THE WELSH ELEMENTARY SCHOOL SERIES.
ELEMENTARY WELSH
FOR SCHOOLS & PRIVATE STUDENTS
STAGE 1.
THIRD EDITION.
PRICE NINEPENCE.
PUBLISHED FOR
flje ^oiieta for EtiUjing the ÎSStlslj language
By D. DUNCAN & SONS, CARDIFF,
LONDON ; SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & CO.
1887.
?-
(ÒÁtíUM
■ ^ir
To School Boards and other Educational
Authorities in Wales.
[What can be done ?]
Under the Code of Regulations of the Education
Department now in force Welsh School Authorities enjoy
much more extensive powers than have ever before been
granted them to institute in their schools a distinctively
national system of education. Briefly put these powers
enable them : —
1. To teach Welsh Grammar as a Specific Subject
in Standards V., VI., VII.
2. Instead of the present system of English parsing
and analysis, to introduce a graduated scheme of trans-
lations from Welsh to English in every class Ì7i the school.
3. In every Standard and for every subject Bilingual
Reading Books may be used, teaching Welsh reading and
English reading side by side. Welsh headlines for the
writing copy-books, and Welsh songs to Welsh words may
be systeuiatically used.
4. The History of Wales may be systematically
taught throughout the whole school ; and the Geography
of Wales specialized throughout the course.
5. Schools taking Welsh as a class subject (see
No. 2 above) may also take translation instead of English
composition in the higher Standards, thus practically
teachmg English and Welsh composition together in the
easiest and most rational manner.
6. Small country schools may be divided into three
classes instead of seven Standards, e.g.^ First-class —
Standards I., II. ; Second-class — Standard III. ; Third-
class — Standards IV., V., VI., VII. ; thus economizing
the teaching staff.
Under the Welsh Intermediate Education Act similar
privileges are granted, for details of which see page 5 of
the Society's Annual Report for 1891.
IMPORTANT MODIFICATIONS
SANCTIONED BY
THE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT.
The New Code for 1889, when first issued, created some
disappointment in Welsh circles owing to the small amount of
concessions which it appeared at first to make to the
special needs of Welsh schools, and to the unanimous recom-
mendations of the late Royal Commission on this subject,
backed as they had been by the active private support of the
leading Welsh members on both sides of the House of Commons
and by several of the Welsh peers. We are glad to say, how-
ever, that the fears on this score of those interested in Welsh
education have been set at rest by a letter from Sir William
Hart-Dyke, the Vice-President of the Committee of Council on
Education, to Sir John Fuleston, M.P., who has taken a warm
interest in the matter from the outset, and has been in close
communication with the Education Department on behalf uf the
Welsh Utilization Society.
This important letter may be taken as an official interpretation
of the New Code, the provisions of which, read in the light of
the Vice-President's explanation, will be found to concede, to
all intents and purposes, the whole programme which was put
forward in April, 1886, by the Welsh Utilization Society in
their Memorial to the Pvoyal Commission, and since then
generally accepted by Welsh educationists.
{Leiier from Sir WILLIAM HART-DYKE, Vice-
President of the Committee of Council on Education^]
(copy).
" My Dear Puleston, — First as to Welsh recognised as a
specific subject. It has been so recognised for the last two
years, and has been mentioned in the annual report submitted
to Parliament. The forthcoming report of H.M. Inspector,
Mr. Williams, in the Welsh district, will be published, as it was
two years ago, in a separate form, so as to be generally accessible
to the Welsh people, and, besides the statistical matter relating
to Wales, will contain the figures for the last two years showing
the number of departments and scholars who have taken Welsh
as a specific subject. It is not included in Schedule III.,
because it is thought better to leave the scheme of instruction,
as far as possible, to the initiative of the locality. . . The
words " at the discretion of the inspector " (note to Schedule I.)
refer to the substitution of dictation for composition in the upper
standards generally ; and the Inspectors will certainly be in-
structed to give every encouragement to the translation of
Welsh into English, or the rendering in English of a story read
in Welsh.
" We must not encourage the Welsh language at the expense
of English, but rather as a vehicle for the sounder and more
rapid acquisition of English, and with that object the use of
bilingual reading books, sanctioned in footnote to page 23, will
enable Welsh and English to be acquired pari-passu in all the
standards. It is clearly for the managers to decide upon the
expediency of using these books ; the concession being granted
in the most unqualified terms, and being, indeed, the obvious
antecedent of the new regulation as to composition in the upper
standards.
" The first footnote to Schedule 11. empowers managers to
submit, and the Inspectors to approve, any progressive scheme
of lessons in the subjects named. This will clearly enable the
map of Wales to be used in illustration of the terms taught in
Standard II., and the Physical and Political Geography of
\N ales to be substituted for that of England in Standard III.,
under suitable conditions. It will also enable English as a class
suljject to be so handled as to adjust it to the special difficulties
and needs of Welsh schools.
" I venture on the whole to plead that all legitimate demands
of those who are interested in Welsh education have been very
fairly and completely met. — I remain, very truly yours,
(Signed) " W. Hart-Dyke."
The portions of the Code to which the foregoing letter refers
are these : —
Schedule I. — Elementary Subjects.
N.B. — " In Welsh districts translation into English of aii
easy piece of Welsh written on the blackboard, or of a story
read twice, may be substituted (for English competition)."
Schedule 11. —C/ass Subjects.
Footnote l. — If the managers desire, they may submit to the
Inspector at his annual visit, and the Inspector may approve for
the ensuing year, some progressive scheme of lessons in these
subjects, providing for not less than three groups.
Footnote 2. — In districts where Welsh is spoken, the in-
telligence of the children examined in any elementary or class
subject may be tested by requiring them to explain in Welsh
the meaning of passages read, and bilingual books may be used
for the purpose of instructino- the scholars.
Summary of the Powers granted by the
New Code.
A careful reading of the Code in the light of the official inter-
pretation afforded in Sir William Hart-Dyke's letter shows that
the effects of apparently minor modifications are far-reaching,
and of the highest importance as regards Welsh schools. In
effect they will open the door to a thorough change in the whole
system of Welsh elementary education. Summarized briefly
they amount to this :-— -
1. Welsh grammar may be taught as a specific subject in
Standards V., VI., VII., and a grant of 4s. will be paid on
account of each child who passes this examination.
2. A rational system of teaching English as a class subject
by means of a graduated system of translations, and an appeal
at each siep to the intelligence of the children, may be sub-
stituted for the present requirements in English grammar in all
the standards, and a grant of two shillings per child on the
average of the whole school will be paid if the results of the
examination be satisfactory.
3. In all standards and in all subjects taught in the school
bilingual reading-books may be used, and bilingual copy-books
may be used in teaching writing.
4. The geography of Wales may be taught up to Standard
III., and the history of Wales may be taught throughout the
whole school, by means of books partly Welsh partly English,
and a grant of two shillings per head on the average of the
whole school may be earned for each of these subjects if the
results of the examination are satisfactory.
5- Schools taking up the new method of teaching English as
a class subject may also claim the right to substitute translation
from Welsh to English for English composition in the elementary
subjects, and thus reap a double benefit.
6. Finally, the small village and country schools, so
numerous in the Principality, may, for the purposes of class
teaching, re-arrange the standards into three groups, e.g.,
Group I, Standards I., II. ; Group 2, Standards III., IV. ;
Group 3, Standards V., VI., VII. This will Ije a material
relief to under-staffed schools.
Taken as a whole, the concessions made to Welsh demands
are highly satisfactory, and Wales is to be congratulated on
having at last secured a sensible system of elementary education
adapted to her special circumstances and needs.
All that now remains is for teachers and managers of schools
to avail themselve.- largely of these new powers.
±:^y^
^hc cHclôli Êlcmcutarri ÿrhool §cvics.
WELSH
AS A SPECIFIC SUBJECT
FOR
ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
STAGE I.
Compiled by a Comviiitee of Elementary School
Teachers.
SIXTH EDITION.
PUBLISHED FOR
'"^he Socicti) for Etili^ing the öBclsh ÿanguagc,
LY D. DUNCAN AND SONS, CARDIFF.
LONDON : SIMTKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO.
189I.
[COPYRIGHT].
Price 6d.; Cloth, pd.
%- 1S5Q ,-ÿ
PREFACE.
The Council of the Society for Utilizing the
Welsh Language feels that there is now no
apology needed for the movement set on
foot by the Society to secure the official
recognition and the rational utilization of the
Welsh Language, in the course of Elementary
Education in Wales.
The results of the first examinations in
this subject held by Her Majesty's Lispec-
tors in the Schools of the Gelligaer School
Board, afford a complete justification of the
action taken by the Society.
The fears entertained by practical edu-
cationists at the outset of the movement
may be summarized thus : —
1. That the introduction of Welsh would
add materially to the labour of teachers.
2. That in Schools containing an English
element, the scheme would prove to be un-
workable.
3 That the teaching of Welsh would
result in a lesser degree of proficiency in
other subjects, and especially in English.
The experiment made by the Gelligaer
School Board has, however, tended to show
that all these fears were groundless. Not-
withstanding that the teachers had no text-
books to assist them, and that the labour of
teaching was consequently greater in their
case than it need be in future, neither teachers
nor parents complain of any material addi-
tional labour in the year's work. In more than
one School it has been shown that the
children of English-speaking parents have
passed a highly creditable examination in
Welsh— one suck child, indeed, standing
third in the total number of marks earned.
As to the injurious effect upon other subjects,
it is sufficient to point out that where Welsh
has been taken up the uniform success of all
classes has never been greater than now ; that
the children have improved in English,
and that in one case the grant for English
was doubled, on account of the increased
proficiency in that subject which followed
the teaching of Welsh as a specific subject.
For further particulars, see the annexed
Keports.
These facts speak for themselves, and go
to show that by teaching Welsh— (i) Aq
additional grant of four shillings per pass
can be earned. (2) The other subjects
taught do not suffer. (3) The English of
Welsh children is improved, while English
children learn an additional language ; and
the children thus learn two languages well,
instead of learning one badly. (4) The
improved general efficiency of the school
results in higher grants for other subjects.
(5) Parents and children are brought to take
a more lively and intelligent interest in
school work.
ihe Council feels confident that as these
facts become generally known, managers and
teachers will, in the best interests of their
schools, take up this subject very extensively.
As regards the book itself, the Council has
only to say that, the teachers of the Gelligaer
Schools being the only ones who had the
advantage of actual experience in teaching
this subject, and having the results tested
by Her Majesty's Inspectors, it was felt that
they were better fitted than any others for
the task of preparing a text-book suitable for
use in Elementary Schools. A Commission
foi preparing a series of these books was
accordingly issued by the Society to :— -Mr.
David Hopkins, Gelligaer Village School ;
Mr. Thomas C. Thomas, Bedlinog Board
School ; Mr. Mathew Owen, Pontlottyn
Board School ; Mr. Thomas Jones, Bargoed
Board School. To these gentlemen is due
the credit for compiling the first text-
book for teaching Welsh in Elementary
Schools.
How well the work has been done, this
little book — the first of the series — testifies.
That the work admits of improvement, and
that extended experience of the working of
the scheme will necessarily suggest modifi-
cations, is felt by the Compilers themselves,
even more than by their friendly critics ;
but it will be generally admitted that as a
first attempt to ir.eet an existing pressing
need, this little work will commend itself to
general approval.
The acknowledgment of the obligations ot
the Society would not be complete without
special reference to the valuable services
rendered by Mr. Owen M. Edwards, Balliol
College, Oxford, in so kindly supplying the
Stories in Welsh History as exercises for
translation in the Third Part.
Though this little work is intended chiefly
for use in Elementary Schools, it is at the
same time suited for all persons commencing
the grammatical study of the language in
either school or college. Its simplicity and
careful gradation will recommend it to the
favour of practical teachers and of private
students.
The book for the Second Stage is now in
active preparation, and v;ill be very shortly
issued.
July 1st, 1887.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND
EDITION.
The expectations of the Council of the
Society have been fully realized in the readv
sale found for this little work, a second
edition being called for within two months
of the issue of the first. It is gratifying
to know that the issue of a suitable text-book
has had the effect of inducing a number of
School Boards, as well as individual Schools,
in North, Central, and South Wales, to take up
the subject at once, with the view of present-
ing their classes in it at the next examination.
This leads the Council to hope that the
introduction of Welsh into the course of
Elementary Education will, at no distant
date, be the rule rather than the exception
in Welsh Schools.
The criticisms on the work have hitherto
all been friendly, and for the most part
favourable. The defects pointed out have
been fev>^ and will be found to have been
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
remedied either in the present edition or in
the more advanced stages which are now in
the press. Acting on the advice of a num-
ber of practical teachers, the matter in the
present edition, while practically remaining
the same in substance as in the first edition,
has been re-arranged. There have been added,
chiefly for the benefit of English Students,
introductory chapters on Welsh Reading
and Pronunciation, and on the Mutation of
Initial Consonants, while the Vocabulary at
the end of the Book has been so arranged
as to include every word in the translation
exercises, and to afford the student a ready
guide to the use of all forms of the same
root word. vSome additional examples of
Easy Conversational Sentences have also
been added, while the worked translation
exercise, showing the phrase translations,
illustrating the difference in the idioms of
the two languages, will be appreciated by
English Students.
Scpie/Jiber li', 1S87.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
SYLLABUS FOR WELSH AS A
SPECIFIC SUBJECT.
-TF..— The foilcwing Scheme has been submitted to W. Wtlliams, Esq.,
H .M. ChieJ Inspector of Schools for the Welsh Division, and has been
approved by him on behalf of the Education Department.
STAGE I.
I. — (a) Nouns and Adjectives with their inflexions (Number
And Gender). (i>) The Personal Pronoun, (c) Conjugation of
the Xevh " Eod " in the inflexional form only ; also the Impera-
tive and Infinitive of the same Verb.
2. — To translate from Welsh into English, and from English
into Welsh, easy conversational sentences containing the Verb
*' Bod " only.
3._— To translate, or write from dictation, any short passage
from a W^elsh book approved by H.M. Inspector. (15 pages
to be prepared.)
STAGE II.
I. — (a) Conjugation of the Active (Inflexional and Periphras-
tic with " Bod ") and Passive of the Regular Verb"Dysgu."
(l>) The Pronouns, Adverbs, Prepositions (simple and pronominal).
2. — (a) To translate from Welsh into English, and from English
into Welsh, easy conversational sentences containing the Verbs
"Bod" and "Dysgu,"or any Regular Verb contained in the mat-
ter prepared for translation in 3. (b) To parse one of the Welsh
sentences given in (a).
3. — (a) To translate a short passage from a Welsh book ap-
proved by H.M. Inspector. (15 pages to be prepared.) (b) To
recite 40 lines of Welsh poetrj' with knowledge of meanings and
allusions.
STAGE III.
I. — (a) Conjugation of Irregular Verbs, Compound Preposi-
tions, Conjunctions, Interjections, (b) A knowledge of the chief
prefixes and affixes of words, and the leading rules for the mutation
of initial consonants, as illustrated in the Welsh book (see 3).
2. — To write a short theme or letter in Welsh on an easy subject.
3. — (a) To translate a passage from a Welsh book approved by
H.M. Inspector. (25 pages to be prepared.) (^/-^ To recite 60 lines
of Welsh poetry, with knowledge of meanings and allusions.
N.B. — I. The matter prepared for translation or recitation must
be different in the several stages. 2. The scholars may be required
to give written as well as oral answers to all questions (including
those set in translation).
(Approved) W. WILLIAMS,
April 2, 1887. H.M. Chtef Inspector for the Welsh Division,
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
RESULTS OF THE FIRST EXPERI-
MEN rs.
'FHE Gelligaer School Board was the first to put the
principles advocated by the Society into practical
operation. Welsh, as a Specific Subject, was introduced
into their schools in the year 1886. In November and
December of that year, the First Examinations were held,.
with most satisfactory results, as the following
Extracts from H.M. Inspector's Reports,
kindly supplied by the Chairman of the Board, will shew : —
*' Welsh as a specific subject has proved an encouraging experi-
ment." 14 passed at this school.
" The fifth and sixth standards not only passed well in English
Grammar, but also passed with credit in Welsh as a specific sub-
ject." 17 passed at this school.
" Great care has been bestowed on Welsh as a specific subject, yet
the uniform success of all classes has never been greater." 19 passed
at this school.
" Welsh has been taken as a specific subject with advantage to
English Grammar, the classes that have been leai^iing Welsh being
most decidedly successful iti Etiglishy I3(girls) passed at this school.
" An improvement in English Grammar in the fifth and sixth
standards accompanies a most encouraging success in Welsh as a
specific subject: the higher rats may now be recom-
mended for English." 14 passed at this school.
Attention is especially directed to the fact that where
Welsh has been taught, the children have im-
proved in English. In one case the grant for English
was doubled on account of the increased proficiency in that
subject which followed the teaching of Welsh as a Specific
Subject.
Thus it will be seen that in addition to the special
grant of four shillings per child earned for each pass, the
effect of the introduction of Welsh into the schools is an
improved general efficiency, resulting in a considerable
money gain to the school
Jtîî. WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS.
The following are samples of the Questions set at some
of the first examinations.
^^ Teachers of Schools where Welsh is taken as a
Specific Subject^ will materially aid the movement^ as well
as assist in secui'iiig uniformity of standards of exatnination
throughout Wales, by fonvarding to the Secretary copies of
the Quest iojis set in this Subject at the Government ExamiiiOr
lions of tJicir Schools.
Note. — It would be well to bear in mind that these papers were
set before the foregoing scheme was submitted for approval, and so
are not based upon it.
First Pater.
I. — (a) Give the plural of the following words : — Dant, esgid,
'orân, asgwrn. (b) What are the feminine forms of: — Brawd, dyn,
♦.-wythr, bachgen da. Add the corresponding English words.
2. — Write out — (a) The Present Indicative of " Bod," with the
corresponding English tense, (b) The Welsh names of the Days
of the Week.
3. — Translate into English:— fa j A welsoch chwi y gwaed
roch ar wyneb y bachgen mawr? (b) Beth yw pris y caws ? SwUt
y pwys. Mae'n rhy ddrud. (c) Parse :— Beth yw pris y caws?
4. — Translate into Welsh — (a) How old is your mother ? Are
you likely to see her soon? (b) Have you any brothers? Yes ;
Ì have two— one at Cardiff, and the other at Swansea.
5. — Read the Welsh words written on the blackboard (different
words for each girl).
Second Paper.
I. — (a) Reading Welsh, (b) Welsh Recitation, with know-
ledge of meanings, &c.
2. — Translate into English : — {a) Mae pren yn derbyn rhan o'i
gynaliaeth o'r ddaear, a rhan arall o'r awyr drwy ei ddail. [jb) Yn
fuan daeth y ci at y drws. Cafodd yno damaid.o fara, ac aeth
ymaith heb iddynt sylwi arno,
3. — Parse the following Welsh sentence : — Ond yr oedd yr haul
yn rhy ddysglaer iddo edrych arno.
4. —Translate into Welsh : — (a) The shepherd took the girls with
him to the mountains. ' {b) The roots of a tree are in the ground,
its leaves are in the air.
5, — Write out the Past Indicative of " Y mae genyf,"and th«.
Future Indicative of" Bod," with the corresponding English tenses.
(Note. — The Master having taught these Verbs wa
anxious to have his work thoroughly tested.)
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCROOlÄ ^,
Third Paper.
l^-^a) Give the plural of the following words: — Dafad, asgv\Tn,
tjTiTj'SOg, myfi. {Ò) Give th** feminine of: — Gwr, arglwydd,
ceiliog, cefiyl gwj'H.
2. — (a) Give the Amser Anorphenol Modd Mynegol of the Verb
" Eod," with the corresponding English tense, (ò) Give the four
degrees of comparison of: — Pell, drwg, melus, and tlawd, with
their English equivalents.
3. — Translate the following sentences into English : — {a) A
ydy w yr eneth fach yn y tŷ ? {ò) Afal melus lawn ydyw hwn.
(c) Y mae pump o wragedd yn y tŷ mawr sydd yn agos i'r afon.
(d) Byddant yma yn foreu iawn, cyn toriad y dydd, boreu yforj'.
Point out the parts of speech in the last of the above Welsh sen-
tences.
4, — {a) Translate the following into Welsh : — Has the butcher a
long knife ? {ò) They will be happy at their aunt's house ? {c) He
was a young man then, {d) A black dog and a white cat are close
to my chair.
Fourth Paper.
I. — {a) Give the plural of the following words : — Bardd, estron,
bryn, efe. {ù) Give the feminine of: — Ewythr, gwas, dyn, tarw
du.
2. — (a) Give the Future Indicative of "Bod," with the corres-
ponding English tense, (ù) Give the four degrees of comparison
of : — Call, trwm, bach, and cyfoethog, with their English equiva-
lents.
3. — Translate the following sentences into English : — {a) A
ydyw y fuwch fawr }-n yr ardd ? (/>) Yr oedd ef yno ddoe, ond ni
fydd hi yma heddyw. (i) Byddvvch yn feirched da. (</) A oes
gwallt gwyn ar ben hen wr yn wastad ?
Point out the parts of speech in the last sentence.
4- — Translate the following sentences into Welsh : — [a) How do
you do? (/>) The wicked boy is now far from his father's house.
(r) Cardift" is a big town, {d) A soldier was here yesterday.
Fifth Paper.
I. — Give the feminine of the following: — Ci gwyn, ceffyl, brawd
i.ach, gwas,
2. — Give the plural of: — Afon, troed, careg, oen.
3. — Write the Perfect Tense of the Verb " Bod."
4. — Translate into English : — (a) Oedd y dyn a'i gi du yn yr
ardd ? {/>) Pwy y w perchen y tŷ mawr yna ? [c) Mae'n oer iawn
heddyw. {d) Parse : — Oedd yn yr ardd.
5. — Translate into Welsh: — (a) Mary's father is blinò. (fi) Is
William heavier than James ? {c) Philip was uü in London last
April, {d) When will they be going horns ?
WELSH FOR El.EMtNTAKY bCHUULa.
WHAT THE GOVERNMENT BLUE
BOOK SAYS.
C INCE the first edition of this little work appeared, the
Education Department has issued in the form of a
Blue Book, " The General Report for the Welsh Division
for the year 1886, by W. Williams, Esq., Chief Inspector."
In this Report, Mr. Williams says : —
'* A question of much interest has been brought prominently
forward of late, viz., the Utilization of the Welsh Language (in
ihe Elementary Schools), and has been taken up by an influential
Society, the Council of which includes the names of most of the
leading educationists in Wales. The objects of this Society have
l>een fully set forth in a Memorial to the Royal Commissioners on
Elementary Education,* and I shall not refer to them at length
here. I wish, however, to state that it is not intended to try to
retard the spread of the English Language, or to interfere with the
teaching of English in Welsh Schools; on the contrary, one of
the main objects is to make the teaching of English more
intelligent and thorough. Mr. Edwards (H.M. Inspector for the
Merthyr District) is strongly in favour of the movement, and I beg
\o refer to his reasons for it given in the Appendix to this Report.
The actual result produced on the present system in many Welsh-
fipeaking districts is, that the bulk of the scholars, it is to be
feared, pass through the schools without acquiring sufficient know-
ledge of EngHsh Lo understand or take pleasure in reading an
English book, whilst their mere colloquial knowledge of Welsh is
insufficient to enable them fully to appreciate a Welsh book.
Welsh has been already taken as a specific subject in some schools,
and I beg to refer to Mr. D. I, Da vies' account of it in the
A]ipendix."
1'he Appendix referred to is as follows : —
Reasons given by Mr. W, EDWARDS, Her Majesifs
/?ispecior, for ihe introduction of Welsh,
"They are chiefly these : (i) That Welsh is the constant home
language of a very large proportion of the inhabitants of Wales,
besides being the language of many newspapers and periodicals.
