silts and muds brought down by a large river which spread its
deposits not only over North Staffordshire but also over a wide area in
mid-England, and which possibly reached the Isle of Man. 2
With this change of conditions the varied marine fauna of the Car-
boniferous Limestone seas vanished and was replaced by a few mud-loving
molluscs, some of which are found attached to pieces of timber floated
out into the turbid waters. Muds ceased at times to be borne seaward,
enabling a marine fauna to establish itself. These periods of compara-
tively clear water, of which the fauna is abundantly preserved on Congleton
Edge in the strata exposed in a quarry to the east of the limestone inlier,
1 W. Gibson and W. Hind, 'On Agglomerates and Tuffs in the Carboniferous Limestone
Series of Congleton Edge,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Sac. p. 548 (1899).
J W. Hind, Stuart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivii. 374 (i9 O1 )-
8
GEOLOGY
were of brief duration and of sparse recurrence, for the series consists
essentially of clays, shales, muds and sandstones of a united thickness of
many hundreds of feet. Occasionally the quantity of vegetable matter
floated down was in excess of any other material, and a mass of decaying
vegetable debris accumulated, to be ultimately converted into a seam of
coal, or it may be the carbonaceous matter collected in swamps lying at
or near sea level.
The Pendleside Series occurs in two areas to the east and west of
Leek, being brought into this position by two major folds separated by the
trough enclosing the Coal-measures of the Cheadle and Shaffalong Coal-
fields with their enveloping Millstone Grits. The major folds are made
up of minor convolutions, frequently of great complexity, of which a
striking illustration is afforded by a section in Badgers Clough near Pye-
Clough. The extensive quarries on the anticline of Gun Hill, west
of Meerbrook, also forcibly illustrate, in the bent and shattered Pendleside
grits and shales, the violent nature of the disturbances and the amount of
compression the strata have undergone ; nor is this to be wondered at,
seeing that these sections lie well within the influence of the Great
Pennine uplift the dominant structural feature of mid-England.
With the exception of deep dingles or gorges like those of the Dane
Valley system and Churnet Valley the scenery is tame, consisting for the
most part of open grassy moorland. This is due chiefly to the preponderance
of soft shales, but also in part to the frequent low inclination of the strata.
Whenever ridges such as Catsedge, Gun Hill and Morridge relieve this
monotony they are found to be composed of sandstone or grit, of which
the harder and more siliceous varieties are known as Crowstones, when
they are extensively quarried for rough road metal. Coal smuts, thin seams
of coal with fireclays, occasionally underlie these grits, and were formerly
worked to a limited extent.
Fossils are comparatively rare and poorly preserved. They occur
in certain restricted bands in the shales, but are more abundant and better
preserved in some thin layers and nodules (bullions) of dark earthy lime-
stones clearly exposed in the banks of the Dane south of Wincle. They
include several species of Gonia fifes (Glyphioceras), Posidonomya Becheri,
Pterinopecten papyraceus, Posidoniella /avis, fossils Messrs. Hind and Howe
find characterizing a similar set of strata above the Mountain Limestone
in adjacent counties, especially on Pendle Hill (Lancashire), from which
the series derives its name.
The river system which transported the sediments of the Pendleside
Series is considered by Dr. Hind to have flowed from the east and north-
east. He observes the series to be thickest over Lancashire, where the
succeeding Millstone Grits are also at their maximum development,
while from this centre the beds thin out in all directions ; thus North
Staffordshire lay towards the southern margin, South Staffordshire wholly
beyond it.
These strata have for long been regarded as the southern equivalent
of the thick bands of white limestone and interbedded shales of Yoredale,
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
whence they were termed ' Yoredale Rocks,' the change from this supposed
northern type being considered to take place in the neighbourhood of the
great Craven faults. According to Messrs. Hind and Howe the Yore-
dales of Yorkshire are the equivalents of the undivided massive limestone
of Derbyshire, which splits up in the north into several bands separated
by inter-bedded shales. The Pendleside Series they regard as occupying
a superior position, and containing a fauna distinct from the Carboniferous
Limestone of Derbyshire and the Yorkshire Yoredales. 1
MILLSTONE GRIT SERIES
This sub-division lithologically resembles the Pendleside Series,
differing chiefly, as the name implies, in the greater prevalence of gritty
material, aggregated into bands of considerable thickness separated by
black and grey shales. While a definite band of grit (First Grit or
Rough Rock) happens to separate the sub-division from the Coal-
measures above, no such well marked or persistent bed indicates its
junction with the Pendleside Series, to which it is allied in the closest
possible stratigraphical manner.
Conspicuous objects in the landscape, the different bands of grit
follow each other in consecutive order with their separating bands of
shale, and have been named from above downward : First Grit (Rough
Rock or Farewell Rock of the miner), Second Grit (Haslingden Flags of
Lancashire), 'Third Grit (Roaches Grit), Fourth and Fifth Grits (Kinder-
scout Grits). These constitute in the north and north-east portion of
the county grit bands of singular persistency, but traced southward they
are found to decrease gradually till around the Pottery and Cheadle
Coalfields only the First and Third Grits remain.
Some distance below the Kinderscout Grits and separated from them
by shales there lies an impersistent bed of grit, sometimes known as the
' Yoredale Grit,' which has been regarded in Derbyshire as the base
of the series, though avowedly an artificial datum line. 2
Throughout nearly the whole length of their outcrop the Millstone
Grits can be recognized almost at a glance by the distinctive features to
which they give rise. The splendid escarpment of the Roaches and
' The Rocks,' the crags of Ipstones and the numerous ' Edges ' Axe
Edge, Ladderedge, Brown Edge, Congleton Edge and other less marked
but still conspicuous ridges have been carved by denudation out of the
various bands of grit whose broad sheets of heather-clad rocks end in
rugged crags standing boldly out in the air, while the flanks and valleys
lying at their feet have been fashioned out of the interbedded shales.
These bold, bare, rocky ridges impressed early writers and seem to
1 For a full account of the Pendleside Series the reader is referred to the paper by W. Hind and
J. A. Howe, ' The Geological Succession and Paleontology of the Beds between the Millstone Grit and
the Limestone Massif of Pendle Hill, and the equivalents in certain other parts of Britain,' Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. Ivii. 347 (1901).
2 ' The Carboniferous Limestone, Yoredale Rocks and Millstone Grits of North Derbyshire '
(Mem. Geol. Survey), p. 8 (1887).
IO
GEOLOGY
have exerted a powerful influence on the ancient inhabitants, appearing
to them as something above the common and therefore fit burial places for
their chiefs. Many of the stream-cut gorges are strikingly deep and
gloomy ; while elsewhere the rocks have been opened out into curious
chasms, such as the impressive cleft of Ludchurch 100 yards long, 30 to
40 feet deep, and 6 to i o feet wide south of the Castle Cliff Rocks.
The Millstone Grits are arranged in lesser or greater synclinal folds
completely or partially surrounding the coalfields; frequently, as in the
small elongated trough of Goldsitch Moss with perfect symmetry.
Denudation has removed vast masses of material, thus severing the outcrops
and forming detached areas, of which the outlier of the Third or Roaches
Grit on the summit of Sheen Hill is the most remote.
Seams of coal which are rare in the Pendleside Series become of
greater frequency and are usually present a few feet above or lying
directly on the grit bands. The most persistent is a seam above the
Third Grit, which was formerly worked to a considerable extent in
the Roaches and Ipstones areas. Another seam, known as the Feather
Edge Coal, lying above the First Grit, also proved to be workable around
parts of the Goldsitch Moss Coalfield, though the seam should more
properly be included in the Coal-measures. The commercial value of
the sub-division however mainly consists in the fairly good quality of the
building stones afforded by the First and Third Grits, both of them,
but especially the latter, being extensively quarried.
The fossils of the ' grits ' consist of the remains of plants Ca/amifes,
Lepidodendron. Plant remains are also met with in the shales, but
the most interesting fossils are the marine organisms Ptennopecten papy-
raceus, Posidoniella /&vis, Goniatites which occur in abundance in certain
dark bands of impure limestone lying in muddy shales between the First
and Third Grits, of which the banks of the Trent to the east of Knypers-
ley Reservoir afford an excellent section.
COAL MEASURES
The detritus-bearing currents now swift, now gentle which de-
posited the grits and shales of the Pendleside Series and Millstone Grits
continued to carry their burden seaward long after the First Grit was laid
down. The pauses in sedimentation however became more prolonged,
the sea was frequently excluded, and the floor, owing to constant
deposition aided by local elevation, was even raised above sea-level. The
lower portion of the Coal-measure formation, with its great thicknesses
of shales, clays, sandstone and intercalated coal seams, ironstones and
marine bands, demands some such varied conditions of origin. During
the later stages of the period the pauses became brief and a large body of
sediment was deposited, but now under new conditions. A land-locked
area appears to have been formed upon whose continuously sinking
floor mainly red sediments thickly accumulated. The end of the story
however is not known ; the record is lost or buried deep under the
overlying Triassic rocks with their history of a new order of events.
ii
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
We know however that before the commencement of the Trias era the
Carboniferous strata were intensely folded, fractured and extensively de-
nuded, resulting in their more or less complete isolation, so that in North
Staffordshire we find the four detached coal basins of the Potteries,
Cheadle, ShafFalong and Goldsitch Moss, while the South Staffordshire
Coalfield is separated from the northern field by a wide expanse of
Triassic rocks.
Though the coalfields of the north and south possess many points
in common the northern area presents the type development and will
therefore be described first.
THE NORTH STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELD
Lower and Middle Coal-measures. Situated on the line of the great
Pennine uplift or along its western margin it is not surprising to find
this coal-bearing region complicated by numerous faults and folds. The
folds trend in a general north and south direction, and enclose the four
separate coalfields mentioned above. The Cheadle, ShafFalong and
Pottery Coalfields may be connected under the Trias of Caverswall, but
the small coalfield of Goldsitch Moss is sunk deep in a fold of Millstone
Grits, and removed several miles from its sister coalfields. The im-
portant coalfield of the Potteries can be further naturally divided into a
central synclinal region and a western anticlinal portion. In the latter
the coal seams are frequently vertical and occasionally bent on themselves;
in the former the coals are sometimes highly inclined but never vertical.
The faults, the majority of which trend north and south, are not only
many but of very great throw ; one, known as the Apedale Fault, tra-
versing the central portion of the Pottery Coalfield in a north and south
direction exceeds 600 yards in vertical displacement, while an even
larger dislocation extends along the western margin of the coalfield. The
faults have exerted a strong influence on the physiography of the district.
Thus the Apedale Fault lets in a strip of barren measures in the heart of
the coalfield so that the ancient town of Newcastle-under-Lyme lies in a
pleasant agricultural district, while immediately east and west there extends
the usual grimy landscape of a coal-mining district ; again, on the west a
large fault suddenly introduces unproductive measures, when the mining
industry abruptly ends.
The Coal-measures have been sub-divided into Lower, Middle and
Upper; but the exact horizons at which the dividing lines should be
drawn have not been definitely settled. Whatever scheme is adopted the
lower and middle sub-divisions constitute the storehouse of the chief
seams, of which the most important, commencing with the Winpenny
Coal, about 1,200 feet above the First Grit, are grouped together. Above
this coal there are no less than thirty recognized seams, making a total
thickness of over 1 40 feet of coal. A seam towards the middle, known
as the Ash Coal, has been taken by some geologists as the base of the
middle sub-division, while another seam Bassey Mine Coal has been
12
GEOLOGY
chosen as the base of the upper sub-division. The unequal rate of
deposition of the Coal-measures is accentuated in the Pottery Coalfield,
where the strata between the Bassey Mine and Winpenny Coals approxi-
mate to 1,200 yards at Shelton, whereas at Apedale, 4 miles to the
west, they are under 800 yards thick, from which the rate of diminu-
tion can be calculated to be about i in 17, equivalent to a gradient of
over 3 degrees.
Below the Winpenny the coal seams are of small value, but one
called the Crabtree Coal, a few yards above the First Grit, is well known
from its shale roof, yielding in all four areas abundant specimens of
Goniatites, Pterinopecten and Lingula. The strata below the Winpenny
occur in all the four areas, while they constitute the entire measures of
the small basin of Shaffalong and a considerable portion of that of Cheadle
and Goldsitch Moss.
The strata enclosing the coals and ironstones consist of clays, marls,
fireclays and shales with an occasional band of sandstone very impersistent
and of no great thickness. The colour is generally a dull grey excepting
a few bands of intensely black shales or an occasional impersistent stratum
of a red colour. The absence of any great mass of hard rocks is reflected
in the scenery, which is tame and uninteresting, but whenever a ridge
breaks the monotony it is almost certainly found to consist of one of the
bands of sandstone, and inasmuch as the sandy material is more prevalent
in the north so the ridgy character of the coalfield, as in the Norton
district, becomes more pronounced.
The numerous coal seams between the Ash and Winpenny Coals
constitute the chief seams of the Pottery Coalfield. They include varieties
suitable for house purposes, for making gas and coke, for raising steam, or
for use in the arts and manufactures of the district. The only ironstone
at present raised is the Burnwood Stone of the variety known as semi-
blackband. In the adjacent Cheadle Coalfield there are also several valuable
coal seams, but they have not been satisfactorily identified with those of
the Pottery Coalfield. A peculiarity in the distribution of the coals in
the Pottery area is the fact that certain easily recognized seams, which are
gas or coking coals in the western area, rapidly lose a large quantity of
their bituminous matter when traced eastward, until they become house
or steam coals.
The commonest fossils are molluscs, of which the most abundant
belong to the genus Carbonicola (Anthracosia)^ regarded as a freshwater,
mud-loving animal. They occur in great profusion in the ironstones
and shales overlying the Cockshead, Ten-feet and other coals, forming
the so-called ' mussel or cockle bands ' of the miner. In comparison with
the Middle Coal-measures, fish remains may be said to be rare ; of great
interest are fragments of various parts of the skeleton of the amphibian
Loxomma, met with in the shale overlying the Cockshead Coal at Adderley
Green. Within recent years a number of thin bands of shales and cal-
careous nodules containing marine organisms have been brought to light
at no less than seven widely separated horizons ; the lowest, as previ-
13
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
ously mentioned, is the one above the Crabtree Coal ; the highest occurs
only a few yards below the Ash Coal, while the remainder are found at
intervals. In the highest band that above the Gin Mine Coal Mr.
John Ward collected over twenty different species ; in the other bands
Goniafites, Lingu/a, Pterinopecten, Posidoniella occur most frequently, and
include some of the species of the Pendleside Series. As might be
expected plant remains are not infrequent, though met with most
abundantly on certain definite horizons. Among these Neuropteris
heterophylla^ Alethopteris loncbitica indicate, according to Mr. R. Kidston,
a low horizon throughout the Coal-measures of Great Britain. 1
The strata between the Ash and Bassey Mine Coals (Middle Coal-
measures) by their strict resemblance in colour, texture, composition
and by their stratigraphical conformity to the rocks below denote the
continuation of similar conditions. The coal seams number over four-
teen, representing a collective thickness of nearly 50 feet of coal. The
quality however is inferior to the seams of the lower sub-division,
though they are of great value to the potter in baking his wares,
and being near the surface over a large portion of the area are in
great request. The Middle Coal-measures contain several bands of
ironstone, but of these only the semi-blackband, laminated Chalkey
Mine Ironstone is raised in any quantity. The number and variety of
fish remains is extraordinary, especially in the shales associated with the
Winghay or Knowles Ironstone of Longton and Fenton ; with them
the remains of amphibia are sparingly associated. The mollusca are
abundant in the lower portion, but become gradually rarer towards the
summit. The flora, notably on the horizon of the Great Row Coal,
is particularly rich.
The strata above the Bassey Mine Coal (Upper Coal-measures] belong
to a different class of sediments, being made up chiefly of red sandstones
and marls, among which grey rocks retain a definite but quite subordinate
position. Coal seams are thin and lie on widely separated horizons, but
bands of earthy limestone, crowded with Entomostraca and very rare in
the inferior sub-divisions, become a marked constituent. Four distinct
groups of rock individualize the Upper Coal-measures.
In the lowest (Blackband Series] the material remains much the same
as in the Middle Coal-measures, but there is a tendency for red marls to
be developed along definite horizons. Several bands of Blackband iron-
stones frequently exceeding 4 feet in thickness, readily calcined and rich
in metallic iron, render the group of great economical importance ;
while the associated grey marls, along whose outcrop the pottery towns
have gradually extended, may be said to have initiated the pottery trade.
Even now, when clays foreign to the district have come into general use,
1 The organic contents as a whole have been fully dealt with by John Ward, Trans. North Staff.
Inst. Mining Engineers, vol. x. (1890), and Proc. North Staff. Field Club (1893-4). For the plants see
R. Kidston, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. vol. xxxv. (l 891) and Proc. Royal Physical Society Edin. vol. xii. (i 893-4).
The Lamellibranchs are described by Wheelton Hind, Palaontografhical Society, vols. xlviii.-l. For a recent
account of the marine beds the reader may consult J. T. Stobbs, Tram. North Staff. Field Club, vols.
xxrv., xxxvi. and Trans. Fed. Inst. xxii. 229 (1902).
GEOLOGY
the local marls continue to furnish the material for the vessels in which
the pottery is baked in the kilns in addition to being extensively
used for other purposes. The fauna indicates the conditions under which
the strata were deposited ; for, excepting Entomostraca, which constitute
three or more thin bands of impure limestone, and a few fishes, the animal
life consisted of the delicate thin valved mollusc Antbracomya pbillipsi,
met with in countless numbers in the Blackband Ironstones. The flora,
occasionally rich in species and numbers, partakes, according to Mr.
Kidston, of a transitional character between Middle and Upper Coal-
measures, thus further illustrating the gradual passage of one stage into
the other.
The Etruria Marls, which succeed, consist almost exclusively of red
and mottled marls exceeding i,ooofeet in thickness in the central area.
Thin bands of green grits, apparently derived in great part from the
breaking down of igneous rocks, are interstratified at intervals. Only
one locally developed coal seam has been met with, and excepting two
thin beds of limestone containing the serpula Spirorbis the entire group
consists of practically unstratified red marls.
The Newcastle-under-Lyme Series conformably overlying the Etruria
Marls shows, as far as the colour and nature of the material is concerned,
a return to the conditions of the Blackband group. Grey sandstones
and shales, in which lie four thin seams of coal, constitute almost the
entire bulk. Plant remains are numerous, including the characteristic
Upper Coal-measure fossil, Pecopteris arborescens, but associated with
others of Middle Coal-measure age. Two thin bands of limestone with
Entomostraca and a minute shell (Anthracomya calcifera) which are exposed
in the marl pits between Etruria and Longport, invariably commence
the sequence.
In the Keele Series? into which these grey strata graduate upward,
we again find rocks of a brilliant red colour, mainly red sandstones with
intercalated red marls, among which at intervals thin beds of limestone
with Entomostraca are interstratified. The flora, though badly preserved,
as in most red rocks, contains species having a wide range throughout
the Coal-measure period. For how long the Carboniferous period con-
tinued beyond the record contained in these red rocks remains uncertain,
since the strictly unconformable Triassic rocks conceal the top beds of
the Keele Series or whatever strata may elsewhere succeed, and thus
the legend in North Staffordshire abruptly terminates.
THE SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE COALFIELD
The Carboniferous strata of this coalfield are arranged in a dome
possessing a length of about 23 miles and a breadth of 6 miles. This
main anticline, broken by three subsidiary folds, constitutes the Dudley,
1 This group was formerly placed in the Permian System. The reasons for the classification here
adopted will be found in a paper by the author, <%uart. Journ. Geol. Sue. Ivii. 256 (1901), and in the
'Geology of the Country around Stoke-upon-Trent ' (Mem. Geol. Survey), pp. 45-7 (1902).
15
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Barr and Netherton anticlines, between which lie the faulted synclines
of Bilston, Corngreaves and Pensnett. The coalfield is completely
surrounded by the unconformable Triassic rocks, underneath which it
slopes gradually on the south and north, and against which it is
faulted on the east and west by the great ' Boundary Faults.' The suc-
cession consists in the main of a replica of that in North Staffordshire, but it
is doubtful if the district came within reach of the Carboniferous waters
until a considerable portion, if not the whole, of the Lower Coal-
measures of North Staffordshire had been deposited. The Carboniferous
Limestone, Pendleside Series and Millstone Grits are certainly absent,
the Coal-measures being deposited on an irregular floor of Silurian rocks
visible at the surface in the Dudley, Walsall and Sedgley areas, but also
encountered underground between West Bromwich and Oldbury, where
they constitute the so-called ' Silurian bank.'
Lower or 'True Coal-measures. 1 In composition the strata (500
to 1,050 feet thick) resemble the chief coal-bearing rocks of North
Staffordshire, consisting of grey and white sandstones, shales, clays,
ironstones and seams of coal. The most remarkable of the seams known
as the ' Ten Yard ' or ' Thick Coal,' underlies Smethwick, Dudley,
Walsall and Bilston, and was formerly quarried in the open near
Tipton. It is not an undivided stratum of coal, but is made up of thir-
teen or fourteen distinct layers separated from each other by thin partings
of shaly material or ' bat.' South of Halesowen it thins out and
becomes mixed with shaly matter ; but what is more remarkable when
traced northward the component seams gradually separate until at Essing-
ton and Pelsall the Thick Coal is represented by fourteen seams lying in
a mass of shales and sandstones between 250 and 300 feet in thickness
an excellent example of the unequal rate of sedimentation under which the
Coal-measures were deposited. The Thick Coal has been proved to extend
beyond the visible limits of the coalfield, having been recently encountered
beneath the Red Rocks to the west at Himley, while it is being worked
under the same formation to the east in the Sandwell Park and Hamstead
Collieries. Again, to the north of the coalfield, pits have been sunk
through the ' Pebble Beds ' of Cannock Chase, and a new coalfield
developed in this direction.
The scenery of the South Staffordshire Coalfield is aptly described
under the name ' Black Country.' The original surface features over
wide areas are not only entirely obliterated by refuse heaps and grimy
manufacturing towns and villages, but over all there rests, day and night,
a canopy of black smoke.
In past years a large quantity of local ironstone was raised, but at
the present day the greater bulk of the ore for use in the iron furnaces
comes from Northamptonshire, the Potteries and elsewhere ; but it was
the presence of iron ores, in conjunction with large quantities of cheaply
1 The title assigned to the Coal-measures of South Staffordshire by Prof. Lapworth. Vide A
Sketch of the Geology of the Birmingham District, Geologists' Association (1898).
16
GEOLOGY
got coal, which has made Birmingham and Wolverhampton the great
hardware manufacturing centres of the world.
The Dudley Coalfield has been regarded as the typical area for the
Middle Coal-measure flora of Great Britain. The genus Sphenopteris in this
sub-division attains its maximum development. Stumps of the gigantic
lycopod, Lepidodendron, have been met with in such profusion in the
workings of the Parkfield Colliery as to form a veritable fossil forest.
As in North Staffordshire the commonest mollusc is Carbonicola (Anthra-
cosia). In addition to remains of fishes the coalfield has also yielded
specimens of Arachnida and insects, types rare or unknown in North
Staffordshire. All these fossils, excepting the Fishes, indicate the close
proximity, if not the absolute presence, of land ; but below the Thick
Coal, fossils such as Lingula, Productus, Discina and Pterinopecten show
a temporary incursion of the sea ; though these marine episodes do not
appear to have been of such frequent recurrence as in the north.
Upper Coal Measures. The gradual infilling of the basin and final
change in the character of the sediments, accompanied by the gradual
passing away of the fauna, is as clearly illustrated in the southern part of
the county as it is in the Potteries. In the districts of Corngreaves and
Oldhill the ordinary grey Coal-measures graduate upwards into a con-
siderable thickness (over 300 feet) of red clays (Red Coal-measure Clays of
Jukes) indistinguishable from the Etruria Marls of the northern coalfield.
Moreover they contain similar thin bands of ashy green grits known as
' Espley Rocks,' As the area is not far distant from the Cambrian and
Pre-Cambrian ridges of the Lickey Hills, these green grits, as might be
expected, contain angular fragments of the Lickey rocks. Occasionally
the grits are so coarse as to form a true breccia, interesting as fore-
shadowing the breccia conditions so prevalent in the succeeding
' Permian ' rocks of South Staffordshire. The red clays afford some of
the material for the famous South Staffordshire blue bricks, and large
quarries have been opened round Oldhill.
The brick clays pass up near Halesowen (just beyond the county
limits) into grey sandstones and marls (Halesowen Sandstone Group], about
400 feet thick, containing an occasional thin seam of coal and a well
marked band of Spirorbis limestone near the summit. These in turn are
surmounted, quite conformably, by red sandstones and marls, generally
included in the ' Permian ' formation, but identical with the Keele type
of North Staffordshire.
The sequence of the Upper Coal-measures of North Staffordshire
is thus at once seen to be repeated around the southern margins of the
South Staffordshire Coalfield, and the connection of the two fields
either absolutely, or at least as regards the similarity in the sequence
of events proved beyond dispute. The same sequence too has been
detected in the deep sinkings and borings outside the exposed coalfields,
where the green ' Espley Rocks ' at once afford the miner a clue to his
position in the Coal-measure sequence.
Origin of Coal. As the county abounds in this mineral a few words
i 17 3
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
may be said regarding the prevalent opinions as to its mode of formation.
The one most in vogue regards each seam as representing an ancient bed
of vegetation, and the usually accompanying underclay or fireclay as
the soil on which it grew. Another opinion considers that some
at least of the coals are made up of floated vegetable matter, tranquilly
deposited in still water at a time when other sedimentation was at a
standstill. Under either view there cannot be any doubt that each seam
indicates a pause of more or less duration and of frequent recurrence
throughout the Coal-measure period. 1
PERMIAN SYSTEM
The red sandstones and marls succeeding the Halesowen Sandstone
group have been regarded as belonging to a special type of ' Permian '
developed only on the west side of the Pennine Chain, but recent borings
in Nottinghamshire have clearly shown the same type to be present on
the east side of the Pennines. The limitation of the Permian system
therefore needs revision, but it would be superfluous to discuss this ques-
tion here. The red strata overlying the grey Halesowen Sandstone
group are succeeded conformably by another set of red sandstones and
marls with lenticular bands of calcareous conglomerates, which in turn
are overlain by the so-called ' Trappoid Breccia ' of the Clent Hills (on
the northern boundary of Worcestershire). These rocks have been
classed as Middle Permian. 2 Very much the same succession occurs
round Enville, but above the ' Trappoid Breccia ' a set of red marls
with an intercalated band of breccia conformably follows, and has been
regarded as forming an Upper Permian sub-division.
Whether these distinct groups of rocks are the equivalent of the
continental Permian system or not, it is beyond dispute that in this
country they are intimately related to the Coal-measures, but separated
from the Triassic system by one of the greatest unconformities known in
British geology. On the other hand the Magnesian Limestone Series of
the eastern counties considered to be the equivalent of the Permian
Zechstein of Germany is removed from the highest Coal-measures by
a strong unconformity, but is hardly separable from the Triassic
deposits.
The breccia bands which characterize the South Staffordshire
' Permian Rocks ' retain a general lithological facies throughout the
district. Set in a sandy or marly paste, angular fragments or blocks of
volcanic rocks, mingled with others of fossiliferous, Carboniferous,
Silurian and Cambrian sandstones and limestones, show the varied
source of their derivation. Their origin has therefore led to much con-
1 For a recent discussion on this interesting subject see Report of the British Association (1901),
Bradford.
* Quite recently a band of Spirorbis limestone has been discovered in the so-called Middle Permian
at Franldey Lodge farm in the Clent area by T. C. Cantrill (Summary of Progress of the Geological
Survey for 1901), pp. 63, 64.
18
GEOLOGY
troversy, of which there are two opposing views. Some geologists,
following the brilliant researches of Ramsay, 1 claim a glacial origin for this
heterogeneous collection of rock fragments. Others 2 maintain them
to be scree material swept down by sub-aerial torrents from a pre-Triassic
hilly region situated in the south.
TRIASSIC SYSTEM
To whatever origin the ' Permian ' breccias of Clent and Enville be
attributed, the next group the unconformable Triassic rocks affords a
typical example of deposits laid down under continental conditions,
as was long ago pointed out by Ramsay and Godwin-Austen. The
change from the river-borne muds and silts of the Carboniferous period
is not only vividly contrasted in the loosely compacted red sandstones
and conglomerates of the Trias, but the vast interval of time intervening
between the close of the one set of events and the opening of another
is forcibly demonstrated by the newer formation reposing horizontally or
at gentle angles on the denuded and intensely plicated carboniferous
strata. This is recognized by geologists ending the Palaeozoic era with
the Carboniferous or Permian systems, and starting an altogether fresh
time epoch (Mesozoic) with the red rocks of the Trias.
At its commencement in the Bunter period the Triassic continent
an elevated Carboniferous sea floor presented a very irregular rocky
surface fashioned out of a plane of marine denudation during upheavals
succeeding the Carboniferous period, and carved out by long subsequent
denudation. This rugged surface of pre-Triassic hill and dale and
possibly mountainous country became gradually levelled by dry weather-
ing, torrential rains and wind, while the material derived from these
sources was swept into and slowly accumulated in the hollows. In the
succeeding Keuper stage the broader depressions were further rilled with
sediments deposited in a great lake subjected to such intense evaporation as
to result in the deposition of thick beds of rock-salt and gypsum. Finally,
at the close of the Keuper period the area became depressed, by gentle
sinking movements, beneath the waters of the Rhaetic and Jurassic seas.
The Triassic system is built up of sandstones and marls of an
almost universal red colour due to a thin film of oxide of iron coating
each particle. Traced across the district from west to east the individual
members show a rapid decrease in thickness : collectively, on the west
side of the South Staffordshire Coalfield the thickness amounts to 3,500 feet,
which has dwindled to about 1,200 feet on the east side of this coalfield,
but there is reason to believe that in the centre of the basin to the north
of Stafford the westerly amount is reached or even exceeded. Owing to
the general slight inclination of the strata the outcrops are especially
broad ; they are narrowest round the Carboniferous tracts in the north
1 'On the Occurrence of Angular, Subangular, Polished and Striated Fragments and Boulders in
the Permian Breccia of Shropshire, Worcestershire, etc.,' <$uart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xi. 185 (1855).
3 ' On the Permian Conglomerates of the Lower Severn Basin,' by W. Wickham King, Quart.
Joum. Geol. Soc. Iv. 97-128 (1899).
19
A HISTORY FO STAFFORDSHIRE
and south, from off which they dip to all points of the compass, and are
broadest in the great central syncline occupied by the Keuper Marls.
BUNTER PERIOD
Lower Red and Mottled Sandstone. If the sub-aerial origin of the
Bunter, as is now generally accepted, be correct, we might expect to
find a varied distribution of the sediments ; especially would this be the
case with the wind-borne deposits, to which some geologists consider a
large portion of the Lower Mottled Sandstone may be directly or in-
directly attributed. To the west of Wolverhampton, where this sub-
division appears at its best, it reaches a thickness of 300 feet ; it is only
met with locally in North Staffordshire, and is altogether absent on the
east side of the South Staffordshire Coalfield.
In the Wolverhampton area the strata consist of sandstones of the
most varied hues, ranging from yellow through brown to bright ver-
milion. Here also the remarkable false-bedding or ' oblique lamination,'
characteristic of the sub-division, is admirably exhibited in a road cutting
near the entrance to the lower town. Whether this be due to currents
of water or wind the general roundness of the sand particles must be
attributed to wind action, for no other agency is considered to be capable
of rounding small sand grains, while it is one of the characteristic features
of the desert sands of to-day. 1
Owing to their soft nature the rocks are generally denuded into
broad valleys, but in the interesting escarpment of Kinver Edge the top
beds have been hardened by a calcareous cement, and overhang a deep
valley excavated in the underlying softer portion. The ease with which
the stone can be quarried has been taken advantage of by the inhabitants
of Enville and Kinver, the neighbourhood of these villages showing
numerous rock houses, of which those cut out of the sandstone of Holy
Austin Rock are the best known.
Bunter Pebble Beds. The strata of this sub-division are well
developed in the north and south, where they hem in the Carboniferous
formations against which they abut, sometimes with a faulted junction,
but more frequently unconformably superimposed. They consist essen-
tially of coarse false-bedded sandstones, through which pebbles of vein
quartz and other rocks are widely scattered or are massed together
with little or no intervening matrix, forming beds of shingle sometimes
over 50 feet thick. At their outcrop the sandstones and conglomerates
are usually incoherent, but in wells and borings the matrix is often
highly calcareous, when the rock is intensely hard and much dreaded by
well-sinkers. In the shingle beds the pebbles are of all sizes up to or
slightly exceeding that of a man's head. The majority are quartzites
white, brown, yellow or liver-coloured ; others consist of well rounded
fragments of Mountain Limestone, chert, grits of various Palaeozoic
1 For our knowledge of desert conditions the student is referred to Das gesetz der Wtistenbildung, by
Professor Walther (Berlin, 1900).
20
GEOLOGY
formations, and an occasional fragment of granite or volcanic grit. 1
Speaking generally the massed gravels are more abundant in the north
than in the south, and more persistent towards the base of the sub-
division than near its summit. They are largely quarried for road metal
and gravel in Trentham Park, Cannock Chase, south of Cheadle, Longton,
and in many localities bordering the South Staffordshire Coalfield.
To the west of the South Staffordshire Coalfield the sub-division is
situated with apparent perfect conformity between the Lower and Upper
Mottled Sandstone, but elsewhere in the county rests with a great discord-
ance on the various members of the Carboniferous rocks or on 'Permian.'
This unconformity can nowhere be better illustrated than by the outliers
at Endon and around Leek, where the nearly horizontal pebbly Bunter
sandstones rest on highly inclined or sharply folded Lower Carboniferous
rocks.
In its course along the western margin of the South Staffordshire
Coalfield the outcrop is indicated by conspicuous ridges, such as Abbots
Castle Hill, near Trysull, and Kinver Edge. Along the eastern side of
the coalfield the outcrop extends in a well marked ridge from near
Birmingham northward to Aldridge. The greatest expanse however
constitutes the open undulating heather-clad moorland of Cannock Chase
on which the characteristic weathering into deep coombes with inter-
mediate rounded lobes is admirably illustrated. The same character is
clearly portrayed round the North Staffordshire Coalfield, where the
sub-formation gives rise to the picturesque woodlands of Maer, Swyn-
nerton Park, Trentham Park, Burnt Wood and Bishops Wood. Perhaps
the most interesting outcrop occurs in the Churnet valley between
Cheddleton and Leek, where a small patch about seven miles long has
been preserved in a deep pre-Triassic hollow excavated in the Lower
Carboniferous rocks which on all sides surround and overlook the
much newer formation.
The mode and place of origin of the sandstones and shingle beds
have given rise to much controversy among geologists. They have
been regarded as the products of powerful oceanic currents ; another
opinion holds them to be of sub-aerial origin, brought together by
large rivers liable to heavy floods, or else by tumultuous torrents the effect
of cloudbursts. Some geologists consider the pebbles to be derived from
the breaking up of the conglomerates of the Old Red Sandstone ; others
again would derive them from Palaeozoic rocks of different ages in rapid
course of destruction by the ordinary agents of denudation acting during
the Bunter period. Again, the views as to the source of origin are
widely divergent : some geologists maintain that the pebbles were derived
from the older formations in the north of England and Scotland ; others
look to their source from an old rocky ridge extending between the south-
west of England and western France ; while others think it not improb-
able that much of the material might have been obtained from the older
1 W. Molyneux, ' On the Gravel Beds of Trentham Park,' Trans. North Staff. Nat. Field Club
(1886) ; Geol. Mag. iv. 173 (1867).
21
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
formations known to exist in the Midlands beneath the Trias. Diver-
gent as these views appear, they probably all contain an element of
truth, for not from one but from many areas should the pebbles be derived if
they were laid down under continental conditions. 1
The strata are almost wholly unfossiliferous. In other parts of
England the presence of Labyrinthodonts has been detected, but then
only rarely, and consisting chiefly of footprints. The spongy nature of the
sandstone and shingle beds renders the sub-division an almost unlimited
reservoir of underground water, admirably suited for drinking pur-
poses. The pebble beds are thus the source from which the chief towns
of Staffordshire obtain their water supply. The strong springs, issuing
from the rocks along lines of faults and major joints, or at their junction
with the less pervious Carboniferous strata, help in no small degree to
keep the streams and rivers from running dry during the summer months.
The springs at Wall Grange pouring out over 2,000,000 gallons daily,
supplied to the Potteries, are a case in point ; the Tern river also issues
from the spring-fed lake at Maer Hall as a stream of no inconsiderable
size. In other respects the Pebble Beds, beyond yielding road-metal for
second class roads, possess little commercial importance.
Upper Mottled Sandstone. This sub-division of vermilion-coloured
non-pebbly sandstone, closely resembling the lower sub-division, follows
conformably and runs parallel with the outcrop of the Pebble Beds to the
west of the southern coalfield, but is hardly separable from them and not
always present in North Staffordshire. One of the best sections in the
Midlands is opened out in the road cutting at Tettenhall to the west of
Wolverhampton. Flanked by the Pebble Beds and overlain by the hard
Keuper basement beds the Upper Mottled Sandstone usually occupies low
lying tracts overlooked by the inferior and superior sub-divisions of the
Trias. Some of the most beautiful country lanes have been cut deep into
these soft red sandstones, whose bright red colours so strikingly contrast
with the delicate greens of lichen, moss and fern which cling to their
damp crumbling surfaces.
The soft incoherent nature of the stone renders it a favourite source
of building sand, while the more loamy varieties yield good foundry and
moulding sand, and are extensively quarried at Baldwins Gate near Maer
for the Crewe Engineering Works.
KEUPER PERIOD
Keuper Basement Beds and Waterstones. During the whole of the
Bunter period the elevatory forces were going on or were only temporarily
stationary : in the succeeding Keuper period the successive overlaps of
the individual members point to a cessation of any upward movements,
while towards its close the Triassic continent began to slowly sink until
it became finally submerged beneath the seas which were to hold sway
during the whole of Mesozoic times.
1 T. G. Bonney, Geol. Mag. Dec. n, vii. 404 (1880), ibid. Dec. 4, ii. 75 (1895); W. J.
Harrison, Proc. Birm. Phil. Soc. vol. iii. (1881-3).
22
GEOLOGY
The Keuper Basement Beds, or, as they are sometimes called, Lower
Keuper Sandstones, are typically developed in the western portion of the
county where they conformably surmount the Upper Mottled Sandstone.
Owing to the general presence of a hard conglomerate or occasionally a
breccia at the base they overlook the inferior sub-division in the form of
well-marked scarps particularly well exhibited to the west of Wolver-
hampton between Tettenhall and Shifnall and in the ridges west of
Eccleshall. But it is at Alton where denudation has most successfully
picked out these harder strata and fashioned a combination of escarpment,
rocky cliff and deep ravine unrivalled by any other Triassic area.
In the eastern part of South Staffordshire and generally in North
Staffordshire the basal conglomerate and breccia are absent and the Keuper
Waterstones rest with apparent conformity or apparent discordance on the
' Pebble Beds.' In most places the basement beds are succeeded by even
bedded red and white sandstones with interstratified layers of red and grey
marl. Toward the summit the marl partings become more numerous
and thicker with a consequent thinning of the intercalated sandstones, and
so gradually pass into the Waterstones, so called from the thin sandstones
possessing a fancied resemblance to watered silk and not to their affording
a good water-bearing stratum as is sometimes stated.
The red and white sandstones overlying the basement beds yield an
excellent building stone extensively quarried around Wolverhampton,
Rugeley and south of Cheadle. At Hollington and Stanton the stone is
of exceptional quality, yielding large blocks sent to many parts of the
kingdom. It has been, and still remains, a favourite stone for ecclesiastical
architecture, country mansions and the larger buildings of many of the
midland cities. Alton Towers is built of a freestone of Lower Keuper
age obtained close at hand.
The Lower Keuper Sandstones and building stones yield a few fossils
of which remains of plants, poorly preserved, are not infrequent, but the
most interesting are the rare remains of the gigantic Amphibian belong-
ing to the sub-order Labyrinthodontia.
The impressions of the hand-like feet chirosaurus (C heir other mm)
of this animal have been met with on the surface of slabs of sandstones
in many quarries, notably at Hollington, but the finest remains, consist-
ing of a nearly complete skull, 9 inches long and 6 inches wide, were
obtained in the quarries at Stanton. 1
Throughout the Lower Keuper, but also occasionally in the Bunter,
the cementing material frequently consists of barium sulphate standing out
in relief on the weathered surfaces as star-like forms or else leached out
and redeposited as small veins filling joints. Copper-ore, consisting of the
blue and green carbonates, is occasionally present and has been worked at
Bearstone.
Keuper Marls. Nearly the whole of the central and low-lying
portions of the county are occupied by this sub-division. Made up
1 John Ward, 'On the Occurrence of Labyrinthodont Remains in the Keuper Sandstone of
Stanton,' Tram. North Staff. Field Club (1900).
23
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
essentially of soft red marls of nearly uniform composition, and lying at a
gentle angle across the great syncline of central Staffordshire, the scenery
of the Keuper Marl country lacks interest. Low scarps and ridges, where
the strata consist of thin bands of brown and white flags (skerries) occasion-
ally break the monotony, but except towards the base these features are
impersistent. In the past the Keuper Marl country was largely covered
with woods, of which Needwood Forest and Chartley Park remain as
relics.
The marls are of great thickness, possibly as much as 2,000 feet to
the north-east of Stafford. That they were laid down under water, in a
large lake subjected to intense evaporation, the beds of rocksalt and
gypsum afford the most conclusive evidence. As the basin became rilled
up the marls gradually extended over the underlying sub-divisions, and
finally in the north overlapped them all until they invaded the bays and
hollows of the Carboniferous rocks which here formed the margins of the
basin.
The red marl forms an excellent soil and was formerly dug for
' top-dressing,' the small pits excavated for this purpose or for drinking
troughs lying scattered in countless numbers all over its outcrop. The
celebrated alabaster quarries of Fauld near Tutbury lie in the Keuper
Marl. Alabaster is here obtained in large slabs, and was used
extensively for the ornamental work of Croxden Abbey and Lichfield
Cathedral. Two hundred years ago, and long before it was quarried near
Tettenhall, the Burton workers in alabaster had attained a considerable
status. Brine wells have been sunk into the marls to the north of
Stafford and at Shirleywich.
RHjETIC PERIOD
The gradual passing away of the Triassic continental period is revealed
in the interesting outliers of the Rhaetic formation in Needwood Forest
and Bagots Park to the west of Burton-on-Trent. The sections are very
meagre, the best being the exposure at Marchington Cliff where the
red Keuper Marls pass up imperceptibly into bluish white conchoidal
marls and impure limestones containing Axinus cloacinus and overlain by
a few feet of the characteristic black Rhastic shales.
With the Rhastic Beds the geological history of the county as re-
corded in the solid rock formations terminates. We know that the Rhaetic
deposits mark the commencement of a great regional depression during
which Britain and western Europe lay submerged for a vast interval of
time beneath the ocean, but of which no relics have been detected in
Staffordshire. To the east the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems follow
each other in consecutive order ; to the west, at Audlem, it is known that
at least the Jurassic seas extended, but from Staffordshire its sediments
have been swept away. Of the early stages of the Tertiary period, so
well exhibited in the south-eastern counties, Staffordshire again presents
a blank, so that volume after volume of the geological record has been
24
GEOLOGY
destroyed and we pass abruptly from the deserts of the Trias to the arctic
conditions of the Pleistocene period.
Before describing this wonderful contrast of events we must however
retrace our steps and briefly consider the igneous rocks breaking through
the formations previously described.
IGNEOUS AND VOLCANIC ROCKS
The stratified deposits are in many places but a thin skin overlying
a reservoir of molten material ever ready to burst forth and intrude itself
along lines of weakness. Evidences of such weak spots are to be met
with again and again among the formations whose history we have been
tracing, yet it was only rarely that the underlying molten matter found
egress from its subterranean reservoir.
The earliest record is afforded by the limestone quarry on Congleton
Edge (p. 8), where it becomes evident that during the closing scenes of
the Carboniferous Limestone epoch a volcano was close at hand vomiting
forth ashes and dust which fell into the surrounding seas and possibly
sending forth a submarine lava stream.
The famous basalts or trap rocks intruded into the Coal-measures of
South Staffordshire present the next example. These cover no inconsider-
able area at Rowley Regis, Barrow Hill, Pouk Hill, and again round
Wednesfield. Each occurs as a ' sill ' whose intrusive character is shown
by the coal-seams being charred where they came in contact with the
molten mass or by the baking of the black Coal-measure shales at their
junction with the basalt above and below. The largest sill forms the
Rowley Regis mass, through which the tunnel between Rowley Regis
Station and Old Hill passes. The lava was here injected into the space
of an arched up mass of Coal-measure strata forming what is known as
a ' laccolite,' of which the cover has been removed by denudation.
During the process of cooling, a beautiful columnar structure, excellently
preserved in Turner's Pit, was set up. 1 Huge spheroids of basalt are
frequently enclosed between the joints which transversely divide the
columns at fairly regular intervals. The Rowley Rag is largely used
for road metal.
Some uncertainty exists as to the age of the intrusions owing to the
want of conclusive field evidence. Professor Watts 3 comments on the
fresh appearance of the constituent minerals and the many features they
possess in common with the well known Tertiary dykes of the north of
Ireland and Scotland, and also on the fact that the Rowley mass partakes
in the fractures affecting the coalfield, some of which, such as the
Great Boundary Faults, traverse Jurassic rocks. None of the South
Staffordshire intrusions pierce rocks later than high Coal-measures, but an
interesting dyke met with in North Staffordshire traverses the marls of
the Keuper period. This is a very narrow basaltic dyke, never more
1 T. G. Bonney, S>uart. Joum. Geol. Soc. xxxii. 151 (1876).
a W. W. Watts, Geologists' Association, p. 399 (1898), op. cit., in which references to the literature
on the igneous rocks are also given.
I 25 4
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
than a few feet across, which has been traced from near Keele to a little
north of Chebsey. 1 In its course it cuts across and alters rocks of Upper
Coal-measure, Bunter and Keuper ages. The mineral constituents are
exceedingly fresh, and in many respects the rock closely resembles the
South Staffordshire intrusions.
.
PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT
GLACIAL DEPOSITS
The third great epoch of which the county presents a complete and
most interesting record is that of the Pleistocene or Quaternary Period.
There is abundant evidence to show that at this late geological time two
great ice sheets were formed by the piling up of snow and ice over the
North Sea and the Irish Sea and converged until their margins touched
in Staffordshire somewhere in the region of Burton-on-Trent ; at the
same period local glaciers descended from the Derbyshire and Welsh
hills, spreading out their debris at their feet and mingling it with that
carried inland by the two great ice sheets coming up from the sea.
Compared with the events recorded in the latest of the solid geolo-
gical formations the Rhaetic dealt with in this article, this refrigera-
tion, which extended over the whole of northern Europe, happened
but yesterday, its close according to some calculations not being further
removed from the present day than 10,000 years. At its commence-
ment the configuration of the land was much as it is to-day ; all that
it accomplished was a little rounding off of surface inequalities by the
rasping power of the ice and the filling up of pre-existing hollows or
alteration of previous surface drainage by the accumulation of detritus
or by barriers of ice.
To understand the significance of the phenomena met with in
Staffordshire it is essential to bear in mind that the Welsh, Cumbrian,
Scotch and Pennine hills were as high at the commencement of the
period as they are to-day, and that the chief valleys and plains of central
England were in the main blocked out. This being recognized, the
course which the ice sheets took will be easily comprehended. The
one from the Irish Sea invaded the Cheshire and Shropshire plains, to
be there joined by the more local ice flows from the Welsh hills ; the
one from the North Sea spread over the eastern counties and pushed its
way up the Trent valley, to be joined near Derby by the glaciers sent
off from the Derbyshire hills. Such are the broad general outlines of
the period. The existence of these moving masses of ice is plainly
demonstrated by the character of the foreign material or train of boulders
left scattered over the country, and by the ice grooves on the solid rocks
radiating outwards from the elevated regions or pointing in the direction
of the paths taken by the Irish Sea and North Sea ice.
The three largest glaciers have been named : (i) The Arenig Glacier,
1 J. Kirkby, ' On the Trap Dykes in the Hanchurch Hilh,' Tram. North Staff. Field Club, vol.
xxviii. (1894).
26
GEOLOGY
(2) the Irish Sea Glacier, (3) the North Sea Glacier, while the one from
the Derbyshire hills may be termed (4) the Pennine Glacier. Their
history has not been completely made out, and the order in which they
invaded the district is uncertain, but the local glaciers had probably
reached a considerable size before the foreign ice penetrated into the
heart of the country.
We will now briefly describe the phenomena presented by the
different ice masses, mentioning neighbouring areas where necessary for
a complete comprehension of the subject :
Arenig Glacier. Descending from the Arenig Hills (2,817 ^ eet )
this glacier passed down the Vale of Llangollen and then debouched on
to the Shropshire plain, where it threw down the masses of morainic
material at Ruabon and Ellesmere. It would be natural to suppose that
it would then have passed northward down the Dee valley with over-
flows to the south along the Severn valley. The northern path however
was blocked with ice coming from the Irish Sea and the southern course
barred with ice from Plinlimmon. It was therefore compelled to assume
a south-easterly course, impinging upon Staffordshire, round Wolverhamp-
ton and the ground to the south, where occasional boulders of Welsh
rocks, but mixed with others brought by the Irish Sea ice, are met
with. Around the southern margins of the South Staffordshire Coal-
field boulders from Wales become common, but the greatest number and
the best sections in the drift lie beyond the county border. The Rowley
Hills lie in the direct path of the Arenig glacier. Mr. Jerome Harrison 1
finds no foreign drift on their summit, but on the contrary a train of basalt
boulders has been traced from them for some distance to the south and
east. On the rock being bared in quarrying operations, clearly striated
rock surfaces, with the stria? pointing N.W. to S.E., have been laid bare,
and the general contour of the hills Mr. Harrison regards as that of a great
roche moutonnee.
Carried along by the great moving mass of the Irish sea ice which
also probably helped to push the Arenig glacier up the south-western
flanks of the South Staffordshire Coalfield the glacier from Wales may
have impinged on the northern coalfield, as along its western margin
some boulders are met with which correspond very well with the
rhyolitic lavas of Arenig.
Irish Sea Glacier. This was the dominant and all-powerful mass of
ice of which the presence can be traced over the greater part of the
county. Its great thickness and power was derived from the glaciers of
the south of Scotland, Ireland and the Lake district, which during glacial
times descended into the Irish Sea basin, and uniting there with the glaciers
resulting from the accumulated snowfall became ultimately piled up until
the ice overrode the summit of Snaefell (2,024 feet) in the Isle of Man.
Advancing southward it met with the resistance of the Welsh hills, and
consequently split into one lobe which passed down St. George's Channel,
1 ' Glacial Geology of the Birmingham District,' op. cit.
27
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
and into another which swept across the Cheshire plain and finally in-
vaded Staffordshire. Exactly where this great ice-sheet terminated has
not been made out, but it may be roughly taken to have come to rest
along a line joining Burton, Lichfield, Wolverhampton and Enville ;
for north of this line the country is strewn with boulders and glacial
detritus ; while to the south the relics are scanty and difficult to
separate from the material spread out by the streams issuing from the
foot of the ice. As the western ice approached the northern borders
of the county it encountered the bold front of the North Staffordshire
hills, which are only breached near Kidsgrove and to the east of Congle-
ton. The ice however was of sufficient weight and thickness to override
the Pottery Coalfield, and further north, in the direction of main move-
ment, even reached an altitude of 1,300 feet to the east of Macclesfield.
The gaps near Congleton however presented an easy overflow, and
consequently we find an ice lobe penetrated down the Trent valley
system, scattering its sands, clays and boulders in irregular mounds
between Biddulph and Stoke-upon-Trent. To the south-east however
the high ground around Cheadle almost completely arrested the further
eastward course of the western ice, and consequently we meet with none
or very little of its detritus between Uttoxeter and Cheadle ; on the con-
trary the influence of the local Pennine glacier becomes apparent.
The greatest accumulation of boulders is found on the western
flanks of the North Staffordshire Coalfield and between Wolverhampton
and Enville in South Staffordshire. As might be expected, they comprise
a heterogeneous collection of Scotch and Lake district rocks, mingled with
an occasional boulder from Wales, where the ice-sheet came into contact
with the Arenig glacier. The commonest Lake district rocks are boulders
of the red granite of Eskdale, granophyres from Buttermere, basalts with
large crystals of augite, streaky garnetiferous lavas, amygdaloidal basalts and
rhyolites. Rocks from Scotland are represented by blocks of hornblende-
bearing granites and the tonalites of Galloway. The iceborne fragments
are of all sizes, from mere pebbles up to blocks over 12 feet in length.
Many of the larger boulders have been removed by man from their
original resting-places and set up along the roadsides or at the corners
of the streets in towns and villages, or in public parks, as at Wolver-
hampton and Longton ; while in the western villages the streets are
sometimes cobbled with the smaller stones. The boulders however
represent but a small amount of the transported material. There are
besides thick masses of ' Boulder Clay,' in which stones large and small
lie scattered at all angles constituting in places a true ground moraine
among which lenticular beds and sheets of sand are intercalated. The
colour of the clay varies according to the nature of the ground swept
over by the ice : it is brown or red when it lies on or has previously
crossed an outcrop of Triassic rocks ; it is a deep dirty blue colour over
tracts of Carboniferous rocks or in contiguous areas in advance of the
ice-sheet, when it contains fragments of the Lower Carboniferous rocks,
pieces of coal and even in one case portions of a coal seam, disrupted and
28
GEOLOGY
carried onward by the ice. The clays are in many places used for bricks.
The intercalated sands occur in masses sometimes exceeding a hundred feet
in thickness, and are generally clean red, yellow, or buff sands, sometimes
free of pebbles, but more often containing lenticles of gravel. They
have been a favourite source for local water supplies, and the sites of
many of the villages such as Betley, Wrinehill and Madeley were no
doubt originally selected for this reason. It was originally thought, and
the opinion is still sometimes upheld, that the clays and sands maintain a
definite relationship. Thus there is considered to be an old stiff clay
full of scratched stones (Till or Lower Boulder Clay] on which the sands
and gravels (Middle Glacial Sands] rest. The latter have been taken by
some glacialists to indicate an amelioration of climate and depression,
followed by a re-elevation and second refrigeration represented by an
overlying sheet of clay (Upper Boulder Clay). In the Trent basin Mr.
Deeley 1 introduces further sub-divisions, each of which he regards as
indicative of different stages of glaciation. Though this threefold sub-
division can be frequently observed, it is commonly acknowledged that
the presence of the three members at any one spot is accidental, while
one or even two are as often absent as present.
Both sands and clays, but more frequently the coarser bands of sand
and lenticles of gravel, contain fragments of recent marine shells of types
met with in the Irish Sea and in more northern waters. An entire
specimen is the exception, the merest fragments being generally met
with. Faint glacial stria? can sometimes be observed on the larger
fragments. The commonest shells and fragments are cockle (Cardium
edu/e), Mytilus edu/is, Turritella terebra^ Tellina balthica, Cyprina, My a.
They are to be found in fair abundance round Wolverhampton, Madeley
(Staffs), from Woore to Alsager, and near Biddulph, in pits opened in
the clays and sands.
North Sea Glacier. While the Irish Sea basin was filling up with
ice, the North Sea, fed with glaciers from Scandinavia, was likewise
being piled thick with ice which reached the English coast a little north
of Flamborough Head. Sweeping inland it crossed the Trent at Gains-
borough, and thence pushed its way up the Trent valley to Derby and
Burton-on-Trent. Its influence on Staffordshire is scarcely appreciable,
though it exercised a strong hold on Leicestershire. Passing as it did
over the Jurassic and Cretaceous deposits of the eastern counties, its debris,
gathered from these rocks, is at once distinguishable from the fragments
of Palasozoic rocks brought into the county by the Irish Sea glacier.
Flints, Chalk and fragments of the Lias and Oolites, mingled with an
occasional Scandinavian gneiss or igneous rock, at once betray the presence
of the North Sea ice. Only its fringe however reached Staffordshire,
and scattered its far distant collected rocks around Burton-on-Trent,
Abbots Bromley and possibly even as far west as Uttoxeter, though here
the flinty gravel may in part be attributed to material washed out of
the eastern ice.
1 'The Pleistocene Succession in the Trent Basin,' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. xlii. 437 (1886).
29
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Pennine Glacier. The Pennine hills evidently nourished their
glaciers at the time the Welsh hills were swathed in ice. Their
lobes of ice descended down the main valleys the Dove and Derwent
carrying with them the rocks of the Derbyshire hills, and spreading
them out on the rising ground south of Uttoxeter, Tutbury and Derby.
Clear as to its origin, and of comparatively recent geological date,
the Pleistocene period plainly shows its influence on the pre-existing
physiographical outlines of the county. Remove the drift deposits
on the north-western borders of the county, and a hollow, occasionally
sinking below sea-level, would extend where now there is a plain
from 200-300 feet above sea-level. Before the ice dropped its detritus
in the Trent valley, between Bucknall and Stockton Brook, it can be
clearly shown that the Trent flowed at the foot of the high bank of
Carboniferous rocks descending from Wetley Moor, and that it is
less in volume by that now carried ofF by the Stockton Brook, which
feeds the Churnet, but in pre-glacial times flowed into the Trent. It is
probable also that greater changes in drainage took place in the Dove
valley system, but this comparatively modern line of research has not
been worked out for this valley.
RIVER DRIFT AND CAVE EARTH
Between the final passing away of the ice-sheets and the earliest
records of the human period in Staffordshire a long time elapses, during
which the rivers were gradually assuming their present channels and rate of
flow. The history of these lesser changes of river shrinkage and alteration
of channel, accompanied by a slow modification of the fauna and flora,
has not been sufficiently studied throughout the county, and the results
obtained have depended largely upon chance excavations, so that our
knowledge is necessarily imperfect.
The older river deposits consist of terraces of gravel, sand and loam
frequently met with at levels high above the present streams, though in
some cases glacial gravels may have been mistaken for former river
deposits and vice versa.
On the west banks of the Trent, at Burton, old river gravels have
been met with at Stretton 100 feet above the present water-level of the
Trent. At a lower level, from 18 to 36 feet above the Trent, another
platform of gravel extends between Stretton and Horninglow.
Further down in the valley the town of Burton is situated on an
old river gravel from 8 to 10 feet above the present water-level. The
material composing it consists of well washed sand and gravel, from 20
to 30 feet thick. High Street, Burton, and the older parts of the town
are located on this terrace, the gravels and sands of which for many years
alone yielded the water used in the celebrated breweries. Bones, jaws
and teeth of Sus scrqfa, Bos taurus var. longifrons, horse and those of the
dog and wolf have been obtained at times from these deposits.
From the older river gravels of the Trent at Trentham Dr. Plot
30
GEOLOGY
mentions the unearthing of the tusk of elephant ; Dr. Garner * also
records remains of elephant and rhinoceros, associated with the bones
of red deer and roebuck, from the ' diluvial ' gravels of the same
neighbourhood. In altering the course of the Fowlea brook a fine
skull of the wild bull (Bos taurus var. primigenius) with the horn cores
complete was found near Etruria station. 3 Remains of Bos taurus var.
longifrons and Bos urus have also been met with at Stone. 3
It might be expected that, regarding their frequent occurrence in
Derbyshire where recent discoveries show that the caves have probably
existed from Pliocene times, 4 the remains of animals would be plenti-
fully met with in fissures and caverns of the Carboniferous Limestone
country of Staffordshire. This however is not the case, but from a
fissure in the limestone at Bank End quarry, Waterhouses, in the valley
of the Hamps, a large number of remains of Elepbas primigenius
(mammoth) have been extracted from a red loamy clay mixed with
fragments of limestone and rolled boulders of grit. 6
The rivers continued to suffer shrinkage down to the historical
period and further modified their channels. This is best exhibited
around Burton," in the Trent valley, where a narrow fringe of alluvium
borders the river. This, as well as the higher, more elevated terraces,
has been liable to floods, of which the record will be dealt with by
the historian.
The solid framework of the county has now been traced from the
earliest rock-written record to the time when the landscape assumed its
familiar outline. Everywhere physical feature has been found dependent
on geological structure : the diversified moorland of the north, the two
great coalfields, the enveloping lowlands, have all been traced to the
composition of the rocks and their structure. The history of the past
contained in the rocks is everywhere incomplete, and may be faithfully
summed up in the words of Charles Darwin in speaking of the
geological record as a whole : ' For my part, I look at the geological
record as a history of the world imperfectly kept, and written in a
changing dialect only here and there a short chapter has been pre-
served ; and of each page only here and there a few lines.'
1 Natural History of the County of Stafford, p. 202 (1686).
J Trans. North Staff. Field Club, vol. for 1878.
3 Ibid. xxx. 1 10.
4 W. Boyd Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlix. (1903).
5 W. Brockbank, Proc. Lit. and Phill. Soc. Manchester (1862-4) ; J. Aitken, Traits. Manchester
Geol. Soc. vol. xii. (1870-3).
8 W. Molyneux, Burton-on-Trent ; its History, its Waters, etc. (1868).
PALAEONTOLOGY
WITH the exception of a very few obtained from the superficial
deposits, the vertebrate fossils of Staffordshire seem to be
restricted to the horizons of the Trias and the Coal
Measures. Although the Coal Measure vertebrates are
by far the more numerous, those from the Trias are, as a whole, much
the more interesting, on account of the rarity, at least in this country, of
the types to which they belong. An exception in this respect must,
however, be made in the case of the shark-remains from the Coal
Measures belonging to the genus Edestus, of which they are the only
known British representatives.
Of mammalian remains from the Pleistocene formations of the
county a list has been drawn up by Mr. John Ward of Longton, and
published in the Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club for
igoa. 1 The earliest record dates back to 1688, when Robert Plot,
in his Natural History of Staffordshire p , relates that a jaw and a tooth
of a young elephant doubtless the mammoth (Elephas primigenius]
were found in a marl-pit near Trentham. Probably it is these speci-
mens which are referred to on page 258 of Owen's British Fossil
Mammals and Birds, as having come under the observation of Dean
Buckland. Be this as it may, Robert Garner, in his Natural History of
the County of Stafford (1844), refers to the occurrence at Trentham and
other places in the county, both in diluvial gravel, and also in the clay at
the bottom of certain caves, of the bones of the red deer (Cervus elaphus),
roe-buck (Capreolus capreolus), rhinoceros, elephant, and hyaena. The
rhinoceros was doubtless the woolly Siberian Rhinoceros antiquitatis, while
the elephant was probably the mammoth, and the hyaena the large cave
race (Hyaena crocuta spelaea] of the existing South African spotted
species.
