NRLF
B M E53 DDb
WEIGHTS
MEASURES AND MONEY
WEIGHTS,
MEASURES, AND MONEY,
OF ALL NATIONS.
COMPILED BY
F. W. CLARKE, S.B.,
PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTBT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI.
"DUTIVERSITT]
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
1, 8, AND 5 BOND STREET.
1891.
2
ENTERED, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by
D. APPLETON & COMPANY,
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington.
CONTENTS.
PART FIRST.
PAGB
I.— INTRODUCTION ........ 5
II. — THE WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONEY, OF ALL NATIONS, AL-
PHABETICALLY ARRANGED ACCORDING TO LOCALITY . 1
PART SECOND.
I. — MEASURES OF LENGTH . . . . . .85
II.— KOAD MEASURES . . . . . . . 91
III. — SQUARE MEASURES . . . . . . .92
IV.— LAND MEASURES 93
V.— CUBIC MEASURES . . . . . . .96
VI.— LIQUID MEASURES ...... 96
VII.— DBY MEASURES 101
VIII.— WEIGHTS 106
IX.— MONEY . . 116
INTEODUOTIOK
IN the following pages the compiler has sought to ar-
range, in a manner convenient for reference, the weights,
measures, and money, of all nations. The work is naturally
divided into two parts : first, a classification according to
countries, arranged alphabetically; and, second, a set of
tables in which the value of each unit is given both in
English and in metric standards. This use of the metric
system, coextensively with the ordinary system, may be
regarded as the characteristic feature of the book. Of
course, its introduction on so broad a scale doubled the
labor of constructing many of the tables in the work, but
the writer believes the labor to have been profitably spent.
The metric weights and measures are now legal in thia
country, and are used by at least twenty nations besides ;
surely, then, they deserve as much attention as our own
more locally familiar but more bungling systems. Our
three sets of weights, our three different gallons, and our
6 INTRODUCTION.
two dissimilar bushels, all unrelated to each other, or to
the units of length, must soon give way before the sim-
plicity and elegance of the metric system. That this event
may soon happen, and that the weights and measures of
the world may before long be reduced to metric uniformity,
is the sincere wish and hope of the writer.
F. W. C.
WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND MONET.
PART FIRST.
THE tables given in this part of the work need no explanation
gave in one particular. In the tables which relate to coinage the
weight is expressed in troy grains, and the fineness in thousandths.
Thus a gold coin is 900 fine when it contains in 1,000 parts 900
of pure or " fine " metal. It will be noticed in many cases that
the absolute metal value of a coin varies from its assumed the-
oretical worth. Variations of this sort are, however, generally
trifling, although obviously unavoidable altogether.
Abyssinia*
Length. — The pic = 27 inches, or 0.686 metre.
Liquid Measure. — The kuba, or cuba, = 0.2684 gallon, or
1.0166 litres.
Dry Measure. — For grain, the chief measure is the ardeb;
which at Gondar in the interior is divided into 10 madegas, and
at Massowah on the sea-coast into 24 madegas. At Gondar, the
ardeb equals 0.11465 bushel, or 4.039 litres ; at Massowah it is
0.33333 bushel, or 11.745 litres.
Weight. — 10 dirhems make 1 wakea.
12 wakeas " 1 rotl, rottolo, or liter, = 4,800
grains.
32 rotl " 1 mond, or maund.
12 dirhems " 1 mocha, = 1 troy ounce.
8 A CHIN.
• For coinage, Abyssinia depends upon foreign countries. Ve-
netian sequins, Spanish dollars, and the " Maria Theresa dollars,"
of Austria, are chiefly in circulation. The last-named coins are
also called patakas, or patacks.
23 harfs = 1 pataka.
2^ patakas = 1 sequin.
Large payments are made in gold ingots, weighed by the
wakea. A wakea of gold commonly rates at a little less than 12
patakas, but of course the value fluctuates. In some localities
small bricks of salt, and strings of beads, serve as currency.
A chin, or Acheen. See SUMATRA.
Afghanistan*
The money, weights, and measures of Afghanistan are like
those of Persia, Arabia, and India.
. In length, 1 goess = 45.67 inches, or 1.16 metres.
Algeria.
Since the French conquest, the French coinage, weights, and
measures, have been used. The earlier, native values were about
as follows :
Length. — The Turkish pic = 24.92 inches, or 0.633 metre.
" Arabic " = 18.96 " " 0.482 "
Each pic is divided into eight parts, called robi.
Liquid Measure. — The khoulle = 4.4027 gallons, or 16.66 litres.
Dry Measure.— The tarrie = 0.56295, the saa = 1.36215, and
the caffiso = 9.00718 bushels.
Weights. — The karob = 3 grains. The mitkal or metical =
72.06 grains, used in weighing gold, etc. The wakea = 12.04 oz.
The rotl attari, for spices, = 1.20396 Ib. ; the rotl feuddi, for
gold and silver, = 1.096714 Ib. ; the rotl gheddari, for fruits, =
1.354458 Ib. ; and the rotl khebir, = 2.03167 Ibs., or a little less
than one kilogramme. There are also corresponding quontars, or
cantaros, equal respectively to 100 of each rotL
Money. — The former silver rial-boudjou was equal to $0.3617,
The pataca chica, money of account, was worth about $0.223.
ARABIA 9
Amboyna. See MOLUCCAS.
Aiinam.
Length. — Here there are two systems ; the first used for cloth
measure, the second employed by architects and builders. 10 ly
= 1 phan ; 10 phan = 1 tac ; 10 tac = 1 thuoc ; 10 thuoc = 1
truong ; 3 truong = 1 that ; 10 that = 1 gon. In this system the
phan = 0.2558 inches. In the architect's scale the phan = 0.1918
inches, and is subdivided as in cloth measure. Above the thuoc,
5 thuoc = 1 ngu ; 3 ngu = 1 sao ; 10 sao = 1 mau.
Road Measure. — 2 ly = 1 dam, of about 0.55 mile.
Surface.— Squares of builder's long measure are used in meas-
uring land.
Capacity. — No authentic system.
Weight. — The ly, = 0.6 grain, is decimally subdivided down
to its millionth part. Of course these minor weights are imaginary.
Above the ly, 10 ly = 1 phan ; 10 phan = 1 dong ; 10 dong =
1 luong ; 10 luong = 1 nen ; 1.6 nen = 1 can. The can = 1.378
Ibs., or 624.838 grammes. 10 can = 1 yen; 5 yen = 1 binh; 2
binh = 1 ta ; 6 ta = 1 quan. The quan — 688.76 Ibs.
Money. — 60 sapeks = 1 mas ; 10 mas = 1 kwan. The kwan
equals $0.6698.
Antigua. See WEST INDIES.
Arabia* — MOCHA ; See also MUSCAT.
Length. — The guz, gez, or goess = 25 niches, or 0.63498 me-
tre. The cobido or covid = 19.0 niches, or 0.4826 metre. The
kassaba = 4.1 yards, or 3.75 metres.
Road Measure. — The baryd, of 4 farsakh = about 12 miles.
Liquid Measure. — 16 vakias = 1 noosfia or nusfiah ; Snoosfiaa
= 1 gudda or cuddy; = 1.999 gallon, or 7.567 litres.
Dry Measure. — 40 mecmedas or kellas = 1 teman or tomand ;
1 teman of rice weighs 168 Ibs. avoirdupois.
Weights.— ±Q vakias = 1 maund or maon, = 3 Ibs., or 1.3608
kilogrammes. 10 maunds = 1 frazil, = 30 Ibs., or 13.61 kilo-
10 ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION.
grammes. 15 frazils = 1 bahar, = 450 Ibs., or 204.12 kilo-
grammes. At Bet-el-faki the maund is equivalent to 2.039 Ibs.,
and at Jidda to 1.830078 Ibs. In the former place the bahar con-
tains 400 maunds, and at the latter only 100. These towns also
have a rotl, equal at Bet-el-faki to 1.019531 Ibs., and at Jidda to
0.366016 Ib.
At Mocha the wakega, used in commerce, = 1 Ib. avoirdupois ;
the wakega for gold and silver being only 0.68571 Ib. Minor
weights are the danik, 7.86 grains troy ; the coffala, used in weigh-
ing gold and silver, 48 grains ; and the miscal, 72 grains.
Money. — Accounts are kept in piastres of 80 caveers; the
value of the piastre being about $0.8337. Another authority
makes it 90 cents. Payments may be made also in Spanish dol-
lars. The commassee is a small native coin containing 7 carats
silver, and worth about 40 to the dollar.-
Argentine Confederation.
The metric system of weights and measures has recently been
introduced, and is now the only system recognized in the custom-
houses of the republic. The former weights and measures were
as follows, being of Spanish origin :
Length. — 4 palmas = 1 vara ; 2 varas = 1 braza. Also, 3
pies = I vara. The vara = 34.1208 inches, or 0.866 metre.
Road Measure.— The legua = 600 varas, or 0.3231 mile.
The milla = 1.149 miles, or 1.85 kilometres. Used upon rail-
roads.
Liquid Measure.— 32 frascos = 1 baril. The frasco = 0.6274
gallon, or 0.2374 litre.
Dry Measure. — The lastre = 2 toneladas, or 15 fanegas. The
fanega = 3.8936 bushels, or 137.195 litres.
Weight. — 25 libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal ; 20
quintals = 1 tonelada. The libra = 1.0127 Ib., or 0.45936 kilo-
gramme. The arroba of Buenos Ayres = 25 Castilian libra, or
25.3583 Ibs. The marco, for gold and silver, = 3544.4 grains.
Money. — 8 reales = 1 peso fuerte; 16 pesos = 1 onza. The
United States value of the peso fuerte (Secretary of the Treasury,
1874) is exactly $1.00. The gold onza, of 1813 to 1832, according
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. 11
to the United States assay, = $15.5146. That from 1828 to
1832, $14.6579.
Australia*
Generally the same as Great Britain. The value of certain
gold coins is given as follows by the Director of the United States
mint: Pound of 1852, weight .281 ounce, 916£ fine, value $5.324.
Of 1855, weight .256 ounce, 916£ fine, value $4.8501. Sovereign
of 1855 to 1860, weight .2565 ounce, 916 fine, value $4.857.
Austrian Empire.
After January 1, 1876, the metric system will be the legal one.
See also, BOHEMIA, HUNGARY, and POLAND.
Length. — 12 punkte make 1 linie.
12 linien " 1 zoll.
12 zoll " 1 fuss = 1.03713 feet, or 0.31611
metre.
6 fuss " 1 klafter.
The elle = 2.465 fuss, = 30.676 English inches.
The ruthe = 12 fuss, = 12.44556 English feet.
Engineers and surveyors use a system derived from the ruthe,
in which *fa ruthe = 1 decimal fuss, yfoy ruthe = 1 decimal zoll,
and ~oW ruthe = 1 decimal linie.
Road Measure. — 4,000 klafter, or 24,000 fuss = 1 meile. The
meile = 4.714227 miles, or 7.5866 kilometres.
Surface. — Commonly, squares of the measures of length. In
measuring land, the joch (which is divided into three metzen), =
1,600 square klafter, or 57,600 square fuss. The joch = 1.4223
acres, or 51.55 ares.
Measure.
2 pfiff make 1 seidel.
2 seidel " 1 kanne or halbe mass.
2 kannen " 1 mass, = 1.49525 quarts, or 1.4149 li.
10 mass make 1 viertel.
4 viertel " 1 eimer, = 14.9525 gallons, or 56.5997
litres.
24 eimer make 1 dreiling.
82 eimer " 1 fuder.
12 AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.
Dry Measure. — For coke and coal the stiibich, = 2 metzen, is
used; for lime, the kalkmiitkel, = 2| metzen; for wood, the cord
of £ cubic klafter. Ordinary dry measure is as follows :
2 becher make 1 kleines massel.
2 kleine massel " 1 grosses massel.
2 grosse massel " 1 miiller-massel.
2 miiller massel " 1 achtel.
2 achtel " 1 viertel.
4 viertel " 1 metze,= 1.74512 bushels, or
61.49 litres.
30 metzen " 1 muth.
Weight. — 1st. Ordinary Commercial:
4 pfennigemake 1 quentchen.
4 quentchen " 1 loth.
2 loth " 1 unze.
4 unzen " 1 vierding or vierling.
2 vierding " 1 mark, = 0.6173 pound, or 280.0
grammes.
2 mark make 1 pfund, = 1.2346 pounds, or 560.0
grammes.
20 pfund make 1 stein.
5 stein " 1 centner, = 123.4615 Ibs.
4 centner " 1 karch.
20 centner " 1 schiifslast (shipping ton).
40 centner " 1 last (ordinary).
The saum =275 pfund.
The saum (of 2 lagel) for Styrian steel = 250 pfund.
The zollpfund of the Zollverein, for customs, = 500 grammes.
The miinzpfund also = 500 grammes.
2d. Weights for Precious Metals :
4 pfennig make 1 quentchen.
4 quentchen " 1 loth.
16 loth " 1 mark, = 4,333 grains, or 280.0 grammea
The karat for jewels = 3.1799 grains, or 0.206085 gramme.
3d. Apothecaries' Weight, in which the pfund is 1£ mark.
20 gran make 1 scrupel.
3 scrupel " 1 drachme.
8 drachmen " 1 unze.
12 unzen " 1 pfund = 6,499 grains troy.
AUSTRIAN EMPIRE.
13
Money. — Formerly, 4 pfennige made 1 kreutzer ; 60 kreutzer
1 florin or gulden ; 2 gulden 1 thaler. The ducat was 4£ gulden,
20 gulden were coined from the Cologne mark of fine silver, each
one being worth $0.5054.
The new florin or gulden of 100 kreutzer is equal to -4L5- of a
miinzpfund (500 grammes) of fine silver. The vereinsthaler of
aV munzpfund is 1| florins. This florin is worth $0.4803, and
rates in the United States custom-houses at $0.4760.
The following table gives the chief coins, their value, weight
in troy grains, and fineness in thousandths :
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Gold
$9 1502
" kt By U. S. mint
assay .
215 04
986
9.1320
Souverain or sovrano. No longer coined
it
900
6 7763
" " By U. S. mint as-
say
m
174.24
900
6.7540
U
171 27
900
6.6462
u
85 64
900
3 8231
Ducat Before 1865
,(
986
2 2871
Four-florin piece. By U. S. mint assay
u
49.92
900
1.9350
2.2946
Silver
401 28
902
1 0260
Former Conventions or specie - thaler.
Before 1857.
•
1 0109
Former Conventions or specie - thaler.
By U. 8. mint assay
u
432.96
833
1.0230
Maria-Theresa-thaler. 'Still coined with
date 1780
u
1 0109
Maria - Theresa-thaler. By U. S. mint
assay .
u
429.60
838
1 .0210
u
0 7204
" " By U. S. mint assay
u
286.08
570.91
900
900
0.7310
1.4409
Two " "
u
380 61
900
0 9606
Gulden before 1853 (Conventions-florin)
H
0 5054
" " " Kate in TJ S customs
II
0 4850
" " " U. S. mint assay
New gulden or florin
216.48
833
0.5110
0 4803
" " " U. S.mint assay...
Quarter-gulden. Weight 5 grammes...
10 kreutzer. " 2 "
5 " "1 "
Billon.
Bronze.
190.56
77.15
30.86
15.43
201.59
900
520
500
375
0.4860
0.1201
0.0480
0.0240
0.0192
50.39
0 0043
Half-kreutzer
M
25 20
0 0024
Azores Islands. Generally like PORTUGAL.
Dry Measure. — 2 quartos = 1 meio ; 2 meios = 1 alquiere {
BADEN.
4 alquieres = 1 fanga, of 1.35959 United States bushels, or 47.907
litres.
Money. — The milreis, in IT. S. custom-houses, rates at $0.835.
Baden* See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — The ruthe, = 3 metres, is divided decimally into 10
fuss, 100 zoll, 1,000 linien, and 10,000 punkte. The elle = 6 deci-
metres. In United States measure the fuss = 11.811 inches. The
klafter = 3 ellen.
Road Measure. — The wegstunde (J- meile) = 14814.8148 fuss.
The meile = 5.5234 English miles.
Surface. — 100 square ruthen = 1 viertel ; 4 viertel = 1 morgen.
The morgen = 36 ares, or 0.8897 acre.
Liquid Measure. — The fuderis divided decimally into 10 ohm,
100 stiitzen, 1,000 mass, and 10,000 glas. The value of the mass
is 1.5 litres, or 1.585 quarts.
Dry Measure. — The malter (of 150 litres) is divided decimally
into 10 sester, 100 masslein, and 1,000 becher. 10 malter = 1
zuber. In United States measure the malter = 4.257 bushels.
Weight. — 1 centner = 10 stein = 100 pfund = 1,000 zehnling,
= 10,000 centass = 100,000 dekass or pfennig = 1,000,000 ass.
The pfund, which is the same as the zollpfund or munzpfund of
Germany in general, = 500 grammes, or 1.1023 Ibs.
For apothecary's weight, see GERMAN EMPIRE.
Money. — The table gives the more important coins of Baden,
their material, fineness, and value in United States dollars :
COINS.
Material.
Fineness.
Value.
Former L/ndwig d'or . *
Gold
$3 4388
" doppelthaler (3J gulden). Before 1857.
Silver.
1 4409
" 2 guldenstuck " "
it
0 8252
" gulden of 60 krentzer " "
n
0.4126
u " " " in U. S. custom-houses
u
0 4000
Vereinsthaler (If- gulden) . .
H
900
0 7204
Gulden (60 kreutzer)
u
900
0 4117
J guldenstiick
•
900
0.2054
8 kreutzerstiick . . ....
Billon.
0 0206
Kreutzer
Bronze
0 00686
0.00348
BA VARIA. 15
Bahamas. See WEST INDIES.
Balearic Islands. See SPAIN.
On these islands there are various local measures and weights.
Even the more general standards, as the libra, the cantaro, palma,
etc., have, however, different values on the different islands of the
group, the discrepancies being sometimes very great. Peculiar to
Minorca is the gerrah = 3.18599 gallons. Majorca has the quartes,
1.10274, the quartin, 7.16781 gallons; and the oder of 100.2178
Ibs. For length, the palmo = 7.697 inches. For weight, the libra
= 0.882 Ib.
Bantam. See JAVA.
Barbadoes. See WEST INDIES.
Barbary States. See ALGERIA, TRIPOLI, and TUNIS.
Barbuda. See WEST INDIES,
Batavia. See JAYA,
Bavaria. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 121inienmakel zoll.
12 zoll " 1 fuss, = 11.49 in., or 0.29184 metre.
6 fuss « 1 klafter.
10 " " 1 ruthe.
The elle = 34.25 zoll. By engineers and surveyors the fuss is
decimally divided. Local values of the fuss and of the elle are
known at Augsburg and Nuremberg.
Road Measure. — The meile = -fa of an equatorial degree, =
4.6143 miles. The Anspach meile = 5.3652 miles.
Surface. — The juchart, morgen, or tagewerk = 40,000 square
fuss, and is decimally divided. It equals 34.0536 ares, or 0.8416
acre.
Liquid Measure. — 64 mass make 1 €imer. For wine, the eimer
= 16.9444 gallons; for beer, 18.07505 gallons. The mudde of
Augsburg, an old measure, = 14.92156 gallons ; the Nuremberg
visirmass = 0.30302 gallon; and the schenkmass of the
16
BAVARIA.
city = 0.2 8505 gallon. In old times almost every large town
seems to have had its own local system.
Dry Measure. — 2 dreissiger make 1 masslein.
2 masslein u 1 massel or achtel.
4 massel " 1 viertel.
2 viertel " 1 metze.
6 metzen " 1 scheffel, = 6.31002 bush-
els, or 222.34 litres.
For wood, the klafter is used, = 126 kubik fuss, or 3.1325 cu-
bic metres, or 110.6305 cubic feet.
Weights. — 4 quentcben make 1 lotb.
4 loth " 1 halber vierling.
2 halbe vierling " 1 vierling.
4 vierling " 1 pfund.
This is the pfund of the Zollverein, of 500 grammes, or 3.102364
Ibs. avoirdupois. The commercial pfund = 560 grammes, ia
divided into 16 unzen, 32 loth, and 128 quentchen, and is equal
to 1.2346 Ibs. avoirdupois. For apothecary's weight, the old
apothecary's pfund of Nuremberg, with its subdivisions, is used
throughout Germany. See GERMAN EMPIRE,
Money.— 4 pfennige = 1 kreuzer ; 60 kreuzer = 1 florin or
gulden; 16 gulden = 1 krone. The table gives the more impor-
tant coins, their material, weight in troy grains, fineness in thou-
sandths, and value m United States dollars:
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fraeness.
Valu*.
Krone .
Gold.
171 .414
90Q
$6 58T2
85 722
900
g <>936
former Carolin
4 99-20
3 3414
" Ducat
2 2876
Vereins - Zweithalerstiick ( 2 - Thaler
Siver.
5Tt.481
900
1.4409
"Vereinsthaler » .
285.742
900
7204
Zweiguldenstuck (2-gulden piece)
Gulden, or florin .
826.561
163 .282
900
900
.8234
.4117
^-Gulden ...
81.641
900
2058
Viertel^ulden
70 650
520
1029
6-Kreuzerstuck
Bi on.
38.005
0412
& "
19 002
.0206
Kreuzer
12; 988
0069
Zweipfemrigstiick (J- kreuzer}.
Bs* nze.
38.575
.0034
Pfennig .........
19 282
.0017
Heller
102 224
BOHEMIA.
17
Belgium.
The weights and measures are the metric weights and measures
of France. Sometimes different names are used, as aune for me-
tre, litron for litre, livre for kilogramme.
Money. — The lawful currency is in francs and centimes, pre-
cisely as in France. The value of the franc, as a money of ac-
count, is in the United States $0.193. The franc formerly rated
at $0.186.
COINS.
Material.
Welgkt.
Fineness.
Value.
Gold.
121.92
899
$4.T200
Silver
385.84
897
.9800
2 "
158.60
835
.3640
Beloochistaii. Like AFGHANISTAN.
Bengal. See INDIA.
Bermudas. See WEST INDIES.
Birmah. (RANGOON.)
Length. — The palgat or paulgaut = 1 inch, or 0.0254 metre ;
18 paulgauts = 1 taim or cubit ; 22 paulgauts — 1 saundaung or
royal cubit.
Road Measure. — Y saundaungs — 1 dha or bambou; 1,000
bambous = 1 dain or taing. The taing = 2.4306 miles, or 3.9116
kilometres.
Weight.— 100 ticals or 3 catties = 1 vis ; 150 vis = 1 candy.
Che candy = 600 Ibs., or 226.801 kilogrammes.
Bohemia. (PRAGUE.) See also AUSTRIA.
Length.— The Prague fuss = 11.88 inches, and the elle 23.2
inches.
Surface. — 2 strich = 1 Austrian joch.
Liquid Measure.— 4 seidel = 1 pinte ; 32 pinten = 1 eimer ;
4 eimer = 1 fass. The fass = 64.5598 gallons.
18
BOKHARA.
Dry Measure. — 12 seidel = 1 massel ; 4 massel = I viertel ;
4 viertel = 1 strich. The strich =2.65618 bushels.
Weight. — 20 pfund = 1 stein ; 6 stein = 1 centner. The pfund
is subdivided as in Vienna, bat is a trifle lighter than the Imperial
standard.
These are only local weights and measures. The legal system
is, of course, that of Austria.
Bokhara. See TURKESTAN.
Bolivia.
The metric system is recognized at the custom-houses. The
other weights and measures are of Spanish origin.
Weights. — 4 arrobas = 1 quintal. The quintal = 46 kilo-
grammes, or 101.4179 Ibs.
Money. — 10 cents = 1 real ; 10 reals = 1 peso. The peso is
rated in the United States (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874) at
$0.9651. Its theoretical value is about $1.03.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight
Fineness.
Value.
Onza or doubloon (1827^-1836). Legal
rate
Gold.
$15 601 S
Onza or doubloon (1 827-1836). By U. 8.
mint assay
U
416 16
870
15 598
Peso. Former. By U. S. mint assay..
\ peso " " " " "
New peso " " «
Silver.
U
U
808.64
207.36
884.48
903$
667
900
0.791
0.892
0.961
Borneo.
The island contains English and Dutch settlements, in which
the corresponding weights and measures are known.
Dry Measure. — The gantang = 0.73782 bushel.
Weight* — The pecul = 135.6354 Ibs. Minor weights seem to
be something as follows :
3 malaborong = 1 tica; 1£ tica = 1 copang; 4 copang= 1
mace ; 4 mace = 1 pahaw ; 4 pahaws = 1 tael. The tael =s
about 614 troy grams, or 39.828 grammes.
BREMEN.
19
Bourbon, Isle of.
French colony, using French weights and measures.
Brazil.
The metric system is now the legal system of weights and
measures. The former scales were essentially Portuguese, with va-
riations, these being different in different parts of the empire.
The alquiere = 1.13512 bushels ; the vara = 1.18878 yards ; the
arroba (of 32 arratels) == 32.3792 Ibs. ; the quilate, a weight for
gems, = 3.075 grains ; and the outava, for topazes, = 57.17 grains.
Money. — The milreis, as a money of account (Secretary of the
Treasury, 1874), is rated in the United States at $0.5456.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
20 Milreis.
10 "
5 "
Former Jos
2 milreis.
Milreis....
Gold.
$10.9235
10.906
5.4617
2.7309
8.7195
1.0924
1.025
0.5462
0.2731
0.1092
0.0109
0.0055
By U S. mint assay
Si ver.
Copper.
276.00
133.30
69.15
917$
916
916
10 ...
Legal rate .
893.39
898.60
196.64
98.32
89.33
916
9181
916
916
916
By U. 8. mint assay
500 reis
200 " ...
20 " ...
10 "
Bremen. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 10 linien= 1 zoll.
12 zoll = 1 fuss, = 11.386 inches, or 0.2892 metre.
2 fuss = 1 elle.
3 ellen = 1 klafter.
8 " = 1 ruthe.
Road Measure. — The meile of 20,000 Rheinfuss = 3.9 miles,
or 6.28 kilometres.
Surface. — The morgen = 120 square ruthen = 30,720 square
fuss. The morgen = 0.6343 acre.
Solid Measure.— The, faden = 72 kubikfuss.
20 BRUNSWICK.
Liquid Measure. —
4 mingel make 1 quartier.
9 quartier " 1 viertel,
6 viertel " 1 anker.
4 anker « 1 ohm, = 38.2965 galls., or 144.964
litres.
6 ohm " 1 fuder.
The sttlbchen = 4 quartier.
" oxhoft = 6 anker.
Dry Measure. —
4 spinten make 1 viertel.
4 viertel " 1 scheffel, = 2.10195 bushels, or
74.064 litres.
40 scheffel make 1 last.
Weights. — 4 ort make 1 quentchen.
4 quentchen " 1 loth.
2 loth " 1 unze.
8 unzen " 1 mark.
2 mark " 1 pfund, = 1.09906 Ibs., or 0.498
kilogramme.
The schiffpfund (of 20 liespfund) = 290 pfund. The fracht-
pfund or pfundschwer = 300 pfund. The centner =116 pfund.
Money. — 5 schwaren=l grot ; 72 groten=l thaler. The value
of this thaler is $0.7476, but it was recognized in the United
States, under the law of March 3, 1843, at $0.71. By the law of
1842, the silver rix-thaler, worth $0.7911, was rated at $0.7875.
The old gold thaler, of which about 8 i'0- equal the modern vereins-
krone, = $0.7912.
Brunswick (BKAUNSCHWEIG). See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 12 zoll = 1 schuh ; 2 schuh = 1 elle. The schuh =
11.235 inches, or 0.285 metre. The ruthe = 8 ellen.
Road Measure.— The meile (of 34,424 Rhenish feet) = 6.7136
miles.
Surface. — The morgen = 120 square ruthen, or 30,720 square
Bchuh. English value, 0.6208 acre.
CANARY ISLANDS. 21
Liquid Measure. — 2 nossel = 1 quartier ; 4 quartier = 1 stiib«
chen ; 40 stiibchen = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The fuder also =
4 oxhoft. The fass of beer (4 tonnen) = 108 stiibchen. The
stiibchen = 0.988 gallon, or 3.74 litres.
Dry Measure. — 4: becher or locher = 1 vierfass ; 4 vierfass =
I hunt ; 10 himt = 1 scheffel. The scheffel for wheat = 8.6672
bushels ; for oats, 10.40064 bushels. 4 scheffel make 1 wispel.
Weight, — 2 heller = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4
quentchen = 1 loth ; 16 loth = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The
pfund = 1.0306 Ibs., or 0.4674 kilogramme. The schiffpfund =
20 liespfund = 280 pfund.
For apothecary's weight see GERMAN EMPIRE.
Money. — The former gold pistole, = 5 gold thaler, was worth
$3.96. The silver thaler of 24 gute groschen was worth $0.7254.
In the United States, by law of 1846, it rated at $0.69.
Buenos Ayres. See ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION.
Cambodia. See ANNAM.
Canada, including NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, NEWFOUND-
LAND, PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, and the other BRITISH POS-
SESSIONS in NORTH AMERICA.
Yv'eights and measures as in GREAT BRITAIN. In Lower Can-
ada, however, one or two old French measures are occasionally
met; as the minot, for wheat, = 1.11111 United States bushels;
and the arpent, for land, = 0.8449 acre.
Money.— The standard is the dollar of 100 cents, equal in value
to that of the United States. The silver 20 and 25 cent pieces are
925 fine, with the following weight and intrinsic value : 20 cent,
weight 72.0 grains, value $0.185 ; 25 cent, weight 90.0 grains, value
$0.231. Under United States statutes, prior to act of March 3,
1873, the pound of the British Provinces rated in our custom-
houses at $4.00.
Canary Islands.
The measures, weights, and coins, are derived from SPAIN,
though somewhat varied. For length, the pie or Castilian foot =
11.126 inches. In weight, the libra = 1.0148 Ibs.
22
CANDIA.
Candia. See CRETE.
Cape of Good Hope, or Cape Colony.
Weights and measures those of GREAT BRITAIN. The currency
is also British, although occasionally the former Dutch values are
encountered.
Cape Verde Islands* See PORTUGAL.
Celebes.
The pecul = 135.64 Ibs. In general, the weights and meas-
ures resemble or are indentical with those of the other neighbor-
ing islands under the sway of the Netherlands.
Central America. (GUATEMALA, HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, SAN
SALVADOR, and COSTA RICA.)
The weights and measures are of old Castilian origin, but
varied.
Length. — The vara = 32.874 inches, or 0.835 metre.
Liquid Measure. — The cantara of 4 cuartillas = 4.2631 gal-
lons, or 16.137 litres
Dry Measure. — Thefanegaof 4 cuartillas = 1.5745 bushels, or
55.48 litres.
Weight. — 25 libras = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal. The
libra = 1.043 pounds, or 0.4731 kilogramme.
Money. — The unit is the pezo or dollar of 100 centavos. Its
value in the United States (Secretary Treasury, 1874) is $0.9650.
COINAGE TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight
Fineness.
Value.
Onza of 1833 by TT S mint assay
Gold.
$14 9653
Costa Eican half-onza of 1850. U. S.
tl
7.6232
2 escudos, or J onza. TJ. S. mint assay.
Pezo, or TV onza, 1825-1849. U. S. mint
assay . .... .
U
M
100.32
853}
8.6875
0.8295
£ Keals. 17. 8. mint assay
Pezo, 1S40— 1872. " " "
u 1855 " " "
11
Silver.;
12.96
853}
.4880
1.0311
1.0137
«* At present " " "
"
415.68
850
.9810
CHINA.
Ceylon.
Generally, British measures of length and surface are used.
The covid, when employed, = 18.5 inches.
For liquids, the seer = 1.2 quarts ; and the parrah = 6.76
gallons.
In dry measure, the chundoo = nearly half a pint. The amo-
mam = 5.7757 bushels.
The candy, or bahar, for weight, = 500 Ibs. Old measure =
520.675 Ibs.
The public accounts are kept in sterling money ; but, in or-
dinary commercial transactions, the sicca rupee is the standard.
See INDIA.
Chili.
The metric system of weights and measures is now legal. Old
standards, of Spanish origin, are as follows : The vara = 2.78 feet ;
the quartillo = 0.2906 gallon; the fanega = 2.575 bushels; the
libra = 1.043 Ibs.
Money. — The peso or dollar of 100 centavos is the exact equiv-
alent of 5 francs, French currency. Value in United States cus-
tom-houses (1874), $0.9123. The gold condor = 10 pesos.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Gold
$9 1225
" By U S mint assay
236.16
S9S
9 1360
Old peso or dollar. By U. 8. mint as-
Silver.
412.72
908
1.0460
New u *' " — 5 francs
0 9648
" " " " By U. 8. mint assay.
u
384.48
900|
0.931
China.
Length. — The yan is decimally divided into 10 cheung, 100
chik, 1,000 tsun, 10,000 fan. The official chik, as fixed by the
Mathematical Board at Pekin, = 13.125 inches, or almost exactly
% metre. The surveyor's and engineer's chik = 12.7 inches ;
and the commercial chik of Canton = 14.76 inches, but varies a
little.
24 CIRCASSIA.
Road Measure. — The itinerary chik = 12.17 inches ; of these,
1,800 make 1 li, = 1,825.5 feet, or 556.41 metres.
Capacity. — Since in China almost every thing is sold by weight,
the wet and dry measures are seemingly superfluous. There are,
however, two systems, in which the measures are similarly named,
the names being distinguished by the affixes tsong and shi. These
series stand to each other in value as 65 to 100 ; the former being
for liquids, the latter for grain. In the liquid, or tsong series, the
tau is divided into 10 shing and 100 kop. The shing-tsong =
0.1375 gallon. The dry-measure shing (shing-shi) = 0.02177
bushel. Another measure, the sei, = 3.4716 bushels.
Weights. — 10 mace = 1 tael ; 16 tael = 1 catty or kan ; 2 cat-
ties = 1 yin ; 50 yin = 1 pecul or tarn. The catty = 1% Ibs., or
604.8 grammes. Hence the pecul =133% Ibs. The shik is a
weight of 160 Ibs.
Money. — The tael is decimally divided into 10 mace (tsee'n),
100 candereens (fun), and 1,000 cash (le).
The tael now rates in United States customs at $1.61. Old
rate, $1.48. In parts of China some coins from the English
mint are used ; these are of silver, 901 fine. The dollar of this
series weighs 415.68 grains, and is worth (by United States mint
assay) $1.04. The corresponding ten-cent piece weighs 41.76
grams, and is worth $0.10^.
Circassia. See RUSSIA.
Cochin China. See also ANXAM.