• A copy of this Memorial will be sent free on receipt of a stamped
Addressed wrapper. Apply to the Secretary of the Society.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
(2) \ nat it is expedient that Welsh should be taught grammatically
as long as it retains its position as the language of the majority.
(3) That many children who pass throagh the Elementary Schools
will in after life fill positions in which a good grammatical knowledge
of Welsh is extremely desirable, if not absolutely indispensable.
(4) That bilingual instruction is always useful in improving the
faculties of thought and expression through the presentation of one
idea in two different modes. By its means also the acquisition of
a third language is rendered easier. (5) That the spread of English
will not be retarded by the teaching of Welsh. The latter will only
be taught in connection with the former. Translations will be
required not only from English into Welsh, but also from Welsh
into English. Welsh children at present rarely have the power of
composing in English. Translation is at once an aid and an exer-
cise in composition. (6) That in Scotland, in Ireland, and in
various Continental countries the necessity of bilingual instruction
is conceded, and the advantages which accrue from it, e.g., in
Switzerland, are acknowledged to be considerable. (7) That as
the subject is optional, there is no danger of its being introduced
against the wishes of the parents. (8) That the machinery for
teaching Welsh already exists, although a little preparation may
be required. Teachers of Welsh nationality are, as a matter of
fact, already chosen in preference to English teachers for service in
Welsh Schools. If Welsh teaching is required m schools conducted
by Englishmen, it will be easy to provide the special instruction
without unsettling the staff. (9) The question of practicability will
settle itself, if experiments are allowed to be made, without un-
necessary restrictions."
Remarks by Mr. DANISAAC DA VIES, Her Majesty i
Sub-I?ispector of Schools.
" Eignt schools under the Gelligaer Scfhool Board have been
examined in Welsh, as a specific subject, according to a scheme
approved by her Majesty's Inspector for the district of Merthyr,
and, out of no presented, 89 passed. One of the schools was
examined according to a scheme proposed by the Society for Utiliz-
ing the Welsh Language, which possesses some advantages over
that proposed by the School Board, especially for the children of
English parents. In one school an English boy stood second,
and an English girl third; and the success of thç English children
was greater than might have been expected. • '
"In one school, conducted by a master who did not knov/ W'elsh,
the subject was well taught by an assistant mistress, an ex-pupil
teacher. The master, seeing the progress made by his scholars.
WEí.SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
some of them from English homes, took to studying Welsh him
self, and soon made good progress.
*' The English Grammar of Standards V., VI., VII., has been
improved by the teaching of Welsh as a specific subject, and for
this reason it vnght lye advantageous to take Welsh as a specific
subject -when it wotdd be tmcuivisable to take any other special
subject. One strong reason for teaching Welsh is that the demand
for bilingual officials is increasing in all parts of Wales, and es-
pecially in the populous mining districts of East Glamorganshire,
in which there has been of late years an immense increase of popu-
lation (mainly Welsh), and to which districts several additional
Members of Parliament, taken from the Anglicized Pembroke,
Brecon, and Radnor F>oroughs, have been assigned." — From the
Welsh Education Blue Book, 1886-7.
The Welsh Alphabet.
(YR ABIEC.)
Letter.
Name.
English Word containing the
sound.
Welsh Word con-
taining the sound,
A
a
ah
father
fat
bod
man
B
b
bee
^oy
bod
C
c
ek
can (always hard)
raws
Ch
ch
ech
(there is no English equivalent ;
the Scotch ck in lock is similar)
f/avaer
D
d
dee
dog
dyn
Dd
dd
eth
i/ien
modd
E
e
eh
fate
fdl
b^dd
p^n
F
f
ev
z^ain
/el
Ff
ff
efi
yiiU
/fa
G
g
egg
^ay (always hara)
£r^{
Ng
ng
ing
si«^
aw^or
H
h
hatch
//ave
y^aul
i
ee
fid
tm
11/n
p?n
L
1
el
/ove
/i/i
LI
11
ell
(there is no English equivalent)
//aw
M
m
em
7/nne
inant
N
n
en
nu7i
7te{
oh
g<?
not
do
ton
P
P
pee
pan
/)en
Ph
ph
ffee
///rase
p/nol
R
err
;am
ìììjr
Rh
rh
rhee
r \\ith /i strongly sounded
r/iaff
S
s
ess
illOW
Sals
T
t
tee
/ime
/an
Th
th
ith
///in
caJ/i
U
u
uh
(there is no English equivalent,
the nearest being z in unzque)
srntax (a shortened broad z)
Uun
d/dl
W
w
ooh
shoot
foot
t7C>I
dTc/1
Y
y
yh
f?/rther
i/gly
cL'que (the nearest approach)
sjntax ,, ,,
dj'dd
bijn
Mh, Nh, Ngh, called respectively Mhee, Nhee, and Nghee, being
the aspirated forms of M, N, and Ng, are regarded by some as
additional consonants.
1 8 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
WELSH READING AND PRONUN-
CIATION,
The first difficulty to be surmounted by an English
Student learning to read Welsh is to remember that —
1. Every letter in every Welsh word must be sounded.
2. Every letter in Welsh has always the same sound.
Note. — The Welsh vowels a, e, z, o, u, w, y, have a long and a
short sound (see the table on preceding page). The only exception
to the rule is_>', which is pronounced somewhat like_>' in " syntax,"
in most words of one syllable, and in the last syllable of words of
more than one syllable, and like u in "ugly" in all other
places.
Remember that —
a is always sounded like a in father or fat, never like a in fate.
e ,, „ a in fate or Í in fi^ll, «iz/i-rlike ^ in m^.
i ,, ,, ee in f^i-l, or i in tzn, never like i in zee.
,, ,, i» in gi? or n<?t, never like o in to.
u is pronounced like the French u, and never sounded like a in
up nor in îtse.
iv is akvays sounded like oo in ú\ooX. or loot,
y is never sounded like^- in \>y. •
DIPHTHONGS.
Welsh Diphthongs differ from the English in the fact
that each of the vowels of which they are composed is
sounded \ for instance ai in Welsh would always be
sounded like 07 in "«ye" and never like ai in " p^/1."
The following table will assist the learner —
Ä: ^"««^- ^«^'"^ "^''^ containing the sound. Z^lS^t^nd.
ae a and e there is no English equivalent, trat^d
the nearest being a_j/ in " aye "
£; a and i irye (never sounded like the Eng- pa/d
lish ai in " pazl ")
au a and u there is no English equivalent, cau
the nearest being ay in ^^ aye "
av» a and w there is no English equivalent card
(never sounded like the Eng-
lish a:a in " lawn ")
e. c and i long i as in ice -^/n
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
19
eu
e and u
there is no English equivalent,
the nearest approach being the
long Í in " i'ce "
heudy
ew
e and w
there is no English equivalent
(never like the English aw in
"d^y")
tew
*ia
i and a
Fankee
ia
*ie
i and e
yet
/ffiU
*iO
i and
^-onder, j^oke
lot
iw
i and w
long zi as in *' «se "
niw\
oe
and e
no English equivalent, the near-
est being ö/in " hojy"
oen
oi
and i
tozl
trot
ow
and w
hocu
trown
uw
u and w
no exact English equivalent, the
nearest being ew in " dew "
Duw
^wa
w and a
wasp
gwan
^we
w and e
well
we\
^wi
w and i
will
gwisg
wy
wand y
no exact English equivalent
hzuyd (with
first vowel
prominent)
Vy
w and u
*earest being wi in *' wind "
gîí^nt (with
second vowel
prominent)
yw
y and w
long u in "i/se "
ydyw
yw
y and w
no exact English equivalent
cXywsom.
Strictly speaking, the first letter in each of the pairs
marked with an asterisk (*) is not a pure vowel, being of
the same character as the English y and 7ü in " yet " and
" with."
In other instances, we have double vowels sounded
separately, as : —
ao, in parhiZodd, pronounced par-ha-odd.
ea, ,, eang^ ,, e-ang.
eo, ,, deon, ,, de-on.
and the exceptional ie in the word " ie " (yes), pronounced i-e.
Note. — Sometimes three, or even more, vowels come together,
in which cases the first two are generally sounded together, and
the third (with the vowel following it, if any) separately, as : —
A — aea, daeax, pronounced dae-ar.
aua, cauad, ,, cau-ad.
awe, awel, ,, aw-el.
awy, awyr, ,, aw-yr.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
E — euo, euog^
euw, aeuztm.
as in
eu-og.
deu-wn.
ewy, newyn, „
— oio, trtffön, ,,
U — ^uwiau, duzviau, „
W — wia, gwialen, ,,
wiai, gTütaîì, „
new-yn.
troi-on.
duw-iau.
gwi-al-en.
gwi-ail.
few of the treble vowels are monosyllables,
as : —
I — iae, as
iai, ,
iau, ,
in
trin-ẃ«?th
iaüh.
te'úh-iau.
iaw, ,
iei, ,
iawxi.
zWth-oedd
ieu, ,
W— wae, ,
wai, ,
zV«-anc.
gwoA.
gwaiih..
wau, ,
gwau.
waw, ,
givawx.
wei, ,
gwein-x.
'•'CW, ,
wiw, ,
g7ue2u-yt.
gwiw.
In each of these instances, however, it will be seen that the first
letter is really only a semi-vowel.
CONSONANTS.
The Welsh consonants present less difficulty than the
trowels to the English student. With the exception of
Cli and Z/, they all have similar sounds in English. The
Welsh ch is the same as the Scotch ch in " Ioít/í," and the
LI is an aspirated Z.
It should be remembered that C, c^ is always hard, like
the English K (never soft, like cm'-'- city **).
G, g, is always hard, like the English G in " go " (never
soft, like^ in "gin ").
F,/, is always soft, like the English F (never hard, like
the English FJ.
F/, ý, is always hard, like the English K
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Ng^ ng, is always like the English ng in " singer "
(never like the English ng in " finger," nor the English
ng in " danger ").
Dd, dd, is always soft, as the English Th in " that,'*
"then," "this."
Th is always like the English Th in " thin," " moth."
The other consonants have precisely the same sound
as in English.
ACCENT.
The invariable rule in Welsh Reading is to place the
accent on the last syllable but one of the word ; and if a
syllable be added to a word, the accent is moved in accord-
ance with this rule. In this respect it differs materially
from the English accent. This may perhaps be illustrated
by giving side by side the English and the Welsh accent
to an English word thus : —
English accent. Welsh cucent.
intent, /«tent.
intenúon, 'vatenixon.
mtenuovidX, intenẃwal.
unin/^;?tionalIy, unintentiona/ly.
There is also in Welsh frequently a sort of lighter accent
on every alternate syllable backward from the chief
accent, thus the word " unintentionally " in the Welsh
accent would be shown thus : —
zin-\n-ien-\\on-Ai.-\y.
With the above explanation the accent on the follow-
ing examples will be sufficiently clear : —
Gwirion, gwir/owedd, ^wnonEDDau.
Mab -E/rog, im o frenz'woedd y Gogledú, oedd 'Perednr. Yr oedd
gan y Breitxn Efxog saith o feilAon deivnor., a Pher^i/ur oedd yr
icua;?^f ohonynt i gyd. Gydag awmhleidGARwch plentyn, ed-
myo^i y bach^(f«yn ge^/au htan a phic^//au htnon marchíTÿ'ion
22 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
THE MUTATION OF INITIAL
CONSONANTS.
For the purposes of the Government requirements, the
consideration of this important subject will be postponed
until the Third Stage. It has been, however, suggested
that it would be advisable, for the sake of English
Students, that a short explanation of this, the Enghsh-
man's chief difficulty in mastering the language, should
be prefixed to the First Stage.
It must strike an ordinary English Student as strange
that the word tad (father) should be written in each of
the following forms — tad, dad, nhad, thad ; that gair
(word) should be also spelt ngair, air ; and that mam
(mother) should be sometimes represented hy fafn. And
yet a little consideration of these changes will prove that
they are all subject to rules which never vary.
The first thing to be borne in mind is that there is a
fixed root for each word — that it is the root or radical
form of the word alone which is found in an ordinary
dictionary ; and that the changes which the initial con-
sonant of any word undergoes depend entirely upon the
sense in which the word is used, or upon the word
immediately preceding it.
The next thing to be remembered is that it depends
entirely upon the initial consonant of the root word —
what form the change may take under given conditions.
Thus we have the words gân and gair, both beginning
with g, but they are not subject to the same rule, for the
reason that gân is only a modified form of can, which
begins with c, while gair is itself a root word.
If the examples given above be considered, it will be
seen that the first word is given infour forms, that is, the
root word and three changes ; the second word has the
root word and two changes ; the third word has the root
word and one change. Our first work, then, is to classify
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
23
these changing consonants according to the number of
changes they undergo.
Before proceeding to do this, it would perhaps be well
for the student to consider the following combined
letters as being additional consonants : —
Ngh, called nghee, being ng
Mh ,, mhee, ,, m
Nh ,, nhee, ,, n
i'ith the sound of h added.
Now, as to the classification referred to above, we
place in
The First Class, C, P, T,
which take three changes each.
C is changed into G, Ngh^ and Ch,
P „ B, Mh, and Ph,
T „ A Nh, and Th.
These changes are illustrated thus : —
Radical.
cam (step),
Qraig (rock),
voen (pain),
Ylaid (party),
lad (father),
lai (houses),
First Remove.
his
ei Gam,
ei Graio-,
Third Remove,
her
ei cuam
ei CHraiÿ"
ei Boen,
ei 'Rlaidy
ei Bad,
ei Dai,
vnoen
VHlaid
ei mad
ei yiiai
Second Remove.
my
fy KGUam,
fy KGUraig,
fy MHöi?«,
fy yiw.laid,
fy NHfli/,
fy NHiZZ,
The next thing is to know when to use the radical,
and when to use any particular form of the modifications
to which it is subject.
The following general rules may assist the student.
It will be noted that, for facility of reference and com-
parison, the lettering and numbering of the rules follow
the class of rule throughout the series.
I. The Radical is always used in the First Class : —
{a) In the first word in a sentence.
lb) After the Numerals tair (three, fem.), ŷedwar
(four, m.), pedair (f ), òcc.
24 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
(c) After some Indefinite or Adjective Pronouns poâ
(every), ýeí//, and r/iai (some).
(d) After the Plural Possessive Pronouns ein (our),
eüà (your), eu (their).
(e) For the Prepositional form of the Possessive Case,
as dyn vlaid (a man of party), tad can (the father of
song).
(/) For the Nominative Case, following a Verb, as
syrthiodd craig (a rock fell), gwelwyd Ty (a house was
seen).
(g) After these Prepositions — cyn (before), er (since),
erèyn (against, by), wedt (after), m^wn (in), rAag (from),
rhwng (between).
{h) For Masculine Nouns following y, yr^ V (the) or
their Compounds aW (and the), iW (to the), oW (of the),
and the numeral un (one).
(/) For Masculine and all Plural Adjectives, as tad
Tyner (tender father), creigiau celyd (hard rocks).
(/) For Verbs which are followed by their Nominatives,
as yna canodd Mair (then Mary sang), latvela y nwr
(the sea will become calm) ; and for Participial Verbs
following _>'« SLS, mae Victoi'ia yn Teyrnasu (Victoria is
reigning).
2. The First Remove is used—
{a) After the Adverb mor (so), for Adverbs with yn,
as, mae Mair yn canu yn Qyiuir (Mary is singing
correctly), and where the Verb is placed after the
subject, as efe T>arawodd gyntaf(hQ struck first), hi a
Gododd (she rose).
(Ö) After the Numerals dau (m.) and dwy (f.) (two).
{c) After some Indefinite or Adjective Pronouns,
nmbell (some), holl (all), u?irhyw (any), amryw (several),
yfaih, cyfryw (such), j naill (the one).
{d) After the Masculine Possessive Pronoun ei (his)
and its Combinations a'i (and his), Viv (to his), oH (from
his).
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 2$
(e) For the Nominative Case iollowing yn with the Verb
To Be (apposition), as mae hon yn oan dda (this is a good
song), mae hum yn Dy tlws (this is a pretty house). For the
Objective Case after the Passive form of Verbs, as,
gwelwyd craig gan Dad y bachgen (a rock was seen by thf
FATHER of the boy). For the Objective Case after Simple
Active Verbs, as gwelodd oraig (he saw a rock), but not
after Compound Verbs, which take the Radical, as mae efe
YN GWELED Q.raig (he is seeing a rock), cap weled
Q.raig (I SHALL SEE a Rock).
(/) After the Prepositions am (about, for), ar (on, at),
at (to), gan (with, by), heb (without), hyd (until), / (to,
for), tros (over, for), trwy (through), with (by, at), o (out
of, from), tan (until, under).
{g) For Feminine Nouns following j/, yr^ V (the), or
their compounds «V (and the), i'r (to the), oW (of the),
and the numeral 7in.
(/) For Feminine Adjectives, as can T>yner (tender
song).
3. The Second Remove is used —
{d) After the Possessive Pronoun fy (my).
[g) After the Preposition _y;z (in).
4. The Third Remove is used —
{a) After the Conjunction a (and).
i^b) After the Masculine Numeral tri (three).
(d) After the Feminine Possessive ei (her), and its
combinations a'i (and her), Vw (to her), o't (from her).
The Second Class, G, B, D.
Do not confound the radical G, B, and D, with
the inflected G, B, Z>, which form the first remove of
C, P, T.
The radical initial consonants G, B, D, take two
changes each.
G is changed into — and N^.
B ,y ,, F „ M.
D „ „ Dd ,, N.
26
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Radical, First Renurve.
Second Remove.
Third Remove (the
same as the radiiolL
his
my
her
Qair (word), ei -air^
fy ìiGairy
ei Qair,
Gwlad (country), ei -wlad^
fy i^Gwlad,
ei G-cvlad,
Brawd (brother), ei Yrawd,
fy ìAraiud,
ei Brawd,
Bran (crow), ei ¥ran.
fy Viran,
ei Bran,
Darn (piece), ei DDarn,
fy -nam,
ei Dam,
Dakn (leaf), ei BDakn,
fy i<ialen,
ei Dalen,
1. The Radical is always used in the Second Class,
tinder the same rules as apply to the First Class,
2, 3. The First Remove and Second Remove
are governed by the same rules as in the First Class.
4. The Third Remove is precisely the same as
the Radical.
The Third Class, M, LI, Rh.
Do not confound the Radical M, in such words
as mam, with the inflected Mixom B, in such words as
Jy mrawd (my brother).
M, LI, and Rh take only one change each.
yT/is
LI
Rh
changed into F,
Thus :—
Radical. First Remove.
Second Remove
Third Remove
his
Viab (son J, ei Vab,
M^r^A (daughter), eiYerch,
(same as radical),
my
fyuab,
fy TAerch,
(same as radical).
her
ei Mab,
ei uerch.
LLo (calf), ei -Lo,
fy\ÄJ>,
ei LLC,
LLaw (hand), ei Law,
fy LLaw,
ei LLaw.
RHyòudd (notice), ei Rybudä, fy Kuybiidd,
Kaeol (rule), ei Keol, fy RHeol,
ei KVLybudd.
ei RHeol.
I. The Radical is used in the Third Class under the
same rules as in the First Class.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 2»
Exceptions (h). — Y (the) and its compounds, and un
(one) require the First Remove in all Feminine Nouns
commencing with M, but take the Radical in both
Masculine and Feminine in LI and Rh^ as : —
Y Maby m. the son, y Yerch, f. the daughter.
Y LLö, m. the calf, Y LLaw, f. the hand.
Y SiHybudd, m. the notice, Y rh^ö/, f. the rule.
2. The First Remove is used in the same way as
in the First Class, with the exception of (/?), for which
see the preceding rule ; and {a) the adverb mor (so), and
the Adverbial with yn ; and {e) the Noun and Adjective
in apposition after yn, which take the First Remove in
M, but the Radical in U and Hh^ as : —
uelus sweet, yn Yelus sweetLY, MOR Telus as sweet.
lAMwen merry, YN lAMTiven merrÌLY, MOR hl^awen, AS merry.
Kaad, cheap, yn Kuad cheapLY, mor rhöí/, as cheap,
Mae hon YN Yerch dda (This is a good girl).
Mae hon YN \A.aw wen (This IS a white hand).
Mae hon YN ViUawfawr (This is a large shovel).
3, 4. The Second and Third Removes are the
same as the Radical.
Caution. — Never use the aspirated m and n
{mh and nh) for words whose radical initial is m
or n.
These forms are only used where the radical
initial is ŷ or t. Thus we say_^ mnoen (my pain, from
¥oen), fy miad (my father, from Tad), but never /y
Mnam (my mother, from Mam), nor ei uuerc/i (her
daughter, from merc/i), the correct forms being fy
Ma?n, ei uerch ; nor do we say fy Nuai (my nephew, from
t<ai) nor ei nhjvM (her nest, from NyM), the correct
forms being ^ no-/, ei nyih.
Use ngh only when the radical initial is c;
never when it is g. Thus we say fy nghíz« (my song,
from can), but never fy Ncnair (my word, from cair),
the correct form is fy Ncair.
28 WELSH FOR ELEMENTAR\ SCHOOLS.
The Inflected Initial H
presents another slight difficulty.
Words whose radical initial is a vowel have h
prefixed when following the Feminine Possessive ei (her)
and the First and Third Persons Plural Possessives ein
(our) and eu (their) ; and all their combinations, such as
a'i (and her), an (from, or on our), Vw (to their).
Thus :—
her our their
Krgkvydd (Lord), ^I'HArghvydd, EIN Yikrghvydd^ EU HArghoydd.
Esgi'd (shoe), EI UKsgz'd EIN KEsgz'd, eu nEsgid.
\aith (language), Ei Yíiaith^ EIN luaith^ eu -aiaith.
ofn (fear), Ei HO/w, ein Yiofn, EU wofn.
vchelder (highness), Ei axsche/der, ein \i\Jchelder, eu iiuchelder.
\}tys (island), Ei HY/y/j-, ein nxnys, eu u\nys.
Mae hi a'i Yiarian o'n nachos I'w Yiofni.
She AND HER Money on our Account are to be Feared.
Caution. — Do not say ein hwlad^ as the radical initial
is g and not w ; say ein gwlad.
Verbs, with vowel radical initials, take h as their
initial when their object is the First Person Singular or
Plural, the Third Person Feminine Singular, or the Third
Person Plural. Thus : —
Mi a'm YiArzijeiiiiwyd (I was led).
Ac a'n YíAiiueÌ7iiodd (And led us).
Efe a'i UAi~vei)iia (He will lead her).
Tydi a'u HArzucini (Thou wilt lead them).
All other Apostrophe Possessive forms of these words
follow the same rule, as : —
NÍM. YíanrJiofi-iyd (I was not Forgotten).
Cyhuddwyd ef o'n uofni (lie was charged with rearing us).
Dysgivyd ni i\v uamuy/o (We were taught TO love her).
Dygivyd hxvy z'w noffrymu (They were brought to be sacrificed).
Walsh for ülemewtary schools.
29
PART I.
Parts of Speech.
In Welsh there are Nine Parts of Speech,
VIZ.
I.
Bamiod^
Article.
2.
E71W,
Noun.
3-
Ansoddair^
Adjective.
4.
Rhagenw^
Pronoun.
5-
Berf,
Verb.
6.
Rhagferf,
Adverb.
7-
Arddodiad,
Preposition.
8.
Cysyllfmd,
Conjunction.
9-
Cyfryngiad,
Interjection.
i.—THE ARTICLE (Y BANNOD).
