Welsh medieval law : being a text of the laws of Howel the Good ; namely the British Museum Harleian Ms. 4353 of the 13th century

the ppesence of this Book

thej.m.kelly LIBRARY

has Been made possiBle

thpouqh the qeneposity

Stephen B. Roman

prom the Library of Daniel Binchy

WELSH
MEDIEVAL LAW

BEING A TEXT OF

THE LAWS OF HOWEL THE GOOD

NAMELY

THE BRITISH MUSEUM HARLEIAN MS. 4353 OF

THE I3TH CENTURY, WITH TRANSLATION

INTRODUCTION, APPENDIX, GLOSSARY

INDEX, AND A MAP

BY

A. W. WADE-EVANS

JESUS COLLEGE

OXFORD

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1909

HENRY FROWDE, M.A.

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

LONDON, EDINBURGH, NEW YORK

TORONTO AND MELBOURNE

TO MY WIFE

FLORENCE MAY DIXON

PREFACE

THIS book is intended primarily for the student
of the political history of Wales, but it is hoped
that others also will find it useful. The par-
ticular text adopted was at the recommendation
of Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans some years ago, who
regards it as the oldest and best of its class. It is
reproduced page for page, line for line, and error
for error, except where it was found more con-
venient to relegate notices of errors to the palaeo-
graphical notes. The translation is a tentative
one based on that of Aneurin Owen in his
Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales, a work
which has been found indispensable for the
present production.

I would record my sincere thanks to Sir John
Rhys, from whom I have received, not only the
valuable assistance which so distinguished a
scholar could render, but also the sympathy and
encouragement of a friend ; to Dr. Gwenogfryn

iv PREFACE

Evans for help and advice as to the choice of
a text, and as to procedure with regard to publi-
cation; and to Mr. Ernest Hughes, late of Jesus
College, and now Lecturer in History at the
University College of South Wales, to whom
I am indebted for many suggestions whilst the
Introduction and Glossary were still in proof.
Finally, I have to thank the Delegates of the
Clarendon Press for undertaking the publication
of this work, and also the staff for the kindness
and the efficiency which have so much lightened
my labours.

Ty Rh6s, Fishguard.

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION vii

THE HOUSES OF CUNEDDA AND RHODRI MAWR . . Ivi

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Iviii

LAWS OF HOWEL (WELSH TEXT) ..... i
TRANSLATION . . . . . . . .145

PALAEOGRAPHICAL NOTES 285

APPENDIX 289

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . -325

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT . . . . . 351

MAP OF PRE-NORMAN WALES .At end

Rogo ut omnis lector, qui legerit hunc librum, det veniam
mihi, qui ausus sum post tantos haec tanta scribere quasi garrula
avis vel quasi quidam invalidus arbiter. Cedo illi qui plus
noverit in ista peritia satis quam ego. — NENNIUS.

Y mae e'n wir yn orchwyl dyrus ddigon i chwilio allan
Ddechreuad ein Cenedl ni yn gowir ac yn ddiwyrgam, a'i
holrhain o'i haberoedd i lygad y ffynnon. Ond mi a amcanaf
symud ymaith y niwl oddiar y ffordd, fel y bo ein taith at y
gwirionedd yn eglur. — THEOPHILUS EVANS.

The notion that the Welsh came to the Isle of Britain with
the grasshopper has been dispelled by modern research. —
EGERTON PHILLIMORE.

INTRODUCTION

NOT one of the law books bearing the name of Howel
Dda, which have come down to us from the Welsh
medieval age, is older than the last quarter of the twelfth
century, that is, about 250 years after Howel's death.
The earliest of all, the Peniarth MS. aS,1 is written in
Latin with many Welsh terms, phrases, and short passages
left untranslated. Next to this comes the Peniarth
MS. 29 (MS. A), sometimes known as the Black Book of
Chirk, and written in Welsh about 1200. Neither of
these professes to be , the original codex of the White
House, nor does that claim appear to be made by any
MS. of the laws now extant.

These Welsh medieval law books bear so strong a
general resemblance to one another that it can hardly be
doubted but that they are all based on some one ultimate
original, which, in our present state of information, we
may suppose to have been a * Book of the White House'.2
Those written in Welsh, however, certainly fall into
three distinct classes, each of which begins with its own
peculiar type of preface. They may be distinguished as
follows : —

(a) Those which refer exclusively to the King of

1 For a full account of this and other Peniarth MSS., see Report
on Manuscripts in the Welsh Language, vol. I, Pts. II and III, by
Dr. J. Gwenogfryn Evans, printed for the Historical Manuscripts
Commission.

2 Lleuyr e Ty Guyn mentioned in the thirteenth-century Pen.
MS. 30. See Report on MSS. in Welsh I. 361, note.

viii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Aberfifraw in North Wales,1 and which give other indica-
tions that they pertain to the kingdom of Gwynedd in
N.W. Wales, of which Aberffraw was the -chief royal
residence. Aneurin Owen dubbed them the ' Venedotian
Code ', that is, the code of Venedotia or Gwynedd, a name
with which we need not on the whole quarrel. As it
will be necessary, however, to diverge from Owen's other
designations, this class will be distinguished here as the
Book of Gwynedd. The chief exemplar is the Peniarth
MS. 29 (MS. A) referred to above. References to a
certain lorwerth ap Madog 2 indicate his influence as
a jurist on this class, but they are such as show that
the Book of Gwynedd was regarded as existing before
his time.

(ft) Those which refer exclusively to the King of
Dinevwr in South Wales,3 but are void of any other
reference such as would lead one to associate them in
any special degree with that Deheubarth of which
Dinevwr was held to be the chief royal residence. From
a passage in the preface it appears that their original
was written not only outside Deheubarth but in Powys
and by a Powysian.4 Is it possible that they represent
what Aneurin Owen would have called the ' Powysian
Code ' ? Unfortunately he styled them the ( Gwentian
Code ' as being the code ' adapted to Gwent or South-
east Wales ', for which there appears to be no evidence of
any kind.5 A peculiarity of the preface of this class

1 Anc. Laws 1. 1-335 ; II. 1-36. 2 Ibid. I. 104, 218, 292.

3 Ibid. I. 620-797. 4 See Glossary under Deheubarth.

5 Anc. Laws \.\\\\. Gwent was a patria between the lower courses
of the river Usk and the river Wye, included in modern Monmouth-
shire.

INTRODUCTION ix

of law book is that it refers its compilation to a certain
Morgeneu and his son Cyvnerth. Elsewhere x it is
Cyvnerth ab Morgeneu who is referred to as a well-known
'jurist', for which reason this class will be distinguished
here as the ' Book of Cyvnerth '. The text adopted by
Aneurin Owen as the basis of his amalgam of this type
of law book is the Peniarth MS. 37 (MS. U), ' not from
any superiority but as being the simplest.' 2

(c) Those which refer both to the King of Dinevwr and
to the King of Aberffraw,3 stating expressly that of all the
kings in Wales gold is payable to these two only. The
King of Dinevwr, however, is mentioned first in order,
and there is a special section devoted to him. One
of the Dinevwr kings Is also mentioned by name, viz.
Rhys ab Gruffydd,4 sovereign of Deheubarth, who died
in 1197. There is also found a section dealing with
the seven bishop-houses in Dyved,4 one of the patrias
included in the Deheubarth. This class therefore ap-
pears to represent a 'Book of Deheubarth'. Unfor-
tunately again Aneurin Owen named them the ' Dimetian
Code ', that is, the code of Dyved, although there appears
to be no reason why they should be confined to this
particular patria, and not made to cover the whole of
that Deheubarth which was held to be subject to the
King of Dinevwr. The preface of this class mentions
a certain Blegywryd who is described as the cleric ap-
pointed in Howel's convention at the White House to
reduce the revised laws to writing. Nothing more ap-
pears to be known of this Blegywryd beyond what is

1 Anc. Laws I. 218, 340. 2 Ibid. I. xxxi.

3 Ibid. I. 338-617. 4 Ibid. I. 574; 556-9.

x WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

stated in this preface. Hence this particular group of
law books may not inaptly be styled the Book of
Blegywryd. Aneurin Owen adopted the Cotton MS.,
Titus D IX (MS. L), of the second quarter of the
fourteenth century,1 as his representative text of this
group. Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans regards the Peniarth
MS. 36A (MS. O), as the oldest now known, having been
written shortly after 12,82* but according to Owen 'the
variations in the manuscripts of this class are but few ',
for which reason he is of opinion that ' they perhaps
exhibit the nearest affinity to the original compilation
sanctioned by Howel '.3 It should be noticed that the
earliest of all the existing law books bearing Howel's
name, viz. the Latin Peniarth MS. 28, is of the form of
the Book of Blegywryd, as also the important Latin
Cotton MS., Vespasian E XI, written about I25O,1
although the name of Blegywryd is absent from both.4

The following passage 5 from the preface to the Book
of Blegywryd is very suggestive as to these three types
of law books, and appears also to throw some light on
the puzzling matter of King Howel's dominions.

Guedy hynny yd erchis gwnneuthur tri llifuyr kyu-
reith : vn vrth y lys peunydyaul pressuyl y gyt ac ef ;
aral y lys Dineuur ; y trydyd y lys Aberffraw, megys

1 This date is that of Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans as given in his
report on the MSS. in Welsh in the British Museum, the relevant
portions of which report (not yet published) he has kindly forwarded
to me for perusal.

2 Report on MSS. in Welsh I. 369. 3 Anc. Laws I. xxx.

4 The third old Latin text, viz. Harleian MS. 1796, seems to
be of the form of the Book of Gwynedd. See Glossary under
taeogtrev, p. 347 and note i.

5 Anc. Laws I. 340.

INTRODUCTION xi

y caffey teir rann Kymry, nyt amgen, Gwyned, Pwys,
Deheubarth, audurdawt kyureith yn eu plith vrth eu
reit yn wastat ac yn parawt.

After that he ordered three law books to be made :
one for the daily court to be always with him ; another
for the court of Dinevwr ; the third for the court of
AberfTraw, so that the three divisions of Cymru, to wit,
Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth, should have the
authority of law amongst them at their need, always and
ready.

Here it is clearly implied that the king's daily court
was not in Deheubarth but in Powys. The common
opinion is that Howel Dda lived in Deheubarth and
especially in Dyved,1 but in the light of the above pas-
sage he generally dwells in Powys. Moreover, the
manner in which the White House is spoken of as being
the king's hunting-lodge ' when he came to Dyved '
seems to bear out the same idea. It is true that the
preface to the Book of Cyvnerth appears to restrict
Howel's dominions outside Powys, and it is curious that
Powys appears to be the very division of Wales wherein
that compilation had its origin. How to reconcile these
apparent contradictions does not at present appear.
The above passage would seem to suggest that there
were three types of law books, those of Gwynedd, Powys,
and Deheubarth respectively, although, as the passage
now stands, it means no more than that three copies of
one original were made for the three divisions of Cymru.
It may be that in time they each underwent such modi-
fications as adapted them more perfectly to the varying

1 Seeing that he married Elen, daughter of the last king of
Dyved, whereby he became immediate ruler of that kingdom.

xii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

customs of each division. If, however, in the case of
the Book of Cyvnerth, we are dealing with a ' Powysian
Code', how shall we explain the mention of Dinevwr
and the absence of all reference to any chief royal resid-
ence in Powys such as the Mathraval mentioned in later
texts ? l It seems therefore advisable for the time being
to abandon c territorial ' designations for the two Dinevwr
classes of law books, and to style them after the names
of the 'jurists' preferred in their respective prefaces.
The designations therefore tentatively proposed for the
three kinds of Welsh law books in lieu of those invented
by Aneurin Owen are as follows : —

Book of Gwynedd for Venedotian Code,
Book of Cyvnerth for Gwentian Code,
Book of Blegywryd for Dimetian Code.

Our present text, the Harleian MS. 4353 (MS. V)
belongs to the second of these classes, viz. the Book of
Cyvnerth, being, according to Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans,2
' the oldest and most important ' of this kind. Aneurin
Owen had six codices of this class before him, which he
denominated U, V, W, X, Y, and Z respectively. He
noticed that some of them closely resembled the Book of
Blegywryd, so much so indeed in the case of Y and Z
that he soon ceased to use them in his edition. Two others,
viz. V (our present text) and W, which are very closely
allied, also resemble in some respects the Book of Blegyw-
ryd, especially V, which actually contains the passage
on the bishop-houses of Dyved. The leading peculiarity

1 Anc. Laws II. 50, 380, 584. 2 See note i on p. x.

INTRODUCTION xiii

of these two MSS., however, is this, that in their pre-
faces the name of Blegywryd appears in lieu of that of
Cyvnerth and Morgeneu, and indeed appears to have been
substituted for them. One was almost tempted on this
account to distinguish these two codices, V and W, by
some such name as the ( Composite Book of Cyvnerth
and Blegywryd ', a description which further investigation
may yet substantiate. The two remaining codices, U
and X, are much smaller in bulk than the two last, and
might be supposed to approximate nearer to the original
Book of Cyvnerth. If they were as closely allied as V
and W, one might indeed think so, but they differ con-
siderably in their arrangement, appear to be much
condensed, and are bqth somewhat carelessly written.
Their matter is practically all comprised within the
present text, the few additions, which each contains,
being given in the appendix.

V and W 1

V = Harleian MS. 4353. Vellum ; 7| x 5 inches ;
folios 1-3, (4-5), 6-27, (28), 29-45, the three folios in
round brackets being insertions on later material in a
hand of about 1600, copied from X ; written according to
Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans about 1285 by the same scribe as
wrote Peniarth MSS. 2 and 6 Part iv, and Mostyn
MS. 117 ; ' it is curious that all the MSS. written in the
same hand are imperfect ' ; coloured capitals, generally in
red and chocolate alternately; 25 lines to the page

1 I must again express my obligation to Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans
for the invaluable help received from him in drawing up these
descriptions of the particular MSS. in question. I have myself
examined U, V, W, and X. See note i on p. x.

xiv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

(except i6b and 40 a which have 24 and 26 lines respec-
tively) ; the first and last pages are so stained and worn
that it is difBcult to be always certain of the reading ;
one pagination in ink till folio 37, after which till last
folio but one there are two paginations, one in ink (39 to
45), and one in pencil (38 to 44), which last is the official
numbering of the British Museum, followed in this pre-
sent work, the last folio being paginated in ink as 45 ;
half bound in morocco. Most of the marginal index
words are in the hand of Jaspar Griffith. ' Liber Hum-
fredi Wanley A.D. 1714' (i b) ; 'Sum liber Jafpar
Gryffyth i586[-i7i4=i28]f (2 a); 'Yma y gellir craffu
a gweled dau beth. * i. Yn gyntaf pan yfcrifenned y
llyfr hwn fod yr offeirieid yn berchen gwragedd priawd,
o ran bod breint yma wedi ei ofod i ferched offeirieid.
2. Yn ail mae yn gyffelyp yfcrifennu y llyfr hwn cyn
gwahardd priodas ir offeirieid. Yr hon waharddedigaeth
a gymmerth rym (?) yn Eglwys Loegr ynghylch y
flwyddyn 1 100 yn niwedd teyrnafiad Wittm Rufus, edrych
fol 44 a ' (3 b and 4 a bottom margins. The asterisk
refers to 4 a, line 3) ; ' Rys ap howel ap Jeuan ap gwalter
ddugan cof (?) ' (18 a right margin from top to bottom) ;
' Mae yma ddalen yn eifiau ' (31 b and 37 b) ; ' Timothy
Middleton ' (32 a) ; ' Timothy Middleton his booke douth
Owe '(43 a).

W = Cleopatra A XIV. Vellum ; 6^ x 4| inches ;
folios 34-107 in pencil pagination ; first quarter of the
fourteenth century ; coloured capitals in blue and red
alternately, save that the larger ones are in blue with
red foliations ; y dotted throughout, and gu for gw ;
21 lines to the page, except 55 a from line 5, 55 b from

INTRODUCTION xv

line 13, 94 a from line 7, 94 b, 95, 107 a from line 9, and
107 b, which were left blank by the original scribe ; por-
tions of the text are in the margins on folios 42 a, 42 b,
57 a and 83 b ; three paginations, two in ink and one
in pencil, which last is the official one of the British
Museum, followed in this present work ; two and a half
lines on ioib( = V45a 10-12) are almost stained out by
some prudish person ; bound in calf along with some
Latin MSS. Besides occasional marginal index words, we
have ' Liber Cardiff de Confuetudinibus Walliae ', ' Leges
Howeli Dha Wallice/ ' Robertus Cotton Bruceus ' (34 a) ;
also much scribbling on folios 43, 44, 55, 94, 95 and 107,
wherein occur proper names — c Sciant prefentes et futuri
quod Ego Johannes fijli dedo concefli in hac prdenti
Carta ' (43 b) ; ' Sciant prdentes et futuri quod Ego
Johannes (?) vabe ft (?) dedi concefli ' (44 a) ; ' Johannes
vechan/ ' Jeuan ap phelippe hir dd ap fillippe hir ' (55 a) ;
4 Johannes ap gwill (?)/ ' Wittmus' (?) (55 b) ; ' — vabe rimy/
' Jeuan ap dd ap — / ' Handrodj dekerfilly in die martis,'
' Roberto/ ' Th et buon anne cofe nant per ta ' (94 b) ;
1 — ap blethyn jor ap r . . . . ap — / ' [kjarfift die — ' ' Hoett
ap — ' (95 b). These names (says Dr. Evans) are in a
fifteenth-century hand, but more or less intentionally
deleted by rubbing.

Y and Z

Y = ' a manuscript presented by the Rev. Mr. Cony-
beare to the Literary Society of Neath, by whom the
use of it for this work [viz. Ancient Laws and Insti-
tutes of Wales, MDCCCXLl] was kindly afforded to the
Editor. It may be attributed to the middle of the four-

xvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

teenth century.' So writes Aneurin Owen in the preface
to his book on May i, 1841. Mr. Egerton Phillimore in
a note in Y Cymmrodor^ vol. IX, states of this codex that
it has been ''lost since before 1860 '.l It appears to have
contained the first part on the Laws of the Court as far
as V 12 a 19, proceeding immediately to the Laws of the
Gwlad, but agreeing so closely with the Book of Blegyw-
ryd, that Aneurin Owen ceases altogether to refer to
it.2 One can therefore only surmise that it followed the
Book of Cyvnerth as far as the point referred to, after
which it followed the Book of Blegywryd.

Z3=Peniarth MS. 259". Paper; 11x8 inches;
folios a-e, 1-103 ; imperfect (folios b-e, 6-7, 13-20, 44,
47-8, 51, 56, 59-60, 99-101 being blank leaves inserted
by binder) ; bicolumnar ; in two distinct hands ; first half
of sixteenth century ; bound in leather with Peniarth
MS. 259A (MS. P). ' The text of folios 1-46 belongs to
the class of which V or Harleian MS. 4353 is the
prototype. This copy is a kind of selection arranged
differently ; it is imperfect and corrupt. . . . The order
of the text is very different.' A fresh hand begins at
folio 49, being contemporary with the first. The latter
inserts the following note on a passage written by the
former — f Hyn ydoedd wydi i scrivenu yny llyfr y copied
hwn o hono. Y llyfr hwnn a gavos Einiawn ap adda
pan vv yngharchar ymhwmfred gan y cunstabyl ai kavas
gan brior y vynachlog a hanoedd o dehevbarth, ac nid
oes athrondyst ar gyfraith namyn y sydd yn y llyfr hwn
kysdal a hwn.' Aneurin Owen in his edition of the

1 p. 299. 2 Anc. Laws I. 670, note 21, 686, note II.

3 Report on MSS. in Welsh, vol. I. 1074-5.

INTRODUCTION xvii

4 Gwentian Code ' ceases using this codex at the very
same point where he metes out like treatment to Y ; and
he states of Z at the beginning of the Laws of the
Gwlad that it ' is carelessly transcribed and has many
chasms ', for which reason he leaves it. He inserts variant
readings, however, from Z in vol. II of his work. Z is
the codex which with S (the Brit. Mus. Additional
MS. 22356 of the late fifteenth century) provides Owen
with an interesting but extremely untrustworthy addition
to the preface of his ' Dimetian Code '.*

U and X

U = Peniarth MS. 37. Vellum ; 5§ x 4| inches ;
156 pages (pp. 153-6 being in court hand) ; late thir-
teenth century, in the same hand apparently as Peniarth
MS. 35 (MS. G) with very numerous sectional initials
and titles in rubrics, and also rubricated letters ; 18 lines
to the page ; partly gall-stained but complete ; in old
binding newly covered with pigskin. The text of
pp. 131-52 is no part of the Book of Cyvnerth, but is
taken from the Book of Gwynedd, being found in A and
its important transcript E. Dr. Evans, however, finds
that it is in such close agreement with the corresponding
part in G that both must be from the same archetype or
the one is a copy of the other, both MSS. belonging to
the same school of writing and being possibly the work
of the same scribe. It will be found reproduced with
translation in Y Cymmrodor, vol. XVII. The Book of
Cyvnerth, properly so called, covers the first 120 pages,
and was adopted by Aneurin Owen as the basis of his

1 Anc. Laws I. 340-2.

xviii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

* Gwentian Code '. On the whole his edition is trust-
worthy, following the order of his original and giving
adequate notice when he fails to do so. He rarely or
never expands contractions, and does not even reproduce
them, but in the present case this involves no serious con-
sequences as they are rarely of greater importance than
ran for ra«n, or edlig for edli«g. The following are the
only serious discrepancies : —

p. 712, 1. 5. abu(0ch ei)thyr (eu teithi) for abuuOch.

p. 722, 1. 13. Add TaGlbozt o afgOxn Mozuil. dec aru-
gemt y gwerth.

p. 764, 1. 29. Section XII is erroneously bracketed,
as it appears in U 49 a 6-10 as follows : — Or cledir pOtt
odyn ar tir dyn araft heb ganhyat pedeir. k. k'. ageift
perchennaOc y tir gan yneb ae cladho clthri buhyn
camKttO yr Men.

X = British Museum Cotton MS. Cleopatra B V.
Vellum; 7^x5^ inches; folios 165-222 (222 a 8-22
added by another hand) ; written about 1350 ; coloured
capitals, generally red and blue alternately, five of which
are illuminated, viz. 165 a, 184 b (cut out), 185 a (two on
this page) and 200 a ; 20 lines to the page ; two pagina-
tions in ink and pencil, both the same, the latter being
the official numbering of the Brit. Museum ; 0 = u or v,
and not w ; bound with other works in Russian leather.
' Leges Howelli Boni principis Walli(ae) in Lingua Bri-
tanica ' (165 a) ; * Cyfnerth mab Morgeneu yn gyntaf a
fcrifennodd ac a ddofparthodd y llyfr yma ar y dull ar

wedd hon. Jafp. Gryff. 1600' (165 b) ; ' [ ] y gwelir

[ ] or offeiriaid [ ] briodol y [ ] [pr]yd hynny '

(i68b); the catchwords Mo*wyn yftauell in a fish cut

INTRODUCTION

xix

through by bookbinder (i"]6b)\ ' habet hie liber quin-
quaginta & octo folia ' (222 a in Jasper GryfTyth's hand).
As compared with V, ' the wording is often changed and
abbreviated, many passages being omitted and a few
others inserted.'

It will be noticed that none of the codices now extant
of the Book of Cyvnerth and the Book of Blegywryd
date from before the last quarter of the thirteenth cen-
tury, probably after the death of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd
in 1282. Those which are antecedent to this period are
the following, which are enumerated in order of time : —

1. Peniarth MS. 28. Latin; 1175-1200.

2. Peniarth MS. 29 (= MS. A). Welsh; Book of
Gwynedd ; about 1 200. '

3. Harleian MS. 1796. Latin; 1200-1 250.*

4. Brit. Mus. Additional MS. 14931 (= E). Welsh ;
Book of Gwynedd ; about I25O.1

5. Caligula A III (= MS. C). Welsh; Book of
Gwynedd ; about 1 25O.1

6. Vespasian E XI. Latin ; about I25O.1

All the earliest and best MSS. extant therefore of the
Laws of Howel Dda were written at a time when the
Normans had long interfered with Welsh affairs and
had taken permanent possession of the majority of the
patrias of South Wales. It is very important to bear
this in mind, inasmuch as the codices, which are con-
fessedly in a state of flux, cannot fail to reflect the
)litical situation in Wales as it was at the time of
writing.

1 See note I on p. x. As to the form of the Latin books see p. x
ath note 4.

b 2

xx WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

II

Throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries what
may be called Welsh Wales, as distinct from Norman
Wales,1 was divided into the three main divisions of
Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth. As the result of
the important battle of Mynydd Carn in IO79,2 Gwynedd
and Deheubarth henceforth remained under the rule
of the House of GrufTydd ap Cynan and that of Rhys
ap Tewdwr .respectively. Powys continued as before
to be governed by the House of Bleddyn. These three
families were all sprung from Rhodri the Great and
were consequently of. the true Cymric lineage of Cunedda
Wledig. Norman Wales throughout the same period
comprised the patrias of Morgannwg with Gwent, Bry-
cheiniog, and Dyved, being roughly equivalent to the
modern counties of Glamorgan with Monmouth, Brecon,
and Pembroke respectively. The districts now known
as Cardiganshire, Radnorshire, and Flintshire fluctuated,
being sometimes held by the Welsh and sometimes by
the Normans. Seeing, then, that our earliest codex
dates from well within this period, and that its successors
clearly show that the codification was. subject to con-
tinual re-arrangement and other modifications, it must be
allowed, as we have said above, that in reading them
the political situation as it was in these two centuries is

1 Outlines of the History of Wales by Prof. J. E. Lloyd, 164.
See also the valuable article by the same writer in the Transactions
of the Cymmrodorion Society for 1899-1900, entitled 'Wales and the
Coming of the Normans '.

3 This as well as the majority of other dates in early Welsh
history must be regarded as tentative only, until the whole subject
of Welsh chronology has been thoroughly examined.

INTRODUCTION

xxi

by no means to be disregarded. The law is the law of
Howel, but it is the law of Howel as modified and
amplified both by the varying customs of different parts
of Wales and also by the changes which are taking
place throughout three and a half critical centuries in
the general life of the people.

What share King Howel had in the codification of
Welsh law and custom in the tenth century is not easy
to determine, especially as the earliest account of the
convention which he is said to have assembled at the
White House is over two centuries later than his time.1
Our earliest chronicle also, the so-called Annales Cam-
bride? completed only a few years after his death, is
silent as to any activity he may have displayed in this
direction, and contains no reference of any kind to the
alleged convention. All the codices, however, agree in
associating his name with the formulation of the laws of
Cymru, frequently appealing to his authority and indi-
cating the fact when they have occasion to depart from it or
to add thereto. This unanimous testimony of the codices
is corroborated by the nature of the few facts which are
known of his career. By the death of his father and
paternal uncles, the sons of Rhodri the Great, he rose
steadily in power. He had married Elen, the daughter
of the King of Dyved, by which he became king of that
country.3 There is evidence which goes to show that he
was by inheritance ruler of Powys, and as we find him

1 i.e. the preface to Peniarth MS. 28 (see p. 1).

2 Reproduced by Mr. Egerton Phillimore, together with Pedigrees,
&c., in YCymmrodor, vol. IX. 141-83. This reproduction is indis-
pensable to every student of early Welsh history.

3 YCymm. IX. 171, Peds. I, II.

xxii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

laying claims to portions of Gwent in the far south-east,1
this, with other indications,2 makes it almost certain that
Brycheiniog, which lay between him and Gwent, was
also in his grasp. After the death of his cousin, King
Idwal Voel of Gwynedd, in 943, he must have been
easily supreme throughout the whole of Wales, although
the realm of the king of Morgannwg appears not to have
been brought under the sway of the family of Rhodri in
the sense that the rest of Wales was subject to that
house. Howel therefore between 943 and 950 was
clearly in an excellent position to move with regard
to the revision and codification of Welsh law and custom,
if so minded ; and the evidence that he was so minded
is ample. In the year 928 he had made a pilgrimage
to Rome. He frequently attended the meetings of the
Witenagemot of the Wessex kings, for his name appears
as witness to several charters ranging from 931 to 949. 3
He was thus clearly on intimate terms with the royal
house of Wessex, and was thereby under the direct influ-
ence of the traditions of Alfred the Great, not to men-
tion the general effect in the same direction which Asser
must have produced on the life of Wales, particularly in
Dyved.4 For Asser would spend six months with Alfred
and six months in his own Britannia in his native

1 YCymm. IX. 325.

2 See Glossary under Deheubarth.

8 Transactions of the Cymm. Soc. 1905-6, pp. 11-13. It should
be stated here however that there was a Howel, king of the West
Welsh, flourishing at this time whose name appears in the Saxon
Chronicle s. a. 926. See Plummer's Two Sax. Chrs. II. viii.

4 Where Howel could hardly fail to have lived, at least at the
time when he became its king through marriage.

INTRODUCTION xxiii

Dyved.1 Through the same traditions there was operat-
ing also the influence of Charlemagne, to say nothing of
this same influence as it may have operated through
Howel's own grandfather, Rhodri the Great. Indeed, it
can hardly be doubted that the fame and character of
Charlemagne, Alfred the Great, and his own grandfather
Rhodri acted powerfully on the mind of Howel, whose
own life appears to be in emulation of theirs. We find
that our earliest Welsh chronicle, accompanied by thirty-
one invaluable pedigrees with other material, and at-
tached to a copy of the historical compilation which goes
under the name of Nennius, was completed (probably at
St. David's) 2 a few years after his death in 950 — a fact
which points to its having been accomplished under his
patronage, if not at his direction. He stands unique
among the kings and princes of old Wales as being the
only one who is known to have struck coin.3 His reign
was marked by unusual peace. And that he was in general
an enlightened and a beneficent ruler we need no surer
proof than the noteworthy fact that he is known in his-
tory as Howel the Good. It is only, however, as seen in
the general history of Wales up to his time that the signi-
ficance of his reign becomes apparent, how in particular
it marks a noteworthy advance in the emergence of the
entity we now know as Wales from the conditions which
prevailed in the dim centuries of Roman Britain. It
would require far more space than is at our present
command to provide any adequate presentation of this
subject, even if this were as yet possible. The main
outlines, however, of the story are quite clear.

1 Stevenson's Asser, pp. 64, 65. 2 Brit. Mus. Harleian MS. 3859.

3 Transactions of Cymm. Soc. 1905-6, pp. 1-30.

xxiv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

III

Roman Britain was treated as a single province till
Severus (who died in A.D. 211) divided it into two,
called Lower and Upper Britain, Britannia Inferior and
Britannia Superior? so that henceforward the term
Britannia came to be used not only for the island or
even fjor Roman Britain, but also for portions of
Roman Britain which was now known as Britanniae or
the Britains. Dion Cassius 2 gives us to understand that
the legions at Caerlleon on the Usk and Chester on
the Dee, were in Upper Britain, while that located at
York was in Lower Britain. As the Romans, like other
people, allowed the ready test of running water to decide
what was upper and what was lower, it is natural to sup-
pose that Upper Britain was mainly that part of Roman
Britain which the legions had to approach by marching
in the direction of the sources of the Thames and of the
streams which meet to form the Humber. When, however,
Upper and Lower Britain came to be distinguished as
provinces, the question of what was expedient would also
play its part in the new arrangements. And as the terri-
tory north of Chester would go more conveniently both
for geographical and military reasons with that north of
the Humber, the whole of this district falling under the
surveillance of the official who resided at York, which we
know to have been in Lower Britain, it is in no way
improbable that Upper Britain as a province would be
entirely excluded from what is now the north of England

1 Herodian III. 24.

2 Iv. 23. See Kbyte's Celtic Britain, 3rd ed. 97, £c. ; also The
Welsh People, 103, &c.

INTRODUCTION xxv

and would be confined to a territory south of Chester and
including it. This then leaves us the country around the
upper reaches of the Thames, and all to the west of it,
including Wales plus the Devonian peninsula. Without
for the moment attempting to define closely its eastern
boundary we identify Upper Britain, Britannia Superior,
with the territory west of a line drawn from Chester
(which is included) to the Wiltshire Avon or thereabouts.
The western portion of the Devonian peninsula, espe-
cially the country beyond the river Exe, was one of the
least Romanized parts of Roman Britain, and Wales
being a purely military district was similar in this re-
spect, so that they would not inappropriately go together,
being connected by the more Romanized region round
about the estuary of the Severn.1 In 397 Diocle-
tian divided Roman Britain into four provinces instead
of two and called them Britannia Prima, Britannia
Secunda, Flavia Caesariensis, and Maxima Caesariensis.
As the names clearly imply, we have here nothing more
than a renaming of the two old provinces into Britannia
and Caesariensis, which are subdivided into Prima and
Secunda, and Flavia and Maxima respectively. And as
it is certain that Cirencester was in Britannia Prima,2 we
conclude that by Diocletian's arrangement Upper Britain
became exclusively known as Britannia, whilst Lower
Britain was given the new name of Caesariensis. More-
over, as Cirencester was in Britannia Prima, we would

1 Prof. Haverfield's Romanization of Roman Britain, 8 and
note 2, 27.

3 An inscription found near Cirencester proves this. Eng. Hist.
Review, July, 1896.

xxvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

also conclude that it was the Severn Sea which was the
cause of the subdivision, and that therefore Wales was
included in Britannia Secunda. Each of these Britannias
was ruled by a governor called praeses or president,
but the military command was in the hands of another
official, who was called the Comes Brittaniae.

Whether the reasoning just elaborated will be substan-
tiated or otherwise by fresh discoveries, this at least is
certain, that it is unquestionably to the kings and ecclesias-
tics of the smaller Britannia which we have just delineated
that St. Gildas, who died after the middle of the sixth
century, addresses his well-known Epistola}- Beginning
with the words Reges habet Britannia, sed tyrannos
(Britannia hath kings but they are tyrants), he proceeds
to address five of the principal ones by name, commen-
cing with him of Devon, and going in regular order until
he reaches him of Anglesey, whom God hath ' made

1 I would refer the reader at this point to my articles on the
authorship of the Rxcidium Britanniae as distinct from the Epistola
Gildae in the Celtic Review (Edinburgh) for April, July, and October,
1905 ; also in the St. David's College Magazine for December, 1904.
Mr. E. W. B. Nicholson has replied in the Celtic Review for April,
1906, in an article which for the moment can well be left alongside of
the original contributions. The contention is that the first twenty-
six chapters of the work, now commonly attributed to Gildas,
formerly constituted a distinct book known as Excidium Britanniae,
which was written by a * Roman ' Briton towards the close of the
seventh century somewhere in the neighbourhood of the mouth of
the Severn. This work was considerably ' edited ' by some one
who ignorantly or deliberately misunderstood it, probably both. In
this form it passed into the hands of Bede, who used it as his chief
and almost only authority for what he had to say of fifth- century
Britain. Almost all that Bede professes to know of this period is
taken from the Excidium, which he seems to ascribe to Gildas
(H. E. I. 22), although he gives no evidence that he was familiar
with the genuine work of that monk, viz. the Epistola Gildae, to
which the Excidium was subsequently prefixed.

INTRODUCTION xxvii

superior to almost all the kings of Britannia both in
kingdom and in stature ', Maelgwn Gwynedd, insularis
draco, dragon of the Isle of Mona.1 This famous king,
who was the head of the house of Cunedda Wledig, is
also said by Gildas to have had as instructor one who is
described as * the refined teacher of almost the whole of
Britannia V a statement which with the other indications
makes it quite clear that the Britannia, with which
St. Gildas and his readers are familiar, is neither the
island nor Roman Britain, but that western Britannia in
Britain which I have given reason to show was the
Britannia Superior of the Romans to which afterwards
the term Britannia became more exclusively applied.

For it must not be supposed that the Roman provincial
system in Britain crumbled away at the departure of the
legions from the island. The divisions had been far too
long established to perish in a night, especially those
into Upper and Lower Britain, but it is probable in view
of the troubles, which would afflict the land both from
within and without, that the leading civil officials had to
give way to the military governors, who alone persisted to
protect the Roman tradition. These were the Dux Bri-
tanniae in the north, now probably in charge of the land
from the Wall of Hadrian to the Humber and Mersey, con-
stituting perhaps one of the provinces of Caesariensis
or Lower Britain ; the Comes Littoris Saxonici in the
south-east, from the Wash to the Wiltshire Avon or
thereabouts, now likewise in probable charge of the whole
of the other province of Caesariensis, and finding suc-

1 Epistola Gildae, cc. 34-36 (Chr. Min. III. pp. 41-7)-

xxviii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

cessors in the Saxon and Anglian Bretwaldas ; l and lastly
the Comes Britanniae in the west protecting the whole of
Upper Britain, or, as it was now called, Britannia.

This Britannia, by the withdrawal of the legions from
Chester and Caerlleon, became exposed to the incoming
of Picts and Scots, which were the general names given
by the Romans to the barbarians who dwelt beyond
the Wall of Hadrian and in Ireland respectively. Given
that a people dwelt beyond the Wall, it would be com-
monly classed with the Picts whether it was racially
Pictish or otherwise. These two peoples entered Bri-
tannia from over the water,2 the Scots invading the west
coast and effecting settlements in various districts ; 3 and
the Picts starting from due north and landing on the
seaboard from Anglesey to the mouth of the river Dee.
Owing to the limitation of the term Picts in later times

1 Bede's Ecc. Hist. II. 5 ; Saxon Chronicle under 827 ; Steven-
son's Asser, 147, note I.

2 ' Duabus primum gentibus transmarinis vehementer saevis,
Scotorum a circione, Pictorum ab aquilone calcabilis.' Exddium
Britanniae^ c. 14 (Mommsen's Chr. Min. III. p. 33). Bede, who
bases almost everything he has to say concerning the early centuries
of post-Roman Britain on the Exddium, and indeed incorporates
whole passages into his text, completely misunderstands the term
transmarini as applied to the Picts, which he explains as being
applicable to them in that they came from beyond the Firths of
Forth and Clyde (H. E. I. 12). The only part of southern Britain
which could be approached over the water from the north-west and
the north is North Wales, which proves that the Britannia under-
lying that of the 'edited* Exadium, which came into Bede's hands,
was the Britannia of the genuine Gildas, including Wales plus the
Devonian peninsula.

s Vita S. Carantod and Vita S. David in Rees's Cambro- British
SS. pp. 97, 1 01, 124 ; the De Situ Brecheniauc and Cognado
Brychan in Y Cymmrodor, vol. XIX ; the Hist. Britt. (Chr. Min.
III. 156). See also Bury's Life of St. Patrick, 325.

INTRODUCTION xxix

to the people properly so called, the fact was lost sight of
that the Picts, who entered Britannia at this period, were
no other than those who are called in Welsh literature
Gwyr y Gogledd, the Men of the North,1 including
Cunedda and his Sons, who occupied the districts lying
between the river Dee and the river Teify, having Scots
to their north-west and south-west, and the original
inhabitants (also interspersed with Scots) in occupation
of the land south and east of the Dee and Teify.2 The
1 Men of the North ' were almost certainly for the most
part Britons both by race and language, but all who
were free amongst them called themselves at a later
period, even if not already, by the name Cymry, that is,
compatriots.

1 Skene's Four Anc. Bks. I. 165-83.

2 It is very noteworthy and confirms the view expressed above
that the Picts as a distinct race of northern invaders in Wales are
nowhere mentioned, as are the Scots, in early Welsh literature out-
side the Excidimn Britanniae and works influenced by it. Thus
the only reference to them in the Book of Llanddv is in the Life of
Teilo (pp. 99, 100), where the ' Historia Gildae ' (i. e. the Excidium}
is expressly referred to as the authority. There is no reference what-
ever to them in the Cambro- British Saints. It appears, however,
that the identity of the invading Picts and the Cymry was not com-
pletely forgotten, for in the Peniarth MS. 118 the statement appears
that ' the Picts were none other than the old Cymry ' (nid oedhynt
y Picteit onyd yr hen Gymry). Rep. on MSS. in Welsh I. 724 .

4 Hec sunt nomina filiorum Cuneda quorum numerus erat IX :
Typiaun primogenitus qui mortuus in regione que uocatur Manau
Guodotin et non uenit hue cum patre suo et cum fratribus suis
pre[dictis] ; Meriaun filius eius diuisit possessiones inter fratres
suos ; ii, Osmail ; iii, Rumaun ; iiii, Dunaut ; v, Ceretic ; vi, Abloyc ;
vii, Enniaun Girt ; viii, Docmail ; ix, Etern.

' Hie est terminus eorum a flumine quod uocatur Dubr duiu usque
ad aliud flumen Tebi et tenuerunt plurimas regiones in occidentali
plaga Brittanniae.' These valuable sections are appended to the
Pedigrees which follow the Annales Cambriae in Harleian MS.
3859 (Y Cymm. IX. 182-3).

xxx WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Cunedda is one of the very few to whom Welsh litera-
ture assigns the rare title of gwledig? a term which
denotes the ruler of a territory, apparently as distinct
from that of a community of persons, which is a very im-
portant distinction in view of ' tribal ' custom. The expres-
sion Cunedda Wledig in this case would point to Cunedda
as a ruler of territory (gwlad\ whilst Cunedda and his
Sons would indicate his character as a ' tribal ' king.
Almost all who are known to have borne the title of
gwledig can be proved to have lived within a century or
so about the end of Roman rule in Britain. The three
best known, Maxen, Cunedda, and Emrys, are all credited
with being in some way connected with the Roman
officialdom or race, so that there can be little doubt that
gwledig is a Welsh rendering for a Roman title, perhaps
the Comes Britanniae. Maxen, who was very early con-
founded with the usurper Maximus, is associated with
the three military centres of Caerlleon, Carmarthen, and
Carnarvon. He marries Elen, daughter of Eudav,2 into

1 In the indices to the Oxford Red Book of Hergest there are
about ten names associated with this title, of the majority of which
nothing whatever seems to be known. They are nearly all, how-
ever, made contemporaries of persons who are known to have lived
before 577. Thus Tared Wledig is described as the father of Twrch
Trwythy who appears in the tale of Kulhwch and Olwen as the
wild boar pursued by Arthur and his men (Oxford Mab. 123, &c.).

2 See the tale entitled Breudwyt Maxen Wledic (Oxford Mab.
82-92), in which it is amply evident, if the author's identification
of Maxen with Maximus is eliminated, that Maxen is a dweller in
Britain. The Welsh word for Rome, viz. Rhufain, older Rumein,
is from Romania and not from Roma. This fact will explain many
a marvel in old Welsh literature of journeys to the Roman city. It
is curious that Geoffrey does not bring Arthur to the city of Rome,
although he brings him as far as the Alps (Hist. Reg. Brit. X. 13 ;
Oxford Brut, 229), so that it is by no means improbable that what

INTRODUCTION xxxi

whose family Cunedda marries at a later date. Emrys
Wledig, otherwise known as Ambrosius Aurelianus, is
associated with the patria of Glywysing1 in south-eastern
Wales, and was a contemporary of Vortigern, on one of
whose sons he as overlord of 'all the kings of the
Britannic race' bestows the two patrias of Buallt and
Gwrtheyrnion in the modern counties of Brecon and
Radnor.2 Cunedda comes in point of time after Maxen
and apparently before Emrys. His immediate ancestors
all bore Roman names, and one of them was almost
certainly a Roman official.3 His great achievement in
Wales was the crushing of the Scotti,4 and it may be

Geoffrey had before him was an account of Arthur's wars in Romania,
that is, some part of Britain where the Roman interest was suffi-
ciently strong to cause it to be distinguished as Romania. The
word actually appears in the Excidium, ch. 7 (Chr. Minora III. 30).

1 'Et ipse [i.e. Vortigern] legates ex consilio magorum per
universam Brittanniam misit utrum infantem sine patre invenirent.
Et lustrando omnes provincias regionesque plurimas venere ad
campum Elleti qui est in regione quae vocatur Gleguissing. . . .
Et rex ad adolescentem dixit, Quo nomine vocaris ? Ille respondit,
Ambrosius vocor, id est, Embreis Guletic ipse videbatur. Et rex
dixit, De qua progenie ortus es ? At ille Unus est pater meus de
consulibus Romanicae gentis.' Hist. Britt. c. 41, 42 (Chr. Min.
III. 182, 186).

a 'Pascent qui regnavit in duabus regionibus Buelt et Guorth-
egirniaun post mortem patris sui [i. e. Vortigern] largiente Ambrosio
illi qui fuit rex inter omnes reges Brittannicae gentis.' Hist. Britt.
c. 48 (ibid. III.I92).

3 Cunedda, son of Eternus, son of Paternus, son of Tacitus.
Y Cymm. IX. 170. Paternus is given the epithet Peisrudd, or him
of the red tunic. Celtic Britain, 3rd ed. 118.

4 ' Filii autem Liethan obtinuerunt in regione Demetorum et in
aliis regionibus id est Guir Cetgueli donee expulsi sunt a Cuneda et
a filiis eius ab omnibus Brittannicis regionibus.' Hist. Britt. c. 14
(Chr. Min. III. 156).

' Mailcunus magnus rex apud Brittones regnabat id est in regione
Guenedotae quia atavus illius id est Cunedag cum filiis suis,
quorum numerus octo erat, venerat prius de parte sinistrali, id est,

xxxii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

that it was on this account he became recognized as
gwledig. The occupation of so much land, however, by
his followers could hardly have been acceptable to the
older inhabitants, especially to the Romani about the
estuary of the Severn, whose supremacy would now be
constantly challenged by these new comers. From this
time also dates a close connexion between North
Wales and that further and transmarine North whence
Cunedda and his Sons had come, a connexion which
can be traced for centuries afterwards.1 It is pos-
sible that Cunedda may have been a gwledig before he
entered Wales, and that he might even have held the
post of Dux Britanniae? which implied the military
leadership of the northern province, but the place and
time in which he lived, his * uncouth ' name, and the
so-called * tribal ' character of his settlement in Wales,
all mark him as a 'barbarian' who may indeed have
received honours from the imperial government, but only
as the usual last and desperate remedy in the face of
a ruin which was inevitable. The fact, however, remains
that the House of Cunedda henceforth continued supreme
in Wales for nine centuries, providing the Welsh with the

de regione quae vocatur Manau Guotodin . . . et Scottos cum
ingentissima clade expulerunt ab istis regionibus et nusquam reversi
sunt iterum ad habitandum.' Hist. Britt. c. 62 (ibid. III. 205-6).

1 See, for instance, the remarkable passage in the Book of
Gwynedd, where Rhun, son of Maelgwn Gwynedd, is described as
fighting in the North, apparently on the banks of the river Forth
(Anc. Laws I. 104 ; Celtic Britain, 3rd ed. 126). Add to this the
exploits of Cadwallon and the North Welsh usurper Cadavael
between the H umber and the Forth. Hist. Britt. cc. 61, 64, 65
(Chr. Min. III. 204, 207-8) ; Celtic Britain, 3rd ed. 131-5.

2 Celtic Britain, 3rd ed. 118-20.

INTRODUCTION xxxiii

greatest names in their history for the whole of that
period. With its advent in Britannia about the end of
the fourth century Welsh national history commences,
and with the death of its last important representative,
Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, in 1282, the first half of the same
history closes.

The occupation of the northern and western portions
of Britannia by Picts and Scots threw the old population
of south-eastern Wales and the country between the
Severn Sea and the Wiltshire Avon into a state of alarm.
The Britons of the Devonian peninsula began to migrate
in large numbers to Armorica on the mainland, where
they founded Britanny. * Already in 469 we find Apolli-
naris Sidonius speaking, as a matter of course, of the
inhabitants of that region as Britons.11 In this way the
south-eastern portion of Britannia beyond the Severn Sea
was thinned of its population and thereby made ready
for the West Saxon victory of Deorham in 577, which
brought the old Roman province of Upper Britain defi-
nitely to a close and at the same time exposed the whole
of the Devonian peninsula to that process of Saxoniza-
tion which does not even yet appear to be complete.
The Britons west of the Severn, on the other hand, are
found in the third decade of the fifth century torn into
two factions, the one under the celebrated Vortigern and
the other under Ambrosius Aurelianus or Emrys Wledig.2

1 Hodgkin's Political Hist, of England to 1066, p. 106, and also
note, where the reference is given as Ep. i. 7. See also Y Cymm-
rodor XI. 69.

2 ' Guorthigirnus regnavit in Brittannia et dum ipse regnabat
urgebatur a metu Pictorum Scottorumque et a Romanico impetu
nee non et a timore Ambrosii.' Hist. Britt. c. 31 (Chr. Min. III.

xxxiv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Vortigern is found in the country east of the river Usk
and north of it along a line drawn from about the town
of Monmouth to that of Llanidloes ; 1 and Ambrosius, as
we have already seen, in Glywysing, roughly equivalent
to modern Glamorganshire. Things reached a long-
remembered crisis when Vortigern in the fourth year of
his reign, being the year marked by the consulship of
Felix and Taurus, that is, A.D. 428, invited the Saxons2

1 Vortigern was the founder of the royal stem of the little kingdom
of Gwrtheyrnion (in modern Radnorshire), which is called after
his name (Gwrtheyrn). He therefore stands to Gwrtheyrnion as
Brychan to Brycheiniog, Glywys to Glywysing, Ceredig to Cere-
digion, and so forth. In other words, he is clearly one of the
founders of the numerous little patrias or kingdoms into which
we find post- Roman Wales divided. His father and grandfather
bear the Roman names of Vitalis (Guitaul) and Vitalinus (Guito-
lin) respectively, being traditionally connected with the city of
Gloucester. Hist. Britt. cc. 48, 49 (Chr. Min. I II. 192-3). Geoffrey
of Monmouth describes him as consul Gewisseorum, represented in
the Welsh version by iarll oed hwnnw ar Went ac Ergig ac Ettas
(earl was he over Gwent and Erging and Ewyas). Hist. Regum Brit.
VI. 6; Oxford Brut, 127. We find elsewhere a dux Wisseorum
given in the Welsh as iarll Ergig ac Euas ; and Cadwaladr's
mother, who is in the Latin described as sprung ex nobili genere
Gewisseorum, is in the Welsh ivreic iionhedic o Euas ac Ergig
(a noble lady of Ewyas and Erging). Hist. Reg. Britt. V. 8, XII. 14 ;
Oxford Brut, 109, 252.

Erging, in English Archenfield, is the district now in Hereford-
shire west of the river Wye. In early times it must have included
the whole of the territory from Monmouth to Moccas, east of the
river Munnow and the river Dore. Ewyas lay to the west of Erging,
having the river Dore as its eastern boundary as far, perhaps, as the
river Grwyne Fawr. Gwent was the district south of Erging and
Ewyas (which were known as ' the two true sleeves of Gwent uch
Coed '), between the river Usk and the river Wye in modern Mon-
mouthshire. Owen's Pembrokeshire I. 199, n. 5, 208, n. I ; III.
264, note E. As Glywysing, in which the boy Ambrosius Aurelianus
was discovered, includes the territory west of the river Usk as far
as the western confines of Gower, we may roughly locate Vortigern
east and north of the river Usk, and Ambrosius west and south of it.

2 ' Guorthigirnus autem tenuit imperium in Brittannia Theodosio

INTRODUCTION xxxv

of the * Saxon Shore ' to his assistance. The details
of trie story have been rendered obscure by the mis-
conceptions l of later times, which transfigured Vortigern
into a King of Britain who received continental supplies
in the island of Thanet in order to withstand enemies
who were threatening his country at the Wall of
Hadrian ! Vortigern 's invitation to the Saxons has
consequently been magnified out of all reason, and com-
pletely torn from its true setting. It was certainly a blow
aimed at the Roinani of Britannia, which appears to have
met with no small success seeing how the memory of
Vortigern was afterwards execrated ; and it is clearly one
of the remnant of the Roman faction who is originally
responsible for the Excidium Britanniae of the pseudo-
Gildas towards the close of the seventh century.

The office ofgwledig, like that of the English bretwalda,

et Valentiniano consulibus et in quarto anno regni sui Saxones ad
Brittanniam venerunt Felice et Tauro consulibus quadringentesimo
primo anno [a passione] domini nostri lesu Christ!.' Hist. Britt.
c. 66 (Chr. Min. III. 209 cum apparatu critico). ' Vortigern, more-
over, was ruling in Britannia when Theodosius and Valentinianus
were consuls [i.e. 425], and the Saxons came to Britannia in the
fourth year of his reign, when Felix and Taurus were consuls, and
in the 4oist year from the [Passion] of our Lord Jesus Christ
[calculating according to Victorius of Aquitaine, that is, 28 + 400 =
A. D. 428].' See the article entitled ' The Exordium of the " Annales
Cambriae" ' by Mr. Alfred Anscombe in Eriu (January, 1908), where
Mommsen's text of the Hist. Britt. c. 66, is subjected to severe
criticism.

1 These misconceptions originated with the ' edited ' copy of the
Excidium Britanniae placed in Bede's hands, where Britannia was
ignorantly or maliciously identified with Roman Britain, or rather
with the island of Britain ! It cannot be too much insisted upon
that we learn from the Excidium Britanniae almost all that Bede
knew or chose to know of fifth-century Britain, and that the former
therefore, and not the latter, is the ' original authority ' with which
the student has to deal in his researches into this period of history.

C 2

xxxvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

does not appear to have passed from father to son. None
of the descendants of Cunedda is known to have held it
after Cunedda himself, not even the powerful Maelgwn.
It certainly involved some sort of overlordship extending
over all the kings of a given territory, and it is won by
such military prowess as would ensure the protect ion of that
territory, theoretically perhaps of Britannia.1 Cunedda
protects Britannia from the Scots. Emrys likewise pro-
tects Britannia from the anti-Britannic policy of Vortigern
and his allied Saxons. It represents the Roman tradition
as opposed to the barbaric or 'tribal' interest of the
native kings. And perhaps, above all, it in some way
symbolizes the unity of Britannia, which in this case is
what every givledig would seek to preserve as the Roman
legacy handed over to his special care. It would devolve

1 Cf. the description of Ambrosius as 'rex inter omnes reges
Brittannicae gentis'. Hist. Britt. c. 48 (Chr. Min. III. 192). Also
the passage in Maxerfs Dream (Oxford Mab. 89), where Elen, on
the morning after her marriage with the givledig, being asked to
mention the agweddi she desired, demanded ' ynys prydein yw
that o vor rud hyt ym mor Iwerdon ar teir rac ynys y dala dan
amherpdres ruuein a gwneuthur teir prif gaer idi hitheu yn y lie
y dewissei yn ynys prydein ', which Lady Guest translates ' the
Island of Britain [Britannia] for her father from the Channel to the
Irish Sea, together with the three adjacent islands [that is, pre-
sumably, Wight, Anglesey, and Man], to hold under the empress
of Rome; and to have three chief castles made for her in
whatever places she might choose in the Island of Britain [Bri-
tannia].' The three castles or caers mentioned are Caermarthen,
Caerlleon, and Caernarvon. Surely all this implies that Eudav,
Elen's father, is to hold the whole of Britannia as gwledig under the
emperor. Bede also, in the account which he gives (H. E. II. 5)
of the overlords, who in the Chronicle are called Bretwaldas, de-
scribes them as the kings who ruled over all the southern provinces
which are divided from the northern by the Humber, &c. (' qui
tertius quidem in regibus gentis Anglorum cunctis australibus
eorum prouinciis, quae Humbrae fluuio et contiguis ei terminis
sequestrantur a borealibus, imperauit ').

INTRODUCTION xxxvii

on him to guard Britannia against all invasion and insult
whether from the west, north, or east. Hence, when we
read of Arthur being chosen to act for the kings of the
Britons as their dux bellorum, we cannot be far wrong in
suspecting that we have here the historic basis of that
hero's renown. That he is never styled gwledig is true,
but such equivalents as Arthur Miles, Dux Bellorum,
Penteyrned (Chief of kings), and even Ameraudur (Im-
perator), are sufficient to assure us of the nature of his
office.1 It is expressly stated that there were many of
more noble descent than himself, which is corroborated
by the absence of his pedigree in all lists prior to Geoffrey
of Monmouth's romance.2 He was killed at Camlan ten
years before the death of Maelgwn Gwynedd, and there-
fore shortly 3 before St. Gildas wrote his Epistola. It is
significant that in this work there is a total absence of

1 See Sir John Rhys's Introduction to Malory's Le Morte D* Arthur
in the Everyman's Library.

2 ' Et licet multi ipso nobiliores essent ipse tamen duodecies dux
belli fuit ' (Chr. Min. III. 199, MSS. M and N).

3 That is, assuming that the two following anmare to be reckoned
from the same initial year. 'Annus XCIII. Gueith Camlann in
qua Arthur et Medraut corruerunt. Annus C 1 1 1. Mortalitas magna
in qua pausat Mailcun Rex Guenedotae.' Ann. Camb. ( Y Cymm.
IX. 154-5). The following will assist us to determine the period we
are dealing with. It appears from the Vitae that St. David was
born in the thirtieth year after St. Patrick went to Ireland as Bishop,
which makes 433 + 29 = 462 ; and this date is confirmed by MS. B
of the Ann. Camb.) which places David's birth opposite Annus XIV.
For if this be computed from the false Bedan date of the Saxon
Advent, we get 449 + 13 = 462. We may therefore regard A.D. 462
for David's birth as tolerably well established. St. David was
a descendant of Cunedda Wledig, but whether in the fourth remove
like Maelgwn or in the third is uncertain. His father was Sant or
Sanddef, who was the son either of Cedig ap Ceredig ap Cunedda,
or of Ceredig ap Cunedda. The expression ' Dewi Sant ' for Saint
David appears to be a late misreading of Dewi ap Sant, the position
of Sant being also apparently unique in Welsh hagiography.

xxxviii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

any sign of fear or apprehension as to external enemies
on the part of Britannia, whence we may safely gather
that Arthur had not lived in vain.

The old provincial system of Roman Britain, however,
was of necessity doomed to disappear. It ran on for
a while by means of the power which had set it in
motion, but, as that power was generated from without
and not from within, its cessation was bound to bring
the system to an end. With the removal of external
pressure, internal forces began to bear on the situation
and later to control it. Chief among these in the Britannia
of the west was the reappearance, and, as it were, the
renewed activity of native and primitive modes of life
such as those which Julius Caesar had attempted to por-
tray five centuries before. These, of course, could not
but have undergone modification, but they were not
obliterated. There is evidence to show that archaic
social conditions, such as are associated with matriarchy
and totemism, still lingered on, notwithstanding the
Roman regime and the growth of Christianity.1 Through-
out the fifth century we discern Wales dividing or already
divided into a number of small kingdoms, which remain
very much the same till Norman and post-Norman
times. They war against one another, like the Saxons
against the Jutes of Kent and Hampshire or against the
Angles, the smaller and weaker kings seeking to preserve
their independence, and the stronger kings anxious to
make themselves paramount. Add to this the invasions
from the west and north, the emigration of the Bretons,

1 Rhys and Jones's The Welsh People, 36-74 ; Y Cymmrodor
XIX. 20-3.

INTRODUCTION xxxix

the isolation from the civilizing centres of the mainland
and the consequent decay of commerce and culture — and
we have ample explanation of the increasing difficulties
of maintaining the old official unity of Britannia together
with the final abandonment of the same.

Moreover, if the official unity of Britannia was im-
possible, much more so was any national unity of which
it might have been capable, were it only for geographical
reasons. Even officially it had apparently been found
necessary to divide it into Prima and Sectmda. A state
west of a line drawn from the Dee to the Wiltshire
Avon * or thereabouts, divided as this territory is by the
Severn Sea and exposed along the whole of its eastern
boundary to hostilities from the English lowlands, was
an absurdity. It tended to part asunder of itself. Sooner
or later a strong attack from the east would capture the
Severn shore from Gloucester to Bristol, which eventually
took place in 577, the year of the Battle of Deorham by
which Gloucester, Cirencester, and Bath fell into the
hands of the West Saxons. Thus the unity of Roman
Britannia became definitely a thing of the past. Hence-
forth Wales is free to evolve its own life. The unity of

1 Avon being the generic Welsh word for * river ' there can be
little doubt that the Wiltshire Avon was at one time a boundary line
between Welsh and non-Welsh peoples, as would be the case also
with regard to the Bristol and Tewkesbury Avons. The presence
of Britons in the district roughly enclosed by these Avons is con-
vincingly evident. The western boundary of the Saxon shore with
its Saxon inhabitants is uncertain. If Portus Adiirniis Porchester,
we certainly bring it as far west as the Solent. In any case, it is
significant that the earliest clashing of Britons and Saxons is
traditionally stated to have taken place in this neighbourhood in
the country immediately east of the river Avon (Sax. Chr. s. a,
495, 5oi, 5o8, 514, 519, 527> &c.).

xl WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Cymric Britannia will now replace that of Roman Bri-
tannia, with this difference, that the latter was possibly
never more than an official idea to be preserved, whereas
the former becomes a national ideal to be attained.

It must not be supposed, however, that the memory
of the Roman Britannia of the fifth century was lost, for
it is this Britannia of the * Roman ' which becomes the
Britannia of Romance. Its traditions, clustering around
the figure of Arthur, become transfigured into a great
national dream, a kind of golden age in the past, which
grows more and more radiant in the minds of the Britons
as they contrast it with the comparative insignificance of
their actual position in the world. In Wales it had two
very debilitating effects. In the first place, by putting
the golden age in the past it made the Welsh regard
themselves as decadent, a notion of course which their
enemies never failed to encourage. So intensely indeed
was this sense of racial decay felt that it forced into
existence the counter-notion of a return of Arthur, a kind
of messianic dream, which served to counterbalance the
depressing and devitalizing effect of the other. In the
second place, by substituting romance for history, it
has surreptitiously concealed the steady and unbroken
development of Cymric nationality from the day that
Cunedda and his Sons established themselves in Wales
at the commencement of the fifth century. Not only
have authentic traditions been distorted to make them
fit with the romance, not only has the memory of impor-
tant historic events been for ever lost, but the very idea
of the evolution of Wales from the primitive little king-
doms of the fifth century has been blurred in the national

INTRODUCTION xli

consciousness. It would be difficult to find a story more
clear and simple in its main outlines than the growth of
modern Wales from its earliest conscious beginnings in
the fifth and sixth centuries, where we discern a number
of small patriotic communities gradually cohering as
they become more and more conscious of their common
life. But when for all this there is substituted a golden
age wherein Britannia is converted into the Isle of
Britain and the Britons masters of the same from end to
end ; where wicked Vortigern calls in the heathen from
Germany, who drive the Britons pell-mell from the
eastern districts of England into the midlands, and out
of the midlands into Wales, there to relapse into bar-
barism ; where every step in the Cymric advance from age
to age, marked by such names as Cadwallon, Gruffydd
ap Llewelyn, and the post-Norman princes, is regarded
as a convulsive effort of a dying people to regain some
of the glory of the past — it can readily be understood
how the history of Wales has suffered and how its
national vigour has been enfeebled.

After the death of Arthur, who is commonly reputed
to have perished in a civil war, we hear of no other mili-
tary leader whom we may regard as the gwledig of
Britannia in power as well as in title (that is, allowing
that Arthur did really bear the title). Aurelius Caninus,
one of the five kings addressed by Gildas, is also known
as Cynan Wledig,1 so that it is possible that he was
regarded as one of Arthur's successors. One gathers
from the Epistola that he ruled east of Devon in the

1 Hist. Reg. Brit. XI. c. 5 ; Oxford Brut, 233.

xlii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

country ' between the Severn Sea and Poole Harbour V
which was the part of Britannia where, with the south-east
of Wales, the Roman interest was strongest. As late as
the close of the seventh century it is still possible for
a writer in that neighbourhood to be conscious of Roman
imperial sentiment and to speak of Latin as nostra
lingua. In view of the general decay of things Roman
his life is embittered. The descendants of Ambrosius
are still there but how ' greatly degenerated from their
ancestral nobleness ' ! 2 In this neighbourhood therefore
we should perhaps expect the office of gwledig to linger
on until the catastrophe of the year 577. But already,
with the death of Arthur, the centre of political interest in
Wales has passed permanently in the person of Maelgwn
Gwynedd to the House of Cunedda. Henceforth the
political history of Wales may be treated quite apart
from that of the Devonian peninsula, although the actual
cleavage did not take place till the Battle of Deorham.

At the time when Gildas writes his Epistola, Maelgwn
Gwynedd is certainly the leading king in Wales as was
afterwards his son Rhun.3 In the seventh century also
we find the House of Cunedda holding the same com-
manding position in the person of Cadwallon 4 (the fifth in

1 Rhys's Celtic Britain, 3rd ed. 107.

2 Excid. Brit. c. 25 (Chr. Min. III. 38, 40).

8 In addition to the remarks of Gildas in the Epistola, chs. 33-6
(Chr. Min. III. 44-8) and of the author of the Historia Brittonum>
ch. 62 (ibid. III. 205), see the traditions of Maelgwn as supreme king
(Anc. Laws II. 48-50, 584) and his exploits in different parts of
Wales as recorded in the Vitae Sanctorum (Rees's Cambro- British
SS.). As to Rhun, see Anc. Laws I. 104-5 and t^ie Vita S. Cadoci
(Cambro-Brit. SS. 52-5).

4 Skene's Four Ancient Books oj Wales II. 431-5, where the
exploits of Cadwallon in different parts of Wales are referred to.

INTRODUCTION xliii

descent from Maelgwn) who was killed by Oswald in 635.
Between Rhun and Cadwallon, however, the supreme
power may have passed for a while into the hands
of the house of Cadell Ddyrnllug of Powys, for we find
Cynan Garwyn, the head of that family, battling against
Anglesey, Dyved, Glywysing, and Gwent.1 It is this
house also which appears to have withstood Ethelfrith of
Northumbria at the Battle of Chester in 617, in which
Selyf ap Cynan Garwyn fell. This event was famous in
ancient times because of the slaughter of about 1,200
monks of Bangor Iscoed, which was an incident of the
fight.2 It has become famous in modern times because
of * the decisive character which it has been the fashion to
ascribe to it of late '.3 For it is nowadays commonly and
even dogmatically asserted that it divided the Britons
of the North from those of Wales, whereas there is no
evidence forthcoming that these were ever united by
land. Late Glamorganshire legends ascribe the name of
Teyrnllwg4 to a supposed Cymric patria lying appar-
ently between the river Dee and the river Derwent in
Cumberland, a name based on erroneous etymology as
to Durnluc in Catel Dnrnhtc, that is, Cadell Ddyrnllug,
the king who founded the royal stem of Powys.5 But

1 Skene's Foiir Ancient Books of Wales II. 173, 447 ; Cambro-
Brit. SS. 79; Owen's Pembrokeshire I. 222, note 2 ; III. 281.

2 'Annus CLXIX. Gueith Cairlegion et ibi cecidit Selim filius
Cinan ' ( YCymm. IX. 156 ; Bede's H.E. II. 2 ; Owen's Pembroke-
shire III. 282, note i). The above annal is to be reckoned from the
false Bedan date of the Saxon Advent, viz. 449 + 168 = A.D. 617.
Cf. Plummer's Bede II. 77.

