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WATSON'S 

MAGAZINE 


Vol.  XXII :  No.  4.  FEBRUARY,  1916.  Price,  Ten  Cents 


THOS.  E.  WATSON,  EDITOR 


BY  THE  EDITOR : 


SOME  UNAPPRECIATED  QUALITIES  AND 
ACHIEVMENTS  OF  JOHN  MILTON. 

EDITORIAL  NOTES  AND  CLIPPINGS 


BY  CHIEF  JUSTICE  WALTER  CLARK,  OF  THE 
SUPREME  COURT  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA: 


"  BACK  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION.' 


THE  JEFFERSONIAN  PUBLISHING   COMPANY 

THOMSON,  GEORGIA 


The  Story  of  France 

By  THOS.  E.   WATSON 

TWO  VOLUn/IES—SS.SO 

REVISED  EDITION 
CONTAINS: 

THE  ROMAN  CONQUEST:  The  Gauls,  the  Druids,  the 
Minstrels,  etc. 

THE  PRANKISH  CONQUEST:  Clovis,  the  Triumph  of 
Christianity,  Defeat  of  Saracens,  etc, 

CHARLEMAGNE  AND  HIS  TIMES. 

THE  DARK  AGES:  Feudalism,  Superstition,  Papal  Power 
and  Tyranny,  Religious  Persecutions. 

THE  INSTITUTION  OF  CHIVALRY. 

THE  CRUSADES. 

THE  HUNDRED  YEARS'  WAR. 

JOAN  OF  ARC  :  Her  pure  girlhood;  heroic  mission;  saves 
France  ;  burnt  to  death  by  priests  of  Rome ;  then  cano- 
nized as  a  saint. 

THE  ALBIGENSBAN  CRUSADE:  The  Massacre  of  St. 
Bartholomew. 

THE  OLD   REGIME:      What  it  was   in   Church   and  State. 

The  Rule  of  the  Harlots,  both  in  Church  and  State. 

Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.    The  Dragonnades. 
THE  REFORMATION. 
COMPLETE    HISTORY    OF    THE    FRENCH    REVOLUTION: 

Rise  of  Napoleon   Bonaparte,   and    reorganization    of 

both  Church  and  State. 


In  the  preparation  of  this  work,  the  author  exhausted  all 
the  known  sources  of  infortnation,  and  no  work  on  the  subiect 
has  superseded  his.    It  is  standard,  and  will  remain  so. 

Mr.  Watson  bought  out  his  publishers,  the  MacMillans, 
and  he  now  owns  plates,  copyright  and  all. 

THE  SOLE  PUBLISHERS  ARE: 

The  Jeffersonian  Publishing  Co. 

July,  191^         Thomson,  Geotgia 


J 


Watson's  Magazine 


Lntered  as  second-c(ass  matter  January  4,   1911,  at  the  Post  Office  at  Thomson,  Georgia, 
Under  the  aRct  of  March  J,   1879. 

ONE  DOLLAR  PER  YEAR  —  TEN  CENTS  PER  COPY 


Vol.  XXIL  FEBRUARY,  1916  No.  4 


CONTENTS 

FRONTISPIECE— A  Sonnet John  Milton 

ARTICLES  BY  THE  EDITOR  : 

SOME  UNAPPRECIATED  QUALITIES  OF  JOHN  MILTON 171 

EDITORIAL  NOTES  cHND  CLIPPINGS 209 

SANDS  {JI  Poem) John  Joseph  Scott..  175 

BACK  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION Chief  Justice  Waiter  Clark. ^  176 

ROMAN  CATHOLICISM'S  ATTACK  ON  FREEMASONRY...  Rev.  W.  L.  Richard..  183 

<J1AR0N  BURR'S  LAST  SPEECH 191 

THE  OUTCOME  (oH  Poem) '. Ralph  M.  Thomson..  192 

JEAN  CALAS Edgar  Sanderson,   M.  A...  193 


Published  Monthly  by  THE  JEFFERSONIAN  PUBLISHING  COMPANY,  Thomson,  Ga. 


A  Sonnet  by  John  Milton. 


(On  the  massacre  In  Piedmont,  of  the  Protestants,  by  the  Roman 

Catholics.) 

Avenge,  0  Lord,  thy  slaughtered  saints,  whose  bones 
Lie  scattered  on  the  Alpine  mountains  cold  ; 
Even  them  who  kept  thy  truth  so  pure  of  old. 
When  all  our  fathers  worshipped  stocks  and  stones ; 

Forget  not :  in  thy  book  record  their  groans 
Who  were  thy  sheep,  and  in  their  ancient  fold 
Slain  by  the  bloody  Piemontese,  that  rolled 
Mother  with  infant  down  the  rocks.     Their  moans 

The  vales  redoubled  to  the  hills,  and  they 
To  heaven.    Their  martyred  blood  and  ashes  sow 
O'er  all  the  Italian  fields,  where  still  doth  sway 

The  triple  Tyrant;  that  from  these  may  grow 
A  hundred  fold,  who,  having  learnt  thy  way, 
Early  may  fly  the  Babylonian  woe. 


Watson's  Magazine 


THOS.  E.  WATSON,  Editor 


Some  Unappreciated   Qualities  and  Achiev= 
ments  of  John  Milton. 


To  the  coinnion  run  of  people, 
Milton's  name  suggests  "Para- 
dise Lost",  and  nothing  more. 
Canonized  among  the  English  poets, 
he  ranks  next  to  Shakespeare,  and  peo- 
ple are  satisfied  to  let  the  verdict  stand, 
without  any  personal  investigation. 

As  to  "Paradise  Lost",  it  is  a  most 
extraordinary  thing,  that  the  only 
interesting  person  in  the  Epic,  is  Luci- 
fer. Of  course  the  reason  is,  that  he 
alone  among  the  leading  characters 
comes  within  the  range  of  human 
sj'mpathies. 

When  old  Lord  Thurlow — retired 
from  Parliament,  the  Chancellorship, 
and  from  active  life — was  being  read 
to  by  his  secretary,  and  had  listened 
awhile  to  "Paradise  Lost,"  he  spoke  up, 
and  said  of  Lucifer— "He's  a  fine  fel- 
low ;  I  hope  he'll  win." 

Shakespeare  was  his  Plays,  and  he 
was  nothing  more.  Outside  his  dra- 
matic works,  he  was  commonplace. 

Tradition,  rather  than  authority, 
says  he  fled  from  Stratford  to  escape 
local  entanglements;  that  in  London 
he  did  lowly  work  at  first,  but  man- 
aged thriftily,  and  because  one  that 
"had  leases."  Revamping  old  dramas, 
writing  new  ones,  acting  upon  the  stage, 
lending  money  at  interest,  he  accumu- 
lated a  modest  competence,  which  he 
took  with  him  to  his  birthplace,  on  his 
retirement  from  London,  apparently 
giving  no  thought  to  his  literary 
works,  none  to  his  fame,  and  none  to 
his  posterity.     Tradition  says  that  he 


died,  much  as  Robert  Burns  did,  from 
over-fondness  for  strong  drink. 

Did  Shakespeare  have  any  convic- 
tions f  Did  he  have  any  principles? 
Did  he  care  a  button  about  government, 
laws,  institutions,  and  the  general  con- 
dition of  mankind?  Was  he  mon- 
archist, or  leveller?  Protestant,  or 
Catholic?  Christian,  or  atheist?  Was 
there  any  idea  or  ideal,  purpose  or 
cause,  for  which  he  would  have  given 
one  shilling  of  his  money,  or  one  drop 
of  his  blood? 

We  do  not  know.  He  talked  in  all 
characters,  appropriately  to  all;  and 
whether  Shakespeare,  the  Man^  ever 
talked,  no  one  can  tell. 

Shakespeare  was  a  writer  of  plays: 
he  was  not — so  far  as  we  will  ever 
probably  ascertain — anything  whatever 
except  that;  and  because  of  this  limi- 
tation, he  differs  even  more  widely  and 
discreditably  from  Milton,  than  Geothe 
does  from  Voltaire. 

Shakespeare  and  Goethe  were  mere 
intellects,  resplendent  as  the  Czarina's 
ice-palace,  and  as  cold.  No  human  be- 
ing was  ever  caught  up  and  enthused 
to  a  lofty  ambition  and  sublime  deeds 
hy  any  spiritual  impulse,  inspired  by 
those  two  intellects. 

While  they  lived,  they  moulded  no 
opinions,  demolished  no  shams,  broke 
no  fetters,  opened  no  prison  doors. 

Supremely  selfish  and  supremely 
adaptive,  they  accepted  things  as  they 
were.  They  fought  no  battle  for  the 
under-dog,  sounded  no  clarion  of  defi- 


172 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


ance  to  oppressive  authority,  sang  no 
song  of  hope  to  the  yokels  bowed  down 
in  servitude,  unfurled  no  banner  over 
halted,  impatient  humanity  to  the  cry 
of  Forvmrd  March! 

Just  two  colossal  Intellects,  almost 
disembodied,  dehumanized,  unsympa- 
thetic: all  for  Art,  and  nothing  for 
Man;  all  for  mind,  and  nothing  for  the 
soul — such  were  Shakespeare  and  Goe- 
the. 

The  Cordelias  and  the  Lears,  the 
Desdemonas  and  tlie  Otliellos,  the  Mac- 
beths  and  the  Kiciiards — creations  of 
the  mind — may  have  filled  their  creator 
with  emotion:  almost  certainly  they 
did;  but  there  isn't  a  particle  of  evi- 
dence that  Shakespeare  himself  was  an 
affectionate  lover  to  any  woman,  a 
loyal  friend  to  any  man,  a  fond  par- 
ent of  any  child,  nor  the  stout  de- 
nouncer of  any  Avrong. 

Likewise,  Goethe  created  his  Wer- 
ners, his  Wilhelm  Meisters,  his  Her- 
manns and  his  Gretchens,  doubtless  in- 
terested in  them  profoundly  as  the 
children  of  his  brain;  but  he  threw 
off  the  actual  women  who  loved  him 
most,  steered  his  whole  life  by  the  rules 
of  intelligent  selfishness,  contracted  no 
beautiful  friendships,  remained  icily 
indifferent  to  the  suffering  of  his 
country,  and  died  at  last  in  a  discor- 
dant household,  where  his  own  son 
seemed  to  have  never  been  loved  into 
reciprocal  devotion. 

Two  vast  intellects,  Goethe  and 
Shakespeare;  and  there  isn't  a  man  or 
a  woman  in  this  world  who  thrills 
huTYianhj  to  the  mention  of  their  names, 
as  all  men  and  all  women  humanly  do, 
at  the  names  of  Robert  Burns,  and 
Charles  Dickens. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  Milton  and 
Voltaire  are  popular  in  Amenca;  but 
the  reason  for  their  not  being  so  is  self- 
evident.  The  churchmen  damned  Vol- 
taire as  an  atheist,  and  thus  prevented 
his  works  from  being  read.  Only  the 
independent  few  know  what  a  fighter 
of  frauds,  shams,  and  tyrannies  that 
marvelous  Frenchman  was.  Only  the 
few  know  that  he  detested  whatever 
was  cruel  and  wrong  in  Church  and 
State,  and  that  he  kept  up  an  almost 


single-handed  combat  against  them, 
throughout  a  long  career.  Hated, 
feared,  slandered,  and  persecuted,  his 
life  was  not  safe  in  his  own  country, 
and  he  did  the  greater  part  of  his  best 
work,  in  banishment,  ^^'llon  at  the  last, 
he  could  safely  return  to  Paris,  the  city 
rose  to  meet  him;  and  the  flowers  with 
which  they  stifled  the  t)ld  hero,  were 
not  so  much  on  account  of  his  Epic  and 
his  Dramas,  as  they  were  a  tribute  to 
the  soldierly  fighter  who  had  so  long 
fought  for  human  liberation. 

The  case  of  Milton  rests  on  a  differ- 
ent footing:  his  fame  as  a  poet  has 
overshadowed  him  as  patriot,  reformer, 
and  bold  thinker  who  was  a  century 
ahead  of  his  age — a  Christian  who 
fought  for  the  Roger  Bacon  idea,  long, 
long  before  the  Baptists  founded  re- 
ligious freedom  in  Rhode  Island. 

(Of  course,  William  of  Orange — 
"The  Silent" — had  established  it  in 
Holland  before  the  time  of  Bacon.) 

There  are  more  than  0,000,000  Bap- 
tists in  the  United  States,  but  it  is  to 
be  questioned  whether  a  dozen  of  them 
know  that  the  John  Milton  of  "Para- 
dise Lost,"  was  one  of  the  English  Bap- 
tists, when  the  sect  was  small  and  weak. 

There  are  perhaps  00,000.000  free- 
thinking  Americans  who  believe  that 
marriage  is  nature's  best  arrangement 
for  the  perpetuation  of  the  race  and 
morals;  and  that  divorce  is  the  logical 
solution  of  the  problem,  when  both 
parties  to  the  marriage  fully  realize 
that  they  cannot  consummate  its  pur- 
pose— either  from  physical  or  from 
mental  impediment. 

But  how  many  of  the  00,000,000 
know,  that  John  Milton  was  the  pioneer 
advocate  of  that  kind  of  divorce,  the 
herald  of  freedom  to  men  and  to  women 
who  find  themselves  bound  to  a  body 
of  death,  in  a  fatally  mistaken  mar- 
riage? 

The  whole  population  of  our  Re- 
public is  even  now  agitated  on  the  sub- 
ject of  Freedom  of  the  Press,  some  try- 
ing to  undermine  it,  and  some  trying 
to  maintain  it. 

How  many  of  the  combatants  on 
either  side  know,  that  it  icas  John  Mil- 
ton''s   masterly   treatise   on  unlicensed 


WATSON'S  ^[AGAZINE. 


173 


printing  which  led  the  umy  to  freedom 
of  the  press? 

Everybody  who  has  made  studies  in 
that  direction,  is  familiar  with  the  pe- 
culiar principles  of  the  English  Revolu- 
tion of  1G8S,  of  the  P'rench  Revolution 
of  1789,  of  the  American  Revolution  of 
1770. 

How  few  of  us  have  been  aware  of 
Milton's  previous  explorations  in  those 
uncharted  seas?  and  that  his  blindness 
came  upon  him  from  overwork,  while 
he  was  writing  his  immortal  defense  of 
a  people  who  had  rebelled  against  a 
King,  brought  that  tyrant  to  the  block, 
set  up  their  own  government,  and  thus 
given  the  modern  world  its  first  tri- 
umph over  hereditary  masters,  in- 
herited servitudes,  and  vested  infamies! 

Sublime  as  a  poet,  John  Milton  was 
superlatively  great  as  a  prose  writer; 
and  he  was  heroically  brave,  true,  and 
steadfast,  as  a  lover  of  Man  and  of 
Liberty. 

"Johnson's  Lives  of  the  Poets,*'  was 
once  a  standard  authority,  as  his  dic- 
tionary once  was;  but  the  latter  is  now 
prized  as  a  mere  curious  antique,  and 
the  former  is  saturated  with  the 
Doctor's  prelatical  and  Tory  prejudices. 
His  biographical  sketch  of  Milton  is 
not  only  imperfect,  but  malignant.  The 
surly  old  churchman  and  king's  man 
who  wrote  "Taxation  no  tyranny," 
against  the  American  Colonies,  and  who 
said  that  our  forefathers  were  a  lot  of 
savages  that  ought  to  be  grateful  to 
the  King  of  England  if  he  spared  their 
lives,  was  constitutionally  incompetent 
to  write  a  fair  biography  of  such  a 
democrat  as  John  Milton. 

Dr.  Johnson  even  sneers  at  and  re- 
jects the  anecdote  which  is  so  thor- 
oughly in  keeping  with  Milton's  char- 
acter as  a  man  of  unbending  principle, 
viz.  the  story  that  when  Charles  II. 
offered  to  restore  his  office  of  Latin 
Secretary,  and  his  third  wife  wished 
him  to  accept  it,  Milton  replied: 

"You,  like  other  women,  wish  to  ride 
in  your  coach;  my  wish  is  to  live  and 
die  an  honest  man." 

Let  me  briefl}'  touch  upon  some  of 


the  incidents  of  Milton's  life,  and  then 
upon  his  labors  as  a  reforming  thinker 
and  writer. 

He  was  born  in  London,  December  9, 
l(j08,  of  an  old  English  family  of  the 
gentry,  and  at  a  very  tender  age  de- 
veloped an  insatiable  appetite  for 
learning.  At  fifteen  he  was  sent  to 
(,'hrist's  College,  Cambridge,  where  he 
spent  seven  years,  obtaining  his  degree 
of  Master  of  Arts  in  1632.  While  at 
the  university  he  had  begun  to  practise 
original  composition,  and  upon  leaving 
school  devoted  himself,  more  and  more, 
to  cla.ssic  studies  and  "polite  literature." 
In  1638  he  went  to  France,  and 
thence  to  Italy  in  which  he  lingered 
more  than  a  year.  He  spent  much  time 
in  Rome  where  he  attracted  the  threat- 
ening enmity  of  the  Jesuits. 

In  his  treatise  in  favor  of  unlicensed 
printing,  he  afterwards  wrote  of  this 
visit  to  the  Pope's  city: 

"There  it  was  that  I  found  and 
visited  the  famous  Galileo,  grown  old 
a  prisoner  to  the  Inquisition,  for  think- 
ing in  astronomy  otherwise  than  the 
Franciscan  and  Dominican  licensers 
thought." 

This  passage  is  particularly  inter- 
esting to  Americans  at  this  time,  be- 
cause the  Vatican's  American  editors 
are  denying  that  the  Popes  ever  had  an 
Inquisition,  and  are  also  scouting  .the 
statement  that  the  Infallible  Church 
undertook  to  correct  Galileo  on  a  prop- 
osition in  astronomy. 

Returning  to  London  in  1640,  bring- 
ing a  treasure  in  the  shape  of  rare 
books  collected  on  his  travels,  Milton 
opened  a  private  school  in  which  he 
taught  Latin,  Greek,  and  Hebrew, 
Almost  immediately,  he  plunged  into 
the  controversy  of  the  day — which 
was  "religious",  and  therefore  pecul- 
iarly acrid — attacking  Episcopacy, 
whether  Episcopal,  Presbyterian,  Puri- 
tan, or  Catholic. 

Like  all  original  thinkers,  Milton 
flouted  the  authority  of  mere  names. 
no  matter  how  high  and  ancient.  Thus 
he  says,  in  effect,  that  the  Fathers  of 
the  early  church  are  not  to  be  consid- 
ered as  despots  of  modern  opinion.  He 
more  than   intimates   that   he   feels   a 


174 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


contempt  for  these  Fathers,  whose 
Imowledge  was  limited  and  unsound, 
whose  principles  were  weak,  and  whose 
reputations  rest  upon  lar^je  numbers 
of  big,  endless,  inuneasurable  books. 

lie  puts  the  battering  ram  to  the 
system  of  tithing,  contending  that 
ministers  of  the  Gospel  should  be  sup- 
ported by  free-will  offerings. 

Says  he : 

"The  present  ecclesiastical  revenues 
were  not  at  first  the  effect  of  just 
policy  and  wholesome  laws,  but  of  the 
superstitious  devotion  of  princes  and 
great  men  who  knew  no  better;  of  the 
liase  importunity  of  begging  friars. 
haunting  and  harasf^ing  deathbeds  of 
men  departing  this  life,  in  a  blind  and 
wretched  condition  of  hope  to  merit 
heaven,  for  the  building  of  churches, 
cloisters,  and  convents;  the  hJack  reve- 
nues of  purgatory^  the  price  of  abused 
and  murdered  souls,  the  damned 
simony  of  Trentals,  and  the  hire  of 
indulgences  to  commit  mortal  sin." 

So  enraged  were  the  Bishops  by 
Milton's  assaults  upon  their  mercenary 
system,  that  a  clergyman  instigated 
personal  violence,  in  tliese  savage 
terms: 

"You  thajt  love  Christy  and  know 
this  miscreant  wretch,  stone  him  to 
deaths  le.st  you  smart  for  his  impunity.*' 

(Gracious  are  the  amenities  of  re- 
ligious controversy,  where  the  A^ested 
mtei'ests  of  any  hierarchy  are  assailed  !) 

'J'he  blows  of  Milton  were  so  tre- 
mendous, and  the  trend  of  the  times  so 
favored  him,  that,  in  1G41,  the  Bishops 
were  excluded  from  Parliament ;  and : 
in  1G43,  the  two  houses — Commons  and 
Lords — signed  "the  Solemn  League 
and  Covenant,"  which  bound  England 
and  Scotland  to  the  extirpation  of 
popery  and  prelacy^ 

(Hume's  History,  Vol.  VIT.) 

It  was  at  this  period  that  the  Bap- 
tists of  England  organized  themselves 
into  a  Church,  separating  from  the 
Lollards  and  Sacrementarians,  in  Sep- 
tember 1633. 

ISIilton  had  been  harassed  by  the  pre- 
lates, threatened  with  prosecution,  and 
suppression.  His  victory  over  Episcop- 


acy ins})ired  him  to  begin  a  campaign 
for  complete  freedom  of  the  press. 
His  opening  broadside  was  the  Areo- 
pagitica.^  which  ought  even  now  be  re- 
{)rinted  in  j)amphlet  form  and  sown 
with  the  sack.  Had  l)e  given  his  mas- 
terly arguments  and  pleadings  an 
English  name,  instead  of  a  jaw-break- 
ing Latin  one,  its  usefulness  to  man- 
Icind  miglit  have  been  enormously  in- 
creased. 

It  is  to  be  doubted  wliether  there  is 
a  nobler  composition  in  the  language: 
certainly  it  is  more  statesmanly,  lii)- 
ertarian,  broadlv  important,  and  PER- 
MAXEXTLY  TRUE,  than  anything 
Bolingbroke.  Dean  Swift,  or  Edmund 
Burke  ever  wrote. 

In  his  much-praised  pam])hlet 
against  the  French  Kevolution,  Burke 
was  defending  hereditary  abuses  and 
the  English  oligarchy:  in  his  Letter  to 
a  Xoble  Lord,  there  is  lofty  jyer- 
sonalism.,  seen  at  its  best  when  defend- 
ing itself. 

Bolingbroke  and  Swift  wrote  for 
and  against  the  factions  of  the  times, 
with  an  eye  to  personal  preferment  or 
])ersonal  revenge. 

John  Milton's  "speech  in  favor  of 
unlicensed  printing,"  addresses  it.self 
to  all  nations  and  to  all  ages;  to  u\\ 
lovers  of  literature,  all  lovers  of  liberty, 
all  lovers  of  unshackled  thought,  all 
lovers  of  free  debate. 

That  immortal  undelivered  "speech" 
yet  speaks,  more  sonorously  and  con- 
vincingly to  whosoever  will  listen,  than 
all  the  sermons  of  prelates  and  all  the 
l)r()clamations  of  kings  and  popes,  dur- 
ing that  17th  century. 

Other  issues  will  disappear:  this 
v'ill  not:  even  now  the  fight  is  on 
again:  and  Rome,  true  to  her  hateful 
system  of  laws,  is  bending  her  energies 
to  throttle  free  speech  and  free  press 
in  this  Republic. 

We  don't  know  very  much  what 
Swift  and  Bolingbroke  wrote  their 
powerful  prose  for  or  against :  those 
fires  are  banked,  burnt  out. 

We  know,  but  don't  care  wliat  Burke 
Avrote  his  tropical  and  magnificent 
prose  about:  those  questions,  too,  arg 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


175 


Settled,  and  settled  against  the  brilliant 
renegade  who  deserted  Fox  and  Sheri- 
dan, to  take  service  in  the  paid  ranks 
of  a  Tory  king. 

But  Milton's  defense  of  free  printing, 
and  of  the  right  of  the  People  to  de- 
pose tyrannical  rulers  and  change  the 
form  of  government — these  belong  to 
the  Ages  and  to  Humanity, 

Ilis  crowning  victory,  the  complete 
freedom  of  the  press  came  in  1694, 
twenty  years  after  Milton's  death;  but 
the  triumph  Avas  as  truly  his  as  w^as 
that   of  the  soldiers  of  Sweden,   won 


after      their      commander,      Gustavus 
Adolphus  had  fallen  in  the  battle. 

The  space  at  my  disposal  now  will 
not  admit  of  my  following  Milton 
through  his  work  under  (Jliver  Crom- 
well, his  domestic  troubles,  his  cele- 
brated controversy  with  Salmasius,  his 
composition  of  "Paradise  Lost",  and 
his  declining  years. 

nis  tranquil  death  occurred  in  No- 
vember, 1074.  He  had  lived  GG  years; 
and  seldom  indeed  has  any  man  left  a 
golden  harvest,  so  large  and  so  rich. 


Sands 


John  Joseph  Scott 


I  watched  them  dig  the  sand  from  mother  earth — ■ 

Stirred  by  the  winds  the  grains  moved  everywhere- 
Like  frightened  beasts,  which  forage  from  their  birth, 

They  scurried  wildly,  settling  here  and  there. 
For  everything  existing  knows  great  changes — 

Nature,  alas,  is  inconsiderate — - 
Time's  passage,  in  this  world,  has  many  ranges 

That  mark  the  channel  to  the  Golden  Gate. 

And,  so  are  humans  like  the  grains  of  sand — 

Moved  by  the  tides  of  life,  they  "cross  the  bar"— 
The  rich  and  poor,  forth  from  their  native  land, 

.Must  course  the  West,  beyond  the  farthest  star — 
And,  like  the  sands,  wind-driven  from  their  places, 

And  soon  forgotten  on  this  whirling  sphere, 
They  drift  along  the  way  which  fortune  traces, 

While  snickering  Time  finds  pleasure  in  a  sneer. 


Back  to  the  Constitution. 


Chelf  Justice  Walter  Clark,  of  North  Carolina. 


LAW  was  long  ago  defined  as  "A 
rule  of  action  pi-escribed  by  the 
•supreme  power  in  the  State, 
coniiiiiuuling  what  is  right,  and  pro- 
hibiting what  is  wrong."  Which  is  the 
body  in  this  country  which  has  tlie  hist 
supreme  word  in  logishition?  Under 
our  form  of  government  we  have  an 
Kxeeiitive.  a  LogishUive  and  a  Judicial 
Department.  The  theory  in  the  law 
schools  is  that  each  of  these  is  separate 
and  distinct,  and  that  neither  can  inter- 
fere with  the  other.  Laying  aside  pre- 
conceived opinions  and  deceptive  forms 
of  expression.  Avhat  is  the  real  govern- 
ment which  we  have? 

The  legislative  is  understood  to  be 
the  lawmaking  body,  as  its  name  im- 
ports. If  so,  it  should  be  the  supreme 
power  here  as  in  England.  In  what 
way  does  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  the  Constitution  of  the 
States  place  any  restrictions  upon  that 
body?  According  to  the  Federal  Con- 
stitution, and  that  of  nearly  all  the 
States,  there  is  only  one  restriction, 
another  department  can  place  ujDon  the 
law-making  l)ody.  and  that  is  that  the 
Executive  can  interpose  his  veto  upon 
any  legislation  which  does  not  seem 
good  to  him,  but  the  Constitutional 
Convention  did  not  see  fit  to  make  this 
an  absolute  veto.  For  that  would  have 
placed  the  supreme  poAver  in  the  Execu- 
tive. The  Executive  was  not  given  the 
last  Avord,  but  it  was  provided  that  by 
a  certain  vote,  which  is  two-thirds  in 
the  Federal  Constitution,  and  varies  in 
the  different  States,  the  veto  can  be 
overruled  bj^  the  law-making  body,  if 
it  adheres  to  its  views.  This  is  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  theory  of  our  Gov- 
ernment, which  is,  that  the  law-making 
body  is  one  of  restrictions,  that  is,  that 
it  represents  the  people  and  has  all 
power  that  is  not  denied  it  by  the 
organic  law.  ^^Tiereas,  the  Executive 
and  Judicial  are  grants  of  poAver  and 
have  no  authority  except  that  confer- 


red by  tlie  Constitution.  This  is  the 
statement  made  by  Black  Cons.,  LaAv 
Section  100,  and  sums  up  correctly  tiie 
analysis  of  our  State  and  Federal  Con- 
stitutions, as  they  are  Avritten.  In  the 
Federal  Government,  Avhich  is  not  an 
oiiginal  soA'ereignty,  but  the  creation, 
after  the  Kevolution,  of  the  States,  the 
authority  of  the  Federal  laAv-making 
body  is  also  a  grant  of  ])ower,  for  it 
has,  or  correctly  should  have,  no  powers 
except  those  expressly  conferred  or  nec- 
essarily inferred  from  those  that  are 
gi\en. 

NoAv,  as  to  the  Executi\'e  (both  State 
and  Federal),  its  only  powers  are  those 
Avliich  are  expressly  giA-en  or  derived 
by  necessary  inference  from  those  that 
are  conferred.  The  only  authority 
given  this  department  to  interfere  Avitli 
the  othei's  in  any  Avay  is  the  A'eto  al- 
i-eady  mentioned,  and  that  is  not  abso- 
lute, but  subject  to  be  OA^erruled  by  a 
legislatiA'e  vote.  In  four  States — 
Rhode  Island,  North  Carolina,  West 
"\^irginia  and  Ohio — the  Governor  Avas 
even  denied  any  veto  poAver.  though  in 
some  of  these  in  later  years  it  has  been 
conferred. 

As  to  the  Judicial  Department,  the 
poAver  of  the  Executive  over  it  Avas  in 
the  appointment  of  the  Judges.  This 
at  first  Avas  very  general,  but  noAv  the 
number  of  States  has  been  reduced  to 
seA'en  in  Avhich  they  are  appointed  by 
the  Governor,  with  the  consent  of  the 
Senate.  The  control  of  the  Judiciary 
Department  by  the  Legislative  Avas 
more  complete  in  that  in  those  States 
Avhere  the  Governor  appoints,  the  Sen- 
ate branch  can  affirm  or  reject  his  nom- 
ination, and  in  all  of  them  the  Legisla- 
tive Department  has  supervision  of  the 
conduct  of  the  Judges  and  can  remove 
them  by  impeachment.  In  three  of 
them— Massachusetts.  New  Hampshire 
and  Rhode  Island — the  Legislature,  as 
in  England,  can  remoA^e  the  Judges 
Avithout  trial,  by  a  majority  A^ote. 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


177 


It  may  ho  inoiilionoci  here  that  the 
common  idea  that  the  Jiid^res  in  Eng- 
land hohl  absohitely  and  for  life  is  a 
mistake.  Up  to  the  Revolution  of  1088 
they  held  at  the  pleasure  of  the  King, 
who  could  remove  any  Judge  at  any 
time  without  a  trial.  "  Since  1088  the 
Judges  in  England,  as  in  the  three 
American  States  above  named,  hold  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  Legislative  Depart- 
ment, which  can  remove  them,  as  the 
King  formerly  did,  at  will,  and  with- 
out trial. 

This  being  the  status  of  the  other 
two  dei)artments  of  the  Government  as 
expressed  by  the  organic  law,  what  is 
the  i)!ace  contemplated  for  the  Judi- 
ciary Department,  taking  the  Constitu- 
tions as  they  are  written?  There  was 
given  to  the  Judicial  Department  no 
authority  whatever  over  the  other  two 
departments  of  the  Government.  There 
was  not  conferred  on  it,  as  upon  the 
Executive,  any  veto  over  the  action  of 
either  of  the  other  two  departments, 
not  even  the  suspensive  veto  conferred 
on  the  Executive.  Its  members  were 
originally  appointed  in  all  the  States 
by  the  Executive,  save  in  those  in  which 
such  appointment  Avas  subject  to  con- 
firmation by  the  Legislative  Depart- 
ment and  a  few  States  in  which  the 
Judges  were  elected  by  the  Legislature. 
It  was  thus  the  creature  of  one  or  the 
other,  or  of  both  the  other  departments 
jointly,  and  the  members  of  the  Judi- 
ciary were  made  removable,  as  already 
said,  by  the  Legislative  Department, 
and  in  three  of  them  they  still  hold  at 
the  pleasure  of  the  Legislature.  In 
the  Federal  Government  all  the  Judges 
of  the  Circuit  and  District  Courts  hold 
subject  to  the  right  of  Congress  to  leg- 
islate them  out  of  office  at  any  moment. 
In  1802,  sixteen  Circuit  Judges  were 
thus  legislated  out  of  existence  by  Con- 
gress and  at  sundry  times  since  District 
Courts  have,  in  like  manner,  been  abol- 
ished. As  to  the  Federal  Supreme 
Court,  it  holds  its  appellate  jurisdiction 
"with  such  exceptions  and  under  such 
regulations  as  Congress  shall  make." 
Cons.,  Art.  III.,  Sec.  2,  clause  2.  In- 
deed, as  to  the  Reconstruction  Act, 
Congress  enacted  that  the  Court  could 


issue  no  writ  to  construe  the  validity  of 
such  statutes,  and  the  Court  issued  none. 
The  Judicial  Department,  therefore,  is 
the  creature  of  the  Legislative  Depart- 
ment, which  from  time  to  time  can 
increase  or  diminish  the  number  of  the 
Judges  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  number  of  Judges  on  the  Federal 
Supreme  Court  is  not  fixed  by  the  Con- 
stitution but  by  Congress,  which  from 
time  to  time  has  increased  or  dimin- 
ished the  number  when  it  thought  the 
public  interest  demanded;  for  instance, 
when  it  was  thought  desirable  to  change 
the  ruling  of  the  Court  as  to  the  Legal 
Tender  Act. 

The  Court  being  the  creature  of  the 
Legislature  and  subject  to  it  for  the 
extent  of  its  jurisdiction  and  for  its 
existenc-e — to  a  large  degree — whence 
conies  it  that  the  Court  has  been  exer- 
cising the  supreme  power  in  our  Gov- 
ernment, i.  e.,  the  last  word  in  leg- 
islation? 

There  is  certainly  no  express  author- 
ity for  "Judicial  Supremacy"  of  the 
"Judicial  Veto"  b}^  which  that  depart- 
ment assumes  the  irreviewable  and 
therefore  the  absolute  supremacy  over 
the  other  two  departments.  There  is 
not  a  line  in  the  Constitution  of  any 
State  or  in  the  Federal  Constitution  to 
authorize  it.  If  there  was,  it  would 
only  be  necessary  to  point  to  the  words 
and  end  all  debate.  There  w^ould  be  no 
necessity  for  sophistical  argument  and 
we  would  be  saved  the  absurd  spectacle 
of  attempting  to  support  the  authority 
of  the  Court  upon  the  fact  that  some 
other  Court,  at  some  other  time,  had 
made  the  same  assertion.  The  former 
assertion  is  as  groundless  as  one  made 
now,  unless  the  authority  can  be  found 
in  the  Constitution. 