Rule Î. — The Definite Article takes three
forms in Welsh, viz., _y, yr^ and 'r. These
are always translated into " the " in Eng-
lish. Fis used before a consonant and the
semi-vowel w. Yr is used before a vowel
and the aspirate h. The form '7/ is often
used when the word before it ends in a
vowel. Examples : —
y dyn,
the man
yrysgol,
the school
y -cuf-aig,
the wife
y ddijias,
the city
yr afal.
the apple
yr hmtl,
the sun
yr heol.
the road
y ty.
the house
ydref.
the town
yr aderyji.
the bird
30
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
hvotn.
we have
been
oedd.
was
efe.
he
í^an^
with
yr oedJv.m,
1 was
hxvn^
this
ma'vr, faiur
large
sydd.
is
mae,
is, are
7vrthy
by
ar.
on
yzo.
is
nyth.
nest
maent^
they are
EXERCISE I,
Translate into English : —
I Puoni yn y ddinas. 2 Efe yw y dyn. 3 Y wraig
•.vdd with y drws. 4 Caerdydd yw y dref. 5 Maent
fn yr ysgol. 6 Yr oeddwn yn y tỳ. 7 Yr haul sydd
(awT. 8 Mae yr aderyn ar y nŷth. 9 Yr afal
öcdd gan y wraig. 10 Mae plant yr ysgol ar yr heol.
» I Mae'r dyn ar yr heol. 1 2 Hwn yw'r afal.
Rule 2. — The English Indefinite Articles
a and an are not expressed in Welsh.
Examples : —
Me is a boy,
A lamb is in the field,
My brother is an infant.
There is an apple on the tree,
Elizabeth was a queen.
Bachgeii yw.
Mae oat yn y cac.
Baban yiv fy vira~vd,
Mae afal ar y pren.
BrenÌTUS oedd Elisabeth,
EXERCISE II.
2 child.
plentyn
a table.
hwrdd
a market,
viarchnad
the table,
y hwrdd
the market,
y farchnad
the bell.
y gloch
egg.
ivy
church, or
eghuys
the egg,
yr toy
a church,
the iron,
yr haiarn
the church,
yr eolwys
thou,
ti
where,
ta le
with.
gyda
Translate into Welsh : —
I Thou art a child, 2 I was in the market. 3 An
egg is on the table. 4 The iron is on a table in the
church. 5 Where is the bell ? 6 It is with the child.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 3 1
2.— THE NOUN (ENW).
A Noun (Enw) is the name of anything.
There are three kinds of Nouns : —
Proper Nouns (Enwau Priodol).
Common Nouns (Enwau Cyifredin).
Abstract Nouns (Enwau Dansoddol).
1. A Proper Noun (Enw Priodol) is the
name given to a particular individual, as dis-
tinguished from one belonging to a class, as,
Dafydd (David), lago (James), Hafren
(Severn), Cymrîi (Wales).
2. A Common Noun (Enw CyfFredin) is a
name which may be applied to all individuals
of a class, as, tad (father), cefyl (horse), pen-
/r^/* (village), 3wri/<a^ (table).
3. An Abstract Noun (Enw Dansoddol)
is the name of a quality considered apart from
the thing in which it is found, or of an action
considered apart from the doer of it, as^
gwynder (whiteness), gwirionedd (truth),
cyffroad (motion).
Note. — A Collective Noun (Enw Cynulliadol) ex-
presses a collection of many individuals. Though meaning
many individuals, these words are used in the sense of
one body. Most of them can take a plural form, thus i'^-
Singular. I Plural.
iyrfa.
a crowd
tyr/aoedd,
crowds
llu.
a multitude
llnoedd.
multitud
byddin.
an army
byddhẁcdd^
armies
32 WELSH FOR ELEMENTAkV SCHOOLS.
NUMBER
By Number (Rbif) we distinguish between
words which stand for one object and those
which stand for more than one. If the
name stands for only one it is in the Singu-
lar Number (Rhif Unigol) ; if it stands for
more than one, it is in the Plural Number
(Rhif Lluosog).
FORMATION OF THE PLURAL (lLUOSOG).
Rule 3. — There are three ways of forming
die plural of Nouns.
J . By changing a vowel or vowels : —
a into rt/, as brhn (crow), plural ì>rh\ìi.
,, as íA?// (sant), ,, si\uit.
a into d/, as Arth (bear), ,, v.vih.
,, as /-Arc/J (bard), ,, l)FArdJ.
a intö^, as buslKch (bullock), plural ùiist\ck,
e ,, z, as dra^n (thorn), plural drain,
e ,, J, as f/Z/E// (knife), ,, cylNil.
,, >*, as cO;ÿ^(body), plural c\i-ff.
,, as com (horn), ,, c\rn.
a and e into e and^, as aj/e// (board), plural Ksiv/I.
,, ,, as bA.chgK7i (boy), ,, l:Kchg\it.
,, ,, as íTArEÿ- (stone), ,, <-E.r\g.
12 and a into e and a/, as dhfKd (sheep), plural dE/Ald.
a and a ,, <? and j, as ArAẂ' (plough), ,, ErYdr.
,, ,, as KlKrch (swan), ,, TlNrch.
a and w into e andjj/, as Asgw'ni (bone), ,, EsgYfu.
EXCEPTIONS.
0?M (lamb), plural \VY«. I /Y (house), plural /Ai.
irOF.u (skin), ,, cr\\'\n. /fyoAd [eye), ,, llyghid
/rOEi/ (foot), ,, trKEd. \ fi (dog), plural iVVN.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS, $$
2. By adding a syllable : —
am, 2&ych (ox), plural jif/iAiN.
att, 2.% pen (head), ,, penkXi.
iatc, as bryn (hill), plural brynlKXi,
edd, as hys (finger), ,, bysE.T)'D.
i, as Ikvyn (bush), ,, Ikvyjil.
iaid, as estron (stranger), plural esiroiilKlTt.
on, as lliv (oath), plural /kvoy.
ion, as dyn (man), ,, dyfiioys.
od, as eryr (eagle), ,, e?yrOD.
oedd, as wj';zjy/í/ (mountain), plural mynyddO'E^DT».
ydd, as afon (river), plural a/onY'DD.
3. By changing a vowel or vowels, and
adding a syllable : —
a into e add ydd, as fiAni (brook), plural «e;?/'ydd.
a ,, et ,, 7on, as wA(^ (son), plural 7/iE.lâlO'S.
ae ,, ei ,, i, as íAEr (carpenter), plural j-Elrl.
cé ,, ezi ,, ydd, as mAEs (field), plural weujydd.
az ,, ei ,, zaz/, as^Alr (word), ,, ^ElrlAU.
ai ,, a ,, «írt'í:/, as ^^yrAl^(\vife), ,, ^í'rA^EDD.
an,, e7i ,, azz, as^AU (cave), plural _^EUAU.
örr-,, ,, ?'ö;zz, as AWr (hour), ,, OrlAU.
tu ,, _j/ ,, a?/, as /nvrifi/ (table), plural ZiYri/i/AU.
iM and w intoj' and_j' add att, as i:www/(cloud), plural ítYwy/au.
From the foregoing tables we find that all
the vowels, except ?', admit of being changed
into other vowels to form the plural of
nouns, thus : —
a is changed into ai, e, ei, y,
,, i, II, y.
» y-
„ o,y.
,, e.
DOUBLE PLURALS.
Rule 4. — Some Nouns have two or
more Plural Forms.
(a) One plural is formed by a vo\vel
34
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
change, and another is formed by adding
a termination, as :—
astell (board), plural ^stYÌl or astellOT),
casiell (castle), ,, cE.si\Il or castelh,
ŷadell {^axi), „ yY^dxll oi padslll.
{h) One plural is formed by a vowel
change, and another by a vowel change and
by adding a termination, as : —
bardd (bard), plural bKlrdd or ÒElrddlOìi,
clock (bell), plural cl\ch or clYcJiAis.
saiit (saint), ,, saint or jei«/iau.
(c) The singular sometimes takes different
terminations to form its plural, as : —
hlynedd (year), plural hlyn\ddOEV)T) or blyiiYddAU,
eghvys (church), ,, eglwysl or eghvysYV>T>.
ilythyr (letter), ,, llythyrhXi or llythyrO^.
ineistr (master), ,, )neis4r\, meisirlAl'D or wi/j^rADOEDD.
myiiydd (mountain), plural inynyddoYÄi'D or ??iyiiyddAV}.
//îíAfy (parish), plural //w_;y^l ox plwyfx'DD.
/r,?/"(town), plural trefl or trefYD-u.
(a) Some Nouns have two plurals with
diíì'erent meanings, as : —
cynghor (counsel, or advice), plural cyftghoriOiH,
,, (council), plural cynghorWJ.
Ikoyih (a tribe), plural Ikuyt/iAU.
,, (a load), ,, llwythl.
Rule 5-— The plural number is wanting in
1 'roper Nouns, in some Abstract Nouns and
Diminutives ; and in Nouns denoting sub-
stance, mass, etc., as : —
Kind of Noun,
EnglishWord.
Welsh Word
Plural
(Singular).
(-ivaniing).
Vroper Noun
James
lago
abstract Noun
gladness
liawenydd
5inîinutives
lambkin
ocnig
Nouns denoting subst.
silver
avian
Nouns denoting mass
ashes
Ihidw
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
35
EXERCISES ON THE PLURALS OF NOUNS.
EXERCISE IIL
Give the plural of the following : —
(The figure or letter following a word denotes the rule from llu.se
given above, which suits the case.)
Llech,- cloch,^ bhvch,^ cwch,^ hwch,^ bâd,^ gwlad,'
mab,^ cwd,^ grudd/ dydd,^ gŵydd,^ coed,^ hydd," ffydd,'
nef,^ tref,^ gof,^ rhaif," ceg," brig,^ llong,- pel,- dôl," pwll,'
twll,^ fflam,- gem,^ Uen,^ ffon,^ ton," cae,- bryn,^ dyn," câr,^
môr,^ gwr,i cath,^ maen,^ crwth,^ troed,^ chwaer,^ saer,^
maes,^ caib,^ braich,^ craig,^ llais,^ brawd,^ lleidr,^ neidr,^
march, 1 Hew,- oen,i coes,^ wy," llwyn,- trvvyn,- bwrdd,^
dwfr,^ bardd,^ arf,^ dwrn,^ corn,^ hwrdd,^ ifordd/ porth,^
post,^ clust,^ Uyfr.-
EXERCISE IV.
Give the plural of the following : —
Enw,^ llun,- angel,^ bwch,^ chwaer," awr,^ gwisg,^ gwraig,*
anifail,^ tywysog,^ brenin,^ cyfaill,^ can,^ Hongj^ Duw,'
geneth," arglwydd,^ blvvyddyn,^ tarvv,^ cig,^ brig.^
Rule 6. — The Singular is sometimes
formed from the Plural or Collective,
as : —
adxr (birds), singular ad^rYli.
CAW'S (cheese), ,, cOsyn
//a//^ (children), ,, //e//A'N
gwxllt (hair), ,, ^noE///YN
Mes (acorns), singular f/iesEN
dei-w (oaks), ,, der^v^'^
yd {■A. grain of corn), sing, j'í/en
/lAldd (barley), sing. /ÌEltí'í/EN
Note. — The affix j/V mdicates the Masculine Gender.
,j en „ Feminine „
36 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL?
EXERCISE V.
Give the singular of the following', accord-
ing to the above rule : —
(Note. — ;;z. = masculine ; / = feminine.)
Rhos in. (roses), gwenith / (wheat), bedw / (birch),
blodeu in. (flowers), tywys / (ears of corn), ceirch /
(oats), glaswellt in. (grass), gwellt j^ (straw), coed/ (trees).
PLURALS OF COMPOUND NOUNS.
Rule 7. — Compound Nouns form their
plurals like the last of their component
parts, as : —
/;ar«-WR (judge), plural harn-WY'SL (like ^wr, man).
inil-G\ (greyhound), plural 7UÍ7-GWN (like ct, dog).
c/oc/i-BY (steeple) plural cloch-T)k.\ (like ty, house).
Note. — The i which comes before -wr in some coni-
pounds oi givr., is not kept in the plural, as : —
giueith-lWR. (workman), plural ^7(yi?zV//-WYR.
EXERCISE VL
Write out ten Nouns in English, and give
their Welsh equivalents.
EXERCISE VII,
Give the plurals of the Nouns in the last
Exercise, in English and in Welsh.
GENDER (CENEDL).
By Gender (Rhyw or Cenedl) is meani the
distinction of sex. Welsh differs from English
as regards Gender, inasmuch as in English
WELSH FOR ELEMÎ1.NTARY SCHOOLS.
37
Gender relates only to those words wi-<icti
denote living creatures, while in Welsh
every name is considered as denoting either
Masculine or Feminine Gender.
Rule 8. — In the Welsh language there
are only two genders, viz. : — Masculine
(Gwrywaidd) and Feminine (Benywaidd).
Note. — i. All names of things without life, which are of
the neuter gender in English, are in Welsh either mascu-
line or feminine.
2. A few names of living beings, some masculine
and some feminine, are used to denote both the male and
the female, when no distinction of sex is intended. These
may be called Common (Cyffredin). Such are : —
Masailines.
ŷlejiiyn, a child
aderyii, a bird
e7yr, an eagle
Feminines.
colovien, a dove
cwimigen, a. rabbit
ysgyfarnog^ a hare
Rule 9. — The gender of nouns is distin-
guished,
I. By adding the termination es to the
Masculine Gender : —
Masailiiie. Feminine. Masadine. Feminine.
arglivydd
dyn
brenin
llew
llaiic
meistr
car, cyfxill
argluyddK'S,
dynES
ùreniíiES
liezoES
iiancES
f?itis/?-ES
carES, cy/EllÌES
lord
man
king
lion
lad
master
friend (male)
lady
woman
queen
lioness
lass
mistress
friend (femal«
38
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
2. By changing the termination yn into
en^ as : —
Masculine.
asYN
I Feminine,
«JEN
I irrO/EN
he ass
young lad
she ass
young lass
3. By different words
Masailine.
Feminine.
Masculine.
Feminine.
hachgen
geneth or merch
boy
girl
baedd
hzvch
boar
sow
brawd
chzuaer
brother
sister
bustach or eidion
aner
bullock
heifer
cefnder
cyfnither
cousin (male)
cousin (female)
cefyl
caseg
horse
mare
ceiliog
iar
cock
hen
ci
gast
dog
bitch
ewythr
modryb
uncle
aunt
g7uas
morwyn
man-servant
maid -servant
gwr
gwraig
husband
wife
hiu)-dd
dafad
ram
ewe
viah
merch
son
daughter
nai
nith
nephew
niece
tad
mam
father
mother
taid \
tadcH \
nain \
mamgu ]
grandfather
grandmother
taiio
buwch
bull
cow
EXERCl
BE vin.
State what gender each of the following
words is, and give the plural number and
the Enghsh for each word (see Rula 6) : —
Aderyn, bedwen, blodyn, ceirchen, cosyn, coeden,
derwen, glaswelltyn, gwellten, gwelltyn, gwenithen, heidd-
en, mesen, plentyn, rhosyn, tywysen, yden.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 39
Rule 10. — {a) The Proper Names of
countries, cities, towns, rivers, and trees
are of the Feminine Gender, as : —
Name of a country, Lloegr (England).
,, ,, cily, Z/a«í/û/^(Llandaff).
,, ,, town, Caerdydd {(Í2.\àS.'ú) .
river, 7a/(Tafî).
,, ,, tree, otieit (ash).
{h) The Proper Names of months and
days are of the Masculine Gender.
EXERCISE IX.
Give the names of the months and days
in Welsh and English.
EXERCISE X.
State the gender and give the plural num-
bers of each of the following w^ords : —
gzvlad.
country
coeden,
tree
dinas^
city
mis.
month
tref.
town
dydd,
day
afon.
river
Teifi,
Teivy
Rule ÎÎ. — [a) The following words are
Masculine in North Wales, but Feminine in
South Wales : —
Ciniaw (dinner), dorian (balance), cyflog (wages),
gar (ham or shank), gwniadur (thimble), troed (foot),
niynud (minute).
{!)) in some parts of North Wales, the
following are regarded as Feminine, while
they are Mascuhne in South Wales : —
Canwyllbren (candlestick), cwpan (cup), clust (ear),
per. ill (stanza or verse).
40 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
3.— THE ADJECTIVE (ANSODDAIR).
An Adjective is a word added to a Noun,
in order to mark or distinguish it more
accurately, as, mawr (large), llawer (many).
Note. — The student should remember that Adjectives
admit of precisely the same classification in Welsh as in
English. The classification adopted in this book must
not be regarded as peculiar to Welsh Adjectives.
There are two kinds of Adjectives.
I. Adjectives of Quality (Ansoddeiriau
Nodweddol), inckiding all words which de-
note any distinguishing feature of an object,
as : —
cock.
red
g7vyn,
white
melyn,
yellow
d2t^
black
doeth.
wise
annoeih,
unwise
mawr^
big
byciian,
small
tlawd.
poor
cyfoethog.
rich
2. Adjectives of Number (Ansoddeiriau
Rhifol), and these are sub-divided thus : —
{a) Cardinal Numbers (Y Prif Rifau),
as, un^ dau^ tri (one, two, three).
{h) Ordinal Numbers (YRhifau Trefnol),
as, cyntaf^ aily trydydd (first, second, third).
Note. — The Indefinite and Distributive Numerals,
such as some, few, every, have their exact equivalents in
Welsh, as, rhai, ychydig, pob. These are classed by some
grammarians as Adjectives, and by others as Pronouns.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 4 1
NUMBER (RHIF).
Some Welsh Adjectives have a distinction
of Number (Rhif) like Nouns, and may be
Singular (Unigol) or Plural (Lluosog), as,
gwyn s., gwynion (white) pi.
Rule 12. — Some Adjectives have Plural
forms to agree with Plural Nouns, as : —
dyn du (a black man), plural dyiiion duOì^ (black men).
Rule 13. — There are three ways of form-
ing the plural of Adjectives.
1. By changing the vowel, as : —
a into ai, as truKii (wretched), plural tniwn.
a ,, ez, 3.S /lArdd (besiuúíuì), ,, /lElrdd.
a and a into e and_>/, as cAdArn (strong), plural c¥.dYrn.
a and e „ e and_>/, as cAlRd (hard), plural íte/yí/.
2. By adding the affix on or lon^ as : —
du (black), plural dtiOK.
gwyn (white), plural gwynlON.
3. By changing a vowel, and adding the
affix on or ^b;/, as : —
a into ei add ojt, as niAi-w (dead), plural wEirtc/ON.
a into eizA'a.ion, as bAlch (proud), ,, /;Ei/67noN.
ae ,, ei ,, as //aej (loose), ,, //EinoN.
ai ,, ei ,, as wAlw (slender), plural wElwiON.
ÛW,, ,, as //a Wi/ (poor) plural ŵt/iON.
w ,, J ,, as /;-w;;/ (heavy), ,, /rYwiON.
no
Rule 14.— Most
Adjectives
have
aral, as : —
da good
hPn old
glân clean
teg
isel
tuhel
fair
low
high
42
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
GENDER (CENEDL).
Adjectives take the same Genders as
Nouns, viz., Masculine (Gwrywaidd) and
Feminine (Benywaidd), while some words
are Common (CyiFredin) to both.
Rule 15. — The Feminine Gender is formed
from the Masculine in two ways.
I. By changing the vowel : —
Masai line.
Fevimine.
hrwnt
bfOiit
dirty
llwm
Horn
bare
ii-WJfi
trOm
heavy
bYr
bv.r
short
gwYrd:^
gwKrdd
green
2. By changing the initial consonant, as : —
tariv coch, red bull | htizvch Goch, red cow
Rule 16. — Adjectives are generally placed
after the Nouns in Welsh. Examples : —
dyniion da, good men
ty givyn, white house
bwi-dd uchel, high table
genefh dlos, pretty girl
bre72iìi doeth, wise king
viilivr dcwr, brave soldier
Note. — The Personal Pronouns and the Parts of the
Verb To Be used in the following Exercises may be
found on pages 56 to 59.
EXERCISE XI.
kind,
poor,
wild,
people,
caredig
tlawd
gwyllt
pobl
beautiful, yrydfei-ih
rich miser, cybydd cyfoctho^
large garden, gardd favjr
in, yji
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 43
Translate into Welsh : —
I She is a good girl. 2 They will be kind children.
3 He has been a wild boy. 4 Be kind to the poor
people. 5 The wise king was in his beautiful house.
6 The man is a rich miser. 7 I shall be a brave
soldier. 8 They are in the large garden.
EXERCISE
XIL
seren,
star
book
horse
gioalJt,
ysgol,
cadair.
hair
school
chair
careg,
stone
{a) Write a suitable Adjective after each
of the following Nouns : —
Seren ( ), dyn ( ), llyfr ( ), ceffyl ( ),
careg ( ), gwallt ( ), ysgol ( ), cadair ( ).
{b) Translate these sentences into English.
Rule 17.— Adjectives of Number and
the following Adjectives of Quality, viz. : —
heìi^ prif^gwìr^ and iinig^ are placed generally
before the Nouns. When iinig signifies
solitary, it follows the Noun, as ty nnig (a
solitary house). Examples : —
tri dy7î,
three men
ysiabl.
stable
i'/ydydd person,
third person
Duw,
God
hen gyfeillion.
old friends
fa le.
where
prif athraiv.
head teacher
Dafydd,
David
giuir oleuni.
true light
lie.
place
iinig fab.
only son
mewn.
pi'dzvar ceffyl.
four horses
H
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
EXERCISE XIIL
Translate into English : —
I Yr ydym yn hen gyfeillion. 2 Efe oedd y prif
athraw. 3 loan yw y trydydd person. 4 Yr oedd
pedwar cefifyl yn yr ystabl. 5 Duw yw y gwir oleuni.
6 Dafydd yw yr unig fab. 7 Pa le mae y tri dyn ? 8.
Mae y tŷ mewn He unig.
EXERCISE XIV.
days,
diwrnodau
six,
chwech
years,
blynyddoedd
many,
llaiver
child,
plenty n
wicked,
di-cvg
list,
rhestr
long,
hir
father.
tad
twenty,
ugain
poet,
bardd
Welsh ( Adj. ),C>wm;?
people,
ŷobl
best.
goreu
clothes,
dillad
free.
rhydd
for,
am
those,
y rhai yna
old,
oedran
ago,
yn ol
before,
o'r blaen
here,
yf?ia
without food, heb fzvyd
brother,
brawd
Translate into Welsh : —
I The child is six years old. 2 The people were
without food for twenty days. 3 My father is
a Welsh poet. 4 We are free people. 5 Are those
your best clothes ? 6 Many years ago, I was here be-
fore. 7 It will be a long list. 8 Are you the only
son ? 9 My brother is a wicked child.
Rule 18. — In Welsh the Adjective
sometimes agrees with the Noun in
Number. Examples : —
Singular.
thnu dti, black bull
dyn g-ccyn, white man
creadur mA7"w dead creature
Plural.
t¥,irw WON, black bulls
dynioii gwynlOii, white men
creaduriAiD dead creatures
mElrwON,
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
45
rl fnaw7',
large dog
nvN ;«a7£/riON,
large dogs
^/entyn bAch,
little child
//ant b\chA\^,
little children
hAchgY.li cryf.
strong boy
bKchgYn rrj'/lON,
strong boys
BUWCH Goch,
red cow
EUCHOD Cochiofi,
red cows
llestrgwAg,
empty vessel
llestrl gwElglOl^,
empty vessels
EXERCISE XV.
bra-cud, brodyr.
brother-s
gan.
with
ond.
but
genych.
with you
viwy.af.
larg.-er-est,
drwg.
wicked, bad
more, most
iawn.
very
hardd s. , heirdd pi. pretty
Translate into English : —
I Dynion duon sydd yn Affrica. 2 Bechgyn cryfion
yw fy mrodyr. 3 Heirdd yw plant end hardd yw'r
plentyn. 4 Ceffyl du sydd gan fy nhad. 5 Buchod
cochion sydd genych chwi. 6 Llesiri gweigion sydd
fwyaf eu sŵn. 7 Mae y plant bychain yn ddrwg iawn.