Parkinson, in his Organic Remains, figured a mammoth's molar from
Staffordshire, which figure is reproduced on page 239 of Owen's work
already cited; and in 1864 Mr. J. Plant* exhibited before the Man-
chester Geological Society a series of the teeth and bones of the
mammoth, the woolly rhinoceros, and the Pleistocene race of the
hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius major) which had been found in
the county.
1 Vol. xxxvi, 90. * Trans. Manchester Geol. Sue. v, 42.
1 33 5
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
In 1864 Mr. Brockbank 8 recorded from a fissure in the Carboni-
ferous Limestone at Bank End Quarry, Waterhouses, on the bank of the
River Hamps, numerous remains of the mammoth, and it has been
subsequently stated * that the collection obtained by Plant came from
this spot.
Mr. Ward records the extinct wild ox, or aurochs (Bos taurus
prim/genius), from a bed near Etruria station, where a fine skull was
found in 1877, and also a mammoth-tusk from Fenton. The aurochs
and the domesticated Celtic shorthorn (the so-called Bos longifrons] are
also recorded from Stone.
The first evidence of vertebrate life recorded from the Keuper, or
Upper Division of the Trias (New Red Sandstone), was in the form of casts
of footsteps. These have been observed in quarries at Hollington and
Alton * in North Staffordshire, in the building-stones of the Lower
Keuper ; while others have been recorded from South Staffordshire
along the outcrop of the harder beds of the Keuper a few miles north-
west of Wolverhampton.' Yet others have been described from Stanton,
two and a half miles from Burton-on-Trent, and also from Coven, near
Brewood, in the southern division of the county. 7 These latter have
been provisionally assigned to the rhynchocephalian reptile Rhynchosaurus,
a forerunner of the living New Zealand tuatera (Spbenodon) t of which
remains are recorded from the Keuper of Grinshill in Shropshire. Of
those from the first-named localities some, at any rate, are, however,
referable to Cbirosaurus (or Cbirotberiuni), creatures definitely known
only by footprints of this type, but which have been generally regarded
as large primeval salamanders, or labyrinthodont amphibians.
This view is to some extent supported by the discovery in the
Staffordshire Keuper of the skull of an undoubted labyrinthodont
of considerable size, although not perhaps sufficiently large to have
made footsteps of the biggest size known. This skull, which exhibits
chiefly a cast of the inside of the upper surface, was discovered in
a quarry at Stanton, about three miles from Norbury, in the building-
stone of the Keuper. It was first described and figured by the late
Mr. John Ward in the Transactions of the North Staffordshire Field
Club for 1900,' where it is referred to the genus Dasycefs, typically
from the Permian of Kenilworth ; but it has been again described and
figured by Dr. A. Smith Woodward in the Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London for 1904,' under the name of Capitosaurus stantonensis.
The genus to which the Stanton labyrinthodont is now referred occurs
typically in the Keuper of Wiirtemberg.
Some of the Keuper footprints may, on the other hand, have
belonged to rhynchocephalian reptiles, of the occurrence of which in this
formation decisive evidence has been recently obtained. This evidence
Proc. Manchester Lit. and Phil. Soc. (1864), 46. ' Aitkin, Trans. Manchester Geol. Soc. xii, 25.
H. C. Beasley, Proc. Liverpool Geol. Soc.
J. Lomas, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for 1903, p. 5 ; and Beeby Thompson, Geol. Mag. (4), ix, (1902).
Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Rept. Brit. Mus. iv, 2 1 9.
Vol. xxxiv, 1 08, pis. iv, v. 9 Vol. ii, 171, pis. xi, xii.
34
PALAEONTOLOGY
takes the form of a slab of Keuper Sandstone obtained by Mr. J. N. B.
Masefield from the Hollington quarries, displaying in great perfection the
impression of the peculiar system of abdominal ribs characteristic of
these reptiles. The specimen has been described and figured by Dr.
Smith Woodward, 10 and referred to the genus Hyperodapedon, an ally of
Rhynchosaurus, of which other remains are known from the Keuper of
Warwick and Devonshire.
Passing on to the vertebrate fauna of the Coal Measures of the
county, we have first to refer to the occurrence in this formation of
remains of primeval salamanders, some of which belong to true laby-
rinthodonts, while others are referable to allied sections of the group
now collectively known as Stegocephalia. These are recorded by Mr.
John Ward in two papers, the first of which was contributed to the
Transactions of the N. Staffordshire Institute of Mining Engineers for 1890,"
and the second to the Transactions of the N. Staffordshire Field Club for i goo. 12
First in the list comes the fully-armoured species described by
Professor Huxley on the evidence of a Yorkshire specimen under the
name of Pholiderpeton scutiferum, of which genus it is the type. The
species was recorded from the Coal Measures of Fenton by Mr. Ward in
i875- 13 Many years ago (1844) Mr. Garner in his Natural History of
the County of Stafford figured, as that of some kind of unknown fish, a
tooth from Skelton Colliery, which now turns out to belong to the
labyrinthodont known as Loxomma allmanni. This large species, of
which a practically entire and uncrushed skull is known, is characterized
by the large size and diamond-shape of the sockets of the eyes and by
the lancet-like teeth ; and a fine series of its remains has been discovered
in the county. They occur, for instance, in the shale overlying the
Cockshead Ironstone at Adderley Green ; in shale above the Knowles
and Chalky Mine Ironstones at Fenton and Longton ; in the Brown
Mine Ironstone at Silverdale ; and in the Gubbin Ironstone at Skelton.
Of the still larger Coal Measure labyrinthodont described by Huxley as
Anthracosaurus russelli^ a number of well-preserved, although fragmentary,
remains have been obtained from the Rag Mine Ironstone at Fenton and
the Ash Ironstone at Longton.
By far the most interesting of the Staffordshire stegocephalians is,
however, Ceraterpeton gafaani, a member of the group Microsauria,
measuring about ten inches in total length, and typically from Jarrow
Colliery, Kilkenny. A single skeleton has been obtained from the shale
overlying the Ash Ironstone at Longton Hall Colliery, Longton, which
has been described by Dr. C. W. Andrews. 1 * At one time it was
incorrectly identified with the allied genus Urocordylus. The genus
Ceraterpeton takes its name from the long horn-like projections arising
from the hind border of the skull.
In addition to the forms above-mentioned, remains of other stego-
cephalians are known from the Coal Measures of the county, some of
10 Tram. N. Staff. Field Club, xxxix, 115, pi. iii (1905). " Vol. x. " Vol. xxxiv, 101.
" Trans. N. Staff. FieU Club (1875), p. ^\^. " Geol. Mag. (4), ii, 83 (1895).
35
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
which are provisionally assigned by Mr. Ward to the species known as
Pteroplax cornuta, typically from the Northumberland Coal-field.
Of the fishes of the Coal Measures of the county, by far the most
interesting is a species of shark of the genus Edestus, the only British
representative of its kind at present known. For many years certain
remarkable bodies, somewhat resembling a large watch-spring armed on
the convex side with teeth, have been known from the Carboniferous and
Permian rocks of various countries : the most nearly complete coming
from Russia. There has, however, been much uncertainty as to their
true nature. At first they were supposed to be the fin-spines of fishes ;
but the aforesaid Russian specimens clearly showed that they belong to
the front of the jaws of sharks, and that they are true teeth, which are
mounted upon their supporting bases in such a manner as to form a
spiral. Hence the name of spiral-sawed sharks for the group to which
they pertained. For a long time this group was known only from North
America, Australia, Japan, and Russia ; the type genus being Edestus.
Mr. E. T. Newton, in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society,
has, however, described part of the ' saw ' of one of these remarkable
sharks from a marine band in the Coal Measures of Nettlebank, North
Staffordshire, giving the name of Edestus triserratus to the species it
represents.
Of the primitive group of shark-like fishes known as Ichthyotomi,
and characterized, among other features, by the exceedingly imperfect
calcification of the spinal column and the long-jointed axis of the pectoral
fins, there are several Staffordshire representatives, belonging to the
family Pleuracanthidae. Of these, the species P/eu; acanthus laevissimus is
typified by a fin-spine from Staffordshire, and is known to occur in the
Coal Measures of the southern half of the county and at Longton. The
second species, P. cylindricus, which occurs both at Longton and Fenton,
and is also known by the spines, does not appear to have been originally
named from Staffordshire specimens. The genus Diplodus takes its name
from having been founded on peculiar two-pronged teeth, which may
really belong to Pleur acanthus. The species D. gibbosus was established
on the evidence of teeth of this type from the Coal Measures of Silver-
dale, in South Staffordshire, but it also occurs at Longton.
Most of the other Staffordshire shark-like fishes (Elasmobranchii)
belong to the existing group Selachii, although chiefly to extinct families.
In the family Petalodontidae, characterized by the teeth being so much
reflexed and thickened that in some cases they almost assume a crushing
type, we have in the first place remains of the two common Carboniferous
species Janassa linguaeformis and y. clavata from the Coal Measures of
the county. To the same family belong the species Ctenoptychius apicalis.
from Silverdale, Longton, Fenton, and Harecastle, and Callopristodus
pectinatus, from Fenton, neither of which is, however, typically from the
county. On the other hand, Helodus simplex and Pleuroplax rankinei^ belong
to another family, the Cochliodontiae, a specialized ancestral type of the
15 Vol. Ix, i (1904).
36
PALAEONTOLOGY
modern Port Jackson sharks (Cestraciontidae), characterized by the fusion
of their crushing teeth into spirally twisted oblique plates. The first-
named species, which is the sole representative of its genus, appears to
have been founded on the evidence of teeth from Staffordshire, where it
occurs at Longton, Fenton, and Silverdale, but the second seems to be
typically from Northumberland. The existing Cestraciontidae have a
Staffordshire representative in the form of Spbenacantbus hybodoides, a
member of a widely spread extinct genus with several species. Within
the county it occurs at Longton and also near Dudley.
The other Staffordshire elasmobranch fish is Acanthodes ivardi, which
takes its specific title from the late Mr. John Ward, of Longton, who did
such good work in collecting and describing the fossil vertebrates of the
county. It is a member of the Palaeozoic group Acanthodii, charac-
terized among other features, by the persistent notochord, and the pres-
ence of prominent dermal appendages to the gill-arches, which during
life probably carried flaps of skin ; from this character the members of
the group have been called fringe-gilled sharks. Acantbodes includes
several other species, but A, ivardi occurs typically in the Deep-Mine
Ironstone of Longton, although it is also known from the Scottish Coal-
fields. A species of the allied genus Acantbodopsis from the Woodhouse
Coal of the Cheadle Coalfield has been described by Dr. R. H. Traquair
in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for 1894 16 as A. microdon,
on the evidence of a specimen now in the British Museum.
In addition to the foregoing, certain fin or dorsal spines of sharks or
chimaeroids have been recorded from the Coal Measures of the county
belonging to so-called genera of which the precise systematic position
cannot at present be determined. Such is Gyracanthus formosus, widely
distributed in the British Coalfields, and occurring in the county at
Fenton. Another type is Euctenius unilateralis, originally described from
a Lanarkshire specimen. Greater interest attaches to two masses of rock
discovered by Mr. John Ward in the Middle Coal Measures of North
Staffordshire containing numerous species of the doubtful type long
known as Listracantbus. These have been described by Dr. Smith
Woodward, 17 and are made the type of a new species, Listracantbus wardi.
From these specimens it appears evident that the Listracantbus spines
are strangely modified dermal tubercles occurring in considerable numbers
on part at least of the head and body of the fish to which they pertain.
They are identical with at least some of the structures from the Coal
Measures of Indiana, U.S.A., described as Petrodus.
With Ctenodus cristatus and Ct. murchisoni we come to two well-
known representatives of the typical genus of the Carboniferous family
Gtenodontidae^ which belongs to the sub-class of Dipnoi, or lung-fishes,
and takes its name from the somewhat comb-like structure of the fine
ridges on the large and flattened palatal teeth. The first species is
recorded from Hanley and Tunstall, and the second from the Bassey Mine
Ironstone of the Middle Coal Measures.
16 Ser. 6, xiv, 372 (1894.). " Geol. Mag. (4), x, 486 (1903).
37
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
The ganoids, or enamel-scaled fishes, of the Staffordshire Coal
Measures include a considerable number of species belonging to the
primitive fringe-finned group (Crossopterygii), now represented by the
bichir and the reed-fish (Polypteridae) of the rivers of tropical Africa.
In the Palaeozoic family Rhizodontidae, characterized by the foldings of
the walls of the base of the teeth in a manner recalling that of the
labyrinthodonts, we have, in the first place, two species of the genus
Strepsodus from Longton, namely S. sauroides and S. sulcidens, the former
being widely distributed in the British Coalfields, while the latter is-
known elsewhere from Midlothian and Northumberland. The second
Staffordshire member of the family is the widely distributed Rhizodopsif
sauroides, of which remains are recorded from Fenton. The allied family
Osteolepididae, in which the walls of the teeth are less folded while the
scales are rhomboidal (instead of cycloidal) and more fully enamelled, is
represented by four species, Megalichthys bibberti, M. coccolepis, M. inter-
medius, and M. pygmaeus, of which the first is very widely distributed,
while neither of the others is peculiar to, or typically from, the county.
Finally, in the family Coelacantbidae, characterized by the cycloidal scales
and (in the fossil state) the hollow spines of the vertebrae, we have the
species Cae/acanthus e/egans, which although typically from the Coalfields
of Ohio, is also common in those of England.
Passing on to the fan-finned group (Actinopterygii), we have among
the section Chondrostei, or sturgeon-like fishes, numerous representatives
of the extinct families Palaeoniscidae and Platysomatidae. Both these, it
may be observed, are fully scaled types, the former characterized by the
elongated, and the latter by the deep contour of the body. In the first-
named of these a fish from the Deep-Mine Ironstone Shale of Longton,
at first described under the name of Microconodus mo/yneuxi, has been
provisionally included in the genus Gonatodus, although its real systematic
position is still uncertain. To the same family belongs Cycloptychius car-
bonarius, typified by a fish from the aforesaid bed at Longton, collected
by Mr. Ward, and the type of the genus. The allied Rhadinicbthys is
represented by the four species, R. ivardt, R. monensis, R. macrodon, and
R. planti, of which the first and third arc peculiar to the county. Of
the genus JLlonicbtbys, which is more nearly allied to the typical Permian
Pa/aeom'scus, no less than five species have been recorded from the Car-
boniferous of the county, although some of these are still imperfectly
known. They are E. semistriafus, from the Knowles Ironstone Shale of
Fenton, E. aitkeni, from the Lower Coal Measures and Millstone Grit of
North Staffordshire, E. egertoni, from Silverdale, Fenton, Longton, and
Hanley, E. microlepidotus, from Longton, and E. oblongus, from Fenton.
All but the second were described from Staffordshire specimens, and the
last two are known only from the county. Another species peculiar
to the county is Eurylepis angtica, described in 1894 by Dr. R. H.
Traquair 18 on the evidence of a specimen from the Ash Shale of
Longton.
18 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), xiv, 372 (1894).
38
PALAEONTOLOGY
In the family Platysomatidae the two recognized representatives of
the genus Mesolepis, namely M. ivardi and M. scalaris, were described from
Staffordshire specimens, the first alone being known elsewhere, and then
but doubtfully. Mesolepis, it may be mentioned, is characterized by the
very deeply fusiform contour of the trunk, which is angulated at the
back-fin, as is also the head. Finally the type genus Platysomus, in which
the body is fully rhomboidal, is represented by P. parvulus, a species
named on the evidence of specimens from the Knowles Ironstone Shale
of Fenton. Chirodus granulatus is another member of the family of which
remains have been obtained from the Staffordshire Carboniferous.
Towards the close of his career the late Mr. John Ward, who did so
much for the palaeontology of the country, contributed (in conjunction
with Mr. J. T. Stobbs) to the transactions of the North Staffordshire Field
Club 19 a paper on a newly discovered fish-bed in the Cheadle Coalfield,
with notes on the distribution of fossil fishes in that district. The
remains occur in a bed overlying the Cobble Coal, and are referable to
Acanthodes ivardi, Gyracanthus fumosus, Lepracanthus colei, Pleuracanthus
cylindricus, Pleuroplax rankinei, Helodus simplex, Sphenacantbus hybodoides,
Ctenoptychius apicalis, Megalichthys hibberti, M. coc cole pis (?), Strep sodus
sauroides, Elonichtbys semistriatus, E. aitkini, Platysomus parvulus, and
Goelacanthus elegans. All are well-known species, but a few, like Lepra-
canthus co/ei, are unknown elsewhere in the county.
"Vol. xi,87 (1905-6).
39
BOTANY
GENERAL PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE COUNTY WITH
RELATION TO THE FLORA
STAFFORDSHIRE is rhomboidal in shape and somewhat irregular
in outline ; its surface is richly undulating and greatly diversified.
The long range of hills extending from the Cheviots in Scotland
southward enters Staffordshire at the extreme north, and forms a
range of mountain-like hills having a south-west direction from above
Flash to below Bosley, and rising from 600 to over 1,700 feet above sea
level. On the north-west side of the county thiselevated ridge is con-
tinued past Cloud Hill and over Congleton Edge and Mow Cop, and the
elevation in many places is over 1,000 feet above the sea. The prevailing
geological character of the rocks are those of the Coal Measures and Mill-
stone Grit, and the prevailing vegetation is that peculiar to the mountain
moorland, such as the black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), the whortle-
berry (Vaccmlum Vitis-Idaa),\mg (Calluna Vulgaris], heath (Erica cinerea),
bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtilhts}, an abundant growth of bracken (Pteris
aquilina)) thin grass, grey lichens and dark masses of hair moss (Poly-
tricbum commune]. A narrow belt of mixed woodland, Forest Banks and
Back Forest clothe a portion of the summit above Swithamley. Here is
found the cow wheat [Melampyrum pratense], moss crop (Scirpus caspitosus)
and the hawkweed (Hieracium umbellatum). The intervening valleys have
a somewhat impervious subsoil, and are watered by frequent springs,
which render them swampy, hence many of the bog-loving species are
abundant, as sheep's rot (Hydrocotyle vu/garis), sundew (Drosera rotundi-
folia), the arrow grass (Triglochin palustre] and the pearl wort (Sagina
nodosd). A ridge of high land, over which the high road from Leek to
Buxton is carried, rising from 500 feet at Leek to about 1,400 feet at
Axe Edge, forms the partings of the Dane and several of the important
rivers of the county the Dove, Manyfold, Churnet and Hamps. The
country they water is wild flat lands, grass lands, moors and some little
arable land, with small woodlands and several round topped hills, attain-
ing in places an elevation of 1,200 to 1,300 feet above the sea. These
hills are covered with short herbage, beautifully green in the early season,
but soon scorched in the hotter months of summer. The limestone
rock is abundantly exposed on their sides, and many of the more rare
lime-loving species have here their home, such as wild pansy (Viola
/utea), the rock rose (Heliantbemum vu/gare), the Jacob's ladder (Po/emo-
nium caru/eum), Corydalls cla-uiculata and the rare little Hutcbinsia petreea.
i 4i 6
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
The country around is broken by deep valleys, dales or gullies, watered
by rivers and rivulets, in which are found the trailing stems of the water
milfoil (Myriopbyllum spicatum) or streaming stems of water ranunculus
(Ranunculus pseudo-Jiuitans), and on the marshy moorlands the golden
saxifrage (Chrysosplenium alternifolium), the marsh violet (Viola palustris}
and the beautiful grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris) . In the beauti-
ful Dove dale the limestone rocks have been rent by the geological
convulsions of nature, and present their naked faces or escarpments in
the form of perpendicular rocks rising high above the level of the
stream, attaining an elevation of over 1,000 feet above sea level, to
which many fanciful names have been given. These rocks, abound-
ing in fissures, are the homes of many of the rarest plants of the
district, as the hairy violet (Viola birta}, the barberry (Berberis -vul-
garis}, the wall whitlow grass (Draba muralis}, the rare bitter cress
(Cardamine impatient), the kidney vetch (Anthyllis Vulneraria} and the
dwarf furze (Ulex nanus}. In the valleys of the Hamps and Manyfold
are similar mountain limestone rocks, fantastic in appearance, one of
the more notable being Beeston Tor. Here is found the wild pansy
(Viola lutea}, the white beam (Pyrus Aria) and the mossy saxifrage
(Saxifraga hypnoides}, and on Ecton Hill the vernal sandwort (Arenaria
verna). South of this are the fine limestone eminences, the Weaver
Hills, rising to some 1,150 feet above the sea, clothed with rich grass in
spring, but very bare in the hotter months, and with abundant exposed
rocky surfaces, affording a home for many of the limestone loving species,
such as the rock rose (Helianthemum vu/gare), the dropwort (Spirtza Fili-
pendtila), the sandwort (Arenaria tenuifolia}, the autumn gentian (Gentiana
Amarella}, the field gentian (G. campestris] and the long-stalked crane's
bill (Geranium columbiniim}. In the southern portion of the county,
south-west of Rugeley, the country though richly undulating rarely rises
to greater altitudes than from 600 to 800 feet above sea level. Here
are a series of round topped hills, a portion of the extensive Cannock
Chase. These are usually clothed with thin grass, abundant bracken
(Pteris aquilina}, and grey with a rich clothing of ling (Calluna vulgaris},
heath (Erica cinerea and E. tetralix), with dark green bushes of crow-
berry (Empetrum nigrum), the whortleberry (Vaccinium Vitis-Id<#},and here
and there gay with the golden flowers of the broom (Cytisus scoparius},
but with furze and bramble really rare ; very well wooded in parts with
oak, elm and pine, and with a rich undergrowth of bilberry and bracken
and often bluebells (Scilla nutans). In the valleys between the hills are
swampy grass lands, watered by small rapid streams and rich in marsh
plants, as the forget-me-not (Myosotis palustris}, and here also the bog
asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum), the grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palus-
tris), the marsh violet (Viola palustris) and the trailing stems of the
cranberry are abundant. South-west of this are the limestone hills of
Dudley Castle and Sedgley Beacon. These are slight elevations, but
appear more elevated by contrast with the low level of most of the
country around. Dudley Castle is 730 feet above the sea, and its ruins
42
BOTANY
were formerly the home of Cheiranthus Cbeiri, and in the grounds is the
toothwort (Lathraa Squamaria) and the deadly nightshade (Atropa Bella-
donna}. Sedgley Beacon is about 716 feet above the sea, the limestone
quarries there being the home of the rare woolly thistle (Carduus hetero-
phyllus], the hawkweed (Picris hieracioides], the mignonette (Reseda luted] ,
the gromwell (Litbospermttm officinale] and the rare soft rose (Rosa mollis}.
The igneous rocks of Rowley Regis (820 ft.) do not harbour any special
plants.
In several places in the county salt springs exist, and at Shirley
Wich, Ingestre and Salt are the seat of extensive salt works. In these
localities maritime plants have been found and sometimes in abundance ;
these are lingerers possibly of a former rich maritime flora. Among the
more notable are the sea aster (Aster T'ripolium] , the sea milkwort (G/aux
maritima), the stork's-bill (Erodium maritimum), the sea sandwort (Spergu-
laria maritima) and the celery Apium graveo/ens. Near these localities
is Kingston Pool near Stafford, formerly an extensive sheet of water
yielding many salt loving plants, as Erodium maritimum, sea sedge (Scirpus
maritimus) and the sea dock (Rumex maritimus] ; and at Branstone near
Burton-on-Trent salt springs also exist, and here are found jR. maritimus
and the celery Apium graveo/ens.
Marshes and bogs have in former times been extensive in many of
the districts, more especially in the north and north-west, where even in
comparatively recent times extensive moorlands existed ; but drainage,
reclamation and the growth of centres of industry have greatly lessened
their area. The remains of what have been extensive bogs or mosses are
still found near Biddulph and Congleton Edge, where are the rare marsh
hawkweed (Crepis paludosa], the golden saxifrage (Chrysosplenium oppositi-
folium), sheep's penny rot (Hydrocotyle vu/garis) and the pondweed Pota-
mogeton rufescens.
About Betley and Madeley much of the moorland is still marsh
and bog, as at Craddock's Moss, formerly very extensive and the home
of many rare bog plants, as the bladderwort (Utricularia minor), the
bogbell (Andromeda Polifolia], grass of Parnassus (Parnassia palustris],
the rare water soldier (Stratiotes aloides], the sundew (Drosera longifolia)
and the small reed mace (Typha angustifolia) ; and a most notable marshy
bog still exists near the ancient Chartley Castle, Chartley Moss. Here
until lately the surroundings remained in their primitive condition,
and many of the rarest paludal plants were to be found, such as the
marsh St. John's wort (Hypericum elodes), the cranberry (Vaccinium oxy-
coccus), the bog pimpernel (Anagalis tenella), the bogbell (Andromeda
Polifolia), the fen sedge (Cladium Mariscus), the royal fern (Osmunda
regalis] ; and in the adjoining woods, the rare shield ferns, Nephrodium
crisfatum, N. Thelypteris and N. Oreopteris. In the southern part of the
county was an extensive morass, Norton Bog, now a great mining centre ;
but here still linger noticeable bog plants, as the black schcenus (Schcenus
nigricans), the butter wort (Pinguicula vulgaris), the marsh violet (Viola
palustris}, the marsh crowfoot (Ranunculus Lenormandi] and the marsh
43
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
bedstraw (Galium uliginosum) ; and a small marsh near Penkridge has
yielded one of our rarest marsh plants, Elatine Hydropiper.
There are no natural lakes in Staffordshire, but many of the pools
are natural and some of them exten'sive and like lakes in character.
The large lake at Rudyard is purely artificial and has been formed by
damming up a deep valley. Swampy places are on its margins, where
are found the mud wort (Limosel/a aquatica), the marsh cinquefoil (Co-
marum palustre), the money wort (Lysimachia vu/garis), and on the bank
the trailing stems of Corydalis clauiculata. On the north-west borders at
Betley and Balterly are large pools where are found several water-loving
plants as the white water lily (Nymphcea alba], the sweet flag (Acorus
Calamus) and the frog bit (Hydrocbaris Morsus-Ranee) , and in the valley
of the Sow is the natural pool, Copmere Pool, very picturesque, clothed
with a fringe of tall rushes and bulrushes, and in its waters a too abun-
dant growth of Anacbaris ; here are also Ranunculus circinatus, the pond
weed Potamogeton filiforme, and all the British duck weeds (Lemna trisulca,
L. gibba, L. polyrbizza and L. minor). Near this is the large pool of Maer,
in which is an abundant growth of sweet flag (Acorus Calamus), and on
its banks the trailing St. John's wort (Hypericum bumifusum). In the park
at Trentham is a fine lake-like pool formed by the river Trent. This is
beautifully reed grown and fringed with the flowering rush (Butomus
umbel/atus], the arrow-head (Sagittaria sagittifolia) , the rare bur reed (Spar-
ganium neglectum), wood sedge (Scirpus sy/vaticus), wood rush (Luzula
syhatica), and the rare pillwort (Pilularia pilulifera). But the finest natural
sheet of water in the county is the large one, perfectly oval in form,
called Aqualate Mere, which is one mile long and half a mile broad;
the margins are marshy and yield much floral wealth ; here are found
the water violet (Hottonia palustris), the brook weed (Samolus Valerandi],
the reed grasses Calamagrostis Epigejos and C. lanceolatus, and on the
banks the wild liquorice (Astragalus glycyphyllos) , the spindle tree (Euony-
mus europteus), the bog myrtle (Myrica gale] , and the narrow-leaved reed
mace (Typba angustifo/ia] ; near here is Forton Pool, where are the pond-
weeds Potamogiton heteropbyllus and P. peclinatus. In the south-west of
the county is Perton Pool; here are the mare's tail (Hippurus vu/garis),
and the rare water milfoil (Myriopbyllum verticillatum), and on the con-
fines of Birmingham is Harborn reservoir, where are Ranunculus circinatus
and the rare mousetail (Myosurus minimus}. The woodlands of Stafford-
shire are extensive, forming indeed one-twentieth of the whole area ;
those of the southern portion of the county are usually destitute of any
special wild flora, though often beautiful in the summer by the abun-
dance of wild hyacinth (Scilla nutans], but in the north the woodlands
are extensive and are the homes of some of our rarer native plants.
The woods near Belmont in the valley of the Churnet possess craggy
ravines watered by rapid streams, their banks clothed with a rich abun-
dance of wild vegetation, and here are found the globe flower (Trollius
europaus], the bear's foot (Helleborus fcetidus), the everlasting pea (Lathyrus
Nissolia] and the London pride (Saxifraga umbrosa) ; and in the rich
44
BOTANY
woods about Frog Hall and Oakamore are water-worn ravines yielding
a wealth of rare plants, as the mountain nightshade (Circcea alpina), the
mountain polypody (Polypodium Dryopteris], the winter green (Pyrola
rotundifolia], the mountain valerian (Valeriana pyrenaica), sweet Cicely
(Myrrbis odorata), the bladder fern (Gystopteris fragilis) and Veronica Bux-
baumia ; and on the rocks near Alton Castle the deadly nightshade
(Atropa Belladonna). On the north-west side of the county are the ex-
tensive woodlands about Whitmore, where are the smaller skullcap (Scu-
tellaria minor), abundance of woodruff (Asperula odorata) and the rare
bramble Rubus suberectus. South of this is Bishop's Wood ; here are
found the columbine (Aquilegia vu/garis), the stork's bill (Erodium mos-
cbatum), the bog bean (Menyantbes trifoliata), the sundew (Drosera rotundi-
folia} and the shield ferns Nepbrodium filix-mas and N. spinulosum. Near
High Offley are the woods around Norbury, rich in rare brambles such
as Rubus Lejeuni, R. birtus and R. Bellardi, and near the large pool the
sedges Carex stricta and C. teretiuscula and the rare water dropwort
(Enanthe Phellandrium. In the south-west of the county in the valley of
the small river Smestow are extensive woodlands around Himley and
Bagginton ; here are found the elecampane (Inula Helenium), the rare white
mullein (Ferbascum Lycbnites], the mignonette (Reseda luted], herb Paris
(Paris quadrifolid) , the lily of the valley (Convallaria maja/is] and the
rare Lonicera Xylostcum; on the south-eastern side of the county are ex-
tensive elevated woodlands, the remains of the great forest of Needwood,
where are still found lingerers of a former rich sylvan flora, as the needle
furze (Genista anglica], the small-leaved lime (Ti/ia parvifolia], frog
orchis (Habernaria Kindts], mezerion (Daphne Mezereori), Jacob's ladder
(Polemonium cceruleum], the borage (Borago officinale] and the burnet saxi-
frage (Pimpinella major).
A comparison may be made here between the flora of Staffordshire
and that of the surrounding counties. Staffordshire has 94 plants not
found in Worcestershire, 70 not recorded from Warwickshire, 118 not
recorded from Leicestershire, 168 not recorded from Derbyshire, 121 not
recorded from Cheshire, and 106 not recorded from Shropshire. Wor-
cestershire has 65 not recorded from Staffordshire, Warwickshire 65,
Leicestershire 50, Derbyshire 26, Cheshire 85, and Shropshire 38. The
total flora of Staffordshire is 948 species, including flowering plants,
ferns, horsetails and charas. The total flora of Great Britain is 1,958
species ; hence it will be seen that Staffordshire yields less than half the
British species.
From its central position it naturally possesses a large percentage
of the common or British type, namely 515 out of 532 for the whole
kingdom; of the southern or English type 295 out of 409, one-eighth
of the western type, one-sixth of the eastern type, and about one-
eighth of the northern type.
The botanical districts are based on the river basins. These are :
I, the Weaver; 2, the Dove; 3, the Trent; 4, the Sow; 5, the Severn.
With the exception of the Dane all the rivers of Staffordshire rise
45
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
within the limits of the county, and nearly all have their whole course
in the county and are tributary to the Trent. By an Act of Parliament,
1897, the small peninsula-like prolongation of Staffordshire in which
Upper Arley is situated has been added to Worcestershire, so that the
Severn proper flows through no portion of the county, but drains a
portion of the west and south-west by streams tributary to the Severn.
i. THE WEAVER
The Weaver is a Cheshire river tributary to the Mersey, and is fed by the waters of
several streams draining the north and north-west of Staffordshire. The most important is
the Dane. This river enters Staffordshire at Three Shires Head north-east of Flash, and is a
rapid mountain stream forming the boundary between Staffordshire and Cheshire from near
Flash to below Bosley ; here it passes into Cheshire, and after a long and varying course
joins the Weaver near Northwick. It drains by numerous small tributaries a considerable
portion of north Staffordshire, such as the country around Flash, Quarnford, the Roaches,
Gradbach Hills, Swithamley, Rushton Marsh, and by an important stream rising on the east
side of Mow Cop and Bradley Green, Gillow Heath and Biddulph. A portion of the county
south-west of Biddulph is drained by small streams tributary to the Wheelock, which enters
the Dane near Middlewick, and by Checkley Brook which joins the Weaver near Nantwich.
These minor streams drain the country around Kidsgrove, Audley, Betley, Wrinehill, Made-
ley and the northern portion of Whitmore, a district rich in some of the rarer plants, among
which are :
Ranunculus fluitans Andromeda polifolia Utricularia vulgaris
Nymphaea alba Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea minor
Empetrum nigrum Oxycoccus Potamogeton rufescens
Cotyledon Umbilicus Cynoglossum officinale Osmunda regalis
Crepis paludosa
2. THE DOVE
The Dove rises in a natural spring on Axe Edge at an elevation of 1,684 f eet above sea
level and enters the county near Patch Edge, and flows south-east through a narrow valley to
Longnor, where it receives a small feeder from the west rising on the high ground near
Quarnford. After flowing 4 miles through another narrow valley it passes near Hartington.
From here its course is a little more south through Pike Pool in Berresford Dale and 2 miles
further through the weird narrow dale, the entrance to which it appears to have carved out of
the solid rock. From this it flows between the craggy hills of Mill Dale, and below the
beautiful Alstonfield church to the wild and romantic Dove Dale. Dove Dale is nearly 3
miles long and is entered by a pathway between of lofty rocks and cliffs, surmounted by isolated
crags called tors. The rocks are grand in aspect and covered with vegetation, trees and
shrubs and smaller plants, many of them the rarest elements of the county flora, too frequently
growing in inaccessible places. Here the Dove murmurs along over miniature falls and weirs,
and amid boulders covered with rare cryptogamic wealth, with floating masses of Ranunculus
pseudo-fluitam and the local float-grass Glyceria fluitans, and passing under Dove Bridge enters a
broad fertile valley, and near Ham is joined by its important affluent the Manyfold. The
Manyfold is formed by streams rising in the moorlands near Flash and near Croft Bottom,
and flows south-east by Wiltshaw Hill and east through part of Longnor, then south through
Ludbourne and Brund to Hulme End. Here the limestone hills divert its course south-west
by Ecton Hill, near where it is fed by Blake brook and Warslow brook, draining a large
extent of country around Warslow ; thence flowing through the beautiful Wetton valley, past
Ossum's Hill and Thor's Cave to Beeston Tor, its bed unites with that of the Hamps. Near
Wetton the river disappears for several miles, passing through an underground channel and
emerging at Ham. The Hamps rises on the wild moors south-west of the Manyfold and has
a course of 5 miles south through Keywall Green to Onecote ; it then flows eastward through
Ford, then west through Winkshill ; here the high limestone hills divert its course easterly by
Crowtrees and Waterhouses to Stoneyrock, where its course becomes northward through a
beautiful rocky valley of about 3 miles to the union of its bed with that of the Manyfold at
Beeston Tor. This river near here disappears for several miles and emerges at Ham, where it
unites with the Manyfold, and the united stream joins the Dove near Thorpe. The Dove
46
BOTANY
now continues its southward course near Okeover, Mayfield and Rocester, near where it is
joined by the Churnet. The Churnet rises on the moorlands near Stoke Gutter and has a
westerly course of about 4 miles to Tettesworth Reservoir, where it receives waters from
Leek Frith and takes a southerly course through Tettesworth Reservoir, then westerly past
Leek and near Rudyard, receiving waters from Wolf Low and Fair Edge, and here turns
southward past Longsdon and then flows south and south-west through Cheddleton, Kingsley,
Oakamore and Alton to its confluence with the Dove below Rocester. The beautiful Churnet
valley from Cheddleton to beyond Alton is formed by high rocks and rocky woods with
deep rocky ravines whose steep banks are clothed with trees, shrubs and rare wild flowers and
mosses. Emerging from the hills the Churnet flows through a wide expanse of flat lands and
enters the Dove below Rocester. Still flowing south past Uttoxeter the Dove receives two
small feeders, Tean brook and Stoneyford brook, draining the country around Cheadle, Leigh
and Uttoxeter ; the Dove now flows south-east past Marchington,Draycote and Tutbury, and
enters the Trent near Newton Solney. The total length of the Dove is 45 miles ; it has a
fall of 1,55 f eet from its source to its mouth, and drains nearly 400 square miles of country.
The following are some of its rarer plants :
Helleborus foetidus Anthyllis vulneraria Polemonium ceruleum
Fumaria Vaillantii Lathyrus Nissolia Veronica polita
Arabia hirsuta Prunus Padus Salvia Verbenaca
Cardamine impatiens Rubus gratus Daphne Mezereon
Draba muralis - Leyanus Carex pallescens
Helianthemum vulgare serpens Avena pratensis
Viola hirta - saxatilis Melica nutans
Silene nutans Rosa involuta Polypodtum calcareum
Stellaria nemorum Saxifraga umbrosa Botrychium Lunaria
Geranium pusillum Doronicum Pardialianches Lycopodium clavatum
columbinum
3. THE TRENT
The Trent rises in the north-west of the county between Biddulph and Mow Cop at
about 700 feet above sea level. The stream almost immediately passes into Knypersley Pools,
where several streams unite, with the surplus water proceeding from Biddulph Moor. The
Trent now flows on 3 miles to Norton, below which a considerable tributary comes in called
Fowlea, which rises near the Trent source, and flows through a parallel valley. The united
stream flows about 3 miles to Stoke-upon-Trent, passing the town of Hanley and a long line
of thickly-populated country, which it leaves to the west. Beyond Stoke it flows 2 miles
further to Hanford, where it receives the Lyme from the north, a brook about 5 miles long
flowing near Newcastle. A short distance from this it enters Trentham Park, where it forms
a lake of about 80 acres. After leaving Trentham it flows near Barlaston, being fed by
waters from the high lands about Hilderstone, and passing west of Stone it flows south-east
near Sandon, Salt and Weston-on-Trent, being joined by Amerton brook and Gayton brook
on its left bank and waters from Ingestre and Tixall on its right bank, and at Great Heywood
is joined on its right bank by its important tributary the Sow. From its confluence with the
Sow it still flows south-east through Rugeley, receiving on its right bank the Sherbrook, which
waters a rich botanical valley on Cannock Chase, and flowing through Armitage its course
becomes more easterly by Pipe Ridware, where it is joined by the river Blythe. The Blythe
rises north-east of Chartley Park and flows south-east towards Leigh and through Gradwich
and Grindley under Blithe Bridge, near Blithford Hall and through Blithford and Sandborough
to its confluence with the Trent near Kings Bromley, being fed by waters from Chartley,
Bagot Wood, Rake End and Kingston. The Trent now flows west near Wichnor Park, and
above Alrewas to its confluence with the Tame near Croxall. The Tame rises north of
Pelsall in the south of Cannock Chase, collecting waters from the Silurian Hills about Dudley
and also from the country east of Wolverhampton and from the western ridge of Hamstead
Hill and Walsall. These numerous feeders join the Tame near West Bromwich, and the
Tame flowing through Perry Barr enters Warwickshire at Witton. Flowing through Castle
Bromwich, Curdworth and Fazely it re-enters Staffordshire at Tamworth, receiving here an
important tributary, Black brook, which drains a large extent of country about Chesterfield,
Stonnall, Weeford and Hints, and passing through Drayton Park unites with the Tame near
Fazeley. The Tame then flows through Elford to its confluence with the Trent near Croxall.
47
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
The Trent now makes a sharp turn to the north and takes the direction of the Tame at the
confluence. After a further flow of 6 miles it reaches Burton-on-Trent, and 2 miles lower
receives the Dove. The area drained by the Trent is about 800 square miles, and in a
distance of about 50 miles the bed of the river has fallen from 700 feet above sea to 1 80 feet,
most part of this fall of 520 feet occurring in the first n miles, between the source and
the confluence with Fowlea brook, where the bed of the stream is not more than 370 feet
above sea. The mean fall of the first 5 miles of the Trent is at the rate of nearly 50 feet
to the mile, and of the next five of 18 feet. After this the fall nowhere exceeds 8 feet to a
mile. The following are some of the more noteworthy species :
Myosurus minimus Rosa rubiginosa Habenaria conopsca
Ranunculus Lingua Sedum Telephium Galanthus nivalis
Cheiranthus Cheiri Drosera intermedia Fritillaria Meleagris
Lepidium ruderale Carum segetum Acorus Calamus
Dianthus Armeria Sambucus Ebulus Triglochin maritimum
Hypericum elodes Carduus eriophorus Scirpus pauciflorus
Radiola Millegrana Lactuca virosa Agrostis fulvus
Genista anglica Campanula hederacea Polypodium Dryopteris
Trifolium striatum Andromedia polifolia Lycopodium Selago
Rubus suberectus Linaria repens Nitella flexilis
micans Scutellaria minor opaca
Rosa mollis Orchis pyramidalis
4. THE Sow
The Sow rises about I mile south-west of Hookham in a spring called Sowhead, 617
feet above sea, and flows south by Bishop's Wood and New Inn Bank ; here its course turns
eastward above Bishop's Offley and through Copmere and north of Eccleshall, where it re-
ceives a stream coming from the north near Foxley ; still flowing south-east to Worston Mill
it is joined by a considerable stream, Meece brook, from the north-west. The Meece origi-
nates from three small streams south-west of Keel Park ; these unite near Whitmore, passing
through the large pool in Whitmore Park and running parallel with the railway for several
miles, flowing through Mill Mease and Norton Bridge, receiving tributaries on either side
and draining a wide area east and west. The Sow now flows through Great Bridgeford and
Stafford, being fed by waters from Seighford and on the east from Marstone. Below Stafford
the Penk enters its right bank from the south-west. The Penk rises north-west of Wolver-
hampton, and is joined by Billbrook near Codsall, and flows north through Brewood and Penk-
ridge, bringing waters from Teddesley, Acton Trussell and Radford, north of which village
it enters the Sow, draining a wide extent of country around Gnosall and Biymhill and the
west portion of Cannock Chase. The Sow continues to flow south-east to its union with the
Trent at Great Heywood, at an elevation of 238 feet above the sea.
The Sow has a course of 2O miles, draining about 150,130 acres; it flows through a
comparatively flat country and has a fall of about 380 feet. The following are some of the
more noticeable plants :
Ranunculus hirsutus Rubus Boreanus Glaux maritima
Sisymbrium Sophia crineger Limosella aquatica
Lepidium hirtum - Bloxamianus Orobanche major
Cerastium quaternellum Rosa coriifolia Quercus sessiliflora
Geranium lucidum Myriophyllum verticillatum Sparganium minimum
Erodium moschatum CEnanthe Phellandrium Sagittaria sagittifolia
Elatine Hydropiper Anthemis nobilis Calamagrostis lanceolata
Euonymus europaeus Specularia hybrida Pilularia globulifera
Onobrychis sativa Pyrola rotundifolia Chara fragilis
5. THE SEVERN
The Severn drains a large portion of the west and south-west of Staffordshire by small
streams, which are the tributaries of larger streams flowing in Shropshire ; that portion of the
county south-west of Wolverhampton is watered by the two small rivers, the Smestow and
Stour.
The river Tern is a brook-like stream, forming the boundary between Shropshire and
Staffordshire for many miles, that is from Willoughby Wells to a point south-east of Market
48
BOTANY
Drayton, and is fed by streams from Maer and west of Fair Oak. The Meese, a tributary
to the Tern, receives Lanco brook, draining Offley Marsh, High Offley and the surrounding
country, and has feeders from Norbury and Oulton ; and Dawford brook, draining Weston
under Lizard and part of Blymhill, and flowing through Aqualate Mere, enters the Meese
near Forton. Farther south the county is watered by the Stour and its affluents. The Stour
enters the county east of Cradley, forming the county boundary for several miles, and drains
a thickly populated district, yielding little of interest except the ever present coltsfoot, and
passing through Stourbridge and Prestwood is joined by the small river Smestow at Stourton.
The Smestow with its affluents is far reaching, receiving waters from Patingham, Wolver-
hampton, the west side of Dudley, Himley, Trysull and Enville, and at Stourton joins the
Stour. The Stour here takes the course of the Smestow, and flowing through Kinver and
part of Worcestershire joins the Severn at Stourport.
The following are some of the more rare plants of this district :
Ranunculus parviflorus
Aquilegia vulgaris
Diplotaxis tenuifolia
Senebiera didyma
Reseda lutea
Viola canina
Silene anglica
Cerastium semidecandrum
arvense
Vicia lathyroides
Hypericum Androsxmum
Erodium maritimum
Lathyrus Aphaca
Rubus curvidens
Babingtonii
Potentilla procumbens
Rosa scabriuscula
Ribes rubrum
Caucalis nodosa
Hippopithys multiflora
Utricularia neglecta
Myrica Gale
Habenaria albida
Sparganium minimum
Potamogeton trichojes
Carex teretiuscula
Festuca elatior
Asplenium Ceterach
Chara hispida
SUMMARY OF ORDERS, NUMBER OF GENERA AND OF SPECIES IN
EACH ORDER, ETC.
Number
of
Genera
Number
of
Species
Ex-
cluded
Species
Number
of
Genera
Number
of
Species
Ex-
cluded
Species
CLASS I
Div. II. Calyciflora:
DlCOTYLYDONES OR
ExOGENj'E
22. Celastrinea;
23. Rhamneas .
I
I
I
2
24. Sapindaceae .
I
I
I
Div. I. ThalamiftorfS
25. Leguminosas .
15
40
6
I. Ranunculaceae .
IO
3
2
26. Rosaceas
12
9 2
2
2. Berberideae .
I
i
I
27. Saxifrages .
4
IO
I
3. Nymphzaceae .
2
2
28. Crassulaceas
2
5
2
4. Papaveraceae
2
4
I
29. Droseraceas.
I
2
5. Fumariaceae
2
5
2
30. Halorageas .
3
7
6. Cruciferae .
'9
42
7
3 1 . Lythraceae .
2
3
7. Resedaceae .
I
2
32. Onagrarieas
2
1 1
I
8. Cistineae
I
I
33. Cucubitaceas
I
i
9. Violaceae
I
8
34. Umbelliferae
2 3
3 1
5
10. Polygaleas .
I
2
35. Araliaceas .
I
i
12. Caryophylleas .
12
37
2
36. Cornaceas .
I
i
I T.. Portulaceae .
I
i
2
o
14. Elatineae
I
i
Div. III. Corolliflora:
15. Hypericineas .
I
8
37. Caprifoliaceae .
4
5
i
1 6. Malvaceae . . .
I
3
I
38. Rubiaceas .
3
1 1
17. Tiliacea;
I
i
I
39. Valerianeas .
2
6
2
1 8. Lineae ....
2
4
I
40. Dipsaceae .
2
5
19. Geraniaceas
4
*3
I
41. Composite .
40
81
5
20. Ilicineae ....
i
i
42. Campanulaceae
4
8
21. Empetraceae
i
i
43. Ericaceae . . .
5
ii
i
49
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Number
Number
Ex-
Number
Number
Ex-
of
of
cluded
of
of
cluded
Genera
Species
Species
Genera
Species
Species
44. Monotropeae .
I
I
CLASS II
46. Primulaceae
7
12
MONOCOTYLEDONS
47. Oleaceae
2
2
Div. I. Petaloidete
48. Apocynaceae .
49. Gentianeae .
50. Polemoniaceae .
51. Boragineas .
52. Convolvulaceae
53. Solanaceae .
54. Plantagineas
55. Scrophularineas
56. Orobancheae .
57. Lentibularineas
58. Verbenaceae
59. Labiatae.
I
4
i
6
2
3
2
J 3
I
2
I
' 15
I
5
i
14
3
4
5
34
2
4
i
34
I
3
i
i
2
5
75. Hydrocharideae
76. Orchideae .
77. Irideae ....
78. Amaryllideae .
79. Dioscoreae .
80. Liliaceae
81. Junceae ....
83. Typhaceae .
84. Aroideae
85. Lemnaceae .
86. Alismaceas .
87. Naiadaceas .
2
8
I
2
I
9
2
2
2
I
3
3
2
18
I
2
I
12
15
7
2
4
4
J 9
I
2
2
Div.IV. Monochlamydets
Div. II. Glumaceie
60. Illecebraceae
2
2
88. Cyperaceae .
7
5i
61. Chenopodiaceas
2
9
89. Gramineas .
32
67
3
62. Polygonaceae
2
20
I
CLASS III
64. Thymelaeaceas .
66. Loranthaceae .
I
I
2
I
ACOTYLEDONS OR
68. Euphorbiaceae .
3
7
I
CRYPTOGAMIA
69. Urticaceae .
3
6
Div. I. Vasculares
70. Myricaceas .
i
i
90. Filices ....
12
27
71 . Cupuliferae .
6
8
91. Equisetaceae
I
6
72. Salicineas
73. Ceratophylleae .
2
I
21
I
92. Lycopodiaceae .
94. Marsileaceas
I
I
3
i
Div. V. Gymnospermcs
Div. II. Cellularei
74. Coniferae
3
3
95. Characeae .
2
6
SUMMARY OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES 1
RANUNCULACEJE
Clematis Vitalba, L. 3-5
Thalictrum flavum, L. 3-5
Anemone nemorosa, L. 1-5
[Adonis autumnalis], L. 3
Myosurus minimus, L. 3, 5
Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth. 2-5
- fluitans, Lam. 1-5
b. Bachii, Wirtg. 2, 3, 5
- pseudo-fluitans, Bab. 2, 3, 5
- trichophyllus, Chaix. 4, 5
Drouettii, Godr. 3-5
b. Godronii, Gren. 4
- heterophyllus, Web. 2
peltatus, Schrank. 24
b. truncatus, Hiern. 3, 4
c. floribundus, Bab. 1-5
d. penicillatus, Hiern. 2
Lenormandi, F. Schultz. 1-5
hederaceus, L. 15
Ranunculus sceleratus, L. 1-3
Flammula, L. 1-5
b. pseudo-reptans, Syme.
Lingua, L. 3-5
auricomus, L. 2-5
acris, L. 1-5
repens, L. 1-5
bulbosus, L. 1-5
hirsutus, Curtis. 3-5
parviflorus, L. 2-5
arvensis, L. 2-5
- Ficaria, L. 1-5
Caltha palustris, L. 1-5
b. Guerangerii, Bor. 3
Trollius europaeus, L. 2
Helleborus viridis, L. 2, 3
fcetidus, L. 2
Aquilegia vulgaris, L. 3-5
[Delphinium Ajacis], Reichb. 3
Aconitum Napellus, L. 2, 3
1 The numbers refer to the botanical districts.
50
BOTANY
BmniBUi
Berberis vulgaris, L. 2-5
[Epimedium alpinum], L. 3
NYMPHS ACE.K
Nuphar luteum, Sm. 1-5
Nymphaea alba, L. 15
PAPAVERACE.S:
[Papaver somniferum], L. 2, 5
Rhceas, L. 1-5
b. strigosum, Boenn. 4
dubium, L. 15
b. Lecoqii, Lam. 2
Argemone, L. 25
Chelidonium majus, L. 1-5
FUMARIACE.K
[Corydalis bulbosa], DC. 2, 3, 5
lutea], DC. 3
claviculata, DC. 1-5
Fumaria pallidiflora, Jord. 3, 4
muralis, Sender. 3
officinalis, L. I ;
Vaillantii, Loisel. 2
CRUCIFER^E
Cheiranthus Cheiri, L. 3
Nasturtium officinale, R. Br. 1-5
sylvestre, R. Br. 3-5
palustre, DC. 2-5
amphibium, R. Br. 2-5
Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. 1-5
- arcuata, Reichb. 5
[ przcox], R. Br. 3
Arabis hirsuta, Scop. 2
perfoliata, Lam. 3-5
Cardamine amara, L. 1-5
pratensis, L. 1-5
hirsuta, L. 1-5
- flexuosa, With. 1-5
impatiens, L. 2, 3, 5
bulbifera, Syme. 3
[Alyssum calycinum], L. 3,5
Draba muralis, L. 2, 3
incana, L. 2
.Erophila vulgaris, DC. 1-5
[Cochlearia Armoracia], L. 3, 4
[Hesperis matronalis], L. 2, 4.
Sisymbrium Thalianum, Hook. 1-5
Sophia, L. 2-4
officinale, Scop. 1-5
Alliaria, Scop. 1-5
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. 2-5
[Brassica Napus], L. 1-5
- Rutabaga, DC. 1-5
- Rapa, L. 2, 3, 5
b. sylvestris, H. C. Wats. 2
nigra, Koch. 2-5
Sinapis, Visiani. 1-5
- alba, Boiss. 3, 4
Diplotaxis muralis, DC. 3
tenuifolia, DC. 3-5
[Camelina saliva], Crantz. 2
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 1-5
Senebiera didyma, Pers. 3, 4
Coronopus, Poir. 2-5
Lepidium rudcrale, L. 3
[ sativum], L. 4
campestre, R. Br. 1-5
- Smithii, Hook. I, 3-5
Thlaspi arvense, L. 3-5
Iberis amara, L. 2
Teesdalia nudicaulis, R. Br. 2, 3, 5
Hutchinsia petrza, R. Br. 2
Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. I, 3-5
RESEDACE./E
Reseda Luteola, L. 1-5
- lutea, L. 3, 5
ClSTINEJE
Helianthemum vulgare, Gaertn. 2
VIOLACE^E
Viola palustris, L. 1-5
- odorata, L. 1-5
b. alba, Besser. 2-5
c. lilacea, Auct. I
- hirta, L. 2
- flavicornis, Sm. 2-5
- sylvatica, Fr. 1-5
- Reichenbachiana, Bor. 2, 3-5
- tricolor, L. 2-5
- arvensis, Murr. 1-5
- lutea, Huds. I, 2
b. amajna, Syme. 2
POLYGALE./E
Polygala vulgaris, L. 2, 3, 5
- deprcssa, Wend. 25
CARYOPHYLLEJE
Dianthus Armeria, L. 3
- deltoides, L. 2, 5
Saponaria officinalis, L. 3-5
Silcne Cucubalus, Wibel. 1-5
- gallica, L., a. anglica, L. 3,5
- nutans, L. 2
noctiflora, L. 3
Lychnis Flos-cuculi, L. 1-5
- diurna, Sibth. 1-5
- vespertina, Sibth. 1-5
Githago segetum, Desf. 3, 5
Cerastium quarternellum, Fenzl. 3-5
- tetrandrum, Curtis. 4
semidecandrum, L. 3, 5
glomeratum, Thuill. 1-5
tnviale, Link. 1 5
arvense, L. 5
Stellaria aquatica, Scop. 2-5
nemorum, L. 2
media, Vill. 1-5
b. neglecta, Weihe. 2, 3
umbrosa, Opiz. 3
Holostea, L. 1-5
palustris, Ehrh. 3, 5
graminea, L. 15
uliginosa, Murr. 1-5
Arenaria verna, L. 2
tenuifolia, L. 2
trinervia, L. 1-5
serpyllifolia, L. l-J
c. leptoclados, Guss. 3, 5
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Sagina apetala, L. 2-4
ciliata, Fries. 3, 5
procumbens, L. 15
subulata, Presl. 2, 3
nodosa, E. Mey. 2-5
Spergula arvensis a. vulgaris, Boenn. I -5
b. saliva, Boenn. 3, 5
Spergularia rubra, Pers. 15
salina, Presl. 3
PORTULACE*
Montia fontana, L., a. repens, Pers. 1-5
b. rivularis, Gmel. 35
[Claytonia perfoliata], Donn. 3
[ Sibirica], L. 3
ELATINE.S
Elatine Hydropiper, L. 4
HYPERICINEJE
Hypericum Androszmum, L. 3-5
- perforatum, L. 1-5
b. angustifolium, Bab. 5
- quadrangulum, L. 3-5
- tetrapterum, Fries. 3-5
- humifusum, L. 2-5
- pulchrum, L. 1-5
- hirsutum, L. 2-5
- montanum, L. 3
- elodes, Huds. 3, 5
MALVACE./E
Malva moschata, L. 25
- sylvestris, L. 2-5
- rotundifolia, L. 3-5
[- alcea.] 3
TlLIACEJE
[Tilia vulgaris], Hayne. 1-5
- parvifolia, Ehrh. 3, 4
LINE*
Radiola linoides, Gmel. 3, 5
Linum catharticum, L. 1-5
- perenne, L. 3, 4
- angustifolium, L. 3
[ usitatissimum], L. 1-5
GERANIACE^E
Geranium sylvaticum, L. 3
- pratense, L. 2-5
perenne, Huds. 2, 5
[ Pheum.], L. 5
- molle, L. 1-5
- pusillum, L. 3-5
- columbinum, L. 2, 3, 5
- dissectum, L. I 5
- Robertianum, L. 1-5
- lucidum, L. 2-4
Erodium cicutarium, L'Herit. 25
- moschatum, L'Herit. 4, 5
- maritimum, L'Herit. 3, 5
Oxalis Acetosella, L. 2-5
forma subpurpurascens, DC. I
[Impatiens parviflora], DC. 5
ILICINE*
Ilex Aquifolium, L. 1-5
EMPETRACEJE
Empetrum nigrum, L. 13
CELESTRINE/E
Euonymus europzus, L. 1-5
RHAMNE/E
Rhamnus catharticus, L. 15
Frangula, L. 1-5
SAPINDACE.S:
Acer campestre, L. 2-5
[ Pseudo-platanus], L. 1-5
LEGUMINOS.S
Genista tinctoria, L. 2-5
- anglica, L. 2, 3, 5
Ulex europaeus, L. 1-5
nanus, Forst. 5
Gallii, Planch. 2-5
Cytisus scoparius, Link. 1-5
Ononis spinosa, L. 24
- repens, L. 2, 3, 5
[Medicago sativa], L. 2, 3, 5
lupulina, L. 1-5
denticulata, Willd. 5
Melilotus altissima, Thuil. 24
- alba, Desr. 3-5
[ officinalis], Desr. 3, \
[ parviflora], Lam. 5
Tri folium pratense, L. I-;
- arvense, L. 25
[ incarnatum], L. 1,2
medium, Huds. 1-5
striatum, L. 3, 4
repens, L. 1-5
[ hybridum], L. 2, 3
procumbens, L. 15
dubium, Sibth. 15
filiforme, L. 3, 5
Anthyllis Vulneraria, L. 2
Lotus corniculatus, L. I 5
- tenuis, Waldst and Kit. 2, 4, 5
uliginosus, Schk. 15
Astragalus glycyphyllos, L. 3-5
Ornithopus perpusillus, L. 25
Hippocrepis comosa, L. 2
Onobrychis sativa, Lamk. 4
Vicia tetrasperma, Mcench. 24
hirsuta, Koch. 15
Cracca, L. 15
- sylvatica, L. 2, 3, 5
- sepium, L. 1-5
[ sativa], L. 2-4
angustifolia, Roth. 15
b. Bobartii, Forst. 3-5
- lathyroides, L. 4, 5
Lathyrus Aphaca, L. 5
Nissolia, L. 2-4
pratensis, L. 15
sylvestris, L. 3
macrorrhizus, Wimm. 2-5
b. tenuifolius (Roth.). 2, 5
ROSACES
Prunus communis, Huds. 15
insititia, L. 3, 5
BOTANY
Primus Avium, L. 2-5
Cerasus, L. 4
Padus, L. 2-5
Spiraea Ulmaria, L. 1-5
- Filipendula, L. 2, 3
[ salicifolia], L. 3
kubus idasus, L. 1-5
fissus, Lindl. 2, 3
suberectus, Anders. 3, 5
- plicatus, W. & N. 1-3
- hitidus, W. & N. 3
- carpinifolius, W. & N. 1-4
- incurvatus, Bab. 3, 5
Lindleianus, Lees. 1-5
- erythrinus, Genev. 35
- rhamnifolius, W. & N. 2-5
- b. Bakeri, F. A. Lees. 3-5
nemoralis, P. J. Muell. 3
b. glabratus, Bab. 3-5
pulcherrimus, Neum. 1-5
Lindebergii, P. J. Muell. 1-3, 5
- villicaulis, Koehl. 2, 3, 5
b. Selmeri, Lindeb. I, 3-5
c. insularis, F. Aresch. 3
d. calvatus, Blox. 1-5
gratus, Focke. 2
argentatus, P. J. Muell. 3
b. robustus, P. J. Muell. 3
rusticanus, Merc. 1-5
pubescens, Weihe. 2, 3
b. subinermis, Rogers. 5
thyrsoideus, Wimm. 5
macrophyllus, W. & N. 3-5
b. Schlectendalii, Weihe. 3
d. amplificatus, Lees. 2-5
Sprengelii, Weihe. 2-4
micans, Gren. & Godr. 3
hirtifolius, Muell & Wirt. I, 3
- pyramidalis, Kalt. 1-5
leucostachys, Schliech. 1-5
Boraeanus, Genev. 35
curvidens, A. Ley. 3, 5
mucronatus, Blox. 25
Gelertii b. crinigcr, Linton. 2-5
anglosaxonicus, Gelert. 2-5
b. raduloides, Rogers. I
infestus, Weihe. 35
Leyanus, Rogers. 24
radula, Weihe. 1-5
b. anglicanus, Rogers. 35
- podophyllus, P. J. Muell. 1-3
echinatus, Lindl. 2-5
oigoclados, Muell & LefV. 3
b. Newbouldii, Bab. 35
c. Bloxamianus, Coleman. 4
Babingtonii, Bell Salt. 3, 5
Lejeunii b. ericetorum, Lefv. 5
Bloxamii, Lees. 25
scaber, W. & N. 2-5
- foscus, W. & N. 3
b. nutans, Rogers. 3
pallidus, W. & N. 2, 5
foliosus, W. & N. 4, 5
rosaceus, W. & N. 2, 4, 5
b. hystrix, W. & N. 1-5
c. sylvestris, P. J. M. 3, 5
Rubus rosaceus, W. & N.
e. infecundus, Rogers. 2-5
adornatus, P. J. Muell. 3, 5
Koehleri, W. & N. 2, 3, 5
c. dasyphyllus, Rogers. 1-5
fusco-ater, Weihe. 3, 5
Bellardi, W. & N. 2, 5
b. dentatus, Bab. 4, 5
serpens, Weihe. 2
- hirtus, W. & N. 5
b. rotundifolius. 4, 5
c. Kaltenbachii, Metsch. 3
tereticaulis b. minutiflorus. 5
dumetorum, W. & N. 3-5
var diversifolius, Lindl. 2-5
Tar. tuberculatus, Bab. 3-5
var. concinnus, Warren. 2-5
var. fasciculatus, P.J.M. 2-5
corylifolius var. sublustris, Sm. 2-j
var. cyclophyllus, Linden. 3
Balfourianus, Blox. 2-5
- caesius, L. 13, 5
+ tenuis, Bell Salt. 2, 3, 5
saxatilis, L. 2
Geum urbanum, L. 15
rivale, L. 2-5
+ intermedium, Ehrh. 4
Fragaria vesca, L. 1-5
Potentilla Comarum, Nestl. 2-5
- Tormentilla, Scop. 1-5
- procumbens, Sibth. i, 5
+ mixta, Nalte. 3, 5
- reptans, L. 1-5
- anserina, L. 1-5
- Fragariastrum, Ehrh. 1-5
- argentea, L. 3, 5
Alchemilla arvensis, Lamk. 1-5
vulgaris, L. 1 5
Agnmonia Eupatoria, L. I ?
