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SA Z7?P.Z
1
Sar&arlr ColUflt iLifaraty
FROM
n
The Virgin Islands
A Description of the
Gonunercial Value of the
Danish West Indies
National Bank of Commerce
in New York
April. 1B17
[SECOND EDITION]
i
T^HE material in this booklet
may be used without re-
striction. It is requested that due
credit be given to the National
Bank of Commerce in New York.
^
o
The Virgin Islands
"The opportunities for the extension of
American trade in this district were probably
never half so good as now, for the conditions
existing in other great manufacturing coun-
tries have caused this field to be left almost
entirely free for American manufacturers." —
Report of Consul CHRISTOPHER H. PAYNE,
St. Thomas, July 15, 1916.
Service Department
National Bank of Gommerce
in NeMT York
April, 1917
^ A ^1 ^i ' X HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY
GIFT OF
>y THOMAS NIXON CAKVEI
.\i 12 1925
I
The Virgin Islands'"
The group of small islands forty miles east of Porto
Kico, for which the United States paid the seemingly ex-
orbitant price of $25,000,000 on March 81, 1917, is des-
tined to become vastly more important under the govern-
ment of the United States. The group comprises more
than fifty islands, but only three of them are large enough
to be considered except on hydrographic charts. These
are St. Croix, adapted from the old Spanish name Santa
Cruz, St. Thomas which has one of the finest harbors in
the world, and the smaller island of St. John.
The islands belong to the Virgin group discovered
by Columbus in 1498 and since then the inhabitants have
been under Spanish, British, French, Dutch, and Danish
rule.
The bartering began in 1865, when Secretary Seward
offered $5,000,000 for the islands. This offer was in-
creased to $7,500,000 two years later, but the project was
never ratified. Secretary Seward bought Alaska in 1867
for $7,200,000. Negotiations with Denmark were started
again in 1901 and another attempt was made in 1910, but
each time the project failed.
The National Geographic Society states that the cost
per acre of the present purchase is $295, that the cost per
acre for the purchase of Alaska was two cents. It was
also calculated that less than twenty-seven cents an acre
was paid for the Philippines, and that we bought the Canal
Zone at $85.88 an acre.
The value of the harbor of St. Thomas and its
strategic advantages have been recognized since the days
of the Spanish buccaneers. It was formerly the head-
quarters for ships sailing under the black flag and two
«The State Department has requested that inquiries regarding the Danish West Indies be
addressed directly to the American Consul at St. Thomas.
■ e* t I
"'i--..
*.-*?* =
^^-'=**-' •. VI" -v
ancient castles in the mountains back of Charlotte Amalie,
the port city of St. Thomas, bear the names Blue Beard
and Black Beard.
President Wilson Asks for Appropriation.
The islands were formally taken over by the United
States and the money paid March 81, 1917, seventeen days
before the 90 days* credit extended by Denmark would
have expired. Following is the communication from
President Wilson lu-ging Congress to appropriate the
money :
To the Senate and House of Representatives:
I transmit herewith a report by the Secretary of State,
with accompanying papers, concerning the treaty signed
August 4, 1916, between the United States and Denmark
for the cession to the United States of the Danish West
Indian Islands and the obligations of the United States
under the convention.
The attention of the Congress is especially invited
to the necessity for action being taken by the Congress
during its present session that will enable the Government
of the United States to discharge its conventional obliga-
tion to pay to the Government of Denmark the sum of
$25,000,000, which, by Article V of the convention, the
United States agrees to pay in full consideration of the
cession within 90 days from the date of the exchange of
the ratifications of the convention. This exchange of rati-
fications was effected on January 17, 1917, so that the
good faith of the United States requires the payment of
the $25,000,000 not later than April 17, 1917, and to do
this, provision by the Congress during its present session
for the payment is imperative.
WooDEOw Wilson.
The Whtte House^
January 22, 1917.
Commercial Value Undoubted.
In the Secretary of State's Report which President
Wilson transmitted, Mr. Lansing described the former
negotiations with Denmark and concluded with this com-
ment on the present value of the islands :
"All of the reasons upon which the two prior treaties
were based, whether strategic, economic, or political, are
of more force to-day than in previous years. There can be
no question as to the value of St. Thomas Harbor as a
naval port, with its circular configuration, ample road-
steads, protection from prevailing winds and seas, and
facilities for fortifications. Moreover, the advantages of
the possession of a naval base oflF the entrance of the Pan-
ama Canal and near the island of Porto Rico are self-
evident.
"The commercial value of the islands cannot be
doubted. Lying in close proximity to many of the pass-
ages into the Caribbean Sea, the use of St. Thomas Har-
bor as a supply station for merchant ships plying between
the United States and South America, and for vessels in
other trades, is of great importance. The existing modem
harbor works, floating docks, marine slip and wharves pro-
vided with electric cranes, oil reservoirs, coal depots, fresh-
water tanks, machine shops, and warehouses contribute to
the commercial advantages of St. Thomas Harbor as a
port of call and transshipment for ships in the Central and
South American trades.
"The political importance of extending American juris-
diction over the islands is not to be overlooked. The Carib-
bean is within the peculiar sphere of influence of the
United States, especially since the completion of the
Panama Canal, and the possibility of a change of sover-
eignty of any of the islands now under foreign jurisdic-
tion is of grave concern to the United States. Moreover,
the Monroe doctrine, a settled national policy of the United
States, would have caused this country to look with dis-
favor upon the transfer of sovereignty of the Danish West
Indies to any other European nation.
8
Businrss Street in Charlotte Amalie, Island of St. Thonaa
"In view of these considerations, the treaty of cession
of these islands to the United States is a matter of no small
moment to this country. I do not hesitate, therefore, to
recommend that the Congress be urged to take action dur-
ing the present session to enable this Government to dis-
charge its conventional obligation to Denmark by the pay-
ment to the Government of Denmark of the sum of
$25,000,000 by April 17 next."
Danish Expansion in Greenland.