Here the covid = 15 inches. The tael = 590.75 grains.
Cologne* See GERMAN EMPIRE, and PRUSSIA.
Until recently the Cologne mark was used throughout Ger-
many in weighing the precious metals. This should equal 3,609
troy grains ; but the standard copy at Hamburg is 1 grain lighter.
Colombia, or New Granada.
The metric system of weights and measures has recently been
adopted. The former system was of Castilian origin.
CYPRUS.
25
Money. — The peso, or dollar, is exactly equal to five francs
French currency. It is divided into 10 decimos and 100 centavos.
10 pesos make 1 gold condor. The value of the peso in United
States customs is $0.965.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material
Value.
Gold.
$15 6106
" " Popayan
15.3775
Condor of 10 pesos. Le^al value
ii
9.64T6
" " " " By U 8 mint assay
u
96751
Silver.
0.9726
" By U. S. mint assay
0.9692
Corea. See CHINA.
Corsica* See FRANCE.
A few liquid measures of Italian or Spanish origin may be
met with.
Costa Rica. See CENTRAL AMERICA.
Crete, or Candia.
For length, the pic = 25.09 inches, or 0.6373 metre.
For liquids, the oke = 0.3458 gallon. The mistate, for oil, =
2.948 gallons.
The carga = 4.32311 bushels.
For weight, the cantaro of 100 rottoli or 44 oka = 116.57 IbA
The currency is essentially Turkish.
Cuba. See WEST INDIES.
Curacoa. See WEST INDIES.
Cyprus.
For length, the pic = 26.45 inches, or 0.6718 metre.
For liquids, the cass = 1.25 gallons.
For grain, etc., the medinno = 2.1312 bushels.
26 DENERARA.
Weights.— The oka = 2.7957 Ibs. The rotolo = 1^ oka, and
100 rotolos = 1 kantar or cantaro. Hence the kantar = 524.2
Ibs., or 237.77 kilogrammes. The moosa is a weight of 112 Ibs.
Demcrara. See GUIANA.
Denmark.
Length. — 12 linie = 1 tomme.
12 tomme = I fod = 12.358 inches, or 0.3139 metre.
2 fod = 1 aln.
3 aln = 1 favn.
6 " = 1 rode.
Road Measure. — The miil (= 12,000 aln) = 4.6812 miles, 01
7.5335 kilometres.
Surface. — The tondeland (= 14,000 square aln) = 1.3635 acres,
or 55.2 ares.
Liquid Measure.
4 poegel make 1 pot, = 1.0208 quarts, or 0.9666
litre.
2 pot " 1 kande.
39 " " 1 anker.
The pot = -fa cubic fod. The tonde (for beer) = 4.25 cubic
fod. The tonde (of tar) =120 pot.
Dry Measure. — The tonde used for coal and charcoal = 5.5
cubic fod. Regular measures are as follows :
2 halvotting make 1 ottingkar.
2 ottingkar " 1 fjerdingkar.
2 fjerdingkar " 1 skoeppe.
8 skoeppe " 1 tonde, = 3.9477 bushels, or
139.098 litres.
This tonde = 4-J cubic fod, or 144 pot.
Weight. — 10 ort make 1 quint.
10 quint " 1 pund, = 1.102368 pounds, or 500
grammes.
100 pund make 1 centner.
In this scale the pund is the pfund of the German Zollverein.
The old pund was defined as the weight of -fa cubic fod of rain-
water at 16|° Centigrade ; or about 1.100885 Ibs. avoirdupois.
ECUADOR.
27
16 old pund = 1 lispund ; 20 lispund = 1 skippund.
For precious metals —
4 ort make 1 quintin.
4 quintin " 1 lod.
16 lod " 1 mark, = 0.5149 lb., or 233.56
grammes.
Apothecary's weight —
60 gran make 1 drachme.
8 drachme " 1 unze.
12 unze " 1 pund, = 0.788974 lb. avoirdu-
pois.
Money. — The rigsdaler equals 6 marks, and each mark is di-
vided into 16 skillings. 2 rigsdalers make 1 specie daler.
The krone is a money of account, worth hi United States cus-
toms $0.268.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Dobbelt Christian cTor (14? rigsdalers)...
Frederick d'or, or pistole (Tf rigsdalers). .
10 daler By U S mint assay ...
Gold.
Silver.
H
U
Billon.
Bronze.
896
896
895
900
879
875
877
875
$8.0124
4.0062-
7.9000
5.3580
2.6S60
1.0926
1.0840
0.5463
0.5300
0.2731
0.0910
0.0228
0.0057
0.0029
204.96
138.24
20 krone " " " "
Specie ducat (4}| rigsdalers)
Dobbelt rigsdaler (specie daler)
" " By U. S. mint assay.,
jjjcrgdaler
'^M'M
" Old rate in U. S. custom-houses
Halvdaler (| rigsdaler)
Mark f1- rigsdaler) . .
875
500
250
4 skilling
u
Dominica. See WEST INDIES.
East Indies, See INDIA, CEYLON, ANNAM, BIRMAH, SIAM, MA-
LACCA, MOLUCCAS, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, SOOLOO ARCHIPELAGO,
JAVA, SUMATRA, BORNEO, etc.
Ecuador.
Formerly, Spanish weights and measures were employed. Now
the metric system is hi vogue.
28 EGYPT.
The peso, or dollar, is the equivalent of the French 5-franc
piece, and is rated in United States customs at $0.965.
The 4 escudo gold piece, by United States mint assay, weighs
207.84 grains, is 844 fine, and is worth $7.555.
Egypt.
Since 1871 the metric system has been legal.
Length. — 4 kerats make 1 abdat.
3 abdats " 1 kadam.
2 kadam " 1 derah, deraa, or pic.
4 derahs " 1 gasab.
Of the derah there are six different kinds, as follows : The Nile
pic = 0.2545 metre ; the native pic (derah baladi) = 0.5682 me-
tre; the Constantinople pic (derah Istambuli) = 0.6691 metre;
the cloth pic (derah hendazeh) = 0.6479 metre ; the builder's pic
(derah meimari) = 0.7500 metre ; the itinerary or road-measure
pic =0.7389 metre.
The derah Istambuli =26.34 inches.
Ancient measures were the natural cubit, 17.71 inches, and
the royal cubit, 20.66 inches.
Road Measure. — For the itinerary derah or pic, see table of
length.
2 baah make 1 cassaba (equal to 5 derahs).
600 cassabas " 1 mill, = 1.148 miles, or 1.847 kil-
ometres.
3 mili " 1 farsakh or league.
4 farsakh " 1 baride.
. , tt j safar yome, of which 2-| make )
( 1° of the meridian = 60 mili. f
Surface. — Land is partly measured by the squares of the derah
meimari, and of the cassaba. (The cassaba, in length, = 3.55
metres.)
The feddan = 333^ square cassabas, and is divided hi to 24
k6rat. Value of feddan, 1.038 acres, or 42.008 ares.
Liquid Measure. — The guirbeh = 70.4467 quarts, or 66| li-
tres.
EGYPT. 29
Dry Measure. —
2 kerat make 1 kharroubah.
2 kharroubah " 1 thoumn-kaddah.
2 thoumn-kaddah " 1 roub-kaddah.
2 roub-kaddah " 1 nisf-kaddah.
2 nisf-kaddah " 1 kaddah, = 1.735 quarts,
or 1.91 litres.
2 kaddah " 1 malouah.
2 malouah " 1 roubouh, or rob.
2 roubouh " 1 kele.
2 kele" " 1 ouebeh.
6 ouebeh " 1 ardeb, = 2.603 bushels, or
91.72 litres.
These values are from the report of the United States Com-
missioners to the Paris Exposition of 1867. Other authorities
give the ardeb = 5.1648 bushels, and the ardeb of Alexandria =
7.6907 bushels.
Weights. — 4 kamha make 1 ke"rat.
24 kerat " 1 darhim or drachm, = 47.73 grains,
or 3.0929 grammes.
400 darhims make 1 oke, oka, or occa, = 2.7275 Ibs.,
or 1.237 kilogrammes.
144 darhims make 1 rotl, or rottolo = 0.9819 pound,
or 445.41 grammes.
100 rotl make 1 cantaro = 98.19 Ibs.
The harsela, used for weighing silk, is the oke. The darhim,
when used for weighing gold, silver, or gems, is also known as the
mitkal or metical.
Money. — 40 paras make 1 piastre. As a money of account,
the Egyptian dollar of 20 piastres now rates in United States cus-
loms at $1.0039. (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874.)
30
ENGLAND.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Vain*.
Bedidlik, or 100-piastre piece. Legal rate.
" " U. S. mint
Gold.
131.761
132.00
875
875
$4.9690
4.9740
it
658S1
875
2.4845
g() 4t » U tl
n
875
0 9940
5 " " " " Very rare..
Tallari or dollar, 20 piastres. Legal rate.
Half-tallari, 10
Quarter" 5 " " "
1 piastre, " "
Silver.
U
64(54
429.591
214.796
107.398
20.883
19 200
875
833*
688*
833*
750
755
0.2475
0.9900
0.495
0.2475
0.0475
0 0400
1 « Lo.^al rate
H
10.441
750
0.0248
11
5.221
750
0 0124
Piastre (40 paras) " "
20-para piece " "
Copper.
799.41)0
899.745
0.0495
0.0248
(C
199.872
0 0124
5 « » « "
H
99.936
0.0062
England. See GREAT BRITAIN.
Fayal. See AZORES.
Finland* See RUSSIA.
Formosa. See CHINA.
France (including CORSICA). Colonial Possessions : ALGERIA,
SENEGAL, ISLE OP BOURBON, ISLAND OP ST. MARIE near MADA-
GASCAR, PONDICHERRY and other towns in INDIA, several of
the WEST INDIA ISLANDS, FRENCH GUIANA or CAYENNE, the
ISLANDS of ST. PIERRE and MIQUELON near NEWFOUNDLAND,
the MARQUESAS ISLANDS, and NEW CALEDONIA.
The metric system of weights and measures originated in
France, just before the beginning of the present century. All its
units are derived from the unit of length.
Length. — The unit here is the metre, which was intended to
represent the ten-millionth part of the distance from the equator
to the pole, measured over the surface of the earth. It slightly
varies from this, however, and can therefore be regarded only aa
a unit of length represented by a bar of platinum in Paris, meas-
FRANCE. 81
ared at the temperature of melting ice (0° Centigrade, or 32*
Fahrenheit).
10,000 metres make 1 myriametre,= 6.214 miles.
1,000 " " 1 kilometre, = 0.6214 "
100 " " 1 hectometre, = 328.09 feet.
10 " " 1 decametre, = 32.809 "
The metre = 39.37079 inches.
1 metre equals 10 decimetres. Decimetre = 3.937079 inches.
1 " " 100 centimetres. Centimetre = 0.3937 "
1 " " 1,000 millimetres. Millimetre = 0.03937 "
Surface. — Squares of the metre and its derivatives are used.
Also the are, equal to a square of ten metres to the side.
100 ares, or 10,000 square metres, make 1 hectare = 2.4714
acres.
The are of 100 square metres = 1076.43 square feet.
The -j^nj of an are, 1 sq. metre, is the centare = 1550.06 square
inches.
Capacity. — The litre is the unit for both wet and dry measure,
and equals one cubic decimetre.
10,000 litres make lmyrialitre,= 2641.8 U. S. gallons.
1,000 " " 1 kilolitre, = 264.18 " "
100 " " 1 hectolitre, = 26.418 " "
10 " " 1 decalitre, = 2.6418 " "
The litre = 1.05672 quarts, U. S. measure,
1 litre equals 10 decilitres. Decilitre =0.211344 pint, " "
1 " " 100 centilitres. Centilitre=0.02113 " " "
1 " " 1,000 millilitres. Millilitre = 0.002113 " "
In dry measure the kilolitre = 28.3782 F. S. bushels ; the hec-
tolitre = 2.83782 bushels ; the decalitre = 1.13513 pecks ; the
litre = 0.227 half-peck, and so on. In measuring wood and coal
the kilolitre is known as the stere, the myrialitre as the decastere,
and the hectolifre as the decistere.
Weight. — The standard of weight is the gramme, which repre-
sents the weight of one cubic centimetre of distilled water at its
maximum density.
FRANCE.
AvoirdupoU
1,000,000 grammes make 1 millier or tonneau, = 2204.62 Ibs.
100,000
10,000
1,000
100
10
1 quintal, = 220.462
" 1 myriagramme, = 22.0462 "
" 1 kilogramme, = 2.20462 "
" 1 hectogramme, = 3.52739 oz.
" 1 decagramme, = 0.35274 "
The gramme — 15.432349 grains.
1 gramme equals 10 decigrammes. Decigramme =1.543235 "
1 " " 100 centigrammes. Centigrammer=-0.15432 "
1 " " 1,000 milligrammes. Milligramme =0.01543 "
The " Systeme Usuel," interdicted since 1840, was a popular
compromise between the ancient system and the present one. In
it, the metre was divided into two pieds or feet of twelve pouces
each. Two metres made one toise, and twelve decimetres, one
aune or ell. In weights, the livre or pound of 500 grammes was
divided into two marcs, sixteen onces, one hundred and twenty-
eight gros, and nine thousand two hundred and sixteen grains.
The ancient Trench pied-de-roi was equal to 12.79 inches ; six of
these pieds made one toise, and two thousand toises one lieue-de-
poste, or league. The ancient pound (poids-de-marce) previous to
1795 was equal to 1.0793 Ibs. avoirdupois.
Money. — 10 centimes make 1 decime ; 10 decimes make 1 franc.
The theoretical value of the franc in United States money is
$0.1945. The value recognized in United States custom rates ia
$0.193.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
100-franc
50 "
20 "
20 "
10 "
5 "
Louis (Toi
5-franc ]
2-franc
assay. .
piece. Legal rate
Gold.
H
H
Silver.
M
497.742
248.871
99.548
99.360
49.774
24.882
900
900
900
899
900
900
$19.2955
9.6478
8.8591
8.8470
1.9296
0.9648
4.6604
8.8258
0.9726
0.9600
0.3890
0.3560.
It 11 It
" By U. S. mint assay. . .
" Legal rate
• 1785
1810 to 1840
>iece. Legal rate
385.750
384.000
154.320
153.600
900
900
835
835
" By U. 8. mint assay. .
" Legal rate
" 1867-'8. By U. 8. mint
FRANKFORT- ON- TEE-MAINE.
33
COIN TABLE. — Continued. .
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Franc, weight 5 grammes. Legal rate .
Piece of 50 centimes. " 4i
" " 20 " " "
" " 10
" " 5 u " "
" " 2 " •• "
U U J U tl U
Silver.
u
H
Bronze.
u
77.160
88.580
15.432
154.320
77.160
80.864
15.432
885
885
835
$0.1945
0.0972
0.0389
0.0195
0.0097
0.0039
0.00195
Equivalent in value to the French franc are the francs of
Switzerland and Belgium, the lira of Italy, the peseta of Spain,
and the drachma of Greece. These should weigh 5 grammes
apiece, the minor silver coinage being proportionately heavy.
Several of the South American states now have silver pesos or dol-
lars weighing 25 grammes, and equivalent to the 5-franc piece of
France. Of the bronze coins, whose weights in the above table
are given in grains, the weight of each one is represented in
grammes by the number of centimes ; 10 centimes weighing 10
grammes, and so on downward.
Frankfort-on-the-Main. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 12 linien make 1 zoll ; 12 zoll make 1 werkschuh or
fuss. This fuss = 11.205 inches. The elle = 21.55 inches. Sur-
veyors use a fuss (feldfuss) of 14.006 English inches. This is
decimally divided into 10 zoll or 100 linien. 10 feldfuss make 1
ruthe.
Surface. — The morgen = 16,000 square feldfuss = 0.5004 acre.
Liquid Mea&ure. — 4 eichmass, or 4£ neumass = 1 viertel ; 20
viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The viertel = 1.8945 gal-
lons. The mass is divided into 4 schoppen.
Dry Measure. — 4 schrott = 1 masschen; 4 masschen = 1 ge-
Bcheid ; 4 gescheid = 1 sechter ; 2 sechter = 1 metze ; 2 metzen
s= 1 simmer ; 4 simmer = 1 malter or achtel.
The malter = 3.25626 bushels.
Weights. — 2 heller = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ;
4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2
34 FRENCH GUINA.
mark = 1 pfund. There were in Frankfort two different pfunds,
this one (= 1.114073 Ibs. avoirdupois) being about 8 per cent
heavier than the other. Apothecary weight has been long uniform
throughout all Germany.
Money. — 2 heller or pfennige = 1 kreuzer ; 4 kreuzer = 1
batzen ; 15 batzen = 1 gulden or florin ; !•£ florins or 90 kreuzer =
1 thaler. The .former gulden (1837) was worth $0.4126. In
United States customs it rated at 40 cents. The value of the
former gold ducat was $2.2876.
French Guiana. See GUIANA.
German Empire. See also BADEN, BAVARIA, BREMEN, BRUNS-
WICK, COLOGNE, FRANKFORT, HAMBURG, HESSE, HANOVER, Lii-
BECK, MECKLENBURG, PRUSSIA, SAXONY, and WURTEMBERG.
For old or local systems of weights, measures, and coinage, see
these various headings. Recently the metric system has been
adopted as the lawful system of Germany, with merely some trifling
modifications.
Length. — The meter or stab, zentimeter or new zoll, millimeter
or s'trich.
Surface. — The ar and hektar.
Capacity. — The liter or kanne, the hektoliter or fass. 50 liters
make 1 scheffel ; •£ liter is called a schoppen.
Weight. — The kilogramme, of 2 pfund ; the dekagramme or
neu-loth ; dezigramme, zentigramme, and milligramme. 50 kilo-
grammes make 1 zentner ; 1,000 kilogrammes make 1 tonne.
For the values of the above measures and weights, see the tables
given under FRANCE.
Under the Zollverein the weights were a zollpfund of 30 zoll-
loth, = 500 grammes or -£• kilogramme ; the zollcentner of 100
zollpfund ; the zollstein of 2 zollcentner. The miinzpfund, used
for gold and silver, and divided into 10,000 ass, also equaled 500
grammes.
Throughout Germany the apothecaries have used the apothe-
cary weights of Niirnberg, or Nuremberg. The pfund of this sys-
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
35
tern is subdivided exactly as in English apothecaries' weight, and
equals 0.788974 Ib. avoirdupois.
Money. — The present standard is the mark of 3 of a thaler.
In United States customs it now rates -at $0.2382. The vereins-
thaler equals -£$ of a miinzpfund of fine silver, and in Northern
Germany is divided into 30 silbergroschen. In Southern Germany
the florin or gulden rates 52£ to the miinzpfund of fine silver, and
is divided into 60 kreuzer.
COIN TABLE. (See also the various German States.)
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Ten-thaler piece. By U. S. mint assay. .
Vereinskrone. Should weigh just 10
Gold.
204.960
154320
896
900
$7.9000
6 6462
Vereinskrone. By U. 8. mint assay.. . .
M
900
6 6420
Half-krone. Weight 5 grammes
77 i 60
900
8 8231
20 marks Le^al rate. .
122 880
900
4 7620
Double vereinsthaler, 3f gulden
Veveinsthaler. Legal rate
Silver.
900
900
1.4409
0 7204
" By IT. 8. mint assay
Thaler, before 1857. Legal rate
285.600
900
0.7140
0.7220
" " " By U. 8. mint assay
Gulden or florin of South Germany be-
fore 1857
II
341.760
750
0.7120
0 4126
Gulden or florin of South Germany since
1857
(i
0 4117
Gulden or florin of South Germany since
1857. By U. S. mint assay. . . .
<l
163 200
900
0 408
Great Britain and Ireland. — Colonial Possessions: HELGO-
LAND, GIBRALTAR, MALTA and Gozo, in EUROPE ; GAMBIA, SI-
ERRA LEONE, parts of the GOLD COAST, CAPE COLONY, NATAL,
the islands of FERNANDO Po, ST. HELENA, MAURITIUS, and the
SEYCHELLES, in AFRICA ; ADEN, BRITISH INDIA, parts of FAR-
THER INDIA, CEYLON, PENANG, MALACCA, SINGAPORE, LABUAN,
and HONG-KONG, in ASIA; CANADA, NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA
SCOTIA, PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND, NEWFOUNDLAND, LABRADOR,
HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY, BALIZE, most of the WEST INDIA
ISLANDS, BERMUDAS, GUIANA, and FALKLAND ISLANDS, in AMER-
ICA; AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, NEW ZEALAND, NORFOLK ISLAND,
AUCKLAND ISLANDS, and the FEEJEE ISLANDS, in POLYNESIA.
86 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Length. — 3 barleycorns make 1 inch.
12 inches " 1 foot = 0.3047 metre.
3 feet " 1 yard = 0.91438 metre.
5£ yards " 1 rod, perch, or pole.
4 poles or 100 links " 1 chain.
10 chains " 1 furlong.
8 furlongs " 1 mile = 1.6093 kilom'rs.
The old Scotch mile was 1|, and the old Irish mile l-fr English
miles.
A line = -fa inch. A nail = 2£ inches (cloth measure). A palm
— 3 inches. A hand (in measuring height of horses) = 4 inches.
A span = 9, a cubit 18, a Scotch ell 37.06, and an English ell
45 inches. A fathom is 6 feet, and a cable's length 120 fathoms.
A league = 3 miles. A degree of the equator = 69.1613 miles,
and a degree of meridian = 69,046 miles.
Surface. —
144 square inches make 1 square foot, = 9.29 sq. decimetres.
9 " feet " 1 " yard, = 0.836 sq. metre.
30i " yards " 1 " rod.
16 " rods " 1 chain.
40 " " " 1 rood.
4 roods " 1 acre, or 43,560 square feet.
640 acres " 1 square mile, = 259 hectares.
The acre = 0.405 hectare.
Liquid Measure. — The imperial gallon is here taken as the
standard, and defined as the bulk of ten pounds of distilled
water at the temperature of 62° Fahr. Its cubic capacity is
277.274 cubic inches. The gallon of the United States is 231 cu-
bic niches ; the old corn-gallon contained 268.8, and the old beer-
gallon 282.
Wine Measure. —
4 gills make 1 pint, = 0.567932 litre.
2 pints " 1 quart, = 1.135864 litres.
4 quarts " 1 gallon, == 4.543458 litres.
86 gallons " 1 tierce.
64 " " 1 hogshead.
108 " " 1 pipe, butt, or puncheon.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 37
But these larger measures are not always to be trusted. In
practice, they are actually measured in gallons.
Ale and Beer Measure. — Up to the gallon, like wine measure
9 gallons make 1 firkin.
2 firkins " 1 kilderkin.
2 kilderkins " 1 barrel.
3 " "1 hogshead.
2 hogsheads " 1 butt.
2 butts " 1 tun.
The value of such terms as barrel, pipe, hogshead, butt, pun*
cheon, tun, etc., varies with circumstances. Thus, a hogshead of
claret is about 46 gallons, one of brandy 55 to 60 gallons. The
pipe, for different wines, ranges from 90 to about 120 gallons, and
so on. These terms are not rigidly defined.
Apothecaries' Measure. —
60 minims make 1 fluid drachm ( 3 ).
8 drachms " 1 " ounce ( § ).
20 ounces " 1 pint.
8 pints " 1 imperial gallon.
Dry Measure. — Up to the gallon, the same as in liquid mea»
ure, the value of the gallon being the same.
2 gallons make 1 peck, = 9.0865 litres.
4 pecks " 1 bushel, = 36.3460 "
4 bushels " 1 coomb.
2 coombs " 1 quarter, = 8 busliels.
5 quarters " 1 wey or load, = 40 bushels.
2 weys " 1 last, — 80 bushels.
A strike is 2 bushels. A pottle is half a gallon.
Ciibic Capacity in general. — A cubic foot= 1,728 cubic inches
A cubic yard = 27 cubic feet.
42 cubic feet make 1 shipping ton (British).
Weight. — The standard is the pound, which is divided into
7,000 grains. These grains are of equal value in all the following
tables :
4
38
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Avoirdupois Weight. —
16 drachms make 1 ounce (oz.), = 28.35 grammes.
16 ounces " 1 pound (lb.), = 453.6 "
14 pounds " 1 stone.
2 stone " 1 quarter (qr.), 28 pounds.
4 quarters " 1 hundred- weight (cwt.), 112 pounda
20 hundred-weight " 1 ton, 2,240 pounds.
Troy Weight.—
24 grains make 1 pennyweight (dwt.).
20 pennyweights " 1 ounce, =480 grs., or 31.15 gram'es.
12 ounces " 1 pound, = 5,760 " or 373.76 "
By this scale, gold, silver, platinum, and some gems are
weighed. Pearls and diamonds are weighed by the carat of 4
grains ; 5 diamond grains being equal to 4 grains troy.
Apothecaries' Weight. —
20 grains make 1 scruple.
3 scruples " 1 drachm.
8 drachms " 1 ounce j Same as in troy weight, as is also
12 ounces " 1 pound | the grain.
These weights are used in compounding prescriptions,
gists buy by avoirdupois.
Money. —
4 farthings make 1 penny.
12 pence " 1 shilling.
20 shillings " 1 pound or sovereign, = $4.8666.
In United States custom-houses it rates at $4.84.
COIN TABLE.
Drug-
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Pound or sovereign. Legal rate
Gold
123.147
916
$4.8666
Pound. Newly coined. By U. S. mint
assay
•
123.264
916*
4.8650
Pound. Average worn. By U. S. mint
assay ,.
u
123024
916J
4 8560
Half-sovereign. Legal rate
K
61 574
916
2.4383
GREECE.
COIN TABLE. — Continued.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
fineness.
Value.
od
P
fi-
ll
Crowr
Half-c
Florin
Bhiffln
assa
Shillin
assa
Sixpei
Fourp
Three
Twop<
Penny
Penny
Halfpt
Fartln
Moidore — 27 shillings..
Gold.
Si ver.
Bronze.
H
Carolus — 23 "
Guinea = 21 "
Mark — 13s. 4d.. ..
Half-guinea — 10s 6d
Angel — 10 shillings
Seven-shilling piece..
Noble - fis. Bd...
, 5 shillings
435.897
217.948
174.359
87.179
87.600
85.440
43..5S9,
~21t.0«0~
21.794
14.530
7.265
925
925
925
925
924f
925
925
925
925
925
925
$1.1105
0.5552
0.4522 ^S
0.2261 ^'
0.225ft
0.2190
0.1130
0.0728
0.0565
0.0377
0.0188 <*f
0.0188
0.0094
0.0047
rown
2 shillings
Newly coined. By U. 8. mint
y.
g. Average worn. By U. 8. mint
y
ice or tester. Legal rate
ence, or groat.
:>nce.
;nny.
n<r
Greece.
The present system of weights and measures is chiefly metric.
Length. — Formerly there were two piki, one for silks of 25
English inches, another for linen and woolens of 27 inches. The
present piki is the metre, with the usual subdivisions. The kilo-
metre is called stadion. In ancient Greece the foot was equal to
11.81 English inches; the cubit was 1-J feet, the stadium*was 400
cubits.
Capacity. — The litra, or litre ; the kailon, or hectolitre. The
former staro of 3 bachels was equal to 2.54835 bushels.
Weight. — 400 drachms or 44 oke make 1 cantaro. In different
places the cantaro has different values, ranging from 112 to 128 Ibs.
The gramme is known as the drachme, the kilogramme as
mina, and 1£ kilogrammes as talanton.
Money. — 106 lepta or centimes make 1 drachme or franc. The
drachme is the exact equivalent of the French franc, and rates in
the United States at $0.193. Formerly its value was only $0.1761.
*Q GREENLAND.
In gold, the 20-drachme piece, by United States mint assay, is
900 fine, weighs 88.8 grains, and is worth $3.442.
The silver 6-drachme piece, by the same authority, is 900 fine,
weighs 345.12 grains, and is worth $0.863.
The true value of the present coinage is, of course, somewhat
higher.
Greenland* See DENMARK.
Grenada. See WEST INDIES.
Guadeloupe* See WEST INDIES.
Guatemala. See CENTRAL AMERICA.
Guiana, British. See ENGLAND. *
Guiana, French. See FRANCE.
Guiana, Dutch. See NETHERLANDS,
Guinea.
Length.— The jaktan = 4 yards, or 12 feet.
Weight. — 2 media-tabla = 1 agtrirage ; 2 agtrirages = 1 piso
or uzan ; 4 piso& = 1 benda-offa ; 2 benda-offas =: 1 benda. 3
media-tabla make 1 quinto ; 6 media-tabla 1 seron ; 10f media-
tabla 1 eggeba. The media-tabla = 31.02 grains troy. The akey
is a weight of 20.03 grains. The rotl = 0.9538 Ib. avoirdupois.
Money. — Reckoning is mostly in dollars.
Hamburg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length.— % achtel = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 elle.
The fuss = 11.27 inches. Surveyors use the Rheinfuss (12.357
inches) decimally divided.
Road Meaxwe. — The meile of 24,000 Rhenish feet is equal to
4.68 miles.
Surface. — Themorgen = 117,600 square fuss, = 2,3852 acres.
Liquid Measure. — 2 ossel = 1 quartier ; 2 quartier = 1 kanne ;
2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 viertel ; 5 viertel = 1
anker ; 4 anker = 1 ahm ; 6 ahm = 1 fuder. The eimer = 4
EANO VER. 41
viertel ; the tonne = 24 viertel ; the oxhoft = 30 viertel. The
riertel = 1.90737 gallons.
Dry Measure. — 4 spinten = 1 himt ; 2 himt = 1 fass ; 2 fass =
1 scheffel ; 10 scheffel = 1 wispel ; 3 wispel = 1 last. The scheffel
= 2.98811 bushels.
Weight. — 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth ;
2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund ; 14
pfund = 1 liespfund ; 20 liespfund = 1 schiffpfund. The pfund =
1.067886 Ibs. avoirdupois.
Money. — 12 pfennige = 1 schilling; 16 schilling = 1 mark; '3
mark = 1 rixdollar. This mark = $0.2972 ; old United States
customs rate $0.28. 34 marks are coined from the Cologne mark
(3,608 troy grains) of fine silver. Banco is an imaginary value
of account, in which the Cologne mark is divided into 27f marks
banco. The mark banco = $0.3642 ; old United States customs
rate, $0.35.
The gold ducat = $2.2715.
Hanover* See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 12 linien or 8 achtel = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2
fuss = 1 elle ; 8 ellen = 1 ruthe. The fuss = 11.496 inches.
Road Measure. — The meile of 25.400 fuss = 4.6086 miles.
Surface. — 60 square ruthen = 1 vorling ; 2 vorling = 1 morgen
of Calenberg. Also, 1£ drohn = 1 morgen of Calenberg. This
morgen = 0.6472 acre.
Liquid Measure. — 2 nossel = 1 quartier ; 2 quartier — 1 kan-
ne ; 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1 viertel ; 5 viertel =
1 anker ; 4 anker = 1 ahm ; 6 ahm = 1 fuder. 8 viertel = 1
eimer ; 30 viertel = 1 oxhoft.
The viertel = 2.07198 gallons. For beer, 26 stiibchen == 1
tonne ; 4 tonnen = 1 fass.
Dry Measure. — 4 vierfass or 3 drittel = 1 himt ; 6 himt = 1
malter ; 8 malter = 1 wispel ; 2 wispel = 1 last. The malter =
5.30559 bushels.
Weight. — 4 ortchen = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth
2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The
pfund = 1.079444 Ibs. avoirdupois.
12 HAWAII.
Money. — The thaler of 24 gute grosehen. The former silver
thaler was worth $0.722. The former gold Louis d'or,Wilhehn d'or,
or pistole, = $3.9593.
Hawaii. See SANDWICH ISLANDS,
Hayti. See WEST INDIES.
Hesse-Cassel. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 12 linien=l zoll; 12 zoll = 1 fuss (waldfuss or
standard foot). This fuss = 11.324 inches. The landfuss or
surveyor's foot = 11.217 inches. 2 landfass = 1 elle; 7 ellen =
I ruthe,
Surface. — The acker (of 29,400 sq. landfass) = 0.5897 acre.
Liquid Measure. — 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 4 mass = 1 viertel ;
20 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The mass for wine =
0.52423 gallon; for beer, 0.57667 gallon.
Dry Measure. — 1 masschen = metze ; 4 metzen = 1 himt ; 2
himt = 1 scheffel. The scheffel = 2.3 bushels.
Weight. — 4 quentchen = 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 16 unzen
= 1 pfund. The pfund = 1.067534 Ibs. avoirdupois.
Por apothecaries' weight, see GERMAN EMPIRE.
Money. — The former gold pistole or Wilhelm <Tor, value 5 tha-
ler, = $3.9822. Modern pistole or Friedrich-Wilhelm d'or =
$4.009. Silver as in Hesse-Darmstadt.
Hesse-Darmstadt* (System of 1821.) See also GERMAN EM-
PIRE.
Length. — The fuss, = J metre or 9.8427 Inches, is divided
decimally into 10 zoll of 10 linien each. 10 fuss make 1 klafter.
The elle = £ metre.
Surface. — 40,000 square fuss or 4 viertel make 1 morgen, =
0.6178 acre.
Solid. — The stecken for wood = 100 cubic fuss, or 55.177 cu-
bic feet.
Liquid Measure. — 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 4 mass == 1 viertel ;
20 viertel = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder. The schoppen = £ litra
or 0.52836 quart.
HUNGARY.
43
Dry Measure. — 4 masschen = 1 gescheid ; 4 gescheid = 1
kiimpf ; 4 kiimpf = 1 simmer ; 4 simmer = 1 malter. The mass-
chen = •£ litre, or 0.001419 bushel. The raalter = 36.326 bushels.
For lime, the kalkbiitte = 10 cubic fuss, or 5.5177 cubic feet.
Weight. — 4 richtpfennig = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1
loth ; 32 loth = 1 pfund ; 100 pfund = 1 centner. The pfund =
600 grammes, or 1.1023 Ibs.
Before 1821 the weights and measures were those of Frank-
fort.
Money. — Florins or gulden, of 60 kreuzer, of 4 pfennig.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Fineness.
Valuo.
Gold.
$4.0371
" Karolin
4 9920
Vereinszweithalerstucke. 2-thaler
Silver.
900
1 4409
Vereinsthaler If-^ulden
900
0 7204
2-GuIdenstiicke
u
900
0 8234
Gulden, or florin
ti
900
0 4117
f-GuIden .
H
900
0 2058
Billon.
0 0720
8 "
0 0360
1 " .
u
0 0120
Pfenni01
Conner
0 0080
Hindostan. See INDIA.
Holland. See NETHERLANDS
Honduras. See CENTRAL AMERICA.