8 Creaduriaid meirwon oeddynt.
EXERCISE XVI.
son,
tnab
wild,
gxuyllt
lion,
Hew
dry.
sych
road.
heol,ffor<id
wide.
llydan
leaves,
dail
rough,
garw
birds,
adar
great, big.
mawr
mountain,
inynydd
high,
uchel
way.
ffordd
hke.
fel, yn debyg i
hair,
owallt
tree,
coeden
book,
llyfr
how many, pa saivl or pa faint
blackbird,
viiuyalchen.
on,
ar
aderyii du
Snowdon,
Yr Wyddfa
Translate into Wels
.1.
I It is a big lion. 2 The dry leaves are on the wide
road 3 The rough ways are before us. 4 Snowdon
is a high mountain. 5 The wild creature was
like a red cow. 6 The poet's hair is white. 7 Our
son is a strong boy. 8 The blackbird's nest is on a
high tree. 9 How many leaves are there in your large
book ?
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Rule 19. — The following Adjectives are
not inflected for Number, and are used
both with the Singular and the Plural
Nouns, viz. : —
byw^
living
hyjryd.
pleasant
call,
wise
uchel.
high
clodfawr,
praiseworthy
hen,
old
da,
good
glan.
clean
dedvoydd.
happy
gofalus,
careful
etiog,
guilty
pur.
pure
EXERCJ
SE XVIL
aelod-au.
member-s
menyg.
gloves
afon-ydd^
river -s
ffynon,
well
Cynirzi,
Wales
dwfr, dvfroc
Jd, water-s
g7ulad.
country
llais.
voice
{a) Translate into English : —
I Maent ) n greaduriaid byw. 2 " Hen wlad y menyg
gwynion " yw Cymru. 3 Dyn da ydych chvvi, ond
dynion drwg ydynt hwy. 4 Mae llais hyfryd ganddo ef.
5 Dwfr glan sydd yn y ffynon. 6 Mae dyfroedd pur
yn yr afonydd. 6 Mae aelodau y tŷ yn ddynion call a
gofalus. 7 Yr ydym yn hen bobl. 8 Maent yn ddynion
euog. 9 Yr wyf yn ddyn euog.
{h) Translate into Welsh : —
I The rivers of Wales are pleasant. 2 The water in
the well is pure. 3 The members are very careful.
4 These gloves are old, but they are clean. 5 The
voice of the guilty man was rough.
Rule 20. — In Welsh the Adjective
agrees with the Noun in Gender, but
in the vSin ovular Number onlv.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCH<'X)LS.
47
How Masculine Adjectives are
changed into Feminine.
Rule 20a. — Masculine Adjectives begin-
ning with the Consonants C P and T are
changed into Feminine by changing these
letters into their corresponding soft Con-
sonants, G B and D. Commit this to
memory : —
C P T in Co Pa Tŷ
become
G B D „
GwyBeD.
Examples :-
-
MASCULINE
GENDER.
FEMININE GENDER.
iarw cock,
red bull
buwch Goch, red cow
bachgen ilivs^
pretty boy
7/terck T>los, pretty girl
dyn llazud.
poor man
dynes T>lawd, poor woman
gzur cyfoethog.
rich man
gwra2gGyfoeikog,úch. woman
dufr Vîtr,
pure water
afo7i -Qtir, pure river
ceffyl Tew
fat horse
caseg De-cü, fat mare
brcitin cyfiawu,
just king
brenùiesGy/ìawn, just queen
giLiaith caledf
hard work
ca/on Ga/ed, hard heart
gardd,
garden
cae, field
maííiy
mother
baban, baby
EXERCISE XVIII.
Translate into English : —
I Bu y fuwch goch yn yr ardd. 2 Mae y tarw
coch yn y cae. 3 Yr oedd Mr. Jones yn ẃr cyfoethog.
4 Gwraig gyfoethog oedd ei fam. 5 Galon galed
sydd gan y drwg.f^ 6 Brenin cyfiawn oedd Alfred Fawr.
7 Dynes dlawd yw fy mam. 8 A oes dwfr pur yn y tỳ ?
9 Geneth dlos yw Jane. 10 Baban tlws yw hwn.
í8 WEL
SH FOR ELEMENTARN SCHOOI.S
EXERCISE
XIX.
master,
meistr
judge,
bamwr
farmer,
fferiinur
healthy,
iachus
lady,
boiieddiges
soft, tender,
tyner
daughter,
vierch
hand,
Uazv
price,
pris
clean,
glân
Translate into Welsh : —
I He is a rich man. 2 She is a rich lady. 3 It is
hard work. 4 The Queen's daughter is a pretty girl.
5 What is the price of the fat horse ? 6 The judge is a
just man. 7 The lady's soft hand was clean. 8 Pure
water is healthy. 9 My master is the only son of a rich
farmer. 10 The judge was very tender to the healthy
daughter of the farmer.
Rule 20b. — Masculine Adjectives, begin-
ning with G B and D, are changed into
Feminineby making thefollowingchang'es: —
(i) Drop the G, (2) Change B into F,
and (3) D into Dd. Examples : —
MASCULINE GENDER.
ci cJew^
pre7i V,yr,
ceffyl cJas,
hit'rdd im,
caiiwr Dall,
creadzd' Byza
milwr Viezvr
givenith Gzayn,
dafad
brave dog
short stick
grey horse
black ram
bhnd singer
living creature
brave soldier
white wheat
sheep
FEMININE GENDER.
gast 'Lew,
gzvialen F^r,
caseg Las,
dafad T>T)ii,
cantores DDaH,
creadicres Yyw
genet h T>T>ewr
ynys wen,
chwaer
brave bitch
short rod
grey mare
black sheep
blind singer
living creature
brave girl
white island
EXERCISE XX,
Translate into English : —
I Geneth ddall yvv fy chwaer.
' Boxer." 3 Caseg las yw " Jolly."
2 Ceffyl glas yw
4 Dafad ddu sydd
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
49
yma. 5 Creadur byw yw hwn. 6 Mae y milwf dewr
ar faes y frwydr (battlefield), 7 Pa le mae y tarw du ?
8 Mae gwialen ier ar y bwrdd. 9 Geneth ddevvr oedd
chwaer y canwr dall.
EXERCISE XXL
sky, awyr.
Translate into Welsh : —
I She is a blind singer. 2 "Where is the grey mare ?
3 The blue sky is above us. 4 He was a brave soldier.
5 Thou art a careful girl. 6 The vrhite house is on the
"white island." 7 "Charlie" is a brave dog. 8 The
pretty girl is the sister of the blind singer.
Rule 20c. — Masculine Adjectives begin-
ning with LI M and Rh are changed into
Feminine by changing these letters into
L F R respectively. Learn the follow-
ing :—
LI M Rh in Lie I\Iae Rhai
become
L F R in LeVeR
Examples : —
MASCULINE
GEXUER.
FEMININE GENDER.
gzh- lAMweii,
joyful husband
gwraig -Lawen,
joyful wife
ỳysgodyn Mazi/r,
big tish
iroed Fa-cvr,
big foot
dyn KYiiirweddol^
virtuous man
dynes "Rmweddol, virtuous womsn
tŷ -LLydan,
wide house
heol 'Lydan,
wide road
môr islawr,
Jarge sea
dinas l-aTcr,
great city
gwely 'LLaithy
damp bed
gwal l^aith,
damp wall
bwyd RHai/,
cheap food
teisen Kad,
cheap cake
afal -i.iehis.
sweet apple
teisen Yelus,
sweet cake
Toaiiy
John
ceiniog.
penny
kZyH^
this
yma.
here
50
WELSH FOR ELEIVIENTARY SCHOOLS.
EXERCISE XXII.
Translate into English :-
I Dinas fawr yw Llundain. 2 Mae loan yn ddyn
rhinweddol. 3 Ai hwn yw y gwely llaith ? 4 Yr ydym
ar yr heol lydan. 5 Uii afal melus sydd am geiniog.
6 Mae troed fawr gan y gwr llawen. 7 A oes teisen
râd yma ? 8 Mae pysgod yn y môr mawr.
best,
EXERCISE XXIII.
I big, mawr
I near,
agos
Translate into Welsh : —
I Cheap food is not the best. 2 The big fish was in
the sea. 3 A virtuous woman is a good woman. 4 The
good man is a virtuous man. 5 Cardiff is a big town.
6 The sweet cake is good. 7 You are too near the
damp wall. 8 \Ve were in the great city of London.
Rule 21.— The Masculine Form of the
Plural Adjectives is used with the Plural
Nouns of both Genders. Examples : —
MASCULINE GENDER.
dynion glân^ clean men
ceffylau duon, black horses
hechgyn lìiawrion^ big boys
Uirw cochion, red bulls
FEMININE GENDER.
menyivod glân^ clean women
cesyg duon, black mares
vierched mawrion, big girls
gwartheg cochion, red cows
EXERCISE XXIV.
busy,
diwyd
ships.
llongau
duty,
dyleds7vydd
beautiful,
hardd
hiUs,
hryniau
coal,
glo
sight,
gol^vg
orphans.
amddifaid
flowers,
hlodait
parents,
rhieni
wise.
call
full.
Uawn
white,
givyn
strong,
cry/
geod boys,
hechgyn da
poor,
tlawd
Welsh,
Cymry
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. $1
Translate into Welsh : —
I They are wise girls. 2 They have been kind parents
to their children. 3 The Welsh are busy people. 4
The brave soldiers are on duty. 5 The white hills are
in sight. 6 There are beautiful flowers in our garden.
7 The large ships are full of coal. 8 They were strong
horses. 9 The poor orphans are clean. 10 John and
David are good boys
Rule 22.— The Initial Consonants—
C P T G B D M
of Adjectives are changed into
G B D — F Dd F
respectively, when the word is preceded
by yii* Examples : —
yr afal lyntr (soft), tnae yr afal YN Vtyner.
y dwfr Pur, mae y dzvfr YN B«r.
y croen (skin) Caledy mae y croen yn Galed.
y plenty 71 Glin, mae y ỳleìityn YN \.ân.
y castell (castle) Mawr, viae y castell YN Yawr.
Idris Bychan, mae Idris YN ¥ychan.
y milwr newr, mae y milwr YN DDezvr.
EXERCISE XXV.
Translate the above sentences into English,
Rule 23. — The Initial Consonants LI
and Rh of the Adjective are not changed
after yn. Examples : —
they were successful, yr oeddynt YN lAJwyddianm.
we are merry, yr ydym YN LL(?«.
they are many, maent YN LLawer,
he is running, ma^ YN KHedeg.
•this is cheap, mae h'.vn yn RHff^
5»
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
EXERCISE XXVL
meat,
cig
quiet,
tawel
shoes,
esgidiati
idle,
diog
dirty,
krwnt, hudr
savage,
cas
punctual,
yrydlatvn
slaves.
caelhion
book,
llyfr
free.
rhydd
very,
iaivn
happy,
haỳus
Translate into Welsh :— -
I The meat is good. 2 Your shoes are dirty. 3 The
books are clean, 4 The children are merry. 5 Let us
be quiet. 6 John has been successful. 7 They are
very idle. 8 The dog is very quiet. 9 The slaves will be
free. 10 We are happy in school. 11 They are running.
Rule 24. — The following Adjectives of
Number are inflected for Gender, viz. : —
MASCULINE
FEMININE.
í/AU
i/WY
two
/RI
/AIR
three
ŷed\WA.K
ýedAm
four
trydxdd
irydKdd
third
pedw'S.rYdd
pedwAr-Edd
fourth
EXERCISE XXVII.
brothers.
brodyj-
together
, yn nghyd, or
sisters,
chwioryc
Id
gyda'îi gi/ydd
new,
newydd
class,
dosharth
woman.
dynes
work
grvaith
who?
ŷwy ?
road,
heol, ffordd
Translate into
Wels
h:—
I They are two brothers. 2 We are two sisters.
3 Three men were at work. 4 The three women were
together. '^ 5 Four girls are in the class. 6 The four
boys are îtére. 7 I am the third boy on the list. 8 My
brother is in the fourth house in the new road. 9 Who
is the third girl ?
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
53
Rule 25. — When the Adjecir;e is the
first word in a Welsh sentence, it must
begin with its original initial consonant.
EXERCISE
xxvin.
cam.
step
coes.
leg
chwerw.
bitter
dwfn.
deep
cul,
narrow
gwyrdd,
green
byr,
short
siwgr.
sugar
dail,
leaves
caled,
hard
llydan,
wide
coed,
trees
ffordd.
way
melus,
sweet
Translate into English : —
I Byr yw y cam, end ber yw y goes. 2 Da yw dyn,
a da yw dynion. 3 Llydan yw yr heol. 4 Caled oedd
y gwaith, 5 Dwfn yw y mor, a dofn yw yr afon. 6
Chwerw yw dwfr. 7 Cul fydd y ffordd. 8 Melus yw
siwgr. 9 Gwyrdd yw dail y coed.
DEGREES OF COMPARISON.
Rule 26. — There are four degrees of
Comparison in Welsh. These are : —
Positive (Cysefin), Equal (Cydradd),
Comparative (Uwchradd), and Superla-
tive (Uwchafradd).
Rule 27. — The Equal, Comparative, and
Superlative, are formed from the Positive —
{a) By adding ed^ ach^ and af^ as, melus
(sweet), meliised (as sweet), meliisach
(sweeter), melusaf (sweetest).
54
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
yd) By prefixing mory mwy, mwyaf, as,
prydferth (beautiful), vior brydferth (as
beautiful), mwy prydferth (more beautiful),
viwyaf prydferth (most beautiful).
Note. — In forming the Equal Degree, mor or cyn is
Sometimes prefixed, and ed added, as, hardd (beautiful),
mor hardded or cyn hardded (as beautiful).
Rule 28. — When th-e Adjective in the
Positive Degree ends in G B or D, the
consonants are changed into C P and T
respectively before ed^ ach and af are
added. Now,
G B D in GwyBeD
become
C P T „ CoPaTy.
Examples : —
Positive. ( Equaliijf. Comparative. , Stiperlafive.
fair,
teo
wet,
hard,
caleV)
cheap,
rhaTi
rich,
cyfoethoG
poor,
tlAWD
numerous,
lluosoG
important,
pwysid
as fair,
fairer,
tec¥.V)
/iCACH
as wet,
wetter,
giolyVKD
gwly-ppLca.
as hard.
harder.
fa/íTED
caleTKcn
as cheap,
cheaper,
rhaTET)
rhaTACn
as rich,
richer,
cyfoethoCVJ)
cyfoefhoCACYL
as poor.
poorer,
^/OTED
//OTACH
as mimerous.
more numerous.
thwsoCED or
iluosocAcn or
mor lluosog
mwy lluosog
as important.
more important
pwysiQ^T) or
pwysicxcu or
m§r bwysig
mzvy pnvysig
fairest,
/iCAF
wettest,
gwlyVKY
hardest,
caleiKV
cheapest,
rhaiAY
richest,
cyfoethoCAY
poorest,
tlOTAY
most numerous,
lh(osoCA¥ or
inwya,f lluosog
I most important,
I p-cvysiCAT or
I mivyaf pxvysig
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
55
EXERCISE XXrX.
than,
town,
to-day,
yesterday,
bread,
nag
tref
heddyw
ddoe
bara
stone,
country,
English,
people,
case,
care^
gwlad
Saeson
ŷobl
achos
Translate into Welsh : —
I She is fairer than her brother. 2 He is the richest
man in the town. 3 It is more wet to-day than yester-
day. 4 The bread is as hard as a stone. 5 The horse
is cheap, but the cow is cheaper. 6 I am richer than
my brother. 7 There is not a poorer man in the
country. 8 The English are the most numerous people
in America. 9 It was the most important case.
EXERCISE XXX.
The Degrees of Comparison.
mêi,
honey
ffoh
foolish
cyflym.
swift
cyfaill.
friend
neb.
anyone, or
wind
anwyl,
dear
nobody
^iilad]
clothes
gwyned.
as white
na'r.
than the
haul.
sun
hetty
old
hardd,
beautiful
lleiaf.
smallest
goreu.
best
goletmi.
light
doeth,
wise
caredigy
kind
ysgol.
school
dy.
thy
Translate into English : —
I Melusach yw na'r mêl. 2 Solomon oedd y doethaf
o ddynion. 3 Ei ddillad oedd cyn wyned a'r goleuni.
4 Harddach yw na'r haul. 5 Yr wyf fi yn hen^ yr wyt
ti mor hyned, mae Dafydd dy frawd yn hynach, ond Rhys
sydd hynaf. 6 lago bach yw y lleiaf o'r plant. 7 Efe
oedd fy nghyfaill anwylaf. 8 Hi ydoedd yr eneth oreu yn
yr ysgol. 9 Mae Tomos mor ddoethed a'i dad 10 Yr
oedd William fy mrawd yn ffolach na neb. 1 1 Cyflymach
yw y goleuni na'r gwynt. 12 Dy fam sydd fwyaf caredig
i ti.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTAL- SC iOOLS.
EXERCISE XXXI.
near, agos I world, byd
friendly, cyfcillgar snow, eira
neighbour, cymydog
tea, te
city, dinas
Translate into Welsh : —
I He is my nearest neighbour. 2 He will be the
best man. 3 It is the prettiest flower in the garden.
4 John is as tall as his father. 5 Your tea is sweeter
than mine. 6 Your brother David is more friendly than
your brother John. 7 London is larger than Paris.
8 Paris is the most beautiful city in the world. 9 Snow-
don is the highest mountain in Wales. 10 His hair is
as white as snow. 11 I ani bad, you are worse, but he
is the worst.
4.— THE PRONOUN (RHAGENW).
A Pronoun (Rhagenw) is a word used
instead of a Noun.
Personal Pronouns (Rhagenwau Per-
sonol).
There are two Numbers, viz., Singular
(Rhif Unigol) and Plural (Rhif Lluosog).
THE TABLE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
SINGULAR NUMBER IST PERSON
(Person Cyntaf Unig).
I
' minau
PLURAL NUMBER 1ST PERSON
(Person Cyntaf Lluosog).
we \
nyiii
ninazi
Fi, /, are modified forms, as, YrtvyfYi (I am), .^ viod
I (that I am).
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
57
SlxN'GULAR NUMBER 2ND PERSON
( Ail Berson Unig).
thou
thee
tydi
tithau
PLURAL NUMBER 2KD PERSOxN
(Ail Berson Lluosog).
Í chwi
you < ch-duithau
chwychwi
Dì^ dithau^ are modified forms, as, Ni chei di (Thou
halt not).
PLURAL NUMBER 3RD PERSON
( Trydydd Person Lluosog),
Cotmnon Gen.
SLNGULAR NUMBER 3RD PERSON
( Trydydd Person Unig).
Mascîilim Gen. Feminine Gen.
he
)efe
{ yntau \
she
her
\hi
hithau
they
them
Invynt, hwy
hivynthwy
hwythau
Nhw^ n/my, are colloquialisms, as, Äíae nhw';^ dweyd,
which means, Maent hwy yn dweyd (They say).
Note. — " It " is represented in Welsh by ef or /«, ac-
cording as the word for which it stands is masculine or
feminine.
THE PERSONAL PRONOUN (RHAGENW
PERSONOL).
Rule 29. — In Welsh, the Personal Pro-
nouns are not always expressed with the
Personal Verbs. But if the emphasis is to
be laid on them, they must be used.
Yr
ivyf yn dlawd.
I am poor
Yr
wyf
Fl yn dlazvdy
/ am poor
Yr
oedd yn yr ysgoL
He was in
school
Yr oedd
EFE ynyrysgol,
He was in
school
EXERCISE XXXn.
happy,
ded7cydd
children,
plant
short.
hyr
with him.
gydagef
•^og,
Cl
Where ?
ŷa le?
after me.
arfy ol
before us.
ó'n blaen ni
after them,
ar en hoi
long,
Mr
brave,
dewr
to her.
gyda hi^
soldier,
mihvr
tired of,
ivedi blino ar
away,
rmciith,ffin>rdd
angry with.
wediffro77ii wrlh
Who?
pioy?
5'^
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Translate into Welsh : —
[ They are happy. 2 It will be short. 3 The dog
was after me. 5 I am a brave soldier. 5 She has been
away. 6 Who art thou ? 7 The children are with him.
8 Where have you been ? 9 Will they be there before
us? 10 We shall not be long after them. 11 Have
you been to her ? 1 2 I was tired of thee, or I was angry
with thee.
THE VERB BOD (TO BE).
Indicative Mood (Modd Mynegol).
AMSER PRESENOL.
Singular ( Unigol).
PRESENT TENSE.
Plural (Lhcosog).
uyfi ydzuyf, I am
wyt^ ydwyt, thou art
yrv, yayzv, viae, he, she, or'\\.
ocs, sydd, is
ym, ydyvi, we are
ych, ydych, you are
y7it, ydynt, fnaetit, they are
AMSER ANORPHENOL.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
cedd'ivn,hydd7vn,bazvn,\ was
oeddit, byddii, bait, thou wast
oedd, byddai, bai, he was
oeddyni, byddem, baem^ we were
oeddych,byddech, baech, you were
oeddynt, byddent,baent^ they were
AMSER GORPHENOL.
PERFECT TENSE.
bzim, buais, I have been
htost^ biiaist, thou hast been
hu, he, &c., has been
buo7n, buasom, we have been
buoch, buasoch, you have beea
buont, buasatit, they have been
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 59
AMSER TRAGORPHENOL. PLUPERFECf'TENSE.
buaswn, I had been
buasit^ thou hadst been
buasaif he had been
buasem, uie had been
buasech^ you had been
btiasent^ they had been
AMSER DYFODOL. FUTURE TENSE.
byddafy I shall or will be [ byddwn^ we shall or will be
^ddi^ thou shalt or wilt be bydd'tvch, you shall or will be
byddy he, &c. , shall or will be I byddant, they shall or will be
Imperative Mood (Modd Gorchymvnol).
BE.
byddwyf, let me be I byddwn (ni), let us be
bydd, or hydd di, be or be thou byddivch (chwi), be or be ye
bydded (ox boed), let him be byddant, byddont, / , ^ ,, ,
I byddènt(hwv)\ let them be
Note. — Some grammarians use oeddem^oeddech^oeddent^
as well as oeddym,oeddych,oeddynf,'m the Imperfect Tense.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF THE VERB BOD.
The different forms of the Verb Bod pre-
sent some difficulty to the learner. Thus :—
3RD PERSON SINGULAR. 3RD PERSON PLURAL.
English — He is, she is, it is. They are.
Welsh — Yw,ydyw, mae, oes,sy, sydd. Ynt, ydyjit, maent, oes, sydd.
Each word, however, expresses a different
shade of meaning.
Fw, ydyw (Singular), and yjtt, ydy^it
(Plural) are diíîerent forms of the same
word, and come between two Nouns (or
Pronouns), or between a Noun (or Pronoun)
6o WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
and au Adjective. This form of the Verb
Bod is often used to make the Predicate the
most prominent part of the sentence.
Thus : —
Llyfr da yw hvm (This is a good book).
GwEisiON YDYNT hwy (They are servants).
Sy^ or sydd (Singular and Plural) comes
after the Subject, and makes that more
prominent.
Hyn sydd dda (This is good).
It is used, too, when the Relative Pro-
noun is employed.
y plant SYDD YN CHWAREÜ (It is the children who are
playing).
Y dyn SYDD YN y ty fu yma ddst (It is the man WHO is in the
house that was here yesterday).
NidDafydd sydd oreu (David is not the one who is best).
Mae^ or Y mae^ begins a sentence, or
clause, and thus has its subject following it.
Mae y ferch ytna (The girl is here).
Maent wedi dyfod (They have come).
Y MAE hwn yn iawn (This is right).
Oes is used in asking a question, or is
joined to the negative No or Not, in sen-
tences beginning with " there."