In addition to making the money payment the United
States is also bound by the following declaration:
"In proceeding this day to the signature of the
convention respecting the cession of the Danish West
Indian Islands to the United States of America, the un-
dersigned Secretary of State of the United States of
America, duly authorized by his Government, has the
honor to declare that the Government of the United States
of America will not object to the Danish Government
extending their political and economic interests to the
whole of Greenland.
( Signed ) Robert Lansing."
New York^ August 4, 1916.
Rear- Admiral James H. Oliver, Chief of Naval In-
telligence, has been named as Governor of the islands until
Congress shall provide a permanent form of government.
It is provided that the present laws and government in-
stitutions will be continued to as great an extent as possible
under this temporary government.
The Danish flag was lowered and the Stars and Stripes
run up on the three islands, Saturday, March 31, 1917,
after Secretary of the Treasury McAdoo, in Washington,
had handed a warrant for $25,000,000 to Constantin Brun,
the Danish Minister. Commander E. T. Pollock, U. S. N.,
took over the islands on behalf of the United States and
acted as governor until the arrival of Rear Admiral Oliver.
9
Commander Pollock read to the people a proclamation
from President Wilson notifying them that they had come
imder the government of the United States.
Duties and Taxes Proyided.
The Act providing this temporary government ( H.R.
20755, approved March 8, 1917) contains the following
sections regarding duties and taxes:
Sec. 8. That on and after the passage of this Act
there shall be levied, collected, and paid upon all articles
coming into the United States or its possessions, from the
West Indian Islands ceded to the United States by Den-
mark, the rates of duty and internal-revenue taxes which
are required to be levied, collected, and paid upon like
articles imported from foreign countries : Proxnded, That
all articles, the growth or product of, or manufactured in
such islands from materials the growth or product of such
islands or of the United States, or of both, or which do not
contain foreign materials to the value of more than twenty
per centum of their total value, upon which no drawback
of customs duties has been allowed therein, coming into
the United States from such islands shall hereafter be
admitted free of duty.
Sec. 4. That until Congress shall otherwise provide
all laws now imposing taxes in the said West Indian
Islands, including the customs laws and regulations, shall,
in so far as compatible with the changed sovereignty and
not otherwise herein provided, continue in force and effect,
except that articles the growth, product, or manufacture
of the United States shall be admitted there free of duty :
Provided, That upon exportation of sugar to any foreign
country, or the shipment thereof to the United States or
any of its possessions, there shall be levied, collected, and
paid thereon an export duty of $8 per ton of two thousand
pounds irrespective of polariscope test, in lieu of any ex-
port tax now required by law.
Sec. 5. That the duties and taxes collected in pur-
suance of this Act shall not be covered into the general
10
fund of the Treasury of the United States, but shall be
used and expended for the government and benefit of said
islands under such rules and regulations as the President
may prescribe.
A Healthful Climate.
Experts have pronounced the climate of the islands
healthful. They were more or less popular for tourists
during the winter months before modern improvements at
Bermuda and Porto Rico took this trade away.
The records of Dr. Longfield Smith, Director of the
Colonial Agricultural Experiment Station in St. Croix,
show that for the year ended June 30, 1915, an average
year, the minimum temperature was 65'' F., the maximum,
92° F. The minimum was in the latter part of January
and the maximum early in September.
The rainfall in St. Croix has been recorded carefully
for sixty-three years and has averaged 31.26 inches; no
record has been kept for the other islands. There is no
reason, according to consular reports, why Americans
should not find these new possessions attractive winter re-
sorts, provided modern improvements and hotel accom-
modations are supplied.
Hurricanes are not unusual. The most destructive
storm in many years swept over the islands on October 9,
1916. The wind velocity was estimated at 125 miles an
hour and the damage was approximately $1,500,000.
The area of St. Croix is 84.25 square miles, that of
St. Thomas, 28.25 square miles, and that of St. John,
19.97 square miles. St. Thomas is thirteen miles long
with an average width of slightly over two miles. The
islands are 1440 miles southeast of New York and 1,025
miles northeast of Colon.
Language of Islanders is English.
For many years education has been compulsory be-
tween the ages of seven and thirteen. The schools are
free and many of the books have been furnished by the
11
Colonial (xovernment. Danish and English are taught
but the students prefer English. Danish is the official
language, and most of the street signs are in Danish, but
English is the language almost universally used. Very
little Spanish is spoken. At last report, there were 8,500
children attending the schools, and the aim of late has
been to teach subjects of a decidely practical natiu'e.
The population of the islands had been diminishing
up to the last census in 1911, but is thought to have in-
creased slightly during the last few years. The present
population is estimated at 33,000, ten per cent, of whom
are white.
In 1828, the population was 46,000; in 1841, 41,000;
1890, 82,000, and at the last census in 1911, 27,086.
National Bank Issues Currency.
The Colonial Bank, a branch of a British banking
institution, which was founded in St.. Thomas in 1886, was
discontinued recently owing to lack of business. This left
only the St. Thomas Savings Bank andf the National Bank
of the Danish West Indies, the latter with its main office
at Charlotte Amalie on St. Thomas, and branches at
Frederiksted and Christiansted on St. Croix.
The National Bank has the sole right to issue bank
notes for use in the islands, $250,000 of them now being
in circulation. It makes loans with real estate mortgages
as security. The capital is $1,000,000 and the reserve fund
amounts to $15,089.72. This bank also furnishes credit
information. The deposits in the St. Thomas Savings
Bank for the year ended October 20, 1915, amounted to
$18,328, and 1,644 accounts are carried. Credits on the
island are said to be good and long credits have not been
often desired by importers.
Recent statements of these banks may be inspected at
the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Room
409, Custom House, New York City.
The National Board of Marine Underwriters of New
York is the only American association of its kind on the
12
islands. There are insurance agencies representing Dan-
ish, German, British, French, and Canadian companies.
According to a report of the Department of Com-
merce, it is believed that there is an opportimity for at
least one strong life insurance company and at least one
strong fire insurance company from the United States, to
establish an agency on St. Thomas and St. Croix, the
latter offering the most attractive field at the present time.
St. Thomas Harbor Well Protected.