Hungary* See AUSTRIA.
There are some local weights and measures, and some local
variations from general standards. In length, the arsin = 23.01084
inches, and the stab = 5.18565 feet. For liquids, the fass =•
62.545 gallons ; and the eimer varies from 15.03 gallons in Lower,
to 19.37 gallons in Upper Hungary.
The metze = 1.77354 bushels. The oka is a weight of from
2.78 to 3.082 pounds.
44 ICELAND.
Iceland. See DENMARK.
The alen = 22.47 inches.
India, British. The PRESIDENCIES of BENGAL, MADRAS, and
BOMBAY.
India, French. PONDICHERRY and other minor cities.
India, Portuguese. GOA and other cities.
For FARTHER INDIA, see BIRMAH, ANNAM, SIAM, and MALACCA.
See also CEYLON.
Originally, the weights and measures of India were extremely
discordant, every petty state or city having its own system. For
present purposes only the chief headings can be given, taking first
the three Presidencies in their order.
1. BENGAL (CALCUTTA).
Length. — 3 jows or barleycorns make 1 unglee.
4 unglees or fingers " 1 moot.
3 moots or hands " 1 span.
2 spans make 1 cubit, covid, or haut = 18 inches.
2 covids " 1 gez, guz, or yard, = 36 inches, or
0.914 metre.
2 guz make 1 fathom.
Another table divides the haut or covid into 8 gheria of 9 jaob
each. The guz of Patna = 42.5 inches.
Road Measure.— The coss of 1,000 fathoms = 1.1364 miles.
Surface. — 20 square covid = 1 chattack ; 16 chattack — 1
cottah ; 20 cottah = 1 biggah. The biggah = 0.3306 acre, or
13.38 ares.
Grains and liquids are generally measured by weight. Still,
some dry measures can be given :
6 chattack = 1 khoonke ; 16 khoonke = 1 raik ; 4 raik = 1
pallie ; 20 pallie = 1 soallee. The soallee = 2.3378 bushels. The
kahoon, of 42.44 bushels, represents 2,986f pounds weight of
grain. In the Mahratta country the koorah = 4.0615 bushels.
Weights. — There are two sets of values for these, the factory
values and those of the bazaar. The latter are ten per cent.
heavier than the former. The factory-weights are the ones given
INDIA. 45
6 siccas make 1 chattack.
16 chattacks " 1 seer.
40 seers " 1 maund, = 74.667 Ibs., or 33.87
kilogrammes.
In the Mahratta country the maund = 26.249 Ibs. ; and at Mai-
da it — 100.45 Ibs. The pussaree is a weight of 10.27 Ibs., and
the pao for grain = 0.816114 Ib.
For gold and silver, the new sicca weight or tola is- used, of
180 grains ; being £ grain heavier than the bazaar tola. For pearls,
the ruttee = 2.825 grains. At Delhi the ruttee is used for precious
metals and gems, and is 1.25 grains; another weight for similar
purposes being the val, of 5.63 grains. Still another set of weights
for precious metals exists, as follows : 2 punko = 1 nely ; 2 nely
= 1 dhan ; 25 dhan = 1 anna of 14.04 troy grains.
Money. — 12 pies or pice make 1 anna ; 16 annas make 1 Com-
pany's rupee = $0.46217.
The sicca rupee is worth slightly more than the old rupee,
and weighs just one new sicca or tola; 80 sicca rupees, or 36 cop-
per annas, weigh one seer. The gold mohur = 15 sicca rupees.
In United States customs the Company's rupee formerly rated
at 44-J cents ; the sicca rupee is now received at $0.4584. By
United States mint assays the rupee and gold mohur rank as fol-
lows : Silver rupee, weight 179.52 grains, 916| fine, value $0.457.
Gold mohur, weight 180 grains, 916| fine, value $7.1059.
2. MADRAS PRESIDENCY.
Length. — The covid, cubit, or haut, is here very variable. At
Madras it is 18.6 inches, nearly ; at Masulipatan it is 19.125
inches ; and, at Mysore, 19.1 inches. Two of these, at Mysore,
make 1 gujah. At Travancore the kole = 29.065 inches ; and on
the Malabar coast the ady = 10.46 inches.
Road Measure. — At Seringapatam, the coss = 3.6458 miles. At
Mysore, the hardary = 2.7344 miles, and the gavada 14.5833
miles.
Surface. — 24 maoney make 1 casseney or cawney, of 240
square covid. At Madras the cawney = 1.3223 acres ; in the Car-
natic it is 1.0047 acres.
48 INDIA.
Capacity. — 8 ollucks make 1 puddy.
8 puddles " 1 marcal, — 0.34884 bushel.
6 marcals " 1 parah or chunam.
80 parahs " 1 garce, = 139.535 bushels.
At Masuiipatan the marcal = 0.403 bushel. At Mysore the
candaca = 11.13 bushels. Both wet and dry measures are de-
termined by weight.
Weight. — 10 pagodas make 1 pollam.
8 pollams " 1 seer.
5 seers " 1 vis (visay).
8 vis " 1 maund, = 25 Ibs., or 11.34 kil-
ogrammes.
20 maunds make 1 candy, = 500 Ibs.
The candy (also called baruay) is 485.5 Ibs. at Mysore and
Seringapatam, and 695.5 Ibs. on the Malabar coast. The mangal,
for pearls, = 6 grains.
Money. — Essentially the same as in BENGAL. The star pagoda
formerly rated hi United States customs at $1.84. Its real value
is $1 .9102. The gold mohur of Madras = $7.0696.
3. BOMBAY PRESIDENCY.
Length. — 16 tussoos make 1 hath or cubit, = 18.12 inches.
24 " " 1 guz " yard, =27.18 "
At Guzerat, the guz = 23^ inches. The hath, haut, or covid,
at Surat, = 20.9 inches ; at Ahmednuggur, 14 inches.
Surface. — The biggah = 0.6074 acre.
Capacity. — 16 adoulies make 1 parah.
8 parahs " 1 candy, = 25 bushels.
At Anjar 4 mapp make 1 shye, = 0.88243 bushel.
At Mangalore the mudi = 1.3019 bushels.
Weights. — 30 pice or 72 tanks make 1 seer.
40 seers " 1 maund, = 28 Ibs.
20 maunds " 1 candy, = 560 "
At Surat the candy = 340.16 Ibs. ; at Ahmednuggur, 1577.14
Ibs. The maund is 26.23 Ibs. at Anjar, 75.87 Ibs. at Aurungabad,
79.78 Ibs. in the Deccan, and 39.74 Ibs. at Gujerat. For pearls.
the ruttee = 9 grains.
ITALY. 47
Money. — 100 reas make 1 quarter.
4 quarters or 16 annas make 1 rupee, = $0.46217.
100,000 is a lac, and 10,000,000 a crore of rupees. The gold
mohur of Bombay = $7.1061.
4. PONDICHERRY.
The covid =18 inches.
The garce = 103.967 bushels.
The maund = 25.9 Ibs., the candy = 588 04 Ibs.
For gold and silver, the nello = 0.37 grains.
The gold moon pagoda = $1.6015.
5. GOA.
The covado or cubit = 26.8 inches.
The maund = 24.75 Ibs. ; the candy or bahar = 495 Ibs.
Portuguese weights and measures are somewnat used.
Ionian Islands.
With the exception of some scattered weights and measures
of Italian or of Turkish origin, the British standards have been
adopted.
Length. — The Jarda Ionia = 1 yard. The stadio = 22 yards.
Liquid Measure. — The dicotoli = 1 imperial pint ; the gallone
= 1 imperial gallon ; the barile =16 imperial gallons.
Dry Measure. — The chilo = 1 imperial bushel.
Weight. — The libbra sottile = 1 Ib. troy; the libbra grosso =
1 Ib. avoirdupois ; the centinajo or talento =100 Ibs. avoirdupois.
In old weights, the oke = 2.6998 Ibs. ; the cantaro = 118.8 Ibs.
Money. — 104 oboli = 1 Spanish dollar.
Ireland* See GREAT BRITAIN.
Italy.
For former local systems of coinage, weights, and measures,
see MODENA, PARMA, ROMAN STATES, NAPLES, SARDINIA, VENETIAN
LOMBARDY, and TUSCANY.
For weights and measures, the French metric system is em-
ployed.
The monetary system is also like that of France, the lira being
the equivalent of the franc.
JAMAICA.
The present value of the lira in United States customs is
$0.1930.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
20 lire.
Legal rate
Gold.
$3 8591
By U. S. mint assay
99 36
899
3 8470
5 "
Silver
384 00
900
0 9600
Lira.
11 U U It
ti
7680
835
0 1780
Jamaica* See WEST INDIES.
Japan.
Length.— The inc = 6.25 feet, or 1.906 metres.
The sals = 11.9291 inches, or 0.303 metre.
Capacity. — 5 itchigau make 1 gonghau.
2 ghongau " 1 ischiomasse".
10 ischiomasse " 1 ittomasse (or sjoo ?).
The itchigau is about 1.68 litres, or 1.775 quarts.
Weight. — The monme = 27.007 grains. The rjoo = 116|
grains, or 7.525 grammes.
Money. — Gold and silver ingots, whose value varies with the
demand, are used in circulation*; also coins of varying values,
those of brass and copper having central holes. The chief value
in commerce now is the yen, the equivalent of our trade dollar,
and which is received in the United States customs (1874) at
$0.997. The kobang, itzebu, and itakane, are no longer coined.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Kobang. j Two assays at U. 8. mint
" j showing 'variations
Gold.
173.76
138.72
568
572
$4.4400
8.5760
20 yen. By TJ. B mint assay . .
U
514.56
900
19.9440
Itakane -.
Silver.
2.9280
08650
" By U. 8 mint assay
H
183.92
890
0.3310
Yen. " " " "
H
416016
900
1.0400
50 sen. " " " "
U
192.96
800
0.4280
LUBECK. 49
Java.
Old Dutch weights and measures are somewhat in use. Other
weights and measures vary, having, perhaps, one value at Bantam,
and another at Batavia.
Length. — The covid = f of a yard. Other units are old Dutch.
Capacity. — The kanne = 0.394 gallon. The legger, for arrack,
= 160.0 gallons.
The bambou, at Bantam, = 0.09223 bushel, and the koyang
= 147.566 bushels. At Batavia the koyang = 62.432 bushels.
This measure is for rice.
Weight. — 10 catties make 1 gantang (for coffee) ; 100 catties
make 1 pecul. The pecul = 135.6312 pounds. The bahar at
Bantam = 396 Ibs., that used for pepper = 406.78 Ibs. ; at Bata-
via its value is 610.17 Ibs. The timbang, for grain, = 677.9625
Ibs. At Bantam the tael =0.1511 lb., and at Batavia it equals
0.0847 lb.
Money. — See NETHERLANDS. Prior to January 1, 1874, the rix-
dollar of Batavia was rated in United States customs at 75 cents.
It is divided into 48 stivers.
Liberia.
Weights, measures, and money, like the United States.
The dollar of Liberia rates in United States customs at $1.00.
Lombardy. See VENETIAN LOMBARDY, and ITALY.
Lubeck. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 12 punkte = 1 linie; 6 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1
fuss ; 2 fuss = 1 elle. The fuss = 11.335 inches.
Liquid Measure. — 2 ort = 1 planke ; 2 planken = 1 quartier ;
2 quartier = 1 kanne ; 2 kannen = 1 stiibchen ; 2 stiibchen = 1
viertel; 5 viertel = 1 anker; 4 anker = 1 ahm; 6 ahm — 1 fu-
der. The eimer is 4, and the oxhoft 30 viertel. The viertel =
1.9787 gallons.
Dry Measure.— (For wheat.) 4 fass = 1 schefiel ; 4 scheffel
t= 1 tonne • 3 tonnen = I dromt ; 8 dromt = 1 last. The scheffel
5
50 MADAGASCAR.
= 1.0097 bushels. For oats and fruit, the scheffel = 1.1213
bushels.
Weights. — 4 pfennige = 1 quentchen ; 4 quentchen = 1 loth ;
2 loth = 1 unze; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark = 1 pfund. The
pfund = 1.068744 Ibs.
Money. — 12 pfennige = 1 schilling; 16 schilling = 1 mark
(Hamburg standard). The former gold ducat = $2.271, and the
silver thaler of 2£ mark = $0.722.
Madagascar.
But little is known of the weights and measures of this island.
Length. — The rahf = 46.46 inches, or 1.18 metres. In the
northern part of Madagascar its value is double this.
Capacity. — The bambou = 0.0568 bushel.
Weight. — For gold and silver, 3 nanki = 1 vari ; 2 vari = 1
sompi. The sompi = 60 grains.
Madeira Islands. See PORTUGAL.
Some of the standards vary slightly from those of the mother
country. The libra = 1.011 Ibs. For wine, the pipa = 110 gallons.
Prior to 1873 the milrea of Madeira rated in United States customs
at $1.00.
Malabar Coast. See INDIA.
Malacca* Including STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.
Length. — At Singapore the covid or hasta = 18 inches. An-
other covid = 18.0529 inches. The jumba = 14.4 inches.
Surface. — The orlong = 1.3223 acres.
Weight. — 100 catties = 1 pecul ; 3 peculs = 1 bahar or candy.
The catty = 1.35 Ibs. ; that used for gold and silver, 2.049143 Ibs.
The mace, or miam =44.83 grains ; at Singapore, 52 grains. The
buncal, for gold (Singapore), = 822 grains. For tin, the tampang
(an equivalent of the catty) = 1.356 Ibs. ; and the kip = 40.678
pounds.
Malay Archipelago. See BORNEO, CELFBES, JAVA, SUMATRA,
the MOLUCCAS, etc.
MEXICO. 61
Malta.
Length. — The canna = 8 palmi of 10.3 inches each. The foot
= 11.17 English inches.
Capacity. — For oil, the caffiso = 5.499 gallons. -For wine, the
barile = 10.997 gallons. For corn, the salma = 8,224 bushels.
Weight — The libbra or rottolo = If Ibs. The cantaro = 100
rottoli.
Money. — 20 grani = 1 taro ; 12 tari = 1 scudo. The scudo of
Malta used to rate in United States customs at 40 cents. 30 tari
= 1 Sicilian dollar. Both dollars and doubloons circulate. The
former gold doppia or pistole of 10 scudi (before 1800) was worth
$4.6512 ; and the silver oncie (also before 1800) was worth
$1.6955.
Manilla. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
Marquesas Islands. IsTow a FRENCH COLONY.
Martinique. See WEST INDIES.
Mauritius*
The weights and measures of Great Britain, and also those of
the metric system, are used.
Money. — The current dollar of 100 cents. In public accounts
the pound sterling is the standard. The Spanish dollar, French
napoleon of 20 francs, and East India rupees, are also in circu-
lation.
Mecklenburg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
The weights and measures are those of Hamburg ; except in
the case of measures of capacity, which come from Liibeck.
Mexico.
The weights and measures are Spanish, with many local va-
riations. The metric system is now legal
In length, the vara = 32.9 inches. In liquid measure, the
frasco — 2-J quarts, and the baril = 20 gallons. In dry measure,
the fanega =1.55 bushels.
Weight — 25 libra = 1 arroba ; 4 arrobas = 1 quintal The
tercio -- 160 libra. The libra = 1.01418 Ibs.
52
MOCHA.
Money. — Formerly, the dollar was divided into 8 reals ; now,
the usual division into 100 cents is employed. The dollar is rated
in United States custom-houses at f 1.0475.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value,
Gold
$15 7471
" Newly coined. By U. 8. mint
assay
U
416.40
870*
15 6110
Doubloon. Average worn. By U. 8. mint
assay . .
41640
866
15.5300
U
19 6800
" " of Maximilian. By U. S. mint
assay . .
U
521 28
875
19 6430
20 pesos of Eepublic. By U. 8. mint as-
say
M
51888
873
195150
Peso or dollar
Silver.
1.05G7
" " " Average. By U. 8. mint
assay
(i
41568
901
*
1.0400
Peso of Maximilian . » .
u
1 0421
" " " By U. 8. mint assay.
u
413.28
902$
1.0550
Mocha* See ARABIA.
Mode n a. See also ITALY.
Length. — 6 piede = 1 cavezzo. The pie = 20.593 inches. The
braccio = 22.741 inches,
Surface. — S6 square piede = 1 square cavezzo ; 4 square ca-
vezzi = 1 tavola ; 72 tavole = 1 biolca. The biolca = 0.7009
acre.
Liquid Measure. — 2 boccali = 1 fiasco \ 20 fiasci = 1 barile.
The fiasco = 0.65028 gallon.
Dry Measure. — 2 staja = 1 sacco. The stajo = 1.9978 bushels.
Weight — 16 ferlini = 1 oncia \ 12 oncie = 1 libbra or lira.
The libbra = 0.7044- Ib.
Money. — 15 lire Modenesi = 1 seudo. The scudo = $0.8055.
Moldavia* See ROUMANIA.
Molucca Islands.
The chief islands are GILOLO, AMBOYNA, CKRAM, TERNATE, and
the BANDA group. Being under control of the Netherlands, the
NAPLES. 53
modern Dutch weights and measures are somewhat used. Still,
there are other standards resembling those of Java, Sumatra, etc.
In AMBOYNA, the bahar = 597.61 Ibs., the mace = 28£ grains,
and the tael = 455.8 grains. Hence, 16 mace = 1 tael. The
koyang = 55.3371 bushels.
In TERNATE, the catty = 1.3017 Ibs,
Montenegro.
Coinage, weights, and measures, of the neighboring countries.
M ontserrat. See WEST INDIES.
Morocco.
Length. — The codo, covid, covado, cadee, or dhra'a, as given
by different authorities, varies from 19.85 to 22.48 inches. Per-
haps 20.92 inches, or 0.5313 metre, is the best value. The pic =
26 inches.
Capacity. — The muhd or mud — 5.184 bushels.
Weight. — 100 rotl = 1 cantaro. The rotl of commerce = 1.19
Ibs. ; that of the markets = 1.7 Ibs.
Money. — Spanish dollars and doubloons circulate.
The gold boutki or bendoki = $1.9952. The silver rial of
1776 = $1.0449.
Muscat.
Length. — The covid = 39.13 inches.
Capacity. — 34 sidios = 1 ferren. The ferren = 7.9254 gallons.
Weight. — 24 kotschas = 1 maund ; 60 maunds = 1 candy.
The maund = 8f Ibs.
Money. — As in Persia and Arabia.
Naples. See also ITALY.
Length. — 5 minuti = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 palmo ; 8 palmi
= 1 canna. The palmo = 10.381 niches. 7£ palmi make 1 per-
tica or passo.
Road Measure. — The miglio of 7,000 palmi = 1.147 miles.
Surface. — The moggio of 60,625 square palmi = 0.8584 acre.
Liquid Measure. — 60 caraffi s= 1 barile ; 12 barile — 1 botta,
2 botti = 1 carro. The caraffa = 0.1929 gallon. This scale ia
54 NATAL.
for wine and spirits. For oil, 6 misurelle = 1 quarto; 16 quarti
= 1 stajo ; 16 staja = 1 salma. The stajo is sometimes divided
into 20 pignate. The stajo = 2.61633 gallons.
Dry Measure. — 24 misure = 1 tomolo ; 36 tomoli ~ 1 carro.
The tomolo = 1,5646 bushels.
Weight. — In general commerce the rotolo of 2£ libbre is used,
the libbra = 0.70722 Ib. avoirdupois. The same libbra occurs in
the following tables :
1. Weight for gold, silver, silk, spices, drugs, and colors. 20
•ccini = 1 trapeso j 3 trapesi or scrupoli = 1 dramma ; 10 dramme
= 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra.
2. Apothecaries' weight. 20 accini = 1 scrupolo ; 3 scrupoli
= 1 drachma ; 10 drachme = 1 oncia ; 12 oneie = 1 libbra.
Money. — 10 grani = 1 carlino ; 2 carlini = 1 taro ; 5 tari = 1
ducato.
The ducat, by United States law of 1846, rated at 80 cents.
The gold oncetta, or 3-ducati de regno, = $2.5067. The silver
ducato = $0.8265. Scudo or piastre, of 12 carlini, = $0.992 ; or,
by United States mint assay, $0.9437.
Natal. See CAPE OP GOOD HOPE.
Netherlands* Colonial Possessions: JAYA, SUMATRA, parts of
BORNEO, BANCA, CELEBES, the MOLUCCAS, other smaller islands
in the EAST INDIES, and part of NEW GUINEA. In America,
DUTCH GUIANA, CURACOA, and other WEST INDIA ISLANDS.
Since 1817 the weights and measures of Holland have been of
the metric system ; merely some of the old Dutch names have
been retained. Compare FRANCE.
Length. — The streep or millimetre, duim or centimetre, palm
or decimetre, el or metre, roede or decametre, and mijle or kilo-
metre. Before 1817 the voet was a measure of 11.15 inches, and
the old Amsterdam el was 27.08 inches.
Surface. — The vierkante roede or are, and the bunder or hec-
tare.
Liquid Measure. — The vingerhoed or centilitre, maatje or
decilitre, kan or litre, and vat or hectolitre.
NEW CALEDONIA.
55
Dry Measure. — The maatje or decilitre, kop or litre, schepel or
decalitre, mudde or hectolitre, scheepston (wisse) or kilolitre, and
last or 30 hectolitres.
Wdgld. — The korrel or decigramme, wigtje or gramme, lood or
decagramme, ons or hectogramme, Niederlandsch pond or kilo-
gramme, and centnaar of 100 kilogrammes.
In apothecaries' weight a pond of 375 grammes is subdivided
into ounces, drachms, scruples, and grains, exactly as in the United
States and Great Britain.
Money. — 5 cents make 1 stiver.
20 stivers " 1 florin or guilder, = $0.4084.
50 stivers " 1 rijksdaaler.
Formerly, 12 groot made 1 schilling. In United States cus-
toms the florin now rates at $0.405. Formerly it rated at $0.40.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Double Wilb
Double duca
•William. 10
B
Ducat .
am. 20 florins, about
t
Gold.
Silver.
Bi on.
Co per.
207.65T
10T.825
103.828
103.200
53.912
51.914
385.750
900
983
900
899
983
900
945
$8.0514
4.5668
4.0257
8.9970
2.2884
2.0128
1.0212
1.3189
0.4084-
0.2042
0.1021
0.0408
0.0204
0.1021
0.0408
0.0204
0.0102
0.0041
0.0041
0.0020
0.0020
florins, abou
Y U. S. mint
t ...
assay
Half-William
Bijksdaaler.
grammes
Ryder. (Fo
Guilder, or fl
Half-guilder
J-guilder.
T\i "
3fr "
25 cents.
10 "
5 "
2^ "
Cent
J-Cent.
2* florins. Weight 25
r colonial tra<
orin. 10 gra
5
[For colonies}
<" u
Pays-Bas.
Colonies.
Pays-Bas.
Colonies.
le )
mines weight.
154.820
77.160
49.067
19.315
9.414
55.162
21.605
10.570
192.875
74.064
59.828
29.664
85.494
945
945
720
720
720
640
640
640
\
Nevis. See WEST INDIES.
New Brunswick. See CANADA.
New Caledonia. (French Colony.)
56 NEWFOUNDLAND.
Newfoundland. See CANADA.
New Granada. See COLOMBIA.
New South Wales. See AUSTRALIA.
New Zealand. Same as AUSTRALIA.
Nicaragua. See CENTRAL AMERICA.
Norway. (See SWEDEN for modern system.)
Length. — 12 linie make 1 turn.
12 turn " -lfot,= 11.6904 inches, or 0.297 metre,
2 fot " 1 aln.
3 aln « 1 fainn.
5 " "1 rode.
Road Measure. — The mill of 36,000 fot, and grenzmiil of
80,000 fot. The latter = 5.5352 miles.
Surface. — The tunna or tondeland = 56,000 square fot. 4
kappland = 1 fjerding ; 4 fjerding = 1 spannland ; 2 spannland
= 1 tondeland. The tondeland =1.2132 acres.
Solid. — 1 vedfamn = 108 cubic fot, or 99.855 cubic feet.
Liquid Measure. —
4 jungfrus make 1 qwarter.
4 qwarters " 1 stop.
2 stops " 1 kanna, = 0.69106 gallon, or
2.617 litres.
48 kannas make 1 tunna.
J)ry Measure. —
4 orts make 1 qwarter.
4 qwarters " 1 stop.
2 stops " 1 kanna.
7 kannas " 1 fjerding.
4 fjerdings " 1 span, == 2.0786 bushels, or
73.2419 litres.
2 spans make 1 tunna.
The tunna also = 32 kappe.
PALESTINE.
Weight. — 4 qwintin make 1 lod.
2 lod " 1 untz.
16 untz " 1 skalpund, = 0.93Y3 Ib.
This pund is divided into 8,848 as.
20 skalpunds make 1 lispund.
400 " " 1 skippund.
Apothecaries use a pund of 7,416 as, which is divided into
untzs, drachmas, scrupels, and grans, as in England.
For gold and silver, the mark, of 4,384 as, is divided into 8
untzs, 16 lods, and 64 qwintins.
Money. — 12 runstycken make 1 skilling.
120 skilling " 1 riksdaler, = $1.0929.
Former value of the riksdaler in United^tates custom-houses,
$1.06. The crown now rates (Secretary of the Treasury, 1874) at
$0.268.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Kiksdaler or specie-daler
Silver.
446 683
875
$1 0929
" " By U. 8. mint
H
444960
877
1 0840
11
2'>3 841
875
0 5464
1 ort
It
92129
878
0 21S6
12 skilling
H
44.598
878
0 1093
Bronze
0 0864
2 "
0 0182
1 "
u
0 0091
• u
<t
0 0046
Nova Scotia* See CANADA.
Nubia. See EGYPT.
Oldenburg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
The former gold pistole = $3.9593.
Ottoman Empire. See TURKEY.
Palestine. See TURKEY.
58 PARAGUAY.
Paraguay.
The peso of Paraguay rates in United States customs at $1.00.
Weights and measures of Spanish origin.
Parma. JSee also ITALY.
Length. — 12 atomi = 1 punto; 12punti=l oncia; 12 oncie
= 1 braccio di legno ; 6 braccia = 1 pertica. This braccio =
21.344 inches. The pie is a measure of 22.428 inches.
Surface. — 12 tavola = 1 staro; 6 stari = 1 biolca of 288
square pertica. The biolca = 0.7528 acre.
Liquid Measure. — As at Milan. See VENETIAN LOMBARDY.
Dry Measure. — 8 quarteroli = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo or
staro. The stajo = 1.334 bushels.
Weight. — 24 granuc= 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 oncia ; 1 2 oncie
= 1 libbra; 25 libbre = 1 rubbio. The libbra = 0.7197 pound.
Money. — The gold sequin, or zecchino, = $2.2691. Gold pis-
tole = $4.2676. Gold 20-lire = $3.8591. Silver ducato (prior
to 1815) = $0.9933.
Persia.
No regular system of weights and measures applies to the
whole country.
Length. — The archin arisen = 38.28 inches, and the archin
schah = 31.46 inches. At Ispahan, the guerze or gueza = 37.39
inches, or 0.949 metre.
Capacity. — 4 sextarios make 1 chenica.
2 chenicas " 1 capicha.
25 capichas " 1 artaba, or arta, = 1.8514 bush-
els, or 65.236 litres.
The artaba also equals 8 collothun.
Weight. — 2 mascais make 1 dirhem.
50 dirhems " 1 rattel.
6 rattels " 1 batman.
In Tauris the batman = 6.3408 Ibs. ; in Shiraz its value is
double the above. In Ispahan, the mahnd shah = 13.6601 Ibs. ;
while in Shiraz, Bushire, and Gamri, its value is 27.3202 Ibs. In
Teheran, the rik of 1,600 miskal = 17.075 Ibs.
POLAND.
59
Money. — 5 dinars make 1 kasbequis.
2 kasbequis " 1 dinar-bisti.
5 dinars-bisti " 1 shatree.
2 shatrees " 1 mahmoodi.
2 mahmoodis " 1 abassi.
50 abassi " 1 tomaun. In gold, = $2.2437.
There is also a half-tomaun in gold. In silver, the sahibkiran
of Mohammed Shah = $0.2243 ; but this coin varies in value un-
der different rulers.
Pern.
Weights and measures of Spanish origin.
The vara = 33.367 inches. The libra = 1.014286 Ibs., the
quintal = 100 libra, and the fanega = 140 libra.
Money. — A system based on the French was adopted in 1863..
In it the sol (divided into 100 cents) is the equivalent of 5 franca,
In United States customs the sol now rates at $0.9650.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Piece of 20 sols, — 100 francs
Gold.
$19.2953
« » « « By U. S. mint assay
Old doubloon. " " u "
506.40
898
19.2130
15 5567
Old dollar. " " " "
Dollar of 1858. " " " "
Half-dollar, 1836-1838. By U. 8, mint
assay
Silver.
415.63
367.68
20T.84
901
909
650
1.0480
0.92SO
0.8750
Sol. By U. S. mint assay
it
384.96
900
0.9600
" Legal value
H
0 9726
Philippine Islands. (Colony of SPAIN.)
The pecul = 139.45 Ibs.
The caban of rice = 133 Ibs. ; of cocoa, 83| Ibs.
Poland* See RUSSIA, AUSTRIA, and PRUSSIA.
The former standards of Krakau (Cracow, in Austrian Poland)
are worth partially citing.
Length.— The stopa (of 12 calow, etc.) = 14.032 inches.
^
'UNIVEESITY;
80 PORTO RICO.
Liquid Measure. — The garniec = 0.99145 gallon. That of
Warsaw was 1.05671 gallons.
Dry Measure. — The korzec = 3.4082 bushels. At Warsaw,
8.6324 bushels.
Weight— The funt (of 2 mark or 48 skoyciec) = 0.895 Ibs.
Money. — The former gold ducat (25 zloty) = $2.9887.
The silver zloty = $0.1146. There were also pieces of 2, 6
and 10 zloty.
Porto Rico. See WEST INDIES.
Portugal. Colonial Possessions. — The MADEIRA, AZORES, and
CAPE VERDE ISLANDS, ISLAND OP ST. THOMAS, parts of GUINEA,
MOZAMBIQUE, GOA, and other cities in INDIA, MACAO in CHINA,
TIMOR and other islands in the MALAY ARCHIPELAGO.
The metric system has lately been adopted. The old style
was as follows :
Length. — 12 pontos make 1 linha.
12 linhas " 1 pollegada.
8 pollegadas " 1 palmo da craveira.
3 palmos " 1 covado.
5 palmos " 1 vara, = 43.28 inches, or 1.099
metres.
2 varas " 1 braya.
The grao = 2 linhas, and the dedo = 8 linhas.
Road Measure. — 8 estadios make 1 milha, = 1.2786 miles.
3 milhas " 1 legoa.
Surface. — The geira is 4,840 square varas, = 1.4287 acres.
Cubic. — Timber is measured in cubic pollegadas, earth in cubio
bra9as, brick and stone work in cubic palmas.
Liquid Measure. —
4 quartilhos make 1 Canada.
6 canadas " 1 alquiere, pote, or cantaro.
2 alquieres " 1 almude.
In Lisbon the alquie"re = 2.18475 gallons, or 8.6299 litres.
" Oporto " " = 3.31279 " " 12.5399 "
26 almude make 1 pipa or bota.
2 pipas " 1 tonekda.
PORTUGAL.
61
Dry Measure. —
2 maquias make 1 outava.
2 outavas " 1 quarto.
4 quartos " 1 alquiere.
4 alquieres " 1 fanga.
15 fangas " 1 moio.
The fanga of Lisbon = 1.5347 bushels, or 54.0768 litre*
" " " Oporto = 1.9374 u " 62.2663 "
For coal, in Lisbon, the fanga = 21.1667 bushels.
Weight. — 24 graos make 1 scrupulo.
3 scrupulos " 1 outava.
8 outavas
16 on9as
grammes.
32 arratels
4 arrobas
1 arratel, = 1.01186 Ibs., or 459
1 arroba.
1 quintal.
13| quintals " 1 tonelada.
For gold and silver, a marco of £ arratel is used. Apothecaries
have a libra of 12 on9as, or £ arratel.
Money. — The rei is an imaginary money of account, the sum
of 1,000 reis being called a milreis. A million of reis is a conto
of reis.
20 reis make 1 vintem.
100
320
400
480
1,000
1 tostao or testoon.
1 crusado.
1 sello or new crusado.
1 milreis.
The milreis now rates in United States customs at $1.0847.
The British pound rates in Portugal at 4,500 reis, and the
French franc at 180 reis.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Ooroa. (Crown 5 000 reis )
Gold.
85 8257
" By U 8 mint assay .... .
U
147 84
912
5 8070
Milreis
Silver
1 0815
600 reis. By U S. mint assay
192 00
912
0*4860
82 PEINGE EDWARD'S ISLAND.
Prince Edward's Island* See CANADA.
Prussia. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length.— -12 scrupel = 1 lime; 12 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll =
1 Rheiufuss. This fuss = 12.357 inches, or 0.3138 metre. 12
Rheinfuss = 1 ruthe. The elle = 2^ fuss. Surveyors divide the
ruthe decimally into 10 decimal fuss, 100 zoll, and 1,000 linien.
Road Measure. — The postmeile of 24,000 Rheinfuss = 4.6807
miles, or 7.532721 kilometres.
Surface. — The morgen of 180 square ruth en = 0.6309 acre.
Liquid Measure. — 2 ossel = 1 quartier ; 30 quartier = 1 an-
ker ; 2 anker = 1 eimer ; 2 eimer = 1 ohm ; 6 ohm = 1 fuder.
The anker = 9.07319 gallons, or 34.345 litres
Dry Measure. — 4 masschen — 1 metze ; 4 metzen = 1 viertel ;
4 viertel = 1 scheffel ; 12 scheffel = 1 malter ; 6 malter = 1 last.
The wispel =18 scheffel. The scheffel =1.5597 bushels, or
64.9577 litres.
Cubic Measure.— The klafter = 108 cubic Rheinfuss, = 117.8
cubic feet. The haufen = 4£ klafter.
Weight. — Formerly, the pfund (= 1.03118 Ibs. avoirdupois)
was divided into marks, unzen, loth, and quentchen, as in most
of the other German states (for example, Hanover and Ham-
burg). This pfund was represented by •£$ of a cubic Rheinfuss of
distilled water, weighed in vaeuo> at the temperature of 65f ° Fahr.
16£ pfund made 1 liespfund, and 20 liespfund made 1 schiffpfund.