- odorata, Mill. 4
Poterium Sanguisorba, L. 24
[ muricata], Spach. 3
officinale, Hook fil. 2-5
Rosa spinosissima, L. 2
Sabini, Woods. 2
- rubiginosa, L. 2-5
- micrantha, Smith. 2, 4
- tomentosa, Smith. 2-5
b. subglobosa, Smith. 14
d. scabriuscula, Smith. 2-5
- canina a. lutetiana, Leman. 1-5
c. sphaerica, Gren. z
d. senticosa, Ach. 2
e. dumalis, Bech. 1-5
f. vinacea, Bnkcr. 2
g. urbica, Leman. 1-4
h. frondosa, Steven. 1 , 3
i. arvatica, Baker. 2, 3
j. dumetorum, Thuill. i, 4
k. obtusifolium, Desv. 3
. tomentilla, Leman. 35
p. verticillacantha, Merat. 1-5
q. collina, Jacq. 3
/. cassia, Smith. 3, 4
v. glauca, Vill. 1-5
vi. subcristata, Baker. 2-5
53
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Rosa canina
X. coriifolia, Fr. 1-5
y. Watsoni, Baker. 2, 3
z. Borreri, Woods. 4
arvensis, Huds. 15
Pyrus communis, L. 3, 4
Malus a. acerba, DC. 1-5
b. mitis, Wallr. I, 2, 5
torminalis, Ehrh. 2-5
Aria, Ehrh. I, 2
b. rupicola, Syme. 2
c. scandica, Syme. 5
- Aucuparia, Ehrh. 1-5
Crataegus Oxyacantha, L. 2, 3, 5
var. laciniata, Wallr. 2
var. monogyna, Jacq. 1-5
SAXIFRAGES
Saxifraga umbrosa, L. 2
tridactylites, L. 2-5
granulata, L. 1-5
- hypnoides, L. 2
Chrysosplcnium alternifolium, L. 2-4
- oppositifolium, L. 1-5
Parnassia palustris, L. 2-5
[Ribes Grossularia], L. 2-5
alpinum, L. 2, 3
rubrum, L. 4, 5
nigrum, L. 3, 4
CRASSULACE.S
Cotyledon Umbillicus, L. 1,2
Sedum Telephium, L. 2-4
album, L. 3
acre, L. 2-4
[ reflexum], L. 1-4
[Sempervivum tectorum], L. 3
DROSERACEJE
Droscra rotundifolia, L. I, 3-5
intermedia, Hayne. 2, 3, 5
HALORACE/E
Hippuris vulgaris, L. 4, 5
Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. 4, 5
alterniflorum, DC. 3-5
- spicatum, L. 2, 3, 5
Callitriche platycarpa, Kuetz. 1-5
hamulata, Kuetz. 2, 3
obtusangula, Leg. 3
LYTHRARIE.S;
Lythrum Salic.iria, L. 2-5
hyssopifolia (?), L. 3
Peplis Portula, L. 2, 3
ONAGRARIEJE
Epilobium angustifolium, L. 2-5
hirsutum, L. 1-5
parviflorum, Schreb. 1-5
montanum, L. 1-5
roseum, Schreb. 2, 3
f. roseum obscurum. 3
obscurum, Schreb. 2, 3
tetragonum, L. 3, 5
palustre, L. 3-5
[CEnothera biennis], L. 3
Circaja lutettana, L. 25
intermedia, L. C. 2
alpina, L. I, 2
CUCUBITACEJE
Bryonia dioica, L. 35
UMBELLIFER.S
Hydrocotyle vulgaris, L. 1-5
Sanicula europasa, L. 2-5
Conium maculatum, L. 1-5
[Smyrnium Olusatrum], L. 3
Apium graveolens, L. 2, 3
nodiflorum, Reichb. 1-5
b. repens, Hook fil. 3, 4
inundatum, Reichb. 2, 3, 5
Cicuta virosa, L. 3, 4
[Carum Petroselinum], B. & H. 2
segetum, B. & H. 2, 3
[ Carui], L. 3, 5
Sison Amomum, L. 4
Sium angustifolium, L. 25
jEgopodium Podagraria, L. 1-5
Pimpinella Saxifraga, L. 25
magna, Huds. 2-5
Conopodium denudatum, Koch. 1-5
Myrrhis odorata, Scop. 14
Chasrophyllum temulum, L. 1-5
Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L. 1-5
Anthriscus vulgaris, Pers. 3, 4
sylvestris, Hoffm. 1-5
CEnanthe fistulosa, L. 25
crocata, L. 3, 5
Phellandrium, Lam. 2, 4, 5
./Ethusa Cynapium, L. 1-5
Silaus pratensis, Bess. 25
Angelica sylvestris, L. 1-5
[Archangelica officinalis], Hoff. 3
[Peucedanum Ostruthium], Koch. 2, 3
- sativum, Benth. 2-5
Heracleum Sphondylium, L. 1-5
Daucus Carota, L. 1-5
Caucalis Anthriscus, Huds. 1-5
- arvensis, Huds. 2-5
nodosa, Scop. 2, 5
ARALIACE.S
Hedera Helix, L. 1-5
CORNACEJE
Cornus sanguinea, L. 2-5
CAPRIFOLIACE./E
Viburnum Opulus, L. 1-5
Sambucus Ebulus, L. 2, 3
nigra, L. 1-5
Adoxa Moschatellina, L. 1-5
Lonicera Periclymenum, L. 15
[ xylosteum], L. 3, 5
RUBIACEJE
Galium verum, L. 1-5
cruciata, Scop. 1-5
palustre, L. 15
b. elongatum, Presl. 2, 5
c. Witheringii, Sm. 3, 5
uliginosum, L. 5
saxatile, L. 1-5
51
BOTANY
Galium sylvestre, Poll. 2
Mollugo, L. 2, 3, 5
erectum, Huds. 3
Aparine, L. 1-5
Asperula odorata, L. 2-5
Sherardia arvensis, L. 1-5
VALERIANE.S
Valeriana dioica, L. 1-5
Mikani, Syme. 2
sambucifolia, Willd. 2-5
[ pyrenaica], L. 2
[Centranthus ruber], DC. 2
Valerianella olitoria, Poll. 2-4
dentata, Poll. 2-4
b. mixta, Dufr. 2, 3
eriocarpa, Desv. 2, 3
DIPSACE;E
Dipsacus sylvestris, L. 2-5
pilosus, L. 2-5
Scabiosa succisa, L. 3, 5
Columbaria, L. 2
arvensis, L. 1-5
COMPOSITE
Eupatorium cannabinum, L. 1-5
Aster Tripolium, L. 3, 4
Erigeron acre, L. 2, 3, 5
[ canadense], L. 3
Bellis perennis, L. 1-5
Solidago Virgaurea, L. z, 3, ;
Inula Conyza, DC. 5
Helenium, L. I, ;
Pulicaria dysenterica, Gaert. i - 5
Gnaphalium sylvaticum, L. 3, 5
uliginosum, L. 15
Antennaria dioic.i, Br. 2
[ margaritacea], Br. 2
Filago germanica, L. 1-5
minima, Fr. 2, 3, 5
Bidens cernua, L. 2-5
b. radiata, Sond. 4
tripartita, L. 2, 3, 5
Anthemis arvensis, L. 2-5
Cotula, L. 1-5
nobilis, L. 3~5
Achillea Ptarmica, L. 3-5
Millefolium, L. 1-5
Matricaria Chamomilla, L. 2-5
inodora, L. 1-5
Chrysanthemum segetum, L. 1,3
Leucanthemum, L. 15
[ Parthenium], Pers. 2, 3, 5
Tanacetum vulgare, L. 2-5
Artemisia vulgaris, L. 1-5
b. coarctata (Forcell). 3-5
Absinthium, L. 4, 5
Petasites vulgaris, Desf. 1-5
[ alba], Gaert. 2
Tussilago Farfara, L. 1-5
Doronicum Pardalianches, L. 2
Senecio vulgaris, L. 1-5
sylvaticus, L. 2-5
Jacobaea, L. 1-5
erucifolius, L. 1-5
Senecio aquaticus, Huds. 1-5
[ saracenicus], L. 3
Arctium majus, Schk. 3, 5
nemorosum, Lej. 2-5
minus, Schk. 1-5
intermedium, Lange. 3, 5
Carlina vulgaris, L. 25
Centauria nigra, L. 1-5
Scabiosa, L. 2-5
Cyanus, L. 1-4
Serratula tinctoria, L. 2, 3, 5
Carduus nutans, L. 2-5
crispus, L. 2-5
Cnicus lanceolatus, Willd. 1-5
eriophorus, Roth. 3, 5
arvensis, Hoffm. 1-5
palustris, Willd. 1-5
pratensis, Willd. 25
- - heterophyllus, Willd. 2
Onopordon Acanthium, L. 5
[Sylybum Marianum], Gaert. 2, 3
Cichorium Intybus, L. 3, 4
Lapsana communis, L. 1 5
Picris hieracioides, L. 2, 3, 5
Crepis virens, L. 1-5
paludosa, Moench. i, 2, 4
Hieracium Pilosella, L. 1-5
- anglicum, Fries. 2
murorum, L. 2, 5
- sylvaticum, Sm. i, 3-5
maculatum, Sm. 4
- sciaphilum, Uechtr. \ .
- tridentatum, Fr. 3, 5
- umbellatum, L. 1,3,5
- boreale, Fr. 1-5
Hypochxris glabra, L. 3
- radicata, L. 1-5
Leontodon hirtus, L. 2, 3, 5
- hispidus, L. 1-5
autumnalis, L. 15
Taraxacum officinalc, Web. 1-5
b. erythrospermum (Andrz.). 2, 3, 5
c. palustre (DC.). 2, 3, 5
d. udum (Jord.). 3
Lactuca virosa, L. 2,3
muralis, Fresen. 1-5
Sonchus oleraceus, L. 1-5
- asper, Hoffm. 1-5
- arvensis, L. 1-5
- palustris, L. 4 (?)
Tragopogon pratense, L. 2-5
b. minus (Mill.). 1-5
[ porrifolium], L. 2, 3, 5
CAMPANULACE^
Jasione montana, L. 1-5
Wahlenbergia hederacea, Reich. 3
Campanula rotundifolia, L. 1-5
b. lancifolia (Mert. & Kit.). 3
Rapunculus, L. 3, J
- patula, L. 3, 5
- latifolia, L. 2-4
b. flore-alba (Auct.). 3
[ Rapunculoides], L. 3
Trachelium, L. 2, 3, 5
Specularia hybrida, DC. 4, 5
55
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
ERICACEJE
Vaccinium Myrtillus, L. 2, 4, 5
intermedia (Ruthe). 3, 4
Vitis-Idaea, L. 1-5
occycoccus, L. 1-5
Andromeda polifolia, L. I, 3, 4
Erica Tetralix, L. 1-5
cinerea, L. 15
Calluna vulgaris, Salisb. 1-5
b. incana (Auct.). 3, 4
Pyrola minor, Sw. 2
media, Sw. 5
- rotundifolia, (?) L. 2-4
MONOTROPE.S
Hypopithys monotropa, Crantz. 5
PRIMULACEJE
Primula vulgaris, Huds. 1-5
b. caulescens (Auct.). 2, 3, 5
veris, L. 1-5
Lysimachia vulgaris, L. 2, 3, 5
- nemorum, L. 2-5
- Nummularia, L. 2-5
Glaux maritima, L. 3,4
Centunculus minimus, L. 3
Anagalis arvensis, L. 1-5
cerulea, Schreb. 3
- tenella, L. 3-5
Hottonia palustris, L. 3, 5
Samolus Valerandi, L. 5
OLEACEJE
Ligustrum vulgare, L. 2-4
Fraxinus excelsior, L. 1-5
APOCYNACE.*
Vinca minor, L. 1-5
[ major], L. 3, 5
GENTIANE.S
Chlora perfoliata, L. 2-5
Erythnea Centaurium, Pers. 1-5
Gentiana Amarella, L. 2, 5
campestris, L. 3
Menyanthes trifoliata, L. 1-5
PoLEMONIACE.'E
Polemonium ceruleum, L. 2, 3, 5
BORACINJUB
Echium vulgare, L. 3-5
[Borago officinalis], L. 2, 3
Symphytum officinale, L.
b. patens (Sibth.). I
tuberosum, L. 2, 3
Anchusa arvensis, Bieb. 3-5
[ sempervirens], L. 3
Lithospermum officinale, L. 2, 3, 5
- arvense, L. 2-5
[Pulmonaria officinalis], L. 3
Myosotis palustris, Relh. 35
b. strigulosa (Mert. & Koch). I,
repens, G. Don. 1-4
- csespitosa, Schultz. 2-5
sylvatica, Hoffrn. 2-4
- arvensis, Lam. 1-5
b, umbrosa (Bab.). 2-5
collina, Hoffm. 2, 3, 5
Myosotis versicolor, Reich. 1-3
Cynoglossum officinale, L. 1-3, 5
CONVOLVULACE.K
Convolrulus arvensis, L. 1-5
sepium, L. 1-5
Cuscuta europara, L. 3
[ Trifolii], Bab. 3
SOLANACE^E
Hyoscyamus niger, L. 24
Solanum Dulcamara, L. 1-5
nigrum, L. 3, 5
Atropa Belladonna, L. 2-5
[Datura Stramonium], L. 3
PLANTAGINE.S:
Plantago major, L. 1-5
b. intermedia, Gilib. 3
media, L. 2-5
lanceolata, L. 15
b. Timbali, Jord. 3
- Coronopus, L. 2, 3, 5
Littorella lacustris, L. 2-4
SCROPHULARINE./E
Verbascum Thapsus, L. 2-5
Lychnites, L. 5
nigrum, L. 3, 5
Blattaria, L. 3, 5
[Linaria Cymbalaria], Mill. 1-5
vulgaris, Mill. 1-5
repens, Mill. 3
minor, Desf. 3, 5
Antirrhinum Orontium, L. 3
[ majus], L. 3
Scrophularia nodosa, L. 1-5
- aquatica, L. 1-5
umbrosa, Dum. 5 (r)
[Mimulus luteus], L. 2, 3
Limosella aquatica, L. 2-5
Digitalis purpurca, L. 2-5
Veronica agrestis, L. 1-5
- polita, Fr. 2, 3
- Buxbaumii, Ten. 2-5
- hederasfblia, L. 1-5
- arvensis, L. 1-5
serpyllifolia, L. 15
officinalis, L. 1-5
Chamzdrys, L. 1-5
montana, L. 2-5
- scutellata, L. 2-5
- Beccabunga, L. 1-5
- Anagallis, L. 3-5
Bartsia Odontites a. verna, Reich.
b. serotina, Reich. 2, 3, 5
Euphrasia officinalis, L. 1-5
Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. 1-5
major, Ehrh. 2, 4
Pedicularis palustris, L. 2-5
sylvatica, L. 13, 5
Melampyrum pratense, L. 3-5
Lathrxa squamaria, L. 2, 3, 5
OROBANCHEJE
Orobanche major, L. i, 2, 4, 5
elatior, Sutt. 2
3-5
BOTANY
LENTIBULARINEJE
Pinguicula vulgaris, L. 25
Utricularia vulgaris, L. 1-3, 5
neglecta, Lehm. 5
minor, L. I, 3
VERBENACE.S
Verbena officinalis, L. 24
LABIATJE
Mentha sylvestris, L. 2, 3
[ viridis], L. 1,3
piperita, Huds. 2, 3, 5
hirsuta, L. 1-5
b. citrita, Ehrh. 3
sativa, L. 25
rubra, Sm. 2, 5
- arvensis, L. 25
- Pulegium, L. 1,5
Lycopus europsus, L. 1-5
Origanum vulgare, L. I, 2
Thymus Serpyllum, L. 1-5
Calamintha officinalis, Moench. 1-4
Clinopodium, Spenn. 2-5
Acinos, Claire. 2-5
var. flore-albo (Auct.). 2, 5
Salvia Verbenaca, L. 2, 5
Nepeta Cataria, L. 1-4
Glechoma, Benth. 1-5
Prunella vulgaris, L. 1-5
Scutellaria galericulata, L. 1-5
minor, L. 3, 5
Stachys sylvatica, L. 15
palustris, L. 1-5
var. ambigua (Sm.). z ,
arvensis, L. 24
- Betonica, Benth. 1-4
[ annua] (L.). 2
Galeopsis Ladanum, L. 2-5
- Tetrahit, L. 1-5
speciosa, Mill. 2-5
[Marrubium vulgare], L. 3
[Leonorus Cardiaca], L. 3, 5
Lamium purpureum, L. 1-5
- hybridum, Vill. 3, 4
- amplexicaule, L. i, 3-5
album, L. 15
[ maculatum], L. i, 3
Galeobdolon, Crantz. 1-4
Ballota nigra, L. 2-5
b. alba (Lam.). 3
Teucrium Scorodonia, L. 1-5
Ajuga reptans, L. 1-5
ILLECEBRACEJE
Illecebrum verticillatum, L. 3
Scleranthus annuus, L. 1-5
CHENOPODIACE.S;
Chenopodium Vulvafia, L. 3
polyspermum, L. 2, 4
- album, L. 1-5
ficifolium, Sm. 3
- urbicum, L. 3, 5
rubrum, L. 5
Bonus-Henricus, L. 25
Atriplex patula, L. 1-5
b. angustifolia, Sm. 3
57
Atriplex hastata, L. i, 3
POLYGONACEJE
Polygonum Bistorta, L. 2-4
amphibium, L. 25
lapathifolium, L. 1-5
b. maculatum, Dyer. 3
Persicaria, L. 1-5
mite, Schrank. 3
Hydropiper, L. 1-5
minus, Huds. 3
aviculare, L. 1-5
var. arenastrum, Bor. 3, 4
Convolvulus, L. 1-5
Kumex obtusifolius, L. 1-5
acutus, L. 2
pulcher, L. 3, 4
maritimus, L. 3-5
palustris, Sm. 3, 4
crispus, L. 1-5
sanguineus, L. 2
conglomerate, Mur. 1-5
Hydrolapathum, Huds. 1-5
[ alpinus], L. 2
Acetosa, L 1-5
Acetosella, L. 1-5
THYMEL^EACEJE
D.iphne Laureola, L. 2-5
Mezereum, L. 2-4
LORANTHACE./E
Viscum album, L. 2, 3, 5
EUPHORBIACEJE
Euphorbia Helioscopia, L. 1-5
amygdaloides, L. 2-5
- Peplus, L. 1-5
- exigua, L. 1-5
[ Cyparissias], L. 5
- Lathyris, L. 5
Buxus sempervirens, L. l
Mercurialis perennis, L. 1-5
URTICACE./E
Ulmus montana, Sm. 15
- campestris, Sm. 1-5
Urtica urens, L. 1-5
- dioica, L. 1-5
P.irietaria officinalis, L. i-r
Humulus Lupulus, L. 2-5
MYRICACE.S
Myrica Gale, L. 1,5
CUPULIFER^
Betula alba, L. 1-3, 5
glutinosa, Fries, i, 3, 4
Alnus glutinosa, Ga;rt. 1-5
Quercus Robur, L. 1-5
- sessiliflora, i, 35
Fagus sylvatica, L. 1-5
Corylus Avellana, L. 1-5
Carpinus Betulus, L. 2-f
SALICINE.S
Populus alba, L. i, 3-5
canescens, Sm. 3-5
tremula, L. 15
nigra, L. 2-5
8
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Salix triandra. 3, 4
amygdalina, L. 4
Hoffmanniana, Sm. 3, 4
undulata, Ehrh. 3, 5
pentandra, L. 1-4
fragilis, L. 2-5
b. brittanica, F. B. White, i, 5
alba, L. 1-5
b. caerulea, Sm. 3
c. vitellina, L. 1,3
Caprea, L. 15
cinerea, L. 15
- aurita, L. 1-5
- repens, L. 2, 5
laurina, Sm. 5
viminalis, L. 15
Smithiana, Willd. 1-5
purpurea, L. 13
rubra, Huds. 4
Lambertiana, Sm. 5
CERATOPHYLLE^E
Ceratophyllum demersum, L. 3-5
CONIFERS
Pinus sylvestris, L. 1-3
Juniperus communis, L. I
Taxus baccata, L. 2-4
HYDROCHARIDE.K
Hydrocharis Morsus-Ranx, L. 1,5
Stratiotes aloides, L. I
[Elodea canadensis], Michx. 1-5
ORCHIDEJE
Neottia Nidus-avis, L. 2, 4
Listera ovata, Br. 2-5
Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich. 5
Epipactis latifolia, Sw. 2-5
palustris, Sw. I, 3, 4
Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. 4
Orchis mascula, L. 1-3
- latifolia, L. 2-5
. maculata, L. 1-5
- Morio, L. 2, 3, 5
ustulata, L. 5
pyramidalis, L. 2, 3
Ophrys apifera, Huds. 3, 5
Habenaria conopsea, Benth. 2, 3, 5
viridis, Br. 1-5
albida, Br. 5
bifolia, Br. 2, 3, 5
chlorantha, Bab. 1-3
IRIDEJE
[Crocus vernus], All. 3
[ nudiflorus], Sm. 2, 3
Iris pseud-acorus, L. I, 3-5
AMARYLLIDEJE
Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, L. 1-5
[ biflorus], Curt. 3
[ poeticus], L. 3
Galanthus nivalis, L. 2-4
DIOSCORE.K
Tamus communis, L. 1-5
LlLIACEJE
Convallaria majalis, L. 2, 3
Polygonatum multiflorum, All. 2, 3
Allium vineale, L. 2
oleraceum, L. 2, 3
ursinum, L. 15
Scilla autumnalis, L. 3
nutans, Sm. 15
Fritillaria Meleagris, L. 2, 3, 5
Tulipa sylvestris, L. 3
Colchicum autumnale, L. 3> 5
Narthecium ossifragum, Huds. 2, 3, 5
Paris quadrifolia, L. 2-5
JUNCACE./E
Juncus effusus, L. 1-5
conglomerate, L. 1-5
glaucus, Ehrh. 15
squarrosus, L. I, 3, 4
compressus, Jacq. 3, 4
Gerardi, Loisel. 3
obtusiflorus, Ehrh. 3
acutiflorus, Ehrh. 1-5
supinus, L. Moench. 1-5
lamprocarpus, Ehrh. 1-5
bufonius, L. 15
Luzula maxima, DC. 1-5
vernalis, DC. 15
campestris, Willd. 1-5
erecta, Desv. 2, 3
b. congesta, Koch. I, 5
TYPHACE*
Sparganium ramosum, Huds. 1-5
simplex, Huds. 1-5
neglectum, Beeby. 1-5
affine, Sch. 4, 5
minimum, Fries. 3, 5
Typha latifolia, L. 1-5
angustifolia, L. 1-5
AROIDE^E
Arum maculatum, L. 1-5
Acorus Calamus, L. I, 3, 4
LEMNACE^E
Lemna minor, L. 1-5
trisulca, L. 2-5
gibba, L. 3-5
polyrrhiza, L. 3-5
ALISMACEJE
Alisma Plantago, L. 1-5
b. lanceolatum, With. 3-5
ranunculoides, L. 3-5
Sagittaria sagittifolia, L. 2-5
Butomus umbellatus, L. 3-5
NAIADACEJE
Triglochin palustre, L. 2-5
maritimum, L. 3
Potamogeton natans, L. 1,3-5
polygonifolius, Power. 2-4
rufescens, Schrad. I, 3, 5
heterophyllus, Schreb. 3
lucens, L. 1-5
praelongus, Wulf. J, 4
BOTANY
Potamogeton perfoliatus, L. 35
crispus, L. 15
densus, L. 2
zosterifolius, Schum. 3, 4
obtusifolius, Mert. & Koch. 3
pusillus, L. 2-5
Friesii, Rupr. 3
trichodes, Cham. 5
pectinatus, L. 15
flabellatus, Bab. 3-5
Zannichellia palustris, L. 3-5
CYPERACE^E
Eleocharis acicularis, Sm. 3
palustris, Sm. 1-5
multicaulis, Sm. 3, 4
Scirpus lacustris, L. I-;
Tabernaemontani, Gmel. 3, 5
maritimus, L. 3, 4
sylvaticus, L. 2, 3, 5
setaceus, L. 1-5
fluitans, L. I, 3, 5
casspitosus, L. 1,3
pauciflorus, Lightf. 3
Eriophorum vaginatum, L. 1-4
angustifolium, Roth, i-t
Rhynchospora alba, Vahl. I, 3
Schoenus nigricans, L. 3,5
Cladium Mariscus, Br. 3, 4
Carex dioica, L. 3, 4
pulicaris, L. 3, 5
disticha, Huds. 3-5
paniculata, L. 1-5
teretiuscula, Good. 5
muricata, L. 3-5
divulsa, Good. 2, 3
vulpina, L. 1-5
- echinata, Murr. 1-5
remota, L. 1-5
leporina, L. 1-5
canescens, L. 2-5
acuta, L. 35
stricta, Good. 3, 5
Goodenovii, Gay. 1-5
limosa, Schreb. 4(.')> 5 (.")
glauca, Schreb. 1-5
pallescens, L. i, 3, 5
panicea, L. 1-5
pendula, Huds. 1-4
- praecox, Jacq. I, 3, 4
pilulifera, L. 1-5
him, L. 1-5
flava, L. 1-5
b. lepidocarpa, Tausch. 3, 4
distans, L. 4, 5
fulva, Good, i, 4
binervis, Sm. 15
laevigata, Sm. 3
sylvatica, Huds. 2, 3, 5
strigosa, Huds. 2, 3, 5
vesicaria, L. 1-5
ampullacea, Good. 1-5
Pseudo-cyperus, L. 1-5
paludosa, Good. 2-5
riparia, Curt. 25
Guifnui
Setaria viridis, Beauv. 3
[Phalaris canariensis], L. 3, 5
arundinacea, L. 1-5
Anthoxanthum odor.itum, L. 1-5
[ Puelii], Lecoq. 3-5
Alopecurus agrestis, L. 3, 4
pratensis, L. 1-5
geniculatus, L. 15
fulvus, Sm. 3
Milium effusum, L. 2-5
Phleum pratense, L. 1-5
Agrostis canina, L. 2-5
vulgaris, With. 1-5
b. pumila, L. 3
nigra, With. 3-5
alba, L. 2-5
b. stolonifera, L. 5
Calamagrostis Epigejos, Roth. 3-5
lanceolata, Roth. 3-5
Aira caryophyllea, L. i, 3-5
praxox, L. 1,3-5
Deschampsia flexuosa, Trin. 1-5
caespitosa, Beauv. 1-5
Holcus lanatus, L. 1-5
mollis, L. 2-5
Trisetum flavescens, Beauv. 1-5
Avena fatua, L. 3
[ strigosa], Schreb. 3
pratensis. 2, 3
pubescens, Huds. 1-5
Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv. I
Triodia decumbens, Beauv. 1-5
Phragmites communis, Trin. 1,3-5
Cynosurus cristatus, L. 1-5
Kochleria cristata, Pers. z
Molinia cscrulea, Mcench. i -.;.
Catabrosa aquatica, Beauv. 25
Melica nutans, L. 2
uniflora, Retz. 1-5
Dactylis glomerata, L. 1-5
Briza media, L. 2-5
Poa annua, L. 1-5
pratensis, L. 1-5
b. subcerulea, Sm. 3, 4
compressa, L. 3
trivialis, L. 1-5
nemoralis, L. 14
Glyceria aquatica, Sm. 1-5
fluitans, Br. 1-5
b. plicata, Fr. 2-4
c. pedicellata, Towns. 2,3,5
Festuca elatior, L. 3, 5
pratensis, Huds. 3
gigantea, Vill. 1-5
sylvatica, Vill. 5 (?)
ovina, L. 25
duriuscula, L. 3
rubra, L. i, 3
myuros, L. 5
sciuroides, Roth. 1-5
rigida, Kth. 2, 3
Bromus asper, Murr. 1-5
sterilis, L. 1-5
mollis, L. 1-5
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Bromus racemosus, L. 2, 3
secalinus, L. 3
commutatus, Schreb. z, 3, ;
Brachypodium sylvaticum, R. & S. 1-5
pinnatum, Beauv. 3
L.olium perenne, L. 15
b. italicum, Br. 3
Agropyrum caninura, Beauv. 3-5
- repens, Beauv. 1-5
Nardus stricta, L. 15
Hordeum pratense, Huds. 2-4
murinum, L. 14
FILICES
Hymenophyllum unilaterale, Willd. l
Pteris aquilina, L. 15
Lomaria Spicant, Desv. I, 35
Asplenium Ruta-muraria, L. 2-5
- Trichomanes, L. 1-4
viride, Huds. 2
Adiantum-nigrum, L. 1,2
filix-foemina, Bernh. 1-5
b. rhaeticum, Roth. 2-5
Ceterach, L. 2, 5
Scolopendnum vulgare, Sm. 3, 4
Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. 2, 3
Aspidium aculeatum, Sw. 2-5
- lobatum, Sw. 24
- angul.ire, Willd. 2, 4, 5
Nephrodium Filix-mas. 1-5
b. affinis, Fisch. 2-4
c. Borreri, Newm. 2, 3, 5
cristata, Rich. 3, 4
b. uliginosum, Newnm.
- spinulosum, Desv. 2-5
dilatatum, Desv. 2-5
Nephrodium Thelypteris, Desv. 3, 5
Oreopteris, Desv. 2, 3, 5
Polypodium vulgare, L. 1-5
Phegopteris, L. 3
Dryopteris, L. 2, 3, 5
Robertianum, Hoffm. 2
Osmunda regalis, L. I, 3, 5
Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. 25
Botrychium Lunaria, Sw. 1-3, 5
EQUISETACE./E
Equisetum arvense, L.
maximum, Lam. 2, 3, e
sylvaticum, L. 2-4
palustre, L. 1-5
b. nudum, NeWm. 3, 4
limosum, L. 2-4
b. fluviatile, L. 2-4
variegatum, Schliech. 2, 3, 5
LYCOPODIACE/E
Lycopodium clavatum. 1-4
- inundatum. 2, 3, 5
- Selago, L. I, 3, 5
MARSILEACE.*
Pilularia globulifera, L. 1,4, 5
CHARACE.S
Chara fragilis, Desv. 35
d. Hedwigii, Kuetz. 3
- hispida, L. I, 3, 5
- vulgaris, L. 2, 3, 5
Nitella translucens, Agard. 3, 4
- flexilis, Agard. 3, 5
opaca, Agard. 3
THE MOSSES (Musci)
Although a considerable area of Staffordshire is thickly populated
and has the contaminated neighbourhood of busy centres of industry,
there are still large stretches of undulating moorland, usually watered
by streams liable to flooding, with marshy and boggy surroundings favour-
able to a rich growth of mosses and their moisture loving allies the
hepatics. Such is Sherbrook Valley, and there are many similar valleys
north of Cannock where are found many of the rarer sphagnums, such
as Sphagnum viride. Again west of Cannock are the remains of what
were formerly extensive bog lands, such as Norton bog, where is the rare
S. tenellum, and near Uttoxeter, in the deep and treacherous Chartley bog,
are many of the sphagnums and other moisture loving species, such as the
rare Polytrichum strictum. The woodlands of the county, though ex-
tensive, are usually dry and rarely the homes of any but the more com-
mon species ; but some of the woodlands around Gnosall and Norbury
yield rarer mosses, such as the hair moss Polytrichum graa'/e, Bryum uligi-
nosum and Fontinalis squamosa and other rare species ; and the rich wood-
lands of the south-west have yielded some of our rarest species, such
as Fumaria ericetorum, Pterygophyllum lucens and the rare Heterocladium
60
BOTANY
fallax, first recorded from that locality as a British moss. But the most
fertile localities for our rarer mosses are the water-splashed rocks of the
limestone districts, as in the Dove dale ; here the ever present humidity
renders the moss flora rich and varied ; on rocks in the stream are Eu-
rhynchium crassinervium, Brachythecium illecebrum^ and on the limestone
rocks the rare Amblestegium confervoides, its first British locality, and
great masses of Weissia rupestris, Hypnum rugosum, and now and again
T'richostomum mutabile. The calcareous rocks too of the Manyfold valley
yield many lime lovers of interest, such as Weissia verticillata and Tricbo-
stomum crispulum, and on the grit and limestone walls of Alton Encalypta
streptocarpa is abundant, and the only fruiting example of Aulocomnion
androgynum found in Britain was from these stone fences. In some of
the limestone valleys of the Manyfold and Churnet are hollow cave-like
openings worn out by water action in the ages past, and in these is seen,
though rarely, the phosphorescent luminosity of the pretty little cavern
moss Scbistostega osmundacea and some of the more delicate forms of
Webera. The total moss flora of Staffordshire is larger than that of any
of the surrounding counties so far as these are known, but as there are
no properly representative lists published of some of them comparisons
would be valueless. The total moss flora of Staffordshire is 285 species
and 83 varieties, a total of 368 for the county.
To show in a slight measure the distribution of the mosses enumer-
ated, the county has been divided into the three districts drained by the
rivers: (i) the Weaver; (2) the Trent, including the Dove and the
Sow; and (3) the Severn; and the numbers given in the list following
refer to these districts.
Sphagnum cymbifolium, Ehrh. 1-3
ft. squarrosulum, N. & H. 2
papillosum, Ldb. 2, 3
ft. confertum, Ldb. 2
y. stenophyllum, Ldb. 2
- molle, Sull. 2
y. tenerum, Braith. 2
- tenellum, Ehrh. 2
- subsecundum, Nees. 1-3
ft. contortum, Schp. 1-3
S. obesum, Schp. 2
e. viride, Boul. 1-3
- squarrosum, Pers. 2
acutifolium, Ehrh. 2
ft. rubellum, Russ. 2
/x. patulum, Schp. 2
v. hetevirens, Braith. 2
Girgensohnii, Russ. 2
fimbriatum, Wils. 2
- intermedium, Hoffm. 2
ft. riparium, Ldb. 2
y. pulchrum, Ldb. 2
cuspidatum, Ehrh. i, 2
ft. falcatum, Russ. 2
Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw. 1-3
Catharinea undulata, W. & N. 1-3
y. Haussknechtii, Dixon. 3
Oligotrichum incurvum, i, 2
3
Polytrichum nanum, Neck.
ft. longisetum, Ldb. z
- aloides, Hedw. 2, 3
- urnigcrum, Linn. I, 2
- piliferum, Schreb. 13
- juniperinum, Willd. 2, 3
- strictum, Banks. 2
- gracile, Dicks. 2
- formosum, Hedw. 2, 3
commune, Linn. 1-3
ft. perigoniale, B. & S. 2
y. minus, Weis. 2
Buxbaumia aphylla, Linn. 2
Diphyscium foliosum, Mohr. 2
Archidium alternifolium, Schp.
Pleuridium axillare, Ldb. 2
subulatum, Rab. 2, 3
alternifolium, Rab. 2
Ditrichum homomallum, Hpe. :
flexicaule, Hpe. i, 2
ft. densum, Braith. 2
Seligeria pusilla, B. & S. 2
Ceratodon purpureus, Brid. 1-3
ft. paludosa, Bagnall. 2
conicus, Ldb. i
Rhabdoweissia fugax, B. & S. 2
Cynodontium Bruntoni, B. & S.
Dichodontium pellucidum, Schp.
61
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Dichodontium pellucidum, Schp.
ft. fagimontanum, Schp. 2
flavescens, Ldb. I, 2
Dicranclla heteromalla, Schp. 1-3
y. interrupta, B. & S. 2
o. sericea, Schp. 2, 3
cerviculata, Schp. 2
ft. pusilla, Schp. 2
crispa, Schp. 2
rufescens, Schp. 2, 3
varia, Schp. 2, 3
y. tenella, Schp. 3
Schreberi, Schp. 2
ft. elata, Schp. 2, 3
squarrosa, Schp. I, 2
Dicranoweissia cirrata, Ldb. 1-3
crispula, Ldb. I, 2
Campylopus flexuosus, Brid. I, 2
y. paradoxus, Husn. 2
pyriformis, Brid. 1-3
- fragilis, B. & S. 1,2
Dicranodontium longirostrum, B. & S. 2
Dicranum Bonjeani, De Not. 13
S. rugifolium, Bosw. 2
scoparium, Hedw. 1-3
J3. paludosum, Schp. z
y. orthophyllum, Brid. 2
majus, Turn. 2, 3
fuscescens, Turn. 2, 3
y. congestum, Husn. l
strictum, Scliech. 2
flagellare, Hedw. 2
montanum, Hedw. 2, 3
Leucobryum glaucum, Schp. i, 2
Fissedens exilis, Hedw. 2
viridulus, Wahl. 2, 3
/?. Lylei, Wils. 2
exiguus, Sull. 2
- pusillus, Wils. 3
incurvus, Starke. 2
tamarindifolius, Wils. 2, 3
bryoides, Hedw. 1-3
crassipes, Wils. 3
adiantoides, Hedw. 2. 3
decipiens, De Not. 2, 3
- taxifolius, Hedw. 13
Grimmia apocarpa, Hedw. 1-3
ft. rivularis, W. & M. 1-3
y. gracilis, W. & M. 3
8. pumila, Schp. i, 2
pulvinata, Sm. 13
ft. obtusa, Hub. I, 2
trichophylla, Grev. I, 2
ovata, Schwgr. 2
Rhacomitrium aciculare, Brid. 1-3
ft. denticulatum, B. & S. I
fasciculare, Brid. i, 2
heterostichum, Brid. I, 2
ft. alopecurum, Hub. i, 2
lanuginosum, Brid. i, 2
canescens, Brid. I, 2
ft. cricoides, B. & S. 2
Ptychomitrium polyphyllum, Fur. 2, 3
Hedwigia ciliata, Ehrh. i
Acaulon muticum, C.M. 2
Phascum cuspidatum, Schreb. 2, 3
ft. piliferum, H. & T. 2
y. Schreberianum, Brid. 2
o. curvisetum, N. & H. 2
Pottia bryoides, Mitt. 2
truncatula, Lind. 1-3
intermedia, FUr. 2, 3
minutula, FUr. 2, 3
. lanceolata, C.M. 2
Tortula rigida, Schrad. 2
ambigua, Angst. 2, 3
aloides, De Not. 2
cuneifolia, Roth. 3
marginata, Spr. 2, 3
muralis, Hedw. 1-3
ft. rupestris, Wils. 2, 3
y. sestiva, Brid. 2
subulata, Hedw. 1-3
- mutica, Ldb. 2, 3
- Izvipila, Schw. 3
- intermedia, Berk, i, 2
ruralis, Ehrh. 1-3
Barbula lurida, Ldb. 2
rubella, Mitt. 1-3
ft. dentata, Braith. 2
y. ruberrima, Braith. 2
- tophacea, Mitt. 1-3
fallax, Hedw. 1-3
ft. brevifolia, Schultz. 2
recurvifolia, Schp. i, 2
- spadicea, Mitt. I, 2
rigidula, Mitt. 2
- cylindrica, Schp. 2, 3
- vinealis, Brid. 2, 3
sinuosa, Braith. 2
- Hornschuchiana, Schultz. 2, 3
- revoluta, Brid. 1-3
- convoluta, Hedw. 2
ft. Sardoa, B. & S. 2
unguiculata, Hedw. 1-3
ft. cuspidata, Braith. 2, 3
8. obtusifolia, Shultz. 2
Leptodontium flexifolium, Hampe. i, 2
Weissia crispa, Mitt. 2
- microstoma, C.M. 2, 3
- tortilis, C.M. 2
viridula, Hedw. 1-3
y gymnostomoides, B. & S. 2
mucronata, B. & S. 2
- tenui, C.M. 2
rupestris, C.M. 2
ft. ramosissima, C.M. 2
verticillata, Brid. 2
Trichostomum crispulum, Bruch. 2
mutabile, Bruch. 2
y. cophocarpum, Schp. 2
tenuirostre, Ldb. 2
nitidum, Schp. 2
tortuosum, Dixon. 2
Cinclidotus Brebissoni, Husn. 3
fontinaloides, P. B. 2, 3
Encalypta vulgaris, Hedw. 2, 3
. pilifera, Funck. 2
y. obtusifolia, Funck. 2, 3
streptocarpa, Hedw. 13
Anaectangium compactum, Schwg. 2
62
BOTANY
Zygodon viridissimus, R. Br. 2, 3
ft. rupcstris, Ldb. 2
Stirtoni, Schp. z
Ulota crispa, Brid. 2
Orthotrichum anomalum, Hcdw. 2
/?. saxatile, Milde. 2
cupulatum, HofFm. 2
/?. nudum, Braith. 2
leiocarpum, B. & S. 3
affine, Schrad. 2, 3
rivulare, Turn. 2, 3
Sprucei, Mont. 3
stramineum, Hornsch. 2
diaphanum, Schrad. z, 3
Schistostega osmundacea, Mohr. 2
Splachnum ampullaceum, Linn. 2
Ephemerum serratum, Hampe. 2
Physcomitrella patens, B. & S. 2
Physcomitrium sphaericum, Brid. 2
pyriforme, Brid. 1-3
Funaria fascicularis, Schp. 3
ericetorum, Dixon. 3
calcarea, Wahl. 3
hygrometrica, Sibth. 1-3
ft. calvescens, B. & S. 3
Aulacomnium palustre, Schwg. 1-3
- androgynum, Schwg. 1-3
Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw. 2, 3
ft. crispa, B. & S. 2
- CEderi, Sw. 2
Philonotis fontana, Brid. 1-3
8. pumila, Dixon. 2
- caespitosa, Wils. 1 , 2
- calcarea, Schp. 2
Breutelia arcuata, Schp. 2
Orthodontium gracile, Schw. 2
Leptobryum pyriforme, Wi!s. 2
Webera elongata, Schw. 2
cruda, Schw. 2
nutans, Hedw. 1-3
/3. longiseta, B. & S. 2
annotina, Schw. 2
carnea, Schp. 2, 3
albicans, Schp. 2, 3
Bryum pendulum, Schp. 2, 3
lacustre, Brid. I, 2
- inclinatum, Bland. I, 2
- uliginosum, B. & S. 2
- pallens, Sw. 2, 3
turbinatum, Schw. 2
- bimum, Schreb. 2
pseudo-triquetrum, Schw. 2
- affine, Ldb. 2
- intermedium, Brid. 2
casspiticium, Linn. 1-3
capillare, Linn. 1-3
y. macrocarpum, Hdbn. 2, 3
t. flaccidum, B. & S. 2, 3
erythrocarpum, Schw. 2
atropurpureum, W. & M. 2, 3
/?. gracilentum, Tayl. 2
murale, Wils. 2
- argentcum, Linn. 1-3
/8. majus, B. & S. 2
y. lanatum, B. & S. 3
roseum, Schreb. 2
Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw. 2
affine, Bland. 2
rostratum, Schrad. 2, 3
undulatum, Linn. 1-3
hornum, Linn. 1-3
serratum, Schrad. 2
- stellare, Reich. 2, 3
punctatum, Linn. 2, 3
/J. elatum, Schp. 2
subglobosum, B. & S. 2, 3
Fontinalis antipyretica, Linn. 1-3
y. gracilis, Schp. 1-3
dolosa, Card. 2
squamosa, Linn. 2, 3
Cryphaea heteromalla, Mohr. 3
Neckera crispa, Hedw. 1-3
ft. falcata, Boul. 2
complanata, Htlbn. 2, 3
Homalia trichomanoidcs, Brid. 2, 3
Pterygophyllum lucens, Brid. 3
Leucodon sciuroides, Schw. 2, 3
Antitrichia curtipendula, Brid. I
Porotrichum alopecurum, Mitt. 2, 3
Leskea polycarpa, Ehrh. 1-3
ft. paludosa, Schp. 2, 3
Anomoden viticulosum, H. & T. 2
Hcterocladium heteropterum, B. & S. 3
p. fallax, Milde. 3
Thuidium tamariscinum, B. & S. 1-3
recognitum, Lindb. 2
Climacium dendroides, W. & N. 2
Isothecium myurum, Brid. 2, 3
ft. robustum, B. & S. 2
Pleuropus sericeus, Dixon. 1-3
Camptothedum lutescens, B. & S. 2
Ijr.ichythecium glareosum, B. &. S. 2, 3
- albicans, B. & S. 2, 3
salebrosum, B. & S. 3
ft. palustre, Schp. 2, 3
- rutabulum, B. & S. 1-3
/3. robustum, Schp. 2, 3
y. longisetum, B. & S. 2
- rivulare, B. & S. 1-3
8. chrysophyllum, Bagnall. 2
velutinum, B. & S. 1-3
- populeum, B. & S. 2, 3
plumosum, B. & S. 13
ft. homomallum, B. & S. I
- caespitosum, Dixon. 2, 3
- illecebrum, De Not. 2
- purum, Dixon. 1-3
Hyocomium flagellare, B. & S. 2
Eurhynchium piliferum, B. & S. 2,3
crassinervum, B. & S. 2
praslongum, B. & S. 1-3
J3. Stokesii, L. Cat. 2, 3
- Swartzii, Hobk. 2, 3
- pumilum, Schp. 2, 3
Teesdalei, Schp. 3
tenellum, Milde. 2, 3
myosuroides, Schp. 1-3
striatum, B. & S. 2, 3
rusciforme, Milde. 1-3
ft. prolixum, Brid. 2
y. atlanticum, Brid. I
murale, Milde. 1-3
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Eurhynchium murale, Milde.
y. julaceum, Schp. 1-3
confertum, Milde. 13
megapolitana, Bland. 3
Plagiothecium depressum, Dixon. ;
- Borrerianum, Spruce. 2, 3
denticulatum, B. & S. 1-3
ft. aptychus, L. Cat. 2, 3
t. laxum. 3
sylvaticum, B. & S. 1-3
undulatum, B. & S. 1-3
Amblestegium confervoides, B. & S.
- serpens, B. & S. 1-3
ft. majus, Brid. 3
- varium, Ldb. 2
- irriguum, B. & S.
fluviatile, B. & S.
filicinum, De Not. 1-3
Hypnum riparium, Linn. 1-3
ft. longifolium, Schp. 2,
y. splendens, De Not. 3
- polygamum, Schp. 2, 3
ft. stagnatum. 3
- stellatum, Schrcb. 2
ft. protensum, B. & S. 2
- chrysophyllum, Brid. 2, ^
ft. erectum, Bagnall. 2
- Sommerfeltii, Myr. 2
- aduncum, Hedw. 2, 3
ft. Knieffii, Schp. 2, 3
fluitans, Linn. 1-3
ft. submersum, Schpr. 2
exannulatum, Gtimb. 2
2
2
Hypnum uncinatum, Hedw. I, 2
vernicosum, Ldb. 2
revolvens, Sw. 13
ft. Cossonii, Ren. I, 2
commutatum, Hedw. 2, 3
fulcatum, Brid. 2
ft. gracilescens, Schp. 2
cupressiforme, Linn. 13
ft. resupinatum, Schp. 1-3
y. filiforme, Brid. 2, 3
8. minus, Wils. 2
f. ericetorum, B. & S. z, 3
r/. tectorum, Brid. 2, 3
0. elatum, B. & S. 2, 3
- Patienti*, Ldb. 2, 3
- molluscum, Hedw. 1-3
y. fastigiatum, Bosw. I, 3
palustre, Linn. 1-3
ft. hamulosum, B. & S. 2, 3
y. subsphaericarpon, B. & S. 2
- ochraceum, Turn. I, 2
stramineum, Dicks, i, 2
- cordifolium, Hedw. 2, 3
- giganteum, Schp. 2
- cuspidatum, Linn. 1-3
- Schreberi, Willd. 1-3
Hylocomium splendens, B. & S. 1-3
- loreum, B. & S. 2, 3
- squarrosum, B. & S. 1-3
ft. calvescens, Hobk. 2, 3
- triquetrum, B. & S. I -3
rugosum, De Not. 2
THE LIVERWORTS (Hefatica)
The following list of the liverworts of Staffordshire is incomplete,
for this interesting group of plants has been only studied incidentally.
The natural features of the county are such as promise a much richer
record ; the wide moorlands of the northern portion of the county will
probably yield many species not recorded below, and the valleys of the
Dove, the Manyfold and the Churnet have been only partially examined;
these districts alone if fully explored should very materially increase the
record.
The total number here recorded is only 82 species and varieties,
being little more than one-third of those recorded for Great Britain.
The more rare of these are Lejeunia Mackaii, Kantia arguta, Scapania
curia, Cephalozia lunulcefolia, Jungermania cordifolia and Fossombronia
cristata. So little has been done in the study of this group of plants
in the neighbouring counties as to render any attempt at a comparison
of little real value.
Frullania Tamarisci, L. 1-3
dilatata, L. 1-3
Lejeunea Mackaii, Hook. 2
serpyllifolia, Dicks. 2, 3
Radula complanata, L. 1-3
Porella Izvigata, Schrad. 2
platyphylla, L. 2, 3
Blepharozia ciliaris, L. 2
Trichocolea tomentella, Ehrh. 2, 3
Blepharostoma trichophyllum, Dill. 3
Lepidozia reptans, L. 2, 3
setacea, Web. 2
Bazzania trilobata, L. 2
Kantia trichomanis, L. 2, 3
64
BOTANY
Kantia arguta, Mart. 2
Cephalozia lunulaefolia, Dum. 2
bicuspidata, L. 1-3
Lammersiana, Huben. 2
connivens, Dicks. 2
Sphagni, Dicks. 2
divaricata, Sm. 2, 3
var. byssacea, Roth. 2
stellulifera, Tayl. 2
Scapania resupinata, Dill. ; L. 2
aequiloba, Schw. 2
aspera, Mull. & Bern. 2
nemorosa, L. 2, 3
undulata, L. 2, 3
irrigua, Nees. 2
curta, Mart. 2
umbrosa, Schrad. 2
Diplophyllum albicans, L. 1-3
Lophocolea bidentata, L. 1-3
cuspidata, Limpr. 2
heterophylla, Schrad. 1-3
Chiloscyphus polyanthos, L. 1-3
b. rivularis, Nees. 2
Mylia Taylori, Hook. 2
anomala, Hook.
Plagiochila asplenioides, L. 2, 3
c. minor, Carr. 3
Jungermania cordifolia, Hook. 2
pumila, With. 3
riparia, Tayl. 3
- inflata, Huds. 2, 3
- turbinata, Raddi. 3
- sphaerocarpa, Hook. 2
exsecta, Schmid. 2
Jungermania Flcerkii, Web. & Mohr. 2
barbata, Schmid. 2
Lyoni, Tayl. 2
incisa, Schrad. 2
capitata, Hook. 2
bicrenata, Schmid. 2
porphyroleuca, Nees. 2
ventricosa, Dicks. 2, 3
crenulata, Sm. 2
- gracillima, Sm. 3
Eucalyx hyalina, Lyell. 2
Nardia scalaris, Schrad. 2, 3
6. major, Carr. 2
Saccogyna viticulosa, Mich. 3
Fossombronia caespitiformis, De Not. 2
pusilla, L. 2, 3
- cristata, Lindb. 2
Blasia pusilla, L. 2, 3
Pcllia epiphylla, L. 2, 3
calycina, Tayl. 3
Aneura multifidia, L. 2
sinuata, Dicks. 2, 3
pinguis, L. 2, 3
Metzgeria pubescens, Schrank. 2
furcata, L. 2, 3
Marchantia polymorpha, L. 2, 3,
Conocephalus conicus, L. 2, 3
Reboulia hemispherica, L. 2
Lunularia cruciata, L. 2, 3
Targionia hypophylla, L. 2
Riccia glauca, L. 2, 3
glaucescens, Carr. 2
Anthoceros punctatus, L. z, 3
THE LICHENS (Licbenes)
The lichens are a large tribe of cryptogams intermediate between
the alga? and the fungi, approaching the alga? through the gelatinous
forms of the Collemacei and the fungi through the Ascomycetes, but they
differ from the fungi in not deriving nourishment from the matrix on
which they grow but from the atmosphere, in their slow growth, their
perennial existence, and in the presence in their structure of the green
algae-like bodies, the gonidia. The researches of Schwendener have
shown that the lichens are true fungi, parasitical on unicellular alga?, the
gonidia, which exist immediately beneath the cortical layer, being alga?
forms allied to Nostoc, Chroolepus or Palmella. The lichens are found
throughout the county in one or other form from the low-lying heath-
lands of the south to the highest points of the north, but are abundant in
the normal condition only where the atmospheric conditions are good
and wholesome. Over a large portion of the colliery districts and the
more smoky surroundings of the Potteries they do not fully develop,
but exist in an abnormal state, forming dust-like or filamentous patches,
usually greyish white or yellow, on walls, trees or rocks, and in this
state will exist for an indefinite time, increasing as do the alga? by
the division of their cells ; this condition was known to the older
botanists by the pseudo-generic names of Lepraria, Variolaria^ etc. But
1 65 9
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
in the more open districts, as on the high lands about Swithamly,
Flash and Quanford the gritstone and limestone rocks are rich in such
species as Placodium murorum, Coniocype furfuraceum, Gladina pungens, Pla-
tysma triste and Alec toria jubata. In the Wetton valley and the beautiful
valley of the Dove the rocks of mountain limestone form a congenial
home for some of the rarer species, as Umbillkaria polyphila, Platysma
g/auca, bright yellow patches of Lecidia geographica, Spbcerophoron coral-
/oides, Squamaria crassa, Lecanora parella and Solorina saccata; over a great
portion of the county the more conspicuous tree-loving species are singu-
larly absent, and only rarely are the tree trunks beautified with the con-
spicuous fronds of Ramalina fraxinea , R. fastigiata or Usnea barbate,
In the rich woodland districts around Whitmore and Trentham the
trees are clothed with grey patches of Parmelia puherulenta^ P. pbysodes
and P. stellaris ; the old palings of some of the damp woods are coated
with Lecanora candelaria, Usnea birta, Parmelia olivacea and P. parietina ;
and the wild moorlands about Cannock and Norton, notwithstanding the
proximity of large colliery workings, are still a home for many of the
heath-loving species, as Cladonia pyxidata, C. cornucopioides, C. digitata,
C. rangiferina and Cladina syhatica. The sandstone rocks of the country
around Stone yield their special species, as Lecanora squamulosa, Placodium
cal/opismum and Verrucaria rupestris, and on the smooth bark of the holly
the lime and crab are the singular forms of Graphis scripta, G. e/egans,
Arthonia astroidea, A. lurida, Opegrapba imlgata and O. atra.
The following list is an incomplete record of the Staffordshire lichens
compiled in part from Garner's Natural History of the County of Stafford
and the writer's personal observations.
Family I. COLLEMACEI
Collema melaenum, Ach.
crispum, Huds.
cristatum, Hoffm.
flacciclum, Ach.
multipartitum, Sm.
nigrescens, Huds.
Leptogium lacerum, Ach.
var. pulvinatum (Hoff.)
fragrans, Sm.
tremelloides, L.
turgidum, Ach.
Schraderi, Bernh.
Family II. LICHENACEI
Sphinctrina turbinata, Pers.
anglica, Nyl.
Calcium trichiale, Ach.
var. ferrugineum (Borr.)
hyperellum, Ach.
trachelinum, Ach.
quercinum, Pers.
curtum, Borr.
Coniocybe furfuracea, Ach.
Trachylia tigillaris, Fr.
tympanclla, Fr.
Sphaerophoron coralloides, Pers.
66
Sphaerophoron fragile, Pers.
Baeomyces rufus, DC.
icmadophilus, Ehrh.
Cladonia pungens, Flk.
cervicornis, Schaer.
delicata, Flk.
var. subsquamosa (Nyl.)
alcicornis, Flk.
pyxidata, Fr.
var. fimbriata (Hoffm.)
gracilis, Hoffm.
furcata, Hoffm.
squamosa, Hoffm.
cornucopioides, Fr.
deformis, Hoffm.
var. macilenta (Hoffrn.)
var. polydactyla (Flk.)
Cladina sylvatica, Hoffm.
rangiferina, Hoffm.
uncialis, Hoffm.
Stereocaulon pascliale, Ach.
denudatum, Flk.
Usnea barbata, L.
var. florida (L.)
var. hirta (L.)
var. plicata (L.)
BOTANY
Alectoria jubata, L.
lanata, L.
Evernia furfuracea, Mann.
prunastri, L.
Ramalina calicaris, Hoffm.
farinacea, L.
fraxinea, L.
fastigiata, Pers.
evcrnioides, Nyl.
Cetraria aculeata, Fr.
Platysma triste, Web.
diffusum, Web.
glaucum, L.
Nephromium lusitanicum, Schaer.
Peltigera canina, L.
rufescens, Hoffm.
spuria, Ach.
horizontalis, L.
Solorina saccata, L.
Stictina scrobiculata, Scop.
Sticta pulmonaria, Ach.
Ricasolia amplissima, Scop.
Parmelia caperata, L.
olivacea, L.
physodes, L.
ambigua, Wulf.
perlata, L.
pertusa, Schrank.
tiliacea, Ach.
Borreri, Turn.
fuliginosa, Dub.
perforata, Wulf.
conspersa, Ehrh.
acetabulum, Neck.
saxatilis, L.
var. omphalodes (L.)
Physcia flavicans, Sw.
parietina, L.
var. lychnea (Ach.)
var. polycarpa (Ehrh.)
ciliaris, L.
pulverulenta, Schreb.
/. pityrea (Ach.)
obscura, Ehrh.
stellaris, L.
var. tenella (Scop.)
var. cassia (Hoffm.)
Umbilicaria pustulata, Hoffm.
polyphylla, L.
f. congregata (T. & B.)
flocculosa, Wulf.
erosa, Ach.
polyrhiza, L.
Psoroma hypnorum, Vahl.
Pannaria pezizoides, Web.
nigra, Huds.
Amphiloma lanuginosum, Ach.
Squamaria crassa, Huds.
saxicola, Poll.
Placodium murorum, Hoffm.
Placodium callopisum, Ach.
citrinum, Ach.
candicans, Dicks.
Lecanora vitellina, Ach.
candelaria, Ach.
glaucocarpa/ pruinosa (Ach.)
squamulosa, Schrad.
fuscata, Schrad.
tartarea, L.
varia, Ehrh.
atra, Huds.
sulphurea, Hoffm.
symmicta, Ach.
lutescens, DC.
subfusca, L.
galactina, Ach.
calcarea, L.
f. HofFmanni (Ach.)
Dicksonii, Ach.
badia, Ach.
parella, L.
f. pallescens (L.)
rupestris, Scop.
/. calva (Dicks.)
glaucoma, Hoffm.
- albella, Pers.
aurantiaca, Lightf.
ochracea, Schaer.
- ferruginea, Huds.
cerina, Ehrh.
arenaria, Pers.
sophodes, Ach.
f. exigua (Ach.)
haematomma, Ehrh.
ventosa, L.
Pertusaria dealbata, Ach.
communis, DC.
f. rupestris (DC.)
fallax, Pers.
globulifera, Turn.
leioplaca, Ach.
Phlyctis agelaea, Ach.
argena, Ach.
Thelotrema lepadinum, Ach.
Urceolaria scruposa, L.
Lecidea ostreata, Hoffm.
fuliginosa, Tayl.
dispansa, Nyl.
lucida, Ach.
flexuosa, Fries
f. aeruginosa (Borr.)
decolorans, Flk.
vernalis, L.
atrofusca, Hepp.
dubia, Borr.
quernea, Dicks.
viridescens, Schrad.
sanguinaria, L.
parasema, Ach.
var. elzochroma (Ach.)
67
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Lecidea uliginosa, Schrad.
coarctata, Sm.
rivulosa, Ach.
contigua, Fr.
f. leprosa (Leight.)
f. flavicunda (Ach.)
calcivora, Ehrh.
canescens, Dicks.
myriocarpa, DC.
alocizoides, Leight.
chalybeia, Borr.
grossa, Pers.
caeruleonigricans, Light.
denigrata, Fr.
tricolor, With.
Ehrhartiana, Ach.
diluta, Pers.
Caradocensis, Leight.
- incompta, Borr.
- alboatra, Hoffm.
f. epipolia (Ach.)
- aromatica, Sm.
- carneo-lutea, Turn.
- umbrina, Ach.
pachycarpa, Dur.
- milliaria, Fr.
- sabuletorum, Flk.
- premnea, Ach.
- carneola, Ach.
- endoleuca, Nyl.
rubella, Ehrh.
geographica, L.
- petrza, Wulf.
- concentrica, Dav.
- cupularis, Ehrh.
- trucigena, Ach.
- Parmeliarum, Smrf.
- parasitica, Flk.
Opegrapha herpetica, Ach.
/. rubella (Pers.)