It was to have the harbor of St. Thomas for the
use of its Navy that particularly impelled the United
States in its efforts to obtain control of the Danish West
Indies. The harbor is protected by mountains and coral
reefs. It is shaped like a pear with the small end at the
outer entrance. The channel is not over nine hundred
feet wide for vessels of deep draft. The harbor, according
to American Vice-Consul Luther K. Zabriskie, is abso-
lutely free from weather disturbance. Recent engineer-
ing investigations have shown that the roadstead can be
doubled by the expenditure of a comparatively small smn.
There are six large cargo docks, and vessels drawing
up to thirty-one feet can lie alongside any one of them.
There is a floating drydock 250 feet long by 70 feet wide,
with a maximum lifting capacity of 3,000 tons. Facilities
for ship repairing are excellent. St. Thomas has long been
an important point for ships to coal and repair, and ship
stores are obtainable at nearly the same prices as in the
United States. St. Thomas imports coal, fuel oil, limiber,
and general provisions, most of these being sold for ship
supplies. A detailed statement of imports and exports
will be found in the appendix.
The chief suppliers of coal are the West Indian Com-
pany, Ltd., the St. Thomas Dock, Engineering and Coal-
ing Company, Ltd., and the Hamburg American Line.
These companies have large warehouses on the wharves
and in the town. The coaling facilities already in opera-
tion at St. Thomas will undoubtedly meet the present
needs of the United States Navy.
13
for Ships,
The West Indian Company is a joint stock company
with a capital of $1,680,000 and is the largest concern hav-
ing important business in the islands. It is completing a
new coaling station which promises to be the best in the
West Indies. This company has built a coal storage yard
on reclaimed land and owns two electrically operated coal
loading and discharging conveyors, two fuel oil tanks with
a capacity of 8,000 tons each, a warehouse and an electric
lighting and power plant. There is room for 180,000
tons of coal in the yard. The conveyors for bunkering or
discharging have a capacity of 150 tons an hour.
The only coal which this company has carried since
shortly after the European war began, has been furnished
by the Berwind- White Coal Mining Company, No. 1
Broadway, New York City. Welsh coal was carried
formerly.
The East Asiatic Company, Ltd., of Copenhagen,
began operations in St. Thomas in 1903 for the purpose,
so it was reported, of helping along negotiations for the
sale of the islands to the United States. Their warehouse
was completely destroyed by a recent hurricane although
the wharf is still in good condition.
The St. Thomas Dock Company amalgamated with
the West Indian interests of the Royal Mail Steam Packet
Company in 1900, forming the St. Thomas Dock, Engi-
neering and Coal Company. The wharf of this company
is on Hassel Island at the left of the harbor entrance. Its
equipment consists of storage for coal and water, a small
warehouse, a well-equipped machine shop for repair work
and a floating drydock.
The coal depot and wharf of the Hamburg- American
Line in St. Thomas occupy about eight acres of land on
Hassel Island. The coaling is done by natives carrjdng
on their heads baskets holding from eighty-five to one
hundred pounds. The Hamburg- American Line pier is
three hundred feet long and it has been planned to extend
this when the war is over.
14
During the fiscal year ended March 81, 1916, 28,000
tons of coal were sold from the wharf of the Hamburg-
American Line in St. Thomas, but in the same period in
1914, 65,000 tons were sold. This company also owns
three large warehouses, two of stone and one of iron with
a stone foundation.*
Another Harbor on St. Croix.
The city of Christiansted on St. Croix has a well
protected harbor; but the entrance is almost closed by
coral reefs, leaving only a narrow, dangerous channel
which ship pilots avoid if possible. Engineers have re-
ported that it is feasible to open this harbor by removing
a portion of the reef. At the present time, ships that actu-
ally enter are compelled to anchor some distance from
the wharves and discharge their passengers and freight by
means of lighters.
The island of St. John has no commerce except such
as is carried on in small sailing vessels, consequently no har-
bors have been constructed there. There are many natural
harbors, of which Coral Bay is the largest and best pro-
tected. It has been said that American engineers could
develop this bay into a harbor superior to the one at St.
Thomas.
Semi-monthly sailings from New York to St. Thomas
are maintained by the Quebec Steamship Company, 82
Broadway, New York City. Their ships also touch at
Frederiksted and during the sugar shipping season, they
make a few calls at Christiansted.
Until the beginning of the European War, the vessels
of eight steamship lines were making regular calls at St.
Thomas. In 1918, approximately two hundred vessels
stopped at St. Thomas.
The Compagnie Generale Transatlantique maintains
a monthly service between St. Thomas and Porto Rico.
It is seven and a half hours from San Juan to St. Thomas
^(Figares from Department of Commerce Bulletin, Special Agents Series No. 129).
15
and the fare is twenty dollars. There are also numerous
sailing vessels plying between the islands and between St.
Thomas and Porto Rico.
Good Roads on St Croix.
The only method of transportation on St. John is by
horseback. The country is hUly and the roads are not
suitable for vehicles. On St. Thomas there are about fif-
teen miles of good roads and numerous carriages for hire.
St. Croix boasts of one hundred miles of good roads.
There are twenty-two automobiles on the island operating
at a standard rate of twenty cents per mile, and several
short railroad lines used principally for hauling sugar.
No wireless stations have been erected on any of the
islands but the telephone and telegraph service is ample.
The West India & Panama Telegraph Company, Ltd.,
has headquarters in St. Thomas and the news of the world
in bulletin form comes over its wires for the local news-
papers. The cable rate between New York and St.
Thomas is fifty cents a word. There are two daily papers
in St. Thomas and three in St. Croix.
Epidemics are Unknown.
The water supply is obtained largely from rain water
caught on metal roofs and drained into cisterns. The
West Indian Company has recently drilled successfully
three wells for furnishing water to ships, and the towns
have established some public wells.
There are no sewers or public sanitary provisions and
drainagef flows in the gutters or seeps into the ground.
The sun beats down so powerfully that the water never
remains long on the top of the ground. Perhaps this is
one of the reasons why epidemics are unknown and why
there is very little disease.
Several small streams in St. Croix might be made
the nucleus of a water supply system, but experts have
said that it would be very difficult, although not altogether
16
s Harbor from Charlotte Amalie
)
1
impossible, to establish a reservoir for St, Thomas. All
the water is boiled for drinking purposes. Each city has
a fire department with hand engines.