22 pfund made the stein, and 5 stein the centner, The more mod-
ern scale is as follows :
10 zent = 1 quentchen ; 10 quentchen = 1 loth; 30 loth = 1
pfund ; 100 pfund = 1 centner ; 3 centner = 1 tonne. This pfund
is. the Zollverein pfund of 500 grammes, or 1.1023 Ibs.
For gold and silver, the mark of -J- the old pfund is divided into
16 loth or 288 gran.
Apothecaries' weight as in Nuremberg. See GERMAN EMPIRE.
Money. — For recent system, see GERMAN EMPIRE. Formerly,
12 pfennige made 1 groschen, 30 silbergroschen made 1 thaler.
Still earlier, the thaler was divided into 24 gute groschen. The
thaler equals in weight ^ of a Cologne mark of fine silver.
ROMAN STATES.
63
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Old ten-thaler piece. By IT. S. mint
Gold
204 960
903
$7 9710
Old Friedrich d'or
4 0096
Old ducat
it
2 0048
V ereinskrone.
<t
171 278
900 ,'
6 64615
It
85637
900
8 3^308
Doppeltchaler. 2 thalers
Silver
571 555
900
1 4409
Tlialer ....
2S5 778
900
0 7204
" By U. S. mint assay
285 600
900
0 7140
" Old. Before 185T. By CT. S. mint
assay
341 760
750
0 7120
Seohstelthaler, or 5 groschen
520
0 1201
2$-silbergroschenstiick
Silbergroschen.
Bi on.
375
220
0.0600
0 0240
220
0 Qi20
4 pfennige
0 0080
3 '• ...
0 0060
2 "
0 0040
0 0020
Queensland. See AUSTRALIA.
Roman States. See also ITALY.
Length. — The commercial palmo = 8.796 inches ; the mer-
cer's palmo = 8.347 inches; the architect's palmo = 8.79 inches.
The pie = 11.592 inches ; at Ancona, 15.384 inches. The canna
= 78.4 inches, the braccio of Rome = 30.732, and the braccio of
Ancona= 25^ inches. Architects divide their palmo into 1 2 oncie of
10 decimi each ; 10 of these palmi make 1 canna, and the catena
of 10 stajoli is 57| palmi. There is also an architect's pie or foot
of 16 oncie, = 11 72 inches.
Surface. — The rubbio of 370,300 square architect's palmi =
4.5658 acres. It has various subdivisions.
Liquid Measure. — 4 quartucci = 1 foglietta ; 4 fogliette = 1
boccale; 32 boccale = 1 barile ; 16 barile = 1 botte. For wine,
the barile = 15.412, and for oil 15.185 gallons. In Bologna, 4
fogliette = 1 boccale; 15 boccale = 1 quarterone; 4 quarterone
= 1 corba. This boccale = 0.346 gallon. The soma = 18.49
gallons at Ancona, and 43.386 gallons at Rome.
Dry Measure. — 4 quartucci = 1 scorzo ; If scorzi = 1 sta-
rello ; 4 starelli = 1 quarta ; 4 quarte = 1 rubbio. At Rome, the
64 ROUMANIA.
rubbio = 8.355 bushels ; at Ancona, 7.974 bushels. In Bologna,
4 quarticini = 1 quarterone ; 4 quarterone = 1 stajo ; 2 staja =
1 corba. This corba is the same as in liquid measure, and = 2.232
bushels (20.7617 gallons, liquid).
Weight. — 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 oncia; 12 on-
*ie = 1 libbra. In Bologna, 4 grani = I carato ; 10 carati = 1
ferlino ; 2 ferlini = 1 ottavo ; 8 ottavi = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 lib-
bra. The libbra = 0.7477 Ib. at Rome, 0.7984 at Bologna, and
0.7277 at Ancona.
Monet/. — 10 bajocchi = 1 paolo ; 10 paoli = 1 scudo.- The
scudo (of 1835) = $1.0465. The Madonna scudo of Bologna =
$1.0445. In gold, the 10 scudi Romani of 1853 = $10.47 ; and the
zecchino of Rome and Bologna prior to 1835 = $2.276. A modern
piece of 2£ scudi, by United States mint assay, is worth $2.6047.
Roumaiiia. (MOLDAVIA and WALLACHIA.)
Length. — The palma = 10.89 inches. The khalebi, for wool-
ens, = 26.43 inches, and the kot, for silk and linen, = 24.86
inches. The endaseh is 26.08 inches.
Capacity.— The viadra of 10 oka = 3.7434 gallons, or 14.1699
litres. The kilo = 12.345 bushels, or 434.98 litres.
Weight. — 4 litra =• 1 oka or occha ; 44 okas == 1 cantaro. The
oka = 2.818 Ibs., or 1.2786 kilogrammes.
Money. — 100 ban para = 1 piastre or lei. The lei is meant to
be the equivalent of the franc. The silver piece of 2 lei, by
United States mint assay, weighs 154.56 grains, is 835 fine, and
worth $0.358.
Russia.
Length. — 12 linia make 1 duhne.
12 duimes " 1 foute, = 1 English foot, or
0.304761 metre.
7 foutes make 1 sagene, sashen, or sachine.
4 verschoks make 1 tchetverk.
4 tchetverk " 1 archeen, archine, or arsheen.
3 archines " 1 sachine, = 7 feet, or 2.1335
metres.
RUSSIA. 66
Road Measure. — The verst or werst = 500 sacliines, or 3,600
feet. The Lithuanian meile = 4.9958 miles, or 8.039816 kilo-
metres.
Surface. — The deciatine = 2,400 square sachines, or 2.6997
acres.
Liquid Measure. — 100 tcharkas = 1 vedro ; 3 vedros = 1 an-
ker ; 40 vedros = 1 sarakowaja. The vedro = the volume of
750.57 cubic inches of distilled water, or 30 pounds weighed in
vacuo at the temperature of 16f° Centigrade.
2 quars make 1 polou-stoff.
2 polou-stoffs " 1 stoff.
4 stoffs " 1 polou-vedro.
2 polou-vedros " 1 vedro.
The kronchka is -fa vedro. The vedro = 3.249 gallons, or
12.299 litres.
Dry Measure. —
2 garnetz make 1 tschetverka.
4 tschetverkas " 1 tschetverik.
2 tschetveriks " 1 pajak.
2 pajaks " 1 osmina.
2 osminas " 1 tschetviert, or chetviert.
The tschetverik = 0.7446 bushel, or 26.2367 litres.
Weight. — 96 dolis make 1 zolotnick.
3 zolotnicks " 1 loth.
8 " "1 lana.
12 lanas " 1 funte, = 0.9028 lb., or 0.4095
kilogramme.
40 funtes " 1 pood or pud.
10 poods " 1 berkowitz or berkovetz.
3 berkovetz " 1 packen.
Ir pharmacy, the funte is f of the commercial funte, and is sub-
divided, as hi England and Germany, into ounces, drachms, scru-
ples, and grams.
Monet/. — 100 copecks make 1 ruble or rouble. The ruble =
$0.7779 ; or, in United States customs (1874), $0.7717. Before
1800 the ruble was of somewhat greater value.
66
ST. BARTHOLOMEW.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Half-imperial. 5 rubles ... ....
Gold.
Silver.
u
u
u
Bronze.
100.842
100.800
820.362
320.160
159.838
80.948
64.827
48.020
32.928
16.464
880
916
833
875
833
8-33
833
820
820
820
$3.9869
3.9760
0.7779
0.7780
0.8889
0.1945
0.1556
0.1167
0.0778
0.0390
0.0078
0.0039
0.0020
" Bj U. S. mint assay
Ruble
" By U 8 mint assay
Half-ruble or poltinnik
Quarter-ruble or tschetvertak ... .
Fifth-ruble, or abassis
15 copecks or zloty-polski
5 " " piatak
Copeck .
Polushka v
St. Bartholomew. See WEST INDIES.
St. Christopher's or Kitt's. See WEST INDIES.
St. Eustatius. See WEST INDIES.
St. Helena. (British Colony.)
St. John. See WEST INDIES.
St. Martin. See WEST INDIES.
St. Thomas. See WEST INDIES.
St. Vincent. See WEST INDIES.
Sandwich Islands.
Weights, measures, and money, as in the UNITED STATES.
The barrel of whale-oil = 31| gallons.
San Salvador. See CENTRAL AMERICA.
Santa Cruz, or St. Croix. See WEST INDIES.
Santa Lucia. See WEST INDIES.
Santo Domingo. See WEST INDIES.
SARDINIA. 67
Sardinia. See also ITALY.
Length. — 12 atomi = 1 punto; 12 punti = 1 oncia . 12 oncie
= 1 pie liprando. This pie = 20.228 inches. In Genoa there
is a pie manuale = f the above. In the same city, 5% oncie — 1
palmo ; 2£ palmi = 1 braccio ; and about 9 palmi = 1 canna. In
Turin and Piedmont generally, 6 piede liprando = 1 trabucco ; 2
trabucci — 1 pertica. The raso = 14 oncie.
Road Measure. — The miglio (4333$ piede liprando) = 1.3835
miles.
Surface. — In Piedmont the giornata of 100 square pertica =
0.9393 acre.
Liquid Measure. — In Genoa, 90 amole or 50 pinte = 1 barile ;
2 barili = 1 mezzaruola. This barile = 17.084 gallons.
In Piedmont (Turin), 2 quartini = 1 boccale ; 2 boccali = 1
•»inta ; 6 pinte = 1 rubbio ; 6 rubbi = 1 brenta ; 10 brente = 1
carro. The rubbio = 2.4804 gallons.
Dry Measure. — In Genoa, 12 gombette = 1 quarto ; 8 quarti
= 1 mina. The mina = 3.4257 bushels.
In Turin, 20 cucchiari = 1 copello ; 4 copelli = 1 quartiere ;
2 quartiere = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo ; 3 staje = 1 sacco. The
sacco = 3.2635 bushels.
Weight. — In Genoa, 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1
oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra ; 1-J libbre = 1 rottolo. The libbra
= 0.70021 Ib. ; in peso g rosso it is -fa higher.
In Piedmont (Turin), 24 granotini = 1 grano ; 24 grani = 1
denaro ; 3 denari = 1 ottavo ; 8 ottavi = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1
libbra. This libbra = 0.81332 Ib. The marco, for gold and sil-
ver, is | libbra. The apothecaries' libbra is !$• marco.
Money.— 100 centesimi = 1 lira nuova. The lira = $0.193.
The silver livre of Genoa formerly rated in United States custom-
houses at 21 cents.
Former Coinage. — In Genoa, the gold zecchino or sequin,
coined for the Levantine trade, = $2.2906. The gold dopia or
Genovine, old, = $23.5913 ; new, = $14.9082. The doppie (20
lire nuove) of Sardinia = $3.8591. The carlino of Piedmont
(1786) = $27.4582 ; of Sardinia (1773) = $9.4586. The silver
Bcudo (6 lire Piedmontese), before 1800, = $1.3689. The scu«to
or scutcheon dollar of Sardinia (2£ lire of S.), 1773, = $0.9091.
68 SAXONY.
Saxony. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 10 linien = 1 zoll ; 12 zoll = 1 fuss ; 2 fuss -- 1
elle ; 8 ellen = 1 ruthe. The fuss = 11.148 inches, and the ar-
chitect's fuss of Leipsic = 11.13 inches.
Road Measure.— The postmeile (24,000 fugs) =- 4.223 miles.
The polizei-meile (32,000 fuss) = 5.6303 miles.
Surface. — The morgen of 76,800 square fuss = 1.5216 acres.
Liquid Measure. — 4 quartier = 1 nossel ; 2 nossel = 1 kanne ;
63 kannen = 1 eimer ; 2 eimer = 1 ohm; 6 ohm = 1 fuder.
Also, 54 kannen = 1 anker ; 3 eimer = 1 oxhoft ; 5 eimer = 1
fass. The kanne = 0.3181 gallon. In Dresden the measures are
£ smaller than the above, which belong to Leipsic.
Dry Measure. — 4 masschen = 1 metze ; 4 metzen = 1 viertel ;
4 viertel = 1 scheffel; 12 scheffel = 1 malter; 2 malter = 1 wis-
pel. The scheffel = 2.9485 bushels.
Weight. — 15 gran = 1 pfennig ; 4 pfennige = 1 quentlein ; 4
quentlein — 1 loth ; 2 loth = 1 unze ; 8 unzen = 1 mark ; 2 mark
= 1 pfund. The pfund = 1.0306 Ibs. The centner =110 pfund.
For apothecaries' weight, see GERMA.N EMPIRE.
Money. — 12 pfennige = 1 neugroschen ; 30 neugroschen = 1
thaler. Values as in Prussia.
The former August d'or (and double August d'or hi same pro-
portion) = $4.0098. The former specie-thaler of 24 gute groschen
(IJ thaler) = $1.091.
Sennaar. See EGYPT.
Servia.
Length.— The archine = 28.0 inches, or 0.711 metre.
Weight.— 100 drachm = 1 litra ; 4 litra = 1 oka. The oka -*
2.8188 Ibs., or 1.2786 kilogrammes.
Money. — 80 para = 1 piastre. The piastre = $0.0794.
Siam.
Length. — 2 soks make 1 ken.
2 kens " 1 vouah, = 6.306 feet, or 1.922 metres
SOUTH AUSTRALIA. 69
Road Measure. — The roenung of 2,000 vouahs = 2.3886 miles,
tt 3.84401 kilometres.
Capacity. —
40 sats make 1 sesti, = 0.33462 bushel, or 11.7908 litres.
40 sesti " 1 cohi.
In liquid measure the cohi = 13.385 gallons, or 50.6662 litres.
Weight,—
4 ticals make 1 tael.
20 taels " 1 catty.
50 catties " 1 pecul, = 133.35 Ibs., or 60.488 kilo-
grammes.
Money. — Gold ticals, each equal to 10 silver 'ticals. The latter
is worth about 61 cents, United States coinage.
Siberia. See RUSSIA.
Sicily* See also NAPLES, and ITALY.
Length. — 8 palmi = 1 canna. The palmo = 9.5297 inches.
Liquid Measure. — The salma = 22 gallons.
Dry Measure. — The salma generate =7.8 bushels ; the salma
grosso = 10 bushels.
Weight.— The libbra of 12 oncie = 0.70723 Ib. The rottolo
grosso of 33 oncie = 1.925 Ibs. ; the rottolo sottile of 3O oncie —
1.75 Ibs.
Money. — 20 grani = 1 taro ; 12 tari = 1 scudo; 2-J scudi = 1
oncia. The silver Sicilian scudo of 1785 = $0.9833. Prior to
1873 the oncia rated in United States custom-houses at $2.40.
Sierra "Leone. (British Colony.)
Society Islands. (French Colony.)
Sooloo Archipelago*
The mace = 58.33 grains. The tael = 0.0833 Ib. The lachsa
= 66| Ibs., or 30.236 kilogrammes.
Soudan. Bee EGYPT.
South Australia. See AUSTRALIA.
70 SPAItf.
Spain. Colonial Possessions. — CANARY ISLANDS, CUBA, PORTO
Rico, etc. ; PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, part of NEW GUINEA. See
also BALEARIC ISLANDS.
The metric system of weights and measures is now the legal
system. Its units have Spanish names, however, as " litro," " me-
tro," etc. The following tables belong to the old system, as used
in Madrid :
Length.— 12 puntos = 1 linea ; 12 lineas = 1 pulgada ; 6 pul-
gadas = 1 sestna ; 2 sesmas = 1 pie (foot) ; 3 pies = 1 vara ; 4
varas = 1 estadal. The pie = 11.128 inches ; also, 9 lineas = 1
dedo ; 12 dedos =. 1 palma.
Road Measure. — The legua of 8,000 varas = 4.2151 miles.
Surface. — The yugada, of 50 fanegadas, or 460,800 square
varas, = 79.355 acres.
Liquid Measure. — 4 copas = 1 quartillo or cuartillo ; 4 quar-
tillos = 1 aziunbre ; 8 azumbres = 1 arroba mayor or cantara.
This arroba = 4.26304 gallons, and is supposed to contain the
weight of 35 libras of pure water. The arroba for oil, divided
into 4 quartillos or 100 panillas, '= only 3.31853 gallons.
Dry Measure. — 4 ochavillos = 1 racion ; 4 raciones = 1 quar-
tillo ; 2 quartillos = 1 medio ; 2 medios = 1 almude ; 12 almudes
= 1 fanega ; 12 fanegas = 1 cahiz. The fanega = 1.599 bushels.
Weight. — 12 granos = 1 tomin ; 3 tomines = 1 adarme ; 2
adarmes = 1 ochava or dracma ; 8 ochavas = 1 onza ; 8 onzas
= 1 marco ; 2 marcos = 1 libra. The libra = 1.016097 Ibs. The
apothecaries' libra = 0.7615 Ib.
25 common libras = 1 arroba; .4 arrobas = 1 quintal; 20
quintals = 1 tonelada.
Money. — The peseta of 100 centimes = 1 French franc.
Formerly, 20 reals vellon, or lOf reals of plate, made 1 duro,
piastre, or dollar. Also, 10 reals made 1 escudo ; each real being
divided into 10 declines.
SWEDEN.
71
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Doblon 10 escudos ....
Gold.
Si ver.
Br nze.
129.411
129.984
51.764
25.882
128.640
103.200
900
896
900
900
896
896}
$5.1678
5.0150
2.0088
1.0019
4.9640
3.8G10
4.9861
16.1154
1.0100
0.96UO
0.5049
0.2020
0.1780
0.1010
0.0505
0.0252
0.0126
0.0050
0.00-^6
" " " By U. S. mint assay.
2 "
100 reals. By U. 8. mint assay
80 " " u " "
Recent duro or dollar. 2 escudos
Dollar of 5 pesetas. By U. S. mint assay.
400.563
384.000
200.281
80.113
76.800
40.057
20.028
192.900
96.450
38.580
19.290
900
900
900
810
885
810
810
Peseta. Former
" Present. By U. S. mint assay.
j>eal
Medio real. \ Th . contain 95
££?• f fflSper'4tto-
Media-decima. ) and zmc'
Sumatra.
Length. — 2 jankal = 1 etto ; 2 etto = 1 hailoh ; 4 hailoh = 1
tung. The tung = 4 yards, or 12 feet. ,
Capacity.— The koolah = 0.1173 bushel. The pakha=: 0.14535
gallon.
Weight. — The catty = 2.118 Ibs. ; the maund, 77 Ibs. ; the pe-
cul, 133^ Ibs. ; the candil, 423| Ibs. For camphor, the ootan=4 Ibs.
Surinam. See GUIANA.
Sweden. See also NORWAY.
The systems here are decimal, but based upon former units.
Length. — 10 linien make 1 turn.
10 turn " 1 fot, = 11.679 inches, or 0.2966
metre.
10 fot " 1 stang.
10 stang " 1 ref.
Surface. — The square ref, of 10,000 square fot, = 0.2175 acre,
or 8.8007 ares.
. Capacity. — In both wet and dry measure cubes of the measures
of length are used ; as, the cubic turn, cubic fot, etc. In both wet
and dry measures the canna is -fa of a cubic fot, and equals
72
SWITZERLAND.
2.617188 litres. In dry measure this = 0.7428 bushel. In liquid
measure it = 0.6914 gallon.
Weights.— 100 korns make 1 ort.
100 orta " 1 skalpund, = 0.93379 lb., or
423.57 grammes.
100 skalpunds make 1 centner.
100 centners " 1 last.
Money. — 100 ore make 1 riksdaler-ryksmint, or crown. The
former riksdaler silfver was 48 skillings of 12 ore each. The
crown now rates in United States custom-houses at $0.268. The
riksdaler, prior to 1873, rated at $1.06.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Weight.
Material.
Fineness.
Value.
Gold.
214.909
976
$9.0420
Two "
107.455
976
45210
Ducat
u
53 727
976
2 2005
" By U. S mint assay
«
58.280
975
2.2370
Carolin (10 francs). By U. S. mint assay.
it
Silver
49.920
523 531
900
750
1.9350
1 10:>3
J-Kiksdaler silfver
261.765
750
05512
u
130 887
750
02756
" By U. S. mint assay.
r riksdaler silfver. 10-ore
131.040
52353
750
750
0.2730
0 1102
" " 6-ore
00551
2-ore. ..
00220
Ore
u
00110
j-ore
u
0.0055
Switzerland*
Prior to 1856, almost every canton in Switzerland had its own
system of weights and measures. The present uniform system is
upon a semi-metric basis.
Length. — 10 traits make 1 ligne.
10 lignes '
10 pouces "
timetres.
2 pieds "
2 braches "
3 aunes "
1 pouce.
1 pied, = 11.8112 inches, or 30 cen-
1 brache.
1 aune.
1 toise.
The perche = 10 pieds.
TRINIDAD. 73
Road Measure. — The lieue of 16,000 pieds = 2.983 miles, 01
4.8 kilometres.
Surface. — The arpent, 400 pieds square, = 3.558 acres, or 1.44
hectares.
Liquid Measure. —
25 pots make 1 setier.
4 setiers " 1 muid.
The pot is subdivided into fa £, and $•. It represents -jV cubic
pied, or the bulk of 3 livres weight of pure water at the tempera-
ture of 4° Centigrade. The pot = 1.585 quarts, or 1.5 litres.
Dry Measure. — 10 emines make 1 quateron (usually divided
into \ and T^). 10 quaterons make 1 sac.
There is a double quateron also. The quateron, f of a cubic
pied, is the volume of 30 livres of pure water at 4° Centigrade. It
is equal to 0.425 Y bushel, or 15 litres. .
Weight. — The livre or pfund of the Zollverein is used, equal
to 1.1023 Ibs., or 500 grammes. 100 livres make 1 quintal. 2
loth = 1 once ; 16 onces = 1 livre.
The livre of pharmacy =375 grammes, and is divided into 12
onces, and these again are subdivided into drachmes, scrupules,
and grains, as in England.
Money. — 100 rappen make 1 franc. This franc is tiie exact
equivalent of the French franc. See FRANCE.
By United States mint assay, the silver 2-franc piece of Swit.
zerland weighs 153.6 grains, is 835 fine, and worth $0.356.
Syria. See TURKEY.
Tahiti. See SOCIETY ISLANDS.
Tasmania. Like AUSTRALIA.
Tobago. See WEST INDIES.
ronquin. See ANNAM.
Tortola. See WEST INDIES.
Trinidad. See WEST INDIES.
7
74 TRIPOLI.
Tripoli.
BARCA and FEZZAN have the same weights and measures.
Length.— <The dra'a or pik of 3 palmi 26.42 inches. The
arbi dra'a or lesser pik 19.029 inches.
Liquid Measure. — The mataro, for oil, 6.163 gallons.
Dry Measure. —
4 orbahs make 1 temen.
4 temen " 1 ueba or hueba, 3.0452 bushels.
Also, 20 tiberi 1 cafiso, 1.152 bushels.
Weight. — 16 kharoubas make 1 drachma.
10 drachmas " 1 uckia.
16 uckias " 1 rotl.
100 rotls " 1 cantaro, 109.714 Ibs.
Also, 40 oke " 1 cantaro or kantar.
The metical, for gold and silver, 73.6 grains.
Money. — 100 para 1 gersh (plural, gurush). The gersh =s
= $0.1046. Under Mahmoud II. (1808) the gersh = $0.1865.
The mahbub of 20 piastres = $0.8709 in United States custom-
houses.
Tunis.
Length. — The dra'a hendaseh, for woolen goods, 26.49 inches.
The pik, for linen, 18.62 inches ; for silk 24.83 inches.
Liquid Measure. — The metter or mitre 2.6417 gallons.
Dry Measure. — The cafiz or caffiso 14.0753 bushels.
Weight. — 16 uckia make 1 rotl or rottolo, 1.1175 Ibs.
For meat, etc., the rotl suekyl.2532 Ibs., and the rotl ghredari
for vegetables 1.4098 Ibs. The cantaro 100 rotl.
For gold and silver, the metical 59.7 grams.
Money. — 16 kharoubas make 1 piastre, $0.1286. In United
States customs it rates at $0.125.
The gold 25-piastre piece, by United States mint assay, weighs
77.28 grains, is 900 fine, and worth $2.9954. The silver 5-piastres
(same authority) weighs 245.28 grains, is 898£ fine, and worth
$0.612.
TURKEY. V5
Turkestan.
Length. — The hasch = 28 inches, or 0.711 metre.
Weight. — 8 seer make 1 batmaun, = 276.41 Ibs., or 125.88
kilogrammes.
Money. — 14 pools make 1 tenga.
21 tengas " 1 tilla, = $2.7155.
Turkey.
In Turkey (both European and Asiatic) the weights and meas*
ures vary in the different provinces, and with the nature of the
substances to be measured. The following system is that used in
Constantinople :
Length. — Builders' and surveyors' scale —
12 nocktats make 1 hatt.
12 hatts " 1 parmack.
24 parmacks " 1 archine, = 29.528 inches, or 75
centimetres.
Scale for measuring cloths —
2 guirahs make 1 ouroub.
8 ouroubs " 1 endaseh,= 25.7 inches, or 0.6523
metre.
At Smyrna the endaseh = 24.65 inches, and the pic = 26.29
inches. The pic = 26.63 inches at Aleppo, and 22.83 inches at
Damascus.
Capacity. — 4 chiniks make 1 kilo, = 1.00075 bushels, or 35.26
litres.
4 kilos " 1 fortin.
For liquids, the almud = 1.381 gallons.
Weight. — 4 karats make 1 deuke.
4 deukes " 1 dirhem or drachm.
100 dirhem " 1 chequi.
4 chequis " 1 oke or occa, = 2.8337 Ibs., or
1285.4 grammes.
44 okes *make 1 kantar or cantaro.
In Asia Minor and Syria there is also the batman of 6 okes.
Also the rottolo, which ranges from 1.2656 Ibs. at Smyrna to 5.0643
Ibs. at Aleppo.
TUSCANY.
Money. — 40 paras make 1 piastre. The piastre is also divided
into 100 aspers. Its value is $0.04325. United States custom-
house rate, $0.0439.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Weight.
Fineness.
Value.
Gold
557 552
9164-
$21 6250
250 " ' " ykiyuslyk
27S.T76
916j-
10 8125
100 " " yusilykrnedjid
111 224
9164-
4 3250
100 " By U. 8. mint assay....
50 " " ellyklyk
110.880
55612
915
916J
4.3700
2 1625
25 " " yirmibechlyk
27.'806
916*
1.0812
20 " " yrinilykmedjid
20 " By U. 8. mint assay
10 « " onlyk
Silver.
371.224
369.600
185.612
830
830
830
0.8650
O.S520
0 4325
5 " " bcchelyk
92.806
830
0 2162
2 " " ikylyk
37.194
880
0.0365
18.597
830
0 0432
9298
830
0 0'216
40 paras ( — 1 piastre)
Br nze.
331.360
0 0432
20 " .
165.680
0 0216
10 "
82 840
0 0108
41.420
0.0054
Para
8.284
0.0011
Tuscany, (Florence and Leghorn.) See also ITALY.
Length. — 12 denari = 1 soldo; 10 soldi = 1 palmo; 2 palmi
=: 1 braccio; 4 braccia = I canna. The palmo = 11.49 inches.
The architect's canna = 5 braccia.
Road Measure. — The miglio of 2,833^- braccia = 1.0277 miles.
Surface. — The saccato of 16,500 square braccia = 1.389 acres.
Liquid Measure. — For wine, etc., 2 quartucci = 1 mezzetta ; 2
mezzette = 1 boccale ; 2 boccale — 1 fiasco ; 20 fiasci = 1 barile.
The barile = 12.0444 gallons, and should weigh 133^ libbre. The
barile of spirits weighs 120 libbre. For oil, the barile is only 16
fiasci, and weighs 120 libbre. 2 barile of oil = 1 soma.
Dry Measure. — 2 bussoli = 1 quartuccio ; 2 quartucci = 1
mezzetta ; 2 mezzette = 1 metadella ; 4 metadelle = 1 quarto ; 2
quarti = 1 mina ; 2 mine = 1 stajo ; 3 staja = 1 sacco ; 8 sacci =
1 moggio. The moggio = 16.5904 bushels.
Weight. — 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 3 denari = 1 dramma ; 8
dramme = 1 oncia ; 12 oncie = 1 libbra. The libbra — 0.7486 Ib.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 77
Money. — 100 centesimi = 1 lira. Lira = $0.1637. Formerly
rated in United States custom-houses at $0.16. The deni of 10
lire = $1.6341. The francescone, of 10 paoli or 4 fiorini (before
1839), = $1.0904. The fiorino or florin (before 1850) = $0.2728.
In Lucca, the silver 5-lire nuove Leucchesi of 1840 = $0.7221.
United States of America.
In weights and measures, the United States differs but little
from GREAT BRITAIN. By an act of Congress, passed in 1866, the
metric system was legalized, but as yet it has not come into use.
Some of the units in this country are slightly varied from the true
units, however, as for instance the metre, which is really 39.37079
inches, is legalized at 39.37 inches. These variations will be given
in their proper places below.
Length. — The ordinary system as in GREAT BRITAIN. In the
metric system the metre is legal at 39.37 inches. The standard of
length is a brass copy of the English standard yard, by Troughton
of London, and is deposited in the office of weights and measures
at Washington. The scale is 82 inches long, the standard yard
being from the 27th to the 63d inch. At 62° Fahr. it exceeds
the true British standard yard by 0.00087 inch.
Surface.— As hi GREAT BRITAIN. The hectare is legal at 2.471
acres, and the are at 119.6 square yards.
Cubic Measure. — For wood, 16 cubic feet make 1 cord foot,
and 8 cord feet make 1 cord.
Shipping Measure. — 40 cubic feet make 1 United States ship-
ping ton. 100 cubic feet make 1 register ton. The latter value
is merely to facilitate computation. Wheat in bulk is a good
standard of comparison, since the long ton of 2,240 pounds of
this grain occupies just about 40 cubic feet. The register tonnage
of a vessel represents her entire internal capacity. Her real car-
rying capacity for cargo is, however, 20 to 25 per cent, less than
this ; so that her actual measurement cargo hi shipping tons is
from l£ to 2 times the number indicated hi the register.
Liquid Measure. — The standard is the Winchester gallon of
231 cubic inches. In GREAT BRITAIN the imperial gallon 13
277.274 cubic inches. Hence the imperial gallon = 1.2003 United
78 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
States gallons. The litre is legal at 1.0567 quarts. The follow,
iiig table is the usual one for wine measure :
(hhd.)
4 gills
make 1 pint. (pt.)
2 pints
" 1 quart, (qt.)
4 quarts
" 1 gallon (gal.)
42 gallons
" 1 tierce.
63 "
" 1 hogshead. (I
84 "
" 1 puncheon.
26 "
" Ipipe.
152 "
" 1 tun.
10 "
" 1 anker.
18 "
" 1 runlet.
314 "
" 1 barrel, (bbl.
In some of the States 32 gallons make a barrel. Beer measure
as in GREAT BRITAIN. Apothecaries' measure also as in GREAT
BRITAIN, except that its gallon and subdivisions are of the Win-
chester scale.
Dry Measure. — The bushel is 2150.42 cubic inches, that of
ENGLAND being 2218.192 cubic inches. Hence the imperial
bushel = 1.0315 United States bushels. In dry measure the litre
is legal at 0.908 quart. The following is the usual table :
2 pints make 1 quart.
4 quarts " 1 gallon of 268.8 cubic inches. ^
2 gallons " 1 peck. (pk.)
4 pecks " 1 bushel, (bush.)
36 bushels " 1 chaldron. (For coke and coal.)
Weight. — The three scales, avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries',
are the same as in GREAT BRITAIN. The standard avoirdupois
pound of the United States, copied from the British standard, is
0.00734 grain too heavy. The gramme is legal at 15.432 grains,
and the kilogramme at 2.2046 Ibs. For postal purposes, at pres-
ent, 15 grammes is reckoned the equivalent of the half-ounce. As
for the ton, in some States it rates at 2,240 Ibs., and in others at
only 2,000. The latter value is the more usual and the more ra-
tional one.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
79
Money. — 10 mills make 1 cent.
10 cents " 1 dime.
10 dimes " 1 dollar.
10 dollars " 1 eagle.
In the West and South, 12^- cents make a bit. In New York
this sum is called a shilling. The shilling of the New England
States is 16-jj- cents. These values, however, are not legal.
The present nickel five-cent piece represents the metric sys-
tem ; being 2 centimetres in diameter, and weighing 5 grammes.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Double-eagle. $20 Gold. 516.000
Eagle. $10. Before July 31, 1834 .... A 270.000
Since " " " .... I S B- 258.000
t-Eagle. $5. Before " « " .... jt-2 135.000
Since " " " *;.. "fll 129.000
i-Eagle.$2.50. Before " " " .... 5*1 67.500
Since " " " .... a| 64.500
Three dollars 77.400
One dollar 25.800
Tradedollar Si ver. 420.000
Dollar. Before Jan. 18, 1837 41 6.000
From " " " to 1853 412.500
Half-dollar. Before " " " 208.000
Byactof " " " 208.000
Since March 31, 1853 192.000
" By act of 1878, weighs 12| grammes. 192.900
Quarter-dollar. Before Jan. 18, 1837 104.000
Byactof " " " 103.125
" Since March 31. 1858 96.400
" Act of 1873, weighs 6± grammes 96.450
Dime. Before Jan. 18, 1837 41.600
" By act of " " " 41.250
" Since March 31, 1853 38.400
" By act of 1873, weighs 2| grammes 38.580
Half-dime. Before Jan. 18, 1837 20.800
Byactof " " " 20.625
" Since March 31, 1853 19.200
Three-cent piece. Before 1853 12.375
" " Since " 11.520
Five-cent " Copper and nickel Alloy. 77.1 60
Three cent " " " " " 80.000
Two-cent " Copper, tin, and zinc Bronze. 96.000
Cent. Weight variable for different dates Copper.
" Copper and nickel Alloy. 72.000
" Copper, tin, and zinc Bronze. 48.000
Half-cent. Obsolete. Weight variable Copper
Weight.
Fineness.
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
900
80 URUGUAY.
The following tables give the standard weight and least current
weight of gold coins, both singly and in sums.
1. In sums. Coins over $1.00 in value :
Sum of $100. Standard, 5.375 oz. Least current weight, 5.348 oz.
" $500. " 26.875 " " " " 26.741 "
11 $1,000. " 53.760 " " " " 53.481 "
" $5,000. " 268.750 " " " " 267.407 "
Of the gold dollar, 5,000 pieces are current when weighing not
less than 266.145 ounces troy.
2. Single coins :
Name of Coin. Standard. Least Current Weight.
Double-eagle, 516.0 grains, 513.42 grains.