3 Rhys's Celtic Britain^ 3rd ed. 130.

4 lolo MSS. 86. The same fragment contains the equally fictitious
patria of Fferyllwg * between Wye and Severn ' (Owen's Pern. III.
257, note 3). 5 YCymm. VII. 119, note 3 ; IX. 179, note 6.

xliv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

apart from this there is no real evidence for the presence
of Cymry (or of any Britons) between the river Derwent
and the river Dee further south than Cartmel below
Windermere and the river Leven.1 That there was a
close connexion between the Cymry of ' Cumberland ' and
those of Wales is amply evident, but it was maritime and
not terrene.

Cadwallon was succeeded by his son Cadwaladr, whose
fame is due not to any known merits of his own, but to
the imaginative genius of Geoffrey of Monmouth, who in
his romantic History of the British Kings makes Cad-
waladr the last of his list.2 The reign of this king
becomes in consequence the appropriate finale of a long
and glorious era of Welsh history. All this of course is
purely fictitious, as Cadwaladr's death marks no known
break of any kind in' the perfectly clear development of
Welsh nationality. Geoffrey's Cadwaladr in fact is a
composite personage created out of Geoffrey's own con-
fusion of Cadwaladr and his father, Cadwallon, and Cead-
walla of Wessex . As there were kings in Wales before
Cadwaladr, so there were kings, and far greater kings, after
him. He died in the second year of the great plague of
664-5,3 and was succeeded by his son Idwal. Of his

1 In 685 Ecgfrid gave St. Cuthbert 'terramquae vocatur Cartmel
et omnes Britannos cum eo '. Hist, de S. Cuthberto {Symeonis
Dtmel. Opera I. 141, 231. Surtees Society).

2 Hist. Reg. Brit. XII. cc. 14-18.

3 4 Dum ipse [Osguid filius Eadlfrid] regnabat venit mortalitas
hominum Catgualart regnante apud Brittones post patrem suum et
in ea periit.' Hist. Brttt. c. 64 (Chr. Min. III. 208). Osvvy reigned
from 642 to 670, and the plague referred to raged in 664-5 (Bede's
H. E. III. 27). The Ann. Camb. places the obit of Cadwaladr oppo-
site Annus CCXXXVIII, which if calculated from 428, the true year
of the Saxon Advent, gives 428 + 237 = A.D. 665. According to

INTRODUCTION xlv

immediate descendants little is known. They appear to
sink into comparative insignificance by the side of
Maelgwn, Rhun, and Cadwallon, and other than they
may possibly have loomed larger in the life of Britannia
and its Britons. But whenever the mists rise which
conceal the affairs of these centuries from our view, we
always discern the main stem of Cunedda Wledig tower-
ing amid the rest of the royal stems of Wales, and gener-
ally paramount. Moreover, we may be certain, in view of
its prestige in the ninth century, that its history in the
preceding centuries is that of a house which has been
gradually gaining strength until it is now in a position to
effect a change in Welsh political conditions which will
mark the beginning of a new era in the slow and steady
development of Cymric nationality.

We have seen that the first period in the history
of post-Roman Wales must have come to an end in
the year 577, although many years before this date
the centre of political interest in Wales was shifting from

Geoffrey, Cadwaladr died in 689 (XII. 18), which historically is the
year of the obit of Ceadwalla of Wessex in Rome (Bede's H. E.
V. 7). Allowing one year for Geoffrey's aliquantulum temporis
(XII. 17) and adding the eleven years of adversity (XII. 16), and also
the twelve years of prosperity (XII. 14), we obtain i + II + 12 =
24 years as the length of Cadwaladr's reign, which brings us to
the true date of Cadwaladr's death, viz. 689 - 24 = A.D. 665. As
Cadwaladr succeeds his father Cadwallo[n] immediately, and as the
latter is made to die on November 17, after a reign of forty-eight
years (XII. 13), we obtain 665 -48 = A.D. 617 as the first year of
Cadwallo[n]'s reign according to Geoffrey, which is historically the
date of the Battle of Chester. Geoffrey, therefore, has clearly con-
founded the three kings, Cadwallon, Cadwaladr, and Ceadwalla ; and
by making Cadwaladr die in the year of Ceadwalla's death, he has
almost certainly given us the true deathday of Cadwaladr as that of
Cadwallon, in which case Cadwaladr died on November 17, 665.

xlvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

the representatives of the Roman tradition in Britannia
[that is, the gwledigs] to the House of Cunedda, which
stood for the predominance of the Cymric kindreds. For
in Maelgwn we seem to discern the progress of a policy
which aims at bringing all the royal stems, from Anglesey
to the river Wye, into subjection to the main stem of
the family of Cunedda. This continues until in the first
quarter of the ninth century there begins a new policy,
which will bring almost the whole of Wales under the
sole and immediate rule of this main stem of Cunedda.
The many royal stocks are to give way to one royal
stock, and in this manner is the unity of the Cymric
Britannia to be achieved.

In 816 the main stem of Gwynedd ceased on the male
side with the death of King Cynan Tindaethwy, the great
grandson of Cadwaladr. His daughter, Etthil, had
married Gwriad ap Elidyr, King of the Isle of Man, and
now their son, Mervyn Vrych, comes from that island to
claim the throne of Gwynedd.1 Mervyn is ominously sur-
named in Welsh tradition Camwri, that is, Oppression.2
He is bent on asserting the old overlordship of Cunedda,
Maelgwn, and Cadwallon over the whole of the Welsh
kin from Anglesey to the river Wye. But in addition
to this, he proceeds by diplomatic marriages to bring the

1 Cynan's obit is placed opposite Annus CCCLXXII, which in
the era of the Ann. Camb. gives 445 -f 371 = 816. For the Pedi-
grees see YCymm. IX. 169, 172 (Fed. I and IV) ; VIII. 87 (Peds.
XVII and XIX). Owen's Pembrokeshire III. 209.

z Anc. Laws I. 342. ' Rrodri vab Kamwri ' (from MS. Z). The
same idea is implied in what Asser says of certain South Welsh
kings seeking Alfred's protection, being forced thereto filtorum
Rptri vi. The vis or camwri denotes the aggressive policy of the
kings of Gwynedd (Stevenson's Asser, p. 66).

INTRODUCTION xlvii

land more directly under the sway of his house. By his
marriage with Nest, sister of Cyngen, the last King of
Powys of the line of Cadell Ddyrnllug, his son Rhodri
becomes the immediate ruler of that kingdom in addition
to his own. By the marriage of the same son, Rhodri, to
Angharad, sister of Gwgon, the last King of Seisyllwg,
a kingdom comprising the two patrias of Ceredigion and
Ystrad Tywi, these lands also fall under the direct sway
of his house.1 Thus when Rhodri comes into full posses-
sion of his dominions, his immediate rule extends from
the Irish to the Severn Seas, including roughly the whole
of that Welsh Wales which remained under native rulers
throughout the Norman period, together with those por-
tions which are described above as fluctuating between
Welsh and Norman control. Dyved, Brycheiniog,
Glywysing, and Gwent are the only patrias which re-
main outside the immediate rule of his house, and against
these he adopts or rather continues the aggressive policy
which aims at bringing them also under the same imme-
diate control of his family. Rhodri was killed by the
English in 877,2 but he remained in the memory of Wales
as one who had achieved more real power over the Welsh

1 Jesus Coll. MS. 20, Peds. XVIII, XX, XXI. For Seisyllwg,
see Oxford Mabinogion, p. 25, at the end of the Mabinogi of Pwyll.
It is so called from Seisyll (Fed. XXVI, Y ' Cymm. IX. 180), King of
Ceredigion sometime in the eighth century, who deprived Dyved of
the cantrevs which together were afterwards known as the gwlad
of Ystrad Tywi. Before this deprivation the kings of Dyved had
come into possession of Brycheiniog through Ceindrech, a lady of
the line of Brychan. Brycheiniog afterwards, however, appears to
have had a line of its own, represented in Asser's day by Helised ap
Teudubr. De rebus gestis dLlfredi, c. 80 (Stevenson's Asser, p. 66).

2 Annus CCCCXXXIII in the Ann. Camb., which in the era of
the Annales gives 445 + 432 = 877.

xlviii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

kin than any who had gone before him, being known in
history as Rhodri the Great. It is important to remember
at this juncture that we are now in the century which
saw Charlemagne reigning as Emperor of the West.

There was a legend current in later times that Rhodri
the Great, erroneously regarded as king of all Wales,
damaged the Welsh cause irretrievably by sharing his
kingdom among his three sons, giving, according to one
version, Gwynedd to Mervyn, Powys to Anarawd, and
Deheubarth to Cadell.1 Nothing can be further^ from the
truth than the impression left by this tale. For as we
have seen, Rhodri's aim was to consolidate Wales by
substituting the rule of his own family for that of many
families. Princes of the blood of Rhodri alone were to
govern the land directly from one end to the other. The
legend of course echoes the ideas and possibilities of later
times when men had come to see that, conducive as was
the rule of onefamtfy instead of several families to keep-
ing folk of the same kin together, yet the rule of one man
was still more conducive to that desirable result. Con-
sequently they wondered how it was that Rhodri could
have divided his kingdom, forgetting that, unsatisfactory
as the policy of Rhodri would have been in their day, yet
in his own time it was a new thing in Wales, a fresh
development, which had then become practicable, being
an immense improvement on what had preceded it. The
obstacles in the way of the unity of Wales were stupen-
dous, such as no bare coercion could overcome. We have
seen their like on a modern and larger scale in the story

1 Such is the tradition of the tripartite division as given by Gerald
in his Descriptio Kambriae I. 2 (Girald. Camb. Opera VI. 166).

INTRODUCTION xlix

of Italian and German unity. In the Dark Age the diffi-
culty was accentuated by the fact that, even given a unity
achieved by a capable ruler, the mind of the age as re-
flected in the Leges Barbarorum, of which the Laws of
Howel are the Welsh exemplar, compelled that unity to
be divided after his death among his sons. Charlemagne
himself had so to divide his empire ; the same necessity
rested on Rhodri the Great. The policy therefore inaugu-
rated by Mervyn Vrych, and continued by Rhodri and his
successors, marks the beginning of a fresh epoch in our
travail as a people to the full consciousness of our national
entity.

The possessions of Rhodri then after his death in 877
were divided among his sons, of whom the best known,
and those whose posterity played the largest part in
later Wales, were Anarawd and Cadell. From Anarawd
(died 915) the later kings of Gwynedd traced their descent,
and from Cadell (died 909) both those of Powys and
those of Deheubarth. It appears therefore that in the
division of territories after Rhodri's death, the kingdom
of Powys sooner or later fell into the hands of Cadell,
together with Seisyllwg. The policy of bringing all
Wales by politic marriages under the direct control of
the family of Rhodri was now continued by one of the
greatest princes whom the House of Cunedda had
hitherto produced, namely, Howel the Good, the son of
Cadell. Howel by his marriage with Elen, daughter of
Llywarch, the last king of Dyved, who died in 903, be-
came the immediate ruler of that kingdom ; and as the
line of Dyved had claims on Brycheiniog through Cathen,
son of Ceindrech, a lady who in her day appears to have

1 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

been the sole representative of the ancient stem of
Brychan, after whom Brycheiniog had its name,1 it is
hardly probable that Howel in view of the policy of his
family, would fail to assert those claims. In this manner
the whole of Wales was gradually falling under the
immediate sway of Rhodri's house.

Howel, however, inaugurated a still newer policy, which
aimed at the unification of Wales ; and herein consists his
prime importance in Welsh history. Not only did he con-
tinue and encourage the methods of Rhodri the Great,
but added to them a method of his own. For as Rhodri
would bring all Wales under the direct sway of one
family, so Howel would bring the whole of the Welsh
people under one law. A common rule implied a com-
mon law, and in order that men might know what this
common law was, it had to be codified and thereby
reduced to writing. This was the task to which Howel
applied himself, and by having laid a sound foundation
he occupies a foremost place not only amongst the rulers
of the Welsh people, but also amongst all those who have
distinguished themselves throughout the centuries by
their devotion to the cause of Wales.

The following, which are the two earliest accounts ot
the work which Howel took in hand, describe concisely
both the way in which he proceeded and the nature and
extent of his undertaking.

Preface to Peniarth MS. 28.

Incipit prologus in libro legum Howel Da.

Brittanie leges rex Howel qui cognominabatur bonus .i.

1 Peds. I and II in Y Cymm. IX. 169, 171 ; Fed, VIII in ibid.
VIII. 85.

INTRODUCTION li

da , regni sui . s . Gwynedotorum Powyssorum atque
Dextralium sapientium et in uno loco ante suum tribunal
congregatorum uno consensu et diligenti quia ex omni
natione medio circiter1 temperateque constituit. Acci-
uit de quolibet pago per suum regnum sex uiros auctori-
tate et scientia et omnes episcopos archiepiscopos abbates
et sacerdotes totius Wallie pollentes ad locum qui dicitur
Ty Gweyn ar Taf et ibi demorati sunt XL diebus et XL
noctibus in pane et aqua et tune temperauerunt redi-
tionem forefacti .i. cosp superflua diminuere que erant in
pluribus reditionibus forefacti ita fecerunt pretium unius-
cuiusque rei et iuditium congruum de qualibet re. Tune
surrexerunt omnes archiepiscopi episcopi abbates et
sacerdotes induerunt uestes suas et insteterunt bacculis
cum crucibus et candelis et ex communi consilio excom-
municauerunt transgredientes leges istas et similiter
obseruantes benedixerunt. Hec iudicia scripta sunt.

Here begins the preface to the book of the laws of
Howel Dda.

King Howel, who was surnamed Good, that is, da, put
together the laws of Britannia moderately and tem-
perately with the unanimous consent and after the care-
ful consideration of the wise men of his kingdom, namely,
the men of Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth, who had
assembled together in one place before his tribunal. He
summoned from every pagiis throughout his kingdom
six men who excelled in authority and knowledge, and
all the bishops, archbishops, abbots, and priests of the
whole of Wales to the place which is called Ty Gweyn
ar Taf, and there they lived forty days and forty nights
on bread and water ; and then they regulated the indem-
nity for wrong-doing, that is, cosp, and diminished the
excesses which prevailed in many of the indemnities for
wrong-doing by determining the worth of every par-

1 Ex omni natione certainly stands for examinatione and goes
with diligenti as in the prefaces of the other Latin texts ; likewise
for medio circiter read mediocriter,

d 2

lii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

ticular thing and the decision suitable in every case.
Then all the archbishops, bishops, abbots and priests
rose up together, and assumed their robes, and leaned on
their croziers with crosses and candles, and by common
consent excommunicated those who should violate those
laws, and likewise blessed those who should keep them.

Preface to Peniarth MS. 29.

Heuel da uab Kadell teuyhauc Kewry oil a uelles
e Kemry en kam arueru or kefreythyeu, ac adeuenus
atau uy guyr o pop kemud en y tehuyokaet e pduuar en
lleycyon ar deu e;z scolecyon. Sef achaus e ue;/nuyt er
escleycyon rac gossod or lleycyn dym a vey en erbyn
er escrftur Ian. Sef amser e doythant eno e Garauuys,
Sef amser achaus e doyant e Garauuys eno urth delehu o
paup bod en yaun en er amser glan hunnu, ac na guenelhey
kam en amser gleyndyt. Ac o kyd kaghor a kyd
synedycaeth e doython a doytant eno er hen kefreythyeu
a esteryasant a rey onadunt a adassant y redec a rey
a emendassant ac ereyll en kubyl a dyleassant ac ereyll
o neuuyt a hosodassant. A guedy ho«ny onadunt e
kefreythyeu a uarnassant eu cadu, Heuel a rodes y
audurdaut uthuwt ac a orckemenus en kadarn eu kadu
en craf. A Heuel ar doythyon a uuant y kyd ac ef a
ossodassant eu hemendyth ar hon Kamry holl ar e nep
eg Kemry a lecrey heb eu kadu e kefreythyeu. Ac
a dodassant eu heme^dyt ar er egnat a kamero dyofryt
braut ac ar er argluyt ay rodhey ydau ar ny huypey
teyr kolhouen kefreyth a guerth guelU a dof a pop pedh
reyt y dynyaul aruer amau.

Howel the Good, the son of Cadell, prince of all
Cymru, perceived the Cymry abusing the laws, and sum-
moned to him six men from every cymwd in his princi-
pality, four of them of the laity and two of the clergy.
The reason that the ecclesiastics were summoned was
lest the laics should insert anything contrary to Holy

INTRODUCTION liii

Writ. The time that they arrived there was Lent, and
the reason that they came there in Lent was that it
behoved all to be upright in that holy season and to avoid
evil in a time of holiness. And with the mutual counsel and
deliberation of the wise men who there assembled, they
examined the old laws, some of which they allowed to
continue, some they amended, and others they completely
abolished, and others again they ordained afresh. And
when they had promulgated the laws, which they had
decided to establish, Howel gave his authority to them
and strictly commanded that they should be scrupulously
observed. And Howel and the wise men, who were
with him, imposed their curse and that of all Cymru on
any one in Cymru who perverted the laws and kept
them not ; and they imposed their curse on the judge
who should take a vow' to administer justice, and on the
lord who should grant him authority without that judge
knowing the Three Columns of Law, and the Worth of
Wild and Tame, and everything necessary for the use of
man.

IV

The leading work so far concerned with the laws of
Howel is that edited by Aneurin Owen in 1841 for the
Public Record Commissioners, entitled Ancient Laws and
Institutes of Wales. It contains the three early Latin
books, and also the three classes of Welsh books ; the
additions made to the latter from the thirteenth to the
sixteenth centuries are given with other legal matter
under the heading of Anomalous Laws. The Welsh
texts are provided with an English translation. The
Books of Gwynedd, Blegywryd, and Cyvnerth, however,
are produced in such a way that the various MSS. of
each particular class are interblended, so that it is with

liv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

the greatest difficulty that any particular one may be
distinguished. Indeed, in the case of the majority of the
MSS., it is impossible to do so. Moreover, by arranging
the texts so that they fall into books, chapters, and
sections, and by consequently attempting to bring them
into harmony, the confusion becomes hopeless. The
table of contents also and the indices are most jejune,
misleading every beginner who takes up the book.
There are besides other serious defects, so that, valuable
as the work undoubtedly is, and great as is our indebted-
ness to this early and scholarly editor, it has become
imperative that it should be done afresh. Until at least
the oldest Latin law books and the best MSS. of the
Books of Gwynedd and Blegywryd have been so repro-
duced with analytical summaries and indices that the
reader may readily discover what they contain (a task
here essayed with regard to the Book of Cyvnerth) the
study of native Welsh law must suffer, and every treatise
professing to deal with it as a whole must prove inoppor-
tune. It is not proposed, therefore, to deal with it here
beyond what is attempted in the Glossary, mainly from
the material afforded by the present text.

The Book of Cyvnerth, however, by itself is sufficient
to provide the student with a door of entrance into the
Welsh Dark Age. Remembering that it represents a
late thirteenth-century form of Howel's codification of
Welsh law and custom in the tenth century, he will enter
safely into the midst of the social and political conditions
of pre-Norman Wales. It befits him, however, to be wary,
for he treads enchanted ground, and it will not be long
before he meets Cadwaladr and Arthur and all the heroes

INTRODUCTION Iv

of the Mabinogion and kindred tales. Many are they who
have boldly entered here only to succumb to the charm
of this realm of phantasy and illusion. But let him keep
closely to the laws of Howel as interpreted by our
Cyvnerth, and peruse the Pedigrees^ the Annales Cam-
briae, the Historia Brittonum, the Vitae Sanctorum, the
Excidium Britanniae of the pseudo-Gildas, and the
Epistola of the true Gildas, in the light of the said laws,
and below the Britannia of romance he will soon discern
the no less interesting Britannia of history as it slowly
emerges from the archaic conditions of the primitive
inhabitants of Roman Wales into the life of the Middle
Age. For be it remembered by the beginner that these
laws are leges barbarorum, laws of the barbarians or
natives of Wales as distinct from the civil law of imperial
Rome and the canon law of the Church. The latter
are from without, the former are from within. And it
is largely because these laws of Howel have been so
undeservedly neglected that the history of pre-Norman
Wales is still so unsatisfactorily treated in our textbooks.
It should be noted that the term * tribal system ' has
been advisedly avoided in this work whilst dealing with
the Welsh society of the Dark Age, seeing that there
exists no satisfactory explanation of what precisely is
meant by the word ' tribe '. Its Welsh equivalent llwytk,
used, for instance, when speaking of the tribes of Israel,
is nowhere found in the law books. We have cenedl,
kindred ; teuln, household ; and gwlad, patria ; but
nowhere llwyth, tribe, or any apparent equivalent of the
same.

Ivi

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

THE HOUSE OF CUNEDDA.

CUNEDDA WLEDIG (founder of the Line oj
| Givynedd}.

Einion Yrth
!

Cadwallon Lawhir

I
MAELGWN GWYNEDD (d. Annus cm)

Rhun
Beli

!

I ago

Cad van

CADWALLON (killed 635)

Cadwaladr (d. Nov. 17, 665)

Idwal Ywrch
Line of the \

Isle of Man. Rhodri Molwynog (d. 754)

Cynan Tindaethwy (d. 816)

Gwriad =F Etthil

Line of Powys.

Cadell (d. 808)

Mervyn Vrych (d. 844) =p Nest

I
RHODRI THE GREAT (d. 877).

Cyngen (d. 854)

INTRODUCTION

Ivii

THE HOUSE OF RHODRI THE GREAT.

Line of Line of
Dyved. Brycheiniog.

t t

Noe^=Ceindrech
Cathen

Line of Seisyllivg, viz. Ceredigion and
f ~ Ystrad Tywi.

Cad
Reii

wgan
i

SEISYLL (founder of Seisyllwg)

Teu

dos

Arthgen (d. 807)
Lines of Givynedd
Dyvnwallon and Poivys.

t
Meurig (killed 849)

Mer
Owe
Tar

edydd (d. 796)
:n
igwystl

Angharad = RHODRI THE GREAT
1 (d. 877)

Hy
Lly

Owen

1

^aidd (d. 892)

warch (d. 903)
i

Anarawd (d. 915) Cadell (d. 909)

Idwal Voel (d. 943) HOWEL THE Goc
(d. 950)
Meurig

1 I
Idwal Meredydd

i

Einion

Gruffydd ap Cynan

(d. 1137)

House of Gwynedd
(Aberflfraw).

Bleddyn ap Cynvyn

(d. 1075)
House of Powys.

Rhys ap Tewdwr

(d. 1091)

House of Deheubarth
(Dinevwr).

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY OF HAR-
LEIAN MS. 4353 CALLED V

[The missing folios are supplied from the British Museum MS.,
Cleopatra A xiv, called W, which is the most allied MS. extant of
this class.]

PREFACE
LAWS OF THE COURT

THE TWENTY-FOUR OFFICERS . . . ... i b 2

GENERAL PRIVILEGES.

A right pertaining to all the officers . . . i . I b 12

Queen's share of king's demesne revenue . . . I b 15

Queen's officers share profits of king's officers . . I b 17

OF THE KING.

Three persons who do sarhad to king . . . . I b 19

The amount of the king's sarhad I b 23

The status of the Lord of Dinevwr . . . . 2 a 7

The amount of the king's galanas . . • . 2 a 12

OF THE QUEEN.

Three ways whereby sarhad is done to queen . . 2 a 13
The amount of the queen's sarhad . . . 2ai6

OF THE KING'S RETINUE.

The thirty-six knights . 2 a 18

The rest of the followers 2 a 21

OF THE EDLING.

The next in honour to king and queen . . . 2 a 23
The edling's relationship to the king . . . . 2 a 25

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY lix

The protection of the edling 2 b i

His sarhad and galanas 2b3

His place in the hall 2b6

Those who sit next to him . . . . . 2 b 7

Those who live with edling in his lodging . . . 2 b 1 1

King to pay all his expenditure honourably . . 2 b 13

His lodging is the hall . . . . . . 2bi$

The woodman's service to edling . . . 2 b 16

Edling to have enough at his repast without measure 2 b 18

Those who sit to the left and the right of the king1 . 2 b 19

OF THE PROTECTIONS.
A privileged protection belongs to every officer, and

to others besides 2b2l

Of the Queen . . , 2 b 23

Of the Chief of the Household 2 b 25

Of the Priest of the Household 3 a I

Of the Steward 3 a 3

Of the Falconer . . . .-. . . . 3a5

Of the Chief Huntsman 3 a 7

Of the Judge of the Court 3 a 8

Of the Chief Groom 3 a 10

Of the Page of the Chamber 3 a 1 1

Of the Chambermaid 3 a 13

Of the Queen's Steward 32.15

Of the Bard of the Household 3 a 17

1 The punctuation here in the text is misleading, as may be
readily seen by comparing this passage with what corresponds
to it in the Book of Gwynedd, the Book of Blegywryd, and espe-
cially the early Latin book (Peniarth MS. 28). There should
be a full stop after ' heb veffur', without measure, in V 2 b 19;
and what follows to line 21 corresponds to the separate section and
subject called De dignitate regis in Peniarth MS. 28 (Anc. Laws
II. 752) and to what Aneurin Owen calls elsewhere 'Am briodolion
leoedd', of appropriate places (see Anc. Law I. 10, 350; also
The Welsh People, pp. 199-201, where the still less 'elaborate
statement' of the Book of Cyvnerth is not mentioned).

lx WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Of the Silentiary . .... #y<? >3rf! H << i v: ;• . 3 a 19

Of the Queen's Priest . . . . ,?.«.-•«:' v:.; jc;i Vs . 3 a 20

Of the Candle bearer . , . ., . , fei -v-J .• i x- . 3 a 21

Of the Footholder . . . . , 41^! a ,.:^4f n:-> k>. . 3 a 23

Of the Cook • ^.-,^•1 --II ;;; '4*'^, ?.rbr vw<* v»* ? v 3 a 25

Of the Server of the Court . n QJV - i^ i i.-,:> ,. ' v. /, 3b2

Of the Meadbrewer . '.";,-, . ii* t ;J^ u >f->^ 3b 5
Of the Butler . . .,.-:,'..• . - '. n » .,v <r/. ->. * -. 3 b 6

Of the Physician . . .•.:,.-.. . 3b8

Of the Doorkeeper of the Hall . i,, «,.«.;»> . 3bu

Of the Porter ..... . 3b 13

Of the Doorkeeper of the Chamber . . ,. • , , r • 3 b 16

Of the Groom of the Rein . ... . . 3^17

Of the Queen's Groom of the Rein . . . . 3bi9

Violation of protection constitutes sarhad . * ! . 3b2i

OF THE VARIOUS RANKS OF THE OFFICERS.

The sarhad and galanas of Chief of the Household . 3 b 22
The officers of higher rank] . . . 3 b 24 + W 37 b 13

[Their sarhad, galanas, and ebediw . . . W 37 b 15

[Their daughters3 gobr, cowyll, and agweddi . W 37 b 19
[The other officers, except the Chief of the
Household and Priest who are both of

highest rank .. . , . . . W37b2i

[Their sarhad, galanas, and ebediw . . . W 38 a 3

[Their daughters' gobr, cowyll, and agweddi . W 38 a 8

[Homicide implies sarhad as well as galanas . W 38 a 1 1

[No augmentation on any one's sarhad . . W 38 a 12

[OF THE LODGINGS.

[Of the Chief of the Household . . . . W 38 a 14

[Bard and Physician share the above's lodging . W 38 a 17
[Of Priest of the Household, and court scholars

with him W 38 a 18

[Of Queen's Priest W 38 a 20

[Of Steward, and (servers) with him . . . W 38 a 2:

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

her

[Of Judge of the Court .....

[King's cushion to be the Judge's pillow . .
[Of Chief Groom, and all grooms with him
[Of Chief Huntsman, and all huntsmen with him
[Of the Falconer ......

[Bed of Page of Chamber and of Chambermaid
in king's chamber .....

[Of the Doorkeepers ......

[OF THE NINE OFFICERS OF SUPERIOR RANK.
[Of the Chief of the Household.
[His provision in his lodging . . . .
[His annual perquisite from the king . . .
[His share of the spoil, if present . . .
[His share of the king's third of the spoil . .
[Occasions on which he gets one-third of dirwy

and camlwrw ......

[His relationship to the king . . . .

[Mead in every banquet from the queen . .
[He receives the person with whom king is

displeased .......

[His place in the hall with the whole household .
[The elders, whom he chooses, sit next to him .
[Horse from king and two shares of provender .

[Of the Priest of the Household.
[Who does him sarhad or kills him is to submit

to the law of the synod . . . .
[Payment for disparaging him, one-third of which

he himself receives .....
[He receives king's Lenten garment and certain

offerings .......

[Food and mead from court for his provision .
[Horse from king and one-third of all the king's

tithe ........

[He is one of king's three indispensable persons

W 38 b i
W 38 b 2
W 38 b 4
W 38 b 7

W 38 b 10
W"38bi2

W 38 b 13
W 38 b 15
W38bi;
W 38 b 19

W 38 b 20
W3Qa3
W 39 a 5

W39a6

W 39 a 9

W 39 a 10

W 39 a 12

W 39 a 14
W 39 a 1 5

W 39 a 17
W 39 b 3

W 39 b 4
W 39 b 6

Ixii

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[Of the Queen's Priest.

[Horse from the queen , , *t>l:;*v> * W 39 b 7

[Offering of queen and those who belong to her . W 39 b 9

[He receives queen's Lenten garment <.*n .•/ 1 • . W 39 b 12

[His place is to be opposite the queen . . W 39 b 13
[Of the Steward.

[Garment gifts on three principal festivals . . W 39 b 15
[Hart skin from huntsmen in spring . . . W39bl8
[He distributes food and drink in the court , W 39 b 20
[He apportions places in hall and lodgings . W 40 a I
[Horse from king and two shares of provender . W 40 a 3
[His land to be free . . . -i *-i $. . W 40 a 4
[Has a steer from every booty of the household . W 40 a 5
[Has gobr of all the landmaer's daughters . ;o v>;: W 40 a 6
[Has twenty-four pence from every server enter-
ing office . . r-i*-,: . ! fktf.i-.vwv> .-4.H /-J W4oa;
[Distributes gwestva silver . . . wt* "> * ?> W4oa 9
[He tests liquors in the court , ..»t>^j . . :o .. i W4oa 10
[Has one-third of the dirwy and camlvvrvv of

the ' food and drink ' servants . ^ j. v,^) > W 40 a 1 1
[Penalty for violating the general protection pro-
claimed by him . ;.?4rfif &'•*{!»'; »» oi * W 40 a 13
[Participates in twenty-four offices of court /:*''/ W4oa 17
[Has two parts of skins of cattle killed in kitchen W 40 a 18
[Has fee for every office conferred, except

principal offices . .': . . . . W 40 a 20
[Hart skin from Chief Huntsman to make

vessels before sharing of skins in October *>•• '•:• W 40 b I

[Has one man's share of grooms' silver . . W 40 b 5
[Serves king and two next to king on three

chief festivals •. ; -* ., •,; ; • . . . . W 40 b 6 + V 6 a I

His share of ale, bragod, and mead . w- » <-iv'> 6a2
Occasion on which he gets one-third of dirwy

and camlwrw '.-. *._> . . . . 6a5
Keeps king's share of spoil, and has ox or cow

when divided « . W'k -ff; :v* •- > ; * ''•?*£ ''- %' ' 6a9

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixiii

He is to swear for the king . . . . . 6 a 12
One of the three who maintain the status of a court

in the king's absence 6 a 13

Of the Judge of the Court.
In receiving horse from king, gives no silver to Chief

Groom 6 a 15

One man's share of the daered silver . . . 6 a 17

He administers gratuitously in every court case . . 6 a 17

He declares the status of every officer and office . 6 a 18

His fee for showing status and duty , . . 6 a 20

Has two shares of judges' legal fee . . . 6 a 22

Has two men's share of spoil even if absent . . 6 a 23

Opposing the judge's decision . . . . 6 a 25

Has four legal pence frojn every cause of that value . 6 b 5

One of the king's three indispensable persons . . 6b7

Fee payable to judges when land is meered . . 6 b 8

Fine for ' going into law ' without his leave * . 6 b 10

Knowledge required of every would-be judfje . . 6b 13

His regular gift from the queen . . . . 6b 15

Horse from king and two shares of provender . . 6 b 16

Horse in the same stall as king's horse . . , 6 b 18
Groom of the rein attends on him with horse at his

will 6 b 19

His land is to be free . . . . . . . 6b2i

His small presents when his office is pledged to

him 6b2i

Presents from the bard when he shall win a chair . 6 b 25
Fee from successful defendant in suit of sarhad and

theft 7a3

Has tongue from king's present and all tongues from

court, and the reason . . . . , . 7 a 5
King supplies place of tongue with thigh of the Smith's

beast . 7a8

1 See note in translation of text at this point, p. 159.

Ixiv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAV/

One of the three who maintain the status of a court

in king's absence 7 a 10

Free from ebediw and the reason . . . . 7 a 12

Of the Falconer.

Occasion whereon king does him three services . . 7 a 14
Thrice that night the king personally serves him with

food 7 a 19

His place at a banquet 7 a 23

Hart skin in October from Chief Huntsman and for

what purpose •'.»-. . . • . 7 a 24

Thrice only he drinks in hall lest hawks be neglected 7 b I

Horse from king and two shares of provender . . 7 b 3

Death of his horse in the chase 7 b 4

He gets every male hawk . . , . . . . 7b6
He gets every sparrow-hawk's nest found on land

of court . ••>..,•: .•:,•-• • • 7°7

Food and mead in his lodging . .... . 7b8

Period wherein he need give no answer in a suit . 7 b 9

Annual gwestva on king's taeogs . . . . 7bll

Crone or four legal pence from every taeogtrev for

hawks' food 7*>I3

His land to be free 7015

Occasion whereon king rises to receive him . . 7 b 15

He gets heart of every animal killed in kitchen . . 7^19

Household and apparitor alone can distrain upon him 7 b 21

Of the Chief Huntsman.

Ox skin in winter from Steward to make leashes . 7 b 24

Huntsmen hunt for king's benefit till Dec. i . . 7 b 25

Ditto for themselves till Dec. 9 8 a 2

King reviews his dogs, £c., on Dec. 9 . . . 8 a 3
Till Dec. 9 court officer alone can sue Chief Hunts-
man v 8 a 6

No officer can postpone suit of another officer . . 8 a 8

His share of the skins . . . * . . Sag

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixv

After skin- sharing huntsmen quarter on king's taeogs

till Christmas 8 a 13

Their place in the hall . .. 8 a 17

Three hornfuls of mead and from whom . . 8 a 19

Sparrow-hawk from Falconer every Michaelmas . 8 a 21

Mess and hornful of mead in his lodging . . . 8 a 23
One-third of dirwy, camlwrw, ebediw and their

daughters' gobr from the huntsmen . . . 8 a 24
Huntsmen with king from Christmas till hind hunt in

spring 8bi

Period wherein Chief Huntsman gives no answer in suit 8 b 3

Horse from king and two shares of provender . . 8 b 7

His oath 8b8

His fees from huntsmen 8 b 10

His duty and share of the spoil in foraying . . 8 b 12

Cow skin between June and September from Steward 8 b 1 5

Of the Chief Groom.
Ox skin in winter, cow skin in summer from Steward

before skin-sharing, and for what purpose . . 8 b 20
Chief Groom, Chief Huntsman and Footholder do not

sit by the partition 8 b 24

He get legs of oxen killed in kitchen with salt . . 9 a i

Two men's share of groom's silver . . . . 9 a 3

He has old saddles and bridles of king's steed . . 9 a 4

Grooms have wild colts from king's third of spoil . 9 a 6
Hands over king's present of horse and provides

saddle 9a8

Receives four pence of every horse so given except

three 9 a 10

Method of tying saddle on jester's horse when given . 9 a 13
Three vessels of drink, and from whom . . . 9 a 1 5
Land free, horse from king, and two shares of pro-
vender . . 9 a 18

His place and that of grooms with him in hall . . 9 a 20

He distributes stables and provender . , , , 9 a 21

EVANS

Ixvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

One-third of grooms' dirwy and camlwrw . -^. . 9 a 23

He gets king's furred caps and gilded spurs . . 9 a 24

Food and ale for his provision . ;<*?*'» •* i> 902

Of the Page of the Chamber.
He has all the king's old clothes except his Lenten

garment,: «,<•,!.*,'' ^ ^'"i ^, • . -v 9b3
No fixed place in the hall, as he keeps king's bed and

is his messenger between hall and chamber . • 9 b 7

Land free and share of gwestva silver . . 9 b 10

He spreads the kings's bed . . : - «., . y \ • 9b n

Horse from king and two shares of provender . . 9b n

His share of the booty ' . 9b 13

OF THE FIFTEEN OFFICERS OF INFERIOR RANK.
Of the Bard of the Household}

His share of the spoil when present . . . . 9b 15
He sings the ' Monarchy of Britain ' in front of the

host '«K -v V, •'• '••'. < . 9b 17

The number of songs when soliciting . « . . 9 b 19

His land free, and horse from the king . ; < . 9 b 22

He sings second in the hall . . .: . * V 9 b 23

His place in the hall . . . . • '• ; .''-.'' ^: 9 b 24

Gifts from king and queen . . » - '. -« . 9 b 25

Of the Status of the Fifteen Inferior Officers.

A list of the fifteen . \ .' '-4 •••--i •'-• * -:- :<- . loa3
These fifteen of same status, and same status as to

their daughters . .... * •* «. '•>. •« ' • • ioa8

Their sarhad, galanas, and ebediw . . . . 10 a 10

Their daughters' gobr, cowyll, and agweddi . . 10 a 14

1 This section on the Bard of the Household should rightly
follow the next as in U and X (see Anc. Laws I. 660, n. 9).
This peculiarity of V and W shows the influence of the Book of
Blegywryd.

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

Ixvii

Agweddi of a daughter of one of these who elopes

without consent of her kindred . . . . Ioai7
Likewise every free man's daughter who so elopes . 10 a 20

Of the Doorkeeper of the Hall.
Occasion whereon he suffers sarhad without com-
pensation

Wittingly preventing officers from entering
He has a vessel to hold his liquor
Liquor of Steward and waiters brought to his vessel
He takes charge of the Liquor of the Apostles .
Dries skins of cattle killed in kitchen .
He gets penny for every skin when shared
Land free and horse from king ....
One man's share of gwestva silver

Of the Doorkeeper of the Chamber.

Land free and horse from king

Legal liquor and share of gwestva silver

Of the Groom of the Rein.
He gets old saddles, &c., of king ....

Land free and horse from king

Leads king's horse from and to its stable .
Holds king's horse when he mounts, &c. .
One man's share of wild colts taken in foray

Of the Court Physician.

His place in the hall

Land free and horse from king

Services for the king's household to be gratuitous
His fee for attending a mortal wound
The three mortal wounds and their worth ; also worth
of cranium bones

Of the Butler.

His land free and horse from king .
He gets legal liquor, which is defined .

e 2

10 a 22
10 a 25
10 b 5
lob 6
10 b 7

10 b 8
10 b 10
10 b ii
lob 12

10 b 14
lob 15

10 b 17
10 b 20
lob 21
10 b 22
lob 23

10 b 25

11 a I
ii a 2
lias

iia 17

ii a 18

Ixviii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Of the Mead Brewer.

His land free and horse from king . . . : ,' . n a 22

One man's share of gwestva silver . . .: . , ; . n a 23

He gets third of wax from mead vat . . v . II a 24

How the other two-thirds are distributed . ~>f t . n a 25

Of the Cook.

He gets certain skins and entrails of cattle . . II b 3

Porter has rectum and milt . . . /•;/>•«; u b 5

He gets tallow and skimming 1 1 b 6

A particular tallow excepted V»> ;i:ii> • . . lib;

Land free and horse from king . :;.';:../ : . . n b 9

Of the Silentiary.

He gets four pence from the dirwy and camlwrw pay-
able for breaking silence . •. '•;• . . lib II
Share from officers for every distribution . . . lib 13
Land free, share of gwestva silver, and horse from

king . • •,;•;?' ..»..•;..:• .•„•>....... >-S'V-:. • H'b 14

Fee from land maer on his appointment . . . n b 16

Of the Footholder.

His place and dish . ; -'.'"' .. .V "';••"' , . . lib 19

He lights first candle before king ' »" . . lib 20

Mess of food and liquor . V ... . . n b 22
Land free, horse from king, and share of gwestva

silver . ''..""'• ~- . . "'"''. . . lib 24

Of the Server of the Court.

Land free, horse from king, and share of gwestva

silver . . . . "-' . ' . . . . •'•--' . 12 a I

Of the Queen's Steward.

Horse from queen 12 a 4

His share of the gwestva silver 1235

He has care of food and drink in the chamber . . 12 a 8

He tests liquors of chamber and shows all their places 1239

Of the Chambermaid. .

• She gets queen's clothing except her Lenten garment 12 a n

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixix

Land free and horse from queen 12 a 13

She gets queen's old bridles and apparel . » . 12 a 15

She gets share of gwestva silver . . . . 12 a 16

Of the Queerts Groom of the Rein.

His land free and horse from queen . . . . 12 a 17

Note on the Status of a Court.

Priest, Steward, and Judge together preserve status

of court although king be absent • . . . 12 a 19

OF OTHER OFFICERS CONNECTED WITH THE COURT.1
Of the Maer and Canghellor.

They keep the king's waste . • • . - . 12 a 22

King's fee when these offices are pledged » . . 12 a 23

Maer may bring three persons to banquet in hall . 12 a 25

Maer distributes household when in quarters . . 12 b i

Maer accompanies household on foray with three men 12 b 2
Maer has progress among king's taeogs with three

men twice annually 12 b 4

These officers are never to be. Chiefs of Kindred . 12 b 5

Maer demands all king's dues from his maership . 12 b 6

They are entitled to certain thirds from the taeogs . 12 b 8

Maer divides and apparitor chooses for king . . 12 b 13

Procedure in case where maer cannot maintain a house 12 b 14

Their share of spoil which has been legally forfeited . 13 a I
Of the Canghellor.

He holds king's pleas . ... . . . 13 a 5

He places cross and restriction in every suit . . 13 a 6
His place on three great festivals if king holds court

in his district 13 a 7

His gifts from king on taking office . . . . I3aio
How maer and canghellor shared taeogs' goods in

Howel's time . . ... . . 13 a 12

1 In the Book of Gwynedd, where the classification of officers
differs somewhat from that of the Books of Blegywryd and Cyvnerth,
these are called 'officers by custom and usage' (Anc. Laws I.
P- 58).

Ixx WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Of the Apparitor.

His land free, and mess from court . . . . 13 a 17

His place while king eats and for what purpose . . 13 a 1 8

His place and duty after the king's meal . . . 13 a 20

He has legal liquor, which is here defined . , ;. . 13 a 22

He has shanks of every steer from court . . . 13 b I
He has clothing, &c., on ninth day before calends of

winters. « -. 13 b 2

No linsey-woolsey to be in his trowsers . , ^ . 13 b 5

Length of his clothes . -V* •'"•"*''"•'..";. . • 13 b 6
He has clothing, &c., on calends of March, and a

bonnet on three chief feasts . i . . 13 b 7

He shares between king, maer, and canghellor . . 13 b 9

He has the odd sheaf of certain taeogs . . . 13 b II

He has the headlands in certain cases :. » . 13 b 13

His share from the marwdys . . » . . 13 b 15

His share from house he visits on king's business . 13 b 19

The length of his bill and the reason . . \ ; . I3b2i

His share of the spoil . :. . <5' j < . . I3b22

His possessions at king's mercy after his death . . 13 b 23

His sarhad when seated during king's pleas . . 13 b 24

The summons of an apparitor . , . 14 a I

Denial of apparitor's summons . ' Y ' -. : . ' . 14 a 3
Of the Smith of a Court.
He has the heads without tongues and the feet of cattle

killed in kitchen 14 a 6

His maintenance and that of servant from court . 14 a 8

He does work of court gratuitously except three works 14 a 8

He has the ceinion of a banquet 14 all

He has four pence from every prisoner off whom he

removes irons . 14 a 12

His land free, and legal liquor, here defined . . 14 a 13

He is one of the three who receive legal liquor . . 14 a 17

No smith allowed in his cymwd without his leave . 14 a 1 8
He has like freedom in grinding at the mill as the

king "• . 14 a 20

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixxi

He has gobrs of daughters of the smiths under him . 14 a 21

His ebediw . 14 a 22

His daughter's gobr, cowyll, and agweddi . . . 14 a 23

Of the Porter.

He has his land free 14 b I

His house is in castle behind door . . . 14 b I

His maintenance from court . . . . . 14 b 2

His share of the fuel coming through the door . . 14 b 3

His share of swine and cattle from the spoil . . 14 b 8

He has milt and rectum of cattle slain in kitchen . 14 b 15
He has four pence from prisoners lawfully imprisoned

in court 14 b 17

Of the Watchman.

He is to be a bonheddig gwlad and the reason . . 14 b 19

He has his food in the court and when . . . 14 b 21

His portion of food for morning meal . . . 14 b 23

He has aitch-bone of steers slain in kitchen . . 14 b 24

His land free and clothing twice a year from king . 15 a I

He has shoes and stockings once a year from king ^ 15 a 2

Of the Land Maer, or Maer of the Dunghill.

He has the suet and lard from the court . . . 15 a 3

He has skins of certain cattle killed in kitchen . . 15 a 5

He has gobrs of the daughters of maertrev men . . 15 a 7

Occasion whereon his sarhad is not compensated . 15 a 7

His sarhad and galanas . . . . . . 15 an

Of the Chief of Song.

His place in the hall 15 a 14

His land is to be free 15^15

He sings first in the hall 15 a 15

He has a gift from virgins on their marriage . . 15 a 16

A chief of song is a bard when he shall have won a chair 15 a 20
No bard except from border gwlad to solicit within

Chief of Song's jurisdiction without his leave . 15 a 21

Ixxii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

He is exempt from king's prohibition of giving

chattels . '». .••«... . 15 a 23

His three songs at king's wish .<->.«/• . • . 15 a 25

At queen's wish the bard sings three songs softly . 15 b 3

OF THE CHASE.

Of Hounds.
Worth of king's covert hound from a cub to the time

it is trained . . . . fc .,;; » \ ,/ . 15 b 6

Worth of king's greyhound ditto \ . ,rr : • • . 1 5 b 1 1

Worth of a breyr's covert hound . . . . 15 b 16

Worth of a breyr's greyhound i$bl7

Worth of a taeog's cub of whatever breed till it is set

free I5bi8

Worth of a cur . . . . 0 . . . I5b23

Worth of a shepherd dog . . . . Y' -. 15 b 24

Owner's procedure if shepherd dog be doubted . . 1 5 b 25

Destroying eye or tail of king's covert hound . . i6a 3

Destroying a rambling dog 16 a 6

No legal worth exists for a hound . . . l6a 8

What has no legal worth must be appraised . . 16 a 9

Of Stags.

Meddling with king's hart in season . . . . i6a II

Worth of stag and hind l6ai2

Twelve privileged pieces in king's hart in season . 16 a 13

Camlwrw for every piece . . •• . • .• • i6a 17

Sum of camlwrws for king's hart in season • . 16 a 18
No privileged pieces in royal hart except from Cirig's

Festival to Dec. I . . . • . . 16 a 19
Royal hart not a hart in season except in period it

contains privileged pieces .*»-«. .160.21

Of Hunting.

King's stag killed in breyr's trev in morning . . 16 a 22

Ditto at midday . . . '•/• ', '• - ' •' • ..* • i6b4

Ditto during the night ' -. .'.;.,' «\ • i . • l6b 7

A free man hunting with covert hounds . . . i6b II

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixxiii

Killing hart on another's land . . . . . l6b 14

Traveller hunting from a road . - . . . . l6b 17

LAWS OF THE GWLAD

PREFACE • . . 16021

THE THREE COLUMNS OF LAW . . . . I? a I

I. Nine Accessaries of Galanas j their denial . . 17 a 4

Denial of wood and field . * . . . . 17 a 17

Notes on Payment for Galanas.

Homicide implies sarhad and galanas . . . 17 a 20

Payment of sarhad 17 a 22

Sharing of galanas payment . . . . .I7a25

Same generations pay to same . . . . . 17012

Nine degrees of kindred specified . . . . 17015

1 Members ' of the degrees 17022

Definition of nephew . , . 17023

Definition of uncle 17025

The amount of each one's share . . . . i8a2

Immediate heirs neither pay nor receive . . . 1 8 a 8
Certain kinds of kinsmen neither to pay nor receive,

neither to avenge nor to be avenged . . . 18 a 14

II. Nine Accessaries of Fire; their denial . . 183.22

III. Nine Accessaries of Theft; their denial . . i8b 6

THE NINE CREDIBLE WITNESSES , . . . 18 b 19
Three additional credible persons . . » .19319

THE WORTH OF LIMBS, &c.

Hand, foot, eye, lip, ear with loss of hearing, nose . 19 a 24

Ear without loss of hearing . . . . . 19 b 2

Testicles of same worth as all the above . . . 19 b 4

Tongue worth all members mentioned so far . . 1.9 b 5

All members reckoned together are worth ^88 . . 19 b 7

Finger, thumb, nail 19 b 9

Extreme, middle and nearest joints of finger . . 19 b 12

Ixxiv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Foretooth = its own worth + that of conspicuous scar . 19 b 17

Backtooth . , -., . .'.-.- ;V:Vi,v'*;!<u"? : ••• ' •-•'•• • I9b2o

Worth of human blood V .... . . . iQb2i

The three conspicuous scars and their worth . . 19 b 25

The eyelid .... 7 . . • . • • < 20 a 4

GALANASES, SARHADS, &c.

Maer and Canghellor, their galanas . . . . 20 a 8

Their sarhad and ebediw . . • '''/•«• • • 2oa 10

Gobr, cowyll and agweddi of their daughters . . 20 a 12

Agweddi of a daughter who elopes of theirs or of a

principal officer of the court . . :, . 20 a 14

Sarhad of a king's domestic (teuluwr) v • « • 20 a 18

Sarhad of a breyr's domestic . . . . . 20 a 20

Chief of Kindred, his galanas and sarhad . ^ . . 20 a 22

Galanas and sarhad of one of his kin . . . . 20 a 25

Breyr without office, his galanas and sarhad . . 20 b 3

An innate bonheddig, ditto 20 b 6

Definition of innate bonheddig, viz. a Cymro . . 20 b 9

Murder of a breyr's innate bonheddig . . . 20 b 12

King's share of every galanas, and why . . . 20 b 14

King's taeog, his galanas and sarhad . . . . 20 b 18

Breyr's taeog, ditto 20 b 20

King's alltud, ditto . . . . . ,. • . 2ob22

Breyr's alltud, ditto . .. ... , . 2ob25

Taeog's alltud, ditto . . . ... . 21 a I

Personal assault constitutes sarhad . . > , . 21 a 4

Additional payments for hair . . . » . 21 a 6

How status is to be determined ... . . 21 a 9

OF BONDMEN.

Worth of well-formed transmarine bondman . . 21 an

Worth if maimed, too old, or too young . . . 21 a 13

Worth if non-transmarine, and the reason . . . 21 a 15

If a freeman strike a bondman 21 a 18

If a bondman strike a freeman . • V . * . 21 a 24

The protection (nawd) of a bondman . . . 21 b 2

Connexion with bondwoman without her lord's leave 21 b 3

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixxv

Causing the pregnancy of a bondwoman . . . 21 b 5

Alltud alone not entitled to augmentations . . 21 b 10

Definition of augmentations 21 b 12

Sarhad of a bondwoman 21 b 13

Sarhad of bondwoman working neither at spade nor

quern 21 b 14

OF WAYLAYING.

Double galanas and dirwy for waylaying . . . 21 b 16

Denial of waylaying, murder, or open attack . . 21 b 19

Open attack implies not less than nine men . . 21 b 21
OF LAND.

Of Meering.

The order of precedence in meering land . . . 21 b 23

Definition of prior conservancy 21 b 25

Contention between two trevs as to boundary . . 22 a i
Trev meering to another not to take rhandir therefrom 22 a 6
King's fee for meering between two trevs . . . 22 a 8
Judges' fee from person to whom land is adjudged . 22 a 9
King's fee from every rhandir when giving investi-
ture 22 a II

Of suits as to land and soil . . . . . 22 a 13

Procedure called ' verdict of a gwlad after defence ' . 22 a 14
In case of dispute as to meering of lands and trevs,

who are to meer first (cf. 21 b 23) . . . 22 a 23

Definition of occupation (cf. 21 b 25) . . . . 22 b 4

Definers of meers for court and church . . 22 b 5

Of the limes 'wherein to move a claim.

One of the two ninth-days, viz. Dec. 9 and May 9 . 22 b 8

Claim on Dec. 9, judgment before May 9 . . . 22 b 13

Otherwise, another claim on following May 9 . . 22 b 14

After this, law is open when king shall will . . 22 b 16

Of dadannudds.

The three dadannudds of land 22 b 18

Procedure in the case of the dadannudds . . . 22 b 20

What alone entitles to dadannudd . . . 23 a 4

Ixxvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

A proprietary .heir alone can cancel dadannudd ad-
judged . ~; ;;'r. ••>v - *i?;.*:-l'c^ :.-r:-"«f-*n ";• .'.' 23 a 6

Proprietary heirs cannot legally eject one another . 23 a 1 1
Of lawful heirs, the eldest brother alone is proprietary

heir to dadannudd of the whole . -.••?/'.;> . . 23 a 13
Eldest brother takes dadannudd of the whole for his

brothers . . . » . • .. . . 23 a 16

Brothers demanding jointly receive jointly •r.V-? • 23a21

No need to wait a ninth day for meering land . . 23 a 22

Or for proprietor against non-proprietor . , • T . 23 a 24

The inheritance, gift, transfer, and loss of land.

Three times is land shared among kinsmen . . 23 b 2

The youngest brother's share . . . . . 23 b 5

The shares of the other brothers, and mode of sharing 23 b 1 1

No re-sharing except to one who has not chosen . 23 b 14

Neglecting the king's summons 23 b 16

Investiture fee cancels ebediw 23b2i

Case where law is shut 23 b 23

Claim by kin and descent 24 a 3

Payment for custody of land 24 a 6

King's gift of land not to be cancelled by his successor 24 a 9

Transfer of father's trev during life . « . • . 24 a 1 1

Claim of land through distaff . . .. . . 24 a 13

Church with churchyard and priest saying mass frees

a taeogtrev . . . . . . 24 a 1 5

Where breyr's son shares with taeog's son . . 24 a 19

How joint land is to be held . . ".*•' ' . 1" . 24 a 22

Three cases wherein father's trev is forfeited . . 24 b 6
Land inheritable not through childless co-heir, but

through the childless co-heir's parent . . . 24 b 17
King inherits land of one who dies without heir of his

body or a co-heir to a third cousin . . . 24 b 24

Three kinds of prid on land :-'v- -V » . « 25 a 2
No re-sharing except to one who has not chosen (cf.

23bi4) . . . V '...;:><*£-/"*;;:.'/... . 25 a 6

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

Ixxvii

Triads on land and inheritance.

Three lawful inheritances . . . . 25 a 9

Three means of suing land . . ... . 25 a 16

Three wrong possessions . . . . . 25 a 20

Three kinds of status ...... • • • 25 b 3

Three qualifications proper to every one , . . 25 b 5
Land measurements.

Four rhandirs in trev whence king's gwestva is paid . 25 b 1 1

18 feet in Howel's rod . . . . . . 25 b 12

Erw is 1 8 rods long and 2 rods broad . . 25 b 13
312 erws in rhandir except in case of gorvodtrev ; ' and

from those rhandirs land borderers are called in law ' 25 b 1 5

Three evidences for land . . . . . . 25 b 19

13 trevs in every maenor, the thirteenth of which is

the gorvodtrev . , 26 a I

Four rhandirs in free trev with or without office, three

for occupancy and one for pasturage . - . . 26 a 3
Three rhandjrs in taeogtrev with three taeogs in each

of two and the third for pasturage . . . 26 a 6

Seven trevs in a maenor of taeogtrevs . . . 26 a 8

Of meer breach.

Breaching a meer on another's land . „ . . 26 a 10
River a boundary between two cymwds only in its

original channel 26 a 12

Worth of stone cross, i. e. a boundary mark . . 26 a 14
Breaching meer between two trevs and ploughing a

highway 26 a 16

Breadth of land between two trevs = \\ fathoms . 26 a 19

Breadth of land between two rhandirs = 4 feet . . 26 a 20

Breadth of land between two erws = 2 furrows . . 26 a 21

Breadth of king's highway = 12 feet . . . . 26 a 22

Ebediw in case of two lands and one lord . . . 26 a 23

LAND DUES.

The king's gwestva.

Its measure from every trev which pays it . . . 26 a 25

Ixxviii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Its worth in money = £ i . . . -V/v?, . 26 b 6

Paid in money if not supplied at right time, i. e. winter 26 b 8

Mead paid from trev of maership or canghellorship . 26 b 10

Bragod paid from free trev without office . . . 26 b n

Ale paid from taeogtrev . • -* • • v' • " . - . 26bi2

2 vats of bragod = 4 vats of ale = I vat of mead . 26 b 13

2 vats of ale = I vat of bragod . » -.'*,*, • .- . . 26 b 14
No silver or provender for horses payable with

summer gwestva . . .. V . * . . 26 b 15

Dawnbwyds.

King has two dawnbwyds yearly from taeogs . . 26 b 17

The winter dawnbwyd . . . . . . 26bl8

The summer dawnbwyd .... '' . . 27 a 3

OTHER DUES.

No maer, canghellor, share, or quarters on free man . 27 a 9
Once a year all join army into a border gwlad if

necessary . . . . . . . . 27 a lo

Queen's progress 27 a 12

All must join army always in their own gwlad if

necessary 27 a 13

Taeogs.
Huntsmen, falconers, and grooms have annual

progress among king's taeogs . ..;> .;.*_ ;. . 27 a 15
Nine buildings for king . . . ^ . ; 4. . 27al8
Sumpter horses for army . ... *,;»;.;• • 27321
Man, horse, and hatchet at king's cost from every

taeogtrev to make encampments . . . 27 a 22
Three things taeog not to sell without leave . . 27 a 24
Three arts forbidden a taeog without leave . . 27 b 3
Lord's passivity however to certain time cancels this

rule . . • .... -;, ..",>, .... C;j ;•>'•• '• > 27 b 5

Trespass.
Men of bishop or abbot fighting king's men on teyrn's

land 27 b 10

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

Ixxix

Bishop's men fighting abbot's men on king's land . 27 b 12

Ploughing land against a lord's interdiction . . 27 b 14

Excavating another's land to hide treasure therein . 27 b 22

[Concealing snare on another's land . . . W63b 17

[Digging kiln pit on another's land . . . W 64 a 2
[Building house and cutting its timber on

another's land W 64 a 5

[Building house only on another's land . . W 64 a 10

Additional notes on land.

[Ninth day not necessary to claim church land . W 64 a 15
[Principal homestead and office not inheritable

through mother W 64 a 17

[Share of land however inheritable through

mother . . W 64 a 19

[Sons of ' bush and brake ' woman not entitled

to land W 64 a 20

[Clearing trees with owner's permission . . W 64 b 4

[Car-manuring land with permission . . . W 64 b 7

[Fold-manuring land with permission . . W 64 b 9

[Breaking fresh soil with permission . . . W 64 b 12

[Children of Cymraes who is married to an alltud W 64 b 1 5

[Origin of ' cattle without surety ' . . . W64b 18

[MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

[The law of a bruise W64b2i

[Chattels taken by stealth from a legal guardian W 65 a 8

[A guardian losing chattels W 65 a 20

[Law as to gold W 65 b 3

[Law as to silver W 65 b 5

[Case of admitted theft which goes unpunished . W 65 b 7

[Case of intestate's house not a marwdy . . W 65 b 15

[Case of animal rising in worth in one day . W 65 b 17

[How stallions and greyhounds lose their status . W 65 b 21
[Eight packhorses of a king . , W66ai-fV29ai

Ixxx WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

OF TAME AND WILD ANIMALS.
Of a Horse.

Its worth from a colt to day it is caught and bridled . 29 a 3

Worth of a stallion fed six weeks over a stall . . 29 a 19
How stallions and greyhounds lose their status (cf.

W65b2i) . . .'";'' "V",;.. . . 29a2o

Worth of stallion's tail hair . * » ' .V/'V • • 29 a 21

Cutting off stallion's tail . ''^ >lV f- . . . 29 a 23

Worth of stallion's eye and ear . ^ ... . . 29 b I

Worth of a rowney and its parts '",'•' ' . . . 29 b 2

Worth of a palfrey and its parts . . . » . 29 b 8

Worth of a working horse or mare . ".:;.' . 29 b 10

Teithi of a working horse or mare . . . . 29 b 12

Borrowing a horse and injuring it . . . . 29 b 15

Denial of killing stallion or palfrey stealthily . . 29 b 22

Worth of stud mare, its tail hair, ear and eye . . 29 b 24

Riding another's horse without leave of owner . . 30 a 2

Horse seller responsible for three disorders . . 30 a 7

Horse buyer responsible for external blemish . . 30 a 10
Horse seller responsible for horse grazing, drinking,

and its being non-restive 30 a 1 1

Protecting horse against thieves . . . . 30 a 1 5

Protecting cow against thieves . » . .. •>*.'.-, . 30 a 19

Of a Cow.

Its worth from a calf until it is worth sixty pence . 30 a 22

Worth of horn, eye, ear, and tail of cow or ox . . 30 b 19

Worth of a cow's teat . . . ; V -. . . 3ob2i

Selling cow with unproductive teat . , . . 30 b 22

Three ways of paying for a cow's teithi . . . 31 a 4

Measure of vessel for holding cow's milk . . .3136
Full measure of that vessel paid for every milking —

(a) Of oatmeal from April to Cirig's Day

(b) Of barley meal from that till August

(jr) Of wheat meal from August till calends of

December ... , , . , . 31 a 10

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

Ixxxi

Of a Bull.

Its worth from a calf until it is worth sixty 'pence 31 a 15

Teithiofanox 3ibn

If without teithi, let one-third be restored to its

buyer . 31 b 13

Steer seller answerable for three disorders . . 31 b 15

Calf or yearling seller answerable for the scab . 31 b 18

Time when ox and cow are in their prime . . 31 b 20
Unknown beast in a trevgordd killing a steer] 3ib24 + W69bi3

[Worth of a steer's tooth, and that of a working horse W 69 b 20

{Of a Sheep.

[Its worth from a lamb until it is worth four legal

pence W7oa I

[Worth of its teat . . , . . . W 70 a 4

[Its teithi . . W 70 a 5

[Worth of its tooth and eye . . . . W 70 a 6

[Sheep seller answerable for three diseases . W 70 a 7

[Of a Goaf.

[Its worth until it is worth four curt pence . . W 70 a 12

[Worth of its teat = two curt pence . . . W 70 a 15

[Its teithi W 70 a 16

[Worth of its tooth and eye=one curt penny . W 70 a 16

[Cattle dealer to swear with reference to mange . W 70 a 18

[Of a Pig.

[Its worth until it is worth [twelve] legal pence . W 70 b 2
[Three special animals without augmentation or

diminution W 70 b 9

[Its worth until it is worth thirty pence . . W 70 b 14

[An autumn born sow W 70 b 16

[Swine seller answerable for three diseases . W 70 b 19

Swine killing a person V 32 a I

Of a Goose.

Its worth until it equals its mother's worth . 32 a 4

Of a Hen 32 a 8

Of a Cock 32 a 9

EVANS I

Ixxxii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

OF ANIMALS IN THE CHASE, &c.

Worth of hawk's nest . r t ' » . 32 a 10
Of hawk before mewing and in the mew, and if

white after mewing . . .-•••" ." . 32aio

Worth of falcon's nest • , •.-.•.. . 32 a 13
Of falcon before mewing, in the mew, and if white

after mewing % V> -^:V^ ; "*'-'' •"'^••V' . 32 a 13

Worth of a sparrow-hawk's nest , ' -Vv ' !S " ' t ' . 32 a 16
Of sparrow-hawk before mewing, in the mew, and if

white after mewing . , 4 •« :' *• . 32 a 17

Teithi of every female and male bird . . . ' . 32 a 19

No dirwy or camlwrw for stealing winged creatures . 32 a 21

Stag of same worth and augmentation as an ox . . 32 a 25
Hind as a cow ; roe as a goat ; roebuck as a he-goat ;

wild sow as a domestic sow 32 b i

No legal worth on a badger, and reason . »»!b . 32 b 2

No legal worth on a hare, and reason . . . 32 b 8

Worth of a stallion 32 b 1 1

Worth of a herd boar . . . . ;<. u •* *; *••' < . 32 b 12

Worth of a bull of a trevgordd . . . , »j/, .; . < > . 32 b 14
No legal worth on wolf, fox, and other mischievous

animals .-». >?«> > .% - -.«••:.••:. , . . 32 b 16

Worth of every eatable animal except swine . . 32 b 19
Teithi.

Ofaman . . p?/;/* xr,\ 'kt>'7..:i n l: rr .) "j . 32b2i

Ofawoman * , ; .. ? ./ ; ; • h;^r ;, k . 32b23

Of violence . . ....... V: ;*•" . 32b25

Of Bees.

Their origin from Paradise . • . • i "• . » . 33 a I

Worth of a mother-hive and its swarms . " ,, *< 33 a 5

Worth of a mother-hive after exit of each swarm . 33 a 8

Worth of swarm before being on wing . . . 33 a 12

Finding a swarm on bough on another's land . . 33 a 15

Finding a hive on another's land ... . 33 a 1 8

When swarms (including a wing-swarm) assume the

status of a mother-hive 33 a 21

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixxxiii

Of a Cat.

Killing a cat which guards king's barn . . . 33 b I

Worth of any other cat 33 b 6

Worth of a cat's teithi 33 b 7

Teithi of a cat . . . . . . . . 33 b 8

Of a Dog.

No dirwy or camlwrw for stealing a dog ....... . 33 b 13

Denial of a dog 33 b 14

Killing a dog in self-defence 33 b 16

A dog drawing blood 33 b 19

Penalty for not destroying a vicious dog which offends

thrice . . . . . . . . . 33 b 23

No reparation for a mad dog's mischief . . . 34 a 2

Law of theft not applicable for stealing dogs . . 34 a 3

OF CORN DAMAGE AND IMPOUNDAGE.