It  would  be  very  strange  indeed  if 
any  Constitutional  Convention  had  con- 
ferred the  last  and  ultimate  power  of 
sovereignty  u^^on  a  majority  of  a  Board 
of  api)ointive  Judges,  an  authority 
which  was  denied  to  the  Legislature  by 
the  suspensive  veto  given  the  Execu- 
tive; and  when  it  had  denied  an 
absolute  veto  to  the  Executive.  Yet  the 
Judiciary,  the  creature  of  the  other  two 
departments  until  in  more  recent  years 


178 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


(in  a  majority  of  the  States,  but  not 
yet  in  the  Federal  Government)  the 
Judges  have  had  the  dignity  conferred 
upon  them  of  a  direct  mandate  from 
the  people  by  election  at  the  ballot  box. 
It  may  be  noted  also  that  this  change 
from  an  appointive  to  an  elected  Judi- 
ciary Avas  brought  about  as  a  check 
upon  the  irreviewnble  and  irresponsi- 
ble power  assumed  by  the  Courts  of 
setting  aside  the  action  of  the  Legisla- 
tive approved  by  the  Executive  De- 
partment. 

It  Avould  consume  too  much  space  to 
discuss  the  assumption  of  this  power  by 
the  State  Courts,  as  it  has  been  more 
flagrant  in  some  States  than  in  others. 
Latterly  there  has  been  a  further  curb 
sought  to  be  imposed  upon  the  asser- 
tion of  this  supreme  power  in  the 
Courts  by  the  adoption  of  the  "Recall 
of  the  Judges,"  in  the  State  Constitu- 
tion in  eight  States.  Those  who,  like 
the  writer,  do  not  think  the  "Recall  of 
the  Judges''  advisable,  may  well  con- 
sider the  fact  that  a  free  people  will 
not  willingly  consent  that  the  action 
of  their  duly  elected  Representatives 
em])owered  to  make  their  laws,  and  of 
their  duly  elected  Executive,  shall  be 
brushed  aside  by  a  bare  majority  of  a 
board  of  lawyers  without  any  authority 
conferred. in  the  Constitution. 

Have  the  Courts  assumed  this  irre- 
vicAvable  power  and  asserted  for  a  ma- 
jority of  the  Court  an  infallibility 
which  they  have  denied  to  the  minority 
of  the  Court,  and  to  the  other  two  de- 
l)artments  of  the  Government? 

Taking  the  P'ederal  Court  as  an  ex- 
ample, a  few  instances  will  make  reply. 
Not  long  after  the  Federal  Supreme 
Court  was  created — and  it  will  be  re- 
membered that  it  was  created  and  its 
jurisdiction  fixed  by  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress, the  Judiciary  Act  of  1789,  and 
not  by  the  Constitution — that  Court 
haled  a  sovereign  State  before  it  and 
passed  sentence  in  Chisolm  vs.  Georgia. 
Immediately  the  people  took  the  alarm, 
and  the  Eleventh  Amendment  was  pass- 
ed to  prevent  the  repetition  of  the 
sight  of  a  sovereign  State  being  brought 
into  Court  at  the  suit  of  a  private  in- 
dividual.    It  was  fortunate  that  this 


was  done,  for  otherwise  the  docket 
would  have  been  crowded,  since,  with 
actions  by  the  American  Tobacco  Com- 
pany, the  Standard  Oil  Company  and 
railroad  company  after  railroad  com- 
pany bringing  into  Court  the  States 
whose  legislation  was  not  acceptable  to 
those  great  aggregations  of  wealth. 

The  next  assumption  of  power  was  in 
Marbury  vs.  Madison.  John  Marsliall 
was  Secretary  of  State.  In  January, 
1801,  he  was  appointed  Chief  Justice 
and  qualified  as  such  and  took  his  seat 
on  the  Bench  January  W,  1801,  sti]\ 
I'etaining,  however,  his  position  as  Sec- 
retary of  State.  rresi(k'nt  John  Adams 
having  been  defeated  for  re-election  at 
midnight  on  March  3,  John  Marshall, 
as  Secretary  of  State,  w'as  signing  and 
sealing  Connnissions  when,  as  Parton 
tells  us,  as  the  clock  struck  the  hour  of 
12,  Levi  Lincoln,  with  I'resident  Jef- 
ferson's watch  in  hand,  forbade  Secre- 
tary of  State  and  Chief  Justice  Mar- 
shall to  deliver  the  Commissions  then 
upon  the  table  already  signed.  Among 
them  was  one  to  Marbury  as  Justice  of 
the  Peace  of  the  District  of  Columbia. 

Soon  thereafter  there  was  brought 
l)efore  the  Supreme  Court,  of  which 
INIarshall  was  still  Chief  Justice,  a  pro- 
ceeding to  compel  Mr.  Madison,  the 
Secretary  of  State,  to  deliver  to  Mar- 
l)ury  the  Commission  which  Marshall 
himself  had  signed  while  occupying  the 
double  ])osition  of  Secretary  of  State 
and  Chief  Justice. 

Instead  of  declining  to  sit  in  judg- 
ment upon  his  own  act,  Marshall,  as 
Chief  Justice,  Avrote  a  long  decision  in 
which  he  asserted  that  the  Courts  had 
the  power  to  set  aside  an  Act  of  Con- 
gress, but  wound  up  finally  with  dis- 
missing the  proceeding  upon  the  ground 
that  the  Court  had  no  jurisdiction  to 
issue  mandamus,  as  the  Act  of  Congress 
had  not  conferred  such  power.  Thus 
in  an  obiter  dictimi  this  vast  and  irre- 
vicAvable  joower  which  places  in  a  ma- 
jority of  the  Supreme  Court  the  ulti- 
mate sovereignty  of  the  nation  became 
a  precedent.  It  Avas  knoAvn  that  if  the 
Court  had  directed  the  Avrit  to  issue, 
INIr.  Jefferson  Avould  not  have  obej^ed  it. 
By   announcing   the   doctrine   and   re- 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


179 


fraiiiin^  from  any  exercise  of  author- 
ity under  it,  the  powerlossness  of  the 
Court  was  veiled  while  its  assertion  of 
supremacy  was  distinctly  made.  Later 
when  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  in  an- 
other case,  ilid  assert  the  power  to  issue 
a  writ  of  ejectment  in  derogation  of  a 
statute  of  Cieorgia,  Andrew  Jackson 
pithily  said  "John  Marshall  has  made 
liis  decision,  has  he?  Now  let  us  see 
him  execute  it."  It  was  never  executed 
and  has  remained  as  so  much  blank 
paper.  The  evil  from  the  assertion  of 
the  doctrine  of  ultimate  supremacy  of 
(he  Courts  has,  however,  abided  with  us. 

It  was  not  again  asserted  as  against 
any  Act  of  Congress,  however,  for  54 
years,  and  then  in  the  Dred  Scott  case. 
The  criticism  of  that  decision  by  Abra- 
ham was  sharp  and  shrewd.  That  de- 
cision, probably  more  than  anything 
else,  made  the  great  Civil  AVar  inevit- 
able, and  brouglit  in  its  train  the  enact- 
ment of  the  Thirteenth,  Fourteenth 
and  Fifteenth  Amendments. 

AYe  cannot  overlook  the  fact  that  the 
Court  in  reaching  out  for  more  power 
held  in  1842  that  a  Corporation  was  a 
citizen  of  the  State  which  had  created 
it.  Up  to  that  time  the  Court  had 
uniformly  held  that  a  Corporation  was 
not  a  citizen  w^ithin  the  meaning  of 
the  '"diverse  citizenship''  clause  of  the 
Constitution.  The  result  of  this 
"change  of  front"  was  that  Corpora- 
tions have  brought  their  cases  in  the 
Federal  Courts,  in  overwhelming  num- 
bers  before  life  tenure,  appointive 
Judges,  most  of  whom  have  been 
trained  in  the  employment  of  Corpora- 
tions. As  the  President  of  one  great 
railroad  company  said  when  he  defied 
a  State  statute,  regulating  its  rates, 
"The  Federal  Courts  are  the  haven  and 
the  home  of  Corporations." 

Later  on,  we  had  another  spectacle. 
The  Legislature  elected  by  the  people 
of  New  York,  in  the  discharge  of  the 
police  powers  resident  in  every  State 
government,  passed  an  Act  restricting 
the  hours  of  labor  of  bakers  subjected 
*to  excessive  heat  in  their  trade.  The 
highest  Court  in  Xew^  York  promptly 
held  that  the  people  of  the  State  could 
thus  protect  the  health  and  the  lives 


of  its  laborers.  The  case  was  carried 
into  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States  and  there  by  a  vote  of  five  in- 
fallible Judges  against  four  fallible 
Judges  the  powers  of  the  State  were 
set  aside  and  it  was  held  that  the  great 
State  of  New  York  could  not  thus  pro- 
tect the  lives  and  health  of  its  laborers, 
because  it  would  interfere  with  the 
"liberty  of  contract."  The  reason  given 
was  w^orse  even  than  the  usurpation  of 
authority.  It  Avas  an  insult  to  the  in- 
telligence of  the  public,  for  everybody 
knew  that  these  bakers  were  not  seeking 
to  vindicate  the  liberty  of  contract,  but 
were  asking  to  be  protected  in  their 
lives  and  health.  The  decision  of  the 
Court  was  in  truth  based  upon  unwill- 
ingness to  curb  the  powder  of  the  em- 
I)loyer  over  the  employee. 

Further  back  we  were  treated  to  the 
spectacle  of  the  "Dartmouth  College 
case"  of  the  Court  holding  that  the 
charter  of  a  Corporation  was  not  a 
privilege  but  a  contract,  and  therefore 
irrevocable,  with  the  sequence  that  if  a 
corrupt  Legislature  could  be  induced  to 
grant  a  charter  no  subsequent  honest 
Legislature  could  revoke  it.  There 
would  be  no  place  left  for  the  peojile 
to  control  their  own  government.  To 
meet  this  condition  the  people  of  the 
several  States  promptly  made  amend- 
ments to  their  Constitution  by  which  it 
was  provided  that  charters  of  all  Cor- 
porations granted  thereafter  should  be 
subject  to  change,  modification  or  re- 
])eal  at  the  will  of  the  Legislature.  It 
was  thus  that  the  people  were  forced 
to  regain  their  control  over  their  crea- 
tures by  nullifying  the  decision  of  the 
Courts. 

For  100  years  the  Court  had  held  an 
Income  Tax  constitutional.  By  this 
means,  indispensable  aid  had  been  given 
to  the  party  of  the  Union  in  carrying 
on  the  Civil  AVar.  But  those  who  were 
called  upon  to  pay  the  Income  Tax,  the 
multimillionaires  and  great  Corpora- 
tions, again  presented  a  case  calling  in 
question  the  validity  of  the  action  of 
Congress.  The  Court  following  the 
precedents  from  the  foundation  of  the 
Government,  but  only  by  a  bare  ma- 
jority,   again    affirmed    the    power    of 


180 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


Congress.  Soon  thereafter  one  of  the 
majority  Judges,  having  received  possi- 
bly a  wireless  intimation  of  the  views 
of  the  30  men  who  signed  the  Consti- 
tution at  Philadelphia  in  1787,  let  it  be 
known  that  he  had  exi)erienced  a 
change  of  heart.  A  petition  for  rehear- 
ing was  granted  and  then  by  another 
vote  of  five  infallible  Judges  against 
four  fallible  Judges  (with  a  change  of 
personnel,  however)  the  Act  of  Con- 
gress was  held  unconstituti(mal,  though 
it  had  been  passed  by  an  almost  unani- 
mous vote  in  both  Houses  of  Congress 
and  had  been  approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent. 

The  result  of  this  astoimding  change 
was  that  more  than  $100,000,000  of 
taxes,  annually,  were  transferred  from 
those  best  able  to  pay  them  and  upon 
whom  Congress,  with  the  approval  of 
the  President,  had  placed  them,  and 
were  placed  ujion  the  toiling  masses 
who  were  already  overtaxed.  The  peo- 
ple of  the  Union  would  not  stand  for 
this  and  again  a  Constitution  amend- 
ment was  passed  and  finally  adopted. 
But  in  the  meantime  it  is  estimated  that 
more  than  $2,000,000,000  were  levied 
upon  the  producers  of  the  country  to 
the  exemption  of  the  great  Corpora- 
tions and  of  the  multimillionaires  upon 
whom  Congress  in  the  discharge  of  its 
duties  and  powers  had  seen  fit  to  lay  it. 

Other  instances  of  this  abuse  of  irre- 
sponsible power  by  the  Courts  could  be 
cited,  in  the  Fedei-al  Supreme  Court 
and  many  in  the  State  Courts.  But  it 
should  go  without  saying  that  irrespon- 
sible and  irreviewable  power  is  always 
tyranny.  Even  if  its  effects  are  not 
always  as  evil  as  in  the  cases  thus  cited, 
it  is  intolerable  because  it  is  in  contra- 
diction of  the  will  of  the  people  upon 
whom  we  boast  that  our  Government 
rests:  "All  power  proceeds  from  the 
people  and  should  be  exercised  for  their 
good  only." 

Not  only  such  power  was  not  given 
to  the  Judiciary  in  any  Constitutions, 
State  or  Federal,  but  in  the  Convention 
at  Philadelphia  there  was  an  attempt 
to  put  it  in  the  Constitution.  It  was 
voted  down,  though  the  clause  was 
brought   forward   by   James  Madison, 


afterwards  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  by  James  Wilson,  after- 
wards a  ineml)er  of  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court.  That  Convention  sat 
with  closed  doors,  with  its  members 
sworn  not  to  communicate  any  of  its 
])roceedings  to  their  constituents,  and  a 
vote  to  destroy  its  journal  was  i)re- 
vented  only  by  a  bare  majority.  That 
Journal  was  not  made  public  for  49 
qears,  and  Ave  now  know  from  it  that 
this  proposition  that  the  Judges  should 
pass  upon  the  constitutionality  of  Acts 
of  Congress  was  defeated  four  times, 
i.  e.,  first  on  June  4,  1787,  receiving  the 
vote  of  only  two  states.  It  was  re- 
newed no  le.ss  than  3  times,  i.  e.  on 
June  C,  July  21  and  finally  for  the  4th 
time  on  August  15th,  and  at  no  time 
did  it  receive  the  votes  of  more  than 
three  states.  On  this  last  occasion 
(August  15th)  Mr.  Mercer  thus  sum- 
med up  the  thought  of  the  Convention: 
"He  disapproved  of  the  doctrine  that 
the  judges  as  expositors  of  the  Consti- 
tution, should  have  authority  to  de- 
clare a  law  void.  He  thought  laws 
ought  to  be  well  and  cautiously  made 
and  then  to  be  incontrovertible." 

The  doctrine  that  the  Courts  can  set 
aside  an  Act  of  the  Legislature  has 
never  obtained  in  England,  which  has 
no  wa-itten  Constitution,  nor  in  France, 
Germany,  Holland.  Belgium,  Denmark. 
Austria,  Norway  and  Sweden  or  in  any 
other  country  that  has  a  written  Con- 
stitution. Its  assertion  in  this  countrj' 
has  not  therefore  even  the  ''Tryant's 
plea  of  necessity."  The  rest  of  the 
world  has  gotten  along  very  well 
without  it. 

The  Courts  have  attempted  only  once 
in  England  to  assert  a  right  to  set  aside 
an  Act  of  Parliament  and  then  Chief 
Justice  Tressilian  was  hanged  and  his 
associates  exiled  to  France  and  subse- 
quent Courts  have  not  relied  upon  it  as 
a  precedent. 

Of  course  there  have  been  expressions 
at  times  in  the  Courts  of  England 
criticising  Acts  of  Parliament,  gener- 
ally with  great  modesty  but  some  times  ■ 
saying  that  they  were  not  valid,  but 
this  never  extended  beyond  an  expres- 
sion of  disapproval  for  no   Court   in 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


181 


England  since  Tressilians's  day  has  re- 
fused to  obey  an  x\.ct  of  Parliament. 

Prior  to  the  American  Kevolution 
the  Acts  of  our  Colonies  were  sent 
home  to  England  where  they  were  al- 
lowed or  disallowed  by  the  Privy 
Council,  for  in  this  way  the  mother 
country  held  its  control  over  the  Col- 
onies. After  the  acknowledgement  of 
the  Independence  of  the  thirteen 
Colonies,  and  before  our  Federal  Con- 
vention met  at  Philadelphia,  the 
Courts  of  four  states.  New  Jersey, 
Rhode  Island,  Virginia  and  North 
Carolina — had  assumed  to  themselves 
the  power  formerly  exercised  by  the 
Privy  Council  in  England.  This  met 
immediate  and  strong  disapproval,  and 
in  Rhode  Island  the  judges  were 
"dropped."  These  decisions  were  well 
known  to  the  members  of  the  Conven- 
tion at  Philadelphia.  Mr.  Madison  and 
Mr.  Wilson  favored  the  new  doctrine 
of  the  "paramount  judiciary"  as  a  safe 
check  upon  legislation,  for  government 
by  the  people  was  new  and  the  prop- 
erty holders  were  fearful  of  the  ex- 
cesses of  an  unrestricted  Congress. 

The  attempt  was  to  get  the  Judicial 
veto  into  the  Federal  Constitution  in 
its  least  objectionable  shape,  by  sub- 
mitting the  Acts  of  Congress  to  the 
Court  before  the  final  passages  of  an 
Act,  but  even  this  failed,  for  though 
four  times  presented  by  these  two  very 
able  and  influential  members — this 
suggestion  of  a  "Judicial  Veto"  at  no 
time  received  the  votes  of  more  than 
one  fourth  of  the  states.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  that  if  such  power  had  been 
inserted,  the  Constitution  would  never 
have  been  ratified  by  the  several 
states. 

It  is  true  that  the  Constitution  does 
prescribe  that  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  and  the  Acts  passed  un- 
der the  authority  thereof,  shall  be  su- 
preme over  the  State  Constitutions  and 
laws.  This  is  necessary  in  any  Federal 
government.  This  does  not,  however, 
confer  upon  the  Supreme  Court  the 
power  to  set  aside  Acts  of  Congress, 
like  the  Income  Tax  and  other  statutes, 
not  involving  the  boundary  line  be- 
tween State  and  Federal  Jurisdiction. 


The  very  fact  that  this  jDrovision  was 
put  into  the  Federal  Constitution  shows 
that  the  Convention  did  not  intend  to 
confer  upon  the  Court  the  unlimited 
power  claimed  later  under  "Marbury 
vs.  Madison".  Aware  of  this  defect, 
the  Court  since  the  War  has  sought  to 
found  its  jurisdiction  to  nullify  Con- 
gressional action  upon  the  14th  Amend- 
ment. It  has  been  well  said  that  that 
Amendment  which  was  intended  for  the 
protection  of  the  negro  has  failed  en- 
tirely in  that  purpose,  but  has  become 
a  very  tower  of  strength  to  the  great 
aggregations  of  wealth.  Not  only  no 
force  can  be  justly  given  to  the  con- 
struction placed  by  the  Court  upon  the 
XIV  Amendment,  from  the  knowledge 
of  the  history  of  its  adoption,  but  the 
words  used  can  not  fairly  be  interp- 
reted as  they  have  been.  "Due  process 
of  law",  means  the  orderly  proceeding 
of  the  Courts  and  the  "equal  protec- 
tion of  the  laws"  was  never  intended  to 
give  to  the  Federal  Courts  irreviewable 
supremacy  over  Congress  and  the 
President. 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the 
ingenious  reasoning  in  Marbury  vs. 
Madison  and  the  construction  placed 
upon  the  XIV  Amendment  have  had 
the  same  origin  in  the  desire  of  the 
Court  as  a  shield  between  them  and  the 
action  of  Congress  and  the  Legislatures 
when  they  have  not  succeeded  in  de- 
feating legislation  by  fair  means  or 
foul. 

But  as  a  last  resort,  it  is  urged  must 
not  Congress  and  the  Legislatures  obey 
the  Constitution?  Most  certainly.  The 
members  take  an  oath  to  do  so,  and 
there  is  as  much  patriotism  and  consid- 
ering the  larger  size  of  legislative 
bodies,  a  greater  aggregate  intelligence 
in  them  than  in  the  Courts.  But  it  does 
not  follow  that  if  a  Legislature,  or 
Congress,  misconceives,  or  violates  the 
Constitution  that  the  Court  has  the 
power  to  nullify'  their  action.  The  only 
supervising  control  of  the  legislative 
given  by  the  Constitution,  is  the  veto 
of  the  Executive,  not  of  the  Court,  and 
that  Executive  veto  is  only  suspensive. 
If  the  Legislature  still  insists,  the  su- 
pervising power  is  in  the  people  in  the 


182 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


election  of  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives who  will  put  a  more  correct  con- 
struction on  the  Constitution. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  there  is 
no  line  in  the  Constitution  which  gives 
the  Courts,  instead  of  the  people,  sup- 
ervision over  Congress  or  the  legisla- 
ture. There  is  no  constitutional  pre- 
sumption that  five  judges  will  be  in- 
fallible and  that  four  will  be  fallible. 
If  the  Legislative  and  Executive  de- 
partments of  the  government  err  the 
people  can  correct  it.  But  when  the 
courts  err,  as  they  frequently  do,  for 
instance,  as  in  Chisolm  vs.  Georgia  or 
in  the  Dartmouth  College  Case,  or  in 
the  Income  Tax  Case — not  to  mention 
others,  there  is  no  remedy  except  by 
the  long,  slow  process  of  a  Constitu- 
tional Ainendment  or  by  a  change  in 
the  personel  of  the  Court,  which  is 
necessarily  very  slow  when  the  Judges 
hold  for  life  as  they  do  in  the  Federal 
Courts. 

No  one  has  ever  questioned  the  abil- 
ity and  integrity  of  Chief  Justice 
Marshall.  Like  other  men  he  saw  the 
world  from  his  own  standpoint  and 
from  his  environment  and  with  the 
prepossessions  of  his  day.  He  had 
small  faith  in  the  capacity  of  the  peo- 
ple for  self-government.  He  believed 
in  a  strong  central  government  and  dis- 
trusted the  States.  He  believed  that 
the  function  of  government  was  the 
protection  of  property  rights  which  he 
thought  jeopardised  by  the  rule  of  the 
people  who  were  mostly  without  prop- 
erty. At  that  time  the  experiment  of 
popular  government  was  untried  and 
the  people  were  uneducated.  Moreover 
he  was  a  strong  man,  rugged  and 
earnest,  and  like  most  strong  men  he 
annexed  all  the  jurisdiction  he  could 
lay  hands  upon.  While  his  course  upon 
the  Bench  was  in  many  respects  of  in- 
estimable good,  in  such  decisions  as 
Marbury  vs.  Madison,  the  Dartmought 
College  case,  and  others  he  went  beyond 
the  necessities  of  the  occasion  and  cer- 
tainly beyond,  far  beyond,  the  author- 
ity conferred  on  the  courts  by  the  Con- 
stitution.   Smaller  men  nave  extended 


his  doctrines  to  their  logical  conclusion 
in  more  recent  cases  which  have 
alarmed  the  public  conscience  and  a 
restoration  of  the  urisdiction  of  the 
Court  to  its  true  limits  is  a  necessity. 
As  that  jurisdiction  has  been  defined 
in  more  recent  cases,  all  legislation 
now  depends  for  its  validity  noi  upon 
the  will  of  the  people  as  expressed 
through  Congress  and  State  Legisla- 
tures but  upon  the  economic  views  of 
five  lawyers  to  whom  "Due  process  of 
law"'  and  ''equal  protection  of  the  laws" 
mean  simpl}^  what  they  believe  is  for 
the  real  good  of  the  people.  In  their 
hands  the  power  of  the  Courts  over 
legislation  is  neither  more  nor  less  than 
an  irreviewable  veto  upon  any  expres- 
sion of  the  public  will  that  does  not 
meet  their  approval. 

Let  us  go  "back  to  the  Constitution" 
as  it  is  written.  Let  Congress  and  the 
Legislatures  legislate;  subject  to  the 
only  restriction  conferred  by  the  Con- 
stitution— the  suspensive  veto  of  the 
executive — and  with  further  super- 
vision in  the  people  alone,  who  can  be 
trusted  with  their  own  government — 
else  republican  form  of  government  is 
a  failure. 

Under  our  plan  of  government  the 
people  alone  are  sovereign.  Judges, 
Governors,  Presidents,  Members  of 
Legislatures  and  Members  of  Congress 
are  all  alike  servants  of  the  people.  No 
place  is  given  in  any  Constitution  to 
either  department  to  supervise  the  ac- 
tion of  the  others.  The  sole  super- 
visional  authority  is  in  the  people.  It 
has  nowhere  been  given  to  the  courts. 

The  love  of  us  lawyers  for  precedent, 
and  a  feeling  of  professional  pride  that 
five  lawyers  on  the  Supreme  Court  can 
say  to  the  other  departments  of  the 
Government,  nay,  to  the  people  them- 
selves, as  has  been  asserted :  "Thus  far 
shalt  thou  go,  and  no  farther",  appeal 
to  us.  But  this  is  the  defiance  of  the 
servant  to  the  master,  the  challenge  of 
the  creature  to  its  creator. 

There  is  no  room  in  a  Republican 
form  of  government  for  "Judicial 
Hedgemony." 


Roman  Catholic  Attack  on   Freemasonry. 

By  Rev.  W.  L.   Pickard,  Now  President  of  Mercer  University, 


WHAT  1  sliall  stiy  in  this  study  is 
of  my  own  volition.  No  lodge 
has  been  asked  to  stand  spon- 
sor for  it.  As  a  citizen,  Protestant, 
and  Mason,  these  are  my  own  views. 
In  eleven  discourses,  I  have  tried  to 
show  the  fundamental  differences  be- 
tween Protestantism  and  Roman  Ca- 
tholicism, and  to  show  the  superiority 
of  the  former  over  the  latter.  As  a 
Mason,  I  shall  try  to  ward  the  blows 
which  Roman  Catholicism  is  striking 
at  Freemasonry  everywhere,  but  espe- 
cially in  the  United  States  of  America. 

In  the  study  of  Protestantism  and 
Roman  Catholicism  the  comparison 
was  between  two  systems  of  religion, 
both  of  which  claim  to  be  Christian. 
In  that  study  the  point  was  to  show 
which  of  those  systems  adheres  most 
closely  to  the  teachings  of  Christ.  In 
this  study  the  ground  of  debate  is  dif- 
ferent. The  points  at  issue  here  are 
these:  Wliat  does  Masonry  profess  to 
be  and  do?  What  does  Roman  Catholi- 
cism profess  to  be  and  do?  Which  of 
the  two  has  most  faithfully  lived  up  to 
its  profession?  And,  finally,  are  the 
attacks  of  Roman  Catholicism  on  Ma- 
sonry justified  by  the  tenets  and  prac- 
tices of  Masonry? 

Freemasonry  is  based  on  Theistic 
Philosophy.  Belief  in  (lod  and  the 
immortality  of  the  soul  is  fundamental 
in  Masonry.  It  is  a  brotherhood  of 
men  who  believe  in  God  and  immor- 
tality, and  who  are  truth-seekers  prac- 
ticing virtue  in  themselves,  charity  to- 
wards others,  and  who  are  exercising 
Faith  and  Hope  in  God.  Were  I  to 
state  Freemasonry  creedally  I  would 
state  it  thus : 

1.  I  believe  in  God. 

2.  I  believe  in  the  immortality  of  the 
soul. 

3.  I  believe  in  Virtue,  Faith,  Hope 
and  Charity. 


4.  I  believe  it  is  my  duty  to  live  as 
one  who  is  responsible  to  God. 

5.  I  believe  it  is  my  duty  to  live 
righteously  toward  all  mankind,  and 
especially  toward  brother  Masons. 

Here,  then,  is  a  Mason.  He  is  a  man 
who  believes  in  the  Supreme  God;  be- 
lieves that  before  God  he  stands  free 
by  his  birth  to  Avork  out  his  destiny; 
is  a  seeker  after  truth  and  righteous- 
m'ss:  is  a  believer  in,  and  a  candidate 
for  immortality;  a  believer  in  human 
brotherhood;  a  practicer  of  virtue;  one 
who  exercises  Faith  and  Hope  in  God; 
one  who  practices  charity  toward  all, 
but  especially  those  of  his  fraternity, 
and  tries  to  subdue  the  animal  nature 
that  is  within  him  until  the  Spiritual, 
Godlike,  nature  rules  in  and  over  his 
life. 

Though  Masonry  has  much  that  is 
religious  in  it,  it  is  a  Philosophy;  there- 
fore, it  does  not,  by  its  very  nature,  try 
to  get  all  men  to  become  Masons.  It  is 
selective  on  the  ground  of  brotherhood 
based  on  its  principles.  It,  therefore, 
is  neither  inclusive  nor  exclusive  of  any 
special  system  of  religion.  This  broth- 
erhood has  existed  for  ages.  It  has 
moved  quietly  on  through  the  centuries, 
through  empires,  kingdoms,  republics 
and  democracies,  living  its  great  life, 
doing  its  noble  duties,  blessing  the 
world,  stretching  forth  its  hands  to 
help  the  needy  and  sending  out  its 
beneficent  rays  of  light  to  bless  the 
human  race. 

Roman  Catholicism  clahns  to  he  '"''the 
one  and  only  true  rcliqion  of  Jesus 
Christ:' 

Were  I  to  define  Christianity,  I 
would  say: 

1.  It  is  to  believe  in  Christ  and  His 
teachings  as  Divine  authority. 

2.  It  is  to  practice  Christ's  teachings 
as  He  taught  them,. 


184 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


3.  It  is  to  practice  Christ's  teachinj^s 
in  the  spirit  of  Christ  as  our  exemphir. 

Now,  study  Freemasonry  in  the  light 
of  what  it  professes,  and  has  done,  and 
Koman  Catholicism  in  the  light  of 
what  it  professes,  and  has  done,  then 
see  if  its  attack  on  Freemasonry  comes 
in  good  grace. 

Remember,  Roman  Catholicism  not 
only  claims  to  be  the  one  and  only  true 
religion  of  Jesus  Christy  hut  it  claims 
that  its  Pope  is  infallihle — the  vice- 
gerent of  Ghnst  on  earth.  Therefore.^ 
its  perfection  and  stainless  heauty 
should  shine  forth  without  shadow  or 
flaw. 

Masonry  as  a  Philosophy  claims  only 
to  be  a  seeker  after  truth. 

Roman  Catholicism  claims  to  have 
all  that  there  is  up  to  date,  and  an 
infallihle  head,  the  Pope.,  who  can  touch 
the  button  and  get  whatever  else  the 
world  needs  to  know,  without  the  slight- 
est possibility  of  error.  All  that  Ro- 
man Catholicism  has  done  to  date, 
therefore,  ought  to  look  just  like  it  were 
done  by  the  beautiful  Christ,  or  as 
nearly  so  as  Saints  in  touch  with  the 
infallihle  could  make  it.  At  the  least, 
Roman  Catholicism.,  by  its  profession, 
ought  to  have  the  most  Christ-like  his- 
tory of  anything  in  the  world. 

Masonry  says:  I  believe  in  God  and 
Immortality.  I  am  trying  by  the  help 
of  God  so  to  live  as  to  have  a  blissful 
immortality.  Masons  said  this  in  Solo- 
mon's day,  in  Christ's  day,  and  they 
say  it  now.  They  said  it  in  ancient 
Egypt,  Palestine,  Syria,  Babylonia, 
Persia,  Greece.  Rome  and  in  far-off 
Asia  and  India.  They  say  it  in  all 
these  countries  today.  In  the  midst  of 
all  Philosophies  and  religions — Jewish. 
Pagan,  Christian;  in  the  midst  of  gross 
darkness  and  of  growling  light  this 
faternity  has  kept  the  light  of  Hope 
shining  by  its  helief  in  God  and  its 
practice  of  Virtue.  Morality  and  Char- 
ity. It  has  taken  the  light  it  could  find 
in  Nature^  Philosophy^  Soience^  and 
Revelation  and  kept  it  shining  to  light 
the  path  of  Truth.  Its  God  is  the  one 
God  of  all.  Its  ritual  is  based  on  His 
one  greatest  Book.  Its  working  tools 
and  emblems  are  emblems  and  symbols 


of  truth,  virtue,  morality  and  innnor- 
tality.  Its  work  is  to  build  character — 
its  deeds  are  planned  to  charity. 

It  rises  like  a  great  tree.  The  trunk 
is  one — belief  in  (lod  and  immortality. 
Then  the  trunk  sends  up  two  great 
branches — (iod  and  Philosophy  on  one 
side,  and  (lod.  Christ  and  Philosophy 
on  the  other.  These  two  great  arching 
branches  meet  and  flower  in  the  belief 
in  and  the  hoj)e  of,  inunortality.  So,  it 
takes  in  the  light  of  Nature,  Philoso- 
phy, Science,  God  and  Christ,  and 
makes  much  of  the  Holy  Bihle  from 
Genesis  to  Revelation.  And  in  all,  it 
has  a  deep  Spiritual  significance.  I 
doubt  not  that  Solomon  was  a  profound 
student  of  the  Craft  in  the  writing  of 
his  Proverbs  -and  the  building  of  the 
Temple — for  both  throlj  with  the  wis- 
dom of  God  for  man.  I  doubt  not  that 
the  Three  AVise  iSIen  from  the  P^ast  had 
]:)ondered  deeply  the  Book  and  the 
Craft,  for  they  were  seeking  the  Mas- 
ter-Builder.  Is  it  strange  that  He  be- 
came a  carpenter — a  worker  with  tools  ? 
That  ancient  Bush  of  Fire  not  con- 
sumed not  only  set  forth  the  majesty 
of  God.  but  the  indestructibility  of  man 
though  tried  by  the  fires  of  tribulation. 
God  wrapped  that  bush  with  flames 
of  glory  and  the  bush  was  not  con- 
sumed. The  bush  was  on  fire  and  God 
was  in  the  bush.  How  often  man  is 
fire-wrapped,  l)ut  God  is  with  him  in 
the  fire  and  he  is  not  consumed.  Im- 
mortality is  his  goal.  Masonry  be- 
lieving this  philoso[)hy  and  revelation 
has  never  anywhere,  under  any  cir- 
cumstances, wavered  in  its  belief  in 
God  and  Immortality. 

Yet  Roman  Catholicism  accuses  it  of 
being  ''Atheistic  and  a  destroyer  of 
belief  in  God." 