Eagle, 258.0 " 256.71 "
Half-eagle, 129.0 " 128.36 "
Quarter-eagle, 64.5 " 64.18 "
Three dollars, 77.4 " 77.02 "
Dollar, 25.8 " 25.55 "
Uruguay.
Weights and measures of Spanish origin.
The fanega = 7.776 bushels, or 274 litres.
The libra = 1.014286 Ibs.
In money, the patacon rates in United States custom-houses at
$0.9498.
Van Piemen's Land* See TASMANIA.
Venetian Lombard?. (VENICE and MILAN.) See also ITALY.
Length. — 12 atomi = 1 punto; 12 punti = 1 oncia; 12 oncie
= 1 braccio. Also, 2 piede — 1 braccio. The pie" = 15.61 inches
at Milan, and 13.69 at Venice. The metre and its divisions are
also used, under Italian names.
Road Measure. — The miglio = 1 kilometre, or 0.6214 mile.
Surface. — 100 square palmi make 1 tornatura, = 1 are, or
0.0247 acre. Also, 1 campo = 0.6881 acre.
Capacity. — 10 coppi = 1 pinta ; 10 pinte = 1 mina ; 10 mine
= 1 soma. The pinta is the French litre, or 0.26418 gallon.
WEST INDIES. 81
Weight. — 10 grani = 1 denaro; 10 denari = 1 grosso ; 10
gross! = 1 oncia ; 10 oncie = 1 libbra metrica, or kilogramme.
This libbra = 2.2046 Ibs. 10 libbre = 1 rubbio.
For gold and silver, 24 grani = 1 denaro ; 24 denari = 1 on-
cia; 8 oncie = 1 marco. The marco = 7.5562 troy ounces.
Money. — 5 centesimi = 1 soldo Austriaca ; 20 soldi = 1 lira.
This lira = 20 Austrian kreuzers ; hence, 3 lire = 1 Austrian
florin.
In gold, the sovrano = $6.778. The zecchino, or sequin, by
French mint assay, is worth $2.2704.
In silver, the scudo nuove = $1.0109 ; the scudo Cisalpine =
$0.8971 ; and the croisat, 6r scudo della croce of the Venetian
Republic, = $1.2839. The Filippo of Milan (1786) = $1.1408
Venezuela*
Weights and measures of Spanish origin.
The vara = 32.874 inches, or 0.835 metre.
The arroba = 17.052 quarts, or 16.137 litres.
The quintal of 4 arrobas = 101.4381 Ibs., or 46.012 kilo
grammes.
The peso of 100 centajos = $0.7836. In United States cus-
torn-houses it rates at $0.7773.
Victoria. See AUSTRALIA.
Wallachia. See ROUMANIA.
West Australia. See AUSTRALIA.
West Indies.
1. SPANISH. — Cuba, Porto jRico, Isle of Pines, and Culebra.
2. FRENCH. — Martinique, Deseada, Guadeloupe, Marie Galante.
Les Saintes, and part of St. Martin.
8. SWEDISH. — St. Bartholomew.
4. DUTCH. — Part of St. Martin, Buen Ayre, Curacoa, Oruba^
and Tortuga.
5. DANISH. — Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. Jan or John.
82 WURTEMEEEQ.
6. BRITISH. — Jamaica, Barbadoes, Grenada, Santa Lucia, St.
Vincent, Trinidad, Tobago, Antigua, Barbuda, Dominica, Nevis,
Montserrat, St. Kitfs, Tortola, the Bahamas, and various minor
islands.
7. INDEPENDENT. — Hayti, including the separate republic of
Santo Domingo.
In the SPANISH WEST INDIES, SPANISH weights and measures
are used, with slight variations. The vara = 83.375 inches. The
fanega = 3.12367 bushels. The arroba = 4.1 gallons.
In money, the peso of Cuba and Porto Kico now rates in
United States custom-houses at $0.9258.
In the FRENCH possessions, the old weights and measures of
France are used. In MARTINIQUE, the aune = 1.30148 yards; the
barique = 50 gallons; the livre = 1.079176 Ibs. ; the carre =
3.1909 acres. LES SAINTES has the BRITISH system.
In ST. BARTHOLOMEW, SWEDISH values are used.
In the DANISH possessions the weights and measures are those
of DENMARK ; although ENGLISH standards of length are also used.
In the DUTCH WEST INDIES, except CURA^OA, the weights and
measures of HOLLAND are employed. CuRAgoA has a SPANISH sys-
tem, hi which the vara = 33.375 inches.
In the BRITISH possessions, the weights and measures are
practically those of the UNITED STATES. In Jamaica, 102.023 gal-
lons make a puncheon. The pound of Jamaica rates in United
States custom-houses at $4.865.
In HAYTI and SANTO DOMINGO are still the old French weights
and measures, as in the FRENCH WEST INDIES. The dollar of
HAYTI is the same in value as the dollar of the UNITED STATES.
Wwrtemberg. See also GERMAN EMPIRE.
Length. — 10 punkte = 1 linie ; 10 linien = 1 zoll ; 10 zoll = 1
fuss ; 10 fuss = 1 ruthe. The klafter is 6 fuss. The fuss = 11.26
inches, and the Stuttgart elle = 24.18 inches.
Surface. — The morgen of 38,400 square fuss = 0.7789 acre.
Liquid Measure. — 4 schoppen = 1 mass ; 10 mass = 1 immi;
16 immi = 1 eimer ; 6 eimer = 1 fuder. The mass = 0.4853 gal.
to.
ZANZIBAR.
83
Dry Measure. — 4 viertlein = 1 ecklein ; 2 ecklein = 1 mass-
lein ; 2 masslein = 1 achtel ; 2 achtel = 1 viertel ; 4 viertel = I
simri ; 8 simri = 1 scheffel. The scheffel = 5.0292 bushels.
Weight. — As in the Zollverein, whose pfund is 500 grammes.
For gold and silver, the mark = 233.855 grammes. The apothe-
caries' pfund (subdivided as hi Germany generally) — 357.6337
grammes.
Money. — 60 kreuzers = 1 florin ; 5f florins = 1 ducat.
COIN TABLE.
COINS.
Material.
Fineness.
Value.
Vierfache iubilaums-dukaten
Gold
986
$9 4S98
4 5410
Dukaten . .
H
986
2.3725
Doppeltevereinsthaler
Silver
900
1.4409
900
0.8252
H
900
0.7204
Gulden or florin •.
ti
900
0.4126
Half-gulden
•
0.2068
6-kreuzer ....
BiUon.
383 \
0.0413
3 "
167|
0.0206
1 «
H
0.0069
Cooper.
0.0084
^vyyoi
0.0017
Yucatan* See MEXICO.
Zanzibar.
Length. — The ohra = 22.48 inches, or 0.571 metre.
Capacity. — The djezla = 7.305 bushels, or 257.4 litres.
Weight. — The bazla = 34.226 Ibs., or 15.525 kilogrammes.
The mane = 3.0071 Ibs. The franzella of 36 rotoli = 35.2822 Ibs.
Money. — The Austrian " Maria Theresa thaler " is here knowt
KB the " Janurio dollar."
PART SECOND.
I. — MEASURES OF LENGTH.
IN the following table the units of length of various nations
are arranged alphabetically ; the value of each one being given in
English or American feet or inches, and in French metres. The
metre is now a legal standard in the Argentine Confederation,
Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Ger-
many, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, Spain, and the United
States. After January 1, 1875, it will also be the standard in
Austria,
Any value in feet may be converted into Russian sachines by
simply dividing by seven.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or laches.
Metre*.
Adv . . .
Malabar Coast....
10.460 Inches.
0.26568
itr:;: ; :; ::
Denmark
24.716 "
0.62777
Iceland
22.470 "
0 57073
u
Norway
23 3808 "
0 59386
Arbi dra'a
Tripoli
19 029 "
048333
Archin arisch
" schah
Persia
38.28 "
31.46 "
0.97229
0.79907
Russia
28 00 "
071119
Servia
28 00 "
0 71119
M
Turkey
29.5281 "
0.75000
Anne
Martinique
46.8533 "
1.19005
Switzerland..
47.2449 "
120000
Great Britain
0.83334 "
0.00085
Brae a
Portugal
7.218 ' feet
2.20007
Braccio .
Ancona
25.3333 inches.
064346
Genoa
20 9535 "
053221
u
Modena ..
22 741 "
0 57761
u
Naples...
27.508 •»
0.69869
86
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metres.
0.54018
0.78079
0.58114
0.69544
0.60000
1.73328
2.241S5
2.09293
2.10934
1 09135
1.93639
8.13578
0.01000
8.33369
0.33837
0.32257
0.37489
0.39112
0.48259
0.68071
0.65957
0.85559
0 45719
0.46026
0.46989
0.38099
1.37157
0.47243
0.53136
0.99388
0.45719
0.45719
0.53085
10.000006
0.10000
0.01882
0.01773
Braccio di legno
Parma
21.344 inches.
80.732 "
22.98 "
27.38
28.6225 "
5.6868 feet.
7.3553
6.8667 "
6.9207
6.5334 "
6.3531 "
10.2965 "
0.393708 inch.
10.9375 feet.
13.125 inches.
12.7 "
14.76 "
12.17
19.000 "
26.800
25.968 "
14.0000 "
18.0000 "
12.1200 "
18 5000 "
15.0000 "
27.0000
18.6000
20.9200 "
39.1300
18.0000 "
18.0000 "
20.9000 "
32.80899 feet.
3. 937079 inches
0.7212 '•
0.67923 "
u
Tuscany
Brache
Venice
Switzerland
Argentine Confed.
Braza
Canna. . .
Malta
it
Naples. . .
u
u
Sicily
Cavezzo
Centimetre
Modena
France, etc
. Cheung ... ....
China.
Chik Official
" Surveyor's
" Commercial .
"
" Itinerary. . .
Cobido, or covid
it
Mocha
Covado
Goa
Portugal
Covid, hath, or haut.
Ahmednuggur. . .
/ hath, or haut
Bombay
Ceylon
Cochin-China
Java
or haut „
codo, covado, cadree,
or dra'a.
Madras
Morocco
Muscat
Pondicherry
Singapore
Surat
or hasta
hath, or haut
v Decametre .
France, etc
Decimetre
Portugal
Dedo
Spain.
Derah, deraa, dhra'a, and
Duim
Netherlands
0.3987 inches.
1.00000 "
89.37079
45.0000 "
37.0600 "
80.6758 "
23.62-25 "
32.2235
22.772 "
22.470 "
22.540 "
22.992
22.434 "
31.4966
22.670 "
23.200 "
26.2586 «•
0.01000
0.02540
1.00000
1.14209
0.94131
0.77915
0.60000
0.81847
0.57838
0.57073
0.57251
0.58398
0.56981
O.SOOOO
0.57581
0.5S927
0.66690
^ Duime
El
Netherlands
England
Scotland
u
Elle ....
Austria
Baden
Bremen
Brunswick
Hamburg
Hanover
Hesse-Cassel
Hesse-Darmstadt.
Lubeck
Prussia...
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Fe«t or Inches.
Metres.
ttlle
Saxony
22 296 inches
0 56681
Stuttgart
24 180 "
0 61416
Endaseh...
24 65 "
0 62610
26 08 "
0 66242
it
Turkey
25 TO "
0 65227
Estadal..
Spain
11 128 feet
8 30275
Etto
18 0000 inches
0 45719
Famn
70 1424 "
1 78158
^ Fan
China
0 18125 "
0 00333
Fathom
Great Britain
1 82871
Favn
74 148 Inches
1 88381
Feldfuss. See fuss .
Fod
Denmark
12 358 "
0 31389
Foot. .
Great Britain
12 000 "
0 30476
Malta
11.17 "
0 28871
it
United States
12,000 "
0 80476
Fot
11 6*>04 "
0 296()3
Sweden
11 679 "
0 29664
Foute
Russia
12 0000 "
0 804761
Fuss... .
Austria
12 4456 "
0 316111
Baden
11 611 "
0 30000
u
Bavaria
11 490 "
0 29184
Bremen
1 1 886 "
0 28919
Werkschuh
Frankfort
11 205 "
0 28460
Feldfuss
14 006 "
0 35575
Hamburg
11 27 u
0 28626
11 496 "
0 29199
Waldfuss.... .
Hesse-Cassel .
11.324 "
0 2«763
Hesse-Darmstadt
98427 "
0 25000
Lubeck
11 835 "
0 28790
11 880 "
0 80174
Kbeinfuss .
Prussia .
12.357 "
0 81386
Saxony
11 148 "
0 2°816
u
Wurtemberg
11.260 "
0.28599
Gez. See guz.
Gheriah
Bengal
225 "
0 05715
Gon
Annam
639.498 feet.
194.91606
Grao
Portugal
0.1808 inch.
0.00458
Guerze, or gueza. . .
37.89 inches.
0.94969
Guirah
Turkey
1.6062 "
0.04077
G*ujah. kee guz
Guz, or goess
Afghanistan
45 6700 "
1 16
Bengal
36 0000 "
0 91438
271800 "
0 69086
u
Gujerat. . .
28.3384 "
0.59266
U
Mocha
24.9998 "
0.68498
Mysore
38 2000 "
0.97026
Hailoh
Sumatra .........
30.0000 u
0.91438
Hand
Great Britain . . .
4.0000 "
0.10160
Hasch
Turkestan
28.0000 u
0.71119
Hasta See eovid
Hatt
Turkey
01025 u
0 00260
Haut, or hath. See also eovid
Masulipatan
Mysore
19.1250 "
19.1000 "
0.4857T -
0.4S518
France etc
326 0899 feet
100 00000
Inc...
Japan
6.25 "
1.90624
88
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metres.
0.02540
3.65753
0.22859
0.00635
0.91438
0.00635
0.36575
8.74897
0.96101
0.67131
1000.00000
1.89667
1.80000
1.75104
1.73514
2.50000
1.71599
0.73S24
0-63143
0.00300
0.00212
0.00197
0.00229
0.00212
0.00219
0.00218
0.00206
0.00297
0.20319
0.00065
73.07448
1.00000
0.00100
0.07620
0.05714
2.43583
0.00022
0.57098
O.OS153
0.02540
0.07620
0.10000
0.27660
0.21666
0.19550
0.22809
0.26162
0.26=367
0.21986
0.22349
0.24705
0.21199
0.29057
0.03125
5.07991
3.00000
0.00643
Inch
Great Britain
Guinea
Sumatra
Bengal*
Ionian Isles
1.0000 inch.
12.0000 feet.
9.0000 inches.
0.250 "
36.0DOO "
0.250 "
14.400 "
12.300 feet.
87.836 inches.
26.43 "•
8280.899 feet.
6.22278 "
5.9056 «*
5.765 "
5.698 , •»
8.202
5.63 "
29.065 inches.
24.86
0.11811 "
0.08333 "
0.07728 tt
0.09016 u
0.08333 u
0.08648 *
0.0855 "
0.03118 "
0.1168 "
8.0000 "
0.02558 "
239.75 feet.
89.37079 inches
0.031)871 "
3.00000 "
2.2500 "
7.9917 feet.
0.00854 inches.
22.48
3.2125 "
1.0000 "
3.00000 "
8.937079 "
10.89 u
8.5302
7.697 "
8.9797 "
10.3000 u
10.381 "
8.656
8.796 "
9.5297 "
8.S46 u
11.49 "
1.2308 "
16.6667 feet.
9.8426 "
0.2558 inch.
Jaktan
Jaiikal
Jaob
Jarda Ionia
Jow
Jamba
Singapore. . . .
Kussaba
Mocha
Ken
Siam
Khalebi, for woolens. ..
"Rruirnania . . .
Kilometre
France
Klafter
Austria
M
Baden . .
U
M
Bremen
u
Hesse-Darmstadt.
Wurtemberg
Travancore
II
Kole
Kot. Tor silk and linen . . .
Ligne T^»
Koumania
Switzerland
•iine
Great Britain
Spain
Portugal
Liinea
Linha
lania
Linie
Austria ....
Denmark
u
u
Sweden. . ..
clank
Great Britain....
Annam
Ly
Mau
Metre
France
Millimetre
Moot
Bengal
Nail
Great Britain
Annam
Ngu
Nocktat
Turkey
Ohra
Zanzibar
Ouroub.
Turkey.
Palgat,' or paulgaut
Birinah
Great Britain
Palm
u
Palma
Eoumauia
Argentine Confed.
Balearic Isles
Genoa
Palmo. .
Malta
Naples
Portugal
da craveira
Rome
Sicily
Tuscany. ......
Parmack
Turkey .
Perch. See rod
Great Britain
Switzerland
Annftm
Perche
Phan. Cloth measure. . . ,
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
89
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metres.
Pic, or pik
Abyssinia
27.0000 inches.
26.630
24.92
25.09
26.45
22.83
9.0198
22.3705
25.5083
29.5281
29.0911
26.0000
26.42
24.83
11.3736
11.126
11.128
15.384
20.228
13.485
15.61
20.598
22.428
11.592
13.69
11.8112
89.37079
16.6667 f et.
1.082 inc es.
0.0075
1.18112
0.00720
0.9273
0.0064
7.7433 feet
8.8716
97.325
8.115 inc es.
16.6667 f et.
10.2988
9.7420
32.80899
12.44556
9.8427
9.575
15.181
14.980
11.6717
15.328
18.0865
12.857
14.865
9.3883
7.00000 "
11.9291 inches.
28.975 feet.
22.0000 inches.
0.68579
0.67639
0.63296
0.63721
0.67182
0.57987
0.2545 ,
0.5682
0;0479
0.7500
0.7389
0.66039
0.67106
0.63067
0.28888
0 28259
0.28265
0.39075
0.51377
0.34251
0.39649
0.52305
0.56966
0.29443
0.34772
0.30000
1.00000
5.07991
0.02748
0.00019
0.03000
0.00018
0.02355
0.00017
2.36012
1.18006
29.66412
0.07912
5.07991
8.13885
2.96930
10.00000
8.79332
3.00000
2.91841
4.62704
4.56584
3.5574S
4.67184
8.98867
8.76635
4.63048
2.85999
2.13356
0.30299
7.30745
0.55878
u
Algeria
M
Crete.
U
a
Damascus
" Nile . . .
Egypt. .
« native
" cloth.
u
" builder's
" road
u
11
u
Morocco
H
Tripoli
" for silk.
Tunis
Pie . .
Argentine Confed.
Canary Isles
« •
Pig
Ancona
" liprando
Genoa
u
Milan
u
Modena
u
Parma
A
H
Venice
Pied
Switzerland
Piki.
Greece . .
Pole. See rod
Great Britain....
Portugal
Pollegada.
Ponto
Pouce
Switzerland
Punkt
Austria
Pulgada
Punto
Spain
Eahf
N. Madagascar...
Sweden
Eef.
Bob, or robi
Algeria
Eod perch or pole
Great Britain
Denmark
Eode
Norway
Eoede ....
Netherlands
Euthe
Baden
it
Bavaria. .
u
Frankfort
Hanover
Hesse-Cassel
Prussia
Wiirtemberg
Russia
Sachine, sagene, or sashen. .
Sals
Sao
Japan
Saundaung, or royal cubit. .
Birmah...
MEASURES OF LENGTH.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metres.
Scbuh
Brunswick...
11.285 inches
0 28536
Sesma
Spain
5564
0 14132
Sok
Span
Siam
Bengal
18.918
9.0000
0.46051
0 22859
Great Britain
9 0000
0 22859
Stab S66 metre
89 37079
1 00000
Hungary
62.2278
1 5S055
Stadio
66 000 feet
20 11(544
Stadion. See kilometre. ..
Greece .. ....
8280.899
1000 00000
Stang
Sweden
9 7325
2 96641
Btreep
Netherlands . . .
0.08937 inch
0 00100
Strkh
Tac
Germany
0.03937
2 558
0.00100
0 06407
Taim, or cubit. .
Birrnah
18 0000 "
0 45719
Tchetverk
Kussia
7.00000 "
0 17780
That
63 9498 feet
19 49161
Thuoc
25 58 inches
0 64972
Toise
11 8112 feet
8 60000
Torame ......
Denmark ...
1.02983 inches
0 02616
Trait.
0011811 "
0 00030
Annain
21 3166 feet
6 49720
Tsun
China.
1 3125 inches
0 03334
Turn
0 9742 "
0 02474
Sweden
1.1679 "
0 0-2966
Tuns' . . .
Unglee
Sumatra
Bengal
12.0000 feet.
0.7500 inches.
3.65753
0 01905
Vara
Argentine Confed
84 1208 "
0 86664
Brazil
42.7961 "
1 .08700
Central America.
32.874 "
0 83493
Chili
33 867 "
0 S4756
Cuba
83 375 "
0 84771
Curacoa . .
83 375 "
0 84771
Mexico
32 9 "
0 83564
Peru
83.367 u
0 84756
48 28 "
1 09928
Spain
83.884 "
0 84794
Venezuela
82 874 • "
0 83498
Verschok
1 75000 "
0 04445
Vouah
Siam....
6.306 feet
1.92203
Waldfuss. See fuss
Werkschuh. "
Yan
China. . .
109 875 "
83 3369
Yard
Great Britain
3 0000 "
0 91438
Zentimeter. See centimetre
Germany
0.3937 inch.
0 01000
Zo\\
Austria.
1.03718 "
0 02634
Baden
1.1811 "
0 '03000
u
Bavaria
0 9575 "
0 09432
0 9488 "
0 02409
Brunswick
0.9362 "
0 0->S78
Frankfort
0 98375 "
0 0>:)372
Hamburg
0.9391 "
0 02385
0958 "
0 02483
Hesse-Cassel. . ..
Liibeck
0.9437 "
0 9446 "
0.02397
0.02399
1 0°975 "
0 02615
Saxony
0.9290 "
0.02359
Wiirtemberg . .
1 1260 "
0 02859
ROAD MEASURES.
91
II. — KOAD MEASURES.
THE value of each unit is here given in English miles and
French kilometres.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Miles.
Kilometres.
Baryd
Arabia...
12.0000 (about).
19.311780
Egypt
13.176
22.169923
Coss
Bengal.
1.1364
1.828826
Seringapatam ....
3.6453
5.867241
Dam . .
0.55 (about).
0.885123
Estadio
Portugal
0.1598
0.257168
Farsakh
Arabia
8.0000
4.827945
Egypt
3.444
5.542481
Great Britain . . .
0.125
0.201164
Gavada
Mysore
14.5833
23.469123
Grenztniil .
5.5352
8.91788
Mysore
2.7344
4.40051
League
Great Britain
3.0000
4.827945
Legoa ... . ....
Portugal
8.8358
6.172044
Louua
Argentine Confed.
0.3-231
0.51997
,F
Spain
4.2151
6.783424
Li
China
0.3457
0.55641
Lieue
Switzerland
2.9826
4.80000
Ly
Annam
0.275
0 442561
Meile
Austria
Baden
4.7142
5.5234-
7.5S6613
8.88888
Bavaria
4.6143
7.42586
Bremen
3.9006
6.27729
Brunswick
6.7136
10.804297
Hamburg
4.6807
7.532721
Hanover
4.6086
7.416626
Lithuania
4.9958
8.039816
Prussia . ...
46307
7.532721
Saxony
4.2227
6.79565
polizei
5.6303
9.060872
Mglio
Lombardy
0 6214
1 00000
Naples
1.1469
1.845723
Sardinia
1.3835
2.226487
Tuscany
1 0277
1 65389
Miil
4.6812
7.53352
66422
10.68939
Miile
Netherlands
0 6214
1 00000
Mile
England
1.00000
1.609315
Ireland
1.27272
2.048219
M
Scotland
1 1250
1.810479
Milha
Portugal
1 2756
2 057348
Mili
Egypt
1 148
1 847494
Milla
Argentine Confed.
1.149
1.849108
Roenung
Siam
Birmah
2.3886
2 4-306
3.84401
3 911601
Verst or Werst
Russia
0.6628
1.066654
Wegstunde
Baden . . ..
27617
4 44141
SQUARE MEASURES.
III. — SQUARE MEASURES.
THE value of each unit is here given in English square
inches or square feet, and in square metres.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metres.
Square archine
Turkev
6.0549 feet
0 5625
aune
Switzerland
15.5006 "
1 4400
0 1550 inch
0 0001
chile. Mathematical
China
1.1959 feet.
0 1111
decametre
1076 43 "
100 0000
decimetre
15.5006 inches.
0 0100
fod
Denmark
1 0605 foot
0 09834
foot
Great Britain
1 0000 "
0 09288
fot
Norway
0.9484 "
0 08817
0 9472 "
0 OS799
foute
Eussia
1.0000 "
0 09288
fuss
Austria
Baden
1.0757
0.9688 "
0.09998
0 09000
a
Bavaria
0 9168 "
0 08517
«
0 9003 "
0 08362
" (werkschuh) .
Frankfort
0 8719 "
0 08099
" (feldfuss)
1 3623 "
0 12656
Hamburg
0;8820 "
0 OS194
u
Hanover
0 9178 "
0 08524
u
Hesse-Cassel. . .
0.8905 "
0 08273
tl
Hesse-Darmstadt
0 6728 "
0 06250
li
Liibeck
0 8922 "
0 08289
U
Prussia
1.0605 "
0 09834
u
Saxony
0.8638 "
0 08018
u
0 8805 "
0 08184
Bengal .
9.0000 "
0 88359
klafter
88 7233 feet.
3 59732
Baden
34.8763 "
3 24000
u
Bavaria ...
83.2352 "
3 06614
u
81 6969 "
2 94466
metre
France, etc ... .
10.7643 "
1 00000
millimetre
000155 inch.
0 000001
palmo
Portugal
0.5203 foot.
0.06565
Spain
0.4836 "
0 04494
pie
08600 "
0 07989
pie
Ancona
1.6435 "
0.15268
'k liprando
Genoa
2 8415 "
0 26396
" manual
Milan!!"!!!!! !!"
1.2628
1.6922 "
0.11731
0 15721
H
2 9449 "
0 27358
u
8.4931 "
0 32456
u
Rome . . .
0 9331 "
0 08669
u
1.3015 "
0.12091
pied .
Switzerland . .
0.9688 "
0 09000
rod
Great Britain
266 6222 "
25 80538
rode
Denmark
106.0549 "
9.85238
Norway
94.9066 "
8 81674
ruthe
Austria
154 8930 "
14 38912
Baden
96.8787 "
9.00000
U
Bavaria
91.6806 "
8 51712
u
230.4628
21.40918
LAND MEASURES.
93
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metres.
Square ruthe
224 4004 feet.
20 84689
Frankfort
186.2286
12.55545
"
Hanover
'Hesse-Cassel
234.9476
171 2565
21.82572
15 90813
u
Prussia
152.6954
14.18539
11
Saxony ....
2-20.9682
20 52543
u
Wtirtemberg.
88 0465
8 17958
sachine
Eussia
49.0000
4.55108
tchuh
Brunswick
0.8766
0.08148
vara
Argentine Confed.
8.0710
0 75106
Brazil
12 6594
1 17603
u
Central America.
7.5049
0.71720
H
Chili
77315
0 71834
m
Cuba
7 7354
0 71861
u
Mexico
7.5165
0.69814
u
Peru
77315
0 71834
II
Portugal
18 0080
1 20846
u
Spain
Venezuela .
7.7395
75049
0.71910
0 71720
Great Britain
9 0000
0" 83592
zoll
Austria
1.0757 in h.
0.00069
Baden
1.3950
0.00090
H
Bavaria
09168
0 00059
It
Bremen
0 9003
0.00058
u
Brunswick
0.8766
0 00056
u
Frankfort
0 8719
0 00056
It
0 8820
0 00057
H
H anover
0.9178
0.00059
"
Hesse-Cassel
Lubeck
0.8905
0.8922
0.00057
0.00057
u
Prussia
1.0605
0.00068
"
Saxony
Wiirtemberg. ....
0.8638
1.2679
0.00055
0.00082
IV. — LAND MEASURES.
HERE the value of each measure is given in English acres and
in French ares.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Acres.
Ares.
Hesse-Cassel
0.5897
28 8610
Acre
1.0000
40 4629
H
United States . .
1.0000
40.4629
Ar
Are
Germany
France
0.0247
0.0247
1.0000
1 0000
Lower Canada . . .
0.8449
84.1912
*Tk
Switzerland...
3.5568
144.0000
LAND MEASURES.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Acres.
Ares.
Bifgah
Bengal
0.3306
0 6074
O.T009
0.7528
2.4714
0.6S81
1.0047
1.3223
0.00025
0.00103
0.0165
2.6997
0.4315
1.5871
1.0382
0.15165
1.4287
0.9393
2.4714
2.4714
1.4223
13.3770
24.5772
28.3605
30.4605
100.0000
27.8425
40.6531
53.5042
0.0100
0.0417
0.6676
119.2498
17.4597
64.2188
42.0084
6.1342
57.8094
38.0068
100.0000
100.0000
57.5505
Bombay
Biolca
Modena
Parana.
Bunder
Netherlands
Yen. Lombardy..
Carnatic
Madras
France, etc
Bengal
Campo
Cawney or casseney ....
Centare
Chattack or chittack
Cottah
Deciatina . ....
Russia...
Hanover
Spain
Eo-yot
Fanegada
Feddan
Fierdinff . .
Norway
Geira
Portugal
Giornata
Sardinia
Hectare
France J
Hektar
Germany J
Austria
Joch
Juchart See morgen
Kappland
Norway
SSL: :
0.03791
0.04326
0.0551
1.3201
0.8584
0.8897
0.8416
0.6343
0.6208
0.5004
2.3852
0.6472
0.6178
0.6309
1.5216
0.7789
1.3223
0.2175
0.2500
4.5653
1.3890
0.6066
0.1255
0.7111
0.00973
0.01045
1.3635
1.2132
0.0247
0.0247
0.2224
0.1544
0.3-236
79.3550
1.5339
1.7504
2.2295
53.4152
34.7334
36.0000
34.0536
25.0656
25.1194
20.2476
96.5123
26.1876
24.9980
25.5281
61.5686
31.5168
53.5042
8.8007
10.1157
184.7459
56.2031
24.5448
5.0781
28.7732
0.3937
0.4228
55.1713
49.0697
1.0000
1.0000
9.0000
6.2474
13.0938
3210.941
Kerat .
Mau...
Annam
Naples.
Mo°"""io
Baden
juchart, or tagewerk
Bavaria
Bremen.
Brunswick. . .
Frankfort
of Calenberg
Hanover
Hesse-Darmstadt.
Prussia
Saxony
Wurtemberg
Orloner . .
Bef
Sweden
Hood
Great Britain....
Rome ..
Bubbio
Baccato
Tuscany
Staro
Parma
gtrich
Tavola
Modena
Parma . .
" or tunna
Norway
Tornatura
Ven. Lombardy..
Netherlands
Baden
Vierkante roede
Viertel
Hesse-Darmstadt.
Vorling
Yugada
Spain
CUBIC MEASURES.
95
V. — CUBIC MEASURES.
THE following table is inserted merely to facilitate many calcu-
lations, and does not pretend. to be even approximately complete.
The value of each cube is given in English cubic feet or cubic
inches, and in either cubic metres (m.), cubic decimetres (dm.), or
cubic centimetres (cm.).
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or Inches.
Metric.
Ou
bic archine
Turkey
14.8996 feet.
0.0610 inches.
1.3084 feet.
62.449 inches.
1.0922 foot.
1.0000
0.9246 "
0.9219 "
1.0000 "
1.1156 "
0.9585 "
0.87T8 "
0.8542 "
0.8141 «.'
1.5899 "
0.8284 "
0.8792 "
0.8403 "
0.5518 "
0.8420
1.0919 "
0.801 T "
0.8261 "
1.0000 inch.
35.815 feet.
648.56 inches.
581.35
0.7974 feet.
2.1070 "
4.7838 "
1.4191 "
2.1970 "
5.0537 "
6.5287 "
0.9015 "
1.4848 "
0.9535 "
0.8185 "
27.0000 "
1.1421 inches.
1.6476
0.8780 "
0.8541 «
0.8206
0.8140
0.421875i
1.00000 en
13.70159 dn
1.000
30.842
28.307
26.179
26.103
28.307
31.558
27.000
24.856
24.185
23.052
45.020
23.458
24.895
23.796
15.625
23.863
30.911
22.704
23.391
16.387
1.000
10.628 d
9.527
22.581
69.662
135.620
40.181
62.835
143.090
184.860
25.524
42.043
27.000
23.237
0.764
18.275 em
27.000
14.385
18.980
18.44T
13.846
' centimetre
France, etc
China
cbik (mathematical).,
decimetre
France etc
fod
foot .
Great Britain
Norway
fot
Sweden
foute .
Kussia
fuss
Baden
H
M
H
Frankfort
11
li
M
Hanover
Hesse-Cassel
Hesse-Darmstadt .
Liibeck
11
H
tl
H
Prussia
H
Saxony
li
Wiirtemberg
Great Britain
France etc
inch .
metre
palmo
Portueral
Spain
pie...
pie :....
Ancona
" liprando
Genoa
" manual
Milan
Modena
N
Parma
M
Eome
Venice
pied
Switzerland
Brunswick
schuh
yard. . .
Great Britain
Austria
Baden
zoll ....
H
Bavaria
H
H
Brunswick
Frankfort...
H
96
LIQUID MEASURES.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Feet or In
ches.
Metric.
Cubic zoll
Hamburg . ...
0.8282
inch.
13 598 cm.
Hanover .
08792
14 402 "
U U
Hesse-Cassel
0.8404
u
13 772 "
it 11
Lttbeck
0.8428
u
13 807 "
u u
Prussia .
1 0919
It
17 882 u
41 U
0.8017
II
13.128 "
U U
Wurtemberg.
1.4276
u
28944 M
VI.— LIQUID MEASURES.
IN this table the value of every measure is given in United
States or Winchester quarts or gallons, in English imperial quarts
or gallons, and in litres. The litre is a legal standard in the Ar-
gentine Confederation, Belgium, Brazil, Chili, Colombia, Ecuador,
Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands,
Spain, and the United States. After January 1, 1876, it will be
the standard in Austria.
MEASURES.
Locality.
U. S. Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
Ahm
Hamburg
38.1472 galls.
81. 7785 galls.
144.3988
Hanover
414395
34.5156
156 8(j09
u
Liibeck
39.5738
32.1288
149.7986
Almud ...
Turkey
1.38086
1.1517
6.2269
Lisbon.
4.3695
8.6394
16 5899
6 62558
65186
25 0798
Alquiere
Lisbon
2.18475
1.8197
8 2699
Oporto.
8.31279
27593
12 5399
01898
0 1589
0 7184
Inker
Bremen
9.5741
7.9744
36.2408
Denmark.