Payment to be made for damaged corn . . . 34 a 5

A fold steer impounded 34 a 8

A fettered horse . 34 a 9

A horse free of restraint . . » . . . 34 a 1 1

If taker unfetters a horse caught upon the corn . . 34 a 12

A legal herd of swine 34 a 1 5

Definition of legal herd of swine . . . . 34 a 20

A legal flock of sheep . . . . . . . 34 a 21

Definition of legal flock of sheep . . . . 34 a 24

A lamb . . 34 a 25

Goats and kids 34 b 2

Geese 34 b 3

Geese damaging corn through cornyard or barn . 34 b 7

A hen or cock in flax garden or barn . . . . 34 b 10

A cat mousing in flax garden 34 b 15

Calves in corn . . 34 b 17

Payment after polluted oath 34 b 19

Taker not responsible for animal killed by another

in his corn or hay . . . . . 34 b 24
f 2

Ixxxiv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

OF SURETIES.

Denial of a surety r- ••«•'•• • . . . . • ' . r. 35^4
Denial of a suretyship . . 7' ^;. . •"."•" 35 a 7

Three ways whereby a surety is exonerated . . 35 a 12

Time given a surety to recognize his suretyship . . 35 a 17

Time given a surety to prepare payment . . . 35 a 18

Three ways whereby time is postponed . . . 35 a 20

Surety to convey distress with the plaintiff , : . 35 a 23

Surety's oath who admits and denies in part . . 35 b I

Three such sureties not entitled to such oath . . 35 b 3

All chattels, save those given by lord, may be pledged 35 b 1 1

Surety's time to pay in case of living chattels . . 35 b 13

Surety's time to pay in case of inanimate chattels . 35 b 20
If surety dies before payment of debt . . ' . ' 1" 36 a 4

Lord's opposition to a surety not recognized in law . 36 a 12

Surety to enforce his claim on debtor's heirs . . 36 a 13
Debts are payable at once save in three principal

feasts .. . . 36 a 1 8

Certain who cannot be sureties without their lord's

consent 36 b I

Son to succeed father in his suretyship . . . 36 b 8

No one to be both debtor and surety . . . . 36 b 1 1

Lord is surety for chattels without surety . ' -. . 36 b 16

Debasing the status of a pledge . . * -;>^'; . . 36 b 17

Giving large thing in pledge for small ?« ; "• •' . 36 b 23

Pound in pledge for penny (cf. 36 b 17) . * 3.T ' . 37 a 4

OF CONTRACT.

Every cause according to its contract . . . . 37 a 6
No contract without contract men . • > . i . . 37 a 6
Contract to be abjured like suretyship ^u • . . 37 a 7
No contract to be made for another without his leave 37 a 8
Contract is stronger than law . . . . . 37 a 1 1
A promise before witnesses not deniable unless wit-
nesses fail . . . ; >it :**' .-.: * -...; . . 37 a 13
One's own oath sufficient if no witnesses . . . 37 a 16

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixxxv

OF WOMEN.

Gobr of king's daughter and her Cowyll . . 37 a 18

Her agweddi 37 a 20

Agweddi of breyr's daughter who elopes . . 37 a 21

Agweddi of taeog's daughter who elopes . . 37 a 24
Agweddi, cowyll, gobr of breyr's married daughter

whose husband leaves her before end of

seven years . . . . . . . 37^25

Same in case of a taeog's daughter . . . 37 b 5

Sharing if separated after end of seven years . 37 b 7

Case of separation by death . . . . 37bn

Sarhad of a married woman . . . . 37bi3

Sarhad and galanas of married man ; wife has

one-third of sarhad . . . . 37 b M
Free man's wife gives and lends certain things

without his consent 37 b 17

Taeog's wife cannot give (except one thing) or

lend (except two things) without his consent 37 b 21

Elopement of a pure maiden] . . V 37 b 25 -f W 79 b 4

[Elopement of a woman W 79 b 7

[Rape and payments therefor . . . . W 79 b 10

[Denial of rape and woman's procedure . . W 79 b 13

[Oaths in a denial of rape W7gbi8

[Three causes whereby a woman leaves her

husband without loss of agweddi . . W 79 b 20
[Three things retained by a guilty abandoned

wife W 80 a 2

[How cowyll may be divided . . . . W 80 a $
[Woman has wynebwerth thrice from unfaithful

husband W 80 a 7

[Swearing virginity against denial thereof . . W 80 a 10

[Three oaths given by a scandalized wife . . W 80 a 15
[Who gives a woman in marriage is to take

surety for her gobr W 80 a 19

[Who takes an eloping woman into his house to

be surety for her gobr W 80 a 21

Ixxxvi

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[Gobr of a female alltud W 80 b 3

[Chief of Song receives gobrs of bards'

daughters ... . ... W 80 b 4

[Protection of a bondman (cf. V 21 b 2) . . W 80 b 5

[Protection of a land maer . -» . . . W8ob6
[Sarhid of bondwoman who works neither at

spade nor quern (cf. V 21 b 14) . . . W 80 b 7

[For adultery man pays 120 pence wynebwerth . W 80 b 10
[Sharing of furniture between man and wife who

separate before end of seven years . . W Sob 12

[Wife to wait nine days in house for her share . W 81 a 12
[Woman declaring her pregnancy at husband's

death . W8ia 14

[Violation of two women by two men . . . W 8 1 a 20
[Retention of eloping woman beyond seven

days W8ib$

[Eloping woman of full age complaining after

desertion' WT 81 b 10

[Woman complaining of faithless paramour . W 82 a 5

[Oaths in denial of rape ; penalty if not denied . W 82 a 12
[Augmentations of man's sarhad for seduction of

his wife W 82 a 21

[The law of nursing during a year . . . W 82 b I

[MISCELLANIES.

[King's vat of mead and the wax. . . . W 82 b 5

[Measure of the vat of mead . . . W 82 b 9

[Of Worth of Skins. .

[Ox, cow, stag, hind, otter W 82 b 12

[Beaver • . . . . . . W 82 b 14

[Marten . . W82bi5

[Stoat W 82 b 16

[Sharing of eatable wild animal killed on

another's land (cf. W 90 a 14) • • • W 82 b 17

[Taeogs responsible for their guestmen's chattels . W 82 b 20

[King's supperer's fee to the servants . . . W 83 a 5

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY Ixxxvii

[Fore-sitter of a cantrev, viz. footholder ; his due

to king . W 83 a 7

[Foreigner dying on another's land ; his death-
clod and ebediw W 83 a 9

[Of Denials.

[Back-burthen W 83 a 13

[Horse burden . . . . . • . . W 83 a 14

[Worth of six score pence W 83 a 16

[Worth of a pound W 83 a 17

[Family man's annual cyvarwys is a pound . W 83 a 19

[Of Ebediws.

[Every free man and servant of a lord . . W 83 a 21

[Taeog ; taeog with church on his land . . W 83 b 2

[Male cottar W 83 b 4

[Female cottar . .• W83b$

[Chief of Kindred does not pay his own ebediw . W 83 b 6

[Son not to succeed father as Chief of Kindred . W 83 b 9
[Woman caught in adultery loses agweddi, the
chattels being brought to husband by her

kindred W83b II

[Of Accusations of Theft.

[( Full denial against full information ' . . W 83 b 14

[How to accuse of theft legally . . . . W 83 b 20

[Ceremony of information through church . . W 84 a 6

[WORTH OF BUILDINGS, TREES, UTENSILS, &C.
[OF BUILDINGS.

[Winter house; its roof-tree, forks, benches,
upper benches, stanchions, doors, outer

doors, lintels, sills, side posts . . . W 84 a 16

[Penalty for uncovering a winter house . . W 84 b I

[Autumn house with or without auger-hole . W 84 b 3

[Summer house W 84 b 5

[Fork of summer or autumn house = two legal

pence ..... . . . W 84 b 6

[Door-hurdle . . . . . . . W84b8

Ixxxviii

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[Barn ; of king, breyr, and king's taeog . . W 84 b 9

[Opening of barns till winter . . . . .' - W84bi2
[Piped kiln of king, breyr, king's taeog, breyr's

taeog, with legal house over it .- ,. '• i. W 84 b 19

[Kiln without a pipe . . . . , *- WSsaS
[Kindling a kiln-house fire and leaving without

pledge . . . . / . . .' » W85a7

[Responsibilities for fire in trev due to negligence W 85 a 1 1

[Giver and kindler of fire equally responsible . W 85 a 13
[Kindling fire thrice in borrowed house which is

burnt .... -.."•: .... . W 85 a 15

[Convicted incendiary becomes saleable thief . W 85 a 18

[Worth of saleable thief W 85 a 21

[Thief caught burning house forfeits his life , 1 W 85 b i

[Executed thief does not forfeit his chattels . t W 85 b 2

[No galanas for thief nor recrimination . . W 85 b 6

[Or TREES.

[Yew of saint, oak ; he who bores through an oak W 85 b 8

[Mistletoe branch ; chief branches of oak ., ... - W 85 b 10

[Apple-tree, crab-tree . . • • W85bi2

[Hazel, yew of a wood, thorn . 5. , . :.*. W85 b 14

[All other trees except beech ; worth of beech . W 85 b 16

[Felling an oak on king's highway . . . W 85 b 18

[Tree falling across a river . . ; . <:.; . . W 86 a 2

[Of WEAPONS.

[Swords with and without gold and silver . ,* W 86 a 6

[Shields, blue and their own wood colour . ., W 86 a 9

[Spear, battle-axe, knife . : , > • .. t . '• . : . W 86 a 1 1

[Or UTENSILS, &c.

[Buttery, pig-sty, sheep-fold : v* '' v «i ' - • V W 86 a 14

[Millstones and quern «. •• 4. • < '* W86ai6

[Harp of Chief of Song and its tuning key . -^ W 86 a 18

[King's harp, plaid, and throwboard . ; - « • •''•'«•. W 86 a 20

[Breyr's harp, tuning key, and plaid . . . W 86 b i

[Sleeping pillow W 86 b 3

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

Ixxxix

[Throwboard of whalebone, other bone, hart's

antler, steer's horn, wood . . . . W 86 b 4

[Broad axe, fuel axe, hand hatchet . . . W 86 b 9

[Large and medium auger W 86 b 12

[Wimble, drawknife, billhook, whetstone . . W 86 b 14
[Coulter, adze, reaping hook, mattock, sickle,
shears, comb, hedging-bill, billhook, willow
pail, white pail with hoops, baking board,

flesh dish, pail of willow wood, sieve . . W 86 b 16

[Spade, willow bucket, broad dish, riddle . . W 87 a I
[Yew pail, tub, stave churn, vat churn, bowl,

liquor bowl, winnowing sheet, pan with feet W 87 a 2

[Turning wheel, pot-ladle, weeding hook . . W 87 a 5

[Skiff . . W87a6

[Nets (salmon and grayling) ; a bow net . . W 87 a 7

[Coracle W 87 a 10

[Placing net in river on another's land without

leave W87aii

[Or PLOUGHS AND COTILLAGE.

[Breaking plough on another's land . . . W 87 a 15

[Worth of plough W 87 a 17

[Worth of one day's ploughing . . . . W 87 a 1 8
[Worth of long yoke and its bows . . . W 87 a 19
[Order of the hires (llogeu) . . . . W 87 a 21
[All in taeogtrev to have cotillage before plough-
ing begins W 87 b 4

[Death of ox by overploughing ; erw of black ox W 87 b 6

[Or PLEDGES, BORROWING AND LENDING.

[Pledges lapse after nine days except these— . W 87 b 9

[Church implements which should not be pledged W 87 b 10

[And coulter, cauldron, fuelaxe, which never lapse W 87 b 12
[Year and day for gold, coats of mail, and golden

vessels, when pledged W 87 b 14

[Law of Borrowing W 87 b 1 6

xc

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[Lender to take witnesses ; denial of a loan . W 87 b 17

[Law of perjury W 87 b 20

[OF GALANAS.

[Fortnight allowed for every gwlad to pay

galanas W 88 a 6

[How dispersed galanas is paid . . , . W 88 a 1 1
[No proper name nor share for kin after fifth

cousin . . W88a 16

[Father's share of his son's galanas . . , W 88 a 17
[Above rule applies in giving and receiving

galanas . . . . . . . W88a 18

[A spear penny .... . , . . W 88 a 19

[Only kindred to third degree assist poor kinsman

in sarhad payment . . , , ' , W 88 a 21

[The dire event of a galanas . . . J|o! W88b4

[MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

[King forbidding his wood ; his share of swine . W 88 b 12
[Sarhad to apparitor sitting in court , . . W 88 b 19
[King's share of spoil. . ". . . . : W88b2i
[Addressing king unseemly * 'V - . -' > V. W 89 a 4
[Taeog receiving land from king . . ' > W 89 a 7
[Bondman's ebediw to whom king gives land . W 89 a 12
[Pet animal of king's wife and daughter . • • „ •• .> W 89 a 14
[Pet animal of [breyr's] wife and daughter . - i ^- W 89 a 16
[Pet animal of taeog's wife and daughter . ~: v W 89 a 17
[Free man answering for- his alltud . . ?• ^ W 89 a 20
[Worth of ready-made garment . . / ; ' :. W 89 b 2
[Unintentional blow (cf. V 38 b 8) . . . W 89 b 4
[Worth of conspicuous scar attends that of fore-
tooth, (cf. V 19 b 17) . . v.« . W89b7
[Five keys to the office of judge . . . . W 89 b 9
[Destroying meer on another's land (cf. V 26 a 10) W 89 b 15
[Objecting to suspected testimony (cf. V 39 a i) . W 89 b 18
[Objector to witness before he witnesses, loses

suit (cf.V39a4) Wgoa i

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY

xci

[Denial of murder by man in the host . . W 90 a 2

[Sarhad to person of four particular gwlads . W 90 a 5

[Amount of the galanas . . . . . W 90 a 9

[Dead wild sow on another's land . . . . W 90 a 1 1

[Another dead eatable animal (cf. W 82 b 17) . W 90 a 14

[Fox or another uneatable wild animal . . W 90 a 15

[Dirwy and camlwrw of court and llan . . W 90 a 19

[Fault in churchyard in the place of refuge . W 90 a 20

[Sharing of a llan dirwy, and why so shared . W 90 b I
[Three things of which maer and canghellor do

not get share . . . . . . W 90 b 8

[Ship wrecked on land of lord and bishop . . W 90 b 1 1

[Sharing when law of distress is applied . . W gob 13
[One-third of galanas falls on owner of weapon

causing death . , W 90 b 20

[Chattels taken from time of war to that of peace W 91 a I
[Loss of eye whilst two persons are walking in

wood W 91 a 3

[Times between court and llan respecting

claim W9ia7-fV38ai

Lord's time to recollect oath . . . . 38 a 2

Priest's time 38 a 3

Necessary elements in every suit . . . 38 a 5

Perquisite of builder on open land . . . 38 a 7

Gorvodog's liabilities 38 a 10

Gorvodog's time to cancel his gorvodogship . 38 a 13

Thief placed on sureties not to be destroyed . 38 a 14

No responsibility for one's bondman save for theft 38 a 1 5

Four requisites in administering justice . . 38 a 17

Breaking voluntary cotillage . . . . 38 a 20

Fencing meadow lands because of swine . . 38 a 23

Swine in unripe and in ripe corn . . . 38 a 24
Six ways of losing chattels and how to recover

them 38 b 4

An unintentional blow (cf. W 89 b 4) . . 38 b 8

Pledger must be of same worth as the one pledged 38 b 1 1

xcii WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Exculpating animals which have damaged corn . . 38 b 13
No payment or detention of animals for the worth-
less straw after a corn damage case is settled . 38 b 16
Law of a graft . . ^JS^Vfjife^ - •: ' •• :«.i . 38 b 20
OF WITNESSES, TESTIMONY, &c.

Objecting to suspected testimony (cf. W 89 b 18) . 39 a I
Objector to witness before he witnesses, loses suit

(cf. W 90 a i) . ••" : I .• • • • • 39 a 4

When to object to a witness ; . . ^. . . 39 a 6

A witness as to a witness . . . . . . ; . 39 a 8

Evidences and witnesses equally effective . . . 39 a 9

Time for transmarine witness or guarantor . . 39 a n

Time for witness or guarantor from border gwlad . 39 a 13

Time for witness or guarantor from same gwlad . 39 a 14

Time for witness or guarantor from same cymwd . 39 a 15

Objecting to defunct testimony 39 a 16

Objecting to living testimony 39318

Counter witnesses, definition of ; not to be objected to 39 b J

Time for calling evidences and why . . . 39 b 6

Contravening of evidences 39 b 10

OF WAYLAYING.

Penalty for waylaying 39 b 21

Denial of waylaying . . . . . . . 39 b 25

Measure denied in denying ' wood and field ' . 40 a 3

No waylaying if on lawful road and unconcealed . 40 a 7

Waylaying if concealed five legal paces from road . 40 a 9
One instance for which hanging and confiscation are

due . . . . » i .. . . .403 12

OF THE SEVEN BISHOP-HOUSES IN DYVED.
The seven Bishop-Houses . . . . . .40314

Four abbots to be ordained scholars . . . . 40 a 17

Ebedivv of these four, who pays it and to whom . . 40 a 19

Mynyw [i. e. St. David's] free from every due . . 40 a 22

Two others free because they have no land . . 40 a 22

Penalty for sarhad to one of these abbots . . . 40 a 24

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY xciii

TRIADS

Three calamitous losses of a kindred . . . . 40 b I

Three legal periods to avenge dead body . . . 40 b 14

Three nets of a king 41 a 2

Three nets of a breyr 41 a 8

Three nets of a taeog 41 a n

Three dirwys of a king 4* a 15

Three indispensables of a king 41 b 2

Three things which king shares with none . . . 41 b 3

Three fours 41 b 6

Three crimes whereby a man's son loses patrimony . 42 a 7

Three silent ones in session 42 a 1 1

Three lawful rests of spear during pleadings . . 42 a 16
Three futile expressions during pleadings . . .42324

Three worthless milks . . . . . 42 b 2

Three sarhads not expiable if received when drunk . 42 b 4

Three buffets not expiable 42 b 9

Three women whose sons inherit their mother's trev

unopposed 42 b 14

Three disgraces of a kindred 42 b 22

Three pieces of flesh of a hundred perplexities . . 43 a 2

Three strong scandals of a woman . . . . 43 a 7

Three things prosecuted as theft although not theft . 43 a 12

Three sarhads of a woman 43 a 14

Three ways whereby one may object to witnesses . 43 a 20

Three sons who share no land with their brothers . 43 a 22

Three persons whose status rises in one day . . 43 b 13

Three legal worths of a foetus 43 b 23

Three ways whereby a son is affiliated to a father . 44 a 6

Three ways whereby a son is disowned by a kindred 44 a 17
Three places where the oath of an absolver is not

given 44 b 3

Six persons exempt from the oath of an absolver . 44 b 8

Three vexations of the wise 44 b 1 1

Three persons entitled to an advocate in court . . 44 b 1 2

xciv WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Three animals whose acts are not cognizable in

law during rutting season . . . . 44 b 1 5

Three animals with no legal worth . . . 44 b 17

Three bloods not amenable in law ,->». :• ' • • 44 b 19

Three fires whose results are not cognizable in law 44 b 21
Three birds whose worth comes to king when

they are killed . . . . , » 3 ; ^ \, .»••• 44 b 25
Three vermin whose worth comes to king when

they are killed . .- 45 a 4

Three things not to be appraised . . . 45 a 7

Three legal vessels of generation . § . . 45 a 10

Three free timbers in king's forest . « •. 45 a 12

Three buffalo horns of king . . . . 45*1$

Three free huntings in every gwlad . . . 45 a 17

Three things which prevail over law . . . 45 a 19

Three names for an apparitor . . . 45 a 21

Three ways in which silver rod is paid to the king 45 a 23

Three thrusts not to be redressed . . . 45 b I

Three persons not saleable by law . . . 45 b 19
Three chattels secure without surety] 45 b 22-f W 102 b 18

[Three things common to a gwlad . . . W 102 b 21

[Three modest blushes of a maid . ^ y, . . W 103 a 3

[Three stays of blood . . . . . , W 103 a 10

[Three unabashed ones of a gwlad . . - . W 103 a 12

[Three hearths which act justly for one without lord W 103 a 14

[Three legal needles . . . 0 »,, v, ^ff . W 103 a 18

[Three defunct testimonies . ^ ^ t :>r ?h ^l .-/ ir^ W 103 b 4

[Three secrets better to confess than conceal . W 104 a 2

[Three one-footed animals . , ,- :) ^ -: • , ^ r :/ • W 104 a 6

[Three things not to be paid for though lost . W 104 a 9

[Three sarhads of a corpse . , •',;.•;; • W 104 a n

[Three reproaches of a corpse , W 104 a 13

[Three scowls not to be redressed . . . W 104 a 16

[Three distraints not to be restored W 104 a 21
[Three things found on road, no need to answer

for W 104 b 2

ANALYTICAL SUMMARY xcv

[Three persons to whom tongue-wound is

paid W 104 b 4

[Three cases in Howel's law where proof occurs W 104 b 9

[Three plagues of a kindred . . . . W 104 b 14

[Three things which destroy a contract . . W 104 b 17
[Three things which defend person from summons

to court Wl04bi8

[Three persons who receive but do not pay

galanas . W 105 a I

[Sister pays half a brother's share of galanas and

receives none W 105 a 9

[Three throws not to be redressed . . . W 105 a 1 1

[Three persons who impoverish a gwlad , . W 105 a 13

[Three strong ones of the world . . . . W 105 a 15
[Three animals of same worth as to tails, eyes,

and lives . W 105 a 19

[Three persons hated by a kindred . . . W 105 b 2

[Three things common to a kindred W 105 b 6

[Three disgraceful faults W 105 b 10

[Three animals whose teithi exceed their legal

worth W 105 b 13

[Three signs of a gwlad's inhabitancy . . W 105 b 16

[End of Triads W 105 b 18

[OF THE NINTH DAYS.

[9th December and 9th May as to land . . W 105 b 21

[9th May for teithi of first milk . . . . W 106 a I

[9th February for teithi of first work . . . W 106 a 3

[9th day for lord to recollect his oath W 106 a 4

[9th day between court and llan as to land . W 106 a 6

[9th day as to corpse from same cantrev as

murderer W 106 a 9

[Three 9th days for Chief Huntsman . . . W 106 a 10

[Three 9th days as to a woman's pregnancy . W 106 an

[9th day before August as to a swarm . . W 106 a 12

xcvi WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[9th day as to a warrant or witness in same

gwlad . . * • ".. . . • , . " * » . . . . Wio6ai4

[9th day to remove house built on another's land W 106 a 15

[9th day for wife to await her chattels when

separating from her husband . v . _ . W 106 a 17

[9th day period doubled as to a broken plough . W 106 a 19

[ADDITIONAL NOTES.

[Religious advice to a judge . . . +<..*. W 106 b I
[Moralizing on temporal courts . . T f ;c .- ..* .. W 106 b 5
[Three places forbidden for the oath of an

absolver .... .V» ;, , ^ . Wio6bi2
[Son affiliated to a kindred is to swear . . W 106 b 19
[When son is denied by a kindred, eldest son to

swear . . . . . . ,-'•.. W 107 a 3

[Three futile crosses W 107 a 6

Vfola WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

H

Ywel da mab kadell bxenhin kynv
ry awnaeth trOy rat duO adyr-
weft agOedi can oed eidaO ef ky
mry yny theruyn nyt amgen
petwar cantref athrugein deheubarth 5

a deunaO cantref gOyned. a thrugem tref
trachyrchell. atluugefnt tref buellt. ac y
ny teruyn hOnnO nyt geir geir neb ar
nunt 6y. a geir yO ygeir Oy ar paOb. Sef
yd oed dzyc dedueu a dxyc kyfreitheu kyn 10
noc ef. Y kymerth ynteu whegOyr o pop
kymhOt yg kymry. ac y due yr ty gOyn
ar taf. ac a oed operchen bagyl yg kymry
rOg archefcyb ac efcyb ac abadeu ac ath(ra)
(w)on da. ac ox nifer hOnnO ydewiffGyt y 15
deudec lleyc doethaf, ar vn yfcolheic doeth
af ac aelwit blegywryt ywneuthur ykyf
reitheu da. ac y diot yrei dzOc a oed kyn noc

kef. ac y(dodi r)ei da yn eu lie. ac y eu kada(rn)
h(au yny enO) ehunan. Sef awnaethant 6y 20
pan darfu wneuthur y kyfreitheu hynny.
dodi emelltith duO ac vn ygynulleitua (hon)
no ac vn gymry benbaladyr ar y neb a toz
hei y kyfreitheu hynny. achyntaf yg(6na
. eth)ant o gyfreitheu llys can oedynt pe(nh)af 25

2 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 1 b

achan perthynynt 0:th ybaenhm ar vzen-
hines arpetwar sOydaOc ar hugemt aecan-
hymdaant. nyt amgen. )Penteulu. J&ffei-
rat teulu. jfpiftem. 'If gnat llys. l|ebogyd.
^enkynyd. yengOaftraOt. iOas yftauell. 5

Jhftefn bienhines. JSffeirat bzenhmes.
Jtard teulu. ioftegOa. JhyffaOx neuad.
JlzyffaOx yftauell. Ho:0yn yftauell. ©Oaf
traOt auOyn. ©anhOyllyd. Wrullyat.
Hedyd. ^OydOz llys. ©oc. ||edyc. ©ro Jo
edaOc. [@]0aftra0t auOyn b^enhines.

ysOydogyon oil yO kaffel bieth-
ynwifc ygan y b*enhm. alliem wife
ygan yv*enhmes teir gOeith pop blOyd-
yn. ynadolyc. ar pafc. ar sulgOyn. Ran o 15
holl ennill yb^enhin oe wlat dihs ageiff y
vaenhfnes. SOydogyon y v*enhfnes agaf-
fan ran o holl ennfll fOydogyon y bzenhin.
®n dyn awna farhaet yr bxenhin r y neb a
to^ho y naOd. ar neb arOyftro y wreic. ar neb 20
alatho yOi yny Oyd ac yggOyd y nifer pan
vo ym aruoll a chymanua yrydaO ynteu a
phennaeth arall. Can mu hagen atehr
yn farhaet bzenhfn ygkyfeir pop cantref
oeteyrnas. agOyalen aryant agyrhaetho ^5

Vfo2a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 3

oz dayar hyt yn lat ytuenhfn pan eiftedho
yny gadeir. kyr refet ae aranvys. a thn n
ban ernf athn y deni kyr refet ar wyalen.
affiol eur a anho HaOn diaOt ybzenhin yndi.
kyn teOhet ac ewm amaeth aamaetho fe- 5
ith mlyned. achlaOz eur ernf kyn teOhet
ar ffiol kyflet ac Oyneb y bzenhfn. Jizefnt
arglOyd dinefOz heuyt atecceir o warthec
gOynyon aphen pop vn Ozth lofcOzn yllall.
atharO rOg pop vgein mu o honunt mal y 10
bo kyflaOn oargoel hyt yn llys dinefOz.
jlef atelir yg galanas bzenhfn r tn chyme-
fnt ae sarhaet gan tn dzychafel (Dtn mod
yserheir y vzenhines. pan tozher ynaOd. neu
pan traOher trOy lit. neu pan tynher peth 15
oellaO gan treis. acyna trayan kywerthyd
farhaet ybzenhin atelir yr vzenhines heb
eur a heb aryant hagen. l(n dyn ar pym-
thec arhugeint ar veirch awetha yr bzenhm
ju kynhal yny getymdeithas. y petwar fO- 20
ydaOc ar hugeint. ae deudec gOeftei. ac ygyt
ahynny yteulu ae wyrda ae vaccOyeit. ae
gerdozdyon. ae achenogyon. ^nrydeduffaf
gOedy ybzenhin arvzenhines yO yr etlfng.
BzaOt neu vab neu nei vab bzaOt vyd yret- 25

B 2

4 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Vfo2b

ling yr bzenhin. f aOd yr etling yO can-
heb*0g ydyn awnel y kam hyt yndiogel. ,,..,,,
Vn farhaet ac vn alanas uyd yr etling
ar tuenhin eithyr eur ac aryant bzeinha-
01 argOarthec aoffodir o argoel hyt yn llys 5
dineftu. Jfle yr etling yny neuad gyfar-
Oyneb ar bxenhin am ytan ac ef. ROg yr
etling ar golofyn neffaf idaO ydeifted yr
ygnat llys. yparth arall idaO yreffeirat
teulu. Guedy ynteu ypenkerd. Odyna i 10
nyt oes le dihf yneb yny neuad. Tf oil 6z-
thxychyeit ygOyr rydyon ar kylhtuffon
yn llety ygOyr yr etling ybydant. Y bzen-
hm adyly rodi yr etling yholl treul yn en-
rydedus. Jilety yr etling armaccOyeit 15

gantaO y6 y neuad. Er kynudOx bieu kyn-
neu tan idaO. achayu ydxyffeu gOedy yd el
ygyfcu. DigaOn adyly yr etling yny ancOyn
heb veffur yny teir gOyl arbenhic. Bonhedic
bzeinhaOl aeifted ar gled y bxenhin. y parth 20
deheu idaO paOb mal ymynho. !faOd bxe-
fnhyaOl yffyd ypop fOydaOc. ac yereill hef-
yt Jlgyrcho naOd bxenhmes r diof teruyn
ywlat yd hebzygir heb erht a heb ragot ar
naO. !^aOd y penteulu agan hebaOg y dyn 25

Vfo3a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 5

dzos teruyn y kymhOt. If aOd effeirat teu-
lu yG canhetnOg ydyn hyt yr eglOys neffaf.
IfaOd ydiftein aweryt dyn oz pan safho
ygwaffanaeth ybzenhfn r hyt pan el y dyn
diwethaf cu llys ygyfcu. If aOd yr hebogyd 5
adiffer ydyn hyt y lie pellaf yd helyo adar.
IfaOd ypenkynyd aparha hyt y lie pellaf.
yclyOher lief y gcnn. IfaOd yr ygnat llys yO
tra baraho dadleu 01 haOl gyntaf hyt ydiwe-
thaf. If aOd y pengOaftraOt aparha hyt y par 10
aho redec ymarch gcneu yny llys. !f aOd y
gOas yftauell yO oz pan elher yurOynha hyt
pan darffo tannu gOely ybaenhm. ^yf
felyp y hynny y6 naOd mcnOyn yftauell.
IfaOd diftefn bzenhines yO 01 pan fafho *5

yg waffanaeth y vzenhmes r hyt pan el y
dyn diwethaf en yftauell ygyfcu. If aOd y
bard teulu yO dOyn y dyn hyt ary penteulu.
!faOd ygoftegOx yO 01 of tec kyntaf hyt ydi-
wethaf. ^yffelyp yO naOd effeirat ae gilyd. 20
!faOd y canhOyllyd yO ox pan enynher yga-
nhOyll gyntaf r hyt pan diifother y diwethaf.
!faOd ytroedaOc yO o^pan eiftedo dan tract
y bienhm r hyt pan el y bienhm yr yftauell.
I|a6d ycoc yO oz pan declneuho pobi ygo- 25

6 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V f o 3 b

16yth kyntaf. hyt pan offotto yr anrec diweth-
af rac bxon ybxenhin ar vxenhfnes. TfaOd
y sOydOx 11 ys y6 01 pan declneuho rannu y
bOyt r hyt pan gaffo ydiwethaf yran.
If a6d y medyd yO o% pan declneuo darmerth 5
ygerGyn ved. hyt pan y kudyo. IfaOd y
trullyat yO ox pan declneuho gOallaO y ge-
rOyn ved r hyt pan darffo. If a6d ymedyc
llys yO 01 pan el youOy y claf gan ganhat
ybaenhin. hyt pan del yr llys trachefyn. 10
T|a6d y dzyffaOx yneuad yO canhebzOg ydyn
hyt y vzeich ae wyalen parth ac at ypoxtha-
Ox. kanys ef ae herbyn. I|a6d ypozthaOz
yO kadO ydyn hyt pan del ypenteulu trOy
ypozth parth ae lety. 3,c yna kerdet ynaOdOz 15
yn diogel. ^yffelyp yO naOd dxyffaOx ae gi-
lyd. Tf aGd gOaftraOt auOyn a para tra wnel
y gof llys pedeir pedol ac eu to holyon. athra
pedolo amOs ybxenhin. ^yffelyp yhyn-
ny yO naOd gOaftraOt auOyn bxenhines. 20

]^0y bynhac atoxher ynaOd r neut farha-
et idaO. ^ef atehr yn farhaet penteulu.
trayan farhaet ybxenhin heb eur aheb ar-
yant bzeinhaOl. ac uelly y alanas. Jliftefn.

llys. ^ebogyd. JPenkynyd. ^en- 25

Wfo37a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 7

If aOd ygoftegcn adiffer dyn en oftec kyn-
taf hyt ydiwethaf. IfaOd ycanhOyllyd
on pan enynher yganhOyll gyntaf hyny
diffother ydiwethaf. 3f aOd ytroedaOc yG
en pan eiftedho dan tract ybxenhin hyny 5
el yr yftauell. !§aOd ycoc yO ozpan popo
ygolOyth kyntaf hyt pan offotto ydiwe-
thaf rac bzon ybzenhm ar urenhinef.
!fa6d ysOydOz llys aweryt ydyn 01 pan
dechreuho rannu ybOyt. hyt pan gaffo 10

ydiwethaf yran. !^aOd ymedyd yO o%
pan darmertho ygerOyn ued yny cudyo.
!faOd ytrullyat yO o^ pan dechreuo gua-
llaO ygerOyn gyntaf hyt pan darfo. Ifa-
Od ymedyc yO ox pan el youOy yclaf gan 15
ganhat ybxenhin hyt pan del yr llys dm-
cheuyn. If aOd dzyffaOx y neuad^hebzOg
ydyn hyt yureich aewyalen parth ar
pcuthaCu canyf ef ae herbyn. If aOd y
poathaOz yO cadO ydyn hyny del ypenteu- 20
lu trOy ypozth tu ae lety. 3,c yna kerdet

8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 37 b

ynaOdOz ym'ogel. hyt pan adaOho ydyn.di-
wethaf yllys. If a(id dayffaOx yftauell y6
hebzOg ydyn ar y poxthaOt 3f aOd guaftra-
6t auOyn apara tra wnel gof llys pedeir
pedol ac eu to hoelon athra pedolho amOf 5
ybzenhin. ^yffelyp y6. naOd guaftraOt . "{ •
auOyn bzenhin. aguaftraOt auOyn bzen- ;{^-
hfnef. f Oy bynhac atozher ynaOd neut
farhaet idaO. Sef atelir ynfarhaet pen-
teulur trayan farhaet y b^enhin. eithyr 10

yreur ar aryant bzeinhaOl. ac yuelly y
alanaf. Jliftem. ^gnat Hys. ^enkynyd.
!febogyd. ^enguaftraOt. @uaf yftauell.
vn farhaet ac un alanaf. ac un ebediO. ac
ac vn urefnt eu merchet. Yn eu farhaet *5
ytelir naO ,mu anaO ugefnt aryant. Yg
galanas pop vn o honu ytelir naO mu —•;
anaO ugein mu gan tn dzychauel. . Punt /> >
yO ebedi() pop vn o honunt. Punt y(f go-
byr eu merchet. T$ir punt, yO eu cowyll. 20
Seith punt yO. eu heguedi. farhaet > . :-

Wfo38a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 9

pop un 01 fOydogyon ereill oil eithyr y

penteulu ar effeirat teulu. kyn hanfOynt

oz fOydogyon nyt ynt un vzeint. *fWar

haet pop vn ozfOydogyon ereill ytelir

whe bu aryant: a whe ugeint aryant. Yn 5

eu galanaf y telir whe bu awheugeint

mu gan tn dzychauel. Yn ebediO pop vn.

ytelir wheugeint aryant. awheugeint

yO gobyr pop vn oc eu merchet. Punt

yO ahaner eu cowyll. teir punt y6 euhe- J°

guedi. *^ neb alatho dyn talet yfarhaet

gyffeuin. 3,c odyna yalanaf. Ny byd

dzychauel ar farhaet neb.

lety y pen teulu uyd yty mOyhaf ym
perued y tref. canyf yny gylch ef yby 15
dant lletyeu y teulu mal y bOynt paraOt
ym pop reit Yn llety ypenteulu ybyd y
bard teulu. ar medyc. Jflety yr effeirat teu-
lu ac yfcolheigon yllys gantaO uyd ty. y
caplan. ^lety effeirat bzenhinef uyd ty 20

yclochyd. Jflety ydiftein^ar ftydogyon gan-

io WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 38

taO uyd yty neffaf yr llys. Jrlety yr ygnat
llys uyd yftauell ybzenhfn neu yneuad. ar
gobenyd auo dan ybxenhin ydyd. auyd
dan pen yr ygnat llys ynof. Jrlety ypen-
guaftraOt ar guaftradyon oil gantaO uyd 5

yty neffaf yr yfcubaO^ y bzenhin. canyf
ef aran yr ebzaneu. ^flety ypenkynyd
ar kynydyon oil gantaO uyd odynty y bze-
nhfn. ^[lety yr hebogyd uyd yfcubaOt y
bzenhfn. cany char yr hebogeu uOc. iue- io
ly yguaf yftauell aruoaOyn yftauell yn
yftauell ybzenhfn y bydant. Jflety ydzyf-
fozyon uyd ty ypozthaG*. JlncOyn age-
iff ypenteulu yny lety nyt amgen teir
'a thn feic ^achoaneit olyn ox llys. clchyfarOs pop 15
blOydyn ageiff ygan ybaenhm nyt am-
gen teir punt. O anreith awnel yteulu
ran deu Oz ageiff ef 01 byd gyt ac Oynt
EC otrayan ybxenhfn yr eidon adewiffo
Yneb awnel cam if colofneu yllyf of del- 20
la ypenteulu Ozth gyfreith trayan ydi-

Wfo39a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW n

rOy neu ycamKttO ageif. Os deila heuyt
ygkynted yneuad yn gynt n<n diftefn tra-
yan ydirOy yneu ycamKuO ageiff. f|ab
neu nei ap bzaOt yr bxenhfn uyd ypente-
; ulu. Co^neit med adaO idaO ympop kyued- 5
Och ygan yurenhinef. Oz gat ybzenhln
neb en teulu aruar ygantaO hyt odif y pen-
tan, gohodet ypenteulu hOnnO ataO ehu-
nan. ar tal yneuad ydeifted ypenteulu
ar teulu oil yny gylch. kymeret ef yrhe- .10
neuyd auynho ar deheu idaO. ac arall ary
affeu. March bitwoffeb ageiff ygan yb*en-
hin. adOy ran ageiff yuarch oz ebzan.

yNeb afarhaho neu alatho effeirat
teulu diodefet gyfreith fened. ac am y 15
warthaet deudegmu atelir idaO ar tray-
an ageiff ef ardeuparth yr btenhin. Effe-
irat teulu ageiff y wife ypenytyo yb*en-
hin yndi ygarawyf. ahynny erbyn ypafc
ac offrOm ybzenhfn ageiff. ac offrOm y 20

teulu. ac offrOm yfaOl agymerho offrOm

12 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Wfo39b

ygan ybzenhin yny teir gOyl arbenhic.

byth hagen y kymer offrOm ybzenhin.

BOyt feic achorneit med ageiff yny ancO-

yn oz llys. March bitwoffeb ageiff ygan

ybienhm. athrayan holl degOm ybzenhin 5

ageiff. clr trydydyn anhebcoz yr baenhin

yO yr effeirat teulu. ^ffeirat bzenhines

ageiff march bitwoffeb ygan yurenhines.

3,e offrOm hi ar faOl aperthyno idi ageiff

teir gueith pop blOydyn. OffrOm yuren- 10

hfnef hagen ageiff yn pxeffOyluodaOc.

V wife ypenytyo yurenhfnes yndi yga-

rawyf ageiff yheffeirat. . He yr effeirat

yurenhinef auyd gyuarOyneb ahi.

ageiff guifc ypenteulu yny 15

teir gOyl arbenhic. ciguifc ydifte-
fn ageiff ybard teulu. a guifc ybard age-
iff y dzyffaOz. Croen hyd ageiff ydiftein
y gan ykynydyon pan ygouyno o haner
whefraOx hyt ym pen Oythnof o uei.. Pan 20
del ydiftein yrllyf 0;th gyghoz ef ybyd

Wfo40a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 13

ybOyt ar llyn ynhollaOl. Ef adengyf ypaia
Ot le y paOb yny neuad. Ef aran ylletyeu
March bitwoffeb ageiff ygan ybxenhfn.
adOy ran ageiff y uarch ot ebmn. Ryd uyd
tir ydiftefn. Eidon ageiff opop anreith y 5
gan y teulu. Diftein bieu gobyr merchet
pop maer bifweil. Pedeir arhugeint age
iff gan pop fCydaOc adarymreto bOyt all=
yn yny llyf pan elhont yn eufOyd. Ef aran
aryant ygueftuaeu. Ef bieu ardyftu gui- 10
rodeu yny llyf. Ef ageif trayan dirOy acha
m!6zO guaffanaethwyr bOyt allyn. nyt
amgen coc athrullyat afOydOz llyf. Ox pan
dotto ydiftein oe feuyll naOd duO a na<)d
y bxenhin ar urenhinef ar guyrda. atoxho 15
ynaOd honno nyt oef naOd idaO nac yn
llyf nac yn Han. KyfranaOc uyd ynteu uyd
ar pedeir fOyd llyf ar hugeint. a dOy ran a
geiff o grOyn y guarthec a lather yny ge-
gin. O pop fOyd llys pan yrotho y bzen 20

hin gobyr ageiff ydiftein eithyr yfOydeu

I4 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 40 b

arbenhic. Croen hyd adaO idaO yn hydzef y
gan y penkynyd. ac ohOnnG y guneir llef-
tn y gadO fioleu ybxenhin. ae gyrn kyn
rannu y crOyn rOg y bzenhin ar kynydy-
on. Diftein ageiff ran gOz o aryant guaft- 5
rodyon. Diftein o gyfreith bieu goffot
bOyt allyn rac bxon y bxenhin aseic uch
y Ia6 ac arall if y laO. yny teir gOyl arbenfc.
Ef heuyt bieu kyhyt ae hiruys oz cO^Of
gloyO yar y guadaOt. 3,c cu bzagaOt hyt 10
y kyg^g perued. ac (n med hyt y kygOg
eithaf. Yneb awnel cam yg kynted yne-
uad. of deila ydiftefn Ozth gyfreith ef a-
geiff trayan y dirOy neu y camlOxO. ac of-
deila heuyt if y colofneu yn gynt noi 15

penteulu trayan ydirOy neu y camlOxG
ageiff, Diftein bieu cadO ran y bxenhiri -C(
o anreith. ac o rennir kymeret ef uuOch
neu ych. Diftein bieu cad tygu diof y
bzenhin pan uo reith arnaO. Diftein y6 2o

y trydydyn a geidfr bzeint llyf yn aOfen

| y bzenhin

Vfo6a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 15

bOyt allyn rac bxon y bzenhin a seic uch Ia6
ac arall is laO yny teir gOyl arbenhic. Difte-
in ageiff kyhyt ae hiruys ox c6z6f gloyO yar
ygOadaOt. ac 01 bzagaOt hyt ykygOg perued.
ac oz med hyt ykygOg eithaf. Yneb awnel 5
kam yg kynted y neuad os deila y diftef n ef
6*th gyfreith r trayan y dirOy neu y camlOiO
ageiff ef. Os deila heuyt is y colofneu yn
gynt not penteulu r ef ageiff ytrayan, Dif-
tein bieu cadO ran ybtenhfn ot anreith. a 10
phan ranher r kymeret ef ych. neu uuch.
Diftein bieu tygu dzos ybxenhin pan vo re-
ith arnaO. Ef yO ytrydydyn ageidO bzeint
llys yn aOffen y bxenhfn.

Y dyry ygnat llys aryant yr pengOaf 15
tra^t Pan gaffo march ygan ybxenhin.
Ran g6i ageiff o aryant y dayret. Yn rat y ba-
rn ef pop baaOt aperthyno Otth y llys. Ef bl-
eu dangos bzeint gOyr y llys abzeint eu fO-
ydeu. Pedeir ar hugefnt ageiff ynteu ygan 20
yneb ydangoffo yvzefnt aedylyet idaO.
Pan del gobyr kyfreithaOl yr bmOtwyr r
dOy ran ageiff yr ygnat llys. Ran deu Oz
ageiff ox anreith awnel y teulu kyn nyt el
ef oe ty. ©i g6*th6ynepa neb barn yr ygnat 25

16 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V f o 6 b

llys r rodent eu deu Oyftyl yn Ila6 y bienhin.
ac 01 methlir yr ygnat llys r talet yr b*enhi#
werth y taua6t ac na varnet byth. ac 01 me-
thhr y Hall, talet y sarhaet yr ygnat llys.
ac yr btenhin werth y tauaOt. JaOn y6 yr 5
bzaOdOz kaffel pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith

0 pop dadyl atalo pedeir keinhaOc kyf. Ef
y6 ytrydydyn anhebcox yrbxenhin. Pedeir
arhugeint adaO yr bjaOtwyr pan teruyner

tir. Oz a dyn yg kyfreith heb ganhat yr yg- 10
nat llys r talet tn buhyn camlOxO yr bzen-
hfrt. ac ox byd y bxenhin yny lie r talet yn de
udyblyc. Ny dyly neb varnu ar ny Oyppo te-
ir colofyn kyfreith agOerth pop aneueil kyf-
reithaOl. llenlliefn ageiff yr ygnat llys y 15

gan yvxenhmes yn pzeffOyl. March bit-
offeb ageiff ygan ybxenhin adOy ran idaO

01 ebxan. ac yn vn pxeffeb ybyd amarch y
bzenhfn peunydyaOl. GOaftraOt auOyn

adOc y varch idaO yn gyweir pan y mynho. 20
Ytir ageiff yn ryd, Ouer tlyffeu ageiff pan
Oyftler ysOyd idaO. taOlbozt ygan ybxen- >
hfn. a mocUOy eur y gan y vzenhfnes, ac-
ny dyly ynteu gadu y tlyffeu hynny y gan-
taO nac ar werth nac yn rat. Y gan y bard 25

Vfo7a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 17

pan enillo kadeir y keiff yr ygnat llys coin
bual amochOy eur. ar gobennyd adotter y
danaO yny gadeir. Pedeir arhugemt ageiff
yr ygnat llys o pop dadyl sarhaet alledxat
ygan yneb adiagho o% hoi yon hynny. Ef a- 5
geiff tauaOt y tauaOt adel y pen yn anrec
yr bxenhfn. ar tauodeu oil ox llys. kanyf yn-
teu auarn ar y tauodeu oil. arbxenhm ady-
ly llanO lie ytauaOt o gehyr moxdOyt yllOd-
yn bieiffo yr gof llys. Ygnat llys yO y trydy- 10
dyn agynheil bxefnt llys yn aOffen ybxen-
hfn. Ryd uyd o ebediO. kanyf gOell yO ygne-
itaeth no dim pxeffenhaOl.

y dyd bynhac y llatho yr hebogyd crych-

yd neu bOn. neu whibonogyl vynyd r5
o rym y hebogeu, tn gOaffanaeth awna y
bxenhfn idaO. dala y varch tra achuppo yr adar.
adala ywarthafyl tra difcynho. ae dala tra
efkyno. Teir gOeith yd anrecca y bxenhin
ef y nos honno oe laO ehunan ar uOyt. ka- 20
nys yn llaO ygennat yd anrecca beunyd
ef eithyr yny teir gOyl arbenhic. ar dyd
y llatho ederyn enwaOc. ar gled y kyghell-
aOx yd eifted yghyfedOch. Croen hyd ageiff
ynhydzef ygan ypenkynyd ywneuthur menyc 25

i8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 7 b

athafyl hualeu idaO. Nyt yf namyn teir di-
aGt yny neuad rac hot gOall ar yhebogeu.
March bitoffeb ageiff ygan y bxenhin. adOy
ran idaO ox ebxan. Ox Had yr hebogyd yvarch
yn hela. neu ox byd marO odamwein r arall 5
ageiff ygan y bxenhfn. Ef bieu pop hOyedic.
Ef bieu pop nyth llamyften agaffer artiry
llys. BOyt seic achoxneit med ageiff yny
ancOyn ynylety. Ox pan dotto yrhebogyd
yhebogeu yny mut hyt pan y tynho allan r 10
ny dyry atteb yneb ox ae holho. GOeft ageiff
vn weith pop blOydyn ar tayogeu y bxenhfn.
clc o pop tayaOctref ykeiff dauat hefp. neu pe-
deir kefnhaOc kyfreith yn uOyt yhebogeu.
Y tir ageiff yn ryd. Ydyd ydalyho ederyn en- 15
waOc. ac na bo y bxenhfn yny lie r pan del yr
hebogyd yr llys ar ederyn gantaO r y bxenhin
adyly kyfodi racdaO. ac ony chyfyt r ef ady-
ly rodi ywifc auo ymdanaO yr hebogyd. Ef
bieu callon pop HOdyn alather yny gegfn. 20
kyt anreither yr hebogyd o gyfreith r nys
anreitha nar maer nar kyghellaOx. nam-
yn yteulu ar nghyll.

Enkynyd ageiff croen ych ygayaf ygan
ydiftefn ywneuthur kynllyfaneu. ar 25

VfoSa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 19

les ybxenhin yd helyant y kynydyon hyt ga-
lan racuyr. Odyna hyt naOuetdyd oracuyr
nys kyfranant acef. NaOuetdyd oracuyr y
gOeda yr penkynyd dangos yr bzenhin y gOn
ae gyrn ae gynllyfaneu. ae trayan oz crOyn. 5
hyt naOuetdyd o racuyr ny cheiff neb o* aehol-
ho penkynyd atteb ygantaO onyt vn ox sOyd-
ogyon llys uyd. kany dyly neb gohiryaO y
gilyd ox byd ae barnho. Penkynyd ageiff ran
deu Ox ox crOyn ygan gynydyon y gellgOn. a 10
ran gOx ygan gynydyon y milgOn. ac o tra-
yan ybxenhm ox crOyn ykeiff ef y trayan.
GOedy ranher ycrOyn rOg ybxenhfn ar kyny-
dyon. aet ypenkynyd ar kynydyon gantaO
ar dofreth ar tayogeu y bxenhin. ac odyna do- 1 5
ent at ybxenhfn erbyn ynadolyc ygymryt eu
laOn ygantaO. lie ypenkynyd ar kynydyon
gantaO yny neuad. yO ygolofyn gyfarOyn- -
eb arbxenhin. Coxneit med adaO idaO ygan y
bzenhin neu ygan y penteulu. ar eil ygan y 20
vxenhines. artrydyd ygan ydiftefn. llamyf-
ten dof pop gOyl vihagel ageiff ef ygan yr
hebogyd. ancOyn ageiff yny lety. Seic achox
neit med. Ef bieu trayan dirOy achamlOzO
ac ebediO y kynydyon. athrayan gobxeu eu 25

c 2

20 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 8 b

merchet. Gyt ar bienhfn ybydant ykynydy
on •D^ nadolyc hyt pan elhont yhela ewiget
ygOanhOyn, Oz pan elhont y hela y kyntef-
in hyt ym pen naOuetdyd o vei ny t atteb y
penkynyd yr neb ae holho. ony odiwedir duO 5
kalan mei kyn gOifgaO kuaran ytroet de-
heu. March bitoffeb ageiff ygan ybxenhin.
adOy ran idaO ox ebxan. Pan tygho y penky-
nyd r tyget yuOyn ygOn ae gyrn ae gynlly-
uaneu. Pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith ageiff ef 10
ygan pop kynyd milgi. acOyth gefnhaOc
kyfreith ygan pop kynyd gellgOn. Ox a y
penkynyd yn anreith gan y teulu ybzenhm.
neu gan ylu. kanet ygom pan vo laOn idaO.
adewiffet eidon ox anreith. Mai yt geiff i 15
croen ych kyn ytrydydyd nadolyc ygan y
diftem r laOn yO idaO kaffel croen buch rOg
mehefln ahanher mei ygantaO. ac onys
koffa yna r ny cheiff dim.

*S\ EngOaftraOt ageiff croen ych ygayaf 20
J^adiroen buch yrhaf ygan ydiftein.
ywneuthur kebyftreu y veirch ybxenhfn.
ahynny kyn rannu ycrOyn rOg y diftem
arfOydogyon. PengOaftraOt ar penkynyd
artroedaOc nyt eiftedant Oxth paret yneuad. 25

Vfo9a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 21

paOb ohonunt Oynteu aOyr yle. PengOaftra-
Ot bieu koeffeu pop eidon alather yny gegin.
ahalen arodir idaO gantunt. Ran deuOa, a
geiff o aryant ygOaftrodyon. Ef bieu hen
gyfrOyeu amOs yb*enhm ae hen ffrOyneu. 5
PengOaftraOt argOaftrodyon gantaO agaf-
fant yrebolyon gOyllt a del yr bzenhm otra-
yan anreith. Ef bieu eftynnu pop march a
rotho ybzenhin. achebyftyr adyry ynteu gan
pop march, clc ynteu ageiff pedeir kemhaOc 10
o pop march eithyr tn. y march arother yr
effeirat teulu. ar march arother yr ygnat
llys. ar march arother yr croeffaneit kanys
rOymaO troet ygebyftyr awneir Oxth ydOy
geill. ac uelly yrodir. Ef ageiff lloneit y Hefty r 15
yd yffo ybzenhfn ohonaO ygan ydiftein. ar
eil ygan y pen teulu. ar trydyd ygan yvzen-
hfnes. Ytir ageiff yn ryd. a march bitoffeb
ageiff ygan y bzenhin. a dOy ran idaO ox e-
bzan. lie y pengOaftraOt argOaftrodyon y 20
gantaO y6 ygolofyn neffaf yr bxenhin. Pen-
gOaftraOt bieu rannu yr yftableu ac ebzaneu
ymeirch. Tzayan dirOy achamlOxO ygOaft-
rodyon ageiff ef. Ef bieu capaneu y Menhir
oxbyd crOyn Ozthunt. ae yfpardOneu ot bydant 25

22 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Vfofrb

eureit neu aryaneit neu euydeit pan dir-
myccer. B6yt seic achoaneit c6*6f ageiff

@0as yftauell bleu hen ([ ynyancOyn.
dillat y bzenhm oil eithyr ytudet ga-
rawys. Ef ageiff y dillat gOely ae vantell 5
ae peis ae grys ae laOdyr ae efcityeu ae hof-
faneu. Nyt oes le dilis yr gOaf yftauell y
ny neuad. kan keidO gOely ybtenhfn. ae
negeffeu awna rOg y neuad ar yftauell.
Y tir ageiff ynryd. ae ran o aryant ygOeft- 10
uaeu. Ef atan gOely ybzenhm. March p*ef-
fCyl ageiff ygan ybzenhfai. adOy ran idaO
oz ebzan. O pop anreith awnel yteulu r ef
ageiff ygOarthec kyhyt eu kyrn aceu hyf-

ard teulu ageiff eidon o pop {J kyfarn. 15
anreith ybo O^th ydOyn gyt ar teulu.

gOx mal pop teuluOt arall. Ynteu agan
vnbefnyaeth ptydein racdunt yndyd kat
ac ymlad. Pan archo bard y teyrn r kanet
vn kanu. Pan archo y v*eyr r kanet tn cha- 20
nu. Pan archo y tayaOc r kanet hyt pan
vo blin. Ytir ageiff yn ryd. ae varch yn pze-
fOyl ygan y baenhin. ar eil kanu agan yny
neuad. kanyf ypenkerd adechreu. Eil nef-
faf yd eifted yr penteulu. Telyn ageiff y 25

VfolOa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 23

gan y tnenhin. amodxOy eur ygan y v*en-
hines pan rother ysOyd idaO. ar telyn ny
at bytX ygantaO. 1(ard teulu. ioftec gO*.
Jliftein bxenhines. JhyffaGi neuad. Jhyf-
faOz yftauell. ©OaftraOt auOyn. ©anhO- 5

yllyd. Irullyat. ©oc. IroedaOc. f|ed-
yd. jl6yd(u llys. Hedyc. ||o^6yn yfta-
uell. SOaftraOt auOyn baenhines. Ypym-
thec hyn yffyd vn vzefnt. ac vn vzeint eu
merchet. Yn farhaet pop vn ohynny yte 10
lir whe bu awhe vgeint aryant. Galanas
pop vn ohonunt atehr o whe bu awhe bu
vgemt mu gan tn diychafel. EbediO pop
vn o honunt r yO wheugeint. awhe vge-
mt yO gobyr merch pop vn o honunt. 15
Punt ahanher yny chowyll. Teir punt
yhegOedi. ©z a merch vn ox pymthec hyn.
ynllathaut heb rod kenedyl r whech eidon
kyhyt eu kyrn ac eu hyfkyfarn uyd eu he-
gOedi. vn vzeint ahynny yO merch pop 20
gOx ryd a el yn llathzut.

OR a dzyffaOx neuad mOy no hyt y
vzeich ae wyalen y 6*th ydxOs gOedy
yd el yb^enhin yr neuad r ox serheir yno.
ny diwygir idaO. Oz llud y dzyffaO: neu y 25

24 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 10 b

pcnthaOz yn oz sOydogyon dan y adnabot y

myOn pan ymynho r talet pedeir keinhaOc

kyfreith yr sOydaOc. ac os pennadur uyd r

talet yndeudyblyc. athn buhyn camlOxO

atal yr bzenhfn. lleftyr aeruyll ywiraOt yr 5

diyffaO*. Diftein argOallofyeit adygant

eu gOiraOt y leftyr ydzyffaOx. pan rother

gOiraGt yr ebeftyl r y dxyffaOx ae keidO. Ef

a sycha crOyn ygOarthec alather yny ge-

gin. EcheinhaOc ageiff ynteu o pop croen i°

pan ranher. Ef ageiff y tir yn ryd. a march

bitoffeb ageiff ygan y bzenhin. Ran g6z

ageiff o aryant ygOeftuaeu.

jhyffauz yftauell ageiff ytir ynryd. 3,

march bitoffeb ygan y baenhin. agdraOt 15

gyfreithaOl ageiff. ae ran o aryant ygfafruaeu.

©OaftraOt auOyn ageiff kyfrOyeu peunyd-
yaOl yb^enhin ae panel, ae panel ae
gapan glaO pan dirmyccer. ae hen pedoleu.
ae heyrn pedoh. Ytir ageiff ynryd. aeva- 20
rch pzeffOyl. Ef adOc march ybzenhin ylety
ac oe lety. Ef adyeila march y bzenhin pan
efcynho aphan difcynho. Ran gOx ageiff 01
ebolyon gOyllt adel o anreith.

re llys aeifted yn eil neffaf yr pente- 25

V foil a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 25

ulu yny neuad. Ytir ageiff ynryd. amarch
pzeffOyl ygan ybzenhm. Ynrat ygOna ef
medeginyaetheu Ozth y teulu agOyr y llys.
kany ell cheiff eithyr ydillat gOaetlyt onyt

0 vn 01 teir g6eh agheuaOl vyd. Punt agym- 5
eref heb yymbozth neu naO vgeint ae ym-
bozth 01 well agheuaOl. nyt amgen pan toz-
her pen dyn hyny weler yremenhyd. afcOzn
vch creuan pedeir keinhaOc cota atal <n fein-
ha ymyOn kaOc. afcOin is creuan r pedeir 10
keinhaOc kyfreith atal. aphan wanher dyn
yny arch hyny welher y amyfcar. a phari
toxher vn o petwar poft cozff dyn hyny weler
ymer. Sef rei ynt ydeu vozdOyt ar deu vyr-
ryat. Teir punt yO gOerth pop vn o teir 15
gOeli hynny.

Wrullyat ageiff y tir yn ryd. amarch bit-
offeb ygan y bienhi'n. GGiraOt gyfreitha

01 ageiff nyt amgen lloneit ylleftn ygOaf-
fanaethwyr ac Oynt yny llys ox cOzOf. ac 20
eu trayan oz bzagaOt. med. ac eu hanher

oz bzagaOt. H edyd ageiff ytir yn ryd.

ae varch pzeffOyl ygan y bzenhfn. Ran

gOz ageiff o aryant ygOeftuaeu. athrayan

y cOyr adiotter oz gerOyn ved. kanys y deu 25

26 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 11 b

pafth arennir yn teir ran. ydOy ran yr

neuad. Sir tryded yr yftauell.

@oc bleu crOyn ydeueit ar geifyr ar Oyn

ar mynneu ar lloi. 2ic amyfcar ygOarth

ec alather alather yny gegfn. eithyry 5

refyr ar cledyf bifweil a a yr poithaOt. Y

coc bieu ygOer ar yfcei ox gegfn eithyr

gOer yr eidon auo teir no/ ar warthec

ymaerty. Ytir ageiff yn ryd. Ee varch

bitoffeb ygan yb*enhm. 10

@oftecOx ageiff pedeir keinhaOc o pop di-

rOy achaml6*6 agoller am anoftec yny

llys. Ran heuyt ageiff am pop kyfran

ygan ysOydogyon. Ytir ageiff ageiff yn

ryd. a,e ran oaryant ygOeftuaeu. 2,6: va 15

rch pzeffCyl ygan y bzenhin. Pan fymu

ter ymaer bifweil oe sOyd r trugefnt a

geiff ygoftecCz ygan yneb adotter ynyle.

WroedaOc bieu eifted dan tract ybxenhi^.

EbOyta o vn dyfcyl ac ef. Ef aenyn y 20

ganhOyll gyntaf rac bxon y bxenhin ar

yjenhmes Czth uOyt. 3,c eiffoes bOyt feic

cigOiraOt ageiff. kanyt oes gyfed idaO.

Y tir ageiff ynryd. amarch bitoffeb ygan

ybzenhin. ae ran o aryant ygOeftuaeu. 25

Vfol2a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 27

jlOydOx llys ageiff ytir ynryd. ae varch
pzeffOyl ygan y bzenhin. ae ran o aryawt
ygOeftuaeu.

Jftem bzenhines ageiff y varch pxef-
fOyl ygan y vxenhines. (Jyth gemha- 5
Oc adaO attaO o aryant ygOeftuaeu. adOy
gemhaOc agymer ef. Erei ereill aran rOg
SOydogyon yr yftauell. Cf aued aruOyt
allyn yr yftauell. Ef adyly artyftu gOiro-
deu yr yftauell. cldangos ypaOb yle. 10

HoaOyn yftauell ageiff holl dillat y vxen-
hines trOy y vlOydyn eithyr ywifc ype-
nyttyo yndi ygaraOys. Ythir ageiff yn
ryd ae march pieffOyl ygan y v*enhmes.
ae henffrOyneu ae harchenat pan dir- 15

myccer ageiff. ae ran o aryant ygOeftuaeu.
dOaftraOt auOyn bzenhmes ageiff y
tir ynryd ae varch pxeffOyl ygan y vxen-
hines. Hyny bOynt ygyt yr effeirat teu-
lu ar diftein. ar ygnat llys. b^emt llys a 20
vyd yno kyn boet aOffen ybzenhfn.

maer achyghellaOx bieu kadO diffeith
bzenhin. Punt ahanher adaO yr
bzenhin pan Oyftler maeromaeth neu
gyghellcuyaeth. Tn dyn agynheil ymaer 25

28 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 12 b

gantaO ygkyfedOch yn neuad ybxenhin. Ef
aran yteu lu pan elhont ar dofreth. Yn
anreith yd a gan yteulu ar ypetweryd.
kylch ageiff ar ypetweryd ar tayogeu y-
bxenhm dOy weith yny ulOydyn. Ny byd 5
penkenedyl maer achyghellaOi byth. Ma-
er bieu kymhell holl dylyet ybzenhm hyt
ybo y vaeromaeth. Maer achyghellaOz ady-
lyant trayan gobzeu merchet y tayogeu.
athrayan camlyryeu ac ebediweu y tayo- 10

geu. athrayan eu hyt pan ffohont o% wlat.
athrayan eu hyt ac eu bOyt opop marOty
tayaOc. Maer bieu rannu pop peth. ang-
hyll bieu dewis yr bzenhm. Oi damwefn
ha yr maer na allo daly tyr kymeret ef y 15
tayaOc auynho attaO ulOydyn 01 kalan mei
ygilyd. amOynhaet ef laeth y tayaOc yrhaf.
Ee yt ykynhayaf. ae ya voch ygayaf. aph-
an el y tayaOc yOzthaO. gadet idaO pedeir hych
maOz abaed. ae yfcrybyl ereill oil. aphedeir 20
erO gayafan ac Oyth erO gOanhOyn ar. ar
eil ulOydyn ar tryded gOnaet uelly. ac nyt
yr vn tayaOc hagen. Odyna ymboxthet yn-
teu ar yr eidaO ehunan teir blyned ereill.
Odyna gOaredet ybzenhin arnaO o rodi tay 25

VfolSa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 29

aOc idaO yny mod gynt os myn. Pan gollo
dyn y anreith o gyfreith. ymaer ar kyghell-
aOz bieu yr aneired ar enderiged ar dinewyt
ran deu hanher.

ykyghellaOz yO kynhal dadleu 5

yny Oyd ac yny aOffen. Ef
bieu dodi croes agOahard ym pop dadyl. ar
gled ybaenhin yd eifted ykyghellaOz yny te-
ir gOyl arbenhic. os yny gyghellozyaeth ef
ybyd ybxenhfn yn dala llys. ModzOy eur 10
athelyn athaOlboxt ageiff ygan ybienhin
pan el yny fOyd. Yn oes hywel da trayan
byO a marO ytayogeu adoei yr maer ac yr
kyghellaOz. y deuparth "yr kyghellaO*." ar
trayan yr maer. ar maer arannei. ar kyg- 15
hellaOz adewiffei.