/. rufescens (Pers.)
atra, Pers.
Turneri, Leight.
varia, Pers.
/. notha (Ach.)
f. diaphora (Ach.)
vulgata, Ach.
Leightonii, Crombie
lyncea, Sm.
Stigmatidium crassum, Dub.
Arthonia lurida, Ach.
astroidea, Ach.
Swartziana, Ach.
pruinosa, Ach.
Graphis elegans, Sm.
scripta, Ach.
var. serpentina (Ach.)
var. pulverulenta (Ach.)
inusta, Ach.
sophistica, Nyl.
Endocarpon miniatum, L.
hepaticum, Ach.
Verrucaria epigea, Ach.
Dufourei, DC.
nigrescens, Pers.
glaucina, Ach.
- viridula, Schrad.
rupestris, Schrad.
conoidea, Fries
gemmata, Ach.
epidermidis, Ach.
- biformis, Borr.
- chlorotica, Ach.
f. trachona (Tay.)
nitida, Weig.
THE FRESHWATER ALG^
The freshwater algas are universally distributed and are to be
found in every situation where moisture exists, amid the most deleterious
surroundings or where the atmospheric conditions are good and health-
ful ; ' on damp walls and palings, on soil heaps, damp earth, pathways,
roadsides ; on wet rocks, stones in streams, in every ditch and water-
course ; in canals, ponds, and attached to the various aquatic plants
therein, in puddles, and the hoof holes of cattle in boggy places,' etc.
The green dust-like growth on tree trunks, palings and old walls is one
of the lower forms of alga?, Pleurococcus vu/garis ; in nearly every ditch
one or other species of Vaucheria may be found ; old canals are frequently
covered with the yellowish green masses of Enteromorpba intestinalis, and
many of the old clay holes in the coal districts are rich in species of
Nostoc and Conferva. The bogs, pools and watercourses of the Cannock
district yield many of the more rare and beautiful species, as Chcetophora
68
BOTANY
elegans, C. endivtefolia, or the elegant fronds of Drapardnaldia plumosa, the
tufts of sphagnum rich gatherings of Desmids. The hoof holes formed
in the marshy heathland are usually rich in Micrasterias, Euastrum and
Straurastrum, and in some of the clear pools the beautiful Vohox globata
may be found in abundance. On wet rocks in the Dove dale Glceocystis
botryoides, Nostoc pruniforme and Chroolepus aureus have been found, and
in the Dove and other rapid streams of that district the gelatinous masses
of Batrachospermum moniliforme and B. atrum are sometimes abundant.
The following list of freshwater algas has been compiled partly from
Garner's Natural History of Staffordshire, from the Proceedings of the
Birmingham Natural History Society and from the writer's observations.
Ord. I. COCCOPHTCE&.
I. PALMELLACE^:
Pleurococcus vulgaris, Menegh
Gleocystis botryoides, Kutz
Palmella hyalina, Breb.
Porphyridium cruentum, Nag.
Botrydina vulgaris, Breb.
Tetraspora bullosa, Ag.
lubrica, Ag.
Botryococcus Braunii, Kutz
Apiocystis Brauniana, Nag.
II. PROTOCOCCACE^:
Protococcos viridis, Cohn
Scenedesmusquadricaudatus, Br6b.
Pediastrum angulosum, Ehr.
Boryanum, Turp.
III. VOLVOCINE^E
Chlamydococcus pluvialis, A. Braun
Volvox globator, L.
Pandorinum morum, Ehr.
Gonium pectorale, Mtill.
Ord. II. ZTGOPHTCE&
IV. DESMIDIE^
Desmidium Swartzii, Ktitz
Closterium lunula, Mull.
Dianas, Ehr.
juncidum, Ralfs.
rostratum, Ehr.
Penium digitus (Ehr.), Ralfs.
Tetmemorus Brebissonii, Ralfs.
Micrasterias rotata, Ralfs.
denticulata, Br6b.
truncata, Corda
papillifera, Breb.
Euastrum verrucosum, Ehr.
- oblongum, Ehr.
- didelta, Turp.
insigne, Hass.
elegans, Ehr.
Cosmarium pyramidatum, Bre'b.
Cosmarium Meneghinii, Ralfs.
undulatum, Cor.
Brebissonii, Meneg.
botrytis, Bory.
biretum, Breb.
Xanthidium cristatum, Ralfs.
Arthrodesmus incus, Breb.
Straurastrum dejectum, Ralfs.
polymorphum, Br6b.
orbiculare, Ralfs.
- punctulatum, Breb.
- hirsutum
V. ZYGNEMACE/E
Zygnema cruciata, Vauch.
Spirogyra nitida, Dillwyn
condensata, Vauch.
flavescens (Hass.), Cleve.
longata, Vauch.
porticalis v. quinina, Ag.
Zygogonium ericetorum v. terrestris, De
Bary
Mesocarpus scalaris, Hass.
Ord. III. SIPHOPHTCE&
VI. BOTRYDIACE^:
Botrydium granulatum, L.
VII. VAUCHERIACE^:
Vaucheria Dillwynii, Ag.
terrestris, Lyngb.
sessilis, Vauch.
geminata, Vauch.
Ord. IV. NEMATOPHTCE&
VIII. ULVACE^E
Prasiola crispa, Kutz
Enteromorpha intestinalis, Link.
IX. CONFERVACE^:
Conferva bombycina, Ag.
Cladophora crispata, Roth.
glomerata, L. (Dillw.)
69
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
X. CEDOGONIACE^ Nostoc commune, Vauch.
Bulbochaete setigera, Ag. csruleum, Lyng.
verrucosum. Vauch.
XL ULOTRICHE^E
Schizogonium murale, Kdtz XVI. LYNGBY^E
XII. CHROOLEPIDE^E Oscillaria tenuis, Ag.
Chroolepus aureus (L.), KUtz ~ 1'mosa, Ag.
nigra, Vauch.
XIII. CH^TOPHORACE^: Lyngbia ochracea, Thur.
Stigeoclonium nanum (Dillw.), Kdtz
Draparnaldia glomerata, Ag. XVIII. CALOTRICHE^
- plumosa (Vauch.), Ag. Gloiotrichia natans, Thur.
Chastophora pisirormis, Ag.
BATRACHOSPERME ^
aendivxfolia, Ag. Batrachospermum moniliforme, Roth.
CLASS II. PHYCOCHROMOPHYCE^:
Ord. II. NEMATOGENEJE
XV. NOSTOCE^ XXII. LEMANEACE^E
Nostoc muscorum, Ag. Lemanea fluviatilis, Ag.
THE FUNGI
The following list of the fungi of Staffordshire is in no way a
complete one ; the county has not been exhaustively examined from
a botanical point of view. Many of the districts, such as the extensive
woodlands about Trentham, Swinnerton and Maer, have yielded a rich
fungus flora, among others Polyporus hispidus, P. abietinus^ P. frondosa y
P. annosus, the esculent Boletus edulis and Fistulina bepatica, and in
some of these woods Boletus subtomentosus and B. Jfavus are abundant,
and in places where the soil has been burnt and on the dried twigs
abundance of the singular Hydnum membranaceum has been seen. The
esculent Cantbarellus cibarius is sometimes abundant in the woods, on
the heathy lands the beautiful C. aurantiacus, and in boggy places near
Betley C. lobatus. In many of these woodlands the beautiful but fetid
Phallus impudicus is frequent, and in those of Swinnerton the rarer and
less fetid Cyanophallus caninus has been found. In the district around
Blymhill many rare species have been recorded in the long past, as
Cortinarius vio/aceus, C. gentilis, Lactarius torminosus and the edible L.
deliciosus, and frequently throughout the county the fairy ring fungus
(Marasmius oreades], is abundant. In the limestone districts of the Wetton
valley some of the rarer species of Peziza are found, the common
morel (Morcbella esculenta), Helvetia crispa, 'Thelepbora canina and Boletus
asper ; but to localize even a tithe of the more interesting species would
occupy too much space ; all at present known to the writer are recorded
below.
The nomenclature is that of Fries' Hymenomycete JLuropcea^ and
Berkley's Outlines of British Fungology ; the authorities quoted are Garner's
Natural History of 'Staffordshire ; The Reports and Transactions of the North
Staffordshire and Archaological Society and the writer.
70
BOTANY
Family. I. HYMENOMYCETES
Genus I. AGARICUS, L.
Sub-genus I. AMANITA, Fr.
Agaricus phalloides, F.
var. vernus (Bull.)
mappa, Fr.
muscarius, L.
pantherinus, DC.
rubescens, Pers.
nitidus, Fr.
asper, Fr.
vaginatus, Bull.
strangulatus, Fr.
Sub-genus II. LEPIOTA, Fr.
Agaricus procerus, Scop.
rachodes, Vitt.
- clypeolarius, Bull.
carcharius, Pers.
granulosus, Batsch.
amianthinus, Scop.
Sub-genus III. ARMILLARIA, Fr.
Agaricus melleus, Vahl.
Sub-genus IV. TRICHOLOMA, Fr.
Agaricus sejunctus, Sow.
albo-brunneus, Pers.
rutilans, Schseff.
luridus, Schzff.
columbetta, Fr.
scalpturatus, Fr.
- imbricatus, Fr.
- vaccinus, Pers.
terreus, Schaeff.
saponaceus, Fr.
cuneifolius, Fr.
virgatus, Fr.
borealis, Fr.
personatus, Fr.
nudus, Bull.
grammopodius, Bull.
melaleucus, Pers.
brevipes, Bull.
Sub-genus V. CLITOCYBE, Fr.
Agaricus nebularis, Batsch.
clavipes, Pers.
odorus, Bull.
phyllophilus, Fr.
pithyophilus, Fr.
candicans, Pers.
dealbatus, Sow.
gallinaceus, Scop.
giganteus, Fr.
infundibuliformis, Schaeff.
geotropus, Bull.
inversus, Scop.
Agaricus tuba, Fr.
cyathiformis, Fr.
brumalis, Fr.
metachrous, Fr.
ditopus, Fr.
fragrans, Sow.
laccatus, Scop.
var. amethystinus, Bolt.
Sub-genus VI. COU.YBIA, Fr.
Agaricus radicatus, Relhan.
platyphyllus, Fr.
maculatus, A. & S.
fusipes, Bull.
butyraceus, Bull.
velutipes, Curt.
vertirugis, Cooke
confluens, Pers.
conigenus, Pers.
cirrhatus, Schum.
tuberosus, Bull.
collinus, Scop.
dryophilus, Bull.
rancidus, Fr.
Sub-genus VII. MVCENA, Fr.
Agaricus purus, Pers.
pseudo-purus, Cooke
flavo-albus, Fr.
galericulatus, Scop.
var. calopus, Fr.
polygrammus, Bull.
ammoniacus, Fr.
metatus, Fr.
tenuis, Bolt.
filopes, Bull.
amictus, Fr.
vitilis, Fr.
acicula, Schaeff.
sanguinolentus, A. & S.
galopus, Pers.
leucogalus, Cooke
epipterygius, Scop.
tenerrimus, Berk.
electicus, Buckn.
corticola, Schum.
Sub-genus VIII. OMPHALIA, Fr.
Agaricus sphagnicola, Berk.
hepaticus, Batsch.
umbelliferus, Linn.
stellatus, Fr.
fibula, Bull.
Sub-genus IX. PLEUROTUS, Fr.
Agaricus corticatus, Fr.
dryinus, Pers.
ulmarius, Bull.
fimbriatus, Bolt.
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Agaricus ostreatus, Jacq.
salignus, Fr.
acerosus, Fr.
applicatus, Batsch.
chioneus, Pers.
Sub-genus X. VOL v ARIA, Fr.
Agaricus speciosus, Fr.
parvulus, Weinm.
Sub-genus XI. PLUTEUS, Fr.
Agaricus cervinus, SchaefF.
nanus, Pers.
chrysophaeus, Schaeff.
phlebophorus, Dittm.
Sub-genus XII. ENTOLOMA, Fr.
Agaricus sinuatus, Fr.
prunuloides, Fr.
jubatus, Fr.
sericellus, Fr.
clypeatus, Linn.
rhodopolius, Fr.
sericeus, Bull.
nidorosus, Fr.
Sub-genus XIII. CUTOPII.US, Fr.
Agaricus prunulus, Scop.
cancrinus, Fr.
Sub-genus XIV. LEPTONIA, Fr.
Agaricus lampropus, Fr.
euchrous, Pers.
chalybaeus, Pers.
incanus, Fr.
Sub-genus XV. NOLANEA, Fr.
Agaricus pascuus, Pers.
pisciodorus, Ces.
Sub-genus XVI. CLAUDOPUS, Fr.
Agaricus variabilis, Pers.
Sub-genus XVII. PHOLIOTA, Fr.
Agaricus durus, Bolt.
radicosus, Bull.
heteroclitus, Fr.
aurivellus, Batsch.
squarrosus, Mull.
spectabilis, Fr.
adiposus, Fr.
mutabilis, SchaefF.
Sub-genus XVIII. INOCYBE, Fr.
Agaricus lanuginosus, Bull.
scaber, Mall.
fiocculosus, Berk.
rimosus, Bull.
asterosporus, Quel.
eutheles, B. & Br.
Agaricus geophyllus, Sow.
Sub-genus XIX. HEBELOMA, Fr.
Agaricus fastibilis, Fr.
testaceus, Batsch.
versipellis, Fr.
mesophaeus, Fr.
sinapizans, Fr.
crustuliniformis, Bull.
Sub-genus XX. FLAMMULA, Fr.
Agaricus lentus, Pers.
flavidus, SchaefF.
inopus, Fr.
sapineus, Fr.
Sub-genus XXI. NAUCORIA, Fr.
Agaricus melinoides, Fr.
striae pes, Cooke
sideroides, Bull.
ped fades, Fr.
semiorbicularis, Bull.
conspersus, Pers.
escharoides, Fr.
Sub-genus XXII. GALERA, Fr.
Agaricus lateritius, Fr.
- tener, SchaefF.
hypnorum, Batsch.
mycenopsis (Fr.)
Sub-genus XXIII. TUBARIA, Fr.
Agaricus furfuraceus, Pers.
Sub-genus XXIV. CREPIDOTUS, Fr,
Agaricus alveolus, Lasch.
mollis, Schaeff.
Sub-genus XXV. PSALLIOTA, Fr.
Agaricus arvensis, SchaefF.
campestris, Linn.
Sub-genus XXVI. STROPHARIA, Fr.
Agaricus aeruginosa, Curt.
albo-cyaneus, Desm.
squamosus, Fr.
stercorarius, Fr.
semiglobatus, Batsch.
Sub-genus XXVII. HYPHOLOMA, Fr.
Agaricus sublateritius, Fr.
fascicularis, Huds.
lacrymabundus, Fr.
velutinus, Fr.
Candolleanus, Fr.
appendiculatus, Bull.
hydrophilus, Bull.
BOTANY
Sub-genus XXVIII. PSILOSYBE, Fr.
Agaricus ericaeus, Pers.
udus, Pers.
semilanceatus, Fr.
spadiceus, Fr.
foenisecii, Pers.
Sub-genus XXIX. PSATHYRA, Pers.
Agaricus mastiger, B & Br.
corrugis, Pers.
spadiceogriseus, SchaefF.
pennatus, Fr.
Sub-genus XXX. PANJEOLUS, Fr.
Agaricus separatus, Linn.
- leucophanes, B. & Br.
fimiputris, Bull.
retirugis, Fr.
campanulatus, Linn.
papilionaceus, Fr.
acuminatus, Fr.
Sub-genus XXXI. PSATHYRELLA, Fr.
Agaricus gracilis, Fr.
pronus, Fr.
- atomatus, Fr.
disseminatus, Fr.
Genus III. COPRINUS, Fr.
Coprinus comatus, Fr.
ovatus, Fr.
atramentarius, Fr.
fimetarius, Fr.
var. cinereus (SchaefF.)
tomentosus, Fr.
niveus, Fr.
micaceus, Fr.
deliquescens, Fr.
congregatus, Fr.
domesticus, Fr.
lagopus, Fr.
ephemerus, Fr.
plicatilis, Curt.
Genus IV. BOLBITIUS, Fr.
Bolbitius titubans, Fr.
fragilis, Fr.
Genus V. CORTINARIUS, Fr.
(Phlegmacium) varius, Fr.
anfractus, Fr.
multiformis, Fr.
purpurascens, Fr.
(Myxacium) collinitus, Fr.
elatior, Fr.
delibutus, Fr.
(Inoloma) violaceus, Fr.
pholideus, Fr.
(Dermocybe) ochroleucus, SchaefF.
decumbens, Pers.
73
(Dermocybe) tabularis, Fr.
caninus, Fr.
anomalus, Fr.
sanguineus, Fr.
cinnamomeus, Fr.
(Telamonia) bulbosus, Sow.
torvus, Fr.
hinnuleus, Fr.
gentilis, Fr.
brunneus, Fr.
rigidus, Scop.
(Hydrocybe) castaneus, Bull.
leucopus, Bull.
decipiens, Pers.
Genus VI. GOMPHIDIUS, Fr.
Gomphidius glutinosus, Fr.
viscidus, Fr.
gracilis, B. & Br.
Genus VII. PAXILLUS, Fr.
Paxillus involutus, Fr.
Genus VIII. HYGROPHORUS, Fr.
(Limacium) eburneus, Fr.
hypothejus, Fr.
(Camarophyllus) pratensis, Fr.
virgineus, Fr.
(Hygrocybye) laetus, Pers.
ceraceus, Wulf.
- coccineus, SchaefF.
- miniatus, Fr.
- puniceus, Fr.
- conicus, Fr.
chlorophanus, Fr.
psittacinus, SchaefF.
unguinosus, Fr.
Genus IX. LACTARIUS, Fr.
(Piperites) torminosus, Fr.
cilicioides, Fr.
- turpis, Fr.
controversus, Fr.
insulsus, Fr.
utilis, Wcinm.
- blennius, Fr.
- hysginus, Fr.
- uvidus, Fr.
pyrogalus, Bull.
pergamenus, Fr.
vellereus, Fr.
(Dapetes) deliciosus, Lim.
(Russulares) pallidus, Pers.
quietus, Fr.
rufus, Scop.
glyciosmus, Fr.
serifluus, De Cand.
subdulcis, Bull.
mitissimus, Fr.
camphoratus, Bull.
10
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Genus X. RUSSULA, Pers.
Russula nigricans, Fr.
adusta, Fr.
furcata, Fr.
depallens, Fr.
drimeia, Cooke
virescens, SchaefF.
rubra, Fr. ^
vesca, Fr.
cyanoxantha, Fr.
consobrina, Fr.
var. sororia (Fr.)
foetens, Fr.
- fellea, Fr.
emetica, Fr.
ochroleuca, Fr.
citrina, Gillet
fragilis, Fr.
var. violacea (Quillet)
decolorans, Fr.
aurata, Fr.
alutacea, Fr.
lutea, Fr.
Genus XI. CANTHARELLUS, Adans.
Cantharellus cibarius, Fr.
aurantiacus, Fr.
lobatus, Fr.
Genus XII. NYCTALUS, Fr.
Nyctalis parasitica, Fr.
Genus XIII. MARASMIUS, Fr.
Marasmius urens, Fr.
peronatus, Fr.
oreades, Fr.
- fusco-purpureus, Pers.
rotula, Fr.
androsaceus, Fr.
epiphyllus, Fr.
Genus XIV. LENTINUS, Fr.
Lentinus tigrinus, Fr.
cochleatus, Fr.
Genus XV. PANUS
Panus torulosus, Fr.
stypticus, Fr.
Genus XVII. LENZITES, Fr.
Lenzites betulinus, Fr.
saepiaria, Fr.
Ord. II. POLTPOREI
Genus XVIII. BOLETUS, Dill.
Boletus luteus, Linn.
elegans, Schum.
flavus, With.
granulatus, Linn.
bovinus, Linn.
Boletus badius, Fr.
piperatus, Bull.
striaepee, Seer.
chrysenteron, Fr.
subtomentosus, Linn.
parasiticus, Bull.
pachypus, Fr.
edulis, Bull.
impolitus, Fr.
luridus, SchaefF.
laricinus, Berk.
scaber, Fr.
castaneus, Bull.
Genus XIX. FISTULINA, Bull.
Fistulina hepatica, Fr.
Genus XX. POLYPORUS, Fr.
Polyporus leptocephalus, Fr.
rufescens, Fr.
perennis, Fr.
squamosus, Fr.
varius, Fr.
frondosus, Fr.
intybaceus, Fr.
cristatus, Fr.
giganteus, Fr.
sulphureus, Fr.
nidulans, Fr.
fumosus, Fr.
hispidus, Fr.
dryad eus, Fr.
betulinus, Fr.
fomentarius, Fr.
igniarius, Fr.
conchatus, Fr.
ulmarius, Fr.
annosus, Fr.
radiatus, Fr.
versicolor, Fr.
abietinus, Fr.
sanguinolentus, Fr.
Genus XXI. TRAMETES, Fr.
Trametes gibbosa, Fr.
serpens, Fr.
Genus XXII. D/EDALEA, Fr
Daedalea quercina, Pers.
unicolor, Fr.
Genus XXIII. MERULIUS, Fr.
Merulius corium, Fr.
lachrymans, Fr.
Ord. III. HTDNEI
Genus XXV. HYDNUM, Linn.
Hydnum repandum, Linn.
auriscalpium, Linn.
ferruginosum, Fr.
74
BOTANY
Hydnum udum, Fr.
niveum, Pers.
farinaceum, Pers.
Genus XXX. PHLEBIA, Fr.
Phlebia merismoides, Fr.
Genus XXXI. GRANDINIA, Fr.
Grandinia granulosa, Fr.
Ord. IV. THELEPHOREI
Genus XXXIV. CRATERELLUS, Fr.
Craterellus cornucopioides, Fr.
Genus XXXV. THELEPHORA, Ehrh.
Thelephora laciniata, Pers.
Genus XXXVI. STEREUM, Fr.
Stereum purpureum, Fr.
hirsutum, Fr.
spadiceum, Fr.
sanguinolentum, Fr.
Genus XXXVII. HYMENOCH^TE,
Lev.
Hymenochaete rubiginosa, Lev.
corrugata, Berk.
Genus XXXVIII. AURICULARIA,
Bull.
Auricularia mesenterica, Fr.
Genus XXXIX. CORTICIUM, Fr.
Corticium evolvens, Fr.
giganteum, Fr.
heve, Fr.
sanguineum, Fr.
quercinum, Fr.
cinereum, Fr.
incarnatum, Fr.
nudum, Fr.
aridum, Fr.
sambuci, Fr.
Genus XL. CYPHELLA, Fr.
Cyphella capula, Fr.
Ord. V. CLAVARIEI
Genus XLI. CLAVARIA, Linn.
Clavaria fastlgiata, Linn.
coralloides, Linn.
cinerea, Bull.
cristata, Pers.
rugosa, Bull.
flaccida, Fr.
stricta, Pers.
Clavaria inequalis, Fl. Dan.
vermicularis, Scop.
fragilis, Holmsk.
pistillaris, Linn.
Genus XLII. CALOCERA, Fr.
Calocera viscosa, Fr.
cornea, Fr.
Genus XLIV. PISTILLARIA, Fr.
Pistillaria quisquiliaris, Fr.
Ord. VI. TREMELLIN1
Genus XLV. TREMELLA, Fr.
Tremella foliacea, Pers.
mesenterica, Retz.
albida, Huds.
Genus XLVI. EXIDIA, Fr.
Exidia glandulosa, Fr.
Genus XLVII. HIRNEOLA, Fr.
Hirneola Auricula-Juda?, Berk.
Genus XLIX. DACRYMYCES, Nees
Dacrymyces stillatus, Nees
Family II. GASTEROMYCETES
Ord. VIII. PHALLOIDEI
Genus LIX. PHALLUS, Linn.
Phallus impudicus, Linn.
Genus LX. CYNOPHALLUS, Fr.
Cynophallus caninus, Fr.
Ord. IX. TRICHOGASTRES
Genus LXIV. GEASTER, Mich.
Geaster fornicatus, Fr.
fimbriatus, Fr.
Genus LXV. BOVISTA, Dill.
Bovista nigrescens, Pers.
plumbea, Pers.
Genus LX VI. LYCOPERDON,Tourn.
Lycoperdon giganteum, Batsch.
cselatum, Fr.
gemmatum, Fr.
pyriforme, Schzff.
Genus LXVII. SCLERODERMA,Pers.
Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.
verrucosum, Pers.
Geaster, Fr.
75
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
ADDENDA
Since the above has been printed the following species have been
recorded for the county :
PLANTAGINEAE EMPETRACEAE
Plantago major, L. 1-5 Empetrum nigrum, L. 1-3
media, L. 2-4
- lanceolata, L. 1-5
coronopus, L. 2-4
Littorella juncea, Berg. 2, 3
76
ZOOLOGY
MOLLUSCS
With the exception of the limestone patches in the extreme north
and south of the county, the soil of Staffordshire is not favourable to
molluscan life, consequently the greater number of the land shells are
recorded from those calcareous districts. The larger Helices cannot be
called abundant in any part of the county, and are most numerous along
roadsides and in gardens, suggesting their comparatively late incursion
into the area. The aquatic species on the other hand are abundant, and
some forms such as Dreissensia appear to be extending their range.
Altogether ninety-three species have been recorded for the county,
exclusive of the following, due mostly to errors of identification, viz.
Pupa seca/e, Glausilia biplicata, Succlnea oblonga, Amphipeplea glutinosa,
Planorbis hneatus, Viiiipara contecta and Pisidium mtidum, as well as
Helicella virgafa and H. cantiana ; the two last are however represented
by colonies introduced, the former at Wren's Nest in 1887 and the
latter at Sedgley in 1886.
An introduction from abroad of some note is Physa beterostropha,
Say, an American species that has recently been taken in a millpond
fed by the Tame at Wood Green, Wednesbury.
The whole assemblage is of the average British facies, with the
interesting addition of Acanthinula lamellata, which till lately was
thought to attain its southernmost present day range in this county,
though formerly it lived quite down in the south of England ; recently
however it has been ascertained that it occurs close to Reading.
The principal records are those of Robert Garner, 1 Edwin Brown, 3
J. R. B. Masefield 3 and G. Sherriff Tye. 4
A. GASTROPODA
I. PULMONATA Limax maximus, Linn.
flavus. Linn. Cheadle ; Stone ; Stafford
a. STYLOMMATOPHORA _ arhorum ^ Bouch.-Chant.
Testacella ha/iotidea, Drap. Hanchurch near Agriollmax agrestis (Linn.)
Trentham - Itevit (Mull.)
1 Natural History of the County of Stafford ( 1 844).
2 In Sir O. Moseley's Naturat History of Tutbury (1863).
3 ' The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of North Staffordshire,' Trans. North Sta/s field Club, vol.
xxxvi. (1902).
4 'Mollusca of Birmingham and neighbourhood, Journ. Conch. (1874), i. 57, 68.
77
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Amalia iawerbii (Fir.) Garden of the Old
Hall, Stone. ? Introduced
gagates (Drap.) Two specimens near
Stafford. ? Introduced
Vitrina pellucida (Mull.)
V'ttrea crystallina (Mall.)
alliaria (Miller)
glabra (Brit. Auct.) Stafford ; Heighley
Castle ; Consall near Cheadle ; Long-
don
- ctllaria (Mall.)
nitidula (Drap.)
pura (Aid.) Stafford ; Cheadle ; Wren's
Nest ; Stone
radiatula (Aid.) Stafford ; Cheadle ;
Stone ; Wren's Nest
excavata (Bean) Maer ; Basford, near
Leek ; Oakamoor ; Stafford
nitida (Mall.)
fuha (Moll.)
Arlon ater(L\nn.) Common; a white variety
has been taken at Xrentham
hortensis, Fdr.
- circumscriptus, John. Cheadle ; Stafford ;
Harborne
- intermedium, Norm.
subfuscus (Drap.) Cheadle ; Stafford ;
Brewood ; near Birmingham
Punctum pygmceum (Drap.) Cheadle ; Staf-
ford ; Stone
Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.)
rotundata (Mull.)
Helicella itala (Linn.) Dovedale ; Grindon ;
Wren's Nest ; Walsall ; Sedgley
caperata (Mont.)
Hygromia fusca (Mont.) Rare, Weaver Hills
and Cotton Dale, Oakamoor ; Wren's
Nest ; Harborne
hispida (Linn.)
rufescens (Penn.) Very local
Acanthinula aculeata (Mull.)
Icimellata (Jeff.) Cotton Dale, Oakamoor,
under beech leaves ; Stafford (one dead
specimen)
Vallonia pukhella (Mall.)
Helicigona lapicida (Linn.)
arbustorum (Linn.)
Helix asfersa, Mall. Rare and local ; said
not to occur further north than Barlas-
ton
nemoraliif Linn.
hortensis, Mall.
Buliminus obscurus (Mall.)
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.)
Azeca trident (Pult.) Ham ; Weaver Hills ;
Clent,Wolverhampton; Sedgley; Him-
ley ; near Harborne
Ctecilianella acicula (Mall.) Grindon ; Dove-
dale ; Sedgley ; Wren's Nest
Pupa cylindracea (Da C.)
muscorum (Linn.) Grindon ; Stone
Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.) Cheadle ;
Leek ; Stafford
Vertigo substriata (Jeff.) Leek (one specimen)
pyg m *a (Drap.) Grindon ; Weaver Hills ;
Sedgley ; Dovedale
Baled perversa (Linn.) Rare and local in
the north
Clauiilia laminata (Mont.)
bidentata (Strfim.)
Succinea putrit (Linn.)
e/egans, Risso. Stafford ; Stone ; Dove-
dale
b. BASOMMATOPHORA
Carychium minimum. Mill!.
Ancylus fluviatilit, Mall.
Velletia lacustris (Linn.)
Limneea auricularia (Linn.)
pereger (Mall.)
palustris (Mall.)
truncatula (Mall.)
stagnal'n (Linn.)
glabra (Mull.) Local in limestone dis-
trict of the north ; canal at Stoke ;
ponds near Cheadle
Planorbis corneas (Linn.)
albus, Mall.
nautileus (Linn.) Maer ; Coppenhall ;
Tixall ; Stafford ; River Penk
carinatus, Mall.
marginatus, Drap.
vortex (Linn.)
spirorbis, Mttll. Stafford ; Stone ; Frog-
hall ; Lithfield
contortus (Linn.) Stone ; Stafford
fontanus (Lightf.) Stafford ; Oakamoor ;
Harborne
Physa fontinalis (Linn.)
hypnorum (Linn.) Stafford ; near Weston ;
Burton-on-Xrent ; Oldbury ; Wolver-
hampton
II. PROSOBRANCHIATA
Paludeitrina jenkinsi (Smith) Canal at Dud-
ley ; canal at Lichfield ; Willenhall
Bithynia tentaculata (Linn.)
leachii (Shepp.)
Vivipara vivipara (Linn.)
Vahata p'ucinalis (Mall.)
criftata, Mttll. Stafford
Neritina flu-viatil'u (Linn.) Canal at Col-
wich ; Stone ; Kings Bromley ; Lich-
field ; Milford
MOLLUSCS
B. PELECYPODA
Drtisiensla polymorpba (Pall.) Canals as far Sph&rium ovale (Fr.) Canals : Stoke-on-
north as Stoke-on-Trent. Specimens Trent ; Froghall ; Stone ; Dudley Port
have been found containing pearls lacustre (Mtill.)
(North Staff. Field Club Report, xxxiv. Pisidium amnicum (Mull.)
65) pusil/um (Gmel.)
Unto pictorum (Linn.) fontinale (Drap.) Common (the form
tumidus, Retz. P. henslowianum occurs at Lichfield)
Anodonta cygntea (Linn.) milium (Held.) Froghall ; Milford ;
Sphterium rivicola (Leach) Coppenhall
cerneum (Linn.)
79
INSECTS
ORTHOPTERA
(Earwigs, Cockroaches, Grasshoppers, and Crickets)
Very little recent work appears to have been done in this order. R. Garner, in his
Natural History of the County of Stafford (1844), mentions nine species, and the late Edwin
Brown, in his l Fauna of Burton-on-Trent' (Natural History of Tut bury, p. 163), gives a list
of fourteen species from the Burton district. Anisolabis maritima appears to have been
introduced in bundles of returned cask staves into a Burton brewery. Those species marked t
have been determined by Mr. W. J. Lucas.
R.G. = R. Garner. E.B. = Edwin Brown. F.J. = Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain.
FORFICULARIA
Anisolabis maritima, Bonelli. Several living speci-
mens occurred in a brewery at Burton 'some
years ago' (E.B.) [1863]
Lnbia minor, L. (R.G.) ; frequent, Burton (E.B.)
Forficula auricularia, L. General
BLATTODEA
BlatU orientalis, L.
Periplaneta americana, L. First recorded from
Burton by E.B. in 1842 (R.G.) ; now resi-
dent there
ACRIDIODEA
Stenobothrus viriJulus, L. Common Burton dis-
trict (E.B.);t common on slopes near
Ramshom Woods, Ellastone (F.J.)
parallelus, Zett.t Also common near Rams-
horn Woods, Ellastone (F.J.)
Gomphocerusmaculatus.Thnb. (biguttatus, Charp.).
Said to have been taken near Burton (E.B.);t
among the screes on Bunster, Dovedale
(FJ.)
ACRIDIODEA (continued')
Pachytylus migratorius, L. ' Has been captured
. . . many times in this district' (E.B.) ;
one at Burton in 1842 ; another in 1846,
also at Stoke-on-Trent in 1857 (R.G.)
cinerascens, Fb. One taken near Burton (E.B.)
Schistocerca peregrina, Oliv. Visited the south-
eastern counties in some numbers in 1869,
spreading into Derbyshire, Staffordshire, &c.
No later records
GRYLLODEA
' Rare, but caught in A'.
Requires confirmation]
[Gryllus campestris.
Staffs: (R.G.)
domesticus, L.
[Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L. ' Taken in gardens
about Birmingham' (R.G.). Not confirmed
by subsequent observers. One was, how-
ever, found in 1898 in a stove-house at
Meaford Hall, near Stone, and a second was
discovered while unloading a truck of
' oxide ' at Longton on 1 4 September, 1 906,
both probably imported accidentally (Zoo/.
1906, p. 437)]
NEUROPTERA
(Psocids, Stone Flies, Dragon Flies, Lace-wings, etc.)
The Neuroptera of Staffordshire have been but little studied. Mr. E. Brown (Natural
History of Tutbury, pp. 171-4) mentions ten species of Odonata, but gives very scanty
information regarding the rest of the order. Upwards of thirty years ago Mr. Brown's
collection was critically examined by Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., and the Rev. A. E. Eaton.
As will be seen from the following list, our knowledge of the Perlidae, Ephemeridae, and
Hydroptilidae of Staffordshire is practically confined to what has been recorded by the
Rev. A. E. Eaton, who paid special attention to those families in the Dove Valley in the
neighbourhood of Ashburne.
R.G. = R. Garner. E.B. = E. Brown. A.E.E. = A. E. Eaton.
McL. = R. McLachlan. G.P. = G. Pullen. R.C.B. = R. C. Bradley.
W.H.B. = W. Harcourt Bath. A.D.I. = A. D. Imms.
F.J. = Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain. Ent. = Entomologist.
80
INSECTS
PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA
(Psocids, Stone Flies, and May Flies)
PSOCIDAE
Atropos divinatoria, Mull. ' In great numbers in
our houses' (E.B.)
Lachesilla fatidica, Westw. Not nearly so plenti-
ful (E.B.)
PERLIDAE
Dictyopteryx microcephala, Pictet (bicaudata,
Steph.). The Dove (coll. E.B.)
Pcrla marginata, Panz. The Dove, near Mapleton
(A.E.E.) ; Dovedale (G.P.)
cephalotes, Curt. The Dove, Mafleton, plenti-
ful (A.E.E.)
Chloroperla grammatica, Poda (virescens, Pict.).
Not uncommon near the Dove (E.B.) ;
Uapleton (A.E.E.)
Isopteryx tripunctau, Scop. Generally distributed
in the Dove Valley
Taeniopteryx nebulosa, L. Occurs in March on
a bridge over the Trent (coll. E.B. ; A.E.E.)
Leuctra geniculata, Steph. The slower parts of
the Dove, near Mapleton, common (A.E.E.)
Nemoura variegata, Oliv. ? Morton. Burton dis-
trict (E.B.) ; common near Ashburne (A.E.E.)
EPHEMERIDAE
Ephemera vulgata, L. Common on the Trent
near Burton (coll. E.B.)
danica, Mull. The mayfly of the Dove
(A.E.E.)
EPHEMERIDAE (continued)
Leptophlebia submarginata, Steph. (helvipes, Steph. ;
geerii, Pict.). Dovedale (A.E.E.)
cincta, Retz. Trout streams in the lower parts
of the county (A.E.E.)
Ephemerella ignita, Poda. The Dove and smaller
streams (A.E.E.)
Caenis dimidiata, Steph. On the Trent
(A.E.E.)
rivulorum, Eaton. The Dove, near Mayfeld.
Abundant in June (A.E.E.)
halterata, Fb. Trent and lower parts of the
Dove Valley (A.E.E.)
Baetis scambus, Eaton. The Dove, near Hanging
Bridge and Nortury (A.E.E.)
vernus, Curt. Streams and brook;, common
(A.E.E.)
rhodani, Pict. The Dove, &c. (A.E.E.)
- pumilus, Burmeister. Brooks and trout-
streams (A.E.E.)
Centroptilum luteolum, Moll. Common (A.E.E.)
pennulatum, Eaton. The Manifold, Ham
(A.E.E.)
Rhithrogena semicolorata, Curt. Swift parts of
the Doi-e, near Mayfield, &c. (A.E.E.)
Heptagenia sulphurea, Mull. Map,eton (A.E.E.)
Ecdyurus venosus, Fb. The Dove, near Thoipe
(A.E.E.)
insignis, Eaton. Near Mafleton : needs con-
firmation (A.E.E.)
ODONATA
(Dragon Flies)
ANISOPTERIDES
LlBELLULIDAE
Leucorrhina dubia, Lind. Cannock Chase (R.C.B.
in Ent. 1895, p. 282)
Sympetrum striolatum, Charp. Probably the
species recorded by E. Brown from Branston
as L. flaveola, L.
scoticum, Don. Whitmore Moss (R.G.)
Libellula depressa, L. Common (R.G.) ; frequent
in Burton district (E.B.) ; occasional in
Dove Valley (F.J.) ; once Alstonfield (\V. H.
Purchas)
quadrimaculata, L. The Trent, near Burton
(FJ.)
Cordulia aenea, L. Moist woods (R.G.) F ; Staf-
fordshire (W.H.B. in Handbook)
AESCHNIDAE
Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr. Birmingham dis-
trict (A.D.I.)
Aeschna juncea, L,. Button Park (R.C.B.) ; Dove
Valley, 1903-7 (F.J.)
cyanea, Mttll. Very common, Burton (E.B.) ;
Sutton Park (R.C.B.) ; a $, Stone, 1904
(E. D. Bostock)
ANISOPTERIDES (continued)
AESCHNIDAE (Continued)
Aeschna grandij.L. Common (R.G.); very common,
Burton (E.B.) ; Dove Valley (F.J.) ; Sutton
Park (R.C.B.) ; Birmingham district (A.D.I.)
ZYGOPTERIDES
ACRIONIDAE
Calopteryx virgo, L. Common (R.G.) ; near
Bretby Mill (E.B.)
splendens, Harr. Common on the Trent
(E.B.) ; Cannock Chase (W. J. Lucas)
Erythromma naias, Hansem. Cannock Chase
(R.C.B.) ; Sutton Park (R.C.B.)
Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Sulz. (minium, Harr.).
Common near the Trent (E.B.) ; Birmingham
district, abundant (A.D.I.) ; Mayfield and
Dove Valley (F.J.)
Ischnura elegans, L'nd. Common near the Trent
(E.B. ; F.J.)
Agrion puella, L. Common (R.G.) ; common
near the Trent (E.B.) ; Birmingham district,
common (A.D.I.)
Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp. Cannock Chase
(R.C.B.) ; Sutton Coldfield (A.D.I.)
81
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
PLANIPENNIA
(Snake FKes, Laceviing Flies, and Scorfion Fiiei)
SIALIDAE
Sialis lutaria, L. Common on the banks of ponds
and rivers ; banks of Dove and Treat (E.B.)
fuliginos.i, Pict. Near Mapleton (A.E.E.)
HEMEROBIIDAE
Osmylus fulvicephalus, Scop, (chrysops, auct.).
Near Mapleton (A.E.E.)
Sisyra fuscata, Fb. Common (A.E.E.)
Micromus variegatus, Fb. Common (A.E.E.)
Hcmerobius [the Staffordshire species have not
been worked out]
CONIOPTERYGIDAE
Goniopteryx tineiformis, Curt. Common (A.E.E.)
CHRYSOPIDAE
Chrysopa vittata, Wesm. ' Common in our wooJs,'
Burton district (E.B.)
perla, L. 'Also common in woods,' Burton
district (E.B.)
PANORPIDAE
Panorpa communis, L. Common (R.G.) ; very
common, Burton district (E.B.)
TRICHOPTERA
(Caddis Flies)
The few species of Staffordshire Caddis flies here mentioned are mostly recorded from
this county in the monographs of Robert McLachlan, F.R.S., published in 1865 and from
1874 to 1884, and in the pages of the Entomologist? Monthly Magazine.
E. M. M. = Entom. Monthly Magazine. McL. = R. McLachlan.
A. E. E. = A. E. Eaton. ] C. = Joseph Chappell.
INA QUIPALPIA
PHRYGANEIDAE
Neuronia clathrata, Kol. First recorded from Britain
by J. Chappell in the EMM., 1868, i,
vol. iv, p. 204, as taken in Bishop's Wood
LlMNOPHIUDAE
Limnophilus vittatus, Fab. Burnt and Bishop's
Woods (}. C. in EMM., 1868, I, vol. v,
p. 48)
- auricula, Curt. Burnt and Bishop's Woods
(J. C. ibid.)
luridus, Curt. In a greenhouse at Willough-
bridge (J. C. ibid.)
- fuscicornis, Ramb. (fumigatus, Hag.). Burton-
on-Trent (McL.)
Stenophylax alpestris, Kol. Recorded for the first
time in Great Britain by R. McLachlan in
the EMM., 1868, I, vol. iv, p. 205, as
taken in Burnt H'oods by J. Chappell. (In
Dale's mus.)
Metanaea (Halesus) flavipennis, Pict. (guttatipen-
nis, McL.). Probably taken by Edwin
Brown near Burton-on-Trent (McL.)
INAEQUIPALPIA (continued}
SERICOSTOMATIDAE
Lasiocephala (Mormonia) basalis, Kol. Dovedale
(A. E. E.)
AEQUIPALPIA
LEPTOCERIDAE
Leptocerus alboguttatus, Hag. (bimaculatus, Steph.).
Burton-on- Trent (McL.)
annulicornis, Steph. Burton-on-Trent ;McL.)
Triaenodes commutatus, McL. Dovedale (McL.)
conspersa, Ramb. Dovedale (B. Cooke in
Dale's mus.)
RHYACOPHILIDAE
Glossoma boltoni, Curt. Near Ashburne (A. E. E.)
HYDROPTILIDAE
Hydroptila (Phrixocoma, Eaton) sparsa, Curt.
Burton-on-Trent, abundant (A. E. E.)
forcipata, Eaton. Oakamoor and the R. Dove,
near Nortury and Ashburne (A. E. E.)
occulta, Eaton. The R. Dove, near Mapleton
(A. E. E.)
femoralis, Eaton (longispina, McL., 1884).
The R. Dove, near Mapleton (A.E.E.)
HYMENOPTERA
(Ants, Wasps, Bees, Saw/lies, &c.)
The following list has been compiled from various sources which may be summarized as
follows :
The earliest county list is that of R. Garner (History of the County of Stafford, 1 844), a
brief list of some nineteen species of no particular value. In 1863 was published Edwin
Brown's ' Fauna of Burton ' (Natural History of Tutbury), which contains lists of sixty-eight
species of Phytophagous and eighty-one Aculeate Hymenoptera. The Entomophaga are
82
INSECTS
scarcely more than noticed in passing, but five species of Chrysididae are mentioned. As
Mr. Brown's collections have been dispersed and the specimens are not available for examina-
tion, the synonomy presents many difficulties and a good deal of uncertainty is attached to the
identification of several species. The area included is also somewhat vaguely defined, embracing
parts of Derbyshire and Leicestershire, and only in a few cases is the exact locality given.
ACULEATA
Of late years Mr. E. D. Bostock has contributed a list of nineteen species taken near Stone
in 1888 to the Report of the N. Staffs. Field Club for 1889, p. 17, and a brief list of twelve
species from near Tittensor by the Rev. F. A. Walker appeared in the same publication
in 1896 (p. 63). Mr. J. R. B. Masefield took thirty-four species of Aculeata near Cheadle
in 1896, which were determined by Mr. E. Saunders (Report N.S.F.C., 1897, p. 59), and nas
since supplemented this list by several fresh records. Mr. A. H. Martineau has also furnished
me with a list of twenty-seven species which he has taken at Colwich and has kindly contri-
buted some notes on the Heterogyna. Most of these records are incorporated in a paper by the
writer in the Report of the N. Staffs, Field Club for 1902-3, pp. 81-7, in which 1 13 species are
recorded.
From the above it will be seen that the only recent work is that which has been done
in the Aculeata ; with the exception of a few notes by Mr. Brett on the gall-makers, the
Phytophaga have been unworked for forty years past, and the Entomophaga have up to the
present received no attention whatever.
The following abbreviations have been used :
R. G. = R. Garner (Nat. Hist, of the County of Stafford)
E. B. = E. Brown (Burton)
F. D. M. = the Rev. F. D. Morice
J. R. B. M. = J. R. B. Masefield (Cheadle)
E. D. B. = E. D. Bostock (Tixall)
A. H. M. = A. H. Martineau (Colwich)
R. C. B. = R. C. Bradley (Cannock Chase)
F. A. W. = the Rev. F. A. Walker (Tittensor)
C. B. = Cyril Brett (Alton)
F. J. = the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain (Mayfield, &c.)
An asterisk (*) prefixed to the name of any species signifies that specimens have been
determined by Mr. E. Saunders. Where Burton is given as the locality, without authority,
the record is taken from Mr. E. Brown's list.
HYMENOPTERA ACULEATA
(Ants, Wasps, and Bees)
HETEROGYNA HETEROGYNA (continued)
FORMICIDAE MVRMICIDAE (continued')
Formica rufa, L. Common in most large woods Leptotliorax acervorum, Fb. Rare, usually found
fusca, Latr. Very common generally, in under bark in old stumps, Cohvich (A. H. M.)
banks and hedgerows Myrmica rubra, L. Common, nesting in ground
Lasius fuliginosus, Latr. Outwood Hills (E. B.) ; (A. H. M.) ; race scabrinodis, Nyl. Near
not common, generally nests in decayed Burton.
stumps, &c. (A. H. M.) [Crematogaster scutellaris, Oliv. Recorded by
umbratus, Nyl. Colwich, but not common as Dr. Mason from a fernery at Burton ; prob-
a rule ; near roots of decayed stumps ably imported with cork (EMM., xxv,
(A. H. M.) 330; Ent. 1889, p. 191.)]
flavus, De G. Very common on eastern slope
of Qutvuod Hills (E. B.) ; generally common FOSSORES
in fields where soil is light (A. H. M.) SAPYGIDAE
niger, L. Common, Burton ; very common, Sapyga quinquepunctata, Fb. Burton
often in gardens (A. H. M.) clavicornis, L. Burton, not common ('one
in P. B. Mason's collection, without data,
MYRMICIDAE E. Saunders '). Mr. A. H. Martineau in-
Myrmecina latreillii, Curt. Cannock (Ent. 1901, forms me that Dr. Mason has also taken this
p. 232) ; Colwich in dead tree stumps, not species on several occasions at Burton since
common (A. H. M.) the publication of Saunders' monograph
83
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
FOSSORES (continued)
PoMPILIDAE
Pompilus viaticus, L. (fuscus, Sm.). Burton
gibbus, Fb. The Oaks marlplt, near Burton;
Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
* pectinipes, V. de L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
Salius exaltatus, Fb. Burton
* pusillus, Schiod. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
SPHEGIDAE
Tachytes pectinipes, L. One taken at Cannock (Ent.
1899, p. 46) ; Colwich, common (A.H.M.)
Trypoxylon figulus, L. Burton ; Colwich, in
wood posts, common (A. H. M.)
clavicerum, St. F. Colteich, in wood posts,
rare (A. H. M.)
attenuatum, Sm. Colwich, in wood posts,
rare (A. H. M.)
Ammophila sabulosa, L. Cannock (R. C B., Ent.
1894, p. 77)
Pemphredon shuckardi, Moraw. (Cemonus
unicolor, Smith pars). Burton.
Diodontus minutus, Fb. Burton
tristis, V. de L. Burton
Psen pallipes, Pz. Burton
'Gorytes mystaceus, L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ;
Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
'Mellinus arvensis, L. Shobnall, &c. (E. B.) ;
Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
Oxybelus uniglumis, L. Colwich, common
(A. H. M.)
"Crabro palmipes, L. Ckeadle (J. R. B. M.) ;
Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
* elongatulus, V. de L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
FOSSORES (continued)
SPHEGIDAE (continued)
*Crabro dimidiatus, Fb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
* cephalotes, Pz. Cheadle 0- R- B. M.)
cribrarius, L. Shohnalt, &c. (E. B.)
chrysostoma, St. F. (xylurgus, Shuck). Burton
peltarius, Schr. (patellatus, Pz.). Burton
DIPLOPTERA
VESPIDAE
Vespa crabro, L. Not rare, Whitmore (R. G.) ;
rare in Burton district ; Mayfield, a nest
Sept. 1902 (F. J.)
* vulgaris, L. Common everywhere
' germanica, Fb. Also vary common
rufa, L. Dovedale, not uncommon (E. B.) ;
Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
* sylvestris, Scop. Burton, scarce ; Cheadle
(J. R. B. M.) ; Tittensor (F. A. W.) ; Dove
Valley (F. J.)
* norvegica, Fb. Burton, not uncommon ;
$ Cheadle, 1903 (J. R. B. M.) ; Dove
Valley (F.J.)
EuMENIDAK
Odynerus spinipes, L. Burton
parietum, L. Common : Burton ; Mayfield
and Dove valley (F. J.)
* pictus, Curt. Eccleshall (F. D. M.) ; Cheadle
(J. R. B. M.) ; Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
* trimarginatus, Zett. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
Mayfield& Dove Valle-j (F. J.)
* - parietinus, L. Cheadie (J. R. B. M.)
ANTHOPHILA
OBTUSILINGUES
CoLLETIDAE
Colletes succinctus, L. Cannock (F. D. M.)
- davicsanus, Smith. Burton ; one $, Colvilch
(A. H. M.)
* cunicularius, L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
Prosopis communis, Nyl. Burton
ACUTILINGUES
ANDRENIDAE
Sphecodes gibbus, L. Shobnall marlpit (E. B.) ;
Stone (E. D. B.)
subquadratus, Smith. Stone (E. D. B.)
- pilifrons, Thorns, (prob. rufescens, Sm.).
Burton ?
affinis, V. Hag. Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
*Halictus rubicundus, Chr. General : Burton ;
Stone (E. D. B.) ; Uayfield (F. J.) ; Cheadle
(J. R. B. M.) ; Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
quadrinotatus, Kirb. Burton
cylindricus, Fb. Burton
albipes, Kirb. Burton
longulus, Smith. Burton (?)
nitidiusculus, Kirb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ;
Stone (E. D. B.)
tumulorum, L. Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
ACUTILINGUES (continued)
ANDRENIDAE (continued)
Halictussmeathmanellus,Kirb. Cheadle (J.R.B.M.)
morio, Fb. Burton
'Andrena albicans, Kirb. Burton ; Ckeadle
(}. R. B. M.) ; Stone (E. D. B.)
* rosae, Pz. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
var. trimmerana, Kirb. Stone (E. D. B.)
nitida, Fourc. Burton ; Trentham Park, very
common (F. A. W.)
cineraria, L. Burton ; Store (E. D. B.) ;
Trentham Park, very local (F. A. W.)
* fulva, Schr. Burton; Cheadle, large colonies
(J. R. B. M.) ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; Trentham
Park, not very common (F. A. W.)
* nigroaenea, Kirb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ;
Trentham Park, very common (F. A. W.)
* angustior, Kirb. Cheadle (]. R. B. M.) ;
Colwich, rare (A. H. M.)
* helvola, L. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ; Stone
(E. D. B.)
* fucata, Smith. Cheadk (J. R. B. M.) ; CoAcicA,
rare (A. H. M.)
fuscipes, Kirb. Several on heather, Cannock
Chase (F. D. M.)
fulvicrus, Kirb. Burton
84
INSECTS
ACUTILINGUES (continued)
ANDRENIDAE (continued')
Andrena cingulata, Fb. Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
* albicrus, Kirb. Burton ; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ;
Stone (E. D. B.) ; Colwich, common
(A. H. M.)
minutula, Kirb. Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
* nana, Kirb. $, CheaJle, 1903 (J. R. B. M.)
wilkella, Kirb. Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
* similis, Smith. Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
Nomada succincta, Pz. Shobnall, &c. (E. B.)
* alternata, Kirb. CheaJle (]. R. B. M.) ; Stone
(E. D. B.) ; Trentham Park, plentiful
(F. A. W.)
lathburiana, Kirb. Stone, rare (E. D. B.) ;
Colwich, rare (A. H. M.)
ruficornis, L. Cannock (R. C. B., Ent. 1895,
p. 283) ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; Colwich, common
(A. H. M.)
* bifida, Thorns. CheaJle (]. R. B. M.) ; Col-
wich (C. J. W., Ent. 1896, p. 222) ; Stone,
rare (E. D. B.)
lateralis, Pz. Trentham Park, near Tittensor,
one or two only (F. A. W.)
ochrostoma, Kirb. Burton ; Cannock (R. C. B.
Ent. 1895, p. 283) ; Colwich, common
(A. H. M.)
ferruginata, Kirb. (germanica, Smith). Bur-
ton
fabriciana, L. Burton ; Stone (E. D. B.) ;
Colwich, common (A. H. M.)
flavoguttata, Kirb. Burton ; Cannock (R. C. B.
Ent. 1895, p. 283)
APIDAE
Chelostoma florisomne, L. Burton ; Colwich,
common (A. H. M.)
Coelioxys elongata, St. F. (simplex, Nyl.).
Burton
ACUTILINGUES (continued)
APIDAE (continued)
'Megachile willughbiella, Kirb. Burton; Cheadle
(J. R. B. M.) ; MayfieU (F. J.)
* centuncularis, L. Maer and Whltmore (R. G.);
Burton ; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
Osrnia rufa, L. Burton; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.) ;
Stone (E. D. B.)
bicolor, Schr. Burton
Anthidium manicatum, L. Burton
Eucera longicornis, L. Scalpcli/ Hill near Burton
(E. B.)
Melecta armata, Pz. Burton
Anthophora pilipes, Fb. (acervorum, Smith).
Burton ; Stone (E. D. B.)
*Psithyrus vestalis, Fourc. Burton ; Cheadle
(J. R. B. M.) ; Dove Valley (F. J.)
* campestris, Pz. Burton; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
quadricolor, St. F. (barbutellus, Smith). Burton
*Bombus venustus, Smith (senilis, Fb.). Burton ;
Cheadle (J. R. B. M.)
* agrorum, Fb. Burton ; Cheadle (J. R. B. M) ;
Trentham Park (F. A. W.) ; Marftld(. ].),
&c.
* hortorum, L. Burton ; CheaJle (]. R. B. M.).
var. harrisellus,Kirb. CheaJle (J.R.B.M.)
* latreillellus, Kirb. Burton ; Cheadle (J.R.B.M.)
- sylvarum, L. Burton
derhamellus, Kirb. Burton
* lapidanus, L. Common, Burton ; Cheadle
(J. R. B. M.) ; Stone (E. D. B.) ; one, at
Tittensor (F. A. W.) ; Dove Valley (F. J.)
- lapponicus, Fb. One $ Cannock (F. D. M.)
* pratorum, L. Burton; Cheadle (J. R. B. M.);
Stone (E. D. B.) ; Mayfield (F. J.), &c.
* terrestris, L. Very common. Var.* virgin-
alis. One J>, Cheadle, 1903 (J. R. B. M.)
Apis mellifica, L. Occasionally reverts to wild
state. Nests in woodpeckers' holes, Cannock
Chase (F. J.) Var. ligustica, introduced
PHYTOPHAGA
(Saw Flies and Gall Flies)
TENTHREDINIDAE
TENTHREDINA
Tenthredo livida, L. Burton
solitaria, Scop. Burton
rufiventris, Pz. Burton
, punctulata, Klug. Burton
viridis, L. Burton
gibbosa, Fall, (aucupariae, Klug.), Burton
Tenthredopsis nigricollis, St. F. Burton
scutellaris, Fb. Burton
nassata, L. (melanorrhaea, Gmel.), Burton
Pachyprotasis rapae, L. Burton
Macrophya blanda, Fb. Burton
neglecta, Klug. Burton
albicincta, Schr. Burton
punctum album, L. (punctum, Fb.). Burton
Allantus scrophulariae, L. Burton
tricinctus, Fb. (vespiformis, L.). Burton
marginellus, Fb. (viennensis, Pz.). Burton
TENTHREDINIDAE (continued)
TENTHREDINA (continued)
Allantus arcuatus, Forst. Burton
macula, Fourc. (zonata, Pz.), Burton ; Dove-
dale, W. E. Ryles
Dolerus gonagra, Fb. Burton
chappelli, Cam. ' One taken by Mr. J.
Chappell in Staffordshire ' (Cameron, Man.
Phyt. Hymcnoptera, \, I 66)
haematodis, Schr. Burton
- coracinus, Klug. Burton
niger, L. Burton
Strongylogaster cingulatus, Fb. Burton
- delicatulus, Fall (eborinus, Klug.). Burton
Selandria serva, Fb. Burton
stramineipes, Klug. Burton
Taxonus glabratus, Fall (rufipes, St. F). Burton
Eriocampa limacina, Retz. Burton ; Dove Valley,
(F.J.)
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
TENTHREDINIDAE (continued)
TENTHREDINA (continued)
Eriocampa rosae, Harris. Occasionally in south
(F- JO
Blennocampa albipes, Gmel. Burton
bipunctata, Klug. Burton
fuscipennis, Fall, (luteiventris, Klug.) Burton
fuliginosa, Schr. Burton
pusilla, Klug. Burton
Athalia spinarum, Fb. The ' nigger ' or turnip
fly. Burton, &c.
rosae, L. Burton
NEMATINA
Dineura stilata, Klug. (bicolor, Steph.) Burton
Cladiuspectinicornis, Fourc. (difformis, Pz.) Burton,
common
viminalis, Fall (grandis, St. F.), Burton
- eradiatus, Htg. (morio, St. F.). Burton, common
Nematus appendiculatus, Htg. (pallipes, St. F.),
Burton
- lucidus, Pz. Burton
- haem:>rrhoidalis, Cam. Burton
- miliaris, Pz. Burton
- myosotidis, Fb. Burton
- croceus, Fall (dorsalis, St. F.). Burton
- salicis, L- (capreae, Fb.). Burton
ribesii, Scop, (trimaculatus, St. F.), R. G. ;
Burton ; Dcre Val.'ey (F. J.), &c.
salicis-cinereae, Retz. On Salix alba at Alton,
August, 03 (C.B.)
- gallicola, Westw., on Salix fragilis, L. Alton
(C.B.) ; R. Trent (F.J.)
ClMBIClNA
Cimbex lutea, L. (femorata, L.). Near Burton, on
alder and birch, rare
Trichiosoma lucorum, L. Common in early
spring, Burton ; Dove Valley (F. J.)
HYLOTOMINA
Hylotoma rosae, L. Burton, infests rose trees
cyaneocrocea, Forst. Burton
PAMPHILINA
Pamphilus sylvaticus, L. Burton
TENTHREDINIDAE (continued)
CEPHIDAE
Cephus phthisiacus, Fb. (pallipes, Klug.). Burton
tabidus, Fb. Burton
pygmaeus, L. Burton
SIRICIDAE
Sirex gigas, L. Females occur occasionally, Ham
(R.G.) ; Dove Valley ; Uttoxeter (F. J.) ;
Hanley (W. Bladen) ; Stone, fairly common ;
Cbeadle (J. R. B. M.) ; Helelgh Castle Wood
(T. W. Daltry)
juvencus, L. Large numbers found in a dead
spruce-fir, in all stages of development, in
August, 1850 (Sir O. Mosley, Zoo!. 1850,
p. 2960). 'Produced some years ago in
great numbers from a diseased spruce fir at
Rolleston' (E. B.) [1863]; one taken near
Stone (W. Wells Bladen)
melanocerus, Thorns, (noctilio, Fb.). $ taken
at Cheadle in 1897 (J. R. B. M., N.S.F.C.
Report, 1 898, p. 64). (Regarded by Cameron
as probably not a distinct species.)
CYNIPJDAE
Rhodites cgianteriae, Htg. On Rosa canina, L.,
at Alton (C. B.)
rosae, L. Generally distributed
forma-tuberculata. Great Gate (C. B.)
Aulax heiracii, Bouche. On H. umbellatum
(R. G.)
Xestophanes brevitarsis, Thorns. On Potentilla
silvestris, Neck. Alton (C. B.)
Andricus fecundatrix, Htg. On Quercus robur, L.
Alton (C.B.)
Cynips kollari, Htg. Already established in the
district round Burton in 1863 ; now com-
mon on Q. robur, L. everywhere
Biorhiza terminalis, Fb. Also common on Q. ro-
bur, L. everywhere
Dryophanta folii, Htg. (scutellaris, Adler) ? Alien
(C. B.)
Neuroterus numismatis, Oliv. Common
lenticularis, Oliv. Common on Q. robur, L.
Alton (C. B.)
HYMENOPTERA ENTOMOPHAGA
(Cbrjsids, Ichneumons,
CHRYSIDIDAE
Cleptes pallipes, St. F. (semiaurata, L.). Burton
Elampus (Hedychrum) auratus, L. Burton
Chrysis cyanea, L. Burton
viridula, L. Burton
ignita, L. Burton ; Mayfeld, and Dove Valley,
not uncommon (F.J.)