Remember,  Masonry  is  a  philosophy, 
not  a  system  of  religion.,  yet  it  will  not 
take  into  its  Craft  a  man  who  dares  not 
believe  in  God.  It  will  not  admit  to  its 
membership  a  man  who  sells  liquor; 
one  who  is  a  drunkard;  one  who  is 
knoicn  to  be  immoral ;  one  who  is 
known  to  be  dishonest,  or  one  who  is 
known  to  be  a  liar.  Fix  this  in  your 
minds. 

Look  at  the  liquor-sellers  in  the  Ro- 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


185 


man  Catholic  chvrch.  Jesus  seems  to 
require  men  to  become  horn  again,  re- 
generated, before  coining  into  His 
Church.  So  he  told  Nicodemus.  Once 
in  the  Roman  Catliolir  nhi/rch,  drxnl'- 
ards,  liquor-sellers,  harlot,  or  what,  or 
what  not,  ahcat/s  there,  unless  one  be- 
comes disohedient  to  the  lairs  of  the 
hierarchy.  That,  of  course,  is  the  busi- 
ness of  that  church.  The  question  I 
raise  is  this:  Ivooking  at  nuiny  things 
which  that  church  sanctions  in  its  mem- 
bers, does  it  become  that  church  in  good 
grace  to  say  that  Masonry  is  atheistic 
and  a  destroyer  of  m(u-als?  Remember, 
IMasonr}'  is  a  fraternity  based  on  Phil- 
osphy,  and  the  Roman  Catholic  church 
claims  to  be  the  one  and  onh'  exact 
pattern  of  the  faith  and  practice  of 
Jesus  Christ — the  perfect  one. 

So  far  as  religion  is  concerned,  there 
is  nothing  in  the  Roman  Catholic  re- 
ligion Avhich  would  keep  a  Catholic 
from  being  a  Mason.  Yet,  there  have 
lived  many  Popes  who,  on  the  grounds 
of  their  wickedness  and  immorality, 
w^ould  not  have  been  admitted  into 
Masonry.  I  wonder  if  it  is  possible 
that,  once  upon  a  time,  some  Pope  got 
blackballed  on  account  of  his  bad  char- 
acter. Once  upon  a  time  there  may 
hare  heen  sour  grapes  hehind  the  yapal 
anathema  against  Freemasonry.  I  do 
not  say  there  were.  I  say  there  may 
have  been. 

Man  for  man,  prelate,  priest  and  lay- 
men, can  Roman  Catholicism  in  this 
city,  or  anyAvhere,  find  a  thousand  men 
in  its  church,  home  by  home,  who  will 
average  of  loftier  morality  than  a  thou- 
sand Masons,  man  for  man.  home  by 
home?  Yet  that  church  claims  to  be 
Christ's  own  Ix^autiful  uu)del  with  an 
infallible  Pope  to  guarantee  its  perfect 
standards,  and  priests  to  absolve  all 
sins — yet  Masonry  claims  to  be  only  a 
brotherhood,  founded  on  Philosophy, 
seeking  after  truth.  Look  at  them 
closely. 

THE  ATTACK. 

In  1738  Pope  Clement  XII  made  a 
bitter  attack  on  Freenuisonry.  This 
was  followed  by  Benedict  XIV.,  Pius 
VIL,  Leo  XIl!,  Pius  VIIL,  Gregory 


XVI.,  Pius  IX.,  and  then  came  the 
notable  "Ilumanum  Genus"  by  Pope 
Leo  XIII.,  reaffirmed  by  the  present 
Pope,  Pius  X..  and  following  these 
pajial  denunciations,  there  are  now 
many  current  attacks  by  Catholic  offi- 
cials and  editors. 

It  is  a  striking  historic  fact  that  these 
bitter  attacks  came  officially  from  Pope- 
dom as  the  idea  of  papal  infallibility 
was  ripening  into  a  dogma  of  that 
church,  and  that  the  most  notable  at- 
tack was  made  by  Leo  XIII.  after  in- 
fallibility had  been  adopted  as  a  dogma 
of  that  church.  To  put  two  and  two 
together,  the  time  came  when  the 
]iapacy  claimed  absolute  authority  over 
all  its  members,  body,  soul  and  con- 
science, and  would  not  recognize  any 
institution  in  the  world  but  its  own, 
nor  tolerate  any  man  in  its  own  whose 
every  thought  and  deed  it  could  not 
control.  The  Pope  having  become 
Vicegerent  of  God  on  Earth  must  needs 
have  all  bow  to  him  and  to  him  alone. 
True,  Christ  said:  "If  ye  love  Me  ye 
will  keep  My  Commandments,"  but  the 
Pope  said:  "If  you  dare  differ  from 
me,  anathema."  But  since  he  was  in- 
fallible, and  holy,  and  the  perfect  and 
unerring  mouthpiece  of  God  and  Christ 
on  earth,  why  not? 

Pope  Leo  XIII.  denounced  Free- 
masonry as  "Established  against  Law, 
honesty,  Christianity  and  Society,"  and 
forbade  any  and  all  Roman  Catholics 
ever  being  Masons.  He  goes  further 
and  denounces  "All  other  fraternal 
orders"  outside  of  the  Ronuin  Catholic 
church.  Because  Freemasons  would  not 
give  up  their  rights,  as  "free-born" 
men,  to  pursue  Philosophy,  learning, 
belief  in  God  and  Immortality,  and 
principles  of  freedom,  and  take  without 
question  the  papacy's  dogmas  of  Phil- 
osophy, Theology,  religion  and  frater- 
nity, the  Pope  denounced  Masons  as 
-Atheists,  enemies  of  religion,  and  fol- 
lowers of  unrestrained  human  pas- 
sions." (See  Humanum  Genus,  by  Leo 
XIIL) 

Every  Mason  knows  that  no  man  can 
be  admitted  into  Masonry  unless  he  is 
a  believer  in  God.    Further,  he  knows 


186 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


that  Masonry  is  character-building  by 
rejecting  all  evil,  and  using  all  right- 
eous material.  The  principle  of  Ma- 
sonry is  that  of  following  the  highest 
known  spiritual  truth  as  against  all  the 
fleshy  tendencies  of  man's  nature.  Pope 
Leo  XIII.  either  did  not  know  what 
he  was  talking  about,  or  else  stated 
what  he  knew  was  not  true.  But  his 
philosophy  is:  "77/c  end  justifies  the 
meansy 

Following  Leo  XIII.,  Pius  X.,  the 
present  Pope,  reaffirms  the  position  of 
T^o  XIII.  on  this.  And  following  him, 
many  prelates,  priests  and  Roman 
Catholic  editors,  whose  wills  have  been 
sunk  into  servile  obedience  to  that  of 
the  papacy,  have  recently  raged  in  their 
calumniations  and  vituperation  of  Free- 
nuisonry.  If  they  had  ever  taken  the 
trouble  to  look  into  this  question,  even 
a  little,  instead  of  blindly  following  the 
papal  'Tpse  Dixit,"  they  could  easily 
have  saved  themselves  from  member- 
ship in  the  Ananias  Club.  Their  state- 
ments would  sound  ridiculous  if  they 
were  not  disclosures  of  such  tragic 
ignorance. 

A  recent  article  in  The  Xew  World, 
the  official  paper  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Diocese  of  Chicago,  states: 
"Masons  are  bound  by  oath  to  uphold 
one  another,  even  though  criminals;  to 
uphold  Masonry  as  more  sacred  than 
religion;  to  stifle  their  consciences  to 
uphold  their  oath;  that  Masonry  is 
above  God;  that  a  Mason  must  uphold 
Masonry  though  it  cause  him  to  be  a 
traitor  to  his  country;  and  finally,  that 
Masons  are  Devil-worshippers  —  the 
Devil  being  their  chief  God.'' 

There  is  not  a  Mason  living  who 
does  not  knoAv  that  each  of  these  state- 
ments is  a  libel  on  the  Craft.  Of  course, 
IMasons  take  an  obligation  to  be  true  to 
one  another,  and  the  Craft.  But  they 
are  not  obligated  to  uphold  any  jNIason 
in  that  wdiich  is  wrong,  and  the}'  are 
to  be  true  to  the  Supreme  God  of  the 
Universe,  loyal  to  their  country,  and 
this  obligation  is  not  to  interfere  with 
any  man's  conscientious  views  as  to  his 
religious  dut}'. 

Ah,  there  is   the  mortal   offense  to 


Roman  Catholicism.  Masons  believe  in 
an  in-finite  infalUJAc  God  to  whom  they 
owe  allegiance  rather  than  to  a  man 
who  has  blasphemously  assumed  "?'n- 
fidlihiJity:^  Masons  believe  in  loyalty 
to  conscience  and  country  rather  than 
in  serrile  obedience  to  the  papacy 
which  would  crush  their  consciences 
and  overthrow  their  country  by  substi- 
tuting therefor  the  dicteitcs  of  a  Pope. 
Because  Masons  believe  in  frccdoivb  of 
conscience.,  freedom  of  will.,  freedom  of 
philosophy.,  freedom  of  investigation., 
freedom  of  speech.,  freedom  of  religion., 
and  freedom  of  citizenship..  Popes  and 
their  minions  anathematize  Frcenui- 
soni'y.  This  is  the  cause  of  all  papal 
opposition. 

Let  me  call  your  attention  to  a  great 
principle  in  a  Masonic  obligation:  TJte 
penalty  for  its  violation  is  to  be  visited 
upon  hijn-self.,  never  upon  anybody  else. 

Take  certain  alleged  Roman  Catholic 
"oaths"  for  Cardinals,  Bishops,  Jesuits, 
and  so  on.  These  have  been  often  pub- 
lished. In  those  "oaths"  those  who 
take  them  bind  themselves  to  uphold 
the  papacy,  if  necessary,  by  using  the 
sword  and  visiting  all  manner  of  ter- 
rible punishments  on  all  who  oppose 
the  papal  system.  The  Mason  obligates 
himself  to  suffer  for  the  good  of  his 
bi-other,  or  for  truth;  the  Catholic 
obligates  himself  to  visit  his  wrath  on 
the  other  man.  The  Mason's  oath  is 
one  that  sets  himself  aside  to  penalty; 
the  Catholic  oath  is  one  of  intolerance 
of  and  vengeance  upon  the  other  man. 
Here  is  a  tremendous  diffei'ence. 

Whenever  these  Roman  Catholic 
"oaths"'  are  published,  Roman  Cath- 
olics always  say  :  "They  are  lies."  If  a 
Jesuit  ])riest  iDccomes  a  convert  from 
Roman  Catholicism  and  tells  of  the 
oath  by  which  he  was  once  bound  to  do 
tb.e  bidding  of  the  papacy,  the  Roman 
Catholic  church  always  says:  "//e 
lies.'''' 

I  do  not  know  any  one  or  all  of  these 
alleged  Roman  Catholic  "oaths"  are 
lies  or  not.  But  one  thing  I  do  know., 
the  Rouum  Catholic  church  in  its  fear- 
ful reign  has  burned,  stabbed,  shot, 
tortured,  and  in  countless  ways  put  to 
death  tens  of  thousands  of  men,  women 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


187 


and  fhildron.  Tii  its  history  from  the 
twelfth  to  the  sixteenth  centuries  it  has 
actually  done  all  the  awful  thin<2:s  that 
were  ever  threatened  in  the  awful  al- 
leo-cd  Jesuitical  oats.  Oath,  or  no 
oath,  it  has  created  and  terribly  used 
the  most  diabolical  Inquisition  this 
world  has  ci'cr  Jcnown.  The  hellish 
fruit  looks  as  though  there  were  a 
Devil-tree  somewhere. 

To  specify  from  indisputable  Roman 
Catholic  history.  In  1157  a.  d.,  the 
Council  of  Eheims  ordered  that  heretics 
should  be  branded  in  the  face. 

In  1184.  Pope  Lucius  III.,  in  the 
Council  of  Verona,  ordered  all  princes 
to  enforce  all  hiAvs  against  heretics 
under  penalty  of  excommunication  of 
all  princes  who  refused  to  obey  his 
mandate. 

In  1197  A.  n..  Pedro  II.,  of  Aragon, 
by  a  law  of  the  Church  and  State, 
ordered  all  "heretics  to  be  burned." 

In  1220  A.  D.,  Frederick  II.  presented 
the  outlawry  of  all  heretics  and  the 
confiscation  of  their  property,  and  in 
1221  Pope  Honorius  III.  sent  his  offi- 
cers to  enforce  this  law  in  all  Italian 
cities  where  the  people  had  rebelled 
against  its  tyranny. 

In  1221,  Frederick  II.  promulgated 
that  heretics  in  Lombardy  should  be 
burned,  or  at  least  have  their  tongues 
torn  out.  This  law  was  enforced  by 
Pope  Gregory  IX.,  and  his  chief  agent 
in  enforcing  it  was  Guala,  the  Domini- 
can Bishop  of  Brescia. 

In  1281  Frederick  II.  promulgated 
that  heretics  throughout  his  Empire 
should  be  burned,  and  many  of  the  best 
saints  of  earth  were  burned  to  death. 

In  1225,  Pope  Innocent  V.,  ordered 
that  all  Temporal  Rulers  should  have 
all  heretics  put  to  death  w^ithin  five 
days  after  they  were  adjudged  heretics 
l>y  the  church. 

In  1254,  Pope  Innocent  IV.  promul- 
gated the  bloody  laws  of  Emperor 
Frederick  II.  And  what  were  those 
laws?     Here  they  are: 

1.  Anyone  may  seize  a  heretic  and 
despoil  his  property. 

2.  Every  magistrate  shall  opjDoint  an 
Inquisitorial  Commission  whose  sal- 
aries are  to  be  paid  by  the  State. 


3.  No  law  may  b^  passed  to  interfere 
with  the  Inquisition. 

4.  Heretics  who  will  not  confess  shall 
bo  tortured. 

5.  The  houses  of  heretics  shall  be 
demolished. 

(').  Confiscated  property  of  heretics 
shall  be  thus  divided  :  One-third  to  the 
In(iuisit()rs  and  Bishops,  one-third  to 
the  city,  and  one-third  to  those  who 
aided  in  the  arrest  and  conviction  of 
heretics. 

Under  such  laws  who  could  escape? 
These  terrible  laws  under  papal  domin- 
ion were  promulgated  from  the  twelfth 
to  the  fifteenth  centuries,  and  w^ere 
terribly  enforced  in  Italy,  France, 
Spain  and  other  places  till  tens  of 
thousands  of  men,  women  and  children 
were  put  to  death  by  all  sorts  of  un- 
speakable cruelty  and  torture,  and  for 
no  reason  but  that  they  did  not  believe 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  religion.  This, 
too,  by  that  church  wdiicli  claimed  to  be 
^Hhe  one  and  only  true  Cluirch  of  Jesus 
Christ^''''  Who  said :  "Peace  be  unto  you. 
Love  one  another,  whatsoever  ye  would 
that  men  should  do  unto  you,  so  do  ye 
also  even  unto  them." 

I  ask:  Can  Roman  Catholicism,  or 
the  world,  point  to  anything  in  the 
long  history  of  Freemasonry  to  match 
this  Roman  Catholic  history  in  intol- 
erance, cruelty,  inhumanity  and  diabol- 
ism? And,  mark  you,  Masonry  claims 
to  be  only  a  theistic  philosophy^  while 
Roman  Catholicism  claims  ''the  one 
and  only  true  religion  of  Jesus  Christ^'''' 
and  the  Pope  an  '''■  infallible  Vicegerent 
of  God  On  the  Earth''''  to  insure  a 
knowledge  of  the  prfect  will  of  God 
and  Christ.  Now%  does  Freemasoni-y 
or  Roman  Catholicism  measure  the 
more  nobly  toward  their  respective 
claims?  In  the  light  of  history,  are 
not  the  anathemas  of  Roman  Catholi- 
cism against  jSIasonry  like  the  pot  of 
the  pit  calling  the  Angel  of  Paradise 
black? 

Masonry  is  a  theistic  philosophy.  In 
its  work  it  is  based  largely  on  the  Bible. 
Its  "'prayers"  are  devout  prayers  to 
God,  and  in  one  branch  of  it  to  Christ. 
The  spirit  and  language  of  its  prayers 
are    the    embodiment    of    devoutness. 


188 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


They  are  reverent  petitions  to  the  Diety 
for  guidance  in  all  the  duties  of  life, 
that  by  Divine  wisdom  and  the  illumi- 
nation of  God's  spirit  wo  may  know 
and  do  the  will  of  God  on  earth,  and 
at  last  gain  a  blissful   immortality. 

Hear  a  Roman  Catholic  praver: 
"Hail  Mary!  Blessed  Virjrin  !  Mother 
of  God.  full  of  grace  and  truth.  Thy 
heart  is  full  of  mercy,  and  eager  to 
relieve  all  our  miseries,  and  to  pardon 
all  our  offenses.  All  human  suffering 
finds  an  echo  in  thy  heart.  In  our 
morning  offering  we  offer  all  through 
thy  immaculate  heart.  Let  Angels, 
Apostles,  Prophets  and  martyrs  kiss 
the  hem  of  thy  garment,  and  rejoice  in 
the  shadow  of  thy  throne." 

Here  is  another: 

"O  glorious  St.  Joseph,  faithful  fol- 
lower of  Jesus  Christ,  to  you  do  we 
raise  our  hearts  and  hands  to  implore 
your  powerful  intercession  in  obtaining 
from  the  benign  heart  of  Jesus  all  the 
help  and  graces  necessary  for  spiritual 
and  temporal  welfare,  especially  the 
grace  of  a  happy  death  and  the  special 
favor  we  now  implore.  O  guardian  of 
the  word  incarnate,  we  feel  animated 
with  confidence;  your  prayers  in  our 
behalf  will  be  graciously  heard  before 
the  throne  of  God.  O  glorious  St. 
Joseph,  spouse  of  the  Immacul^ite  Vir- 
gin^ obtain  for  us  pure,  humble  and 
charitable  minds,  and  perfect  resigna- 
tion to  the  divine  will.  Be  our  guide 
and  model  through  life,  that  we  may 
merit  to  die  as  thou  didst,  in  the  arms 
of  Jesus  and  Mary.  Amen."  (From 
"Our  Sunday  Visitor,"  Catholic  Pub- 
lishing Company,  Huntington,  Indi- 
ana, October  5,  1913.) 

These  are  the  words  of  Roman  Cath- 
olics addressed  in  prayer  to  Mary  and 
Joseph.  If  they  are  not  prayers,  what 
are  they?  If  prayer  is  not  an  act  of 
worship,  what  is  it?  If  prayer  as  an 
act  of  worship  to  any  but  God  is  not 
violative  of  the  Old  Testament  and  the 
New  in  the  Bible  prohibition  of  idol- 
atry, then  that  Great  Book  is  not  un- 
derstandable. 

Listen  to  God  on  Sinai :  "/  am  tjie 
Lord  thy  God,  thou  shcdt  have  no  other 
gods  hefore  Me.    Thou  shalt  not  make 


it) to  thee  any  graven  image  of  any- 
thing that  is  in  heaven  above,  or  that 
ix  in  the  earth  heneath,  or  that  is  in  the 
tratrr  under  the  earth.  Thou  sh/iJt  not 
Ixnr  dojrn  thyself  to  them  nor  serve 
them..'' 

Listen  to  Christ: 

After  this  numner,  therefore,  pray  ye: 

^''Our  Father  vhioh  art  in  heaven., 
hallowed  he  Thy  name.  Thy  kingdom 
eome.  Thy  will  he  done  in  earth,  as  it 
is  in  heave?!.  Give  ns  this  day  our 
daily  bread,  ami  forgive  us  our  debts 
as  we  forgive  our  debtors,  and  lead  u.s 
not  into  temptation,  but  deliver  ns 
from  evil.'" 

Now,  in  the  light  of  the  prayers  of 
Masonry  to  God  and  Christ  alone,  in 
the  light  of  (iod's  and  Christ's  pro- 
hibition of  worship  to  any  but  God 
alone,  and  in  the  light  of  Roman  Cath- 
olic prayers  to  Mary,  Joseph  and  hosts 
of  so-called  saints,  putting  these  on  an 
equality  with  God  as  objects  of  wor- 
shiji.  does  it  come  in  good  grace  from 
Catholic  Popes  and  prelates  to  charge 
Masons  wnth  "Aetheism,irreligiousness, 
and  Devil-worship?"  I  leave  the  an- 
swer to  your  minds  and  hearts. 

Romanism  further  charges  that 
"Freemasonry"  is  the  work  of  the 
Atheistic  Jews  against  Christianity." 
Think  of  this  charge !  The  Jew  has 
been  the  one  great  Monotheist  of  the 
world  and  of  the  ages  since  Abram  left 
us  of  the  Chaldees.  The  Jew  an  Athe- 
ist? Not  till  earth,  and  not  till  heaven 
pass  aw'ay ! 

In  the  light  of  Roman  Catholicism's 
cruel  persecution  of  Jews  so  often  in 
Europe,  and  that  of  the  Greek  Catholic 
Church  upon  them  in  Russia,  can  you 
blame  the  Jews  for  not  loving  Catholi- 
cism? If  Catholics  had  represented 
the  heart  of  Christ  to  the  Jews  through 
the  centuries  in  Europe,  instead  of  so 
terribly  persecuting  them,  doubtless 
thousands  of  Jews  would  have  been 
Christians  long  ago.  My,  what  a  ter- 
rible reputation  persecuting  Popes 
have  given  Christ !  I  have  often  won- 
dered how  the  patient  God  and  Christ 
could  endure  it! 

Christian  Masons  are  among  the  best 
Christian  men.     Masons  who  are  not 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


189 


Christians  aiv  thoroiio^h  believers  in 
God,  and  undoubtodlv  niurh  finer  typos 
of  character  than  thcv  ^v()uld  be  if  they 
^Yere  neither  Christians  nor  Masons. 
Masons  all  love  the  truth  of  the  Su- 
pi-eme  God — the  God  of  the  Bush  of 
Fire  and  of  Sinai — and  hundreds  of 
thousands  of  them  devoutly  love  the 
Holy  Christ. 

The  truth  is: 

Masons  believe  in  a  free  conscience, 
a  free  icill,  free  worship  of  God,  free 
speech,  free  citizenship,  a  free  church, 
in  a  free  State,  a  free  press,  and  in  the 
puhlic  schools  of  our  country.  All  of 
these  great  thinfjs  are  contrary  to  the 
very  principle  of  Papal  Infallibility, 
therefore,  Roman  Catholicism  hates 
Masonry.  Here  is  the  whole  reason  of 
Rome's  attack  on  Freemasonry.  Of 
course,  if  the  Pope  is  "'infallible"  no- 
body else  has  a  right  to  a  different 
opinion.  But  Masons  believe  in  free- 
dom before  God  and  among  men. 
Hence,  the  inevitable  and  irrepressible 
conflict.  The  papacy  may  never  capit- 
ulate. Thai  '.-■  up  to  it.  Freeiruisonry 
will  never  cl.  •  Itulafe  till  manhood  itself 
lias  penshed. 

Again,  one  of  the  most  beautiful, 
God-like,  Christ-like  charities  known 
to  this  world  is  that  held  to  and  prac- 
ticed by  Masons.  Their  hands,  quietly, 
after  the  order  of  Christ's  teachings  as 
to  vmostenstatiousness,  are  outstretched 
around  the  world  to  help  their  brothers, 
while  at  the  same  time  they  are  among 
the  most  generous  men  in  all  the  world 
to  the  needy  of  all  spheres  and  condi- 
tions. In  the  light  of  the  desire  and 
policy  of  the  papacy  to  control  the 
purse-strings  of  the  world,  is  this  beau- 
tiful ohai'ity  of  Masonry  one  of  the 
special  reasons  for  papal  Anathema? 

In  previous  sermons  which  I  have 
delivered  in  these  series  of  "Funda- 
mental Differences  Between  Protestant- 
ism and  Catholicism"  I  have  pointed 
out  the  awful  results  in  different  coun- 
tries in  which  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church  has  had  control,  their  failure  to 
educate  the  masses,  calling  particular 
attention  to  Mexico  and  Spain.  In 
a  recent  issue  of  the  Savainiah  Morning 
News  I  noticed  the  following  article, 


which  I  will  now  read,  and  which  filled 
me  with  horror; 

SPANISH   JAIIvORS   RRUTAL 

Prisoners  Nailed  to  Ci-oss  and  Eyes  Gouged 
Out. 

Madrid,  Feb.  10. — Infamous  treatment 
just  now  is  being  meted  out  to  the  wretch- 
ed inmates  of  Spanish  jails.  Many  of  the 
sufferers  are  only  political  offenders,  men 
with  advanced  ideas,  but  according  to  a 
recent  report  of  the  prisoners'  committee, 
this  makes  no  differences  to  their  punish- 
ment,  or  its  horrors. 

The  director  of  a  jail  at  Fugueras  (Cata- 
lonia), a  man  named  Milena,  has  had  a 
subterranean  dungeon  built,  in  order  to 
vent  his  hatred.  This  new  cell  is  known 
as  "the  Siberia."  The  prisoner  who  is 
taken  there  is  bound  and  beaten  until  he 
falls  insensible.  He  is  then  put  into  an- 
other cell,  apart  from  the  others,  until  his 
wounds  heal,  and  he  is  there  made  to  fast 
until  he  is  hungry  enough  to  eat  salt  cod- 
fish, given  him  in  order  to  make  him  feel 
the  pangs  of  thirst. 

Recently  a  prisoner  was  nailed  to  a 
cross;  he  died.  Another  had  his  eye 
{iouiced  out;  a  third  an  arm  broken.  Still 
anotlier  had  pieces  of  flesh  torn  off  him. 
The  cries  of  the  victims  were  heard  outside 
the  fortress." 

I  am  astonished  that  this  piece  of 
news  ever  got  into  the  columns  of  a 
Savannah  newspaper.  It  reads  like  the 
Inquisition  right  up  to  date,  and  it  is 
a  report  of  happenings  right  in  Spain 
where  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  has 
held  sway  for  centuries.  The  whole 
civilized  world  stands  appalled  at  this 
horrible  outrage.  But  it  is  no  worse 
than  thousands  of  cruel  things  prac- 
ticed on  men,  women  and  innocent 
children  by  the  Church  of  Rome  when 
they  were  in  power. 

WHOM   HOME   CANNOT   USE   WELL.,   IT 
MEANS  TO  CRUSH! 

Roman  Catholicism  assumes  to  be 
^'the  only  true  religion  of  Jesus  Christ 
on  Earth.'' 

In  its  claims  of  infallibility  it  claims 
to  know  all  that  God  has  for  this  world 
to  know.  It,  therefore,  denies  the  right 
of  any  and  all  men  to  diflfer  from  its 
dogma  or  dissent  from  its  mandates. 
It  claims  the  absolute  right  to  rule 
the  world  religiously  and  temporally. 
Whenever  and  wherever  it  has  had  the 


190 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


power  to  enforce  its  dogmas,  decrees 
and  mandates  it  has  persecuted  even 
unto  death  those  who  refuse  to  do  its 
bidding.  It  created  and  terribly  used 
the  terrible  Inquisition.  That  power 
has  been  taken  from  it  by  the  govern- 
ments on  earth,  3'et  it  keeps  those  hor- 
rible laws  unabrogated  on  its  statutes. 
For  centuries  martyrs'  blood  flowed  at 
its  cruel  hands.  It  is,  by  its  principles, 
intolerant  of  all  government,  all  relig- 
ion, and  all  institutions  except  its  own. 
It  hates  the  doctrine  of  man's  fr'eedom. 
It  hates  the  idea  that  a  man  is  free  to 
have  his  own  idea  of  Ood,  and  how  lie 
should  worship  God.  It  hates  the  idea 
of  a  free  churoh.,  a  free  State.,  free  con- 
science^ free  I'eligioji,  free  citizenship,  a 
free  press.,  free  schools  hy  the  State. 
Freemason!^.,  free  atiy thing,  except  the 
papacy  to  which  all  men  and  human 
institutions  should  bow  in  servile  obedi- 
ence. Therefore  its  bitter,  unjust  and 
false  attacks  on  Freemasonry  —  that 
brotherhood  which  has  ever  stood  for 
God  in  His  supremacy,  man  at  his  best, 
and  fredoin  as  an  imperishahle  hirth- 
Hght. 

Freemasonry — it  is  composed  of  men 
who  believe  in  God,  truth,  virtue  and 
immortality.  Likewise,  they  believe  in 
freedom  of  mind,  soul,  conscience,  hody, 
religion  and  citizenship.  They  are 
going  forth  to  their  tasks  gauging  their 
lives  by  their  duty  to  God,  country, 
family,  neighbor,  and  themselves;  to 
divest   their   minds,   spirits    and    con- 


sciences of  all  vices;  to  square  their 
lives  by  exalted  morality;  to  raise  their 
characters  by  the  plumb  of  (iod's  truth; 
to  test  themselves  by  the  level  of  God's 
justice,  till  by  all  of  this  work,  aided 
by  the  Supreme  Architect,  they  hope 
to  l)e  finally  cemented  into  that  broth- 
erhood where  contention  comes  not 
ever,  and  agreement  is  j)erfect  forever. 

Meantime,  we  are  living  in  the  Twen- 
tieth Century,  and  in  America — an  age 
and  a  land  of  liberty.  With  gratitude 
to  God  for  our  birthright,  and  with 
prayers  to  Him  that  we  may  keep  it, 
let  us  resolve  as  men.  Masons  and  pa- 
triots that  this  land  shall  remain  free 
till  human  rights  shall  be  universally 
acknowledged  and  patriots  shall  (ill 
the  earth. 

The  words  of  the  Master  Builder : 

'WTiosoever  heareth  these  sayings  of 
mine,  and  doeth  them,  I  will  liken  him 
to  a  wise  man  which  built  his  house 
upon  a  rock:  and  the  rains  descended, 
and  the  floods  came,  and  the  winds 
blew,  and  beat  upon  that  house,  and  it 
fell  not:  for  it  was  founded  upon  a 
rock. 

And  every  one  that  heareth  these 
sayings  of  mine,  and  doeth  them  not, 
shall  be  likened  unto  a  foolish  nuin 
which  built  his  house  upon  the  sand : 
and  the  rains  descended,  and  the  floods 
came,  and  the  winds  blew,  and  beat 
upon  that  house :  and  it  fell,  and  great 
was  th€  fall  of  it.''  Christ.  Mt.  6: 
24-27. 


Aaron  Burr's  Last  Speech. 


(From  the  Washington  Federalist.) 


ON  Saturday  the  2iul  March,  Mr. 
liurr  took  leave  of  tlie  Senate — 
tliis  was  done  at  a  time  when 
the  doors  were  closed,  the  Senate  being- 
engaged  in  executive  business,  and  of 
course  when  there  were  no  spectators. 
It  is  however  universally  said  to  have 
been  the  most  dignified,  sublime  and 
impressive  that  ever  was  uttered;  and 
the  effects  which  it  produced  justify 
those  epithets.  I  will  give  you  the  best 
account  I  have  been  able  to  obtain  from 
the  relation  of  several  Senators,  as  well 
federal  as  Eepublican. 

•"Mr.  Burr  began  by  saying  that  he 
intended  to  pass  the  day  with  them, 
but  the  increase  of  a  slight  disposition 
(sore  throat)  had  determined  him  then 
to  take  his  leave  of  them.  He  touched 
lightly  on  some  of  the  rules  and  orders 
of  the  house,  and  recommended  in  one 
or  two  points  alterations  of  which  he 
briefly  explained  the  reasons  and  prin- 
ciples. 

"He  then  said  he  was  sensible  that 
he  must  at  times,  have  wounded  the 
feelings  of  individual  members — here 
the  record  is  torn  and  part  of  it  is  miss- 
ing— That  it  could  not  be  deemed  ar- 
rogance in  him  to  say  that  in  his  offi- 
cial conduct  he  had  known  no  party, 
no  cause,  no  friend.  That  if  in  the 
opinion  of  any  the  discipline  which  had 
l)een  established  approached  to  rigor, 
they  would  at  least  admit  that  it  was 
uniform  and  indiscriminate. 

'•He  further  remarked  that  the  ig- 
norant and  unthinking  affected  to 
treat  as  unnecessary  and  fastidious,  a 
rigid  attention  to  rules  and  decorum; 
but  he  thought  nothing  trivial  which 
touched  however  remotely,  the  dignity 
of  the  body:  and  he  appealed  to  their 
experience  for  the  justice  of  his  senti- 
ments, and  urged  them  in  language  the 
most  impressive,  and  in  a  manner  that 
was  commanding,  to  avoid  the  smallest 
relaxation  of  the  habits  which  he  had 
endeavored  to  inculcate  and  establish. 


"But  he  challenged  their  attention  to 
considerations  more  momentous  than 
any  which  regarded  merely  their  per- 
sonal honor  and  character:  the  preser- 
vation of  the  law,  of  liberty,  and  the 
Constitution — this  house,  said  he,  is  a 
sanctuary  and  citidel  of  law,  or  order, 
of  liberty — and  it  is  here — it  is  here — 
in  this  exalted  refuge — here,  if  any- 
where will  resistance  be  made  to  the 
storms  of  popular  phrenzy  and  the 
silent  arts  of  corruption :— and  if  the 
Constitution  be  destined  ever  to  perish 
by  the  sacrilegious  hands  of  the  Dema- 
gogue, or  the  Usurper,  which  God 
avert,  its  expiring  agonies  will  be  wit- 
nessed on  the  floor. 

-He  then  adverted  to  those  afflicting 
sensations  which  attended  a  final  sep- 
eration — a  dissolution,  perhaps  forever 
of  those  associations  which  he  hoped 
had  been  mutually  satisfactory.  He 
consoled  himself,  however,  and  then 
with  the  reflections  that,  though  sep- 
arated, they  would  be  engaged  in  the 
common  ca\ise  of  disseminating  prin- 
ciples of  freedom  and  social  order.  He 
should  always  regard  the  proceedings 
of  that  body  wuth  interest  and  with 
solicitude— he  should  feel  for  their 
honor  and  the  national  honor  so  in- 
timately connected  with  it — and  took 
his  leave  with  expressions  of  personal 
respect  and  with  prayers  and  wishes, 
etc. 

'•In  this  cold  relation  a  distant 
reader;  especially  one  to  whom  Colonel 
Burr  is  not  personally  known,  will  be 
at  a  loss  to  discern  the  cause  of  those 
extraordinary  emotions  which  were 
excited — the  whole  senate  were  in 
tears,  and  so  unmanned,  that  it  was 
half  an  hour  before  they  could  recover 
themselves  sufficiently  to  come  to 
order  and  choose  a  Vice-President  pro 
tern. 

