waq71580

: cul^tUfl-t'a^ ■ryL^\j CSaij!ji\ J^UIXj

CiJLi.

♦» » ^ *■

jI^^

2;! yajl<ji>l:ljj JL:

EPIGRAPH

Reference books are the keys that
quickly unlock the doors to the vaults
of the stored knowledge and golden
wisdonn of our world. Billions upon
billions of facts, impressions, theo-
ries, convictions, policies, and specu-
lations are recorded in the nnillions
upon nnillions of books, nnagazines,
and pamphlets that have been pub-
lished through the centuries. Not
only do reference books unlock these
bewilderingly vast shelved vaults,
they also provide a precise map that
indicates the exact location of pos-
sibly hitherto inaccessible treasures
hidden in almost impenetrable mazes
of texts, tables, and statistics. If we
are appalled at the prospect of find-
ing, among billions of pages of print,
just where the information that we
need is recorded, some reference
book can be our unerring guide.

Charles B. Shaw
The Wonderful World of Books

oL-LJI> olaiuilj Cj\j^\j jSlisJI ^

jj:>i\ aJL* ^ (U A'-'ji'l '-r~^ j-<a : .a"

^yj-^ — J I (J A — jixiiil^ \^ Jj-,a>JI

0^1 4plJax*«Li aJjJI Asy |U [^\ r-U>»;

VI

ilc::>.VifA^lolija=:^

^CC.'

A DICTIONARY

OF THE

SOCIAL SCIENCES

A DICTIONARY
OF THE

SOCIAL SCIENCES

English-French-Arabic

With
An Arabic-English Glossary

And
A French-English Glossary

Covering the terms and definitions of:

Anthropology, Community development & Organisation, Demography,
Economics, Human geography. Labour relations. Law, Logic & Methodo-
logy, Pedagogics, Philosophical doctrines. Philosophy of history.
Politics, Public & Private administration. Social defense. Social economics.
Social legislation. Social psychology. Social work. Sociology & Statistics.

By
Dr. A. Zaki Badawi

Professor Emeritus of Applied Sociology,
University of Alexandria & Higher Institute of Social Work, Alexandria.

LIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN

Riad Solh Square

Beirut

©LIBRAIRIE DU LIBAN
Riad Solh Square, Beirut.

Associated companies, branches and
representatives througliout the world.

All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means — electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise — without the prior permission
of the Copyright owner.

First published 1978
New impression 1982
Printed by Typopress

i~«jSv^l S_^^"^l (J «^[) (jUaJ A^ ^JJU-J OJb^li t ^JixJI j^ Ij^ [)Ji CJJL; Li' c iih>J,l

.^ <LjJoJi\ lull JiJ iiUI J <0 r^' jl yi (_ik; (^JJI jj^l

^^1 t ^jplci^r"^! iU^"^! t t/ll^'^l a~^l > ' Vr^jii^"^' ' ^■'il^l -^J^J ^>i^ >

Jit:j) >»^ jl 4pUj^ jI i^^ jl i"^l AP- jJU<aJ (^1 iibsJ.1 JsLiJI ybUi. rjWI »-L» JjbJ)

. jLJ"^! i«a>- J U~<o- ^Uij' Li' i-ljaJ[) >l^>ti] Ij_jL<I ^^JaJI ^x^I j^

oL>JI ^_5>-|y i^ (jP iljP iJU- (J jl l^...a'.; iUXu^ ijjj j\ Ijj j\ S_^L^ jl iiUa^l jA|^ -^jj ^[)
J JpJ Lfsi*; Jp -Ulxj' l^"^ ^jjuu^ Jf- Lfsiy A-p1<j^"^I yb^iJI Jjp J^_ "^ tiUJUj 4-p1^"^I

6y^^ ''^\i^'^\ c>»)l OUyl 2^'li Jr-^' Jl A^o" ^1 o'UUI ;S>JL t_^y jl ^. ; j^ji)
. ^((iibil jS'Ldkl (Jru i3^' (^i Ji^ jl j;^, "^ '^f^\ o-L» jj->-i . *<.:c>JJ iULi i.»ljj Jl
jlj t sjjbil jjjLlI J i^ljOJLj o__,.,:u^ iiJ) iJU^ ^ jjSv jl u-jf_ t ivia^aJ-cLI i--l;jJI jll)

. ((iiUU- 1 _J J tLi"^l \^ji jL jjy__b^ Jii)_b- ^^Ju U Jl jj_^_ "^ (ji-^l ij><2,.<a>«Jtl

LJ JUaj'"^! JjUj i^\^'^\ (.jWI ^^^; i-LLiJI ijj^jl Ja>»; Jl (5_yi oU'"^! jl ^■ijC \£ (jZj_

. ((' JU'^I ^1 ji jL;"^!