BJghyll ageiff ytir ynryd. aseic ox llys.
ROg ydOy golofyn y self tra uOytaho
ybzenhin. kanys ef bieu goglyt yneuad
rac tan yna. GOedy bOyt r yffet ynteu gyt 20
ar gOaffanaethwyr. Odyna nac eiftedet
ac na thrawet ypoft neffaf yrbzenhin. GOi-
raOt gyfreithaOl ageiff. nyt amgen Doneit
ylleftn y gOaffanaethwyr ac Oynt yny llys
oz cOzOf. ac eu hanher o^ b*agaOt. ac eu trayan 25

30 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 13 b

o% med. Ef bieu koefcyn pop eidon 01 llys.
Ny byd hyt vcharned. NaOuetdyd kyn kal-
an gayaf ykeiff ef peif achrys achapan. athe-
ir kyfelfn lliein o pen elm hyt ymlaen hir
. vys ywneuthur HaOdOx idaO. ac ny byd tens
Ihf ynylaOdOi. Ny byd hyt yny dillat na
myn hyt yg clOm ylaOdO*. kalan maOxth
ykeiff peis achrys amantell allaOdOx. Yny
tn amfer hagen ykeiff penguch. Ef bieu
rannu rOg ybzenhm ar maOer ar kyghella- 10
Oz. Ef bieu yr yfcub auo dzos pen pan ran-
her yt ytayogeu ffoaOdyr ac eu marO tei.
Pan adaO kylhdus ffoaOdyr yyt heb vedi.
aphan gaffer ykyffelyp o varO tyr ynghyll
ageiff ytalareu. Ef ageiff ymehin bOlch ar 15
emenyn bOlch ot marO tei. a,r maen iffaf
oz ijreuan ardulfn oil ar llinhat ar to nef-
faf yr dayar o% veifcaOn. ar bOeill ar crym
aneu ar leir ar gOydeu ar katheu. Tozth ae
henllyn ageiff ef ym pop ty ydel idaO ar neges 20
ybzenhfn. Teir kyfelin auyd yn hyt y billo
rac y arganuot. Ef ageiff ytarO adel gan
anreith. Pan vo marO ynghyll r yn truga-
red ybaenhfn y byd yr eidaO. O% serheir y
nghyll oe eifted yndadleu ybzenhfn r talet 25

Vfol4a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 31

idaO gogreit eiffin. achuccOy. GOys ngh
yll gan tyftpn. neu tarOaO ypoft teir gOeith
ny elhr e gOadu onyt trOy lys. Pan wai-
ter hagen r 110 ydyn awyffer ary trydyd
o wyr vn vzeint ac ef ae gOatta. 5

Of llys ageiff penneu ygOarthec a

lather yny gegin ae tract eithyr yta
uodeu. y ymbozth ef ae was adaO oz llys. Yn
rat ygOna ef gOeith yllys oil eithyr tn gOe-
ith. kallaOz. a bOell gynnut aOch lydan. a 10
gOayO. Gof llys bieu keinyon kyfedOch.
Ef ageiff pedeir kemhaOc o pop karcharaOz
ydiotto heyrn yarnaO. Ytir ageiff ynryd.
GOiraOt gyfreithaOl ageiff o% llys. lloneit
ylleftri ygofyer ac Oynt yny llys oz cOzOf. 15
ar trayan 01 med. ar hanher oz bzagaOt.
Ef y6 ytrydydyn ageiff ymeffur hOnnO. o-
dyna ynghyll. yndiwethaf y trullyat. Ny
eill neb gof bot yn vn gymhOt ar gof llys
heb yganhat. Vn rydit yO ar valu yny velin 20
ar bzenhin. Ef bieu gobzeu merchet ygof-
efn auCynt ydanaO ac Ozth y ohen. wheuge-
fnt yO ebediO ygof llys. awheugeint yO go-
byr y verch. Punt ahanher yO ychowyll.
Teir punt yny hegOedi. 25

32 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 14 b

ePoxthaOz ageiff ytir ynryd. Yny kaf-
tell trachefyn y doi ybyd yty. aeym-
bozth ageiff 01 llys. Pxen ageiff o pop pOn
kynut adel trOy ypoxth. aplnen heuyt o
pop benneit. nyt amgen pien allo y tyn- 5
nu ae vn HaO heb lefteir ar gerdet ymeirch
neu yr ychen. Echyny allo tynnu vn pzen r
pzen eiffoes ageiff. ac nyt mOyhaf. Ox i
moch p^eldm adel yr pozth r hOch ageiff y
poxthaOa. ac ny byd mOy noc ygallo ae 10

vn HaO ydzychafel herwyd ygOxych mal
na bo is ythraet no phen ylfn. Ch anreith
warthec adel yr pozth o^ byd eidon mo kota
erni. ypoxthafa ae keiff. ar eidon diwethaf.
adel yr poxth r ef heuyt ae keiff. ar cledyf 15
bifweil arefyr o^ gOarthec alather yny ge-
gfn. Pedeir keinhaOc ageiff opop karchar
aOx agarcharer gan laOn yny llys.

BEit yO bot ygOylyOx yn vonhedic gOlat.
kanyf idaO yd ymdiredir o% baenhin. 20

yuOyt ageiff yn waftat yny llys. ac ony
byd yb*enhfn yny llys r yn gyntaf gOedy
ymaer y keiff ef yjfeic, pop bo*e y keiff ef
to*th ae henllyn yny uozeuOyt. afcOjn y
dynfen ageiff o pop eidon alather yny gegin, 25

Vfol5a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 33

ytir ageiff yn ryd. agOifc ageiff dOy weith
ynyulOydyn ygan ybzenhm. EC vn weith
ykeiff efcityeu ahoffaneu.
/T\ a,er bifweil ageiff y sOyf ar blonec en
\|y llys. Ef bieu crOyn ygOarthec alather 5
ynygegm a vo teir nos ar warthec ymaerty.
Ef bieu gobzeu merchet g6yr y vaertref. kyt
Sarhao ygOaffanaethwyr ymaer bifweil r
ar eu ffozd Oith dOyn neu lyn oz gegi'n neu ox
vedgell parth ar neuad r nys diwygant idaO. 10
Pan talher ysarhaet r whe bu awheugemt
aryant atehr idaO. Y alanas atelir owhe bu
awhe vgeint mu. gan tn dzychafel.

lyet ypenkerd yO eifted ar gled yr etling.

ytir ageiff yn ryd. Ef adyly kanu yn 15
gyntaf yny neuad. KyfarOs neithaOx ageiff
nyt amgen pedeir ar hugeint ygan pop
mozOyn pan Ozhao. ny cheiff dim hagen
ar neithaOz gOzeic arygaffo gynt da ar ynei-
thaOz pan uu uozOyn. Sef uyd penkerd. y 20
bard pan enillo kadeir. Ny eill neb bard er«
chi dim hyt ybo ypenkeirdyaeth ef. heb y
ganhat. onyt bard gozwlat uyd. kyt lludyo
y bienhin rodi da yny gyfoeth hyt ym pen yf-
peit r digyfreith uyd ypenkerd. Pan vynho 25

EVANS J)

34 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 15 b

y bxenhin gerd oe gOarandaO r kanet y penkerd
deu ganu ymod duO. 3r trydyd en penaetheu.
Pan vynho y vzenhmes gerd oe gOarandaO
yny hyftauell. kanet y bard teulu tri chanu
yndiffon rac teruyfcu yllys. 5

KEneu gellgi baenhfn tra vo kayat yly-
geit r pedeir arhugeint atal. Yny gro-
wyn r Oyth adeu vgeint atal. Yny gynllOft r
vn ar pymthec aphetwar vgefnt atal. Yny o-
uerhelar wheugeint atal. Pan vo kyfrOys r 10
punt atal. l[eneu mflgi bzenhfn kyn ago-
n ylygeitr deudec kefnhaOc atal. Yny growyn r
pedeir ar hugefnt atal. Yny gynllOft r Oyth a
deugefnt atal. Yny ouer hela r vn ar pymthec
aphetwar vgeint. atal. pan vo kyfrOys. punt X5
atal. !(n werth yO gellgi bxeyr amilgi bxen-
hin. jief atal milgi bzeyr r hanher kyfreith
gellgi bxeyr gogyfoet ac ef. )PyryO bynhac
vo ken eu tayaOc kyn agozi ylygeit r kefnhaOc
cotta atal. Yny growyn r dOy gefnhaOc cotta 20
atal. Yny gynllOft r teir kemhaOc cotta atal.
Pan ellygher ynryd r pedeir kefnhaOc cotta a-
tal. ^oftaOc kyn boet bzenhfn bieiffo. nythal
eithyr pedeir kefnhaOc cotta. Os bugeilgi uyd r
eidon taladOy atal. ac ot amheufr yuot uellyr 25

Vfol6a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 35

tyget yperchennaOc achymydaOc uch ydzOs.
ac arall is ydzOs raculaenu yryfcrybyl yboze.
achadO yr olyeit ydiwedyd. ^ neb adiotto Hygat
gellgi bzenhin neu atozho ylofcOzn r talet pe-
deir kef nhaOc kyfreith yg kyfeir pop buch atal 5
ho y ki. ^i kallaOued oz lledir pellach naO kam
yOzth ydzOs r ny thelir. Oz lledir ynteu o vyOn y
naOkam r pedeir ar hugeint atal. If yt oes werth
kyfreith ar vitheiat r po peth ny bo gOerth kyf-
reith arnaO. damdOg ageffir ymdanaO. 10

bynhac adefnydyo kylleic bzenhfn r
ta^et tn buhyn camlOzO yr bzenhm. KarO r
ych atal. Ewicr buch atal. Deu dec golOyth b*e-
inhyaOl auyd yg kylleic bzenhin. TauaOt. a
thn golOyth o% mynOgyl. kymhibeu. Gallon. 15
DeulOyn. Jar. Tumon. hydgyllen. herOth. auu.
Txi buhyn camlOzO atelir d*os pop v^ golOyth
Sef atelir d*os gylleic bzenhin pan gyfnfer pop
camlOzO r deu vgein mu. Ny byd golOython bxe-
inyaOl yn hyd bzenhfnOl namyn oOyl ginc hyt 20
galan racuyr. ac ny byd kylleic ynteu. onyt tra
vo y golhOython bzemhaOl yndaO. ©i lledir ka-
rO bzenhin yn tref bzeyr yboze r katwet ybzeyr
ef yn gyfan hyt hanher dyd. ac ony doant yky-
nydyon yna. paret ybzeyr bhgyaO yr hyd alhthaO 25

D 2

36 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 16 b

y kOn 01 kic. adyget atref y kOn ar croen ar afu
ar wharthaOx ol. ac ony doant ykynydyon y
nos honno r mOynhaet ef ykfc. achatwet y
kOn ar croen yr kynydyon. Ox lledir y karO y
am hanher dyd r katwet y bxeyr ef yn gyfan 5
hyt ynos. ac ony doant y kynydyon yna r mO-
ynhaet y bxeyr hOnnO mal yr hOn gynt. ©x
lledir hyt nos yn tref bxeyr r tannet y vantell
arnaO. a chatwet yn gyfan ef hyt y boxe. ac o-
ny doant ykynydyon yna r bit vn vxefnt hOn- 10
nO a rei gynt. ®x byd hela gellgOn y Ox ryd r
arhoet ef yboze hyny ollygho ykynydyon y
bzenhfn eu k6n teir gOeith. acodyna gollyg-
et ynteu. JPOy bynhac alatho hyd artir dyn
arall r rodet wharthaOi yperchennaOc ytir. o 15
nyt hyd bzenhin uyd. kany byd wharthaOz
tir yn hyd bzenhm. ©x gOyl ffozdaOl bOyftuil
yar ffozd ymyOn ffozeft bxenhin r byryet ergyt
idaO os myn. ac os medyr r ymlynet trae g6e-
lo. ac 01 pan el ydan yolOc r gadet ehunan. 20

H

Yt hyn gan ganhat duO kyfreitheu
llys rytraethaffam. weithon gann
boxth ygogonedus arglOyd leffu i
grift r kyfreitheu gOlat adangoffOn. 24

VfolTa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 37

ac yn gyntaf teir colofyn kyfreith. nyt am-
gen. NaO affeith galanas. a naO affeith tan.
anaO affeith lledmt.

Byntaf o naO affeith galanas. yO tauaOt-
rudyaeth nyt amgen menegi ylle ybo y 5
neb alather yr neb ae llatho. Eil yO rodi kyghoz
ylad ydyn. Txydyd yO kytfynhyaO ac ef am y
lad. Petweryd yO difcOyl. Pymhet yO canhy-
mdeith yllofrud. Whechet yO kyrchu ytref.
Seithuet yO ardOyaO. Oythuet yO bot yn poxth- 10
ozdOy. NaOuet yO gOelet ylad gan y odef. Dzos
pop vn ox tn kyntaf r yrodir naO vgeint aryant
allO canhOt ywadu gOaet. Dzos pop vn oxtn
ereill r yrodir deu naO vgeint aryant allO deu
canhOz. Dios pop vn 01 tn diwethaf ytelir tn 15
naO vgeint aryant allO trychanhOx ydiwat
gOaet. l(neb awatto coet amaes r rodet 10 deg
wyr adeu vgeint heb gaeth aheb alltut. athzi
ohonunt yndiofredaOc o varchogaeth alliem
agOzeic. Y neb aadefho llofrudyaeth r talet ef 20
ae genedyl sarhaet ydyn alather yn gyntaf.
ae alanas. ac yn gyntaf ytal y llofrud farhaet
ydyn lladedic y tat ae vam ae vxodyr ae whiozyd.
ac os gOzeigaOc uyd r y wreic ageiff trayan y far-
haet ygan yrei hynny. Tzayan hagen yr alanas 25

38 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 17 b

adaO ar y llofrud ae tat ae vam ae vxodyr ae chwi-
oxyd yn wahanredaOl yOxth ygenedyl. Txayan
yllofrud elchOyl arennfr yn teir ran. Y trayan
ar y llofrud ehunan. ar dOy ran arytat ar vam
ar bxodyr ar chwicuyd. ac ox gOyr hynny y tal 5
pop vn gymeint ae gilyd. ac uelly ygOxaged.
ac ny thai vn wreic mOy no hanher ran g6x.
ar trayan hOnnO atelir y tat a mam y lladedic
ae gytetfuedyon megys ysarhaet. YdOy ran
adodet ar y genedyl r arennir yn teir ran. ac i o
o hynny ydCy ran atal kenedyl ytat. ar tryded
atal kenedyl y vam. YkyfryO achoed kenedyl
atalhont alanas ygyt ar llofrud r yr vn ryO a-
choed ae kymerant oparth ylladedic ox goahen-
ga6 hyt ygoxchaO. l(al hyn yd enwir naO rad 1 5
kenedyl adylyant talu galanas ae chymryt.
ac eu haelodeu. kyntaf ox naO rad yO tat a mam
y llofrud neu ylladedic. Eil yO bxaOt awhaer. Txy-
dyd yO hentat. Petweryd yO Gozhentat. Pym-
het yO kefynderO. Whechet yO kyferderO. Seith- 20
uet yO keifyn. Oythuet yO goxcheifyn. NaOuet
y6 gozchaO. aelodeu y gradeu ynt r nei ac ewy-
thyr yllofrud neu ylladedic. Nei y6 r mab bza-
6t neu vab whaer. neu gefynderO. /xneu gyfer-
derO'/neu gyfnitherO. Ewythyr yO. b^aOt tat 25

VfolSa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 39

neu vam. neu y hentat neu y henuain. neu y
oxhentat neu y cnhenuam. allyma mal ymae
meint ran pop vn 01 rei hynny oil yn talu gal-
anas neu yny chymryt. Yneb auo nes ygeren-
hyd o vn ach yr llofrud neu yrlladedic not llallr 5
deu kymefnt atal neu agymer ar Hall, ac uelly
am paOb o% feith rad diwethaf. Sic aelodeu yr
holl radeu. Etfued yllofrud neu y lladedic ny dy-
lyant talu dfm nae gymryt tros alanas. kan-
ys ran yneb atalOys mOy no neb arall r a self dzo- 10
ftaO ef ae etfuedyon. ac eu pzyder aperthyny
vot arnaO. Piyder etiued y lladedic auyd aryre-
enf ae gyt etmedyon. kanys trayan galanas
agymerant. Acobyd neb ogenedyl yllofrud
neu y lladedic yn dyn eglOyffic rOymedic o vxdeu 15
kyffegredic. neu yg kreuyd. neu glafOz. neu uut.
neu ynuyt. ny thai ac ny chymer dim o alanas.
ny dylyant 6y wneuthur dial am dyn alather
NagOneuthur dial arnunt Oynteu ny dylyir.
ac ny elhr kymhell y kyfryO trOy neb kyfreith 20
ytalu dim. nae gymryt nys dylyant.

ONaO affeith tan kyntaf y6 kyghoai llofci
yty. Eil yO duunaO am y llofc. Tzydyd y6
yO mynet y lofci. Petweryd yO ymdOyn yrO-
yll. Pymhet yO Had ytan. Whechet yO keiffaO 25

CdylOyf.

40 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 18 b

Seithuet yO whythu y tan hyny enynho. Oyth-
uet yO enynnu y peth y llofcer ac ef. NaOuet
yO gOelet y llofc gan yodef. y neb awatto vn
ox naO affeith hyn r rodet 10 deg wyr adeu v-
gefnt heb gaeth aheb alltut. 5

KYntaf o naO affeith lledxat yO syllu tO-
yll acheiffaO ketymdeith. Eil yO duun-
aO am y lledxat. Txydyd yO rodi bOyllOxO. Pet-
weryd yO ymdOyn ybOyt yny getymdeithas.
Pymhet yO rOygaO y buarth neu tozn yty. 10

Seithuet yO kychwynu y lledxat oe le a cher-
det dyd neu nos gantaO. &yt Seithuet yO
bot yn gyfarwyd ac yntrofcOydOx arylledxat.
Oythuet yO kyfrannu ar lladzon. NaOuet yO
gOelet y lledaat. ae gelu yr gobyr neu y pzy 1 5
nu yr gOerth. Yneb awatto vn oz naO affeith
hyn r rodet 10 deg wyr a deu vgeint heb gaeth
aheb alltut.

adygant eu tyftolyaeth gan gre-
pop vn ohonunt arwahan Oxth ylO. 20
arglOyd rOg ydeu Oz ox dadyl aadefynt yry-
uot geir y vxon ef. 3,c na bei gyfrannaOc yn
teu ox dadyl. ac na bydynt vn dull. Abat rOg
ydeu vanach ar dxOs ykox. Tat rOg ydeu vab
gan dodi ylaO ar pen ymab ydycco y tyftoly 25

Vfol9a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 41

aeth yny erbyn. adywedut val hyn. Myn
duO ygOz am creOyfi yn tat itti. athitheu
yn vab imi. gOir adywedafi yrochwi. BxaO=
dOz am y varnOys gynt oz byd ydeu dyn y
barnOyt udunt yn amryffon am y varn. a 5
Mach am y vechmaeth ot adef ran agOadu
ran arall. Effeirat rOg ydeu dyn plOyf o tyf-
tolyaeth atyfter idaO. MozOyn am y mozOyn-
daOt. os ygOz y rother idaO adyweit nat oed
vozOyn hi yr d6yn yiaOn aedylyet. Neu oz 10
treiffir ar gOz aetreiffo yndywedut nat oed
uozOyn hi. credadOy yO tyftolyaeth yuozOyn
yny erbyn. Bugeil trefgozd am y uugeily-
aeth o% Had llOdyn y Hall. LLeidyr diobeith
am ygytleidyr pan dyccer yr groc. kanys 15
credadOy uyd yeir ar y getymdeithon ac am
yda adycco. heb greir. EC ny dylyir dmetha
ygetymdeith yr yeir ef namyn y uot ynllei-
dyr gOerth. CredadOy heuyt uyd amotOz
yny amot. ac uelly heuyt. credadOy uyd ma 20
nac gOx a wnel dogyn vanac. a RodaOdyr a
gredir ar y da arotho. ac yna ydywedir. nyt
oes rod onyt ovod

^n ae troet ae tygat ae weus ae
gan golli yglybot ae trOyn r 25

42 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 19 b

whe bu awhe vgeint aryant yO gOerth pop
vn ohonunt. Oz trychir cluft dyn oil ym de-
ith. achlybot ox dyn arnaO mal kynt r dOy
uu adeu vgeint aryant atal. l^eilleu vn
werth ynt ar aelodeu vxy oil. WauaOt ehu 5
nan. kymefnt yO ywerth ar saOl aelaOt a
nfOyt hyt hyn. holl aelodeu dyn pan gyf-
nffer ygyt r Oyth punt aphetwar vgeint
punt atalant. Jtys dyn r buch ac vgefnt
aryant atal. ($ Oerth yuaOt r dOy uu adeu 10
vgefnt aryant. J}win dyn r dec ar hugefnt
aryant atal. © Oerth y kygOng eithaf r whe-
ch arhugeint aryant atal adimei athray
an dfmei. @ Oerth y kygOng perued r dec
adeu vgeint adimei adeuparth dimei. 15

©Oerth y kygOng neffafr petwar vgeint
aryant. lj[acdant dyn r pedeir ar hugeint
aryant gan tri dzychafel atal. clphan taler
racdant r gOerth creith go gyfarch a tehr
gantaO. ^ildant r dec adeu vgeint atal. 20

deir arhugeint aryant yO gOerth
gOaet dyn. kanyt teilOng bot gOerth
gOaet dyn yngyfuch agOerth gOaet duO.
kyt bei gOir dyn ef r gOir duO oed ac ny
phechOys yny gnaOt. Heir creith gogyf- 25

Vfo20a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 43

arch yffyd ar dyn. creith arOyneb dyn r whe
ugefnt atal. Creith ar gefyn yllaO deheu r
trugeint atal. Creith ar gefyn y troet deheu r
dec arhugeint atal. (KOerth amrant dyn
hyt ybo ybleO ernf r kefnhaOc kyfreith atal. 5
pop blewyn r o% tyrr dim oheni r gOerth cre-
ith ogyfarch atelir yna.

Ef yO mefnt galanas maer neu gyg-
r naO mu anaO vgeint mu
gan tn dzychafel. Sarhaet pop vn ohon- 10
unt y6 naO mu ariaO vgeint aryant. Punt
yO ebediO pop vn o honunt. Punt yO gobyr
merch pop vn. cltheir punt y6 ychowyll.
Eseith punt yhegOedi. Ox a merch maer i
neu gyghellaOx neu vn o arbenhigyon llys 15
yn llathxut heb rod kenedyl r naO eidon ky-
hyt eu kyrn ac eu hyfcyfarn uyd eu hegOedi.
J^edeir bu aphetwar vgeint aryant yO far-
haet teuluOz bxenhin os o hynny yd ymar-
delO. Weir bu atelir ynfarhaet teuluOz bze- 20
yr. nyt amgen tn buhyn tal beinc.

©alanas penkenedyl r tn naO mu athn
naO vgein mu gan tn dxychafel. yny
sarhaet ytelir tri naO mu athxi naO vge-
int aryant. ©alanas vn o aelodeu pen ke 25

f[ nedyl r

44 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 20 b

nyt amgen y gar. cltehr o naO mu a naO vge-
int mu gan tn dxychafel. yny farhaet y
keiff naO mu anaO vgeint aryant. ©ala-
nas bxeyr diffOyd owhe bu awhe vgeint
mu gan tn chychafel ytelir. Y Sarhaet ate- 5
hr o whe bu awhe vgefnt aryant. ©alan-
as bonhedic canhOynaOl atelir o teir bu a
thn vgeint mu gan tn dxychafel. Y Sarha-
et atelir oteir bu athri vgeint aryant. ky
mro vam tat vyd bonhedic canhOynaOl. 10
heb gaeth aheb alltut aheb ledach yndaO.
Os gOx bxeyr auyd bonhedic canhOynaOl
pan lather r whe bu ageiff ybxeyr ox alanaf
ygan yllofrud. l[r bxenhin ydaO trayan pop
galanas. kanys 10 ef bieu kymhell y lie ny 15
allo kenedyl gymhell. ac agaffer oda ox i
pxyt ygilyd yr llofrud r ybxenhin bieiuyd.
Salanas tayaOc bxenhin atelir o teir bu a
thri vgein mu gan tri dzychafel. Y Sarhaet
yO teir bu athri vgeint aryant. dSalanas 20
tayaOc bzeyr r hanheraOc uyd ar alanas tay-
aOc bxenhm. EC uelly y sarhaet. ©alanas
alltut bxenhin r atelir o teir bu athri vge-
in mu o heb dxychafel. Y Sarhaet yO teir bu
heb ychwanec. ©alanas alltut bxeyr r han- 25

Vfo21a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 45

heraOc uyd ar alanas alltut bxenhfn. ©alan-
as alltut tayaOc r hanheraOc uyd ar alanas
alltut bxeyr. ac uelly ebyd eu sarhaedeu.

a Neb agnfthyo dyn r talet ysarhaet yn
gyntaf. kanys dxychaf agoffot y6 sar= 5
haet pop dyn. achemhaOc dxos pop blewyn
bonwyn a tynher oe pen. achefnhaOc dxos
pop bys ael yny pen. aphedeir arhugefnt
dxos ygOallt taldxOch. |)ewiffet paOb yvxe-
fnt r ae (nth vxefnt ypenkenedyl. ae 6xth 10
viefnt ytat. ae Oxth viefnt ysOyd. J^vnt
ahanher yO gOerth kaeth telediO ox henuyd
01 tu diaO yrmox. Ox byd anafus hagen neu
ryhen neu ryieuanc nyt amgen no llei noc
vgefn mlOyd r punt atal. Ox henuyd ox tu 15
yma yr mox heuyt r punt atal. kanys ehu-
nan alygrOys yvxeint ovynet yn gyfloc
g6x oe vod. ©x tereu dyn ryd dyn kaeth r
talet idaO deudec keinhaOc. whech dxos teir
kyfelfn ovxethyn gOyn tal pentan ywne- 20
uthur peis idaO Oxth lad eithfn. Teir dxos
laOdOx. Vn dxos kuaraneu adyrnuoleu.
Vn dxos Odyf neu dxos uOell os koetOx vyd.
Vn dxos raff deudec kyfelmyaOc. ©x tereu
dyn kaeth dyn ryd. JaOn y6 trychu yllaO 25

46 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 21 b

deheu idaO neu talet arglOyd ykaeth farhaet
ydyn. I|a0d kaeth yO r hyt ybyryo ykryman.
Y neb agyttyo agOxeic kaeth heb ganhat y
harglOyd r talet deudec kefnhaOc y arglOyd
ygaeth dzos pop kyt. ^ neb an eichocco y 5
g0^elc kaeth auo ar gyfloc r rodet arall yny
lie hyt pan agho. ac yna paret ef yr etiued
ac aet ygaeth yfte. ac cu byd marO yar yr
etfued r talet yneb ae beichoges ygOerth kyf-
reith oe harglOyd. [pop dyn ageiff dxychaf- 10
el yny alanas ac yny Sarhaet eithyr alltut.
yr vgefnheu atelir ygyt ar gOarthec uyd y
dzychafaleu. farhaet gOxeic kaeth r deudec
kefnhaOc atal. ac os gOenfgaOl uyd nyt el
nac ynraO nac ymreuan r pedeir arhugemt 15
vyd y Sarhaet. °^neb awnel kynllOyn r yn
deudyblyc ytal galanas ydyn alatho, adeu
dec mu dirOy yndeudyblyc atal yrbienhm
^neb awatto kynllOyn neu uurdO^n neu
gyrch kyhoedaOc r rodet 10 deg wyr adeu vge- 20
int heb gaeth aheb alltut. Ny elhr kyrch
kyhoedaOc olei no naOwyr.
tT"\Lysbieu teruynu. agOedy llys r Han. a
^1 ^\ gOedy llan bzeint. a gOedy bzemt r kyn-
warchadO. ar diffeith. ty ac odyn acyfcubaO* 25

Vfo22a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 47

yO kynwarchadO. Oz tyf kynhen rOg dOy tref
vn vzefnt am teruyn r gOyrda ybxenhin bi-
eu teruynu h6nnO os gOybydant. ac oxbyd
petrus gantunt Oy r dylyedogyon ytir bieu
tygu opaOb y yzen teruyn. ac odyna rannent 5
euhamryffon yn deu hanher yrydunt. ^yt
teruynho tref ar yllall r ny dyly dOyn rantir
yOxthi. Hanher punt adaO yr bxenhm pan
teruynher tir rOg dOy tref. Pedeir arhugefnt
adaO yr bzaOtwyr pan dycco kyfreith tirydyn. 10
Hanher punt adaO yr bxenhin o pop rantir i
pan y heftynho.

H(al hyn ydymlycceir dadleu tir adayar.
yr haOKu bieu dangos yhaOl. ac odyna yr
amdiffynnfo yamdiffyn. agOedy hynny hen- 15
aduryeit gOlat bieu kytyftyryaO yn garedic
p6y o honunt yffyd ar y laOn. pOy nyt yttiO.
agOedy darffo hynny yr henaduryeit racreith-
aO eu synhOyr. achadarnhau eu dull trOy tOg.
yna ydyly ybzaOtwyr mynet ar lleilltu. abar- 30
nu herwyd dull yr henaduryeit. adangos yr
bxenhm yrhyn avarnont. ahOnnO yO deturyt
gOlat gOedy amdiffyn. )Pan dechzeuher kyn-
hen am teruynu tired neu trefyd. os yrOg tir
yllys athfr yllan wlat y dechzeuirr llys ater 25

48 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 22 b

ateruyna. Os yrOg tir ywlat athir eglOys y
eglOys ateruynha. Os yrOg kytetmedyon r
bzemt ateruynha. Os yrOg tir kyfanhed athir
diffeith r kynwarchadO ateruynha. adeil ac ar-
adOy yO kyfanhed. JPan teruynha llys r ITlaer 5
achyghellaOz bieu dangos ytheruyneu dzof-
ti. Os eglOys r bagyl ac euegyl.

a Neb auynho kyffroi haOl am tirAa°c ach
ac etuyrytr kyffroet yn vn oz deu naO
vetdyd. ae naOuetdyd racuyr ae naOuetdyd 10
mei. kanys kyt kyffroer yryO haOl honno r
ymaes o vn oz dydyeu hynny r ny thyccya.
*|f neb aholho tir yn naOuettyd racuyr r bza
Ot ageiff o honaO kyn naOuet mei. ac ony
cheiff bzaOt yna r holet yn naOuetdyd mei 1 5
elchOyl oz myn erlyn kyfreith. ac odyna
agozet uyd kyfreith idaO pan ymynho ybze.
i datanhud tir yffyd r datanhud karr.
adatanhud beich. adatanhud eredic.
yneb y barner datanhud beich idaO r tn dieu 20
atheir nof gozffowys yn dihaOl ageiff. ac y
ny trydydyd ydyry atteb. ac yny naOuet-
dyd barn. Yneb ybarnher datanhud karr
idaO r pump nieu aphymp nos gozffowyf
ageiff. ac yny pymhet dyd atteb. ac yny 25

Vfo23a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 49

naOuetdyd barn. Y neb ybarner datanhud
eredic idaO r goxffowys yn dihaOl ageiff hy-
ny ymchoelo ygefyn arydas. clcyny naO-
uetdyd barn. Ify dyly neb datanhud na-
myn 01 tir auo ynllaO ytat yny vyO ahyt 5
y varO. JPydiO "ybarnher" bynhac datanhud r
ny dichaOn neb yuOzO oe datanhud nam-
yn etfued px'odaOz. kany dichaOn yreil dat-
anhud gOzthlad ykyntaf. 3,c ny Oxth lad
am piiodaOz am pziodaOz arall oe datanhud. 10
EC oz byd amryffon' rOg etfuedyon p*ioda6z
am datanhud r ny dichaOn vn gOzthlad
ygilyd ogyfreith. ©xdeu etiued gyfreith-
aOl r vn auyd pziodaOt ar datanhud c6byl
ar Hall ny byd. kanyt paiodaOz datanhud 15
cObyl yneb namyn yrbzaOt hynhaf. bxe-
int yb^aOt hynhaf y6 kymryt datanhud
cObyl dzos yvxodyr. clchyt delhont 6y oe
vlaen ef r ny chaffant Oy datanhud o gObyl.
ac os kymerant r ef ae gOxthlad o honaO 20

os myn. Os ygyt ygofynant r ygyt y caf
fant. mal ydywefpOyt vay. !fyt reit arhos
naOuetdyd am teruynu tir. namyn pan \
vynho ybzenhin ae wyrda. !fy dylyirhe-
uyt arhos naOuetdyd rOg ptiodaOz ac am 25

EVANS

50 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 23 b

pxiodaGi agynhalyo tir yny herbyn.

Eir gOeith yrennir tir r6g tnodcnyon.

yngyntaf r6g bxodyr. Odyna rOg ke-
uyndyrO. Txydedweith rOg kyferdyrO. Ody
na nyt oes puaGt ran ar tir. Pan ranho i 5
bxodyrtref eu tat yrydunt. y leuhaf ageiff
yr eiffydyn arbenhic ac Oyth erO. artrefneu
oil. argallaCx aruOell gynnut ar cOlltyr.
kany eill tat nac eu rodinac eu kymynnu
onyt yr mab leuhaf. achyn gOyftler nydy- 10
gGydant byth. Odyna kymeret pop baaOt
eiffydyn arbenhic ac Oyth erO. ar mab leu-
haf aran. ac o hynhaf y hynhaf bieu dewis
T$y dyly neb gofyn atran r onyt yneb nychC
afas dewis. kanyt oes warthal gan dewis. 15

OR gomed dyn teir gOys opleit ybxen-
hm am tir onyt maOx aghen aellud.
ytir arodiryrneb ae holho. Ox daO ynteu
(uth yr eil wys neu Oith ytryded. gOzthebet
am y tir os iaOn idaO. athalet tn buhyn cam- 20
lOx yr bzenhm am omed gOys. ^f neb atalo
gobyr eftyn am tirr ny thai hOnnO ebediG
gan iaOn. J^Oy bynhac ahgynhalyo tirteir
oes gOyr yti vn wlat yn vn wlat ar dylyedo-
gyon. oes tat ahentat agoxhentat heb haOl 25

Vfo24a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 51

aheb arhaOl. heb lofc ty heb toxr aradyr. ny
Oxthebir udunt Oyth ox tir hOnnO kan ry-
gayOys kyfreith yrydunt. l|0y bynhac
aholho tir o ach ac etnf. reit yOyhenadur
yeit gOlat tygu yrach kyn gOarandaO y 5
haOl. ©x keis dyn ran o tir gan ygenedyl
gOedy hir alltuded r rodet wheugeint yg
gobyr gOarchadO ox canhadant ran idaO.
"Iftir arotho ybxenhin ydyn gan laOn r
nys attOc yneb ae gOledycho gOedy ef. 10

JPOy bynhac aodefho rodi tref ytat yny
6yd yarall heb lud aheb wahard r nys keiff
tra vo byO. J^Oy bynhac aholho tir ox d6c
yach ar gogeil mOy no their gOeith. colledic
uyd oehaOl. ©z gOneir eglOys ar tayaOc 15

tref gan gan hat ybxenhin ae bot yn goxf-
lan hi. cic effeirat yn efferennu yndi. ryd
vyd y tref honno o hynno o hynny allan.
©x kymer tayaOc mab bxeyr ar vaeth gan
ganhat yarglOyd r kyfrannaOc uyd y mab 20
hOnnO ar tref tat y tayaOc mal vn oe veibon
ehunan. JPop tir kyt adylyir ygynhal allO
ac a da. ac ar nys kynhalyo r collet yran, GOe-
dy yranher ytir hagen. ny dyly neb talu i
dios ygilyd. Oynt adylyant hagen ac eu 110 25

E 2

52 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 24 b

kynhal o pop vn gan ygilyd en bzodyr ar kefyn-
dyrO ar kyferdyrO. ar tir agollo vn o% rei hy-
nny o eiffeu 110 yrei ereill r enfllent idaO. o
gyferdyrO allan ny dyly neb kadO ran y
gilyd nac aelO nac ae da. 5

bynhac awnel b*at arglOyd neu
awnel kynllOynl r ef agyll tref ytat.
keffirr eneituadeu uyd. Ony cheffir
ynteu amynnu kymot o honaG ac arglO-
yd ac achenedyl r tal deu dyblyc adaO arnaO I0
odirOy agalanas. ac ox kyrch lys ypap ady-
uot llythyr ypap gantaO adangos yrydhau
o% pap. tref ytat ageiff. T*ydyd achaOs y
kyll dyn tref ytat. o enkil o honaO yOith
ytir heb ganhat ac na allo godef y beich ar 15
gOaffanaeth avo arnaO.
lf)ycheiff neb tir ygyt etfued megys yvta-
Ot neu ygefynderO neu ygyferderO. gan
yofyn trOy yrhOn avei varO ohonunt heb
etfued idaO ogoxff. namyn gan y ofyn trOy 2°
vn oe ryenf aryffei perchennaOc ytir hOn-
nO hyt var6 ae tat ae hentar ae goxhentat
ac uelly ykeiff ytir os ef auyd neffaf kar yr
marO. @0edy ranho bzodyr tref eu tat yry-
dunt. otbyd marO vn ohonunt heb etfued 25

Vfo25a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 53

ogcnff neu gytetfued hyt geifyn r yb*enhm
auyd etiued o% tir hOnnO. 1m ryO pnt yffyd
artir. vn yO gobyr gOarchadO. Eil yO da a-
rother yachweccau tir neu y v*efnt. Tty-
dyd yO llafur kyfreithaOl awnelher ar y tir 5
ybo gOell ytir yrdaO. 3fy dyly neb gofyn atran
onyt yneb ny chafas dewis. kany chygefn
gOarthal gOarthal gan dewis.
l>eir etiuedyaeth kyfreithaOl yffyd r ac a
tngyant yn dilis yr etfuedyon. vn yO etfued- 10
yaeth trOy dylyet o pleit ryenf. Eil yO etiued-
yaeth trOy amot kyfreithaOl ygan yperch-
ennaOc yr gOerth. Tzydyd yO. amot kyfre-
ithaOl etiuedyaeth agaffer trOy amot kyf-
reithaOl ovod yperchennaOc heb werth. . 15
©tn mod ydhohr tir adayar. o gamwerefcyn.
ac o datanhud. a,c o ach ac etnf. kyny thyccyo
gofyn tir ox mod kyntaf nac ot eil. ny byd
hOyrach no chynt y keffir oz trydyd.
1m chamwerefcyn yffyd r gOerefcyn yn er- 20
byn yperchennaOc oe anuod a heb vzaOt.
Neu werefcyn trOy yperchennaOc ac yn
erbyn y etiued oe anuod aheb v*aOt. Neu
werefcyn trOy wercheitwat ac yn erbyn y
laOn dylyedaOc oe anuod a heb varn. Perch- 25

54 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 25 b

ennaOc y6 yneb auo yn medu y dylyet dihs.
GOercheitwat yO yneb auo yn kynhal neu yn
gOarchadO dylyet dyn arall. 1m ryO vxeint
yffydr bzeint anyanaOl. abaefnt tir. abaemt
sOyd. Wn ph*iodolder yffyd ypop dyn r ryO. 5
ab^eint. ac etfuedyaeth. Etiuedyaeth hagen
herwyd bxefnt. baeint herwyd ryO. ryO her-
wyd ygOahan auyd rOg dynyon herwyd kyf-
reith. megys ygOahan auyd rCg bxenhfn a
bxeyr. ac yrOg gOx a gOteic. ahynaf aieuhaf. 10

rantir auyd yny tref ytalher gOeft-
b^enhin o heni. Deu naO troetued a
uyd ynhyt^gOyalen hywel da. adeu naO llath-
en yhonno auyd ynhyt yrerO. adOy lathen
let. Deudec erO atry chant yhonno auyd yny 15
rantir rOg rOyd adyrys achoet amaes a gOlyp
asych eithyr yr oxuottref. ac o rantired hyn-
ny ygelwir amhinogyon tir yg kyfreith.
1m gOybydyeit yffyd am tir. henaduryeit
gOlat yOybot ach ac etnf y dOyn dyn ar dyly- 20
et otir adayar. Eil yO gOt opop rantir oxtref
honno y6 amhfnogyon tir yOybot kyfran
rOg kenedyl acharant. Tzydyd yO pan vo am-
ryffon rOg dOy tref vn viefnt. Mein achyg-
hello^yon anghylleit bieu kadO teruyneu. 25

Vfo28a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 55

kanys bxenhin bieu teruyneu. ¥eir tref
ardec adyly hot ym pop maenaGx. ar tryded
ardec ox rei hynny uyd yr oxuot tref. Wref-
ryd sOydaOc a thref ryd diffOyd. pedeir rantir
auyd ym pop tref. yteir yn gyfanhed. ar pet- 5
wared yn poxua yr teir rantir. Weir rantir
auyd yny tayaOctref. ym pop vn oxdOy y byd
tnthayaOc. ar tryded ynpoxua yrdOy. jSeith
tref auyd yny vaenaOx ox tayaOc trefyd.
^f neb atoxho teruynartirdynarall r talet 10
tn buhyn camlOxO yr bxenhfn agOnaet yter-
uyn yngyftal achynt lf)yt teruyn pxif a
uon engiryaOl rOgdeu kymhOt onyt yny hen-
gyrrynt. ©roefuaen sef yO hOnnO maen
ffin neu pxen ffin neu peth arall enwedic a 15
vo yn kadO ffin r wheugeint atal. f neb atox-
ho ffin auo rOg dOy tref. neu aartho pxiffoxd.
wheugefnt atal yr bxenhin. agOnaet y ter-
uyn yngyftal achynt. H effur tir r6g dOy
tref of ox tir ybyd r gOxhyt ahanher. ROg dOy 20
rantir r pedeir troetued. ROg dOy erO r dOy
gOys. Jfeffur pxiffoxd bxenhin r deudec troet-
ued. If neb agynhalyo dan vn airglOyd deu

tirr talet y ebediO oxmOyhaf yvxeint.

Effur gOeftua bxenhin o pop tref ytaler 25

56 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 26 b

gOeftua bienhin o honei. pOn march ovlaOt
gOenfth ac ych a feith chefa o geirch vn rOym.
clc auo digaOn o vel yn vn gerOyn. NaO dyr-
nued uyd vchet ygerOyn pan veffurer arOyr
01 cleis traO yr emyl yma. clphedeir ar huge- 5
fnt aryant. Punt yO gOerth gOeftua b*en-
hm. wheugefnt yg kyfeir yvara. atlnuge-
fnt d*os y enllyn. atluugem dzos y lyn. Sef
y telir velly hagen ony rodir ybOyt yny am-
fer. nyt amgen ygayaf. © tref maeronf 10

neu gyghellcnyaeth. med atelir. © tref ryd
diffOydr bzagaOt atelir. © tayaOctrefr cO*Of
atelir. DOy gerOyn v^agaCt neu pedeir cOz-
6f atelir dios vn ved. DOy gerOyn viagapt
gOiOf atelir dxos vn vxagaOt. Ny telir ary- 15
ant nac ebzan meirch gan weftua haf.
JleudaOnbOyt adaO yr b*enhm yny ulO-
ydyn ygan ytayogeu. DaOn bOyt gayaf
yO hOch tn vyffic yny hyfcOyd. B.C yny hir-
eif. EC yny chlun. EC henhcuop hallt. Eth 20
n vgeint tozth o vara gOenith o% tyf gOen-
ith yno. bit beilleit ynaO tenth, y teir yr yf-
tauell. Er^whech yr neuad. kyflet pop tozth
ac o eHn hyt ardO^n. [ Os keirch vydant r
bfnt rynyon ynaO tenth. kyn teOhet vyd- 25

Vfo27a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 57

ac na phlygant pan dalher herwyd eu he-
myl. cllloneit mid ogOxOf. cichefnhaOco
pop rantir yr gOaffanaethwyr. DaOnbOyt
haf yO emenyn achaOs. Sef yO ymanat
emenyn. naO dyrnued llet. cldyrnued 5

teOhet ae vaOt yny seuyll. clphrytllaeth-
eu ytayogeu oil agynulhr yn vn dyd y
wneuthur kaOs. ahynny atelir gyt ar
bara. l|y daO maer na chyghellaOx nar
ran dofreth ar Ox ryd. !(n weith pop blO- 10
ydyn y gOetha y paOb mynet yn lluyd y
gyt arbzenhin yoxwlat os myn. 3,c yna y
dyly ynteu yvaenhines neingylch. Byth
hagen pan ymynho ylluydir gyt ac ef y
ny wlat ehunan. !( kynydyon ar hebogyd- 15
yon ar gOaftrodyon agaffant gylch ar tay-
ogeu ybxenhfn. pop rei hagen arwahan.
tei adyly ytayogeu y gOneuthur
bzenhin. Neuad. yftauell. kegin.
kapel. yfcubaO^. odynty. peirant. yftabyl. 20
kynozty. Ygan y tayogeu ykeiff yb^enhln
pynueirch yny luyd. a,c opop tayaOctref
ykeiff gOz amarch a bOell ar treul y bzen-
hm y wneuthur lluefteu idaO. l»ri pheth
ny werth tayaOc heb ganhat yarglOyd r 25

58 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 27 b

march. a moch. a mel. Os gdthyt ef gyffef-
ufn r gOerthet ynteu yr neb ymynho gOe-
dy hynny. Weir keluydyt nys dyfc tay-
aOc y vab heb ganhat. yarglOyd. yfcolhe-
ictaOc. abardonfaeth. agofanaeth. kan- 5
ys odiodef y arglOyd hyt pan rother coz-
un y yfcolheick. neu yny el gof yny efe
il. neu vard (nth ygerd. ny eill neb euke-
ithiwaO gOedy hynny.

®i ymladant gOyr efcob neu wyr ab- 10

at agOyr baenhfn ar tir y teyrn r eu dirOy
a daO yr teyrn. Echyt ymladont gOyr ef-
cob agOyr abat ar tir ybxenhm r yr bxen-
hfn ydaO eu dirOy. H neb a artho tir daof
hid arglOyd. talet pedeir kefnhaOc kyfre- 15

ith oagcm dayar gan treis. aphedeir ke-
fnhaOc kyfreith odiot heyrn ox dayar. <3,ch-
einhaOc o pop cOys aymchoelo yr daya
aradyr a hynny yperchennaOc ytir. kyme-
ret yr arglOyd yr ychen oil ar aradyr ar 20

heyrn. a gOerth y llaO deheu yr geilwat
agOerthytroet deheu yr amaeth. ©x clad
dyn tir dyn arall yr cudyaO peth yndaO.
perchennaOc ytir ageiff pedeir kemhaOc
kyf. o agon dayar ar gudua onyt eurgra- 25

Wfo63a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 59

hagen pan ymynho ybaenhfn ylluydir y
gyt ac ef yny wlat ehun. °fkynydyon ar
hebogydyon ar guaftrodyon un weith yny
ulOydyn y caffant gylch ar tayogeu yb*en-
hi'n pop rei hagen ar wahan. 5

tei adyly y tayogeu y wneuthur yr

Neuad. ac yftauell. kegfn ach-
apel. YfcubaOa. ac odynty. Peirant. ac yftabyl.
achynozty. Ygan y tayogeu ydoant pynue-
irch yr bzenhfn yny luyd. ac o pop tayoctref 10
y keiff gOx amarch abOyall ar treul y ,b*en
bin hagen ywneuthur lluefteu. 1m pheth
ny werth tayaOc heb canhyat yarglOyd. n
march, amoch. a mel. of gOxthyt yr arglOyd
gyffeuyn guerth6^ ynteu yr neb ae mynho 15
guedy hynny. Weir keluydyt ny dyfc ta-
yaOc yuab heb canhyat yarglOyd. yfcolhe-
ictaOc. abardoni. agouanaeth. kanyf ofdi-
odef y arglOyd hyny rother cozun yr yfcoel-
heic. neu hyny el gof yny eueil ehun. neu 20
vard 6*th ygadeir gerd ny ellfr eu keithiwaO

I guedy hynny

60 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 63 b

O% ymladant guyr efcob neu wyr abat
aguyr btenhfn ar tir teyrn eu dirOy
adaO yr teyrn. adiyt ymladont guyr ef
cob aguyr abat ar tir teyrn. yr teyrn y
daO eu dirOy. °f* neb a artho tir d*of hid 5
arglOyd. talet pedeir kefnhaOc kyfreith
o agcni dayar gan treif aphedeir kefn
haOc. kyfreith odiot yr heyrn ox dayar a
cheinhaOc o pop kOys a ymhoelef yr ar
adyr. kymeret ybzenhin yr ychen oil 10

ar aradyr ar heyrn aguerth ytroet de
heu yr amaeth. aguerth yllaO deheu yr
geilwat. ©r clad dyn tir dyn arall yr
cudyaO peth yndaO. pedeir keinhaOc ky
ureith ageiff perchenaOc ytir am agoai 15

dayar ar gudua onyt eurgraOn uyd ca-
nyf bxenhfn bieu pop eurgraOn. Y neb
awnel annel ar tir dyn arall ac ae cuth-
yo yndaO. talet pedeir keinhaOc kyfre-
ith oagozi dayar y perchenaOc ytir ac 01 20
keffir llOdyn yndaO perchenaOc ytir bi

eiuyd

Wfo64a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 61

eiuyd heuyt. athalet tn buhyn camlOiO
yr bxenhfn. ©r cledfr pOll odyn ar tir dyn
arall heb canhyat. talet yneb ae clatho pe
deir kefnhaOc "yperchenaOc" kyfreith ytir.
athn buhyn camlOzO yr bzenhfn. "f neb a 5
adeilho ty ar tir dyn arall heb ycanhat.
talet tn buhyn camlOxO yr bxenhfn. ar
ty ageiff perchenaOc ytir aphedefr kefn-
haOc kyfreith oagon dayar of arytir ylla-
daOd guyd y ty. Onyt ar y tir ylladaOd. tyg 10
et arytrydyd o wyr unvxefnt ac ef. clthot
ret yty yymdeith yn gyuuOch ar dayar ady
get y ar y dir kyn pen ynaO uet dyd. ac onyf
dOc perchenaOc ytir bfeiuyd.

Neb aholho tir eglOyffic nyt reit idaO 15
arhof naOuetdyd namyn agoil guir
idaO pan ymynho. Ny cheiff neb oparth
mam eiffydyn arbenhic nafOyd o^byd ae
dylyho oparth tat. JaOn yO hagen yetfued
oparth mam caffel ran otir. dlureic aym 20
rotho ehunan yn llOyn ac ym perth heb

62 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Wfo64b

canhyat kenedyl ny cheiff yphlant ran o

tir gan genedyl mam onyt o rybuch et.

cany dyly mab HOyn apherth ran o tfr.

"If neb adiotto coet gan ganhyat yperch-

enaOc ytir. pym mlyned ydyly ef ynryd 5

ar chwechet ydyly y perchenaOc ynryd.

°J[ neb agarteilo tir gan ganhyat y perch e-

naOc. teir blyned ydyly ef. ar pedwared yr

perchenaOc ynryd. °|* neb awnel buarth

tell ar tir dyn arall gan y ganhyat. dOy 10

vlyned ydyly ef. artryded yr perchenaOc

yn ryd. ^ neb atoxho gOyd otir dyn arall.

gan y ganhyat. y ulOydyn gyntaf ykeiff

ef yn ryd. ar eil ulOydyn ar get. ar tryded

yr perchenaOc yn ryd. ® rodir kymraef 15

yalltut yphlant ageiff ran o tir eithyr

yr eiffydyn arbenhic. nOnnO ny chaffant

hyt y tryded ach. ac ohOnnO ydaO guarth-

ec dyuach. canyf o^ guna hOnnO gyfla-

uan kenedyl yuam ae tal oil yalanas. 20

©leif atrickyo tri naOuet dyd vn diuO

Wfo65a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 63

yn ac vn diwat uyd aguaet. Os ardiwat
ybyd rodet ylO arytrydyd owyr vn vzeint
ac ef yn naOuetdyd kyntaf. Os deu naO
uetdyd ytnc rodet ylO arypedweryd owyr
vn vzefnt ac ef. Os tn naOuetdyd ytnc. 5

rodet ylO ar ypymhet owyr vn vzeint ac
ef. ac yuelly ydiwedir guaet.

OR byd keitwat kyfreithaOl adOyn da
oe warchadO ynlletrat. abot yrallwe-
deu ganthaO ef yndiwall. aguelet to^r ar 10
yty. llyuyr kynaOc ' ady weit bot yn hawf
ygredu ozdygir da idaO ef gyt ar da arall.
adycker yn lletrat ygantaO ef. Ef adyly
hagen tygu adynyon yty gantaO ollyuot
ef yn lach ox da hOnnO. Ox cledir ydayar 15

hagen ydan yty guedy gunel ef ygyfre-
ith yuot yniach. baenhin bieu dayar ac
ny dyly keitwat uot dxofti. Pop da a
adefho keitwat ydyuot attaO ygadO talet
eithyr yda adycker trOy ydayar. Oi dOc 20

dyn da ar geitwat acholli peth ot da. a

64 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 65 b

a hot ymdaeru yrOg ykeitwat ar perchen-
aOc am y da hOnnO ykeitwat bieu tygu
ar vn dyn neffaf ywerth oe genedyl. 1|yf-
reith eur yO yrodi olaO ylaO dan tyfton yn
llaO ykeitwat i y gadG. ^yfreith aryant 5

yO eu riuaG argyhoed olaO ygilyd ynllaO
ykeitwat. l(ndyn addieinc oledxat kyf-
adef kic achroen ar y geuyn. YghenaOc
alldut auo teir nof athn dieu heb garda-
6t heb weftua. achrOyd^aO ohonaO teirtref 10
beunyd anaO trei ym pop tref. ac ynarac
newyn guneuthur lledxat ohonaO. ae
dala ynteu yna achic achroen arygef
yn. Ef adyly yollOg yn ryd heb croc aheb
werth. H(n dyn ny dyly yty yuot ynua- 15
rO ty kyffoet marO heb gymun. ygnat
llys. l[n aneueil a a opedeir keinhaOc
ypunt yn vn dyd gellgi. of tayaOc biei
uyd yboie pedeir kefnhaOc atal. ac ox rod-
ir yrbzenhfn ydyd hOnnO punt atal. 20

JIMmOf yn pozi allan amilgi heb ytotch

Wfo66a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 65

colh eu bzeint awnant. ©yth pynuarch
bxenhfn yffyd. moz. adiffeith. ac yghena-
6c diatlam. a lleidyr. a marO ty. ac ebediO.
adirOy. a chamlOzO.

eNeb agnfthyo dyn. talet yfarhaet yn 5
gyntaf. canyf dzychaf agoffot yOfar-
haet dyn. achefnhaOc yg kyueir pop bys
a el yny pen adOy yg kyueir yuaOt. ache-
inhaOc yg kyueir pop blewyn bonwyn a
tynher oe pen. aphedeir arhugeint dtos 10
yguallt taldzOch. Dewiffet paOb yfarhaet
ae alanaf ae Otth urefnt ypenke^dyl. ae Otth
vxeint ytat. ae Oxth urefnt yffOyd.

OR pan anher ebaOl hyt aOft. whech
cheinhaOc atal. O aOft hyt galan rac- 15
uyr deudec keinhaOc atal. hyt galan whef
raOz. deu na6 atal. hyt galan mei pedeir ar
hugeint atal. hyt galan aOft. dec ar huge-
int atal. hyt galan racuyr vn ar pymth
ec ar hugeint atal. hyt galan whefraOx d6y 20
adeugeint atal. a hyt galan mei Oyth ade-

66 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 66 b

iigeint atal. DOy ulOyd uyd yna. Odyna
hyt aOft trugeint atal. kanyf deudec ke-
inhaOc a dxycheif arnaO yna. a deudec he-
uyt adxycheif arnaO pop tymhcn hyt ga-
lan mei ac yna teir blOyd uyd. Sef atal
yna vn ar pymthec aphetwar ugeint.
Ydyd ydalher ugeint adyrcheif arnaO.
Pan frOynher pedeir keinhaOc adodir at
yr hyn gynt. ac yuelly hanher punt atal.
amOf apafcer whech Oythnof uOch pxef 10

feb punt atal. Pedeir arhugeint yO gue-
rth raOn rOnfi amOf o^ trychir ymaef ox
goknen. Oz trychir ygoloxen hagen gue-
rth yr amOs oil atelir daoftaO yna. adilis
vyd yr amOf yr neb ae hanauOyf. Hygat 15

amOf ae gluft pedeir ar hugeint atal pop
vn ohonunt. l|6nfi. wheugeint atal. ra-
On rOnfi ae lygat ae gluft deudec keinha
Oc atal pop vn ohonunt. O* lledir hagen
ymyOn ygoloxen ywerth oil atelir. a dilif 20
vyd yrOnfi yr neb aep*yn6yf. J^alfre moxc

Vfo29a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 67

ynt r moz. a diffeith. ac yghen aOc diatlam.
alleidyr. amarOty. adirOy. achamlOzO. acebediO.

OR pan anher ebaOl hyt aOft r whech ke-
inhaOc atal. O aOft hyt galan gayaf r
deudec keinhaOc atal. Hyt galan whefraOz r 5
deu na6 atal. hyt galan mei r pedeir arhu-
geint atal. hyt aOft r decarhugemt atal.
Hyt galan racuyr r vn ar pymthec ar huge-
int atal. hyt galan whefraO^ r dOy adeu vge-
int atal. hyt galan mei r Oyth adeu vge- 10
int atal. DOy ulOyd uyd yna. Sef atal yna r
o galan mei hyt aOft r trugeint. kanys deu-
dec keinhaOc adzycheif arnaO yna. a deudec
heuyt pop tymhcu hyt galan mei. ac yna
teir blOyd uyd. Sef atal yna vn ar pymthec 15
aphetwar vgeint, ydyd ydalher r vgeint
adxycheif arnaO. Pan ffrOynher r adodir
arhyn gynt. ac yna wheugefnt atal.
AmOs apafcer whech Oythnos vch pen pxe-
feb r punt atal. AmOs yn pozi allan r a mil- 20
gi heb ytozch. colli eubxeint awnant. Pe-
deir arhugeint atal raOn amOs oz trychir
ymaes oz golozen r Oz trychir dim oz go-
lozen hagen. gOerth yr amOs oil atehr
yna. adihs uyd yr amOs yr neb aehanaf 25

F 2

68 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 29 b

llygat amOs ae gluftr pedeir arhugemt
atal pop vn o honunt. IjOnfi r wheu ge-
mt atal. RaOn rOnfi r deudec keinhaOc
atal oz trychir ymaes cu goloxen. oz trych-
ir dim o% goloxen hagen r gOerth yrOnfi 5

oil atelir yna. adilis uyd ynteu yrneb
ae pzynOys. Llygat rOnfi ae gluft r deudec
kefnhaOc atal pop vn o honunt. ^alfre r
mo*c atal. Vn werth yaelodeu acaelodeu
rOnfi. ||arch torn neu gaffec torn r vn 10

werth ac vn dzychafel ynt ac eidon eith-
yr eu teithi. Weithi march torn neu gaf-
fec torn. yO dOyn pOn allufcaO karr yn
allt ac yg gOaet ahynny yn dirrOyfc.
"f neb agymerho march ar venffic. ally- 15
gru ygefyn hyny dygOydho ybleO ynha-
gyr r pedeir kefnhaOc kyfreith atal yr pef-
chennaOc. O* hOydha hagen ygefyn o at-
lo henllOgyr. athozn croen hyt ykic. Gyth ..1
geinhaOc kyfreith atal. Ony byd henllO- 20

gyr arnaO. athoti croen achic hyt afcOzn.
vn ar pymthec kyfreith atal. *% neb a-
watto Had amOs neu palfreyn lledzat. ro-
det 10 petwar gOyr ar hugeint. l|affec re-
Oys r wheugefnt atal. yraOn ae llygat ae 25

Vfo30a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 69

chluftr whech cheinhaOc kyfreith atal pop
vn o honunt. J*0y bynhac avarchocco n
march heb ganhat yperchennaOc. talet pe-
deir kefnhaOc efcyn aphedeir difcyn. Ephe-
deir yg kyfeir pop rantir ykertho d^oftaO. y 5
perchennaOc ymarch. athn buhyn camlOrO
yr btenhin. Y neb awertho march neu gaf-
fec r bit dan gleuyt oe myOn. nyt amgen tn
bo*e rac ydera. athri mfs rac yr yfceuefnt.
ablOydyn rac yllyn meirch. Anaf o vaes bit 10
aryneb ae p*ynho y edzych. 1( neb awertho
march r bit ydan pon o honaO ac yuet dGfyr
ac na bo llOygus. ac 01 byd HOyguf r dewiffet
yneb ae gOertho aekymryt yvarch trachefyn
ae eturyt trayan ygOerth yr Hall. JPOy 15

bynhac adiffero march rac lladzon yn vn
wlat ae perchennaOc. pedeir keinhaOc. kyf-
reith ageiff ef. yg kyfeir pop buch atalho
ymarch. Yneb adifferho buch rac lladzon.
yn vn wlat ar perchennaOc r pedeir keinha- 20
Oc kyfreith ageiff. ef.

o venyO r whech keinhaOc atal. o%
pan anher hyt galan racuyr. Odyna
hyt galan whefraOz r Oyth gefnhaOc atal.
hyt galan mei r dec atal. hyt aOft r deudec 25

atal.

70 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 30 b

hyt galan racuyr r pedeir ar dec atal. hyt ga-
lan whefraOx r vn ar pymthec atal. Hyt gal-
an mei r deu naO atal. Hyt aOft r vgeint atal.
Txannoeth dOy gefnhaOc ox tymhox aphede-
ir oe chyflodaOt adxycheif erni. clc yna whech 5
arhugefnt atal hyt galan racuyr r hyt ga-
lan whefraOx Oyth arhugefnt atal. hyt ga-
lan mei r dec ar hugefnt atal. NaOuetdyd
mei ydyly bot yn teithiaOl dyuot llaeth o
pen pop teth idi. clc ymdeith oe llo naO kam 10
yny hoi. clc ony byd uelly hi. vn ar pymthec
uyd gOerth ytheithi. DOy gefnhaOc heuyt
agymeroxtymhox. clc uelly Oyth adeu vge-
int atal hyt aOft. Odyna hyt galan ipnaOi
racuyr r dec adeu vgeint atal. hyt galan 15
whefraOx r deu dec a deu vgeint atal. T*an-
noeth dOy gefnhaOc oz tymhoz aphedeir ke-
fnhaOc kyfreith ox eil kyflodaOt. a,c uelly
trugefnt atal. Com buch neu ych ar llygat
ar cluft ar llofcOxn. pedeir kefnhaOc kyfre- 20
ith atal pop vn o hynny. Ueth buch r pede-
ir kefnhaOc kyfreith atal. ®% gOerth dyn
buch y arall r a bot teth yr uuch yn diffrOyth.
ac nas arganffo y neb ae pxynho r talet y
neb ae gOertho pedeir kefnhaOc kyfreith 25

VfoSla WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 71

yr neb ae pxynho pop blOydyn tra vo y uuch
ar y helO. Os HOnnO ae gOerth y arall, bit ryd
ykyntaf. kanys ydiwethaf ae gOertho awna
ydadyl gyffelyp. ® tn mod y tehr teithi buch
o dec ar hugeint aryant. neu o uuch hefp tec. 5
neu o vlaOt. ITleffur lleftyr llaeth buch yO.
Seith motued avyd ynyvchet pan veffurer
arOyr ox cleis traO yr emyl yma. atheir mot-
ued yn llet yeneu. cltheir ynllet ywaelaOt.
Lloneit y lleftyr hOnnO ovlaOt keirch a tehr 10
ygkyfeir pop godxo yruuch o hanher eb
rill hyt Oyl giric. Odyna hyt aOft r o vlaOt
heid. O aOft hyt galan racuyr o vlaOt g
gOenith ytehr velly.

¥ /»Lo gOzyOr whech kemhaOc atal. oz pan 15
,1 Jianher hyt galan racuyr. Odyna hyt
hyt galan whefraOz r Oyth gemhaOc atal.
hyt galan mei r dec atal. Hyt aOft r deudec
atal. hyt galan racuyr r pedeir ar dec atal.
hyt galan whefraOx ? vn ar pymthec atal. 20
hyt galan mei r deu naO atal. hyt aOft r
vgeint atal. hyt galan racuyr r dOy ar hu-
geint atal. hyt galan whefraO* r pedeir
ar hugeint atal. Txannoeth ydodir gOed
arnaO. ac yna pedeir keinhaOc cota adxy- 25

72 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 31 b

cheif ary werth nyt amgen vn arpymthec.
adOy geinhaOc heuyt 01 tymhoz agymer.
EC yna whech cheinhaOc adeu vgeint atal.
hyt galan mei r Odyna hyt aOft r Oyth a deu
vgefnt atal. hyt galan racuyrr dec adeu 5
vgefnt atal. hyt galan whefraOx r deu dec
adeu vgeint atal. Tmnnoeth ydodir gOed
arnaO kanys allweith uyd yna. ahynny
adzycheif pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith ary
werth a dOy geinhaOc hefyt oz tymhoz. EC 10
yna triigeint atal. Weithi ych yO eredicyn
rych ac yggOellt ahynny ynditonrOyc. ac
ny byd teithiaOl onyt velly. Re ony byd te-
ithiaOl r atuerer trayan y werth yr neb ae
piynho. *f neb awertho eidon yngyfreith- 15
aOl r bit ydanaO rac ydera tn dieu. clthn
mis rac yryfceuein. ablOydyn rac ypelle-
neu. Y neb awertho llo neu dinaOet r bit
ydanaO rac yclafyri o galan gayaf hyt Oyl
padzic. Ny byd telediO ych namyn o all we- 20
ith hyt y whechetweith. Na buch nam-
yn oe heil llo r hyt ynaOuet lo. clchyt elhont
Cy daos yroet hOnnO r nyoMg ar eu gOe-
rth tra uont uyO. ©z Had gOarthec tref-
go^d eidon ac na Oyper pOy ae HadaOd r 25

Wfo69a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 73

racuyr pedefr ar dec atal. hyt galan whefraO*.
vn ar pymthec atal. hyt galan mei deu naO
atal. hyt aOft ugeint atal. hyt galan racuyr
dOy arhugemt atal. hyt galan whefraOx pe-
deir arhugefnt atal. Taanoeth y dodir gued 5
arnaO. a phede.fr keinhaOc cota adzycheif
ar y werth. NaOuetdyd whefraOz ox dichaOn
eredic guerth y teithi adxycheif ar y werth
nyt amgen vn ar pymthec. 3,d6y geinhaOc
heuyt oz tymhox agymer, EC yna whech a 10
deugeint atal. hyt galan mei. odyna hyt aOft
Oyth adeugeint atal. hyt galan racuyr dec
adeugeint atal. hyt galan whefraOz deudec
adeugefnt atal. Txanoeth ydodir gued arnaO
kanyf allweith uyd yna. ahynny adzycheif 15
pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith ar y werth. adOy
agymer heuyt en tymhoz. ac yna trugeint
atal. Weithi ych yO eredic eredic yn rych ac
yguellt. EC yn allt ac yguaeret. ac hynny
yn ditonrOyc. ac ny byd teithiaOl ony byd 20
uelly. ac ony byd uelly teithiaOl atuerer

74 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Wfo69b

trayan ywerth yr neb ae pxynho. "|f neb a
wertho eidon yn gyfreithaOl. ef adyly bot
ydanaO rac ydera tn dieu atheir nof. ath
n mif rac yr yfceuefnt. a blGydyn rac
ypelleneu. *% neb awertho llo neu di- 5

nawet bit ydanaO rac yclauyn o galan
gayaf hyt Oyl patric. If y byd telediO ych
namyn o allweith hyt ynaOuetweith.
Na buOch namyn oe heil llo hyt ywhech-
et llo. clchyt elhon Oy dzof yr oet hOnnO 10

ny oftOg ar eu guerth kyfreithaOl. tra uont
vy6. © rllad yfcrybyl trefgozd eidon ac
na Oyper py rei ae lladaOd doet perche-
naOc yr eidon achreir gantaO yr tref a
rodent 16 diarnabot ac odyna talent y 15

nf eidon. ac ozbyd eidon moel ran deu
eidon a a arnaO. ar gyfreith honno a el-
wir 116yr tal guedy HOyr tOg. Ozbyd ad-
ef ar neb eidon Had yllall talet yperch-
enaOc. J*edeir keinhaOc kyfreith yO gue- 20

rth dant eidon neu dant march torn.