"At  the  President's  on  Monday  two 
of  the  senators  were  relating  these  cir- 
cumstances to  a  circle  which  had  col- 


192 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


lected  around  them — one  said  that  he 
wished  that  the  tradition  might  be  pre- 
served as  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
events  he  had  ever  Avitnessed — another 
senator  l)eing  asked  on  the  day  follow- 
ing that  on  which  Mr.  Burr  took  liis 
leave,  how  long  he  was  speaking,  after 
a  moment's  pause,  said  he  could  form 
no  idea — it  might  have  been  an  hour 
and  it  might  have  been  but  a  moment, 
when  he  came  to  his  senses  he  seemed 
to  be  awakened  from  a  kind  of  trance. 
"The  characteristics  of  the  Vice- 
President's  manner,  seemed  to  have 
been  elevation  and  dignity — a  con- 
sciousness of  superiority,  etc. — nothing 
of  that  whining  adulation,  those  cant- 
ing, hypocritical  complaints  of  Avant  of 
talents — assurances  of  his  endeavors  to 
please  them — hopes  of  their  favor,  etc. 


On  the  contrary  he  told  them  explicitly, 
that  he  had  determined  to  pursue  a 
conduct  which  his  judgment  should  ap- 
prove, and  which  should  secure  the 
suffrage  of  his  conscience;  and  that  he 
had  never  considered  who  else  might 
be  pleased  or  displeased,  although  it 
was  but  justice  on  this  occasion  to 
thank  them  for  their  deference  and  re- 
spect to  his  official  conduct: — the  con- 
stant and  uniform  supi)ort  he  had  re- 
ceived from  every  member  for  their 
prompt  acquiescence  in  his  decisions, 
and  to  remark  to  their  honor,  that  they 
had  never  descended  to  a  single  mot 
^:  *  *  *sion  or  embarrassment." 

(The  remainder  of  this  newspaper  is 
torn.  The  date  of  the  newspaper  is 
March,  1805.) 


The  Outcome. 


Ralph  M.  Thomson 


What  if  this  War,  with  all  the  sufferings 

Which  are  entailed  by  strife,  should  prove  to  be 
The  greatest  conflict  known  to  history. 

Since  Christian  men  indulged  in  savage  things!  — 

If,  at  its  end,  those  who  have  borne  the  flings 
Of  an  anointed  aristocracy, 
Should  waken  from  their  stupidness  to  see 

That  God  gave  no  celestial  rights  to  kings;  — 

Then,  those  who  fight  will  not  have  fought  in  vain, 
And  those  who  die  will  not  have  lost  the  prize 
Fate  bade  them  win,  in  lofty  ridicule; 

For,  from  the  ashes  of  the  martyred  slain — 

From  ground  their  blood  made  holy — shall  arise 

Some  new  Republic,  where  the  people  rule! 


Jean  Galas 


One  of  the  Protestant  Martyrs  of  France 

(From  "  Judicial  Crimes,"  by  Edgar  Sanderson.  M.  A.) 


THE    scene    of    the    tragedy    with 
whicli  Ave  (leal  was  the  ancient 
city  of  Toulouse,  the  capital  of 
Languedoc,  a  city  renowned  of  old  for 
literature,  wit.  and  learning,  for  inde- 
pendence of  thought  and  boldness  of 
utterance,  notably   in   songs   of   caiisic 
and    incisive   tone.    In    ancient    times 
this  great  municipality  had  its  consuls, 
known   as  "capitouls."     As   the   court 
of     Visigothic     kings,     a     centre     of 
politics     for     Western     Europe,     the 
intermediary     between     the     imperial 
eastern  court  and  the  Germanic  king- 
doms, Toulouse   was   a   rival   of  Con- 
stantinople.     The    poets    Martial    and 
Ausonius  describe  her  as  ''the  city  of 
-f  alias",  and  St.  Jerome  styles  her  "''the 
Kome    of    the    Garonne.''      Southern 
France  became  in  mediaeval  days  a  seat 
of  oj^position  to  the  Catholic  faith,  a 
field  of  battle  between  orthodoxy  and 
heresy.     The  old  Graeco-Roman  civil-" 
ization  had  cast  deep  roots  there.    The 
people    were    not    dis])osed    to   submit 
tamely  to  the  priestly  yoke,  and  sects 
of  religionists  with  views  of  their  own 
arose     in     succession     in     the     region 
bounded  by  or  containing  the  Alps,  the 
Cevennes,  and  the  Pyrenees,  extending 
from  Lyon  and  Bordeaux  to  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

The  Albigensian  heresy  was  the 
cause  of  much  trouble  in  this  part  of 
France.  About  1022  several  "heretics"' 
of  that  class  were  put  to  death,  and 
with  them  began  the  long  list  of  the 
unorthodox  who  perished  at  Toulouse, 
a  list  only  closed,  after  nearly  seven 
centuries  and  a  half,  in  1762,  with  the 
names  of  five  victims.  The  last  of 
these  was  Jean  Calas.  We  pass  over 
briefly  to  the  various  revolts  against 
Rome  which  were  organized  in  and 
near  Toulouse.  In  1163  the  Council  of 
lours  was  greatly  concerned  with  the 


"heretics  of  Toulouse."    In  1181  a  regu- 
lar   "crusade"    was    preaciied    against 
them,  Count  Raymond  the  Sixth  being 
one   of   their   leaders.      In    1208   Pope 
Innocent  the  Third  proclaimed  a  sec- 
ond   crusade    against    the    Albigenses, 
and  under  the  leadership  of  Simon  de 
Montfort,  father  of  our  famous  Earl 
of  Leicester,   a   champion   of   English 
freedom,  fire  and  sword  Avere  carried 
through  the  land.     In  1216  Toulouse 
Avas   besieged   and  set  on   fire   by   De 
INIontfort  and  rescued  by  Raymond  the 
Sixth.    Again  besieged,  and  for  a  time 
saved  by  the  slaying  of  Simon  under 
her  Avails,  she  became,  some  years  later, 
the  object  of  a  third  crusade,  and  Avas 
at  last  surrendered,  in  1229,  by  Count 
Raymond  the  Seventh.    The  horrors  of 
Avar,  the  ruin  of  the  country,  had  left 
heresy  as  firmly  rooted  as  ever  in  the 
minds  of  the  people,  and  lent  it  a  ncAv 
strength  of  bitter  indignation  against 
the  orthodoxy  of  Rome.    The  burgesses 
and  their  elected  leaders,  the  capitouls, 
in    spite    of    outAvard    conformity,    re- 
mained heretics  at  heart.     Catholicism 
w{is,  hoAvever,  vigorously  organized  in 
this  region  for  the  offensiA^e  and  de- 
fensive struggle  against  encroachments 
on  the  one  true  faith,  Avith  St.  Dominic 
and  his  Order  of  Preaching  Friars,  the 
"Holy  Office"  of  the  Inquisition,  and 
all  the  apparatus  of  persecution.     In 
the   contest    which    ensued,    sometimes 
heretics    Ave  re    burnt    alive,    at    other 
times   inquisitors   were   driven   out  or 
assassinated.      On    one    occasion    two 
hundred  Albigenses,  taken  captiA'e  in 
a    castle,    Avere    burnt    without    trial. 
And    so    the    warfare    Avent    on,    with 
Catholicism     groAving     eA^er     stronger 
through  royal  support  and  the  weaken- 
ing of  the  old  national  spirit. 

AVhen    the     Reformation     came     to 
cliange  the  face  of  Europe,  one  of  the 


194 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


first  Protestant  martyrs  of  France  was 
Jean  de  Caturce^  a  lawyer^  burnt  alive 
at  Toulouse.  During  thirty  years  a 
great  number  of  Huguenots  perished 
there;  but  the  reformed  doctrines  made 
progress  against  all  the  rage  of  the 
Parliament  of  Toulouse,  of  the  clergy, 
and  of  a  part  of  the  people.  The  per- 
secution was  ended  for  a  time  by  tlie 
edict  which  permitted  the  new  worship, 
and  some  of  the  capitouls  were  favor- 
able to  Protestantism. 

In  1562,  ten  years  before  the  "Saint 
Bartholomew"  massacre  in  Paris  and 
the  provinces,  Toulouse  had  her  own 
tragedy,  an  event  occurring  just  two 
centuries  before  that  which  is  the  sub- 
ject of  this  writing.  Some  Protestants 
were  burying  a  woman,  and  some 
Catholics  claimed  her  as  a  co-relig- 
ionist, attacked  the  procession,  and  took 
possession  of  the  body.  A  violent 
struggle  arose.  The  tocsin  was  rung 
b}'  a  priest.  The  Catholic  populace  at- 
tacked the  reformed  party,  wdio  were 
much  less  numerous,  and  the  great  ma- 
jority of  the  Parliament  took  a  strong 
part  against  the  weaker  side.  This 
body  of  high  officials,  clad  in  red 
robes,  marched  round  the  city,  bidding 
the  Catholics,  in  the  King's  name,  to 
assail  the  reformers,  and  assigning 
them  a  white  cross  as  a  mark  of  dis- 
tinction for  their  persons  and  houses. 
A  civil  war  ensued.  The  Protestants 
entrenched  themselves,  with  cannon,  in 
the  Hotel  de  Ville.  In  order  to  dis- 
lodge them,  the  adjacent  houses  were 
fired,  and  the  Parliament  forbade, 
under  pain  of  death,  any  attempt  at 
extinction  of  the  flames.  The  besieged 
then  battered  down  the  blazing  houses. 
The  Governor  of  Narbonne  was  sent  to 
propose  terms  of  peace.  The  Protest- 
ants were  to  quit  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 
leaving  their  weapons  and  ammunition, 
and  they  might  then  retire  in  freedom 
whither  they  would.  No  longer  able 
to  hold  out,  they  accepted  this  offer, 
and  on  Whit-Sunday,  at  the  time  of 
vespers,  they  all  came  forth  unarmed, 
in  the  hope  of  thus  escaping  the  fury 
of  the  people,  who  had  already  mas- 
sacred all  the  Huguenots  whom  they 


could  seize.  As  soon  as  they  were 
known  to  he  issuing  from,  their  place 
of  refuge  the  people  in  the  churches 
rushed  out  and  slew  most  of  them  with- 
out pity.  Historians  estimate  the  num. 
ber  of  victims  variously  at  tliree  to  five 
thousand.  T/ie  Toulouse  Parliament 
caused  those  who  had  escaped  from 
this  tcholesale  inurder  to  he  put  to 
death.  That  eminent  body  of  men  then 
purified  its  own  ranks  by  the  ejection 
of  twenty-two  suspended  members.  All 
the  capitouls  of  the  year  were  deposed 
from  office,  their  children  were  de- 
prived of  noble  rank,  tiieir  property 
was  confiscated,  and  the  decree  award- 
ing this  punishment  was  inscribed  on 
a  marble  slab  at  the  Capitol. 

This  frightful  massacre  freed  Tou- 
louse almost  wholly  from  the  stain  of 
the  heresy  which  thenceforth,  in  that 
region,  existed  only  among  a  very 
small,  a  persecuted,  and  a  detestecl 
minority  of  the  people.  Thus  did 
Catholicism  triumph  at  Toulouse;  thus 
was  the  city,  so  long  obstinate  in 
heresy,  restored  to  the  faith  of  the  one, 
true,  and  orthodox  Church.  The  few 
Protestants  in  the  place,  when  any  of 
the  sect  dared  to  reappear,  found  them- 
selves the  sole  heirs  of  the  hatred 
gathered  for  ages  in  succession  agiinst 
Arians,  Albigenses,  Vaudois,  and  Hu- 
guenots. Extermination  alone  had 
been  able  to  prevail  against  heresy. 

The  Parliament  established  an  an- 
nual festival  of  "Deliverance."  whiih 
was  to  be  held  on  May  17,  the  anni- 
versary of  the  massacre.  Two  yf^:;rs 
later  Pope  Pius  the  Fourth  eoniirmed 
their  decree  hy  a  "'hull,''''  ordering  the 
festival  to  continue  for  two  days,  and 
attaching  to  it  indulgences  and  special 
blessings.  Voltaire  afterwards  .-^tyled 
the  festival  "the  yearly  procession  ''f 
thanksgiving  to  God  for  four  thousand 
murders!"  The  yearly  procession,  at- 
tended by  the  members  of  the  four 
local  brotherhoods  with  their  banners, 
and  by  all  the  officials  and  trade- 
guilds,  kept  up  the  popular  hatred 
against  the  Protestants. 

In  1762  preparations  were  made  for 
celebrating  with  unusual  splendor  the 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


195 


second  centennial  anniversary  of  the 
local  massacre  of  the  Huguenots.  The 
capitouls  of  the  year,  in  their  report, 
refer  to  having  striven  to  celebrate, 
"with  all  possible  magnificence,'"  the 
centennial  year  of  "the  Deliverance," 
and  to  their  liaving,  "in  imitation  of 
the  piety  of  our  fathers,"  asked  and 
obtained  a  "bull"  from  the  Pope  (then 
Clement  the  Thii-teenth)  extending  to 
eight  days  the  period  of  religious 
privileges  accorded  by  Pius  the  Fourth 
for  two  days  only.  This  anniversary 
was  specially  marked  by  a  grand  dis- 
play of  fireworks  at  the  close,  and  by 
a  great  show,  in  the  procession,  of 
stuffs  in  silk  and  gold  ordered  at  Lyon. 
In  17G3  Voltaire,  in  a  letter  to  Madame 
Calas,  expressed  the  opinion  that  "this 
ceremony  of  savages  ("Iroquois"  is  his 
own  word)  wnll  not  long  continue  to 
be  held."  He  did  not  allow  for  the 
tenacity  of  life  in  the  works  and  ways 
of  religious  bigotry.  A  hundred  years 
after  he  wrote,  in  1862,  under  the  Sec- 
ond Empire,  the  Archhishop  of  Tou- 
louse made  a  fresh  announcement  of 
the  olden  ceremony.  The  Government 
ojiposed  the  celebration,  so  far  as  the 
streets  were  concerned,  on  the  ground 
of  danger  to  the  public  peace.  The 
Government  permitted  the  celebration 
of  the  festival  within  the  Catholic 
churches;  and  the  clergy  of  Toulouse 
thus  proved  that  they  had  not,  after 
the  lapse  of  three  centuries,  and  amidst 
the  full  light  of  modern  progress  and 
freedom,  either  duly  forgotten  or 
learned  what  they  ought. 

The  people  of  Toulouse,  ever  fervid 
with  the  passions  of  natives  of  south- 
ern France,  and  already  excited  by  the 
preparations,  begun  a  year  in  advance, 
for  the  great  ceremony  of  May,  1762; 
stirred,  further,  to  intolerant  feeling 
by  officials  who  took  a  pride  in  perse- 
cution, were  heated,  early  in  that  year, 
by  the  public  spectacle  of  executions 
of  heretics.  On  February  19th.  a  Hu- 
guenot Tninister,  Francois  Rochette, 
last  of  the  martyred  pastors  of  his 
faith,  a  man  of  only  twenty-six  years 
of  age,  ictas  hanged.  On  his  breast  he 
bore  a  placard  inscribed,  "Minister  of 
t]ip  R.  P.  R,"  (i.  e.  "Religion  pretendue 


Roformee.")  As  he  ascended  the  lad- 
der to  the  gallows,  he  sang  the  words 
used  by  Huguenot  martyrs,  versified 
from  Psalm  cxviii,  12.  On  the  same 
day  three  brothers,  glass-makers,  men 
of  the  rank  of  gent'dshommes.  were  be- 
headed for  the  offence  of  planning  a 
rescue  for  Rochette  from  the  Marshal- 
sea  prison.  The  youngest  of  the 
brothers  covered  his  face  with  his 
hands  as  the  two  elder  died.  When  the 
executioner  came  and  again  offered 
him  life  on  condition  of  conversion  to 
the  Catholic  faith,  he  calmly  replied, 
"Do  your  duty,"  and  laid  his  head  on 
the  1)1  ock. 

On  October  13,  1761,  at  evening-tide, 
the  merchants  and  shopkeepers  in  the 
Grand'  Rue  des  Filatiers,  the  busiest 
street  of  trade  in  Toulouse,  were  clos- 
ing for  the  day.  The  thoroughfare 
was  alive  with  the  stir  and  the  talk  of 
employers  and  their  assistants  setting 
all  in  order  for  the^  next  day's  work, 
while  here  and  there  sat  groups  of 
people  in  the  open  air  before  their 
doors.  The  shop  and  house  at  No.  16 
(now  No.  50)  were  occupied  by  the 
Galas  family,  the  resident  members 
being  Jean  Galas,  a  dealer  in  printed 
calico,  his  wife,  two  of  his  sons — Marc- 
Antoine  and  Pierre — and  a  servant, 
Jeanne  Viguier.  The  shop  had  been 
closed  at  the  usual  supper-hour.  At 
half -past  nine,  or  shortly  afterwards, 
a  passerby  heard  cries  in  the  house  of 
Galas.  These  exclamations  were  also 
heard  by  fourteen  persons  engaged  in 
neighboring  houses  or  sitting  in  the 
street,  and  all  agreed  as  to  the  time, 
though  not  as  to  the  words  which 
caught  their  ears.  Most  of  them  de- 
clared that  they  heard,  "Ah !  mon 
Dieu!"  and  differed  as  to  what  fol- 
lowed. At  the  sound  of  the  cries, 
Madame  Galas'  servant,  opening  a  win- 
dow on  the  first  floor,  exchanged 
questions  and  answers  with  other  wo- 
men, withdrew  from  the  window,  and 
soon  reappeared  at  the  door,  crying, 
"It  is  all  over:  he  is  dead  I"  According 
to  other  witnesses,  she  exclaimed  in 
patois,  "Ah!  moun  Dieu!  Pan  tuat!" 
("My  God!  he  is  killed!")  A  few 
seconds  later  there  was  seen  running 


196 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


from  the  house  a  young  man  unknown 
to  the  neighbors,  clad  in  a  grey  coat 
and  red  vest  and  breeches,  wearing  a 
three-cornered  hat  trimmed  with  gokl 
lace,  and  with  a  sword  at  his  side. 
Another  young  man,  Pierre,  third  son 
of  Jean  Galas,  came  out  twice,  and 
twice  returned,  first  with  a  youth 
named  Gorsse,  pupil  of  a  surgeon 
named  Camoire,  then  with  Monsieur 
Cazeing,  a  man  in  business  and  an  inti- 
mate friend  of  Jean  Galas,  and  with  a 
lawyer,  Monsieur  Clausade.  The  neigh- 
bours hurried  uji  from  all  sides.  Be- 
fore the  arrival  of  young  Gorsse,  a 
friend  of  the  Galas  brothers,  Antoine 
Delpech,  son  of  a  Gatholic  man  of 
business,  entered  the  shop.  Marc- 
Antoine,  the  eldest  son,  was  there 
stretched  lifeless,  his  head  supported 
by  bales  of  goods.  His  father,  leaning 
on  the  shop-counter,  was  in  a  state  ot 
despair  ("At  times,"  said  the  servant 
in  her  deposition,  '"he  flung  about 
everything")  ;  and  the  mother,  less 
overcome,  was  bending  over  the  body, 
vainly  striving  to  cause  the  swallowing 
of  a  cordial,  and  moistening  the 
temples.  Delpech  declared  that  his 
first  thought  was  that  a  duel  had  taken 
place.  His  idea  was  that  Marc- 
Antoine,  who  was  skilful  with  the 
sword,  had  been  thus  engaged.  "I  felt 
his  bod}',"  he  said,  "over  the  stomach 
and  other  parts  which  I  found  cold, 
but  there  was  no  wound."  This  state- 
ment was  confirmed  by  another  wit- 
ness, who  had  also  entered  the  shop. 
The  medical  pupil.  Gorsse,  came  in  at 
this  moment  and  examined  the  body, 
and,  as  he  stated,  "placing  his  hand 
over  the  heart,  he  found  the  flesh  cold 
on  all  sides,  and  there  was  no  palpata- 
tion."  All  this  testimony,  which  con- 
firmed the  statements  of  members  of 
the  family,  proves  that,  as  the  whole 
body,  even  the  flesh  over  the  heart, 
was  cold  at  half-past  nine  or  a  few 
minutes  later,  the  cries  which  had  just 
been  heard  could  not  have  proceeded 
from  the  deceased.  Gorsse  declared 
that  the  young  man  had  died  by  hang- 
ing or  strangling.  Glausade,  the  law- 
yer, seeing  the  state  of  affairs,  that  the 
young  man  was  past  help,  advised  the 


family  to  inform  the  police,  "in  order 
to  certify  the  death  and  obtain  leave 
for  the  burial."  Lavaysse,  the  young 
man  in  a  grey  coat,  who  had  just  re- 
turned, offered  to  render  this  .service, 
and  hurried  with  Monsieur  Glausade 
to  find  Maitre  Monyer,  assessor  of  the 
capitouls,  and  their  clerk,  Savanier. 
On  their  return,  they  found  an  excited 
crowd  gathered  round  the  house.  Forty 
soldiers  of  the  watch  were  guarding 
the  door,  and  one  of  the  capitouls, 
David  de  Beaudrigue,  was  already  on 
the  scene  of  the  tragedy.  The  assessor 
and  the  clerk  were  allowed  to  enter, 
but  Lavaysse,  who  sought  to  follow 
them,  was  kept  back  by  the  soldiers.  It 
was  in  vain  that  he  insisted,  as  a  friend 
of  the  family,  until  he  stated  that  he 
had  come  from  the  house  and  had  su})- 
ped  there  that  evening.  On  this  last 
declaration  it  was  understood  that  he 
might  have  to  be  heard  on  the  case,  or 
even  his  person  secured.  He  went  in, 
and  from  that  moment  his  lot  was  one 
with  that  of  the  Galas  family,  and  for 
four  years  lie  shared  their  suffering, 
humiliation,  and  peril. 

David  de  Beaudrigue.  one  of  the 
capitouls,  had  been  aroused  from  his 
first  sleep  at  half-past  eleven  by  two 
tradesmen  of  the  district.  Hurr^nng 
off  Avith  the  guards,  he  caused  a  physi- 
cian and  two  surgeons  to  be  summoned. 
He  began  proceedings  with  the  arrest 
of  Pierre  Galas,  who  had  remained 
near  the  body,  waiting  for  the  police, 
while  his  parents  had  withdrawn  to 
their  room  on  the  upper  floor.  During 
this  time  the  crowd  pressing  at  the 
doors  were  making  excited  remarks  on 
the  sinister  and  mysterious  event. 
"Gonfused  cries,"  it  was  said,  "had 
been  heard  over  the  whole  district,  and 
the  lifeless  body  of  a  young  man  of 
twenty-eight  found  in  the  midst  of  his 
relatives."  The  spirit  of  fanatical 
spite  was  beginning  to  move  them. 
The  Galas  family  were  well  Imown  to 
be  Protestants.  A  death  so  strange 
and  sudden,  occurring  at  their  house, 
was  bound  to  appear  a  crime  to  those 
who  looked  upon  a  Protestant  as  cap- 
able of  any  evil  deed.  The  mob  found 
no  difficulty  in  believing  or  in  assert- 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


197 


lug  that  the  parents  and  brother  had 
murdered  their  relative.  "These  Hu- 
guenots had  shiin  their  son  in  order  to 
prevent  liini  from  turning  Catholic." 
This  frightful  accusation  sprang  from 
the  crowd  gathered  ronncl  the  door. 
The  first  utterer  of  the  wicked  slander 
was  never  known.  It  was  greedily  ac- 
cepted, and  repeated  from  mouth  to 
mouth,  gaining  strength  with  each 
fresh  assertion.  No  one  adopted  it 
with  more  readiness  or  more  fully 
than  the  capitoul  David  de  Beandrigue. 
In  that  anonymous  cry  he  heard  the 
voice  of  truth;  suspicion  was  for  him 
a  shaft  of  light.  Calas,  compelled  by 
the  nature  of  his  business  to  live  in  a 
part  of  the  town  removed  from  the 
two  Protestant  districts,  was  sur- 
rounded by  neighbors  who  were  hos- 
tile, if  not  to  him  personally,  at  any 
rate  to  his  creed. 

The  negligence  of  the  Catholic  ma- 
gistrate, who,  having  arrived  first 
among  the  officials  on  the  scene  of  the 
tragedy,  was  responsible  for  a  due  in- 
spection of  the  details,  can  scarcely  be 
conceived.  De  Beandrigue  failed  to 
examine  the  state  of  the  shop  and  ad- 
jacent rooms.  He  had  no  search  made 
about  the  house  for  places  where  as- 
sassins might  have  been  hidden,  as,  for 
instance,  the  long  passage  leading  from 
the  street  to  the  courtyard.  He  forgot 
to  determine  if  those  whom  he  accused 
of  strangling  a  young  man  in  the 
prime  of  manly  vigor  had  their  clothes 
disordered  or  bore  on  their  persons  :'.ny 
other  signs  of  a  struggle.  He  made  no 
search  in  the  room  of  the  pretended 
"martyr"  for  Catholic  books  or  objects 
of  devotion.  He  did  not  even  preserve 
the  papers  found  in  the  pockets  of  the 
dead  man.  In  a  word,  without  observ- 
ing one  of  the  formalities  prescrihe.l 
by  the  law,  the  capitoul  David  mounted 
to  the  room  of  Jean  Calas  and  his  wife, 
and  bade  them  accompany  him  to  the 
Hotel  de  Ville.  He  had' the  body  of 
Marc-Antoine  Calas  carried  away  on 
a  litter,  with  his  coat,  which  had  been 
found  folded  on  the  counter;  and  he 
arrested,  along  with  the  Calas  family, 
all  the  persons  found  in  the  house — 
their  servant,  Jeanne  Viguier,  young 


Lavaysse,  and  Cazeing,  their  friend, 
who  had  only  reached  the  house  after 
receiving  news  of  the  tragic  event. 
One  of  the  defenders  of  the  accused 
persons,  a  man  of  ripe  wisdom  and 
high  position,  counsellor  to  the  Tou- 
louse Parliament,  afterwards  pointed 
to  the  irreparable  wrong  done  to  the 
cause  of  the  accused  by  their  hasty  ar- 
rest. An  immediate  and  careful  exam- 
ination of  the  scene  of  action  Avould 
have  probably  shown  at  once  that  the 
event  was  a  suicide.  The  clearest  ele- 
ments of  proof  were,  through  the  neg- 
ligence of  the  capitoul,  lost  without 
hope  of  recovery.  The  arrest  was, 
moreover,  illegal.  It  could  not  law^- 
fully  take  place  without  a  warrant 
save  in  the  case  of  flagrant  delit  or 
glaring  j)ublicity  in  the  act,  or  of 
clanieur  publ'tqiie^  the  latter  meaning, 
not  the  uttered  opinion  of  a  person  or 
of  a  crowd  on  the  causes  of  death,  but 
a  street  cry  in  pursuit  of  a  runaway. 
There  was  nothing  of  either  kind  in  the 
case  of  the  Calas. 

The  relatives  of  the  dead  man  were 
so  far  from  conceiving  the  fate  in  store 
for  them  that,  absorbed  in  grief,  they 
supposed  their  visit  to  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  to  be  for  the  purpose  of  their 
giving  account  of  what  had  occurred. 
Pierre  Calas  took  care  to  place  a 
lighted  candle  in  the  passage,  to  await 
their  return  for  the  night.  The  capi- 
toul, with  a  smile  at  his  simplicity,  had 
the  light  extinguished,  and  observed 
that  "they  would  not  return  so  very 
soon."  He  was  right.  They  never  re- 
turned, and  this  was  just  what  he 
meant  to  convey. 

The  news  of  the  arrest  caused  great 
excitement,  and  the  bigoted  Catholic 
people  looked  upon  the  Calas  family 
as  not  merely  guilty,  but  as  good  as 
convicted,  of  murder.  The  accused  per- 
sons were  shut  up  and  interrogated  in 
separate  rooms  of  the  same  prison — 
Jean  Calas  and  his  son  Pierre  in  dark 
cells,  and  the  two  women  in  rooms  not 
without  light.  Lavaysse  was  placed  in 
the  lodgings  of  the  officer  of  the  guard. 
It  was  only  then  that  the  capitoul, 
David  de  Beaudrigue,  drew  up  his 
proces-verhal,,  or  first  report,  in  viola- 


198 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


tion  of  the  law  ordering  this  to  be  done 
on  the  scene  of  a  crime  and  before 
quitting  it  after  the  first  visit.  Then 
also  was  drawn  up  the  report  of  the 
physician  Lalour  and  of  the  surgeons 
Pe^'ronnot  and  Lainanjue.  These  gen- 
tlemen, after  being  sworn  by  David, 
examined  the  body  of  Marc-Antoine 
Galas.  Their  published  report  states 
that  the  body  was  "still  slightly  warm, 
without  an}'  wound,. but  with  a  livid 
mark  on  the  neck,  about  half  an  inch 
in  width,  of  a  circular  shape,  disap- 
pearing amidst  the  hair  behind,  and  di- 
viding into  two  branches  on  each  side 
of  the  neck.  These  signs  convince  us 
that  he  was  hanged,  still  living,  by  his 
own  hands  or  those  of  others." 

The  negligent  official,  on  quitting  the 
house  of  Galas,  did  not  at  first  leave 
any  guard  in  charge,  nor  did  he  then 
think  of  taking  possession  of  the  in- 
struments by  which  the  deed  had  been 
committed.  Later  on  he  placed  nine 
soldiers  in  charge  of  the  house,  a  num- 
ber soon  increased  to  twenty,  main- 
tained there  for  five  months  at  the 
cost  of  the  accused.  The  rope  and  the 
billet  of  wood  which  served  to  effect 
the  death  of  Marc-Antoine  Galas  Avere 
deposited  at  the  office  of  the  clerk  to  the 
capitouls. 

On  October  14th,  Jean  Galas,  his 
wife,  his  son  Pierre,  young  Lavaysse, 
and  even  the  servant,  although  she  was 
a  Gatholic,  were  accused  before  the 
capitouls  of  having  strangled  IMarc- 
Antoine  Galas  under  the  impulse  of 
Protestant  fanaticism,  in  order,  by  his 
murder,  to  prevent  his  conversion  to 
the  Gatholic  Ghurch.  Gazeing  was  now 
discharged.  The  charge  was,  upon  the 
face  of  it,  in  the  highest  degree  improb- 
able, and,  in  the  case  of  one  of  the  ac- 
cused, it  was  absurd.  There  is  always 
a  strong  presumption  against  a  charge 
of  atrocious  crime  when  the  accused  is 
a  person  of  character  hitherto  without 
reproach,  a  man  or  woman  of  pure  life 
and  mild  demeanor.  This  presumption 
becomes  far  stronger  when  several  such 
persons  are  involved  in  the  charge. 

It  is  incredible,  if  not  that  one,  yet 
that  five  persons,  differing  in  age  and 
position,  and  two  among  them  of  dif- 


ferent blood  from  the  rest,  should  com- 
mit a  crime  of  the  utmost  wickedness 
after  having  gained  and  kept  unde- 
served esteem  among  their  fellow-men. 
In  the  Galas  case  we  have  one  of  the 
accused,  the  servant,  belonging  to  a 
rival  Gliurch;  all  were  unassailable  in 
their  previous  conduct;  and  fanatical 
hatred  vainly  employed  all  the  re- 
sources of  calumny  in  the  endeavour  to 
fix  a  single  stain  upon  any  of  the  num- 
ber. 

Jean  Galas,  born  in  1G9S,  near  Gas- 
tres,  had  been  established  in  business 
at  Toulouse  for  forty  years  at  the  time 
of  his  son's  death  in  17G1.  Simple- 
minded,  honest,  and  diligent  in  his 
calling,  he  had  slowly  ac(|uired  a  fair 
l)osition  among  his  fellow-citizens,  and 
his  religious  and  virtuous  character 
was  an  honour  to  Protestantism  in  the 
city  where  he  dwelt.  Ilis  manly  jiiety 
and  his  devotion  to  duty  were  the  i)est 
l)ossible  preparation  for  the  martyr- 
dom to  which  he  Avas  doomed.  His 
temperament  was  g6ntle  as  well  as 
serious. 

It  is  a  point  strongly  in  favour  of 
Jean  Galas,  charged  with  nnirdering 
his  son  because  he  wished  to  eml>race 
Gatholicism,  that  he.  the  father,  in  his 
relations  with  Gatholics  alwaj's  dis- 
played a  mildness  of  manner  and  a 
tolerant  spirit  then  very  rare.  Abund- 
ant proof  exists  on  this  head.  In  173.") 
a  Gatholic  magistrate  named  Bonafous. 
wishing  to  place  his  two  daughters  in 
the  nunnery  of  Notre  Dame  at  Tou- 
louse, entrusted  them  to  the  care  of 
Galas,  in  whose  house  they  at  first 
abode.  At  a  later  period,  the  elder 
sister  on  several  occasions  lodged  with 
the  Galas,  when  illness  occurred  at  the 
nunnery.  After  her  marriage  with  the 
mayor  of  a  neighboring  town,  this  lady, 
as  also  her  sister,  furnished  duly  au- 
thenticated certificates  of  the  above 
facts.  Madame  Boulade,  the  INIayor's 
wife,  declared  in  her  deposition  that 
"during  the  time  of  her  residence  with 
Galas  and  his  wife  she  fulfilled  all  her 
duties  as  a  Gatholic.  in  the  year  1757, 
and  that  Galas  always  sent  her  imder 
proper  charge  to  the  churches  which 
she  attended,"     Many  other  witnesses 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


199 


gave  like  evidence,  but  none  of  these 
(lociunents  in  favour  of  the  accused  was 
produced  at  the  trial.  The  same  tol- 
erance was  shown  by  Calas  towards  his 
son  Louis,  Avho  became  a  Catholic,  and 
also  towards  the  servant,  who  had 
aided  and  abetted  the  son's  conduct  in 
this  matter,  which  was  a  source  of  j)ain 
to  his  parents.  With  the  knoAvledge  of 
these  facts,  no  candid  judge  could 
possibly  believe  that  Jean  Calas  was 
the  murderer  of  his  eldest  son  for  the 
reason  alleged.  It  is  established  that 
the  accused  man  was  regarded  by  all 
except  bigoted  Catliolics  with  esteem 
and  even  with  affection. 