A oes genych lyfr ? (Have you si book ?)
NiD OES un yma (There is not one here).
NiD o^s ysgoi yjcry (There is no school to-morrow).
EXERCISE XXXIII.
Write out ten Verbs in English, and give
their Welsh equivalents.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
EXERCISES ON THE VERB BOD,
Vocabulai'y to Exe?'dses.
atnddifad.
without parents
gcnest.
honest
bachgcn.
boy
goreu.
best
buan.
soon
gwell.
better
caredig.
kind
ieiianc,
young
chwi.
you
Uazven,
merr}-
chwaer^
sister
llwyddiamis.
successful
cyfaill.
friend
llyfr.
book
cyfiazLm,
y cyfiavon
viikvr.
soldier
just, the just
mzir.
wall
Cymro,
Welshman
ni.
we
cyfoethog.
rich
plentyn.
child
da, y da.
good, the good
plant.
children
dedicydd^
happy
friidd.
sad
dew?',
brave
rhydd.
free
diog.
lazy
sut.
how
doe.
yesterday
tlawd.
poor
y diygioiîus, the wicked
ty.
house
dyn.
man
ufyddy
obedient
dys^edì^.
learned
yno.
there
^Á
he
yfory.
to-morrovv
eich.
your
ysgoh
school
erioed,
ever
ysgolheigion
scholars
ffyddlon.
faithful
Note. — F:^ is generally placed before wyf.ydivyfi^
am), wyt^ ydwyf (thou 2Lrt),ym, ydy?u (we are), >r//, ydyc/i,
(you are), _>•;?/, ydynt (they are), oeddin'ti (I was), oeddit,
(thou wast), oedd (he, she, or it was), ocddym (we were),
oeddych (you were), oeddynt (they vs-ere), and generally all
forms of oedd and uyf^ when these words begin a
sentence or phrase. In the same way Y is often placed
before mae^ as " Y mae efe yina'' (He is here).
exercise XXXIV.
Translate into English : —
I Yr wyf yn llawen. 2 Y mae fy chwaer yn y ty. 3 Yr wyt
yn brudd. 4 Ni fuost yn ddiwyd, Dafydd. 5 Byddant
yn blant da yn yr ysgol. 6 Bydd y plenty n yn well
62 \VELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
yfory. 7 Byddaf yn gyfaill i chwi. 8 Os byddwch yn
onest, chwi fyddwch yn ddedwydd. 9 Yr ydym yn
gy.feillion i ddynion da. 10 Ni buasent yn dlawd pe
buasent yn ddiwyd. 1 1 Buoch yn garedig i'r plentyn
amddifad. 12 Oeddech chwi yn y dref ddoe ? 13 Oedd
Dafydd yno ? 14 Ni fuom yn fwy llwyddianus erioed.
15 Byddwn yno yfory. 16 Efe yvv brawd William.
EXERCISE XXXV.
Translate into Welsh : —
I We are joyful. 2 Ye are sad. 3 I am a ^Velshman.
4 The good are happy. 5 The wicked man will be sad.
6 If ye are good, ye are rich. 7 If thou wilt be diligent,
îhou wilt be learned. 8 Thisy were poor because they
had been lazy. 9 They have been young, now they are
old. 10 We were on the wall. 11 Hast thou been in
school to-day? 12 I was better than you. 13 How
are you to-day? I am better. 15 They will always be
your friends.
EXERCISE XXXVI.
Lnperative Mood.
Translate into English : —
I Bydded y bachgcn yn garedig. 2 Byddwch ufydd,
blant. 3 Bydd ddiwyd, Thomas. 4 Byddant (boent)
yn ddedwydd. 5 Bydded eich brawd yn ifyddlon.
EXERCISE XXXVII.
Translate into Welsh : —
I Be obedient scholars. 2 Be faithful friends, 3 Be
honest, be just. 4 Be brave soldiers. 5 Let the boys
be free, let them be happy.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
^>3
EXERCISES ON THE PARTS OF SPEECH.
Vocabulary to Exercises XXXVIII.
to XLL
a, ac,
and
mai.
that (Relative)
«A»
with
vieivn.
in
acw^
there
na, lias, Ì
agos.
near
nac, nad, 1-
no, nor, not
allaUf
out
ni, nis, J
avi.
about
na, nag
than
ar^
on
nage.
no
at.
to
nawr, yn awr
now
boreu.
early
o.
Oh
buan.
soon
ond.
but
hychan.
small
o'rgoreii.
very well
call.
wise
OS,
if
canys.
because
pan.
when
cerdded.
walk
pa le Ì
where ?
clock.
bell
pell.
far
chivi,
you
pob amser,
always
darllen,
read
pren,
tree
dewis.
choose
rhwng.
between
digon.
enough
siarad.
speak
ddoe.
yesterday
sui.
how
dros.
over
tal.
tall
dyn.
man
tail.
under
efe.
he
tref.
town
er.
though
trhi.
train
eto.
again, yet
troed.
foot
fel.
so, that, like
trwy.
through
gan.
with
weithiau.
sometimes
glâíî.
clean
xvrth,
by
heddyw.
to-d'ay
y, J"',
the
hefyd
also
yfory.
to-morrow
hi.
she, her
yma.
here
huy.
they, them
yn.
in
iazvn,
very
yna.
then
ie.
yes
yno.
there
lla-.v.
hand
Rule 30. — Adjectives are changed into
Adverbs by prefixing yn^ as, biian (quick),
ynfuan (quickly).
îSÍOTE.^^For the change in the initial consonant, see
the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Consonants.
64 WELSH FOR ELEMf:NTARY SCHOOLS.
EXERCISE XXXVin.
{Ò) Give the following Adverbs in
Welsh :—
When, always, now, soon, early, to-day, where, here,
there, near, far, out, not, only, how, very, enough,
•.veil, then, there.
EXERCISE XXXIX.
(a) Write dow^n these Prepositions, and
give their English equivalents : —
Wrth, yn, mewn, at, am, gan, dros, ar, tan, trwy,
rhwng.
(Ò) What Parts of Speech are : —
Hefyd, canys, nac, nag. mai, eto, nid, fel, er.
EXERCISE XL.
(a) Make sentences in Welsh containing
the words given in Exercise xxxix (<5).
(0) Translate these sentences into English.
EXERCISE XLI.
Say w^hat Parts of vSpeech the following
words are, and give their English equiva-
lents : —
Dyn, hi, end, yr, call, ac, eto, yn, mewn, yma, os, fel,
darllen, chwi, bychan, tref, tal, trên, yn awr, cerdded, ie,
nage, O, trwy. Haw, troed, siarad, y, efe, a, weithiau, glan,
hwy, 'dewis, pren, doe, yfory, cinch, hefyd, sut, yna.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 65
PART II.
Exercises for Translation.
Note. — In the worked translations given, it should be noted that
where the idiom of the two languages diíí'ers, or where the words in
the Welsh phrase are not placed in the same order in English, the
literal translation may be found by comparing the words printed ia
the same type. Thus in the fifth example given below : —
cotcntryy y ivlad
AIR, AWYR
[is], [mae]
healthy, yn iachus
Good mornings sir ; how are you to-day ?
Boreu da, syr ; pa sut yr y'ch chwi heddyw ?
Where have you been ? I have been at Swansea for a week.
Pa le y buoch ? Bum yn Abertawe am wythnos.
The old man had been here before you yesterday.
BuASAi yr heft ddyn yma o'ch blaen chwi ddoe.
It is fÌ7ie WEATHER to-day after the heavy rain.
Mae hi'n dywydd hyfryd heddyw ar ol y gwlaw trwm.
Yes, and the coîin/ry air [is] vefy healthy.
Ydyw, ac [mae] awyr y wlad yn iachus iawn.
The waves of the sea [were] rough last week
Tonau y mor [oeddynt] eirwon yr wythnos ddiweddaf.
or\y.i oedd] tonaujv mor yn eirwon yr wythnos ddiweddaf.
We had a very rough voyage in our ship.
Cawsom fordaith ariv iawn yn ein llong ni.
E
6(5 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
Where IS the office ? It is a hundred yards further.
Palemae y swyddfa? Mae gan' Hath ynmhellaclx
Which is the nearest road ? This one on the left.
Pa un yw y ifordd nesaýì Hon ar yr aswy.
What is your occupation ? Can you do this ?
Beth yw eich galwedigaethchwi? Aellwch chwi wneud hyn?
Have you been to the market ? Yes, this-morning.
A fuoch cimit yn y farchnad ? Do, boreu-heddyw.
I shall be going again fo-fnorrowvaoxiamg. ^NìWyou come?
Byddaf ynmynedeto boreuj^^. A ddeuwch í://z£//?
How much a pound is this veal? and the beef?
Pa faint y pwys yw y ciG 1.1.0 y ma ? a'r cig-eidion ?
Here is a very good loin of lamb for you.
Dyma lwyn dda iawn o gig-oen i chwi.
What is the price of this goose ? and that duck ?
Beth yw pris yr wydd yma ? a'r hwyad yna ?
You were not in school yesterday I believe.
Nid oeddych yn yr ysgol ddoe yr wyf yn credu.
(Literally, I am believing.)
I was at home all day. I was not well.
Yr oeddwn gartref drwy'r dydd. Nid oeddwn yn iach.
Jiave you 7vritten your lessons all to-day ?
A ydych wedi ysgrifenu eich gwersi i gyd heddyw ?
Yes. I have been showing them to the teacher now.
Ydwyf. Bum jj^;íeuí/Ä«^<?íhwy i'r athraw yn awr.
Shut the door and open the window, if you please.
Cauwch y drws ac agorwch y ifenestr, os gwelwch yn dda.
T>\ò.you see the red blood on the face of the big boy ?
A welsoch chwi y gwaed coch ar wyneb y bachgen viawri
The shepherd took the girls with him to the mountains.
Cymerodd y bugail y merched gydag ef i'r mynyddoedd.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. Ö7
When will they return ? I ca.nnoi sa.y. Sometime to-night,
Pabrydydychwelant? iV/>gallaf ddweyd. Rhy wbryd heno.
They will be happy at their aunt's house with the children.
Byddant yn ddedwydd yn n/iy eu modryb gyda'r plant.
//^ was there yesterday, but she will noi be here to-day.
Yr oedd^yno ddoe, ond^«*byddHi ymaheddyw.
Is the /////(? girl in the house now ? No.
A ydyw yr enethj^<:/i yn y tŷ ynawr? Nac ydyw.
Where is she ? She has gone down to the town.
Pa le y mae hi ? Mae wedi myned i lawr i'r dref.
What time will she return ? About five o'clock.
Pa amser y dychwela ? Oddeutu pump o'r glo^.h.
I will come in at six o'clock. Very good.
Deuaf i fewn am chwech o'r gloch. Da I'aia/i.
She will be g/aíí to see you. I am sure.
Bydd^« dda ganddi eich giueled. Yr wyf yn sicr.
Who is the owner of that big house on the hill ?
Pwy yw perchen y tŷ mawr yjia ar y bryn ?
Is the big red coiu in the garden again to-day ?
A ydyw y fuwch fawr goch yn yr ardd eto heddyw ?
I. — Y Glowr (The Collier).
[Mae] llawer rhan o Gymru yn gyfoethog iawn mewnglo,
Many parts of Wales [are] very rich in coal,
ac [enilla] nifer fawr o ddynion eu bywoliaeth wrth dori
and a large number of men [earn] their living by cutting
y glo hwn yn y pyllau dyfnion. Nis gall goleu gyrhaedd
this coal in the deep pits. No light can reach
yno oddi allan, a [rhaid] i'r glowyr, fel y gelwir y
there from outside, and the colliers, as these men
68 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
dynion hyn wneud eu gwaith wnh oleu
are called [have] to do their work by the light of
eu canwyllau neu eu lampau. [Mae] gwaith y glowr
their candles or of their lamps. The collier's wí7/'^[ìs]
yn ami yn tm peryglus l\wn. Weithiau [daw]
often a very dangerous one. Sometimes large
darnau mawrio7i o lo a phridd yn rhydd,
pieces of coal and earth [become] loose,
a syrthiant ar y dynion sydd yn gweithio,
and fall upon the men who are working,
gan eu lladd neu eu niweidio. Ond gelyn gwaethaf
killing or injuring them. But the worst enemy
y glowyr yw y nwy sydd yn dyfod o'r gio.
ofthecolliers is the gas which issues from the coal.
[Mae] y nwy //7*:'/^ weithiau [yn casglu] mewn syml\u
This gas sometimes [collects] in large
viawrion yn y p7vll-g\o, ac yn íTrwydro fel pylor,
quantities in the coal-///, and explodes like gunpowder,
gan ddryllio ochrau a nen y manau
shattering the sides and roof of the places
lie [mae] y dynion yn gweithio, a gwenwyno yr awyr.
where the men [are] working, ^ and poisoning the air.
[Lleddir] nxitr fawr o ddynion weithiau
A large number of men [are] sometimes [killed]
gan y ffrwydriadau hyn, a [gwneir] eu gwragedd a'u plant
by these explosions, and their wives and children
in weddwon ac amddifaid. Allforia Caerdydd mwy
fare made] widows and orphans. Cardiff ^.v^^r/i more
o lo i wledydd ereill nag unrhyw dref yn y byd.
coal to other countries than any town in the world.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
69
2. — Llinellau Gyda Charden Blwyddyn Newydd.
'Rhen Flwydd ar ben
thaith
Yn fuan fydd,
Ei heira dodd, a daeth
Ei holaf ddydd !
Aed gyda hi o'th fron
D' ofidiau oil ;
Ac it, fel eira hon,
Aed poen ar golL
ei Y Newydd Flwydd sy'n d'od!
Fe gwyd ei haul !
Dy obeith, gwnaed o'i chod,
Gyflawni'n hael !
Rho'ed eurglych hon yn
rhwydd
Fob hoen yn Hi,
Pob cysur rho'ed, pob 11 wydd,
Fy ffrynd, i ti !
Lines with a New Year's Card.
The Old Year quickly
goes,
It fades away :
All melted are its snows
Dawned its last day !
May with it fade for thee
All pain, all woe ;
And all thy troubles be
Gone, like its snow !
The New Year comes ! Soon
will
Its sun now shine !
May it for thee fulfil
All hopes of thine !
May gold-bells gladly ring
Joy without end ;
May it all comfort bring
To thee, my friend !
NOTES and explanations.
^Rhen Fhvydd {j')Hen Flwyddyn).
the Old Year
ar hen ei thaith, at the end of
its journey
dodd {toddodd), melted
eira, snow
daeth, has come
aed, let them go
bran, breast
D' {dy), thy
it {i ti), to thee
V Newydd Flwydd [y Flwyddyn
Newydd), the New Year
twyd {cy/yd), will rise
gobeith (pi. oigobaith, gobeitk-
ion), hopes
cod, purse, store
'« hael(yn ^a^/), freely, generous
rho'ed {rhodded), let it or them
give
hoen, joy
//z, plenty
go, myned
fade, dijianu
dawn, gwawr
woe, gwae
shine, dysgleirio
joy, llawenydd
70 WP.LSH FOP. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
3.- Yr Hen Gymry (The Old Welsh).
Note. — Every word in the Exercises from here to the end will be
fi.'und in the Vocat'^iary at the end of the book. Note the special
directions given at the beginning of the Vocabulary.
yr oedd ganddo, there was with I yr oedd arno ofn, there was
him, he had | fear on him, he was afraid of
Vn yr hen amser, Cymry oedd yn byw trwy yr hoU
Ynys hon. Eu plant hwy ydym ni, a'u hiaith hwy ydym
yn siarad.
Vr oedd yr hen Gymro yn hardd a chryf. Am dano
yr oedd gwisg o lian, o bob lliw. Am ei wddf ac am bob
braich yr oedd modrwy o aiir neu o arian.
Medrai wneud basgedi a llestri pridd, ac yr oedd yn ei
wlad weithydd plwm ac alcan.
Yr oedd ganddo lawer o wartheg a moch, a cheííylau
buan, a chwn hela. Yr oedd ganddo hefyd ychain i
aredig, a gwenith gwyn yn tyfu yn ei gae. Rhwyiki ar
hyd yr afonydd a'r llynoedd mewn cwch o wiail, ond yr
oedd arno ofn y mor.
Nid oedd yr hen Gymry yn byw mewn tref neu ddinas
gyda'u gilydd. Codai pob un ei dŷ lie y mynai ef, ar Ian
yr afon, neu ar ochr y bryn, neu yn nghanol y coed.
Coed oedd muriau y tai, a gwellt neu eithin oedd y to.
Ond i ba le yr aent pan ddoi y gelyn ? Yr oedd gan-
ddynt gaer ar ben bryn neu graig serth, a rhedent yno
pan weient y gelyn yn d'od.
G gaer i gaer yr oedd fFyrdd yn rhedeg ar hyd penau'r
bryniau. Cynhelid ffeiriau lie y byddai'r ffyrdd yn croesi
eu gilydd, ac yno yr oedd adrodd penillion, a chware'r
delyn, a chanu a dawnsio.
Rhai dewr oedd yr hen Gymry, a hael a charedig, yn
caru eu gwlad, ac yn hoif o'u gilydd ; ac felly y dylem
ninau fed. Ond yr oeddynt yn hoff o ymladd, ac yn
newid eu meddwl yn rhy ami, ac ni allent uno a'u gilydd
i v»neud un gwaith mawr ; ac nid felly y dylem ni fod.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 7 I
4. — Olwen.
When two Nouns come together the second is placed in the
Possessive Case, as —
pan 7veli, when thou seest
Mikvyr ArtJmr Fawr, the
warriors of Arthur the Great.
Arthur the Great's warriors.
gwelid, then was seen
bedd Alain Cilhwch the grave
of the mother of Cilhwch.
Cilhwch's mother's grave.
Un o filwyr Arthur Fawr oedd Cilhwch. Bu ei fam
farw pan oedd ef yn blentyn bach. Cyn marw, dywedodd
ci fara wrth ei dad : — " Cymer ofal mawr o'r baban, a phan
ddaw' yn ddyn chwiHa am wraig iddo. A hyn fydd yn
arwydd i ti : tyred at fy medd bob bore, a phan weli
fieren yn tyfu yno, a dau flodyn gwyn arni, y mae yn bryd
i ti chwiHo am wraig i'r mab." Ac yna bu farw mam Cilhwch,
a dodw7d hi yn y bedd, ac yr oedd galar mawr ar ei hoi.
Yn mhen llawer o flynyddoedd, g\velid dau flodyn
gwyn yn tyfu ar fedd mam Cilhwch ; a meddyliodd ei
dad mai Olwen fyddai y wraig oreu iddo. Ond yr oedd
Olwen yn byw yn mhell oddiyno, y tuhwnt i lys Arthur;
a dacw Cilhwxh yn cychwyn i chwilio am dani. Yr oedd
ei farch yn gryf a buan, gyda chyfrw^ aur ac awenau o
ddolenau aur. Yn Haw y llanc yr oedd picell arian, a
chleddyf aur ar ei glun. Yr oedd llafn y cleddyf o'r un
l!iw a mellten, a miniog iawn oedd. O flaen y march yr
oedd dau filgi, yn rhedeg yn ol ac yn mlaen mor gyflym a
dwy wenol y mor ; ac yr oedd y march yn cerdded mor
ysgafn fel mai prin y plygai y glaswellt dano.
A daeth Cilhwch i gartref Olwen ; a hi oedd y tDryd-
ferthaf yn y byd. Gwisg o sidan fflamgoch oedd am
dani, a chadwen o aur melyn am ei gwddf, a pherlau
dysglaer. Melynach oedd ei phen na blodau y banadl.
Gwynach oedd ei chroen nag ewyn y don. Tecach oedd
ei dwylaw a'i bysedd na'r blodau wTth ffynon y weirglawdd
Dysgleiriai ei llygaid fel llygaid yr hebog. Gwynach oedd
ei dwyfron na bron yr alarch gwyn. Cochach oedd ei deu-
rudd na'r rhosyn cochaf Pedair meillionen w^en a dyfaipale
bynag y rhoddai hi ei throed, ac am hyny y gelwid hi Olwen.
72 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
5. — Peredur.
Mab Efrog, brenin yn y gogledd, oedd Peredur. Yr
oedd gan Efrog saith o feibion, a Pheredur oedd yr
ieuangaf o honynt i gyd. Yr oedd ei dad a'i frodyr yn
hoff o ryfel, ac o dro i dro lladdwyd hwynt bob un.
Gartref gyda'i fam yr oedd Peredur, ac yr oedd arni ofn
mai myned i'r rhyfel wnai yntau pan ddelai yn ddyn ;
ac am hyny hi a'i cymerodd i fyw i ganol coedwig, fel
na fedrai weled rhyfel a rhyfelwyr.
Ond rhyw ddivvrnod, daeth tri o farchogion Arthur ar
ddamwain trwy'r goedwig ar eu ceffylau, a'u gwisg o
ddur gloyw am danynt, a'u picellau hirion yn eu dwylaw.
"Beth ydyw y rhai acw, mam?" meddai Peredur.
"Angylion, fy machgen i," meddai hithau. Ac ebai
Peredur, " A gaf finau fod yn angel hefyd pan ddof yn
fawr? " Rhoddodd y plentyn ei fryd ar fed yn filwr; ac
wedi tyfu i fyny yn llencyn tal cymerodd farch ac arfau,
ac aeth ar ei daith trwy'r wlad i achub cam y gwan a'r
tlawd. Ac aeth son am dano trwy'r byd.
Ar derfyn un dydd daeth i ddyifryn. Ac yn mhen y
dyffryn yr oedd cell meudwy ; ac yno y bu y noson
bono, a charedig fu y meudwy wrtho. Boreu dranoeth
cododd oddiyno. Ac yr oedd cawod o eira wedi disgyii
yn y nos, ac wedi gorchuddio y dyffryn. Ac yr oedd
gwalch wedi lladd hwyad yn mhen y gell, ond diangodd
y gwalch pan glywodd swn ceffyl Peredur. A disgynodd
bran ar gig yr aderyn. A safodd Peredur i edrych ar y
fran oedd mor ddu, a'r eira mor wyn, a'r gwaed mor goch.
A meddyliodd am yr eneth a garai fwyaf, oedd a'i gwallt
yn ddu fel y fran, a'i chnawd yn wyn fel yr eira, a thebyg
oedd y gwaed ar yr eira i'r gwrid oedd yn ei gruddiau.
A phan oedd yn myfyrio fel hyn, daeth marchogion
Arthur heibio. Tarawodd Lai ef a'i bicell, ond tarawodd
Peredur ef yn ol nes oedd yn rholio yn yr eira. Ond
dywedodd Gwalchmai yn deg wrtho, ac aeth Peredur
gyda hwynt tua Uys Arthur.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 73
6. — Marwolaeth Arthur Fawr (The Death of
Arthur the Great).
Yn mrwydr Camlan y bu farw Arthur. Y bradwr
Modred a roddodd y clwyf marwol iddo. Wedi iddo
gael ei glwyfo, cariodd dau filwr dewr ef o'r frwydr i Ian
y llyn. Tynodd Arthur ei gleddyf Caledfwlch allan, a
dywedodd wrth un o'r milwyr : — " Dos, a tha.ü y cleddyf
hwn i'r llyn." Aeth y milwr at Ian y llyn, ond pan
welodd mor hardd oedd y cleddyf, a chymaint o emau
oedd ar ei garn, cuddiodd ef yn yr hesg. Daeth yn ol
at Arthur. " A deflaist ti ef ? " meddai'r brenin. " Do,"
ebai'r milwr. "Beth welaist ti ? " ' • " Welais i ddim,"
ebai'r milwr wed'yn, "ond y tonsJ a'r gvvyntoedd."