WfoVOa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 75

OEn tra dynho keinhaOc kyfreith atal.
pan didyfner dOy geinhaOc kyfreith
atal hyt aOft. OaOft allan pedeir keinhaOc
kyfreith atal. l>eth dauat dOy geinhaOc
kyfreith atal. ©eithi dauat kymeint yO y 5
ae guerth. Jiant dauat ae llygat keinhaOc
kyfreith atal pop vn ohonunt. °% neb awer-
tho deueit bit dan tn heint. clauyn. alle-
derO. adouyr rud. hyny gaffont eu teir i
guala ox guellt newyd y guanhOyn of gue- 10
dy kalan gayaf y guerth.
/T\yn tra dynho keinhaOc cota atal. o*
vl/pan atto dynu hyt aOft dOy gefnhaOc
cota atal. O aOft allan pedeir keinhaOc cota
atal. lieth gauyr dOy geinhaOc cota atal. 15
Ueithi gauyr kymeint yO aewerth. Jlant
gauyr ae llygat keinhaOc cota atal pop
vn ohonu. "If neb a bzynho yfcrybyl ygan
arall. achlauyru ohonu gantaO ef adyly
rodi ylO arytrydyd owyr vn ureint ac ef 20
naf dodef ymyOn ty yryffei clauyn yndaO

76 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Wfo70b

feith mlyned kyn no hynny ae da ageiff.

|archell yny growyn keinhaOc kyfre-
ith atal. Ox pan el allan hyt pan at-
to dynu dOy geinhaOc kyfreith atal. Ox
pan atto dynu hyt Oyl leuan ymoch pe- 5

deir keinhaOc kyfreith atal. Odyna hyt
galan iona6x dec cefnhaOc kyfreith atal.
Odyna hyt Oyl leuan ymoch elchOyl Oyth
gefnhaOc gyfreith atal. eithyr ytn llyd-
yn arbenhic. ny dyrcheif ac ny oftOg 10

vyth. arbenhic ymoch. abaed kenuein.
ahOch ygkyueir yr arglOyd. ac yna deu
parthaOc uyd yr eneit arykic hyt Oyl le-
uan ymoch. O Oyl leuan ymoch hyt ga-
lan lonaOx dec arhugefnt atal. ac yna 15
deu parthaOc uyd ykic ar yr eneit. Ifyt
oef werth kyfreith ar gnyOhOch. hyt
ym pen yulOydyn. yny ulOyd kyfreith
hOch maOz agymer. °J[ neb awertho moch

tri dieu

bit dan y tn hefnt. YuynyglaOc. arhu- 20

tri mif

alaOc. A ac nat yffont eu perchyll. ac ot

Wfo71a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 7?

yffan eu perchyll atuerher trayan eu gue-
rth tracheuyn. ®R Had moch dyn talet
eu perchenaOc yalanaf.

ByO gOyd tra uo dan adefn y uam ke-
inhaOc kota atal. Ox pan el ydan ade- 5
in yuam keinhaOc kyfreith atal. DuO
aOft d6y gefnhaOc kyfreith ataL EC yna
vn werth ae uam. |far kefnhaOc cota
atal. IjeilaOc kemhaOc cota atal.

EarO yO vn werth ac vn ardaychaua- 10
el ac ych. ac ewic abuOch. ^Cxch vn
werth ac vn ardyrchauel ac gauyr. ac
uelly kaenOzch abOch. SOythOch un
werth ac un ardyrchauel y6 ahOch tref.
Jhoch ny allOyf ygneit hywel da dodi 15

guerth kyfreith arnaO canyf yulOydyn
ybei yuynyglaOc ar ymoch bxeint ki.
agymerei ynteu yna arnaO. ar ulOydyn
ybei ygyndared ary cOn b^efnt hOch
agymer ynteu yna arnaO. °|f fcyuarna- 20

Oc ny wnaethpOyt guerth kyfreith ar

I nei

76 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 71 b

canyf yneill mis ybyd gOryO ar Hall ynue-
nyO. ©uerth yftalOyn. march greGyf (a)
allo toi. achaffec reOyf oe ulaen. ac arall
yny. ol. ffluerth tarO trefgozd y6 tarO ar-
all a allo llamu abuOch oe ulaen ac arall 5
yny ol. (luerth baed kenuefn. baed ar-
all a allo cleinaO ahOch oe ulaen ac arall
yny ol. JUeid achadno ac amryualyon
ereill ny wnelhont eithyr diOc ny wna-
ethpOyt guerth kyfreithaOl arnunt ryd 10
yO ypaOb eu Had. (luerth pop aniueil o*
ayffer y gic eithyr ymoch. deu parth y
guerth auyd ar yr eneit ar trayan ar y
go^ff.

Eithi gOx yO gallu kyt agureic abot 15
yngyuan y aelodeu oil. Ueithi gure
ic yO dyuot arOyd etiued idi abot yn gyf
an yholl aelodeu. Weithi treis y6 lief ach
oxn achOyn. Weithi keilaOc yO canu ach
chOcOyaO. Weithi lar yO dod^ago^l. We 20

ithi pop ederyn gO^yO yO canu achOcOyaO.

teithi

Vfo32a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 79

atuerer trayan eu gOerth trachefyn. ®i
Had moch dyn r talet eu perchennaOc alan-
af ydyn. neu wadet ymoch.

Ky6 gOyd tra vo dan adein y vam r ke-
inhaOc cotta atal. Oi pan el ydan ade- 5
in y vam. hyt aOft r keinhaOc kyf. atal. O
aOft allan r dOy geinhaOc. kyf. atal. Re yna
vnwerth ae vam vyd. |£ar r keinhaOc cota
atal. 1[eilyaOc r keinhaOc cotta atal.
JPvnt yO gOerth nyth hebaOc. wheugeint 10

yO gOerth hebaOc kyn mut athra vo yny
mut. Ch byd gOen gOedy mut r punt atal.
If yth gOalch r wheugeint atal. GOalch i
kyn mut athra vo yny mut r trugeint atal.
Ox byd gOen gOedy mut r wheugeint atal. 15
jf yth llamyften r pedeir ar hugeint atal.
Jllamyften kyn mut athra vo yny mut r
deudec keinhaOc atal. Oi byd gOen gOedy
mut r pedeir ar hugeint atal. Weithi pop
ederyn benyO r yO dotwi a goxi. Teithi pop e- 20
deryn gOxyO r kanu achOccOyaO. Ify byd
na djrOy na chamlOzO am neb edeinyaOc
kyn dyccer ledxat. namyn talu ywerth kyf-
reith yperchennaOc ony cheffir ehunan.
1|arO vn werth acvn ardzychafel uyd ac 25

8o WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 32 b

ac ewic a buch. aiGzch agafyr. achaenOxch
abOch. agOythOch ahOch tref. J*och ny
allOys ygneit hywel da dodi gGerth kyf-
reith arnaO. kanyf y ulOydyn ybei y vyny-
glaOc arymoch. bzefnt ki agymerei ynteu 5
yna arnaO. ar ulOydyn ybei ygyndared
ar y kOn. b*efnt hOch h6 agymerei ynteu
yna arnaO. ^ffcyfarnaOc ny wnaethpOyt
heuyt werth kyfreith arnei. kanys y ne-
ill mis y bydei GxyG ar Hall ybydei venyG. 10
[®]0erth yftalOyn r march aallo toi achaffec
oeulaen ac arall yny ol. ®0erth baed ken-
uef n r baed arall a allo cleinaO. ahOch oe vla-
en ac arall ac arall yny ol. ©Oerth tarO tref-
goxd r tarO arall aallo llamu. a buch oe via- 15
en ac arall ynyol. JBleid achadno ac amry-
falyon ereill ny wnelhont namyn dxOc. ny
wnaethpOyt gOerth kyfreith arnunt. ryd
yO ypaOb eu Had. ®0erth pop anefeil o^ ayf-
fer ygic eithyr ymoch r deuparth ygOerth a 20
uyd aryr eneit. ar trayan ar y koxff. Weithi
gOt yOgallu kyt agOieic a bot yn gyfan yae-
lodeu oil. Weithi gOxeic yO. dyuot arOyd eti-
uedu idi. a bot yn gyfan y holl aelodeu.
Ueithi treis yO r lief acho*n achOyn. 25

Vfo33a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 81

Onhed gOenyn oparadOys pan yO.

ac o achaOs pechaOt dyn ydoethant
odyno. ac ydodes duO yrat arnunt. ac Ozth
hynny ny ellir canu efferen heb ycOyr.
f| odzydaf gOenyn r pedeir ar hugeint a 5

tal. Kynheit r vn ar pymthec atal. Eil heit
deudec keinhaOc atal. Txyded heit r Oyth
geinhaOc atal. f| odxydaf gOedy yd el y
kynheit ohonei r vgei'nt atal. GOedy yd el
yr eil heit ohonei r vn ar pymthec atal. 10

GOedy yd el y tryded heit o heni. deudec ke-
inhaOc atal. If y thai neb heit eithyr pede-
irkeinhaOc. hyny vo tn dieu ar hed ac yn
waftat. dyd ygeiffaO lie yuudaO. ar eil y
uudaO. ar trydyd y ozffowys. "J[ neb agaffo 15
heit ar tir dyn arall ar gagen. pedeir kein
haOc ageiff ygan perchennaOc ytir 01 myn
ynteu yr heit. *|f neb agaffo bydaf artir
dyn arall r keinhaOc kyfreith a geiff ef.
neu ycOyr ar dewif perchennaOc y tir.
IfaOuetdyd kyn aOft yd a pop heit ym
mrefnt modzydaf. ac yna pedeir ar huge-
int atal. eithyr yr afgelleit. kany chymer
hi vzefnt modzydaf hyt y kalan mei rac
Oyneb. ac yna pedeir ar hugeint atal mal 25

^J y rei ereill.

82 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 33 b

a Neb alatho kath awarchatto yfcubaOx
bxenhin. neu aedycco ledxat. yphen
aoffodir ywaeret arlaOx glan gOaftat. ae
HofcGxn adxychefir y vynyd. ac odyna din
eu graOn gOenith ymdanei. hyny gudyo 5

blaen yllofcOzn. l[ath arall r pedeir keinha-
6c. kyf. atal. dleithi kath. kymeint yO ae
gOerth kyfreith. [WJeithi kath y6 y bot yn
gyfgluft gyflygat gyflofcOxn gyfdanhed
gyfiewin. ac yn diuan o tan. allad llygot 10
EC nat yffo ychanawon. 3,c nabo kath dene
ar pop lloer.

byd dirCy am gi kyn dyccer ledaat.

camlOzO. L10 vn dyn yffyd
digaOnywadu ki. kanyf beich kefyn yOo 15
lOdyn anhyys. Ox kyrch ki neb dyn yr keif-
faO yrOygaO. kyt llatho ydyn y ki ac aryf
oe laO. ny thai na dirOy na chamlOzO ymda-
naO. Ox bxath ki neb dyn hyny del ygOaet.
talet perchennaOc y ki waet ydyn. ac ox Had 20
ydyn rGygedic y ki hagen heb fymut ody-
na r ny cheiff onyt vn ar pymthec aryant.
1|i kynefodic arOycco dyn teir gOeith. on-
ys Had y perchennaOc. kyfreith yO yrOym-
aO Crth troet y arglOyd dOy ryOhant yOzthaO 25

Vfo34a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 83

ac uelly y lledir. clc odyna talet tn buhyn cam-
16z6 yrbzenhfn. ]fy diwygir dxOc awnel
ki kyndeiraOc. kany medir arnaO. Kyn dyc-
cer ki yn lledzat r ny wneir kyfreith lledzat

OR pan dotter yr yt yny day {[arnaO. 5
dayar hyt pan el yny yfcub r aryant
tal adaO dzoftaO. clc odyna yfcub lach yn lie
y glaf. O pop eidon buarth r dim ei ydyd ach
einhaOc ynof. O pop march auo hual neu
laOhethyr arnaO r kemhaOc y dyd adOy y 10
nos. O^ byd difgyfnth r dimei ydyd. Eche-
inhaOc ynos. Os difgyfreitha y deilyat ef
pan ydalyo aryryt. talet tn buhyn cam 10-
rO yr bzenhin. dodet hagen y dOy egOyt am
yr vn troet. ac uelly ny chyll dim. ®^ kadO 15
kyfreith ozmoch. dalyet yr hOch avynho ei-
thyr ytn llydyn arbenhic. agadet oz pzyt
ygilyd. 3,c yna kyniget oe perchennaOc. o
EC onyf dillOg oe chyfreith r gOnaet y deily-
at y defnyd o honei. Sef y6 kadO kyfreith 20
01 mo ch r deudec llydyn a baed. ©z kadO
kyfreith oz moch deueit r dauat ageffir.
3,c opop pymp llydyn hyt ykadO kyfreith
ffyrlling ageffir. Memt y kadO kyfreith oz
deueit r dec llydyn ar hugeint. © pop oen 25

G 2

84 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 34 b

Gy lar ageffir. hyt ykadG kyfreith. ac yna a-
geffir. ®i geifyr ar mynneu y dadyl gyffelyp.
°^ neb agaffo gOydeu yny yt r tozret ffon ky-
hyt ac o pen elin hyt ymlaen ybyf bychan
yny refhet ymynho. alladet ygGydeu ynyr 5
yt ar ffon. ac alatho ymaes <n yt r talet.
dGydeu agaffer yn llygru yt trOy ytlan.
neu trOy yfcubaG*. gGafcer gOyalen ar eu
mynygleu. agatter ynoOynt hyt pan uG-
ynt ueirO. 'ff neb agaffo lar yny ard Hn. 10
neu yny yfcubaGz. dalyet hi hyt pan ydill-
ygho ypherchennaOc hi oOy lar. a,c oz dei-
la ykeilyaOcr toaret ewin idaG agollyget
yn ryd. neu gymeret Oy lar opop lar avo
yny ty. 1( neb adalyho kath yn llygotta y 15

ny ard lin r talet ypherchennaOc yllOgyr.
Y neb agaffo lloi yny yt r dalyet Oynt 01
p*yt ygilyd heb laeth eu mameu. ac yna
gollyget yn ryd. ©z llygnr yneb dyri7 yt
yn emyl trefgozd. ac na chaffer dala vn 20
HOdyn arnaO. kymeret ef ycreir adoet yr
tref. ac 01 tygent 10 diarnabot r talent yr
yt ynf eidon HOdyn. ar gyfreith honno a
elwir. tehtoi gOedy halaOc 10. ®z deila
dyn yfcrybyl aghyneffn ary yt neuar 25

Vfo35a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 85

y weir, ac ymlad ohonunt yny gOarchae. allad
olOdyn yllall. perchennaOc yr yfcrybyl bieu
talu yllOdyn alather. ar deilyat auyd ryd.

aNeb awatto mach r rodet ylO aryseith-
uet ox dynyon neffaf ywerth. petwar 5
oparth ytat adeu oparth y vam acynteu e-
hunan feithuet. ^f neb awatto mechniaeth r
rodet ylO aryseithuet yny kyffelyp vod. ac
ony byd ygenedyl yn vn wlat ac ef. rodet y
16 ehunan uch pen feith allaOx kyffegyr yn vn 10
gantref ac ef. kahys uelly ygOedir bn duO.
® teir ffoxd yd ymdiueicha mach r otalu ox
talaOdyr d^oftaO. EilyO orod oet 01 haOIOz yr
talaOdyr yn aOffen y vach. Tzydyd y6 odOyn
gauel ox haOlOz ary talaOdyr heb ganhat y 15
mach. ac yna talet tn buhyn camlO^O yr
bxenhm. ©et mach y Oybot ae mach ae nat
mach r tn dieu. *f fpeit mach yparatoi tal
os ef ehunan ae tal gyffefin. na6 nieu.
d teir ffcud ydiffenr mach achynnogyn. o 20
glybot onn ybzenhm ynmynet yn lluyd.
ac o haOl treis. ac o haOl ledxat. kanys aghen
yn aghen yO pop vn ox holyon hyn. ||ach
adyly dOyn gauel gyt ar haOlOx. hyt yn diogel.
agodef arnaO ygofut adel. ac ony wna hynnyr 25

86 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 35 b

talet ehunan. flfach aadefho peth oe vechni
aeth ac awatto peth arall r gOadet ar y 10 ehun-
an os myn. l>n mach hagen yffyd ac nyche-
iff vn ohonunt dOyn y vechniaeth ar y 10 e-
hunan kyt gOatto ran ac adef ran arall oe ve- 5
chni. nyt amgen dyn ael yn vach ygOyd llys.
a mach dleb^edlc. a mach talu. beth bynhaca
tygho ykyntaf. y llys adyly tygu ygyt ac ef neu
yny erbyn. ydeu ereill beth bynhac atygho r
ar y seithuet oe gyfneffeiueit ytOg. kanyf ta- 10
laOdyr uyd pop vn o honunt. J)yn adyly i
kymryt mach ar pop da onyt da arotho yar-
glOyd idaO» °$ neb auo mach d*os dyn onys
tal ytalaOdyr yn oet dyd. oet pymthec diwar-
naOt ageiff ymach yna. Re onyf tal y talaO- 15
dyryna r oet deg niwarnaOt ageiff ymach y-
na. ac onyf tal y talaOdyr yna r oet pump di-
warnaOt ageiff ymach yna. ac ony thai ytal-
aOdyr yna r talet ymach. allyna oeteu mach
am da bywaOl. Os ar da marwaOl y byd mach. 20
Oet pymthec diwarnaOt ageiff ymach yna.
ac ony thai y talaOdyr yna r oet deg diwarnaOt
arhugefnt ageiff ymach yna. ac ony thai y
talaOdyr ynar oet deg diwarnaOt adeu vgeint
ageiff ymach yna. ac ony thai ytalaOdyr ynar 25

Vfo36a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 87

talet ymach ehunan. aphan gyfarffo ymach
ar talaOdyr r yfpeilet ef oc auo ymdanaO odi-
llat eithyr ypilm neffaf idaO. ac uelly gOnaet
byth hyt pan gaffo cObyl tal ygantaO. ®z
byd marO mach dyn kyn talu ox talaOdyr dzof- 5
taO y vechnfaeth. doet yr haOlO* ary seithuet
oz dynyon neffaf idaO uch pen bed ymach 01
kaffant ybed. athyngent y vot yn vach. ac ony
chaffant ybed r tyngent uch penAseith allaOi
gyffegyry vot yn vach. ac na diwygOyt dzoftaO 10
y vechniaeth tra u'u vyO. ac uelly ykeiff yda.
llyt dycco mach y vechniaeth dtos lud arglO-
yd r ny chyll na dirOy na chamlOzO. ©z byd ma-
rO talaOdyr dyn ac nachaffo kymynnu yda
Oxth neb. dyget ymach y vechniaeth dzos yma- 15
rO. athalet y teir ach neffaf idaO. ar mach bieu
ygymhell kyftal ac ary talaOdyr bei byO.
°|f neb a adefho dylyu da idaO r talet yndiohir
eithyr yny teir gOyl arbenhic. ynadolyc. ar i
pafc arsulgOyn. nyt amgen onof nadolyc 20
gOedy gofper. hyt duO kalan gOedy efferen.
O nof SadOzn pafc gOedy datOyrefn. hyt duO
pafc bychan gOedy efferen. Onos SadOm ful-
gOyn gOedy gofper r hyt duO Sul y dzindaOt
gOedy efferen. kany dyly neb gofyn ygilyd. 25

88 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 36 b

yny diewed hynny. If y dyly neb kymryt
mab yn vach heb ganhat ytat tra dylyho
bot dxoftaO. na mynach nabzaOt heb gan-
hat eu habat. nac alltut kanyt geir y eir
argymro. nac yfcolheic yfcol heb ganhat 5
yathro. na gfoeic. onyt aryr hyn ymedho
arnaO. Yrei hynny nyt mechni eu mech-
ni onyt gan ganhat eu harglOydi. ©* byd
marO mach dyn. ac adaO mab ohonaO.
ymab adyly seuyll yn lleytat yny vechnf. 10
Ify dyly neb gymryt mach kynnogyn
kanys deu ardelO ynt. ac na dyly neb onyt
dewif yardelO. Os kynnogyn adewis r
nyt oes vach. Os mach adewis r nyt oes
gynnogyn. ac Ozth hynny ny eill neb gofyn 15
seuyll yn vach ac yn gynnogyn. JtrglGyd
auyd mach arpop da adefedic diuach. ®^
canhatta y kynnogyn yr mach rodi kywer-
thyd punt yg gOyftyl keinhaOc. achyn oet
ygOyftyl r ygolh. ny dyly y kynnogyn trach- 20
efyn namyn dimei. kanys hynny yO tra-
yan keinhaOc kyfreith. ac ynteu ehunan
alygrOys bzeint y Oyftyl. ©x dyry mach
peth maOz yg gOyftyl peth bychan. yr ha-
OlOi adyly y gymryt. achyn coller kyn yr 25

Vfo37a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 89

oet. nys diOc.yr haOKu yr mach traegefyn.
namyn y trayan. Y mach hagen ae diOc ogO-
byl yr kynnogyn kanys yn aghyfreithaOl
yduc. [®]x dyry kynnogyn kywerthyd punt
yg gOyftyl keinhaOc ae dygOydaO. ny diwygir. 5

O dadyl yny hamot. nyt am {[ idaO dim.
ot heb amotwyr. Vn diwat yO amot
amechniaeth. Ny dyly neb wneuthur amot
d^os yllall heb yganhat. nathat d*os yvab.
na mab d*os ytat. kany phara amot nam 10
yn yn oes yneb aegOnel. Kyt gOnelher am-
ot yn erbyn kyfreith r dir yO ygadO. n Amot
atyrr ardedyf. T*ech amot no gOir. ®* edeu
dyn da yarall yg gOyd tyfton. a, mynnu eil-
weith ywadu. nys dichaOn onyt y tyfton a 15
palla yr Hall. Os edeu ynteu heb neb yny lie.
gOadet ar ylO ehunan os myn.

Eith punt yO gobyr merch bienhi'n.

a,c yr vam y telir. ar gOx atal ychowyll.
kanyf tir atelir idi. Pedeir punt arhugemt 20
yO y hegOedi. Oz a merch b^eyr gan Oz yn lla-
th^ut heb rod kenedyl. pan atter sef uyd y
hegOedi r whech eidon kyhyt eu kyrn ac eu hyf-
cyfarn. 1[ verch tayaOc tri eidon y telir tn
eidon gogyfoet arei hynny. ©z kymer gOi 25

90 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Vfo37b

wreic orod kenedyl. ac os gat kyn pen y
feith mlyned r talet idi teir punt yny hegOe-
di os merch bzeyr uyd. ac yny chowyll r
punt ahanher. ac wheugefnt yny gobyr.
©s merch tayaOc uyd. punt ahanher yny 5
hegOedi. awheugeint yny chowyll. aphe-
deir ar hugeint yny gobyr. Os gOedy y
feith mlyned ygat r bit ran deu hanher y
rydunt. onyt bzefnt adyry ragoz yr g6*.
Deuparth y plant adaO yr gOz. nyt amgen 10
yr hynaf ar leuhaf. ar trayan yr vam. Os
agheu ae gOahana r bit ran deu hanher y
rydunt. opop peth. jSarhaet gOxeic Oty-
a6c. herwyd bxeint ygOz ytelir. ^an lath-
er g6z gOxeigyaGc r ysarhaet atelir yngyn- 15
taf. ac odyna yalanas. Tzayan farhaety
gOx ageiff ywreic. ©Ozeic gOz ryd adicha-
On rodi ychrys ae mantell ae phenlliein
ae hefcityeu ablaOt ae chaOs ae hemenyn
ae llaeth heb ganhat ygOt. ac adichaOn ben- 20
ffygyaO holl dootrefyn yty. If y dichaOn
gOzeic tayaOc rodi heb ganhat ygOx onyt
yphengOch. acny eill benffygyaO onyt y
gogyr aendyll. ahynny hyt yclyOher y
ga!6 ae throet arythrotheu. ®i a moxO- 25

Wfo79a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 91

kyn pen yfeith mlyned talet y heguedi
idi, Os merch bzeyr uyd teir punt uyd y
heguedi. Punt ahanher yny chowyll. whe-
ugeint yny gobyr. Ox byd merch tayaOc.
Punt ahanher yny heguedi. wheugeint yny 5
chowyll. Pedeir arhugeint yny gobyr.
Os guedy yfeith mlyned ygat bit ran deu
hanher yrydunt. onyt bzeint adyry ragox
yrgOz. deu parth y plant adaO yrgOx nyt
amgen yr hynaf aneuhaf. 3,r trayan yn 10

ran yuam adaO. Os agheu aeguahana. deu
hanher uyd pop peth yrydunt. jlarhaet
gureic OxyaOc herwyd bzeint ygOz ytelir
idi. ]^an lather gOz gureigaOc. yfarhaet a
tehr yngyntaf ac odyna yalanaf. Tzayan 15
yfarhaet hagen ageiff ywreic. iureic
g6x ryd adichaOn rodi ychryf. ae mantell.
ae phenlhein. ae hefkityeu. ae blaOt. ae
chaOf. ae hemenyn. ae llaeth. heb ganhat
ygO^. ae benffygyaO y holl dohotrefyn adi- 20
chaOn. !f y dyry gureic tayaOc heb ganhat

92 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 79 b

namyn yphenguch. clc ny eill benfy-
gyaG eithyr ygogyr ae ndyll. ahynnyhyt
y clyOher ygalO ae throet Otth ythrotheu.

OR a mcnOyn wyry ynllathrut heb can
hat kenedyl. y that addichaOn yhat 5
tOyn oe hanuod. rac ygOi. 3,c nythal yha-
mobyr yrarglOyd. O^ a gureic hagen yn
llathrut ny eill neb y hattOyn oe hanuod
rac ygOz. Ox lie ybo yhatlam ytelir yham-
obyr. "If neb addycco treif ar wreic. talet 10
ygobyr yr arglOyd ae dirOy. Re dilyftaOt
aeheguedi. aefarhaet atal yrwreic. acof
mo^Oyn uyd talet y chowyll. ®% diwat
gOz treif ar wreic ac of katarnha ywreic
yny erbyn kymeret hi ycrefr yny llaO 15

deheu. ae gala ynteu yny llaO affeu idi.
athyget rydOyn treif o honaO ef arnei
hi. Re yuelly ny chyll dim oe laOn. "% neb
adiwatto treif. rodet 10 deg wyr adeuge-
int heb gaeth aheb alltut. ® tn achaOf 20
ny chyll gureic y heguedi kyt adaOho y

WfoSOa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 93

gGz oglauyn. adzyc anadyl. ac eiffeu
kyt. 1m pheth ny dygir rac gureic kyt
gatter am y cham. Ychowyll. aehargyf-
reu. ae hGynebwerth. pan gyttyo ygG*.
agureic arall. ©ny wna mozGyn auyn- 5
ho oe chowyll kyn kyuot yboze yOzth
Y £&%. ygkyt ybyd yrydunt. Ueir gue-
ith y keiff gureic yhOynebwerth y gan
ygOz pan gyttyo ef agureic arall. ac of
diodef daof hynny ny cheiff dim. © rod- 10
ir mozOyn aeduet 'y G*. ac o: dyweit yn
teu nat oed uo*6yn hi. tyget yuoiOyn ar
ypymhet nat oed wreic. Sef dynyon uy
dant. hi ae that ae mam. ae bxaOt ae whaer.
1m 110 adyry gureic yOz pan enlliper. yn 15
gyntaf 116 feith wraged. ac ar yr eil enllip
110 pedeir guraged ardec. ac ar ytrydyd en-
llip 110 deg wraged adeugeint. ac of god-
ef dzof hynny ny cheiff dim. If a rodet
neb wreic yGz heb gymryt mach ary go 20

byr yr arglOyd. ©zdygir gureic yn Hath-

94 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 80 b

rut yneb ty. kymeret gOx yty uach ary
gobyr yrarglOyd. ac onyf kymer talet
ehunan. dobyr alltudes y6 pedeir ar
hugeint. e|f penkerd bieu gobxeu mer-
chet y beird auOynt ydanaO. ^rgyt 5

cryman yO naOd caeth. ^rgyt bOyall
neu Odyf y6 naOd maer bifweil. ^ede
ir arhugeint yO farhaet guenidaOl ca-
eth nyt el nac ynraO nac ym(r)euan.
©r kytya gOz gureigaOc agureic arall 10

talet wheugeint yr wreic gyfreithaOl
yny hOynebwerth. ©ryfcar gOz agure-
ic kyn pen yfeith mlyned. valhyny
renir ydootrefyn yrydunt. YgOx bieu
auo 01 dillat guely yrydaO arllaOz. 15

ar wreic bieu yteifpan. Y gOz bieu yr
yt. ar wreic bieu yblaOt paraOt. YgOz
bieu y bzyccan ar nithlen ar gobenyd
tyle. Er cOlltyr ar uOyall gynut ar
llaO uOyall. ar crymaneu oil namyn 20

vn cryman. Y wreic bieu y uOyall ly-

WfoSla WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 95

dan. arfOch arpal arvn cry man. ar per-
ued taradyr. ar gOz bieu yr heyrn oil na-
myn hynny. Y wreic bieu car yr ychen
ar guedeu ar llaeth leftn oil. eithyr vn pa-
yol. ardyfgleu oil eithyr vn dyfcyl bi- 5

eu ygOz. Y wreic bieu yr emenyn oil na-
myn vn lleftreit bieu y gOz. clc 01 byd
bzeuaneu emenyn ygOz ageiff vn. Ywre-
ic o bieu y kic oil auo ar yllaOz ahalen
arnaO a heb halen ar kaOf oil auo ynhe- 10
h aheb halen arnunt. ar gOz bieu y kic
ar caOf dzychauedic oil. Y wreic bieu
bot yny thy ynarhof yran 01 da. hyt
ympen ynaOuetdyd. iureic adyweto
ybot yn ueichaOc pan uo marO ygOi. hi 15

adyly bot yny thy hyny Oypper auo be-
ichaOc. ac ony byd beichaOc talet tnbu-
hyn camlOzO yrbxenhin. ac adawet y
ty artfr yr etiued.

OR byd dOy wraged yn ymdeith trOy 20
neb lie ac nabo neb ygyt acOy. a-

96 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW WfoSlb

dyuot deu Ox yn eu herbyn ac eu hym-
rein. ny diwygir udunt. Oxbyd vn
dyn hagen ygyt ac Oy yr y vychan-
et onyt mab keuyn uyd ny cholla-
nt dim oe iaOn. ®t dOc g6x wreic yn 5

llathrut. ae hatal gantaO hyt ympen
y Seithuet dyd heb wneuthur iaOn idi.
ny dyly guneuthur iaOn idi hyt ym
pen vn dyd ablOydyn. yna hagen y dy-
ly cObyl iaOn. diireic ael yn llathrut T0
gan Ox ynhaeduetrOyd. ae dOyn ox gOx
hiaeylOyn. neuyperth. neuyty. ae
hymrein ae hellOg dzaecheuyn. a chO-
ynaO o heni hitheu Oxth y chenedyl ac
yny dadleu. Sef adyly hy yny diwei'r 15
deb kymryt tarO tn gayaf ac eillaO y
lofcOxn ae iraO a guer. ac odyna grynu
y lofcOxn trOy ydoxglOyt. ac odyna aet
ywreic ymyOn yty adodet ythroetOxth
y trotheu achymeret ylofgOxn yny d6y 2o
laO. adoet gOx opop parth yrtarO ac er

Wfo82a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 97

thi yn llaO pop vn ygymhell ytarO. cic
oi dichaOn hi yattal ytarO. kymeret yny
hOynebwerth ae diweirdeb. ac onyf dich
aOn kymeret alynho Oxth ydOy laO ozgOer.
©ureic aymrotho ehunan ynllOyn ac 5
ymperth yOz. aehadaO 01 gOi hi. agcnder-
chu arall o honaO ae dyuot hitheu yg
cOynat ychenedyl. ac yr dadleu. Os di-
wat awna ygO^ rodet ylO ygloch heb
tauaOt yndi. Os diuOyn awna ynteu 10
talet gefnhaOc idikyflet ae thin.

OR ymda gureic ehunan adyuot
g6* idi adOyn treif arnei. os diwat
awna ygOx rodet 10 deg wyr adeugeint
athn o honunt yndiouredaOc na myn- 15

ho gureic. ac nat yffo kic. ac na march-
occo uyth. ony myn diwat. talet yr
wreic yguadaOh 3,e dilyftaOt. ae dirOy.
aguyalen aryant yr b*enhm yny wed
ydyly. acony eill ygO^ talu dycker y 20

geilleu. lieir gueith y dyrcheif ar far-

H

98 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 82 b

haet g6x pan ymreher ywreic. Ifjyfreith

magu ulGydyn. yO buOch. amantell a,

pheif aphenlhein. adOy efkit acharre-

it ox yt goxeu atyffo artir ygOx apha-

dell troedaOc. ©uerth kerOyn ued a 5

talher yrbxenhm wheugemt. ar cOyr

arennir mal hyn. Ytrayan yr bxenhin.

3,r eil trayan yrneb ae gunel. clrtryded

yr neb ae rotho ymed. NaO dyrnued yO

meffur ygerOyn ued pan ueffurher oz 10

arOyr nyt amgen ox cleif traO yr emyl

axoen y ch neu uuOch neu J[ yma
garO neu ewic. neu dyuyrgi deu
dec kefnhaOc atal pop vn. ©roen lloft-
lydan hanher punt atal. (Sroen beleu 15
pedeir ar hugeint atal. ©roen carlOg
deudec kefnhaOc atal. © pop gOydlOdyn
alather ar tir dyn arall. perchennaOc y-
tir ageiff ywharthafo ol neffaf yr llaOx. v &~
01 byd hyys y gic. ]feth bynhac adan- 20

goffo ydofrethwyr yr tayogeu y delhO

Wfo83a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 99

ynt oe tei. Ytayogeu bieu eu talu en collfr
eithyr glefueu. allodieu. achyllyll. eum-
irch Oynteu ny cheidG ytayogeu eithyr
ynof. kanyf Oy ae talant oz colhr ynof.
©OynnoffaOc bzenhfn adyry kefnhaOc 5
yr guaffanaethwyr yr arbet yr yfcubaOz
ae uOyt. !^ac eiftedyat cantref nyt am-
gen ytroedaOc kerOyn uragaOt atal yr
bienhin pop blOydyn. ^an uo marO
gOx gozwlat ar tir dyn arall. vn ar pym- 10
thec ageiff perchenaOc y tir daof y uarO
ty warchen. ar ebediO oil yr arglOyd yam hyny.
m nyn neffaf ywerth adiwat beich
keuyn ony hohr ynlletrat. Seith
nyn adiwat pOn march ony hohr yn 15

lletrat. Jieudegwyr addiwat guerth
wheugeint ony holir ynlletrat. ^etwar
guyr arhugeint adiwat guerth punt,
on y hoHr y n lletrat. ^unt y6 kyuarOf
gOx ar teulu yny ulOydyn. 20

pop gOx ryd yO wheugeint.

H 2

ioo WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 83 b

wheugeint yO ebediO guaffanaethO* ar-

glOyd. Whech apetwar ugeint yO ebediO

tayaOc. Ot byd eglOyf arytir wheugeint

uydyebediO. Jedeir ar hugeint yO ebe-

diO gO^ yftauellaOc. Jleudec keinhaOc 5

yO ebediO gureic yftauellaOc. !^y thai

penkenedyl ehunan y ebediO. kanyf y

neb auo penkenedyl guedy ef aetal.

Tf)y byd penkenedyl ymab guedy y tat.

yn neffaf idaO. kanyf oefuodaOc yO pen i°

kynedlaeth. iureic OayaOc acndiweth-

er ygodineb yheguedi agyll acadycco

oda ygan ychenedyl at ygO*.

On dywedir ar dyn guelet lletrat gan-
taO hO dyd goleu ac arall yn IhwaO J5
arnaO y welet. rodet yneb aenlhper 110
petwar guyr ar hugefnt mal y del kyf-
nfuer o pop kymhOt 01 vn cantref ac
ny eill y lliwat dim yny erbyn ^
^lyma mal ydylyfr IhwaO lletrat yn 20

gyfreithaOl guelet ydyn o^ pan uo gol

jfi ar gyfreith ho#no aelwir dygyn wat yn
erbyn dogyn vanac

Wfo84a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 101

eu ydyd hyt pan uo payt kyflychOx ar

lletrat gantaO athygu ox lliwat ar y pet-

weryd o wyr un vjeint ac ef ar poxth y

vynwent. ac ar d*Gf yr eglOyf. ac uch pen

yr allaCu gyffegyr. 5

f|anagO* diouredaOc trOy tyftolyaeth

y penglaO; cu daO gyt ar colledic ygOyd

yr offeirat yr eglOyf archet yreffeirat

ymanagOz ard^Of yr eglOyf yr duO na

thOg y kam. ac of tOg yno bit gyffelyp 10

ar d*6f ygagell. ar trydedweith uch pen

yr allaO^. ac of diwat ydyn dzof hynny

cadarnhaet yr effeirat ar y eir teir gueith.

ac ony chret ydyn hynny tyget yr effeir

at vn weith ac uelly ny elhr yny erbyn. 15

/^Xverth gayaf ty. dec a deugeint ary

Vj/ ant yatal ynenp*en. a dec ar huge-

fnt atal pop fcnch agynhalyo ynenpaen.

Y meinkeu. ar tal uefgkeu ar yftyffyleu

ar doxeu ar kynoreu ar goxdxyffeu ar 20

trothyweu ar tubyft pedeir kemhaOc

io2 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 84 b

kyfreith yO guerth pop vn ohonunt. eff neb
anoetho gayaf ty trayan ywerth atal.
(luerth kynhayaf ty. pedeir arhugeint.
atal. Ch byd tOll taradyr yndaO. ac ony
byd deudec keinhaOc atal. 1|afty deu- 5

dec keinhaOc atal. Fo^ch haf ty neu gyn-
hayaf ty dOy geinhaOc kyfreith atal.
Jlo^glOyt dOy geinhaOc kyfreith atal.

efgubaOx bxenhin wheugeint atal.
YfgubaOx b^eyr trugeint atal. Yf- 10

gubaOt tayaOc b*enhm dec arhugeint
atal. iattet paOb y yfgubaOi yn ago^et
hyt galan gayaf y uynet guynt yndu-
nt. ac o% daO yfgrybyl udunt talet eu
perchenaOc eu HOgyr. Guedy gOyl yr 15

hoi feint ony byd bangox yn tn lie ar y
paret y yfgubaOx ny thelir y HOgyr a
wnelher yndi.

Odyn biben b^enhin hanher punt
atal oz byd ty oduchti. ©dyn biben 20
bzeyr obyd ty kyfreithaOl oduchti tru-

Wfo85a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 103

geint atal. ©dyn biben tayaaOc baenhin

dec arhugefnt atal 01 byd ty kyfreithaOl

oduchti. ©dyn biben tayaOc baeyr pede-

ir arhugeint atal oz byd ty kyfreithaOl o

duchti. J?op odyn ny bo odyn biben han- 5

heraOc uyd ar yrei gynt herwyd bzeint

eu perchenogyon. °|f neb agyneuho tan

ymyOn odynty ony chymer fyd ygan ar-

all kyn noe adaO ar diffodi ytan y gOyd

tyfton neu aryuot yndiwall kymhOyf 10

uyd yguall yrydiint can kyt talant. *Y ty

kyntaf alofcer yny tref owall tan. talet y

deu ty gyntaf aennyno gantaO. Jleuhan-

her uyd y collet rOg yneb arotho y tan ar

neb ae kyneuho. ?[ neb auenffyo ty athan 15

y arall o% kyneu hOnnG tan teirgueith

yndaO. kObyl tal ageiff ygantaO oz llyfc y-

ty. ©S gyr llofrudyaeth tan auyd ardyn

ynlletrat 116 deg wyr adeugeint aa arnaO.

Ox keiff yreith digaOn y6 idaO. onyf keiff 20

bit leidyr guerth. Jfleidyr awerther feith

io4 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 85 b

punt yO ywerth. ®r kefffr lleidyr ynllofci
ty ynlletrat ae dala bit eneit uadeu. JHei-
dyr adihenydyer ny dylyir dim oe da. ca-
ny dylyir y diuOyn ar dial. Eithyr talu
yr colledic yda cany dyly adaO dylyet yn 5
y ol arnaO. T^y byd galanaf am leidyr
ac ny byd rOg dOy genedyl lyffyant yrdaO.

ywen fant punt atal. Derwen whe
ugeint atal. Y neb atyllo derwen trO-
ydi trugeint atal. ^eig ucheluar tru- 10

geint atal. Pop keig arbenhic ca derwen.
dec arhugein atal. Jtvallen per truge-
int atal. cluallen fur dec arhugemt atal.
pollen pymthec atal. [fymthec atal y-
wen coet. Jraenen Seith adimei atal. 15

J^op p*en guedy hynny pedeir keinhaOc
kyfreith atal eithyr fawyden. Honno we-
ugeint atal. ^f neb alatho derwen ar
fold y b*enhfn. talet tn buhyn camlO^O
yr baenhin. aguerth y derwen. ac ar 110- 20
yffet yfoad yrtoenhfn. aphan el yb^en-

Wfo86a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 105

hfn heibyaO kudyet uon yp*en ab*eth=

yn vn lliO. ©r dygOyd p*en ar traOf auon

athynu magleu arypzen. perchenaOc

ytir ybo bon yp*en arnaO adyly y douot

pa tu bynhac y troffo yr auon uric y pzen. 5

aLedyf auo eur neu aryant arydOjn
pedeir arhugeint atal. dledyf heb
eur aheb aryant arnaO deudec keinhaOc
kem atal. Waryan auo llaffar arnei. pe-
deir arhugeint atal. tlaryan hO y phren 10
deudec kefnhaOc atal. @uayO pedeir
kefnhaOc kyfreith atal. JOyall enillec
dOy geinhaOc kyfreith atal. ^yllell.
keinhaOc kyfreith atal. Walgell. ach
reu moch. affalt deueit. decarhuge- 15

int atal pop vn. ||ein melin pedeir
arhugefnt atalant. Jheuan pedeir ke-
inhaOc kyfreith atal. Welyn penkerd
wheugeint atal. Y chy weirgozn pedeir
ar hugeint atal. lielyn ybzenhin ae 20

v^yckan ae ta6lbo*d wheugefnt atal

I pop vn

106 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 88 b

Welyn bzeyr trugeint atal. Ychyweirgom
deudec keinhaOc atal. Jtxyccan bxeyr tru-
geint atal. iobennyd tyle vgeint atal.
UaGlbcMt o afgOm moduli trugeint atal.
ImOlboxt o afgOtn arall dec arhugein atal. 5
¥a01bo;it o uan hyd pedeir arhugeint atal.
WaOlbcttt o uan eidon deudec keinhaOc atal.
UaOlboxt p:en pedeir kefnhaOc keureith
atal. jOyell lydan pedeir keinhaOc kyfre
ith atal. JiOyell gynut dOy geinhaOc gyf I0

reith atal. ^laOuOell keinhaOc kyfreith
atal. Waradyr maOx. dOy geinhaOc kyf-
reith atal. JPerued taradyr keinhaOc
kyfreith atal. JJbill taradyr arafkyl a
Serr. achaboluaen. dimei atal pop vn. J5

©Olltyr pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith atal.
Ifedyf agylyf acheip achryman aguelleu
achnp agOdyf abillOc abayolhelyc abay-
ol guen mangylchaOc achlaOx pobi achic
dyfgyl. abayol helyc bzyn. agogyr kein- 20
haOc kyfreith atal pop vn ohonunt.

Wfo87a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 107

ac yftOc helyc adyfgyl lydan andyll
keinhaOc cOta atal pop vn. Jiayol yO amit
abudei yftyllaOc abudei ren anoe a fiol lyn
anithlen aphadell troedaOc pedeir keinhaOc
kyfreith atal pop vn. Wurnen alletuet 5

awhynglo fyrllig atal pop vn. 1|eubal
pedeir arhugeint atal. ^Oyt ehogyn 4e«-
4€€- vn ar pymthec atal. !^6yt penllOyt=
eit deudec keinhaOc atal. JallegrOyt pe-
deir geinhaOc kyfreith atal. ®o^0c Oyth 10

geinhaOc kyfreith atal. ^Gy bynhac adot-
to rOyt ymyOn auon artir dyn arall heb
y ganhat trayan ypyfcaOt ageiff ef a deup^rth
ageiff perchenaOc ytir. yr auon.

Neb atoaho aradyr ar tir dyn arall. *5
talet idaO aradyr newyd ac aradOy
naO diwarnaOt. Guerth aradyr newyd
dOy gefnhaOc gyfreith atal. Guerth aradOy
vn dyd dOy geinhaOc kyfreith atal. Guerth
yr hineu ae phiftlon. keinhaOc kyfreith. 20

l(al hyn ydaO yllogeu. Hog yr amaeth

Jo8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 87 b

yiay blaen. clguedy hynny Hog yfOch ar
cOlltyr. Odyna Hog yr ych goxeu ynyr
aradyr. Odyna Hog ycathreaOx. ac ody
na ooxeu yoxeu ox ychen. Ify dyly neb
o tayaOctref eredic hyny gaffo paOb 01 5

tref gyfar. ®i byd marO ych otra eredic
y perchenaOc ageiff erO ahonno aelwir
erO yr ych du.

p gOyftyl adygOyd ym pen ynaO
uet dyd eithyr yrei hyn. arueu e= 10
glOyffic ny dylyir eu gOyftlaO achyt
gOyftler ny dygOydant. ©Olltyr achall-
aOx abOell gynnut ny dygOydant uyth
kyt gOyftler. ©et vn dyd ablOyn yffyd
y eur allurugeu alleftn goxeureit pan 15

Oyftler. 1|yfreith benfic yO ydyuot mal
yrother. Y neb arotho benffic adyly kym
ryt tyfton rac mynet yny erbyn. Ox eir
enyerbyn agoxdiwef ox perch ennaOc ar=
naO talet yndeudyblic. ^f neb adaOho 20

da yarall ac ofdiwat pan delher youyn.

kyfreith

Wfo88a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 109

kyfreith anudon au(y)d arnaO of yn gyho=
edaOc y t6g. nyt amgen tn buhyn camlG=
rO yr bzenhin. achymeret ynteu ypenyt
am yr anudon. Erllall ox byd tyfton gan
taO yda ageiff. 5

eNeb atalho galanaf 01 byd ygenedyl
oil ynvnwlat ac ef cObyl talu ady-
ly erbyn pen y pytheOnof o% byd y gened=
yl ynteu ynwafcaraOt yguladoed llawer
oet pytheOnof adyly ygkyueir pop gulat. 10

aal hyn y telir guafcar alan af punt
uyd ran bzaOt. Wheugeint ran ke(f)
ynderO. Trugemt ran kyferderO. Dec ar
hugeint ran kefuyn. Pymthec yO ran
go*chemyn. Seith adimei ran go^chaO, *5

Nyt oef p^iaOt ran na phnaOt enO ar
ach pellach no hynny. [^[]an tat oalanaf
y uab. keinhaOc. Vn gyfreith yO yny ky-
merher ran o alanaf ac ytalher. Rac
colli kerenhyd hyny diwatter keinhaOc 2°
paladyr ageffir. ^y thai kenedyl farhaet

no WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Wfo88b

gan neb. tra uo da ar yhelO ehunan. Ox
diffyc hagen y da ef laOn yO talu ran y
gyt ac ef hyt y tryded ach.

OEr gOymp galanaf yO pan latho i
dyn yllall. adodi oet dyd ydiuOyn 5
ygyflauan honno. ae lad ynteu o dyn
ogenedyl arall heb dylyu dim idaO. kyn
diuOyn y gyflauan honno. Sef ygelwir
yn oer gOymp galanaf ygyfreith honno
rac trymhet y golli ef. athalu ygyfla- 10

uan rywnathoed gynt.

dyd kyn g6yl ufhagel ydy-
ly y bxenhin guahard ygoet. hyt
ympen pymthecuet dyd guedy yr yftO-
yll. ac 01 moch agaffer yny coet ydec- 15

uet HOdyn ageiff y b^enhin. hyt ym
pen ynaOuetdyd. ac odyna allan ewylhf
ybzenhm auyd .ym danunt.
©r serheir yrighyll oe eifted yny dad-
leu talher idaO yny farhaet gogreit 20
eifffn achuccOy 6y. ^ bzenhin adyly

Wfo89a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW in

o anreith. gre argefuyr ar dillat amaer-
OyaOc. ar arueu ar carchannyon heb eu
rannu aneb. ny dyly ynteu trayan y
keffyc torn kanyf yfpeil ynt. °J[ neb a
dywetto ynfyberO Otth yb*enhin neu 5

yn hagyr. talet tn buhyn camlOrO yn
deudyblyc. ]fan gymerho tayaOc tir y
gan y bxenhin trugemt adyly y bzenh^^
opop ranti'r ygan ytayaOc. EC cnbyd e-
glOyf ar tir ytayaOctref wheugeint ad- 10

aO yrbaenhin ygan yneb ae kymero.
Ijaeth arotho yb^enhln tir idaO dec a
phetwar ugefnt uyd y ebediO. ar tray
an adaO yr maer ar kyghellaOi. Jtletue-
gin gureic b^enhin neu yuerch punt 15

atal. ^letuegin gureic bzelihfn neu y
uerch hanher punt atal. Jrletuegin gu-
reic tayaOc neu yuerch keinhaOc cota
atal cany dylyant Oy letuegineu.
©Ox ryd adyly atteb dxof y alltut o pop 20

haOl ny dylyho colli e tauaOt ac eneit

ii2 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 89 b

ac aelodeu. kany dylyneb colli tauaOt ac
eneit ac aelodeu. o tauaOt dyn arall. due-
rth tudedyn paraOt ygkyfreith howel da
pedeir arhugefnt aryant. JlyrnaOt agaf-
fer o anuod nyt farhaet. laOn yO hagen di- 5
uOyn yr anyuet nyt amgen guaet ague-
h achreith ogyuarch obyd. ]^an talher
racdant guerth creith o gyfarch atelir gan-
mp allwed ygneitaeth yf- {[taG
fyd. Vn yO ofyn dy athro ae garu. 10
Eil yO mynych ouyn dy dyfc. Txydyd y6
cadO genhyt ydyfc ageffych. petwe(r)yd
y6 tremygu golut. Pymhet yO caffau
kelwyd acharu gufryoned. rac ofyn duO.
^Oybynhac ato^ho teruyn ar tfr dyn 15

arall talet tn buhyn camlO^O yr bxenhfn
agunaet yteruyn yn gyftal achynt.
°fneb atyper am tyftolyaeth tyget mal
ybo laOn achyfreith idaO. ac yna kyme-
ret yllall ycreir adiwatet ar y 10 allyffet 2°

y tyft. 3,c odyna syllet ytyft yr ygneit

Wfo90a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 113

ae kObyl yllyffyant. Y neb alyffo tyft
kyn dOyn ytyftolyaeth collet y dadyl. ©r
diwat gfa o neb llu Had kelein. talet whe-
ugeint arodet 10 deg wyr adeugeint vn
vtefnt ac ef ydiwat llofrudyaeth. J?6y 5

bynhac afarhaho ygilyd owerin y pete-
ir gulat. hyn. Nyt amgen deheubarth
gOyned. powyf. lloegyr. talet pedeir bu
aphetwar ugeint aryant. idaO. ]f()ybyn-
hacatalho galanaf ygilyd. teir bu ath I0

tn ugein mu heb "ychwhanec atal. °^ neb
agaffo hOch coet marO artirdyn arall. ky-
meret ef y wharthaOz blaen neffaf o ho-
naO. jOyftuil arall auo iaOn yffu y gic.
y wharthaOz yol ageffir. Os kadno neu 15

lOdyn arall anhyys keinhaOc cota ageiff
ygan perchennaOc ytir ox myn ynteu
y croen.

udyblyc uydant dirOy achamlOxO
llys allan. Os yny uynwent yguneir 20
y cam yny nodua. Seith punt yO meint

ydirOy.

114 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 90 b

.Hanher dirOy llan ageiff yr abat cnbyd ky-

uarwyd ynllythyir ac y moef eglOys. cir

hanher arall ageiff meibon lleyn yreglOys

Sef y kymerant Oy uelly pan del dirOy

neu gamlO^O ygan naOdwyr yr eglOy y 5

llan udunt. ac yfef yrodir yda hOnnO yn

enwedic yr fant ac nyt ureint offrOm.

!f y daO kyfran yr maer nac yr kyghell-

aOx o pzit a del yteyrn dxof tir nac o tOng

nac o leidyr. 10

ORtyr Hog ar tir teyrn yteyrn bieu.
EC ox tyr Hog ar tir efcob deu hanher
uyd r6g yb^enhin ar efcob. JPan dycco kyf
reith anreith o uarO ty neu oneb dadyl ar-
all. yteulu ar maer ageiff yr aneired ar 15
enderiged ar dinewyt ar deueit ar geiuyr
ac agaffer oil yny ty eithyr meirch ac ych
en a guarthec maOx ac eur acaryant a
dillat amarOyaOc. ac 01 bydvnpeth auo
kywerthyd punt bzenhin bieiuyd. Wra- 2o
yan galanaf adygOyd arperchennaOc

Wfo91a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 115

yr aryf yllather y dyn a hi. J)a addycker
oxyuel yhedOch deuhanher uyd rOg y
neb ae dycco ar neb bieiuu gynt. ©x byd
deu dyn yn ymdeith trOy goet. ac ellOg
guryfgen 01 blaenhaf ar yr olhaf hyny 5

gollo ylygat ef adyly talu ylygat yr Hall.

OEt yrOg llyf allan naO nieu. yrodi
atteb. EnaO nieu yrodi mach. anaO
nieu yrodi guir o% haOl deiffyuedic. ^aOl
o vn gantref tn dieu yrodi atteb. a- 10
thn y rodi mach. athn yrodi guir 01
haOl deiffyuedic. Y ny cantref neffaf r
pump nieu yrodi atteb. aphump yrodi
mach. aphump y rodi guir. "ff ny can-
tref trydyd naO nieu y rodi atteb. anaO 15
yrodi mach. anaO yrodi guir. !faO nieu
yarglOyd yymgoffau am y 10. ^fm pop
dadleu ydyly bot ypump hyn. Guyf
a had ac atteb a barn athagneued.

bynhac atalho tir y galanaf kyl- 20

llidet dzoftaO yr arglOyd kanyf ryd

I 2

n6 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 91 b

ydyly ytir uot yr neb ytalher idaO. Til llyf-
feu adyly tyfu yny tir hOnnO. Meillon.
aguyc. ac yfgall. ac ny byd mOy guerth
buOch cu tir hOnnO noe hyt pan uo yn

dyn ny dyly y bienhm ClPoil 5
gouyn eu guerth kyt llather yny
wlat. kaeth dyn arall. kanyf medyant
auyd ydyn ar y gaeth mal ar yaneueil.
ar dyn agaffer yn ymdeith hyt nof yn
yftauell y bxenhin. heb tan. aheb ga- 10

nhOyll kyt llodho guaffanae thwyr

y bxenhfn hOnnO ny dylyir gouyn yala
naf. JhaOdOx adyly guarandaO ynllOyr
achadO yngouaOdyr. adyfcu yngraf. a
datganu ynwar abarnu yntrugaraOc. 15

KyneuaOt aerlit kyfreith ac ynakat-
wadOy yO. KyneuaOt arac ulaenha
kyfreith. ac yna pan uo aOdurdaOt bzen-
hlnyaeth idi katwadOy y6. KyneuaOt
a raculaenha kyfreith eiffoes o damwe- 20
fn am aniheu. ac yna ny chymhell hi

VfoSSa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 117

naO nfeu yrodi atteb. anaO yrodi mach.
a naO yrodi gOir 01 haOl deiffyfyt. NaO
nieu yffyd yarglOyd y ymgoffau ae 10. Y
effeirat ymae hyny gaffo amfer gyntaf
yganu efferen. "fin pop dadleu y dyly i 5
bot gOys ahaOl ac atteb a barn a thagnef-
ed. Jlop adeilOx maeftir adyly kaffel tn
phuen ygan yneb bieiffo y coet mynho y
coetOt na vynho r nenpzen. a dOy nenfoich.
1[ neb auo go^uodaOc d*os arall ony eill y 10
dOyn Ozth gyfreith. dygOydet chpft ygox-
uodaOc yg kyfreith yneb yd aeth ef dxoftaO.
Oet go^uodaOc y geiffaO yomodogaeth r
vn dyd ablOydyn. JrLeidyr arother ar ve
icheu. ny dylyfr ydiuetha. l|y dyly neb 15
wneuthur laOn nac atteb dxos weithiet
y gaeth onyt am led*at. Ify dylyir gOir
achyfreith heb ypetwar defnyd hyn r ar
glOyd kyffredm. ac ygnat kadeiraOc. a
dOy pleit gydzychaOl. ^Oy bynhac atoz- 20

ho kyfar awnel oe vod. talet tn buhyn i
camlO^O yr b^enhin. ac yr kyfarOx yar oil.
fgCJeirglodyeu affoaeftir rac y moch. ka-
nys llygru ytir awnant. Yneb ae kaffo ar
yweirglaOd neu ar y yt kyn y vot yn aeduet r 25

n8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 38 b

kymeret pedeir keinhaOc. kyf. ygan perch-
ennaOc ymoch. Os yt aeduet alygrant r
talher eu HOgyr.

Owhe ffcttd ygOahan dyn ae da. o goll.
ac aghyfarch. alledmt. benffic. a Hoc. 5
ac adneu. Ox teir kyntaf ydylyir dala a dam-
dOg. O% teir ereill ny dylyir onyt eturyt
megys yroder. JlyrnaOt agaffer o anuod
ny sarhaet. laOn yO hagen diuOyn yr an
yued nyt amgen gOaet a gOeli achreith o 10
gyfarch o% byd. l(n werth uyd yneb aOyf-
tler. ar neb yrother yg gOyftyl daoftaO.
yOy bynhac adotto ar yfcrybyl llygru y yt.
eu perchennaOc adyly eu lachau ar ymeint
ymynho G*th eu HOgyr. ac ar nys tygho r 15
talet. Yneb agaffo ia6n o gObyl am y yt lly-
gredic ygan perchennaOc yfcrybyl. ny dy-
ly na thai na dala yfcrybyl ar y kelefryt
hOnnO gOedy hynny.

|^mp r pedeir keinhaOc. kyf. atal hyt galan 20
gayaf rac Oyneb. O hynny allan dOy gein-
haOc pop tymho* adaycheif arnaO hyny
odiwetho ffrOyth. ac yna trugeint atal.
ac 0*th hynny ymae vn werth imp allo
buch uaO* o; dech^eu hyt y diwed. 25

Vfo39a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 119

Neb atypper am tyftolyaeth. tyget mal
y bo kyfreithaOl idaO. ac yna kymeret
yllall ycreir adiwadet ar y 10. allyffet y tyft.
Odyna edxycher ae cObyl y llyffOyt. Yneb a
lyffo tyft kyn dOyn y tyftolyaeth r collet y 5
dadyl. alyffo tyft r llyffet kyn kilyaO y tyft
yO*th ycreir gOedy tygho y tyftolyaeth. ac
onys llyffa yna r bit s auedic y tyft. Tyft ar
tyft r ny byd oet idaO. l(n rym yO gOybydy-
eit athyfton achyftal aallant ym pop dad- 10
yl agOell yndadyl tir adayar. ©et tyfton
neu warant tra mo* r vn dyd ablOydyn.
©et tyfton neu warant gorwlat r pytheOnos.
© et tyfton neu warant kywlat r naO diw
arnaOt. ©et tyfton neu warant vn gym- 15

hOt r tn dieu. °|f neb auynho diuOynaO
tyftolyaeth varwaOl r aet yn erbyn yneb ae
tyfto. Y neb auynho llyffu tyftolyaeth vy-
waOl r aet yn erbyn y tyft yn gyntaf ar
eu geireu. 3,c odyna gOedy tyghont eu 110 r 20
tyget ynteu rytygu anudon o honaO ady
wedet nat tyft kyfreithaOl arnaO ac enwet
yrachaOs. athyftet ydeu Oz nat aeth
ytyft yn erbyn yr achaOs yllyffOyt. ar deu
hynny gOathtyfton ygelwir. a dilis uydant. 25

120 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 39 b

J?an tyfto tyft peth yny tyftolyaeth yn gyf-
reithaOl y aereill yn erbyn am diffynnO*
Neu pan tyfto amdiffynnOx peth yngyf-
reithaOl yn erbyn tyfton r yrei hynny a el-
wit gOzth tyfton yg kyfreith. ac ny dylyir 5
eu llyffu. (ialO gOybydyeit aellir yr amfer
ymynho yneb ae mynho galwo. ae kyn gOat
ac amdiffyn ae gOedy. kanys yrhyn afu
kyn dadyl a pzouant rOgy dadleuwyr.

ang

@6*thneu GOybydyeit yO pan ymdoffont 10

goffont gyntaf o yn erbyn yr amdiffynOz

ox achOyffon hyn. ae o anudon kyhoedaOc.

ae o yfpeil gyhoedaOc ae yn lledxat ae y treis.

ar hedOch. neu o yfcymundaOc geir yenO.

neu ogerenhyd nes. neu odigaffed honhe- 15

it. neu oe vot yn gyfrannaOc ary da y bo

ydadyl ymdanaO. ahynny kyn eu mynet

yn eu cof. Ony dichaOn ef eu gOzthneu Oy

yn gyfreithaOl yna. GOedy hynny. llyffet

Oynt mal tyfton o vn 01 teir ffo*d kyfreith 20

bynhac awnel kynllOyn r J[ aOl.
yndeudyblyc y telir. kanys treis yO
ar dyn y lad. ac ynlledaat ygudyaO. allyna
yr vn lie y kygein treis alled^at yndaO yg
kyfreith. ac val hyn ygOedir. 110 deg wyr 25

Vfo40a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 121

adeu vgeint y wadu coet amaes. athn o
honunt yn diofredaOc. o gic. a gOzeic. amar-
chogaeth. Sef y6 meffur gOadu coet ama-
es. rantir kyfreithaOl rOg rOyd adyrys ach-
oet amaes agOlyb asych. ac ar ny allo gOa- 5
du rantir yn gyfreithaOl. ny dichaOn gOadu
coet amaes. Ny byd kynllOyn ynteu oz
byd ar ffozd gyfreith heb gud aheb gel ar-
naO. Ox byd ynteu dxos yftcnd pump kam
kyfreithaOl. aphump kam troetued ym 10

pop kam r kynllOyn uyd. allyna yr achaOs
ygOedir velly. ac ytelir yndeudyblyc. ally-
na yr vn lie ydylyir croc ac anreith ymdanaO.
Eith efcobty yffyd yndyfet. a mynyO

yO ypenhaf ygkymry. Llan ifmael. 15

allan degeman. a llan vffyllt. allan TeilaO.
allan teulydaOc. allan geneu. Abadeu tei-
laO atheulydaOc ac ifmael adegeman ady-
lyant vot yn yfcolheigon v*dolyon. Deudec
punt yO ebediO pop vn o hynny ac y arglO- 20
yd dyuet ytelir. arneb adel gOedy Oynt ae
tal. Ryd yO mynyO opop dylyet. LLan keneu
allan vffyllt ryd ynt oz dylyet hOnnO kanyt
oes tir vdunt. Y neb afarhao vn oz abadeu
hynny r talet s^ith punt idaO. a golchures 25
oe genedyl yr gOaratwyd yr genedyl ac yg kof

122 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 40 b

TRi dygyn goll kenedyl r vn y6 hot
mab amheuedic heb dOyn a heb
wadu. allad o hOnnO gOx o gened- .
yl arall heb dylyu dim idaO. Talu yr alanaf
honno oil adylyir. ac odyna ywadu ynteu 5
rac gOneuthur o honaG yr eil gyflauan. Eil
yO talu galanaf oil eithyr keinhaOc adi-
mei. ac 01 byd godo* am hynny. a Had dyn
oz genedyl am y godox hOnnO. nyt oes of-
yn ymdanaO. Ttydyd y6 pan enlliper gOir- f 10
yon am gelem ae holi. ac onys gOatta er-
byn oet kyfreith. ac 01 lledir dyn ymdanaO.
ny dylyir dfuOyn ymdanaO.

'Ri oet kyfreith ydial kelein rOg dOy
1 genedyl ny hanffont o vn wlat r en- 1 5
uynu haOl yny dyd kyntaf ox gyffefin Oyth-
nos yllather ygelein. ac ony daO atteb pen
erbyn pen ypytheOnos. kyfreith yn rydhau
dial. Eil y6 oz byd y dOy genedyl yn vn gan-
tref. enuynu haOl yny trydyd dyd gOedy Hath 20
er y gelem. ac ony daO atteb erbyn pen y
naOuetdyd r kyfreith ynrydhau dial. Tzydyd
yO os yn vn gymhOt ybyd y dOy genedyl.
enuynu haOl yny trydyd dyd gOedy llath
er ygelein. ac ony daO atteb erbyn pen y 25

Vfo41a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 123

whechet dyd. kyfreith yn rydhau dial.