IcHNEUMONIDAI
[Still remain unworkcd. R. C. Bradley (Eat.
1896, p. 222) records a pair of Banchus
pirtuJ, Fb. from Cokvich, and specimens of
[Also
ICHNEUMONIDAE (continued)
Pimpla turionellae, L. and Ichneumon ex-
tensorius, L. were identified by Mr. C.
Morley among some insects taken at Cheadle
in 1903]
BRACONIDAE
unworked up to the present. Edwin Brown
mentions Microgaster glomeratus as ' very
common,' and also records Evania appendi-
gaster as parasitic on the cockroach in the
Burton district]
86
INSECTS
COLEOPTERA
(Beetles)
The materials from which the subsequent list has been compiled are mainly as follows :
(i) R. Garner's Natural History cf the County of Stafford, 1844, with a supplement dated 1860,
containing a list of 171 species in all ; most of these are species of ubiquitous occurrence, and
the identifications in some cases are almost certainly wrong. Garner had the assistance
of Messrs. Finder and J. B. Davis in drawing up his list of Coleoptera, and says (p. 241)
that to Mr. Davis he is indebted to a considerable extent for the list. (2) A list in Fauna of
the Neighbourhood of Burton on Trent by Edwin Brown (J. Van Voorst), 1863. This contains
623 species, mostly collected in Staffordshire, but a few are from Derbyshire only, the district
round Burton embracing portions of both counties. (3) A list of ' Coleoptera collected in the
Neighbourhood of Burton,' by H. W. 'Bates, in the Zoologist for 1848, p. 1997, noting 77
species. (4) A list of 491 species by Mr. L. H. Jahn in the Report of the N. Staffs. Field
Club, 1904-5, pp. 73-90, and a supplementary list of 93 species, i.e., 1906-7, p. 81-5.
Nearly all Mr. Jahn's material has been through my hands. It includes several purely northern
forms introduced in timber for the pits, but as several of these seem to be establishing them-
selves in the Hanley neighbourhood, it is better to include them.
I have been able to supplement these lists considerably from scattered records in Fowler's
British Coleoptera and in the Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, as well as from a small list
of captures at Cheadle by Mr. Johnston. It is hoped that the county list thus compiled,
though very imperfect, especially in the Staphylinidae and Curculionidae, will act as a useful
basis and stimulus for further collecting. Where no authority for the record is given, it is to be
understood that it stands on the authority of Mr. Brown (Burton), Canon Fowler, or myself
(Cannock Chase and Needwood Forest) ; Mr. Jahn (Hanley and Swynnerton) or Mr. Johnston
(Cheadle). Otherwise the author's name is invariably given. Species whose occurrence in the
county seems, for various reasons, to need confirmation, are inclosed in square brackets [ ].
Absence of locality points to general distribution, inferred at present rather than ascertained.
ClCINDELlDAE
Cicindela campestris, L.
CARABIDAE
Cychrus rostratus, L.
Carabus granulatus, L.
monilis, F.
catenulatus, Scop.
nemoralis, Mull.
violaceus, L.
nitens, L. Cannock Chase
(Brown) ; Wetley Moor
(Jahn)
Notiophilus biguttatus, F.
aquaticus, L.
Leistus spinibarbis, F.
fulvibarbis, Dej.
ferruginous, L.
rufescens, F.
Ncbria brevicollis, F.
gyllenhali, Sch. Cheadle
livida, F. Cannock Chase
(Garneys and Harris)
Elaphrus riparius, L.
cupreus, Duft.
Loricera pilicornis, F.
Clivina fossor, L.
collar. s, Hbst. Hanley ; Bur-
ton, occasional
Dyschirius aeneus, Dej. Burton
and CannockChase(ovt\er)
CARABIDAE (cont.)
Miscodcra arctica, Payk. Cannock
Chase; cf. Ent. 1898,
p. 271
Brojcus cephalotes, L. Stvynner-
ton
Badister bipustulatus, F.
Licinus depressus, Payk. Dove-
dale (Brown and Jahn)
Chlaenius vestitus, Payk. Can-
nock Chase
nigricornis, F. Dovcstde
(Brown)
Oodes helopioides, F. Burton
Acupalpus meridianus, L. Hen-
hurst (Brown)
Bradycellus cognatus, Gyll.
verbasci, Duft.
harpalinus, Dej.
Harpalus rupicola, St. Burton
(Fowler)
ruficornis, F.
aeneus, F.
latus, L.
Anisodactylus binotatus, F. Bur-
ton
Stomis pumicatus, Panz. Burton ;
Cheadle; Hanley
Platyderus ruficollis, Marsh.
Lichfield and Burton
(Fowler)
Pterostichus cupreus, L.
87
CARABIDAE (com.)
Pterostichus vcrsicolor, St.
- madidus, F.
lepidus, F. Cannock Chase
in some number, vide also
Ent. 1895, p. 236
niger, Sch.
- vulgaris, L.
- nigrita, F.
- gracilis, Dej. Burton (Fow-
ler)
strenuus, Panz.
- diligens, St.
picimanus, Duft. Cannock
Chase
- vernalis, Gyll. Burton
striola, F.
Amara apricaria, Payk.
consularis, Duft. Cannock
Chate
- aulica, Panz.
- patricia, Duft. Cannock Chase
bifrons, Gyll. Manifold
Valley (Jahn)
ovata, F. Cheadle
similata, Gyll. Burton ;
Cheadle
acuminata, Payk. Burton
tibialis, Payk.
lunicollis, Sch. Burton ;
Cannock Chase
sprcta, Dej. Cannock Chase
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
CARABIDAE (coat.)
Amara familiaris, Duft.
anthobia, Villa. Hanley
trivialis, Gyll.
communis, Panz.
plebeia, Gyll
Calathus cisteloides, Panz.
fuscus, F. Stone and Dove-
dale (Jahn)
- melanocephalus, L.
- piceus, Marsh. Trentkam
(Jahn)
Taphria nivalis, Panz. Burton, rare
Pristonychus terricola, Hbst.
Sphodrus leucophthalmus, L.
Burton
Anchomenus angusticollis, F.
- dorsalis, Mull.
- albipes, F.
- marginatus, L.
- sexpunctatus, L. One speci-
men in Dovedale (Jahn)
- parumpunctatus, F.
- viduus, Panz., and var. moes-
tus, Duft. Hanky, Burton
- fuliginosus, Panz.
- gracilis, Gyll. Hanley
- piceus, L. Hanley, Burton
- thoreyi, Dej. Burton (Fow-
ler)
puellus, Dej. Burton (Fow-
ler)
Olisthopus rotundatus, Payk.
Bembidium rufescens, Guer.
- quinquestriatum, Gyll. Bur-
ton (Fowler) ; Churnet
Galley (Jahn)
- obtusum, St.
- guttula, F.
- mannerheimi, Sahl. Hanley
- biguttatum, F.
- articulatum, Panz. Burton
- lampros, Hbst.
nigricorne, Gyll. Cannock
Chase (Blatch)
atrocaeruleum, Steph. Burton
(Bates)
tibiale, Duft. Burton (Fow-
ler)
decorum, Panz. Burton
(Bates)
monticola, St. Burton
- quadriguttatum, F.
quadrimaculatum, Gyll.
femoratum, St.
bruxellense, Wesm. Cannock
Cfiaie
littorale, Ol.
fluviatile, Dej. Burton
punctulatum, Drap. Burton
bipunctatum, L. Cannock
Chase
flammulatum, Clairv. By the
Trent and Dove (Garneys
and Gorham)
CARABIDAE (cont.)
Bembidium obliquum, St. Near
Burton. one specimen
(Fowler)
Tachypus flavipes, L.
Trechus discus, F. Rare by the
Trent and Dove (Garneys)
rubens, F. Canmck Chase;
Hanley
minutus, F.
secalis, Payk. Burton
Patrobus excavatus, Payk.
assimilis, Ch. Cannock Chase
Cymindis vaporariorum, L. Can-
nock Chase (Smith in
Ent. 1895, p. 236, and
Blatch, I.e. 1890, p. 208)
Lebia chlorocephala, Hoff. Bur-
ton, occasional ; Dovedale
(Jahn)
Demetrias atricapillus, L.
Dromius linearis, Ol.
agilis, F. Burton common,
Trentham (Jahn)
quadrimaculatus, L.
quadrinotatus, Panz.
melanocephalus, Dej.
Metabletus foveola, Gyll.
truncatellus, L. Cannock Chase
HALIPLIDAE
Brychius elevatus, Panz. R.Dove
(Jahn)
Haliplus obliquus, Er.
- mucronatus, Steph. Burton,
very rare (Garneys)
- flavicollis, St. Burton (Bates)
variegatus, St.
- ruficollis, De G.
- fluviatilis, Aube. Newcastle
under Lyme (Jahn)
lineatocollis, Marsh.
PELOBIIDAE
Pelobius tardus, Hbst. Two at
Stone (Jahn)
DYTISCIDAE
Noterus clavicornis, De G. Bur-
ton
- sparsus, Marsh. Newcastle
under Lyme (Jahn)
Laccophilus interruptus, Panz.
obscurus, Panz.
Hyphydrus ovatus, L.
Coelambus versicolor, Sch.
inaequalis, F.
parallelogrammus, Ahr. Bur-
ton
Deronectes depressus, F.
assimilis, Payk. One at Bur-
ton (Bates)
Hydroporus pictus, F.
88
DYTISCIDAE (cont.}
Hydroporus dorsalis, F. Neu-cast,'f
under Lyme (Jahn)
rivalis.Gyll. Burton,not scarce
in River Dove (Jahn)
lineatus, F.
palustris, L.
erythrocephalus, L.
pubescens, Gyll.
planus, F.
melanarius, St. Canned Chase t
a specimen intermediate
between type and var.
monticola Sharp
marginatus, Duft. Cannock
Chase (Blatch)
Agabus guttatus, Payk. New-
castle under Lyme (Jahn),
CktaMt
paludosus, F. Burton
nebulosus, Forst.
sturmi, Gyll.
chalconotus, Panz.
bipustulatus, L.
Platambus maculatus, L.
Ilybius fuliginosus, F.
fenestratus, F. Burton (Bates)
ater, De G.
obscurus, Marsh. Burton
Rhantus exoletus, Forst. Re-
corded by Garner
bistriatus, Berg. Burton
(Fowler)
Colymbetes fuscus, L.
Dytiscus marginalis, L.
- punctulatus, F.
Acilius sulcatus, L.
GYRINIDAE
Gyrinus natator, Scop.
elongatus, Aube. Cannock
Chase
Orectochilus villosus, Mull.
Burton
HYDROPHILIDAE
Hydrobius fuscipes, L.
Philhydrus nigricans, Z. New-
castle under Lyme (Jahn),
Swynnerton
minutus, F. Burton
coarctatus, Gred. Hanley
Anacaena globulus, Payk.
limbata, F.
Helochares lividus, Forst.
Laccobius minutus, L. Need-
wood Forest
nigriceps, Thorns.
Berosus luridus, L. Burton
Limnebius truncatellus, Th.
Chaetarthria seminulum, Herbst.
Cannock Chase
Helophorus rugosus, Ol.
INSECTS
HYDROPHILIDAE (cortt.)
Helophorus aquaticus, L. and var.
aequalis, Th. Ckeadle
aeneipennis, Thorns.
mulsanti, Rye. Cheadle
brevipalpis, Bedel
Hydrochus elongatus, Schall.
Hartley, common
Henicocerus exsculptus, Germ.
Burton (Bates) ; Stone (Jahn)
Hydraena pulchella, Germ.
River Dove, near Burton
(Fowler)
palustris, Er. Cheadle
Sphaeridium scarabaeo'des, F.
bipustulatum, F. and var. mar-
ginatum, F.
Cercyon haemorrhoidalis, Herbst.
obsoletus, Gyll. Hanky ; Bur-
ton (Fowler)
flavipes, F.
lateralis, Marsh.
melanocephalus, L.
unipunctatus, L.
quisquilius, L.
pygmaeus, 111. Burton
Megasternum boletophagum,
Marsh.
Cryptopleurumatomarium,Muls.
STAPHYLIMDAE
Aleochara fuscipes, F.
lanuginosa, Gr.
moerens, Gyll. Burton
(Fowler)
Oxypoda spectabilis, Mark.
Hanky
alternans, Grav.
nigrina, Wat. Needwood
Forest
Isc.hnoglossa prolixa, Grav. Bur-
ton (Fowler)
corticina, Er. Needwood Forest
Ocyusa incrassata, Kr. Needwood
Forest
Phloeopora reptans, Grav.
corticalis, Grav. Cannock
Chase ; Needuood Forest
Ocalea castanea, Er. Hanky
Calodera aethiops, Grav. Need-
ivood Forest
Astilbus canaliculatus, F.
Homalota gyllenhali, Thorns.
Needivood Forest
hygrotopora, Kr. Cannock
Chase
silvicola, Fuss. Cannock Chase
graminicola, Gyll.
aequata, Er. Ncedwood Forest
linearis, Gr. Cannock Chase
pilicornis, Thorns. 'Needwood
Forest
immersa, Er. Cannock Chase ;
'Needwood Forest
trinotata, Kr.
STAPHYLINIDAE (font.)
Homalota xanthopus, Thorns.
Needtvood Forest
diversa, Sharp. Cannock
Chase (Blatch in Eat.
1890, p. 208)
sodalis, Er. Needivood Forest
nigra, Kr.
cinnamoptera, Thorns. Need-
wood Forest
marcida, Er. Hanky
pygmaea, Gr. Cannock Chase
Tachyusa atra, Gr. Cannock
Chase
Autalia impressa, Ol.
Encephalus complicans, Westw.
Needwood Forest
Gyrophaena affinis, Man. Can-
nock Chase
pulchella, Heer. Hanchurch
nana, Payk. Cannock Chase
laevipennis, Kr. Hanchurch
(Jahn)
Agaricochara laevicollis, Kr.
Cannock Chase
Placusa pumilio, Gr. Cannock
Chase
Bolitochara lucida, Gr. Hanley
Hygronoma dimidiata, Gr.
Hanky
Gymnusa brevicollis, Payk.
Cannock Chase
- variegata, Kies. CanuocA
Chase
Hypocyptus longicornis, Payk.
- laeviusculus, Man. Cannock
Chase
Conosoma pubescens, Gr.
Tachyporus obtusus, L.
chrysomelmus, L.
- humerosus, Er.
- hypnorum, F.
brunneus, F.
Cilea silphoides, L.
Tachinus humeralis, Gr.
- rufipes, L. A ferruginous
var. near Burton (Fowler)
- subterraneus, L.
- marginellus, F.
Megacronus cingulatus, Man.
Cannock Chase
- analis, F. Cheadle ; Cannock
Chase
inclinans, Gr. Hanchurch
Bolitobius lunulatus, L.
- trinotatus, Gr.
- pygmaeus, F.
Mycetoporus lucidus, Er.
lepidus.Gr. Hanchurch (Jahn)
splendidus, Gr.
Heterothops dissimilis, Gr.
Quedius ventralis, Kr. Rudyard
(Jahn)
mesomelinus, Marsh. Stone
(Jahn)
89
STAPHYLINIDAE (cor.t.)
Quedius fulgidus, F. Burton
cruentus, Ol. Stvynnerton
xanthopus, Er. Burton
impressus, Panz. (cinctus,
Payk)
- fuliginosus, Gr.
tristis, Gr.
molochinus, Gr.
- nigriceps, Kr. Burton
- umbrinus, Er. Hanley
scintillans, Gr. Needviood
Forest
- rufipes, Gr.
- attenuatus, Gyll. Burton
semiaeneus, Sieph. Cannock
Chase ; Needuood Forest
Creophilus maxillosus, L.
Leistotrophus nebulosus, F.
murinus, L. Burton
Staphylinus pubescens, De G.
Burton
stercorarius, Ol. Burton ;
Doredale (fahn)
latebricola, Gr. Burton
- erythropterus, L.
- cacsareus, Ceder
Ocypus olens, Mull.
similis, F. Burton
brunnipes, F. Dwedale (Jahn)
cupreus, Rossi
- morio, Gr.
compressus, Marsh. Burton
Philonthus splendens, F.
- intermedius, Boisd.
- laminatus, Cr.
- aeneus, Rossi
- proximus, Kr. Cannock Chase
- decorus, Gr.
- politus, F.
varius, Gyll.
- marginatus, F.
- fimetarius, Gr.
ebeninus, Gr. Hanky
- sanguinolentus, Gr. Burton;
Hanley
cruentatus, Gm.
varians, Payk
nigrita, Nord. Cannock Chase
fulvipcs, F. Burton (Fowler)
puella, Nord. Needwood
Forest ; Dovedale
Cafius xantholoma, Gr. Burton;
Cannock Chase (Jahn)
Xantholinus glabratus, Gr.
punctulatus, Gr.
tricolor, F. Cheadle
linearis, Ol.
longiventris, Hcer
Nudobius lentus, Gr. Hanley
No doubt introduced
Baptolinus alternans, Gr.
Othius fulvipennis, F.
myrmecophilus, Kies.
Lathrobium elongatum, L.
12
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
STAPHYLINIDAE (cant.)
Lathrobium fulvipenne, Gr.
brunnipes, F.
-- rufipcnne, Gyll. Cannock
Chase (Blatch)
longulum, Gr. Burton
- multipvmctum, Gr. Burton
Cryptobium glaberrimum, Hbst.
Cannock Chase
Stilicus orbiculatus, Er. Burton ;
Needtvood Forest
- affinis, Er.
Medon obsoletus, Nord. Burton
(Harris)
Lithocharis ochracea, Gr. Burton
Sunius angustatus, Payk.
Paederus littoralis, Gr.
riparius, L. Burton
Evaesthetus ruficapillus, Lac.
Needti-ood Forest
Dianous coerulescens, Gyll.
Dovedale (Fowler)
Stenus biguttatus, L. Banks of
Dot'e near Burton (Fowler)
bipunctatus, Er. Banks of
Dove near Burton (Fowler)
- guttula, Mull. Banks of
Dove near Burton (Fowler)
- juno, F.
- guynemeri, Duv. Cannock
Chase (Blatch in Ent.
1890, p. 208)
- speculator, Er.
- brunnipes, Steph.
impressus, Germ.
- carbonarius, Gyll. Burton
(Fowler)
- pallipes, Gr. Ncedzt-ood Forest
- flavipes, Gr. N cedti-ood Forest
- pubescens, Steph.
- binotatus, Lj. Cannock Chase
- cicindeloides, Gr.
- similis, Hbst.
Bledius opacus, Block. Burton
(Fowler); Hanchurch (Jahn)
Platystethus arenarius, Fourc.
Oxytelus rugbsus, Gr.
fulvipes, Er. Needviood (Gor-
ham, Harris, and others)
laqueatus, Marsh
inustus, Gr. Cannock Chase
sculpturatus, Gr.
- tetracarinatus, Block
Trogophloeus rivularis, Mots.
Cannock Chase
corticinus, Gr. Cannock Chase
pusillus, Gr. Burton (Fowler)
Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze
Olophrum piceum, Gyll.
Lathrimaeum unicolor, Steph.
Deliphrum tectum, Payk. Han-
ley
Cory phi urn angusticolle, Steph.
Needwood Forest
Homalium rivulare, Payk.
STAPHYLINIDAE (cant.)
Homalium oxyacanthae, Grav.
excavatum, Steph. Burton
rufipes, Fourc.
deplanatum, Gyll. Cannock
Chase
Anthobium minutum, F.
ophthalmicum, Payk.
torquatum, Marsh.
Proteinus brachypterus, F.
Megarthrus depressus, Lac.
Prognatha quadriconiis, Lac.
Needtvood Forest
LEPTINIDAE
Leptinus testaceus, Mull. Need-
wood Forest, in large num-
bers, in a humble-bee's nest
(Gorham)
SILPHIDAE
Agathidium nigripenne, Kug.
Needwood Forest ; Trent-
ham (Jahn)
atrum, Payk. Cannock Chase ;
Needtvood Forest
seminulum, L. Cannock Chase
varians, Beck. N eedtvood Forest
globosum, Muls. Cannock
Chase
rotundatum, Gyll. Cannock
Chase
nigrinum, St. Needwood
Forest ; Trcntham (Jahn)
Amphicyllis globus, F. Burton
Liodes humeralis, Kug.
orbicuhris, Hbst. Cannock
Chase
Anisotoma calcarata, Er. Stvyn-
ncrton ; Cannock Chase
punctulata, Gyll. Burton
(Harris)
cinnamomea, Panz. Cheadle
Necrophorus humator, Goeze
mortuorum, F.
ruspator, Er. Hanley
vespillo, L.
vestigator, Hers. Burton ;
Hanley (Garner)
Necrodes littoralis, L. Trentham
(Jahn), Throwley and Tit-
tensor (Garner") ; Burton
Silpha nigrita, Cr. Burton
obscura, L. Burton, also re-
corded by Garner
quadripunctata, L. Burton
(Fowler) ; Stvynnerton
- opaca, L. Cannock Chase
thoracica, L.
rugosa, L.
sinuata, F.
laevigata, F. Cannock Chase;
Burton
90
SILPHIDAE (cent.)
Silpha atrata, L.
var. brunnea, Hbst. Re-
corded by Garner
Choleva angustata, F. Burton
cisteloides, Panz. Cheadle;
Hanley
coracina, Kell. Needwood
Forest ; Trentham (Jahn)
grandicollis, Er.
nigrita, Er. Cannock Chase
tristis, Pz.
kirbyi,Spence. Cannock Chase
chrysomeloides, Panz.
fumata, Spence
Catops sericeus, F.
SCYDMAENIDAE
Neuraphes sparshalli, Den. Bur-
ton (Fowler)
Scydmaenus collaris, Mull.
exilis, Er. Cannock Chase,
Hanchtirch (Jahn)
PSELAPHIDAE
Pselaphus heisei, Hbst. Hen-
hurst (Brown) ; R. Doze
(Bates)
Tychus niger, Payk.
Bythinus puncticollis, Den. Bur-
ton, common (Fowler)
curtisii, Den. Henhurst
(Brown)
Bryaxis fossulata, Reich. Hen-
hurst (Brown)
haematica, Reich. Henkurst
(Brown) ; R. Dove (Bates)
impressa, Panz.
Batrisus venustus, Reich. Bagofs
Park (Gorham)
Bibloporus bicolor, Den. Can-
nock Chase
Euplectus punctatus, Muls. Can-
nock Chase
karsteni, Reich. CannockChase
nanus, Reich. Cannock Chase
piceus, Mots. Cannock Chase
TRICHOPTERYGI DAE
Pteryx suturalis, Heer. Han-
church (Jahn)
Ptinella denticollis, Fairm. Need-
wood Forest (Blatch) ; Hanley
aptcra, Gu6r. Cannock Chase
angustula, Gill. Cannock Chase
Trichopteryx thoracica, Walt.
Burton ; Needu-ood Forest
Nossidium pilosellum, Marsh.
Needti-ood Forest (Gorham)
Ptenidium evanescens, Marsh
Needwood Forest (Gorham).
PHALACRIDAE
Phalacrus corruscus, Payk.
Stilbus testaceus, Panz.
INSECTS
COCCI NELLI DAE
Subcoccinella z^-punctata, L.
Burton ; Dovedale (Jahn)
Hippodamia variegata, Goeze.
Burton
Anisosticta ig-punctata, L. Can-
nock Chase (Jahn)
Adalia obliterata, L.
bipunctata, L.
Mysia oblongoguttata, L. Swyn-
nerton ; Cannock Chase
(Brown) ; Cheadle
Anatis ocellata, L.
Coccinella lo-punctata, L.
hieroglyphica, L. Cannock
Chase
I l-punctata, L.
5-punctata, L. Burton
- 7-punctata, L.
Halyzia 14-guttata, L.
i8-guttata, L.
conglobata, L. Szvynnerton
22-punctata, L.
Micraspis i6-punctata, L. Burton
Hyperaspis reppensis, Hbst.
Staffordshire (Fowler)
Scymnus nigrinus, Kug. Can-
nock Chase
capitatus, F. Cannock Chase;
Hanky
Chilocorus similis, Rossi. Burton
bipustulatus.L. CannockChase;
Burton
Exochomus quadripustulatus, L.
Cannock Chase ; Burton
Rhizobius litura, F.
Coccidula rufa, Hbst.
ENDOMYCHIDAE
Mycetaea hirta, Marsh. Hamey
EROTYLIDAI
Dacne humeralis, F. Needwood
Forest
rufifrons, F. Burton ; Han-
church (Jahn)
Triplax russica, L. Needwood
Forest ; Cannock Chase
aenea,Schall. Needwood Forest;
Byrkley Park (Brown)
Cyrtotriplax bipustulata, F. Han-
church (Jahn)
CoLYDIIDAE
Cerylon histeroides, F.
ferrugineum, Steph. Cannock
Chase ; Trentham (Jahn)
fagi, Bris. One at Hanchurch
HlSTERIDAE
Hister unicolor, L
cadaverinus, HofF. Hanley
succicola, Thorns. Cannock
Chase
purpurascens,Hbst. Burton
HISTERIDAE (eont.)
Hister carbonarius, 111.
bimaculatus, L.
Gnathoncus nannetensis, Marsh.
Cannock Chase
Saprinus nitidulus, Payk.
aeneus, F.
Onthophilus striatus, F.
MlCROPEPLIDAE
Micropeplus margaritae, Duv.
NlTIDULIDAE
Brachypterus pubescens, Er.
Cercus' rufilabris, Latr.
Epuraea aestiva, L.
deleta, Er. Hanley
obsoleta, F.
pusilla, Er.
angustula, Er. Stone (Jahn)
Nitidub bipustulata, L.
Soroniapunctatissima, 111. Burton
- grisea, L.
Omosita colon, L.
- discoidea, F.
Pocadius ferruginous, F. Burton
Meligethes rufipes, Gyll.
aeneus, F.
viridescens, F.
difficilis, Heer. Staffordshire
(Fowler)
Cychramus luteus, F. Lurlon
Ips quadriguttat.i, F. Necdtvood
Forest ; Hanckurch (Jahn)
quadripunctata, Hbst. Need-
wofd Forest ; Hanchurch
(Jahn)
Rhizophagus parallelocollis, Er.
Cannock Chase
ferrugincus, Pk.
nitidulus, F. Cannock Chase ;
Needwood Forest
dispar, Gyll
bipustulatus, F.
TROGOSITIDAE
Nemosoma clongatum, L. In-
troduced in Welsh timber
Thymalus limbatus, F. Dore-
dale (Jahn) ; Cannock Chase
LATHRIDIIDAE
Lathridius lardarius, De G.
Coninomus nodifer, Westw.
[ constrictus, Humm. Record-
ed doubtfully by Fowler
from Burton]
Enicmus minutus, L.
fungicola, Thorns. Cannock
Chase, in numbers
brevicornis, Mannh. Cannock
Chase, under birch bark
(Blatch)
Cartodere filum, Aubi. Burton,
in a herbarium (Fowler)
Corticaria pubescens, Gyll. Hanky
9 1
LATHRIDIIDAE (cont.~)
Melanophthalma gibbosa, Hbst.
fuscula, Humm.
Pediacus dermestoides, F. Stone
CuCUJIDAE
Silvanus unidentatus, Ol.
BYTURIDAE
Byturus tomentosus, F.
CRYPTOPHAGIDAE
Antherophagus nigricornis, F.
Hanchurch (Jahn)
- pallens, Gyll. Cannock Chase
Cryptophagus lycoperdi, Hbst.
scanicus, L.
dentatus, Hbst.
Micrambe vini, Panz.
Atomaria barani, Bris. Hanley
- fuscipes, Gyll. CannockChase
nigripennis, Payk. Burton
(Harris)
fuscata, Sch.
pusilla, Payk.
basalis, Er. Burton (Fowler)
mesomelas, Hbst. Burton
(Bates)
ruficornis, Marsh.
ScAPHIDIIDAE
Scaphidium quadrimaculatum, Ol.
Cannock Chase
Scaphisoma boleti, Panz. Need-
wood Forest ; Hanley
MYCETOPHAGIDAE
Typhaea fumata, L.
Triphyllus suturalis, F.
punctatus, F. Burton ; Swyn-
nerton
Litargus bifasciatus, F. Swyn-
nerton and Meaford (Jahn)
Mycetophagus quadripustulatus,
L.
piceus, F.
atomarius, F. Burton
DEKMESTIDAE
Dermestes vulpinus, F. Wol-
stanton (Jahn)
murinus, L. Knightley Park
(Brown) ; Hanley
lardarius, L.
Attagenus pellio, L.
Megatoma undata, Er. Burton ;
Cannock Chase
Anthrenus musaeorum, L. Burton
claviger, Er. Meaford (Jahn)
BYRRHIDAE
Byrrhus pilula, L.
fasciatus, F.
dorsalis, F.
Simplocaria semistriata, F. Can-
nock Chase
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
FARM DAE
Elmis aeneus, Mull.
volkmari, Panz. Burton
(Fowler)
Potaminus substriatus, Mull.
R. Dove near Burton
(Fowler)
Parnus auriculatus, Panz.
prolifericornis, F.
LUCANIDAF
Dorcus parallelopipedus, L.
Brereton (R.G.) ; Burton,
one at Trentham (Jahn)
Sinodendron cylindricum, L.
SCARABAEIDAE
Copris lunaris, L. Whitmore
(Chappell)
Onthophagus ovatus, L. Scalp-
cliff Hill (Brown) ; Burton
(Bates), also recorded by
Garner
- coenobita, Hbst. Needwood
Forest
Aphodius erraticus, L. Burton
- subterraneus, L.
- fossor, L.
- haemorrhoidalis, L.
- foetens, F.
- fimetarius, L.
- scybalarius, F.
- ater, De G.
- granarius, L.
- sordidus, F. Burton
- rufescens, F. Burton
- pusillus, Hbst.
- merdarius, F.
- inquinatus, F. Hanky
- sticticus,Panz. Burton (Bates)
- punctatosulcatus, St.
- prodromus, Br.
- contaminatus, Hbst.
- obliteratus, Panz. Needwood
Forest
Aphodius luridus, F. Burton
var. nigripes, F. Burton
(Bates)
- rufipes, L.
- depressus, Kug.
Aegialia arenaria, F. Hanley
Gcotrupes typhoeus, L. Abun-
dant on Swynnerton and
Whitmore Heaths (Pinder
fide Garner)
- stercorarius, L.
- spiniger, Marsh
- mutator, Marsh. Needuiood
Forest ; Dovedale (Brown)
- vernalis, L. Recorded by
Garner
- sylvaticus, Panz. Hanley,
common
SCARABAEIDAE (cant.)
Trox sabulosus, L. Burton ,-
Cannock Chase, vide also
Ent. 1896, p. 200
Hoplia philanthus, Fuss. Hanley
Serica brunnea, L.
Melolontha vulgaris, F.
Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L. One
at Stone (Jahn)
Phyllopertha horticola, L.
Cetonia aurata, L. North Staffs.
(Garner)
BUPRESTIDAE
Agrilus viridis, L. Burton (Bates)
THROSCIDAE
Throscus dermestoides, L. Han-
ley ; Cannock Chase
ELATERIDAE
Lacon murinus, L.
Cryptohypnus quadripustulatus,
F. Burton; Dovedale (Jahn)
riparius, F.
Elater pomorum, Hbst. Cannock
Chase
balteatus, L. Cannock Chase ;
Hanley
nigrinus, P.nyk. Burnt Wood
(Chappell) ; Trentham
(Jahn)
Melanotus rufipes, Hbst.
Athous niger, L.
haemorrhoidalis, F.
vittatus, F. Burton; Cannock
Chase
longicollis, Ol. Burton
Limonius minutus, L. Burton
Sericosomus brunneus, L. Can-
nock Chase ; Burnt Wood
(Fowler)
Adrastus limbatus, F.
Agriotes sputator, L.
obscurus, L.
lineatus, L.
sobrinus, Kies.
- pallidulus, 111.
Dolopius marginatus, L.
Corymbites pectinicornis, L.
Burton ; Trentham (Jahn)
cupreus, F.
var. aeruginosus, F.
tessellatus, F. Burton
quercus, Gyll
var. ochropterus, Steph.
Cheadle ; Cannock
' ia ; Chase
L holosericeus, F. Burton
aeneus, L. Burton ; Cannock
Chase
Campylus linearis, L.
9 2
DASCILLIDAE
Dascillus cervinus, L. Burton ;
Dovedale (Jahn)
Helodes marginata, F.
minuta, L.
Microcara livida, F.
Cyphon coarctatus, Payk
nitidulus, Th.
variabilis, Th.
pallidulus, Boh. Cannock
Chase
LAMPYRIDAE
Lampyris noctiluca, L. Widely
distributed
TELEPHORIDAE
Podabrus alpinus, Payk. Can-
nock Chase ; Wee/ and Stone
(Jahn)
Ancistronycha abdominalis, F.
Dovedale (Jahn)
Telephone fuscus, L. (fide Gar-
ner)
rusticus, Fall
lividus, L.
var. dispar, F. Cheadle
pellucidus, F.
nigricans, Mll'l.
var. discoideus, Steph
Cheadle
lituratus, Fall.
bicolor, F.
haemorrhoidalis, F. Trent-
ham (Jahn), Burton
flavilabris, Fall.
thoracicus, Ol. Burton
Rhagonycha unicolor, Curt.
Cannock Chase
fulva, Scop.
testacea, L.
limbata, Thorns.
pallida, F.
Malthinus punctatus, Fourc.
fasciatus, Ol. Burton
frontalis, Marsh. Camtock
Chase
Malthodes marginatus, Latr.
guttifer, Kies. Cannock
Chase (Blatch)
minimus, L.
MELYRIDAE
Malachius aeneus, L. Burton
bipustulatus, L.
viridis, F. Trentham Park
(Garner)
Axinotarsus ruficollis, Ol. Bur-
ton (Bates)
Anthocomus fasciatus, L. Hanley
Dasytes aerosus, Kies. Burton
Haplocnemus impressus, Marsh.
Cannock Chase
INSECTS
CLERIDAE
Thanasimus formicarius, L.
Hanley
Necrobia ruficollis, F. Burton
Corynetes coeruleus, De G.
Burton
LlMEXYLONIDAE
Hylecoetus dermestoides, L.
Cannock Chase
PTINIDAE
Ptinus fur, L.
lichenum, Marsh. Burton
Niptus hololeucus, Fald. fide
Mason in E.M.M. 1893,
p. 238
crenatus, F. Burton; Staffs.
(Garner)
, Hedobia imperialis, L. Burton ;
Needwood Forest ; Hanley
ANOBIIDAE
Dryophilus pusillus, Gyll.
Priobium castaneum, F.
Anobium domesticum, Fourc.
paniceum, L. Burton
Xestobium tessellatum, F. Bur-
ton ; Needwood Forest
Ptilinus pectinicornis, L. Bur-
ton ; Sivy nner ton
Ernobius moliis, L. Burton
Xyletinus ater, Panz. Burton
(Bates)
BOSTRICHIDAE
Bostrichus capucinus, L. Bur-
ton (E. Brown in coll.
Power)
SPHINDIDAE
Sphindus dubius, Gyll. Cannock
Chase
ClSSIDAE
Cis boleti, Scop.
villosulus, Marsh. Needwood
Forest
hispidus, Payk. Cannock
Chase
bidentatus, Ol. Cannock
Chase
pygmaeus, Marsh. Burton
fuscatus, Mell. Cannock
Chase
Ennearthron cornutum, Gyll.
Cannock Chase
Octotemnus glabriculus, Gyll.
PRIONIDAE
Prionus coriarius, L. Old trees
in Staffs. (Garner), Can-
nock Chase in 1890 and
1892 (Masefield), one at
Trentham (Jahn)
CERAMBYCIDAE
Aromia moschata, L. Burton
Callidium violaceum, L. North
Staffs. (Garner)
Clytus arietis, L.
mysticus, L. Burton
Gracilia minuta, F. Burton
Rhagium inquisitor, F. Trent-
ham (Garner)
bifasciatum, F. Scalpdijf
Hill, Brown ; Swynncrton,
common (Garner)
indagator, Gyll. Swynnerton.
This northern species is
very rare in England
Toxotus meridianus, Panz. Bur-
ton ; Barlaston (Jahn)
Pachyta cerambyciformis, Schr.
On wild Angelica (Garner)
Leptura livida, F. Burnt Wood
(Fowler)
Strangalia quadrifasciata, L. One
at Sivynnerton
armata, Hbst.
melanura, L. Burnt Wood
(Fowler)
Grammoptera tabacicolor, De G.
Oakamoor (Garner) ,- Han-
church (Jahn)
- ruficornis, F.
[ praeusta, F. Oakamoor
(Garner)]
LAMIIDAE
Acanthocinus aedilis, L. One
in the Trent meadows be-
low Hanley, four at Han-
ky and Stoke (Jahn)
Pogonochaerus fasciculatus, De G.
Hanley
bidentatus, Th.
dentatus, Fourc. Sivynnerton
Leiopus nebulosus, L. Cannock
Chase ; Trentham (Jahn)
Monochammus sutor, L. Burton ;
introduced in timber
Agapanthia lineatocollis, Don.
Cannock Chase (Jahn)
Saperda populnea, L.
Tetrops praeusta, L. Burton
Stenostola ferrea, Schr. Hen-
hurst (Brown)
BRUCHIDAE
Bruchus rufimanus, Boh. CheaJle
EUPODA
Donacia crassipes, F. Burton
(Fowler) ; Trent side
(Brown)
versicolorea, Brahm. Burton;
Trentham (Jahn)
sparganii, Ahr. Burton
limbata, Panz. Burton
93
EUPODA (cant.)
Donacia bicolora, Zsch. Cannock
Chase ; Burnt Wood (Fow-
ler)
simplex, F. Trent side
(Brown) ; Hanley, common
ssmicuprea, Panz. Hanley
clavipes, F. Burton (Fowler)
sericea, L. Burton, very
common, Trentham (Jahn)
discolor, Panz. Cannock Chase
affinis, Kunze. Trent side
(Brown)
[Haemonia curtisi, Lac. Trent
side and Burton, probably
should be succeeding
species]
appendiculata, Panz. Burton
(Rev. C. F. Thornewill)
Zeugophora subspinosa, F. Bur-
ton ; Hanley
Lema cyanella, L.
lichenis, Voet.
melanopa, L.
Crioceris asparagi, L. Burton ;
Hanley
CAMPTOSOMATA
Clythra quadripunctata, L. Burnt
Wood (Fowler) ; two in
Churnet Galley (Jahn)
Cryptocephalus coryli, L. Can-
nock Chaseon birch(Blatch)
bipunctatus,L. var. lineola,F.
Chartley Moss and Burnt
Wood (Fowler) ; Dovcdale
(Jahn)
aureolus, Suffr. Dovedale
on Hieracium (Fowler and
Jahn)
punctiger, Payk. Cannock
Chase
- parvulus, Mull. Chartley
Moss and Burnt It'ood
(Fowler)
decemmaculatus, L. Chartley
Moss (Harris and Garneys)
var. bothnicus, L. Chart-
ley Moss (Harris and
Garneys)
fulvus, Goeze. Hanley
pusillus, F. Burton
labiatus, L.
CYCLICA
Timarcha tenebricosa, F.
violaceonigra, De G.
Chrysomela staphylea, L.
polita, L.
orichalcia, Mull. Burton ;
Hanley
varians, Sch.
goettingensis, L. Near Bur-
ton (Fowler)
graminis, L. Burton
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
CYCLICA (font.)
Chrysomela menthrasti, Suff.
Burton (Fowler) ; Cheadle ;
common on mint in gardens
at Wolverhampton (Jahn)
fastuosa, Scop. Burton ;
Cbeadle ; Swynnerton
didymata, Scr. Henburst
(Brown) ; Burton
hyperici, Forst. Henhunt
(Brown) ; Dovedale (Jahn)
Melasoma aeneum, L. Dave-
dale (Brown) ; Burnt
Wood (Fowler) ; Cannock
Chase
populi, L. Cannock Chase ;
only at Swynnerton (Jahn) ;
recorded by Garner
longicolle, Suffr. Dovedale,
not uncommon (Jahn) ;
recorded by Garner
Phytodecta rufipes, De G. Burnt
Wood (Fowler) ; Burton
(Bates)
olivacea, Forst. Burton
pallida, L. Burton (Bates) ;
Cheadle
Gastroidea viridula, De G. Bur-
ton ; Cbeadle
polygoni, L.
Phacdon tumidulus, Germ.
armoraciae, L. Burton ;
Hanley
cochleariae, F.
Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L.
vitellinae, L.
Hydrothassa aucta, F.
- marginella, L.
Prasocuris junci, Br.
phellandrii, L.
Phyllobrotica 4-maculata, L.
Swynnerton ; Trentham
(JaEn)
Luperus rufipes, Scop.
flavipcs, L. Cheadle
Lochmaea caprcae, L.
suturalis, Thorns Cheadle;
Hanley
crataegi, Forst.
Galerucella viburni, Payk. Bur-
ton (Bates)
nymphaeae, L. Cannock
Chase
sagittariae, Gyll. Burton
tenella, L. Burton
Adimonia tanaceti, L. Burton
Cannock Chase ; Burnt
Wood (Fowler)
Sermyla halensis, L.
HALTICIDAE
Longitarsus luridus, Scop.
suturellus, Duft.
atricillus, L.
melanocephali s, All.
HALTICIDAE (font.)
Longitarsus nasturtii, F. Near
Burton (Fowler)
lycopi, Foudr. Hanley
membranaceus, Foudr. Han-
ley
flavicornis, Steph. Hanley
pusillus, Gyll.
reichei, All. Needtvood Forest
(Gorham)
jacobaeae, Wat.
gracilis, Kuts.
laevis, Duft. Hanley
pellucidus, Foudr. Hanley
Haltica oleracea, L.
ericeti, All.
Phyllotreta nigripes, F. Need-
wood forest (Gorham)
punctulata, Marsh. Need-
wood Forest
atra, Pk. Cannock Chase
cruciferae, Goeze
vittula, Redt.
undulata, Kuts.
nemorum, L. Very de-
structive in 1843 (Garner)
cxclamationis, Th. Cannock
Chase
Aphthona nonstriata, Goeze
venustula, Kuts. Needwood
Forest
virescens, Foudr. Dovedale
(J^n)
Sphaeroderma testaceum, F.
cardui, Gyll. Recorded by
Garner
Mniophila muscorum, Koch.
Hanley
Mantura chrysanthemi, Koch.
Trentham (Garner)
Crepidodera transversa, Marsh.
ferruginea, Scop.
rufipes, L.
helxines, L. Rolleston, &c.
(Brown)
nitidula, L. Hanley ; re-
corded by Garner
aurata, Marsh.
Hippuriphila modeeri, L.
Chaetocnema hortensis, Fourc.
Plectroscelis concinna, Marsh.
Psylliodes chalcomera, 111.
chrysocephala, L. Hanley
napi, Koch.
affinis, Payk. Hanley
CRYPTOSTOMATA
Cassida vibex, F. Dovedale (Jahn)
flaveola, Th. Burton, Hanley
equestris, F. Burton
viridis, F.
hemisphaerica, Hbst. Near
Burton (Harris)
94
TENEBRIONIDAE
Blaps mortisaga, L. Burton.
Garner's records of Shelton
and Madeley Mill probably
refer to B. mucronata
mucronata, Latr. One at
Hanley
Crypticus quisquilius, L. Hanley
Scaphidema metallicum, F. Lich-
field (Fowler) ; Byrkley
Park (Brown)
Tenebrio molitor, L.
Gnathocerus cornutus, F. Hanley
Tribolium ferrugineum, F. Bur-
ton (Fowler)
confusum, Duv. Burton
(Fowler)
Hypophloeus linearis, F. Trent-
bam (Jahn)
Helops striatus, Fourc.
LAG RI i DAE
Lagria him, L.
Cistela murina, L
MELANDRVIDAE
Can-
Tetratoma fungorum, F.
nock Chase
Orchesia micans, Panz. Burton,
Cannock Chase. (Ellis in
Ent. 1898, p. 271)
Hallomenus humeralis, Panz.
Conopalpus testaceus, Ol.
PYTHIDAE
Pytho depressus, L. Hanley, in
imported timber
Salpingus castaneus, Panz. Can-
nock Chase
aeratus, Muls. Hanley
Lissodema quadripustulata,
Marsh. Burton
Rhinosimus ruficollis, L.
planirostris, F.
OEDEMERIDAE
Oedemera nobilis, Scop.
Nacerdes melanura, Schm. Bur-
ton, probably introduced
with timber
PYROCHROIDAE
Pyrochroa serraticornis, Scop.
MORDELLIDAE
Anaspis frontalis, L.
pulicaria, Costa. Needwood
Forest
geoffroyi, Mull.
ruficollis, F.
maculata, Fourc.
ANTHICIDAE i
Anthicus floralis, L.
antherinus, L
INSECTS
MELOIDAE
Meloe proscarabaeus, L.
violaceus, Marsh. Bagnall
(Garner) , Button
PLATYRRHINIDAE
Brachytarsus fasciatus, F orst. Bur-
ton ; Cannock Chase
varius, F. Burton ; Stable ford
(Jahn)
CURCULIONIDAE
Apoderus coryli, L. Burton
Attelabus curculionoides, L.
Burnt Wood (Fowler) ;
Cheadle ; Burton ; Stoynner-
ton
Rhinomacer attelaboides, F.
Sviynnerton, not common
Rhynchites aequatus, L. Burton
cupreus, L. Ckeadle; Stvyn-
nerton
aeneovirens, Marsh. Burnt
Wood (Fowler) ; Burton
coeruleus, De G. Button
minutus, Hbst.
- interpunctatus, Steph. Bur-
ton
nan us, Payk. Hanky
uncinatus, Thorns. Cannock
Chase
sericeus, Hbst. Burton (Bates)
- pubescens, F. Burton; a few
at Stvynnerton
Deporaus megacephalus, Germ.
betulae, L.
Apion pomonae, F.
- craccae, L. Burton
- ulicis, FOrst.
- malvae, F. Burton
- haematodes, Kirby
- miniatum, Germ. Burton
- rufirostre, F. Burton
varipes, Germ.
- apricans, Hbst. Burton
- assimile, Kirby
trifolii, L.
dichroum, Bed.
nigritarse, Kirby
aeneum, F.
carduorum, Kirby
- pisi, F.
striatum, Kirby
ervi, Kirby
vorax, Hbst. Burton; Cheadle
meliloti, Kirby. Burton
- scutellare, Kirby
- loti, Kirby
seniculum, Kirby
violaceum, Kirby
hydrolapathi, Kirby
humile, Germ.
Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus.Hbst.
Burton ; also recorded by
Garner
CURCULIONIDAE (cant.)
Otiorrhynchus picipes, F. Here
belong Garner's O. notatus
and O. septentrionis
sulcatus, F.
rugifrons, Gyll.
ovatus, L.
muscorum, Bris. Hanley ;
banks of R. Dove, near
Burton (Fowler)
Trachyphloeus squamulatus, Ol.
Cannock Chase ; Burton
Caenopsis fissirostris, Walt. Can-
nock Chase and Hednesford
(Blatch)
waltoni, Boh. Cannock Chase
Strophosomus coryli, F.
capitatus, De G.
- retusus, Marsh.
- lateralis, Payk.
Exomias araneiformis, Sch.
Omias mollinus, Boh. Burton
Brachysomus echinatus, Bonsd.
Burton ; Sviynnerton
Sciaphilus muricatus, F.
Tropiphorus tomentosus, Marsh.
Burton
Liophloeus nubilus, F. Burton
Polydrusu; micans, F. Burton
(Bates) ; recorded also by
Garner
- tereticollis, DC G.
pterygomalis, Boh.
cervinus, L.
Phyllobius oblongus, L.
calcaratus, F. Recorded by
Garner
- urticae, De G.
- pyri, L.
argentatus, L.
rruculicornis, Germ.
pomonae, Ol.
- viridiaeris, L;iich.
viridicollis, F. Dovtdale
(Fowler) ; Cheadle ; Sfvyn-
nerton
Philopedon geminatus, F. Burton
Atactogenus exaratus, Marsh.
Burton (Bates)
Barynotus obscurus, F.
schbnherri, Zett. Hanley
- elevatus, Marsh. Burton
Alophus triguttatus, F.
Sitones cambricus, Steph. Bur-
ton (Bates)
regensteinensis, Hbst.
- tibialis, Hbst.
[ crinitus, Hbst. Recorded
as well as S. griseus, F. by
Garner, but both require
confirmation ; cf. Fowler
on these two species]
- hispidulus, F.
- humeralis, Steph. Burton
flavescens, Marsh.
95
CURCULIONIDAE (cont.)
Sitones puncticollis, Steph. Re-
corded by Garner
suturalis, Steph.
Hneatus, L.
- sulcifrons, Th.
Hypera punctata, F.
rumicis, L.
suspiciosa, Hbst.
- polygon!, L.
- variabilis, Hbst.
- plantaginis, De G.
trilineata, Marsh. Burton ;
Cburnet Valley (Jahn)
- nigrirostris, F.
Cleonus sulcirostris, L. Burton
- nebulosus, L. Burton
Liosoma ovatulum, Clair.
Liparus coronatus, Goeze. Bur-
ton ; also recorded by
Garner
Curculio abietis, L.
Pissodes pini, L. Hanley, in in-
troduced timber
- notatus, F. Hanley
Orchestes quercus, L.
- alni, L.
- ilicis, F. Burton (Bates)
- fagi, L.
- rusci, Hbst. Hanley
- avellanae, Don. Eu -ton
sahcis, L. Henhurst (Brown) ;
Hanley
Rhamphus flavicornis, Clair.
Grypidius equiseti, F. Need-
wood Forest ; Cannock Chase
Erirrhinus bimaculatus, F.
Knightley Park (Brown)
acridulus, L.
[ aethiops, F. Burton (Bates
and Brown) ; recorded also
by Garner, but in view of
its rarity requires confir-
mation. Fowler does not
give these records]
Thryogenes nereis, Payk. NeeJ-
tvood Forest
Dorytomus vorax, F. Hanley,
common
tortrix, L. Burton (Bates) ;
Henhurst (Brown)
pectoralis, Panz. Burton
(Bates) ; Needwood Forest ;
Stcynnerton
validirostris, Gyll. Needivood
Forest (Gorham) ; Henhurst
(Brown)
maculatus, Marsh.
var. costirostris, Gyll.
Henhurst (Brown)
Tanysphyrus lemnae, F.
Bagous alismatis, Marsh.
[ frit, Hbst. Burton]
tempestivus, Marsh. Burton
Anoplus plantaris, Naez.
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
CuRCULIONIDAE
Elleschus bipunctatus, L. Burton
(Bates); Henhurst (Brown);
Burnt Wood (Fowler)
Tychius mcliloti, Steph. Burton
tomentosus, Hbst. Burton
Miccotrogus picirostris, F.
Mecinus pyraster, Hbst.
Anthonomus ulmi, De G.
pedicularius, L.
- pomorum, L. Burton
rubi, Hbst.
Clonus scrophulariae, L.
- blattariae, F.
- pulchellus, Hbst.
Cryptorrhynchuslapathi,L. Bur-
ton ; Cannock Chase
Acalles roboris, Curt. Cannock
Chase
ptinoides, Marsh. Burton ;
Cannock Chase
Coeliodes rubicundus, Hbst.
- quercus, F.
- quadrimaculatus, L.
Poophagus sisymbrii, F.
Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis, Payk.
- erysimi, F. Recorded by
Garner ; one at Su-ynner-
ton (Jahn)
- contractus, Marsh.
- quadridens, Panz.
CuRCULIONIDAE (fOnt.)
Ceuthorrhynchus pollinarius,
Forst.
litura, F.
trimaculatus, F. Dovedalc
Oahn)
Ceuthorrhynchidius floralis,Payk.
pyrrhorhynchus, Marsh.
troglodytes, F.
Amalus haemorrhous, Hbst.
Cheadle
Rhinoncus pericarpius, L.
perpendicularis, Reich.
Litodactylus leucogaster, Marsh.
Burton (Bates)
Limnobaris T-album, L. Hanley
Baris picicornis, Marsh. Knightley
(Brown)
Balaninus venosus, Gr. Sandon
(Jahn)
nucum, L.
villosus, F. Burnt Wood
(Fowler)
pyrrhoceras, Marsh.
salicivorus, Payk.
Calandra granaria, L.
oryzae, L.
Magdalis carbonaria, L. Burton
(Bates and Brown)
armigera, Fourc. Hanley ;
Burton
CURCULIONIDAE (coat.)
Magdalis cerasi,L. Cannock Chase;
Sandon (Jahn)
pruni, L.
SCOLYTIDAE
Scolytus destructor, Ol.
Hylastes ater, Pk.
palliatus, Gyll
Hylesinus crenatus, F. Burton ;
very common and destruc-
tive about Madelty (Bland-
ford) ; Meaford (Jahn)
fraxini, Panz.
vittatus, F. Burton ; 'Need-
wood Forest ; Trentham
(Fowler)
Myelophilus piniperda, L.
Pityophthorus pubescens, Marsh.
Burton (Fowler)
Dryocaetes autographus, Ratz.
Hanley, probably in im-
ported timber
villosus, F.
Tomicus typographus, L. Hanley
acuminatus, Gyll. Hanley
laricis, F. Hanley
Pityogenes chalcographus, L.
Hanley
bidentatus, Hbst.
Trypodendron domesticum, L.
The following species have from time to time occurred at Hanley in imported
timber : Ernobius nigrinus, St. ; Anthaxia quadripunctata, L. ; Semanotus undatus, L. ; Cal-
lidiurn coriaceum, Pk. ; Curcu/io piceus, de G. ; Crypturgui pusil/us, Gyll. The last-named
seems to be establishing itself locally.
LEPIDOPTERA
(Butter/lies and Moths]
Staffordshire cannot be said to be rich in Rhopalocera (Butterflies) as only forty-two or
rather more than half of the British species have been met with in the county, and these
with the exception of the commoner ' Whites,' E. cardamines, V. urticae, and atalanta and perhaps
E. ianira, cannot be considered as abundant or even fairly common. The rarer species are
uncertain both in appearance and in numbers, and generally very local in distribution. Two
species (L. sinapis and A. paphia] are only represented in the county records by a single
occurrence each, although other records may have been overlooked. The county is, however, of
great interest to entomologists as it was formerly a home of the now extinct large Copper Butterfly
(Polyommatus dispar y Haw.) if the following account of its occurrence in Staffordshire is authentic.
The late Richard Weaver, in The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer for 1856, p. 1 8 (quoted in
The Field in December, 1893), states : 'A few days ago a gentleman brought and showed
me a male and female of that species, namely Polyommatus dispar. Haw. (the large Copper
Butterfly), which he had captured last year in Staffordshire. This is a new locality to me and
I suppose is to most entomologists.'
The species of Heterocera (moths) found in the county are on the other hand numerous,
and many of the species are themselves frequently met with in great numbers, and their larvae
are at times most destructive to trees and crops. The county of Stafford being situated nearly
in the centre of England, and the northern portion of it being at an altitude running to
considerably over 1,000 ft. above sea level, may be considered as somewhere about the
dividing line between the northern and southern species of British Lepidoptera, and thus we
find many species of both .northern and southern insects in our lists.
96
INSECTS
The county is an attractive one from the fact that two of our rarest British moths
(Lasdocampa ilicifolia, L. and Notodonta bicolor, Hb.) were first captured within its bounds.
The first authentic British record of L. ilicifiHa was of a specimen taken by Atkinson on
Cannock Chase on 17 May, 1851, although Stephens had previously described this moth as
British in 1828, and it is figured by Humphreys and Westwood, but at that time no British
specimen was known. Atkinson's insect was exhibited at a meeting of the Entomological
Society in London on 2 June, 1851, by Mr. Smith. Since then other specimens have been
taken on Cannock Chase by Partridge, Weaver and the Brothers Bonney, and on the
17 May, 1896, an anniversary of the date of the capture of the first insect of this species,
Dr. Freer took the last recorded example of this moth from that locality. Larvae have since
been met with in the same locality. N. bicolor, Hb., the other rare British insect before
mentioned, was taken in the Burnt Woods in Staffordshire on several occasions in 1861 and
following years. The only other reputed British locality for this insect is Killarney, in Ire-
land. The actual number of species of the various families recorded as having been met
with in Staffordshire is as follows :
British Liat Staffordshire List
Rhopalocera ........ 65 42
Heterocera
Sphinges ........ 39 23
Bombyces ....... 1 1 1 69
Noctuae ........ 324 182
Geometrae ....... 280 178
Pyralides ........ 78 34
Pterophori ....... 37 11
Crambi ........ 83 27
Tortrices . ....... 343 144
Tineae ........ 720 238
2,080 948
The principal authorities on the Macro-Lepicloptera of Staffordshire are Garner's
Natural History of the County of Stafford, published in 1840 ; Sir O. Mosley's Natural History
of Tutbury, published in 1863, which contains a list of the Lepidoptera of the Burton district
by the well-known entomologist, Mr. Edwin Brown ; Contributions to the Fauna and Flora of
Repton, by Mr. W. Garneys and others (ed. 2, 1881) ; the Annual Reports of the North Staf-
fordshire Field Club (1866 to 1906) ; a paper on 'the Lepidoptera of Burton-on-Trent and
neighbourhood,' which first appeared in the Entomologist for 1885, and was afterwards
reprinted with additions in the Transactions of the Burton-on-Trent Natural History Society for
1889 ; besides various notes and papers which have appeared in the Entomologist, the Midland
Naturalist, and other Natural History magazines and works on Entomology. In the following
list the records of Macro-Lepidoptera are taken from the reports of the North Staffordshire
Field Club unless otherwise stated.
Much less attention has been given to the Micro-Lepidoptera. Mr. Brown's list com-
prised some 280 species of Tortrices and Tineae ; Mr. C. G. Barrett collected sixty species,
chiefly at Cannock, in June 1886 (Report N.S.F.C. 1887, p. 13), and in 1880 the Rev. T. W.
Daltry contributed his first notes on the subject to the same publication. In 1891
(Report, p. 17) seventy-nine species had been recorded by him, and subsequently a few more
have been added. In 1892 Messrs. J. T. Harris and P. B. Mason published a list of the
Crambi, Tortrices, and Tineae of the Burton district (Transactions Burton-on-Trent Natural
History Society, ii, p. l), while in the Report of the North Staffordshire Field Club for
1899, p. 60, Mr. E. D. Bostock recorded 17 species, many of which were new to
the county list. The present list also contains a number of records by Messrs. W. G.
Blatch and R. C. Bradley, for which I am indebted to Mr. C. J. Wainwright, and Dr. R.
Freer has contributed a list of 131 species taken by himself in the Rugeley district and the
adjoining part of Cannock Chase.
E. B = E. Brown. C. G. B. - C. G. Barrett. T. W. D = Rev. T. W. Daltry.
B. L. = Burton Society, List of Macro-Lepidoptera (1885-9).
B. S. = J. T. Harris and Dr. Mason (1892). E. D. B. = E. D. Bostock.
C. J. W. = C. J. Wainwright. R. C. B. = R. C. Bradley.
W. G. B. = W. G. Blatch. R. F. = Dr. R. Freer.
i 97 '3
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
RHOPALOCERA
PlERIDAE
NYMPHALIDAE (cont.)
Pieris brassicae, L. General
rapae, L. Plentiful throughout the county
napi, L. In gardens and meadows, but not so
plentiful as the two last species
Euchk>5 cardamines, L. Very general in the
spring and frequents lilac bloom
Leucophasia sinapis, L. Only recorded as having
occurred once at Stvynnerton by Mr. Alfred
Smith
Colias edusa, Fb. Rare, but has been observed in
most parts of the county. The var. helice,
Hb. has been taken once near Stafford
Gonopteryx rhamni, L. Rare. Madeley, Crad-
docKt Moss, Dovedale, Cheadle, Oakamoor,
Hamfs Valley, Mayfeld
NYMPHALIDAE
Argynnis selene, Schiff. Burnt Woods, Bagofs
Park, Dovedale, Chartley (B. L.)
euphrosyne, L. Common in Burnt Woods in
some seasons
aglai.i, L. Fairly plentiful on Cannock Chase,
one dark var. formerly Dcvedale
adippe, L. Trentl.am in June, 1901, and
Downs Banks, near Stone, 1893 ; formerly
Dovedale (late Rev. H. Harpur Crevve)
- paphia, L. One in Swynnerton Old Park,
1890
Mclitaea aurinia, Rott. CraJdock's Moss, but very
uncertain in appearance ; one at Burton
(B. L.)
athalia, Rott. Burnt Woods (}. B. Hodgkin-
son), abundant in one locality in South
Staffordshire (J. Hardy, vide Newman's
British Butterflies, 48)
Vanessa C-album, L. A few noted most years,
but far from common. Madeley, Cheadle,
Oakamoor, Cannock Chase, Leek, Tixall,
Stone
polychloros, L. One pupa at Madeley. An
imago, Alstonfield, 1875 ; Dovedale, Frads-
vj ell Heath, near Stone, 1902 ; Burton, 'Need-
wood Forest (B. L.)
urticae, L. Very common everywhere, and
often emerges from hibernation on sunny
days in winter
io, L. Very general in September and hiber-
nated specimens in early spring
antiopa, L. Very rare, but has been taken at
Badenhall near Eccleshall, Swynnerton, Stvyth-
amley, Madeley, and has been observed at
Alstonfieldty Rev. W. H. Purchas in 1880.
A noticeable immigration of this insect into
North Staffordshire took place in 1872.
One was seen near Warslovi on 28 August,
and another in the same district about the
same time. Miss Malleson observed one
near Hit/me End the same morning, and
Miss Purchas took a specimen (probably the
same individual) on the following after-
noon. Another was taken near Longnor on
2 September, and two not far from Leek on
3 September. Mr. Hugo H. Crewe saw
one near Warslow on 5 September, and
two more were taken on the moors shortly
after
Vanessa atalanta, L. Some years very abundant and
general throughout the county
cardui, L. Very uncertain, but plentiful some
years
SATYRIDAE
Pararge megaera, L. Occasional, but nowhere
common ; Forest Banks, Needwood (B. L.).
Not met with in the north of the
county
Satyrus semele, I,. Bunster Hill, Dovedale
(B. L.)
Epinephele ianira, L. Common generally, but
local
tithonus, L. Not common. Cannock Chase,
Madeley, Burton (B. L.)