" Yr wyt yn dweyd anwiredd," ebai Arthur ; "dos a thafl
y cleddyf i'r dwfr." Aeth yntau, ond yr oedd y cleddyf
mor hardd fel na fedrai yn ei fyw ei daflu i'r dwfr ; a
daeth yn ol yr ail waith. " A deflaist ti'r cleddyf i'r
dwfr?" ebai'r brenin fel cynt. "Do,'' meddai yntau.
" Beth welaist ti ? " " Ni welais ddim ond y tonau yn
ymlid eu gilydd tua'r Ian." " Yr wyt yn dweyd an-
wiredd," meddai Arthur ; " dos, a thafl y cleddyf, neu
mi a fyddaf farw cyn y gwnei." Yna aeth y milwr, a
thaflodd y cleddyf i ganol y llyn ; ac wele law wen yn
dyfod o'r llyn ac yn cydio ynddo. Daeth at Arthur, a
gofynodd y brenin eto beth a welodd. " Llaw wen,"
ebai yntau, " yn d'od o'r llyn, ac yn cydio yn ngharn y
cleddyf" "Ti ddywedaist y gwir o'r diwedd," meddai
Arthur; " cludwch fi at fin y dw'r." A hwy a'i
cludasant ef, ac wele long o wydr, a thair brenines ynddi,
yn dyfod tua'r Ian. Rhoddwyd Arthur Fawr ar fwrdd y
Ilong, a hwyliodd y tair brenines ef i ffvvrdd. Dywedai
y Cymry ei fod wedi myned i Ynys Afallon i wella ei
ghvyfau, ac y delai yn ol at ei filwyr drachefn, a'i gleddyf
yn ei law. Buont yn dysgwyl am dano am ganoedd o
flynyddoedd, i'w hwiwain yn erbyn y Saeson, ac i enill eu
gwlad oddiarnynt. Ond ni ddaeth Arthur byth yn ol.
74 WELSH FOR ELEJ.IENTARV SCHOOLS.
7. — Clawdd Offa (Offa's Dyke).
tr niTuyn, that
er givneiid, nothwithstanding
the niakins;
ni chat yr tin Cyniro,
Welshman should
Ner, God
Trugarhaodd Duw wrth bobl yr ynys hon. Daeth
pregethwyr o Rufain ac o'r Iwerddon i Loegr, a daeth y
Saeson yn ddilynwyr lesu Grist. O herwydd hyny
buont yn dynerach wrth y Cymry, a pheidiodd y rhyfel.
Rhanwyd yr ynys rhyngddynt. Yr oedd y Saeson i
gael Lloegr, a'r Cymry i gael Cymru. Ac er mwyn i
bawb wybod pa le yr oedd y terfyn, cododd Offa, brenin
I. loegr, glawdd o bridd. Yr oedd y clawdd yn estyn o
enau'r afon Dyfrdwy, yn y gogledd, hyd enau'r afon Wy,
yn y de — Lloegr ar yr un tu, a Chymru ar y tu arall.
Yr oedd yno ddau glawdd, y naill yn ochr y Hall.
Rhyngddynt yr oedd llanerch werdd, yr hon na pherthynai
i neb. Ni chai-yr un Cymro ddyfod dros y clawdd i
Loegr. Saethai y Sais ef os deuai. Ac os deuai y Sais
dros y clawdd i Gymru, yr oedd gan y Cymro hawl i'w
saethu yntau. Ond caent fyned at eu gilydd i'r llanerch
werdd mewn heddwch, i siarad, i brynu, ac i werthu.
Er gwneud y clawdd, byddai rhyfel yn tori allan weith-
iau. Deuai rhai o'r Saeson dros y terfyn i Gymru, i
ladrata defaid neu gwn hela ; a byddai y Cymry, y mae'n
rhaid dweyd, yn myned drosodd i Loegr i ladrata
gwartheg y Saeson, ac i roddi eu gwair a'u hyd ar dan.
Felly collodd y Cymry lawer o'u gwlad ; ond yr oedd
tri pheth na fedrai'r Saeson fyned â hwy oddiarnynt — cu
crefydd, Cymru, a'r iaith Gymraeg. Fel y dywcdodd
Taliesin ; —
" Eu Ner a folant,
Eu hiaith a gadwant,
Eu tir a gollant,
Ond Gwyllt Walia ! "
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 75
8. — Telyn y Milwr (The Soldier's Harp).
Y mae gwlad Canaan, lie y ganwyd lesu Grist, yn
mhell iawn oddiyma. Y mae llawer tir a llawer môr
rhyngom ni â hi. Yno y mae Caersalem, a Bethlehem,
a Chalfaria ; a byddai llawer o bererinion yn myned ync-
i weled y manau y bu lesu Grist ynddynt.
Ond daeth cenedl o bobl greulon o'r aniahvch i fyw i'r
wlad hono, y rhai nad oeddynt yn caru yr lesu, a llawer
o niwed a wnaethant i'r Cristionogion. Pan glywsant
hyny, aeth lluoedd o filwyr o Loegr a Ffrainc yno i yru y
genedl greulon hono o'r wlad. Yr oedd gan bob milwr
lun croes ar ei darian, ac am hyny gelwid y rhyfeloedd
hyny yn Rhyfeloedd y Groes.
Aeth rhai o Gymru i'r rhyfel hefyd. Un o honynt
oedd Hedd Fychan. Gadawodd ei gartref, a'i wraig, a'i
blant, a'i delyn, ar ei ol, ac aeth dros y mor i'r rhyfel.
Aeth llawer o amser heibio, ac yntau heb dd'od yn ol.
Yr oedd y llwch ar ei delyn, ac ni fedrai neb ei chwareu
ond efe. Yr oedd ei wraig a'i blant yn dechreu ofni na
Jdeuai byth, ac nid oedd ganddynt neb i'w hamddiifyn.
Yr oedd dyn cryf yn byw ar yr un mynydd a hwynt, a'i
enw Garw Llwyd ; a dywedodd fod yn rhaid i'r wraig ei
briodi ef, a rhoddi cartref Hedd Fychan iddo. Noson y
briodas ddaeth — y fam a'r plant yn wylo, ac nid oedd
neb i achub eu cam.
Daeth teithiwr ar ei farch at y drws i ofyn am lety.
Gofynwyd iddo ddyfod i mewn i wledd y briodas. Daeth
yntau. Yr oedd ei wisg ryfel am dano, ac nid oedd neb
yn ei adnabod. Gwelodd yr hen delyn, a gofynodd a ga'i
chwareu alaw ami. "Cewch," ebai Garw Lhvyd ; a
dyma ef yn chwareu yr alaw na fedrai neb ei chwareu
ond Hedd Fychan. Wrth ei glywed yn chwareu hono,
gwelodd ei wraig a'i blant mai Hedd Fycha"! oedd wedi
d'od adre'n fyw. Rhedasant ato, gan yma.^yd am ei
wddf a'i gusanu. Ond diangodd Garw Llwyd am ei
einioes y noson hono.
76 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
9. — Maes Crogen (The Field of Crogen)
Dyma enw maes brwydr. Gorchfygodd Owen Gwynedd y Saeson
ar faes Crogen. Ond bu Ilawer Cymro ieuanc farw yno with
ymladd dros ei wlad ; a phan oedd yr adar yn canu boreu
dranoeth, daelh mam i chwilio am gorph ei bachgen.]
maes brwydr, a battlefield | i/iaes yfrwydr, the field of
^rceddy yr oedd, there was | battle
L
Y frwydr aeth drosodd o'r diwedd,
Gorchfygwyd y gelyn yn llwyr,
A'r ser edrychasant ar Wynedd,
A'r boreu ddilynodd yr hwyr ;
'Roedd yno rai ieuainc yn gorwedd,
Am sefyll dros Wynedd yn bur,
Yn fore daeth mamau a gwragedd
I chwilio am feibion a gwyr.
n.
Fe ganai mwyalchen, er hyny,
Mewn derwen ar lanerch y gad,
Tra'r coedydd a'r gwrychoedd yn lledu
Eu breichiau dros filwyr ein gwlad ;
Gorv.'eddai gwr ieuanc yn welw,
Fe drengodd bachgenyn gerllaw,
Tra'i dad wrth ei ochr yn farw,
A'i gleddyf yn fyw yn ei law !
Gan frodyr, chwiorydd, a mamau,
Fe gasglwyd y meirwon yn nghyd ;
Agorwyd y bedd ac fe'i cauwyd,
Ond canai'r fwyalchen o hyd.
Bu brwydr Maes Crogen yn chwerw,
Gwyn fyd yr aderyn nas gwyr
Am alar y byw am y meirw,
Y boreu ddilynodd yr hwyr !
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 77
lo, — Y Teithwvr a'r Arth (The Travellers
AND THE Bear).
nac ofna, fear not
y mae gcnyfy there is with me, I have
yr to I, any
ar ei hyd, at full length
dododdy gosododd, placed
llestti gzveigion, empty vessels
Yr oedd dau gyfaill unwaith yn myned trwy goedv?ig.
Cofiodd un o honynt fod y lie yn envvog am eirth, a
dywedodd wrth ei gyfaill : —
" Beth a ddaw o honom os daw arth i'n cyfarfod ?"
" Nac ofna," oedd yr ateb ; " y mae genyf fraich grcl'
a chalon ddewr. Nyni a ymladdwn ochr yn ochr, ac ni
wna yr un niwed i ni."
Ar hyny clywsant swn mewn llwyn gerllaw, a gwelsant
arth yn dyfod allan o hono tuag atynt. Dringodd y gwr
ymffrostgar i ben coeden, a gadawodd ei gyfaill wrtho ei
hun i wynebu y perygl. Syrthiodd hwn ar ei hyd ar y
ddaear, ac ataliodd ei anadl fel pe byddai wedi
marw.
Daelh yr arth ato. Cerddodd o'i amgylch, a gosododd
ei ffroen wrth ei enau. Meddyliai y creadur mai dyn
marw oedd, ac yn ol yr aeth i'r goedwig. Wedi iddo
fyned ddigon pell, disgynodd y broliwr, a gofynodd i*»v
gyfaill : —
" Pa beth ddywedodd yr arth wrthyt pan y dododd ei
enau mor agos i dy glust ?"
Atebodd yntau, " Cynghorodd fi i beidio ymddiried
mewn dyn ymffrostgar fel tydi."
Nid y rhai mwyaf eu swn sydd bob amser yn gwneud
mwyaf o waith. Fel y dywed yr hen ddiareb, " Mwyaf
swn — llestri gweigion."
78 WELSH FCR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
11. — Y Blaidd a'r Oen (The Wolf and the
Lamb).
oV dhvedd^ (literally, from the end), at last
gan hyny, therefore
yrzin, the same
Un diwrnod poeth yn yr haf, daeth blaidd ac oen at yr
an nant i dori eu syched. Ar ol yfed, dechreuodd y
blaidd deimlo yn newynog. Syrthiodd ei lygaid ar yr oen
oedd yn yfed yr ochr isaf iddo. Meddyliodd ynddo ei
hun y buasai yr oen yn giniaw foethus.
Yna dechreuodd chwilio am achos cwerylu a'r creadur
diniwed. O'r diwedd, meddai ef wrth yr oen : —
" Paham y meiddi gynhyrfu y dwfr wyf fi yn ei yfed ?"
" Syr," ebai yr oen, mewn llais crynedig, " sut y gall hyny
fod? Nid yw y dwfr yn rhedeg oddiwrthyffi atoch chwi,
ond daw oddiwrthych chwi ataf fi."
Yr oedd yr ateb mor rhesymol, ac mor amlwg, fel na
feiddiai hyd yn nod y blaidd ei amheu,
Ond nid oedd y blaidd yn myned i roddi i fyny ei
giniaw am ddim. Felly efe a geisiodd am ryw achos
arall i gyfiawnhau ei fwriad drwg, ac meddai : —
" Tydi yw yr hwn a amcanodd dori fy nghymeriad i
oddeutu blwyddyn yn ol."
" Nid ydwyf fi ond tri mis oed, Syr ; gan hyny, sut y
gallaswn amcanu dori eich cymeriad naw mis cyn fy
ngeni ?" oedd ateb yr oen.
Pan welodd y blaidd fod yr oen yn well rhesymwr nag
ef, efe a ffyrnigodd yn fawr iawn, ac meddai : —
"Os nad tydi ydoedd, dy dad oedd, ac y mae yn rhaid
i ti dalu am bechod dy dad."
Ar hyh neidiodd ar yr oen, a llarpiodd ef mewn eiliad.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 79
12. — Llythyrau Cymeradwyaeth (Letters of
Recommendation).
bodeisieti bachgen arno (literally,
that the want of a boy was on
him), that he wanted a boy
gan ddanfon^ sending
gan gyfaill, by a friend
i'ln, to my
Anfonodd cyfreithwr i newyddiadur i ddweyd fod
eisieu bachgen arno i'w gynorthwyo yn ei swyddfa.
Daeth haner cant o fechgyn i gynyg eu hunain. O'u
plith dewisodd un, gan ddanfon y lleill i ffwrdd.
Gofynwyd iddo gan gyfaill oedd yn y swyddfa ar y pryd,
paham y dewisodd y bachgen hwnw yn hytrach na'r
lleill, gan nad oedd ganddo un llythyr cymeradwyaeth
fel yr oedd gan bob un o 'r bechgyn ereill.
" Nid oedd ef heb gymeradwyaeth," oedd yr ateb.
*' Pan ddaeth i mewn, sychodd ei esgidiau, a chauodd
y drws ar ei ol. Yr oedd hyn yn brawf ei fod yn fachgen
cryno a threfnus.
" Rhoddodd ei gadair i'r hen wr cloff a ddaeth i mewn
ar ei ol. Yr oedd hyn yn profi ei fod yn fwyn ac yn
feddylgar.
" Tynodd ei het pan ddaeth i mewn, ac atebodd fy
ngofyniadau yn barchus, yr hyn a brofai ei fod yn
foesgar.
" Cododd y llyfr a osodais yn fwriadol ar y llawr, yn
lie camu drosto fel y gwnaeth y lleill. Profodd wrth
hyn ei fod yn fachgen gofalus.
** Arosodd ei dro yn amyneddgar, yn lie gwthio fel
rhai o'r lleill, a dangosodd ei fod yn wylaidd.
*' Sylwais fod ei wisg yn Ian, ei wallt yn gryno, ei
ddanedd yn wynion, a'r ewinedd wedi eu glanhau.
" Onid yw y pethau hyn yn gymeradwyaelhau ? I'm
tyb i y maent, ac yn well na llwyth o lythyrau."
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
13.— Y Plant a'r Crochanaid Aur (The Children
AND the Pot of Gold).
aeth a hwynt^ went with them, took them.
Clywodd dau blentyn eu mam yn dywedyd unwaith
i\'rth gyfeilles iddi, bod crochan o aur i'w gael yn y fan
lie y cyffwrdd yr enfys a'r ddaear.
Un diwrnod gwlyb, fel yr oedd y brawd a'r chwaer yn
gwasgu eu trwynau yn erbyn y ifenestr, gofynodd loan
(dyna oedd enw y brawd) i Mair, ei chwaer, a garai hi
ddyfod gydag ef i chwilio am y crochan a'r aur.
Atebodd Mair y buasai yn falch iawn i fyned gyda
loan, a rhedodd i geisio ei het fel y gallent fyned heb
oedi.
" Na," meddai loan, "awnniddim heno. Y mae y
nos ar ddyfod. Nyni a godwn yn gynar boreu yfory, cyn
i nhad a mam ddeffro, ac fe ddeuwn yn ol erbyn boreu-
fwyd. O, fel yr agorant eu llygaid pan welant y crochan
mawr yn llawn o aur melyn !"
Curodd y plant eu dwylaw wrth feddwl am y cyfoeth
oedd yn eu haros.
Tranoeth, fel yr oedd y wawr yn tori, yr oedd loan yn
euro yn ddystaw wrth ddrws ystafell ei chwaer. Neidiodd
Mair o'i gwely, ac yr oedd y ddau yn barod i gychwyn
mcwn ychydig fynudau. Aethant i lawr y grisiau ar
fìaenion eu traed, rhag deffro eu rhieni. Wedi agor a
chau y drws yn ddystaw, dechreuasant redeg am y
cyflymaf, pob un yn meddwl ynddo ei hun am fed y
cyntaf i osod ei law ar y crochan.
Nid oedd enfys i'w harwain mor foreu a hyn, ond
cofiodd loan mai ar ben y bryn oedd o'u blaen y gwelodd
yr enfys y tro diweddaf, ac i ben y bryn y penderfynasant
fyned.
Ond mae yn hawddach dweyd bryn na'i ddringo,
ac felly cafodd y ddau blentyn hyn. Wedi dringo am
beth amser, ac eto yn mhell o ben y bryn, dechrcuodd
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Mair" deimlo'n flinedig. Nid oedd ei brawd mor fywiog
ag oedd pan yn cau drws tŷ ei dad.
Yr oeddynt hefyd yn teimlo chwant bwyd, a chafodd
y plant nad oedd y gwaith oeddynt wedi ymgymeryd ag
ef mor hawdd ag y meddylient ei fod.
Pan welodd loan ei chwaer yn Uefain, torodd yntau
allan i wylo, ac eisteddodd y ddau ar ymyl y ifordd, a
gofidient eu bod wedi cychwyn ar neges mor anhawdd ei
gwneuthur.
Daeth amaethwr heibio i'r fan lie yr eisteddent, a
chymerodd hwynt gydag ef i'w dŷ. Rhoddodd ei wraig
fara a llaeth i'r plant, a phan gawsant eu digoni, dechreu-
asant siarad. Nis gallai yr amaethwr beidio a chwerthin
pan glywodd natur y neges ar yr hon yr oedd y plant
wedi cychwyn o'u cartref.
Wedi iddynt orphwys ychydig, aeth y ffermwr â hwynt
yn ol i dŷ eu tad. Mawr oedd llawenydd y fam pan
welodd y crwydriaid yn dyfod at y ty. Ni fu loan a Mair
mor ifol a myned i chwilio am y crochan aur yr ail waith.
14. — Y Teithiwr a'r Mwnciod (The Traveller
AND THE Monkeys).
yn mhen tipyn^ in a little whik | er mwyn, for the purpose of
Fel yr oedd dyn yn ymdeithio yn un o'r gwledydd
poethion, daeth i le cysgodol, a gorweddodd ar y ddaear i
orphwys.
Cyn gwneuthur hyny, agorodd sypyn o gapiau cochion
oedd yn gario, a dododd un o honynt ar ei ben, i'w am-
ddififyn rhag gwres yr haul.
Wedi gorwedd, ni fu yn hir cyn syrthio i drwmgwsg.
Anghofiodd gau y sypyn cyn myned i gysgu.
Tra yr oedd ef yn cysgu, daeth heibio haid o fwnciod
Tynodd y capiau eu sylw. Cymerodd pob un o honynt
S2 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
gap o'r sypyn, gan ei roi ar ei ben. Yna dringasant i ben
y coed, o dan gangenau y rhai y cysgai perchenog y
capiau.
Pan gyrhaeddasant frig y coed, dechreuasant ysgrechain
a gwneuthur y seiniau mwyaf erchyll. Fel hyn y dangos-
ent eu llawenydd.
Deffrodd y teithiwr yn mhen tipyn, a mawr oedd ei
syndod pan welodd fod pob cap wedi myned.
Nis gallai wneuthur allan pwy oedd y lleidr neii'c
lladron.
Edrychodd i fyny at frigau y coed, er mwyn cael allan
beth oedd achos y cynhwrf oedd yn mhlith y mwnciod.
Yr oedd ei syndod yn fwy fyth, Gwelodd mai y mwnciod
oeddynt y lladron. Y pwnc a lanwodd ei feddwl nesaf
oedd, sut i gael ei eiddo yn ol. Cynygiodd gnau ac afalaii
iddynt. Gwnaeth bob ymgais ag a allai feddwl am dani i
geisio denu y lladron i ddisgyn, ond yn ofer.
Cofiodd o'r diwedd mai creadur hynod am ddynwared
dyn ydyw y mwnci. Ar hyn, cymerodd y cap oedd am
ei ben a bwriodd ef â'i holl nerth ar y llawr, gan ddysgwyl
yn bryderus pa beth a wnaethai y mwnciod. Ar unwaith,
wele pob mwnci yn cymeryd y cap oddiar ei ben ac yn ei
daflu â'i holl egni tua'r llawr.
Rhedod.d y teithiwr i'w casglu, ac wedi gwneud ei sypyn
i fyny aeth ar ei ffordd yn llawen, gan benderfynu, os byth
y cysgai eto mewn lie o'r fath, na fyddai mor esgeulus a
gadael ei sypyn yn agored.
15.— Y Basgedaid Torthau (The Basket of
LO.WES).
Pan oedd prinder gwaith, ac mewn canlyniad prinder
bwyd, mewn cymydogaeth, gwahoddodd gwr bcneddig
caredig oedd yn byw yno, ugain o blant tlodion i'w dy, a
WELSH FOR ELEMENIAKY SCHOOLS. S^
dywedodd wrthynt ei fod yn bv/riadu rhoddi torth
bob un iddynt yn ddyddiol, tra y parhäai yr amser
Öawd.
" Mae y torthau yn y fasged acw," raeddai ef ; "ewch, a
chymerwch hwynt, a deuwch yma yfory ar yr un
amser."
Rhedodd y plant am y cyntaf at y fasged, er mwyn
sicrhau y dorth fwyaf ; ac yna aethant aîîan, heb feddwl
sm ddiolch i'r gwr boneddig am ei rodd amserol.
Yn mhlith y rhai a ddaethant i dderbyn y torthau yr
oedd geneth, yr hon a safai o'r neilldu tra yr oedd y lleili
yn gwthio y naill y Hall.
Pan aethant allan, neshaodd at y fasged, a chymerodd
y dorth a adewid. Yr oedd y dorth hon y lleiaf o'r hoi:
dorthau ; eto, cyn myned allan, crymodd yr eneth yn
foesgar, a diolchodd i'r gwr boneddig am ei garedigrwydd.
Aeth y boneddwr at y pobydd i roddi gorchymyn am y
torthau erbyn tranoeth. Dywedodd wrtho am wneuthur
un o'r torthau yn llawer llai na'r lleili, a gosod haner coron
yn ei chanol.
Tranoeth daeth y plant, ar yr awr benodedig, i geisio y
bara. Yr oeddynt yr un mor awyddus am y dorth fwyaf
ag oeddynt y dydd o'r blaen. Ysgytient eu gilydd yn
arw, a throent y torthau yn ol a bìaen yn y fasged, fel y
gallent gael gafael yn y "fwyaf; ac wedi Ihvyddo yn ei
) mgais, elai pob un o honynt allan ar redeg, heb gymaint
5g edrych ar y gwr boneddig.
Arosodd yr eneth fach, fel y gwnaeth y dydd o'r blaen,
hyd nes i'r plant eraill gymeryd pob un ei dorth.
Yr oedd y dorth a adewid y tro hwn yn llawer llai na'r
dorth a gafodd y diwrnod cyntaf; er hyny, diolchodd am
dani yr un mor galonog.
Pan gyrhaeddodd gartref, cymerodd ei mam y dorth er
mwyn ei rhanu rhwng y plant. Pan ddaeth at y canol,
gwelodd rywbeth yn dysgleirio. Cafodd mai darn haner
coron oedd yno. Galwodd ar ei merch, a rhoddodd y
«4 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
darn arian iddi gan orchymyn iddi ei gymeryd ar unwaith
i'r boneddwr.
" Dyma, Syr," meddai, pan ddaeth at y boneddwr,
" ddarn o arian a gafodd fy mam yn y dorth a gefais i
heddyw."
" Cedwch ef, iy merch i," meddai y boneddwr.
" Gwobr ydyw am eich ymddygiad moesgar pan yn dyfcni
i geisio eich torth."
Clywodd y plant eraill am yr haner coron oedd yn j
dorth fach a adawyd ganddynt hwy yn y fasged ; a phaa
ddaethant i ymofyn torthau ar ol hyn, ymddygent yn
debyg i'r eneth fach.