Madame  Calas,  married  in  Paris  in 
1731,  was  her  husband's  superior  in 
mental  ability  and  worthy  of  him  in 
her  elevation  of  character.  Pier  maiden 
name  was  Anne-Rose  Cabibel.  She 
was  English  by  birth,  French  in  race, 
belonging  as  she  did  to  one  of  the  Hu- 
guenot families  whom  the  bigotry  of 
Louise  the  Fourteenth  drove  into  exile. 
She  w^as  allied  in  blood  to  several  noble 
families  in  Languedoc  and  to  some 
officers  of  high  rank,  chevaliers  of  the 
Order  of  St.  Louis.  Her  relatives  only 
remembered  her  after  the  legal  murder 
of  her  husband,  Avhen  she  and  her  son 
Pierre  lay  in  prison  under  the  capital 
charge.  Madame  Calas  herself,  in  the 
shop  at  the  Rue  des  Filatiers,  scarcely 
thought  of  her  ancestry.  She  had  all 
the  courage,  but  not  the  pride,  of  those 
from  whom  she  sprang.  Tlie  greatest 
Frenchman  for  intellectual  power  then 
living,  when  he  came  to  know  her,  was 
filled  with  wonder  and  with  high  re- 
gard for  her  quiet  energy  and  dignity 
of  character  and  for  the  vigour  of  in- 
tellect which  no  suffering  had.  been 
able  to  abate.  In  presence  of  the  judges 
she  displayed  her  mental  superiority  to 
her  hapless  husband  in  the  penetrating 
power  and  presence  of  mind  with 
which  she  detected  and  evaded  the 
traps  laid  for  them  by  the  interrogat- 
ing officials,  and  she  showed  a  higher 
resolution  than  he  in  protesting  against 
false  or  malicious  testimony. 

The  servant,  Jeanne  Viguier,  about 
forty-five  years  of  age  at  the  time  of 
Marc-Antoine's  death  had  been  in  ser- 


vice with  Madame  Calas  for  twenty- 
four  years.  A  royal  decree  of  January, 
1G8(),  forbade  Protestants  in  France  to 
have  any  non-Catholic  servants,  under 
penalty  of  fine  for  the  employers  and 
the  "galleys"  for  the  domestics.  The 
Toulouse  judges  thus  well  knew  that 
the  Calas  family  must  have  a  Catholic 
for  servant  or  have  none  at  all.  Yet 
they  asked  Jeanne  at  the  trial  "how 
she  could  remain  for  twenty-four  years 
in  a  family  of  a  religion  opposed  to 
her  own."  She  replied  simply  that, 
"having  never  been  annoyed  in  any 
way,  she  found  herself  well  off."  We 
thus  see  that  Protestants,  who,  pained 
as  they  were  at  their  son's  change  of 
faith,  had  not  ceased  to  treat  with  kind- 
ness the  Catholic  servant  who  had  en- 
couraged him  thereto,  were  accused  of 
having  murdered  another  son  through 
sheer  fanaticism.  The  Catholic  servant 
Avho  had  aided  the  younger  son  to 
change  his  faith  is  charged  with  hav- 
ing shared  in  the  crime  of  murdering 
his  elder  brother  because  he  contem- 
plated such  a  change.  We  have  re- 
peated and  insisted  upon  this  point  in 
order  to  show  the  extreme  absurdity  of 
the  accusation.  In  truth,  the  history 
of  the  world  would  be  ransacked  in 
vain  for  an}'^  worse  display,  not  merely 
of  injustice,  but  of  folly  in  the  selec- 
tion of  victims.  The  servant,  in  spite 
of  her  undutiful  behaviour  in  the  mat- 
ter of  Louis  Calas'  conversion  to  her 
own  faith,  was  in  all  other  respects 
honest,  courageous,  and  faithful.  She 
shared  all  the  perils  of  Madame  Calas, 
and  she  remained  closely  attached  to 
her  to  the  end  of  her  life. 

We  come  now  to  deal  with  the  dead 
Marc-Antoine  Calas.  In  order  to  ar- 
rive at  the  truth  concerning  the  trag- 
edy, it  is  absolutely  necessary  to  learn 
something  of  his  career.  Born  on  No- 
vember 5,  1732,  he  was  in  his  twenty- 
ninth  year  when  his  body  was  carried, 
on  October  13,  17G1,  from  the  house  in 
the  Rue  des  Filatiers  to  the  Hotel  de 
Ville  at  Toulouse.  His  youthful  ambi- 
tion soared  above  his  father's  trade. 
He  had  some  oratorical  ability,  and 
longed  for  the  Bar.  His  studies  had 
been    directed    thereto,    and    in    May, 


200 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


1759,  He  received  a  diploma  as  Bachelor 
of  Law.  His  further  prog'iess  was  ar- 
rested by  the  fact  of  his  being  a  Pro- 
testant. As  such  he  could  not  become 
an  avocat  or  barrister.  He  would  not 
ciiange  his  faith,  and  reluctantly  joined 
his  father  in  the  business,  and  helped 
him  in  the  affairs  of  the  shop  and  the 
warehouse.  He  was  bitterly  disap- 
pointed in  the  failure  of  his  hopes.  One 
day,  when  he  stood  outside  the  shop, 
he  saw  passing  Maitre  Beaux,  a  former 
fellow-pupil  in  the  study  of  the  law. 
who  was  returning  from  the  "Palais," 
where  he  had  just  been  admitted  to  the 
Parliamentary  Bar.  Beaux  asked  him, 
''When  are  you  going  to  do  the  same?" 
Marc-Antoine  replied  that  it  was  im- 
possible for  him,  "because  he  did  not 
choose  to  perform  any  Catholic  act." 
The  j'oung  man,  deeply  grieved  to  see 
closed  for  him  the  career  of  which  he 
had  dreamed,  vainly  sought  to  enter 
some  other  profession.  From  all  he 
was  barred  out  by  some  royal  decree 
excluding  Protestants.  He  then,  en- 
tering perforce  on  the  career  of  trade, 
sought  an  engagement  with  a  merchant 
at  Alais,  but  Avas  unable  in  due  time 
to  furnish  security  to  the  amount  of 
SIX  thousand  francs.  He  then  desired 
to  become  partner  in  his  father's  busi- 
ness. Jean  Calas  found  himself  unable 
to  consent  to  this  proposal.  He  had. 
during  four  years  past,  initiated  his 
son  in  all  his  affairs,  and  been  everj^- 
where  represented  by  him,  "looking 
upon  him,"  as  he  declared,  "as  his  sec- 
ond self."  The  interest  of  the  whole 
family  absolute!}'  forbade  him  to  give 
a  share  of  control  to  one,  even  his  eld- 
est son,  who  had  no  aptitude  for  busi- 
ness, and  in  whom  a  taste  for  gambling 
and  idleness  was  ever  growing  stronger. 
The  young  man.  irritated  by  his  pres- 
ent position,  and  without  hope  for  the 
future,  had  become  a  gambler,  and  wit- 
nesses at  the  trial  represented  him  as 
passing  all  the  hours  at  his  disposal  in 
the  tennis-court  and  the  billiard-saloon. 
His  betting  at  those  resorts  was  high 
for  one  in  his  position,  and  resulted  in 
his  sometimes  losing  six  francs,  twelve 
francs,  or  even  a  louis  d'or.  The  day  of 
his    death    had    been    almost    wholly 


passed  at  billiards  and  tennis.  One 
witness  had  seen  him,  until  nearly  five 
o'clock,  in  the  establishment  known  as 
'•Quatre-Billiards."  It  is  certain  that 
on  that  day  his  father  had  handed  him 
some  crowns  (six-franc  pieces)  to  ex- 
change for  louis,  that  he  gave  no  ac- 
count of  them,  and  that  the  money  was 
never  found.  It  is  a  fact  that  he  had 
m  his  pockets,  at  the  time  of  his  death, 
some  copies  of  immoral  and  indecent 
songs. 

With  this  kind  of  ill-conduct  that 
can  be  truly  laid  to  his  charge  it  is  re- 
markable that  Marc-Antoine  Calas, 
alone  in  his  family  circle,  was  intoler- 
ant and  inclined  to  fanaticism  in  re- 
ligious matters.  His  religion  was,  lik" 
his  character,  of  a  gloomy  type.  A 
priest  declared  that  he  had  heard  him 
maintain  that  "there  was  no  salvation 
in  the  Koman  Church,  and  that  every 
Catholic  was  damned  for  ever."  He 
often  showed  bitter  irritation  on  the 
subject  of  his  brother  Louis'  conversion. 
The  reader  will  observe  how  wholly 
the  conduct  and  character  of  Marc- 
Antoine  Calas  are  opposed  to  the  sug- 
gestion of  the  prosecutors  that  he  medi- 
tated joining  the  Catholic  Church.  We 
can  also  Avell  understand  that  such  a 
young  man,  gloomy  and  taciturn  at 
home  as  he  was,  declining  any  share  in 
the  harmless  recreations  of  the  family 
circle,  embittered  against  men  and 
things  by  the  failure  of  his  amb "lions 
hopes,  deriving  no  solace  from  the  faith 
which  he  held  so  fanatically,  oroi.e 
astray  into  debasing  pursuits,  and  daily 
disgusted  with  his  occupation  in  tlie 
business  of  his  father,  was  not  unlikely 
to  end  his  life,  in  a  moment  of  despair, 
by  his  own  act. 

The  youngest  son,  Pierre,  whom  the 
capitoul  David  de  Beaudrigue  directly 
accused  of  taking  a  leading  part  in 
murdering  his  brother,  need  not  detain 
us  long.  He  deserves  boundless  pity 
for  his  share  in  the  sufferings  of  the 
family,  but  he  cannot  claim  praise  for 
heroic  endurance.  His  iiifelligence  was 
limited  and  his  character  weak.  He 
recognized  in  a  lowly  spirit  his  own  de- 
ficiencies. During  his  confinement  in 
a  monastery  he  abjured  his  faith  under 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


201 


the  influence  of  fear.  He  fled  as  soon 
as  the  doors  were  oji^ned,  and  hastened 
to  retract  his  pretended  conversion. 

We  must  now  give  some  account  of 
the  fifth  person  arrested  by  order  of 
David  de  Beaudrigue.  This  is  young 
Lavaysse,  the  man  in  a  grey  coat,  wear- 
ing a  sword — the  porte-epee^  as  the  gos- 
sips of  the  Kue  des  Filatiers  styled  him, 

Francois  Lavaysse,  born  at  Toulouse 
in  October,  1741,  was  not  yet  twenty 
years  of  age.  His  family,  which  had 
been  ennobled,  held  a  good  position. 
He  was  the  third  son  of  Maitre  David 
Lavaysse,  then  one  of  the  most  eminent 
barristers  in  the  south  of  France.  He 
was  a  Protestant,  as  were  all  his  chil- 
dren, but  he  had  complied  with  the  law 
as  to  "acts  of  Catholicity"  required  for 
admission  to  learned  professions.  Of 
rare  learning  in  the  law,  and  sometimes 
admirably  eloquent,  he  was  a  man  ut- 
terly wanting  in  energy  and  endurance 
under  misfortune,  and  when  he  was 
smitten  by  the  blow  levelled  at  his  son, 
he  did  not  venture  at  first  to  defend 
him  except  in  secret. 

Francois  Lavaysse,  desirous  of  enter- 
ing the  French  commercial  marine,  had 
been  sent  to  Bordeaux  to  receive  in- 
struction in  pilot  work  and  in  English, 
and  to  spend  some  time  with  a  ship- 
owner. At  the  time  of  the  tragic  event, 
he  was  about  to  leave  Bordeaux  for 
Saint  Domingo,  in  the  West  Indies,  to 
enter  on  a  new  career  of  business  under 
his  uncle,  agent  for  a  large  estate,  and 
he  had  returned  to  Toulouse  to  bid 
farewell  to  his  family.  All  testimony 
shows  the  young  man  to  have  been  of 
very  amiable  character,  honorable  and 
upright  in  all  points.  He  reached 
Toulouse  on  the  evening  of  October  12, 
and  found  his  father's  town  house,  in 
the  Rue  Saint  Remezy,  closed.  The 
family  were  at  the  country  seat.  He 
then  made  his  way  to  the  abode  of 
Monsieur  Cazeing,  to  whom  he  was 
conveying  letters  and  who  was  as  inti- 
mate with  his  parents  as  he  was  with 
the  Calas  family.  This  family  friend 
gave  him  supper  and  a  bed.  On  the 
morrow  heavy  rain  prevented  him  from 
going  out  until  noon.     As  soon  as  it 


was  fine  he  went  in  search  of  a  horse 
for  hire,  in  order  to  go  over  to  Cara- 
man,  his  father's  country  abode.  He 
could  find  none,  in  consequence  of  the 
press  of  work  for  the  vintage  at  tliat 
time  in  progress.  About  four  o'clock 
in  the  forenoon,  as  he  passed  the  shop 
of  Calas,  he  saw  there  some  women  be- 
longing to  Caraman.  He  straightway 
entered,  asked  the  peasant-women  for 
news  of  his  family,  and  stated  his  dif- 
ficulty. Pierre  Calas  offered  to  aid 
him  in  a  fresh  search,  and  the  father, 
Jean  Calas,  invited  him  to  supper. 

It  is  somewhat  difficult  for  the  ac- 
cusers to  explain  how  it  was  that  a 
man  who  had  resolved  on  murdering 
his  son  that  very  evening  could  invite 
a  comparative  stranger  to  have  a  share 
in  or  be  a  witness  of  the  crime. 

Lavaysse  and  Pierre  Calas  hurried 
about  the  town  in  search  of  a  horse  for 
hire,  but  without  success.  Towards 
seven  o'clock  they  accompanied  the 
peasant-woman  of  Caraman  to  the  inn 
whence  they  were  to  start  for  home. 
Lavaysse  then  went  to  inform  Cazeing, 
his  host  of  the  previous  day,  that  he 
was  to  sup  with  the  Calas  family,  and 
returned  to  share  the  meal  at  which 
he  was  to  have  his  last  hour,  for  many 
a  day,  of  freedom  and  safety.  It  seems 
impossible,  but  it  is  true,  that  this 
worthy,  well-conducted  youth  became, 
in  the  lurid  light  of  religious  bigotry, 
in  the  poisoned  minds  of  Catholics  of 
Toulous^j  an  executioner,  a  strangler, 
commissioned  to  come  from  Bordeaux 
by  the  Protestants  of  Toulouse  for  the 
dispatch  of  Marc-Antoine  Calas.  It 
was  nothing,  in  the  scale  of  justice  as 
held  by  the  wretches  who  accused  him, 
that  he  thrice  quitted  and  thrice  re- 
turned to  the  house  of  Calas — the  first 
time,  after  running  to  fetch  the  sur- 
geon Camoire,  whom  he  found  from 
home;  the  second  time,  after  having 
found  Cazeing;  the  third  time  when 
he  brought  Monyer  and  Savanier. 
Thus  it  is  that,  in  the  imagination  of 
such  men  as  David  de  Beaudrigue  and 
the  Catholics  of  Toulouse,  a  murderer 
takes  his  measures  to  escape. 

The  death  scene  now  demands  our 


202 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINP]. 


notice.  When  Lavaysse  returned  for 
supper  witli  Pierre  Calas,  after  they 
had  scoured  the  town  together  in 
search  of  a  horse  for  hire  and  seen  the 
country  women  safe  to  the  inn,  l*ierre 
pulled  the  door  of  the  house  after  him 
as  he  entered  last,  and  it  closed  by  its 
own  weight.  In  this  circumstance  the 
accusers  saw  premeditation  of  crime. 
The  simple  fact  was  that  the  Calas, 
like  other  shop-keepers  in  the  town, 
were  in  the  habit  of  closing  the  doors 
at  meal-times.  The  two  young  men. 
ascended  to  Madame  Calas'  room, 
where  she  was  with  her  husband  and 
the  eldest  son,  Marc-Antoine.  Lav- 
aysse described  the  latter  as  sunk  in 
his  elbow-chair,  with  his  head  sup- 
ported by  one  hand,  and  paying  no 
heed  to  them  on  their  entrance.  At 
table  he  ate  little,  drank  several  glasses 
of  wine,  and,  when  dessert  was  put  on, 
rose  and  went  out  according  to  his  cus- 
tom. About  two  hours  passed  away. 
Madame  Calas,  with  some  embroidery- 
work  in  her  hands,  conversed  with  her 
husband  and  Lavaysse.  When  that 
young  man  was  about  to  leave,  it  was 
found  that  Pierre  had  fallen  asleep. 
They  awoke  him,  but  he  was  ashamed 
of  the  fact  of  sleeping,  and  would  not 
admit  it.  They  all  "chaffed"  him  on 
the  matter,  with  loud  laughter,  and  the 
party  separated  in  high  good-humor. 
It  was  their  last  gleam  of  joy!  Death 
was  already  in  the  house,  and  his  pres- 
ence was  about  to  be  laiown. 

It  was  then  betw^een  half-past  nine 
and  ten  o'clock.  Lavaj'sse  went  down- 
stairs, accompanied  by  Pierre,  and  was 
the  first  to  make  the  very  natural  re- 
mark which  led  to  the  discovery  of  the 
corpse  of  Marc-Antoine.  The  door  of 
communication  between  the  passage 
and  the  shop  w^as  open.  Was  it  due  to 
the  servant's  carlessness?  Pierre  en- 
tered, in  order  to  ascertain.  His  friend 
followed  him,  and  both  uttered  cries  of 
horror  when  they  found  Marc-Antoine 
hanging  to  the  door  which  opened  from 
the  shop  into  an  inner  room  called  the 
warehouse.  On  the  two  leaves  of  this 
folding-door,  as  it  stood  open,  the 
3'oung  man  had  placed  crosswise  one 
of  the  billets    or    larffe    round    sticks. 


flattened  at  one  end,  with  which  bales 
of  goods  were  fastened  tight.  To  this 
bar  of  wood  he  had  hung  himself 
with  a  rope  in  a  double  running-knot. 
lie  was  in  his  shirt-slee\es.  It  was  ob- 
served later  that  his  hair  was  neither 
ruffled  not  his  clothing  in  disorder. 
The  police  officers  found  his  coat  of 
grey  cloth  and  his  nankeen  vest  placed 
on  the  counter,  carefully  folded,  a 
strange  detail  which  clearly  proves, 
not  only  a  voluntary  death,  but  the  cold, 
slow  deliberation  with  which  a  long- 
premeditated  suicide  is  effected.  Pierre 
took  hold  of  his  brother's  hand:  this 
act  caused  the  body  to  swing.  The  two 
terrified  young  men  at  once  ran  off, 
calling  for  help.  At  these  cries  the 
uidnippy  father  came  down  hurriedly 
in  his  dressing-gown.  Neither  of  the 
two,  Pierre  and  Lavaysse,  had  thought 
of  cutting  tlie  rope.  Calas  ran  to  the 
b(jdy,  and  seized  it  in  his  arms.  The 
corpse  being  thus  raised,  the  bar  of 
wood  fell  to  the  ground.  The  father 
at  once  laid  his  son's  body  on  the  floor, 
and  took  off  the  rope  by  loosening  the 
running-knot.  At  the  same  moment  he 
cried  to  Pierre,  'Tn  God's  name,  run 
to  Camoire!"'  (the  neighboring  sur- 
geon). ''Perhaps  my  poor  son  is  not 
(juite  dead."  On  this,  Pierre  and 
Lavaysse  ran  out,  the  first  returning 
very  soon  with  Gorsse,  pupil  (as  we 
have  seen)  of  the  surgeon. 

They  found  the  mother  leaning  over 
Marc-Antome,  rubbing  his  temples  and 
vainly  trying  to  make  him  swallow 
some  spirit.  The  mouth  kept  closing 
of  itself  as  if  by  a  spring.  Gorsse  at 
once  saw  that  help  came  too  late.  He 
took  off  the  cravat,  saw  the  mark  of 
the  cord  round  the  throat,  and  declared 
that  Marc-Antoine  had  died  by  strangl- 
ing or  hanging.  At  that  moment 
Pierre  lost  his  head.  He  went  out  in 
a  bewildered  state  "to  go."  as  he  said 
later,  "to  seek  advice  everywhere.'-'  He 
knew  not  what  he  was  doing,  and  his 
father  recalled  him  to  his  senses  by 
sajuiig,  ''Don't  go  and  spread  the  re- 
port that  your  brother  has  made  aw^ay 
with  himself;  save,  at  least,  the  honor 
of  3"our  miserable  family!"  This  ad- 
vice of  concealment   had   fatal   conse- 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


203 


qiiences,  but  it  was  not  without  excuse 
in  the  barbarous  legishition  of  the  time 
concerning  suicide.  It  was  based  on 
the  Roman  hiw  that  "a  self-slayer's 
body  must  be  cast  forth  unburied,"  a 
sentence  wliich  involved  confiscati(m  of 
all  his  propertv  to  the  imperial  treas- 
ury. Time  had  added  to  the  rigour  of 
this  decree.  The  dead  body  was 
brought  to  trial  like  a  living  person. 
In  case  of  condemnation,  the  body,  ab- 
solutely bare,  was  dragged  along  the 
streets'on  a  hurdle,  face  to  the  ground, 
amidst  the  yells  of  the  mob,  who  often 
defiled  it  with  mud  or  mangled  it  with 
hurled  stones.  The  body  was  then  hung 
on  a  gibbet,  and  the  property  of  the 
dead  person,  if  any  existed,  was  con- 
fiscated to  the  Crown. 

The  only  other  details  of  events  on 
the  fatal  evening  that  possess  any  in- 
terest, just  preceding  or  following  from 
a  letter  of  Madame  Galas  to  an  inti- 
mate friend,  giving  a  full  and  exact 
account  of  all  that  occurred.    We  there 
learn  that,  when  Lavaysse  had  accepted 
the  invitation  to  supper,  Madame  Galas 
went  down  stairs  from  her  sitting  room 
to  give  some  orders  to  the  servant.  She 
found   her   eldest    son,   Marc-Antoine, 
sitting  alone  in  the  shop,  in  a  state  of 
reverie,  and  asked  him  to  go  and  fetch 
some  Roquefort  cheese,  an  article  which 
he  was  wont  to  buy  for  the  family,  as 
he  was  a  good  judge  of  its  quality.    He 
executed  this  commission.  We  also  learn 
that,  at  supper,  when  Pierre  was  giving 
some  account  of  the  antiquities  at  the 
Hotel  de  Ville  in  Toulouse,  his  brother 
"took  him  up,"  as  not  describing  them 
with     due     accuracy.       AVhen     Marc- 
Antoine  left  the  table  he  went  to  the 
kitchen,  on  the  first  floor,  near  the  din- 
ing-room,  and    it   was   then   that   the 
servant.  Jeanne  Viguier,  asking  him  if 
he  were  cold,  and  saying,  "Warm  your- 
self,"   received   the    strange    reply    al- 
readv  noticed— "Quite  the  contrary,  1 
am  "burning    hot"     ("Je    brule"),    on 
which  he  went  out  and  was  seen,  by  any 
of  the  family,  alive  no  more.     When 
Madame  Galas  heard  the  cry  of  alarm 
below,  not   distinguishing  any  words, 
and   her  husband   ran    down,   she   re- 


mained,    trembling,     in     the    passage 
above,  not   daring  to   descend.     In   a 
minute  or  two  she  resolved  to  see  for 
herself  "what  the  matter  could  be,"  but 
found  young  Lavaysse  at  the  bottom 
of  the  staircase,  and  was  by  him  beg- 
ged to  return  upstairs,  and  "she  should 
know."    Attended  by  him.  she  returned 
to  the  dining-room,  and  there  he  left 
her.     In  a  short  time  Madame  Galas, 
unable  to  remain  quiet  in  her  state  of 
uncertainty,  called  to  the  servant  (who 
was    in    the    kitchen    close    at    hand), 
"Jeanette,  go  and  see  what  is  the  mat- 
ter below.     I  don't  know  what  it  is. 
I  am  all  trembling."    "I  put  a  candle 
in  her  hand,  and  she  went  down;  but 
when  she  did  not  return  to  give  me  any 
account  of  what  was  going  on,  I  went 
down  myself."    The  poor  mother  then 
tells  how,  "not  believing  her  son  dead," 
she  ran  to  get  some  "Queen  of  PTun- 
gary's  water,"  thinking  him  seized  with 
illness. 

We  may  close  this  account  with  the 
graphic  details  that,  when  the  surgeon 
declared  the  fact  of  death,  Madame 
Galas  exclaimed,  "That  cannot  be!" 
begging  him  to  examine  the  body  again, 
and  that  her  attention  was  divided,  in 
those  fearful  moments,  between  the 
sight  of  her  dead  son  on  the  one  side 
and  her  living  husband  on  the  other, 
leaning  over  the  counter  in  a  desperate 
state  of  grief.  It  was  in  this  condition 
that,  as  already  related,  "Justice  found 
them"  (in  Madame  Galas'  words)  and 
the  arrests  took  place. 

There  is  no  need  to  go  into  details 
concerning  the  "trial,"  if  trial  it  can 
be  called,^  of  Jean  Galas.  It  has  been 
seen  that  no  direct  evidence  whatsoever 
concerning  the  death  of  Marc-Antoine 
could  be  obtained  outside  the  circle  of 
the  accused  persons.  After  the  exami- 
nation of  thirty  witnesses  not  a  single 
proof  tending  to  conviction  had  been 
found.  It  was  time  for  bigotry  to  as- 
sert its  existence  and  power.  Amongst 
the  usages  of  the  anrJen  regime  in 
France  in  criminal  cases  was  a  prac- 
tice of  the  Procureur  du  Roi  or  Grown 
solicitor,  in  his  search  for  evidence.  He 
drew  up  a  statement  of  "facts,"  kriown 


204 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


or  presumed,  for  which  he  wanted  the 
support  of  witnesses,  and  applie  I  to 
the  ecclesiastical  powers  in  order  that 
an  advertisement,  or  monito'rrc^  might 
be  read  in  the  pulpit  and  post'^d  in  the 
streets,  to  give  notice  to  all  persons  wlio 
'■'■might  know^  by  hearsay  or  otherwise^'' 
the  matters  in  question,  that,  if  they 
did  not  come  forward  and  declare  them 
either  to  justice  or  to  their  parish 
priests,  they  would  incur  the  penalty  of 
excommunication.  If  the  publication 
of  this  notice  did  not  have  the  expected 
effect,  the  same  monitoire  was  "fulmi- 
nated," or  repeated  in  the  churches 
with  frightful  threats  of  infernal 
l)enalties  against  all  who,  having  any 
knowledge,  failed  to  make  deposition. 
It  is  only  fair  to  say  that  this  mode  of 
procuring  testimony  was  addressed 
e(iually  to  witnesses  in  favor  of  and  to 
those  against  the  accused.  Inculpated 
persons  Avere  not,  it  must  be  remem- 
bered, allowed  to  call  any  witness  on 
their  own  behalf,  nor  was  any  witness 
who  voluntarily  tendered  himself  ad- 
mitted to  examination.  It  is  evident 
that  the  Crown  lawyer,  by  partiality  in 
drawing  up  his  "facts"  for  the  moni- 
toire^ might  exclude  all  depositions  in 
favour  of  the  accused.  This  is  pre- 
cisely what  occurred  in  the  Calas  case, 
and  it  makes  an  end  of  a  reproach 
brought  forward  again  in  recent  days 
that  the  family  produced  only  one  wit- 
ness to  prove  that  Marc-Antoine  had 
remained  a  Protestant,  while  a  crowd 
of  Avitnesses  (all  perjured,  we  may  re- 
mark) attested  the  contrary.  By  the 
mo7iitoire,  all  parish  priests,  curates, 
and  priests  in  discharge  of  Church 
functions  were  made,  in  fact,  examin- 
ing magistrates  Protestants  were  ac- 
cused and  the  vast  majority  of  the 
people  were  bigoted  Catholics.  The 
state  of  public  opinion  was  such  that 
few  Catholics  would  be  bold  enough  to 
say  a  word  on  behalf  of  the  accused, 
and  no  Protestant  could  hope  to  be 
believed,  as  a  member  of  a  Church 
which,  according  to  a  then  accepted 
and  most  atrocious  calumny,  bade  its 
devotees  to  put  to  death  all  Protestants 
Avho  embraced  the  Catholic  faith,  and 
appointed  special  executioners  to  carry 


out  the  punishment.  The  air  was  alive 
with  abominable  charges  against  Pro- 
testants, asserting  other  cases  of  nnir- 
der  in  Languedoc  perpetrated  on  Hu- 
guenots who  had  become  Catholics. 
The  capitouls,  the  Parliament,  the 
clergy,  the  brotherhoods,  the  great 
mass  of  the  people  of  Toulouse,  were 
all  banded  against  one  hapless  and 
helpless  family. 

We  have  already  explained  the  usual 
criminal  procedure  depriving  the  ac- 
cused person  of  the  aid  of  counsel  or 
advocate,  and  conducting  matters  sep- 
arately and  secretly  between  the  cul- 
prit and  each  different  witness  in  pres- 
ence only  of  the  judge  and  his  clerk. 
There  were  other  antiquated  usages  all 
furnishing  weapons  for  the  accuser 
against  the  accused,  who  was  at  every 
point  placed  at  a  disadvantage  in  the 
contest. 

It  is  clear,  moreover,  to  any  candid 
mind  that  Lavaysse  and  Jeanne  Yig- 
uier,  as  being  impossible  sharers  in  the 
supposed  crime,  should  have  been  at 
once  released.  This  course  Avas  not 
adopted  by  the  prosecutors  because 
they  would  both  have  then  been  able  to 
claim  a  hearing  as  Avitnesses  to  the 
fact  that  they  had  known  all  the  move- 
ments of  Jean  Calas,  his  wife,  and  their 
son  Pierre;  Lavaysse  as  seated  at  table 
Avith  them,  and  Jeanne  as  serving  the 
supper  and  passing  to  and  fro  betAveen 
two  adjoining  apartments,  the  dining- 
room  and  the  kitchen. 

A  base  means  was  adopted  to  induce 
Lavaysse  to  turn  against  his  friends. 
His  father,  David  LaA'aysse,  whose 
Aveakness  of  character  has  been  men- 
tioned, alloAved  himself  to  be  persuaded 
by  the  prosecution  that  the  Calas  Avere, 
i»oyond  doubt,  guilty  of  the  alleged 
murder.  He  Avas  assured  that  ample 
proofs  thereof  had  been  secured,  the 
fact  being  that  the  prosecution  were  at 
their  wits'  end  to  find  the  beginning  of 
a  vestige  of  proof,  as  legally  under- 
stood. The  miserable  man,  being  al- 
lowed an  interview  with  his  son.  tried 
hard  to  induce  him  to  saA-e  himself 
from  torture  and  death  by  declaring 
that  the  three  Calas  had  strangled 
Marc-Antoine.     It  may  be  very  chari- 


WATSON'S  MAGAZ1N^^. 


205 


tably  hoped  that  the  father  was  then 
sincere  and  really  deceived.  This  vile 
effort  of  the  prosecutors  wholly  failed. 
The  younger  Lavaysse,  with  imperturb- 
able frankness,  repeated  his  constant 
assertion  that  no  murder  had  been 
committed  at  all.  We  should  add  that 
the  man,  Monsieur  David  Lavaysse, 
who  had  professed  his  belief  in  the 
giiilt  of  the  three  members  of  the  Galas 
family,  afterwards  drew  up  a  secret 
memoir,  still  unpublished  and  existing 
in  the  historical  section  of  the  Archives 
in  Paris.  In  this  document  are  found, 
firstly,  a  statement  that  Marc-Antoine 
Calas  was  "a  young  man  of  very 
gloomy  character,  and  on  that  day  (the 
day  of  the  tragedy)  more  brooding 
(reveur)  than  usual";  secondly,  an  ac- 
count of  the  popular  excitement,  in 
which  the  accusation  of  crime  is  styled 
an  imposture,  with  a  statement  that 
"some  sensible  (sages)  people  mourned 
over  the  delusion  into  wMch  the  town 
had  been  cast  by  its  Tnagistrates'''' ;  and 
thirdly,  an  argument  as  to  "the  moral 
impossibility  of  five  monsters,  a  num- 
ber that  could  scarcely  exist  at  one  time 
in  the  whole  kingdom,  being  found  to- 
gether in  a  single  house— of  a  father, 
a  mother,  a  brother,  a  friend,  and  a 
Catholic  servant  having  united  in 
staining  their  hands  in  the  blood  of  one 
who  was  son,  brother,  friend,  young 
master  all  in  one,  and  of  their  having, 
after  a  deed  so  monstrous,  sat  down 
calmly  to  supper.  He  also  shows  the 
absurdity  of  imagining  that  five  such 
persons  should  have  chosen  as  the 
scene  of  a  premeditated  murder  a  shop 
situated  in  the  busiest  and  most  popu- 
lous street  of  the  town,  and,  as  the  time 
of  the  murder,  the  hour  in  the  day 
when  the  street  was  most  thronged 
with  people.  He  also  insists  upon  the 
interest  which  the  magistrates — the 
capitouls  of  Toulouse — had  in  obtain- 
ing the  condemnation  of  the  five  ac- 
cused persons,  in  order  to  prevent  any 
of  them  from  instituting  proceedings 
for  abuse  of  power,  imprisonment 
without  warrant,  and  various  illegal 
measures. 

To  make  our  story  short,  Lagaire,  the 
Procureur  du  Roi^  or  Crown  attorney. 


on  November  10,  1761,  demanded  sent- 
ence to  the  effect  that  Jean  Calas, 
Madame  Calas,  and  their  son  Pierre 
should  be  hanged,  their  bodies  be 
burned  on  a  jjile  of  wood  expressly  pre- 
pared, and  the  ashes  be  flung  to  the 
winds;  that  their  property  should  be 
confiscated,  and  that  young  Lavaysse 
and  Jeanne  Viguier  should  be  present 
at  the  execution ;  that  Lavaysse  be 
sentenced  to  the  "galleys"  for  life,  and 
that  Viguier  should  be  imprisoned  for 
five  years  in  the  Hospital  de  la  Grave 
m  Toulouse.  The  (^apitouls,  however, 
unable  to  agree  on  the  punishment,  de- 
creed that  the  most  rigorous  torture 
should  be  applied  to  the  three  Calas, 
and  that  Lavaysse  and  Viguier  should 
be  "presented  to  torture"  Avithout  its 
being  applied  to  them.  These  wicked 
men  hoped  thus  to  obtain  the  avowals 
and  proofs  wdiich  they  had  hitherto 
vainly  sought.  They  had  committed  a 
gross  illegality  in  sparing  the  two  lat- 
ter the  actual  pain  of  torture:  such  re- 
mission lay  within  the  powers  at  once 
appealed  from  this  decree  to  the  Par- 
liament of  Toulouse.  The  Procureur 
du  Roi  also  appealed  to  the  same  higher 
court  on  the  ground  of  too  great  len- 
iency in  the  sentence.  The  condemned 
persons  were  forthwith  transferred 
from  their  cells  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville 
to  other  quarters  at  the  Palace,  and 
were  all  put  in  fetters.  On  December 
5th,  the  Parliament  annulled  the  de- 
cree of  the  capitouls,  and  placed  the 
further  prosecution  in  the  hands  of  one 
of  their  counsellors,  Monsieur  Pierre- 
Etienne  de  Boissy. 