Eir rOyt huenhin ynt. y diuOyn teulu r
nyt oes diuOyn am yrOyt honno onyt
trugared ybzenhin. Eil yO yre r o pop march
adalher erni. pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith age- 5
iff y b^enhin. Tzyded yO gOarthec y vaerty.
o pop eidon adalher arnunt. pedeir keinhaOc
.kyf. ageiff y bzenhin. ®eir rOyt b*eyr ynt.
yre. agOarthec y vaerty. ae voch. kanys oz
keffir HOdyn yn eu plith r pedeir keinhaOc 10
.kyf. ageiff ybaeyr o pop llOdyn. Weir rOyt
tayaOc ynt. ywarthec. ae voch. a,e hentref.
pedeir keinhaOc cotta ageiff ytayaOc o pop
llOdyn agaffer yndunt o galan mei hyt pan

Eir dirOy b*enhm ynt r ^] darffo medi. 15
DirOy treis. adirOy lechat. a dirOy ym-
lad kyfadef. DiuOyn dirOy treis yO gOyalen
aryant. a ffiol eur. achlaOz eur yny mod y
dywefpOyt yn diuOyn farhaet baenhin.
DiuOyn dirOy ymlad kyfadef yO deudec 20

mu. DiuOyn dirOy led*at yO. kyffOynaO lle-
dmt ar dyn. a gOadu o honaO yn da arytaua-
Ot. agoffot reith arnaO ae phallu. lleidyr
kyfadef can pallOys yreith. GOiryon oe pen
ehunan ae tauaOt. ny deht dim gantaO. 25

i24 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V f o 41 b

ny chahat dfm yny laO. deudeg mu dirOy
arnaO. ¥n anhebccn bzenhin ynt. y effei-
rat teulu. ae ygnat llys. ae teulu. [l>]n
pheth ny chyfran tnenhin a neb. y eur-
graOn. ae hebaOc. ae leidyr. 5

i phetwar yffyd. petvvar achaOs yd
ymhoelir bmOt. o ofyn gOx kadarn.
achas galon. acharyat kyfeillon. aserch
da. 41 Eil pet war yffyd r pedeir taryan a a
yrOg dyn areith gOlat rac haOl ledaat. Vn 10
yO kadO gOefti yn gyfreithaOl. nyt amgen
noe gadO o pzyt go^chyfaerCy hyt y bo^e.
a dodi ylaO daoftaO teir gOeith y nos honno.
ahynny tygu o honaO adynyon y ty gan-
taO. Eil yO geni ameithdn. Tygu cu perch- 15
ennaOc ary trydyd o wyr vn v*efnt ac ef.
gOelet geni yr anefeil ae veitlnfn ar y helO
heb y vynet teir nos yO^thaO. Tzydyd yO
gOarant. Petweryd yO gOarai kadO kyn
koll. ahynny tygu oz dyn ary trydyd o wyr 20
vn vaeint ac ef. kyn kolh en Hall yda. bot y
da hOnnO ary helO ef. Nyt oes warant na-
myn hyt ar teir llaO. GOneuthur 01 tryded
laO kadO kyn koll. a hynny adiffer dyn
rac lledzat. fj T*ydyd petwar ynt. pet- 25

Vfo42a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 125

war dyn nyt oes naOd udunt rac y
nac yn llys nac yn llan. Vn yO dyn atoiho
naOd ytnenhm yn vn 01 teir gOyl arbenhic.
Eil yO dyn aOyftler oe vod yr b*enhin. Tzydyd
yO y gOynoffaOc. dyn adylyho ypoxthi ac ae 5
gatto ynof honno heb uOyt. petweryd yO y
Eir kyflauan os gOna dyn 41 gaeth.
'yny wlat. ydyly y vab colh tref ytat
oe hachaOs o gyfreith. Had y arglOyd. a Had
y penkenedyl. a Had y teifpan tyle. rac trym- 10
het y kyflauaneu hynny. Wri thawedaOc
goxfed. arglOyd gdr yn gOarandaG ary wyr
da yn barnu eu kyfreitheu. ac ygnat yn
gOarandaO ha61 ac atteb. a mach yn gOaran-
daO haOlOx ac amdiffynnOx ynymatteb. '5

Ri gOanas gOayO kyfreithaOl yn dad-
leu. Vn yO gOan y arlloft yny dayar ac
vn Ila6. hyny vo abzeid y tynnu a dOy laO.
Eil yO gOan ypen ymyOn tOyn hyny gudyo
ymOn. Siydyd y6 ydodi ar 16yn auo kyfuOch 20
agOz. ac ony byd yn vn en teir gOanas hyn-
ny. amynet dyn arnaO mal ybo marO r tra-
yan galanas ydyn adygOyd ar perchennaOc
y gOayO. Hn ofer ymadaaOd adywedir yn
llys ac ny ffynnant. GOat kyn deturyt. 25

126 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 42 b

a llys kyn amfer. achyghaOs gOedy
Wri ofer llaeth yffyd r llaeth kaffec. alla-
eth gaft. allaeth kath. kany w diwygir
vn o honunt. Weir sarhaet ny diwy-
gir ox keffir trOy veddaOt. Sarhaet yr ef- 5
feirat teulu. afarhaet yr ygnat llys.
a sarhaet ymedyc llys. kany dylyant
Oy bot yn vedO. Oxth na Odant py amfer
y bo reit yr bxenhin Oxthunt. Weir pal-
uaOt ny diwygir. vn arglGyd aryOx yny 10

reoli yn dyd kat abxOydyr. ac vn tat
ar y vab yr ygofpi. ac vn penkenedyl
ar y gar yr y gyghoxi.

Eir gOxaged ny dylyir dadleu ac eu
hetiued am tref eu mam. gOxeic a *5

rother yg gOyftyl dxos tir. achaffel mab
ohonei yny gOyftloxyaeth. a mab ywreic
adialho dyn ogenedyl yvam. ac o achaOf
hynny colli tref ytat ohonaO. ac Ozth hyn-
ny ny dylyir dadleu ac ef am tref yvam. 20
amab ywreic a rother o- rod kenedyl y all-
tut. Wn chew ilyd kenedyl yntr ac o ach- ;
aOs gOxeic ymaent ell tn r llathrudaO gGxe-:
ic oe hanuod. Eil y6 d6yn gOxeic arall ary
phen hitheu yr ty. ae gyrru hitheu allan. 25

Vfo43a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 127

Tzydyd yO y hyfpeilaO. bot yn well gantaO y
hyfpeilaO no bot genthi. 1m chehyryn
canhaftyr yffyd r Vn y6 lledtat yffozd yker-
tho kyfran o honaO. kanyf naO affeith yffyd
idaO. Eil yO hyd b^enhfn pOy bynhac ae ky- 5
Hello. Tzydyd yO abo bleid. y neb awnel kam
ym dananaO. 1m chadarn enllip gOzeic
ynt Y Vn yO gfoeic gOelet y gOx arwreic yn
dyuot 01 vn HOyn vn o pop parth yr HOyn.
Eil yO gOelet elldeu dan vn vantell. Txydyd 10
yO gOelet ygOz rOg' deu vo;dOyt ywreic.
Wn pheth a had dyn ynllediat ac ny chyg-
ein lledzat yndunt. eredic. adiot coet. aca-
deilat. Weir sarhaet gOxeic ynt. Vn adxych-
eiff. ac vn a oftOg. ac vn yffyd farhaet gO- 15
byl. Pan rother cuffan idi oe hanuod. tray
an y sarhaet yffyd eiffeu idi yna. Eil yO y
phaluu. ahonno yffyd sarhaet gObyl
idi. Tayded yO bot genthi oe hanuod. a
honno adxycheif ytrayan. (D teir ffoxd 20

y llyffir tyfton. otirdza. a gal^aftra. agOxeictra.
Ri meib yn tn -mei-bioder vn vam
vn tat. ac ny dylyant kaffel ran o
otir gan eu bzodyr vn vam vn tat ac Oynt.
Vn yO mab HOyn apherth. agOedy hynny 25

128 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 43 b

kymryt ox vn g6x yr vn wreic o rod kenedyl
a chattel mab o honei. ny dyly ymab hOn-
nO kyfrannu tir ar mab agahat kyn
noc ef yn 116yn apherth. Eil y6 kymryt
o yfcolheic wreic orod kenedyl. achaffel i
mab o honno. ac odyna kymryt vxdeu
effeiradaeth ox yfcolheic. agOedy hynny
kaffel mab ox effeirat hOnnO ox wreic kynt.
ny dyly y mab kyntaf kyfrannu tir ar
diwethaf. kanys yn erbyn dedyf y kah- 10

at. Txydyd yO mut. kany dyly tir net
atteppo dxoftaO. kany rodir gOlat y uut.

Ri dyn agynnyd eu bxeint yn vn

dyd. TayaOctref y kyffeccrer eglOys
yndi. gan ganhat ybxenhin. dyn o% tref i5
honno auei y boxe yn tayaOc. auydei y
nos honno yn Ox ryd. Ell yO dyn yrotho
ybxenhm idaO vn ox pedeir sOyd ar huge
int bxefnhaOl. kyn rodi y sOyd idaG yn
tayaOc r agOedy yrodi yn 6x ryd. Txydyd 20
yO yfcolheic ydyd ykaffo coxun y boxe yn
vab tayaGc. ar nos honno yn Ox ryd.

Ri gOerth kyfreith beichogi gOxeic.

Vn yO gOaet kyn delwat ox collir
trOy greulonder r Oyth adeu vgeint a 25

Vfo44a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 129

tal. Eil yO kyn mynet eneit yndaO ox collir
trOy greulonder. trayan yalanas atelir ym-
danaO. Txydyd yO gOedy yd el eneit yndaO
01 collir trOy greulonder. cObyl oe alanas
atelir ymdanaO yna. 5

OTeir ffoxd y dygir mab y tat. Vn yO gOxe-
ic lOyn apherth ox byd beichaOc pan
vo ar y llaOuaeth. dyget yphenglaOx etti.
athyget OxthaO. efcox neidyr fmi yar ybeich-
ogi hOn os creOys tat gan vam onyt ygOx 10
ydygaf idaO ae enwi. acuelly kyfreithaOl
ydOc. Eil yO penkenedyl aseith laO kenedyl
gantaO bieu y dOyn. Txydyd yO ony byd pen
kenedyl r 110 deg wyr adeu vgemt oe gened-
yl ae dOc. ar mab ehunan atOg yny blaen. 15
kanyt kyfreithaOl 110 y vam onyt ar dygyat vxy.

OTeir ffoxd ygOedir mab o genedyl. ky
mryt ymab ox gOx ydywetter y vot yn
vab idaO. ae dodi yrodaO ar allaOx. adodi y Ila6
affeu ar pen ymab. ar llaO deheu ar yr alia- 20
Ox ar creireu. athyget nas creOys ef ac nat
oes dafyn oe waet yndaO. Eil yO ony byd
ytat yn vyO penkenedyl bieu ywadu ase-
ithlaO kenedyl gantaO. Txyded yO ony
byd penkenedyl idaO. 110 deg wyr adeu vge- 25

130 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Vfo44b

fnt o% genedyl ae gOatta. ar mab hynhaf yr
gOx yd oed ymab ar ygyftlOn bieu tygu yny
blaen. Wn lie ny dyly dyn rodi 110 gOeilyd.
Vn yO ar pont vn pxen heb ganllaO. Eil yO
ar poxth y vynwent. kanys canu y pater ady 5
ly yna rac eneiteu cnftonogyon ybyt. Txy-
dyd yO axdxOs yreglOys. kanyf canu y pater
adyly yna rac bxon ygroc. l|yn odynyon adi
efnc rac 110 gOeilyd. arglOyd. ac efcob. a mut
a bydar ac aghyfieithus agOxeic veichaOc. 10

l§eir goxmes doeth ynt r meddaOt. agodfneb.
adxyc anyan. 1m dyn adyly tauodyaOc yn
llys dxoftunt. gOxeic. achryc anyanaOl. EC all-
tut aghyfieithus. Vn dyn adyly dewis ytaf-
odyaOt. arglOyd. 1m llydyn digyfreith eu gOe- 15
ithzet yn eu hydxef ar anfueilet mut. yftal-
Oyn. atharO trefgoxd. abaed kenuefn. l»n
llydyn nyt oes werth kyfreith arnunt. knyO
hOch. abitheiat. a bxoch. 1m gOaet digyfreith
yffyd. gOaet o pen crach. agOaetfroen. agOa- 20
et deint. ony tluewir trOy lit. Wn than digy-
ureith eu gOeithxet. tan godeith o hanher ma-
Ozth hyt hanher ebxill. athan eneint trefgozd.
athan gefeil auo naO kam yOxth ytref. atho
banadyl neu tywarch erni. Wn edyn ydyly 25

Vfo45a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 131

ybzenhm eu gOerth py tu bynhac y llather.
Eryr. a garan. a chicuran. PerchennaOc ytir
y llather arnaO adyly dec adeu vgeint ygan y
neb ae llatho. 1m phryf ydyly y bxenhm eu
gOerth py tu bynhac y llather. IJoftlydan. a be- 5
leu. acharlOnc. kanys oc eu crOyn ygOneir
amaerOyeu ydillat ybzenhfn. 1m pheth
nyat kyfreith eu damdOg. blaOt. agOenyn.
ac aryant. kanys kyffelyp ageffir udunt.
l>eir cont kyfreithaOl yffyd. cont gaft. achont 10
kath. achont gOiweir. kanys dillOg ac ellOg
aallant pan vynhont. 1m ptuen ryd ynffox-
eft bxenhin. pzen crip eglOys. aphren pelei-
dyr a elhont ynreit ybzenhin. aphren elo^.
®n cho;n buelyn y bzenhfn. y go;n kyfed. 15
ae gcan kyweithas. ae gozn yn llaO y penky-
nyd. punt atal pop vn. H>eir hela ryd yffyd
ympop gOlat. hela lOzch. a hela kadno. a hela
dyfyrgi. kanyt oes tref tat vdunt. Wri pheth
atyrr ar gyfreith. treis. ac amot. ac aghen 20
octit. 1m enO nghyll yffyd. gOaed gOlat.
agarO gychwedyl gOas y kyghellaO^. anghyll.
® teir ffcud ytelir gOyalen aryant yrbzenhfn.
am treis. ac am ttnn naOd ffozd ar achenaOc
diatlam. ac am sarhaet bzenhm. 25

K 2

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW V fo 45 b

Ri h(6)xd ny diwyg(ir) vn yO gofyniaOn (o)
dyn y(e)lyn am (ygar) yn tn dadleu ac na
chaffei laOn. achyf aruot y elyn ac ef gOedy
hynny. agOan h(ud yndaO a(gOayO hyny vo)
marO. ny diwygir yr h(6*d hOnnO.) Ell yO gO 5
neuthur eidiged owreic 6;tya(6c Oxth wrei)c
arall am ygG*. achyfaruot y dO(y wraged)y
gyt. agOan hOxd ox wreic GxyaOc ae dOy laO
yny Hall hyny vo marO. ny dywygir idi.
Tiydyd yO rodi mo*6yn y4a- aeduet yOx a 10
mach arymoxOyndaOt. agOan hOzd oz gOx
yndi a bonlloft. ae hymrefn vn weith. ae
(chaffei yn) wreic. ynteu adyly galO yneith
(aO)xwyr attaO. ac enynnu canhOylleu all-
ad (ych)rys tu rocdi yn gyfuch agOarr y(ch) 15
ont. ac ot tu dxaechefyn yn gyfu(ch) athal-
yphedxefn. ae gollOg ar hOzd hOnnO (y)n
di heb y diftyn idi. a hynny yO kyfreith
tOyll vozOyn. 1m dyn ny dylyir eu (gOer-)
thu ogyfreith. lleidyr kyfadef am bo g(0e) 2°
rth pedeir kefnhaOc kyfreith yny laO. (ach)
ynllOynOx. abxadOx (arglO)yd. Wn (da dilif)
dfuach y(ffyd.) da (arotho arglOyd yOx) ac ade(l)
idaO ynteu gan gyfrei(th). ada agaffo gOxe-
ic gan ygOx p(an gy)ttyo ynteu agO(xe)ic 25

Wfol02a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 133

penkynyd. punt atal pop vn ohonunt.
l»n hela ryd yffyd ym pop gulat hela iCxch.
ahela dyfyrgi. ahela cadno. kanyt oes
tref tat udunt. 1m pheth atyr ar gyfre
ith. treif ac amot ac aghenoctit. 5

hOxd ny diwygir. Vn yO gouyn la-
odyn am ygar yelyn. yntn dadleu.
ac na chaffei laOn. achyuaruot yelyn ac
ef guedy hynny. aguan hOzd yndaO agua-
y6 hyny uei uarO. ny diwygir idaO yrhOzd 10
hOnnO. Eil yO guneuthur eidiged o wreic
OzyaOc Oith wreic arall am y gOi achyfar
uot y d6y wraged y gyt. aguan hfod ox
wreic OzyaGc yny Hall ae dOy laO hyny
uo marO ny diwygir idi. Tzydyd y6 rodi 15

moiOyn y Oz amach ar ymozOyndaOt a
guan hOxd yndi ox gOx abonlloft ae hym-
rein vn weith hi. ae chaffei yn wreic hi.
Ynteu adyly galO attaO yneithaOxwyr
aennynu canhOylleu. a Had ychryf tu 2°

dxae chefyn yn gyuuOch athal y phedxefn.

134 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 102 b

ac on tu recdi yn gyfuOch aguarr ychont.
ae gollOg ar hOid HOnnO yndi heb ydi
uOyn idi. ahynny yO kyfreith tGyll
vozOyn.

i dyn ny dylyir eu guerthu gan 5

gyfreith. lleidyr kyfadef am bo
guerth pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith yny
laO. achynllOynOz. a bzadOz arglOyd.
Wn enO nghyll yffyd. gul guaed gulat.
agarG gychwedyl guaf y kyghellaOi. ^o

a righyll. © teir fold y tehr guyalen
aryant yr bienhin a fiol eur achlaOz
eur ernf . O dOyn treif ar wreic. ac o toi-
n naOd fo:d ar ychenaOc diatlam. ac
am farhaet bzenhin. Wn da dilyf di- 15

uach yffyd. da arotho y btenhin y 0^.
ac a del idaO ynteu gan gyfreith. a da
agaffo gureic gan ygOx yny hOyneb-
werth. pan gytyo y gOz agureic arall.
a da adycker yn ryuel deu arglOyd. 20

11 n chyffredin gulat yffyd. lluyd a

WfolOSa WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 135

dadleu. ac eglGyf. kanyf guyf auyd
ar paOb vdunt.

guarthrut mozOyn yffyd.

Vn yO dywedOyt oe that Oxthi.
mi athrodeis uo^Oyn yO:. Eil yO erchi 5

idi mynet y gyfgu at ygOi. Txydyd
y6 y guelet yboze yn kyuot yOzth y
gOh ac o achaOf pop vn ox tn hynny
y tal ygOi y hamwabyr y harglOyd.
ae chowyll ae heguedi idi hitheu. 1m lo

argae guaet yffyd. mynwef. agure=
gyf. perued. aguregyf HaOdOh 1m di=
Oyneb gulat ac ny elhr bot hebdunt
arglOyd. a,c effeirat. achyfreith. ®eir
aelOyt adyly guneuthur laOn ae gym- X5

ryt dtof dyn ny bo arglOyd adef idaO.
tat. abzaOt hynaf. awhegrOn.

notwyd kyfreithaOl yffyd.

notwyd guenigaOl yurenhinef.
anotwyd medyc y wniaO ygueheu. 20

a notwyd ypenkynyd ywniaO ykOn

136 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW Wfol03b

rOygedic pedeir kefnhaOc kyfreith atal
pop vn ohonunt. Notwyd gureic kywre=
in arall kefnhaOc kyfreith atal.

IEir marO tyftolyaeth yffyd. 2ic afa
uant yn dadleu ynda. Vn yO pan 5

vo amryffon ac ymlad rOg deu arglOyd
am dr. atheruynu hOnnO yndylye-
duf ygOyd paOb yna. aguedy ybo ma-
r6 ynfueroed hynny eu meibon neu
eu hOyryon neu rei oc eu kenedyl a all- 10

ant dOyn tyftolyaeth am y tir hOnnO.
ar rei hynny aelwir gGybydyeft am tir.
Eil yO dynyon bonhedic o pop parth.
amhfnogyon tir ygelwfr yrei hynny y
dofparth trOy ach ac eturyt achadarnhau J5

gan dOyn tyftolyaeth aallant y achwa-
negu dylyet ydyn ar tir adayar. Tzy-
dyd yO pan welher pentanuaen tat.
neu yhendat neu ozhendat neu vn
ox genedyl un dylyet ac ef alle ytei 3,e 20

yfcuboxyeu arycheu ytir ar ardOyt. ar

erwyd

Wfol04a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 137

erwyd pop un ox rei hynny arodant tyf
tolyaeth ydyn ar ydylyet. Uefr kyfrmach
yffyd y well eu hadef noc eu kelu. colledeu
arglOyd achynllOyn allad odyn y tat ot
adeufr yg kyfrfnach. 5

Ri anfueil un troetaOc yffyd. march.

ahebaOc. agellgi. POy bynhac atox-
ho troet un ohonunt talet ywerth yn
hollaOl. ®n pheth ny thelir kyn coller
yn ranty. kyllell. achledyf. allaOdOr. ka- 10
nyf yneb bieiffont adyly eu cadO. Heir
farhaet kelefn ynt. pan lather, pan yf
peiler. pan uyrhyer yny ozwed. ®eir
guarthrut kelein ynt. gouyn pOy aellad--
aOd. pieu yr eloa hon. pieu y bed h6n. 15
1m gOg ny diwygfr. gOg gOi Oath ywreic
agymerho ar urefnt mozOyn ahitheu
yn wreic. a dyn adiffethaer o gyfreith.
adyn oe genedyl yn guneuthur gOg am
hynny. a gOg dyn Oxth gi yny ruthraO. 20

Weir gauael nyt atuenr. dzof letrat.

138 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 104 b

athrof vach ny chymhello. athrof alanas.
1m pheth ox keffir ar foxd nyt reit atteb y
neb ohonunt pedol. anotwyd. achefnhaOc.

IRi dyn ytelir gueli tauaOt udunt,
Yr bienhfn. ac yr bxaOdOi yn med- 5
ylyaO am yuarn. ac yr offeirat yny wife
yny teir gOyl arbenhic uch yallaOx neu
yn darllefn llythyr rac b;on y bienhfn neu
yny wneuthur. Uri lie yg kyfreith hy-
wel ymae pzaOf. Vn o honu gureic bieu 10
pxoui treis ar 0*. Ell yO kynogyn bieu pio
ui uch pen bed ymach yuot yn uach ac
na diwygOyt dioftaO yuechnfaeth tra uu
uyO. Ttydyd yO pxoui bugeilgi. ^eirpla
kenedyl. magu mab arglOyd. a dOyn mab 15
y genedyl yg kam. a guarchadO penreith,
¥n pheth atyrr ar amot. cleuyt. ac ag-
hen arglOyd. ac aghenoctit. 1m pheth
adiffer dyn rac guyf dadleu. llefefn. ac
vtgyrn rac llu goiwlat. allif yn auon 20

heb pont aheb keubal. achleuyt

Wfol05a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 139

Ri dyn ytelir galanaf udunt ac ny
thalant Oy dim o alanaf. arglOyd.
kanyf idaO y daO trayan kymhell pop ga-
lanaf. Eil yO penkenedyl. kanyf Oith y
vzeint ef y telir galanaf ygarant. Txydyd 5
yO tat. kanyf ran adaO idaO o alanas yuab
nyt amgen no cheinhaOc. kanyt car y
vab idaO. ac ny dylyir Had vn o honunt
o alanaf. l|anher ran tnaOt atal whaer
o alanaf. ac ny cheiff hi dim o alanas. 10

Wn ergyt ny diwygir y gar6 yn

yt. ac y ebaOl guyllt yn yt. ac y gi yn yt-
Wri dyn awna gulat yn tlaOt. arglOyd
deu eiraOc. ac ygnat camwedaOc. a ma-
er cuhudyat. Wn chadarn byt arglOyd, 15

kanyf maen d*of laen yO arglOyd. ac yn-
uyt. cany ellir kymhell dim ar ynuyt
namyn yewylhs. a dyn didim. kany ellir
kymell dim lie ny bo. 1m aniueil yffyd
un werth eu llofgyrneu ac eu llygeit ac 20

eu heneit. llo. ac ebolef torn, achath eithyr

140 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 106 b

cath awarchatwo yfcubaOx bxenhfn.

dyn caf kenedyl. lleidyr. athOyllO*.

cany elhr ymdiret udunt. adyn a
latho dyn oe genedyl ehunan. Kany ledfr
y car byO yr y car marO. caf uyd gan paOb 5
y welet ynteu. ®n cheffredin kenedyl.
penkenedyl. atheifpantyle. a mab ywre-
ic arother o rod kenedyl y eu gelyn. hOn-
n6 adyly bot yngyffredfn rOg y dOy ge-
nedyl. Wn meuyluethyant gOi. bot yn 10
dry0 dtyc karOz. ac yn IhbinOx yndad-
leu. ac yn Ox arglOyd d^Oc.

Ri aneuefl yffyd uOy eu teithi.

noc eu guerth kyfreith. YftalOyn.
atharO trefgoxd. abaed kenuefn. kanyf 15

yr enryal agolhr ocollir Oynteu. 1m
chyfanhed gulat. meibon bychefn. ach
On acheilogeu. ^yn no hyn tnoed kyf-
reith ar traethaffam. weithon y traethOn

oi naOuet dydyeu. 20

Yntaf yO naOuetdyd racuyr am-

Wfol06a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 141

tfr. Eil yO naOuetdyd mei elchOyl. Txy-
dyd yO naOuetdyd mei ydaO teithi kyn-
flith. Petweryd yO naOuetdyd whefraOx
ydaO teithi kynwheith. (®)et naOuetdyd
yffyd yarglOyd yymgoffau ae 10 pan hon- 5
her arnaO rodi 110 gynt. ®et naOuetdyd
yffyd rOg llyf allan. kyn atteb. ahynny
guedy haOl. pan uo amryffon am tfr.
(®)et naOuetdyd yffyd am gelein ahan-
fo ox vn cantref ar neb ae llatho. tim naO 10
uet dyd yffyd yperikynyd. ^n naOuet-
dyd yffyd am ueichogi gureic. ^aOuet-
dyd kyn aOft y da pop heit ymrefnt
modxydaf. ®et naOuetdyd yffyd am-
warant un wlat neu tyft unwlat. ®et 15

naO uetdyd yffyd ydOyn ty awnelher ar
tir dyn arall heb y ganhat. ®et naOuet-
dyd yffyd ywreic y arhof yran ox da yny
thy pan yfgarho ae gOx. ®et deu naO-
vetdyd yffyd am aradyr pan toxher. 20

142 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW W fo 106 b

OJ ar tuaGcKu auarn y bzodyeu na uf t
uOy genhyt werth keinhaOc no gue-
rth duO. na varn y kam yr guerth nam-
yn barn y laOn yr duO.

'Ychan ryued kyt bo pedzufter yn 5

•llys pzeffenhaOl can fymudant a-
wyd mal,awel eluyd. pOy bynhac hagen
agarho diheurOyd aditraghOydder. guaf-
fanaeth laOn yr arglOyd icffu grift. Yr
hOn yffyd gogonet y tat ar mab ar yfpxyt 10
glan amen.

(zi lie ny dyly dyn rodi 116 gweilyd
Vn yO. pont un pxen heb ganllaO
Eil yO ar po*th y uynwent kanyf canu
y pader adyly dyn yna rac eneit cnfton 15

ogyon ybyt. Tzydyd yO ar d*6f yr eglO-
yf. kanyf canu y pater adyly dyn yna
rac bxon ygroc.

^an dycker mab y genedyl olO degwyr
adeugefnt ymab bieu tygu ymlaen y 20

genedyl kanyt kyfreithaOl y guaran

Wfol07a WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW 143

daO hi namyn ar y 110 kyntaf. pan dyweto

efcox neidyr idi.

^|e)an diwatter mab o genedyl. Y mab hyn

haf yrg6^ ydyweter yuot yn uab idaO bieu

tygu yngyntaf ymlaen y genedyl.

(l>)eir ouer groef yffyd. croef adoter ar fo^d y

myOn yt. achroef adoter anfc pzen goxwe

idaOc yg koet. achroef adoto dyn ar

ny dylyho eglOyf ymyrru gantaO.

ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF HAR-
LEIAN MS. 4353 (V) WITH THE
MISSING LEAVES SUPPLIED FROM
CLEOPATRA A xiv (W)

H

OWEL the Good, son of Cadell, V i a i
king of Cymru, enacted by the
grace of God and fasting and
prayer when Cymru was in his

possession in its bounds, to wit, three score and
four cantrevs of Deheubarth, and eighteen
cantrevs of Gwynedd, and three score trevs
beyond the Cyrchell, and three score trevs of
Buallt ; and within that limit, the word of no
one [is] before their word, and their word is a
word over all. There were bad customs and
bad laws before his time. He therefore takes
six men from every cymwd in Cymru and brings
them to the White House on the Tav ; and
there were present those who held croziers
in Cymru including archbishops and bishops
and abbots and good teachers ; and of that
number, twelve of * the wisest laics were

i46 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

chosen, and the one wisest scholar who was
called Blegywryd, to make the good laws and
to abolish the bad ones which were before
his time; and to place good ones in their
stead and to confirm them in his own name.
When they had finished making those laws,
they placed the curse of God, and the one of
that assembly, and the one of Cymru in general
upon any one who should break those laws.
: v Arid first they began with the Laws of a Court
as they were the most important and as they
pertained to the King and the Queen and
the Twenty-four Officers who accompany them,
v i b 3 namely, ©hief of the Household. Driest of the
Household, jiteward. ||udge of the Court, fal-
coner, dhief Huntsman, ©hief groom. JPage
of the Chamber. $keward of the Queen. Driest
of the Queen. Jiard of the Household. jSilen-
tiary. Doorkeeper of the Hall. Jloorkeeper of
the Chamber, ©hambermaid. ©room of the
Rein, ©andlebearer. Jutler. Head brewer,
jierver of the Court, (look, physician. l|oot-
holder. ©room of the Rein to the Queen.
V i b 12 f\ right of all the officers is to have woollen
Jjt clothing from the king and linen clothing
from the queen three times every year ; at
Christmas and Easter and Whitsuntide. The

TRANSLATION 147

queen has a share of all the profits (ennill) of
the king from his demesne (oe wlat dilis). The
officers of the queen receive a share of all the
profits of the king's officers. Uhree persons who v i b 19
do sarhad to the king ; whoever shall violate his
protection, and whoever shall obstruct his wife,
and whoever shall kill his man in his presence
and in the presence of the company when there
shall be greeting and an assembly between him
and another regulus (pennaeth). A hundred kine
are to be paid as .sarhad to the king for every
cantrev in his kingdom (teyrnas), and a silver rod
which shall reach from the ground to the king's
pate when he shall sit in his chair, as thick as
his ring finger, with three knobs at the top
and three at the bottom as thick as the rod ;
and a golden cup which shall hold the king's
full draught, as thick as the nail of a ploughman
who shall have ploughed for seven years ; and
a golden cover thereon as thick as the cup, as
broad as the king's face. !>he status of the Lord V 2 a 7
of Dinevwr moreover is upheld by as many white
cows, with the head of each one to the tail of the
other and a bull between every score kine of
them, as shall extend completely from Argoel
to the Court of Dinevwr.

^or the galanas of the king is paid three v 2 a 12
L 2

148 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

times as much as his sarhad with three augmen-
V 2 a 13 tations. |£n three ways sarhcid is done to the
queen ; when her protection shall be violated,
or when she shall be struck in anger, or when
a thing shall be taken out of her hand with
violence ; and then a third of the worth of the
king's sarhcid is paid to the queen, without gold
v 2 a 18 however and without silver. Whirty-six persons
on horseback it befits the king to support in
his retinue ; the twenty-four officers and his
twelve gwestais ; and together with that, his
household and his nobles and his youths and
v 2 a 23 his minstrels and his almsmen. Uhe most
honourable after the king and the queen is the
edling. The edling is to be to the king a
brother or a son or a nephew, the son of
V2b i a brother. ¥he protection of the edling is to
conduct the person who commits the offence
until he is safe. The sarhcid and the galanas
of the king and the edling are the same, except-
ing privileged gold and silver and the cattle
which are placed from Argoel to the Court
V 2 b 6 of Dinevwr. l)he place of the edling in the
hall is opposite to the king about the fire with
him. Between the edling and the pillar next
to him sits the judge of the court ; on the other
side of him, the priest of the household ; after

TRANSLATION 149

that the chief of song ; after that there is no
fixed place for any one in the hall. J[ll thevabii
royal issue, the freemen, and the collectors of the
geld (kyllituffon) are to be in the lodging of the
edling. The king is to provide the edling with
the whole of his expenditure honourably. !)he Vz b 15
lodging of the edling and the youths with him
is the hall ; and the woodman is to kindle the
fire for him and to close the doors after he is
gone to sleep. The edling is to have a suffi-
ciency at his repast without measure.1 In the
three principal festivals a privileged bon-
heddig sits on the left of the king ; on his right
side, every one as he may will. Jt privileged V2b 21
protection pertains to every officer ; and to
others also, lifhoever shall resort to the pro- V 2 b 23
tection of a queen is to be conducted beyond
the boundary of the gwlad without pursuit and
without obstruction. l>he protection of the V 2 b 25
chief of the household conducts the person
beyond the boundary of the cymwd. UheVsai
protection of a priest of the household is to
conduct the person to the nearest church. l>he V3 a 3
protection of the steward saves a person from
the time he shall stand in the service of the
king until the last person goes from the court

1 See note at this point in the Analysis of V after Introduction.

150 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Vsasto sleep. l)he protection of the falconer
defends the person to the farthest place where
V3a;he shall hawk. l>he protection of the chief
huntsman continues to the farthest place where
V 3 a 8 the sound of his horn is heard. l)he pro-
tection of the judge of the court is whilst the
suits shall last from the first cause until the

V 3 a 10 last. Uhe protection of the chief groom con-
tinues whilst the best horse in the court shall

V3 a ii continue running. l»he protection of the page
of the chamber is from the time he goes to
gather rushes until he shall finish spreading the

v 3 a 13 king's bed. ^pimilar to that is the protection of

v 3 a 15 the chambermaid. l>he protection of a queen's
steward is from the time he shall stand in
the service of the queen until the last person

V3 a 17 goes from the chamber to sleep. Whe pro-
tection of the bard of the household is to
conduct the person to the chief of the house-

V3 a 19 hold. Whe protection of the silentiary is from

V3 a 20 the first command of silence to the last. Jiimilar
is the protection of a [queen's] priest to that of

V3 a 21 his fellow l. ®he protection of the candlebearer
is from the time the first candle is lit until the

V3a23last is extinguished. l»he protection of the
footholder is from the time he shall sit under

1 i. e. a king's priest.

TRANSLATION 151

the king's feet until the king goes to the
chamber. She protection of the cook is from V 3 a 25
the time he shall begin to cook the first collop
until he shall place the last dish before the king .
and the queen, She protection of the server v 3 b 2
of the court is from the time he shall begin to . •
distribute the food until the last shall have had . .
his portion. She protection of the mead brewer v 3 b 5
is from the time he shall begin to prepare the
mead vat until he shall cover it. She pro-V3b6
tection of the butler is from the time he shall
begin to empty the mead vat until he shall
finish. She protection of the court physician V 3 b 8
is from the time he goes to visit the sick with
the king's leave, until he comes again to the
court. She protection of the doorkeeper ofV3bn
the hall is to conduct the person the length of
his arm and his rod towards the porter, for he
is to receive him. She protection of the porter v 3 b 13
is to retain the person until the chief of the
household comes through the gate towards his
lodging; and then let the refugee proceed in
safety1, jlimilar is the protection of the door- V3 b 16
keeper [of the chamber] to that of his fellow 2. -

1 V here has probably missed a line: cf. W 37 b I, 'until
the last person shall leave the court.'

2 i. e. the doorkeeper of the hall.

152 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V 3 b 17 ®he protection of a groom of the rein continues
whilst the smith of the court is making four
shoes and their complement of nails, and whilst

VsbiQhe shall be shoeing the king's steed, jlimilar
to that is the protection of a queen's groom of

V 3 b 21 the rein. H[hosoever's protection is violated,

V 3 b 22 it is sarhad to him. Hpiat is paid as the sarhad
of a chief of the household is a third of the
king's sarhad without privileged gold and silver;

V3b24and likewise his galanas. j| Steward, |£udge
of a Court, falconer, ©hief Huntsman, ©hief

[A chasm in V supplied from W]

W 37 b 13 groom, J^age of a Chamber, [have] the
same sarhad and the same galanas and the
same ebediw ; and their daughters the same
status. For their sarhad, nine kine and nine
score of silver are to be paid. For the galanas
of every one of them, nine kine and nine score
kine with three augmentations are paid. A
pound is the ebediw of every one of them.
A pound is the gobr of their daughters.
Three pounds is their cowyll. Seven pounds
is their agweddi. Whe sarhad of every one of
all the other officers except the chief of the
household and the priest of the household, who,
although they be of the number of the officers,

TRANSLATION 153

are not of the same status — If or the sarhad of w 38 a
every one of the other officers, six kine and six
score of silver are to be paid. For their galanas
is paid six kine and six score kine with three
augmentations. For the ebediw of every one
is paid six score of silver ; and six score is the ,
gobr of every one of their daughters. A pound
and a half is their cowyll ; three pounds is their
agweddi. H[hoever shall kill a person, let him w 38 a H
first pay his sarhad and afterwards his galanas.
There is to be no, augmentation on the sarhad
of any one.

I he lodging of the chief of the household w 38 a 14
is to be the largest house in the middle of
the trev, because round him the lodgings of the
household are to be, so that they may be ready
for every emergency. In the lodging of the
chief of the household, the bard of the household
and the physician are to be. Whe lodging ofW38ai8
the priest of the household, and the scholars of
the court with him, is to be the chaplain's house.
l>he lodging of a queen's priest is to be the house W 38 a 20
of the bell-ringer. Uhe lodging of the steward w 38 a 21
and the officers l with him is to be the house
next to the court. Uhe lodging of the judge of W 38 b i
the court is to be the chamber of the king or

1 Servers (swydwyr) in U and X.

154 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

the hall ; and the cushion which shall be under
the king in the day, is to be under the head of

W 38 b 4 the judge of the court in the night. 1) he lodging
of the chief groom, and all the grooms with him,
is to be the house nearest to the king's barn,
because it is he who distributes the provender.

W 38 b 7 Whe lodging of the chief huntsman, and all the
huntsmen with him, is to be the king's kiln

W 38 b 9 house. Uhe lodging of the falconer is to be
the king's barn, because the hawks do not

W 38 b 10 like smoke. l)he bed of the page of the
chamber and the chambermaid, in the king's

W 38 b 12 chamber they are to be. ®he lodging of the

W 38 b 13 doorkeepers is to be the porter's house. Whe
chief of the household has provision in his
lodging, namely, three messes and three horn-
fuls of liquor from the court ; and he receives
a perquisite (achyfarOs) every year from the
king, to wit, three pounds. Of spoil which the
household takes, he receives the share of two
men if he be with them; and the ox which
he shall choose from the third of the king.
Whoever does wrong below the columns of
the court, if the chief of the household catch
him, by law, he receives a third of the dirwy
or the camlwrw. If also he catches him at
the entrance of the hall sooner than the

TRANSLATION 155

steward, he receives a third of the dirwy or the
camlwrw. Uhe chief of the household is to be W 39 a 3
a son or a nephew, a brother's son, to the king.
A hornful of mead comes to him in every
banquet from the queen. If the king in anger
leaves any one of the household below the fire-
place, let the chief of the household invite such
a person to his own company. At the end of
the hall sits the chief of the household and the
whole household around him. Let him take
what elder he may will on his right, and another
on his left. A horse always in attendance he
receives from the king, and two shares of the
provender does his horse receive.

hoever shall do sarhad to a priest of w 39 a 14

a household or shall kill him, let him
submit to the law of the synod ; and for his
disparaging twelve kine are paid to him, and
the third does he receive and the two-thirds
the king. A priest of a household receives the
garment in which the king shall do penance
during Lent, and that by Eastertide ; and he
has the king's offering, and the offering of the
household, and the offering of those who shall
take an offering from the king in the three
principal festivals ; he always however receives
the king's offering. A mess of food and a horn-

156 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

ful of mead he receives from the court for his
provision. A horse always in attendance, he
has from the king ; and a third of all the king's
tithe he receives ; and one of the three indis-
pensable persons to the king is the priest of
w 39 b 7 the household. J[ queen's priest has a horse
always in attendance from the queen ; and her
offering and that of those who may belong to
her he has three times every year. The offering
of the queen however he receives at all times.
The garment in which the queen does penance
through Lent, her priest receives. The place
of the queen's priest is to be opposite to her.

steward has the garment of the chief
of the household in the three principal
festivals ; and the garment of the steward, the
bard of the household receives ; and the garment
of the bard, the doorkeeper receives. The
steward, when he shall ask, has the skin of a hart
from the huntsmen from the middle of February
until the end of a fortnight of May. When
the steward comes to the court, the food and
the drink is to be wholly according to his
ruling. He shows every one his proper place
in the hall. He apportions the lodgings. A
horse always in attendance he has from the
king, and his horse has two shares of the

V i'

3 J,

TRANSLATION 157

provender. The steward's land is to be free.
He has a steer of every spoil from the house-
hold. A steward is to have the gobr of the
daughters of every land-maer. He receives
twenty-four pence from every officer who shall
serve food and drink in the court, when they
shall enter upon their office. He distributes
the gwestva silver. To him it pertains to test
liquors in the court. He has a third of the
dirwy and camlwrw of the food and drink
servants, namely, cook and butler and server of
a court. From the time the steward, standing
up, shall proclaim the protection of God and
the protection of the king and the queen and
the nobles (guyrda), whosoever shall violate
that protection is not to have protection either
in court or in llan. He is to participate
in the twenty-four offices of a court. And he
has two parts of the skins of the cattle which
are killed in the kitchen. For every office of
court the steward has a fee when the king shall
confer it ; except the principal offices. A hart's
skin comes to him in October from the chief
huntsman, and therefrom vessels are made to
keep the king's cups and his horns, before
sharing the skins between the king and the
huntsmen. A steward has one man's share

158 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

of grooms' silver. A steward by law is to
place

[V resumes]

v 6 a i food and drink before the king, and a mess
above him and another below him, in the three
principal festivals. A steward has the length
of his middle finger of the clear ale from off
the lees ; and the length of the middle joint
of the bragod ; and the length of the extreme
joint of the mead. Whoever commits an
offence in the entrance of the hall, if the steward
catches him by law, he has a third of the dirwy
or the camlwrw. If also he catches him below
the columns sooner than the chief of the house-
hold, he has the third. It pertains to a steward
to keep the king's share of the spoil ; and when
it is divided, let him take an ox or a cow. It
pertains to a steward to swear for the king
when there shall be a rhaith on him.1 He is
one of the three persons who maintain the status
of a court in the king's absence.

V 6 a 15 7~ judge of a court does not give silver to
J- lw the chief groom when he shall have a

1 reith arnaO is probably a misreading of reit or a mistranslation
olopus. Cf. Peniarth MS. 28. Anc. Laws ii. 757 ; also i. 362, 642.
The translation would then be * when there shall be occasion '.

TRANSLATION 159

horse from the king. He has one man's share
of the daered silver. He administers justice
gratuitously in every cause which shall pertain
to the court. He is to show the status of the
men of the court and the status of their offices.
He has twenty-four pence from the one to
whom he shall show his status and his due.
When a legal fee comes to the judges (braOtwyr)
the judge of the court has two shares. He has
the share of two men of the spoil which the
household takes, although he himself does not
go from his house. |ff any one opposes the v 6 a 25
judgment of the judge of a court, let them
place their two pledges in the king's hand ; and
if the judge of the court be foiled, let him pay
to the king the worth of his tongue, and let him
never judge again ; and if the other be foiled, let
him pay his sarhad to the judge of the court, and
to the king the worth of his tongue. It is right
for the judge (bzaOdOz) to receive four legal pence
from every cause of the value of four legal
pence. He is one of the three indispensable
persons to the king. Twenty-four pence come
to the judges (bzaOtwyr) when land shall be
meered. If a person enters into law 1 without

1 OX a dyn yg.kyfreith, etc., Peniarth MS. 28 reads ' Si quis sine

160 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

leave of the judge of the court, let him pay
three kine camlwrw to the king ; and if the
king shall be in the place, let him pay twofold.
No one is to judge who does not know the Three
Columns of Law, and the Worth of every Legal
Animal. The judge of the court has a linen
sheet from the queen regularly. A horse
always in attendance he has from the king, and
two shares for it of the provender ; and it is to
be in the same stall as the king's horse daily.
A groom of the rein brings his horse to him in
proper order when he shall will it. He has his
land free. He has small presents, when his
office shall be pledged to him ; a throw-board
from the king, and a gold ring from the queen ;
and he is not to part with those presents either
by sale or by gift. From the bard when he
shall win a chair, the judge of the court has
a bugle horn and a gold ring and the cushion
which shall be placed under him in his chair.
The judge of the court has twenty-four pence
from every suit for sarhad and theft, from the
one who shall escape from those charges. He
has the tongue from the head which comes

licentia ad audiendum iudices accesserit iudicantes ut auscultet '
(Anc. Laws, ii. 758. Cf. ibid. ii. 821,900, and i. 370). V there-
fore here may be a misreading or mistranslation.

TRANSLATION 161

as a present to the king1, and all the tongues
from the court, for he decides on all the
tongues ; and the king is to fill the place
of the tongue with the thigh muscle of the
beast which he shall have for the smith of
the court. The judge of the court is the third
person who maintains the status of a court in
the king's absence. He is to be free from
ebediw because judgeship is better than any-
thing temporal,

ft\ hat day spever the falconer shall kill v; a 14
\VA, a heron or a bittern or a curlew by
means of his hawks, the king shall perform three
services for him ; hold his horse while he shall
secure the birds, and hold his stirrup while
he shall dismount, and hold it while he shall
mount. Three times the king presents him with
food from his own hand on that night ; for by
the hand of his messenger he presents him daily,
except in the three chief festivals and the day
whereon he shall kill a notable bird. On the
canghellor's left he sits at a banquet. He has
the skin of a hart from the chief huntsman in
October to make him gloves and jesses. He

1 The text of V 7 a 5-7 Ef ageiff. . . . Menhin, appears to be
corrupt. Cf. W 42 a (margin) Taua6t y kar6 adel yr bZenhin
yn anrec y pen ageiff ef.

162 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

drinks three times only in the hall lest there
be neglect of the hawks. A horse always in
attendance he receives from the king, and two
shares of the provender for it. If the falconer
kills his horse in hunting or if it should die by
chance, he has another from the king. He has
every male hawk. He has every sparrow-
hawk's nest which shall be found on the land
of the court. He has a mess of food and a
hornful of mead for his provision in his lodging.
From the time the falconer shall place his
hawks in their mews until he shall take them
thence, he gives no answer to any one who shall
sue him. He has gwestva once every year on
the king's taeogs ; and from every taeogtrev
he has a crone or four legal pence for food for
his hawks. He has his land free. The day
whereon he shall capture a notable bird and the
king is not in the place, when the falconer comes
to the court with the bird with him, the king is
to rise to receive him ; and if he rises not, he
is to give the garment he may have on, to the
falconer. He has the heart of every animal
which shall be killed in the kitchen. When the
falconer shall be distrained upon by law, neither
the maer nor the canghellor shall distrain upon
him, only the household and the apparitor.

TRANSLATION 163

H chief huntsman has the skin of an ox in V 7 b 24
winter from the steward to make leashes.
For the king's benefit the huntsmen hunt until
the calends of December. Thence until the
ninth day of December they do not share with
him. On the ninth day of December, it befits
the chief huntsman to show the king his dogs
and his horns and his leashes and his third of
the skins. Until the ninth day of December
no one, who shall sue a chief huntsman, receives
an answer from -him unless he be one of the
court officers, for none [of the officers] is to
postpone [the suit of] his fellow if there be one
to determine it. A chief huntsman has the
share of two men of the skins from the hunts-
men with the covert hounds, and one man's
share from the huntsmen with the greyhounds ;
and from the king's third of the skins he has
a third. After the skins are distributed among
the king and the huntsmen, let the chief hunts-
man, and the huntsmen with him, go and take
up quarters with the king's taeogs ; and then
let them come to the king by Christmas to
receive their right from him. The place of
the chief huntsman, and the huntsmen with him
in the hall, is the column opposite to the king.
A hornful of mead comes to him from the king

M 2

164 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

or from the chief of the household, and the
second from the queen, and the third from the
steward. He has from the falconer a tame
sparrow-hawk every Michaelmas. He has pro-
vision in his lodging, a mess and a hornful
of mead. To him belongs a third of the dirwy,
camlwrw and ebediw of the huntsmen, and
a third of their daughters' gobrs. With the
king the huntsmen are to be from Christmas
until they shall go to hunt hinds in the spring.
From the time they go to hunt on May-day
until the end of the ninth day of May, the chief
huntsman gives no answer to any one who
shall sue him, unless he be overtaken on the
calends of May before putting on the boot of
his right foot. He has a horse always in
attendance from the king, and two shares of
the provender for it. When the chief huntsman
shall swear, let him swear by his dogs and his
horns and his leashes. He has four legal pence
from every huntsman with a greyhound, and
eight legal pence from every huntsman with
a covert hound. If the chief huntsman goes to
foray with the king's household or with his
host, let him sound his horn when it shall be
right for him, and let him choose a steer out
of the spoil. As he receives the skin of an ox

TRANSLATION 165

before the third day of Christmas from the
steward, it is right for him to have the skin
of a cow between June and the middle of
September l from him ; and if he remembers
not at that time, he has nothing.

H chief groom has the skin of an ox in the v 8 b 20
winter and the skin of a cow in the
summer from the steward, to make halters for
the king's horses, and that before sharing the
skins between the steward and the officers.
A chief groom and the chief huntsman and the
foot-holder do not sit by the partition of the
hall ; each of them moreover knows his place. A
chief groom owns the legs of every steer killed in
the kitchen, and salt is given to him with them.
He has the share of two men of the grooms'
silver. He owns the old saddles of the king's
steed and its old bridles. A chief groom and
the grooms with him have the wild colts which
come to the king from the third of a spoil.
To him it pertains to hand over every horse
which the king shall give, and he himself givce
a halter with every horse, and he has four pence
for every horse except three : the horse which
shall be given to the priest of a household, and
the horse which shall be given to the judge of

1 Reading medi for mei.

166 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

a court, and the horse which shall be given to
the jester, for the end of its halter is to be bound
to its two testicles and so it is to be given. He
has the fill of the vessel, of which the king shall
drink, from the steward, and the second from
the chief of the household, and the third from
the queen. He has his land free ; and a horse
always in attendance he has from the king, and
two shares of the provender for it. The place
of the chief groom, and the grooms with him,
is the column next to the king. To a chief
groom it pertains to distribute the stables and
the provender of the horses. He has a third of
the dirwy and camlwrw of the grooms. He has
the king's caps if there be fur thereon ; and his
spurs, if they be gilded or silvered or lacquered,
when they shall be discarded. He has a mess
of food and a hornful of ale for his provision.
9 b 3 f I page of the chamber owns all the old
3 JL clothes of the king except his vesture
in Lent. He has his bed clothes and his
mantle and his coat and his shirt and his
trowsers and his shoes and his stockings.
There is no fixed place for the page of the
chamber in the hall, as he keeps the king's bed;
and he carries his messages between the hall
and the chamber. He has his land free, and

TRANSLATION 167

his share of the gwestva silver. He spreads
the king's bed. He has a horse regularly from
the king, and two shares of the provender for
it. From every spoil which the household
takes, he has the cattle whose ears and horns
are of equal length.

Hbard of the household has a steer out of v 9 b 15
every spoil at the capture of which he
shall be with the household, and one man's share
like every other man of the household. He also
sings the ' Monarchy of Britain ' in front of them
in the day of battle and fighting. When a bard
shall solicit from a king (teyrn), let him sing one
song. When he shall solicit from a breyr, let him
sing three songs. When he shall solicit from
a taeog, let him sing until he is tired. He has
his land free, and his horse regularly from the
king ; and it is the second song he sings in the
hall, for the chief of song is to begin. He sits
second nearest to the chief of the household.
He has a harp from the king, and a gold ring
from the queen, when his office shall be given
him ; and the harp let him never part with.
Jlard of a Household. jSilentiary. Queen's V 10 a 3
steward. Joorkeeper of a Hall. Joorkeeper
of a Chamber, ©room of the Rein, ©andle-
bearer. JButler. iook. l|oot-h older. Head

i68 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

brewer. jServerof a Court, physician, ©hamber-
maid. fjueen's groom of the rein. These fifteen
are of the same status ; and of the same status
are their daughters. For the sarhdd of each of
them, there are paid six kine and six score of
silver. The galanas of each of them is paid
with six kine and six score kine with three
augmentations. The ebediw of each of them
is six score pence ; and six score pence is the
gobr of the daughter of each of them. A
pound and a half for her cowyll. Three pounds

V 10 a 17 her agweddi. |ff a daughter of one of these
fifteen goes away clandestinely without consent
of kindred, her agweddi will be six steers having
ears and horns of equal length. Of the same
status as that is the daughter, who goes away
clandestinely, of every free man.

v 10 a 22 I f the doorkeeper of a hall go beyond the
w I ^ length of his arm and his rod from the door
after the king has entered the hall, and he there
suffer sarhdd, no compensation is to be made to
him. If the doorkeeper or the porter know-
ingly impedes one of the officers entering at
his own will, let him pay four legal pence to
the officer; and if he be a principal one, let
him pay twofold, and three kine camlwrw does
he pay to the king. The doorkeeper has a

TRANSLATION 169

vessel to hold his liquor. The steward and
the waiters l bring their liquor into the vessel
of the doorkeeper. When the liquor of the
apostles 2 is distributed, the doorkeeper takes
charge of it. He dries the skins of the cattle
which shall be killed in the kitchen ; and he also
receives a penny for every skin when shared.
He has his land free ; and a horse always in
attendance does he receive from the king. One
man's share does he receive of the gwestva
silver.

Whe doorkeeper of a chamber has his land v 10 b 14
free, and a horse always in attendance from
the king ; and legal liquor does he obtain, and
his share of the gwestva silver.

H groom of the rein has the daily saddles of v 10 b 16
the king and his pannel and his rain cap
when discarded ; and his old horse shoes and
his shoeing irons. His land he has free, and
his horse regularly. He leads the king's horse
to its stable (lety) and from its stable. He
holds the king's horse when he shall mount
and when he shall dismount. One man's share
does he receive of the wild colts taken in foray.

1 Cf. Anc. Laws, ii. 762 * pincerne ' ; also ibid. 783 ' pincerne
... id est trullyat '.
a Cf. ibid. 762 ' Ad potum apostolorum nomine sumptum,' &c.

170 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

JJ court physician sits second next to the
chief of the household in the hall. His land
he has free, and a horse regularly from the
king. Gratuitously does he prepare medicines
for the household and for the men of the court ;
for he only receives the bloodstained clothes,
unless it be one of the three mortal wounds.
A pound does he take without his maintenance
or nine score pence together with his mainten-
ance for the mortal wound, to wit, [first] when
a person's head is broken so that the brain is
seen. A bone of the upper part of the cranium
is four curt pence in value if it sounds in falling
into a basin ; a bone of the lower part of the
cranium is four legal pence in value. And
[secondly] when a person shall be stabbed in
his body so that his bowels are seen. And
[thirdly] when one of the four pillars (poft) of
a person's body is broken so that the marrow
is seen ; these are the two thighs and the two
humeri. Three pounds is the worth of each
one of those three wounds.

v ii a 17 J[ butler has his land free, and a horse always
in attendance from the king. He receives legal
liquor, to wit, the fill of the drinking vessels l
used for serving in the court of the ale, and

1 Reading gwallofyer for g6afianaethwyr.

TRANSLATION 171

their third of the mead, and their half of
the bragod. Jf mead brewer has his land Vn a 22
free, and his horse regularly from the king.
One man's share does he obtain of the gwestva
silver, and a third of the wax taken from the
mead vat ; for the two parts are divided into
three shares, the two shares for the hall and the
third for the chamber.

y. cook has the skins of the sheep and the V iib3
goats and the lambs and the kids and the calves,
and the entrails of the cattle which shall be
killed in the kitchen, except the rectum and
the milt which go to the porter, The cook
has the tallow and the skimming from the
kitchen, except the tallow of the steer which
shall be three nights with the cattle of the maer-
house. His land he gets free, and his horse
always in attendance from the king.

Jt silentiary has four pence from every dirwy v 11 b 11
and camlwrw which shall be forfeited for break-
ing silence in the court. A share also does he
receive from the officers for every distribution.
H is land he has free, and his share of the gwestva
silver, and his horse regularly from the king.
When the land maer shall be removed from his
office, the silentiary has three score pence from
whatever person is appointed in his stead.

172 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V nb 19 J| footholder is to sit under the king's feet
and to eat from the same dish as he. He is to
light the first candle before the king at meat ;
and yet he has a mess of food and liquor, for
he does not participate in the banquet. His
land he has free, and a horse always in attend-
ance from the king, and his share of the gwestva
silver.

V 12 a i Whe server of a court has his land free, and
his horse regularly from the king, and his share
of the gwestva silver.

V 12 a 4 /Queen's steward has his horse regularly
VJJ from the queen. Eight pence comes to
him from the gwestva silver ; and he takes two
pence, and the rest he shares among the officers
of the chamber. He has the care of the food
and drink in the chamber. He is to test the
liquors of the chamber ; and show each his
place.

V 12 a ii J[ chambermaid has all the clothing of the
queen throughout the year except the garment
wherein she shall do penance in Lent. Her
land she has free, and her horse regularly
from the queen ; and her old bridles and her
apparel (ae harchenat) when discarded, does
she receive; and her share of the gwestva
silver.

TRANSLATION 173

Queen's groom of the rein has his land free, Viz a 17
and his horse regularly from the queen. Inhere v 12 a 19
the priest of the household and the steward and
the judge of the court are together, the status
of a court is in that place although the king be
absent.

Qaer and canghellor are to keep the waste v 12 a 22
of a king. A pound and a half comes
to the king when a maership or a canghellorship
shall be pledged. The maer maintains three
persons with himself in a banquet in the king's
hall. He distributes the household when they
shall go into quarters. On a foray he ac-
companies the household with three men. He
has a progress with three men among the
king's taeogs twice in the year. A chief of
kindred is never to be a maer or canghellor.
A maer is to demand all the dues of the king as
far as his jurisdiction of maer extends. Maer
and canghellor are entitled to a third of the
gobrs of the taeogs' daughters, and a third of
the camlwrws and ebediws of the taeogs, and
a third of their corn when they shall flee from
the gwlad, and a third of their corn and their
food from every marwdy of a taeog. A maer is
to divide everything, and an apparitor is to
choose, for the king. If it happens that the

i74 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

maer is unable to maintain a house, let him
take to him what taeog he likes for a year from
one calends of May to another, and let him
enjoy the milk of the taeog during the summer,
and his corn in the autumn, and his swine in
winter ; and when the taeog shall go from him,
let him leave him four large sows and a boar
and all the rest of his animals, and four acres
of winter tilth and eight acres of spring tilth ;
and the second year and the third let him
do likewise ; not however the same taeog.
Afterwards let him subsist upon his own means
for three other years ; then let the king relieve
him by granting him a taeog under the former
regulation, if he will. When a person shall
lose his spoil by law, the maer and the canghellor
are to have the heifers and the steers and the
stirks in two equal shares.

V 13 a 5 5?^?he duty of the canghellor is to hold the
Vi/ pleas of the king in his presence and
in his absence. He is to place a cross and
restriction in every suit. To the left of the
king does the canghellor sit in the three prin-
cipal festivals, if the king be holding court in
his canghellorship. A gold ring and a harp
and a throwboard does he receive from the
king when he enters into office. In the time

TRANSLATION 175

of Howel the Good, a third of the live and
dead stock of the taeogs came to the maer and
to the canghellor ; the two parts to the maer,
and the third to the canghellor ; and the maer
shared and the canghellor chose.

Hn apparitor has his land free, and a mess V 13 a 17
from the court. Between the two columns
he stands while the king shall eat, for it then
pertains to him to secure the hall against fire.
After meat let him eat along with the servants;
after that let him, neither sit nor strike the post
nearest to the king. He has legal liquor, to
wit, the fill of the vessels used for serving in the
court, of the ale ; and their half of the bragod,
and their third of the mead. He has the shank
of every steer from the court, which is not as
high as the ankle l. On the ninth day before
the calends of winter he receives a coat, and
a shirt, and a cap, and three cubits of linen
from the extremity of his elbow to the end
of his middle finger, to make trowsers for him-
self; and there is to be no linsey-woolsey in his
trowsers. The length of his clothes is only to
extend to the tie of his trowsers. On the

1 In order to make buskins for himself as high as the ankles,
so say the Welsh texts later than the Black Book of Chirk
(MS. A). See Anc. Laws I. 64, 392.

i76 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

calends of March he has a coat and a shirt
and a mantle and trowsers ; also in the three
chief seasons he has a bonnet. He is to share
between the king and the maer and the
canghellor. He has the odd sheaf, when the
corn of fugitive taeogs shall be shared, and their
marwdys. When a geldable fugitive shall
leave his corn unreaped and when the like
occurs in the case of a marwdy, the apparitor
has the headlands. He has the bacon in cut
and the butter in cut from the marwdys ; and
the nether stone of the quern, and all the green
flax, and the flax seed, and the layer next to
the ground of the mow, and the hatchets, the
reaping-hooks, the fowls, the geese and the
cats. He has a loaf with its enllyn in every
house to which he comes on the king's business.
Three cubits are to be in the length of his
bill, lest he be discovered. He has the bull
which shall come among the spoil. When the
apparitor shall die, his possessions are at the
king's mercy. If the apparitor suffer sarhad
while sitting during the pleas of the king, let
there be paid to him a sieve full of chaff and
an addle egg. The summons of an apparitor,
with witnesses or striking the post three times,
cannot be denied except by objecting. When

TRANSLATION 177

however it shall be denied, the oath of the
person summoned, with that of two men of
the same status as himself, denies it.

(he smith of a court has the heads of the V 14 a 6

cattle which shall be slaughtered in the
kitchen and their feet, except the tongues.
His maintenance, and that of his servant,
comes from the court. Gratuitously he does
all the work of the court except three works :
a cauldron and a broad axe and a spear.
A smith of a court has the ceinion of a ban-
quet. He receives four pence from every
prisoner off whom he shall remove irons. His
land he has free. Legal liquor he has
from the court, [viz.] the fill of the vessels
used for serving in the court of the ale, and
their third of the mead, and their half of the
bragod. He is one of the three persons who
receive that measure ; then the apparitor ;
lastly the butler. No smith can be in the
same cymwd as the smith of a court without
his permission. He has the same freedom in
grinding at the mill as the king. He has the
gobrs of the daughters of the smiths who
shall be under him and at his command. Six
score pence is the ebediw of the smith of the
court, and six score pence is the gobr of his

i;8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

daughter. A pound and a half is her cowyll.
Three pounds her agweddi.

v 14 b i Yrv he porter has his land free. In the castle
\i/ behind the door is his house, and his
maintenance he gets from the court. He re-
ceives a log of wood from every horseload
of fuel which comes through the gate, and also
a log from every cartload, to wit, such a log
as he can pull with his one hand without im-
peding the progress of the horses or the oxen ;
and although he cannot pull a single log of
wood, yet he receives a log, but not the largest.
Of the spoil of swine which comes to the gate,
the porter has a sow, and it is not to be larger
than he is able with his one hand to hold up
by the bristles so that her feet shall not be
lower than his knee. Of the spoil of cattle
which comes to the gate, if there be a steer
without a tail, the porter has it ; and he also
has the last steer which comes to the gate,
and the milt and the rectum of the cattle which
shall be slaughtered in the kitchen. Four pence
he gets from every prisoner who shall be law-
fully imprisoned in the court.

Vi4b 19 |"t is necessary that the watchman should
w j m be a bonheddig gwlad, for in him con-
fidence is placed by the king. His food he

TRANSLATION 179

always receives in the court, and, if the king
be not in the court, he receives his mess
first after the maer. Every morning he gets
a loaf with its enllyn for his morning meal.
The aitch-bone he gets of every steer slaughtered
in the kitchen. His land he has free ; and
clothing he has twice in the year from the
king ; and shoes and stockings he gets once.
I *and maer has the suet and the lard from v 15 a 3
wl ^\ the court. He has the skins of the cattle
slaughtered in the kitchen which shall be three
nights with the cattle of the maer-house. He
has the gobrs of the daughters of the men of
the maer-trev. Although the servants shall do
sarh£d to the land maer while on their way
carrying drink either from the kitchen or from
the mead cellar towards the hall, they are
not to make compensation to him. When his
sarhad shall be paid, six kine and six score
of silver are paid to him. His galanas is paid
with six kine and six score kine, with three
augmentations.

*he right of the chief of song is to sit on v 15 a 14

the left of the edling. His land he has
free. He is to sing first in the hall. A wedding
donation he receives, to wit, twenty four pence
from every virgin when she shall marry. He

N 2

i8o WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

gets nothing however at the wedding of a woman
from whom he previously received chattels
on the occasion of her wedding when she was
a virgin. A bard when he shall have won a
chair, such is a chief of song. No bard can solicit
anything as far as the jurisdiction of the chief
of song shall extend, without his permission,
unless he be a bard of a border gwlad. Although
the king shall prohibit the giving of chattels
within his kingdom till the end of a certain
period, the chief of song is exempt by law.
When the king shall will to hear a song, let the
chief of song sing two songs concerning God
and the third of the chiefs. When the queen
shall will to hear a song in her chamber, let
the bard of the household sing three songs

5 lest the hall be disturbed.
ab of a king's coverthound whilst its eyes
are shut, is twenty four pence in value.
In its litter, it is forty eight pence in value. In
its kennel, it is ninety six pence in value. In
its random hunting, it is six score pence in
value. When it shall be trained, it is a pound
V 15 b ji in value, dub of a king's greyhound before its
eyes are opened, is twelve pence in value. In
its litter, it is twenty four pence in value. In
its kennel, it is forty eight pence in value.

TRANSLATION 181

In its random hunting, it is ninety six pence
in value. When it shall be trained, it is a
pound in value. ®f like worth are the covert- v 15 b 16
hound of a breyr and the greyhound of a king.
Whe value of a breyr's greyhound is in law V 15 b 17
half the value of a breyr's coverthound of equal
age. ®f whatever breed the cub of a taeog may V 15 b 18
be, it is before opening its eyes a curt penny
in value. In its litter, it is two curt pence in
value. In its kennel, it is three curt pence
in value. When it shall be set free, it is four
curt pence in value. JL cur, although it is aVisb23
king who shall own it, is of no more value than
four curt pence. If it be a shepherd dog, it
is of the value of a steer of current worth ; and
should there be doubt as to its being so, let the
owner swear, with a neighbour above his door
and another below his door, that it goes before
the cattle in the morning and guards the hind-
most at the close of day. H[hoever shall pull V 16 a 3
out an eye of a king's coverthound or shall
cut off its tail, let him pay four legal pence
for every cow which the dog shall be worth.
Jt rambling dog, if it be killed further thanvi6a6
nine paces from the door, shall not be paid
for. If it be killed within the nine paces,
twenty four pence are paid for it. Ifo Iegalvi6a8

i82 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

worth exists on a harrier ; on everything which
has no legal worth, an appraisement is ob-
tained.