9.9528
8.2898
37.6743
K
Hamburg
9.5368
7.9434
86.0996
it
Hanover
10.3599
8.6289
89.2158
u
Liibeck
98935
8.2405
37 4498
II
Prussia
9.0732
7.5572
84.344T
(I
Saxony
17.1768
143064
65 0174
u
United States
10.0000
8.3208
37.8523
Arroba
Cuba
4.100
8.4141
15.5197
" for wine...
" for oil
Spain
4.26304
331S53
8.5507
27640
16.1J369
12 5615
u
Venezuela
4.263
8.5507
16.1369
Azumbre
Baril
Spain
Argentine Confed.
0.5329
20.0768
0.4439
16.7228
2.0172
75.9966
Mexico
20.0000 '
16.6416
75.7046
Barile. . .
Ionian Islands. .
19.2096
16.0000
72.7146
LIQUID MEASURES.
97
Barile. For wine. .
Locality.
" For wine..
Barique |
V Barrel. Beer
Boccale
For wine..
Bota. ySeepipa...
Botta. For wine..
For wine. . .
" "• beer
Caffiso. " oil
Canada
Cantara
" /Seearroba
Cantaro. '• alquiere !
Caralfa
Carro
Malta
Modena
Naples
Rome
Sardinia
Tuscany
Martinique
Great Britain
United States
Modena
Rome
Sardinia
Tuscany
Portugal
Naples
Rome
Great Britain
Malta '.'.'.''.
Portugal
Central America.
Spain
Portugal
Naples
United Ststes
Measure.
10.997 galls.
11.0056
11.574
15.412
17034
12.0444
50.0000
43.2126
31.5000
0.27514
0.4816
0.2067
0.3011
113.631
123.878
246.592
129.6643
129.6643
5.499
0.3(5412
4.2631
9.1505galh,
9.1667 "
9.6402 "
12.8309 "
14.2295 "
10.0319 "
41.6040 "
36.0000 "
26.2363 "
0.229*1 "
0.4011 u
0.1721 "
0.2503 4i
94.6451 "
107.3446 "
205.3906 "
103.0000 "
103.0000 "
' 4.5302 "
0.3033 "
8.5508 "
0.77156 qts.
257.757 galls.
Sardinia 148.322 "
Cass '. Cyprus 1.25 "
Centilitre France, etc 0.1057 qts.
Cohi Siam 13.385 gall?.
Copa Spain 0.1332 qts.
Coppo Yen. Lombardy.. 1.0567 k'
Corba Roman States 20.761 7 galls.
Cuartilla I Central America. . 1.0658 "
Cuartillo... Spain 0.5329 qts.
Cuba or kuba Abyssinia 0.2634 galls.
Cuddy. See gudda. Mocha 1.9990 "
Decalitre France, etc 2.6418 "
Decilitre " " 0.1057 qts.
Dicotoli Ionian Islands . . . 0.6003 "
Dreiling Austria 353.36 galls.
Eimer " 14.9525 "
"• For wine... Bavaria 16.9444 "
" Hamburg 7.6295 "
Hanover 16.5758 "
' Lubeck 7.9147 "
I Prague 16.1387 "
| Prussia 13.1464 "
| Saxony 20.0384 "
Wiirtemberg 77.6494 "
Fass. Beer Brunswick 106.7045 "
1 German Empire..! 26.418 "
Hanover 107.7430 "
Hungary 52.5450 "
" i Prague 64.5598 "
" Saxony 100.1737 "
Perren Muscat 7.9254 "
Fiasco... Modena 2.2011 qts.
9
English
Measure.
0.6427 qts.
2 14.6901 galls.
123.9568 "
1.4114 "
0.0880 qts.
11. 1436 galls.
0.1109 qts.
0.8s02 "
17.2921 galls.
0.8377 "
0.4439 qts.
0.2236 galls.
1.665 "
2.2004 "
0.8802 qts.
0.5000 "
293.9 galls.
12.4588 "
14.1132 "
6.3547 "
138062 "
6.5923 "
13.4416 "
15.1144 *
16.6908 *
64.6755 "
88.8756 "
22.004 "
89.7409 "
4:3.7656 "
53.7729 "
88.4364 "
6.6012 "
1.8333 qta.
41.6259
41.6594
43.8110
58.3390
64.6630
45.5916
189.2615
163.57-25
119.2369
1.0415
1.8226
0.7824
1.1397
430.1272
487.84i6
933.4242
490.8199
490.8199
20.8153
1.4783
16.1371
0.73059
975.687
563.3356
4.7316
0.0100
50.6662
0.1274
0.1000
78.5392
4.0344
0.5053
1.0159
7.5668
10.0000
0.1000
0.5634
1358.4
56.599T
64.1396
28.8799
62.7443
29.9595
61.0398
68.6895
75.8513
298.93
403.91
100.00
407.84
198.9
244.38
379.187
30.0000
2.0842
98
LIQUID MEASURES.
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres
Fiasco
2.4089 qts.
10.8054 galls.
0.0039 qts.
0.03125 "
0.4816 "
2.5096 "
2.500 "
478.47;) galls.
396.27 "
229.779 "
237.121 "
227.346 "
228.884 "
248.633 "
251.524 "
253.613 "
237.448 "
217.788 "
240.461 "
465.904 "
1.2251 "
1.0000 "
1.2006 "
0.1501 qts.
0.125 "
0.1585 "
2.21 91 galls.
1.9990 "
17.6117 "
26.418 "
64.8324 "
64 S324 "
6=3.0000 "
4.4382 "
1.7752 qts.
44.3822 galb.
0.0864 qts.
1.0567 "
2.0416 "
2.7642 "
2.7656 "
0.7477 "
1.0567 "
1.9074 «
2.0720 "
1.5760 "
1.9787 "
1.2723 "
4.4027 galls.
21.6408 "
264.18 "
0.0550 qts.
. 1.0736 "
160. 0000 galls.
1.0567 qts.
0.1057 *
1.4954 "
2.0064 qts
9.0000 sails
0.1'0325 qts
0.02603 "
0.4011 "
2.0903 "
2.0823 "
398.533 galls.
330 06 "
191.387 "
197.501 "
189.360 "
190.641 "
207.095 "
20'J.499 "
211.238 "
l'J7.7f,8 "
181.399 "
200.284 "
209.499 "
1.0204 "
0.8329 "
1.0000 "
0.125 qts.
0.1041 "
0.1320 •'
1.8483galh.
1.665 "
14.6685 "
22.004 "
54.0000 "
54.0000 "
52.4737 "
3.6967 "
1.4786 qts.
36.9667 galls.
0.0720 qts.
0.8802 u
1.7005 "
2.3023 "
2.3085 "
0.6228 "
0.8802 "
1.5387 "
1.7258 "
1.3127 "
1.6489 "
1.0597 "
3.6671 galls.
18.0000 "
220.04 "
0.0458 qts.
0.8942 "
133.267 galls.
0.8302 qts.
0.0880 "
1.2455 "
2.2809
40.0166
0.0037
0.0296
0.4560
2.3749
2.3672
1811.19
1500.00
869.78
897.57
8C0.06
86(3.39
941.17
952.09
960.00
893.80
824.39
910.22
1763.58
4.6400
3.7853
4.5435
0.1421
0.11S4
0.1500
8.4000
7.5663
66.6655
100 000
245.410
245.410
238.474
16.8000
1.6-00
168.4000
O.OS1S
1.0000
1.9832
2.6174
2.6172
0.7079
1.0000
1.8061
1.9620
1.4914
1.8737
1.2047
16.6655
81.8033
1000.0000
0.0521
1.0166
605.65
1.0000
0.1000
1.4149
vFirkin
Great Britain
United States....
Eoman States
Argentine Confed.
Fluid-drachm .
" ounce
Foglietta
Frasco
Fuder. . . .
Austria
Bremen
Brunswick
F"ankfort
Hamburg
Hanover
Hesse -Cassel
Hesse-Darmstadt.
Lubeck
Prussia
Wurtemberg
United States....
U U
Great Britain .'.'.'.'
United States.!!.
Baden
Japan
Mocha
V&allon. Beer meas.
Winchester.
Imperial . . .
Gill..
" Winchester. . .
Glas.
Gon^hau
Gudda or cuddy. . .
Guirbeh
Egypt
France, etc
Great Britain
United States!!!!
Japan
Hectolitre
VHogshead. Beer. .
Wine..
Ischiomasse
Itchigau
Ittornass6.
u
Jungfru. ....
Norway
Netherlands
Denmark
Kan
Kande
Kanna.
Norway.
Sweden
Kanne
Austria
German Empire. .
Hamburg
Hanover
Java
u
i;
" . i Lubeck
Khoulle
Algeria
Great Britain
France, etc
China
kilderkin
Kilolitre
Kop
K uba or cuba
Legger. For arrack
Litre
Abyssinia
Java
Maatje...
Ma/8 . .
Netherlands
Austria
LIQUID MEASURES.
99
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
Enslis'i
Measure.
Litres.
Mass
Baden
1 585 qts
1.320 qts
1.5000
" For beer
1 1296 " "
0 9408 "
1.0696
" Eichmass....
Frankfort ....
1 S945 "
1.5779 "
1.7989
" Neuinass
" For wine
Hesse-CasseY. '. ! ! !
Hesse-Darmstadt.
1.6844 "
2.0969 "
2 1184 "
1.4029 "
1.7465 "
1.7604 "
1.5949
1.9855
20000
u
Wi'irtemberg
1 9412 "
1.6168 "
1.&388
Mataro For oil
Tripoli
6 1 630 galh
5 1333 galls
23 3288
Metter or raitre. . .
Tunis
26417 "'
2.2003 "
9.9996
Mezzaruola
Sardinia
34 1680 "
28.4591 "
129.8366
Mezzetta
Millilitre
Tuscany
France, etc
0.60212 qts.
0 00106 "
05015 qti.
0.00088 "
0.5701
0.0010
Mina
Ven Lombardy
2 641 8 galls
2 2004 galls.
10.0000
Mino-el
Bremen
0 9131 qts.
0 1776 qts
0.2018
Mistate
Misurella. For oil
Crete
Naples
2.948 galls.
0 1114 qts
2.4505 galls.
0 0928 qts
11.1590
0.1055
Muid
Nossel
Switzerland
Brunswick
89.627 galls.
0.4940 qts
33.006 galls.
0.4115 qts.
150.0000
0.4678
Hanover
0 5180 "
0 4314 "
0.4905
H
Noosfiah or nusflah
Saxony
Mocha
O.C862 "
0 9997 "
0.5549 "
0.8351 "
0.6024
0.9466
Oessel
Hamburg
0 4768 "
0 3971 "
0.4515
Prussia
0 6049 "
0 5088 "
0.5728
Ohm. (Compare
afim.)
Baden
89 627 galls
33006 galls
150.0000
Bremen
Brunswick
382965 "
39.5202 "
81.8969 "
32.917 «*
144.9637
149.5958
For beer'..!."!
Frankfort
Hesse-Cassel
Hesse-Darmstadt
87.8910 "
46.1333 "
42 2688 "
31.560 "
38.425 "
35 2064 "
143.4287
174.6283
1600000
Prussia
36 2928 "
30.229 "
187.3790
Saxony
40 0806 "
83 383 "
151.717
Oka
Oke
Koumania
Crete
1.4974 qts.
1 3882 u
1.2472 qts.
1.1521 "
1.4179
1.3097
Ort
Liibeck ..
0 2475 "
0 2061 "
0.2334
Oxhoft
Bremen
57 4448 galls
47 8467 galls
227 446
M
Brunswick
59 2802 " '
49.3755 "
224.394
II
Hamburg
572210 "
47 6603 "
216.598
i;
62 1593 "
51 7735 "
235 291
M
Liibeck
59 3608 "
49 4426 "
224 698
tl
Saxony. . .
60 1158 "
50 0710 "
227.554
Pakha
Sumatra
0 5814 qts
04843 qt&
05600
Panilla
Spain
0.1327 "
0.1105 "
0.1256
Parrah
Ceylon
6 75 galls
5.6222 gails
25.5507
Pfiff
Austria . .
0 1869 qts
0 1557 qt«
01770
V Pint. Imperial
u Winchester..
Pinta
Great Britain
United States
Sardinia. Turin..
0.6003 4'
0.5000 "
1 C536 "
0.5000 "
0.4164 "
1 3773 "
0.5679
0.4734
1 5658
Ven Lombardy
1 0567 "
0 8802 "
1 0000
vPipa. For wine . . .
Madeira
110.0000 galls.
91.621 galls
416883
Portugal. ....
56.8035 "
47 3126 "
215.018
.Pipe
Great Britain
129 665 "
108 0000 "
490 82
United States
126 0000 "
104 9475 "
47695
Planke
Liibeck
0.4950 qts
0.4123 qts
04687
Poegel
Denmark
0.2552 "
0 2126 "
02416
Pot
1 0208 "
0 8502 "
0 9666
u
Switzerland...
1.585 "
1.320 «*
1.5000
100
LIQUID MEASURES.
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
vTuncheon
Great Britain....
29.665 galls.
08.0000 galls
490.82
u
United States
84 0000 "
6& 97 "
317 965
i/^uart. Beer meas .
" Imperial. . .
/• Winchester
•Quarter .
Great Britain
United States
1.2251 qts.
1.2006 "
1.0000 "
0 8455 "
1.0204 qts.
1.0000 "
0.8329 "
0 2878 "
1.1600
1.1358
0.9469
0 3271
Quarterone
Roman States
5.1 904 galls.
4 3232 gall?
Quartier ....
Bremen
0 8524 qt
0 7099 qt
0 8071
0 84>29 "
0 0855
H
llambur"
0.9536 "
0 7942 "
09029
"
Hanover
Lubeck
1:0360 "
0 9900 "
0.8629 "
0.8246 "
O.DSH)
0.9374
u
Prussia
. 1.209S "
0 51904 "
1.0077 "
0 4323 "
1.1455
04914
Quartilho
Portugal
0 3641 "
0 3032 "
03448
Quartillo
Quartino.
Chili
Spain
1.1624 "
0.5329 "
0 4134 "
O.H6S2 "
0.4438 "
0 3443 "
1.1007
0.4946
03914
Quarto. For oil...
Naples
0.6541 "
0.5448 "
0.6194
Quartuccio. Wine.
Roman States....
Tuscany
0.1204 "
0.3011 "
0.1003 "
0.2508 "
0.1140
0.2851
Rubbio
Piedmont
2 4804 galls
2 0659 galls
9.38S8
Runlet
United States
IS 0000 "
14 9925 "
6S1341
Salma
Schoppen
Sicily
Frankfort
22.0000 "
0 4736 qt
18.3242 "
0 3945 qt
83.27(i6
04484
German Empire . .
0.5284 "
0.4401 "
0.5000
H
Hesse-Cassel . . .
0.524-3 "
0.4366 "
0.4964
H
Hesse-Darmstadt.
0.5284 "
0.4401 "
0.5000
H
Wiirtemberg ....
0.4S53 "
0.4042 "
0.451)5
Seer
Ceylon
1 2000 "
0 9995 "
1.1363
Seidel
Austria
0.3738 "
0.3113 "
0.3.->39
Prague
0.5044 "
0.4201 "
0.4776
Setier
Switzerland
9.9067 galls
8.2515 galls.
87.5000
Shing-tsong
China
0.55 qt.
0.4581 qt.
0.5407
Sidio
0 9324 "
0 7766 "
0.8S29
Soma
|| For oil
Roman States
Tuscany
Ven. Lombardy..
43.386 galls
19.271 "
26.418 "
36.137 galls
16.0511 "
22.004 "
164.225
72.9464
100.0000
Stajo. For oil .
Naples
2.6163 "
2.1791 "
9.9035
Stop
Stiibchen
Norway
Bremen
1.3821 qts.
3.4096 "
1.1512 qts.
2.8399 "
1.3057
3.2285
Brunswick
Hamburg
8.9520 "
3.8147 "
8.2917 "
3.1773 "
3.7421
3.6121
u
Hanover.
4.1439 "
3 4515 "
8.9328
u
Lubeck
3 9574 "
3 2962 "
3.7473
Stutz
Baden .
3.9627 galls
3.8006 galls
15.0000
Tau
1 125 "
0 987 "
4.2585
VTierce
Great Britain
43.2216 "
36.0000 "
163.606
Tonelada
United States
Portugal. ....
42.0000 "
113.607 "
3.4982 "
94.6252 "
158.98
429.998
Tonde. Of beer
Denmark
34 7072 "
28.9082 "
131.377
" "tar
30.624 "
25.5072 "
115.1)209
Tonne . .
Brunswick
26.676 "
22.2189 "
100.9766
it
45 7771 "
38.1285 *
173.279
H
Hanover ....
41.2646 "
34.3708 "
156.1609
/Tun
Great Britain
259 33 "
216.0000 "
981.641
United States...
252.0000 "
209.895 «
( 953.805
DRY MEASURES.
101
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States*
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
33 1709 galls
27 6286 galls
125 562
Vakia .
Mocha
00624 qt.
0.05197 qt.
0.0591
Vat
Netherlands
26418 galls
22 004 galls
100 0000
Vedro
3 -'49 "
2 7061
12 2990
Viadra ..
Roumania
3.7434
3.1179
14.1699
Viertel
Austria . .
37381
3.1135
14.1498
1 9148
1 5949
72102
H
Frankfort. .*?
1.8945
1.5771
7.1712
H
Hamburg
19074
1.5887
7.2208
Hanover
Hesse'Cassel
2.0719
2.0969
1.7257
1.7465
7.8428
7.9374
«
Hesse-Darmstadt
21134
1.7603
8.0000
it
Liibeck
19787
1 6431
74899
Vingerhred
Netherlands
0.0106 qt.
0.0088 qt.
0.0100
YII. — DRY MEASURES.
THE value of every unit is here given in British or imperial
bushels or pecks, United States or " Winchester " bushels or
pecks, and litres. For the list of countries in which the litre is
recognized, see the note at the head of the Liquid-Measure table :
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
Achtel
0 8726 peck
0 8459 peck
76868
" See massel . .
" " malter.
Frankfort
0 3143 peck
0 3047 peck
3 6496
Adoulie
Bombay
0 7813 "
0.7574 "
6.8825
Almude ...
Spain
0 5330 "
0.5167 "
4.6592
Brazil
1 13512 bu
1 1004 bush
899965
Portugal ....
1.5347 peck.
1.4878 peck.
13.5192
Amomam
Ceylon
5 7757 bush.
5.5993 bush.
20.9924
Ardeb
2 603 "
2 5235 "
91.7196
0 45^6 peck
0 4446 peck
40398
H
Massowah
13333 "
1.2926 "
11.7458
Artaba ..
Persia
1 8514 bush.
1.7948 bush.
05.2361
Bambou.
Bantam
0 3689 peck
0 3576 peck.
32396
0 2272 "
0 2203 "
20014
Becher
Austria
0 OM4 "
0.0527 "
0.4792
H
" or locher
v Bushel. Imperial...
" Winchester
Caffisoor cafiz
Cahiz. . '.".'.
Baden
Brunswick
Great Britain
United States
Algeria
Tunis
Spain
0.0170 "
0.2167 "
1.0315 bush.
1.0000 "
9.0072 "
14.0753 "
19 1897 "
0.0164 "
0.2101 "
1.0000 bush.
0.9694 u
8.7321 "
13.6454 "
18.6037 "
0.1500
1.9089
86.3460
35.2361
817.88
495.96
676.20
Candaca
Mysore...
11.13 "
10 79 "
392.18
102
D.RY MEASURES.
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litre*.
Candy ....
25.00 bush.
2.9622 peck.
4.32811 bu.
5&885S w-
0.00135 pk.
00015 u
0.14812 "
1.0315 bush.
1.00075 Pk.
0.03125 "
13.3848 bush.
0.9257 peck.
4.1260 bush.
2.232 "
1.5745 peck.
1.1352 "
0.0135 "
7.305 bush.
0.1316 peck.
1.1790 "
12. 1164 bush.
0.0078 peck.
0.1703 *
3.8936 bush.
1.5745 "
2.575 "
3.1237 "
1.55 "
1.599 "
7.776 "
1.5347 "
1.9374 "
1.4941 "
1.0097 peck
2.0786 "
0.9869 "
4.0030 bush
2.9513 peck
130.535 bush
103.967 "
0.3923 peck
1.4274 "
0.9547 "
0.2181 "
0.2467 "
2.8o8 bush
3.4069 peck
2.9881 "
3.5371 "
4.5615 "
1.9095 "
0.1909 "
4.7738 bush
0.2169 peck
24.2350 bush.
2.8716 peck.
4.1911 bush.
54.6057 "
0.0011 peck.
0.0014 "
0.1436 "
1.0000 bush.
0.9702 peck.
0.0307 "
12.9760 bush.
0.8974 p«ck.
4.0000 bush.
2.1541 "
15264 peck.
1.1005 "
0.0110 "
7.0S19bush.
0.1276 peck.
1.1480 "
11.7464 bush.
O.OOTSpeck.
0.1651 "
8.7747 bush.
1.5264 "
2.4963 "
8.0288 "
1.5026 «
1.5502 "
7.53S5 M
1.4878 bush.
1.8782 "
1.4484 "
0.9778 peck.
2.0151 "
0.9567 "
8.8807 bush.
2.8612 peck.
135.274 bush.
100.792 "
0.3803 peck.
1.3838 "
0.9256 "
0.2114 "
0.2392 "
2.7512 bush
3.3610 peck
2.S963 "
3.4291 "
4.4222 "
1.8512 "
0.1851 "
4.6280 bush
0.2103 peck
41.144 bush
0.2878 peck
2.8804 "
880.9
26.1292
152.329
1984.7
0.0100
0 0132
1.3048
36.3460
8.8156
0.2753
471.162
8.1545
145. 3S4
78.6347
13.8698
10.0000
0.1000
257.4
1.1593
10.^858
426.98
0.0687
1.5000
137.19
55.479
90.783
110.067
54.C.159
56.3425
274.0
54.0768
62.26(58
52.6462
8.8944
18.3104
8.6936
141.05
25.998
4916.66
3663.39
3.4558
12.5739
8.4000
1.9212
2.1732
100.0000
30.5399
26.3222
31.15S3
40.1822
16.8000
1.6SOO
168.00
1.9104
1495.42
2.6154
26.1719
Capicha
Carga
Persia
Crete
Naples...-.;. ...,
France, etc
Centilitre
Chattack
Chenica
Persia
Chilo
Ionian Isles
Chinik
Turkey
Ceylon
Cohi
Siam
Collothun....*.
v Coomb
Persia
Great Britain
Bologna
Cuartilla
Central America. .
France, etc
Decalitre
Decilitre
Djezla
Bavaria
Hanover
Lubeck
DritteL
Dr»" nit
Ecklein
Einine ....
Wiirtemberg
Switzerland
Argentine Confed.
Central America. .
Chili
Cuba
Mexico
Fanera
Spain
Uruguay
Lisbon
Oporto
Hamburg
Fasa
Lubeck
Fjerding
Fjerdingk'ar
Fortin
Turkey
Madras
Pondicherry
JJussia
Gametz .
Gombetta
Gonghau
Grosses massel
Halvotting
Genoa
Austria..
Denmark
France, etc
Brunswick
Hamburg
Hanover
Hectolitre ....
Himt
tt
it
Hesse-Cassel
Japan
Ischiomasse
Ittomasse
Kaddah
u
Egypt
Kahoou
42.44 bush
0.2969 peck
2.9712 "
Kanna . . .
Norway
u
Sweden. . .
DRY MEASURES.
103
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
Kel6
0.8685 peck
0.8419 peck.
7 6506
Kella. See mecmeda
Mocha
Kerat
Kharroubah
Egypt
0.0068 "
0.018(5 "
0.0066 "
0.0132 "
0.05'.)9
0 1198
Khoonke
Bengal
O.OC73 "
0.0071 "
0 0643
Kilo
Ron mania .
12345 bush
11 968 bush
434 98
Turkey
1 00075 "
0 9702 "
35 2624
Kilolitre, or stere..
Kleines massel
France, etc
Austria. . . ...
28.33 "
0 1090 peck
27.5121 "
01 057 peck
1000.00
0 9602
Koolah
Kop
Sumatra
China
0.4692 "
O.OOS7 "
0.4548 "
0.0084 "
4.1332
O.OT66
Netherlands... .
0 1135 "
0.1105 "
1 00
Koyang
Bantam
Batavia
147.506 bush.
62.432 "
14=3.059 bush.
60.5->5 "
5199.64
2199 85
u
The Moluccas . . .
55 3371 "
53647 "
1949 86
Kumpf
Hesse-Darinstadt
0 9082 peck
0.8S04 peck
8 00
Last...
Bremen
84.0779 bush.
81.5103 bush.
2962.57
i/ ........ ....
Great Britain . . .
82 5200 "
80.0000 "
2907 . 68
Hamburg
89 6433 "
86 9057 "
315S 63
it
84 881)4 "
8'' 2970 "
2991 17
K
Liibeck
9(i 9312 u
93 9710 "
34i5 46
Netherlands
85 14 "
82 54 "
3000 00
Lastre
Prussia
112.2917 u
58 4040 u
108.S624 "
56 6-)04 "
8956.72
2057 92
Litre
France, etc
01 135 peck
Oil 05 peck
1.0000
Maatje
Netherlands
00113 "
00110 u
0 1000
0 0459 "
00445 w
0 4043
M;'is«ohen .. . ..
Frankfort
0 0509 "
0.0493 "
0.4484
Hesse-Cassel
0 2876 u
0 2788 "
2 53:35
u
Hesse-Darmstadt
0 0567 "
00550 "
0 5000
u
0 0975 "
0.0945 u
0 8589
u
Saxony ....
0 15^ "
0 1786 "
1 62:35
Masslein
Baden . .
0 1703 "
0 1651 "
1 5000
0 2632 "
0 2551 M
2 3185
U
Wurtemberg .
0 1572 "
0.1524 "
1 8848
Malouah
Egypt. .
0 4337 "
0 4204 "
3.8205
Maker
Baden
4.2570 bush
4.1208 bush.
150.0000
Frankfort
3 25026 "
3.1568 "
114.7878
K
Hanover
530559 "
5 1434 "
186.948
u
Hesse-Darmstadt
8 63-?6 "
8 5216 "
128 000
H
Prussia
18.7164 "
18.1448 "
659.492
Maquia
Saxony
Portugal
35.3S20 u
0 0959 peck
84.3050 "
0 0929 peck
1246.7
0 844S
Marcal
1 35936 "
1 8178 "
11 9749
Masulipatan
1.612 "
1.5628 M
14.2001
Massel or achtel . . .
Bavaria
0 5264 "
05108 "
4 6371
Prague . . .
0 6640 u
0 6437 "
5 8492
Medinno
Medio
Cyprus
Spain
2.1312 bush.
0.2664 peck
2.0661 bush.
0.2534 peck.
7&.0951
2.346?
Mctze
Austria
1 7451 bush
1 691 8 bush
61 4904
Bavaria
4 2067 peck
4 0782 peck
37 0568
•i
Frankfort
1.6281 "
1.5784 "
14 3419
M
Hesse-Cassel ....
1.1500 "
1 1149 "
10 1304
•I
Hungary
1 7735 bush
1 7 193 bush
62 4912
U
Prussia
0 3899 peck
0 3779 peck
8 4346
It
Saxony....
0.7371 "
07146 "
6 4931
Mina
Parma. . .
0.6670 bush.
0.6466 bush.
23.5025
104
DRY MEASURES.
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
Mina,
Sardinia
Turin
8.4257 bush.
0 6527 u
3.3211 bush.
0 £323 "
120.708
22 99W6
it
1 65' (0 peck
1 6083 peck
14 6141
u
Yen. Lombardy
1 1852 "
l'l<)05 " *
10 0000
Minot. Old measure
Lower Canada. . . .
1.1111 bush.
0 2607 peck
1.0772 bush.
0 °527 peck
39.1508
0 OClfiK
Moggio ....
Tuscany
16 5904 bush
16 OS37 bush
584 F>8
Moio
28 (1202 "
22 317'? "
811 141
Mudde
Netherlands
2 888 "
2 7512 "
100 000
Mudi
Muhd
Mangalore
1.3019 "
5 1840 "
1.2C-21 "
5 0'-*57 "
45.874
182 663
Miiller-massel
Austria
0.4362 peck.
(1.4229 peck
3 8425
Muth
52 8536 bush
50 7548 bu~h
1844 73
Ochavillo
Spain
0 OOS4 peck
0 0081 peck
0 0740
Olluck
Madras
00217 "
0 0210 " '
0 1^1^
Orbah. . .
Tripoli
0 7613 "
0*7831 u
6 7063
Ort
Norway
0 0093 "
0 0090 "
0 ()8i9
Osmina.
Eussia
2 9784 bush
2 8874 bush
104 95
Ottingkar
Denmark
0 9869 peck
0 9567 pock
8 6986
Ouebeh.
Egypt
1 4020 "
1 859^ *' '
12 3502
" or ueba ....
TriS>u".
3 0452 bush
2 9522 bush
107 30
Portugal
0 1918 peck
0 1859 peck
1 6896
Pajak
Eussia
1 4892 bush
1 4437 bush
59 4735
Pallie
Bengal
0 4676 peck
0 4533 peck
4 1191
Parah
Bombay
3.125 bush.
3.0295 bush
110 113
" or chunam —
^Peck. Imperial
" Winchester.
Puddy
Madras
Great Britain
United States
Madras .
1.7442 "
1.0315 peck.
1.0000 "
0 1744 u
1.6909 "
1.0000 peck.
0.9694 «
0 1691 "
51.4515
9.0865
8.8090
1 5863
Quarta
Eome
2 0887 bush
2 0249 bu«h
78 5976
Quarter
Great Britain
Norway
8.2520 "
0 0389 peck
8.0000 li
0 0377 peck
290.8
0 3427
Quarterolo
Parma . . .
0.3335 "
0 3233 " '
2 9878
Quarterone
Bologna
1 1160 "
1 081 9 "
9 8308
Quarticino
0.2790 "
0.2704 "
2 4577
Quartillo
Spain
0.1332 "
0 1291 "
1 1734
Quarto
Genoa
1 7129 "
1 6606 "
15 0889
Portugal
0.3836 "
0.3719 "
3 3791
Quartuccio
vQuateron
Eome
Switzerland .
0.3798 "
1.7028 "
0.3682 "
1.6504 "
3.3457
15 0000
Eacion
Raik
Eoubouh or rob
Spain
Bengal
Egypt
0.0333 "
0.1169 "
0.4339 "
0.0323 "
0.1133 "
0 4206 "
0.2933
1.0298
3 8222
Eubbio
Ancona
7974 bush
7 7305 "
280 972
Baa
Eome •
8.355 "
1 36^1 "
8.0998 "
1 3205 "
294.397
47 9950
Bacoo
Modena
3 9956 "
3 8736 "
140 789
Turin.
3.2635 "
3 1638 bush
114 992
Tuscany
2.0738 "
2 0104 "
78 0725
Salma .
Malta
8 224 "
7 9728 "
289*781
" generate
Sicily..
7.8 "
75618 "
274 841
" grosso
10 0 "
9 6946 "
353 26
Sat
Scheepston
Siam
Netherlands
0.3346 peck.
28 38 bush
0.3244 peck.
27 5121 bush
2.9475
1000 00
Bcheffel
Bavaria
631002 "
61173 u
292 34
210195 "
2 037T '
74 0645
u
Brunswick...
8.6G72 "
8.4025 "
305.398
DRY MEASURES.
105
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
English
Measure.
Litres.
Bcheffel
German Empire..
1.4190 bush.
1.3756 bush.
50.0000
Hamburg .
2.9881 "
2.8968 "
105.2898
<«
Hesse-Cassel
23 "
2.2297 "
81.25
" for wheat . .
Liibeck..;
1.009T "
0.9788 "
85.5778
" " oats ....
1.1213 "
1.0871 "
39.5102
Prussia . . .
1.5597 "
1.5121 "
54.9577
u
2 9485 "
28584 "
103.8985
N
Wiirtemberg
5.0292 "
4.8756 "
117.2098
Schepel
Netherlands.
1.1352 peck.
1.1 005 peck.
10.00
Schrott
Scorzo
Sechter
Frankfort
Rome
Frankfort
0.0127 "
1.5191 "
0 8140 "
0.0123 "
1.4727 "
0.7891 "
0.1119
13.3817
7.1705
Sei
China
3 471 6 bush.
8 3656 bush.
122.3256
Seidel
Prague
0.^554 peck.
0.0537 peck.
0.4880
Sester
Baden . .
1.7028 "
1.6504 "
15.0000
Sesti
Siam
1.3385 "
1 2975 M
11.7908
Sextario
Persia
0 0370 "
0 0358 "
03259
Shye
An jar
8.5297 "
8.4219 "
31.0931
Frankfort
8 2563 M
3 1568 "
2* (>S47
It
Hesse-Darmstadt.
3.6326 "
8.5216 "
32.0000
Simri
Wurtemberg
2.5146 "
2.4378 "
22.1511
Skoeppe
Denmark
1 9738 "
1 9135 "
17.3872
Soallee
Soma
Span
Bengal
Ven. Lombardy..
Norway .
2.3378 bush.
2.8380 "
2 0786 "
2.2664 bush.
2.7512 "
2 0151 "
82.3749
100.0000
73.2419
Spint
0 5255 perk.
0 5094 peck.
4.6291
Hamburg
0 7470 "
0.7242 "
6.5808
Stajo
Bologna . .
1 11 58 bush.
1.081 7 bush.
89.3164
Modena
1 9978 "
1 9368 "
70.3946
it
Parma
1.3337 "
1.2929 "
46.9944
u
Turin
1 0878 "
1 0546 "
88.8298
u
Tuscany
0 6915 "
0 6704 "
24.3658
Starello
Rome
2.0888 peck
2.0250 peck.
18.4002
Stop
Norway
0 1556 "
0.1508 '•
1.3707
Strich
Prague
2 65618 bu
2 5751 bush.
9'U>905
Tarrie
2 2 51 8 peck
2 1830 peck
19.8-S71
Tau
China
o's708 "
0.8442 "
7.6709
Tchetverik
Eussia
2 9784 "
2 8874 "
26.2367
Tchetverka
0 7446 "
0.7219 "
6.5592
Tchetviert
H
5 9521 bush
5.7703 "
209.728
Teman
Tripoli
3 0452 peck
2 9528 "
26.8252
Tonde
8 9477 bush
8 8271 bush
139.098
Tomolo
Naples
1 5646 "
1 5168 "
55.1308
Tonelada
Argentine Confed
29 2090 "
28 3102 "
1029.3
Tonne
Lubeck
4 0388 "
8 9154 "
142-312
Tunna
TTeba or hueba
Norway
Tripoli
4. ,572 M
30452 "
4.0302 "
2 9522 "
146.488
107.801
Yierfass
Hanover
0 8644 peck
0 8574 peck
7.7907
Viertel
1 7451 "
1 6918 "
15.3724
Bavaria
2.1083 "
2.0391 "
18.5280
M
Bremen
2 1019 "
2 0377 "
18.5156
H
2 6562 "
2 5751 "
23.8985
u
1 5597 "
1 5121 "
13 7394
U
Saxony
2.9485 "
2 8584 "
25.9733
It
W urtemberg
0 6284 "
0 6092 "
5.5356
Viertlein
0 0019 "
0 0018 "
0 0167
Wey...