- hyperanthes, L. Local. Burnt Woods, Madeley,
Needwood Forest (B. L.)
Coenonympha typhon, Rott. Very local. Chartley,
Chorlton Moss, and all the specimens appear
to be of the var. rothliebi, Stgr. Stafford-
shire appears to be about the southern limit
of this insect
pamphilus, L. Very common on heaths
LYCAENIDAE
Thecla W-album, Knoch. One taken near Mod-
dershall in 1899 ; Burton, Knightley Perk,
(B. L.), Market Drayton, 1902 (E. D. B.)
quercus, L. Stvynnerton, plentiful
rubi, L. Common, but local. Cannock Chase,
Cheadle, Maer, Stone, Dovedale; formerly
plentiful (B. L.)
Polyommatus phloeas, L. Common generally in
late summer and autumn
Lycaena aegon, Schiff. Very rare at Wolverhamp-
ton (F. O. Morris, vide Newman's British
Butterflies, p. 121)
astrarche, Bgstr. Some years abundant in
Dovedale
icarus, Rott. Fairly common, but not in great
abundance
argiolus, L. Maer, Needwood Forest, Bunit
Woods, Rugeley, Whitman, Parson's Brake
minima, Fues. Rare, Dovedale
HESPERIIDAE
Syrichthus malvae, L. Very rare. Burnt Woods
Nisoniades tages, L. Leycett on coal-pit lows, near
Market Drayton; Dovedale (B. L.)
Hesperia thaumas, Hufn. Local on railway banks
at Madeley ; Burton, not uncommon (B. L.)
sylvanus, Esp. Local, Burnt Woods, Maer ;
Bagofs Park, common ; Chartley ; Burton,
not uncommon (B. L.)
comma, L. Chartley (B. L.)
INSECTS
HETEROCERA
SPHINGES
SPHINGIDAB
BOMBYCES
NYCTEOLIDAE
Acherontia atropos, L. Very general. No less
than 200 larvae of this species were brought
to one entomologist in this county in 1900
Sphinx convolvuli, L. Occurs occasionally, Made-
ley, Stone, several years ; Stoke and Hanley,
1903 ; Rugeley, 1904 ; Burton (B. L.)
ligustri, L. The larva is said to have been
taken near Stoke on Trent ; not infrequent at
Burton (B. L.)
Deilephila gallii, SchifF. One taken at Handsworth,
1888 (C. J. Wain wright)
livornica, Esp. Taken twice at Wolstanton in
1897 and 1900. One at Mayjield on 18
May, 1904
Choerocampa ' cclerio, L. One at Rugeley, 1853
(R. W. Hawkins). One taken at Burton in
October, 1880 (B. L.)
porcellus, L. Not uncommon at valerian and
rhododendron flowers, Stone, Stafford,
Cheadle ; Oakedge, Rugeley (B. L.)
- elpenor, L. General in larval stage
Smsrinthus ocellatus, L. General in the middle
and south of the county in orchards
populi, L. Common throughout the county
tiliae, L. Very rare. Larvae said to have
been taken at Trentbam, and one imago near
Market Dray ton. Two larvae Rugeley, 1902
Macroglossa stellatarum, L. Very general most
years, appearing in spring, and again in
early autumn
bombyliformis, Och. CraJilock's Moss
SESIIDAE
Trochilium apiformis, Clerck. Rare, Stoke-on-
Trent, Cheadle, Warslow
crabroniformis, Lewin. General
Sesia sphegiformis, Fb. Plentiful in Burnt Woods
some years, Craddocki Moss
tipuliformis, Clerck. General in gardens
where currants are grown
culiciformis, L. Plentiful some years in Burnt
Woods, Cannock Chase, E. D. B.
ZVGAENIDAE
Ino statices, L. Rare and local, Madeley ; Dove-
dale (B. L.)
geryon, Hb. Rare, Staffordshire side of Dove-
dak
Zygaena trifolii, Esp. Rare and local Cannock
Chase
lonicerae, Esp. Canal bank Cheswardine, rare
filipendulae, L. Rare, railway cutting near
Madeley, Cannock Chase, Grindon; Burton,
Dwedale (B. L.)
1 Choerocampa nerii, L. One at Burton, 1888 (B. L.) One
t Hanley, Sept. 1896.
Sarothripus undulanus, Hb. One at Stvynnerton
Hylophila prasinana, L. Not uncommon in woods,
Madeley, Leek ; Burton (B. L.)
bicolorana, Fues. One pupa at Stone in 1905,
which duly hatched out (E. D. B.)
NOLI DAE
Nola cucullatella, L. Not generally common,
Madeley, Rugeley; common at Burton (B. L.)
confusalis, H.-S. Bishop') and Burnt Woods ;
Burton (B. L.)
LlTHOSIIDAE
Nudaria mundana, L. General, Madeley, Cborlton
Moss, Weaver Hills, Dovedale, Leek ; scarce,
Burton (B. L.)
Lithosia me ; omella, L. Burnt Woods, Swynnerton,
Cannock Chase, Chartley
lurideola, Zinck. Common, Burton (B. L.)
EUCHELIIDAE
Deiopeia pulchella, L. Once taken in a mendow
near Walton's Wood, Madeley, 25 June,
1892
Euchelia iacobaeae, L. Pell Wall near Market
Drafton, and larvae on Cannock Chase ; in a
garden at Burton once (B. L.)
CHELONIIDAE
Nemeophila russula, L. ($ sannio, L.). Not un-
common on most mosses
plantaginis, L. Local, but occurs in many
districts
Arctia caia, L. Common in south of county, but
gets rarer further north, and doubtful if it
occurs at all in extreme north of the county
Spilosoma fuliginosa, L. Not common, Chorhon
Moss, Stone, Cannock Chase, Gun near Leek ;
Chartley, Dovedale (B. L.)
mendica, Clerck. Near Marchlngton (E. B.)
. * .' "' \ Very common everywhere
menthrastn, Esp. j '
urticae, Esp. Larvae found once near Burton
(E. B.)
HEPIALIDAE
Hepialus humuli, L. Common in meadows, the
silvery white wings of the male being very
conspicuous at dusk when hovering over
grass
sylvanus, L. General
velleda, Hb. General on heaths and com-
mons, but Staffordshire is about the southern
limit where this insect is found commonly
- lupulinus, L.j v mjnon
hectus, L. j
99
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
BOMBYCES (continued)
COSSIDAB
Cossus ligniperda, Fb. Not common, larvae in
ash and willow trees
Zeuzera pyrina, L. Rare, Toxall (E. B.), Burton,
Rolleston (B. L.) ; Stafford, Hanlty, Cheadle ;
Handsttiorth (C. J. W.), Stone, E. D. B.
COCHLIOPODIDAE
Heterogenea limacodes, Hufn. Two specimens
taken at Hanky, 15 July, 1903
LIPARIDAE
Porthesia chrysorrhoea, L. Several at Rugeley in
1892-3 ; at electric light at Stoke Station,
1905
si mills, Fues. Common throughout the
county
Leucoma salicis, L. Burton (B. L.)
Dasychira pudibunda, L. Not uncommon in south,
but not recorded in north of the county
Orgyia gonostigma, Fb. One larva at Rugeley
(B. L.)
- antiqua, L. General, and some years abundant
as far north as Cheadle and Leek
BOMBYCIDAE
Trichiura crataegi, L. Rare, two taken at gas
lamps at Stone ; larva, Market Dray ton; Bur-
ton (B. L.)
Poecilocampa populi, L. Not uncommon coming
to light, Stvynnerton, Stone, Tlxall, Rugeley,
Cheadle ; Needwood (B. L.)
Eriogaster lanestris, L. Nests of larvae, Market
Drayton ; 'Needwood forest, common Burton
(B. L.)
Bombyx rubi, L. Common on heaths, Madeley,
Leek ; Cannock Chase ; Dovedale (B. L.)
quercus, L. Common some years about Stone
and other places, but generally of the variety
callunae, Palmer
Cdonestis potatoria, L. Common throughout the
southern half of the county
Lasiocampa quercifolia, L. Larvae taken near
Rugeley (B. L.)
ilicifolia, L. Taken several times on Cannock
Chase, which is one of the very few localities
where this moth occurs in England. (For
particulars see p. 97)
ENDROMIDAE
Endromis versicolor, L. Used to be taken in the
Burnt Woods
SATURNHDAE
Saturnia pavonia, L. Common on heaths all
through the county. Males assemble from
long distances to a virgin female
BOMBYCES (continued)
DREPANULIDAE
Drcpana lacertinaria, L. Fairly common on birch
trees
falcataria, L. Not uncommon
binaria, Hum. Burnt Woods, 1902
Cilix glaucata, Scop. Common some years. Stone,
Cheadle, Rugeley, Market Drayton ; Burton
(B. L.)
DlCRANURIDAE
Dicranura bicuspis, Bork. Not common. Chorlton
Moss ; Cannock Chase, Rolleston (B. L.)
furcula, L. Occasional, Burnt Woods, Madeley;
Burton (E. B.)
bifida, Hb. Occasional, Stoke-on-Trent, Stone,
Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase ; Burton (B. L.)
vinula, L. Very common throughout the
county
NOTODONTIDAE
Pterostoma palpina, L. Chorlton, Stone, Burnt
Woods, Cannock Chase ; Burton (B.L.)
Lophopteryx camelina, L. Common
carmelita, Esp. Rugeley (B. L.)
Notodonta bicolor, Hb. Eight specimens of this
rare moth were taken in the Burnt Woods
by Messrs. I. Smith, Chappell, and Charlton
(see Zoologist, 1861, p. 7682 ; also New-
man's British Moths, p. 228). The following
is an account of the capture of the first
specimen of this insect in Staffordshire, taken
from the Zoologist, 1861, p. 7682 : 'At the
ordinary monthly meeting of the Manchester
Entomological Society held on 3 July,
Mr. John Smith, an artisan collector resi-
dent here, exhibited a specimen of Noto-
donta bicolor captured by himself at Burnt
Woods, Staffordshire, in the latter part of
June last. The specimen, a fine male,
though a little rubbed through being boxed
out of the net, excited much interest at the
meeting as being the first of the species
known to have occurred in Great Britain,
J. Hardy, pro Sec.'
dictaea, L. Not uncommon. Whitmore, Stoke-
on-Trent, Cannock Chase, Cheadle, Burnt
Woods ; Bur/on (B. L.)
dictaeoides, Esp. Not uncommon, Bishop's
Woods, Cannock Chase, Leek
dromedarius, L. The larvae frequently taken
Madeley, Stvynnerton, Burnt Woods, Cheadle,
Consall ; Cannock Chase (B. L.)
ziczac, L. Larvae not uncommon on willow
and sallow ; Madeley, Ckeadle, Bishop's and
Burnt Woods
trepida, Esp. Rare Stvynnerton, Burnt Woods
chaonia, Hb. One at Steynnerton
trimacula, Esp. Burnt Woods, Stvynnerton,
Cannock Chase
PYGAERIDAS
Phalera bucephala, L. Very common, the larvae
frequently stripping branches of trees of all
their leaves.
Pygaera curtula, L. Burton (E. B.)
100
INSECTS
BOMBYCES (continued)
CYMATOPHORIDAE
Thyatira derasa, L. Not common Macteley, Burnt
Woods, Dovedale, Leek ; Burton (B. L.)
batis, L. General, but not plentiful; Cheadle,
Madeley, Rugeley, Leek, Burnt Woods ; Bur-
ton (B. L.)
Cymatophora duplaris, L. Not uncommon, Can-
nock Chase, MaJeley, Burnt Woods, Cheadle ;
Henhurst near Burton (E. B.)
Asphalia diluta, Fb. Rare, Burnt Woods; Hen-
hurst near Burton (E. B.)
flavicornis, L. Common, Swynnerton, Cannock
Chase, Cheadle ; Burton once (B. L.)
ridens, Fb. Rare, Staynnerton, Trentham
NOCTUAE
BRYOPHILIDAE
Bryophila perla, Fb. Common on walls, the larvae
feeding on lichens
BoMBYCOIDAE
Demas coryli, L. Rare, larvae on birch and oak
at Staynnerton and Dtmmingsdale near Cheadle;
Dovedale (B. L.)
Acronycta tridens, Schift'. Fairly common at Bur-
ton (B. L.), Rugeley
psi, L. Common throughout the county
leporina, L. General, but not common, Leek,
Chorlton, Cheadle, Barlaston, Burnt Woods,
Cannock Chase, Chartlcy ; Burton (B. L.)
- megacephala, Fb. Not common, Bishop's and
Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase
- alni, L. General, and reported from most
parts of the county
- rumicis, L. Common, and variety ' salicis '
not uncommon
menyanthidis, View. Rare, Craddock's Moss,
Chorlton, War slow, Chartlcy, Leek
Diloba caeruleocephala, L. Common throughout
the middle and south of the county
LEUCANIIDAE
Leucania conigera, Fb. Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
lithargyria, Esp. Common
comma, L. Burnt Woods, Rugeley ; Henhurst
and Burton (B. L.)
impura, Hb.) ,-,
T ( Common
pallens, L. J
Coenobia rufa, Haw. Henhurst near Burton (E. B.)
Tapinostola fulva, Hb. Fairly common, Chorlton,
Madeley, Betton, Cheadle, Cannock Chase ;
Bagofs Park, Burton (B. L.)
Nonagria arundinis, Fb. Larvae common in bul-
rushes
lutosa, Hb. One at light Stone ; at light Bur-
ton (B.L.)
APAMEIDAE
Gortyna ochracea, Hb. Fairly common
Hydroecia nictitans, Bork. Not common, Whit-
more, Cheadle, Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase ;
Henhurst, Burton, Rugeley (B. L.)
NOCTUAE (continued)
APAMEIDAE (continued)
Hydroecia petasitis, Dbl. One at Froghall near
Cheadle, and larvae in stems of Petasitis vul-
garis
micacea, Esp. Occasional, Swynnerton, Madeley,
Oakamoor, Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
Axylia putris, L. Fairly common
Xylophasia rurea, Fb. Common with the var.
combusta, Dup.
lithoxylea, Fb. Common
monoglypha, Hufn. Very abundant every-
where with its melanic var.
hepatica, L. Not common, Madeley ; Hen-
Aunt, Burton (B. L.)
scolopacina, Esp. Local. Cheadle; Leek;
Knightley Park ; Shobnall (B. L.) ; Burnt
Woods, E. D. B.
Dipterygia scabriuscula, L. Rare. Swynnerton ;
Madeley ; Bunt Woods
Aporophyla australis, Bdv. One at light at Stoke-
on-Trent
Neuria reticulata, Vill. Sviyntierton ; Burnt Woods ;
Henhurst, nr. Burton (E. B.)
Neuronia popularis, Fb. General. Madeley ;
Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Market Dray ton ; Burton
(B.L.)
Charaeas graminis, L. Common
Cerigo matura, Hufn. Rugeley occasionally at
light ; one at Branston, Sept. 1905 ; Knight-
ley (E. B.)
Luperina testacea, Hb. Common
cespitis, Fb. General
Mamestra sordida, Bork. Market Dray ton ; Burton,
at sugar (B. L.)
brassicae, L. Very abundant, and the larvae
very destructive to plants of the cabbage tribe
- persicariae, L. Local. Burton (B. L.) ; Made-
ley ; Rugeley ; Handsmrth (C. J. W.)
Apamea basilinea, Fb. Common, and larvae
destructive
gemina, Hb. Not uncommon, and the vnr.
remissa, Tr. occasionally
- unanimis, Tr. Not common. Clayton ; Made-
ley ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
- leucostigma, Hb. Occasional. Cannock Chase,
Tixall
didyma, Esp. Common
Miana strigilis, Clerck. Abundant and very varia-
ble, the black form being very common
fasciuncula, Haw. Fairly common. Madeley ;
Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Burnt Woods ; Burton
(B.L.)
literosa, Haw. Occasional. Madeley ; Burnt
Woods ; Rugelet
bicoloria, Vill. Rare. Chorlton Moss; Rugeley
arcuosa, Haw. Not uncommon. Madeley ;
Dovedale ; Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Henhurst ;
Burton (E. B.)
Celaena haworthii, Curt. Rare. Dane Valley
CARADRINIDAE
Grammesia trigrammica, Hufn. Not common.
Dovedale ; Stvynnerton ; Burton (B. L.)
Stilbia anomala, Haw. Not uncommon in Cannock
Chase
101
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
NOCTUAE (continued)
CARADRINIDAB (continued')
Caradrina morpheus, Hufn. Common
alsines, Brahm. Local ; very plentiful some
years at Rugeley
taraxaci, Hb. Rugeley ; Madeley ; Market
Drayton
- quadripunctata, Fb. Very common
Rusina tenebrosa, Hb. Common in woods,
coming to sugar
NOCTUIDAE
Agrotis suffusa, Hb. Rare. Madeley ; Burnt
Woods; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
saucia, Hb. Rare. Stvynnerton ; Chorlton Moss ;
Clayton ; Burnt Woods ; Rugeley ; Burton
(B. L.)
- segetum, SchifF. Very common, and larvae
destructive to farm crops
- exclamationis, L. Very abundant
- corticea, Hb. Rare. Sviynnerton
- nigricans, L. Local ; Rugeley ; common some
years
- tritici, L. Not common. Market Drayton ;
Rugeley
- aquilina, Hb. The Lawns, Burton (E. B.)
- strigula, Thnb. Common some years. Szvyn-
nerton ; Burnt Woods ; C hartley Moss ; Can-
nock Chase
- obscura, Brahm. One Burnt Woods; Burton,
rare (E. B.)
- simulans, Hufn. Reported from Staffordshire
(see Newman's British Moths, p. 336)
Noctua glareosa, Esp. Common some years,
Madeley ; Cheadle ; Burnt Woods ; Cannock
Chase ; Rugeley
augur, Fb. Common throughout the county
- P| eCU ' L ' . I General
C-mgrum, L. J
- triangulum, Hufn. Madeley ; Burnt Woods ;
Rugeley ; Henhurst, nr. Burton (B. L.)
brunnea, Fb. Common
festiva, Hb. Very abundant
- dahlii, Hb. Fairly common, but uncertain.
Cheadle ; Burnt Woods, very abundant Aug.,
1905 ; Cannock Chase
rubi, View. General
umbrosa, Hb. )
- baia, Fb. j
castanea, Esp. Often plentiful on heaths ;
Stvynnerton ; Burnt Woods. Very variable in
colouration. A striking yellow variety (var.
xanthe) has been taken by Mr. Woodforde
in the Burnt Woods several years in August,
and is not known to occur elsewhere (see
Rep. North Staffs. Field Club 1900-1, p. 64,
for a paper and coloured plate of this in-
teresting variety)
xanthographa, Fb. Common generally with
many red and dark varieties
Triphaena ianthina, Esp. Fairly common. Made-
ley ; Craddock'j Moss ; Cheadle ; Stone ; Ruge-
ley ; Henhurst; Burton (B. L.)
Common
NOCTUAE (continued)
NOCTUIDAE (continued)
Triphaena fimbria, L. Uncertain in appearance,
but common some years. Stvynnerton ; Stone ;
Cheadle ; Burnt Woods, in all its varieties.
Rugeley ; Henhurst; Burton (B. L.)
interjecta, Hb. Rare. Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
comes, Hb. Common some years
pronuba, L. Very abundant everywhere. A
hermaphrodite variety was taken by Mr.
E. W. H. Blagg and Mr. F. C. Woodforde
in Dovedale in 1893 with left forewing, var.
inuba, and right forewing mottled as in the
type
AMPHIPYRIDAE
Amphipyra pyramidea, L. Rare. Stvynnerton ;
Burton (B. L.)
tragopogonis, L. Very common
Mania typica, L. Very common
maura, L. Common
ORTHOSIIDAE
Panolis piniperda, Panz. Common at sallow bloom
and in pine woods
Pachnobia rubricosa, Fb. Common at sallow bloom
Taeniocampa gothica, L. ) ,,
r ,_, c [ Very common
mcerta, Hufn.
opima, Hb. Two specimens taken at Cannock
Chase by Mr. Burnett
populeti, Fb. Not common. Madeley ; Leek ;
Cheadle ; Burnt Woods ; Henkurst, nr. Bur-
ton (B. L.)
stabilis, View. Very abundant
gracilis, Fb. Rare. Madeiey ; Rugeley ; Bur-
ton ; Branston (B. L.). Not reported in the
north of the county
miniosa, Fb. Rare. Stvynnerton ; Burnt Woods
munda, Esp. Not common. Madeley ; Burnt
Woods
pulverulenta, Esp. Common at sallows in south
of the county, rare in the north
Orthosia suspecta, Hb. Common locally and vari-
able in colour
upsilon, Bork. Not common. Chorlton, larva ;
Cheadle ; larvae common, Burton (B. L.)
lota, Clerck j
macilenta, Hb. J
Anchocelis rufina, L. Common some years
pistacina, Fb. Not uncommon. Burnt Woods ;
Market Drayton ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
litura, L. Common
Cerastis vaccinii, L. "j
spadicea, Hb. \ Very common
Scopelosoma satellitia, L. J
Xanthia citrago, L. Not uncommon. Cheadle;
Rugeley ; Market Drayton
fulvago, L. Common, var. flavescens, Esp.
Madeley
flavago, Fb. Common some years. Rugeley ;
Cheadle ; Burnt Woods ; Burton (B. L.)
gilvago, Esp. Not common. Burnt Woods ;
Rugeley ; Oakamoor ; Burton (E. B.)
circellaris, Hufn. Common
Common
102
INSECTS
NOCTUAE (continued)
ORTHOSIIDAE (continued)
Cirrhoedia xerampelina, Hb. Common some
years. Madeley ; Stone ; Tixall ; Chead/e ;
Leek, nr. Mow Cop ; Dovedale ; Burton (B. L.)
CoSMIIDAE
Tethea subtusa, Och. Larvae, Stoke-on-Trent ;
Madeley ; Henburst, nr. Burton (E. B.) ;
Handsworth (C. J. W.)
retusa, L. Larvae on sallow, Wrinehill
Cosmia paleacea, Esp. Very local and not com-
mon. Cannock Chase
Calymnia traperina, L. Common
diffinis, L. Burton (E. B.)
affinis, L. Rare. Burnt Woods ; Burton (B. L.)
HADENIDAE
Dianthoecia nana, Rott. Rare. Market Drayton
capsincola, Hb. Common
cucubali, Fues. Not common. Madeley ;
Rugeley ; Burton, common (B. L.)
carpophaga, Bork. Rare. Rugeley ; Shobnall ;
Burton (B. L.)
Hccatera serena, Fb. Not common. Stuynnerton ;
Leek; Rugeley
Polia chi, L. Generally common, especially in the
north of the county
Dasypolia templi, Thnb. One at Cheadle ; Wan-
low (Hugo H. Crewe) ; Cauldon, nr. Cheadle,
1906
Cleoceris viminalis, Fb. Rudyard; Madeley ; Chart-
ley ; Leek ; Rugeley ; Burnt Woods ; Hen-
hurst, nr. Burton (B. L.)
Miselia oxyacanthae, L. Very common, and var.
capucina frequent
Agriopis aprilina, L. ~\
Euplexia lucipara, L. > Common
Phlogophora meticulosa, L. J
Aplecta prasina, Fb. Fairly common. Swynner-
ton ; Madelcy ; Burnt Woods ; Cheadle ; Dove-
dale
occulta, L. One taken in Bagofs Park
(C. A. E. Rodgers, Ent. 1895, p. 284.)
nebulosa, Hufm. Common in woods
tincta, Brahm. Common at sugar. Burnt
Woods ; Cannock Chase
Hadena adusta, Esp. Not common. Burnt Woods ;
Cannock Chase ; Henhurst ; Burton (B. L.)
protea, Bork. Fairly common. Cheadle ; Leek ;
Cannock Chase ; Burton (B. L.)
glauca, Hb. Not uncommon. Swynnerton ;
Cannock Chase; Burnt Woids ; Leek
dentina, Esp. Not common. Madeley ; Burnt
Woods ; Rugeley ; common Burton (B. L.)
trifolii, Rott. Larvae occasionally Rugeley.
This county is probably the northern limit
for this species ; common Burton (B. L.)
dissimilis, Knoch. Not common, Whitmore ;
Market Drayton ; Madeley ; scarce at Rugeley ;
Henhurst ; and Burton (B. L.)
oleracea, L. Common everywhere
NOCTUAE (continued)
HADENIDAE (continued)
Hadena pisi, L. Common some seasons, and larvae
on broom and sallow
thalassina, Rott. Common
contigua, Vill. Fairly common on Cannock
Chase
genistae, Bork. Rare. Burnt Woods
XYLINIDAK
Xylocampa areola, Esp. General
Calocampa vetusta, Hb. Rare. Swynnerten ; Burnt
Woods ; Henhurst ; and Burton (B. L.)
exoleta, L. General. Burnt Woods ; Cheadle ;
Henhurst, nr. Burton (B. L.)
solidaginis, Hb. Common where the bilberry
grows. Stvythamley ; Leek ; Cannock Chase ;
Burnt Woods
Asteroscopus sphinx, Hufn. At lamps on Burton
Bridge (E. B.)
Cucullia verbasci, L. Larvae taken at Madeley, and
at Grindon, June, 1905, in considerable
numbers
- chamomillae, Schiff. Not common Madeley;
Market Drayton; Handsworth (C. J. W.)
umbratica, L. Common. Cheadle; Stone;
Market Drayton ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
GONOPTERIDAE
Gonoptera libatnx, L. Common everywhere
PLUSH DAE
Habrostola tripartita, Hufn. Local. Cheadle;
Rugeley ; Market Drayton ; Burton (B. L.)
triplasia, L. Fairly common. Cheadle ; Rugf-
ley ; Market Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) ; Hands-
Dearth
Plusia chrysitis, L. Common
fe.'tucae, L. Local. Madeley ; Betton Moss ;
Leek ; Cheadle ; Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.) ;
common Trent Galley, nr. Lichfield
iota, L. "I
pulchrina, Haw. > Common
gamma, L. J
interrogationis, L. Rare. Maer ; Cannock
Chase; Leek
HELIOTHIDAE
Anarta myrtilli, L. Common on heather through-
out the county
Heliaca tcncbrata, Scop. Not common. Swynner-
ton ; Madeley ; Rugeley ; common some years,
Burton
PoAPHILIDAE.
Phytometra viridaria, Clerck. Craddock'i Moss;
Cannock Chase
EUCLIDIIDAE
Euclidia mi, Clerck. Rare. Craddock's Moss;
Dovedale ; The Lawns, Burton ; and Chartley
(B. L.)
glyphica, L. Rare. Madeley
I0 3
A HISTORY OF
NOCTUAE (continued)
CATOCALIDAE
Catocala fraxini, L. Once at Burton, 2 Oct. 1852
(E.B.)
AVENTIIDAE
Aventia flexula, SchifF. Chartley Moss
HERMINIIDAE
Zanclognatha grisealis. Hb. Not uncommon.
Rugeley ; Walton's Wood ; Madeley ; Burnt
Woods ; Henhurst, nr. Burton (B. L.) / Hands-
worth (C. J. W.)
tarsipennalis, Tr. One at Tixa/l, and one at
Market Drayton
Pechypogon barbalis, Clerck. Burnt Woods
STAFFORDSHIRE
NOCTUAE (continued)
HERMINIIDAE (continued)
Bomolocha pontis, Thnb. Common but locaL
Stuymterton Heath ; Burnt Woods ; Maer ;
Cheadle
Hypena proboscidalis, L. Common everywhere on
nettles
Hypenodes costaestrigalis, St. Bunt Woods, very-
abundant, Aug. 1905 (E. D. B.)
BREPHIDES
Brephos parthenias, L. Plentiful in March around
birch trees. Swynnerton ; Cheadle ; Burnt
Woods ; Chartley ; Cannock Chase
GEOMETRAE
UROPTERYCIOAE
Uropteryx sambucaria, L. Common throughout
the county
ENNOMIDAE
Epione apiciaria, Schiff. Not common. Madeley ;
BagofsPark; Cheadle; Handsworth ; Rugcley ;
Henhurst ; and Burton (E. B.)
Rumia luteolata, L. Common
Venilia macularia, L. Rare and local. Dovedale;
Dydon Wood (B.L.)
Angerona prunaria, L. Local. Swynnerton ; Burnt
Woods
Metrocampa margaritaria, L. General. Stone ;
Cheadle ; Cannock Chase ; Swynnerton ; Burton
(B.L.)
Ellopia prosapiaria, L. Common in all pine
woods
Eurymene dolobraria, L. Rare. Sivynnerton ;
Burnt Woods ; Madeley ; Henhurst nr. Bur-
ton (E. B.)
Pericallia syringaria, L. Occasional. Madeley ;
Stone ; Ellastone ; Burnt If 'cods ; Rolleston; and
Burton (B.L.) ,- Handsworth (C. J. W.)
Selenia bilunaria, Esp. ) General in the southern
lunaria, SchifF. j half of the county
Odontopera bidentata, Clerck. Common
Crocallis elinguaria, L. Very generally distributed
Eugonia almaria, L. Choriton Moss ; Burnt Woods;
Cannock Chase ; Oakedge ; and Burton (B. L.)
fuscantaria, Haw. One at Madeley ; Stone, at
light ; Stoke-on-Trent, at electric light ; Bur-
ton (E. B.)
- erosaria, Bork. Swynnerton ; Burnt Woods ;
Madeley ; Burton, rare (E. B.)
quercinaria, Hum. Fairly common. Burnt
Woods ; Burton (B. L.)
Himera pennaria, L. Common
AMPIIIDASYDAE
AMPHIDASYDA-E (continued)
Amphidasys strataria, Hufn. General, but not
common. Trentham, Madeley, Stone, Cheadle,
Rugeley ; Cannock Chase and Burton (B. L.) ;
Handsworth (C. J. W.)
betularia, L. Fairly common and the variety
doubledayaria, Mill, more common than the
type of recent years
BOARMIIDAE
Hemerophila abruptaria, Thnb. Rare. Madeley,
Market Drayton ; Burton (B. L.) ; Hands-
worth (C. J. W.)
Cleora lichenaria, Hufn. Henhurst nr. Burton (B. L.)
Boarmia repandata, L. Very common and
variable in markings and colour, and given to
melanism
gemmaria, Brahm. Common everywhere
Tephrosia crepuscularia, Hb. ) .-,
u- j i T> i r Common
biundulana, Bork. J
punctularia, Hb. Common on Cannock
Chase
GEOMETRIDAE
Geometra papilionaria, L. Not uncommon.
Choriton Moss, Cannock Chase, Burnt Woods,
Cheadle ; Oakedge, Burton (B. L.)
Phorodesma pustulata, Hufn. Once taken at
Stvynnerton ; once Shobnall (B. L.) ; at electric
light, Hanley, July, 1905
lodis lactearia, L. Rugeley ; Burton, com-
mon (B. L.)
Hemithea strigata, Mall. Market Drayton; Hen-
hurst nr. Burton (B. L.)
EPHYRIDAE
Zonosoma porata, Fb. Not common. Swynnerton,
Burnt Woods
punctaria, L. Burnt Woods; Cannock Chase (B. L.)
pendularia, Clerck. Numerous some years in
Burnt Woods
Phigalia pedaria, Fb. Plentifully distributed ACIDALIIDAE
Nyssia hispidaria, Fb. Rare. Bishop's Woods, in Asthena luteata, SchifF. Local. Burnt Woods and
March Cannock Chase ; Oakedge (B. L.)
Bistonhirtaria,Clerck. Rugeley (Z.L.); Stone, Trentham candidata, SchifF. Fairly common
104
INSECTS
GEOMETRAE (continue*!)
ACIDALIIDAE (continued)
Asthena sylvata, Hb. Not common. Bishop's Woods,
Madeley, Dovedale, Rushton ; Henhunt nr.
Cannock Chase (B. L.)
blomeri, Curt. Very local and rare, Stone,
Dovedale, Shobna/l, Hoar Cross, and Need-
toood (B. L.)
Euoisteria obliterata, Hufn. Burnt Woods and
Cannock Chase ; Oakedge, common (B. L.)
Venusia cambrica, Curt. Common in woods
around Cheadle and Leek, which is probably
the southern limit of this insect
Acidalia dimidiata, Hufn.^
bisetata, Hufn. I Fairly common
- virgularia, Hb. J
- subsericeata, Haw. Local, Dovedale
immutata, L. Chartley
remutaria, Hb. Common
fumata, St. Sttynnerton, Maer nr. Cheadle,
Dovedale ; Chaitley (B. L.)
imitaria, Hb. Scarce. Madeley, Market Dray-
ton, Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
aversata, L. Common generally
inornata, Haw. Swynnerlon, Burnt Woods,
Cannock Chase
emarginata, L. Rare. Madeley; Burton (B. L.)
Timandra amataria, L. Rare and local. Stoke-on-
Trent, Rugeley ; Tatenhill and Henhurst nr.
Burton (B. L.)
CABERIDAE
Cabera pusaria, L. Common
rotundaria, Haw. Very rare, Heleigh Castle nr.
MaJeley
exanthemata, L. Very general
Bapta temerata, Hb. Henhurst nr. Burton (E. B.)
MACARIIDAE
Macaria notata, L. Local, Swynnerton, Burnt Woods,
very abundant some years
liturata, Clerck. Swynnerton, Maer, Cheadle,
Cannock Chase
Halia vauaria, L. Very common
Fl DON 1 1 DAE
Panagra petraria, Hb. Common on heaths
Numeria pulveraria, L. Occasional and local,
Burnt Woods ; Henhurst nr. Burton (E. B.)
Scodiona belgiaria, Hb. Rare, one at Whitmore,
Cannock Chase, nr. Cheadle, Leek
Ematurga atomaria, L. "j
Bupalus piniaria, L. L Abundant
Aspilates strigillaria, Hb. J
ZERENIDAE
Abroxas grossulariata, L. Very common in gardens
sylvata, Scop. General and abundant in many
valleys in the north of the county.
Ligdia adustata, Schiff. Very rare, one at
Madeley
Lomaspilis marginata, L. Common locally
GEOMETRAE (continued)
HYBERNIIDAE
Hybernia rupicapraria, Hb.
leucophearia, Schiff.
aurantiaria, Esp.
marginaria, Bork.
defoliaria, L.
Common through -
I out the county
J
Anisopteryx aescularia, Schiff. General
LARENTIIDAE
Abundant
Cheimatobia brumata, L.
- boreata, Hb.
Oporabia dilutata, Bork. Common
- filigrammaria, H. S. Rare. Gun nr. Leek
Larentia didymata, L. Very common
multistrigaria, Haw. Fairly common. Madeley,
Cheadle, Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase
caesiata, Lang. On heaths, Cheadle and Leek,
not further south ; Dovedale (B. L.)
flavicinctata, Hb. Rare, Dovedale
salicata, Hb. Moors nr. Leek
olivata, Bork. Rare, one in Dovedale, 1886
vindaria, Fb. Common in woods
Emmelesia affinitata, St. Common, but local
alchemillata, L. Not uncommon, Whitmore,
Stone, Stoke-on-Trent, Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.)
albulata, Schiff. Common where food plant
(Rhinanthus crista-galli) grows
- decolorata, Hb. Local, Madeley, Cheadle,
Rugeley ; Handsworth (C. J. W.)
- taeniata, St. Dovedale (B. L.)
Eupithecia venosata, Fb. Ashley, Rugeley ; Sfiob-
nall (B. L.)
- linariata, Fb. Market Drayton
pulchellata, St. Common
- oblongata, Thnb. Rugeley ; Burton (B. L.),
Madeley, 1902
succenturiata, L. Rugeley
- subfulvata, Haw. Madeley, Rugeley, Stone
- plumbeolata, Haw. Stvynnerton, Bishop's and
Burnt Woods, Cannock Chase
isogrammaria, H. S. One at Burton (B. L.)
pygmaeata, Hb. Chorlton Moss, Burnt Woods
- satyrata, Hb. Cannock Chase, Burnt Woods
- castigat.i, Hb. Common
- trisignaria, H. S. Market Drayton
fraxinata, Crewe. Madeley, Rugelcy ; Burton
(B. L.) ; Handsworth (C. J. W.)
- valerianata, Hb. nr. Madeley, 1907 (F. C.
Woodforde)
- indigata, Hb. Common in pine woods
- nanata, Hb. Common on heaths, Cannock
Chase, Chartley, Burnt Woods
subnotata, Hb. )
\ Common
vulgata, Haw. J
albipunctata, Haw. Rugeley, occasionally
var. angelicata, Bar. Madeley
abslnthiata, Clerck. Common where food plant
grows
minutata, Gn. Madeley, Burnt Woods, Rugeley
assimilata, Gn. Common on food plant
tenuiata, Hb. Swynnerton, Madeley, Bagot's Park
lariciata, Frr. Common in larch woods
abbreviata, St. Not uncommon, Swynnerton,
Cheadle, Burnt Woods; Burton (B. L.)
I0 5
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
GEOMETRAE (continued)
LARENTIIDAE (continued)
Eupithecia exiguata, Hb. Common
sobrinata, Hb. Local, Madeley ; Burton (B. L.)
pumilata, Hb. Not common
rectangulata, L. General, Madeley, Cheadle,
Rugeley ; Handsviorth (C. J. W.) ;Burton (B. L.)
debiliata, Hb. Common nr. Cheadle and where
bilberry grows
Lobophora halterata, Hufn. Burnt Woods ; Hen-
hurst nr. Burton (B. L.)
viretata, Hb. Burnt Woods ; Bishop's Woods,
Parson's Brake (B. L.)
carpinata, Bork. Stvynnerton ; Burnt Woods ;
Hcnhurst, Hopwas Wood (B. L.)
Thera variata, Schiff. j Common in pine woods,
- firmata, Hb. J general
Hysipetes ruberata, Frr. Chorlton Moss, Cheadle,
Rugeley, Warslow
trifasciata, Bork. Local, Burnt Woods, Cannock
Ckase ; Netvborough, Oakedge, Burton (B. L.)
sordidata, Fb. Common throughout the
county, and very variable in colour and
markings
Melanthia bicolorata, Hufn. Knightley and Oak-
edge Park (B. L.) ; Chorlton, Cannock Chase
ocellata, L. General
-- albicillata, L. Not uncommon
Melanippe hastata, L. Fairly common some years,
CraddtcVi Moss, Bishop's and Burnt Woods,
Hanchurch, Rugeley
- tristata, L. Not common, Chartley, Leek ;
common, Rugeley (B. L.)
procellata, Fb. Very rare, two at Trtntham in
two successive years
- rivata, Hb. Rare, Burnt Woods
- sociata, Bork. > y
- montanata, Bork. J
- galiata, Hb. Local and rare, Dovedale, Cheadle
fluctuata, L. Common
Anticlea badiata, Hb. Not uncommon
- nigrof.isciaria, Goze. Fairly common
Coremia munitata, Hb. Very rare, one Trentkam
- designata, Hufn.
ferrugata, Clerck.
unidentaria, Haw.
Camptogramma bilineata, Lj
- fluviata, Hb. One at gas light, Trent Vale
Phibalapteryx vittata, Bork. Stoke-on-Trent, Mar-
ket Drayton ; Burton (B. L.)
Triphosa dubitata, L. Not common, Madeley,
In limestone caves, Gnndon and Dovedale ;
Burnt Woods at sallow, Rugeley ; Burton
district (B. L.)
Eucosmia certata, Hb. Market Drayton, Rugelfy ;
Burton (B.L.)
undulata, L. Stvynnerton, Maer, Cheadle,
Bishop's and Burnt Woods; Cannock Chase
(B. L.)
Scotosia rhamnata, Schiff. Rare, Dovedale
Cidaria siderata, Hufn. One near Market Drayton
miata, L. Dovedale (B. L.)
corylata, Thnb. Common in woods
truncata, Hufn. Common in pine woods
immanata, Haw. . Very common
common
Common
GEOMETRAE (continued)
LARENTIIDAE (continued)
Cidaria suffumata, Hb. General, Chorlton Moss,
Bishop's and Burnt Woods; Stone, Leek;
Burton (B. L.)
var. piceata, St. Stone, Trentham, Tixall
(E. D. B.)
silaceata, Hb. Not common, Madeley, Dove-
dale; Henhurst and Knightley Park ; Burton
(B. L.)
prunata, L. Bishop's Woods, Cheadle, Rugeley,
Market Drayton , Burton, Colwlch (B. L.)
testata, L. "j
populata, L. I Common
fulvata, Forst. J
dotata, L. Fairly common
asiociata, Bork. Common
Pelurga comitata, L. Market Drayton; Burton,
Shobnall (B.L.)
EuBOLIIDAE
Eubolia cervinata, Schiff. Local, Madeley, Market
Drayton ; Burton (B. L.)
limitata, Scop. Common
plumbaria, Fb. Common on heaths
bipunctaria, Schiff. Common on the limestone
in the north of the county
Carsia paludata, Thnb. Rare, C hartley ; sparingly
in Dovedale (B. L.)
Anaitis plagiata, L. Fairly common on the lime-
stone in the north of the county ; Cannock
Chase
Chesias spartiata, Fues. Chorlton, Pipe Gate, Stone ;
Burton (E. B.) ; Handsviorth (C. J. W.)
rufata, Fb. Rare, Chorlton, Market Drayton ;
one at light, Burton (B. L.)
SlONIDAE
Tanagra atrata, L. Common, especially in dales
in the north of the county
PYRALIDES
PYRALIDIIDAE
Aglossa pinguinalis, L. General, Madeley, Rugeley,
Burton, &c.
Pyralis glaucinalis, L. Burnt Woods, Burton (B. L.)
farinalis, L. Common throughout the county
Scoparia ambigualis, Tr. Common
cembrae, Haw. Fairly common, Cannock
Chase
dubitalis, Hb. Common, Dovedale, Cannock
Chase
murana, Curt. Burton, Cannock (B. L.)
[ ingratella, Zell. ? Parson's Brake (B. L.)]
mercurella, L. Burton (E. B.)
ulmella, Dale. Wood near Uttoxeter (B. L.) ;
Cannock Chase
crataegella, Hb. Rugeley
- truncicolella,Sta. Common in woods.
Nomophila noctuella, Schiff. Madeley, Burton
(B.L.)
Pyrausta aurata, Scop. Dovedale
purpurales, L. Not common, Craddock's Moss,
Dovedale, Cannock Chase, Knightley Park
(E. B.)
1 06
INSECTS
PYRALIDES (continued)
PYRALIDIIDAE (continued')
Herbula cespitalis, SchifF. Weaver Hills, Dovedale
Ennychia cingulata, L. Dovedale
BOTYDAE
Eurrhypara urticata, L. Common on Kettles.
Scopula lutealis, Hb.^
olivalis, Schiff. ! Common
prunalis, SchifF. J
ferrugalis, Hb. Burnt Woods
Botys pandalis, Hb. Tixall
rur.ilis, Schiff. One at Little Madeley, Rugeley,
common, Burton district (B. L.)
Fuscalis, SchifF. Common in meadows
Ebulea crocealis Hb. Grafton's Wood, Madeley,
Cannock Chase
sambucalis, SchifF. Common on elder
Spilodes verticalis, L. Stone, (E. D. B.)
Pionea forficalis, L. Common
HYDROCAMPIDAE
Cataclysta lemnata, L. Common on duckweed
Paraponyx stratiotata, L. Madeley ; Burton
(B. L.)
Hydrocampa nymphaeata, L. Common
;tagnata, Don. Madeley ; Burton, common
(B. L.)
ACENTROPODIDAE
Acentropus niveus, Oliv. Common on the Trent,
Burton (B. L.)
PTEROPHORI
CHRYSOCORIDIDAE
Chrysocorus festaliella, Hb. Henhurst near Burton
(E. B.)
PTEROPHORIDAE
Platyptilia gonodactyla, SchifF. Near Burton (B. L.)
Amblyptilia acanthodactyla, Hb. Burton, Cannock
Chase
Oxyptilus teucrii, Greening. Cannock Chase
Mimaeseoptilus plagiodactylus, Su. Tixall
- pterodactylus, L. Tixall ; Burton (B. L.)
Aedematophorus lithodactylus, Tr. Near Burton
(B. L.)
Pterophorus monodactylus, L. Common Burton
(B. L.)
Aciptilia tetradactyla, L. Burton (E. B.)
pentadactyla, L. Common Burton (B. L.) ;
Mayfeld, very common (F. J.)
ALUCITIDAE
Alucita hexadactyla, L. Common Burton (B. L.);
Dove Valley, occasional (F. J.) ; Alstonfield
(W. H. Purchas)
CRAMBI
CHIUDAE
Schoenobius forficellus, Thnb. Burton (B. S.)
mucronellus, SchifF. Rare, one at Madeiey ;
one at Rugeley ; Shobnall Canal (B. S.)
gigantellus, SchifF. Burton (B. S.)
CRAMBI (continued')
CRAMBIDAE
Crambus falsellus, SchifF. Rugeley ; Burton (B. S.)
pratellus, L. Common in gras;fields
pascuellus, L. Common
uliginosellus, Zell. Tixall, rare
margaritellus, Hb. Common on mosses, Chorl-
ton, Cannock Chase
pinellus, L. One in Burnt Woods ; common
Cannock Chase
perlellus, Scop. Two at Su-ynncrton, Rugeley ;
Burton (B. S.)
warringtonellus, Zell. Chorlton, Craddock's
Moss
tristcllus, Fb. Common
inquinatellus, SchifF. Rugeley; Sinai Park
(B. S.)
culmellus, L. )
- hortuellus, Hb. }
PHYCIDAE
Ephestia elutella, Hb. Burton (B. S.)
ficclla, St. Madeley
Cryptoblabes bistriga, Haw. Hopwas
Plodia interpunctella, Hb. Madeley
Phycis betulae, G5zc. Stvynnerton
fusca, Haw. Common on heaths, Cannock
Chase, Sivy nner ton
Nephopteryx spissicella, Fb. Swynnertcn
Pempelia, palumbella, Fb. Cannock Chase, Sx-yn-
nerton
Rhodophaea advenella, Zinck. Rugeley
consociella, Hb. Common, Sti-ynnerton
GALLKRIDAE
Aphormia sociella, L. Market Drayton
Achroea grisella, Fb. Madeley ; Burton (B. S.)
TORTRICES
ToRTRICIDAE
Tortrix podana, Scjp. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very com-
mon, Rugeley (R. F.)
xylosteana, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N.
Staffs. (T. D. W.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
sorbiana, Hb. The Oaks, &c. (E. B.) ; Burton
(B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common,
Rugeley (R. F.)
rosana, L. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common,
Rugeley, (R. F.)
cinnamomeana, Tr. Maer Woods plentiful
(T. W. D.)
- heparana, SchifF. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very
common, Rugeley (R. F.)
ribeana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.);
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common,
Rugeley (R. F.)
corylana, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton
(B. S.) ; Swynnerton Old Park (T. W. D.) ;
common, Rugeley (R. F.)
unifasciana, Dup. Burton, common (E. B..
B. S.) ; very common, Rugeley (R. F.)
I0 7
HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
TORTRICES (continued)
TORTRICIDAE (continued)
Tortrix costana, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.) ; very com-
mon, Rugeley (R. F,)
viburnana, Fb. Burton, rare (E. B.) ; Can-
nock Chase (C.G.K.); Rugeley, common (R.F.)
palleana, Fb. Burton, rare (E. B., B. S.)
var. icterana, Frol. N. Staffs (T.W.D.)
viridana, L. Everywhere very common
(E. D. B.) ; Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs.
(T. W. D.) ; Dydon Wood (F. I.) ; Rugeley,
(R. F.)
ministrana, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B., R. F.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
var. fcrrugana, Hb. Burton (B. S.)
forsterana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.);
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley, very com-
mon (R. F.)
Amphisa gerningana, SchifF. Chorlton Moss
(T. W. D.)
- prodromana, Hb. Chorlton Moss (T. W. D.)
Oenectra pilleriana, SchifF. Rugeley (R. F.)
Leptogramma literana, L. Burton, rare (E. B.) ;
Madeley and Swymerton (T. W. D.)
Pcronea sponsana, Fb. Drakelow (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
rufana, Schift. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.)
mixtana, Hb. Maer Woods in heather
(T. W. D.)
- schalleriana, L. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.)
- variegana, SchifF. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N.
Stiffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Rugeley
(R. F.)
ferrugana, Tr. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs.
(T. W. D.) ; Rugeley R. F.)
- aspersana, Hb. A'. Staffs. (T. VV. D.)
Rhacodia caudana, Fb. Henhurst, common (E. B.) ;
Burton (B. S.)
Teras contaminana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B.,
1?. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common,
Rugeley (R. F.)
Dictyopteryx loeflingiana, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ;
Burton (B. S.) ; A'. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
holmiana, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton (B.S.);
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common, Rugeley
(R.F.)
bergmanniana, L. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common,
Rugeley (R. F.)
forskalcana, L. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.);
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Rugtley
(R. F.)
Argyrotoxa conwayana, Fb. Burton, common
(E. B., B. S.) ; Stafford (C. G. B.) ; N. Staffs.
(T. W. D.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.)
Ptycholoma lecheana, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.,
R. C. B.) ; Hopuias Wood (W. G. B.) ; N.
Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
PENTHINIDAE
Penthina corticana, Hb. N. Staff's. (T. W. D.) ;
very common, Rugeley (R. F)
betulaetana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
Cannock (C. J. W.) ; Sutton (R. C. B.) ;
Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
TORTRICES (continued)
PENTHINIDAE (continued)
Penthina sororculana, Zett. Cannock (W. G. B.) ; A^.
Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common, Rugeley, (R. F.)
pruniana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N.
Staffs. (T. W. D.)
ochroleucana, Hb. Tixall (E. D. B) ; com-
mon, Rugeley (R. F.)
variegana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; very
common, Rugeley (R. F.)
sauciana, Hb. Plentiful Maer Woods, &c.
(T. W. D.) ; Cannock (C. J. W.) ; Sutton
(W. G. B.)
marginana, Haw. Burton, rare (E. B.)
fuligana, Hb. Burton, rare (E. B.)
SPILONOTIDAE
Hedya ocellana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; very common, Rugeley (R. F.)
neglectana, Dup. Burton, common (E. B.)
Spilonota trimaculana, Haw. Burton, common
(E. B.) ; Tixall (E. D. B.) ; very common,
Rugeley (R. F.)
rosaecolona, Dbl. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; very common, Rugeley (R. F.)
roborana, Tr. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.)-
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
Pardia tripunctana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Ruge-
ley (R. F.)
SERICORIDAE
Aspis udmanniana, L. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) ;
Burton (B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; com-
mon Rugeley (R. F.)
Sideria achatana, Fb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
Sericoris bifasciana, Haw. (decrepit.ina). One
beaten from Scotch fir, Cannock Chase
(W. S. Atkinson)
rivulana, Scop. Burton (F. B.) ; Cannock
Chase (W. G. B.)
urticana, Hb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
lacunana, Dup. Burton, very common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; N. Staffs.
(T. W. D.)
Mixodia schulziana, Fb. Craddock's Moss, Chartley
Moss (R. C. B.)
Roxana arcuana, Clerck. Cannock Chase, abundant
in June (W. S. Atkinson) ; N. Staffs.
(T. W. D.)
Orthotaenia antiquana, Hb. Rugeley (R. F.)
striana, SchifF. Burton, rare (E. B., B. S.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
SciAPHILIDAE
Phtheochroa rugosana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.);
one at Handstvorth (C. J. W.)
Cnephasia musculana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.);
Cannock Chase (C. G. B., VV. G. B.) ; N.
Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.)
Sciaphila nubilana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B.);
common, Rugeley (R. F.)
subjectana, Gn. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
108
INSECTS
TORTRICES (continued)
SCIAPHILIDAE (continued)
Sciaphila virgaureana, Tr. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; N. Staffi. (T. W. D.) ; common,
Rugeley (R. F.)
pascuana, Hb. Tixall (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
chrvsantheana, Dup. Rugeley (R. F.)
hybridana, Hb. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; Stafford (C. G. B.) ; N. Stafs.
(T. W. D.) ; common, Rugeley (R. F.)
Sphaleroptera ictericana, Haw. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
Capua favillaceana, Hb. Cannock Chan (G. C. B.) ;
N. Staffi. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
Clepsis rusticana, Tr. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.)
GRAPHOLITHIDAE
Bactra lanceolana, Hb. Cannock Chase (C. G. B);
N. Staffi. (T. W. D.) ; very common, Rage-
Ay (R. F.)
Phoxopteryx myrtillana, Tr. Cannock Chase and
Rugeley, abundant (R F., C. G. B., W. G. B ) ;
Maer, CraddocKs Moss, plentiful on bilberry
(T. W. D.)
- lundana Fb. Burton, common (E. B., B. S.) ;
Stafford (C. G. B.) ; on trefoil (T. W. D.)
- diminutana, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
mitterpacheriana, Schiff. Bur/on, common
(E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
- lactana, Fl. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.,)
Grapholitha ramella, L. Burton (E. B.) ; Hoftcas
Wood (W. G. B.) ; common, Rugeley (R. F.)
nisella, Clerck. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
subocellana, Don. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
trimaculana, Don. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.)
penkleriana, Fisch. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock
(R. C. B.) ; N. Stafs. (T. W. D.)
- naevana, Hb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
geminana, St. Plentiful in pine and fir woods
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
Phloeodes tetraquetrana, Haw. Burton (E. B.,
B. S.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B., W. G. B.);
Rugeley (R. F.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
Hypermecia angustana, Hb. Henhurst (E. B.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
Batodes angustiorana, Haw. Burton, common
(E. B., B. S.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Ruge-
ley (R. F.)
Paedisca bilunana, Haw. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ;
Rugeley, very common (R. F.) ; Hopwas
Wood (W. G. B.)
ratzeburghiana, Sax. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.,
B. S.)
corticana, Hb. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) ; Hop-
was Woods (W. G. B.) ; N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
- occultana, Dougl. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
- solandriana, L. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.) ; Made-
ley, on birch (T. W. D.) ; Cannock Chase
(W. G. B.) ; Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
TORTRICES (continued)
GRAPHOLITHIDAE (continued)
Ephippiphora similana, Hb. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
cirsiana, Zell. N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
pflugiana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; N.
Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
brunnichiana, FrOl. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
Rugeley (R. F )
[ foenella, L. Cannock Chase ? (C. G. B., fide
B. S.) ; probably for pflugiana, Haw.]
nigricostana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
trigeminana, St. Rugeley (R. F.)
tetragonana, St. Burton (E. B.)
Semasia ianthinana, Dup. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
rufillana, Wilk. Burton (E. B.)
woeberiana, Schift". Burton (E. B., B. S.)
Coccyx argyrana, Hb. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock
Chase (C. G. B.) : Necdwood (B. S.) ; Sutton
(R. C. B.) ; Hopu-as (W. G. B.) ; N. Staffs.
(T.W. D.) &c.
taedella, Clerck. Burton, Sic., common, (E. B.,
B. S.) ; Milford (C. G. B.) ; Maer Woods,
abundant on spruce (T. W. D.)
- nanana, Tr. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
Heusimine fimbriana, Haw. Steynnerton Old Park
(T. W. D.) ; Sutton Park (W. G. B.)
Retinia buoliana, Schift". Burton (B. S.)
pinivorana, Zell. Beaten from Scotch fir
(T. W. D.) ; Ruge/ey (R. F.)
Carpocapsa pomonella, L. Burton (E. B.)
Endopisa nigricana, St. Burton (E. B.)
Stigmonota coniferana, (Rlz.). The Oaks, Burton
(E. B.)
perlepidana, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
nitidana, Fb. Burton (E. B.)
regiana, Zell. Madeley, on sycamore (T. W. D.)
- roseticolana, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
Dicrorhampha sequana, Hb. Burton (B. S.)
- petiverella, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
- plumbana, Scop. Burton (B. S.)
saturnana, Gn. Burton \ (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
- plumbagan.t, Tr. Burton (E. B.)
acuminata, Zell. Tixall (E. D. B.)
tanaceti, St. Rugeley, very common locally
(R. F )
Catoptria ulicetana, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
on gorse (T. W. D.) ; Cannock Chase
(W. G. B.) ; Rugeley, very common
(R. F.)
hypericana, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
cana, Haw. The Oaks (B. S.)
scopoliana, Haw. The Oaks (E. B.)
expallidana, Haw. The Oaks (E. B.)
citrana, Hb. Rugeley (R. F.)
Trycheris aurana, Fb. Burton (E. B.)
PYRALOIDIDAE
Symaethis oxyacanthella, L. Burton, very common
(E. B., B. S.) ; very common Rugeley
(R. F.)
109
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
TORTRICES (continued)
CONCHYLIDAI
Eupoccilia nana, Haw. The Oaks, Burton (E.B.),
abundant Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; very-
common Rugeley (R. F.)
dubitana, Hb. Rugeley (R. F.)
hybridella, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ;
on heaths (T. W. D.)
angustana, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ;
abundant on all heaths (T. W.D.); Cannock
(R. C. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
roseana, Haw. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ;
Shobnall marlflt (B. S.)
Xanthosetia zoegana, L. Burton, Sinai Park
(B. S.), N. Staffs. (T. W. D.) ; common
Rugeley (R.F.)
hamana, L. The Oaks, &c. (E. B.), Burton
(B. S.), N. Staffs. (T.W.D.), Rugeley (R. F.)
Chrosis alcella, Schutz. N. Staffs^. (T. W. D.)
Argyrolepia hartmanniana, Clerck. Craddock's
Moss (T. W. D.)
zephyrana, Fr. Henhurst (E. B.) ?
- badiana, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E.B.) ; N.
Staffs. (T. W. D.)
cnicana, Dbl. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ; Col-
wich (C. G. B.) ;? Cannock (C. G. B. fide B. S.)
Conchylis straminea, Haw. Madeley on thistles
(T. W. D.); Rugeley (R. F.)
APHELIIDAE.
Aphelia osseana, Scop. Burton (B. S.) ; A'. Staffs.
(T. W. D.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
Tortricodes hycmana, Hb. Henkurst, &c., (E. B.,
B.S.) ; Sutton Park, common (C. J. W.) ;
N. Staffs. (T. W. D.)
TINEAE
EPIGRAPHIIDAE
Lemnatophila phryganella, Hb. Common Rugeley
(R. F.)
Diurnea fagella, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.) ;
very common, Rugeley (R. F.) ; probably
common everywhere (E. D. B.)
Semioscopus avellanella, Hb. Hopwas Wood
(W.G. B.); Rugeley (R.F.)
Epigraphia steinkellneriana, Schiff. Henhurst
(E. B.); R U ge/ey(R.F.)
PSYCHIDAE
Talaeporia pseudo-bombycella, Hb. Cannock Chase
(C. G. B., W. G. B.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.)
Fumea intermediella, Brd. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.,
R. F.) ; common Rugeley (R. F.)
Solenobia inconspicuella, Sta. Hofwas Wood (E. B.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
TlNEIDAE
Diplodoma marginepunctella, St. Cannock Chase
(C. G. B.)
Scardia corticella, Curt. Rugeley (R. F.)
granella, L. Burton (B. S.)
TINEAE (continued)
TINEIDAE (continued)
Scardia cloacella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; very common
Rugeley (R. F.)
arcella, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.)
Blabophanes rusticella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.);
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; very common
Rugeley (R. F.)
Tinea fulvimitrella, SoJof. Burton (E. B., B.S.) ;
Cannock Chase (C. G. B., W. G. B) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
tapetzella, L. Burton common (E. B., B. S.) ;
common Rugeley (R. F.)
misella, Zell. Tatenhill (E. B.); Rugeley (R. F.)
pellionella, L. Burton (B. S.)
fuscipunctella, Haw. Tatenhill and Burton
(E. B., B. S.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
pallescentella, Sta. Burton (B. S.)
- lapella, Hb. Burton (E.B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
merdella, Zell. Burton (B. S.)
semifulvella, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton
(B. S.) ; Tixall (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
Tineola biscllie'.la, Hm>. Tixall (E. D. B.)
Lampronia luzella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
- praelatella, SchifF. Sinai Park (E. B.)
- rubiella, Bjerk. Tixall (E. D. B.)
Incurvaria muscalella, Fb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ;
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Hoptvas Wood
(W. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
pectinea, Haw. Hofwas Wood (R. C. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
capitella, Clerck. Tixall (E. D. B.)
Micropteryx calthella, L. Henhurst (E.B.) ;
Burton (B.S.) ; Stafford (C. G. B.)
seppella, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.)
aureatclla, Scop. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock
Chase (C. G. B.)
thunbergella, Fb. Henhurst (E. B.)
- fastuosella, Zell. Burton (B. S.)
semipurpurella, St. Rugeley (R. F.)
subpurpurella, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.); Burton
(B. S.) ; Hofu-as Wood (W. G. B.)
Nemophora swammerdammella, L. Burton (E. B.) ;
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
schwarziella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) ,- Cannock
Chase (C. G. B.)
metaxella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
ADELIDAE
Scop. Needwood, common
Adela rufimitrel'a,
(B. S.)
croesella, Scop.
degeerella, L.
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.)
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ;
Ruge/ey, common (R. F.)
- viridella, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley,
common (R. F.)
HYPONOMEUTIDAE
Swammerdammia combinella, Hb. Henhurst (E. B.);
Rugeley (R. F.)
caesiella, Hb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.)
oxyacanthella, Dup. Burton (B. S.)
pyrella, Vill. Burton (E. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
spiniella, Hb. Burton (B. S.)
110
INSECTS
TINEAE (continued)
HYPONOMEUTIDAE (continued)
Hyponomeuta padellus, L. Burton, common (E. B.,
B. S.) ; Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
cagnagellus, Hb. Burton (E. B.) ? ; Rugeley,
very common (R. F.)
evonymellus, L. Near Uttoxeter (E. B.)
Prays curtisellus, Don. Henhurst (E. B.) ; com-
mon in Handsworth, both type and black
form (C. J. W.) ; Rugeley, common (R. F.)
PLUTELLIDAE
Plutella cruciferarum, Zell. Burton, common
(E. B.) ; Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley,
very common (R. F.)
porrectella, L. Burton, rare (B. S.)
Cerostoma vittella, L. Henhurst (E. B.)
radiatella, Don. Henhurst, common (E. B.)
costella, Fb. Henhurst, common (E. B.)
Harpipteryx nemorella, L. Henhurst, scarce (E. B.)
xylostella, L. Henhurst, common (E. B.) ;
Tixall (E. D. B.)
GELECHIIDAF.
Orthotelia sparganella, Thnb. Burton (B. S.)