St Croix Adapted to A||riGQltiire.
The only agriculture on St. John now consists in the
raising of bay trees and lime trees. Modern agricultural im-
plements cannot be used on St. John except in a few small
yall^s. On St. Thomas there is scarcely an acre of level
ground, consequently cultivation is difficult. There is no
agriculture at present and probably there never will be
any except for local consumption.
St. Croix, on the other hand, is particularly adapted
to agriculture. Approximately 45,000 acres are now
under cultivation, 13,000 in sugar, 2,000 in cotton, and
30,000 in grass, imphee, and other fodder. The Director
of the Agricultural Experiment Station has made some
progress in developing a variety of sugar cane that will
be better suited to the soil and climate than the varieties
which have been grown there. He tried thirty-eight vari-
eties of cane as far back as 1911.
Cotton raising has been temporarily abandoned, on
account of various difficulties connected with the European
War and the appearance of insect pests. By allowing
fields to lie fallow it is believed that the next crop will
be free from pests.
Cotton is High Grade.
The cotton lint from St. Croix has been shown to be
of high quality. The yield from a four and one-half acre
plat, where careful records were kept, was 5,299 pounds
of seed cotton and twenty-five per cent. lint. This, how-
ever, cannot be accepted as the average yield, but records
have proved that cotton can be grown profitably. Labor
cost per acre is between four and five dollars. The land
of St. Croix that might be profitably cultivated for cotton
is estimated at 5,000 acres.
17
Dr. Longfield Smith, formerly a lecturer in the Bar-
bados Department of Agriculture, has done constructive
work at the Agricultural Experiment Station on St.
Croix. This station is recommending dry farming. A
gang plow with sub-soil attachments, drawn by a gasoline
tractor, was purchased in the United States and is rented
to planters at the cost of operation. Dr. Smith has experi-
mented successfully with sweet sorghum, Lyon beans,
Canada beans, cow-peas, sweet potatoes, maize, and several
varieties of fodder.
Cattle raising is one of the principal industries of St.
John. There are six hundred head on the island and a few
are exported on the hoof. Some hides are exported but
the handling is inefficient and they are usually scratched
by briars. If the land was cleared there is no reason, ac-
cording to consular reports, why almost the entire acreage
of St. John would not offer splendid grazing facilities.
There are no forests on any of the islands. There
are scattering trees, but the majority of them are suitable
only for firewood. Hardwood forests did exist at one
time, but they have been cut down and no re-forestation
has been attempted.
Limestone is found in many places and according to
natives there is both copper and iron in the mountainous
sections. No record of any prospecting has been found.
There is a market for lime in St. Croix for use in the sugar
mills, but all of it is imported.
Best Bay Ram in the World.
Some manufacturing is carried on in each island in
connection with the agricultural products. St. Thomas
produces bay rum, said to be the finest in the world. St.
Croix produces sugar, rum, and molasses, and St. John,
bay oil, bay rum, concentrated lime juice, and some other
lime tree products.
The propagation of the bay tree in the Danish West
Indies has been wholly natural. All that has been neces-
sary to increase the acreage is to cut away the underbrush
18
and give the bay trees an opportunity to develop. The
children of the islanders climb the trees, pick the bay leaves
and drop them down to the women who pack them into
seventy pomid bags, at eight cents per bag. The mixing
and distilling is done in St. Thomas by firms who buy the
oil in St. John.
Room for Development in Sugar Industry.
The number of sugar mills is not so great as it was
when the price was higher and before slavery was abolished
in 1848. There are many abandoned sugar estates. Only
three of the eleven sugar mills now in operation are pro-
ducing sugar in any considerable quantity. These three
mills are the La Grange mill, two miles from Frederik-
sted, the West India mill, half way between Frederiksted
and Christiansted, and the St. Croix sugar factory near
Christiansted. These three produce seven-eighths of all
the sugar made on the islands.
The Danish Government owns half of the St. Croix
sugar factory. The other half belongs to a private com-
pany in Denmark. Its capacity is forty tons a day, and its
output in 1916 was 4,000 short tons. At the West India
mill the capacity is 70 tons a day and the 1916 output was
9,000 short tons. The capacity of the La Grange mill is
80 tons a day and its approximate output for 1916 was
8,000 short tons.
At a hearing before the Committee on Foreign Af-
fairs of the House of Representatives, Brigadier-General
Frank Mclntyre, U. S. A., of the Bureau of Insular
Affairs, testified that the sugar plantations could be devel-
oped to produce 100,000 tons a year.
Limes from which concentrated lime juice is made
grow prolifically in St. John. The fruit develops in from
three to four years after the trees are set out. Pickled
limes are put up by one of the companies in small quan-
tities.
Baskets and mats are woven from trailing vines by
the natives, and some straw hats are made.
19
There are several ice manufacturing plants on the
islands.
Wages on the sugar estates are thirty-five cents for
nine hours work, despite the fact that last year a labor
union was formed on St. Croix with a membership of
6,000. The wharf laborers in St. Thomas are paid about
a dollar a day, but the rate for farm labor is seldom more
than twenty cents a day.
Opportunities for American Goods.
According to the report of H. G. Brock, Philip S.
Smith, and W. A. Tucker, the special agents sent to the
West Indies by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic
Commerce, there are opportunities there for the sale of
American-made shoes, electrical goods and textiles such
as khakis, denims, sheetings, and ginghams. A long list
of electrical samples and textile samples brought to New
York by the special investigators, may be inspected
through arrangements with the commercial agent in charge
of exhibits at the office of the Bureau of Foreign and
Domestic Commerce, Room 409, Custom House, New
York City. A complete list of dealers, importers, manu-
facturers' agents, and commission merchants may also be
obtained there.
20
Beaidence Sectioa -ot Charlotte, Amalie St. Thomas
X
I
Manufacturers or merchants
desiring to establish profitable
connections in the Danish West
Indies — or in any other part of
the world — should consult the
Foreign Department of the Na-
tional Bank of Commerce in New
York.