Great Britain...
41.260 bush
40.0000 bush
1458.84
106
WEIGHTS.
MEASURES.
Locality.
United States
Measure.
En^liBh
Measure.
Litre*.
Wispel
Brunswick
Hamburg
34.6638 bush.
29.8811 "
33.6101 bush.
28.9686 "
1221.59
1052 89
u
Hanover
42.4447 "
41.14S5 "
1495.59
M
Prussia
'28.0746 "
27.2172 "
989.^2
u
70.7640 "
68 4328 "
2493.45
Zuber
42.5700 "
41.2632 "
1500.00
VIII. — WEIGHTS.
IN this table the value of every weight is given in English
or American avoirdupois, and in metric grammes. Each value in
grammes may be converted into pfunds of the German Zollverein
by dividing by 500. The gramme and its derivatives are legal
standards in the Argentine Confederation, Belgium, Brazil, Chili,
Colombia, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Mex-
ico, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United States. After Janu-
ary 1, 1876, the metric system will be the legal system in Austria.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Grammes.
Accino
Naples
0 69 grain.
0 0447
Adarme
Spain
27.73
Q-> 04 '
1.8001
4 0202
Akey .
20 03 '
1 2979
Anna
Bengal
14 04 '
0 9098
Arratel .
Brazil
1 0119 Ibs.
459 00
Portugal
1 0119 '
459 00
Arroba
*
25 3175 '
11441 3
Brazil
32 3792
14687 4
ti
Bolivia
25 3536
11500 4
K
26 0750
118^7 7
M
Mexico
25.3645
32 3795
. 11505.4
14687 4
U
Spain
25.4024
25 3595 "
11522.6
11503 1
As
0 74 grain
0 0479
Ass
Baden
0 77 "
0 0500
Bahar.
See also candy
Amboyna . .
597 607 ib's
271076
"
At Bet-el-faki
" Jidda
Arabia
815.625 "
183 OOS t'
369970.
87013
u
" Mocha
it
450 000 "
204121
M
Ordinary
Bantam
396 000 "
179627.
It
For pepper. . .
406.780
184517.
WEIGHTS.
107
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Grammes.
Bahar
Batavia
610.170 Ibs.
276775
Batman .
Shiraz
12.6816 "
5750 3
Syria
17.0022 "
7712 2
u
Tauris.
6.3408 "
2876.2
u
Turkostan
276.41 "
125380
Bazla.
84.226 "
155'->5
Bends
2 2689 oz
64 3288
Benda-offa
u
1.1344 "
32 1605
Berkovetz or berkowitz ....
Binh
Russia
360.6764 Ibs.
68.8760 u
163603
31242
Buncal
Singapore
1.9017 oz.
53.9136
Caban. Of rice
'• " cocoa. . .
Philippine Isles..
133.000 Ibs.
83.500 "
60329.
37876.
Can
Annam
1.3775 "
624.888
Canilil
Candy
Sumatra
Ahmednuggur.. .
423.5 . "
1577.140 "
192101.
715895.
Birinah
5UO.OOO "
226801 .
560 000 "
254018.
Ceylon
500 000 "
2''6801 .
Goa.
495.000 "
224538.
Madras
500.000 "
226801 .
Malabar
695.500 "
315481 .
Malacca
Muscat
Mysore
405.000
525.000
4S5.500 "
183709.
238142.
220^24.
'Pondicherry.
588.040 "
266737.
Surat
340.160 "
154298.
See also bahar
Cantaro
Crete
116.570 "
52886.
524 190 "
237774.
Egypt _
98.190 "
44539.
Old weight
Greece
112.000 "
50804.
" "
Ionian Isles
Malta
118.SUO "
175 000 "
53S38.
793al
Commercial
Morocco
119. UOO "
53979.
Roumania
Tripoli
123.992 "
109 714 "
56243.
49707
Tunis.
111.750 "
50690.
Turkey
124.082 "
565£6
Carato
Bologna
2.91 grains.
0.1886
Ca y See also kan . . .
Batavia
1.8563 Ibs
615 2-*2
1 1111 "
503 993
Commercial
Malacca.
1.3500 "
612.364
For gold and silver.
Siam
2.0491 "•
2.6670 "
929.478
1209.759
2.1180 "
960.723
Ternate
1 3017 "
590 455
Centass
Baden
77 161 grains
5 0000
Centigramme
France, etc..
0.154 "
0 0100
Centinajo or talento .... ....
Ionian Isles
100.000 Ibs.
220 460 "
46360.8
100000
Centner
Austria
123.4615 "
51)002.
u
Baden
110 230 "
50000
u
Bremen . .
127.4909 "
57S30.
108
WEIGHTS.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Gramme h
Centner
Denmark. . .
110 230 Ibs.
50000
Hesse-Darmstadt.
110. '280 "
50000.
u
Prague
130.080 "
61726
u
Prussia
110 230 "
50000
u
Saxony
Sweden. . . .
113.366
93 379 "
51423.
42357
Chat tack. Bazaar
Calcutta
2.0531 oz.
58.2059
" Factory .
1 8(564 "
52 ill 28
Chequi
Turkey
11 3348 "
321 3433
Coffala
Mocha
48.0 grains.
3.1104
Copaug
Borneo...
9 60 u
0.6220
Danik
Mocha
7.86 "
0.5933
Darhem. See dirhem ...
Decagramme
France etc. .
154 32 "
10 0000
Decigramme. (In Germa-
ny, dezigramme)
Dekass, or pfennig
Baden '.'.'.'.'.'.
1.5432 "
7.766 "
0.1000
0.5000
Denaro
Genoa
17.02 "
1.1029
Parma
17.49 "
1 1333
44
18 17 "
1 1774
44
Turin
19 77 "
1.2311
u
Tuscany
18 19 "
1 1787
44
Ven. Lombardy. .
15.432 "
1.0000
Deuke . . .
Turkey . .
12.397 "
O.S038
Dhan. For precious metals.
Dirhern, darhlin, or drachm.
Bengal
Abyssinia.
0.56
40.00 "
0.0363
2.5920
u 44 a u
Egypt
Persia. Shiraz. . .
Tripoli
47.73 "
295.90 "
48.00 "
3.0929
19.1744
3 1104
44 44 (4 (4
Turkey
49 59 "
3 2133
Doli
0.685 "
0.0444
Dong
Annam
60 27 "
3 9055
Drachm. Apothecaries1
Drachma. . ..
England and IT. S.
Greece
60.00 "
15.432 "
8.8880
1 0000
Drachme
Kussia
Servia '....
Austria
57.60 "
49.33 "
67.70 "
3.7325
3.1966
4.3869
Denmark . .
57 53 "
3 7279
14
Germany
57.53 "
3.7279
Dracma. See ochava
Dramma
Spain
Naples
55.57 "
41.25 u
3.0MJ9
2.<,730
Tuscany
54.59 "
3.5374
E^eba
Guiiiea
330 S3 "
21 4412
Ferlino
Bologna
29.11 "
l.J-863
Modena.
25.68 "
1.0641
Frachtspfund
Bremen
329.718 Ibs.
149560.
Frauzella . ,
Zanzibar
85 2S22 "
16004.0
Frazil
30 0000 "
13608.1
Funte
Kussia
0.9028 "
409.510
0 7899 "
858.298
Gantang
Java
13.5031 "
6152.2
Grain
England and IT. S
1 . 0000 grain.
0.0643
Gramme.
15 432 "
1.0000
Gran, Apothecaries'
Austria
Denmark
1.18 "
0.96 "
0.0732
0.0622
41 44
Germany
0.96 "
0.0022
U
Norway....
0.95
0.0615
WEIGHTS.
109
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Grammes.
Gran
Russia
0 96 grain
0 0622
Saxony . ...
0 94
0 0(509
Grano
Bologna
0 72
0 0466
0 71
0 0460
Parma
0.73
0 0473
Rome
0 76
0 0492
Spain
0 77
0 0500
Turin
0 82
0 0581
0 76
0 0492
H
Ven Lombardy
1.54
0 1000
Granotino
Turin
0 03
0 0019
Grao
Portugal
0.77
0 0500
Grosso
Ven. Lombardy
154 82
10 0000
Harsela. For silk
Hectogramme . . .
Egypt
France, etc
2.7275 Ibs.
3.5273 oz
1237.2
100 0000
Heller
Brunswick
7 04 grain
0 4562
Frankfort
0 4933
^lundred- weight
Great Britain
112 000 Ibs
50703
United States
100.000 *
45360
Kamha
Egypt . .
0 49 grains
0 031 T
Kan or catty
China.
1 3334 Ibs
604 83
Kantar. See cantaro
Karat
Turkey
3 09 grains
0 2002
Karch
Austria
493 85 Ibs
224009
Karob
Algeria
3 00 grains
0 1944
Kerat
Kharrouba ....
Egypt
Tripoli
1.99 ' " '
3 00 "
0.1239
0 11)44
Kilo°ramm0 ,
France etc.
2 2046 Ibs
1000
40 678 "
18 451
Korrel
Netherlands
1.54 grains
0 1000
Kotscha
Muscat
5.8333 oz
165 3762
Lachsa
Sooloo Archipela-
66 6667 Ibs
30236
Lana
Russia ....
1.2037 oz
84 1251
Last
Austria
4938 46 Ibs
2250085
Sweden
9337.9 "
4245671.
Libbra
Ancona
0.7277
850 58
Bologna
0.7984
862 15
" Sottile
Genoa
0 7002
8.17 61
41 Grosso....
0.7691
848 85
Sottile
Ionian Isles ....
0 8229
873 27
1.0000
453.603
or rottolo
Malta :.
1.7500
794 005
Modena
0.7044
819 52
Naples.
0 7072
320 79 '
Parma
0 7197
826 46
Rome
0 7477
889 16
Sicily
Turin
0.7072
0.8133
320.79
868 91
Tuscany
0 7486
839 56
Metrica...
li 'a
Ven. Lombardy..
2.2046
1 0127
1000.00
450 36
Balearic Isles . .
0 8820
400 07
Canary Isles
1 0148
460 31
1 0430
473 10
Chili
1.0480
473 10
Madeira....
1.0110
458.50
10
110
WEIGHTS.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Grammes.
460.04
460.09
344.24
345.42
460.90
460.09
6979.4
6544.7
67S0.5
8503.0
Libra
Mexico
1.0142 Ibs.
1.0143 »
0.7539 "
0.7615 "
1.0161
1.0143 "
15.3868 "
14.4284 "
14.9481 "
18.7457 "
u
Peru
" Apothecaries'
Portugal
Spain
H
Uruguay ....
Uflspfund
Bremen
Brunswick
H
Hamburg. . .
Lispund
Norway
Liter. See rotl
Litra
Abyssinia
Eoumania
11.2720 oz.
11.2720 "
1.0792 Ibs.
1.1023
0.8267 "
225.27 grains.
205.00
20:3.14
154.32
270.06 "
270.06 "
241.12 "
240.42 "
225.44
243.39
233.60 "
236.10
233.52 "
241.12 "
233.79
257.19 "
197.49
241.12 "
O.CO "
28.50
38.33
60.42 "
52.00 "
58.33 "
13.6601 Ibs.
27.3202
2.13 grains
3.0071 Ibs
6.00 grains
8.1015 oz.
8.0949
8.0754
8.1288
8.2902
9.8768
8.7925
8.2448
8.2491
8.2384
8.9126
8.5481
319.5634
319.5634
439.5251
500.0000
375.0000
14.6041
13.2841
18.1636
10.0000
17.5000
17.5000
15.6250
15.5806
14.60S6
15.7718
15.1374
15.2994'
15.1322
15.6250
15.1497
16.6666
12.7974
15.6250
0.0389
1.S468
2,4870
8.9152
3.3096
3.7798
6196.2
12392.4
0.18SO
1364.02
0.8S88
229. 6S
229.49
245.85
230.45
235.03
280.01
249.27
233.74
233.86
233.56
252.67
242.20
Servia
Livre
Martinique
Switzerland
Denmark
Lod. For gold and silver. .
Norway
" For gold and silver. .
Lood
Netherlands
Austria
Bavaria
Loth
H
Bremen
4.
M
Frankfort
u
Hamburg
H
Hanover
H
Hesse-Cassel
it
Hesse-Darmatadt.
Liibeck
Prussia
H
M
H
Eussia
Switzerland
Annam
Amboyna
U
LY .
Aface
Borneo
u
China
u
Singapore
Kooloo Archipel..
Ispahan
Shiraz
M
Mahndshah
Maleborong
Mane
Borneo
Zanzibar
Madras
Marco
Argentine Confed
Portugal
H
u
Spain
a
Ven. Lombardy..
Austria
Mark
u
Brunswick
Cologne
Denmark
Frankfort
u
(I
u
M
WEIGHTS.
Ill
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Grammes.
Mark
Hanover . .
8 6356 oz
244 82
Lfibeck
8 5499
242 39
ii
Norway
1 4806
210 66
Prussia . . .
8 2494
283 87
Saxony
8 2448
233 74
8 2511
233 855
M seal
4 7939
M und
21 9429 1 «
9952
An jar.
26 2800
10898
At Bet-el-faki
" Jidda ..
Arabia
2.0390
1 8301
924.89
830 13
" Mocha
H
3 0000
1860 8
Aurungabad
75 8C67
84418
74 60 67
83869
82 1838
37256
Bombay
28 0000
1 '2701
79 7800
86188
H
Goa
24 7500
11227
||
Gujerat . .
89 7396
18026
U
Madras
25 0000
11840
H
8 7500
8969
H
Pondicheny .
25 9000
11748
M
Sumatra
77 0000
84927
Media-tabla
2 0101
72 06
4 66()5
JVypt
47 73
8 0929
U Ik
Tripoli:::::::::.:
73 60
4 7692
U 11
Tunis
59 70
3 8686
Millier
France etc. .
2204 6 Ibs
1000000
0 0154 grains
o ooioo
Mina
Greece
2 2046 Ibs.
1000
Miscal
Mocha
72 00 grains
4 6656
Mocha
1 0971 oz
81 1020
27 007 grains
1 7602
Moosa
Miinzpfund
Cyprus
Austria
112^000 Ibs.
1 1028 "
50703.
500 0000
22 046 "
10000
Nanki
10 00 grains
0 (}4so
Kely .
Bengal
0 28 "
0 0181
Nen
18 7800 oz
890 66
Ochava or dracma
Oka or oke
Spain
Crete
55.57 grains.
2 6402 Ibs
3.6009
1197 6
Cyprus
2 7(*57 "
1268 1
u
ECTDt
2 7275 "
1237 2
Greece. ....
8 3714 "
1529 3
Ionian Islands. . .
2.6998 "
1224 6
2 8188 "
1278 6
Servia
Tripoli
2.8188 "
2.7353 "
1278.6
1240 7
Ortchen! .' ! .' '. .' '. .' '. ." '. '. '..'..'..
Onoa ..
Turkey
Hanover
Portugal
2.8837 "
14.86 grains
1.0119 oz.
1285.4
0.9629
28.6873
Once
Eussia .
1.0582 "
29 8582
Switzerland
1 1091 "
81 2500
One ia
Bologna
1.0646 "
80.1786
Genoa...
0.9886 M
26.4670
112
WEIGHTS.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Grammes.
Oncia
Modena
Naples
Parma
0.9392 oz.
0.0429
0.1)596 "
26.6278
26.7312
27 2047
Home
0 9969 "
28 06'2l
Siciiy.
0.9429 "
26 7312
Turin.
1.0844 "
80 7427
0 9982 "
28 2990
Ven. Lombardy
8 5273 "
100.0000
Ons..
Netherlands.
3 5273 "
100 0000
Onza
Spain
1.0161 "
28.8066
Ootan. For camphor. .
Sumatra
4 0000 Ibs.
1814 4
Ort
0 9739
" Ordinary
Denmark
77.16 "
5.0000
'• For srold and silver
14 OS "
0 9124
M
Sweden
65 35 "
4 2347
Ottavo
Bologna ....
58.22 "
3.7727
Turin. . .
59 30 "
3 842T
Ounce. Avoirdupois
England and U. S.
1.0000 oz.
28.3502
" Troy and apotheca-
ries'
44 14 44
1.09T1 "
81.1028
Outava
Brazil
57.17 grains.
3 7046
Portugal
55 34 "
3 5801
Packen
Pagoda
Russia
Madras
1082.03 - Ibs.
54 38 grains
490810.
3 5238
Pahaw
Borneo
153 50 "
9 9469
Pecul. .
135.6354 Ibs.
61524.
u
Celebes
185 6400 "
61526.
" or tarn
China
133 3334 "
60480
Java
135.6312 "
C1522.
K
Malacca
135 0000 "
61236
u
139 4500 "
63''54
u
Siam
133 85 "
6048 S.
u
Sumatra
133 33 "
60477
Pennyweight
England and U. 8.
24.00 grains.
1.5552
Pfennig
Austria
16 88 "
1 0!l83
Brunswick
Frankfort
14.09 "
15.21 "
0.9140
0 9856
H
Hamburg ....
14 60 "
0.9461
M
Liibeck
14 61 "
0 1'5°6
H
Saxony
14.18 "
0.9189
Pfund .
Austria
1.2346 Ibs.
560 00
0 9284 "
421 12
Baden ....
1.1028 "
500 00
(i
Bavaria
1 1023 "
500 00
" Commercial
1.2346 "
560.00
it
Bremen .
0991 "
498.54
H
0306 "
467 48
U
Frankfort
.1141 "
505 34
U
1023 "
500 00
" Apothecaries1
44
Hamburg . .
.7889 "
0679 "
857.83
484 40
U
0794 "
4S9 64
u
0675 "
484 22
u
Hesse-Darmstadt
1023 "
500.00
t(
Liibeck
068T "
484 77
u
1 1028 "
500 00
M
Saxon v
1.'0306 "
467.48
WEIGHTS.
113
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Gramme*.
Pfnnd
1 10°3 Ibs
500 00
Pfundschwer . .
Bremen.
329 57 "
149493
Phan
6 03 grains
0 3907
Pice
163 33 "
10 5838
Piso or uzan
Guinea
124 08 "
8 0404
Pollam
Madras .
1 2250 oz.
34 7289
Pond.
Netherlands
'2 2046 Ibs
1000 00
" Apothecaries1
Russia
0.8267
86 0676 "
375.00
16360
Pound. Avoirdupois .
England and TJ S
1 0000 "
453 6029
" Troy and apothe-
caries1
0.8229 "
873 2674
pund
Denmark
1 1023 "
500 00
Apothecaries1
0.78897 "
357.89
" Apothecaries1
Norway
0 7856 "
856.35
" Set sl&o skiilpund . .
U It 11 U
Punko
Sweden
Bengal
0.9373 "
0.9338 "
0.14 grains.
425.16
423.57
0 0091
Quan
6SS 76 Ibs
312221
^Quarter
Great Britain
28 0000 "
12700 0
United Stales
25 0000 "
11340 0
Quentchen
Legal. .
Austria
Bavaria
67.51 grains.
60 28 "
4.3750
3 9062
Commercial. . .
Bremen
67.51 "
60 10 »'
4.8750
3 8945
Brunswick
56.36 "
8.65-21
Frankfort. . .
60 85 "
3 9476
Hamburg
58 40 "
8 7843
Hanover
59 02 "
3 8045
53 83 "
3 7,s80
Hesse-Darmstadt.
60.23 "
8 9062
Lubeck
58 45 "
3 7876
Prussia
60 28 "
8 9062
Quentlein
Saxony
56.70 "
8.6093
Quilate. For gems . .
Brazil. . ..
3.075 "
0 1996
Quint
Denmark
1.7636 oz.
50 0000
Quintal
Argentine Confed.
101.270 Ibs.
45936.
Bolivia.
101 .418 "
46000.
Central America
104.800 u
47310.
220 46 "
100000
Mexico
101 418 "
46003
Peru
101.429 "
46008.
Portugal.
129.518 "
58749
Spain
101.609 "
46089 *--•
110 23 "
50000
Venezuela
101 .438 "
46012.
Qu ntin
Denmark
56 32 grains.
3 6496
Ordinary . . .
Norway. .
51 25 "
8 3210
For gold and silver
50.79 "
3.2911
Quinto
Guinea
93 06 M
6 0303
Kattel ....
Persia
1.0568 Ibs.
479.86
Riohtspfennier
Hesse-Darmstadt.
15 08 grains.
0.976B
Rik P g
Teheran
17 075 Ibs.
7745 2
Kjoo
116 125 grains
7 5247
Eotl or rottolo
Abyssinia
0.6857 Ibs.
811 .03
" attari, for spices
" feuddi. erold and silver.
Algeria
1.2089 "
1.0967 "
646.09
497.46
114
WEIGHTS.
MEASURES.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Gramme*.
Eotl gheddari, for fruits
Algeria ... .
1 8545 Ibs
614 40
khebir .
2 0317 "
921 58
At Bet-el-faki
Arabia
1 0195 "
46'-1 45
" Jidda . .
0 8660 "
1C 6 02
Eevnt
0 QS19 "
445 41
Of commerce ... . '. .
Morocco . .
1 19 "
539 79
" the markets. ...
1 70 "
771 12
Tripoli
1 0971 '*
497 $4
suckv, for meat etc. .
Tunis
1 2532 "
568 45
ghredari, for vegetables
1 .4098 "
639 49
Botolo
Aleppo
5 0643 "
2297 17
Crete
1 1657- "
5^8 76
"
Cyprus
Genoa . .
5.2419 "
1 0508 '*
2377.73
476 42
M
Naples
1 9645 "
891 10
44 Grosso
" Sottile
Sicily
1.9250 "
1 7500 "
872.18
793 80
u
Smyrna
1.2(556 " .
0 9801 "
574.08
441 57
Eubbio
Parma.
17 9D25 "
8163 5
H
22 046 "
10000 00
Euttee. for pearls
Bengal.
2 825 grains.
0 1881
6aum
Austria
839 536 Ibs.
154014
" For steel
308 669 "
140013
Bohiffslast
(i
2469 23 "
1120043
Schiffspfund
Bremen
318 727 "
144574
u
288 568 "
130894
M
Hamburg
299.008 "
135630
Scrupel
Austria .
22 88 grains.
1 4«26
19 18 "
1 2429
H
Norway .
19 02 "
1 2325
Scruple
England and TT S
20 00 "
1 2960
Scrupule
Russia.
19 20 "
1.2442
Scrupulo
Portugal.
18 89 "
1 1917
Beer
Bengal
1 866T Ibs
846 74
11 2000 oz
817 5222
H
Madras
10.0000 "
283 502
Turkestan
34 5512 Ibs
15672
Seron
Guinea
186 12 grains
12 0606
Bhik
China.
160 00 Ibs.
72576.
Sicca Factory
Bengal
1C3 32 grains.
10 5832
" Bazaar
179.64 "
11.6407
Skalpund
Norway ....
0.9873 Ibs.
425 16
0 9338 "
423 57
Skippund ....
Norway
374.914 "
170061 .
Bompi
Madagascar
60 00 grains.
3.8880
Stein
24 694 Ibs
11201 2
Baden . .....
11.0230
5000.
v/Stone . ....
Great Britain
14 0000
6330.4
Ta
137 752
62484
Tael
Amboyna
1 0018 oz.
28.4010
Bantam.
2.4176
48 5400
1 8552
87 8529
1 4034
89 8280
China
1 3334
87.8019
Cochin China
1 3503
88.2810
Siam
2.1336
60.4ST«
WEIGHTS.
115
WEIGHTS.
Locality.
Avoirdupoia.
Grammes.
Tael
Sooloo Archipel
1 3328 oz
87 7849
Talantoii
3 3070 Ibs
1500 00
Talento or centinajo
Tarn. See pecul
Ionian Islands . . .
China
100.0000 "
133 3334 "
45360.
60480
Tampang For tin
Malacca
1 356 "
615 28
Tank
63 40 grains
4 4303
Tercio
Mexico
162.269 Ibs "
73605
Tica
Borneo
6 40 grains
0 414T
Tical
Birrnah
233 33 "
15 1201
Siam
2:«.33 "
15 1201
Timbang. For grain
Java
677 963 Ibs
807524
Tomin
•Ton
Spain
Great Britain....
United States
9.26 grains.
2240.00 Ibs.
2000 00 "
0.6001
1016064.
907200
Tonelada
Argentine Con fed.
2025 40 ' "
918721*
Portugal
1T4S 493 "
793116
H
Spain
2032 194 "
921803
Tonne
German Empire .
2201.6 "
1 000000
Tonneau
France ....
2204 6 "
1000000
Trapeso.
Naples.
13 T5 grains
0 8910
Uckia
Tripoli
] 09T1 oz
81 00^8
Tunis
1 1 1 75 "
81 6811
Untz. Ordinary
Norway.
0 9373 "
26 5724
14 Apothecaries1
1.0477 "
29 7023
41 For gold and silver.
u
0.9289 "
263343
Unze. Ordinary
Austria .
1 2346 "
85 0000
Apothecaries'
1 2379 "
35 0944
Bavaria
1 2346 "
35 0000
1 0991 "
31 1595
Apothecaries1
Denmark . . . . ,
1 0519 "
29 8214
Frankfort
1 1141 "
81 5847
Apothecaries'
Germany
Hamburg
1.0519 "
1.0679 u
29.8214
80 2820
Hanover .
1 0794 "
80 6010
Hesse-Cassel
1 0675 "
30 2636
Lubeck
Saxony
1.0687 "
1.0306 "
30.2976
29 2175
Uzan. See piso
Guinea ....
248 1 6 grains
16 0809
Vakia
Arabia
1 2000 oz
84 0200
Val. For gold, gems, etc. .
Vari
Delhi
Madagascar ....
5.63 grains.
30.00 "
03643
1 9440
Vierling, or vierding
Austria
Bavaria
4.9384 oz.
4 4091 "
140.006
125000
Vis ....
Birmah
3 3333 Ibs.
1512 0
3 1250 "
1417 5
Wakea
400 00 grains
25 9209
12 0395 oz
841 3198
Wakega. Commercial.
Mocha
1*0000 Ib.
45360
" For gold & silver
0 6857 "
811 03
Wictie
Netherlands
15432 grains
1 0009
Yen
13.7752 Ibs.
62484
Yin
China
2 6667 "
1209 6
Zehnlin0"
Baden
1 7636 oz
500000
Zent
Prussia
25 72 grains
1 6666
0 15 "
0 1000
Zentner.
u u
110.23 Ibs.
50000 00
Zollcentner....
Germany...
110.23
50000.00
116
MONET.
WEIGHTS.
Locality.
Avoirdupois.
Gramme*.
Zollpfund
Germany..
1 1023 Ibs
500 0000
Zollstein ....
220 46 "
100000 00
Kussia
65 83 grains
4 2658
IX. — MONEY.
IN the following table only the more important monetary
standards are given, the minor subdivisions being, with few excep-
tions, omitted. For each unit four values are given : First, its
value in American currency (of the United States); which, ex-
pressed in dollars, represents also its value in dollars of Canada
and Liberia, pesos of Paraguay, and pesos fuerte of the Argentine
Confederation. Second, its value in French francs, to which are
equivalent the francs of Belgium and Switzerland, pesetas of
Spain, lire of Italy, drachmes of Greece, and piastres or lei of
Roumania. By dividing any value in francs by five, the corre-
sponding value may be obtained in pesos of Bolivia, Central
America, Chili, Colombia, and Ecuador, and in sols of Peru.
Third, its value in English sterling. Fourth, its value in German
marks :
MONEY.
Locality.
Dollars.
Francs.
Sterling.
Marki.
Crown. See krone . .
Dollar.
Canada
1 0000
51813
£. s. d.
4 1 1/
4 1450
" See tallari. . .
Egypt
Hong-Kong
Liberia
1.0400
1.0000
5.3885
5.1813
4 3K
4 IX
4.3108
4 1450
" See peso
Mexico.
South America. . .
H
United States
1.0000
5.1813
4 1 V
41450
Drachme
Greece
01930
1 0000
Qlv-
Escudo
Spain
0.5049
2.6160
2 1
2 0923
Florin. See guilder.
Netherlands
" " gulden..
Franc
0 1930
1 0000
9V
0 gooo
France. . .
01980
1.0000
08000
u
Switzerland
0 1930
1 0000
Q V
0 8000
Qersh
Tripoli
01046
05419
51
04335
Guilder or florin
Gulden" "
Netherlands
Austria
0.4084
0.4803
2.1161
2.4886
1 8^
1 11^
L6929
1.9909
MONEY.
117
MONEY.
Locality.
Dollars
Francs.
Sterling.
Marks.
Gulden or florin
Krone. Vereins
Germany
0.4117
6.6462
026bO
0.6698
0.1930
0.1930
0.2401
0.3642
0.5456
1.0847
1.6015
7.1050
0.9498
0.1930
1.0000
0.9650
0.9650
0.9650
0.9650
0.9650
1.0567
1.0000
0.7836
0.0495
0.&337
0.1930
0.0794
0.0432
0.1286
4.8666
0.5463
1.0212
1.0929
1.1023
0.2756
0.7779
0.4622
<>^t;:j
".fiuVi
1.0926
1.9102
1.6100
1.0039
0.7204
0.7912
0.7204
2.7155
2.2437
1.0400
2.1832
34.4363
1.3886
8.4705
1.0000
1.0000
1.2500
1.8922
2.8269
5.6202
8.2979
36.8135
4.9212
1.0000
5.1813
6.0000
5.0000
5.0000
5.0000
5.0000
5.4751
5.1£13
4.0601
0.2565
4.3197
1.0000
0.4114
0.2238
0.6663
25.2158
2.8306
5.2912
5.6627
5.7114
1.4279
4.0306
2.3948
1.2606
5.0000
5.6611
9.8974
8.8419
5.2015
8.7500
4.0995
3.7500
14.0700
11.6254
5.3885
£. s. d.
1 8|
1 7 4J
1 1%
2 9
%
iH*
2 2|
if
1 9 2X
8 11
9^
4 IK
3 11
3 11
3 11
3 11
3 11
4 4K
4 IK
8 2K
••#
V
2^
».*
2 8
4 2^
4 6
4 6K
1 1*
8 2K
1 10%
8 11?
4 6
7 10J
6 8
4 IX
I1**
o o
2 11X
H IX
9 2%
4 3K
1.7066
27.6917
1.1109
2.7764
0.8000
0.8000
1.0000
1.5138
2.2615
4.4962
6.6383
29.4508
3.9370
0.8dOO
4.1450
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
4.0000
4.8S01
4.1450
3.2481
0.2052
8.4558
0.8000
0.3291
0.1790
0.5830
20.1726
2.2645
4.2329
5.6626
4.5691
1.1423
8.2645
1.9160
1.0085
4.0000
45289
7.9179
6.6735
4.1612
8.0000
4.0796
3.0000
11.2560
9.3003
4.8108
Norway & Swed'n
Annam
Roumania
Italy
Kwan
Lei or piastre.. ..
Lira ..
Mark
Mark-banco
Milreis
Hamburg ....
Brazil
Portugal
Pondicherry
Moon pagoda
Mohur (15 rupees)
India .
Patacon.
Uruguay
Peseta
Peso or dollar
Argentine Confed.
Bolivia.
it
Central America.
Chili
Colombia
"
H
Ecuador
H
Mexico
"
Paraguay
Venezuela
Mocha
Pi stre .. .
or lei
Roumania
Servia .
Turkey
M
Tunis
Pound sterling
Great Britain
Denmark
Rij,rsdaler "
Kijksdnaler
Eiksdaler
Netherlands
Norway
" silfver...
" ryks mint
Ruble or rouble
Rupee
Sweden
Russia
India
Shilling
Great Britain....
Peru
Sol...
Specie daler
Denmark
Star pagoda . . .
Madras
China
Tael. .
Tallari or dollar
Thaler. Vereins
Old rix
" Vereins....
Tills
Austria
Bremen.
Germany
Turkestan
Tomaun
Persia
Yen
Japan
THE END
VALUABLE
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
Appletons' American Cyclopaedia. A Popular Dictionary of
General Knowledge. Edited by GEORGE RIPLEY and CHARLES A. DANA. 16
vols. Large 8vo. . Per vol., cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00 ; half morocco, $7.00-,
half russia, $8.00 ; full morocco, or russia, $10.00.
" The American Cyclopaedia " is a library in itself ; it is well printed and in
convenient form ; it is trustworthy, impartial, complete, thoroughly American,
deeply interesting, and instructive.
Appletons' American Annoal Cyclopaedia, and Register of Im-
portant Events for the Year. New Series, beginning with 18T6, embraces
Political, Civil, Military, and Social Affairs ; Public Documents, Biography,
Statistics, Commerce. Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechan-
ical Industry. Large 8vo. Per vol., cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; half mo-
rocco, $6.50 ; half russia, $7.50 ; full morocco, or russia, $9.00.
Maps, Woodcuts, and Steel Engravings illustrate the volumes. The first 15
volumes, 1861 to 1875, may also be procured, singly or collectively.
Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts, and Collateral In-
formation in the Arts, Manufactures, Professions, and Trades, including
Medicine, Pharmacy, and Domestic Economy. Designed as a Comprehensive
Supplement to the Pharmacopoeia, and General Book of Reference for the
Manufacturer, Tradesman, Amateur, and Heads of Families. Sixth edition.
Revised and partly rewritten by RICHARD V. TUSON, Professor of Chemistry
and Toxicology in the Royal Veterinary College. Complete in two volumes.
8vo. 1,796 pages. With Illustrations. Price, cloth, $9.00 ; sheep, $11.00.
" The great characteristic of thi? work is its general usefulness. In covering
such diverse subjects, the very beat and most recent information seems to have
been sought for, and the work is remarkable for intelligent industry. This very
complete work can, then, be highly recommended as fulfilling to the letter what
it purports to be— a cyclopaedia of practical receipts."— New York Times.
Smith's Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible ; being a Re-
vised and much Enlarged Edilion of "Smith's Concise Dictionary of the
Bible." Edited by Rer. S. W. BARNUM. Embellished with many hundred
Woodcuts, including Maps, Plans of Cities, Illustrations of Manners, Cus-
toms, etc. Complete in 1 vol. Large 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 ; sheep, $6.00 ; half
morocco, $7.50.