2 — Seligman, Edwin, "What are the Social Sciences" Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, The

Macmillan Co. New York, 1950 p.p. 3/7.

3 — IVIanheim, Karl, Les sciences sociales et la sociologie, Travaux de la Conference Internationale de

sciences sociales. Centre d'etude de Politique etrangere, Paris, 1938 p. 217.

. Y^/yo ^ WS' iyklill -^llj «il-kU v^ljl-^il - <f\jS^\) ^\ ^\ - '^^ ■i'^^ ■i'-^^^ :,j^i - i

VII

oUJk^l ^ ^1 IJl* jy ^op ^i! ij J o^lp^^yi JJUl ilAUxill ^>- ^1 iSj^\ -Ai^iillj
fj*^' (> *i>i-^ aLjcJ.\ ol>Jk^l ^^ jl ^yi J_, . V--*y^a. J<> JU;*yi i_yw» JUlj

JU. lil iji^f^fl iiliiJl I/l- j^l jb_^l^ Jl^l j4 UiJ ^T Jl oL J. iiUtJI oly^l c^_L;
j jUl y> Ur t JU; jLj ja J^\ Jc^\j oL J ^y:>-\ Lwjj t ;^_^l ;il2JI Up ^Jjj LL^I

J-^- ^1 tl_^ jviT iaU Jl, U.L*^I J ^l>^l^ OUJiivail J ai; Jl ^i t^ii Oij ^^

A^^l ij;^! J ^1^1 ^^ .iU ^ O-L- V--^ \^\ J. JJLiJI ji l^Li ^ j._^l ^^.^wH ;L>_,

. jUi*yi Jl »j\j^\ lIU; ^jjij J iJUi oOpLv* OOpLv,

t <4k>J.I i:l>\M-c~^\j ^Jk^L (Jsyu tijwiJ ^'>Ua^l ,_f-y«li ^j Os- iiJ i -^^^^r' '-^ o' (J^
LjlLl. ^ U>-*^l oUJk^l tilir j^ Jjkll liic^^ ^\J jIopI 0;^ o:^ jti j_^| jJla JT U'I^

. Ajj^l 4iUI J

jUi*yi ^ ^ci.j^i iJ^' -^r-yj (H» (> -^^ W^.y<y OUJJa^l «JLa X^y jl tiLi *y,
4-p\c:p-^II h\f-)\i v-^l ^:5iiid.l^ i-^l ^^rdiiiL^^ ''^X^^^ C>JL ^>::^l t^j, ia.^1 iJ^ J^__,

j^UJl Jp (^_,ku (^iJI Ja;^l ^i 4 O^l JjjJI jj OUi^l jlOpb j^ji J.JJI ^1^1,

jiU J Sy^liJL Jip t^iJl J^l^ ijp\c:=r*yi jjjaJ jXs^ JUI yjil ^_jil IJl* v*I ^ aij

• V'lc'r*^' ^:^^!^ i-^L is^UJl ol>JJawill o^j; Jp J^Jb (_3^_jl, >^nA i--

><\V\ i^ ij>\ji) J»Li ti Sy^LiJl aip t^iJI ^^l^^^ll i.aiJI -uU. ^Ij^ /y :,} ^^
bj^\ .bj^ JjS/l yjil Up jil^ (^JJI j^lp^^yi JwJI Jll^j o^l JjjJI A^U- osl/l c^-

VIII

i^ip^^fl ^.O^J^OAUy l^JJ,\j ^\^\ oLiSC A^lp^*^! pWI ^_r-.ja:H ^ji^' JUii^f l>y
oyJI JjjJl iwU i.UJI iU'^L i^lci^r^fl JjUJi 5jlil ^ JaJio i^lp^^fl ol>Jk,<2il j^ ji^

i^\_, i^\^-i\ pWi^ ^b'Sfi^ jjiiii iu; jpSfi ^1^ v^l^ is.\;=r^\ .ly-wU ^j^i js^ii^

. j^l lis. ^_^ iil^l iilil -oJ Oysy villi] t ^.^r^!^ tV,ai^^\j ^^LJI iUii!>0 i^r^l
Jiu:;-^! ^yc■ villi J -U;^!^ 4^L.*yi 4-pU;u^*yi («^l ^;va>»j J«jJI ii^ J Jaljll l-b Jij

. IjJI SjU^fl J;UI pWI ^y.j ^ Jj^ JjJI iUj-bfl aj-L^i tSill lf-\^^\ pUl JUII t^^l