V 16 a ii ff\ hoever shall meddle with a king's hart in
\JH, season, let him pay three kine camlwrw
to the king. A stag is of the value of an ox.
A hind is of the value of a cow. There are
to be twelve privileged pieces in a king's hart
in season : tongue, and the three pieces of the
neck, lungs, heart, two-loins, shoulder, haunch,
stomach, nombles, liver. Three kine camlwrw
are paid for every piece. For a king's hart
in season, when every camlwrw is reckoned,
there are paid two score kine. There are
no privileged pieces in a king's hart except
from the Feast of Cirig to the calends of
December ; and it is not a hart in season
except whilst the privileged pieces shall be in

V 16 a 22 it. |£f a king's stag be killed in the trev of
a breyr in the morning, let the breyr keep it
whole until mid-day ; and if the huntsmen do
not arrive then, let the breyr cause the hart to
be skinned, and the dogs to be lured from the
flesh l ; and let him take home the dogs and the

1 There appears to be some confusion in the various texts as
to the dogs and the flesh. Cf. Peniarth MS. 28, et canes pascat

TRANSLATION iS3

skin and the liver and the hind quarter; and
if the huntsmen do not arrive that night, let
him make use of the flesh and let him keep the
dogs and the skin for the huntsmen. If the
stag be killed at mid-day, let the breyr keep it
whole till the night; and if the huntsmen do
not arrive then, let the breyr make use of it
like the former one. |£f it be killed during the v 16 b 7
night in the trev of a breyr, let him spread his
mantle over it, and let him keep it whole until
the morning; and if the huntsmen do not
arrive then, it will -be of the same status as the
former ones. |ff a freeman be hunting with V 16 b 1 1
coverthounds, let him wait in the morning
until the king's huntsmen shall thrice let loose
their dogs; and afterwards let him let loose.
H[hoever shall kill a hart on another person's v 16 b 14
land, let him give a quarter to the owner of the
land, unless it be a king's hart ; for there is to
be no quarter for land in a king's hart. |ffvi6bi7
a traveller sees an animal from a road in a
king's forest, let him discharge a missile at it,
if he will ; and if he hit it, let him pursue whilst
he shall see it ; and from the time that it shall
disappear from view, let him leave it.

de carne, Anc. Laws, ii. 800 ; also 825 ; and the Black Book of
Chirk (MS. A), ibid, i, 286 ; also 492, 736.

i84 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Vi6b2i ^ m Hlhus far by the permission of God

we have discussed the Laws of

1

a Court. Now with the help of
the glorious Lord Jesus Christ,
we will shew the Laws of a Gwlad. And first,
the Three Columns of Law, that is, the nine
accessaries of galanas ; and the nine accessaries
of fire ; and the nine accessaries of theft.

V 17 a 4 5?^? he first of the nine accessaries of ga-
\i/ lanas is tongue-reddening, that is, show-
ing the place where the person, who is to be
killed, may be to the person who kills him.
The second is, giving counsel to kill the person.
The third is, consenting with the murderer to
kill him. The fourth is, looking out. The
fifth is, accompanying the murderer. The sixth
is, repairing to the trev. The seventh is, super-
intending. The eighth is, being an assistant.
The ninth is, seeing him killed while allowing
it. For each of the first three, there is given
nine score of silver and the oaths of a hundred
men to deny blood. For each of the following
three, there is given twice nine score of silver
and the oaths of two hundred men. For each
of the last three, there is paid thrice nine score
of silver and the oaths of three hundred men

V 17 a 17 to deny blood. H[hoever shall deny wood and

TRANSLATION 185

field, let him give the oaths of fifty men with-
out bondman and without alltud ; and three
of them abjuring horse-riding and linen and
woman. H[hoever shall admit homicide, let V 17 a 20
him and his kindred pay the sarhad of the per-
son who is killed, and his galanas. And first,
the murderer pays the murdered man's sarhad
to his father and his mother and his brothers
and his sisters ; and if he was married, his wife
is to receive a third of the sarhad from those.
Moreover the third of the galanas will fall on
the murderer and his father and his mother
and his brothers and his sisters, apart from the
kindred. Again, the third of the murderer is
divided into three parts, the third to fall on
the murderer himself, and the two parts on the
father and the mother and the brothers and
the sisters ; and of those men each one pays as
much as the other, and so the women ; and no
woman pays more than half the share of a man ;
and that third is to be paid to the slain person's
father and mother and his co-heirs as in the
case of his sarhad. The two shares which are
imposed on the kindred are divided into three
parts ; and of these, the kindred of the father
pays two shares, and the mother's kindred pays
the third. The same generations of the kin-

i86 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

dred are to pay galanas along with the murderer
to the same generations who receive it on the
part of the murdered, from the ancestor in
V 17 b 15 the fifth remove to the fifth cousin. Whus are
named the nine degrees of a kindred who are
to pay galanas and to receive it, and their
members. The first of the nine degrees is the
father and mother of the murderer or of the
murdered. The second is a brother and sister.
The third is a grandfather. The fourth is a
great grandfather. The fifth is a cousin. The
sixth is a second cousin. The seventh is a
third cousin. The eighth is a fourth cousin.
The ninth is a fifth cousin. The members
of the degrees are the nephew and uncle of
the murderer or the murdered. A nephew is
a son of a brother or a son of a sister, or of
a cousin male or female, or of a second cousin.
An uncle is a brother of a father or mother,
or of a grandfather or a grandmother, or of
a great grandfather or a great grandmother.
And this is the amount of the share of each
one of all these when paying galanas or re-
ceiving it. Whoever may be in kinship nearer
than another by one generation to the murderer
or the murdered, pays or receives twice as
much as that other ; and so in respect to each

TRANSLATION 187

of the seven last degrees and the members
of all the degrees. The heirs of the murderer
or the murdered are not to pay anything nor
receive in respect to galanas, because the share
of the person who pays more than any other
stands for him and his heirs ; and their care
rests on him. The care of the heir of the mur-
dered rests on his parents and his co-heirs
because they receive a third part of the galanas.
And if there be anyone of the kindred of the
murderer or the murdered, who is an eccle-
siastic in holy orders or a religious or leprous
or dumb or an idiot, he neither pays nor re-
ceives any of the galanas. They are not to
take vengeance for a person murdered, nor is
vengeance to be taken on them ; and it is
impossible to compel such by any law to pay
anything, nor are they to receive.

OF the nine accessaries of fire, the first is v 18 a 22
counselling to burn the house. The
second is, agreeing concerning the burning.
The third is, going to burn. The fourth is,
carrying the cresset. The fifth is, striking the
fire. The sixth is, procuring tinder. The
seventh is, blowing the fire until it shall kindle.
The eighth is, setting fire to the thing with
which to burn. The ninth is, watching the

i88 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

burning and allowing it. Whoever shall deny
one of these nine accessaries, let him give the
oaths of fifty men without bondman and with-
out alltud.

V 18 b 6 55^ he first of the nine accessaries of theft is
\i/ devising deceit and seeking an accom-
plice. The second is, agreeing concerning the
theft. The third is, giving provision. The
fourth is, carrying the food while accompanying
him. The fifth is, tearing down the cattle
yard or breaking the house. The seventh
[sixth] is, moving what is stolen from its place
and walking day or night with it. The seventh
is, knowing and informing as to the theft.
The eighth is, sharing with the thieves. The
ninth is, seeing the theft and concealing it for
reward or buying it for worth. Whoever shall
deny one of these accessaries, let him give the
oaths of fifty men without bondman and without
alltud.

persons who are to be believed in
their testimony, each one of them
separately on his oath. A lord between his
two men as to a suit which they acknowledge
to have been previously before him ; and he be
not interested in the suit, and they be not in
agreement as to the mode. An abbot between

TRANSLATION 189

his two monks on the threshold of the choir.
A father between his two sons by placing his
hands on the head of the son against whom he
shall swear, and saying thus: * By God, the
One who created me thy father and thee
my son, the truth I declare between you/ A
judge as to what he previously decided, if the
two persons concerning whom he judged are
disputing concerning the decision. A surety
as to his suretyship if he admit a part and deny
another part. A priest between his two parish-
ioners as to the testimony which was testified
to him. A virgin as to her virginity, if the man
to whom she was given declares she was not
a virgin in order to take away her right and her
due ; or if she is violated and the man who
violated her says she was not a virgin, the
virgin's testimony is to be believed against him.
A shepherd of a hamlet (trefgoad) as to his
shepherding if one animal kills the other. A
thief without hope of mercy concerning his fel-
low-thief, when brought to the gallows ; because
credible is his word concerning his companions
and the chattels they thieved, without a relic ;
and his companion is not to be destroyed on
his word, but is to be a thief for sale. To be
believed also is a contract man as to his con-

190 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

tract. And so also to be believed is an informer
who gives a full information. And a giver of
property is to be believed as to the chattels he
gives, and so it is said : * There is no gift except
by consent.'

v 19 a 24 /^ person's hand, and his foot, and his eye,
J- I_ and his lip, and his ear with loss of its
hearing, and his nose ; six kine and six score of
silver is the worth of each one of them. If
a person's ear be wholly cut off and the person
continue to hear as before, two kine and two
V 19 b 4 score of silver are to be paid. ®he testicles are
of the same worth as all the above members,
v 19 b 5 l)he tongue by itself is of such value as all the
members which have been so far mentioned.
All a person's members when reckoned together
are eight and four score pounds in value.
V 19 b 9 J[ person's finger is a cow and a score of silver
v 19 b 10 in value. Ulie worth of the thumb is two kine
Vigbii and two score of silver. J[ person's nail is
v 19 b 12 thirty pence in value. l>he worth of the ex-
treme joint, twenty six pence and a half-penny
V 19 b 14 and a third of a penny. Whe worth of the
middle joint, fifty and a half-penny and two
V 19 b 16 parts of a half-penny. l»he worth of the nearest
v 19 b 17 joint, eighty pence. Jl person's foretooth is
twenty four pence in value with three aug-

TRANSLATION 191

mentations ; and when a foretooth is paid for,
the worth of a conspicuous scar is to be paid
with it. J[ backtooth is fifty [pence] in value. V 19 b 20
wenty four pence is the worth of a person's v 19 b 21

blood, for it is not proper that the worth
of a man's blood should be as high as the worth
of God's blood. Although he was very man,
he was very God and he sinned not in his
flesh. l)here are three conspicuous scars upon V 19 b 25
a person : a scar on a person's face, valued
at six score pence ; a scar on the back of the
right hand, valued at sixty pence ; a scar on
the back of the right foot, valued at thirty
pence. Une worth of a person's eyelid, as long V 20 a 4
as the hair is on it, is one legal penny in value
for every hair ; if a part be cut away from it,
then the worth of a conspicuous scar is paid.

he amount of the galanas of a maer or a V 20 a 8

canghellor is one hundred and eighty nine
kine with three augmentations. The sarhad of
each of them is nine kine and nine score of
silver. The ebediw of each of them is a pound.
The gobr of the daughter of each is a pound,
and the cowyll is three pounds, and the agweddi
is seven pounds. If a daughter of a maer or
a canghellor or one of the principal officers of
a court goes away clandestinely without consent

192 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

of kindred, nine steers with horns and ears of

V2oa 18 equal length will be their agweddi. l[our kine
and four score of silver is the sarhad of a king's
domestic (teuluOz) if he avouch himself as such.

V 20 a 20 Uhree kine are paid for the sarhad of a breyr's
domestic, that is, three kine of current value.

V 20 a 22 5^fhe galanas of a chief of kindred is thrice
\i/ nine kine and thrice nine score kine
with three augmentations. For his sarhad
thrice nine kine and thrice nine score of silver

V 20 a 25 are paid. l)he galanas of one of the mem-
bers of a chief of kindred, to wit, his kin, is
paid with nine kine and nine score kine
with three augmentations. For his sarhad he
receives nine kine and nine score of silver.

V 20 b 3 Uhe galanas of a breyr without office is paid
with six kine and six score kine with three
augmentations. His sarhad is paid with six

V 20 b 6 kine and six score of silver. l)he galanas of
an innate bonheddig is paid with three kine and
three score kine with three augmentations.
His sarhad is paid with three kine and three
score of silver. An innate bonheddig is a Cymro
by mother and father without bondman and
without alltud and without mean origin in him.
If an innate bonheddig is a breyr's man when
murdered, the breyr receives six kine of the

TRANSLATION 193

galanas from the murderer. l>o the king comes v 20 b 14

the third of every galanas, because it is for him

to enforce where it is not possible for a kindred

to enforce ; and what shall be obtained of the

murderer's chattels from time to time, belongs

to the king. l>he galanas of a king's taeog is V2ob 18

paid with three kine and three score kine with

three augmentations. His sarhad is three kine

and three score of silver. Whe galanas of V 20 b 20

a breyr's taeog is half the galanas of a king's

taeog, and likewise his sarhad. l>he galanas v 20 b 22

of a king's alltud is paid with three kine and

three score kine without augmentation. His

sarhad is three kine without addition. HheV2ob25

galanas of a breyr's alltud, is half the galanas

of a king's alltud. l)he galanas of a taeog's v 21 a i

alltud, is half the galanas of a breyr's alltud, and

likewise with regard to their sarhads.

hoever shall strike a person, let him pay v 21 a 4

his sarhad first, because attack and
onset constitute a sarhad to every person ; and
a penny for every hair pulled out from his head
by the root ; and a penny for every finger which
shall touch the head ; and twenty-four pence
for the front hair. Jlret every one choose his V 21 a 9
status, whether by the status of his chief of
kindred or by the status of his father or by

194 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

v 21 a ii the status of his office. J[ pound and a half
is the worth of a well-formed bondman, if he
originates from beyond the sea. If however
he be maimed or too old or too young, that
is, less than twenty years, he is one pound in
value. If also he originates from this side of
the sea, he is a pound in value, because he
himself debased his status by willingly becoming

V2ia 18 a hireling. ||f a free man strike a bondman,
let him pay him twelve pence ; six for three
cubits of home-made white cloth to make him
a coat for cutting furze in ; three for trowsers ;
one for buskins and gloves ; one for a hedging-
bill, or for a hatchet if he be a woodman ; one

V 21 a 24 for a rope of twelve cubits. Jf a bondman strike
a free man, it is just to cut off his right hand,
or let the bondman's lord pay the person's

V 21 b 2 sarhad. Uhe protection of a bondman is as far

v 21 b 3 as he throws his sickle. H[hoever shall have
connexion with a bondwoman without consent
of her lord, let him pay twelve pence to the

V 21 b 5 bondwoman's lord for each connexion. H[ho-
ever shall cause the pregnancy of a bondwoman
who shall be on hire, let him give another in
her place until she be delivered ; and then let
him cause the issue [to be nursed] and let the
bondwoman return to her place ; and if she die

TRANSLATION 195

in childbirth, let him who caused her pregnancy,
pay her legal worth to her lord. Jlvery person v 21 b 10
receives augmentation in his galanas and in his
sarhad except an alltud ; the scores [of silver]
which are paid together with the cattle are the
augmentations, tlhe sarhad of a bondwoman v 21 b 13
is twelve pence in value ; and if she be a serv-
ing [woman] who works neither at the spade
nor the quern, twenty- four pence is her sarhad.
H[hoever waylays a person, pays double the v 21 b 16
galanas of the person who is murdered ; and
twelve kine dirwy doubled, he pays to the king.
H[hoever shall deny waylaying or murder orV2ibi9
open attack, let him give the oaths of fifty men
without bondman and without alltud. An open
attack cannot be on the part of less than nine
men.

It is for a court to meer ; and after a court, v 21 b 23
a llan ; and after a llan, status ; and after
status, prior conservancy on waste. A house,
a kiln and a barn, constitute prior conservancy.
If contention arise between two trevs of equal
status concerning boundary, it is for the king's
gwrdas to determine it, if they know ; and if
they are doubtful, it is for the proprietors of
the land to swear, every one as to his boundary;
and afterwards let them share the object of their

O 2

196 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

v 22 a 6 contention equally between them. JOthough
a trev shall meer to another, it is not to take
a rhandir from it. Half a pound comes to the
king when a meer shall be fixed between two
trevs ; and twenty- four pence come to the
judges. When law shall award land to a per-
son, half a pound comes to the king from every
rhandir when he shall give investiture.1

v 22 a 13 Whus are suits concerning land and soil
elucidated. The claimant is to exhibit his
claim ; and after that the defendant his defence ;
and after that it is for the elders of the
gwlad to consult together amicably which of
the parties is right and which is not ; and after
the elders shall have considered their opinion
and strengthened their proceeding by oath,
then the judges are to withdraw apart and
• , decide according to the proceeding of the
elders, and inform the king what they shall have

1 The translation of these two sentences is not in accordance
with the punctuation in the text, which if followed would trans-
late * . . . between two trevs. Twenty-four ... to the judges
when law . . . person. Half a pound ', &c. According to
Aneurin Owen the two early Latin texts differ here, Peniarth 28
reading : ' Rex debet . . . uillas. Judices uero . . . denarios,
si terra . . . alicui. De qualibet . . . libre ' ; and Brit. Mus.
Vesp. E. xi : ' Rex debet . . . villas ; judices vero . . . [denarios].
Si terra . . . alicui . . . de qualibet . . . libre.' Anc. Laws, II.
778, 852 ; also I. 538, 762.

TRANSLATION 197

adjudged ; and that is a verdict of a gwlad
after defence. H[hen a dispute shall be com- ¥22 a 23
menced concerning the meering of lands or
trevs ; if it be commenced between the land
of the court and the land of the gwlad, the court
is to meer. If between the land of the gwlad
and church land, the church is to meer. If
between co-inheritors, status is to meer. If
between occupied land and a waste, prior con-
servancy is to meer. Building and tillage
denote occupation. li[hen a court meers, it v 22 b 5
is for the maer and canghellor to define the
meers on its behalf; if a church, crozier and
gospel.

hoever wills to move a claim concerning v 22 b 8

land by kin and descent, let him move it
on one of the two ninth days, either the ninth day
of December or the ninth day of May ; for if
such a claim as that be moved outside one
of those days, it will not succeed. 1(hoever V22 b 13
shall claim land on the ninth day of December,
shall have judgment respecting it before the
ninth of May ; and if he do not then have
judgment, let him claim on the ninth day of
the succeeding May if he will to continue law ;
and afterwards law is open for him when the
king shall will.

198 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V22 b l8 *Sfc\ ^ree dadannudds of land there are ; dadan-
Vi/ nudd of car, and dadannudd of burden, and
dadannudd of aration. He to whom is adjudged
dadannudd of burden, has three days and
three nights of rest without suit; and on the
third day he gives answer, and on the ninth
day judgment. He to whom is adjudged
dadannudd of car, has five days and five nights
rest, and on the fifth day answer, and on the
ninth day judgment. He to whom is adjudged
dadannudd of aration, has rest without suit
until he shall turn his back upon the stack ; and

v 23 a 4 on the ninth day judgment. If o one is entitled
to dadannudd except that of the land which shall
have been in the hand of his father in his lifetime

v 23 a 6 and to his death. H[hoever shall have dadan-
nudd adjudged to him, no one can eject him
from his dadannudd except a proprietary heir ;
since the second dadannudd cannot eject the
first ; and one non-proprietor is not to eject
another non-proprietor from his dadannudd.
And if there be a dispute as to dadannudd
between proprietary heirs, one cannot eject the

v 23 a 13 other by law. ©f two lawful heirs one is pro-
prietary heir to dadannudd of the whole and
the other is not, as no one is proprietary heir to
dadannudd of the whole except the eldest

TRANSLATION 199

brother. The status of the eldest brother
is to take the dadannudd of the whole for his
brothers ; and although they should come before
him, they do not receive the dadannudd of the
whole ; and if they take it, he may eject them
therefrom if he wills it. If they make the
demand jointly, they are to receive it jointly as
stated above. |£t is not necessary to await a v 23 a 22
ninth day for deciding the boundary of land
except when it shall be the will of the king and
his gwrdas. Jflso it is not necessary to await v 23 a 24
a ninth day between a proprietor and a non-
proprietor who shall hold land in opposition
to him.

'hree times is land to be shared among kins- v 23 b 2

men : first among brothers ; then among
cousins ; the third time among second cousins.
Thenceforward, there is no proper sharing
of land. When brothers share their father's
trev among them, the youngest gets the prin-
cipal homestead and eight erws and the whole
stock and the boiler and the fuel hatchet and
the coulter, since a father can neither give nor
devise them except to the youngest son ; and
although they be pledged, they never lapse.
Then let every brother take a principal home-
stead and eight erws ; and the youngest son

200 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

shall share, and from eldest to eldest they are

v 23 b 14 to choose. If o person is to demand re-sharing
except him who has not obtained a choice, as
there is no gwarthal with choice.

v 23 b 16 [fa person neglects three summons on the
fJL^ part of the king respecting land, unless a
great necessity hinders him, the land is given
to him who shall claim it. If he comes at the
second summons or at the third, let him answer
respecting the land if it is right for him ; and
let him pay three kine camlwrw to the king

V23b2i for neglecting summons. H[hoever shall pay
an investiture fee for land, is not by right to

V23b23 pay ebediw. Hpioever shall hold land during
three men's lives in the same gwlad as the re-
cognized possessors, during the lives of father,
grandfather and great-grandfather without claim
and without surclaim, without burning of house,
without breaking of plough ; that land is never
to be answered for by them, inasmuch as law

V 24 a 3 has shut between them. H[hoever shall claim
land by kin and descent, it is necessary that
the elders of the gwlad should swear as to the

V24a6 kin before hearing the claim, ^f a person
receives a share of land from his kindred after
a long state of exile, let him give six score
pence as fee for custody if they concede to him

TRANSLATION 201

a share. Uhe land which the king shall give v 24 a 9

to a person by right, let not him who shall rule

after him retake. H[hoever shall allow the V 24311

transfer of his father's trev in his presence to

another without let and without hindrance,

shall not have it whilst he lives. Hjlioever v 24 a 13

shall claim land ; if he traces his kin along the

distaff more than three times, his claim shall be

lost. ||f a church is made on a taeogtrev with V 24 a 15

the king's leave and it be a burying-place, and

there be a priest saying mass in it, that trev

shall be free from that time forward, ^f a V 24 a 19

taeog takes the son of a breyr to foster with

his lord's permission, such a son is to participate

in the taeog's father's trev like one of his own

sons. Jlvery joint land is to be held with oath V 24 a 22

and with chattels ; and he who does not so hold

it, let him lose his share. When however the

land shall have been shared, no one ought to

pay for another. Each however ought to hold

with their oath, one for another, of the brothers,

cousins and second cousins ; and the land which

any one of them shall lose through lack of

oath on the part of the rest, let them make

good to him. Beyond second cousins no one

is to preserve the share of another either with

his oath or with his chattels.

202 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V24b6 y^T I hoever shall commit treason against a
\JL^ lord or waylay, is to forfeit his father's
trev ; and if he be caught, he is liable to be
executed. If he be not caught and he will to
be reconciled to his lord and kindred, a twofold
payment of dirwy and galanas is to be levied
on him ; and if he repair to the court of the
pope and return with the pope's letter with him
and show that he is absolved by the pope, he
has his father's trev. A third cause for which
a person forfeits his father's trev is the abandon-
ing of his land without leave, and his not being
able to bear the burden and the service attached
thereto.

v 24 b 17 l|o person is to obtain the land of his co-heir,
as of his brother or of his cousin or of his second
cousin, by claiming it through the one of them
who shall die without an heir of his body ; but
by claiming it through one of his parents
who shall have been in possession of that land
till his death, whether a father or grandfather
or great-grandfather; and so he gets the land

v 24 b 24 if he be next of kin to the deceased. Jtfter
brothers shall have shared their father's trev
between them, if one of them die without an
heir of his body or a co-heir to a third cousin,

V 25 a 2 the king is to be heir of that land. l>here

TRANSLATION 203

are three kinds of prid on land : one is, a
conservancy fee ; the second is, chattels which
shall be given to augment land or its status ;
the third is, the lawful labour which shall be
done on the land whereby the land is im-
proved. l|o person is to demand re-sharing V 25 a 6
except the one who has not obtained a choice,
since gwarthal does not harmonize with choice.1

tlhere are three lawful inheritances which v 25 a 9
remain secure to the inheritors. One is an
inheritance by title on the part of parents.
The second is an inheritance by lawful contract
with the owner for worth. The third is an
inheritance which shall be obtained by a lawful
contract by the will of the owner without worth.

J!y three means are land and soil to be sued ¥25 a 16
for : through wrong possession ; and by dadan-
nudd ; and by kin and descent. Though the suit
for land may not succeed by the first means or
by the second, it is to be obtained none the less
slower than before by the third.

Where are three wrong possessions : posses- v 25 a 20

1 The doubling of the word gwarthal in the text is due to
confusion with the proverb which Sir John Rhys thinks may
have run thus : ' Nyt oes gwarthal gwarthal gan dewis ', mean-
ing { Gwarthal with choice is not gwarthal at all '. Another
form of the proverb is distinctly referred to and quoted in the
texts amalgamated in the Anc. Laws I. 544.

204 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

sion in opposition to the owner against his will
and without judgment; or possession through
the owner and in opposition to his heir against-
his will and without judgment ; or possession
through a guardian and in opposition to the
right proprietor against his will and without
judgment. An owner is one having a sure
title. A guardian is one who maintains or

v 25 b 3 guards the title of another person. Where are
three kinds of status : natural status, and status

v 25 b 5 of land, and status of office. Where are three
qualifications proper to every person : kind and
status and heirship. Heirship however is ac-
cording to status ; status according to kind ;
kind according to the difference which may be
between persons according to law, such as the
difference between a king and a breyr, and be-
tween man and woman, and eldest and youngest.

V25bii ¥ TQur rhandirs are to be in the trev from
JZ/* which a king's gwestva shall be paid.
Eighteen feet are to be in the length of the rod
(gOyalen) of Howel the Good; and eighteen
such rods (lathen) are to be the length of the
erw, and two rods the breadth. Three hundred
and twelve such erws are to be in the rhandir
between clear and brake, and wood and field,
and wet and dry, except the gorvodtrev; and

TRANSLATION 205

from such rhandirs land borderers are called in

law. Where are three evidences for land -: V 25 big

elders of a gwlad for ascertaining kin and

descent to establish a person in his right as to

land and soil. The second is ; a man from

every rhandir of that trev constitutes the land

borderers for ascertaining the mutual sharing

between kindred and relatives. The third is ;

when there shall be contention between two

trevs, maers and canghellors and apparitors are

to preserve boundaries, for it belongs to a king

to meer. tShere are to be thirteen trevs in v 26 a i

every maenor, and the thirteenth of these is

the gorvodtrev. |£n each free trev with office V 26 a 3

and free trev without office, there are four

rhandirs, three for occupancy and the fourth

pasturage for the three rhandirs. ®here are V 26 a 6

three rhandirs in the taeogtrev ; in each of the

two are three taeogs, and the third pasturage

for the two. $even trevs are to be in the V 26 a 8

maenor of the taeogtrevs.

H(hoever shall breach a meer upon the land V 26 a 10
of another person, let him pay three kine
camlwrw to the king and let him restore the
meer to its former state. J[n impetuous large v 26 a 12
river is not a boundary between two cymwds
save in its original channel. $ stone cross, v 26 a 14

206 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

that is, a meer stone or meer timber or other
specified thing which shall preserve a boundary,

V26ai6is six score pence in value, ^hoever^ shall
breach a meer between two trevs, or shall
plough a highway, is to pay six score pence
to the king ; and let him restore the meer to

v 26 a 19 its former state. Whe breadth of land between
two trevs, if it be of land, is a fathom and
a half ; between two rhandirs, four feet ; be-

v 26 a 22 tween two erws, two furrows. ¥he breadth of

v 26 a 23 a king's highway is twelve feet. li[hoever
shall hold two lands under one lord, let him
pay his ebediw for the one of higher status.

v 26 a 25 S?ir he measure of a king's gwestva from every
\2J trev from which a king's gwestva is paid :
a horse load of wheat-flour and an ox and
seven threaves of oats of one binding, and what
shall suffice of honey for one vat. Nine hand-
breadths is to be the height of the vat when
measured diagonally from the off groove to the
near edge ; and twenty-four of silver. A pound
is the worth of a king's gwestva ; six score
pence in lieu of his bread, and three score pence
for his enllyn, and three score pence for his
liquor. It is so paid moreover unless the
food is supplied in its right time, namely, in the

V 26 b 10 winter. l|rom the trev of a maership or can-

TRANSLATION 207

ghellorship, mead is paid. l|rom a free trev with- V 26 b 1 1
out office, bragod is paid. Tfrom a taeogtrev, V 26 b 12
ale is paid. Two vats of bragod or four of ale
are paid for one of mead. Two vats of ale are
paid for one of bragod. There is paid with
a summer gwestva neither silver nor provender
for horses.

Uwo dawnbwyds come to the king in the V 26 b 17
year from the taeogs. The winter dawnbwyd
is a sow three fingers in the shoulder and in
the long ribs and in the ham; and a salted
flitch ; and three score loaves of wheat bread
if wheat grow there ; let nine loaves be of fine
flour, three for the chamber and six for the
hall, each loaf to be as broad as from elbow
to wrist. If they be oaten, let the nine loaves
be of groats ; they are to be so thick as not
to bend when held by their edge ; and the fill
of a tub of ale ; and a penny from every rhandir
to the servants. The summer dawnbwyd is
butter and cheese. The tub of butter is nine
handbreadths in width, and a handbreadth in
thickness with the thumb standing ; and the
milks of a meal from all the taeogs are col-
lected in one day to make cheese ; and that is
paid along with the bread. lf)o maer, no v 27 a 9
canghellor, no share, [no] quarters, come on

ao8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

v 27 a 10 a free man. ®nce every year it is necessary
for everybody to go in the host along with the
king to a border gwlad, if he will it ; and then
the queen is entitled to a lady- progress. Always
however, whenever he shall so will, is he to
be accompanied in the host in his own gwlad.

v 27 a 15 H)he huntsmen and the falconers and the grooms
have a progress among the king's taeogs ; each
party however separately.

V27ai8 *| Jine buildings the taeogs ought to make
jL£ for the king ; a hall, chamber, kitchen,
chapel, barn, kilnhouse, necessary, stable, dog-
kennel. From the taeogs the king has sumpter-
horses for his host ; and from every taeogtrev
he receives a man and horse and hatchet at
the king's cost to make encampments for him.

v 27 a 24 l>hree things a taeog is not to sell without his
lord's permission : a horse and swine and
honey. If he refuse them in the first instance,
let him after that sell them to whom he may

v 27 b 3 please. ®hree arts which a taeog is not to
teach his son without his lord's permission :
scholarship and bardism and smithcraft. For
if his lord be passive until the tonsure be
given to the scholar, or until a smith enters
his smithy, or a bard with his song, no one
can enslave them after that.

TRANSLATION 209

|ff a bishop's men or an abbot's men fight v 27 b 10
with a king's men upon the land of the teyrn,
their dirwy comes to the teyrn ; and although
a bishop's men and an abbot's men fight on
the king's land, to the king their dirwy comes.
H[hoever shall plough land against a lord's V 27 b 14
interdiction, let him pay four legal pence if he
shall have opened soil with violence ; and four
legal pence if he shall have taken implements
from the soil : and a penny for every furrow
turned up by the plough ; and that to the
owner of the land. Let the lord take all the
oxen and the plough and the implements ; and
the worth of the right hand of the driver
and the worth of the right foot of the plough-
man. |£f a person excavate the land of another V 27 b 22
person to hide anything therein, the owner of
the land shall have four legal pence for opening
the soil and the hoard, unless it be a hoard of
gold;

[A chasm in V supplied from W]

for every hoard of gold belongs to a king.
H[hoever shall make a snare on another person's W63 b 17
land and shall conceal it therein, let him pay
four legal pence for opening soil to the owner
of the land ; and should there be a beast found

210 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

therein, it also belongs to the owner of the
land ; and let him pay three kine camlwrw to

w 64 a 2 the king. |£f a kiln pit be dug on another
person's land without permission, let him who
shall dig it pay four legal pence to the owner
of the land, and three kine camlwrw to the

w 64 a 5 king. H[hoever shall build a house on another
person's land without his permission, let him
pay three kine camlwrw to the king ; and the
owner of the land shall have the house, and
four legal pence for opening soil, if on the
land the timber of the house was cut. If not
cut on the land, let him swear with two men of
the same status as himself; and let him cut
away the house even with the surface of the
ground, and let him take it away from his land
before the end of the ninth day ; and if he do
not take it, it belongs to the owner of the land.

w 64 a 15 £/ 1 hoever shall claim church land, it is not
\JL4, necessary for him to await a ninth
day, but justice is open to him when he shall
will. No one is to obtain on the part of a mother
a principal homestead nor office if there be
any one entitled thereto on the part of a father.
It is right however for an heir on the part of

w 64 a 20 a mother to have a share of land. J[ woman
who shall give herself up in bush and brake

TRANSLATION 211

without consent of kindred ; her children shall
have no share of land from a mother's kindred
except by favour ; for no son begotten in bush
and brake is entitled to share of land. H[ho- w 64 b 4
ever shall cut down trees with permission of the
owner of the land, is to have it free for five
years ; and the sixth it is to be free to the
owner. li[hoever shall car-manure land with w 64 b 7
the owner's permission, is entitled to it for
three years ; and the fourth it is free to the
owner. H[hoever shall spread fold dung on w 64 b 9
another person's' land with his permission is
entitled to it for two years; and the third it
is free to the owner, !i[hoever shall break w 64 b 12
up fresh soil on another person's land with
his permission ; the first year he shall have
it free, and the second year for pay (ar get), and
the third it is free to the owner, ^f a Cym- \v64bis
raes [i. e. a Cymric woman] be given to an
alltud, her children shall have a share of land
except the principal homestead ; that they are
not to receive until the third generation ; and
therefrom originate cattle without surety, be-
cause, if he commits a crime, the mother's
kindred pay the whole of his galanas.

H bruise which shall remain three ninth- w 64 b 21
days is subject to the same liability
p 2

212 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

and the same denial as blood. If it be
denied, let him give his oath with two men of
the same status as himself on the first ninth-
day. If it remains two ninth-days, let him give
his oath with three men of the same status
as himself. If it remains three ninth-days, let
him give his oath with four men of the same
status as himself; and thus is blood denied.

w 65 a 8 I f there be a legal guardian, and chattels are
w 1 w taken by stealth from under his guardian-
ship, and the keys remain with him safely, and
there be seen a breach in the house ; the Book
of Cynog says it is easier to believe him if
there be chattels of his own taken together with
the other chattels which were taken by stealth
from him. He is however to swear conjointly
with all the persons in the house as to his being
clear as to those chattels. If the soil how-
ever be excavated under the house; after he
has carried out the law that he is clear, the
king owns the soil and there is to be no
guardian answerable for it. Every chattel
which a guardian asserts to have been brought
to him to be kept, let him make good
except the chattels conveyed through the
soil. If a person bring chattels to a guardian
and some of the chattels be lost, and there be

TRANSLATION 213

disputing between the guardian and the owner
concerning those chattels, the guardian is to
swear together with one person nearest in
worth of his kindred. tShe law as to gold is to w 65 b 3
give it from hand to hand with witnesses into
the hand of the guardian to keep. Uhe law as w 65 b 4
to silver is to count it openly from each hand
into the hand of the guardian, ©ne person w 65 b 7
escapes from an admitted theft with flesh and
skin on his back, [viz.], a necessitous alltud who
shall have been three nights and three days
without alms without relief, and who shall have
traversed three trevs daily with nine houses in
every trev ; and then owing to hunger shall
commit theft and then shall be caught with flesh
and skin on his back. He is to be let free with-
out gallows and without payment, ©ne person W6s b 15
whose house is not to be a marwdy although he
die intestate ; a judge of a court, ©ne animal W6s b 17
which shall rise [in worth] from four pence to a
pound in one day ; a covert hound. If a taeog
owns it in the morning, it is worth four pence ;
and if it be given to the king on that day, it is
worth a pound. J[ stallion grazing out and aW6$b2i
greyhound without its collar lose their status.
JJight packhorses of a king are ; w 66 a i

2i4 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[V resumes]

v 29 a i the sea, and a waste, and an irremediable
pauper, and a thief, and a marwdy, and dirwy,
and camlwrw, and ebediw.

v 29 a 3 1 YVom the time a colt is foaled until August,
,!/* it is six pence in value. From August to
the calends of winter, it is twelve pence in value.
Until the calends of February, it is eighteen
pence in value. Until the calends of May, it
it twenty-four pence in value. Until August,
it is thirty pence in value. Until the calends
of December, it is thirty-six pence in value.
Until the calends of February, it is forty-two
pence in value. Until the calends of May, it
is forty-eight pence in value. It is then two
years old. It is then in value from the calends
of May until August three score pence, because
an increase of twelve pence is added to it then ;
and twelve pence also every season until the
calends of May ; and then it is three years old.
It is then in value ninety-six pence. The
day it is caught, an increase of twenty pence
is added to it. When bridled, [four pence]
are to be added to that above, and then it
is six score pence in value. A stallion which
is fattened for six weeks over a stall is a

TRANSLATION 215

pound in value. A stallion grazing out and a
greyhound without its collar lose their status.
Twenty-four pence is the value of the hair
of a stallion if cut away from the tail. If
any of the tail however be cut off, the worth
of the whole stallion is then to be paid, and
the stallion is to be secured to the person who
maimed it. The eye of a stallion and its ear
are each of them twenty-four pence in value,
jl rowney is six score pence in value. The v 29 b 2
hair of a rowney is twelve pence in value if cut
away from the tail. If however any of the tail
be cut away, the worth of the whole rowney
is then to be paid, and [the rowney] itself to be
secured to the person who paid for it. The
eye of a rowney and its ear are each of them
twelve pence in value. J[ palfrey is a mark v 29 b 8
in value. Its limbs are of the same worth as
the limbs of a rowney. Jf working horse or v 29 b xo
a working mare are of the same worth and
the same augmentation as a steer excepting
their teithi. Uhe teithi of a working horse v 29 b 12
or a working mare are carrying a load and
drawing a car uphill and downhill, and that with-
out swaying, li[hoever shall borrow a horse v 29 b 1 5
and chafe its back badly so that much hair
falls off, four legal pence are to be paid to the

216 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

owner. If however the back swells from the
chafing of an old sore, and the skin t>e broken
to the flesh, eight legal pence are to be paid.
If there be no old sore on it, and the skin and
flesh be cut to the bone, sixteen legal pence are
22 to be paid. H[hoever sna^ deny tne killing
stealthily of a stallion or palfrey, let him give the

v 29 b 24 oaths of twenty-four men. J[ stud mare is six
score pence in value. Her tail hair and her
eye and her ear are each of them six legal

v 30 a 2 pence in value. H[hoever shall ride a horse
without consent of the owner, let him pay four
pence for mounting, and four for alighting, and
four for every rhandir which he traverses, to the
owner of the horse ; and three kine camlwrw to

v 30 a 7 the king. H[hoever shall sell a horse or a mare,
let him be answerable for inward disorders, to
wit, three mornings for the staggers, and three
months for the glanders, and a year for the
farcy. Let the person who shall buy it look

V 30 a ii to an outside blemish. H[hoever shall sell
a horse, let him be answerable for the horse
grazing and drinking water, and that it be not
restive ; and if it be restive, let the person who
sold it choose between taking the horse back
or returning a third of the worth to the other.

v 30 a 15 H[hoever shall protect a horse against thieves

TRANSLATION 217

in the same gwlad as its owner, receives four
legal pence for every cow the horse may be
worth. Whoever shall protect a cow from
thieves in the same gwlad as the owner, receives
four legal pence.

Hshe calf is six pence in value from the v 30 a 22
time it is born until the calends of De-
cember. Thence until the calends of February
it is eight pence in value. Until the calends of
May, it is ten pence in value. Until August,
it is twelve pence in value. Until the calends
of December, it is fourteen pence in value.
Until the calends of February, it is sixteen
pence in value. Until the calends of May, it
is eighteen pence in value. Until August, it
is twenty pence in value. The next morning
an increase of two pence for the season, and
four for its calf bearing, is added to it ; and
then it is twenty-six pence in value until the
calends of December. Until the calends of
February, it is twenty-eight pence in val^e.
Until the calends of May, it is thirty pence in
value. On the ninth day of May it ought to
have teithi, milk coming from the end of each
of its teats, and its calf walking nine paces after
it; and unless it be so, sixteen pence is the
worth of its teithi. Two pence likewise it

2i8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

acquires for the season, and so forty-eight
pence is its value until August. Thence until
the calends of December, it is fifty pence in
value. Until the calends of February, it is
fifty- two pence in value. On the following
morning, two pence for the season and four
legal pence for the second calf bearing, and so
it is three score pence in value. The horn
of a cow or ox, and the eye and the ear and
the tail, are each of them four legal pence
V3ob2i in value. l>he teat of a cow is four legal
V 30 b 22 pence in value. |£f a person sells a cow to
another, and there should be a teat of the
cow unproductive, and the person who buys
it should not perceive it, let the person who
shall sell it pay four legal pence every year
to the person who shall buy it whilst the
cow shall be in his possession. If that per-
son sells it to another, let the first be free,
because the last who shall sell it creates a
V 31 a 4 similar arrangement. Jiy three ways the teithi
of a cow are paid : by thirty of silver, or by
a fair dry cow, or by meal. The measure of
a cow's milk vessel is [as follows]. Seven
inches it is to be in height when measured
diagonally from the off rabbet to the near rim,
and three inches in the breadth of its mouth,

TRANSLATION 219

and three in the breadth of its bottom. The
full measure of that vessel of oat meal is paid
for every milking of the cow from the middle
of April until the Feast of Cirig ; thence until
August, of barley meal ; from August until the
calends of December [the same measure] of
wheat meal is so paid.

Hhe calf is six pence in value from the V 31 a 15
time it is born until the calends of De-
cember. Thence until the calends of February,
it is eight pence in value. Until the calends of
May, it is ten pence in value. Until August,
it is twelve pence in value. Until the calends
of December, it is fourteen pence in value.
Until the calends of February, it is sixteen
pence in value. Until the calends of May, it
is eighteen pence in value. Until August, it
is twenty pence in value. Until the calends
of December, it is twenty-two pence in value.
Until the calends of February, it is twenty-four
pence in value. The following morning a yoke
is put upon it, and then an increase of four curt
pence is added to its worth. [On the ninth
day of February, if it can plough, the worth of
its teithi is to be added to its worth], to wit,
sixteen pence ; and two pence likewise it ac-
quires for the season ; and then it is forty-six

220 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

pence in value until the calends of May.
Thence until August, it is forty-eight pence
in value. Until the calends of December, it
is fifty pence in value. Until the calends of
February, it is fifty-two pence in value. The
following morning a yoke is put upon it, for
then it is the second work year ; and that adds
four legal pence to its worth, and two pence
likewise for the season ; and then it is three

¥31 b ii score pence in value. Uhe teithi of an ox are
ploughing in furrow and on sward and that
without swerving, and it has no teithi unless it
does so ; and unless it have teithi, let the third
of its worth be returned to the person who

V 31 b 15 shall buy it. H[hoever shall sell a steer legally,
let him be answerable against the staggers for
three days ; and three months against the
b 18 glanders ; and a year against the farcy. lS[ho-
ever shall sell a calf or a yearling, let him be
answerable against the scab from the calends
of winter until the Feast of Patrick. An ox
is not in its prime save from the second work
year until the sixth work year ; nor a cow
save from her second calf until the ninth calf;
and although they should continue beyond that
period, their worth is not to be lowered while
b24 they shall live, ^f the cattle of a trevgordd

TRANSLATION 221

kill a steer, and it be not known which of them
killed it,

[A chasm in V supplied from W]

let the owner of the steer come into the trev, W69bi3
having a relic with him, and let them make an
oath of ignorance, and then let them pay by a
cess on each steer (y rif eidon), and if there
be a polled steer, the share of two steers is to
be paid for it ; and that law is called full pay-
ment after full swearing. If it be acknowledged
that a particular steer killed the other, let the
owner pay. 1[our legal pence is the worth of the w 69 b 20
tooth of a steer or the tooth of a working horse.

Hlamb, while it shall be sucking, is a legal w 70 a i
penny in value. When it shall be weaned,
it is two legal pence in value until August.
From August onwards, it is four legal pence in
value. Jl sheep's teat is two legal pence in w 70 a 4
value, ^he teithi of a sheep are of the same w 70 a 5
amount as its worth. Jl sheep's tooth and its w 70 a 6
eye are each of them a legal penny in value.
H[hoever shall sell sheep, let him be answer- w 70 a 7
able for three diseases, scab and rot and red
water ; until they receive their fill three times
of the new grass in spring, if after the calends
of winter he sells them.

222 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

w 70 a 12 SV kid while it shall be sucking is a curt penny
j J, in value. From the time it shall cease
sucking until August, it is two curt pence in
value. From August onwards, it is four curt
w 70 a 15 pence in value. l>he teat of a goat is two curt
w 70 a 16 pence in value. Uhe teithi of a goat are as
w 70 a 16 much as its worth. Whe tooth of a goat and
its eye are each of them a curt penny in value,
w 70 a 18 15[hoever shall buy a beast from another and
it become mangy with him, he is to give his
oath together with two men of the same status
as himself that he did not place it in a house
where mange had been for seven years pre-
vious to that ; and he has his chattels.
W 7o b 2 VF' pig in its litter is a legal penny in value.
J. 1^ From the time it goes out until it shall
cease to suck, it is two legal pence in value.
From the time it leaves off sucking until the
Feast of St. John of the Swine, it is four legal pence
in value. Thence until the calends of January
it is ten legal pence in value. Thence until the
Feast of St. John of the Swine the second time,
it is eight [twelve] legal pence in value ; except-
ing the three special animals upon which no
augmentation and no lowering are ever to take
place, [viz.], the principal one of the swine, and
the herd boar, and the sow assigned to the lord.

TRANSLATION 223

And then the life is two-thirds more in value
than the flesh until the Feast of St. John of the
Swine. From the Feast of St. John of the Swine
until the calends of January, it is thirty pence
in value ; and then the flesh is two-thirds more
in value than the life. Where is no legal worth W;ob 16
on an autumn born sow until the end of the year ;
when a yearling, it assumes the law of a grown
sow (hOch maOz). 'Bfhoever shall sell swine, let W;ob 19
him be answerable for the three diseases : the
quinsey for three days, and the strangles for
three months, and that they devour not their
pigs ; and if they devour their pigs,

[V resumes]

let the third of their worth be returned again.

Jp swine kill a person, let their owner pay the v 32 a i

person's galanas, or let him disown the swine.

H gosling, while it shall remain under its V 32 a 4
mother's wing, is a curt penny in value.
From the time it goes from under its mother's
wing until August, it is a legal penny in value.
From August onwards, it is two legal pence in
value, and then it is of the same worth as
its mother. J[ hen is a curt penny in value, v 32 a 8
J[ cock is a curt penny in value. V 32 a 9

yt pound is the worth of a hawk's nest. Six v 32 a 10

224 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

score pence is the worth of a hawk before mew-
ing and whilst it shall be in the mew. If it is

V 32 a 13 white after mewing, it is a pound in value. Uhe
nest of a falcon is six score pence in value. A
falcon before mewing and whilst it shall be in
the mew, is three score pence in value. If it be
white after mewing, it is six score pence in value.

V 32 a 16 Uhe nest of a sparrow-hawk is twenty-four pence

V 32 a 17 in value. Jl sparrow-hawk before mewing
and whilst it shall be in the mew, is twelve
pence in value. If it be white after mew-

V 32 a 19 ing, it is twenty-four pence in value. Whe
teithi of every female bird are, laying and
hatching. The teithi of every male bird

v 32 a 21 are, singing and impregnating. Bhere is no
dirwy nor camlwrw for any winged creature
although taken in theft ; but its legal worth is
to be paid to the owner unless itself be found.

V 32 a 25 j| stag is of the same worth and the same
augmentation as an ox ; and a hind as a cow ;
and a roe as a goat ; and a roebuck as a he-
goat ; and a sow of a wood as a sow of a trev.
2 1§he judges of Howel the Good were not able
to fix a legal worth on a badger, because during
the year the swine were affected by the quinsey,
it then obtained the status of a dog; and the
year there was madness among the dogs, it

TRANSLATION 225

then received the status of a sow. J[ hare v 32 b 8
also had no legal worth fixed on it, because
during one month it is male and the other
female. Whe worth of a stallion is a horse v 32 bn
which can cover, with a mare before him and
another behind him. Whe worth of a herd V 32 b 12
boar is another boar which can procreate, with
a sow before him and another behind him.
l)he worth of a bull of a trevgordd is another ¥32 b 14
bull which can leap, with a cow before him and
another behind him. J[ wolf and a fox andV32bi6
various others wHich do nothing save mischief
and on which no legal worth is fixed ; it is free
to all to slay them. l)he worth of every animal V 32 b 19
whose flesh is eaten, except the swine, is two-
thirds on the life and one-third on the body.
l)he teithi of a man are that he should be able ¥32 b 21
to have connexion with a woman, and that he
should be sound in all his limbs. Uhe teithi of ¥32 b 23
a woman are that the sign of puberty should
have appeared in her, and that she should be
sound in all her limbs. l)he teithi of violence v 32 b 25
are a cry, a horn, and a complaint.

he origin of bees is from paradise and v 33 a i
because of the sin of man they came
thence ; and God conferred his grace on them,
and therefore the mass cannot be sung without

226 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

v 33 a 5 the wax. J[ mother-hive of bees is twenty-four
pence in value. A first swarm is sixteen pence
in value. A second swarm is twelve pence in
value. A third swarm is eight pence in value,

v 33 a 8 Jt mother-hive, after the first swarm has gone out
of it, is twenty pence in value. After the second
swarm has gone out of it, it is sixteen pence in
value. After the third swarm has gone out of it,

v 33 a 12 it is twelve pence in value, ^o swarm is of more
value than four pence until it shall be three
days on wing and continually [so] ; a day to find
a place to move to, and the second to move, and

V 33 a 15 the third to rest. H[hoever shall find a swarm
on another person's land upon a bough, receives
four pence from the owner of the land if he wills

V33 a 1 8 to have the swarm, l^hoever shall find a hive
on another person's land, receives a legal penny
or the wax at the option of the owner of the

V 33 a 21 land. l>he ninth day before August every
swarm assumes the status of a mother-hive,
and then it is twenty-four pence in value, ex-
cepting a wing-swarm, for such does not assume
the status of a mother-hive until the calends of
the following May ; and then it is twenty-four
pence in value like the rest.

v 33 b i ^T hoever shall kill a cat which guards a barn
of a king or shall take it stealthily, its head

TRANSLATION 227

is to be held downwards on a clean level floor, and
its tail is to be held upwards ; and after that,
wheat is to be poured about it until the tip of its
tail be hidden, [and that is its worth]. Another v 33 b 6
cat is four legal pence in value. l»he teithi V 33 b 7
of a cat are as much as its legal worth. Uhe v 33 b 8
teithi of a cat are that it should be perfect
of ear, perfect of eye, perfect of tail, perfect
of teeth, perfect of claw, and without marks
of fire, and that it should kill mice, and not
devour its offspring, and that it should not be
caterwauling every new moon.

here is no dirwy for a dog although it be V 33 b 13
taken stealthily, nor camlwrw. The oath
of one man is sufficient to disown a dog, for it is
a back-burden of an unclean animal. If a dog
attacks any person for the purpose of trying to
tear him ; although the person should kill the
dog with a weapon from his hand, he pays
neither dirwy nor camlwrw for it. If a dog
bites any person so that the blood comes, let
the owner of the dog pay for the blood of
the person ; if however the lacerated person kills
the dog without moving thence, he receives
nothing except sixteen of silver. j| dog ac- v 33 b 23
customed [to bite], which shall tear a person
three times ; unless its owner kills it, the law

Q 2

228 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

is, that it should be tied to its lord's foot two
spans distance from him, and thus killed ; and
then let him pay three kine camlwrw to the king.

v 34 a 2 Where is to be no reparation for mischief which
a mad dog does, for it cannot be controlled.
Although a dog should be taken in theft, the
law of theft is not to be enforced thereon.

v 34 a 5 ¥ Trom the time the corn is put into the soil
al/* until it come into its sheaf, money pay-
ment is to be made for it ; and afterwards a
sound sheaf instead of the one damaged. For
every fold steer, a halfpenny the day and a penny
the night. For every horse which shall have
shackles or fetters on it, a penny the day and
two the night. If it be unrestrained, a half-
penny the day and a penny the night. If the
taker unfetter it, when he shall catch it on
the corn, let him pay three kine camlwrw to the
king ; let him however place the two bolts on

v 34 a 15 the same foot, and he thus forfeits nothing, ©f
the legal herd of the swine, let him catch the
sow he may choose excepting the three principal
animals ; and let him keep it from one mealtime
to another ; and then let him offer it to its owner,
and unless he liberate it from its law, let the
taker make his own use of it. A legal herd

v 34 a 21 of the swine is twelve animals and a boar, ©f

TRANSLATION 229

the legal flock of the sheep, a sheep is taken ;
and for every five animals to the extent of the
legal flock, a farthing is taken. The size of the
legal flock of the sheep is thirty animals. l|or v 34 a 25
every lamb, a hen's egg is taken to the extent
of the legal flock ; and then [a lamb] is taken.
If or the goats and kids, a similar procedure, v 34 b 2
H[hoever shall find geese in his corn, let him v 34 b 3
cut a stick as long as from the top of his elbow
to the end of his little finger and as thick as he
will ; and let him kill the geese in the corn with
the stick; and those which he shall kill out of
the corn, let him pay for. deese which are v 34 b 7
found damaging corn through a corn yard or
through a barn, let a rod be tightened on their
necks and let them be left there until they die.
li[hoever shall find a hen in his flax garden V 34 bio
or in his barn, let him keep her until her owner
shall liberate her with a hen's egg ; and if he
catch the cock, let him break one of its claws
and let him set it free ; or let him take a hen's
egg for every hen which shall be in the house.
H[hoever shall catch a cat mousing in his flax v 34 b 15
garden, let its owner pay for its damage. Hpio- V34 b 17
ever shall find calves in his corn, let him keep
them from one mealtime to another without
their mothers' milk ; and then let him set them

230 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V 34 big at liberty. |ff any person's corn bordering on
a trevgordd be damaged, and there shall not
be one animal caught upon it, let him take the
relic and come to the trev ; and if they swear an
oath of ignorance, let them pay for the corn
according to the number of cattle (yrif eidon
llOdyn); and that law is called, paying after a pol-

v 34 b 24 luted oath. |£f a person catch animals, which are
strange to one another, in his corn or in his
hay, and they fight in the pound and one animal
kill the other, the owner of the animal is to pay
for the beast killed and the taker is free.

V35a4 ft\ hoever shall deny a surety, let him give
\JL^ his oath together with the six persons
nearest to himself in worth ; four on the side of
his father, and two on the side of his mother,

V 35 a 7 and himself seventh. H[hoever shall deny
suretyship, let him give his oath together with
six in the like manner; and if his kindred be
not in the same gwlad as himself, let him give
his oath by himself over seven consecrated
altars in the same cantrev as himself; for thus

v 35 a 12 is briduw denied. |fn three ways is a surety
exonerated ; by the debtor paying for him.
The second is, by time being granted by the
plaintiff to the debtor in the absence of the
surety. The third is, by a distress being made

TRANSLATION 231

by the plaintiff on the debtor without con-
sent of the surety ; and then let him pay three
kine camlwrw to the king. l>he time given for v 35 a 17
a surety to know whether he be a surety or not
a surety, is three days. Uhe period for aVssais
surety to prepare payment if he himself is to
pay first, is nine days. |£n three ways are v 35 a 20
surety and debtor defended ; by hearing the
king's horn as he proceeds with his host ; and
by a prosecution for violence ; and by a pro-
secution for theft ; because a necessity in
necessity is every one of these prosecutions,
jl surety is to convey a distress along with the v 35 a 23
plaintiff until it be secure, and let him suffer the
affliction which comes ; and if he does not this,
let him pay himself. J[ surety who admits part v 35 b i
of his suretyship and denies another part, let
him swear on his own oath if he wills. ®hree V 35 b 3
sureties however there are, not one of whom
shall bear his suretyship on his own oath
although he deny a part and acknowledge
another part of his surety ; namely, a person
who becomes a surety in the presence of a
court, and an inefficient surety, and a paying
surety. Whatever the first shall swear, the
court should swear along with him or against
him. The two others, whatever they shall

232 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

swear, with the six of their nearest of kin do
they swear ; for every one of them shall be a

V 35 b 1 1 debtor. J[ person should take a surety on all
chattels saving the chattels which his lord shall

V35 b 13 give him. H[hoever shall be a surety for a per-
son, if the debtor does not pay on the day fixed,
the surety shall then have a period of fifteen days;
and if then the debtor does not pay, the surety
shall then have a period of ten days ; and if then
the debtor does not pay, then the surety shall
have a period of five days ; and if the debtor
pays not then, let the surety pay ; and these are
the periods of a surety as to living chattels. If
he be a surety as to inanimate chattels, a period
of fifteen days has the surety then ; and if then
the debtor pays not, the surety has then a
period of thirty days ; and if then the debtor
pays not, the surety then has a period of fifty
days ; and if then the debtor pays not, let the
surety pay himself ; and when the surety shall
meet the debtor, let him -strip him of all his
clothing except the garment nearest to him ;
and thus let him always do until he gets back

V 36 a 4 the full payment from him. ||f a person's
surety dies before the debtor pays his suretyship
for him, let the plaintiff come with the six
persons next [of kin] to himself over the surety's

TRANSLATION 233

grave if they find the grave, and let them swear
that he was surety ; and if they do not find the
grave, let them swear over the sacred altar that
he was surety and that he did not make good his
suretyship for him whilst he lived ; and thus he
obtains his chattels. Although a surety proceed v 36 a 12
as to his suretyship in opposition to a lord, he
is liable neither to dirwy nor camlwrw. |ff a ¥36 a 13
person's debtor dies and he does not obtain from
anyone the chattels bequeathed, let the surety
proceed as to his suretyship for the dead, and
let the three degrees of kin nearest to him pay ;
and the surety can compel [them] the same as [he
could] the debtor, were he alive. H[hoever shall V 36 a 18
confess owing chattels to another, let him pay
without delay except in the three principal feasts,
at Christmas and Easter and Whitsuntide ; that
is from Christmas Eve after vespers till the
first day [of January] after mass; from Easter
Saturday night after the resurrection, till Little
Easter Day after mass ; from Whitsun Satur-
day night after vespers till Trinity Sunday after
mass ; for no one should ask of another in those
days. l|o one is to receive a son as surety V 36 b i
without consent of his father whilst under his
authority ; nor monk, nor friar, without consent
of their abbot ; nor alltud, for his word as to a

234 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Cymro is no word ; nor a scholar of a school
without consent of his master; nor a woman
except as to that over which she has control.
Such as these, their suretyship is no suretyship

v 36 b 8 save with consent of their lords. ||f a surety of
a person dies, and there remains a son to him,
the son is to stand in place of his father in his

Vs6bii suretyship. 3|o one is to receive a debtor as
surety, for they [i. e. debtor and surety] are two
arddelws ; and no one should other than choose
his arddelw. If he chooses a debtor, there is
no surety. If he chooses a surety, there is no
debtor ; and therefore no one can stand as

v$6b 1 6 surety and as debtor, jl lord is to be surety
for all chattels acknowledged to be without

V36 b 17 surety. |£f the debtor permit the surety to give
the worth of a pound in pledge for a penny,
and before the time of the pledge, it [i.e. the
pledge] be lost, the debtor is not to pay back
save a halfpenny ; for that is a third of a legal
penny ; and he himself debased the status of
23 his pledge, ^f a surety gives a large thing in
pledge for a small thing, the plaintiff is to take
it; and although it be lost before the time, the
plaintiff is not to restore to the surety save a
third. The surety however is to restore the
whole to the debtor because he took it unlaw-

TRANSLATION 235

fully. |ff a debtor gives the worth of a pound v 37 a 4
in pledge for a penny and it lapse, no com-
pensation is given him.

every cause according to its contract ; it is V 37 a 6
not a contract without contract men ; a
contract is to be abjured like suretyship. No
one is to make a contract for another without
his permission ; neither a father for his son ; nor
a son for his father ; because a contract does
not last except during the life of him who
makes it. Although a contract be made in
opposition to law, it must be observed. A
contract annuls a custom. Stronger is contract
than justice. |£f a person promise chattels to V 37 a 13
another in the presence of witnesses and be
afterwards desirous of denying it, it is not
possible, unless the other's witnesses fail him.
If he promise with no one in the place, let him
swear on his own oath if he will.

even pounds is the gobr of a king's V 37 a 18

daughter, and it is paid to the mother ;
and the husband pays her cowyll, for land is paid
to her. Twenty-four pounds is her agweddi.
If the daughter of a breyr goes away with a
man clandestinely without consent of kindred,
her agweddi, when deserted, will be six steers
with their horns and their ears of equal length.

236 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V 37 a 24 Uo the daughter of a taeog are paid three

V 37 a 25 steers of the same age as those. |ff a man
takes a wife with consent of kindred, and if
he leave her before the end of seven years, let
him pay her three pounds in her agweddi if
she be the daughter of a breyr ; and in her
cowyll a pound and a half, and in her gobr six

v 37 b 5 score pence. |£f she be the daughter of a taeog,
a pound and a half in her agweddi, and six
score pence in her cowyll, and twenty-four
pence in her gobr. If he leaves her after the
seven years, there will be an equal sharing
between them, unless status gives more to the
husband. Two-thirds of the children go to
the husband, namely the eldest and the young-
est; and the third to the mother. If death
separates them, there will be an equal sharing

v 37 b 13 between them of everything. jSarhad of a
married woman is paid according to the status

v 37 b 14 of her husband. H[hen a married man is
killed, his sarhad is paid first and afterwards his
galanas. A third of her husband's sarhad, the

v 37 b 17 wife receives. Whe wife of a free man can give
her shirt and her mantle and her headcloth and
her shoes and meal and her cheese and her butter
and her milk without consent of her husband ;
and can lend all the furniture of the house.

TRANSLATION 237

tihe wife of a taeog cannot give without con- ¥37 b 21

sent of her husband except her headgear, and

cannot lend except her sieve and her riddle ;

and that as far as her calling can be heard with

her foot on her threshold, ^f a [pure] maiden v 37 b 25

goes

[A chasm in V supplied from W]

away clandestinely without consent of kindred, w 79 b 4
her father can bring her back against her will
from her husband ; and he is not to pay her
amobr to the lord. If a woman however
go away clandestinely, no one can bring her
back against her will from her husband.
From the place where her home may be her
amobr is paid. H[hoever shall commit a rape W 79 b 10
on a woman, let him pay her gobr to the
lord ; and her dirwy and her dilysdod and
her agweddi and her sarhad, he pays to the
woman ; and if she be a maid, let him pay
her cowyll. |ff a man denies rape on a woman W79 b 13
and if the woman persists against him, let
her take the relics in her right hand and his
penis in her left hand, and let her swear to his
having committed rape on her ; and in this
way she loses nothing of her right. H[hoever
shall deny rape, let him give the oaths of fifty

238 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

men without bondman and without alltud.

w 79 b 20 l|rom three causes a woman does not lose her
agweddi although she may leave her husband :
on account of leprosy, and bad breath, and

w 80 a 2 default of connexion. l>hree things which are
not to be taken from a woman although she
be abandoned for her fault : her cowyll ; and
her argyvreu ; and her wyneb-werth when her
husband has connexion with another woman.

W 80 a 5 |£f a maiden does not exercise her will as to
her cowyll before she rises in the morning
from beside her husband, it is to be between

w 80 a 7 them. Uhree times a woman has her wyneb-
werth from her husband when he shall have
connexion with another woman ; and if she
endure beyond that, she receives nothing.

w 80 a 10 |£f a mature maid be given to a man and if he
says that she was not a maid, let the maid swear
with four persons that she was not a woman.
The persons are to be, herself and her father
and her mother and her brother and her sister.

w 80 a 15 Uhree oaths a woman when scandalized makes
to a husband : first, the oaths of seven women ;
and on the second scandal, the oaths of fourteen
women ; and on the third scandal, the oaths
of fifty women ; and if he endures beyond that,

w 80 a 19 he receives nothing, ^fet no one give a woman

TRANSLATION 239

to a man without taking surety for her gobr
to the lord. |£f a woman be taken clandestinely w 80 a 21
to any house, let the man of the house take
surety for her gobr to the lord ; and if he
does not take it, let him pay himself. Whe w 80 b 3
gobr of a female alltud is twenty-four pence.
Whe chief of song has the gobrs of the daughters w 80 b 4
of the bards who shall be under him. Uhe w 80 b 5
throw of a sickle is the protection of a bond-
man. l»he throw of an axe or a hedging-bill, w 80 b 6
is the protection of a land-maer. 1) wenty- w 80 b 7
four pence is the sarhad of a serving bond-
woman who works neither at the spade nor
the quern. |£f a married man has connexion w 80 b 10
with another woman, let him pay six score
pence to the lawful wife for her wyneb-werth.
|£f a husband and wife separate before the end W8ob 12
of the seven years, thus is the furniture divided
between them. The husband has what bed-
clothes shall be between him and the floor, and
the wife has the coverlid. The husband has
the corn, and the wife has the made flour.
The husband has the plaid and the winnowing
sheet and the dormitory bolster and the coulter
and the fuel axe and the handaxe and all the
sickles save one sickle. The wife has the broad
axe and the share and the spade and the one

24o WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

sickle and the middle augre ; and the husband
has all the irons save those. The wife has
the ox car and the yokes and all the milk
vessels save one pail, and all the dishes save
one dish which the husband has. The wife
has all the butter save one vessel ful which
the husband has ; and if there be lumps of
butter, the husband has one. The wife has
all the flesh which shall be on the floor, salted
and unsalted, and all the cheese which shall
be in brine and unsalted ; and the husband

W8iai2has all the hung flesh and cheese. l)he wife
is to be in her house waiting for her share
of the chattels until the end of the ninth day.

W8i a 14 J[ wife who shall declare herself to be pregnant
when her husband shall die, ought to remain
in her house until it shall be known whether
she be pregnant ; and if she be not pregnant,
let her pay three kine camlwrw to the king ;
and let her leave the house and the land to the
heir.

W8ia2o | f two women shall be journeying through
m i w any place and there be no one with them,
and two men meet them and violate them, they
are not to be compensated. If however there
be one person with them although ever so little,
unless he be a carried child, they lose none

TRANSLATION 241

of their right. |£f a man take a woman W8i b 5

clandestinely and keep her with him until the

end of the seventh day without doing right

to her, he is not to do right to her until the end

of a day and a year ; then however she is to

have full right, jl woman of full age whoWSibio

goes with a man clandestinely, and is taken

by the man to bush or brake or house, and is,

after connexion, deserted ; upon complaint made

by her to her kindred and in the courts, she is to

take for her chastity a bull of three winters,

having its tail shaven and greased with tallow

and then thrust through the covering hurdle ;

and then let the woman go into the house, and

place her foot on the threshold, and take the tail

in her hands, and let a man come on each side

of the bull and a goad in the hand of each to

stimulate the bull ; and if she can hold the

bull, let her take it for her wyneb-werth and

her chastity ; and if she cannot, let her take

what tallow may adhere to her hands. JL W 82 a 5

woman who surrenders herself to a man in bush

and brake, and is abandoned by the man who

connects himself with another woman, and she

come to complain to her kindred and to the

courts ; if the man deny, let him swear on

a bell without a clapper ; if he make compensa-

242 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

tion, let him pay her a penny as broad as her
buttocks.