Our statement on the Comp-
troller's call of March 5, 1917,
showed more than $24,000,000
outstanding in letters of credit
and acceptances, the motive
power of foreign trade.
v
i
Append
%
f
Appendix A«
OONYBNnON BBTWBBN HIS MAJBBTT THE KING OF DENMARK AND THE UNTTBD
STATES OF AMERICA RESPECTING THE CESSION OF THE DANISH
WEST-INDIAN ISLANDS.*
The United States of America and His Majesty the King of Den-
mark being desirous of confirming the good understanding which exists
between them^ have to that end appointed as plenipotentiaries :
The President of the United States: Mr. Robert Lansings Secre-
tary of State of the United States.
and His Majesty the King of Denmarii:: Mr. Constantin Brun^
His Majesty's Envoy EztraordUnary and Minister Plenipotentiary at
Washington^
who; having mutually exhibited their full powers^ which were
found to be in due f orm^ have agreed upon the following articles :
ARTICLE 1.
His Majesty the King of Denmark by this convention cedes to the
United States all territory^ dominion^ and sovereignty possessed^
asserted^ or claimed by Denmark in the West Indies^ including the
islands of Saint Thomas^ Saint John, and Saint Croix^ together wi^ the
adjacent islands and rocks.
This cession includes the right of property in all public^ govern-
ment^ or Crown lands^ public buildings^ wharves^ ports^ harbors^ forti-
fications^ barracks^ public funds^ rights^ franchises^ and privileges^ and
all other public property of every kind or description now belonging
to Denmark^ together with all appurtenances thereto.
In this cession shall also be included any government archives^
records^ papers^ or documents which relate to the cession or the rights
and property of the inhabitants of the islands ceded^ and which may
now be existing either in the islands ceded or in Denmark. Such
archives and records shall be carefully preserved, and authenticated
copies thereof, as may be required, shall be at all times given to the
United States Government or the Danish Government, as the case may
be, or to such properly authorized persons as may apply for them.
ARTICLE 2.
Denmark guarantees that the cession made by the preceding article
is free and unencumbered by any reservations, privileges, franchises,
grants, or possessions held by any governments, corporations, syndi-
cates, or individuals, except as herein mentioned. But it is understood
that this cession does not in any respect impair private rights which by
*Hotue of Representatives Report No. 1505, Feb. 17, 1917.
25
law belong to the peaceful possession of property of all kinds by pri-
vate individuals of whatsoever nationality^ by municipalities^ public or
private establishments^ ecclesiastical or civic bodies^ or any other asso-
ciations having legal capacity to acquire and possess property in the
islands ceded.
The congregations belonging to the Danish National Church shall
retain the undisturbed use of the churches which are now used by them^
together with the parsonages appertaining thereunto and other appur-
tenances^ including the funds idlotted to the churches.
ARTICLE 3.
It is especially agreed^ however, that —
(1) The arms and military stores existing in the islands at the
time of the cession and belonging to the Danish Government shall re-
main the property of that Government and shall, as soon as circum-
stances will permit, be removed by it, unless they, or parts thereof,
may have been bought by the Government of the United States; it
being, however, understood that flags and colors, uniforms, and such
arms or military articles as are marked as being the property of the
Danish Government shall not be included in such purchase.
(2) The movables, especially silver plate and pictures, which may
be found in the government buildings in the islands ceded and belong-
ing to the Danish Government shall remain the property of that Gov-
ernment and shall, as soon as circumstances will permit, be removed
by it.
(d) The pecuniary claims now held by Denmark against the
colonial treasuries of the islands ceded are altogether extinguished in
consequence of this cession and the United States assumes no respon-
sibility whatsoever for or in connection with these claims. Excepted
is, however, the amount due to the Danish treasury in account current
with the West Indian colonial treasuries pursuant to the making up
of accounts in consequence of the cession of the islands ; should, on the
other hand, this final accounting show a balance in favor of the West
Indian colonial treasuries, the Danish treasury shall pay that amount
to the colonial treasuries.
(4) The United States will maintain the following grants, con-
cessions, and licenses, given by the Danish Government, in accordance
with the terms on which they are given:
a. The concession granted to "Det vestindiske Kompagni" (the
West Indian Company), Ltd., by the communications from the Min-
istry of Finance of January 18th, 1913, and of April 16th, 1918, rela-
tive to a license to embank, drain, deepen, and utilize certain areas in
St. Thomas Harbor and preferential rights as to commercial, industrial,
or shipping establishments in the said harbor.
b. Agreement of August 10th and 14th, 1914, between the muni-
cipality of St. Thomas and St. John and "Det vestindiske Kompagni,"
Ltd., relative to the supply of the city of Charlotte Amalie with electric
lighting.
26
c. Concession of March 12th, 1897, to "The Floating Dock Com-
pany of St. Thomas, Ltd.," subsequently transferred to *'The St.
Thomas Engineering and Coaling Company, Ltd.," relative to a float-
ing dock in St. Thomas Harbor, in which concession the maintenance,
extension, and alteration of the then existing repairing slip are
reserved.
d. Royal Decree Nr. 79 of November 30th, 1914, relative to the
subsidies from the colonial treasuries of St. Thomas and Sainte Croix
to "The West India and Panama Telegraph Company, Ltd."
e. Concession of November 8rd, 1906, to K. B. Hey to establish
and operate a telegraph system on St. Thomas Island, which conces-
sion has subsequently been transferred to the St. Thomas Telefon-
selskab," Ltd.
f. Concession of February 28th, 1913, to the municipality of
Sainte Croix to establish and operate a telephone system in Sainte
Croix.
g. Concession of July 16th, 1915, to Ejnar Svendsen, an engipeer,
for the construction and operation of an electric light plant in the city
of Christiansted, Sainte Croix.
h. Concession of June 20th, 1904, for the establishment of a Dan-
ish West Indian bank of issue. This bank has for a period of 30 years
acquired the monopoly to issue bank notes in the Danish West India
Islands against the payment to the Danish Treasury of a tax amount-
ing to ten per cent of its annual profits.
i. Guarantee according to the Danish supplementary budget law
for the financial year 1908-1909 relative to the St. Thomas Harbor's
four per cent, loan of 1910.