We  now  come  to  inquire  what  evi- 
dence of  any  value  was  heard  by  the 
Parliament  against  the  accused  per- 
sons. Not  one  word.  There  was  noth- 
ing that  was  not  mere  hearsay,  or  evi- 
dent mistake,  or  manifest  falsehood 
and  invention.  Not  a  circumstance  was 
adduced  to  show  that  the  five  accused 
persons,  or  any  of  them,  could  have  had 
a  hand  in  murdering  Marc-Antoine 
Calas ;  not  a  circumstance  to  show  that 
he  could  not,  by  the  use  of  a  .stool 
j>laced  between  the  two  open  leaves  of 
the  door,  have  hanged  himself  with  the 
rope,  as  found,  in  two  running-knots, 


20G 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINFI 


and  Avith  the  bar  of  wood.  Evervtliiii<r 
i:)ointod  straight  to  suicide;  nothing' 
pointed  to  murder.  Therefore,  in  the 
logic  of  tlie  Toulouse  Parliament  it  was 
clear  that  a  murder  had  been  commit- 
ted; just  as  in  the  famous  modern 
French  court-martial  it  was  evident 
that  a  man  wrote  a  document  because 
the  handwriting  differed  from  his  in 
several  important  points. 

We  concluae  the  demonstration  of 
the  innocence  of  the  alleged  murderers 
by  destroying  the  only  motive  thereto 
put  forward  by  the  prosecution — /'/.?. 
the  alleged  conversion  or  meditated 
conversion  of  Marc-Antoine  Galas  to 
the  Catholic  Church.  The  servant, 
Jeanne  Viguier,  who  would  have  been 
the  first  to  know  of  any  such  act  or 
intention  on  the  part  of  Jean  Calas' 
eldest  soi),  energeticallj^  denied  that  he 
ever  showed  any  leaning  in  that  direc- 
tion. Not  an  object  valued  by  Catho- 
lics was  found  in  his  possession — not 
a  book  of  prayers,  nor  {fn  image,  nor  a 
cross,  nor  a  relic,  nor  a  medal,  nor  a 
string  of  beads.  The  examination  of 
the  pockets  of  his  clothes  at  the  time  of 
decease,  the  careful  search  of  his  ward- 
robe and  chest  of  clothes,  revealed 
nothing  of  the  kind.  The  copies  of 
indecent  verses  found  on  him  were 
cai-efully  destroyed  by  David  de 
I'eaudrigiie  the  capitoul,  as  being  im- 
suitable  for  the  role  of  a  Catholic 
martyr,  through  Protestant  fanaticism, 
already  conceived  for  him  by  the  ac- 
cuser. Not  a  priest  could  be  found 
who  had  heard  from  Marc-Antoine 
Calas  anj'  abjuration  of  the  Protestant 
faith,  or  who  had  ever  received  him 
to  confession  or  to  "first  communion," 
or  Avho  had  ever  given  him  any  of  the 
instruction  in  the  faith  always  sought 
by  those  who  meditate  "conversion" 
from  one  Church  to  another.  There 
were  many  lying  inventions  of  Catho- 
lics who  pretended  to  have  seen  him  at 
Catholic  worship.  There  was  none  that 
could  bear  examination.  On  the  other 
hand,  we  have  seen  Marc-Antoine's  re- 
ply to  his  friend  Maitre  Beaux,  that 
"he  could  never  reach  the  Bar  because 
he  would  do  no  Catholic  act";  and  we 
refer,  lastly,  to  the  evidence  of  Canon 


Azimond.  a  Catholic  of  high  character, 
who  well  knew  the  Calas  family,  to  the 
effect  that  ''Marc-Antoine  was  very 
far  {tres-eloigne)  from  turning  Catho-' 
lie."  On  the  contrary,  to  the  very  last 
he  made  public  profession  of  Protes- 
tantism, in  attending  assemblies,  fun- 
erals, and  public  worship:  in  eating 
meat  on  Fridays,  offering  family 
j)rayers,  reading  out  a  sermon  on  Sun- 
days, and  in  other  ways. 

We  pass  to  the  tragical  end  of  tlie 
innocent  Jean  Calas. 

Of  the  thirteen  judges,  seven  voted 
for  death.  Three  were  for  turture  only, 
reserving  their  right  of  voting  for 
death  at  a  later  stage;  two  desired  a 
verification,  above  all,  of  whether  it 
were  possible  or  not  for  Marc-Antoine 
Calas  to  have  hanged  himself  between 
the  two  leaves  of  the  folding  door  with 
the  wooden  bar  and  the  cord  which 
Avere  at  the  office.  One  judge  only 
voted  for  acquittal.  Incredible  as  it 
seems,  the  majority  of  the  judges  ac- 
tually refused  to  allow  the  verification 
demanded  by  two  of  their  body  to  be 
made.  It  was  easy  enough;  the  point 
could  have  been  settled  in  half  an  hour. 
The  annals  of  "justice"  contain  no 
more  abominable  instance  of  prejudice 
and  levity.  The  majority  of  seven  in 
thirteen  was  not  sufficient  for  a  capi- 
tal sentence.  After  long  debate,  an- 
other judge,  who  had  been  thought 
favorable  to  the  Calas,  joined  the  seven 
and  gave  the  needful  majority.  We 
will  not  linger  over  the  atrocious  sent- 
ence, which  was  carried  out  on  March 
10.  1762. 

Jean  Calas,  the  father  of  the  man 
who  had  beyond  doubt  slain  himself, 
was  put  to  death  as  his  murderer  with 
every  circumstance  of  ignominy  and 
horror.  After  undergoing  the  "ordi- 
nary and  extraordinary  torture,"  in 
order,  vainly,  to  extract  a  confession, 
he  was  "broken  alive  on  the  wheel." 
In  other  words,  he  was  bound,  face  up- 
wards "towards  heaven,  to  live  there  in 
suffering  and  repentance,  etc..  as  long 
as  it  should  please  God  to  give  him 
irfe,"  on  a  wheel,  after  being  smitten 
Avith  an  iron  bar  b}^  the  executioner  to 
the  breaking  of  his  arms,  legs,  thighs. 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


207 


and  reins.  His  remains  were  then 
burned  and  the  ashes  scattered  to  the 
winds;  his  property  was  confiscated, 
witii  reservation  of  a  third  portion  to 
his  wife  and  chikh'en.  A  hostile  offi- 
cial personage  testifies  that  the  victim 
underwent  his  sentence  with  ''incon- 
ceivable firmness."  At  each  blow  of 
the  iron  bar  he  uttered  only  a  single 
cry.  During  the  two  hours  that  he  re- 
mained alive  on  the  wheel  he  talked 
with  the  priest  in  attendance  on  any 
subject  save  religion,  declaring  that 
all  he  might  say  thereon  would  be  use- 
less, and  that  he  chose  to  die  a  Prbtest- 
ant.  As  he  passed  on  the  car  to  exe- 
cution the  appearanre  of  the  old  man, 
exhausted  by  torture,  his  simple  man- 
ner, his  courage,  his  calmness,  aroused 
emotion  in  the  crowd,  to  whom  he 
cried,  "I  am  innocent!" 

During  the  two  hours  of  agony  on 
the  wheel,  with  all  his  chief  bones 
broken,  Calas  uttered  not  a  murmur, 
not  a  Avord  of  auger  or  revenge.  He 
prayed  God  not  to  impute  his  death  to 
his  judges,  and  said,  "Doubtless  (hey 
have  been  deceived  by  false  witnesses." 

Exhorted  to  name  his  accomplices,  he 
cried,  "Alas !  w^here  there  is  no  crime, 
can  there  be  accomplices?"  A  few  mo- 
ments before  he  died  Pere  Boorges 
conjured  him  in  the  most  solemn  terms 
to  "render  homage  to  the  truth,"  that 
is,  by  confession  of  the  crime.  Calas 
answered,  "I  have  said  the  truth.  I 
die  innocent.  But  why  should  I  com- 
plain? Jesus  Christ,  who  was  inno- 
cence itself,  chose  to  die  for  me  by  a 
\et  raoie  cruel  punishment.  I  have  no 
regret  in  quitting  a  life  whose  end,  I 
hope,  is  going  to  lead  me  to  eternal 
happiness.  I  pity  m}'^  wife  and  my  son ; 
but  that  friend,  the  son  of  Monsieur 
Lavaysse,  to  whom  I  meant  to  show 
courtesy  in  asking  him  to  supper — ah ! 
it  is  he  that  increases  my  sorrow  !" 

Suffering  for  his  family  seemed  but 
natural  to  the  simple-minded  Jean 
Calas.  There  could  be  no  more  hap- 
piness for  them  after  the  suicide  of  the 
eldest  son  and  all  its  grievous  results. 
The  unmerited  woe  of  one  not  con- 
nected in  blood,  of  a  friend,  a  young 
man  barely  twenty  years  old,  who  had 


come  under  their  roof  only  to  be  en- 
gulfed m  the  family's  trouble, — this 
thought  saddened  the  heart  of  tlie  un- 
selfish sufferer.  IIap[)ier,  surely,  was 
,Iean  Calas  in  his  death,  broken  to 
pieces,  degraded  for  'the  time,  dishon- 
ored in  his  memory,  than  the  capitoul 
David  de  Beautlrigue,  the  foremost  of 
the  foes  of  the  Calas  family  !  In  the 
vigour  of  his  life,  at  the  height  of  his 
ambition,  this  hasty  and  besotted  fana- 
tic was  soon  to  be  plunged  into  re- 
morse— an  object  of  execration  to  the 
human  race,  pilloried  in  public  opinion 
by  the  avenging  pens  of  the  first 
writers  of  the  age,  displayed  on  all  the 
stages  of  the  first  time  in  every  langu- 
age of  civilised  man  as  the  type  of  an 
iniquitous  and  bloodthirsty  judge;  to 
end  his  career  at  last,  by  his  own  hand, 
in  a  fit  of  homicidal  mania. 

The  murderers  of  Jean  Calas  next 
strove  to  turn  to  account,  with  his  al- 
leged accomplices,  the  terror  which  his 
fate  might  inspire.  They  were  removed 
from  their  cells  at  the  Palace  to  the 
••condemned"  cells  of  the  Hotel  de 
Ville.  Their  guards  were  doubled,  and 
at  last  they  were  deprived  of  the  use 
of  knives  and  forks  and  of  every  ob- 
ject which  might  aid  a  suicidal  pur- 
pose, as  if  the  law  were  carefully  re- 
serving them  for  its  own  method  of 
dispnitch.  Madame  Calas,  the  widow, 
was  infamously  treated.  The  gaoler 
constantly  used  disgraceful  language. 
During  illness  she  lay  in  a  cell  where 
the  walls  dripped  with  moisture.  Her 
effects  were  stolen,  and  five  or  six 
priests  or  monks  relieved  each  other  in 
attempts  to  drive  her  to  confession  by 
threats  and  by  other  methods  usual 
with  cowardly  scoundrels  of  their  class. 
Under  threats  of  torture  Pierre  Calas 
and  Lavaysse  abjured  Protestantism, 
and  by  a  refinement  of  cruelty  the  sen 
was '  taken  by  his  confessor  to  the 
mother,  in  order  to  announce  his  con- 
version. They  hoped  for  an  explosion 
of  anger  from  her  which  might  serve 
their  cause.  She  was  alive  to  the  snare, 
and  heard  the  avowal  of  Pierre  un- 
moved, averting  her  head  without  a 
word  of  reply. 

The  constancy  of  Jean  Calas  was  of 


208 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINPI 


great  service  to  his  widow,  his  son, 
and  their  two  companions  in  prison. 
Notliing  had  been  confessed.  The  aim 
of  liis  liorrible  i)unisliment  had  missed 
the  mark.  That  whicli  was  meant  to 
confound  the  accused  liad  become  a 
strong  proof  in  their  favor.  Popular 
opinion  began  to  be  divided.  Jean 
Cahis  had  not  died  like  a  parricide  or 
like  a  fanatic.  If  he  were  innocent,  so 
were  they  all;  and  even  if  they  were 
guilty,  where  was  the  hope  of  i)roving 
it'^  The  l*rocureur-(ieneral,  Ki(juet  de 
IJonrepos,  had,  however,  the  implacable 
courage,  or,  rather,  the  atrocious  ef- 
frontery to  demand,  on  the  day  follow- 
ing the  death  of  Jean  Calas,  that  his 
widow,  his  son,  and  Lnvaysse  should 
be  hanged,  after  having  made,  like  the 
father,  the  amende  honorable^  a  cere- 
mony which  consisted  in  going,  clad 
in  shirt  only,  with  head  and  feet  bare, 
from  the  i)rison  to  the  cathedral,  and 
there,  in  front  of  the  main  door,  kneel- 
ing with  a  large  lighted  candle  of  yel- 
low wax  of  two  pjnnids'  weight  in  tli 
hand,  asking  pardon  of  God,  of  the 
King,  and  of  "justice"  for  misdeeds. 
'i'his  amiable  high  official  also  recjuired 
that  the  servant,  Jeanne  Viguier, 
should  "assist"'  as  an  eye-witness  at 
their  execution,  and  then  be  imprisoned 
for  life  at  the  hospital.  The  counsellor 
to  the  Parliament  was  less  severe.  He 
proposed  that  Pierre  Calas,  as  the  chief 
uuirderer,  should  be  sent  to  the  "gal- 
leys." Several  judges  voted  for  ac- 
(juittal,  others  for  banishment  for  life, 
and  this  was  finally  agreed  on.  Jeanne 
Viguier  w^as  unanimously  acquitted,  as 
"a  good  Catholic.-'  Madame  Calas  and 
Lavaysse  were  placed,  in  the  technical 
phrase,  hors  de  cuur  and  de  proees,  a 
decision  equivalent  to  a  verdict  of 
"Not  proven."  Nothing  could  be  more 
absurd  than  this  decision,  given  on 
March  18tli.  If  Pierre  Calas  were  the 
chief  murderer,  he  ought  to  have  been 
put  to  death,  not  banished. 

These  Avise acres  of  bigotry  and  in- 
justice thus  established,  when  they  sen- 
tenced the  son  to  a  lighter  penalty  than 
his   sire,   and     acquitted    the     widow, 


Lavays.se,  and  the  servant,  that  Jean 
Calas,  a  man  of  sixty-four  years,  had, 
single-handed,  .strangled  his  son  of 
twenty-nine,  without  the  mother,  the 
i)rother,  the  friend,  or  the  .servant,  who 
were  in  the  house  at  the  time,  having 
any  knowledge  of  the  deed.  Such  is 
the  logic  of  false  accusers,  so  thorny 
are  the  paths  of  fanaticism  unto  them 
that  walk  therein.  Tiie  decision  of 
March  isfh,  was  in  fact  a  censure  on 
that  of  March  Dth. 

The  "banishment"  of  Pierre  Calas 
was  a  form.  Conducted  by  the  pub- 
lic executioner  outside  the  Porte  St. 
Michel,  he  was  attended  by  a  priest, 
who  forthwith  led  him  again  inside  the 
town  by  another  gate,  and  then  to  the 
Jacobin  monastery.  i'ere  liourges, 
the  priest  who  had  received  the  last 
words  of  Jean  Calas,  waited  for  Pierre 
at  the  monastery,  and  told  him  that  if 
he  practiced  the  Catholic  worship  his 
stiiience   of   exile    would    be    reversed. 

('  young  man  fell  into  the  snare,  and 
found  himself  a  prisoner  always  kept 
in  view.  After  four  months  of  cap- 
tivity he  made  his  escape  on  July  4th, 
leaving  a  letter  for  Father  Bourges,  in 
which  he  thanked  him  for  his  kindness 
and  told  him  to  judge  his  state  of  mind 
by  his  escape.  In  a  short  time,  at  a 
date  now  unknown,  Madame  Calas  and 
the  servant  were  released.  Lavaysse 
went  out  of  his  prison  abdut  March  20, 
ten  da3'S  after  the  execution  of  Jean 
Calas. 

The  judicial  murder  of  the  father, 
only  three  weeks  after  those  of  Eoch- 
ette  and  of  the  brothers  De  Grevier, 
struck  terror  into  the  Protestants  of 
Toulouse.  Many  families  left  the  city 
as  soon  as  they  could  dispose  of  their 
property.  The  emigration  of  Hugue- 
nots recommenced  in  all  parts  of  Lan- 
guedoc,  and  they  sought  in  foreign 
lands  the  freedom  and  safety  denied  to 
them  in  their  own.  The  country  lost 
good  manufacturers  and  farmers;  the 
peace  of  desolation,  for  Protestants, 
reigned  in  Toulouse. 

(To  Be  Continued  Next  Month.) 


Editorial  Notes  and  Clippings 


Do  the  ('a<;o(l  \nn\s  of  Home  crave 
f  reedoni  ? 

Do  they  want  to  <i^et  out? 
The  fat,  red-lipped  priests  tell  us 
that  the  imprisoned  women  are  happy 
in  their  pens,  and  that  none  would  ac- 
cept liberty,  oven  if  the  State  offered  it. 
Read  this  item  from  the  Memphis 
A^e  ws-Scimitar : 

As  soon  as  her  condition  permits,  Ruth 
Huff,  19  years  old,  who  was  injured  while 
trying  to  escape  from  the  Convent  of  the 
Good  Shepherd  early  Monday  morning,  will 
be  released  from  the  City  Hospital  and  re- 
turned to  the  institution,  fehe  fell  20  feet 
from  a  rope  made  of  bed  sheets  tied  to- 
gether, breaking  her  ankle  and  wrenching 
her  back. 

According  to  the  police  report,  the  Huff 
girl  and  Nellie  Seagraves,  17,  Nashville, 
Tenn.,  attempted  to  escape  from  their 
room  on  the  third  floor  of  the  convent. 
Taking  five  sheets,  they  made  a  rope  that 
hung  from  their  window  to  the  ground. 
The  Seagraves  girl  slid  down  first  and  the 
other  followed.  When  about  half  way 
down,  she  fell. 

The  Seagraves  girl  picked  up  her  com- 
panion and  carried  her  to  Avalon  Street, 
wnere  she  became  exhausted.  C.  A.  Het- 
tinger, 3  05  Leath  Street,  who  was  passing 
in  an  automobile,  found  them  ana  con- 
veyed them  to  the  City  Hospital.  Emer- 
gency Officers  Davis  and  O'Brien  were 
sent  there  by  Captain  Couch  and  they  re- 
turned the  Seagraves  girl  to  the  institu- 
tion. 

Ruth  Huff  was  sent  here  from  Birming- 
ham, Ala. 

They  risk  their  lives  to  <2fet  out ;  they 
break  their  limbs  in  falling;  they  flee 
into  the  woods  hiding  until  hunger 
compels  them  to  give  up — and  then  the 
Law  arrests  them  as  escaped  criminals, 
and  flings  them  back  into  the  dungeons 
of  Rome. 

Yet  they  don't  want  to  get  out. 

They  don't  need  inspection  bills ! 
These  would  be  an  "insult"  to  the  fat, 
red-lipped  priests  who  are  the  real 
goalers  of  the  women. 

Pray  consider  the  hard  lot  of  the 
priests  of  Yucatan,  who  have  been 
ordered — as  a   condition   to  their  re- 


iiiaiiiing  in  Me.xico — to  marry  and  go 
to  irork. 

Washington,  Dec.  14. — Systematic  perse- 
cution of  the  clergy  in  Mexico,  authorized 
by  government  officials  since  the  recogni- 
tion of  Carranza  and  in  violation  of  his 
pledge  of  religious  tolerance,  was  charged 
in  a  protest  made  to  Secretary  Lansing  to- 
day by  Manager  Francis  Kelly  of  Chicago. 
On  leaving  the  state  department  Manager 
Kelly  said  the  secretary  had  promised  to 
do  what  he  could  to  secure  improvement 
in  the  situation. 

Manager  Kelly,  who  was  accompanied  to 
the  department  by  Rev.  Thomas  Shannon 
of  Chicago,  charged  that  a  decree  had 
been  issued  in  the  state  of  Yucatan  re- 
quiring all  priests  to  marry  and  to  work 
eight  hours  a  day  in  the  public  offices  on 
pain   of  expulsion. 

O  how  terrible !  Carranza  has  ac- 
tually told  the  priests  vhat  God  told 
Ada/n,  "Marry  and  go  to  work!" 

It  is  a  frightful  })ersecution,  when 
the  priest  is  reduced  to  the  position  to 
which  the  Almighty  subjected  Adam, 
after  he  had  tasted  that  pippin. 

The  grievance  of  the  Mexican  priests 
is,  that  heretofore  thc\v  have  had  the 
run  of  all  the  pippins. 

What  the  Romanists  would  do  to  us, 
if  they  had  the  power,  is  illustrated 
by  the  following: 

T.  T.  Coyle,  editor  of  a  Catholic  paper 
published  in  this  city,  created  a  sensation 
yesterday  afternoon  by  going  to  Alamo 
with  a  sledge  hammer  and  smashing  to 
pieces  a  statue  of  St.  Theresa.  The  statue 
was  discovered  in  1867  while  workmen 
were  engaged  in  making  excavations  for  a 
building  on  Houston  Street,  and  was 
placed  in  the  Alamo.  On  the  breast  of 
the  image  was  a  Masonic  emblem,  con- 
sisting of  a  square  and  compass.  This  gave 
offense  to  the  editor,  who  is  a  very  devout 
Jesuit.  Coyle  was  arrested,  and  was  in- 
terviewed in  jail.  He  said  that  the  statue 
was  an  offense  to  Catholics.  He  had  writ- 
ten Governor  Ross  to  have  it  removed,  and 
that  official  replied  that  he  could  not  order 
its  removal  without  consent  of  tne  city  of 
San  Antonio.  He  stated  tnat  it  was  his 
intention  to  blow  up  the  Alamo  with  dyna- 
mite if  he  could  not  otherwise  secure  the 


210 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


removal  of  the  obnoxious  image. — Courier- 
Journal,  May  19th. 

Since  the  Anierieaii  priests  are  howl- 
inir  so  furiously  about  the  "outrages'', 
inflicted  upon  Mexican  priests  and 
nuns  by  the  Catholic  soldiers  of  Mexico, 
we  might  refresh  our  minds  by  reading 
what  IMiss  Leila  Koberts  ])ublished  in 
The  Missionary  Voice ,  of  Nashville, 
Tenn. : 

The  year  1875  seems  to  have  been  a 
specially  fateful  one  for  pioneer  mission- 
aries and  small  groups  of  believers.  We 
find  recorded  tnat  on  January  26th,  in  the 
city  of  Acapuico  a  mob  of  fanatical  Ro- 
manists, armed  with  lances  and  pistols,  as- 
saulted the  evangelical  church,  killing 
three  members  and  wounding  nineteen 
others.  An  American  who  was  present, 
hoping  to  quell  the  disturbance,  ventured 
outside  of  the  building,  but  was  instantly 
killed.  His  wife  and  four  small  children 
were  left  to  battle  with  life's  turbulent 
elements  as  best  they  could.  So  fierce  was 
the  fighting  inside  the  church  that  pools 
of  blood  covered  the  floor.  Another  in- 
stance of  tlie  insincerity  of  Romanism 
when  she  pleads  for  religious  liberty  is 
convincing. 

Rev.  Santiago  Gomez,  pastor  of  our 
Mexican  congregation  in  Bridgeport,  Tex., 
has  in  his  possession  a  valuable  volume  of 
chronicles  published  during  this  period. 
One  of  these  tells  of  the  death  of  his 
grandfather,  who,  while  standing  in  the 
pulpit  preaching  the  gospel,  was  shot  and 
killed,  his  blood  sprinkling  the  floor  and 
the  leaves  of  his  Bible,  which  is  still  pre- 
served. More  than  seventy  witnesses  for 
Jesus  will  wear  the  martyr's  crown  because 
of  the  intolerant  spirit  of  Romanism  in 
^Mexico. 

Being  one  of  ihe  pioneer  missionaries  to 
Saltilio,  I  can  testify  to  what  was  eAper- 
ienced  there  "^wenty-six  years  ago.  Stones 
were  hurled  at  us  by  day  and  by  night; 
and  sometimes  they  hit  the  mark,  pene- 
trating the  windows  and  falling  like  leaden 
balls  on  the  roof.  We  were  anathematized 
by  the  priests  to  such  an  extent  that 
owners  of  houses  were  warned  not  to  rent 
us  their  property,  the  penalty  being  ex- 
communication for  the  first  violation  of 
the  command  and  condemnation  for  the 
second.  Many  who  passed  us  on  the 
street  made  the  sign  of  the  cross  to  ward 
off  the  evil  influence  of  our  presence. 
Finding  that  these  petty  persecutions  did 
not  move  us,  the  next  plan  was  to  induce 
the  civil  authorities  to  exact  of  us  an  ex- 
orbitant municipal  tax  for  each  religious 
service  held.  In  this  way  they  hoped  to 
drive  us  from  the  country.  Failing  to  get 
redress   from   local   officials,   we   appealed 


to  President  Diaz,  who  gave  us  a  favorable 
reply  and  tiius  saved  us  from  the  cruel 
hands  of  Romanism. 

This  fiendish  persecution,  did  not 
stop  in  1875,  nor  even  in  1895,  when  the 
I)riests  caused  eight  Mexicans  to  be 
publicly  burned  at  Texacapa,  for  the 
caj)ital  crime  of  not  being  Catholics. 

'r>i:o  of  those  rictims  were  ivomen, 
and  one  was  a  little  (jirl. 

Think  of  it!  The  date  was  1895,  the 
year  in  which  Grover  Cleveland  was 
our  President,  the  second  time:  and  the 
year  before  liiyan  i.*i;  Co.  killed  the 
People's  Pai'ty  by  convincing  its  Na- 
tional Con\ention  that,  if  the  Pcjjiulists 
woidd  accept  Bryan  for  Presidential 
nominee,  the  Democrats  would  accept 
Watson  for  the  second  place  on  the 
ticket. 

Have  ^'illa  and  Carranza  hurnt  any 
priests,  nuns,  and  children? 

Almo.st  incredible  to  relate,  a  Romish 
delegation  went  to  our  State  Depart- 
ment at  Washington  to  protest  against 
Carranza  outrages,  and  one  of  those 
hideous  crimes  was  that  Carranza  had 
ordered  the  priests  to  wear  the  Mexi- 
can serape  (blanket)  instead  of  an 
overcoat ! 

Read  the  news  dispatch  for  yourself: 

"In  Guadalajara,"  Manager  Kelly  said, 
"the  university  has  been  closed  since  Car- 
ranza was  recognized  and  the  chapel  partly 
destroyed.  In  Morelia,  capital  of  Nichoa- 
can,  they  even  went  so  far  as  to  order  that 
jjriests  should  not  wear  overcoats,  but 
should  wear  on  the  streets  as  protection 
against  the  cold  a  blanket,  trie  garb  of  the 
peon." 

Damaged  the  chapel,  clo.sed  the  uni- 
versity^, and  even  icent  so  far  as  to  com- 
pel the  priest  to  wear  a  blanket,  the 
badge  of  the  peon/ 

O  gentle,  meek,  single-garment  Jesus 
Christ !  Barefooted,  homeless,  vagrant 
— teacher  of  Palestine,  eating  no  better, 
lodging  no  better,  and  dressing  no  bet- 
ter than  the  poorest  man  m  Juclea  ! 

What  a  vast  gulf  there  is  between 
the  Christianity  of  Christ,  and  that 
which  betook  itself  to  our  State  De- 
partment, and  demanded  icar  on  Mex- 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


211 


ko,  because  Cananza  IkuI  ''eveii  gone 
so  far''  as  to  compel  a  disciple  of  our 
Lord  to  wear  a  blanket^  similar  to  those 
that  are  used  by  t}ie  pour  Catholics  of 
the  land  which  liome  has  enslaved  and 
robbed  for  400  years ! 

But  for  those  400  years  of  servitude, 
the  Mexican  would  be  wearing  the 
overcoat,  and  the  priest  would  be  glad 
to  get  the  blanket. 

The  Washington  dispatch  continues : 

Manager  Kelly  and  Father  Shannon  were 
encouraged  by  the  interest  shown  by  Sec- 
retary Lansing.  Eliseo  Arredondo,  re- 
cently appointed  Mexican  .ambassador  here, 
also  had  told  them,  they  said,  that  he 
would  do  all  he  could  to  secure  an 
amelioration  of  conditions. 

Manager  Kelly  denied  that  the  Catholic 
Church  was  antagonistic  to  Carranza  or 
ever  had  engaged  in  politics. 

Of  all  the  liars  that  ever  perfected 
the  art,  commend  me  to  a  Catholic 
priest. 

The  Catholic  Church  has  never  been 
"antagonistic  to  Carranza."  It  never 
advanced  money  to  Huerta  to  fight 
him.  It  never  sent  Archbishop  Mora 
and  Cardinal  Gibbons  to  New  Orleans 
to  conspire  against  him,  in  the  interest 
of  '*a  new^  man." 

It  never  brought  Huerta  back  from 
Spain,  and  sent  him  to  El  Paso  to 
commence  a  counter-revolution.  It 
never  reviled  Carranza,  in  every  Catho- 
lic periodical,  as  a  bandit,  a  cutthroat, 
"an  enemy  to  God",  an  athiest  and 
anarchist. 

It  never  denounced  President  Wilson 
for  recognizing  him,  nor  did  it  threaten 
Wilson  with  the  "vengeance"  of  the 
Catholic  vote  for  having  done  so. 

It  did  not  even  rail  at  Tumulty,  when 
he  made  light  of  those  alleged  Car- 
ranza outrages,  which  Mr.  Koosevelt 
had  so  greedily  swallowed. 

No:  the  Catholic  Church  dotes  on 
Carranza:  it  has  always  loved  him:  it 
has  merely  been  misunderstood  and 
slandered,  as  so  often  happens  to  that 
most  virtuous  of  all  human  institu- 
tions. 

Besides,  the  Catholic  Church  is  not  m 
politics :  it  never  has  been :  its  eyes  are 


fixcnl  on  Heaven:  its  kingdom  is  not  of 
this  world:  it  wants  nobody's  vote,  no- 
body's money,  nobody's  land. 

It  doth  not  covet  its  neighbor's  wife, 
nor  iiis  ox,  nor  his  ass. 

It  somehow  generally  gels  them,  but 
that  is  an  accident  of  life,  due  to  the 
Providence  which  mercifully  eliminates 
all  hunutn  desires  from  men  and  wo- 
men as  soon  as  they  become  priests  and 
nuns. 

When  you  don't  want  a  thing,  you 
get  it;  and  "when  you  do  want  it,  you 
can't  get  it. 

So  says  Kelley,*  and  Kelley  cannot 
I  ell  a  lie. 

Since  Mexico  is  to  be  made  a  burn- 
ing, red-hot  issue,  by  Roosevelt,  Per- 
kins and  the  three  Irish  Cardinals- 
Gibbons,  O'Connell  and  Earley— we 
might  as  well  get  all  the  information 
we  can  on  the  subject,  before  Teddy 
begins  to  roar. 

In  The  Christian  Advocate,  of  De- 
cember 9,  1915,  there  appeared  an 
article  by  Rev.  Dr.  G.  B.  Winston,  a 
Methodist  missionary  in  Mexico.  Our 
readers  wall  appreciate  the  following 
extracts: 

It  is  Cardinal  Gibbons  who  sets  the  time, 
and  the  wail  has  been  taken  up  all  down 
the  line.  Why  is  the  good  Cardinal  pity- 
ing Mexico?  A  cruel  military  usurpation, 
intolerable  to  our  own  government,  even, 
and  much  more  to  the  people  of  Mexico, 
has  been  overthrown.  An  ignorant  and 
vicious  rebel  against  the  popular  move- 
ment of  which  he  was  once  a  part,  has 
been  suppressed.  Order  has  been  resiored 
to  such  a  point  that  President  Wilson  and 
his  advisers  feel  justified  in  recognizing 
the  existence  of  a  de  facto  government. 
The  Mexican  people  are  harvesting  their 
crops  and  restoring  their  commerce.  A 
capable  and  patriotic  man,  backed  by  an 
efficient  military  establishment,  is  at  the 
head.  A  popular  movement,  with  a  pro- 
gram of  civic,  economic  and  educational 
betterment,  is  running  strong.  All  signs 
point  to  the  dawning  of  a  new  day.  Why, 
then,  is  everybody  saying,  "Poor  Mexico"? 

Rich  in  Resources. 

Mexico  is  rich.  Baron  Humboldt  was  of 
the  opinion  that  nowhere  eise  in  the  world 
is  concentrated  so  much  of  mineral  wealth. 
For  four  centuries  her  gold  and  silver  have 


212 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


enriched  the  world.  Her  supplies  of  lead 
are  inexhaustible.  A  mountain  near  Dur- 
ango  is  solid  iron.  In  Cananea  is  one  of 
the  largest  copper-producing  mines  in  the 
world.  Mercury,  zinc,  cobalt  and  other 
secondary  metais  are  found  in  paying 
quantities,  and  within  the  brief  decades 
of  this  twentieth  century  incalculable 
quantities  of  petroleum  have  been  uncov- 
ered. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  the  country 
are  equal  to  the  mineral.  A  most  friendly 
climate,  ranging  irom  the  tropic  levels  to 
the  crisp  air  of  tiie  table  lanas,  encourages 
all  life,  vegetable  and  animal.  In  many 
sections  repeated  crops  can  be  reaped  in  a 
twelvemonth.  Alfalfa  is  sometimes  cut 
from  six  to  ten  times.  On  the  wide  plains 
of  the  interior  reduced  rainfall  and  a 
burning  sun  have  charged  the  soil  with  the 
essential  salts  of  fertility.  Where  cultiva- 
tion is  unprofitable  there  is  grazing  for 
stock  the  year  round,  with  no  danger  of 
freezing  weatner  or  blizzards.  Calves  and 
colts  are  not  dwarfed  by  wintry  winds. 
Winter  is  the  season  of  sunshine,  summer 
of  clouds  ana  rain.  From  t.ie  cereals  of 
the  temperate  zone  to  the  rubber  and  sugar 
cane  of  the  tropics  the  wnole  range  Of 
fruits  and  grains  can  be  raised.  Humboldt 
—to  refer  again  to  one  of  the  greatest  of 
the  world  s  statisticians — estimated  that 
Mexico  could  easily  sustain  a  population 
of  a  hundred  millions.  As  yet  she  has 
only  fifteen. 