Glossary of Terms and Phrases. Edited by the Rev. H. PERCY
SMITH, M. A., of Balliol College, Oxford. 8vo, cloth, $3.00.
The object of the work is to bring together such words, expressions, quota-
tions, etc., English or other, as are among the more uncommon in current litera-
ture, and require, not for the scientific but for the ordinary reader, explanations,
for the want of which the meaning of a sentence or a paragraph, even the drift
of an argument, is often missed; explanations, moreover, not to be obtained
without reference to, and perhaps tedious search among, a large and varied num-
ber of books, many of them not easily accessible.
Landmarks of English Literature. By HENRY J. NICOLL. 12rno,
vellum cloth, $1.75.
" We can warmly recommend this excellent manual."— /Stf. James's Gazette.
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
THE
HISTORICAL REFERENCE- BOOK,
COMPRISING C
A Chronological Table of Universal History, a Chronological Diction-
ary of Universal History, a Biographical Dictionary.
WITH GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES.
FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND READERS.
By LOUIS HEILPRIN.
New edition. Crown 8vo. Half leather, $3.00.
" A second revised edition of Mr. Louis Heilprin's ' Historical Reference-Book ' has
just appeared, marking the well-earned success of this admirable work — a dictionary
of dates, a dictionary of events (with a special gazetteer for the places mentioned), and
a concise biographical dictionary, all in one, and all in the highest degree trustworthy.
Mr. Heilprin's revision is as thorough as his original work. Any one can test it by
running over the list of persons deceased since this manual first appeared. Correc-
tions, too, have been made, as we can testify in one instance at least." — New York
Evening Post.
" One of the most complete, compact, and valuable works of reference yet pro-
duced."— Troy Daily Times.
" Unequaled in its field."— Boston Courier.
"A small library in itself."— Chicago Dial.
"An invaluable book of reference, useful alike to the student and the general reader.
The arrangement could scarcely be better or more convenient."— New York Herald.
"The conspectus of the world's history presented in the first part of the book is as
full as the wisest terseness could put within the space." — Philadelphia American.
" We miss hardly anything that we should consider desirable, and we have not been
able to detect a single mistake or misprint"— New York Nation.
" So far as we have tested the accuracy of the present work we have found it with-
out flaw."— Christian Union.
" The conspicuous merits of the work are condensation and accuracy. These points
alone should suffice to give the * Historical Eeference-Book ' a place in every public
and private library."— Boston Beacon.
"The method of the tabulation is admirable for ready reference."— New York
Home Journal.
" This cyclopaedia of condensed knowledge is a work that will speedily become a
necessity to the general reader, as well as to the student/1— Detroit Free Press.
"For clearness, correctness, and the readiness with which the reader can find the
information of which he is in search, the volume is far in advance of any work of its
kind with which we are acquainted."1— Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.
"The latest dates have been siven. The geographical notes which accompany
the historical incidents are a novel addition, and exceedingly helpful. The size al^o
commends it, making it convenient for constant reference, while the three divisions
and careful elimination of minor and uninteresting incidents make it much easier to
find dtites and events about which accuracy is necessary. Sir William Hamilton avers
that too retentive a memory tends to hinder the development of the judgment by pre-
senting too much for decision. A work like this is thus better than memory, It is a
* mental larder ' which needs no care, and whose contents are ever available. '— J\ew
York University Quarterly.
New York: D. APPLBTON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
T
T
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
USEFUL BOOKS FOR LITERARY WORKERS.
HE VERBALIST. A Manual devoted to Brief Discus-
sions of the Right and the Wrong Use of Words, and to some
other Matters of Interest to those who would Speak and Write
with Propriety. By ALFRED AYRES. i8mo. Cloth, $1.00.
HE ORTHOEPIST. A Pronouncing Manual, contain-
ing about Three Thousand Five Hundred Words, including a
considerable Number of the Names of Foreign Authors, Art-
ists, etc., that are often mispronounced. By ALFRED AYRES.
i8mo. Cloth, $1.00.
T
RHYMESTER ; or the Rules of Rhyme. A
Guide to English Versification. With a Dictionary of Rhymes,
an Examination of Classical Measures, and Comments upon
Burlesque, Comic Verse, and Song- Writing. By the late TOM
HOOD. Edited by ARTHUR PENN. i8mo. Cloth, $1.00.
HE CORRESPONDENT. By JAMES WOOD DAVID-
SON. Small I2mo. Cloth, 60 cents. Information, with forms
of address, salutation, etc.
E
RRORS IN THE USE OF ENGLISH. By the
late WILLIAM B. HODGSON, LL. D., Professor of Political
Economy in the University of Edinburgh. American revised
edition. I2mo. Cloth, $1.50.
T
OF TONGUE AND PEN. ByJ. H. LONG,
M.A., Principal of Collegiate Institute, Peterborough, Ontario.
I2mo. Cloth, 60 cents.
HE ART OF AUTHORSHIP. Literary Reminis-
cences, Methods of Work, and Advice to Young Beginners.
Opinions of many Leading Authors of the Day. Compiled
and edited by GEORGE BAINTON. I2mo. Cloth, untrimmed
edges, $1.25.
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., i, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
APPLETONS' HOME BOOKS.
A SERIES OF NEW HAND-VOLUMES AT LOW PRICE, DEVOTED TO AH.
SUBJECTS PERTAINING TO HOME AND THE HOUSEHOLD.
Complete in twelve volumes, handsomely printed, and bound in cloth, flexible,
with illuminated design. 12mo. 60 cents each.
The twelve books are also put up in three volumes, four books to the volume, in the,
following order, handsomely bound in cloth, decorated. Price of each of these
volumes, 83.00, or JjgG.OO the set, in box.
1. Building a Home. By A. F. OAKEY. Illustrated.
" Mr. Oakey discusses house-building for the purposes of people of moderate means
in the Middle States, and gives plans and elevations of cottages, from the very cheapest
to a house to be built at a cost of $9,000. The conditions of building, with reference
to the climate and material, are fully set forth, and the class of readers whom the book
contemplates will find it of advantage.1'— New York World.
2. HOW to Furnish a Home. By ELLA RODMAN CHUECH.
Illustrated.
" Mrs. Church's directions for house-furnishing, while very artistic and cheerful, are
adapted to the wants of the great army of limited incomes. What may be done in the
way of home decoration and upholstery is pointed out, with advice on the finishing
touches that so often go to make a house a home." — Philadelphia, Ledger.
3« The Home Garden. By ELLA RODMAN CHURCH. Illus-
trated.
M We have instructions for gardening and flower-raising, in door and out. Roses
end lilies have separate chapters, and there is much valuable information about fern-
eries, city gardens, miniature greenhouses, and methods of utilizing small spaces for
vegetable-raising." — Albany Argus.
4. Home Grounds. By A. F. OAKEY. Illustrated.
" ' HOOK Grounds' tells, in a very suggestive way, how the surroundings of a sub-
urban home may be made beautiful at little expense." — Christian at Work.
5. Home Decoration : Instructions in and Designs for Embroid-
ery, Panel and Decorative Paintings, Wood-carving, etc. By
JANET E. RUUTZ-REES. With numerous Designs, mainly by
GEORGE GIBSON.
CONTENTS: I. Introductory; II. General Remarks; III. Materials and Prices; IV.
Stitches and Methods; V. Window-Hangings and Portieres; VI. Screens; VII. Lam-
brequins and Small Panels ; VIII. Incidental Decorations ; IX. Wood-carving.
6. The Home Needle. By ELLA RODMAN CHURCH. Illustrated.
CONTENTS: I. "Go Teach the Orphan-Girl to Sew"; II. Beginning Right— Under-
Garments; III. Under-Garments (Continued); IV. "The Song of the Shirt"; V.
Rudiments of Dress-making; VI. Dress-making in Detail; VII. Sewing and Finish-
Ing; VIII. The Milliner's Art; IX. Children's Garments; X. House-Linen ; XI. Tho
Mending Basket; XII. A Patchwork Chapter.
7. Amenities of Home. By M, B. w. s.
" The author has not spared good sense, right feeling, or sound princ
book for the family circle it would be hard to name." — Literary World.
8. Household Hints J A Book of Home Receipts and Home
Suggestions, By Mrs. EMMA W. BABCOCK.
"The author has evidently been used to the nice economics of life, and her experi-
ence is of more than ordinary value. The book is not entirely given up to culinary
items; there are talks on various subjects, and happy suggestions on making and
ordering a pleasant home, that shall have a ' certain physiognomy of its own.' " — Boston
Courier.
9. The Home Library. By ARTHUR PENN, editor of "The
Rhymester." Illustrated.
CONTENTS: I. A Plea for the Best Books ; II. On the Buying and Owning of Books"
III. On Keading; IV. On Fiction (with a List of a Hundred Best Novels)', V. On
the Library and its Furniture; VI. On Book-binding; VII. On the Making of Scrap-
Books; VIII. On Diaries and Family Kecords; IX. On the Lending and Marking of
Books ; X. Hints Here and There ; XL Appendix— List of Authors whose Works
should be found in the Home Library.
" A practical, suggestive, serviceab'e volume, belonging to a series of what may be
called domestic guide-books, all useful, instructive, and convenient." — /Saturday Re~
view.
10. Home Occupations. By JANET E. RUUTZ-REES. Hhis-
trated.
CONTENTS : I. Introductory; IT. What can be done with Leather; III. The Possi-
bilities of Tissue-Paper; IV. Modeling in Wax-Flowers; V. Modeling in Wax-
Fruits, etc.; VI. The Preservation of Flowers and Grasses; VII. Spatter- W ork ;
VIII. Frame-Making; IX. Collections; X. Making Scrap-Books; XL The Uses of
Card-Board: XII. What can be done with Beads; XIII. Amateur Photography:
XIV. Miscellaneous Occupations.
11. Home Amusements. By M. E. W. S., author of "Ameni-
ties of Home," etc.
CONTENTS; I. Prefatory; II. The Garret; III. Private Theatricals, etc.; IV. Ta-
bleaux Vivants ; V. Brain Games; VI. Fortune-Telling; VII. Amusements for a Rainy
Day; VIII. Embroidery and other Decorative Arts; IX. Etching; X. Lawn Tennis;
XI. Garden Parties; XII. Dancing; XIII. Gardens and Flower-Stands; XIV. Caged
Birds and Aviaries; XV. Picnics; XVI. Playing with Fire— Ceramics ; XVII. Arch-
ery; XVIII. Amusements for the Middle-Aged and the Aged; XIX. The Parlor;
XX. The Kitchen; XXL The Family Horse and other Pets; XXII. In Conclusion.
12. Health at Home. By A. H. GUERNSEY, and I. P. DAVIS,
M. D., author of " Hygiene for Girls."
CONTENTS: I. Home Surroundings ; II. Privies and Water-Closets ; III. The House
Itself; IV. The Air we Breathe; V. The Water we Drink; VI. The Food we Eat;
VII. Lighting and Warming; VIII. Disinfectants; IX. The Bedroom; X. The Cloth-
ing we Wear; XI. Personal Habits; XII. Household Practice; XIII. Poisons and
Antidotes ; XIV. Accidents and Emergencies.
This series covers almost every topic pertaining to the American Home, and makei
altogether an invaluable library on the most interesting of all themes. Many of the
books are copiously illustrated.
Hew York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, & 5 Bond Street
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
DECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES, and their Ef-
J- V. feet on the Production and Distribution of Wealth and the
Well-being of Society. By DAVID A. WELLS, LL. D., D. C. L.,
Membre Correspondant de 1'Institut de France; Correspon-
dente Regia Accademia dei Lincei, Italia ; Honorary Fellow
Royal Statistical Society, G. B. ; late United States Special
Commissioner of Revenue ; President American Social Science
Association, etc. I2mo. Cloth, $2.00.
"A wonderfully wide and full collection of facts and figures bearing on the question.
It would be well if that part of the volume which specially relates to the fluctuation of
prices in recent years could be put in the hands of every man whose political action is
likely to be influenced by the heresy that gold is becoming scarce and inadequate in
amount for the circulating medium, and that the scarcity is causing a decline in prices
measured in gold." — Chicago Economist, August, 1891.
" The book is the best contribution Mr. Wells has ever made to economical and
statistical and social science, and one of the best that is to be found in any country or
language." — N. Y. Evening Post.
" Mr. Wells deals with the subject of recent economic changes in a manner alto-
gether superior to anything which this country can now show. For masterly and
dispassionate treatment of economic facts and tendencies, no less than for grasp of
principle, we must go to Americans like Mr. Wells and Mr. Atkinson, or to French
economists like M. Leroy-Beaulieu." — Macmillan's Magazine, London, March, 1890.
A STUD Y OF MEXICO. By DAVID A. WELLS.
-*^* Reprinted, with Additions, from "The Popular Science
Monthly." I2mo. Cloth, $r.oo ; paper, 50 cents.
" Several efforts have been made to satisfy the growing desire for information re-
lating to Mexico since that country has become connected by railways with the United
States, but we have seen no book upon the subject by an American writer which is so
satisfactory on the score of knowledge and trustworthiness as is this one."— New York
Sun.
"... Mr. Wells is the first traveler who brings to bear upon the subject a mind
thoroughly trained in the observation and discussion of finance, manufactures, agri-
culture, the question of labor and wages, and other practical issues, which are of great
importance and interest in estimating the present and future of Mexican institutions.'
—New York Journal of Commerce.
•TUNINGS NOT GENERALLY KNOWN; A
J- Popular Hand-Book of Facts not readily accessible in Literature,
History, and Science. Edited by DAVID A. WELLS. I2mo.
Cloth, $1.75.
" The general idea of the work will be readily gathered from its title and from a
glance at its contents. It contains many little items of information, gathered from the
broad fields of literature, history, and science, which are not contained in cyclopaedias
and ordinary hand-books, and which are not readily found when sought."
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
A
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
HISTOR Y OF ENGLAND IN THE EIGHT-
EENTH CENTURY. By WILLIAM E.. H. LECKY, author
of " History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit of Rational-
ism in Europe," etc. Complete in eight volumes. Crown 8vo.
Cloth, per vol., $2.25 ; half calf, $36.00 per set.
" On every ground which should render a history of eighteenth-century England
precious to thinking men, Mr. Lecky's work may be commended. The materials ac-
cumulated in these volumes attest an industry more strenuous and comprehensive than
that exhibited by Froude or by Macaulay. But it is his supreme merit that he leaves
on the reader's mind a conviction that he not only possesses the acuteness which can
discern the truth, but the unflinching purpose of truth-telling." — New York Sun.
ryANCROFTS HISTORY OF THE UNITED
J3 STA TES, from the Discovery of the Continent to the Estab-
lishment of the Constitution in 1789. By GEORGE BANCROFT.
Complete in six volumes, 8vo. Cloth, uncut, gilt top, per set,
$15.00 ; half calf, or half morocco, $27.00 ; full morocco, $50.00.
The six volumes of this new and fully revised edition of Bancroft's " His-
tory of the United States," now complete, comprise the twelve volumes of
the original octavo edition, including the " History of the Formation of the
Constitution," last published, and are issued at just half the price. Volume
VI contains a new Portrait of Bancroft engraved on Steel.
H
:T STORY OF THE PEOPLE OF THE
UNITED STA TES, from the Revolution to the Civil War.
By JOHN BACH MCMASTER. To be completed in five volumes.
Volumes I and TI are now ready, and Volume III will be pub-
lished this winter. 8vo. Cloth, gilt top, $2.50 each.
HTHE HOUSEHOLD HISTORY OF THE
-f UNITED STA TES AND ITS PEOPLE. For Young
Americans. By EDWARD EGGLESTON. Richly illustrated with
350 Drawings, 75 Maps, etc. Square 8vo. Cloth, $2.50.
This work is illustrated in a novel and strikingly effective manner. En-
gravings adorn every page, and appear in the text and in the margins. There
are full-page illustrations in colors, maps in colors line the covers, and many
small maps are inserted in the text. The work is handsomely printed, and
bound in a very attractive manner.
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3» & 5 Bond Street.
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
/fPPLETONS' STUDENTS' LIBRARY. Con-
sisting of Thirty-four Volumes on subjects in Science, History,
Literature, and Biography. In neat i8mo volumes, bound in
half leather, in uniform style. Each set put up in a box. Sold
in sets only. Price, per set, $20.00. Containing :
5vol.
HOMER. By W. E. GLADSTONE.
SHAKSPERE. By E. DOWDEN.
ENGLISH LITERATURE. By S. A
BROOKE. >
GREEK LITERATURE. ByR.C.jEBB. )
PHILOLOGY. By J. PEILE.
ENGLISH COMPOSITION. By J
NlCHOL.
GEOGRAPHY. By G. GROVE.
CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By H. F
TOZER.
INTRODUCTION* TO SCIENCE PRIM-
ERS. By T. H. HUXLEY.
PHYSIOLOGY. By M. FORSTER.
CHEMISTRY. By H. E. ROSCOE.
PHYSICS. By BALFOUR STEWART.
GEOLOGY. By A. GEIKIE.
BOTANY. By J. D. HOOKER.
ASTRONOMY. By J. N. LOCKYER.
PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By A.
GEIKIE.
POLITICAL ECONOMY. By W. S.
JEVONS.
LOGIC. By W. S. JEVONS.
HISTORY OF EUROPE. By E. A. ]
FKEEMAN. ^
HISTORY OF FRANCE. By C. M.
YONGE.
HISTORY OF ROME. By M. CREIGH-
TON.
HISTORY OF GREECE. By C. A.
FYFFE.
OLD GREEK LIFE. By J. P. MA-
HAFFY.
ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By A. S.
WlLKINS.
SOPHOCLES. By LEWIS CAMPBELL.
EURIPIDES. By J. P. MAHAFFY.
VERGIL. By Prof. H. NETTLESHIP.
LIVY. By W. W. CAPES.
DEMOSTHENES. By S. H. BUTCHER.
MILTON. By S. A. BROOKE.
THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS AND THE
APOLOGISTS. By Rev. G. A. JACKSON.
THE FATHERS OF THE THIRD CENTURY.
By Rev. G. A. JACKSON.
THOMAS CARLYLE: His Life, his Books,
his Theories. By A. H. GUERNSEY.
RALPH WALDO EMERSON, Philosopher
and Poet. By A. H. GUERNSEY.
MACAULAY: His Life, his Writings. By
C. H. JONES.
SHORT LIFE OF CHARLES DICKENS. By
C. H. JONES.
SHORT LIFE OF GLADSTONE. By C. H.
JONES.
RUSKIN ON PAINTING.
TOWN GEOLOGY. By CHARLES KINGSLEY.
THE CHILDHOOD OF RELIGIONS. By E.
CLODD.
HISTORY OF THE EARLY CHURCH. By
E. M. SEWELL.
THE ART OF SPEECH. Poetry and Prose.
By L. T. TOWNSEND.
THE ART OF SPEECH. Eloquence and
Logic. By L. T. TOWNSEND.
THE WORLD'S PARADISES. By S. G. W.
BENJAMIN.
THE GREAT GERMAN COMPOSERS. By
G. T. FERRIS.
THE GREAT ITALIAN AND FRENCH COM-
POSERS. By G. T. FERRIS.
GREAT SINGERS. First Series. By G.
T. FERRIS.
GREAT SINGERS. Second Series. By G.
T. FERRIS.
GREAT VIOLINISTS AND PIANISTS. By
G. T. FERRIS.
/tPPLETONS' ATLAS OF THE UNITED
•*! STA TES. Consisting of General Maps of the United States
and Territories, and a County Map of each of the States, printed
in Colors. Imperial 8vo. Cloth, $1.50.
The Atlas also contains Descriptive Text outlining the History, Geography, and
Political and Educational Organization of the States, with latest Statistics of their
Resources and Industries.
NEW YORK: D. APPLETON & CO., PUBLISHERS.
T
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
*HE HISTOR Y OF ANCIENT CT VI LIZ A TION.
A Hand-book based upon M. GUSTAVE DUCOUDRAY'S " His-
toire Sommaire de la Civilisation." Edited by the Rev. J. VER-
SCHOYLE, M. A. With numerous Illustrations. Large I2mo.
Cloth, $1.75.
"With M. Ducoudray's work as a basis, many additions having been made, derived
from special writers, Mr. Verschoyle has produced an excellent work, which gives a
comprehensive view of early civilization. . . . As to the world of the past, the volume
under notice treats of Egypt, Assyria, the Far East, of Greece and Rome, in the most
comprehensive manner. It is not the arts alone which are fully illustrated, but the
literature, laws, manners, and customs, the beliefs of all these countries are contrasted.
If the book gave alone the history of the monuments of the past it would be valuable,
but it is its all-around character which renders it so useful. A great many volumes
have been produced treating of a past civilization, but we have seen none which in the
same space gives such varied information." — New York Times.
T
*HE HISTOR Y OF MODERN CIVILIZA TION.
A Hand-book also based upon M. GUSTAVE DUCOUDRAY'S
" Histoire Sommaire de la Civilisation " ; edited by the Rev. J.
VERSCHOYLE, M. A. Illustrated. Uniform with " The His-
tory of Ancient Civilization." I2mo. Cloth, $2.25.
"Contains a vast quantity of information on many subjects, generally arranged
with much skill." — Saturday Review.
"The work of author and adapter has been admirably executed, and the result is
that rarest of literary portents — a summary at once comprehensive and readable." —
London Telegraph.
T
ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA, and its
Bearings upon the Antiquity of Man. By G. FREDERICK
WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D., F. G. S.A., Professor in Oberlin
Theological Seminary ; Assistant on the United States Geo-
logical Survey. With an Appendix on " The Probable Cause
of Glaciation," by WARREN UPHAM, F. G. S.A., Assistant on
the Geological Surveys of New Hampshire, Minnesota, and
the United States. With 147 Maps and Illustrations. New
and enlarged edition, 1891. One vol., 8vo, 625 pages, and
Index. Cloth, $5.00.
"Not a novel in all the list of this year's publications has in it any pages of more
thrilling interest than can be fonnd in this book by Professor Wright. There is noth-
ing pedantic in the narrative, and the most serious themes and startling discoveries are
treated with such charming naturalness and simplicity that boys and girls, as well as
their seniors, will be attracted to the story, and find it difficult to lay it aside."— New
York Journal of Commerce,
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
A ROUND AND ABOUT SOUTH AMERICA,
•**• Twenty Months of Quest and Query. By FRANK VINCENT,
author of " The Land of the White Elephant," etc. With Maps,
Plans, and 54 full-page Illustrations. 8vo, xxiv + 473 pages.
Ornamental cloth, $5.00.
No former traveler has made so comprehensive and thorough a tour of
Spanish and Portuguese America as did Mr. Vincent. He visited every
capital, chief city, and important seaport, made several expeditions into the
interior of Brazil and the Argentine Republic, and ascended the Parana1,
Paraguay, Amazon, Orinoco, and Magdalena Rivers ; he visited the crater
of Pichinchas, 16,000 feet above the sea-level ; he explored falls in the center
of the continent, which, though meriting the title of "Niagara of South
America," are all but unknown to the outside world ; he spent months in
the picturesque capital of Rio Janeiro ; he visited the coffee districts, studied
the slaves, descended the gold-mines, viewed the greatest rapids of the globe,
entered the isolated Guianas, and so on.
rN AND OUT OF CENTRAL AMERICA; and
other Sketches and Studies of Travel. By FRANK VINCENT.
With Maps and Illustrations. I2mo. Cloth, $2.00.
B
RAZTL : Its Condition and Prospects. By C. C. ANDREWS,
ex-Consul-General to Brazil. I2mo. Cloth, $1.50.
" I hope I may be able to present some facts in respect to the present situation of
Brazil which will be both instructive and entertaining to general readers. My means
of acquaintance with that empire are principally derived from a residence of three
years at Rio de Janeiro, its capital, while employed in the service of the United States
Government, during which period I made a few journeys into the interior." — Front
the Preface.
Travels and Investigations in the "Middle
V-^ Kingdom" A Study of its Civilization and Possibilities.
With a Glance at Japan. By JAMES HARRISON WILSON, late
Major-General United States Volunteers and Brevet Major-
General United States Army. I2mo. Cloth, $1.75.
"The book presents China and Japan in all these aspects; the manners and cus-
toms of the people ; the institutions, tendencies, and social ideas ; the government and
leading men." — Boston Traveller.
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
ASTRONOMY WITH AN OPERA-GLASS.
**• A Popular Introduction to the Study of the Starry Heavens
with the Simplest of Optical Instruments. By GARRETT P.
SERVISS. 8vo. Cloth, $1.50.
This is a unique book, quite alone in the field that it occupies. The call for a
fourth edition within two years after its first publication attests its popularity. As one
of its reviewers has said, " It is the most human book on the subject of the stars."
It would have supplied Thomas Carlyle's want when he wrote, "Why did not some-
body teach me the stars and make me at home in the starry heavens?" Interest in
the geography of the heavens is increasing every year, as the discoveries of astrono-
mers with the giant telescopes of our day push back the limits of the known universe,
and this book is to those who read of such discoveries like an atlas to the student of
history.
Some of the compliments that the book has received are these :
"A most interesting and even fascinating book." — Christian Union.
" The glimpses he allows to be seen of far-stretching vistas opening out on every
side of his modest course of observation help to fix the attention of the negligent, and
lighten the toil of the painstaking student. . . . Mr. Serviss writes with freshness and
vivacity."— London Saturday Review.
"We are glad to welcome this, the second edition, of a popular introduction to the
study of the heavens. . . . There could hardly be a more pleasant road to astro-
nomical knowledge than it affords. ... A child may understand the text, which reads
more like a collection of anecdotes than anything else, but this does not mar its sci-
entific value."— Nature.
" Mr. Garrett P. Serviss's book, ' Astronomy with an Opera-Glass,' offers us an
admirable hand-book and guide in the cultivation of this noble aesthetic discipline (the
study of the stars)." — New York Home Journal.
" The book should belong to every family library." — Boston Home Journal.
" This book ought to make star-gazing popular." — New York Herald.
"The author attributes much of the indifference of otherwise well-informed per-
sons regarding the wonders of the starry firmament to the fact that telescopes are avail-
able to few, and that most people have no idea of the possibilities of the more familiar
instrument of almost daily use whose powers he sets forth." — New Orleans Times-
Democrat.
" By its aid thousands of people who have resigned themselves to the ignorance in
which they were left at school, by our wretched system of teaching by the book only,
will thank Mr. Serviss for the suggestions he has so well carried out" — New York
Times.
" For amateur use this book is easily the best treatise on astronomy yet published."
— Chicago Herald.
" 'Astronomy with an Opera-Glass ' fills a long-felt want" — Albany Journal.
" No intelligent reader of this book but will feel that if the author fails to set his
public star-gazing the fault is not his, for his style is as winning, as graphic, and as
clear as the delightful type in which it is printed." — Providence Journal.
" Mr. Serviss neither talks over the heads of his readers nor ignores the sublime
complexity and range of his themes, but unites simplicity with scholarship, scientific
precision with life-long enthusiasm, and a genuine eloquence with rare touches of hu-
mor. Considered as a product of the publishing industry, the book is elegance itself."
—7^ Chautauquan.
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
^ITH
<*•
D. APPLETON & CO.S PUBLICATIONS.
SCIENCE OF LA W. By Professor SHELDON
AMOS, M. A. I2mo. Cloth, $1.75.
CONTENTS.— Chapter I. Recent History and Present Condition of the Science
of Law; II. Province and Limits of the Science of Law; III. Law and Morality;
IV. The Growth of Law ; V. The Growth of Law (continued); VI. Elementary Con-
ceptions and Terms; VII. Law in Relation to (i) the State, (2) the Family, (3) the
other Constituent Elements of the Race; VIII. Laws of Ownership of Property; IX.
Law of Contract ; X. Criminal Law and Procedure ; XI. The Law of Civil Procedure ;
XII. International Law ; XIII. Codification; XIV. Law and Government.
" Professor Amos has certainly done much to clear the science of law from the tech-
nical obscurities which darken it to minds which have had no legal training, and to make
clear to his ' lay ' readers in how true and high a sense it can assert its right to be con-
sidered a science, and not a mere practice." — Christian Register.
'TJIE SCIENCE OF POLITICS. By Professor
•*• SHELDON AMOS, M.A., author of "The Science of Law,"
etc. I2mo. Cloth, $1.75.
CONTENTS.— Chapter I. Nature and Limits of the Science of Politics ; II. Po-
litical Terms ; III. Political Reasoning ; IV. The Geographical Area of Modern Poli-
tics; V. The Primary Elements of Political Life and Action ; VI. Constitutions; VII.
Local Government ; VIII. The Government of Dependencies; IX. Foreign Relations ;
X. The Province of Government ; XI. Revolutions in States ; XII. Right and Wrong
in Politics.
" The author traces the subject from Plato and Aristotle in Greece, and Cicero in
Rome, to the modern schools in the English field, not slighting the teachings of the
American Revolution or the lessons of the French Revolution of 1793. Forms of gov-
ernment, political terms, the relation of law, written and unwritten, to the subject, a
codification from Justinian to Napoleon in France and Field in America, are treated as
parts of the subject in hand. Necessarily the subjects of executive and legislative au-
thority, police, liquor, and land laws are considered, and the question ever growing in
importance in all countries, the relations of corporations to the state." — N. Y. Observer.
IGEST OF THE LAWS, CUSTOMS, MAN-
NERS, AND INSTITUTIONS OF ANCIENT AND
MODERN NA TIONS. By THOMAS DEW, late President of
the College of William and Mary. 8vo. Cloth, $2.00.
No pains have been spared by the author to secure accuracy in facts and figures ; and
in doubtful cases references are given in parentheses, so that the student can readily
satisfy himself by going to original sources. The department of Modern History, too
often neglected in works of this kind, has received special care and attention.
R
OMAN LAW ; Its History and System of Private
Law. In Twelve Academical Lectures. By Professor JAMES
HADLEY. I2mo. Cloth, $1.25.
"Th« most valuable short account of the nature and importance of the body of Ro-
man law. The lectures are free from embarrassing technical details, while at the same
time they are sufficiently elaborate to give a definite idea of tke nature and the great-
ness of the subject."— Dr. C. K. Adams' s Manual of Historical Literature.
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., x, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
D. APPLETON & CO.'S PUBLICATIONS.
SOVEREIGNS AND COURTS OF EU~
ROPE. The Home and Court Life and Characteristics of the
Reigning Families. By " POLITIKOS." With many Portraits.
I2mo. Cloth, $1.50.
" The chief merit of this book is that it gives a new view of several sovereigns.
. . . The anonymous author seems to have sources of information that are not open
to the foreign correspondents who generally try to convey the impression that they are
on terms of intimacy with royalty." — San Francisco Chronicle.
ADELINE'S ART DICTIONARY. Containing
*3 a Complete Index of all Terms used in Art, Architecture,
Heraldry, and Archaeology. Translated from the French and
enlarged, with nearly 2,000 Illustrations. 8vo. Cloth, $2.25.
"Nothing could be more comprehensive in its way." — New York Sun.
"General utility is its leading characteristic. . . . The book is well printed and
handsomely bound."— Philadelphia Ledger.
/] WASHINGTON BIBLE-CLASS. By GAIL
-<ri HAMILTON. Large i2mo. Cloth, $1.50.
This brilliant author's interpretations of the Bible have gathered about her the most
distinguished representatives of official life in Washington. In this book, prepared at
the special request of the eminent members of the class, Gail Hamilton offers her
incisive lucid "Bible-talks" to a larger audience.
" That these lectures are interesting, even entertaining, that, more than that, they
are stimulating and suggestive, need hardly be said. They are by Gail Hamilton,
that is enough. It is a book of fragments, interesting, entertaining, stimulating, sug-
gestive, and useful." — Christian Union.
CLECTRICITY: THE SCIENCB OF THE
•C' NINETEENTH CENTURY. A Sketch for General Read-
ers. By E. M. CAILLARD, author of " The Invisible Powers
of Nature." Illustrated. I2mo. Cloth, $1.25.
" An admirable treatise," giving such an outline of modern electrical science as
may be readily understood by readers who have no previous acquaintance with the
subject. "—Philadelphia Press.
L
A GRIPPE AND ITS TREATMENT. For
General Readers. By CYRUS EDSON, M. D., of the Health
Department, New York City. Small i8mo. Parchment
paper, 25 cents.
" The author believes that la grippe has come to stay, and that the masses should
know how to avoid its dangers. The volume gives a brief history of the disease, its
diagnosis and prognosis, and shows how the serious and fatal complications can be
avoided by proper hygienic care. It is a good little manual for every home." —
Chicago Inter-Ocean.
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., I, 3, & 5 Bond Street.
THE
POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.
ESTABLISHED BY EDWARD L. YOUMANS.
EDITED BY W, J, YOUMANS.
THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY will continue, as heretofore, to sup-
ply its readers with the results of the latest investigation and the most
valuable thought in the various departments of scientific inquiry.
Leaving the dry and technical details of science, which are of chief
concern to specialists, to the journals devoted to them, the MONTHLY
deals with those more general and practical subjects which are of the
greatest interest and importance to the public at large. In this work
it has achieved a foremost position, and is now the acknowledged organ
of progressive scientific ideas in this country.
The wide range of its discussions includes, among other topics :
The bearing of science upon education ;
Questions relating to the prevention of disease and the improvement
of sanitary conditions ;
Subjects of domestic and social economy, including the introduction,
of better ways of living, and improved applications in the arts of every
kind;
The phenomena and laws of the larger social organizations, with the
new standard of ethics, based on scientific principles ;
The subjects of personal and household hygiene, medicine, and archi-
tecture, as exemplified in the adaptation of public buildings and private
touses to the wants of those who use them ;
Agriculture and the improvement of food-products ;
The study of man, with what appears from time to time in the depart-
ments of anthropology and archaeology that may throw light upon the
development of the race from its primitive conditions.
Whatever of real advance is made in chemistry, geography, astron.
omy, physiology, psychology, botany, zoology, paleontology, geology, or
such other department as may have been the field of research, is recorded
monthly.
Special attention is also called to the biographies, with portraits, of
representative scientific men, in which are recorded their most marked
achievements in science, and the general bearing of their work indicated
and its value estimated.
Terms: $5.00 per annum, in advance.
The New York Medical Journal and The Popular Science
Monthly to the same address, $9.00 per annum (full price,
$10.00).
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3. & 5 Bond Street.
:>
a
m
CO
(/i
DO
m
3 3
(Dx< D m
Q__n
Q Q
O (/> (Q
5' i
8-S
CD o
(D
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES
C00fc,17b083
Cl
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11