(5) Whatever sum shall be due to the Danish treasury by private
individuals on the date of the exchange of ratifications are reserved and
do not pass by this cession; and where the Danish Government at that
date holds property taken over by the Danish treasury for sums due
by private individuals, such property shall not pass by this cession, but
the Danish Government shall sell or dispose of such property and re-
move its proceeds within two years from the date of the exchange of
ratifications of this convention; the United States Government being
entitled to sell by public auction, to the credit of the Danish Govern-
ment, any portion of such property remaining unsold at the expira-
tion of the said term of two years.
(6) The colonial treasuries shall continue to pay the yearly allow-
ances now given to heretofore retired functionaries appointed in the
islands but holding no royal commissions, unless such allowances may
have until now been paid in Denmark.
ARTICLE 4.
The Danish Government shall appoint with convenient despatch
an agent or agents for the purpose of formally delivering to a similar
agent or agents appointed on behalf of the United States, the terri-
tory, dominion, property, and appurtenances which are ceded hereby,
27
and for doing any other act which may be necessary in regard thereto.
Formal delivery of the territory and property ceded shall be made
immediately after the payment by the United States of the smn of
money stipulated in this convention; but the cession with the right of
immediate possession is nevertheless to be deemed complete on the
exchange of ratifications of this convention without such formal deliv-
ery. Any Danish military or naval forces which may be in the islands
ceded shall be withdrawn as soon as may be practical after the for-
mal delivery, it being, however, understood that if the persons con-
stituting these forces, after having terminated their Danish service,
do not wish to leave the islands, they shall be allowed to remain there
as civilians.
ARTICLE 5.
In full consideration of the cession made by this convention, the
United States agrees to pay, within ninety days from the date of the
exchange of the ratifications of this convention, in the city of Wash-
ington to the diplomatic representative or other agent of His Majesty
the King of Denmark duly authorized to receive the money the sum
of twenty-five million dollars in gold coin of the United States.
ARTICLE 6.
Danish citizens residing in said islands may remain therein or
may remove therefrom at will, retaining in either event all their
rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such
property or its proceeds; in case they remain in the islands, they
shall continue until otherwise provided to enjoy all the private,
municipal, and religious rights and liberties secured to them by the
laws now in force. If the present laws are altered the said inhabitants
shall not thereby be placed in a less favorable position in respect to
the above-mentioned rights and liberties than they now enjoy. Those
who remain in the islands may preserve their citizenship in Denmark
by making before a court of record, within one year from the date
of the exchange of ratifications of this convention, a declaration of
their decision to preserve such citizenship; in default of which dec-
laration they shall be held to have renounced it, and to have accepted
citizenship in the United States; for children under eighteen years
the said declaration may be made by their parents or guardians.
Such election of Danish citizenship shall, however, not, after the lapse
of the said term of one year, be a bar to their renunciation of their
preserved Danish citizenship and their election of citizenship in the
United States and admission to the nationality thereof on the same
terms as may be provided according to the laws of the United States,
for other inhabitants of the islands.
The civil rights and the political status of the inhabitants of the
islands shall be determined by the Congress, subject to the stipulations
contained in the present convention.
Danish citizens not residing in the islands but owning property
therein at the time of the cession shall retain their rights of property,
28
including the right to sell or dispose of such property^ being placed
in this regard on the same basis as the Danish citizens residing in
the islands and remaining therein or removing therefrom^ to whom the
first paragraph of this article relates.
ARTICLE 7.
Danish subjects residing in the islands shall be subject in
matters civil as well as criminal to the jurisdiction of the courts of
the islands^ pursuant to the ordinary laws governing the same^ and
they shall have the right to appear before such courts and to pursue
the same course therein as citizens of the country to which the courts
belong.
ARTICLE 8.
Judicial proceedings pending at the time of the formal delivery
in the islands ceded shall be determined according to the following
rules:
(1) Judgments rendered either in civil suits between private
individuals^ or in criminal matters^ before the date mentioned^ and
with respect to which there is no recourse or right to review under
Danish law^ shall be deemed to be finals and shall be executed in due
form and without any renewed trial whatsoever^ by the competent
authority in the territories within which such judgments are to be
carried out.
If in a criminal case a mode of punishment has been applied
which^ according to new rules^ is no longer applicable on the islands
ceded after delivery^ the nearest corresponding punishment in the new
rules shall be applied.
(2) Civil suits or criminal actions pending before the first courts^
in which the pleadings have not been closed at the same time^ shall
be confirmed before the tribunals established in the ceded islands
after the delivery^ in accordance with the law which shall thereafter be
in force.
(S) Civil suits and criminal actions pending at the said time
before the superior court or the supreme court in Denmark shall
continue to be prosecuted before the Danish courts until final judgment
according to the law hitherto in force. The judgment shall be
executed in due form by the competent authority in the territories
within which such judgment should be carried out.
ARTICLE 9.
The rights of property secured by copyrights and patents acquired
by Danish subjects in the islands ceded at the time of exchange of
the ratifications of this treaty shaU continue to be respected.
ARTICLE 10.
Treaties^ conventions^ and all other international agreements of
any nature existing between Denmark and the United States shall
29
:
eo ipio extend^ in default of a provision to the contrary^ also to the
ceded islands.
ARTICLE 11.
In case of differences of opinion arising between the High Con-
tracting Parties in regard to the interpretation or application of this
convention^ such differences^ if they can not be regulated through ^
diplomatic negotiations, shall be submitted for arbitration to the
permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague.
ARTICLE 12.
The ratifications of this convention shall be exchanged at Wash-
ington as soon as possible after ratification by both of the High
Contracting Parties according to their respective procedure.
In faith whereof the respective plenipotentiaries have signed
and sealed this convention in the English and Danish languages.
Done at New York this fourth day of August, one thousand nine
hundred and sixteen.
(SEAL) ROBERT LANSING.
(SEAL) C. BRUN.
I
30
Appendix B.