^'^^^^^
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. 85
Vocabulary
TO THE EXERCISES IN PART II.
Note. — This Vocabulary will be found to contain every word given in the
exercises. By a careful study of the following rules the student may
without difficulty find for himself any inflectional form which a word may
take.
T. Nouns. — {a) Number. — The root part of the word
is given before the period (.) The singular is the whole
aÁ the word before the dash (-). The plural is formed
by adding the part after the dash to the root. Thus : —
Achos. -ion — cause-s.
Achos — the root part.
Achos — the singular — cause.
Achos. -ioji — the plural — causes.
Amaeth.ivr-iiiyr — farmer-s.
Amaeth — the root part,
A7}iaeth.wr — the singular — farmer.
Amaeth. •wyr — the plural — farmers.
Biod.yn or euyn-au — flo\ver-s.
Blod — the root part.
Biod.yn or Blod.eziyii — the singular — flower.
Blod.au — the plural — flowers.
(^) {.r^fider. — The Gender of Nouns is marked by m.
for mascuhne and f. for feminine after the Welsh word.
2. Verbs. — The root part is given before the period.
The Infinitive is the whole of the word before the
first dash. The Perfect Third Person Singular is
formed by adding the part after the dash to the root.
The Present and Future First Person Singular
S6 WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
are formed by adding the part in small capitals to
the root. The Perfect Passive Form is formed by
adding the part in brackets () to the root. Thus :—
Adrodd.-odd-KY {wyd), to repeat.
Adrodd, is regarded as the root part.
Adrodd.- is the Infinitive, to repeat.
Adrodd. -odd \% the Perfect Third Person Singular, he, &c., re-
peated or has repeated.
Adrodd.- A¥ is the Present and Future First Person Singular, I
repeat or I shall repeat.
Adrodd. {wyd) is the Perfect Passive Form, was or were repeated.
All other Persons and Tenses can be found with equal
ease by noticing that the afifixes in the following table for
the Active Indicative are added to the root : — ■
FOR -THE PASSIVE
Singular.
Plural.
ALL PERSONS.
1st. 2nd. 3rd.
1st.
2nd.
3rd. Sing, àf PI.
Present and ) .
Future. } ^^^ ^' «'
wn,
zuch.
ant. ir.
Imperfect. wn, it, ai.
em,
ech.
ent. id.
Perfect. ais, aist, odd.
as 07) I,
asoch.
asant. wyd.
Pluperfect. aswn, asit, asai. aseni, asech, asent. asid.
Future Perfect, wyf, ech, 0. o?n, och, ont. ir.
Thus to form the
Perfect, 2nd Person Plural — Adrodd. asoch.
Pluperfect, 3rd Person Singular — Adrodd. asai.
Future Perfect, 3rd Person Singular — Adrodd.o.
,, ,, ,, Plural — Adrodd.ont^
Sec, &c.
The above rules hold good for all Regular Verbs.
There are a few Irregular Verbs, especially ?nyned, to
go ; dyfod, to come ; gumeud or givneuthur, to do or
make ; adivaen or adnabod, to know or recognize ; cael or
caffael, to have ; in which some variations of the rules
occur.
As a general rule Verbs ending in bed (or its modified
form fod) are conjugated like the Verb Body To Be.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
87
Among these ^aQgiuybod, to know ; adnabod, to recognize ;
canfod, to perceive ; cyfatfod^ to meet ; darfod^ to finish ;
gorfad, to compel.
Where a period is given in the Passive Form, add
/he part before it to the original root, and then add
the affixes given above for forming the various tenses, &c.
The Participial Form, prefixing yr 7vyf yn to the
Infinitive, is often employed for the Present and Present
Progressive, as yr wyf yn adrodd (I am repeating, or
I repeat). Yr wyf yn ei uybod (I am knowing it, or I
know it). By substituting wediiox yn the Perfect Definite
is formed, as yr wyf wedi adrodd (I have repeated), yr
wyf wedi ei adnabod (I have known or recognized it).
Note. — Words commencing radically with A sometimes have the H pre-
fixed, as Arghvydd, viwglivydd (Lord).
Others commencing radically with Ga, drop the G under certain conditions,
leaving the A as the initial, as GArdd, Ardd (garden).
For Rules for these, see Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con-
sonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
ac and
aczo .......
achos.-io7t, m.
achîtb.-odd-A¥ {wyd) - - - - .
aderyn, adar, m.- - ■
ad7iab.od-u-YT)'DA¥ [ti.wyd) ....
adrodd. -odd-KY {wyd)
aeth - . . . -
afal.-an, m. ....
afon.-ydd, f. -
agored - ... -
agor.yd-odd-hY {wyd)
agos
agos.hati-haodd-Yi\Y {//aruyd)
anoel.-ioit ox angylion, or eiigyi, 1
ail-'vaith . - . - .
alaw.-oii., f. -
alarch, elyrch, ni. -
alcan, m. ....
allan .....
there
cause-s
to save
bird-s
to knovy, to recognize
to repeat
went, would go •
apple-s
river-s
as, that
open
to open
near
to approach
angel-s
second-time
air-s
swan-s
tin
out
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
A — continued,
am
a?n dan-(aý, ai, o, i, only och^ ynt)
am hyny
atnaethrcvr-wyi; m. -
amcan.ii-odd-A¥ [tuyd) -
amddiffyn.-odd-k.Y [ivyd) •
am/ieu.-odd-AF (wyd)
ami - - - - -
avihvg ....
amgylch - • - -
amser.-ati, m. - -
aniserol - - - -
imy7tedd.{m,)-gar -
a)2adL, m. u-odd-hY {wyd) -
aiifon.-odd-KY {uyd)
anJiazudd - - . -
anialwch^ m.-
anwiredd.-aUy m.
arall
crifẃÿ (Irregular)
ar hyd ....
ai- hyny ....
ar.n-{af, ai, o, i, om, och,yiil)
arf.-ati, m. •
avian, m. -
aros.-odd-AY (wyd)-
arth. cirth, vci,-es, f. -
arwaiii- . _ .
ai~ivein.-iodd-\AY {i.wyd) -
arzuydd.-ion, m. -
at. -[of, at, 0, i, om, och,yiit
atal.-iodd-iAV {i.wyd) •
cteb.-ion. m.
aivenati, m. -
azvydd,{m)-us
of, for, about
about me, thee, him,
her, us, you,
them
therefore
farmer-s
to attempt
to defend
to doubt
often, frequently
plain
about
time-s
timely
patience, patient
breath, to breathe
to send
difficult
desert
lie-s
other
to plough
on
along
with that
on (me, thee, him,
her, us, you
them)
arm-s, weapon-s
silver, money
to wait
bear-s
to lead
sign-s
to (me, thee, him,
her, us, you,
them)^
to hold
answer-s
gold
we will go
reins
eagernc&s, eager
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
89
B
No^E.— Words commencing radically with B are sometimes inflected
so as to commence with F or 3Í, as Brawd, vrawd, urawd (brother).
Others commencing radically with P, change the Pinto B under cert^iin
conditions, as peti, sen (headj.
For rules for these see Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con-
sonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
■echgyn
baban.-od, m.
bach
bachgen.-yn, m,
balch
batiadl, m.
bar a, m.
basged. -i, f.
bedd.-aîi, m.
blaen
blacn.-ati or iojt, m.
blaidd, hieiddiaid, m.
blinedig
blod.yn or euyn-au, m.
blwyddyn or blynedd, f.
blynydd. -au or oedd •
bod - - -
bo7iedd.wr-wyr, m.
gwr boneddig, m.
gwyì' boneddigion^ m.
boneddigaidd •
borett.-ati, m. -
boreufzuyd.-ydd, m.
bi-ad.w?--wyr, m.
braich, bfeichiati, f.
^ra«, brain, f. -
brenin. -oedd, (m. )-f x, -a«j
brig.-au, m. - -
broLiiur-ivyr^ ni. -
bron-ati, f.
brwydr.-ati, f.
Zi^ji/, m. ■
bryn.-iau, m.
^Zi - - - -
bnasai
buont -
bwrdd, byrddauy in. ■ -
bab.y-ies
small, little
boy, little boy, boys
proud, pleased
broom
bread
basket-s
grave-s
before
end-s
wolf, wolves
tired
flower-s
year
years
be, that
gentle. man-men
gentleman
gentlemen
gentlemanly
morning-s
breakfast-s
traitor-s
arm-s
crow-s
king-s, queen-s
top branch-es,twig-s
boaster-s
breast-s
battle-s
mind, thought
hill-s
has been
quick
had been or would
have been
they have been
board -s
90
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
B — conlinucd.
lKU7-iad.u-oJd-\¥ {zc'j'd) -
bivi-iad.-ait^ m.
Inuriad-ol
bwr. 7V-7 odd- 1 A F ( /. zuyd )
bwyd.-ydd, m.
bychan
byd.-oedd, m.
bys-edd, m,
byt/i ... -
byw - - . -
by7i>-io:^-
to intend
intention-s
intention-al
to throw
food-s
small
world-s
finger-s
ever, never
living
live-ly
th C are sometimes inflected
Note. — Words commencing radically vj'iu
so as to commence with G, Ngh, or Ch, as caer, oaey, t^Guaer, cuacr
(wall, fort).
For rules for these changes see the Introductory Chapter on the
Mutation of Consonants.
The Radical fonnz only are given in the Vocabulary.
battle, regiment
- chair-s
chain-s
- to keep
field-s
CCUÎ, f.
cad.air-eirimi, f. -
cad.iven.-wyni, f.
cadw.-odd-A¥ {wyd)
cae.-au, m.
caer.-at{, f. -
cael -
caent •
caf
cafodd -
cafivyd
cangen.-aii, f. -
calon.-au, f.
calon. -og -
Calvaria
':am, m. -
•.aiHAi-odd-KV {ivvd
■:a7i!yniad.-dii, n\.
wall-s, fort-s
to find, to have
they used to get,
they were getting,
they should or
should have
I shall or shall have,
or shall find
he got or has found
was found
he used to get, or was
getting, or should,
örshould have; also
thou shalt, or shall
have, or shalt find
branch-es
heart-s
heart-y
Calvary
wrong, unjustice
to step
consecii:ence-ö
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
91
C — coiitinued.
canol^ m.
can.t-oedd -
cati.n-odd-AV [wj'dj
cap-iau coch-ion, m. -
carcdig.-ituydd
cai-n-au
caruedd.-î, f.
cam. -an, f. - -
cartref.-z, m.
car. io-iodd-i\¥ (i. wyd )
car.ti-odd-AV {wyd)
casgl.u-odd-AV (wyd J
can. -odd- AF (wyd)
cawod.-ati ox ydd, f. -
ceffyL-mi, m.
cell.-oedd, f.
ceis.io-iodd-lAY {i.wyd)
cenedl.-oedd, f. -
cerdd.ed-odd-AY {ivyd) -
ci, C7i'n, m.
cig.-oedd, m.
ciniaw.-an, f.
cla'vdd, cloddiau^ rn.
cleddyf.-aii, m.
clof - ■ -
chid. 0-odd- AV (wyd)
clnn.-iati, f.
clust.-iau (f. in N. Wales, m. in
ckuyf.-aii, m. -
chvyf.o-odd-A¥ (wyd)
cnawd
cnetcen, f,, cnau
coch.-ach-af
cod.i-odd-AY (wyd)
coed.-ydd, m.
coedzvig.-oedd, f.
cof. io-iodd- 1 A F (i. wyd)
coIl.i-odd-AY (ziydj
corp/i, cyrý/i, m.
craig, creigiait, f. -
creadur. (m. )-^j(f. yiaid^ p'
crefydd.-ait, f.
creidon
Cristion.-ogion^ m.
S. Wales)
middle
hundred-s
to sing
red cap-s
kind.-ness
handle-s
heap s
heap-s
home-s
to carry
to love
to gather
to close
shower-s
horse-s
cell-s
to seek
nation-s
to walk
dog-s
flesh, meats
dinner-s
dyke-s
sword -s
lame
to carry
hip-s
ear-s
wound-s
to wound
skin, flesh
nut-s
red.-der-dest
to rise
woods, trees
• forest-s
to remember
to lose
bod.y-ies
- rock-s
creature-s
- religion-s
cruel
- Christian-s
92
\VEI.SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
C — Cut! ! til lied.
{roc/ian.-au, in.
croen, crwyn, m. -
croes-au, f.
croes.i-odd'AY (wyd)
crwydi\yn-iaid^ ni. ■
cryf.-der
cryi?i.u-odd-A.¥ {zayd}-
crynedig
cryno
cudd.io-iodd-\A¥ (i.uyd)
air.o-odd-AY {wyd) -
ciisan.7i-odd-KY {wyd) •
ciisan.-aUy m. -
cweryl. -u-odd-A¥ {wyd)
cwch, cychod, m.
cychiuyn.-odd-hv {wyd)
cyd.io-iodd-\KV {i.wyd) ■
iy/.aill{m.)-eillion
cyfeilles. -i or an, f.
cyfai-f. od. -e^- vddaf {u.xuyd)
cyJiawn.hau-haodd-'AAY {ha. zoyd)
cyjlyin-af
cyfoeth, m. •
cyfreiih.wr-wyr, m.
cyfnvy.-on or a«, m.
cyff. ivrdd-yrddodd-Y R D D A F
cynghor.i-odd-KV (wyd)
cymaint
cymeradwyaetk.-aUy f.
cymeriad.-au^ m. -
cymer.yd-odd-A¥ (wyd)
Cymro, m., Cymry, m.
cyviydogaeth.-ati^ f. -
cyn, cynt
cytial.-iodd-\AV, {i.wyd)
cynar -
cy7ihyrf.u-odd-AV {wyd)
cynorihwy. o-odd-AY-{wy
cynhwrf, m.
cynyg.-ion, m.
cynyg.-iodd-lAY {i.wyd)
cyriiaedd.-odd'AY {wyd)
cysg-JC-odd-A¥-{zvyd) •
cysgodoi
(yrdd.vyd)
pot-s
skin, skins
cross -es
to cross
wander-er-s
strong, strength
to bow
trembling
tidy
to hide
to beat, to knock
to kiss
kiss-es
to quarrel
boat-s
to start
to seize
friend-s
female friend-s
to meet
to justify
rapid, quick-esl
riches
lawyer-s
saddle-s
to touch
to advise
as much
recommendation-s
character-s
to take
Welsh. man-men
neighbourhood-s
before
to keep, to hold
early
to trouble, to disturb
to assist
noise
offer-s
to offer
to reach
to sleep
shadowy
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
93
Ch
Note. — Some words commencing radically with C, change the C into
Ch under certain conditions, as cyfaill, cuyfaill (fiiend).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabtilary .
chcvaer, cinuiorydd, f. - - - - sister-s
chivant, m. ------ - want
cJnvarcti.-odd-KY {zuyd) - - - to play
chzverthin^ Qx chwardd.-odd-hY {wyd) ■ - to laugh
chwet-v bitter
chzvi - - ..... you
chzvil.io-iodd-iAY [iruiyd) ... - to search
Note. — Words commencing radically with D, are sometimes inflected
so as to commence with N, or Dd, as Duear, naear, VDaear (earthl.
Others commencing radically with T change the T into D under
certain conditions, as rad, Dad (father).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary,
daav ....... there, behold
daear, f. earth
daeth -------. came
dangos. -odd-KY [zuyif)
danrw-ain-einiati
(am) dan-{a/, at, o, ?', om, oc/i, ynt)
daufon.-odd-AY (wyd)
danJ-edd, m. -
daru-au, m. -
datt, m,, drvy, i.
dazv
dazvns.io-iodd-WY (i.-vyJ) -
de, dehaii
dechreti.-odd-AV (ziyd)
da/ad, f,, defaid, pi.
deffro.-dd-XY (zvjd) -
defiven, de?-7u, f.
demi.-odd-AV (zuyd) -
deti-faf, Ì, nniy wch, aiit)
deuf-îidd, m.
dczois.-odd-AY (wyd)
de'vr
they)
to show
accident-s
for or about (me,
thee, him, her. us,
you, them)
to send
tooth, teeth
piece-s
two
(he, she, it, or
will come
to dance
south, right (hand)
to begin
sheep
to awake
oak-s
to tempt
(I, thou, we, you,
they) will comü
cheeks
to choose
brave
94
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
D — contiimed.
dianc, diang.-odd-KV (wyd)
digoii
dthtm.o-odd-KY (wyd)
dilyn. -odd-AY (wyd) -
dilyii.wr-wyr, m. -
diiìí - - - -
dinas.-oedd, f.
dinhved -
diolch.-odd-KY (wyd)
disgyn. -odd-AF (wyd)
dhuedd -
diweddaf -
(o^r) dhvedd -
diwrnod.-au, m.
dod.i-odd-AY (wyd)
do/, deiiaf-
doi, delai
dokn.-atc, f. - -
drachefn
dring.o-cdd-KY {wyd)
dnvg
di-ws, drysaií^ m. -
du-on
diir, m.
dtcw.-iaii, m.
dwf?; dyfj-oedd, in.
dwy.fro7i, f.
divy.laiu, f. -
dy . - • -
dydd.-tau, m.
dydd-iol -
i^'u) dyfod
Dyfrdiuy, f.
dyffryn.-oedd, m. -
dy/.ai-aiid-ASWN
dyvia - - - -
dyna - • - -
dyvwaredai-odd-XY {wyd)
dysglaer . . .
dysgleirJo'iodd-\KY {i.'wyd)
dysi^7tyl. -todd-l AF (/. wyd)
dysta'iU . . . •
dyweyd, dy7C'edyd, dweyd
dywcii.yd-odd-AF {wyd)
to escape
enough
to awake
to follow
follower-s
nothing
cit.y-ies
harmless
to thank
to fall, todesceiiil
end
last
at last
day-s
to place
I come, (?r will come
came, would come
ring-s, link-s
again
to climb
wicked
door-s
black, s., black, pi.
steel
god-s
water-s
bosom
hands
thy
day-s
dai-ly
coming
Dee (river)
vale-s
should
here
that
to imitate
bright .
to shine
to expect
silent, soft
saying
to say
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
95
Dd
Note. — No Welsh word commences radically with Dd. Such worcs as
commence with Dd, are inflected Iromthe radical initial D, as Dafad, DD.ij'ud
(sheep).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary,
E
Note.— Words commencing radically with E, sometimes have the H
prefixed, as Y.gni negni, (might). Others commencing radically with G,
under certain circumstances drop the G, leaving the E as the initial, as ge«,
e;í (moQtb).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in ihe Vocabulary.
€0, ebe, ehai (he, she, oriX) said
edrych.-odd-KY (luyd) - - . . to look
ef^fe^efe he, him
egtii, m. ------ - might
ehedydd.-ion sky lark-s
ei -■■■■-- - his, her, its
eiddo, m. - ..... property
eiliad.-aic, m. - ... - moment-s
ein - - jiir
einioes. m. ...... life
ei?-a, m. snow
ari/i, eirth^ m. - - • • - bear-s
eisieii -.-..... want, need
eistedd.-odd-AV [ivyd) ■ - - - to sit
ez'tkm, m. - - - • • - - furze
^/«2 (he, she, or it) used
to go, or vv-as going
enilL-odd-h.Y {wyd) ..... to win, to gain
cnfys.-aic, m. rainbow-s
enw.-au, m. name-s
emuog - noted
eraill ox ereill .... . . others
erbyn ....... against
erchyll hideous
esgetdus.-dod careless. -ness
esgid.-iati,i. - . - - - - shoe-s
estyn.-odd-hY {royd^ to reach, to extend
eto ........ again
exuch - ■ ..... go
ewin.-edd nail-s
e'liyn surf, foam, froth
£u their
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
F
Note. — Words commencing radically with F undergo no initial change.
Words commencing radically with B oi M change these letters for
F under certain circumstances, as Brawd, Frawd (brother), uam, Yam
(mother).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Initial Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
feU felly like, so
fy niy
Ki)fyny - up
Ff
Note.— Words commencing radically with Ff undergo no initial change.
Most ordinary nouns commencing with Ff, are of the Feminine Gender.
ffair^ffeiriati^ f. ----- - iair-s
ffenestr.-i^ f. • - - - - window-s
fflani-^och ....... fiery red
ffol foolish
Ffrainc^ f. ...... - France
froen.-au, f. nostril-s
/frostgar ....... boastful
ffynon.-aziy f. • - - - - - well-s
ŷ'ordd, jffy7'dd, f. - - • • - - way-s, road-s
ffyriii'^.o-odd-KV {iiyd) ... - to become fierce
ffivrdd ...-.--. away
G
Note. — Words commencing radically with G are sometimes inflected so
as to drop the G, leaving the following letter, whether Vowel or Consonant as
the Initial, or it changes into Ng, as oalar, Alar, NGAlar (grief), olan, Lan,
UGlan (skore), Gris, rìs, ngj-î's (step), Gwledd, wledd, nGuiledd (feast).
Others commencing radically with C, change the C into G under certain
circumstances, as cyfuill, ayfaiil (friend).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary,
gadael, gadaw.odd-K^ {zoyd) ■ ■ • - to leave
ga/ael, f. ----- . - hold
ga/ae I. u- odd- AF {wyd) to hold
galar, m. - - - - - - - grief
gal:i'.-odd-AF [wyd) to call
gall.îi-oJd- AF [rcyd) can
gallasai - ..... (he, she, or it) could
or was able to
gan • with
gan hyny • therefore
ixaii-{ddo, ddi, ddyiit) with(him, her, them)
[yr oedd) gan-[ddo, ddi, ddyn!) - - - (he, she, they) had
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
97
G — continued.
garw- . . -
gelyn.-io7i, in.
gevi.-au, m. - -
geii.an-euaii, f.
geneth. -oJ
geni, gan.odd-KY [ivyd)
gen.yf-ym -
(inae) gen.yf-ym
gerllaw - . .
gilyad •
glan.-au,i.
glan.hau-haodd-UAY {Jia-wyd)
gla swell t, m.
gloew ....
gofal-iis
go/id. io-iodd-\ AT (z'.wyd)
go/yn.-odd-AF [wyd) -
gofyitiad.-au, m. -
gogledd, m.
gorchfyg.u-odd-KY (zvyd)
gorchudd. io- iodd- 1 A F ( z. 7vyd)
gorchymyn. -odd- AY [wyd)
goreu
gorphwys.-edd-AY {wyd)
goruiedd.-odd-AY [wyd)
gosod.-odd-AY {wyd)
gris.-ian, f. - •
gi'udd.-iau, f.
gwaedf m.
gwahodd.-odd-AY {ivyd) -
givair, s., ^zveiriau, pi., m
gwaith, gzveith.ian ox ydd,
gtvalch, gweilch, m.,
Gwalia, f. -
gwan - - .
gwa7vr, f. - -
gwelltyn, gwallt^ m.
qwariheg, f. -
gzvasg.îi-odd-A¥ {wyd)
g7add/, gydd/au, m.
gwedi - - . .
gweirglawdd, f. .
gweiih.io-iodd-iAY ( i.wyd)
srwel.ed-odd-AY {zvyd)
rough
- enem.y-ies
gem-s
- mouth-s
girl-s, maiden-s
- born, to bear
with (me, us)
- I or we (have)
near at hand
. each other
shore-s, bank-s
- to clean
grass
- bright
care-ful
• to grieve
to ask
- question-s
north
- to conquer
to cover
- to command
best
- to rest
to lie
- to place
step-s, stair-s
- cheek-s
blood
- to invite
hay
- work-s
hawk-s
- Wales
weak
- dawn
hair-s
- cows, cattle
to press
- neck-s
after
- hayíìeld, meadovf
to work
- to see
98
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
gwehv
gwely.-au^ m.
gwell
G-^coniinued,
g^vellien, gwellt, f.
gwenith, m. -
gweftoL-iaid, f.
gwenoL -iaid-y-môr
gwiail, f.
gcüii', m. -
gwisg. -oedd, f.
gwl.ad-edydd, f.
gwledd.-oedd, f.
gvulyb
gwnaethai \
gwiielai )
gwneud, gwneiitJnir
gwohì'.-au^ f.
givr, givyr, m. -
gwf'aig, gwragedd, f.
gwres, m. -
gwrid, f.
gwrych.-oedd^ m.
gwth.io-iodd-lKY {i.7vyd)
gwyb.od-u-yji'DAY {u.iuyd)
gwydr.-au, m.
givyl, gwylaidd -
gwyllt -
gwyn, m., gwe)t{i.)ach
gwytub.ti-odd-AF {wyd)
Gwynedd, f. - -
gwynfyd
gwynt.-oedd, m.
guyrdd^ m., gwerdd, f.
gyr.u-odd-A¥ {wyd)
bed-s
better
recover
straw-s
wheat
swallow-s
seagull-s
willows
truth
dress-es
countr.y-ies
feast-s
wet
did or would do
to make
reward-s
man, men, husband-s
wife, wives
heat
blush
hedges
to push
to know
glass-es
modest
wild
white-r
to face
North Wales
blessed
wind-s
green
knows
with
all
to drive
Ng and Ngh
Note. — No Welsh word commences radically with Ng or Ngh. Such
words as commence with Ng or Ngh are inflected from the radical G or C, as
Gair, ncair (word) ; can, kghah (song).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Con-
sonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
99
^ Note. — Words commencing radically with H undergo no initial change.