Rich  in  Human  Stuff. 

Mexico  is  rich  also  in  "human  stuff,"  to 
use  a  graphic  phrase  of  Bishop  O'Connell. 
The  "Indians"  there  were  not  the  grace- 
less, lazy,  inefficient  nomads  whom  our 
fathers  encountered  in  the  woods  of  what 
are  now  the  United  States.  In  Mexico  the 
peoples  were  settled.  They  had  cities  and 
a  government.  They  cultivated  the  soil. 
They  wrought  in  wood  and  stone.  They 
were  numerous,  vital,  robust,  moral,  per- 
sistent. They  absorbed  the  Spanish  in- 
vaders, even  though  they  had  been  con- 
quered by  them.  They  are  still  the  peo- 
ple of  Mexico.  They  are  industrious;  they 
are  intelligent;  they  are  docile;  they  are 
contented.  Yet  they  are  not  without  am- 
bition. Rousing  at  last,  after  long  sleep, 
they  are  demanding  better  things  for  them- 
selves and  for  their  children.  Their  sleep 
has  not  been  voluntary.  It  is  true  that 
they  are  of  a  contented  mind,  but  for 
years,  for  centuries,  sedatives  have  been 
administered  to  them.  They  are  awake 
now,  and  they  are  a  great  people.  Let  no 
man  imagine  them  decadent  or  exhausted. 
They  are  brave;  they  are  self-sacrificing; 
they  are  patriotic. 

Impoverished. 

Yet  despite  the  wealth  of  their  domain 
and  their  own  riches  in  manhood  and  wo- 


manhood the  Mexicans  are  poor.  Their 
land  has  been  exploited  and  its  products 
carried  away.  They  have  had  imposed 
upon  them  a  political,  an  industrial  and  a 
religious  domination  which  have  made 
them  poorer  and  not  richer.  Instead  of 
being  made  partners  in  their  own  civil 
government  they  were  from  the  first 
treated  as  nonentities.  All  power  was  at 
the  center,  radiating  thence  among  the 
people.  They  contributed  nothing  to  it. 
Instead  of  continuing  to  own  their  lands 
and  work  their  mines  they  became  serfs 
and  worked  for  others.  Their  religion  was 
equally  autocratic.  They  took  what  was 
given  them  and  were  allowed  to  ask  no 
questions.  For  fear  that  they  might  ask 
questions  Church  and  State  agreed  in 
keeping  them  in  ignorance.  Being  ignor- 
ant they  were  inefficient.  They  ate  husks 
and  wore  rags.  They  took  orders,  but  did 
not  give  them. 

After  four  centuries  of  this  they  are  now 
both  poor  and  pitiable.  When  they  seek 
to  liberate  themselves  from  some  of  these 
shackles  that  so  long  have  bound  them 
they  seem  but  to  flounder  helplessly.  They 
are  inexperienced  in  co-ordinate  action, 
unprepared  for  progressive  movements. 
They  strike  out  blindly  at  their  oppressors 
— the  unjust  ruler,  the  grasping  landlord, 
the  domineering  ecclesiastic.  It  is  a  dis- 
turbing spectacle  for  near  neighbors  like 
ourselves.  It  should  be  peculiarly  so  for 
Cardinal  Gibbons. 

Mexico,  unhappily,  is  also  poor  in  friends. 
That  a  vast  fund  of  sympathetic  good  will 
exists  today  among  our  people  for  that 
stricken  country  is  undoubted.  But  what 
voice  has  it?  The  men  who  have  exploited 
Mexico  and  who  would  like  to  continue  are 
displeased  at  the  way  things  are  going 
there.  They  raise  a  loud  outcry  over  the 
recognition  of  Carranza.  They  fill  the 
papers  with  their  lugubrious  prophecies 
and  their  unrestrained  denunciation.  What 
would  they  have?  Is  not  the  program  of 
the  Constitutionalists  the  real  hope  of  the 
Mexican  people?  If  our  newspapers  and 
magazines  are  to  continue  discounting  the 
leaders  of  that  movement  and  bewailing 
the  conditions  of  "poor  Mexico"  simply  be- 
cause these  men  are  in  power,  while  no 
other  voice  from  among  us  comes  to  the 
ears  of  the  I\Iexican  people,  will  they  be- 
lieve that  we  are  their  friends?  Once  we 
fought  them  and  took  away  their  territory. 
They  have  not  forgotten  that.  Now,  when 
they  are  struggling  to  their  feet  and  at- 
tempting to  achieve  self-government,  we 
stand  coldly  and  doubtingly  by.  We  let 
selfish  investors  and  sentimental  Catholic 
dignitaries  utter  our  feelings  for  us.  The 
Mexicans  do  not  believe  that  those  are 
voices  of  friends.  Rightly  or  wrongly  they 
are  unalterably  convinced  that  much  of 
that  which  is  pitiable  in  their  case  has 
come  to  them  through  the  domination  of 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


213 


one  Church.  They  are  not  prepared  now 
to  receive  patiently  the  commiseration  of 
the  leaders  of  that  Church  or  feel  gratified 
if  the  rest  of  us  permit  such  leaders  to  put 
words  into  our  mouths.  Because  the  Con- 
stitutionalists assert  plainly  that  the  laws 
of  1859  and  the  Constitution  of  1857  will 
be  rigidly  enforced  the  Catholics  of  the 
United  States  have  violently  opposed  the 
recognition  of  Carranza.  President  Wilson 
was  deluged  with  letters  and  telegrams  of 
protest  before  he  granted  that  recognition 
and  has  been  covered  with  abuse  and  de- 
nunciation since. 

What  Catholics  Demanded. 

Could  we  blame  the  Mexicans  if  they 
should  grow  a  bit  impatient  at  this  point? 
They  look  upon  the  Constitution  of  1857 
and  the  Reform  Laws  of  1859  as  the  char- 
ter of  their  liberties.  It  was  virtually  re- 
quired of  our  President  that  he  demand  of 
them  the  repudiation  of  these  great  prin- 
ciples for  which  their  fathers  bled,  in 
order  that  their  government  might  receive 
recognition  at  our  hands.  It  is  scarcely 
surprising  that  Woodrow  Wilson  declined 
to  be  a  party  to  any  such  demand.  Some 
of  these  laws  may  seem  to  us  rather  strict 
— too  strict.  We  do  not  feel  concerned  at 
the  existence  of  religious  orders  in  our 
body  politic.  But  the  Mexicans  do  not 
think  their  laws  too  strict,  and  they  do 
not  intend  to  modify  them.  Religious 
orders  are  prohibited  there,  and  it  should 
be  remembered,  when  so  much  is  said  of 
the  treatment  of  monks  and  nuns,  that  all 
foreign  monks  and  nuns  were  violating 
the  law  simply  in  being  in  Mexico  and  liv- 
ing in  communities.  The  Catholics  of  our 
country  may,  as  they  are  already  threaten- 
ing, throw  their  votes  against  President 
Wilson  and  make  him  "pay  the  penalty." 
The  editorial  writers  all  over  the  United 
States  may  continue  to  join  them  in  a 
chorus  of  denunciation  of  Carranza,  but 
the  thoughtful  men  of  Mexico  are  going  to 
stand  by  their  Constitution  and  their 
leyes  de  refomia.  Their  Constitution  may 
be  amended,  but  it  will  noi  be  in  the  di- 
rection of  altering  the  great  principles 
enunciated  by  Gomez  Farias,  Lerdo, 
Ocampo  and  Juarez. 

Only  let  the  mignty  democratic,  liberty- 
loving,  evangelical,  human  public  senti- 
ment of  the  American  people  llnd  proper 
expression  of  its  real  and  brotherly  sym- 
pathy for  the  Mexicans  In  their  desperate 
struggle,  only  let  our  hands  be  stretched 
out  in  genuine  helpfulness  and  not  to  rob 
and  oppress,  only  let  the  Mexicans  by  our 
aid  and  co-operation  have  once  a  fair 
chance  to  consolidate  their  liberties  and  to 
develop  the  resources  of  the  fair  domain 
with  which  God  has  endowed  them — then 
nobody  will  any  longer  dare  say,  "Poor 
Mexico!" 


In  the  New  York  Tribune  of  De- 
cember 5,  1915,  there  appears  a  lengthy 
study  of  Mexican  conditions,  from 
which  I  clip  this  paragraph: 

Although  the  Roman  Church  is  recog- 
nized as  the  religion  of  the  country,  the 
people  at  large  have  no  reagion.  It  is 
simply  a  cult,  there  being  no  social  or 
moral  training.  The  priests,  as  a  rule,  are 
immoral,  often  being  tlie  fathers  of  several 
illegitimate  children.  You  may  train  a 
wolf  to  do  lamb's  tricks,  but  he  remains 
a  wolf.  You  can  hardly  make  saintly  men 
and  teachers,  however  intelligent  they 
may  be,  out  of  boys  who  have  had  no  moral 
training  whatever,  and  raised  as  most 
Mexican  boys  are.  So  scarce  are  good  men 
more  or  less  publicly  known  that  a  recent 
canvass  in  a  certain  state  revealed  that 
there  was  not  a  man  in  the  state  that  was 
considered  fit  to  be  Governor,  under 
present  aspirations. 

'"''The  priests  as  a  rule  are  immoraV : 
and  these  are  the  libertines  that  Gib- 
bons and  Kelley  are  clamoring  about, 
when  Carranza  says  that  they  must 
take  wives  and  go  to  work  I 

The  Nautilus  Magazine  has  this  in- 
teresting historical  item: 

After  the  Thirty  Years'  War  it  recalled 
that  the  Diet  of  Nuremberg,  after  consid- 
ering the  male  wastage  during  that  period, 
duly  authorized  and  issued  an  official 
proclamation,  the  salient  part  of  which  is 
as  follows: 

"Inasmuch  as  the  unavoidable  needs  of 
the  Holy  Roman  Empire  require  tlie  re- 
placing of  men  totally  lost  during  the 
bloody  Thirty  Years'  War  *  *  *  it  shall  for 
the  next  ten  years  be  forbidden  to  take 
into  cloisters  young  men  or  such  men  as 
are  under  sixty;  marriage  sliall  be  permit- 
ted to  such  priests  and  pastors  as  are  not 
members  of  orders  or  in  cloisters  or  pre- 
bends; every  male  person  shall  be  per- 
mitted to  marry  ten  women,  but  all  and 
every  male  person  shall  be  therefore  re- 
minded also  from  the  pulpits,  that  an  hon- 
orable man  who  ventures  to  take  ten  wo- 
men shall  not  only  provide  for  them  all 
necessaries,  but  shall  also  prevent  all  dis- 
satisfaction among  them." 

The  above  proclamation  was  issued  on 
February  14,  1650,  and  is  taken  from  the 
Franklin  Archives,  published  at  Anspach 
in  1790. 

History  repeats  it.self,  you  see.  Car- 
ranza   orders    the    priests    to    marry, 


214 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


just  as  the  Authorities  of  Germany  did 
205  years  ago. 

liy  the  time  the  Pope,  and  the  llo- 
henzollerns,  and  the  llapsburgs,  and 
the  Turks  get  through  slaughtering 
Christians  in  Europe,  it  may  be 
thought  necessary  to  apply  the  Car- 
raiiza  law  to  the  European  priests,  so 
that  the  dreary  ^vastes  of  human  popu- 
lation may  again  be  made  to  blossom 
with  a  new  crop  of  children. 

If  the  average  appearance  of  the 
average  priest  is  any  sign,  he  can  be 
trusted  to  do  his  full  share. 

A  Young  Nun  Renounces  Rome. 

The  Standard  of  July  3,  188(j,  contains 
a  letter  addressed  to  Cardinal  Gibbons  by 
Elizabeth  Heady,  renouncing  her  alleg- 
iance to  the  Roman  Catholic  Church,  and 
giving  her  reasons  therefor.  She  was  born 
and  reared  of  wealthy  Protestant  parents 
in  Kentucky,  and  was  won  over  to  Catho- 
licism by  a  governess  of  that  faith  who 
was  pledged  not  to  interfere  with  her  re- 
ligion. The  following  excerpt  from  her 
letter  gives  a  part  of  her  experience: 

"1  entered  the  nunnery  of  the  Sisters  of 
Providence,  Terre  Haute,  to  prepare  my- 
self to  become  a  nun.  I  was  not  long  un- 
der the  training  of  the  sisters  of  that  nun- 
nery before  1  began  to  suspect  that  there 
•was  nothing  but  lies  and  deception  behind 
the  highly  colored  and  so  well  whitewashed 
walls  of  those  monastical  institutions.  It 
became  more  evident  to  me  every  day  that 
their  vow  of  poverty  was  only  a  mask  to 
become  rich,  tnat  their  vow  of  celibacy 
was  a  snare  to  entice  accomplished  young 
ladies  into  a  life  which  my  pen  refuses  to 
describe.  That  the  people  would  not  leave 
one  stone  standing  on  another  of  all  those 
nunneries,  could  they  but  know  what  1 
learned  of  the  mysteries  and  iniquities 
concealed  behind  those  high  and  thick 
walls." 

She  left  that  nunnery  and  went  to  her 
Protestant  friends;  but,  thinking  that  per- 
haps the  conditions  which  she  found  in 
the  nunnery  at  Terre  Haute  were  excep- 
tional, she  entered  the  Convent  of  the  Poor 
Franciscans,  and  here  is  what  she  says 
about  that: 

"Then  and  there  I  became  convinced  that 
my  first  impressions  of  the  nuns  were  cor- 
rect. Full  of  an  unspeakable  disgust  and 
indignation,  I  forever  left  them,  to  throw 
myself  into  the  arms  of  an  evangelical 
Protestant  church.'' 

Think  of  this,  you  Protestant  parents, 
who  would  put  your  girls  under  the  train- 
ing of  Romisa  governesses,  or  in  Romish 
schools  or  nunneries. 


From  The  Truth  !Seekei\  of  New 
York,  this  most  timely  article,  by 
Franklin  Steiner  is  taken: 

Another  attempt  is  to  be  made  to  cur- 
tail the  freedom  of  the  press.  This  time, 
not  only  religion  but  races  must  be  pro- 
tected against  criticism.  The  following  is 
the  text  of  "a  bill  to  amend  the  postal 
laws"  as  introduced  by  Mr.  Siegel,  a  He- 
brew gentleman  who  happens  to  be  a  rep- 
resentative in  congress  from  New  York: 

"lie  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House 
of  Itepresentatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America  in  Congress  assembled,  That 
whenever  a  complaint  in  writing  shall  be 
filed  with  the  postmaster-general  that  any 
publication  making  use  of  or  being  sent 
through  the  mails  contains  any  article 
therein  which  tends  to  expose  any  race, 
creed,  or  religion  to  either  hatred,  con- 
tempt, ridicule,  or  obloquy,  he  shall  forth- 
with cause  an  investigation  to  be  made 
under  his  direction  and  shall  within 
twenty  days  after  receipt  of  such  complaint, 
if  the  facts  contained  therein  are  true, 
make  an  order  forbidding  the  further  use 
of  the  mails  to  any  such  publication,  but 
nothing  herein  contained  snail  be  deemed 
to  prevent  the  postmaster-general  from 
restoring  such  use  of  the  mails  to  any 
such  publication  whenever  it  shall  be 
established  to  his  satisfaction  that  the  pub- 
lication has  ceased  to  print  or  publish  such 
prohibited  matter  and  given  him  satisfac- 
tory assurances  in  writing  that  there  will 
be  no  further  repetition  of  the  same." 

This  bill,  like  the  Fitzgerald  and  Galli- 
van  bills  of  the  last  session,  seems  to  be  a 
demand  for  special  legislation.  The  last 
two  were  designed  to  protect  a  certain 
church  from  criticism.  This  one,  while 
serving  the  same  purpose,  rushes  to  the 
defense  of  races  as  well.  Strange  to  say 
there  is  no  united  demand  either  from  the 
churches  or  from  different  races,  many  as 
there  are  of  Dotn  in  this  country,  for  such 
a  law.  We  are  then  obliged  to  conclude 
that  it  is  for  some  special  purpose  and  for 
some  particular  people's  benefit.  Nor  would 
we  be  doing  violence  to  our  faculties  were 
we  to  say  that  we  hear  in  this  bill  the  yelp 
of  a  hit  dog  and  see  the  flutter  of  a 
wounded  bird.  All  such  bills  are  desig- 
nated to  keep  from  exposure  some  persons 
or  some  organizations  whose  ways  are 
dark,  and  whose  actions  will  not  uear 
light.  Ingersoii  once  said:  "I  have  no 
fear  of  anything  as  long  as  the  press  is 
free." 

These  bills  were  desired  to  prevent  ex- 
posure of  the  Catholic  church  in  its  efforts 
to  obtain  political  power,  grab  the  bulk 
of  the  public  positions  ana  break  down 
or   cripple   our  public  schools.     They   had 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


215 


reached  that  stage  when  they  thought 
they  could  openly  assert  tiieir  plans  and 
demands.  They  had  no  fear  of  the  daily 
press,  that  having  been  corraled.  They 
knew  what  was  in  store  for  them  in  case 
of  exposure,  and  already  are  writhing 
under  punishment  inflicted  by  the  weekly 
anti-clerical  papers  which  arose  in  an 
parts  of  the  country  to  warn  the  people 
of  the  great  politico-ecclesiastical  con- 
spiracy. Rome  now  practically  acknowl- 
edges that  with  a,  free  press  she  is  doomed 
to  defeat. 

During  the  past  year,  an  event  occurred 
in  a  Southern  state  that  roused  a  racial 
hatred  where  it  nad  not  been  known  be- 
fore. In  April,  1913,  a  working  girl,  four- 
teen years  old,  was  ravished  and  murdered 
in  a  pencil  factory  in  Atlanta,  Ga. 

It  was  a  most  shockingly,  brutal  mur- 
der, and  naturally  aroused  indignation. 
At  first  suspicion  pointed  to  two  negroes. 
No  one  then  thought  it  possible  that  the 
superintendent  of  the  lactory,  Leo  Frank, 
might  be  guilty.  However,  his  family  and 
friends  thougnt  otherwise,  for  before  he 
was  even  accused,  they  had  retained  tho 
biggest  and  highest-priced  law  firm  in  At- 
lanta to  defend  him,  and  immediately  upon 
being  arrested  this  firm  were  at  his  side. 
The  case  is  not  on  record  elsewhere,  when 
a  man  presumably  innocent,  as  they 
vociferously  claimed  Frank  to  be,  fortified 
himself  with  the  best  legal  talent  before 
any  one  brought  a  oliarge  against  liim. 
Inside  of  three  months,  after  one  of  the 
greatest  legal  battles  known  in  the  South, 
he  was  found  guilty  by  a  jury.  An  appeal 
to  the  Georgia  Supreme  court  resulted  in 
the  conviction  being  sustained,  and  later 
the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
after  examining  the  evidence,  decided  that 
it  found  no  cause  to  interfere. 

Frank,  according  to  the  laws  of  Georgia 
was  sentenced  to  hang.  It  is  not  our  pur- 
pose here  to  discuss  the  right  or  wrong  of 
capital  punishment.  The  real  question  as 
will  appear  in  what  follows  is:  Shall  any 
man,  after  committing  an  infamous  mur- 
der and  assault  upon  a  poor  working  girl, 
escape  punishment  because  he  has  rela- 
tions with  no  limit  of  money  to  buy  news- 
papers and  intimidate  courts,  no  matter 
what  the  punishment  might  he?  While  the 
trial  was  on  in  Atlanta,  and  for  some  time 
later,  no  one  heard  of  race  prejudice  or 
mob  violence,  notwithstanding  that  the 
evidence  not  only  proved  Frank  guilty,  but 
established  that  in  his  private  life  he  was 
a  loathsome  degenei-ate.  Here  what  is 
called  race  prejudice  started. 

Frank  was  a  Jew.  He  had  rich  relations. 
These  started  a  newspaper  campaign  in 
his  behalf  through.out  the  northern  states. 
This  did  not  deal  with  the  evidence  in  the 
case.  They  were  careful  not  to  mention 
Avhat  was  told  on  the  witness  stand.     They 


^.sserted  that  he  was  convicted  on  the  evi- 
dence of  a  worthless  negro  who  was  an 
acconii'jlice.  Not  only  is  this  impossible  in 
Georgia  and  all  other  soutnern  states,  but 
lUe  law  of  Georgia  specially  provides  that 
no  man,  white  or  black,  can  be  convicted 
of  murder  on  the  unsupported  testimony 
of  an  accomplice.  As  a  matter  of  fact, 
Frank  was  convicted  on  the  testimony  of 
reputable  white  men  and  women,  some  of 
whom  were  his  own  employees.  Not  only 
was  the  evidence  suppressed  in  this  news- 
paper agitation,  but  abuse  and  vilification 
were  hurled  at  the  people  and  the  courts 
of  Georgia. 

Petitions  to  the  governor  containing 
thousands  of  names  of  sentimental  persons 
ignorant  of  the  facts  in  the  case  poured  in. 
Money  was  used  to  an  extent  unknown  be- 
fore. Attempts  were  made  to  bribe  and 
intimidate  witnesses.  Still  the  Georgia 
courts  and  board  of  pardons  stood  firm. 
Not  a  member  of  the  jury  that  found  Frank 
guilty  would  sign  a  petition  for  commuta- 
tion of  sentence.  But  their  hope  was 
rightly  fixed  in  Georgia's  governor,  John 
M.  Slaton.  That  individual,  between  the 
time  of  the  mui-der  and  his  inauguration 
as  chief  magistrate  of  the  state,  was  taken 
as  a  i)artner  into  the  law  firm  that  de- 
fended Frank,  notwithstanding  the  fact 
that  being  governor  he  could  not  practice 
law  for  two  years.  A  judge  on  the  bench 
is  not  permitted  to  pass  on  a  case  in  which 
he  has  previously  been  an  attorney.  In 
this  case  John  M.  Slaton  was  actually 
Frank's  attorney.  As  such,  and  having  in 
addition  the  pardoning  power  as  governor, 
he  commuted  Frank's  sentence  to  life  im- 
prisonment, ^nis  was  not  the  worst.  He 
issued  a  fifteen  thousand  word  document 
in  which  he  overrode  the  evidence,  the 
courts  and  the  jury,  making  himself  a 
court  of  review,  and  asserted  that  Frank 
was  not  guilty.  In  this  he  uttered  the 
most  glaring  falsehood,  if  he  was  ncTt 
guilty  he  should  have  been  liberated  at 
once.  This,  however,  was  only  part  of  the 
play.  The  little  time  that  Frank  was  in 
the  penitentiary,  he  lived  in  luxury. 

Then  the  people  took  the  case  in  hand, 
and  one  night  took  the  prison  keepers  by 
surprise  and  Frank  also,  inflicting  on  him 
the  punishment  decreed  by  the  courts.  We 
may  rightly  condemn  the  lynching.  But 
did  not  the  paid  prostitute  press  of  the 
Xorth,  financed  by  rich  Hebrews,  try  to 
lynch  the  state  of  Georgia.'  And  when 
Frank  was  taken  out  of  prison  he  thought 
at  first  that  the  lynchers  were  his  own 
friends,  come  to  carry  him  out  of  the  state 
and  secrete  him  from  the  Georgia  authori- 
ties, in  accordance  with  a  conspiracy  they 
had  formed.  And  is  not  corruption  of  pub- 
lic officials  in  enforcing  the  law  very  often 
the  cause  of  mobsV     Was  not  this  only  one 


216 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


of  the  many  cases  where  a  man  with  money 
tries  to  buy  immunity  from  the  punish- 
ment for  crime? 

If  these  transactions  did  cause  some 
prejudices  to  arise  against  Hebrews,  were 
they  not  themselves  responsible?  Why 
did  they  declare  that  a  convicted  murderer 
should  not  meet  the  penalty  of  the  law  the 
same  as  any  other,  merely  because  he  be- 
longed to  their  race? 

One  man  in  Georgia  exposed  this  con- 
spiracy. That  man  was  Thos.  E.  Watson. 
In  his  journals,  Watson'.s  Magazine  and 
The  Jeffer.sonian,  he  not  only  printed  the 
evidence  showing  beyond  a  reasonable 
doubt  that  Frank  was  guilty,  but  he  un- 
veiled the  plot  to  secure  his  escape.  Quite 
naturally  the  influence  of  his  papers  was 
blamed  for  the  lynching.  But  why?  What 
did  he  do  more  than  present  the  facts  of 
the  case  which  other  papers  found  it  in 
their  interests  to  suppress?  No  one  de- 
nies that  he  told  the  truth,  but  his  great 
sin  was  the  telling  of  it. 

Shortly  after  these  events  Congressman 
Siegel,  the  author  of  the  bill,  bobbed  up, 
asserting  that  there  should  be  a  law  to 
prevent  newspapers  from  vilifying  "races,' 
and  on  the  opening  of  Congress  he  pre- 
sented this  one. 

Because  the  people  of  Georgia  lynched 
one  degenerate  Jew  who  had  been  con- 
victed legally  of  murder,  it  does  not  follow 
that  any  lawabiding — and  we  say  to  their 
credit  that  the  great  mass  of  them  are — 
Hebrews  have  anything  to  fear  from  racial 
criticism.  iiy  inserting  the  words  "re- 
ligion" and  "creed"  this  biu  just  suits  the 
Romanists,  and  now  Fitzgerald  and  Galli- 
van  see  their  desires  gratified  without  tak- 
ing any  responsibility. 

No  people  have  suffered  more  than  the 
Jews  from  i-tomish  greed,  rapine  and 
murder.  Yet  here  we  see  the  priestly  cas- 
sock and  the  Jewish  gabardine  standing 
together  before  Congress,  in  an  effort  to 
down  free  press,  because  both  have  been 
guilty  of  acts  whicR  will  not  bear  the  light 
of  day!  While  the  entire  proceeding 
enough  to  cause  a  smile  to  come  on  the 
chiseled  face  of  the  Statue  of  Liberty,  we 
think  all  intelligent  and  reputable  He- 
brews will  repudiate  Siegel  and  his  bill. 
FRANKLIN    bl  FINER. 

And  SO  old  Huerta  is  dead ! 

If  ever  there  was  a  salutary  illustra- 
tion of  the  retribution  which  overtakes 
perfidy  and  crime,  it  was  the  case  of 
this  trusted  lieutenant  of  PresidenT 
Madero,  who  betrayed  his  master  with 
a  kiss,  and  then  murdered  him!  And 
for  what? 


A  poor  mess  of  pottage  which  Fate 
did  not  give  him  time  to  eat. 

Of  course,  Huerta  died  in  the  richest 
odor  of  Roman  Catholic  sanctity.  The 
male  petticoats  were  there,  witii  their 
"pontificals,  pyxes  and  tools",  as 
("arlyle  said  of  the  Cardinal  who 
shrived  the  putrid  Louis  XV  of  France, 
when  that  exhau.sted  reprobate  was 
making  "his  amende  honorahle  to 
God." 

Yes,  the  priest  oiled  lluerta's  feet, 
and  his  chest,  and  his  head,  etc.,  and 
then  said  "I  forgive  you*','  and  if 
Huerta  did  not  escape  the  Devil  and 
cau.se  deep  disappointment  thr()u<rh()ut 
Hell,  it  is  because  the  Roman  Catholic 
priest  cannot  usurp  the  functions  of 
Jesus  Christ. 

The  United  States  (lovernnu'nt 
doesn't  warn  citizens  to  keep  off  the 
high  seas,  because  the  ocean  is  the  com- 
mon property  of  all  nations. 

But  the  Government  cdn  warn  its 
citizens  not  to  enter  another  inde- 
l)endent  country  which  is  in  a  state  of 
revolution,  because  each  country  is 
ma.ster  of  its  own  soil. 

Therefore,  our  Government  warned 
our  citizens  in  Mexico  to  leave,  and 
furnished  them  every  facility  for  get- 
ting out.  It  also  warned  those  who 
were  out,  to  stay  out. 

In  spite  of  these  warnings,  a  score 
of  Americans  headed  by  a  man  named 
Watson,  ventured  into  Villa's  neigh- 
borhood, to  recommence  ojierations  in 
Potter  Palmer's  mines.  Palmer  being 
of  the  many  x\.merican  concessionaires 
who  are  so  ardently  and  so  deservedly 
loved  by  the  exploited  jSIexicans. 

"Bandits"  fell  upon  these  trespassing 
Americans  and  killed  Watson,  et  al.,  a 
fate  not  unusual  to  trespassers,  es- 
pecially at  a  time  when  nil  the  Christ- 
ian nations  are  seeing  red. 

Whereupon,  a  lot  of  demagogues, 
sensation-mongers,  and  yellow  journal- 
ists are  clamoring  for  war  upon  Mexico, 
because  a  few  outlaws  kill  a  few  tres- 
passers I 

Suppose  European  Governments  had 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


217 


declared  war  upon  ours,  on  account  of 
Ihe  Italians  massacred  in  New  Orleans! 
Or  the  Poles  and  Hungarians  slaught- 
ered in  Kockefeller's  State  of  Colorado  ! 
Is  President  AVilson  to  he  held  re- 
sponsihle  for  what  '*the  mob"  recently 
dill  in  Ohio?  Can  any  government 
totally  suppress  crime? 


In  all  the  complications  and  com- 
plexities of  current  politics,  remember 
the  French  adage  of  cherchez  la  femine : 
only,  in  this  case,  search  for  the  priest/ 

Ladies  and  gentlemen,  allow  me  to 
present  to  you  another  photo-engraving 
of  the  Rev.  Harry  Dorsey,  S.  S.  J.,  a 


THIS  PICTURE  SHOWS  HOW  DORSEY  LOOKED  WHEN  HE  FIRST  BECAME  A  PRIEST. 
COMPARE  THE  TWO  PICTURES. 


The  Hearst  papers,  and  the  Senators 
Stone  and  Sherman  did  not  clamor  for 
war  on  Germany  and  Austria  during  all 
the  months  when  they  were  murdering 
Americans  on  the  high  seas — peaceable 
men,  women  and  children,  some  of 
whom  were  on  their  way  home,  Avhen 
they  were  assassinated. 

Why  have  our  Senators  and  some  of 
our  editors,  and  some  of  our  would-be 
Presidents  one  law  for  Germany  and 
another  for  Mexico? 


colored  priest  of  the  Sacred  Cow  of 
American  journalism,  namely.  The 
Italian  Papal  Church. 

This  negro  is  as  perfect  a  type  of  the 
portly  priest  as  you  will  ever  see. 
Abstemious  in  his  diet,  he.  like  nearly 
every  priest,  has  grown  fat.  Somehow, 
the  mortification  of  the  flesh,  as  prac- 
tised by  Roman  bachelors,  almost  in- 
variably results  in  a  thick  neck,  heavy 
lips,  sensual  eyes,  and  bulging  belly. 
It  is  very  curious.     Cold  water,  beets, 


218 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


celery,  lettuce,  artichokes,  turnips, 
sterilized  milk,  with  an  occasional 
draught  of  hemlock  to  cool  the  blood, 
have  certainly  done  Avonders  for  this 
Louisiana  negro,  Harry  Dorsey,  S.  S.  J. 
If  Harr}^  doesn't  begin  to  take  a  drink 
of  wine,  now  and  then,  eat  meat,  sav- 


fer/  It  is  vastly  important,  and  the 
baleful  consequences  of  Rome's  educa- 
tion of  her  black  priests  are  as  inevit- 
able as  they  will  be  calamitous. 

Harry  Dorsey,  the  negro,  has  been 
taught  that  /lis  powers,  as  a  consecrated 
priest,  are  as  follows: 


ory  stews,  and  other  nourishing  viands, 
he  is  in  great  danger  of  becoming  an 
enfeebled,  emaciated  anaemic. 

What  sort  of  education  have  the 
white  priests  put  into  the  head  of  Dor- 
sey? What  have  they  taught  him? 
How  has  he  been  trained  to  regard  him- 
self, as  compared  to  the  Catholic  laity, 
men  and  women,  black  and  white? 

Pray  give  your  attention  to  this  mat- 


"The  priests  are  consecrated  persons  and 
therefore  possess  superhuman  position  and 
power.     Even  the  angels  bow  before  them. 

"Any  dishonor  paid  to  the  clergy  is  a 
special  wickedness  and  a  sin  against  the 
Divine  Trinity. 

"Should  a  priest  display  human  weak- 
ness, it  is  the  duty  of  the  faithful  to  re- 
main quiet,  and  to  leave  such  matters  to 
God  .ind  to  tlieir  ecclesiastical  superiors. 

"Christ  would  rather  permit  the  world 
to  perish  than  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy 
should  be  abolished. 


WATSON'S  MAGAZJNE. 


219 


The  foregoing  extracts  are  taken  from  a 
book  written  by  a  priest,  published  by  a 
well  known  firm,  and  circulated  with 
episcopal  approbation  for  the  use  of  Roman 
Catholics  in  tae  bishoprics  of  Breslau, 
Cologne,  Munster  and  Trier. 

Excerpt  from  a  volume  by  Archbishop 
Katchthaler: — "'One  may  even  speak  of  the 
omnipotence  of  the  priest,  of  an  oinnipo- 
teiuo  which  is  beyond  that  of  God  Him- 
self. For  the  priest,  by  merely  uttering 
the  words  'Hoc  est  corpus  meum,  can  com- 
pel CJod  to  descend  to  the  altar. 

The  whole  taken  from  the  "Christian 
World"  of  September  19th,  1913,  supplied 
by  its  Berlin  correspondent. 

Shortly  before  his  death,  Rev.  D.  S. 
Phehiii,  published  one  of  his  St.  Louis 
sermons  in  his  paper,  The  Western 
Wafc/unan,  in  which  he  used  the  same 
bhisphemous  language. 

He  said,  "When  I  command  Him 
(God)  to  come  down  to  the  altar,  he 
must  come  doivn.''''  Phelan  also  spoke 
rapturously  of  his  lip  having  been 
"purpled  Avith  the  blood  of  Christ", 
meaning  of  course  that  when  he  drank 
the  altar  wine,  he  swallowed  the  actual 
bh)od  of  Christ. 

Now  when  you  teach  a  negro  such 
monstrous  rot  as  that,  and  give  him  un- 
hridled  range  over  cloistered  women^ 
who  have  been  taught  prompt  and  un- 
conditional obedience  to  the  priest,  do 
you  not  feel  appalled,  as  you  contem- 
phite  the  logical  results? 