»ji«ll oJA J i.aicJil i^\J^\ OUJlks-aJJ (Ji*yi a»JI J^J^' i^ '■^'^^ y-^' '-^■^ '-^
aJj-ldl OUJlk,^tJJ ^ydl jji jjC-l?^'^! ^JLiJI LUai i.a>-j 1*11 y__jk; J jjU; jl j^_ j_^l

ij;>-j ?«^_jy 4^L-Ml Jj'U^JI^ ij^Jj^' (»^ V*' '—''•^ j>^' "J!^ rj^' *-^ J >-i-?-UI jl v_JlkJI

. ^Jk^JJ iii^J.! o^f^foll ijU. j;> jp IJMIa >;

. v'lc:;r'^l oUJk^l j^ 7«ila--i»S' ojLi;;! (^JL. jj ^Jk-^Jl iJUJI kLji\ Jci>i\ - r

. IjUil JsiUsJ jij ti^Ul -fc-l U/jjl ^1 ija>J.I jlkJI oli oUiSOl iUf^l - i

. LfU^ J:>J ij^Jp OU>ilk-<i« ilbt Ai U 4>-jljJI OUxlk.^1 iU-I^I — ^

(1 ) Federation Internationale de Documentation-Classification Decimals Universelle — Vol. 3 Sciences
Sociales, Bruxelles.

IX

-: V^l
. UL' lajj.>j ti**-^ oOjO^Jj oLli^l ij.-UI j^ j.Jks<ail 4x»-!>L^ - I

. ^, J:iH\ "^ 4il:Jil i^l OJUS/I Jp TJkvall 4«^lj^ - ^
-I; J^.^1 j^l Jp JiiUI ^J-^j jj^_ (^iJI ^ ^Jk^l Jaj^- jl il i i_^j^ i^SlI J. JiP

. ^1 J iib^l JiiUI J 4S:;d.l oUJk^l J i^Uj ^V-'ill^ ^_^l ^JL ^ji

. jl^'ill j^ jUJI^ jUil^'ill SUI^ ^ d'iljj »U. ^_^j Ojj_oiy ^Jkv*il

csL ^1 J <js:ji ^- j^_ lis:;,^ ,^ui 1^1 ^^ ^^1 oujik„ijj l^l:, ^l

i_^l ,_^ oJjLI a^j ai, t ^_^l ^li. ^1 J ^^( ^ji,^^ jj- ^^^__^ ■ ^^
Ji^ jiO-JI l>.T ^ '\j^\j , jjl^U uyT 5a_JI t Jip JLJL^ iix^'^l , (^ji;j^ ojp jj^oJIj

a1--^I ^\J^\ Ol^ ^^1 i;;Sai O^l J\ jU 4^ ^U ^U .^^ ^jyrj ^^ ^r^

• l*^j=rj f-^ t>* ^ Lftlj--i jSij t i.Ul ;ia]l \:.^\ J. ^_^ ji j^_ SI oUUITd

XI

Page

VI Epigraph l^:J^» SjLp

XIII Introduction ijjlSO'^l itUlj i«-li«

XVII ^ ^1 ^ JjVl ^1

513 ^l^dJlSll^l
515 Glossaire Frangais-Anglais i^-JjiJI iiliJ'^L; o,.^

585 ^1^1 ^la^^L iiUdl i jiSj*:^! Ol^l

VII
XII

1-454

455

457

586

XII

INTRODUCTION

The expansion of the social sciences in recent years has been remarkable
from many points of view.

A consequence of this explosion is the growth in public awareness, accept-
ance and use of the social sciences. The widespread use of both social scientists
and social science by government agencies, business and industry, schools,
colleges and universities, voluntary associations provide abundant evidence
in this growth.

Social sciences study, in general, social interaction, society or culture.
They are composed of the disciplines of sociology, social psychology, anthro-
pology, poHtical science, economics, human geography, etc... There is an
enormous interdependence between sociology and these other disciplines.
If sociology depends upon history, economics, political science and other
compartmentalized social disciplines, these depend no less upon the generalizing
science of sociology.

This interdependence makes necessary the treatment of the terminology
of the social sciences in one dictionary, thus helping to avoid popular misconcep-
tions and semantic confusion.

Every science must have its special vocabulary or terminology. Sciences
deal with ideas, thoughts and concepts, and these must be expressed in words.
Even the facts which are the groundwork of science must be set forth largely
in words. No science, therefore, can have any more precision and exactitude
than the words or other symbols, such as mathematical or chemical formulae,
in which it is embodied. Quite generally, this situation calls for special dic-
tionaries or glossaries for the different sciences.