Some words, however, wiiich commence radical!
• prefixed under certain circumstances, as i^elod,
HEnw (name).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapl
sonants.
The Radical forms only are given
hael - - .
ha/.-au, m.
haid, heidiau, f.
haner cani
haner coroii, m.
hardd, heirdd {^\.) -
haul, heul/au, in. -
hawdd.-ach
hawl.-iau
heb .
heb oedi-
hebog.-au, m.
'hedydd, m. -
heddwch, m.
heddyw - - -
hefyd
heibio -
hd.a-iodd-ihY {i.wyd)
hen ...
heno • . . .
herwydd
hesg.{T^\.)-en, s,, f. •
het.-iau, f.
hi, hithau
hir.{s.)-ion, pi,
hof . . - .
ho// •
hon, f., h-cvn, m.
(ei) hutt
{eu) hunain
hwnw, m., hoHO, f.
hivy . . . -
hwy. ad-aid, (f.)
hwyl.io-iodd-lA¥ {i.wyd)
izvyr, m.
hwyì', adj.
hyd, m.-
hyd, prep,-
y with a vowel have the /7
HAelod (member) ; Etiw.
ier on the Mutation of Con-
liberal, generous
summer-s
troop-s
fifty
half-a-crown
beautiful
sun-s
eas.y-ier
right-s
without
without delaying
hawk-s
skylark
peace
to-day
also
by, past
to hunt
old
to-night
because, for
rushics
hat-s
she or her, she also
long
fond
all
this
him or hers«'f
themselves
him, her, û that
they, thenj
duck-s
to sail
night
late
length
to, until
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
H — continued.
hyd lies until
hyd yn nod ...... even
hynod remarkable
hytrach rather
I
Note. — Words commencing radically with I sometimes have the H pre-
fixed, as \aith, Hiaith (language).
A few others commencing radically with Gi drop the G under certain con-
ditions, leaving the / as the initial, as Giar, lar (hen).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of Coo-
sonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabtdary.
i^ €r • • - - - - - - to, to the
iat'íA, ieithoedd ...... language-s
ia'cu/i ........ very
idd-{o,i,yni) to (him, her, them)
lesu Grist Jesus Christ
ieuanc young
leiiang.-ach-af young-er-est
ijyyiy up
ini - - to my
i'« to our
im tyb i to my mind
loan ...-...- John
is-af low.er-est
ÍW tohis,her,its,örtheir
{w amddiffyn to protect him
Iwerddon Ireland
L
Note.— Only a few Welsh words commence radically with L. Most
words commencing with L, are inflected from the radical LI, as •Li.aw, Law
(band) ; or have dropped the initial G, as Gvait, i^an (shore).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Initial Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary,
{i) lawr down
LI
Note. — Words commencing radically with LI are sometimes inflected
so as to commence with L, as lA^aw, Law (hand) ; LLaeth, Laeth (milk).
For Rules for these see tiie Introductory Chapter on the Mutation ol
Initial Consonants.
The Radical forms only a-fc givenin the Vocabulary.
/ladraia. -odd- AF {Ttyd) to steal
//add. -odd- AF {wyd) - - . - - to kill
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
LI — continued.
llaetk^ 111.
llafn.-au, m.
llai^ lleiaf
llais, lleisiau^ m.
Hall, lleill -
llanc.-iau, m. -
llances. -au or i, f.
llanerch.-ati, or llenyrch.
llan-w.-odd-KY (wyd)
llarpAo-iodd-\KP {i.wyd)
llazu, dwylaWy f.
llaiven -
llawenydd, m. -
llawer -
llaivn
llawr, lloriatt, m. -
lle.-oedd m.
lie, pa le
lief . . . .
llef.ain-odd-AY [Tujyd)
lleidr, lladron, m.
lleill -
llestrì p7-idd, m.
lle.ty-tai, m.
llian, lliain, m.
lliw.-iau, m.
Lloegr, f.
llo)tg.-au, f. -
llu.-oedd, m.
llun.-iati, m.
llwck, m.
Llwyd, proper n.
Ihuyd, adj.
Ihuydd.o-odd- AF [wyd)
llwyn.-i, m.
Ihuyr
Ikuyth.-au, m. -
Ikvyih. -z, m.
llyfr.-au, m.
llyg.ad-aid, m.
llyn.-mc ox oedd, m.
llys.-oedd, m.
llythyr.-au, m. -
llythyr.en-au, f.
- milk
blade-s
- smaller, smallest
voice-s
- other, others
lad-s, youth-s
lass-es, maiden-s
- plain-s
to fill
- to tear
liand-s
- joyful
joy
- many, much
full
- floor-s
places
- where, wherever
cry
- to cry
thie.f-ves
• others
earthenware
- lodging-s
cloth-s
- colour-s
England
- ship-s
multitude-s
- picture-s, form-s
dust
' Lloyd
grey
- to succeed
bush-es
- entirely
tribe-s
- load-s
book-s
- eye-s
lake-s
court-s
letter-s
• letter-s (alphabet)
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
M
Note. — Words commencing radically with M are sometimes inflected so
as to commence with F, as Mab, Fab (son).
Others commencing radically with B change the B into M under certain
conditions, as Braivd, i,irawd (brother).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation oi
Initial Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary,
mah, meibion, m. -
mae, y mae
maedd.u-odd-AV [loyd)
or 7neidd.iodd-\AV [i'.iuy
maeiit -
maes, vieusydd^ m.
inai
Mair, f.
mam. -an, f. -
maft.-mc -
1/tarch, meirch, m.
viarcJiog. - ion, m .
marw. -ol
math.-au^ m.
mawr -
medr, m. -
medr. îi-odd-AF {wyd,
medd.ai-KY [id) -
7?iedd.wl-yliai, m. -
fneddylgar-
meddwl, meddyl.-iodd-
ineillion.{'ç\.)-en, s., f.
meirzvon, m., pi. ■
melyn. -ach
7nellt.{Tp\.)-en, s., f.
merch.-ed, f.
meudwy^ m. -
tnewn
VI i, minati
viier.e7t-i, f.
7nil.gi-gwn, m.
mil.zvr-wyr, m,
7nÌ7t, m.
7nÌ7lÌOg
mis.-oedd, m. -
Ŷnoch.[p\)-yny s., m. -
i.ivyd)
horse, man-
son-s
is, it is
[ to dare
they are
field-s
that
Mary
mother-s
place-s
horse-s
knight-s,
men
ilead-ly
kind-s
great, big
ability
to be able
he, I, they said
think, V. ,thought-s,n.
thoughtful
to think
Dutch clover
the dead
yellow-er
lightnings, lightning
daughter-s, girl-s
hermit
in
I, me, or me also
briar-s
greyhound-s
soldier-s
edge
sharp
month-s
pigs, pig
WRT.SH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
T03
M — continued.
viodrwy.-ati, i.
moesgar
moethus
moHanJ-au, m.
rn07-
trior. -oedd, m.
vior es^eulus •
imir,-7au, m.
7uwnd.-od, m.
?nzvy -
mwy.-af-
mzuyalchen, f.
vnvyn - - - -
{er) niwyn
myfyr.io-iodd-\KY {i.wyd)
myned
f?iyiiud.-au (m. N. Wales,
viyn.u-odd-KY (wyd) -
inynai ýyned -
lie y viynai
viynydd.-ati or oedd, m. -
Wales)
ring-s
polite
dainty
praise-s
so
sea-s
so careless
wall-s
monkey-s
more, most
bigger, biggest
blackbird
gentle, mild
that, for the sake of
to contemplate
to go
minute-s
to demand
he would go
wherever he chose
mountain-s
Mh
,'ith Mh, but the initial
" íiasPí^.MHínthead).
Note.— No Welsh word commences radically v
consonant P is under certain conditions inflected into
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The. Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
N
Note. — Words commencing radically with N undergo no initial change.
Never add H to the radical N. Knatur is never used for iiahir (Nature).
Words commencing radical ly with D, howevei, change the D into A' under
certain circumstances, as crws, lirws (door;
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
na no, nor, than
■fidr nor the, than the
nac nor
nad . . . o . . - not
than
either
- one another
nag
naill
naill-y-llall -
naill ar Hall
both, each
I04
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
N — continued.
nant, nentyad, f. brook-s
natur, f. ...... nature
na7ü nine
neb anybody, nobody
ne^^es. -an or euo7i, f. - - - - - errand-s
neid.io-iodd-WF [i.ivyd) .... to jump
neilldit or imilldu .-..-- aside, one side
7terth.-oedd, m. - • - - - - power-s
nes until
lies. -a/ near-er-est, or next
neii --or
newid.-iodd-iw (i.wyd) ... - to change
newyddiadur.-on, m. - - - • - newspaper-s
neiuynog ---.... hungry
«2, nyni^ nhiau - we, or us, we also
nid not
niw.ed.[s)-eidiatt, pi., m. - - - - harm
nos, noson, f. ^ - - - - - night
Nh
Note. — No Welsh word commences radically with Nh. The Initial
Consonant T is, however, under certain circumstances, inflected into Nh,
as Tíîrf, NHíiíí (fatlier).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in Ike Vocabulary.
o
Note.- Words commencing radically with O sometimes have the H
prefixed, as ocd, noed {o\á). Others commencing radically with Go drop
the G under certain conditions, leaving the as the initial letter, as Gofal,
ofal (care).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary,
of, from
cchr.-au, f. side-s
ochr yn ochr side by side
oddeutu about
oddÌ2V7'íh-(yf, 0, i, ym,ych, ynt) - • - from (me, him, laer,
us, you, ihcm)
oddiar-^na/, no, «/, nom, noch, nynt) - from (me, him, her,
us, you, them)
oddi.yma-yno- -...-- from here, there
oed ..-.-.-. old
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
1 05
O — continued.
ted i-odd-XY (wyd) to delay
«edo.-ynt .-. = --- was, were
«en^ luyn ....... lamb-s
ofer vain
ófn.i-odd-\Y {-wyd) to fear
4)hon-{ivyf. ot, 0, i, om, och^ yni) • • ofí^rfromíme, thee,
him, her, us, you,
them)
ohyd all times
tfV of his, of her
Qu ..-...-. of their
*V amgylch ■ - round him
ei'i hamgylch round her
o^u hamgylch round them
cl.-ioH, m. - maik-s
ar ei ol after him
&r ei hoi -.--.-- after her
ar cin hoi - - after us
ar eii hoi after them
ond ........ but
otiid not (used interroga
tively)
o'r - of the
o'r diwedd ...... at last
OS if
P
Note. — Words commencing radically with P are sometimes inflected
so as to commence with B, Mh, or Ph, as pen, sen, unen, phc» (liead;.
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
ỳa- • what, which
~pa le ....... where
pa le by nag - • wiierever
ŷaham ....... ^iiy
fan when
parchus respectful
par.hau-haodd-Yi.KY {ha-wyd) - • - - to continue
parod ....... ready
paivb • - - - - - - - everybody
pe - if
pechod.-au , m, sin-s
Jiedwar, m ., pedair, Í. - • . . four
io6
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
peidio ■
pet'd, io'iodd-iX¥-{i. iiiyd)
pell
pen.-au, m.
fende7-fyn.u-odd-kY {xvy
peiiiU.-ion^ m. -
penodedig
perchenog.-ion. m.
fej-erin.-ion, m.
pei-l -ati, m.
fertiiym. -odd- AF
perygl.-oii, m. -
peth.-au^ m. -
peth
ỳiccU.-au^ f. -
plenty 71^ plant, m.
plith, yn mhlith •
pkvm, m.
plyg.u-odd-hY [zvyd]
poh tin -
pobl.-oedd, m.
pohydd.-ion, m.
prawf, profion,xf\. -
pfegeth.wr-7vyr, in,
pHdd, m.
prin-der, m.
ŷriod.i-odd-A¥ {u>yd)
priodas.-ati, f. -
prof.i-odd-KY {7cyd)
pryd. iau, m. -
pryde}', xn.-tis
prydferth.-af -
pryjt.n-odd-AY [wyd)
pw- - - - -
pwnc, pynciau
Ph
not, discontinued
to end, to stop
far
top-s, head-s
to resolve
verse-s
appointed
owner-s
pilgrim -s
pearl-s
to belong
danger-s
thing-s
some, what ?
dart-s, spear-s
child-ren
among
lead
to bend
every
each one
people-s
baker-s
hot
proof-s
preacher-s
earth
hardly, scare, e-ity
to marry
marriage- s
to prove
time-s
anxiety, anxious
beautiful, most beau-
tiful
to buy
pure
subject-s
Note.— Hardly any Welsh words commence radically with Ph. Such
words as commence with Ph are mostly inflected from the radical P, as pew,
PHen (head).
For Rules lor these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are giver' in the Vocabulaty.
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
107
Note. — No Welsh word commences radically with R. Such words as
commence with R are inflected from the radical Rh, as rhíi», ruh (part), or
have dropped the initial G, as GRudd, Rudd (cheek).
For Rules for these see the introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
Rh
Note. — Words commencing radically with Rh are sometimes inflected
so as to commence with R, as rha», Ran (share).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
rhag lest, from
rhai some
rhaid must
, pl.,
rhan.-au, f.
rhan.u-odd-A¥ [wyd)
rhed.eg-odd-A¥ \7uyd) •
r/iesymol
rhesym. wi--wyr -
rkiant, s., rhiaint or rhieni,
rhodd. -ion, f.
rhodd.i-odd-AY {wyd) - - , .
rhoi -----..
rhol.io-iodd-lAY {i.wyd) - - - -
rhosyn.-aii or 7-hos., ni.
Rhu/ain, f. ----- -
y/Lwng ......
rhyiig-{7uyf, ot, ddo, ddi, om^ och, ddynt)
rhwyf
rhwy/.o-odd-AV {7vyd)
rhy
rhyfel.-oedd, m.
rhyfelwr.-wyr
rhyw
rhy w. -bet h •
share-s
to share
to run
reasonable
reasoner-s
pareut-s
gift-_s
to give
to give, to place
to rol
rose-s
Rome
between
between (me, thee,
him, her, us, you,
them)
oar
to row
too
war-s
vvarrior-s
some
some. -thing
Note. — Words commencing with S undergo no initial change.
saeih.u-odd-AY {wyd) to shoot
Sat's, Seùon, m. . . , . . English, man — men
saù/i .... .... seven
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
S — continued.
sain^ seiniait, f.
sefyll, saf.-odd-A¥ [wyd) ■
seren, ser
serth
!iarad. -odd- AF [wyd) •
sicr.hau-haodd-nPi'F {Aa.-aj'd] -
sidan.-au, m. -
son, m. ....
sut - - . - .
s"cvn, m., or saz'n, f., seiniau -
STvydd.fa-feydd, f.
syched, m. -
syched.ic-odd-AF, {i.wyd) •
sych.îí-odd-A¥ {wyd)
sylw- ....
sylw.i-odd-KY {wyd)
sypyn.-au, m. -
sytidod, m. ...
syr - - - - -
syrth.io-iodd-\KY {i.wyd)
sound-s
to stand
star-s
steep
to speak
to secure
silk-s
rumour
how
sound-s
office-s
thirst
to thirst
to wipe
attention
to notice
parcel-s
wonder, surprise
Note. — Words commencing radically with T are sometimes inflected
80 as to commence with £>, Nh, or Tẁ, as Tad, díkì, NHad, inad (father).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The. Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
tad.-ati, m.
taf-M.-odd-KY (zuyd)
taith, teithiauy f.
tal ' •
tal.ti-odd-KY (wyd) -
tan.-au, m. -
tan-(af, at, o, i, cm, och, ynt)
taraw.-odd-hY (ivyd)
tarian.-au, f.
telyg
teg, tecach-
teith.i-wr-wyr, m.
ieiml.o-odd-AV {wyd) -
telyn.-au, f. -
terjyn.-au, m. •
father-s
to throw
journey-s
tall
to pay
fire-s
under (me, thee, him,
her, us, you, them)
to strike
shield-s
like, similar
fair-er
traveller-s
to feel
harp-s
boundar.y-ies, end-s
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
109
T — continued.
tipyn, m. a little
yii mhen tipyn in a little while
ti, tithau, tydi thee, thou, thou
also
tir.-oedd, m, land-s
tij-.io-iodd-lAV [i.wyd) . . . . to land
tlaiud [s.), t/odion {p\.), m. - - - - poor
to. -ion, m. -..-.- roof-s
ton.-azi, f. --...-- vvave-s
tor.i-odd-AF [wydj . . . . . to break
tort /i. -ate, f. loaf, loaves
tra ...--.-. while
trachefn again
tranoeth the morrow, the
next day
tref.-i ox ydd, Í. town-s
trefn.-us --..... order-ly
treng.u-odd- AF {wyd) . .... to expire
iri, m., tair, f. - - - . - three
tro.-ion time-s
troed, traed, f. foot, feet
iro.i-dd-A¥ [wyd) to turn
tros, or trosodd over
tros\wyf, or of, of, to, ti, om, och, tynt) - - over (me, thee, him,
or it, her, us,
you, them)
trîigar.hatc-haodd-YiAF {ha.wyd) - . to have mercy
trwmgwsg , deep sleep
trwy through
ti-cv-iof, ot, om, och) through(me,thou,us,
you)
trzvy-{ddo, ddi, ddoch, ddynt) - - . through (him^ or it,
her, you, tÊem)
tnvyn.-au, m, nose-s
^« side
tîia-g, or tiiag at towards
tuhwnt beyond
ty, tai,m. house-s
tyb.-iau, f. opinion-s
iy(^i thou
tyf.u-odd-AY {wyd) to grow
tyn.u-odd-AF [wyd) to draw
tyner.-ach kind-er, soft-er
tyred come
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Th
Note. — No Welsh word commences adically with Th.
Such words as commence with Th are inflected from the radical T, as
rad, THflrf (father).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
u
Note. — Words commencing radically with C7 sometimes have the H pre-
6xed, as ugain, Hugain (twenty).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
uçaiji ---..--. twenty
M« ------- - one
un.o-odd-A¥ {ivyd) to join
unwailh once
W
Note. — Words commencing radically with Gw, drop the G under
certain conditions, leaving the W as the initial letter, as Gwaith, -waith
fwork).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation of
Consonants.
Though, as a rule, only the Radical forms of words are given in the
Vocabulary, it has been deemed advisable to retain a few of the inflected lorms
under W which are in more common use, as wawr Cdawn), ^wedi (after),
from Gwawr, gw edi, &c.
tvawr, gwawr, f. dawn
wedi ....... after
Joined to a verb, marks perfect tense,
wecfyn {wedi hytt) . . . . . again or afterward.»
wele • - behold, lo !
weithiau - - sometimes
wrth by, to
wrth-{yf, yt, o, z, om, och, ynt) - - - to (me, thee, him,
her, us, you,
them)
Wy {Gwy) Wye (river)
wyft yr zvyf ...... \ am
7vyl.o-odd-A¥ [wyd) . . . . . to weep
wyt, yr wyi thou art
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Note. — Words commencing radically with Y sometimes have the H
prefixed ; as y chain, HYchain (oxen).
For Rules for these see the Introductory Chapter on the Mutation oi
Consonants.
The Radical forms only are given in the Vocabulary.
y^yr, V the
Compowtds a'r, iV, o^r—and the, to the, of the.
yck.-ain, m. -
ychydig •
yd.-azt -
yd.wyf-wyt-yvi-ych-ynt
yd.yw-oedd-ynt
yf.ed-odd-AY [wyd) -
yfory ... -
ynghyd ....
yvia ....
ymaJl.yd-odd-AF (wyd)
ymdeith. io-iodd-lPíF [i.wyd)
yviddiried.-odd-K'S {wyd) •
ymddygiad.-au, m.
yiiiffrostgar
ym.gais-geisiadau, m. •
ymgymer.yd-odd-AY {zayd)
ymladd.-au -
ymladd.fa.-feydd^ f. -
ymladd. -odd- AF (wyd) -
ym/id.-iodd-lAF (i.wyd) -
ymyl. -au, or on
yn
YN joined to an adj., marks the adverbial forr.
yn bryderus ......
yn ddyddiol ......
yn inhen tipyn ......
yn mhlith ......
yn hy track
ox-en
few, little
corn
I am, thou art, we,
you, they are
is, was, are
to drink
to-morrow
together
here
to seize
to travel
to trust
behaviour, conduct
boastful
efíort-s
to undertake
fight-s
fight-s
to fight
to follow, to chase
edge-s, side-s
anxious. -ly
dai.-ly
in a while
among
rather
YN joined to a verb, marks the present participle,
yn fnytied- ......
yn tyfu - . - . . - .
yn wylo
yna ........
go.-mg
grow.-ing
weep.-ing
then
WELSH FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.
Y — continued,
yn ol - • • • • - - back, backward
yn ol ac yn nilaen back ami fore
yn-{of, ot, ddo, ddi, om, och^ ddynt) - - in (me, thee, him or
it, her, us, you,
them)
yn niîaen ....... onward, forward
yiio - - ..... there
yntau he or him also
ynys. -an or oedd, f, island-s
V perygl ....... the danger
ysgafn light
ysgrech.-iadau, f. scream-s
ysgrech.am-odd-KY {wyd) - - - to scream
ysgyt.io-iodd-\KY [i.wyd) .... to push
vstafell.-oeddy f. room-s
^^nto'i'
CONTENTS.
Preface to First Edition - . - ',
Preface to Second Edition -
Syllabus for Welsh as a Specific Subject •
Results of the First Experiments -
Sample Questions . . - - .
What the Government Blue Book says -
The Welsh Alphabet ....
Welsh Reading and Pronunciation
Diphthongs . . . . -
Consonants . . - - -
Accent
The Mutation of Initial Consonants
C, P, T
G, B, D
M, Li, Rh . - '
The Inflected Initial H -
Parts of Speech -
The Article
The Noun ....
Number
Formation of the Plural
Double Plurals
Plurals of Compound Nouns
Gender
The Adjective
Number
(îender . - . -
Degrees of Comparison -
The Pronoun
The Personal Pronoun
The Verb BOD (to be)
Different Forms of Bod •
Exercises on Bod
Exercises on the Parts of Speech
Exercises for Translation
Examples of Translated Sentences •
Example of Prose Translation
Example of Poetry Translation
Exercises - . , .
Vocabulary
Directions .....
Words .--,.-