Archbishop  Blenk,  whose  tirades 
against  General  Carranza  and  Presi- 
dent Wilson  were  so  insolently  savage, 
is  the  prelate  who  published  the  fol- 
lowing, in  his  New  Orleans  pa})er,  The 
Morning  Star,  hefore  the  United  States 
(iovernment  began  to  persecute  me : 

'•Tom  Watson,  the  Southern  fanatic 
and  publisher  *  *  *  is  the  strongest  and 
most  fearless  enemy  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  in  this  country." 

THE  CHURCH  realizing  this,  has 
enlisted  THE  AMERICAN  FEDER- 
ATION OF  CATHOLIC  SOCIE- 
TIES, THE  KNIGHTS  OF  COLUM- 
BUS, THE  HIBERNIANS,  and 
other   organizations,    TO    PUT   HIM 

OUT  OF  business:' 

Yet  the  District  Attorneys  persevere 


in  saying  that  prosecution  is  "imper- 
sonal." 

The  Judge  told  the  jury  that  the 
(iovernment  had  nothing  to  do  with 
the  fight  between  the  defendant  (Wat- 
son) and  the  Catholic  Church. 

But  it  would  seem  that  the  Govorn- 
ment  has  a  good  deal  to  do  with  it. 

I'm  sorry  that  Uncle  Sam  could;i't 
at  least  be  hands  off  in  the  fight  be- 
tween Nancy  and  the  bear.  "Watchful 
waiting"  appears  to  be  a  favorite  policy 
when  foreign  nations  are  concerned, 
and  when  American  citizens  are  being- 
assassinated,  but  when  the  Roman 
Catholic  secret  societies  order  action 
against  Watson,  there's  action,  a  plenty. 

I  understand  that  the  United  States 
Department  of  Justice  intends  to  lave 
me  indicted  in  a  Northern  State,  a 'id 
taken  out  of  Georgia  for  trial. 

Why  not  have  me  indicted  in  Cali- 
fornia, or  Alaska,  or  the  Philippine 
Islands,  or  the  Panama  Canal  Zone? 
Our  literature  circulates  in  all  those 
regions.  If  I  can  be  dragged  to  New 
Jersey,  for  mailing  our  periodicals  in 
Georgia,  I  can  as  legally  be  taken  to  the 
remotest  territory  in  which  we  have 
subscribers. 

It  will  be  a  fine  day  for  freedom  of 
the  press,  when  the  Government  sets 
the  precedent  of  dragging  a  publisjier 
out  of  the  constitutional  jurisdiction, 
and  forcing  him  into  the  hot  bed  of  his 
enemies. 

In  the  case  against  The  Menace,  the 
(Iovernment  properly  indicted  the 
Publishing  Company,  and  all  the  edi- 
tors and  managers. 

In  the  case  against  the  publications, 
of  The  Jeffersonian  Publishing  (.'o., 
nobody  has  been  prosecuted  excepting 
the  man  whom  Archbishop  Blenk 
threatened,  and  against  whom  he  said, 
''the  church  has  enlisted'''  the  Federa- 
tion, the  K.  of  C,  the  Hibernians,  and 
other  organizations. 

The  Church  enlisted  the  Pope's 
secret  societies,  and  the  Societies  en- 
listed the  Government — for  what?  As 
Blenk  said,  ''To  put  him  out  of  busi- 
ness'.'' 


220 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


Well,  Blenk,  you  haven't  done  it  yet. 

You  and  your  treasonous  secret  so- 
cieties have  been  doing  your  d — dest 
for  five  years,  and  you  don't  seem  to 
have  made  much  progress. 

And,  now,  the  'people  are  aroused^ 
and  the  national  elections  are  coming 
on.  Don't  you  think  you  may  stir  up 
more  of  a  storm  than  you  dreamed  of, 
James  Blenk? 

You  threatened  Watson,  and  didn't 
accomplish  your  purpose;  and  you 
have  threatened  the  President,  with 
most  insulting  violence,  because  he 
recognized  a  foreign  gover^nment. 

You  are  getting  your  cards  and  your 
fights  mixed,  aren't  you,  Blenk? 

Priest  Kelly  told  Secretary  Lansing 
that  "the  Catholic  Church  has  never 
bwn  antagonistic  to  Carranza." 

This  is  what  Blenk  said  of  the  Mexi- 
can hero,  in  The  Morning  Star: 

"The  bandit,  the  cutthroat,   tlie  outlaw, 

the  avowed  persecutor  of  the  Catholic 
Church,  the  robber  and  despoiler  of  her 
santcuaries,  schools,  convents,  and  hospi- 
tals, the  murderer  of  priests,  the  leader  of 
vanal  hordes  whose  nameless  outrages  and 
Indignities  to  pure,  consecrated  nuns  and 
defenseless  women  and  children  show  the 
vicious  darkness  of  his  soul:  Venustiano 
Carranza,  wh<Kse  name  must  ever  stand  for 
all  that  is  blackest  and  vilest  and  most 
degrrading  in  the  pages  of  Mexican  his- 
tory." 

Worse,  you  see,  than  Huerta  who  be- 
trayed and  murdered  his  master :  worse 
than  the  Spanish  priests  and  free- 
booters who  enslaved  the  Mexican  mil- 
lions, worked  and  whipped  them  to 
death  by  countless  thousands  in  the 
mines,  lived  in  sensual  luxury  on  peon 
labor  for  centuries;  and  now  hate  the 
very  thought  of  liberty,  education,  and 
progress  under  Carranza. 

Blenk  further  said : 

"Mr.  Wilson's  recognition  of  Carranza, 
the  avowed  enemy  of  the  Catholic  Church, 
is  an  insult  to  the  Catholics  of  this  country. 
It  is  a  direct  challenge  to  them,  and  we 
hope  that  not  only  Catholics,  but  every 
true  lover  of  religious  freedom,  for  which 
the  glorious  flag  of  our  country  stands, 
uill  give  him  such  an  open  answer  at  the 
polls  as  -will  prove  to  him  that  no  Presi- 


dent of  tlie  I'nited  Rtates  can  so  flagrantly 
ignore  the  htwful  and  respectful  re<iuest  of 
16,000,(MK)  fellow  citizens  WITHOUT  PAY- 
ING THK  PENALTY. 

Five  years  ago,  Blenk  and  his  crew 
were  going  to  put  me  out  of  business 
at  once;  and  now  they  menace  the 
l*resident. 

With  the  Government  chasing  me,  at 
the  instance  of  Blenk  &  Co.;  and  Blenk 
&  Co.  chasing  the  President,  at  the  in- 
stance of  the  Pope,  the  situation  prom- 
ises to  make  a  person  cross-eyed  to 
watch  it. 

What  a  pity  our  Constitution  does 
not  contain  clauses  similar  to  those  of 
the  Mexican  Constitution  of  1857,  to- 
wit: 

"  'Article  1.  The  State  and  Church  are 
independent  of  each  other.  The  Congress 
shall  not  enact  laws  establishing  or  pro- 
hibiting any  religion. 

"  'Article  5.  The  State  can  not  permit 
effect  to  be  given  to  any  contract,  pact,  or 
agreement  having  for  Its  object  the  re- 
straint, the  loss,  or  the  irrevocable  sacri- 
fice of  the  liberty  of  man,  whether  on  ac- 
count of  work,  ot  education,  or  of  religious 
vows.' 

"The  law,  therefore,  does  not  recognize 
monastic  orders  and  can  not  permit  their 
establishment,  whatever  be  the  denomina- 
tion or  object  for  which  they  are  sought 
to  be  established.  Neither  shall  any  con- 
tract be  permitted  in  which  a  man  stipu- 
lates for  his  own  proscription  or  exile. 

"  'Article  2  7.  Religious  corporations  and 
institutions,  of  whatever  character,  de- 
nomination, duration,  or  object,  and  civil 
corporations  which  are  under  the  direction 
or  patronage  or  administration  of  the 
former  or  of  the  ministers  of  any  sect,  shall 
have  no  legal  capacity  to  acquire  the  own- 
ership of  or  to  administer  any  other  real 
estate  than  the  buildings  which  are  des- 
tined immediately  and  directly  to  the  ser- 
vice or  purpose  of  such  corporations  or  In- 
stitutions. Neither  shall  they  acquire  or 
administer  funds  secured  by  real  estate.' 

When  you  look  at  the  fat  face  of  the 
negro  priest,  Dorsey,  the  following  tes- 
timonial may  be  in  keeping  with  your 
reflections ; 

Gentlemen:  I  am  very  happy  to  an- 
nounce to  you,  on  request  of  His  Emin- 
ence Cardinal  Merry  del  Val,  Secretary  to 
His  Holiness,  that  the  Holy  Father  has  ac- 
cepted with  benevolent  pleasure  the  cour- 


The  Picked  Army  of  the  Telephone 


The  whole  telephone-using  public  is 
interested  in  the  army  of  telephone  em- 
ployees— what  kind  of  people  are  they, 
how  are  they  selected  and  trained, 
how  are  they  housed  and  equipped, 
and  are  they  well  paid  and  loyal. 

Ten  billion  messages  a  year  are 
handled  by  the  organization  of  the 
Bell  System,  and  the  task  is  entrusted 
to  an  army  of  1 60,000  loyal  men  and 
women. 

No  one  of  these  messages  can  be  put 
through  by  an  individual  employee. 
In  every  case  there  must  be  the  com- 
plete telephone  machine  or  system  in 
working  order,  with  every  manager, 
engineer,  clerk,  operator,  lineman  and 
installer  co-op)erating  with  one  another 
and  with  the  public. 

The  Bell  System  has  attracted  the 
brightest,  most  capable  jjeople  for  each 
branch    of    work.     The    training    is 


thorough  and  the  worker  must  be 
specially  fitted  for  his  position. 

Workrooms  are  healthful  and  at- 
tractive, every  possible  mechanical 
device  being  provided  to  promote 
efficiency,  speed  and  comfort. 

Good  wages,  an  opportunity  for 
advancement  and  prompt  recognition 
of  merit  are  the  rule  throughout  the 
Bell  System. 

An  ample  reserve  fund  is  set  aside 
for  pensions,  accident  and  sick  benefits 
and  insurance  for  employees,  both 
men  and  women.  "Few  if  any  indus- 
tries," reports  the  Department  of  Com- 
merce and  Labor,  "present  so  much 
or  such  widely  distributed,  intelligent 
care  for  the  health  and  welfare  of 
their  women  workers  as  is  found 
£unong  the  telephone  companies. 

These  are  some  of  the  reasons  why 
Bell  telephone  service  is  the  best  in 
the  world. 


American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company 

And  Associated   companies 
One  Policy  One  System  Universal  Service 


222 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


teous  homage  of  the  several  liquors  of 
youi*  esteemed  firm,  and  es:,ecially  of  the 
renowned  Fernet-Branca. 

I  have,  therefore,  the  honor  to  present 
to  you  the  expressions  of  the  grateful  feel- 
ing of  His  Holiness,  who  has  gently 
praised,  besides  the  excellence  of  the 
products,  the  filial  devotion  affirmed  by 
the  offerers  to  the  Sovereign  Pontiff. 
Moreover,  as  a  visible  sign  of  His  benevo- 
lence it  has  pleasea  the  Holy  Father  to 
reward  you  witli  a  luedal  bearing  His  Veii- 
enible  Image,  as  a  memento,  and  which  is 
being  sent  to  your  address  by  this  mail. 

With  thorough  observance,  i  beg  to  re- 
main, 

Yours  respectfully, 
MONSIGNOR  NICOLA  CANALI, 
Secretary  to  His  Eminence. 
From  the  Vatican,  the  13th  of  June,  1905. 

Messrs.  Frateln  Branca, 
Milan. 

The  American  correspondent  of  the 
Milan  wine  dealers  use  the  above  l^apal 
endorsement  as  an  asset  in  their  li(jiior 
business,  and  I  received  it  in  that  ^^•ay. 
The  "Holy  Image"'  referred  to  appears 
on  the  folder,  ornately  embossed  in  gilt 
and  purple.  What  do  you  think  of  a 
God-on-earth  handing  out  aids  to 
liquor  dealers^ 

A  WARNING. 

Archbishop  Ireland,  writing  in  our  Sun- 
day Visitor,  a  Catholic  Weekly,  has  the 
following  to  say  in  the  issue  of  July, 25th: 

"Jesus  of  Nazareth,  who  He  is  no  one 
must  ask,  no  one  must  answer.  But  the 
Book  of  Books,  that  which  is  the  most  sub- 
lime in  beauty,  which  more  than  all 
others  has  dominated  the  civilized  world. 
The  Bible,  shall  not  be  read,  nor  even 
seen,  it  is  a  book  of  religion,  around  which 
controversies  rage.  Silence  in  its  regard  is 
the  price  of  peace." 

What  do  the  Catholics  of  Mexico 
think  of  the  average  Mexican  and 
Spanish  priest  ? 

The  question  is  answered  by  Col.  E. 
E.  Martinez,  delegate  to  the  United 
States  from  the  Mexican  Federation  of 
Labor : 


"Mexican  workers  and  the  Carranza 
Government  greatly  deplore  the  recent 
killing  by  some  of  Villa  s  raiders,  and  see 
in  the  attacks  the  hands  of  European 
agents  who  are  trying  to  discredit  the  Car- 
ranza Administration. 

"The  Mexicans  do  not  hold  President 
Wilson  and  Americans  in  contempt,  as  is 
charged,  but  hold  the  President  and  the 
people  in  the  highest  esteem,  especially  at 
this  time.  All  the  Mexican  nation  is  sorry 
for  this  terrible  slaughter.  1  have  given 
warning  before  that  Villa  is  in  the  pay  of 
European  capitalists  who  wish  to  destroy 
the  Carranza  Government  by  bringing 
about  intervention.  I  am  sure  that  Car- 
ranza is  going  to  punish  the  murderers. 

"1  want  to  reply  to  Cardinal  Gibbons's 
attack  on  the  Wilson  Administration,  by 
declaring  that  the  Roman  Catholic  Church 
has  caused  more  deaths  in  Mexico  than  all 
the  revolutions. 

"Cardinal  Gibbons  ought  to  *ry  to  show 
a  more  Christian  spirit  instead  of  trying  to 
antagonize  the  forces  working  -  for  the 
freedom  of  the  workers  of  Mexico.  There 
are  no  abuses  of  the  Catholic  clergy,  as 
Cardinal  Gibbons  claims.  The  Mexican 
Catholics  do  not  want  the  church  govern- 
ment any  more.  They  want  schools  and 
an  opportunity  to  better  themselves.  Car- 
dinal Gibbons  does  not  realize  or  does  not 
want  to  understand  that  it  is  the  Catholics 
themselves  who  refuse  to  longer  support 
the  church. 

"The  Roman  Catholic  Inquisition   ki 
more  people  in  Mexico  than  all  the  revolu- 
tions put  together.    What  we  want  now  are 
temples  of  labor  and  culture. 

"The  organized  workers  of  Mexico  ap- 
preciate the  efforts  of  the  union  workers 
of  the  United  States  in  behalf  of  their 
fight  for  freedom.  The  workers  are  stead- 
ily winning.  Of  course,  most  of  the  work- 
ers are  in  the  army.  It  is  a  working  class 
army  supported  by  the  working  class. 
When  a  man  leaves  the  army  he  does  not 
go  back  to  a  wage  of  25  cents  a  day,  as 
in  the  old  days,  but  gets  a  wage  of  $4  and 
$5  a  day.  He  turns  back  all  of  the  wage 
above  the  living  expenses  to  buy  munitions 
of  war,  because  every  workingman  knows 
that  we  must  win  now  or  lose  against  the 
united  capitalists  of  Wall  Street  and 
Europe." 


Letters  from  the  Plain,  Common  Folks 


A  BIBLE  PROTESTANT  MAGAZINE. 

(Illustrated.) 
Ford  Hendrickson,  Editor. 

445  Fischer  Ave.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

Dear  Sir:  We  are  in  the  midst  of  a  sec- 
ond battle  in  this  city  at  the  present  time. 
Having  spent  about  four  months  last 
spring  lecturing  to  thousands  in  this  sec- 
tion of  the  country  who  came  to  the  audi- 
torium in  Detroit  during  the  meeting,  sev- 
eral weeks  ago,  upon  the  invitation  of  the 
bible  christian  and  patriotic  people,  we 
were  asked  to  lead  a  second  Protestant 
convention  in  defense  of  American  princi- 
ples and  Bible  Christianity. 

To  accommodate  this  meeting,  the  peo- 
ple erected  a  large  tabernacle  with  a  seat- 
ing capacity  of  about  2,500,  well  arranged 
for  the  accommodation  of  tiie  people.  We 
commenced  the  battle  against  the  devil  and 
the  pope,  exposing  the  Jesuitical  spirit  of 
the  church  of  Rome,  as  well  as  its  soul- 
blighting,  immoral  theology,  and  con- 
tinued with  several  interruptions,  until  last 
night  when,  under  a  technical  loop  in  the 
city  ordinances,  providing  for  temporary 
tabernacles,  our  doors  were  closed  just  a 
few  hours  before  the  delivery  of  one  of 
our  big  lectures,  illustrating  and  exposing 
the  damnable  black  convent  system  of  the 
church  of  Rome.  However,  the  people  got 
busy  immediately  and  we  again  secured 
our  last  year  s  quarters  and  lectured  to  a 
big  crow-d,  boiling  with  enthusiasm  be- 
cause of  conditions. 

While  our  lecture  was  proceeding  in  St. 
Andrew's  hall  a  large  mob  of  from  500  to 
a    thousand    Romanists   congregated    about 


the  tabernacle  which  is  a  large,  substan- 
tial, wooden  structure  over  which  floats 
the  American  flag  and  threatened  to  de- 
molish the  building  and  kill  the  speaker. 
The  murderers  and  cut-throats  in  the 
crowd  attacked  certain  Protestants  in  the 
vicinity  and  beat  them,  knocked  down  sev- 
eral and  pounded  them  up.  It  is  reported 
to  our  office  this  morning  that  as  many 
as  seventy-five  v/ere  seeking  to  hammer 
and  bruise  one  Protestant.  We  have  no 
report,  as  yet,  from  the  Police  Department. 

Tonight  and  tomorrow,  the  Lord  willing, 
we  will  speak  in  St.  Andrew's  hall  and  un- 
til such  provision  is  made  tnat  will  grant 
us  a  building  permit  with  the  assurance 
of  police  protection.  While  we  put  in  four 
months  last  year,  tearing  down  the  black 
theology  and  the  unscriptural  teaching  of 
the  Church  of  Rome,  we  believe  that  this 
move  on  the  part  of  Rome  will  be  as  far 
reaching  in  awakening  the  heart  of  Pro- 
testantism in  this  vicinity  as  would  be  ac- 
complished in  the  delivery  oc  scores  of 
lectures. 

Our  converts  from  popery  in  the  last 
campaign  ran  into  the  hundreds  and  per- 
haps thousands.  As  you  know,  our  head- 
quarters have  been  permanently  located  in 
this  city.  We  are  here  to  live,  labor  and 
lecture  to  the  end,  according  to  the  will  of 
God.  We  will  either  be  at  the  tabernacle 
or  one  of  the  largest  auditoriums  to  be 
secured  for  at  least  sixty  days.  Kindly 
make  this  announcement  in  your  paper. 
In  the  meantime,  we  beg  to  remain. 

Yours  truly    in    the    cause    of    American 
Civil  Libertv  and  Bible  Christianity. 
FORD  HENDRICKSON. 


THIS    SERIES    OE    PAIVIPHLEXS 

By  Thos.  E.  Watson. 


Oath  of  41h  Degree  Knights  of  Columbus. 
Is  there  a  Roman  {Catholic    Peril  ? 


The  Inevitable  Crimes  of  Celibacv. 
What  Goes  on  in  the  Nunneries  ? 


The  Italian  Pope's  Campaign  Against  the  Constitutional  Rights  of  American  Citizens. 

For  3Sc  Postpaid. 

After  reading  this  series  of  pamphlets,  a  clear,  concise,  understanding  will  be  had  of 
the  effort  to 

MAKE  AIVIERICA  CATHOLIC 
and  of  the  disastrous  results  that  will  follow. 

THE  JEFfERSOIMIAN  PUBLISHiNG  CO.,  Thomson,  Ga. 


224 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE. 


Book  Reviews. 

"MONEY  TALKS"',  is  the  name  of  a  trea- 
tise on  finance  by  Eleanor  Baldwin, 
published  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  by  the 
Elizabeth  Towne  Co. 

Many  years  ago  while  studying  the  Money 
Question,  I  became  convinced  that  the  last 
word  had  not  been  said,  the  last  discovery 
made,  nor  the  last  book  written,  on  that 
most  elusive,  complicated,  comprehensive, 
and  almost  inscrutable  subject. 

Even  alter  having  read  this  splendid  and 
illuminating  monograph,  it  would  be  diffi- 
cult— for  me,  at  least — to  put  into  one 
brief  form  of  words  a  definition  of  Money. 

Adam  Smith  appeared  to  regard  it  from 
its  purely  material,  economic  point  of  view: 
Money,  with  him,  is  a  medium  of  exchange, 
a  stimulant  to  production,  the  upholder  of 
traders,  etc. 

But  it  is  something  vastly  more  than 
that. 

Tolstoy  saw  this;  and  his  story  of  the  en- 
slavement of  the  Fiji  Islanders,  by  modern 
finance,  is  one  of  the  finest  things  the 
great  x.ussian  ever.composed. 

He,  then,  recognized  that  Money  could 
change  a  social  and  political  system,  junl 
turn  fi-ecdoni  into  hopeless  servitude. 

The  Socialist  goes  even  further,  and 
looks  upon  Money  as  the  Bludgeon  of  the 
employing  class,  buying  up  the  machinery 
of  modern  industrialism,  buttressing  the 
wage  system,  and  thus  fettering  Labor  to 
the  endless  wheel  of  dependence. 

Here  we  have  three  different,  but  not 
conflicting  conceptions  of  Money:  (1)  the 
tool  of  trade  and  the  energizer  of  pro- 
ductiveness; (2)  the  revolutionizer  of 
social  and  political  life;  and  (3)  the 
weapon  of  Capitalism  in  its  perpetual  strife 
with  Labor. 

But  all  this  does  not  finish  the  subject: 
there  remains  something  yet  to  be  defined, 
analyzed  and  weighed. 

Money  abolishes  barter  and  acts  as  uni- 
versal exchange?  Yes.  It  changes  tribal 
life  and  equality  of  conditions,  substituting 
the  financial  lord  for  the  tribal  chieftain, 
and  putting  debtor  under  the  feet  of 
creditor?  Yes.  It  enables  the  rich  to  com- 
mand production  by  owning  the  means, 
and  by  dictating  terms  to  those  who  must 
have  access  to  those  Means?    Yes. 

Yes.  It  changes  tribal  life  and  equality 
of  conditions,  substituting  the  financial 
lord  for  the  tribal  chieftain,  and  putting 
debtor  under  the  feet  of  creditor?  Yes- 
It  enables  the  rich  to  command  production 
by  owning  the  means,  and  by  dictating 
terms  to  those  who  must  have  access  to 
those  Means?     Y'es. 


All  that  is  true,  but  it  is  not  the  whole 
truth. 

Money,  as  Eleanor  Baldv/in  points  out, 
is  to  some  extent  a  mere  idea,  an  abstrac- 
tion, an  invisible  influence,  working  by  im- 
perceptible methods,  but  producing,  mar- 
velous results,  some  of  them  pshycic  and 
undefinable. 

Money,  without  being  seen,  felt,  or  even 
coveted,  exerts  a  tremendous  power  over 
men  and  women. 

Rockefeller  and  you  go  into  a  store  to 
buy  a  hat,  and  each  of  you  pays  the  same 
price;  but  the  clerks  wait  on  you  as  though 
they  were  doing  you  a  favor,  and  on  Rocke- 
feller as  if  he  was  doing  them  a  favor. 

Rockefeller  is  known  to  be  a  heartless 
old  scoundrel  and  hypocrite,  while  you  are 
known  to  be  an  honest  man;  but  when  you 
and  he  go  to  town,  he  in  his  special  car  and 
you  in  the  smoker,  is  it  you  that  editors, 
preachers,  politicians  and  local  magnates 
meet  with  effusive  adulation? 

No,  indeed,  it's  Rockefeller:  he's  got  the 
Money. 

Hero  worship  is  a  fine  thing  in  its  way; 
and  we  think  oetter  of  boys  for  admiring 
great  men — but  who  are  the  great  men? 

"Money  talks",  and  money  makes  the 
modern  financier  great. 

See  how  the  aristocrats  of  Europe,  the 
lords  and  ladies,  the  kings  and  popes  used 
to  fawn  upon  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  asking 
him  to  invest  their  capital. 

They  didn't  expect  to  get  any  of  his 
money:  they  did  not  need  it:  they  pros- 
trated themselves  before  him,  because  he 
was  a  great  man. 

What  made  him  great?  Why,  he  had 
studied  Money  frorn  his  youth  up;  and  he 
knew  how  to  use  one  million  to  rob  others 
of  ten. 

Out  of  one  railroad  in  Georgia,  he  iug- 
eled  more  than  ten  millions  without  hav- 
ine  invested  a  dollar:  and  he  eot  $500,000- 
000  out  of  the  Steel  Trust  by  capitalizing 
the  future. 

The  $500,000,000  of  steel  common  did 
not  represent  any  investment  whatever: 
vet  it  now — after  16  years — earns  good 
dividends. 

Here,  then,  we  have  another  aspect  of 
Money:  it  usurps  the  place  once  held  by 
heroic  deeds.  It  crowns  a  man,  not  for 
nobility  of  character  and  achievement,  but 
because  of  what  he  has,  and  what  he  can 
do  with  it. 

Mere  ownership  of  land,  carries  no  such 
hypnotism  with  it:  nothing  but  Money  can 
hold  that  throne. 

When  General  Grant  surrendered  his 
sword  to  William  H.  Vanderbilt.  I  thought 
the  scene  was  tragic  in  its  painful  mean- 
ing: the  Captain  who  broke  the  Southern 
Confederacy  was  at  the  mercy  of  capitalist, 


WATSON'S  MAGAZINE.                                 225 

whose    father   stayed   at    home   and    made  down.     Let  a  million  counterfeits  circulate 

Money,    while    Grant    was    at    the    front,  with  a  million  genuine  notes,  and  the  one 

leading  the  Union  armies  upon  Richmond.  will  do  everything  that  the  other  does,  so 

Money   may   consist  of   bird   feathers,   if  long  as  no  exposure  is  made, 

custom  In  the  tribe  makes  it  so.     It  may  This    is    not   true    of    any    other    bogus, 

consist  of  transfer  of  banK  credits,  if  the  counterfeit  article. 

law  of  the  land  makes  it  so.  Hence,   Eleanor  Baldwin   struck  a  great 

Prof.    Mahaffy   tells    us,    in    his   Grecian  truth,  when  she  said  that  Money  is  largely 

histories,  that  empty  sacks,  when  stamped  an  idea,  propelled  by  social  force, 

by  the  Government,  answered  the  demands  T.  E.  W. 

of  commerce,  just  as  well  as  though  they  "MONEY   TALKiS:    In   Pour  Parts",   by 

had  been  filled  with  gold.  Eleanor  Baldwin,    49   pages,   paper  bound, 

In  like  manner,  counterfeit  money  never  price    25    cents.     Published   by   The   Eliza- 
does  any   harm,   until   the   bankers   run    it  beth  Towne  Co.,  Holyoke,  Mass. 


"% 


THE  HOUSE  OF  HAPSBUR6 


BY  THOS.  E.  WATSON 


The  Latest  of  Mr.  Watson's  Historical  Works 
States  Cause  of  Present  European  War 


Shows  the  Origin  of  the  Present  House  of  Hapsburg; 
the  Growth  of  the  Papal  Power  of  Rome. 

John  Huss,  John  Wycliffe,  Martin  Luther,  the  Thirty 
Years  War  and  the  Reformation. 


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What  Wete  the  ^'Datk  Ages?'' 

In  liistory  it  was  the  period  in  which  the  Roman   Catholic  religion 
dominated  the  world. 

What  was  the  ** Renaissance?'' 

It  was  the  period  which  practically  began  the  revival  learning. 

Would  you  like  to  know  more  of  these   two   epochs  in   the 
history  of  the  world? 

Sen<]  TEIV  CEMTS  for  a  copy  of 

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INJAROLEON 

By  XHOS.   E.  WAXiSONJ 

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BOUND  IN  CLOTH,  ILLUSTRATED,  EST  PAPER 
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A  BOOK  ALL  YOUNG  PEOPLE  SHOULD  READ 

You  have  heard  so  much  about  Caesar— wouldn't  you 
like  a  brief,  up-to-date  sketch  of  his  marvelous  career, 
his  creation  of  the  Roman  Empire,  his  murder  and  his 
great  funeral  ?........ 

Wouldn't  you  like  to  know  about  the  noble  pair  of 
brothers,  the  Gracchii?         ...... 

And  about  Marius  and  Sylla.?  And  about  the  great 
insurrection  of  white  slaves  led  by  Spartacus  ? 

Also  the  immortal  love-story  of  Antony  and  Cleopatra? 
All  this  and  much  more  you  will  find  in        .        .        . 

WATSON'S  "ROMAN  SKETCHES" 

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The  Cream  of  Mr.  Watson's  Miscellaneous 
Writings  Covering  a  Period  of  30  Years 

ALTOGETHER  APART  FROM  HIS  POLITICAL, 
ECONOMIC  AND  HISTORICAL  WORK. 

They  reflect  the  rare,  occasional  mood  of  the  man  of  ideals,  of  hopes 
and  dreams,  of  love  and  sorrow,  of  solitary  reflection,  and  of  glimpses 
of  the  inner  self.    We  call  the  volume 

PROSE  MISCELLANIES 


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JX-A-xi 


A  Thorough  Study 
of  Foreign  Missions 


This  is  a  most  important  subject.     It  involves 
questions  of  statesmanship,  as  well  as  religion. 


The  Roman  Catholics  are  encouraging  Protestants 
to  concentrate  their  attention  on  foreign  countries, 
while  the  Romanists  are  concentrating  on  the  United 
States, 


The  Protestants  are  walking  right  into  the  trap. 


Mr.  Watson  is  appealing  to  Protestant  churches 
to   save  America  from  the  wolves  of  Rome. 


His  book  contains  158  pages. 


It  is  beautifully  printed,  on  excellent  paper. 


It  is  profusely  illustrated. 


The  price  is  30  cents.  We  send  it  post-paid. 


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A  Book  About  the  Socialists  and 
About  Socialism 

In  this  work,  Mr.  Watson  takes  up,  one  by 
one,  each  of  the  propositions  of  Karl  Marx,  and 
discusses  them  fully  and  fairly. 

He  also  analyses  the  great  book  of  Herr 
Bebel,  the  world-leader  of  Socialism,  "Woman 
Under  Socialism." 

Mr.  Watson  cites  standard  historical  works  to 
prove  that  Bebel,  Marx  and  other  Socialist  lead- 
ers are  altogether  wrong  about, 

The  Origin  of  Property, 

The  rise  of  the  Marital  relation. 

The  Cause  of  the  inequality  of  Wealth,  etc, 

Mr.  Watson  demonstrates  that  Socialism — as 
taught  by  Marx,  Bebel,  LaSalle,  Engel,  etc. — 
would  annihilate 

Individuality  and  personal  liberty. 

Home-life,  as  we  now  know  it. 

The  White  Man's  Supremacy  over  the  infe- 
rior races. 

The  Marital  relation,  with  its  protection  to 
women,  and  finally 

RELIGION  OF  ALL  KINDS, 

Mr.  Watson  proves  that  SPECIAL  PRIVI- 
LEGE, intrenched  in  law  and  in  government,  is 
now,  and  always  has  been,  the  Great  Enemy  of 
the  Human  race. 


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By  THOS.  E.  WATSON 


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lETHANY".     Story  of  the  Old  South,  Life  on 

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]     War,  Soldier  Life  in  the   Confederate  Army. 

Mr.  Watson's  uncle  is  the  hero  of  the  story, 

and  the  home-life  pictured,  was  that  of  the  Watson 

family.    Illustrated  from  photographs.    New  Edition. 

Cloth  bound        $1.00 


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ATERLOO"  is  a  classic.  It  gives  the  final 
chapters  in  the  turbulent  life  of  "The  Little 
Corporal."  "The  Man  of  Destiny,"  who 
as  the  author,  Thos.  E.  Watson,  says  of  him, 
in  "Waterloo":  "Full  of  error,  yet  full  of  virtue  ; 
pure  gold  at  one  crisis,  mere  dross  at  another; 
superbly  great  on  some  occasions,  and  pitiably  weak 
on  others."  Beautifully  bound  in  cloth.  Price, 
postpaid, $1.00 


These  Books  will  make  ideal  Gifts,  and  will  be 

a  welcome  addition  to  the  library  of 

the  discriminating  reader 


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THOMSON,  GEORGIA 


"THE  TRUTH  ABOUT  THE  FRANK  CASE." 


Read  the  Synopsis  of 

THE  SWORN    EVIDENCE, 

as  it  appears  in 

THE  OFFICIAL  RECORD. 


Carefully  Condensed  by  Mr.  Watson,  and  published 

in  the 

SEPTEMBER  NUMBER 

of 
WATSON'S   IVIAGAZINE. 


This  case  is  one  of  the  celebrities  and  will  be  talked  of 
for  years  to  come. 


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ence. 


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ID  YOU  KNOW  that,  in  England— 

The    Roman    Catholic    Hierarchy  sup- 

^  pressed  the  book  which  informed  the  people 
of  the  lewd,  obscene  questions  which  bachelor 
priests  put  to  women  in  the  privacy  of  the  Confes- 
sional Box? 

They  are  now  trying  to  repeat  the  process  in  the 
State  of  Georgia,  by  PROSECUTING  THOS.  E. 
WATSON. 

You  can  see  for  yourself  what  those  questions 
are  by  purchasing  a  copy  of  Watson's  work, 

The  Roman  Catholic 


Hierarchy 


The  book  is  beautifully  printed,  on  good  paper, 
is  illustrated  with  many  pictures,  is  bound  substan- 
tially in  thick  paper,  and  will  tell  you  many  things  of 
the  papacy  which  you  don't  know,  and  should  know. 

Price,  prepaid,  »  =  =  =  «  $1.00 
Six  copies,  one  order,  =  =  5.00 
A  dozen  copies,  one  order,    =     9.00 

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