Principal articles imported at St. Thomas during; the ^fiscal year
ended March 31, 1914 — ^before the European War began — and for the
fiscal year ended March 31, 1916 — during the war: *
Artictos.
m4
1916
Articlfls.
1014
1915
UniMdStotos
Ai»panl
United Ktogdom
United States.........
Btrerafes:
Cooee
Westlndios
United States....
Tea.
United Idngdom,
Germany
Boats, etc.
United States.
Boots and shoes...
United States.
United E^ogdom.....
Bfoadstofts:
United States..
Com.
United States..
Com meal
United States..
Wheat (praotieallT all
from the United
States)
Rye ,..
United States.....
BJi*. — «...
Germany <
Netherlands <
RvQUtttia v^wtables:
Beansand peas
United States.
Other.
United States. <
West Indies
Vmits and nuts, dried
France
United States.
Glassware ^
Qermanir ..••....
United dtates
Denmark c.
Goto, sflver, and plated ware. •
United States^
Bats and caps, n.e. 8
United Kincdam
United Stotes. c
Lord/animal and vegetahle..
United States
Lire stock (West Indies).....
Marnrine
United States c
Meats, smoked, salted, e|o....
Denmark
United States
ICetab, and mannflMgtorss of:
MaifinineTy»»,«»«.«««^.««.
16,718
6,563
9,470
4,888
8,966
8,818
(O)
112
861
3,985
3,000
14,683
1^751
388
1,814
548
4,006
4!094
7;487
7;487
46,886
3,334
3,066
6,347
4,064
1,808
815
86,661
6,483
88,433
38,931
3,379
3,317
3,080
13,799
10,831
1,103
66
1,448
810
1,430
1,363
17
1,935
1,705
14,409
9,063
7,313
1,667
1,851
h3»-
83,108
1,919
5,575
3,318
2^764
3,863
3,468
858
8,860
.1,840
1,838
899
14,504
11,663
1,034
1,634
1,106
8,715
8,416
10,153
10,028
63,301
8^,377
8iS7T
5,420
4,770
843
87,308
7,230
13,364
5,064
7,300
1,506
36
1.356
6,800
8,817
3,300
680
289
605
430
185
10,134
10,132
13,397
5,781
5,043
7,807
189
7,653
m
Brsadstiiffs Qpfctluued,
Another...
United States
United Kingdom.
Denmark. ,
United States.
Chlnaware, crockery, ete..*...
Germany.
United Kingdom...^
United States. .«••.
Coal
United States.
Conftctioiiery, chocolate, co-
coa, etc..... .'
Denmarki, v..,.
United States.
United Ktifigrtom. ........
Dairy prodocts:
Butter
Denmark :\,.;....
United States
Cheese. ••.•.••••.........<
United States
Gennany
Dnia and chemicab. ........ .
United States
United Kingdom
. Germany
Fancy goods ^. ......
United States
United Kingdom
Fish, dried, salted, etc
United States
Denmark
Spirits, wines, and liquors—
Continued.
Brandy
United Kingdom ....'.
France
Germany
Ohi. ......;
Netherlands
Liqueurs
France
Rum (West Indies)
Whisky (practioBUy all
from United Kingdom..
Wtoe .TVTT.
France
United States*.
Other spirits
West Indies
Germany
Starch
United States
Straw and straw goods (tmt9,
haskets, etc.)
United Khigdom
United States
Sugar
United States
TttKtilflSL
84,848
3,876
1,368
8,6n
^339
8,075
990
866
. 675
363,805
363,805
4,793
3,088
1,317
1^304
17,
14, 8n
1,937
7,308
4,041
3,019
6,785
3,907
1,303
1,304
11,337
6,296
3,138
8,060
5,349
3,395
81,553
537
430
602
12,602
12,100
1,341
781
6,835
7,101
11,807
4,842
63
23,704
17,067
4,403
3,050
2,968
28,966
5,178
297
88,232
6,138
84,008
9^489
1,450
6^889
hm
961
578
83,214
83,018
6,548
128
1,619
1,116
1^978
10,406
2,560
5,072
4,437
129
4,283
3,534
875
7,750
6,625
1,006
5,840
4,475
1>143
807
348
10,098
9,668
437
5,848
3j633
4,797
3,536
401
30,171
19,150
3,020
3,015
7,773
8,543
744
4,130
4,083
*(From Supplement to Commerce Reports, No. 37a, Sept. 5, 1916).
31
Artfeki.
TnHSTBtatM......
Dtmnflrk. ..,._
Win. pipit, platM, cto. . .
UnitadlUnfikBi.....
IhkitodStatet. «
AUothnr
VnitodSttttes
UnitadKliicdcia...,
CtemanT.
OOi^iniDerml and TMvUbto.
^iTnitodSUtM
Pftlnts, eolon, ete.
rnHadSUtat
United Kingdom ,
Paper and paper CDods
United Kingdom
United States .-.
FranCif; u.
BRfumee, toilet soaps, etc. . . .
France
United Kingdom ,
United Stotes....
United Kingdom
United States
Soap.coDmion
iJnited States
United Kingdom ,.
8pirito, wines, and liquors:
Beer, porter, and malt ex-
Z>enmarlE!!!I!!I!!I!I!
United Kingdom
United States
mi
1,101
18,964
7,791
31,967
14,R17
4,749
1,405
31,130
10,25S
17..223
10,955
6,053
Of WO
3,939
3,497
1,446
7,410
3,025
1,418
1,666
13,046
8,806
3,371
1,841
1,133
15,104
10,743
3,783
333
m6
"371
474
10,864
3,809
^741
8)350
8,787
3,681
.186
149,850
7,386
7,391
1,453
5,430
7,627
1,178
3,688
816
3,307
3,096
491
506
7,534
1,340
4,362
7,471
739
6,465
10,145
9,868
m^
107
«■
ca&n
United Kingdom
United States........
Germany
WooleD
United Kingdom.....
Silk.....
Unite d Kingdom.....
Miztiiies. ...•.........^.,
United Kingdom.....
France... '.....
ToImmsoo, and mannfMtures
of:
Unmanolactared
United Stotes.
West Indies
Cigarettes
United Kingdom
United States
West Indies
Ctgars
United States
West Indies
Wood, and manafBctorars of:
lumber ..................