The foregoing is perhaps even more true for social sciences than for many
other sciences. Since social sciences deal with matters of commonplace experi-
ence, the thoughts, ideas and concepts which they must express are, with
relatively few exceptions, included in any standard general dictionary, and
most of the really important terms are already to some degree familiar even

XIII

to the immature members of society, and are frequently used in everyday
speech. Scientific accuracy demands that precise and limited meanings should
be assigned to these terms, in order that they may be used uniformly by specia-
lists, students, and amateurs alike in the field. For this purpose, a special
dictionary is indispensable to give specialized definitions which do not occur
in the precise form in any ordinary dictionary.

This dictionary has two main purposes, first to consolidate and standardize
the existing uniformities of linguistic usage, and second, to establish new
uniformities and precisions by selecting for authoritative support one or more
of various meanings currently assigned to a given word or phrase.

A good definition, likewise, has two main aspects. It should give the unin-
formed person a clear and adequate notion of the character of the object,
even though he may never encounter it in his experience, and it should enable
a person to identify the object correctly, the first time he does meet it in his
experience.

In attempting to select and explain social terms, the following methods
have been observed:

1 — The selection of the fundamental terms used in the social sciences
is a difficult and, in part, arbitrary undertaking. A thorough study of the litera-
ture in the field of the social sciences, was made to select terms that were general
and in some way basic to the disciplines concerned. For the most part the
author aimed to omit terms that were unduly technical or appeared to be used
only in the analysis of minor or local phenomena.

In deciding upon the number of terms to be drawn for each discipline,
concepts from sociology formed the majority. On the other hand, many of the
concepts included are, so to speak, "general" in a special sense — in that they
are used in true or more social science disciplines, or they seem relevent to
the sociologist's interests. Statistical and logical terms are also included, since
the proper treatment of all scientific data depends upon exact reasoning.

2 — Certain sociologists have shown a tendency to coin new terms. Some
of these words have come into general use. Many of these terms cannot be
defined with absolute precision and are used on the basis of a tacit consensus
about their meanings. This agreement depends on a shared notion of the
connotations of a particular term rather than a clear verdict of the word's
denotation.

Many sociological terms carry the burden of their past history into the
present discourse.

XIV

In other cases, the meaning of a concept is affected by the distinctive circum-
stances of a classic investigation on the special use to which the concept was
put by a particular investigator, or it is overlaid with the remains of past
polemics.

The different meanings ascribed to sociological concepts by different
scholars often reflect fundamental differences in their approach to the study
of society, the relations between man and society, and social change and social
causation. These differences in approach are far less important than the large
core of agreement in social sciences.

3 — A special difiiculty arises from the fact that a large proportion of
sociological terms are not single words, but phrases of two or more words.
This introduces peculiar technical problems in preparing a dictionary of Social
Sciences. The question of primary and secondary listings is almost unanswerable.
To adopt the uniform rule of putting the substantive first and the modifier
afterwards would produce many inconveniences. The expedient of putting
the more distinctly sociological word first and the more general word second
has logic on its side; but also represents no solution in the case of terms where
both words are equally sociological. It has not been possible to discover any
comprehensive formula that could be applied unvaryingly to this and related
problems. The best procedure seemed to be to deal with each case or type of
cases on the basis of its own characteristics, following the guidance of common
sense, practicality, and minimum violence to the expectation of the user.

4 — In endeavouring to explain social terms for the newcomers, the
author has faced a difficult task. To attempt to simplify is to run the risk of
over-simplifying. It may be that many entries will be too difficult for some
readers and not sufficiently sophisticated for others. The author claims only
that he has tried to include the essential without over-simplifying to the extent
of misleading the reader.

5 —i' The user of the Dictionary will find cross-references in the text that
suggest to him topics related to the subject of his inquiry.

Occasionally the user will discover that an entry word or phrase is not
defined but is followed by a reference to another entry in the Dictionary in
which that word or phrase (and its meaning) is clarified by the context of the
entry in which it appears.

In the conduct of the work, use has been made of many specialized dic-
tionaries to make this dictionary as authoritative as possible. Grateful ack-
nowledgment of this use is tendered herewith.

The author hopes that this Dictionary will meet a long-felt need, and will

XV

be a worthy addition to the library of the good reader.

To help overcome the imperfections of this dictionary and make it more
valuable for readers, the author should be grateful to any reader who com-
municates to him any comments, corrections or suggestions. These will be
seriously considered in revising the dictionary for a second edition.

Finally, the author is deeply indebted to Mr Ahmed Sh. Al Khatib, Dr.
Ezzat Hegazzi, Mr Michel Akl and Irene Manicarou for assisting in the prepara-
tion of the final manuscript.

The author also extends with pleasure his thanks to Mr. Khalil Sayegh,
Mr Georges Sayegh and their staff in Librairie du Liban, for their competent
and sympathetic support and guidance.

Alexandria, Septembre 1977 A. Zaki Badaoui

XVI

i>