Phibalocera quercana, Fb. Burton (? B. S.) ; Can-
nock Chase (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley, very common
(R. F.)
Depressaria costosa, Haw. Burton (E. B.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
flavella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
- assimilella, Tr. Rugeley (R. F.)
- arenella, SchifF. Henhurst, common (E. B.)
- propinquella, Tr. Henhurst, common (E. B.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
- alstroemeriana Clerck. Henhurst (E. B.)
- purpurea, Haw. Henhurst (E.B.)
- - liturella, Hb. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.)
angelicella, Hb. Henhurst (E. B.)
- ocellana, Fb. Henhurst (E. B., B. S.)
- applana, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
ciliella, Sta. Henhurst, plentiful (E. B.)
heracleana, De G. Burton (E. B.) ; Rugeley,
common (R. F.)
[Gelechia malvella, Hb. Burton (E. E.JSJe B. S.)]
- velocella, Fisch. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.)
ericetella, Hb. Cannock Chase, swarming
(C. G. B.); Ruge/ey,\ery common (R. F.)
sororculella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
longicornis, Curt. Cannock Chase, common
(C.G.B.); Rugeley (R. F.)
diffinis, Haw. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.)
rhombella, Schiff. Rugeley (R. F.)
Brachmia mouffetella, SchifF. Burton (E. B.)
Bryotropha terrella, Hb. Burton, common (E. B.);
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
politella, Dougl. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.)
senectella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
affinis, Dougl. Burton (E. B.)
domestica, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
Lita artemisiella, Tr. Burton (E. B.)
viscariella, Logan. Stapenhill (B. S.)
TINEAE (continued)
GELECHIIDAE (continued)
Lita maculea, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
tricolorella, Haw. Tatenhi/l, common (B. S.)
fraternella, Dougl. Burton (E. B.)
maculiferella, Dougl. Burton.
hubneri, Haw. Burton (E. B.); Hoftvas Wood
0- Sang)
atriplicella, Fisch. Burton (E. B.)
Teleia proximella, Hb. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.);
Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
- notatella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
- vulgella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
luculella, Hb. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Hop-
was Wood(C. }. W.) ; Sutton Park (W. G. B.)
- fugitivella, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
triparella, Zell. Rugeley (R. F.)
Ptocheuusa subocellea, St. Burton (E. B.)
Ergatis ericinella, Dup. Tixall (E. D. B.)
Doryphora lucidella, St. Burton (E. B.)
Monochroa tenebrell.i, Hb. Burton (K. B.)
Lamprotes atrella, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
Anacampsis ligulella, Zell. Burton (E. 15.)
- anthyllidella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
Brachycrossata cinerella, Clerck. Burton (E. B.)
Ceratophora rufescens, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
Chelaria hubnerella, Don. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
Anarsia spartiella, Schr. Railway cuttings (B. S.)
Hypsilophus marginellus, Fb. Burton (E.B.)
Pleurota bicostella, Clerck. Cannock Chase, com-
mon (C. G. B.) ; Chartley Moss (R. C. B.) ;
Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
Harpella geoftrelh, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
Rugeley (R. F.)
Dasycera sulphurell.i, Fb. Burton, common (E. B.);
Cannock Chase (C. G. B. fide B. L.); Stafford,
everywhere (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley, common
(R. F.)
Oecophora minutella, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Rugelfy
(R. F.)
fulviguttella, Zell. Henhurst (E. B.) ; llopwas
Wood (W. G. B.)
stipella, L. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
fuscencens, H;iw. Burton (E. B.)
pseudopretella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ;
Tixall (E. D. B.) ; Rugeley, very common
(R. F.)
Endrosis fenestrella, Scop. Tixall (E. D. B.) ;
Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
GLYPHIPTERYGIDAE
Glyph iptery x fuscoviridella, Haw. Burton (E.B.);
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; Rugeley, (R. F.)
equitella, Scop. Burton (E. B.)
fischeriella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Staf-
ford (C. G. B.)
Heliozele sericiella, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.)
ARGYRESTHIIDAE
Argyresthia ephippella, Fb. Stapenhill, &c (B. S.)
nitidella, Fb. Henhurst, &c., common (E. B.);
Cannock Chase (B. S., C. G. B.)
ill
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
TINEAE (continue d)
AIGYRESTHIIDAE (continued)
Argyresthia spiniella, Zell. Burton (F. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
albistria, Haw. Henhunt, &c. common (E. B.) ;
Tutbury Road, Burton (B. S.)
semifusca, Haw. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
glaucinella, Zell. Bradgate Park (B. S.)
retinella, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
- dilectella, Zell. Stafenhil! (B. S.)
curvella, L. The Oaks, &c., Burton (E. B.) ;
Rugeley, very common (R. F.)
pygmaeella, Hb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ;
Chartley (R. C. B.)
goedartella, L. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
brochella, Hb. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.) ; Tixall
(E. D. B.)
Zelleria insignipennella, Sta. Henhunt (E. B.);
Shobna.l, Burton (B. S.)
GRACILARHDAE
Gracilaria alchimiella, Scop. Henhurst, &c. (E. B.)
- stigmatella, Fb. Henhunt (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R.F.)
- hemidactylella, Fb. Henhunt (E. B.)
- elongella, L. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Cannock
Chase (C. G. B., R. C. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
syringella, Fb. Burton (E. B.)
auroguttella, St. Henhunt (E. B.)
Coriscium culculipennellum, Hb. Henhunt (E. B.)
Ornix anglicella, St. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock
Chase (C.G.B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
betulae, Sta. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) and
(W. G. B.)
- torquilella, Sta. Burton (E. B.)
guttea, Haw. Rugeley (R. F.)
TINEAE (continued)
ELACHISTIDAE (continued)
Laverna propinquella, Sta. Burton (E. B.) r
epilobiella, Schr. Burton (E. B.)
decorella, St. Burton (E. B.)
vinolentella, H. S. Burton (B. S.)
atra, Haw. Burton (E. B.); Rugeley (R. F.)
Chrysoclysta schrankella, Hb. Cannock Chafe
(C.J.W.) ; Sutton (R.C. B.)
aurifrontelh, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
Asychna terminella, Dale. Rosliston Road, Burton
(B. S.)
Stephensia brunnichella, L. The Oaks, Burton
(E. B.)
Elachista albifrontella, Hb. The Oaks, Burton
(E. B.) ; Burton (B. S.)
atricomella, Sta. Burton (E. B.)
luticomella, Zell. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ;
Henhurst (B. S.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
monticola, Wk. Drakelow Mill (B. S.)
nigrella, Hb. Burton (E. B.) ?
subnigrella, Dougl. (B. S.)
humilis, Zell. Burton (E. B.) ?
perplexella, Sta. Burton (B. S.)
obscurella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Cannock
Chase (C. G. B.)
zonariella, Tgstr. Burton (E. B.)
megerlella.Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
- cerussella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
paludum, Frey. Drakelow Mill (B. S.)
biatomella, Sta. Tixall (E. D. B.)
rufocinerea, Haw. Burton, very common (E. B.,
B.S) ; Rugeley (R.F.)
argentella, Clerck. The Oaks, Burton (E. B.) ;
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.). ; Rugeley (R. F.)
Tischeria complanelh, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.);
Cannock Chase (C. G. B.) ; H of was Wood
(W. G. B.)
marginea, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
COLEOPHORIDAE
Coleophora paripennella, Zell. Burton, &c. (B. S.)
murinipennella, Fisch. Burton (E. B.) ?
- caespititiella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Can-
nock Chase (C. G. B.)
- laripennella, Zett. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton
(B.S.)
- argentula, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
- albiursella, Zell. Burton (B. S.)
- nigricella, St. Burton (E. B.) ; Cannock Chase
(C. G. B.) ; Rugeley (R. F.)
fuscedinella, Zell. Burton (E. B.) ; Rugeley
(R. F.)
- gryphipennella, Bonche. Burton (B. S.)
siccifolia, Sta. Tutbury Road, Burton (B. S.) ;
Tixall (E .D. B.)
viminetella, Heyd. Burton (E. B.)
- badiipennella, Fisch. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
ELACHISTIDAE
Batrachedra praeangusta, Haw. Burton (B. S.)
Chauliodus illigerellus, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
LlTHOCOLLETI DAE
Lithocolletis roboris, Zell. Cannock Chase (C. G. B.)
pomifoliella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
- coryli, Nicelli. Burton (B. S.)
spinicolella, Kol. Rolleston Road, Burton (B. S.)
faginella, Mann. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
salicicolella, Sircom. Burton (E. B.)
ulmifoliella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S) ; Can-
nock Chase (C. G. B.)
spinolella, Dup. Burton (E. B.)
quercifoliella, Fisch. Burton (E. B., B. S.) - T
Cannock Chase (C. G. B )
messaniella, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
corylifoliella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
viminiella, Sircom. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
alnifoliella, Hb. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
heegeriella, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
cramerella, Fb. Burton (E. B., B. S.) ; Can-
nock Chase (C. G. B.)
- sylvella, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
nicellii, Zell. Burton, common (B. S.)
tristrigella, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
trifasciella, Haw. Burton (E. B.)
112
INSECTS
TINEAE (continued}
LYONETIIDAE
Lyonetia clerckella, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Burton
(B. S.)
Cemiostoma spartifoliella, Hb. Burton (E. B.)
laburnella, Heyd. Burton, common (B. S.)
- scitella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
Bucculatrix ulmella, Mann. Burton (E. B.)
crataegi, Zell. Burton (E. B.)
- boyerella, Dup. Burton (E. B.)
thoracella, Thnb. Burton (E. B.)
NEPTICULIDAE
Nepticula ruficapitella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
anomalella, Goze. Burton (B. S.)
pygmaeella, Haw. Burton (B. S.)
oiyacanthella, Sta. Burton (B. S.) ; Tlxall
(E. D. B.)
TINEAE (continued)
NEPTICULIDAE (continued)
Nepticula intimella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
sub-bimaculella, Haw. Burton (B.S.)
trimaculella, Haw. Burton (B. S.)
floslactella, Haw. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
myrtillella, Edl. Cannock Chase (C, G. B.)
microtheriella, Wing. Burton (B. S.)
ignobilella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
argentipedella, Zell. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
plagicolella, Sta. Henhurst (B. S.)
tityrella, Dougl. Branston (B. S.)
- malella, Sta. Burton (B. S.)
- angulifasciella, Sta Burton (E. B., B. S.)
gratiosella, Sta. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
marginicolella, Sta. Burton (B. S.)
aurella, Fb. Burton (E. B., B. S.)
splendidissimella, H. S. Burton (B. S.)
DIPTERA
Flies
The following list can only be regarded as a first instalment towards the compilation of
a county list, for the number of species therein recorded only amounts to a little over 300,
while some 3,000 species of Diptera are known to exist in Great Britain. It is founded on
the late Mr. Edwin Brown's list of the Diptera of the Burton-on-Trent district, published in
the Natural History of Tutbury in 1863 (pp. 210-23). Several species as to the identification
of which some doubt exists or which are not now recognized as British, have been omitted.
An asterisk (*) prefixed to the name of any species denotes that local specimens are to be
found in the British Museum collection of British Diptera. Some notes on the gall-making
Cecidomyidae, by Mr. Cyril Brett, as observed in the Alton district, have appeared in the
Reports and Transactions of the North Staffs. Field Club, 1902-3 (pp. 92-3) and 1905-6,
(pp. 75-6).
Where Burton is given as a locality without further particulars it must be understood that
the statement is made on the authority of Mr. E. Brown's list.
Species marked (t) have been kindly determined by the Rev. A. Thornley, and those
marked (11) by Mr. E. E. Austen.
The following abbreviations have been used :
R. G. = R. Garner, Nat. History of the County oj Stafford (1840)
E. B. = Edwin Brown, 'Fauna of Burton-on-Trent' in Nat. Hist. ofTutbury (1863)
R. C. B. = R. C. Bradley (Cannock Chase)
C. J. W. = C. J. Wainwright (Handsworth)
C. B. = Cyril Brett (Alton)
F. J. = Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain (Dove Valley)
G. H. V. = G. H. Verrall (Dovedale and Colwich)
Br. Fl. = G. H. Verrall, British Flies, vol. viii.
E. M. M. = The Entomologists' Monthly Magazine
Ent. = The Entomologist
NEMATOCERA
PULICIDAE
Pules irritans, L.
canis, Curt. On dogs
Trichopsylla sciurorum, Bouch6.
(E. B.)
gallinae, Schrk. In fowl houses, general
ORTHORRHAPHA
NEMATOCERA (continued)
PULICIDAE (continued)
On the house
A rf '
On squirrels
Trichopsylla hirundinis, Curt.
martin (E. B.)
Ctenopsyllus musculi, Dug&.
(E. B.)
On the rat
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
NEMATOCERA (continued)
CECIDOMYIDAE
Cecidomyia betulae, Winn. Alton, galls on
Betula verrucosa, Erhrh. Sept. 1902 ;
Coombe Woods, 22 July, 1905 (C. B.)
bursaria, Bremi. Common, galls on Nepeta
glechoma, Benth. (C. B.)
crataegi, Winn. Common, galls on Cratae-
gus oxyacantha, L. (C. B.)
galii, Lw. Between Alton and Denstone,
galls on Galium verum, 25 July, 1904 ;
Three Lowes, 14 Aug., 1905 (C. B.)
- lathyri, Frfld. Cotton, 31 July, 1905 (C. B.)
- marginem-torquens, Bremi. Galls on Salix
viminalis, L. (C. B.)
persicariae, L. Bradley, galls on Polygonum
amphibium, L., 25 Sept., 1902 ; Alton,
July, 1905 (C. B.)
pteridis, Mull. Common, galls on Pteris
aquilina, L., Aug., 1903; Beliiont, 22
July, 1905 (C. B.)
- ranunculi, Bremi. Three Lowes, 22 Aug.,
1905 (C. B.)
- rosarum, Hardy. Common, 1903, on Rosa
canina, L. (C. B.)
- taxi, Inch. Bradley, galls on Taxus baccata,
L., Sept., 1903 (C. B.)
- tiliae, Schrk. Alton, galls on Tilia grandifolia,
Ehrh. 22 July, 1903 ; Rudyard, 25
July, 1905 (C.B.)
ulmariae, Bremi. Alton district, common,
galls on Spiraea ulmaria, L., July, 1903
and 1905 (C. B.)
urticae, Perns. Alton district, galls on
Urtica dioica, L., Aug., 1903 (C. B.)
veronicae, Vallot. Burton (E. B.) ; common,
galls on Veronica chamaedrys, L. (C. B )
Diplosis botularia,VVinn. Alton, galls on Fraxinus
excelsior, L., Aug., 1903 (C. B.)
- loti, Deg. Alton, 5 Aug., 1905 (C. B.)
- tritici, Kirb. In wheat ears (E. B.)
Hormomyiaannulipes, Hart, (piligera, Lw.). Com-
mon, galls on Fagus silvatica, L.; Rudyard,
25 July, 1905 (C. B.)
capreae, Winn. On Salix caprea, L. Alton,
Aug., 1903 (C. B.)
fagi, Hart. Dimmingsdale, galls on F. sil-
vatica, L., Sept., 1902 ; Rudyard, 25
July, 1905 (C. B.)
millefolii, Lw. Three Louies, n Aug., 1905
(C. B.)
MYCETOPHILIDAE
Sciara thomae, L. Cannock (R. C. B. Ent. 1891,
p. 78)
*Mycetophila lineola, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
*Rhymosia fasciata, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
fenestralis, Mg. Common
Exechia fungorum, De G. Burton
Allodia crassicornis, Stan. Burton
Phronia crassipes, Winn. Colwlch, common
(G. H. V. in E. M. M. xxx, 78)
- dubia, Dzied. Colwich (G. H.V. in E. M. M.
xxx, 79)
N E M ATOC ERA (continued )
MYCETOPHILIDAE (continued)
'Boletina trivittata, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
[Lasiosoma maura, Wlk. Barton]
Sciophila fasciata, Ztt. Burton
Platyura fasciata, Ltr Burton
Macrocera lutea, Mg. Burton
* centralis, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
'Bolitophila cinerea, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
BIBIONIDAE
Scatopse notata, L. Common about manure
heaps
pulicaria, Lw. Colwich (G. H. V. in
E. M. M. xxx, 79)
Bibio pomonae, F. ' Frequent ' (R. G.)
- marci, L. Common
leucopterus, Mg. Burton
ferruginatus, Gmel. Burton
laniger, Mg. Burton
clavipes, Mg. Burton
SlMULIDAE
Simulium reptans, L. Common
nanum, Ztt. Colwlch (G. H. V. in E. M. M.
xxx, 79)
CHIRONOMIDAE
Chironomus plumosus, L. Burton
prasinus, Mg. Burton
tentans, F. Burton
* pcdellus, De G. Common, Burton ; also
Dovedale (G. H. V '.)
viridis, Mcq. Very common, Burton
* viridulus, L. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
* nigrimanus, Staeg. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
* pictulus, Mg. Dovedale (G. H.V.)
* albimanus, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
* nubilus, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
*Cricotopus tremulus, L. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
*Orthocladius variabilis, Staeg. Dovedale
(G. H. V.)
'Diamesa obscurimanus, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
Tanypus varius, F. Burton
nebulosus, Mg. Burton
' punctatus, F. Colwlch (G. H. V.)
ornatus, Mg. Colwlch (G. H. V. in E. M. M.
xxx, 79)
* trifascipennis, Ztt. Dovedale (G. H. V.) and
Colwich, abundant (G. H. V. in E. M. M.
xxx, 79)
[ zonatus, F. Burton]
Ceratopogon pulicaris, L. Burton, very common
- nitidus, Mcq. Burton, very common
femoratus, Mg. Colwich (G. H. V.)
PsYCHODIDAE
Pericoma nubila, Mg. Burton
Psychoda phalaenoides, L. Burton, common
CULICIDAE
Corethra plumicornis, F. Burton
Culex annulatus, Schrk. Very common
nemorosus, Mg. Very common
pipiens, L. (ciliaris, L.). Very common
114
INSECTS
NEMATOCERA (continued}
PTYCHOPTERIDAK
' Ptychoptera paludosa, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
LIMNOBIDAE
Burton
Burton
Burton ,
Egg-
Cohaich
Dwedale
Burton
Dovedale (G H. V.) ;
C. B. in E. M. M.
Limnobia nubeculosa, Mg.
tripunctata, F. Burton
Dicranomyia modesta, Mg.
*Rhiphidia maculata, Mg.
(G. H. V.)
'Molophilus propinquus,
(G. H. V.)
Rhypholophus lineatus, Mg.
'Lipsothrix errans, Wlk.
also Cannock (R.
xxxii, 53)
Ephelia submarmorata,Verr. Colw'uh (G. H. V.);
also Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.)
marmorata, Mg. Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.)
*Dactylol.ibis frauenfeldi, Egg. Dovedale
(G H. V.)
Trichocera hiemalis, De G. Very common
Pedicia rivosa, L. (R. G.)
Cylindrotoma distinctissima, Mg. Cannock
(R. C. B. in E. M. M. xxxii, 53)
TlPULIDAE
Dolichopeza sylvicola, Curt. Cannock (R. C. B.
ibid.)
Pachyrrhina crocata, L. Burton ; Cannock
(R. C. B. ibid.)
maculosa, Mg Cannock (R. C. B. ibid )
quadrifaria, Mg. Burton
annulicornis, Mg. Burton ; Cannock (R. C. B.
ibid.)
"Tipula varipennis, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.) ;
Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.)
- lunata, L. Cannock (R. C. B ibid)
gigantea, Schrk. Common, Burton ; Dove
fal/ey (F. J.) ; Ckeadle (}. Masefield) ;
Cannock (R. C. B. ibid.)
lutescens, F. Very common
oleracea, L. Very common
BRACHYCERA
STRATIOMYIDAE
Oxycera pulchella, Mg. (rara, Wlk.). Burton
Chrysonotus bipuncta;us, Scop. Burton
Sargus flavipes, Mg. Burton
cuprarius, L. Burton
BRACHYCERA (continued)
STRATIOMYIDAE (continued)
Chloromyia Formosa, Scop. Burton
Microchrysa polita, L Burton
Beris clavipes, L. Burton
TABANIDAE
Haematopota pluvialis, L. Common
Therioplectes tropicus, Mg. Burton
Tabanus bovinus, L. Cannock Chase (E. B.)
Chrysops caecutiens, L. Common (R. G.)
LEPTIDAE
Leptis scolopacea, L. Burton ; Dove Valley, &c.
Chrysopilus aureus, Mg. Burton
Atherix ibis, F. Burton
ASILIDAE
Dioctria oelandica, L. Burton
rufipes, De G. Burton
Asilus crabroniformis, L. Burton, rare
BoMBYLIDAE
[Anthrax hottentotta, L. (?) Burton\
Bombylius, sp. (?) Burton
THEREVIDAE
Thereva annulata, F. Burton
EMPIDAE
Rhamphomyia nigripes, F. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
- sulcata, Fin. Burton
Kmpis tessellata, F. Burton
- livida, L. Burton
* bilineata, Lw. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
- chioptera, Fin. Burton
Hil.ira cilipes, Mg. Burton
- maura, F. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
- fuscipes, F. Colwich (G. H. V.)
* Tachydromia agilis, Mg. Dovedale (G. H. V.)
DoLICHOPODIDAE
Poecilobothrus nobilitatus, L. Burton
Porphyrops praerosa, Lw. Dwedale (G. H. V.)
LoNCHOPTERIDAE
Lonchoptera punctum, Mg. Burton
trestes, Mg. Burton
CYCLORRHAPHA
PROBOSCIDEA
SYRPHIDAE
Paragus tibialis, Fin. (obscurus, Mg.). Burton
Pipizella flavitarsis, Mg. Burton
Pipiza noctiluca, L. Burton
bimaculata, Mg. (guttata, Mg.). Burton
Cnemodon vitripennis, Mg. Burton
PROBOSCIDEA (continued)
SYRPHIDAE (continued)
Liogaster metallina, F. (Jiscicornis, Mg.).
Burton
Chrysogaster splendens, Mg. Burton
[ hirtella, Lw. (? viduata, Fin.). Burton\
- solstitialis, Fin. (fumipennis, Steph.). Burton
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
PROBOSCIDEA (continued)
SYRPHIDAE (continued)
Chilosia scutellata, Fin. Burton
pulchripes, Lw. Dovedale (Br. Fl.)
variabilis, Pz. Burton
[ illustrata, Harr. (? oestracea, L.). Burton]
grossa, Fin. Burton
fPlatychirus manicatus, Mg. Burton; Dove
Valley (F. J.)
clypeatus, Mg. Burton
Pyrophaena granditarsa, Forst. Burton
rosarum, F. Burton
Melanostoma mellinum, L. Burton
scalare, F. Burton
Leucozona lucorum, L. Burton ; Dove Valley
(F. J-)
Ischyrosyrphus glaucius, L. Burton
- laterarius, Mull. Burton
tCatabomba pyrastri, L. Burton; Mayfield and
Dove Valley (F. J.)
Syrphus albostriatus, Fin. Burton
torvus, O.-S. (topiarius, Mg.). Burton
1 'f ribesii, L. Burton ; Dove Valley, common
. (. F - >).
vitripennis, Mg. Burton
corollae, F. Burton
- bifasciatus, F. Burton
t balteatus, De G. Burton; Mayfield and
Dove Valley (F. J.)
- auricollis, Mg. Burton
- umbellatarum F. Burton ; Coltcich (C. J. W.)
compositarum, Verr. Colwicb (C. J. W.)
- arcticus, Ztt. Colwich (C. J. W.)
Xanthogramma ornatum, Mg. Burton
- citrofasciatum, De G. Burton
Baccha obscuripennis, Mg. Burton
- elongata, F. Burton
tSphegina clunipes, Fin. One in Dove Valley,
6 Sept., 1902 (F. J.)
Ascia podagrica, F. Burton
Brachyopa bicolor, Fin. Burton
Rhingia rostrata, L. Burton
t campestris, Mg. Mayfield and Dove Valley
(F. JO
Volucella bombylans, L. Burton
f pellucens, L. Henhurst (E. B.) ; Dove
Valley (F. J.), &c.
Eristalis sepulchralis, L. Burton
t tenax, L. Common
ft intricarius, L. Burton ; Dove Valley (F. J.)
ft arbustorum, L. Burton ; Dove Valley
(F. J.)
f nemorum, L. Burton ; Dove Valley (F. J.)
ft pertinax, Scop. Dove Valley (F. J.)
- horticola, De G. Burton
Myiatropa florea, L. Burton
Helophilus trivittatus, F. Cannock (R. C. B.
Ent. 1890, p. 352)
t pendulus, L. Burton ; Mayfield and Dove
Valley (F. J.)
lineatus, F. Burton
Criorrhina asilica, Fin. Burton
Xylota segnis, L. Burton
lenta, Mg. Burton
sylvarum, L. Burton
PROBOSCIDEA (continued)
SYRPHIDAE (continued)
Xylota nemorum, F. Colwich (C. J. W.) ; Can-
nock, one (R. C. B. in EMM. xxxii,
P- SO
f Syritta pipiens, L. Burton ; Dove Valley, com-
mon (F. J.)
Eumerus strigatus, Fin. Burton
Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop. Burton
Calliprobola speciosa, Rossi. Burton ?
'Sericomyia borealis, Fin. Burton ; also Can-
nock (F. D. Morice)
lappona, L. Burton
Chrysotoxum arcuatum, L. Burton
bicinctum, L. Burton
CONOPIDAE
Conops quadrifusciata, De G. Burton
t flavipes, L. Mayfield and Dove Valley (F. J.)
Oncomyia atra, F. Burton
Sicus ferrugineus, L. Burton
OESTRIDAE
Gastrophilus equi, F. Common
Hypoderma bovis, De G. Common, doing con-
siderable damage to the hides of oxen
Oestrus ovis, L. Very common in some years
TACHINIDAE
tOlivieria lateralis, F. Burton ; Mayfield and
Dove Valley (F. J.)
Micropalpus vulpinus, Fin. Burton
Echinomyia fera, L. Burton
Fabricia ierox, L. Burton
tSarcophaga carnaria, L. Generally distributed
tvar. similis, Meade. Dove Valley (F. J.)
melanura, Mg. Burton
Dexiosoma caninum, F. Burton
Prosena sybarita, F. Burton
MUSCIDAE
Stomoxys calcitrans, L. Burton ; scarce in Dove
Valley (F. J.)
Pollenia vespillo, F. Burton
rudis, F. Burton
Graphomyia maculata, Scop. Burton
Musca domestica, L. Everywhere
corvina, F. Burton
Cyrtoneura stabulans, Fin. Burton
Morellia hortorum, Fin. Burton
Mesembrina meridiana, L. Frequently seen on
the trunks of trees in many places (R. G.);
Burton
Pyrellia lasiophthalma, Mcq. Burton
Calliphora vomitoria, L. Everywhere
Euphoria cornicina, F. Burton
tLucilia caesar, L. Common
[ illustris, Mg. ? Burton]
INSECTS
PROBOSCIDEA (continued)
ANTHOMYIOAE
Polietes lardaria, F. Burton
Hyetodesia incana, W. Burton
signata, Mg. Burton
erratica, Fin. Burton
Mydaea angelicae, Scop. Burton
Mydea pagana, F. Burton
impuncta, Fin. Burton
Hydrophoria conica, W. Burton
*Hylemyia virginea, Mg. Colwich (G. H. V.)
praepotens, W. Burton
Anthomyia pluvialis, L. Burton
radicum, L. Burton, &c.
"Chortophila cinerella, Fin. DoveJalt (G. H. V.)
sepia, Mg. Burton.
Phorbia cepetorum, Meade. Burton, &c.
Pegomyia betae, Curt. Common in some years
Homalomyia canicularis, L. Burton
Caricea tigrina, F. Burton
CoRDYLURIDAE
Scatophaga lutaria, F. Burton
stercoraria, L. Everywhere
HELOMYZIDAE
Helomyza flava, Mg. Burton
Blepharoptera serrata, L. Burton
SCIOMYZIDAE
Dryomyza flaveola, F. Burton
Neottiophilum praeustum, Mg. Burton
Sciomyza obtusa, Fin. Burton
cinerella, Fin. Burton
albocostata, Fin. Burton
Tetanocera ferruginea, Fin. Burton
* robusta, Lw. Cannock (R. C. B.)
Limnia marginata, F. Burton
rufifrons, F. Burton
Elgiva cucularia, L. Burton
PSILIDAE
Psila fimetaria, L. Burton
pallida, Fin. Burton
MlCROPEZIDAK
Calobata trivialis, Lw. Dovedale (G. H. V. in
EMM. xxx, p. 145)
ORTALIDAE
Pteropaectria afflicta, Mg. Burton
Anacampta urticae, L. Burton
Platystoma seminationis, F. Burton
Seoptera vibrans, L. Burton
TRYPETIDAE
Acidia heraclei, L. Burton ; Hanttswort/i, com-
mon (C.J.W.)
Spilographia zoe, Mg. Handsworth (C. J. W.)
artemisiae, F. Burton
Rhagoletis cerasi, L. Burton
Trypeta cornuta, . Burton
serratulae, L. Burton
PROBUSCIDEA (Continued)
TRYPETIDAE (continued)
Urophora solstitialis, L. Burton ; Denstone,
28 July and Aug., 1905, Alton, Aug.,
1905 (C.B.)
Carphotricha guttularis, Mg. Burton
Tephrites parietina, L. Burton
leontodontis, De G. Burton
Urellia stellata, Fuessl. Burton
LoNCHAEIDAE
Lonchaea vaginalis, Fin. Burton
Palloptera saltuum, L. Burton
ustulata, Fin. Burton
umbellatarum, F. Burton
arcuata, Fin. Burton
SAPROMYZIDAE
Lauxania cylindricornis, F. Burton
aenea, Fin. Burton
OPOMYZIDAE
Balioptera combinata, L. Burton
Opomyza florum, F. Burton
SEPSIDAE
Nemopoda tarsalis, Wlk. Burton
PlOPHILIDAE
Piophila casei, L. Larvae in cheese
EPHYDRIDAE
Notiphila cinerea, Fin. Burton
Psilopa leucostoma, Mg. Burton
Ephydra riparia, Fin. Burton
CHLOROPIDAE
Meromyza variegata, Mg. Burton
Chlorops cinctipes, Mg. Burton
PHYTOMYZIDAE
Napomyza lateralis, Fin. Burton
BORRORIDAE
Borborus nitidus, Mg. Burton
equinus, Fin. Burton
Sphaerocera subsultans, F. Burton
Limosina sylvatica, Mg. Burton
ochripes, Mg. Burton
fungicola, Hal. Burton
PHORIDAE
Phora rufipes, Mg. Burton
EPROBOSCIDEA
HlPPOBOSCIDAE
Ornithomyia avicularia, L. On owls, &c., at
Burton
Stenopteryx hirundinis, L. On martins and
swallows (E. B., F.J.)
Melophagus ovinus, L. Common on sheep
everywhere
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
HEMIPTERA HETEROPTERA
(Bug,)
GYMNOCERATA
PENTATOMIDAE
Asopus punctatus, L. Cannock Chase (Blatch)
Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, L. Cannock Chase
(Blatch)
LYGAEIDAE
Gastrodes abietis, L. Burton (J. T. Harris)
TINGIDAE
Monanthia costata, Fieb. Cannock Chase (Blatch)
- humuli, Fb. Button Park (Blatch)
HEBRIDAE
Hebrus ruficeps, Thorns. Cannock Chase (Blatch)
HYDROMETRIDAE
Mesovelia furcata, Muls. and Rey. One from the
R. Trent, near Burton (E.B.) ; see E. M. M.
iv, 5 (1867)
Hydrometra stagnorum, L. Common.
Vclia currens, Fb. On the R. Trent (E. B.)
Gerris paludum, Fb. Very abundant
SALDIDAE
Salda orthochila, Fieb. Cannock Chase (Blatch)
- cocksii, Curt. Cannock Chase (Blatch)
- cincta, H. Sch, Cannock Chase (Blatch)
Cl.MICIDAE
Cimex lectularius, L.
Piezostethus cursitans, Fall. Needtcood Forest
(Blatch)
GYMNOCERATA (continued)
CAPSIDAE
Lopus gothicus, L. Cannock Chase (Bhtch)
flavomarginatus, Don. 'On nettles' (R. G.)
Calocoris sex-guttatus, Fl. Common near Barlas-
ton (J. W. Ellis)
alpestris, Mey. Burton (E. B.)
Atractotomus mali, Mey. Cannock Chase (Blatch)
CRYPTOCERATA
NAUCORIDAE
Naucoris cimicoides, L. Common in brooks
(R. G.) ; in railway cuttings at Wetmore
(E. B.)
NEPIDAE
Nepa cinerea, L. Common. Canals at Stoke-on-
Trent (R. G.), &c. ; Burton (E. B.) ; Dot'e
ralky (F. J.)
NoTONECTIDAE
Notonecta glauca, L. Very common. Fenton Pool
(R. G.), &c.
var. furcata and maculata (E. B.)
CORIXIDAE
Corixa geoffroyi, Leach. Not uncommon, Burton
district (E.B.)
atomaria, Illig. (affinis, Leach). Common (E.B.)
- coleoptrata, Fl. Burton (W. W. F.)
Sigara minutissima, L. Burton (W. W. F.); not un-
common in the R. Trent near Burton (E.B.)
HEMIPTERA HOMOPTERA
CICADINA
ISSIDAE
CICADINA (continued)
CERCOPIDAE
Issus coleoptratus, Geoff. Near Burton, not com- : Triecphora vulnerata, Illig. ?
mon (E. B.) ; Dovedale (B. Cooke) Philaenus spumarius, L. Verj
ClXIIDAE
Very common
LEDRIDAE
Ledra aurita, L. Burton district, in woods, rare
Cixius pilosus, Ol., or nervosus, L. (rcynosbatis, (E.B.)
fb. of E. B.). Common in woods, Burton
district (E. B.)
DELPHACIDE
[' Several species are abundant ' (E. B.)]
[Stiroma borealis, J. Sahl. In mus. P. B. Mason of
Burton, but without locality]
118
ACOCEPHALIDAE
Acocephalus nervosus, Schr. ?
PSYLLINA
PSYLLIDAE
Psylla. [Many species, E. B.]
INSECTS
APHIDES, &c.
The late Sir O. Mosley contributed some articles on Aphides to the early volumes of the
Gardeners' Chronicle, and Mr. E. Brown gives some observations in his account of the fauna
of the Burton district (Natural History of Tutbury, &c., p. 167). Mr. C. Brett has also
recorded a few species from the Alton district (Report North Staffs. Field Club, 1905-6,
p. 75-6).
Sir O. Mosley = O.M. E. Brown = E.B. C. Brett = C.B. Rev. F. C. R. Jour-
dain = F. J.
APHIDIDAE
. Siphonophora pisi, Kalt. (lathyri) (O. M.)
- avellanae, Schr. (coryli) (O. M.)
Phorodon humuli, Schr. On Humulus lupulus
(E. B., F. J.)
Myzus ribis, L. Alton, July, 1905 (C. B.)
Rhopalosiphum ribis, L. On Ribes nigrum, Dove
Valley, common (F. J.) ; Uttoxeter, August,
1904 (C.B.)
Siphocoryne xylostei, Schrank. On Lonicera peri-
clymenum, Alton, August, 1903 (C. B.)
Aphis brassicae L. On Brassica oleracea, common
(F- JO
crataegi, Kalt. On Crataegus oxyacantha,
Dove Valley (F. J.); Alton, July, 1904 (C. B.)
malvae, Walk. (O. M.)
- mali, Fb. On Pyrus malus, Dove Valley (F. J.)
- atriplicis, L. On Atriplex patula, Alton, July,
1903 ; Denstone, July, 1905 (C. B.)
rumicis, L. On Hedera helix, &c. (F. J.)
amygdali, Fonsc. 'On Peach and Plum trees'
(E. B.)
- pyri, Fonsc. On Pyrus malus, Alton, ^ \ July,
1 904 (C.B.)
Callipterus coryli, Gotze. On Corylus avellana,
&c. (O. M.)
Dryobius roboris, L. (O. M.)
APHIDIDAE (continued}
Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm. ' Eriosoma mali'
(O. M.) ; ' American Blight,' Dave Valley
(F. J.)
- ulmi, L. On Ulmus montana, Alton, August,
1903 (C.B.)
Tetraneura ulmi, De Geer. On U. campestris,
Roston, August, 1903 (C. B.)
Chermes abietis, L. On spruce fir (E. B.) ; Alton,
on Abies excelsa, August, 1903 (C.B.)
laricis, Htg. On larch (E. B.)
COCCI DAE
Aspidiotus, sp. (Scale Insects). Common on green-
house plants
Lecanium persicae, Burm. 'On plum and apricot
trees. Burton ' (E. B.)
Dorthesia cataphracta, Shaw. Henhurst (E. B.)
ALEYRODIDAE
Alleyrodes proletella, Wlk. Frequently found flying
in lanes (E.B.)
fragariae, Wlk. On strawberry (E. B.)
phillyreae, Hal. Common on Phillyrea (E. B).
Dactylopius, sp. (Mealybug). On vines in green-
houses (F.J.)
719
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
ARACHNIDA
Spiders, etc.
Very few species of spiders, eighty-two in all, have been collected
in the county of Staffordshire, and the greater number of these were
taken in the neighbourhood of Handsworth by Mr. F. P. Smith, while
the rest were taken by myself near Cannock.
ARANE^
ARACHNOMOR PHM
DYSDERIDjE
Spiders with six eyes and two pairs of stigmatic openings, situated close together on the
genital rima ; the anterior pair communicating with lung books, the posterior with tracheal
tubes. Tarsal claws, two in Dysdera, three in Harpactes and Segestria.
1. Dysdera cambridgii, Thorell.
Cannock.
Not uncommon under stones and bark of
trees, where it lurks within a tubular retreat.
The spider is easily recognizable by its elon-
gate form, orange legs, dark mahogany cara-
pace and pale clay-yellow abdomen. The
palpal bulb of the male has no cross-piece at
the apex. The spider is also known as D.
erytbryna, Blackwall.
T-, , ,-, T V
2. Dysdera crocota, C. L. Koch.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Larger than the last species, with a deep
orange-pink carapace, orange legs, and abdo-
men with a delicate rosy-pink flush. The
palpal bulb of the male has a cross-piece at
the apex. This spider is also known as D.
rubtcunda, Blackwall.
3. Segestria senocu/ata (Linnaeus).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Not common . under bark of trees> in the
crev ices of loose stone walls and amongst
d etac h e d rocks. Recognizable by its linear
f orm and the black diamond-shaped blotches
on the dorsal surface of the abdomen.
4. Oonops pulcher, Templeton.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Rare ; a very small linear brick-red spider.
DRASSIDjE
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. The tracheal openings lie just
in front of the spinners. The tarsal claws are two in number, the anterior pair of spinners
are set wide apart at the base, and the maxillae are more or less impressed across the middle.
5. Drassodes lapidosus (Walckenaer).
Cannock.
Very common under stones.
as Drassus lapidicolens.
Also known
CLUBIONID^E
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows. The tracheal openings lie
immediately in front of the spinners. The tarsal claws are two in number, but the anterior
pair of spinners are set close together at the base ; the maxillae are convex and not impressed
across the middle.
9. Clubiona corticalis, Walckenaer.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
10 . Clubiona trivia/is, L. Koch.
Cannock.
6. Clubiona pallidula (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
7. Clubiona terrestris, Westring.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
8. Clubiona compta, C. L. Koch.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
The spiders of this family resemble those of the Clubionidte in most respects, except that
the tracheal stigmatic openings beneath the abdomen are situated about midway between the
120
SPIDERS
genital rima and the spinners, and not, as in the last family, immediately in front of the
spinners. One species only is indigenous to Great Britain and is very common amongst the
foliage of trees in May and June.
11. Anypbeena accmtuata (Walckenaer). Handsworth (F.P.S.).
THOMISID^E
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two transverse rows, two tarsal claws and anterior
spinners close together at their base. Maxillae not impressed. The crab-like shape and side-
long movements of these spiders are their chief characteristics, enabling them to be easily
distinguished from the more elongate Drassidte and Clubionidte.
12. Philodromus aureolus (Clerck). 14. Xysticus cristatus (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Handsworth (F.P.S.).
13. Tibellus oblongus (Walckenaer). 15. Oxyptlla prattcola (C. L. Koch).
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Handsworth (F.P.S.).
ATTID^E
The spiders of this family may be recognized in a general way by their mode of pro-
gression, consisting of a series of leaps. More particularly they may be known by the square
shape of the cephalic region and the fact that the eyes are arranged in three rows of 4, 2, 2,
the centrals of the anterior row being much the largest. Otherwise the spiders are simply
specialized Clubionids with two tarsal claws and other minor characters possessed in common
with other members of this family.
1 6. Salticus scenicus (Clerck). 17. Ergane falcata (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.) ; Cannock. Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Known also as Salticus ceronatus, BLickwall.
PISAURID^
Spiders with eight eyes in three rows of 4, 2, 2 ; the small anterior eyes being sometimes
in a straight line, sometimes recurved and sometimes procurved. Those of the other two rows
are situated in the form of a rectangle of various proportions and are much larger than the
eyes of the anterior row. The tarsal claws are three in number. Pisaura runs freely over
the herbage, carrying its egg-sac beneath the sternum ; while Dolomedes is a dweller in marshes
and swamps.
1 8. Pisaura mirabilis (Clerck). Known also as Dolomedes, or Ocyale, mirabilis.
Cannock.
LYCOSIDjE
The members of this family are to be found running freely over the ground, and carry-
ing the egg-sac attached to the spinners. Many of the larger species make a short burrow in
the soil and there keep guard over the egg-sac. Eyes and tarsal claws as in the Phauridie,
with slight differences.
19. Lycosa ruricola (De Geer). 22. Pardosa lugubrts (Walckenaer).
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Cannock.
Known also as L. campestris, Blackwall. 23. Pardosa pullata (Clerck).
Cannock.
20. Lycosa terrico/a, Thorell. Known also as Lycosa otscura, Blackwall.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
. r T.I , 11 2 4- "ardosa prattvaga (C. L. Koch).
Known also as L. agrettca. Blackwall. , ./
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
21. Lycosa pulverulenta (Clerck). This species is given in Mr. Campbell's
Cannock ; Handsworth (F.P.S.). list as L y ceta r 'P aria , C - L. Koch.
Known also as L. rapax, Blackwall, and 25. Pardosa amentata (Clerck).
Tarentula pulverulenta. Handsworth (F.P.S.).
I 121 16
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
AGELENID^:
Spiders with eight eyes, situated in two straight or more or less curved transverse rows.
Tarsal claws, three. The species of this family spin a large sheet-like web, and construct a
tubular retreat at the back of it, which leads to some crevice amongst the rocks or in the
herbage, or in the chinks in the walls of outhouses and barns, wherever the various species may
happen to be found. The habits of Argyroneta, the water spider, are however quite different.
The posterior pair of spinners is much longer than the others in the more typical genera of
this family.
26. Agelena labyrinthica (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
27. Ttgenaria derhami (Scopoli).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
A very common species everywhere.
28. Tegenaria silvestrii, L. Koch.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
29. Ccelotes atropos (Walckenaer).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
The spiders included in this family have eight eyes, situated in two rows, the lateral eyes
of both rows being usually adjacent, if not in actual contact, while the central eyes form a
quadrangle. The tarsal claws are three, often with other supernumerary tlaws. The web is
either an orbicular snare, as in the case of the ' common garden spider,' or consists of a sheet
of webbinsj, beneath which the spider hangs and captures its prey as it falls upon the sheet.
This immense family includes those usually separated under the names Epeiridte and Linyphiidts.
30. Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck).
Cannock.
Known also as Linyphia cryptico/ens, Black-
wall.
31. Meta segmentata (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Very abundant. Known also as Epeira
indinata, Blackwall.
32. Meta meriarue (Scopoli).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Not uncommon. Known also as Epeira
antriada, Blackwall, and a striking variety as 43
E. celata, Blackwall.
33. Cyclosa conica (Pallas).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
A few specimens only have been taken.
Known also as Epeira conica, Blackwall.
34. Zilla x - notata (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Very common. Known also as Epeira
simi/is, Blackwall.
35. Zilla atrica, C. L. Koch.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Almost as common as the above. Known
also as Epeira callophylla, Blackwall.
36. Araneut diadematus (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.) ; Cannock.
37. Araneus gibbosus (Walckenaer).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
38. Pachygnatha clerckii y Sun dc vail.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
39. Pachygnatha degeerii, Sundevall.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
40. Pachygnatha listeri, Sundevall.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Much rarer than the other two species
above.
4 1 . Linyphia triangularis (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
42. Linyphia clathrata, Sundevall.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Drapetisca soda/is (Sundevall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
44. Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linnzeus).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
45. Labulla thoracica (Wider).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
46. Bolypbantes luteolus (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
47. Tapinopa longideus (Wider).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
48. Lepthyphantes minutus (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
49. Lepthyphantes leprosus (Ohlert).
Cannock.
50. Lepthyphantes nebulosus (Sundevall).
Cannock.
51. Lepthyphantes ericeus (Blackwall).
Cannock.
52. Lepthyphantes tenuis (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
122
SPIDERS
53. Lepthyphantes blackwaUii, Kulczynski.
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
54. Batbyphantes dorsalis (Wider).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
55. Bathyphantes gracilis (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
56. Bathyphantes concolor (Wider).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
57. Centromerus sylvaticut (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
58. Macrargus rufui (Wider).
Cannock.
59. Centromerus simplex (F. P.-Cambridge).
Cannock, Brewery cellar.
60. Microneta viaria (Blackwall).
Cannock.
6 1. Microneta fuscipalpis (C. L. Koch).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
62. Pedanostethus lividus (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
63. Kulczynskiellum fuscum (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
64. Gonatium rubens (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
65. Dicyphus cornutui (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
66. Dicymbium nigrum (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
67. Erigone dentipalpis (Wider).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
68. Tiso vagans (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
69. Lophomma punctatum (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
70. Plcesiocrarus fuscipes (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
71. Entelecara acuminata (Wider).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
72. Arrecerus acuminatus (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.) ; Cannock.
THERIDIID^E
The members of this family have eight eyes, situated very much like those of the Argio-
pidit ; but the mandibles are usually weak, the maxillae are inclined over the labium, and the
posterior legs have a comb of stiff curved spines beneath the tarsi. The web consists of a
tangle of crossing lines, and the spider often constructs a tent-like retreat wherein the egg-sac
is hung up. The tarsal claws are three in number.
73. Theridion pictum (Walckenaer).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
74
75
Theridion iisyphium (Clerck).
Cannock.
Known also as T. nervoium, Blackwall.
Theridion denticulatum (Walckenaer).
Cannock.
76.
77-
Theridion varians, Hahn.
Cannock.
Theridion ovatum (Clerck).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
78. Pholcomma gibbum (Westring).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
79. Crustulina guttata (Wicler).
Handsworth (F.P.S.).
MIMETID^
Spiders of this family are similar in general respects to the Theridiidie, having eight eyes
and three tarsal claws. The species of Era construct a small brown pear-shaped or cylindrical
egg-cocoon suspended on a fine silken stalk.
80. Erofurcata (Villers). Handsworth (F.P.S.).
This spider is known also as E. thoracica and Theridion variegatum, Blackwall.
DICTYNID^E
The spiders belonging to this family possess three tarsal claws, and the eyes, eight in
number, situated in two transverse rows, the laterals being in contact. The cribellum (or
extra pair of spinning organs) and the calamistrum (a row of curving bristles on the protarsi of
the fourth pair of legs) are present in all members of the family. They construct a tubular
retreat with an outer sheet of webbing, which is covered with a flocculent silk made with the
calamistrum from threads furnished by the cribellum.
81. Amaurobiut fenestralis (Stroem). 82. Amaurobius similis (Blackwall).
Handsworth (F.P.S.). Handsworth (F.P.S.).
Not so common as simi/is. Known also as Common. Known also under the
Ciniflo atroxy Blackwall. Ciniflo.
123
name
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
ACARINA
Mites
The following list is compiled from the records contributed by Mr. Cyril Brett to the
Reparts of the N. Staff. Field Club for 1902-3 (pp. 92-3), and 1905-6 (pp. 75-6).
ERIOPHYINAE
Eriophyes aucupariae, Conn. On Pyrus aucuparia
Gaert., Alton, Aug. 1903 ; Rudyard, 25
July, 1905 ; Manifold Valley, Aug. 190;
- axillaris, auct. On Alnus glutinosa, Medic.,
Alton, 12 Sept. 1902 ; Consall, Rudyard,
July, 1905
invitarau, Nal. On Alnus glutinosa, Medic.,
Alton, 1 1 Sept. 1902
goniothorax, Nal. On Crataegus oxyacantha,
L., Alton, Aug. 1903 ; Belmont, July, 1905
- lact'u, Nal. On Alnus glutinosa, Medic., Alton,
12 Sept. 1902
- macrochilus, Nal. On Acer campestre, L.,
Denstone, Aug. 1903
- macrorbynchus, Nal. On Acer campestre, L.,
Denstone, Aug. 1903 ; near Prestwood, 20
Aug. 1905
- rut/it, Canest. On Betula verrucosa, Erhr.,
common, Alton, Sept. 1902
ERIOPHYINAE continued
Eriophyfs thomasi. On Thymus serpyllum, L.,
Ramshorn, July, 1903
slmilis, Nal. On Prunus spinosa, L., Alton, 2 1
July, 1904; Denstone, n Aug. 1905
tctanothrix laevis, Nal. On Salix caprea, L.,
Alton, Aug. 1903
PHYLLOCOPTINAE
Pbyllocoptes acericola, Nal. On Acer pseudo-
platanus, L., Dimmingsdale, 24 Sept.
1902
arianus, Nal. On leaves of Pyrus aria, Erhr.,
Belmont Woods, 22 July, 1905
fraxini, Nal. On Fraxinus excelsior, L., Alton,
Aug. 1903 ; Belmont, 22 July; Rudyard, 25
July ; near Foxt, 31 July, 1905
124
CRUSTACEANS
In maritime counties this branch of our fauna forces itself upon the attention of the most
unobservant. In many inland districts, on the other hand, the keenest students of natural
history have suffered it to lie in absolute neglect. Staffordshire, therefore, is rather exception-
ally fortunate in having been long exempt from this indifference. The earlier notices, it is
true, have their scientific interest suffused with an antiquarian glamour. At many points also
they attest the presence of crustaceans in the bogs and streams of the county by implication
rather than by express mention of any particular genera and species. Amongst these remote
authorities The Natural History of Staffordshire, by Robert Plot, LL.D., Keeper of the
Ashmolean Museum and professor of chemistry in the University of Oxford, has the first
claim on our consideration. For a predominantly aquatic group of animals we must welcome
Plot's quaint conclusion in dealing with the hydrography of the shire :
All which summ'd up together, we find at the foot of the account, that it is water'd with no
less than 24 Rivers of name, though a Mediterranean county ; besides the endless number of
anonymous RinJles and small brooks that must needs attend them ; a number perhaps that very
few Countries of the like extent can be found to surpass, if any that equals it. 1
It is, in fact, in anonymous rindles and small pools that some species of Entomostraca are most
surely obtained. For direct record, however, of any crustacean, Plot must be consulted in a
part of his work which, with our modern views of classification, would be thought very unlikely
to supply it. The heading 'Of Brutes' to the chapter in question is more concise than dis-
criminating. ' Under the title of Brute!,' he says, ' I comprehend (as in Oxfordshire) all
Animals whatever that have sense and locomotion, except the rational, whether they are the
inhabitants of the Air, Water, or Earth, such as Birds, Insects, Fishes, Reptiles, and Quadrupeds.'' *
A long period indeed elapsed before either popular or scientific opinion effectively disentangled
Crustacea from the insects and fishes of this miscellaneous host. After a discussion of the
burbot or birdbolt, sometimes called the nonsuch because of its rarity, and provisionally identified
with Mustela Jluviatilis, Plot remarks :
But though I heard only of this single fish that I think undescribed (for that there are a sort of
Crevices in the stream that passes by Overend and Longdon, that will not boile red, is only
accidental, as was shown before in Oxfordshire) yet I was informed of divers very unusual
observations, concerning scaled, as well as smooth fish. 3
The crevices mentioned in the queer parenthesis are obviously the common river crayfish,
properly called Potamobius pallipcs (Lereboullet). In his next section Plot says :
There are other fish, too, both of the scaled and shell'd kinds, that will live and breed in
places very uncommon to their species, thus Gudgeons and Crevices live well and breed in the
pooles at Bentley and thrive to a just magnitude, but then these ponds are always fedd with
Springs.
In the distinction between scaled fishes on the one hand and smooth or shelled fishes on the other,
there seems to be a glimmering of suspicion that, though the crevice with its polished coat was
just as much a fish as the barbel and the carp, it was still a fish with a difference. That the
Entomostraca parasitic on carp and other freshwater fishes did not attract Plot's attention is a
definite loss, as we are left without any of the unusual observations upon them which he might
otherwise have reported. He discusses at much length the brine-pits of Staffordshire, but takes
no notice of the so-called brine-worm, Artemia salina (Linn.), once so abundant at Lymington,
1 Op. cit. chap. 2, 21, p. 43 (1686). * Ibid. chap. 7, p. 228.
3 Ibid. 29, p. 241.
125
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
in Hampshire. It may reasonably be inferred from Plot's silence on the subject that this
interesting phyllopod did not occur in Staffordshire.
An interval of more than a hundred years brings us to the publication of another important
work, The History and Antiquities of Staffordshire, by the Rev. Stebbing Shaw, B.D., F.A.S.,
and fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge. Although this intervening period includes the
birth and death of Linnaeus, and great strides in carcinology, due to such men as Pallas,
J. C. Fabricius, and Herbst, it cannot be said that Mr. Shaw's work betrays any acquaintance
with the progress made in this branch of science. Only a single passage from his two folio
volumes, other than quotations from Plot, has any direct bearing on our subject. In the
account of Mavesyn Ridware (proper), when describing the fishery within Armitage and
Handsacre, he explains that there the River Trent is not navigable, adding,
and perhaps within the boundaries of this fishery there is an unusual number of deeps and
shallows, so necessary to the different tribes with which it is plentifully stored. The best sorts
are pike, perch, greyling, eel, gudgeon, and crawfish in plenty ; more rare are trout and burbot ;
of tench 3 or 4 in a year ; carp very rare ; and within memory a brace or two of salmon ; but
these were white and out of season. Of the coarse sorts, barbel and chub may be seen in large
shoals. 4
The crayfish, it will be observed, is here still counted as a fish. To this day apparently the
spelling and pronunciation of the name varies without rule in different parts of England between
crayfish and crawfish. As a matter of convenience the latter should be restricted to the marine
Palinurus, sometimes called the spiny lobster, leaving the term crayfish to the river species.
Shaw's work contains a long catalogue of plants by Samuel Dickenson, LL.B., rector of
BIymhill, Staffordshire, ending with 'Utricularia vulgaris hooded water-milfoile. Bogs. In
a bog near BIymhill.' 6 Just as the names of fishes are an indirect testimony to the occurrence
of various Entomostraca known to be commonly parasitic upon them, so the names of various
water-plants in Mr. Dickenson 's list are a guarantee that a large assemblage of Cladocera and
Copepoda, which almost invariably accompany these plants, will not be found wanting to the
waters of the county.
From the life of the celebrated entomologist and palaeographer, John Obadiah Westwood,
it appears that he was born in Sheffield in 1805, and at first educated there, but afterwards at
a school in Lichfield, whither the family had removed. 6 Professor Westwood, as is well
known, made his mark in carcinology as well as in other departments of learning, and in this
respect it is interesting to trace his connexion with this county. In the British Cyclopaedia of
Natural History, by Charles Partington, Westwood wrote sundry articles on Crustacea, one
of which contains the following passages : ' Cray fish. A crustaceous animal, belonging
to the order Decapods and section Macroura, and forming the genus Potamobius of Leach,
although Desmarets and others unite it with the lobster in the genus Astacus.' Further
on he says :
They are caught by sinking a net, or spiny faggots, in the middle of which a piece of
putrid meat is placed. We well remember the delight with which in our schoolboy days we
would escape from the trammels of Bonnycastle and Virgil, and go groping, with our shirt sleeves
tucked up, in the holes in brooks where the crayfish were met with, and can therefore speak from
experience of the sharpness of the bite they can inflict with their claws. 7
As Bonnycastle and Virgil must have been concerned with his later schooldays, it is fair to
conclude that the youthful Westwood was nipped by the chelipeds of Staffordshire crayfish.
His determination of the generic name should not be overlooked.
A few years later The Natural History of the County of Stafford, by Robert Garner, F.L.S.,
considerably enlarges our outlook. Under the heading ' Crustacea,' Mr. Garner supplies the
following information :
The animals composing the Crustacea are very beautiful ; most of them inhabit salt water,
many, however, fresh, and of these some are interesting.
Argulus foRaceus. Very common on the stickleback ; most of which little fish, in our canals,
we have noticed to be affected with this parasite. The Argulus is very curious, and adheres to
the fish by two round suckers, generally about the head, or to the side ; when detached it swims
beautifully.
' Op. cit. (1798), vol. i, pp. 1 88, 189. 5 Ibid. pp. 97-115.
6 Diet. Nat. Biog., Art. ' Westwood.' ' Op. cit. (1836), vol. ii, p. 187.
126
CRUSTACEANS
Astacus communis. Crawfish. Abundant in clear streams. This will live long out of water,
but a short time if placed in water from a pond or well.
Gammarus Pulex. Fresh-water shrimp. Common : this is by no means a test of the purity
of water, as has been said ; I find it in muddy brooks, as well as in fountains.
Asellus vulgaris. Common with the preceding.
Cyclops vulgaris. This and the following are very minute, and both may be seen in water
from most streams or ponds.
Dapknia Pulex?
The following are terrestrial :
Oniscus Asellus. Common ; congregated under stones, &c.
PorcelRo scaber. Abundant in decayed wood ; Swinnerton Park.
Armadillo vulgaris. Under stones, &c. Cheshire cavern.'
By the designation Astacui communis the river crayfish is evidently intended. The intima-
tion that it will live longer out of water than in water from a pond or well is probably based on
the amphibious habits of this animal. Those who try to domesticate it, often no doubt with
the kindest intentions, plunge it into a bowl or other aquarium so plentifully supplied with
water that the creature is soon practically drowned. Since it is not adapted for climbing steep
and slippery walls of glass or earthenware, the depth of liquid in its prison should be only
between one and two inches, to give it the same chance which it has in its native haunts of
changing from aquatic to aerial surroundings. Other comments on Mr. Garner's records may
be reserved till after the introduction of a still later and fuller authority covering much the
same ground, but with additional knowledge and more regard for scientific classification. The
work in question is The Natural History of Tutbitry, by Sir Oswald Mosley, bart., D.C.L.,
F.L.S., together with the Fauna and Flora of the district surrounding Tutbury and Burton-on-
Trent, by Edward Brown, with an appendix. This local fauna contains the following
notices :
Sub-class Crustacea :
Order Podophthalma. Tribe Decapoda Macroura.
Family Astacidea. Astacus Jiuviatills (Fabr.). The Common Crayfish. This diminutive
freshwater lobster is found abundantly in the Dove, in which stream it is easily captured by
means of basket traps baited with bullock's liver. It is valued as an ornamental garnish for
dishes, as well as for its own edible properties. It is found occasionally in the Wimshill Brook,
a small stream that runs into the Trent, but I have never known it to be taken from that river
itself.
Order Edriophthalma. Tribe Amphipoda.
Family Gammaridae. Gammarus pulex (Fabr.). The Freshwater Shrimp. Very
abundant in the Trent. It is an interesting species to keep in an aquarium, owing to its lively
and eccentric movements
Tribe Isopoda.
Family Asellidae. Asellus vulgaris (Latr.). The Freshwater Asellus. Exceedingly
numerous in the Trent, where it abounds together with the last-mentioned species, more
especially in the beds of Anacharis alslnastrum. It is probably to be found in all the running
streams of the district. 10 Oniscus ascllus (Linn.). The Wood Louse. Very common under-
neath stones and rotten wood. A large light-coloured form, occurring underneath stones at
Dovedale, is probably a distinct species.
Family Porcellionidae. Porcellio scaber (Latr.). The Scabrous Wood Louse ; Sclater or
Slater. Common in similar situations with the last. Armadillo vulgaris (Latr.). The Lesser
Pill Millepede. Common amongst moss and underneath stones.
Order Poecilopoda.
Family Argulidae. Argulus foliaceus (Jurine). The Fish Louse. Found sometimes para-
sitic upon freshwater fishes in ponds. Daphnia pulex (Latr.). The Water Flea. Common
in stagnant and slowly-running water. Daphnia vetula (Straus). The Blunt-headed Water
Flea. Common in similar situations with the last. The bivalve shells of some species of
Daphnia occur in the peat bed at Burton-on-Trent.
Family Lynceidae. Several undetermined species of the genera Euryanus and Chydorus
are common in stagnant water.
Family Cypridae. Species of the genera Cyfrit and Candona are abundant in ditches.
The minute shell-cases of these little animals are very " indestructible in their nature. A
species of Cypris or Cythere occurs in a fossil state abundantly in the shales beneath the Wood-
field seam of coal at Newhall and Swadlincote.
8 Op. cit. (1844), p. 329. ' Ibid. p. 330.
" Ibid. (1863), p. 130. " Ibid. p. 131.
127
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Family Cyclopidac. Cyclops quadricornis (Mtlll.). The Four-horned Cyclops or Lesser
Water Flea. This species swarms in water that is at all stagnant. I have known it to make its
appearance in an elevated roof water-cistern a very few months after the cistern had been made.
The eggs must, apparently, have been conveyed to the roof either by rain or wind.
Order Rotifera.
This order, which consists of interesting microscopic forms of life, has generally been
classed with the Infusoria : but the organization of the Rotifera shows clearly they naturally be-
long to the Crustacea, and that they follow the Entomostraca in a lineal series. The species of
this order are not numerous in the district, but Rotifer vulgaris (Ehr.), the Common Wheel
Animalcule, is very abundant in the dirt that accumulates in spouts and in roof-gutters, and it
is a most pleasing object for the microscope."