United Stotes
ICatdhes
Stoves. ...........
' United Stotes.
A]]otlMr,n.e.8..
Untted States.
1914
70,006
49,838
13,798
4,614
5,949
5,473
3^433
1,231
3,689
3,657
i
7,194
5,330
4,060
160
(«)
8,851
1,388
<«)
34,788
28,631
1,005
463
5,090
1,565,
441
lAM
30,398
34,903
11,517
101
078
664
329
181
1,670
902
.14,461
4,027
10,434
5,368
2,577
45
3,501
5,02tf
158
3,926
4,707
4,334
3,324
778
4,846
4,313
8,873
3,393
• Not asparateiy stoted.
Appendix G.
Exports' from St. Thomas and St. Croix to the United States for
1914 and 1915 are shown by the following table: *
Articles.
Fbom St. Thomas.
Bay.num
Cacao :.
Hides and skins.
Metal, old..;....
ICargaraie
Paper, straw.....
Rum
Sandalwood
Au other articles.
Total.
1914
1125
6,738
875
900
167
600
1,380
1,978
12,148
1915
8146
107
6,641
668
70
313
7,839
Articles.
Fbom St. Crodc.
Hides
Household effects
Metal, old
Rum....;...
Skins, goat and sheep.
Sugar
Tamarinds
Total
Orand total.
1914
3,4«
875
362,736
136
366,289
278,437
1915
* (Department of. Commerce Bulletin, Special Agents Series, No. 129).
32
Appendix D*
Sugar exports from St. Croix during the last sixteen years:*
Y«r.
. Amount.
Y«ttr.
Ynr.
Amount.
1900...
26,387,779
18,785,306
26,455,891
34,700,480
23,331,274
27,712,840
1906
mil 1
12.561,930
24,381,082
23,835,000
8,038,618
22,021,004
21,328,418
1912
20,046,896
1901.
1907
1913
12^120,814
1902
1908
1914
10,683,783
]«tt .
1900
1915
1904
1910
1905
1911
* (Commerce Reports No. 185, Aug. 8, 1916).
Appendix £•
Arrival and departure of vessels at the port of St. Thomas during
the year ended March 31, 1916: *
lYatioDality.
Steamers and mo-
tor boats.
Sailing vessels.
Number.
Tonnace.
Number.
Tonnaga.
Danisli
28
124
22
16
8
7
38
2
1
2
3
43,876
241,854
21^577
21,121
5,494
10,796
97,203
310
2,857
5,074
5,053
48
54
4
7
28*
86
5,361
British.. .:::::;;:::::;;;;;::;iiiii;;;;:;:::::iiiii:::i:::::::„
2,263
FtODOiU » ,
332
Narwedtti ,, i....
9,848
Swedish.... ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
I>atch
1,549
American.. ^
T^o^inican. ............
7,662
Spanish
Mexican.
Brazflian..
Russian
1
451
Total
241
462,805
178
27,361
*(From Supplement to Commerce Reports, No. 37a, Sept. 5, 1916).
Appendix F.
SOURCES OF INFORMATION REGARDING THE DANISH WEST INDIES.
Danish West Indies^ by Consul Christopher H. Payne. — ^Supple-
ment to Commerce Reports^ No. 37 a., September 5, 1916.
Increased Sugar Crop of St. Croix, by Vice Consul Luther K.
Zabriskie. — Commerce Reports, No. 185, August 8, 1916.
The Danish West Indies, by H. G. Brock, Philip S. Smith, and
W. A. Tucker. — Department of Commerce BuUetin, Special Agents
Series, No. 129 (1917).
Appropriation to Pay for the Danish West Indies. — Senate Docu-
ment, No. 686, January 23, 1917.
33
Cession of Danish West Indian Islands. — Statement of Brigadier
Greneral Frank Mclntyre^ U.S.A.^ hearings before the House Com-
mittee on Foreign Affairs^ Part 2, February 14^ 1917.
Purchase of Danish Islands. — House of Representatives Report^
No. 2749, July 1, 1902.
Cession of Danish West Indies. — House of Representatives Re-
port, No. 1505, February 17, 1917.
The Danish Treaty. — Congressional Record, Vol. 58, No. 199,
August 10, 1916.
Cession of Danish West Indian Islands. — Hearings before the
House Committee on Foreign Affairs, statement of Robert Lansing,
Secretary of State, February 12, 1917.
Danish West Indies. — National Geographic Society Bulletin, May
12, 1916.
The Danish West Indies. — Their Strategic and Commercial Im-
portance, Dun's Review, September, 1916.
American Gibraltar : Notes on the Danish West Indies. — National
Geographic Magazine, July, 1916.
Buying More Islands. — Nation, August 3, 1916.
Buying the Danish We^t Indies. — Independent, August 7, 1916.
Crisis in Denmark. — By R. G. Usher, New Republic, September
2, 1916.
Danish West Indies. — Outlook, August 9-16, 1916.
Danish West Indies : Keys to the Caribbean. — By T. L. Stoddard,
Review of Reviews, September, 1916.
New Islands Under the Flag. — Literary Digest, August 5, 1916.
Purchase by the United States. — New Republic, July 29, 1916.
Story of the Danish Islands. — By W. F. Johnson, North Amer-
ican, September, 1916.
Uncle Sam's New Eaglets. — Everybody's, October, 1916.
Bureau Statistics, Treasury Department: Danish West Indies,
1621-1901; Commerce, Products, Population, Area, etc. — Government
Printing Office, 1902.
A. G. Keller; Notes on the Danish West Indies. — American
Academy Political and Social Science Annals, July, 190S, Vol. 22.
Monograph on the Danish West Indies. — Scientific American
Supplement, March 29, 1902, Vol. 53.
34
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WIDENER LIBRARY
Harvard CoUege, Cambridge, MA 02138: (617) 495-2413
If the item is recaUed, the borrower wiU be notified of
the need for an earlier return. (Non-receipt of overdue
notices does not exempt the hnrrniyygr frftlTf <f>v^»'HiiA fiiyg )
Thank you for helping us to preserve our collection!
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