So full and intelligent an account of the Crustacea is quite exceptional in the faunistic
catalogues of inland districts at the date when the above report by Mr. Edward Brown was
published. That it should now in some points be open to criticism is in no way a reproach,
but the natural consequence of such progress as science has happily been making in the
interval. Thus, to begin with, the systematic position of the rotifers, as at present accepted,
while ranking them far above infusorians, by no means gives them admission into the class
with which we are here dealing. There is a vast group or phylum of animals to which
Sir E. Ray Lankester has applied the term Appendiculata, because their more or less
segmented bodies are capable of bearing on each body-segment a pair of hollow lateral append-
ages or parapodia moved by intrinsic muscles and penetrated by blood-spaces. The phylum is
divided into three sub-phyla, respectively called Rotifera, Chaetopoda, Arthropoda. See-
ing that the Chaetopods or true worms are interposed between the first of these groups and the
Arthropoda, with jointed legs, to which the crustaceans and other important classes belong,
the relationship between a rotifer and a shrimp is evidently very remote. In the general
history of animals this relationship is not to be disregarded, but it will not justify the inclusion
of creatures so very distinct in one and the same class.
The genera and species mentioned by Mr. Garner and Mr. Brown are not very
numerous, compared with the whole number which will beyond doubt be eventually found
within the waters of Staffordshire. But few as they are, they fortunately spread themselves
over most of the chief sections of the class likely to be represented in the district. Any one,
therefore, who made himself acquainted with these examples alone would lay the foundation
for a very complete mastery of the whole subject. He would have to do, however, only with
two of the sub-classes, the Malacostraca and Entomostraca, and in the former he would make
no intimacy with the stalk-eyed, ten-footed, short-tailed, true crabs, the Brachyura. This
highly organized group might be inclined, after Dr. Plot's example, to lump together almost
all other crustaceans as being in comparison with their own intelligent selves mere brutes. In
the tropics they have indeed some worthy competitors among the Macrura anomala. But
none of the specially gifted land crustaceans have been attracted to our uncertain climate. In
the central parts of England the highest representative of the class is the podophthalmous,
macruran decapod, already often mentioned, Potamobitu pallipes. This is included with the
lobster in the tribe Astacidea, but belongs to a separate family, the Potamobiidae. As being
podophthalmous the river crayfish shares with an endless variety of crabs, lobsters, prawns, and
shrimps, the peculiarity of having its eyes on movable stalks or peduncles. The theory is that
the organs of vision have been developed on the pair of appendages pertaining to the first body-
segment, although in almost all cases the segment itself has become immovably fused with the
segment behind it. Also in common with the animals classified in popular speech under the
four names above given, the crayfish is a decapod. Its ten feet are distributed in pairs to the
body-segments numbered from the tenth to the fourteenth. The Malacostracan body is
composed of twenty-one segments, each of them, with doubtful exception of the last, being
endowed actually or potentially with a pair of appendages. More or fewer of these are called
feet, according as they show more or less plainly an analogy with the legs and arms of verte-
brate animals. From crabs the crayfish is separated by being macrurous or long-tailed. Yet
in both the tail or pleon consists of the last seven body-segments, from the fifteenth to the
twenty-first. But somehow, apart from the question of length or shortness, an additional
distinction has arisen, that, while in the genuine Macrura the last segment but one always
carries a pair of appendages, this pair is always wanting in the genuine Brachyura.
The drop in dignity is rather abrupt from the only stalk-eyed decapod which our inland
counties possess to the Edriophthalma tetradecapoda, or sessile-eyed, fourteen-footed Malacos-
11 Op. cit. (1863), p. 132.
128
CRUSTACEANS
tracans. The latter are so insignificant in size compared with the crayfish, and differ from it
so much in general appearance as well as in some obvious details of structure, that an unin-
structed observer would be little likely to suspect their near relationship. To Gammarus pulex
(de Geer), so widely distributed and so abundant in our brooks and ponds, both Garner and
Brown give the vernacular name of freshwater shrimp. Adam White, on the other hand, in
his Popular History of British Crustacea, calls it the ' freshwater screw.' 13 In his general
survey he had other uses for the term ' shrimp,' which precluded his applying it to any sessile-
eyed species. The shrimp or shrimps of commerce, some of which can live in fresh water
are Macrura decapoda like the crayfish. But G. pulex, besides having no ocular peduncles, has
seven pairs of leg-like appendages, beginning with the eighth instead of the tenth body-segment.
Nevertheless these striking differences do not outweigh its other shrimp-like affinities. The
eyes, it is true, being seated in the head, give no direct evidence of the initial segment, but the
second and third segments in front of the mouth are attested by the two pairs of antennae, a
true crustacean characteristic, while at and behind the mouth we find in true malacostracan
sequence the mandibles, two pairs of maxillae, and one pair of maxillipeds. The difference
which then presents itself is far less schismatical than might at first be supposed. In the
higher groups the eighth and ninth pairs of appendages are definitely organs of the mouth,
known as second and third maxillipeds. These pairs in the lower groups are concerned more
in grasping the food than in mincing it up. They are called gnathopods, a name which can-
not well be distinguished by interpretation from maxillipeds, the implication being in each
case that the appendages in question are either legs that have made themselves useful as jaws
or jaws that have made themselves useful as legs. In the family Gammaridae, of which
G. pulex is an excellent representative, the nearly related genera Niphargus and Crangonyx
contain species which from their habitat have received the common designation of well-
shrimps. It remains to be seen whether the wells of Staffordshire will, like those of some
neighbouring counties, yield any of these exceptionally interesting and rather rarely-seen,
forms.
Like the Amphipoda just described the Isopoda are sessile-eyed. They have, too, the
same disposition of the mouth-organs, followed by the legs in seven pairs. In both orders
alike the cephalothoracic shield or carapace is only produced to cover the maxillipeds, not as in
the Brachyura and Macrura extended to the fourteenth segment of the body. A rather start-
ling difference, however, sets the two orders somewhat widely apart. For, whereas the
breathing organs of the Amphipoda are, like those of the crayfish, all in front of the pleon, all
those of the genuine Isopoda are within it. To counterbalance such separative distinctions
among the malacostracan orders, it may be noticed as a unifying character that all along the
line the sexual openings of the female belong to the twelfth body-segment, and those of the
male to the fourteenth. Of freshwater isopods our Mediterranean counties, as Plot calls them,
have only one species, the proper name of which is, not Asellus vulgaris (Latreille), but Asellus
aquaticus (Linn.). It has as much or as little right as Gammarus pulex to be called the fresh-
water shrimp. To call it, as Brown does, the freshwater Asellus, is not much to the purpose,
because in this genus, established by Geoffroy in 1762, all the species belong exclusively to
fresh water. It may also be thought superfluous to have the typical species named aquaticus,
since none of the species are other than aquatic. But the explanation is found when we look
a little further back into its scientific history. Linnaeus regarded it as belonging to the old
comprehensive genus Oniscus, which at one time included all the terrestrial isopods, so that a
species found constantly in water and nowhere else could naturally be distinguished as a water-
dwelling Oniscus. Again, among the land-dwelling species Oniscus asellus, Linn., was the most
familiar, so that Geoffroy, when separating the aquatic species from its sub-aerial companions,
may have thought it well to preserve a memory of the old connexion by taking Asellus
as the name of his new genus. The differences between the two species which are
thus partially namesakes are now recognized as very considerable, with the result that Asellus
aquaticus is allotted to a family Asellidae in the tribe Asellota, while Oniscus asellus stands in a
family Oniscidae in the tribe Oniscidea. Concerning the large light-coloured form to which
Mr. Brown alludes as possibly deserving to be specifically distinguished from the last-named
species, the caution may be expressed that in some of our common land isopods variations of
colour appear without affecting their other characteristics. This is eminently true of the next
species, Porcellio scaber, Latreille. It belongs to the same family as the Oniscus, is nearly its
equal in size, and perhaps fully its equal in abundance. It is rather narrower in shape and
"Op. cit. (1857), p. 184.
I 129 17
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
has a rougher surface. The flagellum or slender lash-like part of its second antennae is
divided into only two joints instead of three, and the first two pairs of pleopods, appendages of
the first and second pleon-segments, are furnished with pseudo-tracheae, aids to aerial respira-
tion which are wanting in Oniscus. The third species of this tribe in Mr. Brown's catalogue
should be called Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille). It belongs to a separate family, Armadilli-
diidae. Its antennae and pleopods have the characters above mentioned as pertaining to
P. scaber, but among marks distinguishing it from that species are the globular form into which
the body can be composed, and the structure of the uropods or last pair of appendages, which
have the outer branch laminar instead of cylindrical. The vernacular names, wood louse,
scabrous wood louse or slater, and lesser pill millepede are of old standing and will not perhaps
easily be dislodged, but they conceal the true position of these animals in the system of nature.
By calling them woodland shrimps or garden shrimps we at least run a happy risk of bringing
home to the unscientific understanding the fact that they are true crustaceans. The last of
the three might better be called in English the pill shrimp than the pill millepede. It is pro-
perly distinguished by Mr. Brown from Glomeris marginata, Olivier, the greater pill millepede, 14
which really is not a crustacean, but a species of the family Glomeridae, in the order Diplo-
poda, among the myriapods. Armadillidium vulgare, with its modest supply of fourteen legs,
has no claim to be noted as either a lesser or a greater member of that many-footed
company.
The sub-class Entomostraca, divided into three great sections, Branchiopoda, Ostracoda,
Copepoda, does not display that arithmetical unity of body segmentation observable in the
Malacostraca. On the contrary, the segments are sometimes many more than twenty-one,
and sometimes are left almost entirely to the imagination. The family Argulidae, which
Mr. Brown assigns to the Poecilopoda, as to an order of equal rank with the Entomostraca,
is now generally grouped with the latter. Its peculiarities, however, still leave its exact status
uncertain. Some authorities place it among the Branchiopoda, others among the Copepoda.
In the former section it has to be distinguished from the Phyllopoda and Cladocera as an order
Branchiura, or as a sub-order, if the Branchiopoda are themselves regarded as an order. The
genus ArgultU) O. F. Mtlller, has the strange character that its second maxillae are metamor-
phosed into sucker-disks, by which it can attach itself firmly to a fish, and also march freely
over the surface of its victim by holding on with one sucker and moving the other alternately.
These disks are a striking example of the adaptability with which crustacean appendages lend
themselves to varying circumstances. The adhesive apparatus in the Argulidae, however,
is not always or entirely dependent on the method of suction, but is always partially and
sometimes wholly contrived by hook and by crook. In any case the adhesion is intended to
subserve another kind of suction, effected by the siphon or mouth-tube, in the structure of
which the lips, mandibles, and first maxillae take part. An unpaired venomous sting may or
may not be present. Argulus foliaceus (Linn.), sometimes called the carp-louse, is a very
indiscriminate feeder, attaching itself not only to carp and sticklebacks, but to several other
freshwater fishes, and even to tadpoles. It is a powerful swimmer. If it is to be classed with
the parasitic Copepoda, it markedly differs from that group in general in that the females do
not carry their eggs about with them after extrusion, but deposit them on some extraneous
substance.
Records of Phyllopoda arc for the moment wanting in this county. The Cladocera
have received more attention. For though Mr. Brown's examples are for the most part very
vague, a welcome contribution to this branch of our subject was supplied in 1895 in the
Synopsis of the British Cladocera 1 by Mr. T. V. Hodgson, a gentleman since distinguished as
biologist to the National Antarctic Expedition on the 'Discovery.' In the same year was
published the first part of a classical work on this group, entitled Revision des Cladaceres, by
Jules Richard. 16 M. Richard defines the Cladocera as
small free Entomostraca, with distinct head, the rest of the body usually compressed from side to
side, and enclosed in a two-valved carapace ; the antennae of the second pair two-branched, each
branch carrying setae, and composed of only two to four joints ; the mandibles altogether devoid
of palps ; the pairs of feet four to six in number, of which usually the majority or all are
foliaceous, lobate ; the eye single."
11 Nat. Hist. Tutbury, p. 137.
11 Jount. Birmingham Nat. Hist, and Phil. Soc. 101. ,
" Ann. Sci. Nat. Zoo/, (ser. 7), vol. xviii, p. 279, continued in (ser. 8) vol. ii, p. 187 (1896).
" Op. cit. 304.
I 3
CRUSTACEANS
Unlike most crustaceans, the Cladocera swim by means of the branching second antennae, to
which the name of the group refers. Another comparatively uncommon feature, uncommon
at least as affecting adult life, is the extreme transparency of the test or carapace which covers
without concealing the details of the organism. There are two sections of the group, each
divided into two subsections, but as it happens all the species as yet definitely recorded from this
county belong to one and the same subsection. In the section Calyptomera, the feet and
body of the animal are well covered by the carapace. In the subsection Anomopoda, instead
of six pairs of feet all alike foliaceous, branchial, and non-prehensile, there are five or six pairs,
of which the two anterior are more or less prehensile, not branchial and foliaceous, and differing
from the hinder pairs. - This sub-section includes the majority of the Cladocera in general, and
among them that which is most widely known, Daphnia pulex (de Geer). The familiarity
which breeds contempt allows men to speak and write of this innocent crustacean as 'the water
flea.' That either Mr. Garner or Mr. Brown observed the true D. pulex in this county, it is
impossible to guarantee. Within the genus Daphne or Daphnia there are many species and
varieties which only experts laboriously distinguish. That the family Daphniidae is here
really represented may be trusted from the mention of Daphnia vetula (Straus) as the blunt-
headed water flea. But this species dates back further than Straus to O. F. Muller, and at a
later date became the type of Schodler's genus Simocephalus, so named because the head is
obtuse at the top instead of keeled, as in Daphnia. The new generic name, however, was
preoccupied, and has recently been changed by Dr. Norman to Simosa. Two other members
of the same family have been found by Mr. Hodgson in Staffordshire, namely, Scapholeberis
mucronata (O.F.M.) at Kingswood, and Moina rectirostris (Jurine) in a horsepond near Harborne. 18
The last genus is distinguished from the other three by not having a distinct rostrum, and by
having the first antennae of the female long and freely mobile. In Daphnia the dorsal and
ventral margins of the valves are drawn gradually together to end in a long or short process,
which may be ventral, or inclining to dorsal, but which leaves nothing that can be clearly
distinguished as a hind margin. In Scapholeberis, on the other hand, the straight or nearly
straight ventral margins are produced into processes, the bases of which are connected with the
dorsal edge by a clear stretch of hind margin. In Simosa the hind margin is large and rounded
off at each extremity. Mr. Hodgson reports Ilyoeryptus sordidus (Lievin) from Kingswood.
This mud-loving species belongs to the family Macrotrichidae, in which long and mobile first
antennae are the rule, instead of the exception as in the case of Moina among the Daphniidae.
The species with which we are here concerned is said to lead an unromantic existence, having
given up the natural use of its second antennae as swimming organs, to employ them only for
crawling over the mud or burrowing in it, usually in a considerable depth of water. Under
the family Lynceidae Mr. Brown reports that several undetermined species of the genera
Eurycercus and Chydorus are common in stagnant water. The statement is partially redeemed
from indefiniteness by the circumstance that the former genus is, so far as known, represented
in England only by a single species, Eurycercus lamellatus (O.F.M. ). Chydorus, it is true, has
some four or five species recorded from the British Isles, but of these C. sphaericus (O.F.M.)
is considered to be the commonest and most widely distributed of all the Cladocera, so that its
occurrence here may be regarded as certain. Alonella nanus (Baird) was taken by Mr. Hodgson
at Kingswood. For the family containing these three species the name Chydoridae should be
adopted in place of Lynceidae, since the genus Lynceus has been shown to have its systematic
place elsewhere. 19 A. nanus is said to be the smallest Entomostracan known at present. 20 It
may well be called the dwarf, since the female is only just over and the male is just under one
hundredth of an inch in length. Chydorus sphaericus, however, in the male sex is never much
longer. But its female is sometimes twice as long, and this in turn is surpassed in sevenfold
degree by the female of Eurycercus lamellatus. That species, therefore, exhibits a veritable
giant measuring nearly a sixth of an inch from head to tail, and matching this length by a
similarly unusual depth between the dorsal and ventral margins.
Concerning the Ostracoda or box-entomostracans which, unlike the Cladocera, have no
distinct head, but are shut up in their two valves like little molluscs authorities for this county
supply no definite information. That species of the genera Cypris, Muller, and Candona,
Baird, both belonging to the family Cyprididae, ' are abundant in ditches,' is a statement that
would no doubt be applicable to all our counties.
18 Synopsis, p. in.
" TheZool. (1902), p. 101.
* Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club (ser. 2), vol. viii, p. 444 (1903).
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
Similarly, with regard to the Copepoda or oar-footed Entomostraca, the notice that
Cyclops quadricornis, Mtlller, of the family Cyclopidae, occurs in stagnant water, is not very
instructive. It is uncertain which of several species may be intended by the name quadricornis,
and the use of it without any explanatory details implies a rather superficial acquaintance with
Copepoda in general.
In 1895 Mr. D. J. Scourfield made a guarded suggestion that the little-known ento-
mostracan fauna of Wales might eventually show some essential differences from that of the
south-east of England, which has been investigated with much assiduity. 31 Should this prove
to be so it will be interesting to learn where the line of cleavage or fusion between the
discrepant faunas should be drawn, and whether the rarities or distinctive species of east and
west may chance to have a common gathering place in the waters of Staffordshire.
11 Journ. Quekett Microsc. Club (ser. 2), vol. vi, 137.
132
FISHES
In compiling the following list recently introduced species, such as
the American brook trout (Salmo fontinalis, Mitch.), the rainbow trout
(S. irideus, Giinther), etc., have not been mentioned, the indigenous and
long-resident species only being included. I must here acknowledge
my indebtedness to the lists of the late Robert Garner and Edwin
Brown, the names of these authorities being mentioned whenever their
observations have been quoted. A paper on ' North Staffordshire Fresh-
water Fish,' by Mr. John R. B. Masefield, M.A., in the Annual Report
and 'Transactions of the North Staffordshire Naturalists' Field Club and
Archaeological Society, vol. xxviii., is especially useful from containing
lists of localities which show the distribution of the several species in
the district of which he treats.
TELEOSTEANS
ACANTHOPTERYGII
1. Perch. Perca fluvlatUis, Linn.
Common throughout the county. Perch
have been taken in the Trent up to 4^ Ib.
in weight.
2. Ruffe or Daddy Ruffe. Acerina cernua,
Linn.
Common in rivers and canals.
3. Bullhead or Miller's Thumb. Coitus gobio,
Linn.
Plentiful in streams and in rivers where
gravel and stones are found.
ANACANTHINI
4. Burbot or Burbolt. Lota vulgaris, Cuv.
Locally, Eel Pout.
This curious and interesting fish is occa-
sionally taken in the Trent and its larger
tributaries up to 4 Ib. in weight. It has
long been known as a Staffordshire fish,
having been very quaintly described and
figured by Plot in his Natural History of
Staffordshire (1686). Plot's figure is a re-
duced copy of a picture drawn for Colonel
Comberford of a specimen ' taken in the
Tame, near Faseley Bridge, by Goody er
Holt, a Free Mason, as he was repairing
it, August nth, 1654.' Plot recorded three
other instances of the occurrence of the
burbot in Staffordshire.
HEMIBRANCHII
Gastrosteus
5. Three - spined Stickleback.
aculeatus, Linn.
This little fish is common in rivers, streams
and ponds throughout the county, and the
forms, originally described as distinct species
and now considered only varieties, known as
the rough-tailed (G. trachurus, Cuv.), half-
armed (G. semiarmatus, Cuv.) and smooth-
tailed sticklebacks (G. leuirus, Cuv.), are all
found in the Trent and its tributaries. The
brilliant colours assumed by the males during
the breeding season, their pugnacity and especi-
ally their nest-building, have rendered these
little fish famous, but the nest, according to
my own observations, is often a very flimsy
affair, being at times merely a little heap of
Conferva or other weed through which the
body of the male has made a tunnel and
which he jealously guards. The best example
however of a stickleback's nest which I have
ever seen I found in a pond in the neighbour-
ing county of Leicester. This was a well-
built, roughly cylindrical structure of roots
and small twigs, so well placed together that
the whole did not collapse when taken from
the water. In this case the materials of the
nest were not glued or cemented together in
any way, and I have never been able to see
the male engaged in strengthening the walls
of his house by means of the sticky mucus he
133
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
is said to exude for this purpose. 1 The parti-
cular nest just described resembled very greatly
a diminutive copy of the play-bowers of the
Australian bower-birds, but unlike them was
well roofed in above.
The large short-spined stickleback (G. bra-
chycentrus, Cuv.), regarded by GUnther as a
separate species and by White and others
as a variety only of G. acultatus, has been
recorded from Stow Pool near Lichfield by
Thompson in his Natural History of Ireland.
In July, 1 836, Thompson obtained from Stow
Pool the largest example of this fish which
had come under his notice, and gives this
place as the only English habitat known to
him. Up to the present I have not met with
this fish myself in Staffordshire, but have taken
it in company with the common stickleback
in Leicestershire and have kept it in aquaria.
Unfortunately all my specimens proved to be
females, and as they were unprovided with
nests the ova were devoured by the other
sticklebacks as soon as deposited. There is
little doubt but for the solicitude bestowed
on the developing eggs and young fry by the
male fish the voracity of the stickleback would
long ago have led to its own annihilation.
Amongst the many names by which the
common stickleback is known locally are
robin applied to the male in his breeding
dress, jack-sharp and jack-bannock.
6. Ten-spined Stickleback. Gastrosteus pungi-
tius, Linn.
Generally distributed, but not so abundant
as the common stickleback. This is more
slender in form than the last-named and less
brilliantly coloured, being olive green on the
back and white on the sides and belly. The
fins and frequently the whole body are suf-
fused with a yellowish tinge. The under-
side is generally marked with little black
spots, which in the male predominate to
such a degree that it is not inaptly called
the ' tinker ' by boys.
HAPLOMI
7. Pike or Jack. Esox lucius, Linn.
Common and of large size. Several of
20 Ib. weight have been taken near Burton,
and fish of 30 Ib. and over have been re-
corded from the Trent.
OSTARIOPHYSI
8. Carp. Cyprinw carpio, Linn.
In the large pools and ponds of the county
1 GUnther, quoting Coste, in Introduction to the
Study of Fishes (1880), p. 506.
and in the Trent carp of 1 5 (Plot) and even
of 1 9^ Ib. have been recorded (Garner).
9. Crucian Carp. Cyprinus carassius, Linn.
Naturalized in ponds in the county, as are
also its varieties, the gold carp (C. auratus,
Linn.) and the Prussian carp (C. gibe/io, Bloch).
10. Barbel. Barbus vu/garis, Fleming.
Common in the Trent and the lower part
of the Dove, and attaining a large size. There
are several noted haunts of the barbel near
Burton, and when fhe water is clear the fish
may be seen rooting like swine in the mud
of the deep holes.
11. Gudgeon. Goblo fluviatilis, Fleming.
12. Roach. Leuciscus rutilus, Linn.
In rivers and meres : very common. In
Aqualate Mere the hybrid between this fish
and the bream (Abramh brama. Linn.), known
as the Pomeranian bream (A. buggenhagii,
Bloch) exists, and an interesting account of its
capture there is given by the Rev. W. Hough-
ton in his British Freshwater Fishes.
13. Chub. Leuciscus cepha/us, Linn.
14. Dace. Leuciscus dobula y Linn.
Day Leuciscus vulgaris.
15. Rudd or Red-eye. Leuciscus erythrophthal-
mus y Linn.
1 6. Minnow. Leuciscus pboxinus, Linn.
Locally called ' pink,' from the bright tints
it assumes in the breeding season.
17. Tench. Tinea vulgaris, Cuv.
In pools and meres.
1 8. Bream. Abramis brama. Linn.
In rivers and meres. Up to 7 Ib. in
weight (Garner).
19. White Bream or Bream Flat. Abramis
b/icca, Bloch.
This fish is included in the Staffordshire
lists on the authority of the late Mr. Edwin
Brown, who wrote : ' Bailey, the angler of
Nottingham, says this fish is mixed up with
the preceding in the Trent.'
20. Bleak. Alburnus lucidus, Heck, et Kner.
21. Loach. Nemachilus barbatu/us, Linn.
22. Spined Loach. Cobitis taenia, Linn.
This fish, generally considered somewhat
rare, is common in the Trent, but is fre-
quently confused with small individuals of
the last species. The presence of the small
134
FISHES
bifid spine beneath the eye will at once dis-
tinguish the spined loach from the common
or ' stone ' loach.
MALACOPTERYGII
23. Salmon. Salmo salar, Linn.
Passes up the Trent on its way from the
sea to spawn, but at Newton Solney, where
the Dove joins the main river, the salmon
almost invariably enter the smaller stream.
At Dove Cliff, two miles above this point, is
a well known salmon leap provided with a
ladder, where on favourable occasions the
keeper of the mill told me he had seen as
many as twenty salmon ascend in an hour.
Some individuals, especially when the river
is in flood, pass onwards up the Trent and
have even forced their way into ditches,
where when the water has fallen they have
met an ignominious death.
24. Trout. Salmo trutta, Linn.
According to the latest authorities the sea
trout (S. trutta, S. cambricus) and the brown
river trout (S. fario) are regarded as merely
local races of one species.
It is perhaps unnecessary to say that the
brown trout is common in Staffordshire, and
that from the days of Izaac Walton at least
the Dove has been famous for its large and
well flavoured fish.
The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain has called my
attention to the following records of what
must have been the largest trout ever taken in
Staffordshire :
From the Zoologist for 1848, p. 2342 :
' Capture of an enormous trout at Drayton
Manor. A trout weighing upwards of 21
Ib. and measuring 41 J inches in length was
taken on the 4th of November [1848], in a
small tributary of the Trent, on the property
of Sir Robert Peel, at Drayton Manor. It
was transmitted to London by Sir Robert,
and a faithful portrait of the fish has been
painted for the honourable baronet by Mr.
Waterhouse Hawkins. Edward Newman.'
Again, in the Zoologist for 1896, p. 360,
the following extract from the Angler's Journal
of 20 December, 1884, is quoted, and seems
to indicate the same fish as that referred to by
E. Newman, although the weights given are
not identical : ' The largest English trout on
record is believed to be that from Drayton
Park, which weighed 22j Ib., the skeleton of
which was presented to the College of Sur-
geons.'
25. Grayling. Thymallus vexillifer, Linn.
Common in many of our rivers, especially
the Dove and the Blythe.
APODES
26. Common Eel. Anguilla vu/garis, Turt.
Both varieties of the common eel the
sharp-nosed (A. acutirostris, Yarrell) and the
broad-nosed eel or grig (A. /atirostris, Yarrell)
are common in Staffordshire. Adult eels begin
to descend the Trent towards the sea, with
us, in July. They breed in the sea, and from
the larval form, the Leptocephalus brevirostris,
Kaup., is developed the young eel or elver
which ascends the rivers in numbers during
spring and early summer.
GANOIDS
27. Sturgeon. Acipenser sturio, Linn.
made its way up the Trent as high as this
The late Mr. Edwin Brown, writing in district [Burton], but no such occurrence has
1863, says : 'Instances are on record of this, been known of late years.'
the so-called royal, fish having in olden times
CYCLOSTOMES
28. Sea Lamprey. Petromyzon marinus, Linn.
Rarely ascends from the sea as far as Staf-
fordshire. Brown mentions an instance of
one, 2^ feet in length, taken in the Dove in
June, 1863.
29. Lampern or River Lamprey. Petromyzon
ftuviatilis. Linn.
Not uncommon.
30. Mud Lamprey or Pride. Petromyzon
branchia/is, Linn.
135
REPTILES
AND BATRACHIANS
Staffordshire is not rich either in the number of species of its
reptiles, as compared with more southern counties, or in the individual
abundance of such forms which do occur within the county boundaries.
Thus Staffordshire possesses two lizards the common lizard and the
blindworm, and two snakes the harmless grass snake and the viper.
Neither the sand lizard (Lacerta agi'/is, Linn.) nor the smooth snake
(Coronella austriaca, Laur.) are found in Staffordshire, although both
have been reported, on one occasion each, as met with by individuals
quite incapable of identifying these species at a glance, and no specimen
of either has hitherto been obtained in Staffordshire.
Staffordshire can claim one species of frog, one toad and three
newts in her list of batrachians. In the neighbouring county of
Chester however the second British species of toad is met with
the pretty active natterjack toad (Bufo calamita^ Laur.), and from thence
many years ago specimens were introduced into Staffordshire by the
late Mr. Edwin Brown, and turned out by Sir Oswald Mosley in his
grounds at Rolleston. This colony still survived ten years after its
introduction, so that it is just possible that descendants may still exist
and be claimed as indigenous by some observer ignorant of their history.
In a somewhat similar manner I was myself the means of unintentionally
introducing the natterjack into Leicestershire, having presented a series
of living specimens of various ages to the Leicester Museum, which I
had collected in Lancashire. Some of these were turned out in the
museum grounds by the curator, Mr. Montagu Browne, F.G.S., F.Z.S.,
as recorded in his Vertebrate Animals of Leicestershire and Rut/and, p. 182.
It is scarcely probable that in this case any would long survive.
It may be well to mention perhaps that the natterjack toad may
readily be recognized by the yellow line down the middle of the back
and by its active movements. It can also withstand heat far better than
the common toad.
REPTILES
LACERTILIA Cannock Chase. In Staffordshire however it
never appears in such numbers as it does in
i. Common, Scaly, or Viviparous L.zard. the Charnwood Forest district of Leicester-
Lacerta vtvifara, Jacqum. shire> where j haye more frequently met with
Not uncommon in the wilder, heathy parts it than in any other part of the midlands
of the county, especially in the north and on known to me.
I 137 18
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
2. Blind-worm or Slow-worm. Anguls fra-
gilis, Linn.
Not uncommon in similar situations to
those affected by the common lizard. The
blind-worm varies greatly in colour according
to age. The young, for some time after
birth, are nearly white above and black below.
Half-grown individuals are sometimes copper
coloured, whilst mature specimens, especially
females, become dark grey and so thick as to
be mistaken for vipers at a casual glance by
unsophisticated persons. Although usually the
most gentle of reptiles and possessing only the
startling habit of suddenly breaking off the
tail when seized, such aged individuals will
occasionally, though rarely, strike at the hand
in a very snake-like manner.
OPHIDIA
3. Common Ringed or Grass Snake. Tropi-
donotus natrix, Linn.
Ray Natrix torquata.
Generally distributed, but becoming more
rare every year, although it holds its own
against the advance of cultivation far better
than does the viper or even the blind-worm.
4. Viper or Adder. Vipera berus, Linn.
Occurs at Chartley Park, Cannock Chase
and other places in the county, but is de-
creasing in numbers as its haunts become
drained and the land cultivated. It was
formerly abundant at Chartley, where Sir
Oswald Mosley records that in a single day's
shooting he has ' disturbed several of them ;
and their venomous bite has sometimes proved
fatal to valuable pointers, which stand at them
as if they had the scent of game ' (Natural
History of Tutbury, p. 60).
Although the viper varies a great deal in-
dividually both in ground colour and markings,
this is largely a matter of sex ; bright, light-
coloured specimens with a black, well defined
zig-zag dorsal line being males, whilst the
shorter, thinner-tailed females are brown or
reddish with the markings more indistinct.
BATRACHIANS
ECAUDATA
1. Common Frog. Rana temporaria, Linn.
Common and generally distributed.
2. Common Toad. Bufo vulgaris, Laur.
Fairly abundant.
CAUDATA
3. Great Crested or Warty Newt. Molge
crlitata, Laur.
Common in ponds and ditches.
4. Smooth Newt. Molge vulgaris, Linn.
Abundant in similar situations to the last.
This species possesses the power of restoring
its damaged members, and is sometimes met
with having additional toes on either the fore
or the hind feet. Mr. James Yates, M.R.C.S.,
of Cambridge, for many years resident in Staf-
fordshire, writes me under date 4 February,
1901, that he has frequently seen newts in
cellars from which they could not set out in
search of ponds, and in such places he has
' seen their eggs connected together like a
string of pearls.' This is also the case,
according to my own experience, when the
ova are deposited in water containing no
aquatic plants. Ordinarily, as is well known,
the female newt carefully encloses each egg
in the coil of a leaf which forms a hollow
cylinder around it, and whilst it protects the
egg allows free access of water to the develop-
ing embryo.
5. Palmated Newt. Molge pa/mata, Sch.
Mr. J. R. B. Masefield, M.A., informs me
that he has a note of the occurrence of this
interesting species of newt in the south of the
county, but in Staffordshire it would seem to
be local, as I have been unable to meet with
it in mid-Staffordshire, and Mr. Masefield
himself has failed to obtain it in the Cheadle
district.
The palmated newt, especially when im-
mature, is doubtless frequently confused with
the smooth newt, from which however it can
always be distinguished by its unspotted throat,
and the male in the breeding season by his web-
bed feet and the curious mucro or thread at
the end of his tail.
138
BIRDS
As Staffordshire is an exclusively inland county, and occupies an area
comprising some of the highest land in the centre of England, with bleak
moorlands rising to an altitude of upwards of 1,500 feet above sea level
it contains no large rivers, but at the same time it is the birthplace of
the Trent and the Dove, and numerous smaller streams which become
tributaries of the Severn and the Mersey. These smaller streams have
in many cases during past centuries gradually formed deep gorges and well
sheltered and wooded valleys much frequented by many of the warblers
and other small birds, and forming also the home of the dipper (Cinclus
aquaticus] and the ring-ouzel (Turdus torquatus}. The large meres of
Aqualate and Copmere and lakes and reservoirs at Trentham, Han-
church, Rudyard, Madeley, Chillington and elsewhere find a home for
the grebes and are frequented in winter time by many species of wild-
fowl. In the south-east of the county we have the extensive and barren
heather covered tract known as Cannock Chase, where the red grouse
(Lagopus scoticus] and the black grouse (Tetrao tetrix), owing to careful
protection, once more abound, after having at one time almost reached
the verge of extinction. The physiographical features of the county
before referred to attract several species of wild birds in the breeding
season which do not nest in many counties in England, such as the curlew
(Numenius arquata), the ring-ouzel (Turdus torquatus] , the grey wagtail
(Motacilla melanope}^ and the dipper (Cinclus aquaticus}. Staffordshire also
borders closely upon, if it does not actually lie within, the range of
one of the great flight lines of many of our British migratory birds,
namely that from the mouth of the Humber and the north-east coast
across England to the Bristol Channel. ' By this flight line,' says
Whitlock (Birds of Derbyshire, pp. 16, 17), ' travel in autumn the
whimbrel, curlew, greenshank, green sandpiper, wood sandpiper, little
stint, longtailed duck, common scoter, Manx shearwater, gulls, terns,
lapwings, golden and ringed plovers, hooded crows, fieldfares, redwings,
sky-larks, chaffinches and mistle-thrushes, with occasional visits of the
grey plover and bar-tailed godwit.' The return migration of these birds
takes place by the same route to a great extent, and these birds meet our
spring migrants coming by the same route, and thus Whitlock goes on to
say ' we have two opposing streams of birds on the move at the same
time.' Referring to this same flight line Dr. McAldowie 1 says :
I believe this migratory route to be of great ornithological importance not only to
Staffordshire but to the country generally. It brings many fine birds to our county
1 ' Birds of Staffordshire ' in Report North Staffordshire Field Club, \ 893, pp. 15-17.
139
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
... I believe it is an ancient route and in pleistocene times was a great migratory
highway and that it has been gradually abandoned by the majority of migrants since
the formation of the present coast line . . . Staffordshire appears to be the natural
boundary between the habitats of northern and southern species of birds in Great
Britain, for example it forms the northern boundary of the Nightingale, the Nuthatch,
the Reed Warbler and perhaps of the Hobby, and on the other hand to limit on the
south the haunts of the Red Grouse and the Sandpiper ... A hill route migration in
which the Dotterel and the Rough-legged Buzzard are prominent species also affects
our county.
The list of Staffordshire birds though somewhat deficient in aquatic
species otherwise compares favourably with those of adjoining counties.
At the time of publication of the Birds of Staffordshire (1893) no fewer
than 234 species were included in the county list, of which 66 were
then considered as residents, 30 as summer migrants, 18 as winter
migrants and 120 as occasional visitors and stragglers. A revision of
this list shows that considerable alterations must be made in order to gain
a correct idea of our county avifauna. Three new species may be added
since 1893, namely white-tailed eagle, shore-lark and flamingo. On the
other hand the records of the following species must be considered as too
doubtful to be retained in the list : black redstart (mistaken identification
of eggs), pine-grosbeak and great black woodpecker ; and the following
species were included in error, not having been recorded within the limits
of our county : Bewick's swan, long-tailed duck, purple sandpiper, black-
tailed godwit ; while the following species must be regarded as escapes
and are not included in the British list : Virginian colin, Canada goose,
Egyptian goose, summer duck.
In the case of the following species the evidence is at present
insufficient to admit them into our list : Aquatic warbler, Dartford
warbler, firecrest, mealy redpoll, crested-lark, bean-goose, little crake,
eared grebe, little stint, grey plover.
The evidence is also somewhat unsatisfactory with regard to two
species mentioned below, but they are retained in the list : blue-headed
wagtail and marsh-harrier.
The revised total, including the 3 new species and exclusive of
the 21 which have been removed from the list, now amounts to 216
Of these 94 breed regularly in the county and 9 others have been known
to nest, while there is some reason to suppose that the hobby, shoveler
.and spotted-crake may nest occasionally, and the hen-harrier, honey
buzzard, kite, raven, bittern and bearded-tit undoubtedly bred formerly
in the county.
The following species regularly nest in the county :
1. Mistle-Thrush 10. Lesser Whitethroat 19. Grasshopper- Warbler
2. Song-Thrush n. Blackcap 20. Hedge-Sparrow
3. Blackbird 12. Garden-Warbler 21. Dipper
4. Ring-Ouzel 13. Goldcrest 22. Long-tailed Tit
5. Wheatear 14. Chiffchaff 23. Great Tit
6. Whinchat 15. Willow- Warbler 24. Coal-Tit
7. Redstart 16. Wood-Warbler 25. Marsh-Tit
8. Redbreast 17. Reed-Warbler 26. Blue Tit
9. Whitethroat 18. Sedge-Warbler 27. Nuthatch
140
BIRDS
28. Wren
29. Tree-Creeper
30. Pied Wagtail
31. Grey Wagtail
32. Yellow Wagtail
33. Tree-Pipit
34. Meadow-Pipit
35. Red-backed Shrike
36. Spotted Flycatcher
37. Swallow
38. House-Martin
39. Sand-Martin
40. Greenfinch
41. Hawfinch
42. Goldfinch
43. House-Sparrow
44. Tree-Sparrow
45. Chaffinch
46. Linnet
47. Lesser Redpoll
48. Bullfinch
49. Corn-Bunting
50. Yellow Hammer
51.
52.
53-
54.
55.
56.
57
Reed-Bunting
Starling
Magpie
Jackdaw
Carrion-Crow
Rook
58. Sky-Lark
59. Swift
60. Nightjar
61. Green Woodpecker
62. Great Spotted Wood-
pecker
63. Lesser Spotted Wood-
pecker
64. Kingfisher
65. Cuckoo
66. Barn-Owl
67. Long-eared Owl
68. Tawny Owl
69. Sparrow-Hawk
70. Kestrel
71. Heron
72. Mute Swan
73. Mallard
74. Teal
75. Tufted-Duck
76. Wood-Pigeon
77. Stock-Dove
78. Turtle-Dove
79. Black Grouse
80. Red Grouse
8 1. Pheasant
82. Partridge
83. Red-legged Partridge
84. Land-Rail
85. Water-Rail
86. Moorhen
87. Coot
88. Lapwing
89. Woodcock
90. Common Snipe
91. Common Sandpiper
92. Curlew
93. Great Crested Grebe
94. Little Grebe
The following occasionally nest in the county :
95. Stonechat
96. Nightingale
97. Twite
98. Crossbill
99. Wood-Lark
IOO. Wryneck
id I. Merlin
102. Quail
103. Redshank
The birds of prey are well represented, and several species might
once again become general if not destroyed owing to the supposed
exigencies of game preservation and its accompanying cruel pole-trap,
while on the other hand game preservation and the consequently quiet
and carefully guarded woods have during recent years conduced to the
nesting of the woodcock (Scolopax rusticula) in increasing numbers and
of the tufted-duck (Fuligula cristata), many pairs of which now breed
in the south-west of the county.
The greater interest recently taken in wild bird life has directed
public attention to our fast diminishing avifauna, with the result that the
County Council orders made in pursuance of the Wild Bird Protection
Acts are without doubt beginning to bear fruit, and it is possible that
some species of wild birds such as the great crested grebe (Podicipes
cristatus), the kingfisher (Alcedo ispida) and the white owl (Strix fammea)
now fast decreasing in numbers in the county, may yet be saved. As
education advances and the game preserver and gamekeeper become
conversant with the life history and food of the hobby (Fa/co sub-
buteo), the merlin (Fa/co <zsa/on), the nightjar (Caprimulgus europceus)
and the woodpeckers, it is to be hoped they may stay their hand when
on the trigger of deadly firearms, and also abolish the cruel pole-trap
which even proves fatal sometimes to the very birds which it is supposed
to protect.
141
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
with supplement,
Mosley, D.C.L.,
The bibliography of Staffordshire birds, or list of books containing
references thereto, commences with the year 1676 and is as follows :
1676. Ornithologia (London), Francis Willoughby.
1678. English translation of same (London), John Ray.
1686. Natural History of Staffordshire (Oxford), Dr. Robert Plot, LL.D.
1798. History and Antiquities of Staffordshire (London), Stebbing Shaw, containing
sketch of Zoology of Staffordshire by John H. Dickenson.
1836. British Song Birds (London), Neville Wood.
1836. The Ornithologist's Text Book (London), Neville Wood.
1 844. Natural History of the County of Stafford, Robert Garner,
i860.
1863. The Natural History of Tutbury (London), Sir Oswald
including the Fauna of Burton-on-Trent, Edwin Brown.
1865 to 1903. Papers and Notes in Reports of the North Staffordshire Field Club, by
Dr. McAldowie, Ernest W. H. Blagg, M.B.O.U., John R. B. Masefield, M.A.,
W. Wells Bladen and others.
1878. Scientific Rambles around Macclesfield, J. D. Sainter.
1879. 'Birds and their Habits,' pt. I, Midland Naturalist (London and Birmingham),
H. G. Xomlinson.
1880. ' Birds and their habits,' pt. 2, Burton-on-Trent Natural History Society Report.
1 88 1. 'Our Summer Migrants,' Midland Naturalist.
1892. Birds of Derbyshire (London and Derby), F. B. Whitlock.
1893. Birds of Staffordshire (Stoke-on-Trent), A. M. McAldowie, M.D., F.R.S.Ed.
To the Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain our thanks are especially due for
his invaluable assistance and for many notes and additions to the following
list of Staffordshire birds.
1. Mistle-Thrush. Turdus viscivorus, Linn.
Locally, Shrite, Stormcock (Garner), Thrice-
cock.
A common resident, nesting in woods,
copses and orchards, and migrating south in
severe weather.
2. Sons-Thrush. Turdus musicus. Linn.
O /
Locally, Throstle.
Common and partly migratory in winter.
Pied varieties have occurred at Xhickbroom
in 1842 and Swythamley in 1859 (Birds of
Staffordshire, p. 36).
3. Redwing. Turdus iliacus, Linn.
A winter visitor in flocks to our meadows,
arriving in October and roosting in sheltered
woods or thick shrubberies, where they are
frequently followed and preyed upon by the
sparrow-hawk.
4. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris, Linn.
A winter visitor in flocks, feeding upon
holly berries, hips and haws, and occasionally
remaining till May. A somewhat shyer bird
than the redwing. Mr. E. Brown (' Fauna
of Burton-on-Trent,' p. 94 in Sir O. Mosley's
Nat. Hist, of Tutbury) asserts that a nest was
obtained by Mr. Allen at Longcroft a few
years ago.
5. Blackbird. Turdus merula, Linn.
Very common. Many migrate south in
severe weather. Albino, pied and cream or
buff varieties are not uncommon.
6. Ring-Ouzel. Turdus torquatus, Linn.
A regular summer visitant to the high
moorland districts in the north of the county,
where it nests regularly, assembling in flocks
prior to migration in autumn. The berries of
the mountain ash (Pyrus aucuparia) are a
favourite food of this bird.
7. Wheatear. Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.)
A summer visitor to our heaths and moor-
lands,even frequenting disused colliery mounds,
but has diminished in numbers of late years.
8. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra (Linn.)
Locally, Utic.
A common summer visitant to heaths and
meadows.
9. Stonechat. Pratincola rubicola (Linn.)
Formerly a common resident, but now only
occasionally seen and its nest rarely found.
I o. Redstart. Ruticilla phaenicurus (Linn.)
Locally, Firetail.
A summer migrant, generally distributed,
142
BIRDS
and nesting in walls and holes of trees. It is
a shy bird and its soft alarm note is frequently
heard when the bird itself is not seen. Mr.
E. W. H. Blagg has taken eggs with distinct
fine red spots.
[Black Redstart. Ruticilla titys (Scopoli)
The Zoologist for 1852 (p. 3503) contains an
account of the discovery of a nest supposed to
belong to this species, which is also referred to
by Hewitson in the third edition of his Eggs
of British Birds (p. 1 06). The birds, how-
ever, do not appear to have been identified at
the nest, and the description of the ' situation
in which the nest was found points pretty
conclusively to the next species, which is known
occasionally to lay white eggs.]
1 1 . Redbreast. Erithacus rubecula (Linn.)
Common and partially migratory in very
severe weather. A pied variety was observed
by Mr. E. W. H. Blagg at Forsbrook near
Cheadle in 1892 (Birds of Staffordshire, p.
43)
12. Nightingale. Daulias lusdnia (Linn.)
A rare summer visitor. Mr. E. Brown
(Fauna of Burton, p. 96) records it as extra-
ordinarily abundant near Burton about 1853,
but rare subsequently. Further notes of its
appearances will be found in the Birds of
Staffordshire (p. 43) and the Reports of the North
Staffordshire Field Club for 1880, 1893 and
1896.
13. Whitethroat. Sylvia cinerea (Bechstein)
Locally, Peggy Whitethroat.
A very common summer migrant, arriving
in May.
14. Lesser Whitethroat. Sylvia curruca
(Linn.)
A summer migrant, but rarer than the last
named species.
15. Blackcap. Sylvia atricapilla (Linn.)
A fairly common summer visitor, with a
sweet little song.
1 6. Garden-Warbler. Sylvia hortensis (Bech-
stein)
A summer visitant and generally distributed.
[Dartford Warbler. Sylvia undata (Bod-
daert)
This species is said to have been observed
on Cannock Chase, but no specimen appears
to have been obtained, and without further
evidence its occurrence so far from its usual
habitat can hardly be considered as proved
(Birds of Staffordshire, p. 47).]
17. Goldcrest. Regulus cristatus, K. L.
Koch.
A resident and to be found in small family
parties in winter.
[Firecrest. Regulus ignicapillus (C. L.
Brehm)
Noted by Garner as 'occasional,' and
included in Sainter's list, but no satisfactory
identification of this bird has been recorded in
the county.]
1 8. Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus rufus (Bechstein)
The earliest of our summer migrants,
arriving in March and common in most
districts.
19. Willow- Warbler. Phylloscopus trochilus
(Linn.)
Locally, Peep.
A common summer visitant throughout the
county.
20. Wood-Warbler. Phylloscopus sibilatrix
(Bechstein)
A summer migrant, arriving later than the
willow-warbler. It is generally distributed
in fair numbers in the valleys of the county.
21. Reed-Warbler. Acrocephalus streperus
(Vieillot)
Locally, Reed Sparrow (E. Brown).
A local summer migrant to the Trent, the
lower part of the Dove and the larger meres
of the county, such as Aqualate, Copmere,
etc. It is much less common now than
formerly on the Trent and Dove.
22. Sedge-Warbler. Acrocephalus phragmitis
(Bechstein)
A common summer visitor to marshy
districts.
[Aquatic Warbler. Acrocephalus aquaticus
(J. F. Gmelin)
A nest and eggs supposed to belong to this
species have been taken at Copmere, but no
specimens of the bird have been secured and
the resemblance of the eggs of the aquatic
warbler to those of the preceding species
renders identification very doubtful (Birds of
Staffordshire, p. 50).]
23. Grasshopper-Warbler. Locustella navia
(Boddaert)
A summer migrant, local in its distribution
and far from common. It has been recorded
as nesting near Cheadle (1888), Trentham,
Stone and Burton-on-Trent (see Reports of
the North Staffs Field Club).
143
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
24. Hedge - Sparrow. Accentor modularis
(Linn.)
A common resident throughout the county.
It has a cheerful song, and is one of our most
useful and harmless birds.
25. Dipper. Cine/us aquaticus, Bechstein.
A fairly common resident on most of the
streams in the north of the county, nesting
regularly under bridges and against rocks. A
few nests are placed under banks and in
hollows of tree stumps. It is also found
occasionally in other parts of the county as far
south as Stone, where it breeds, and Madeley,
and it has been recorded in winter from
Handsworth (12 Jan. 1882).
26. Reedling or Bearded Tit. Panurus biar-
micus (Linn.)
The only record of this species is that of
Garner, who says, ' Rare, but has occurred at
Aqualate Mere and on the Dove : Mr.
Emery ' (p. 280). Mr. Francis Boughey of
Aqualate, writing on 9 December 1888, says :
' I have still got two eggs that were taken out
of a nest here in my possession ; they were
taken out of a gorse bush about half a mile
from the house ; the remainder of the nest of
eggs were left to hatch which I believe they
did and the old birds were seen often. I
understand also that one specimen of the
bearded tit was shot afterwards here.'
27. Long-tailed Tit. Acredula caudata, Linn.
Locally, Bottle Tit.
Generally resident throughout the county,
occurring in small flocks or family parties
during the winter.
28. Great Tit. Parus major, Linn.
Locally, Sawyer, Ox-eye, Blackcap.
Resident and common.
29. Coal-Tit. Parus ater, Linn.
Resident and generally distributed, but not
so common as the great or blue tit.
30. Marsh-Tit. Parus palustris, Linn.
Resident, but local and scarcer than the
preceding species.
31. Blue Tit. Parus caeruleus, Linn.
Locally, Tomtit.
Resident and common.
32. Nuthatch. Sitta carsia, Wolf.
Local and scarce. A few pairs however
breed with us, and nests have been recorded
at Eccleshall in 1884, and at Sandon and
Barlaston in 1897 (Report North Staff's Field
Club, 1898). Sir O. Mosley (Nat. Hist, of
Tutbury, p. 48) relates how on 16 August,
1846, at least a hundred of these birds visited
the gardens at Rolleston, many remaining till
the following November. Mr. Meynell
reported it at Farley near Cheadle in 1889
(Report North Staffs Field Club, 1890, p. 22).
33. Wren. Troglodytes parvulus, K. L. Koch.
Resident and common. In winter a number
of these little birds frequently roost together in
holes or old nests apparently for warmth
(cf. Nat. Hist, of Tutbury, p. 48, and Report
North Staffs Field Club, 1896, p. 49).
34. Tree-Creeper. Certhia familiaris, Linn.
Resident, breeding not uncommonly in the
wooded districts, but rarer in the north of the
county.
35. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris, Tem-
minck.
A partial migrant, many moving south in
severe weather, although they may be seen
during every month in the year. A common
foster parent of the cuckoo and one of our
most useful birds, being exclusively an insect
feeder.
36. White Wagtail. Motacilla alba, Linn.
Mr. E. Brown (Fauna of Burton, p. 98)
describes this bird as mostly occurring in
autumn in the Burton district, and Messrs.
E. A. Brown and H. G. Tomlinson have also
noticed it on the Trent, but there is no
definite record of its appearance in any other
part of the county. Possibly it has been
overlooked on account of its general resem-
blance to the last species.
37. Grey Wagtail. Motacilla melanope, Pallas.
A resident or partial migrant, breeding
annually by the Dove and other streams in
the northern parts of the county, but scarce on
the Trent, where however it is well known
as a winter visitor. Normally the grey wag-
tail does not breed in the counties south-east
of Staffordshire, although it has been known to
do so exceptionally.
38. Blue-headed Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla
flava, Linn.
The evidence with regard to the occurrence
of this species is not very satisfactory. Garner
states that it occurs at Betley and it is also
mentioned in Mr. Sainter's list.
39. Yellow Wagtail. Motacilla rait (Bona-
parte)
A common summer migrant, arriving about
the beginning of April, but Mr. H. G.
144
BIRDS
Tomlinson has occasionally seen one in
March at Burton (Birds of Derbyshire, p. 66).
40. Tree-Pipit. Anthus trivia/is (Linn.)
Locally, Titlark, Bank Lark.
A common spring visitor, generally dis-
tributed throughout the county, except on the
moors, where it is replaced by the meadow
pipit. It is very conspicuous in spring on
account of its habit of ascending from its
perch on the top of a tree and returning again
to its post with outstretched wings, singing all
the way.
41. Meadow-Pipit. Anthus pratensls (Linn.)
Common on the uplands and moors, and
partially migratory in its habits, moving south
in severe weather. Many cuckoos are reared
in nests of this species in north Staffordshire.
42. Richard's Pipit. Anthus richardi (Vieillot)
Garner in his Appendix (p. 34) mentions one
example, which was obtained near Stone and
was in Mr. Ration's collection (Garner MS.)
Mr. R. W. Chase has an adult male which
was taken near Handsworth on 21 October
1887 (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 59).
43. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula, Linn.
A rare visitor which has occurred twice.
One was shot near Barton-urider-Needwood
about 1869 (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 59), and
another was killed by a boy near Burton-on-
Trent on 19 April 1871 (Birds of Derbyshire,
p. 69).
44. Great Grey Shrike. Lanius excubitor,
Linn.
Another rare visitor, usually occurring in
the autumn and winter months. Garner
(p. 274) says it has been obtained at Need-
wood, Bramshall, etc., and in his MS. notes
mentions a later occurrence at Stone, where
it was shot by Mr. Hatton (Birds of Stafford-
shire, p. 60). Sir O. Mosley (Nat. Hist, of
Tutbury, p. 37) mentions two : one shot at
Burton Bridge on 2 December 1844, and
the other killed by a stone on 4 April 1845
between Dunstall and Burton (Zoo/, p. 1209).
In the North Staffs Field Club Report for 1886
two are recorded as having been killed near
Alton in the spring of the previous year.
Somewhere about this time one was shot at
Mayfield and passed through the hands of
Poole, the Ashbourne bird-stuffer. The latest
occurrence is that of one at Grindon in 1898
(Report North Staffs Field Club, 1899).
45. Red-backed Shrike. Lanius collurio, Linn.
A regular summer migrant to the south,
but rare in the north of the county. Nests
are mentioned in the Birds of Staffordshire
(p. 60) at Clayton, King's Bromley (1891),
near Stoke and Alton (1892). A pair gener-
ally breed near the entrance to Dovedale.
46. Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus, Linn.
A rare winter visitor. Garner includes it
in his list on the authority of Dr. Hewgill and
Mr. Brown. Sir O. Mosley (Nat. Hist, of
Tutbury, p. 43) says that it visits the banks of
the Trent at irregular periods during the
winter months, and that many were observed
in the Burton district in 1827, l %35 ar >d
1850. Writing later in the Zoologist (1868)
he states that on Sunday, 31 May, a young
bird was caught by his brother near a Pinus
douglasii in his grounds. When placed on an
iron railing the two old birds immediately
came to it and were distinctly identified, the
red marks on the wing-tips being clearly seen.
Although the whole family were noticed by
several people for upwards of a week after-
wards none were captured. A nest was sub-
sequently found on a branch of the Douglas
pine about 60 ft. from the ground, and ' con-
sisted of wool intermixed with fibres of grass
and bits of the same fir.' In January 1893
one was killed by a boy at Oulton near Stone
while feeding on the fruit of the wild rose.
47. Pied Flycatcher.
Linn.
Muscicapa atricapilla,
A rare summer visitor, recorded by Garner
from Bagot's Park and Trentham (1843).
Mr. E. Brown (Fauna of Burton, p. 94) says
it has ' been killed at Bagot's Park and at
Stretton, near Burton-on-Trent.' Mr. W.
Wells Bladen found a nest at Sandon on 7
May 1880 which he took to be that of this
bird, but the date is unusually early and the
situation unlikely. In 1883 Mr. E. W. H.
Blagg obtained a male near Cheadle, and Mr.
H. Meynell observed one at Alton on 2 May
1889, while Dr. McAldowie saw one at
Northwood near Trentham in June 1892.
Mr. H. G. Tomlinson saw a cock bird in
May 1898 near Tutbury, and Mr. Forshaw
two at Uttoxeter the same year, and another
was seen by the writer at Cheadle 28 April
1902 (Reports North Staffs Field Club}.
48. Spotted Flycatcher. Muscicapa grisola,
Linn.
An abundant and familiar summer migrant,
arriving in May and frequenting garden rail-
ings and bare branches in orchards, from
which it takes short flights in search of prey,
returning to the same spot after the capture of
each fly or other insect. Very soon after its
145
A HISTORY OF STAFFORDSHIRE
arrival this bird proceeds to build its nest in
creepers or shrubs trained against walls, or on
beams or even door-hinges, seeming to prefer
the vicinity of human dwellings.
49. Swallow. Hirundo rustica, Linn.
A common summer migrant, arriving
according to F. B. Whitlock by the Trent
valley migration route. Several instances of
white or cream-coloured varieties are recorded
in the Birds of Staffordshire, p. 64. In 1887
many were killed by a sudden fall of tempera-
ture in May (Report North Staffs Field Club),
and the same thing appears to have taken place
on 31 May 1855 (Nat. Hist, of Tutbury,
p. 50).
50. House-Martin. Chelidon urbica (Linn.)
A common summer migrant, but decreasing
in numbers owing chiefly to the persecution
to which they are subjected by the house
sparrow, which destroys both eggs and young,
evicting the rightful owners from their nests.
The latest date recorded for the stay of this
species with us is 7 November 1891, on
which date three were seen at Cheadle (Birds
of Staffordshire, p. 65).
51. Sand-Martin. Cotile riparia (Linn.)
Locally, Bank Swallow.
A common summer visitor, but rather local,
varying in numbers according to the accom-
modation afforded by gravel and sandpits, river
banks and railway cuttings for nesting pur-
poses.
52. Greenfinch. Ligurinus Moris (Linn.)
Locally, Green Linnet.
Resident and abundant throughout the
county, flocking in winter, and frequenting
fields and stackyards.
53. Hawfinch. Coccothraustes vulgaris, Pallas.
Although formerly regarded as a rare winter
visitor, the hawfinch has established itself of
recent years as a breeding species and now
nests regularly in woods and orchards in many
parts of the county. Mr. E. Brown (Fauna
of Burton, p. 100) seems to have been the
first to suspect that it bred with us (1863).
At the present time it may be said to be
abundant in the Cheadle and Stone districts,
and breeds in fair numbers round Eccleshall
and Abbots Bromley. In the autumn small
flocks frequent gardens and feed on peas,
cherries, yew, hawthorn and holly berries.
54. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans, Stephens.
Locally, Seven-coloured Linnet, Red Linnet.
A partial migrant formerly abundant but
becoming rarer every year. It still breeds in
a few localities and is not uncommon in the
damson orchards of the Dove valley. Flocks
appear occasionally in the north of the county
during the winter. The seeds of thistles
form the principal food of this bird, and its
wholesale capture is a serious injury to
farmers.
55. Siskin. Carduelis spinus (Linn.)
A local winter visitor appearing in flocks
which feed on the seeds of the alder (Alnus
glutinosa]. Large numbers were observed in
Consall Woods, October 1885, and near
Trentham, January 1893 (Birds of Staffordshire,
p. 67). During hard weather they have been
observed feeding on the seeds of spent hops
from breweries in the town of Stone. A
regular winter visitant at Willoughbridge
(Report North Staff's Field Club, 1894, p. 55).
56. House-Sparrow. Passer domesticus (Linn.)
Abundant and resident. Albino and pied
varieties have frequently been met with (Birds
of Staffordshire, p. 70).
57- Tree-Sparrow. Passer montanus (Linn.)
A resident in fair numbers, but local and
frequently overlooked from its general resem-
blance to the last species. Mr. W. W.
Bladen noticed a colony at Stafford Castle in
1879, an<1 Mr. E. W. H. Blagg observed a
large flock at Rocester, but as a rule it is found
in small colonies.
58. Chaffinch. Fringilla ccelebs, Linn.
Locally, Piedfinch, Piedy, Redfinch, Spink or
Pink.
A very abundant species, resident and
assembling in large flocks in winter.
59. Brambling. Fringilla montifringilla, Linn.
A winter visitant arriving in flocks and
feeding on beech mast. In severe weather it
frequents stack yards in company with other
birds.
60. Linnet. Linota cannabina (Linn.)
Locally, Brown Linnet.
A common resident, especially on downs
and heaths.
[Mealy Redpoll. Linota linaria (Linn.)
Included in Mr. Sainter's list without any
particulars. Further evidence is necessary
before it can be admitted to our list.]
61. Lesser Redpoll. Linota rufescens (Vieillot)
Resident and fairly common in some dis-
tricts, nesting regularly near Cheadle, Sandon
and in the Dove valley.
146
BIRDS
62. Twite. Linota flavirostris (Linn.)
Resident and not uncommon in the moor-
lands in the north of the county. It is a
northern species, and Staffordshire forms part
of the southern limit of its breeding range.
63. Bullfinch. Pj/rrhula europtea, Vieillot.
A very generauy distributed resident. It
is common in the woods of north Stafford-
shire during the winter months.
[Pine-Grosbeak. Pyrrhula enucleator (Linn.)
Garner's work (p. 279) contains the follow-
ing reference to this species : ' Needwood.
Bred in an orchard, north Staffordshire, 1842.'
Probably the hawfinch was mistaken for the
present species.]
64. Crossbill. Loxia curvirostra, Linn.
An uncertain visitor occurring in flocks
during the winter months. As it is a very
early breeder possibly some of the birds which
have been observed in the spring may have
bred in the county. Garner records the
crossbill as ' seen near Burton, Uttoxeter, etc.,'
and E. Brown says it occurred plentifully in
the fir plantations near Burton about 1838
(Fauna of Burton, p. 100). It has also been
reported from Barhill (near Madeley) and near
Burton in 1879, and regularly for some years
at Swynnerton (Birds of Staffordshire, p. 7 