W 82 a 12 • fa woman go about alone and a man meet
w I w her and violate her; if the man denies, let
him give the oaths of fifty men, three of them
under vow that they will not seek a woman, and
that they will not consume flesh, and that they
will never ride on horseback. If he will not
deny it, let him pay to the woman her gwaddol
and her dilysdod and her dirwy ; and a silver rod
to the king in the manner he is entitled ; and
if the man cannot pay, his testicles shall be

W 82 a 21 taken. Whree times is the sarhad of a man
to be augmented, when his wife is seduced.

W 82 b i Uhe law of nursing during a year is a cow, and
a mantle, and a shirt, and a headcloth, and a pair
of shoes, and a carload of the best corn which
grows upon the man's land, and a pan with feet,

w 82 b 5 tihe worth of a vat of mead, which is paid to
the king, is six score pence; and the wax is
to be divided thus, the third to the king, and
the second third to him who makes it, and the
third [third] to him who gives the mead.
Nine hand-breadths is the measure of the vat
of mead when measured diagonally, that is,
from the furthest bottom groove to the hither
rim.

TRANSLATION 243

>he skin of an ox or a cow or a stag or w 82 b 12

a hind or an otter : twelve pence is the
value of each. l>he skin of a beaver is half w 82 b 14
a pound in value. Whe skin of a marten is w 82 b 15
twenty- four pence in value. l)he skin of aw82bi6
stoat is twelve pence in value, ©f every wild w 82 b 17
animal killed on another person's land, the
owner of the land shall have the hind quarter
next the ground if the flesh be eatable. H[hat- w 82 b 20
soever thing the guest men (dofrethwyr) shall
show to the taeogs to whose houses they
come, the taeogs are to pay for, if they be lost}
except glaives and trowsers and knives. Their
horses are not to be kept by the taeogs except
during the night, because they are to pay if
they are lost during the night. J[ king's w 83 a 5
supperer shall give a penny to the servants to
spare the barn and his food. l»he fore sitter w 83 a 7
of a cantrev, that is, the footholder, pays a vat
of bragod to the king every year. H[hen a w 83 a 9
person from a border gwlad shall die on the
land of another person, sixteen pence does the
owner of the land receive for his death clod ;
and all the ebediw to the lord because of that.

Bive persons nearest in worth are to deny w 83 a 13
a back-burthen unless prosecuted as theft.
R 2

244 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Seven persons are to deny a horse-burden unless

w 83 a 16 prosecuted as theft, twelve men are to deny
the worth of six score pence unless prosecuted

W 83 a 17 as theft. twenty four men are to deny the
worth of a pound, unless prosecuted as theft.

w 83 a 19 JT pound is the cyvarwys of a man with a family
in the year.

W 83 a 21 ®ne ebediw of every free man is six score
pence. Six score pence is the ebediw of the
servant of a lord. Four score and six pence
is the ebediw of a taeog. If there be a church
on his land, his ebediw will be six score pence.

w 83 b 4 twenty-four pence is the ebediw of a male

w 83 b 5 cottar. Uwelve pence is the ebediw of a female

w 83 b 6 cottar. $L chief of kindred does not himself
pay his ebediw since the one who shall be chief

W 83 b 9 of kindred after him pays it. JL son is not to
be chief of kindred after the father in immediate
succession, because chieftainship of kindred is

w 83 b ii during life. Jif married woman who is over-
taken in her adultery loses her agweddi, and
[her] chattels are brought by her kindred to her
husband.

W83bi4 |*f it is said against a person that he was
w I m seen by daylight with a thing stolen, and
another brings an accusation that he saw him,
let him who is scandalized give the oaths of

TRANSLATION 245

twenty-four men so that an even number comes
from every cymwd of the same cantrev, and the
accuser shall not be able to do anything against
him. And this law is called a full denial against
a full information.

Whis is how one is to accuse of theft legally : W83 b2o
seeing the person from daylight to twilight
with the thing stolen, and the accuser swearing
together with three men of the same status
as himself at the gate of the churchyard, and at
the door of the church, and over the sacred altar.

Iff an informer under a sacred vow with the w 84 a 6
witness of the priest (periglaOz), comes with the
person robbed into the presence of the priest
(offeirat) to the church, let the priest desire the
informer at the door of the church for God's
sake not to swear falsely ; and if he swears
there, he does likewise at the door of the
chancel, and the third time above the altar ;
and if the person denies after (dros) that, let
the priest confirm it on his word thrice ; and if
the person does not believe it, let the priest
swear once and thus it is not possible to go
against him.

I he worth of a winter house. Fifty pence is w 84 a 16

the worth of the roof tree, and thirty pence
is the worth of every fork which shall support

246 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

the roof tree. The benches, and the upper
benches and the stanchions and the doors and
the outerdoors and the lintels and the sills and
the side posts, are each worth four legal pence.

w 84 b i H[hoever shall uncover a winter house is to

w 84 b 3 pay the third of its worth. Whe worth of an
autumn house is twenty-four pence in value,
if there be an auger hole therein ; and if not,

w 84 b 5 it is twelve pence in value. Jl summer house
is twelve pence in value. The fork of a summer
house or an autumn house is two legal pence

W84b8 in value. J[ door hurdle is two legal pence
in value.

he barn of a king is six score pence in
value. The barn of a breyr is three score
pence in value. The barn of a king's taeog is

W84bi thirty pence in value. Jfet every one leave his
barn open until the calends of winter that wind
may circulate therein ; and if cattle enter there-
in, let their owner pay for their damage. After
the Feast of All Saints unless there be an
edder in three places on the partition of a barn,
the damage done therein shall not be paid for.

\v 84 b 19 7~ piped kiln of a king is half a pound in

W84b2o 3 JL value if there be a house over it. jl
piped kiln of a breyr, if there be a legal house

w 85 a i over it, is three score pence in value. Jf piped

TRANSLATION 247

kiln of a taeog of a king is thirty pence in value
if there be a legal house over it. J[ piped w 85 a 3
kiln of a taeog of a breyr is twenty four pence
in value if there be a legal house over it. Jlvery w 85 a 5
kiln which is not a piped kiln is half the value
of those above, according to the status of their
owners. H[hoever shall kindle a fire within w 85 a 7
a kilnhouse, unless a pledge be taken from
another in the presence of witnesses before
he leaves it as to the extinguishing of the
fire, or as to its being secure, the loss will be
equal between them as they pay together. ®he w 85 a n
first house which is burnt in the trev through
negligence of fire, let it pay for the first two
houses set on fire thereby. l)he loss is to be w 85 a 13
shared equally between the one who shall give
the fire and the one who shall kindle it. H[ho- W 85 a 15
ever shall lend a house with fire to another ; if
the latter kindle a fire therein thrice, [the owner]
shall receive from him the full pay if the house
is burnt, ^f an accusation of the crime ofwssais
burning stealthily be brought against a person,
the oaths of fifty men will be necessary for
him. If he obtain his rhaith, it will be suf-
ficient for him ; if he obtains it not, he becomes
a saleable thief. J[ saleable thief is worth w 85 a 21
seven pounds. |£f a thief be found burning w 85 bi

248 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

a house stealthily and be laid hold of, his
W 85 b 2 life will be forfeited. J[ thief who is put to
death is not to lose arty of his chattels, because
both reparation and punishment are not to be
exacted ; only payment of the chattels to the
loser because he ought not to leave behind an
W 85 b 6 unsatisfied claim. Where is to be no galanas
for a thief; and there is to be no recrimina-
tion between two kindreds on account of him
(yrdaO).

\V85 b8 /H yew °f a samt 'ls a Pound in value. An
J- iw oak is six score pence in value. Who-
ever shall bore through an oak is to pay three
W 85 b 10 score pence. Jl branch of a mistletoe is three
score pence in value. Every principal branch of
W8sb 12 the oak is thirty pence in value. J[n apple tree
is three score pence in value. A crab tree is
W 85 b 14 thirty pence in value. Jt hazel tree is fifteen
W 85 b 14 pence in value, fifteen pence is the value of
wssbis a yew of a wood. J[ thorn is seven pence half-
w 85 bi6 penny in value. Jtvery tree after that is four
legal pence in value except a beech tree. That
W8sb 18 is six score pence in value. H[hoever shall fell
an oak on the king's highway, let him pay
three kine camlwrw to the king, and the worth
of the oak ; and let him clear the way for the
king ; and when the king goes by, let him

TRANSLATION 249

cover the stock of the tree with cloth of one
colour. |ff a tree fall across a river and things w 86 a 2
get entangled in the tree, the owner of the
land whereon the stock of the tree may be,
is to have the find whatever way the river
may have turned the top branches of the
tree.

H sword on the hilt of which is gold or w 86 a 6
silver, is twenty-four pence in value. J[ W 86 a 7
sword without gold and without silver thereon,
is twelve pence in value. J[ shield whereon is W 86 a 9
a blue colour, is twenty-four pence in value.
J[ shield of the colour of its wood, is twelve w 86 a 10
pence in value. J[ spear is four legal pence w 86 an
in value. J[ battle-axe is two legal pence in w 86 a 12
value. J[ knife is a legal penny in value. J[W86ai4
buttery (talgell), and a pigsty and a sheepfold,
are each thirty pence in value. f|illstbnes are W86ai6
twenty-four pence in value. Jt quern is four w 86 a 17
legal pence in value. l>he harp of a chief of song w 86 a 18
is six score pence in value. Its tuning key is
twenty-four pence in value. l»he king's harp w 86 a 20
and his plaid and his throwboard are each six
score pence in value. ¥he harp of a breyr w 86 b i
is three score pence in value. Its tuning key
is twelve pence in value. Whe plaid of a breyr w 86 b 2
is three score pence in value. Jl sleeping w 86 b 3

250 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

W86b4 pillow is twenty pence in value. J[ throwboard
of the bone of a whale is three score pence in
W86bs value, jl throwboard of any other bone is
w 86 b 6 thirty pence in value. J[ throwboard of a
w 86 b 7 hart's antler is twenty-four pence in value, jfi
throwboard of a steer's horn is twelve pence
w 86 b 8 in value. J[ throwboard of wood is four legal
W86b9 pence in value. Jl broad axe is four legal
w 86 bio pence in value. Jl fuel axe is two legal pence
w 86 b ii in value. J[ hand hatchet is one legal penny
w 86 b 12 in value. J[ large auger is two legal pence in
W 86 b 13 value. J[ medium auger is one legal penny in
w 86 b 14 value. J[ wimble and a drawknife and a bill-
hook and a whetstone are each one halfpenny
w 86 b 16 in value. °$t coulter is four legal pence in
w 86 b 17 value, jln adze and a reaping-hook and a
mattock and a sickle and shears and a comb
and a hedging-bill and a billhook and a willow
pail and a white pail with small hoops and
a baking board and a flesh-dish and a pail of
willow wood and a sieve are each of them one
W87ai legal penny in value. JI spade and a willow
bucket and a broad dish and a riddle are each
W 87 a 2 a curt penny in value. Jf yew pail and a tub
and a stave churn and a vat churn and a bowl
and a liquor bowl and a winnowing sheet and
a pan with feet are each four legal pence in

TRANSLATION 251

value. J[ turning wheel and a pot-ladle and w 87 a 5
a weeding hook are each a farthing in value.
J[ skiff is twenty-four pence in value. Jl sal- w 87 a 6
mon net is sixteen pence in value. J[ grayling w 87 a 8
net is twelve pence in value. J[ bow net is w 87 a 9
four legal pence in value. J[ coracle is eight w 87 a 10
legal pence in value. H[hoever shall place a W 87 an
net in a river on another person's land with-
out his permission, has a third of the fish for
himself, and the owner of the river two-
thirds.

ff\ hoever shall break a plough upon w 87 a 15
VX4* another person's land, let him pay to
him a new plough and nine days' ploughing.
The worth of a plough is two legal pence.
The worth of one day's ploughing is two legal
pence. The worth of the long yoke and its
bows, one legal penny.

Uhus come the hires. The hire of the plough- w 87 a 21
man first, and after that the hire of the share and
the coulter. Then the hire of the best ox for
the plough. Then the hire of the driver, and
then from best to best of the oxen. l|o one w 87 b 4
from a taeogtrev is to plough until every one
in the trev shall obtain cotillage. |ff an ox die w 87 b 6
by overploughing, the owner has an erw and
that is called the erw of the black ox.

252 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

w 87 b 9 |Yverv pledge lapses at the end of the ninth
V^A* day except these. Implements belong-
ing to a church should not be pledged, and,

W 87 b 12 although pledged, do not lapse. J[ coulter
and a cauldron and a fuel axe never lapse

W 87 b 14 although pledged. J[ period of a day and a
year is allowed for gold and coats of mail

w 87 b 16 and golden vessels when pledged. l)he law of
borrowing is to return the thing in the state it
was given. Whoever shall lend is to take wit-
nesses lest it be denied. If it be denied and

w 87 b 20 the owner prove it, let him pay twofold. H[ho-
ever shall promise chattels to another and
shall deny it when one comes to demand them,
the law of perjury is to be applied to him if he
swears publicly, that is, three kine camlwrw to
the king ; and let him do penance for the per-
jury; and the other, if he has witnesses, shall
have the chattels.

W88a6 if\ Soever shall pay galanas, if the whole
VV^, kindred be in the same gwlad as himself,
he is to pay all by the end of a fortnight. If
however the kindred be scattered in many
gwlads, a period of a fortnight is allowed for
every gwlad.

TRANSLATION 253

>hus is dispersed galanas paid. A pound w 88 a 1 1

is a brother's share. Six score pence
the share of a first cousin. Three score pence
the share of a second cousin. Thirty pence is
the share of a third cousin. Fifteen pence is
the share of a fourth cousin. Seven pence
and a halfpenny is the share of a fifth cousin.
There is no proper share nor proper name
for kin farther removed than that. Whe share w 88 a 17
of a father from his son's galanas : a penny.
The same law applies when receiving a share
of galanas and paying it. Lest kindred be lost,
until it be denied a spear penny is received.
J[ kindred pays sarhad with no one whilst he W 88 a 21
himself has chattels in his possession. If how-
ever his chattels are deficient, it is right [for
his kindred] to pay a share along with him till
the third degree of kinship.

e dire event of a galanas is when aw88b4
person shall kill the other and a certain
day be appointed for compensating that crime ;
and before that crime is compensated he also be
killed by a person of another kindred without
[their] owing him anything. That law is called
a dire event of galanas because of the gravity
of losing him and paying the crime previously
committed by him.

254 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

W88b 12 5?t?he fifth day before Michaelmas, the king
\i/ is to forbid his wood until the end of
the fifteenth day after the Epiphany ; and of
the swine which shall be found in the wood, the
king has the tenth beast until the end of the
ninth day ; and thenceforward they are at the
king's pleasure.

W88bi9 |£f sarhad is done to the apparitor whilst
sitting during the pleas, there is paid to him for
his sarhad a sieveful of chaff and an addled egg.

W88b2i line king is to have of the spoil (anreith), the
stud and the goats and the furred clothes and
the arms and the prisoners, without sharing them
with any one. He is not however to receive the
third of the working mares (keffyc torn) because

W89a4 they are spoil (yspeil). 1i[hoever shall speak
haughtily to the king or unseemly, let him pay

w 89 a 7 three kine camlwrw twice, l^hen a taeog shall
receive land from the king, the king is to have
from the taeog three score pence for every
rhandir ; and if there be a church on the land of
the taeogtrev, six score pence come to the king

w 89 a 12 from the one who shall take it. l>he ebediw
of a bondman to whom the king gives land is
four score and ten pence ; and the third comes

w 89 a 14 to the maer and the canghellor. l)he pet animal
of a king's wife or his daughter is a pound in

TRANSLATION 255

value. ®he pet animal of a [breyr's] wife or w 89 a 16
his daughter is half a pound in value. Whe pet w 89 a 17
animal of a taeog's wife or his daughter is a
curt penny in value because they ought not to
keep pet animals.

y, free man is to answer for his alltud in w 89 a 20
every claim for which he is not to lose the
tongue, and life, and limbs ; for no one is to
lose tongue and life and limbs by the tongue
of another person. Uhe worth of a ready-made w 89 b 2
garment in the law of Howel the Good is twenty-
four of silver. j|n unintentional blow is not W 89 b 4
sarhad. It is right, however, to make amends
for the injury, that is, for blood and wound and
a scar if it be conspicuous. H[hen payment is w 89 b 7
made for a foretooth, the worth of a conspicu-
ous scar is to be paid with it.

'here are five keys to the office of a judge, wsgbg

One is, the fear of thy teacher and the
love of him. The second is, frequent asking for
thy instruction. The third is, retaining the in-
struction which thou dost receive. The fourth
is despising riches, The fifth is, hating false-
hood and loving truth for the fear of God.
l^hoever shall destroy a meer on another per- w 89 bis
son's land, let him pay three kine camlwrw to
the king, and restore the meer to its former

256 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

W 89 bi8 condition, l^hoever is suspected concerning
testimony, let him swear so that he may have
right and law ; and then let the other take the
relic and let him deny on his oath and let him
object to the witness ; and after that let the
judges take notice whether they object wholly.
Whoever shall object to a witness before his

Wgoa2 testimony is given, let him lose the suit. Iff
a man in any host denies having killed [what is
now] a corpse, let him pay six score pence and
give the oaths of fifty men of the same status

WQOES as himself to deny murder. H[hoever shall do
sarhad to another of the people of these four
gwlads, to wit, Deheubarth, Gwynedd, Powys,
and Lloegr, let him pay four kine and four score

W 90 a 9 of silver to him. 1i[hoever shall pay galanas
to another [of the same gwlads], is to pay
three score and three kine without addition.

W 90 a ii H[hoever shall find a dead wild sow (hOch coet)
on another person's land, let him take its fore

W 90 a 14 quarter. Jtnother animal the flesh of which it
is right to eat; the back quarter thereof he
receives. If it be a fox or another uneatable
animal ; he receives a curt penny from the owner
of the land, if the latter (ynteu) wills to have
the skin.

TRANSLATION 257

dirwy and camlwrw of court and llan w 90 a 19
are doubled. If the fault be done in the
churchyard in the place of refuge (yny nodua)?
the amount of the dirwy is seven pounds. The
abbot has half the dirwy of a llan, if he is
acquainted with literature (kyuarwyd ynllythyr)
and church custom ; and the other half goes to
the lay proprietors (meibon lleyn) of the church.
The reason they receive thus when dirwy or
camlwrw is due, is because they are the protectors
of the llan; and this is why those chattels are
given specially to the saint and are not [deemed]
of the same status as offerings. ®he maer and w 90 b 8
the canghellor do not receive a share of the
prid which comes to the lord (teyrn) for land,
nor of twnc nor of thief.

If a ship be wrecked on the land of a lord w gob 11
(teyrn), the lord has it ; and if a ship be
wrecked on the land of a bishop, it is divided
between the king and the bishop. lS[hen the w 90 b 13
law of distress is applied in the case of a
marwdy or any other suit, the household and
the maer are to have the heifers and the
bullocks and the yearlings and the sheep and
the goats, and they are to have everything
in the house except horses and oxen and
large cattle and gold and silver and furred

258 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

clothes ; and if there is anything which is worth

W9ob2o a pound, a king has it. JH third of galanas is

to fall on the owner of the weapon with which

W9i a i the person was slain. (Hhattels which are taken

from [a time of] war to [that of] peace are to

be divided between the one who took them and

w 91 a 3 the one who owned them previously. |£f two

persons shall be walking through a wood, and

the one in front lets a bough strike the one in

the rear so that he loses an eye, he is to pay the

worth of the eye to the other.

time between court and llan is

[V resumes]

V 38 a i nine days to give an answer, and nine to give
surety, and nine to render justice, in re-
spect to the claim demanded. Nine days are
allowed to a lord to recollect his oath. To
a priest is allowed until he gets the first

V 38 a 5 opportunity to sing mass. ||n every suit there
ought to be a summons and a claim and

V 38 a 7 an answer and judgment and peace. Jlvery
builder upon open land is to have three trees
from the person who shall own the wood,
whether the woodsman (coetO*) be willing or

V 38 a 10 unwilling : a roof-tree and two roof-forks. H[ho-
ever shall be a gorvodog for another, if he is

TRANSLATION 259

unable to bring him to law, let the gorvodog be

liable by law for the person on whose behalf

he became such. The time for a gorvodog to

request the return of his gorvodogship : one

day and a year. J[ thief who shall be placed V 38 a 14

upon sureties is not to be destroyed. Ifo one V 38 a 15

is to make satisfaction nor answer for an act

of his bondman saving for theft. Uhere is to be v 38 a 17

no justice and law without these four requisites:

a common lord, and a presiding (kadeiraOc) judge,

and two parties present. H[hoever shall break v 38 a 20

co-tillage willingly engaged in, let him pay three

kine camlwrw to the king ; and all his tilth to

the co-tiller. Uhe meadow-lands are to be fenced V 38 a 23

off (affozeftir) on account of the swine because

they spoil the land. Whoever shall find them

on his meadow-land or in his corn before it is

ripe, let him receive four legal pence from the

owner of the swine. If they spoil ripe corn, let

their damage be paid for.

In six ways does a person lose his chattels : V 38 b 4
by loss and surreption and theft ; by loan
and hire and deposit. In the first three cases,
he is to discover and to swear to them. In the
three others, he is not to do so unless they are
restored as they were given, jl blow received V 38 b 8
unintentionally is not sarhad. It is right

s 2

260 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

however to compensate the injury, that is, blood
and wound and a conspicuous scar if there be one.

V 38 b ii Jtny person who is pledged is to be of the same
worth as the one for whom he is given as pledge.

V38bi3 ^hoever shall bring a charge as to animals
having damaged his corn, their owner shall ex-
culpate them as to the amount he may will
according to the damage they have done ; and
for what he will not swear to, let him pay.
Whoever shall have full right for his damaged
corn from an owner of animals, is thenceforward
neither to have payment for that worthless
straw nor is he to detain animals on it.

v 38 b 20 jl graft is four legal pence in value until the
following calends of winter. From that time
forward an increase of two pence every season is
added until it shall bear fruit ; and then it is
three score pence in value. And therefore a
graft is of the same worth as the calf of a large
cow from the beginning to the end.

V39al §f\ hoever is suspected as to testimony, let
\XJ\, him swear so that it may be legal for
him ; and then let the other take the relic and
let him deny on his oath and let him object to
the witness. After that let it be noticed whether
a complete objection was made. Whoever objects
to a witness before his testimony is delivered,

TRANSLATION 261

let him lose the suit. He who shall object to a
witness, let him object before the witness shall
withdraw from the relic after that the testimony
is sworn ; and unless he objects then, the witness
stands. A witness as to (ar) a witness has no
allotted time. Jlvidences and witnesses have v 39 a 9
the same force and are equally effective in every
suit, and especially (agOell) in a suit of land
and soil. Uhe time allowed for witnesses or aV39a11
guarantor from beyond the sea is one day and
a year. Whe time allowed for witnesses or a v 39 a 13
guarantor from a border gwlad is a fortnight.
®he time allowed for witnesses or a guarantor v 39 a 14
of the same gwlad is nine days. ®he time v 39 a 15
allowed for witnesses or a guarantor of the
same cymwd is three days. Hfhoever shall will V 39 a 16
to object to defunct testimony, let him proceed
against him who shall testify it. H[hoever shall V39 a 18
will to object to living testimony, let him first
proceed against the witness[es] on their words ;
and then, after they shall have sworn their oath,
let him swear that [each] has sworn falsely, and
let him say that he is no lawful witness against
him, and let him specify the cause ; and let him
testify to two men that the witness did not pro-
ceed against the cause objected ; and those two
men are called counter-witnesses, and they are

262 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

i unobjectionable. H[hen a witness in his testi-
mony shall lawfully testify of a thing to others
against a defendant, or when a defendant shall
lawfully testify of a thing against witnesses ;
such are called counter-witnesses in law, and

V 39 b 6 they are not to be objected to. l>he calling
forward of evidences is possible any time the
person who shall call them may will, whether
before denial and defence or afterwards ; because
what took place before the suit is what they

v 39 b 10 prove between the litigants. (Sontravening of
evidences is when they shall first appear against
the defendant for these causes : for manifest per-
jury, or for public or private spoil, or for break-
ing the peace, or for being excommunicated by
name, or for near relationship, or for evident
enmity, or for his being a sharer of the chattels
with which the suit is concerned ; and that before
they revert to their recollection. If he then is un-
able to contravene them lawfully, afterwards let
him object to them as witnesses in one of the
three lawful ways.

V 39 b 21 gf\ hoever shall waylay pays twofold, because
\XA. it is a violence against a person to kill
him, and a theft to conceal ; and that is the one
place in law where violence and theft become
connected. And it is to be thus denied ; the

TRANSLATION 263

oaths of fifty men to deny wood and field, and
three of them under vow to abstain from flesh
and woman and horse riding. The measure in
denying wood and field is a legal rhandir between
open and tangled, and wood and field, and wet
and dry ; and such as cannot lawfully deny a
rhandir, cannot deny wood and field. It is not
waylaying however if it be on a lawful road
(ffo*d gyfreith) without hiding and without
concealment thereon. If however he is out of
the road five legal paces and five feet in each
pace, it is a waylaying ; and that is the reason
it is so denied, and that a twofold payment is
made ; and that is the one instance for which
hanging and confiscation are due.

here are seven bishop-houses in Dyved, and v 40 a 14

Mynyw is the chief in Cymru. Llanis-
mael and Llandegeman and Llanussyllt and
Llanteilaw and Llanteulydawc and Llangeneu.
The abbots of Teilaw and Teulydawc and
Ismael and Degeman should be ordained
scholars. Twelve pounds is the ebediw of
every one of these, and it is to be paid to the
Lord of Dyved ; and those who succeed them
are to pay it. Mynyw is free from every due.
Llankeneu and Llanussyllt are free from that
due because they have no land. Whoever

264 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

shall do sarhad to any one of those abbots, let
him pay seven pounds to him, and let a female
of his kindred be a washerwoman as a reproach
to the kindred arid as a memorial of the punish-
ment (dial).

T

v 40 b i JrT^|hree calamitous losses of a kindred : —
one is, that there should be a doubted
son without being affiliated and with-
out being denied ; and that such should kill a man
of another kindred without owing him anything ;
the whole of that galanas is to be paid ; and
then he is to be denied lest he should commit a
second crime. The second is, paying the whole
of a galanas excepting a penny and a halfpenny ;
and should there be a failure of that, and a per-
son of the kindred be killed on account of that
failure, there is to be no claim for him. The
third is, when an innocent person is slandered
concerning a corpse and is proceeded against,
if he does not deny by a period lawfully fixed,
and if a person be killed because of him, there
is to be no expiation for it.

40 b 14 S^Three legal periods to avenge a dead body : —
VZ/ between two kindreds who do not originate
from the same gwlad, commencing a claim on the
first day of the week following that wherein the

TRANSLATION 265

dead was murdered; if there comes no answer by
the end of a fortnight, the law makes vengeance
free. The second is, if the two kindreds are in
the same cantrev, commencing a claim on the
third day after the dead is slain ; if there comes
no answer by the end of the ninth day, the law
makes vengeance free. The third is, if the two
kindreds are in the same cymwd, commencing
a claim on the third day after the dead is mur-
dered ; if there comes no answer by the end of
the sixth day, the law makes vengeance free.

ree nets of a king are : his household, V4i a 2
for which net there is no reparation but
the mercy of the king. The second is his stud ;
for every horse caught on it, the king receives
four legal pence. The third is the cattle of his
maer-house; for every steer found on them, the
king receives four legal pence, lihree nets V 41 a 8
of a breyr are : his stud, and the cattle of his
maer-house, and his swine, because, if an animal
is found among them, the breyr receives for
every animal four legal pence. l)hree nets of a V 41 a n
taeog are : his cattle, and his swine, and his
homestead (hentref) ; for each animal caught
therein he receives four curt pence from the
calends of May until September shall have
gone.

266 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

v 41 a 15 Y^hree dirwys of a king are : the dirwy for
\!/ violence, and the dirwy for theft, and the
dirwy for acknowledged fighting. The expia-
tion dirwy for violence is a silver rod and a
gold cup with a gold cover of the kind men-
tioned in expiation of a king's sarhad. The
expiation dirwy for acknowledged fighting is
twelve kine. The expiation dirwy for theft is,
if a person be charged with theft and he per-
sonally deny it satisfactorily, and a rhaith be
placed on him and it fail, he is an acknowledged
thief since his rhaith has failed. Innocent by his
own account, nothing being taken in his posses-
sion or found in his hand, twelve kine dirwy

V4i b 2 upon him. Whree indispensables of a king are :
his household priest, and his court judge, and his

V 41 b 3 household. Whree things which a king shares
with no one : his gold treasure, and his hawk,
and his thief.

V4i b 6 5^Three fours there are : — four causes of per-
\i/ verting judgment ; from fear of a powerful
man, and heart hatred [of enemies], and love of
friends, and lust of chattels. The second four are :
four shields which interpose between a person
and a rhaith of a gwlad in a prosecution for
theft ; one is, legally harbouring a guest, that is,
keeping him from the time of nightfall until the

TRANSLATION 267

morning, and placing the hand over him three
times that night, that is, swearing on his part
and the people of the house with him. The
second is birth and rearing ; the owner swear-
ing with two men of the same status as himself,
as to seeing the birth of the animal and its
rearing in his possession without its going three
nights from him. The third is a warrant.
The fourth is custody before loss, that is, a
person swearing with two men of the same
status as himself, that before the other lost
his chattels, those chattels were in his pos-
session. There is no warrant except unto the
third hand. The third hand establishes cus-
tody before loss, and that defends a person
from [a charge of] theft. The third four are :
four persons to whom there is no protection
against the king either in court or in llan.
One is a person who violates the protection
of the king in one of the three principal fes-
tivals. The second is a person who shall be
pledged willingly to the king. The third is
his supperer, a person who ought to provide
for him and who leaves him that night without
food. The fourth is his bondman.

ree crimes which, if a person commit in ¥42 a 7
his own gwlad, his son is on that account

268 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

to lose by law his father's trev : the killing of his
lord ; and the killing of his chief of kindred ;
and the killing of his family representative
(teispan tyle) ; and that because of the gravity

v 42 a ii of those crimes. Whree silent ones in session:
a lord of justice listening to his gwyrda adju-
dicating their laws ; and a judge listening to
a plaint and defence ; and a surety listening to
a plaintiff and defendant mutually answering.

V42a 16 5?irhree lawful rests of a spear during plead-
\i/ ings : one is, thrusting its butt-end in
the earth with one hand till it can scarcely be
drawn out with two hands. The second is,
thrusting its point into a bush till the blade be

V 42 a 20 hid. l)he third is, the placing thereof on a
thicket which shall be of the height of a man.
And unless it be on one of those three rests
and a person encounter it so as to cause his
death, a third of the person's galanas falls

v 42 a 24 upon the spear's owner. Uhree futile expres-
sions which are uttered in court and do not
avail : denial before verdict ; and premature

v 42 b 2 objection ; and pleading after judgment. Whree
worthless milks there are : milk of a mare ;
milk of a bitch ; and milk of a cat ; since there

v 42 b 4 is no expiation made for any of them, Hhree
sarhads not to be expiated if received when

TRANSLATION 269

intoxicated : sarhad done to the priest of the
household ; and sarhad to the judge of the
court; and sarhad to the physician of the
court ; because these should not be intoxicated,
as they know not what time the king may have
need of them. ®hree buffets not to be expiated : v 42 b 9
one by the lord on his man in ordering him in
the day of battle and fighting ; and one by a
father on his son to punish him ; and one by
a chief of kindred on his relative in order to
counsel him.

>hree women with whose heirs there is to V42 b 14

be no pleading as to their mother's trev :
a woman who is given as a hostage for land
and who bears a son in her condition of hos-
tage ; and the son of a woman who shall avenge
a person of his mother's kindred and on that
account lose his father's trev, and therefore
there is to be no pleading with him as to his
mother's trev ; and the son of a woman who is
given to an alltud with the kindred's consent.
Bhree disgraces of a kindred there are, and on ¥42 b 22.
account of a woman the three occur : the viola-
tion of a woman against her will. The second
is, bringing another woman to the house, sup-
planting [the wife] and driving her forth. The
third is despoiling her, being more pleased

270 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

to spoil her than to be connected with her.

v 43 a 2 Uhree pieces of flesh of a hundred perplexities
there are : one is a piece stolen \lit. theft] as
to whatever way a share thereof may travel,
for there are nine accessories to it. The second
is the hart of a king as to whoever may cut it
up. The third is a carcase left by a wolf as
to whoever may do wrong with respect to it.

V43&7 Bhree strong scandals of a woman there are:
one is seeing the man and the woman emerging
from the same thicket, one from each side of the
thicket. The second is seeing them both under
the same mantle. The third is seeing the man

v 43 a 12 between the two thighs of the woman. Uhree
things for which a person shall prosecute for
theft, though they do not constitute theft :
ploughing, and felling of timber, and building.

v 43 a 14 tjhree sarhads of a woman there are, one of
which is augmented, and one diminished, and
one is a complete sarhad. When a kiss is given
her against her will, a third of her sarhad is
wanting to her then. The second is feeling her
with the hand, and that is a full sarhad to her.
The third is being connected with her against
her will, and that is augmented by the third.

V 43 a 20 Uhree ways whereby one can object to witnesses:
by land-feud, and galanas-feud, and woman-feud.

TRANSLATION 271

(hree sons being three brothers of the v 43 a 22

same mother and the same father, who
are not to have a share of land from their
brothers of the same mother and the same
father as themselves : one is a son of thicket
and bush, and after that, the same man taking
to wife the same woman with consent of kin-
dred and begetting a son of her ; that son is not
to share land with the son begotten before him
in thicket and bush. The second is, if a scholar
marries a wife with consent of kindred and
begets a son by her, and afterwards if the
scholar takes priest's orders and after that a
son is born to that priest by the aforesaid
woman, the first son is not to share land with
the last, because contrary to law was he be-
gotten. The third is a mute, because land
is not for any one who cannot answer for it ;
for land (gOlat) is not given to a mute.

(hree persons whose status rises in one v 43 b 13

day : when a taeogtrev has a church
consecrated therein with the king's permission,
a person of that trev, who is a taeog in the
morning, becomes that night a free man. The
second is a person to whom the king gives
one of the twenty-four privileged offices, who,
before the office is given him, is a taeog and

272 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

who, after it is given, is a free man. The
third is a clerk who the day he receives the
tonsure is in the morning a taeog (yn vab
tayaOc) and becomes that night a free man.

V43 b23 VSrhree legal worths of the foetus of a
Vi/ woman : the first is, blood before for-
mation, if it perish through cruelty, of the value
of forty-eight [pence]. The second is, before
life (eneit) enters into it, if it perish through
cruelty, the third of its galanas is to be paid for
it. The third is, after that life has entered
into it, if it perish through cruelty, then the
whole of its galanas is to be paid for it.

V44 a 6 y^Three ways whereby a son is to be affiliated
\i/ to a father : one is, when a woman of
thicket and bush, being pregnant, shall be at
her full time (ar y llaOuaeth), let her priest
(y pheriglaOz) visit her and let her swear to
him, ' May I be delivered of a snake by this
pregnancy if a father has begotten it on a
mother other than the man to whom I affiliate
it/ and naming him ; and so she affiliates law-
fully. The second is, a chief of kindred
with the hands of seven of the kindred with
him, is to affiliate him. The third is, if there
be no chief of kindred, the oaths of fifty men
of his kindred affiliate him, and the son himself

TRANSLATION 273

first swears because the mother's oath is not
legal except in the above affiliation.

hree ways whereby a son is disowned by ¥44 a 17

a kindred : the man, whose son he is said
to be, takes the son and places him between
himself and the altar, and places his left hand on
the head of the son and the right hand on the
altar and the relics ; and let him swear that he
has not begotten him, and that there is no drop
of his blood in him. The second is, if the
father is not alive ; the chief of kindred is to
deny him, and with him the hands of seven
of the kindred. The third is, if he has no
chief of kindred ; the oaths of fifty men of the
kindred denies him, and the eldest son of the
man, to whom the son was affined, is to swear
first. Uhree places where a person is not to v 44 b 3
give the oath of an absolver : one is on a bridge
of a single timber without a hand-rail. The
second is at the gateway of a churchyard, because
the ' Pater ' is to be sung there for the souls of
the Christians of the world. The third is at
the church door, because the ' Pater ' is to be
sung there before the rood. l)hese persons V 44 b 8
are exempt from the oath of an absolver : a
lord, and a bishop, and a mute, and one who is
deaf, and one of foreign language, and a pregnant

274 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

n woman. Whree vexations of the wise are:
drunkenness, and adultery, and bad disposition.

V44bi2 tShree persons who are entitled to an advocate
for them in court : a woman ; and one with
natural impediment in speech ; and an alltud
of foreign speech. The one person who is to

v 44 bis choose the advocate: a lord. Uhree animals
whose acts towards brutes are not cognizable
in law during their rutting season : a stallion ;
and the bull of a trevgordd ; and a herd boar.

V44bi; tShree animals which have no legal worth : an
autumn born pig ; and a harrier ; and a badger.

V44bi9 Hhree bloods not amenable in law are: blood
from a scabby head ; and blood from the nostril ;
and blood from teeth ; unless struck through

V 44 b 21 anger. l)hree fires the results of which are not
cognizable in law : the fire of heath-burning,
from the middle of March to the middle of
April ; and the fire of a bath in a trevgordd ;
and the fire of a smithy which shall be nine
paces distant from the trev, with a roof of

V 44 b 25 broom or sods thereon. Uhree birds whose
worth the king is to have wherever they are
killed : an eagle, and a crane, and a raven.
The owner of the land whereon they are killed
is to have fifty [pence] from the person who

V 45 a 4 kills them. H>hree vermin (pryf) whose worth

TRANSLATION 275

the king is entitled to wherever they are killed :
a beaver ; and a marten ; and a stoat ; be-
cause from their skins are made the borders of
the king's garments. Whree things which the v 45 a 7
law suffers not to be appraised: meal; and
bees ; and silver ; because their like are pro-
curable. l)hree legal vessels of generation V 45 a 10
are : that of a bitch, and that of a cat, and that
of a squirrel ; because they can liberate (dillOg)
and relax when they will. l>hree free timbers v 45 a 12
in the forest of a king : the roof-tree of a
church ; and the timber of shafts which go for
the king's use ; and the timber for a bier.
Whree buffalo horns of the king : his feasting v 45 a 15
horn ; and his mustering horn ; and his horn in
the hand of the chief huntsman. Each is a
pound in value. Uhree free huntings there are v 45 a 17
in every gwlad : hunting a roebuck, and hunt-
ing a fox, and hunting an otter ; for they have
no permanent homes (tref tat). Whree things v 45 a 19
which prevail over law : violence ; and con-
tract ; and necessity. Bhree names for an v 45 a 21
apparitor are : the cry of a gwlad ; and dread
report, the canghellor's servant ; and rhingyll
(apparitor). Uhree ways in which a silver rod v 45 a 23
is paid to the king : for violence ; and for

T 2

276 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

violating protection of way towards an irremedi-
able beggar ; and for sarhad to a king.

V4sbi 5>^Three thrusts not to be redressed: one is,
Vi/ a person demanding right from his enemy
on account of his kinsman in three pleadings and
not obtaining right ; and afterwards meeting
with his enemy, and thrusting him with a spear
so that he dies ; that thrust is not to be re-
dressed. The second is, jealousy caused to a
married woman by another woman concerning
her husband, and the two women meeting to-
gether, and the married woman making a thrust
with her hands at the other woman so that she
die ; there is to be no reparation to her. The
third is, giving a mature maiden to a man with
surety as to her virginity, and the man making
a genital thrust at her and having connexion
with her once and finding her a woman ; he is
to call the marriage guests to him, candles are
to be lighted and her shift cut before her as
high as her pubes and behind her as high as
her buttocks, and she is to be sent off with that
thrust without any reparation to her ; and that

V45 b 19 is the law for a deceitful maid. Whree persons
who are not to be sold legally : an acknow-
ledged thief for having the worth of four legal
pence in his hand, and a waylayer, and a traitor

TRANSLATION 277

to a lord. l)hree chattels which are secure with- v 45 b 2
out surety : chattels which a lord shall give to a
man and which come to him by law; and chattels
which a wife shall have from her husband [as
wynebwerth] when the husband shall have con-
nexion with another woman ;

[A chasm in V supplied from W]

and chattels taken in a war between two lords.
Uhree things common to a gwlad : an army, and W 102 b 21
pleas, and a church ; for every one is under
summons to them.

ree modest blushes of a maid there are : w 103 a 3
one is when told by her father ' Maiden,
I have given thee to a husband '. The second
is, bidding her go to her husband to sleep.
The third is, seeing her in the morning rising
from her husband. And because of each of
those three, her husband pays her amobr to
her lord, and her cowyll and her agweddi to
herself. Uhree stays of blood are : the breast, w 103 a 10
and the middle girdle, and the trousers girdle.
Uhree unabashed ones of a gwlad without W 103 a 12
whom it is impossible to do : a lord and a
priest and law. Uhree hearths which are to do W 103 a 14
right and to receive it for a person who has no

276 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

acknowledged lord : that of a father, and of an
eldest brother, and of a father in law.

W I03 a l8 iTcx^ree ^e£a' neecMes are : tne needle of the
v£/ queen's serving woman ; and the needle of
the physician for sewing the wounds ; and the
needle of the chief huntsman for sewing the
torn dogs ; each one of them is four legal pence
in value. The needle of any other skilful
woman is a legal penny in value.

W 103 b 4 5>irhree defunct testimonies there are, which

• w •

Vl/ stand in pleas well : one is, when
there shall be contention and fighting between
two lords concerning land, which subsequently
is duly terminated in the presence of all ; after
these severally have died, their sons or their
grandsons or some of their kindred can bear
testimony concerning that land ; and these are
called evidences as to land. The second is,
persons of lineage from every side who are
called land borderers, to decide by kin and
descent, and to confirm by bearing testimony ;
and they can augment the person's title to land
and soil. The third is, when there shall be
seen the hearth-stone of a father or a grand-
father or of a greatgrandfather or one of the
kindred of the same title as himself; and the tofts
of the houses and their barns and the furrows

TRANSLATION 279

of the land ploughed and the erws, every

one of which affords testimony as to a person's

title. Whree secrets there are which it is better w 104 a 2

to confess than to conceal : losses to a lord,

and waylaying, and a person killing his father

if acknowledged in confidence.

ree one-footed animals there are: a stallion w 104 a 6
and a hawk and a covert-hound. Whoever
shall break the foot of one of them, let him pay
its entire worth, lihree things not to be paid w 104 a 9
for, though lost in a lodging house (ranty) : a
knife, and a sword, and trousers ; for whoever
owns them ought to guard them. Whree sarhads w 104 a u
of a corpse are : when it is killed ; when it is
despoiled ; when thrown to the ground. Whree w 104 a 13
reproaches of a corpse are : asking who killed
it, who owns this bier, whose is this grave.
Uhree scowls not to be redressed : the scowl w 104 a 16
of a husband to his wife whom he received in
the status of a maid and she a woman ; and
a person ruined by law and a person of his
kindred scowling on that account ; and the
scowl of a person towards a dog attacking him.
Whree distraints not to be restored : for theft ; w 104 a 21
and for [one on a] surety who will not enforce
[right] ; and for galanas. Uhree things if found w 104 b 2
on a road there is no necessity to answer for

280 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

any of them : a horseshoe ; and a needle ; and
a penny.

w 104 b 4 ^^Three persons to whom tongue- wound is to
vL/ be paid : to the king ; and to the judge
when considering his decision ; and to the priest
in his vestments (wife) on the three principal
festivals over his altar, or whilst reading a letter

W 104 b 9 before the king, or whilst composing one. l>hree
cases in the law of Howel in which proof occurs :
one of them, it belongs to a woman to prove
a rape against a man. The second is, it belongs
to a debtor to prove over the grave of the surety
as to his being surety, and that his suretyship
was not exonerated whilst he lived. The third

w 104 b 14 is, the proving of a shepherd dog. Uhree
plagues of a kindred: nursing a son of a lord;
and affiliating a son to a kindred wrongfully ;
and guarding supreme authority (penreith).

W 104 b 17 Uhree things which destroy a contract : illness ;

w 104 b 1 8 and a lord's necessity ; and poverty. Uhree
things which defend a person from a summons
to pleadings : shouting and sound of horns
against the host of a border gwlad ; and flood
in a river without bridge and without skiff;
and illness.

W 105 a i ^Po^hree persons to whom galanas is paid and
they themselves pay no galanas : a lord,

TRANSLATION 281

for to him comes a third of every galanas for
exacting it. The second is a chief of kin-
dred, for according to his status his relations'
galanas is paid. The third is a father, for a
share comes to him of his son's galanas, to wit, a
penny; because his son is no relative (car) to him.
And not one of them is to be killed on account
of galanas. T|alf a brother's share of galanas, a w 105 a 9
sister pays ; and she receives no share of gala-
nas. Whree throws not to be redressed: at aw 105 an
stag in corn ; and at a wild colt in corn ; and at
a dog in corn. Whree persons who impoverish w 105 a 13
a gwlad : a prevaricating lord ; an iniquitous
judge; and an accusing maer. Whree strong w 105 a 15
ones of the world : a lord, for a stone along ice
is a lord ; and an idiot, for it is not possible to
compel an idiot in anything, against his will ;
and a person without anything, for it is not
possible to exact anything where there is
nothing. Uhree animals there are of the same w 105 a 19
worth as to their tails and their eyes and their
lives : a calf, and a filly for common work (torn),
and a cat ; except the cat which shall watch
a king's barn.

hree persons hated by a kindred : a thief, w 105 b 2

and a deceiver, since they cannot be de-
pended on ; and a person who shall kill a person

282 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

of his own kindred ; as the living kin is not
slain for the dead kin, everybody will hate to see

w 105 b 6 him. Uhree things common to a kindred : chief
of kindred, and a representative, and the son
of a woman given with kindred's consent to
their enemy ; such is to be in common between

w 105 b 10 the two kindreds, lihree disgraceful faults of a
man : being a bad friend (karOz), and flaccid in
pleadings, and a man to a bad lord.

W 105 b 13 V^Three animals there are whose teithi exceed
\i/ their legal worth : a stallion ; and the
bull of a trevgordd ; and a herd boar, for the

w 105 b 16 breed is lost if they are lost. Whree signs
of inhabitancy of a gwlad : little children, and

w 105 b 16 dogs, and cocks. l|itherto we have discussed
the Triads of Law ; now we will treat of the
Ninth days.

w 105 b 20 V?i?he first is the ninth day of December con-
\i/ cerningland. The second is the ninth day
of May succeeding. The third is the ninth day
of May when occur the teithi of the first milk.
The fourth is the ninth day of February when

W 106 a 4 occur the teithi of the first work. If inth day
there is to a lord to recollect himself as to
his oath when it shall be asserted that he has

W 106 a 6 previously made an oath. !^inth day period
there is between court and llan before answer-

TRANSLATION 283

ing, and that after a claim, when there shall be
a dispute as to land. Iflinth day period there is w 106 a 9
concerning a corpse, which shall have originated
from the same cantrev as the person who shall
have killed him. l>hree ninth days there are w 106 a 10
for a chief huntsman. Whree ninth days there w 106 a H
are as to the pregnancy of a woman. Ifinth w 106 a 12
day before August every swarm assumes the
status of a mother-hive. l|inth day period there w 106 a 14
is as to a warrant in the same gwlad, or as to a
witness in the same gwlad. IfHnth day period w io6a 15
there is for removing a house erected on another
person's land without his consent. l|mth daywio6ai;
period there is for a wife to await her share of
the chattels in her house when she shall sepa-
rate from her husband. IfHnth day period W ic6 a 19
doubled there is as to a plough when broken.

/•isten, thou judge, who givest the judgments, w ic6 b i
wl ^A Let not the worth of a penny be more in
thy sight than the worth of God. Do not judge
wrongly for worth but judge justly for God.

mall wonder if there be hesitation in a w 106 b 5

temporal court, since they shift as to
their desire like the breeze of heaven. But
whosoever loves certainty and security from
falling, [for him] the right service of the Lord
Jesus Christ is that which is the glorifying of

284 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.
Amen.

w io6b 12 Y^irhree places where a person is not to give
\i/ the oath of an absolver : one is, a bridge
of a single timber without a handrail. The
second is in the gateway of a churchyard, be-
cause a person is to sing the ' Pater ' there for
the souls (eneit) of the Christians of the world.
The third is in the doorway of the church,
because a person is to sing the ' Pater ' there
before the rood.

w 106 b 19 H[hen a son is affiliated to a kindred with
the oaths of fifty men, the son is to swear
before the kindred because it is not lawful
to listen to her except in the case of the first
oath when she shall say * Let a snake be begotten'
to her.

w 107 a 3 (QgJ^'hen a son is denied by a kindred, the eldest
son of the man whose son he is said to be, is to
swear first before the kindred.

w 107 a 6 lihree futile crosses there are : a cross placed
on a road in corn ; and a cross placed on the bark
of a tree lying in a wood ; and a cross which a
person places on an altar in a case where a
church is not to interfere with him.

PALAEOGRAPHICAL NOTES

[The numbers refer to pages and lines.]

2. 10. The scribe's / is visible in the rubric capital

of Croedabc

2. ii. The scribe's g is visible in the second word,

but was overlooked by the illuminator.
6. ii. neuad altered from 6euad
8. 5. hoelon with e badly altered from /
ii. 9. yntuad vt\\& e altered from something else.

15. 8. colofneu with /apparently crossed.

1 6. 15. ygnat with g begun for some other letter
such as n

22. ii. atan with t altered from r

27. 2, 28. 2. Small hole in parchment between ae
and ran, and teu and lu respectively.

33. 14. yr etling with y altered from v or «, and
stroke over n like that over /

33. 25. vynho with y altered from ;/

34. 1 6. blen- with n altered from^

35. 20. bienhinbl badly altered from bzenhyaOl

36. 20. ehunan with two strokes above u not unlike
those which indicate the letter / when in conjunction
with such letters as m^ n and //.

40. ii. Setthuet expuncted by later hand, and
Chweched written above it.

40. 1 8. The bar of final / is extended almost to
the middle of the line.

45. 17. vzeint with e altered fronijj/

46. 8. ytte with ft altered from some other letters,

286 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

and ligatured in order apparently to show more clearly
what is intended.

48. 3. A tiny hole in parchment prevented the
completion of the second e

48. 7. euegyl with second e altered from something
else.

52. 7. The / at end of kynllOyn is scratched out by
a later hand, presumably that of Jaspar Gryffyth. It
probably stands for lledrat.

58. 23. The pointing after yndaO may be a semi-
colon and looks also like a colon.

58. 25. In left margin just outside commencement
of line is a full point, but whether in the original hand
appears doubtful (see note on p. 118. x). In bottom
margin in later hand is written ' hie defunt folia duo '
altered into 'hie deest folium unum '.

61. 21. perth with t altered from c

67. 24. lolen hagen. with full point after loZen nearly
covered by the h of hagen.

70. 14. atal hyt with full point after atal nearly
hidden by the h of hyt

73. 5, 74. 5. Hole in parchment at the beginning
and end of these lines respectively.

74. 10. With 6y begins paler ink but same hand.

80. n, 82. 8. The rubric spaces overlooked by illu-
minator contain the g and / respectively of the original
scribe.

83. 22. The two first expunctuations under mock
are nearly obliterated.

83. 24. Meint with et altered from something else.

84. 14. gymeret with first e altered from something
else.

86. 23. thai with / nearly covering a full point.

87. 24. gofper with o badly altered from 6

89. i. di6c with full point so small that it is doubtful
whether it was intended.

PALAEOGRAPHICAL NOTES 287

89. 4. Original hand placed o in space intended for
the illuminator, who overlooked it.

89. 6. A b intended to complete Po is written over
the first d of dadyl, but in such fainter ink that the d
is quite distinct beneath it.

90. 25. Oz with z altered from something else.
91.6. chowyll with c altered from /

94. 21. First c altered from t

101. 15. erbyn with b not unlike 6

102. 13. Last u looks like tr owing to a full point
being placed towards its right top corner.

1 06. 8. Over the second half of last h is a full point,
but whether intentional is doubtful.

107. 3. First c looks also like t

1 08. Catchword is cut by binder so that the lower
half is gone.

109. 17. In space left for rubric, and overlooked by
illuminator, the original scribe has placed r

in. 1 6. blenhin is a mistake for bzeyr. The crosses
are perhaps inserted by a later hand. A compara-
tively modern hand has written breyr opposite cross
in margin.

113. 1 8. The n is extended over the remainder of
the line.

114. 3. cinher has a small h written over the #,
partly in left margin.

1 1 6. 21. ani written wrongly for am was again
written wrongly by scribe and passed by him.

118. i. Outside first k in left margin is a full point,
but whether intentional is doubtful (see note on
P- 58. 25).

119. 1 6. Last a altered from 6

119. 19. Two or three letters rubbed out after
tyft which were apparently a part of it.

119. 23. Three or four letters rubbed out after deu
with expunctuations of two of them still remaining.

288 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

121. This page has twenty-six lines.

122. 16, 20, 24. The scribe certainly writes enuymi
in each case; so also MS. W.

132. 22. First y altered from u or n

I33- 3- kanyt with t altered from /or/

134. 4. The n is extended over about a quarter of
the line.

136. Catchword cut by binder so that the bottom
portion of the letters is gone.

139. 15. cuhudyat with point under d like an ex-
punctuation.

142. ii. Last n extended over about a quarter of
the line.

142. 15. enett with t like c

APPENDIX

GENERAL RELATION OF FOUR
EARLIEST TEXTS

GENERALLY speaking, the text of V (together with
the parts supplied from W as printed in this book)
includes the whole of W, X, and U. Allowing 8
words per line in the case of V and W, and 7 words
per line in the case of X and U, the amount of matter
in each appears to work out thus : —

V. 84 pages, 25 lines per page =3,100 lines= 16,800
words. Adding the parts supplied from W, viz. 41
pages, 21 lines per page + 72 lines = 933 lines = 7,464
words, we obtain a total of 16,800 + 7,464= 24,264
words.

W. 140 pages, 21 lines per page + 34 lines = 2,974
lines = 23,792 words.

X. 114 pages, 20 lines per page + 7 lines = 2,287
lines = 16,009 words.

U. 120 pages1, 1 8 lines per page = 2,160 lines =
15,120 words.

They all agree as to the general arrangement of
their subject-matter, beginning with the laws of the
court, and then the laws of the gwlad, and confining
the triads of law towards the close ; but the most
cursory examination will show great divergences in
the arrangement of details, strikingly so with regard
to X. The explanation of these divergences possibly

1 This of course excludes the last sixteen folios of the old hand-
writing, which form no part of the Book of Cyvnerth properly so called.

290

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

depends on the answer to a prior question as to
whether the longer texts are expansions of the
shorter, or whether the latter are to be attributed to
a condensing of the former. Moreover, in the case of
these four particular MSS., the possible and very
probable clashing of two distinct originals is also
to be kept in mind. It will be noticed from
the following headings, which are selected only to
show the order of the subject-matter in the respective
MSS., that W is in close agreement with V; and
also that X, in spite of its startling differences, is
more allied to W and V than is U.

V

W

X

U

The 24 officers.

The 24 officers.

The 24 officers.

The 24 officers.

8 other officers.

8 other officers.

Few miscellanies.

8 other officers.

Hounds and Chase.

Hounds and Chase.

Hounds and Chase.

Ebediws.

Gwestva silver, &c.

Trees, weapons,

utensils, &c.

Ploughs and co-til-

lage.

Pledges, borrowing,

&c.

Payment of gal anas.

3 columns.

3 columns.

3 columns.

3 columns.

9 credible witnesses.
Relating to the per-

9 credible witnesses.
Relating to the per-

9 credible witnesses.
Relating to the per-

Waylaying.
Relating to the per-

son.

son.

son.

son.

Land.

Land.

Land.

Cattle and Fowls.

[Miscellanies].

Miscellanies.

Animals.

Worth of Buildings,

&c.

Tame and Wild.

Tame and Wild.

Hires and perjury.

Corn damage.

Corn damage.

Corn damage.

Cat, hound, and dog.

Sureties.

Sureties.

The chase.

Contract.

Contract.

Bees.

8 other officers.

Corn damage.

Women.

Women.

Women.

Women.

[Miscellanies].

Miscellanies.

Miscellanies.

Land.

[Worth of build-

Worth of buildings,

Ebediws.

Guardians.

ings, &c.]

&c.

[Ploughs and co-

Ploughs and co -til-

Gwestva silver.

tillage].

lage.

[Pledges, borrow-

Pledges, borrowing,

Animals.

ing, &c.].

&c.

; ~."

GENERAL RELATION OF FOUR EARLIEST TEXTS 291

w

X

Triads.

Sureties.

Triads and Miscel-
lanies.

[Payment of gala- Payment of galanas. Miscellanies and

nas].

[Miscellanies]. Miscellanies.

Testimony, &c.

Waylaying.

7 Bishop-houses.

Triads. Triads.

[Ninth Days]. Ninth Days.

[Additional notes]. Additional notes.

U

Triads.

I. LEADING ADDITIONS TO THE PRINTED TEXT.
§ i. Cott. Cleopatra A. XIV.

W 34 b 4-6 (post hynny Via 2,4). Anc. Laws
I. 632.

ar llyuyr hOnn blegywryt yfcolheic ae hyfcrm-
enOys. canyf ef a oed ozeu ar gof achyfreitheu
yny amfer.

And it was Blegywryd the scholar who wrote this
book, for he was the best in his time for record and
laws. (Cf. X 165 b 9-11 and U i b, on pp. 303, 309
infra.)

W 41 a, bottom margin (post byth V 6 b 3). Anc.
Laws I. 644.

Oet ageiff yr ygnat llyf y ymgoffau deugem
niwarnaOt of eirch kyn ymOyftlaO.

The judge of a court has a period of forty days to
reconsider, if he demands it, before mutually pledging.

W4i a 18-41 b 6 (post tauaOt V 6 b 5). Anc.
Laws I. 644, 646.

Sarhaet ygnat llyf yO naO mu anaO ugemt
aryant Y alanaf atehr onaG mu anaO ugem mu

u 2

292 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

gan tn dyrchauel. Val hyn ydyly ydrychauaeleu
uot. Y dyrchauael kyntaf yO tn ugein mu. Yr
eil yO pedwar ugein mu. Y trydyd yO pum mu
achan mu. athrayan dOy uu. clc ual hyn y dzycheif
galanaf pop kymro herwyd yureint.

The sarhad of the judge of a court is nine kine and
nine score of silver. His galanas is paid with nine
score and nine kine with three augmentations. In this
manner should the augmentations be made. The first
augmentation is three score kine; the second is four
score kine ; the third is a hundred and five kine and a
third of two kine. And thus is the galanas of every
Cymro augmented according to his status.

W 51 a 12-14 (ante y ymboHh V 14 a 8). Anc.
Laws I. 680.

— aa yr ygnat llyf allanO lie ytauaOt yr gof o ran
y tuenhin o gic moadOyt yreidon.

— which go to the judge of the court ; and the place
of the tongue to be filled for the smith from the
king's share of the thigh-flesh of the steer. (Also
X 199 a 7-10.)

W 54 b 17-55 a 5 (post ehunan V 16 b 20). Anc.
Laws I. 670.

Ual hyn yrenir aryant ygueftuaeu. dOy gein-
haOc a gymer y diftem. aphedeir ageiff y trull-
yat neu tudet y gerOyn ar dewif yneb ae talho.
dOy a gymer dryffaGx yneuad. Vn yr medyd. Vn
yr goftegO*. Pedeir yr coc. DOy yr fOydOz llyf.
dOy yr guaf yftauell. Vn yr uorOyn yftauell.
dOy y diftem bxenhmes. Vn yr troetaOc. Vn
yr canhOyllyd. Vn yr guaftraOt auOyn b^enhmes.

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 293

Thus is the gwestva silver shared. The steward
takes two pence ; and the butler has four or the
covering of the vat, at the option of the one who
shall pay ; the doorkeeper of the hall takes two ;
one to the mead brewer ; one to the silentiary ; four
to the cook ; two to the server of a court ; two to the
page of the chamber ; one to the chambermaid ; two
to the steward of a queen ; one to the footholder ;
one to the candle-bearer ; one to a queen's groom of
the rein. (Also U 17 a 2.)

W. 55 b 1-13.

Oderuyd bot amryffon am teruynu r6g deu
dyn. adywedut en haOUu bot o uremt idaO ef y
dylyho teruynu. ' Onyf amheu yr amdiffynXn.
Eet yr haOKu ydangof y teruyn. Os yr amdiffynOz
ae hamheu ynteu bit gyfreith yrydunt am eu
bzeint gyffeuin. Os y uremt a uernir idaO dan-
goffet y teruyn guedy hynny.

Mab adyly arfedaOc dzoftaO hyny uo pedeir
blOyd ar dec. y tat en byd byO. ac ony byd
byO y tat. arglOyd bieu rodi arfedaOc idaO y uot
dzoftaO youyn iaOn idaO ac ywneuthur laOn
dzoftaO.

If there be contention as to meering between two
persons, and the plaintiff say that by status he is to
meer, unless the defendant doubt it, let the plaintiff
proceed to show the meer. But if the defendant
doubt it, let there be law between them as to their
original status. If his status is adjudged to him, let
him after that show the meer. (Anc. Laws II. 90.)

A son should have a guardian over him until he is
fourteen years old [viz.], the father if alive ; and if
the father be not alive, a lord is to appoint a guardian

294 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

for him to act on his behalf, to demand justice for
him and to do justice for him.

W 56 b 4-8 (post gG*eic V 17 a 20). Anc. Laws
I. 688.

Y neb a adefo llofrudyaeth. talet gObyl cu
alanas. Trayan galanaf adaO ar y llofrud. a,r
deuparth a rennir yn teir ran. DOy ran atal
kenedyl y tat. ar tryded atal kenedyl y uam.

Whoever shall confess homicide, let him pay the
whole of the galanas. A third of the galanas falls
on the murderer, and the two parts are shared into
three shares. Two shares the father's kindred pays,
and the third the mother's kindred pays. (Also
X 185 a 4-8 and U 21 b.)

W 67 b 9-11 (post Menhin V 30 a 6). Anc. Laws
I. 708.

Y neb auarchoco march 6*th y dOyn y guarchae
ny dyly namyn hynny.

Whoever shall ride a horse in taking it to a pin-
fold is entitled to nothing more.

W 67 b 16-17 (post V 30 a 21). Anc. Laws I. 708.
Os y gozwlat y differ Oyth gemhaOc ageiff.

If he protects it in a border-gvvlad, he receives eight
pence. (Also X 193 b 18-19.)

W 69 a 7-8 (post werth V 31 b i). Anc. Laws
I. 712.

NaGuetdyd whefraOx o* dichaOn eredic guerth
y teithi adzycheif ar y werth.

The ninth day of February if it can plough, the
worth of its teithi is added to its worth. (Also X
192 b 4-5-)

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 295

W 73 b 6-9 (post 10 V 34 b 24). Anc. Laws I. 744.

Or deila dyn yfcrybyl ar y ytr abot ymdaeru
rOg y deilat ar perchennaOc. y deilat adyly tygu
kaffel y blaenyeit ar olyeit ar yr yt.

If a person catch an animal on his corn and there
be a dispute between the taker and the owner, the
taker must swear as to finding the foremost and the
hindmost on the corn. (Also X 196 a 19-196 b 2 ;
and U 40 a.)

W 76 a 20-76 b 14 (post gynnogyn V 36 b 16 ; ante
O* 36 b 8). Anc. Laws I. 122.

Or kymer dyn mach ar da. achyn dyuot oet
yda. dehol y tala^dyr ae o alanaf ae o led*at ae
o aghyfreith arall. amynu 01 haOlfo y da ygan y
uach. Sef awyl kyfreith yna rannu ycollet yn
deu hanher yrydunt nyt amgen talu ox mach
hanher y da yr halOr. kanyf aghyfreith yO talu
oz mach gObyl ac ynteu yn wiry on. ac nat
tegach colli ox haOlOr o gObyl a chredu o honaO
ynteu y uach. allyna y trydyd lie yran kyfreith.
ac oz da ytalaOdyr yr wlat d^acheuyn Oynteu
adylyant kymhell yda hOnnO arnaO ef. ahanher
adyly ymach allyna yr lie ybyd kymhellO; ymach
ar da idaO ehun.

If a person take surety for chattels, and before the
period of the chattels is come the debtor be banished
either for murder or theft or any other unlawful act,
and the creditor demand the chattels from his surety,
law then sees as to sharing the loss equally between
them, that is, the surety paying half the chattels to
the defendant ; for it is not right that the surety
should pay all when he himself is innocent, nor is it
fairer that the defendant should lose all, seeing that

296 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

he trusted his surety. And that is the third instance
where law shares. And should the debtor return to
the gwlad, they are to enforce the repayment of those
chattels from him, the surety receiving a half. And
that is the instance of the surety being an enforcer
of chattels to himself.

W 76 b 17-77 a 2,1 (post V 36 b 10 ; ante Oi 36 b
17). Anc. Laws I. na, 114.

Oderuyd ydyn rodi da y arall amach arnaO.
a phan delher y ouyn diwat en talaOdyr. achOynaO
oz haOlOx Ozth yr arglOyd. JaOn yO dOyn ydOy
pleit y gyt ar mach. agouyn udunt ae mach hOn
ae nat mach. mach heb yr haOlOr. na uach
heb y talaOdyr. Yna ymae laOn gouyn yr mach
aOyt uach ti. mach heb ynteu. nac Oyt vach
heb y talaOdyr ygenhyf i ar dim. Heb y mach
yr gyfreith y dylyOyfi. mi ae canhebzygaf. ac
val ymae laOn y mmheu mi ae diwadaf. heb
y talaOdyr. Yna y mae laOn barnu reith canyt
oef eithyr vn tauaOt y mach yn gyrru vn tauaOt
y talaOdyr y wadu. Kymryt o* b^aOdO^ y creir
yny laO. adywedut Ozth y talaOdyr. NaOd duO
ragot anaOd dy arglOyd na thOg anudon. Os tOg
tyget yduO yny blaen ac yr creir nat mach
ygaritaO ef nac ar adyweit nac ar dim. Ony Oxth
tOg ymach arnaO tra uo yn rodi y eneu yr creir.
talet y mach y dylyet can adeOyif yuot yn uach
abit ryd y talaOdyr. Os gOzthtOg awna ymach.
dyget ytalaOdyr yreith. Nyt amgen y 10 ar
yfeithuet.

If a person gives chattels to another and surety
thereon and, when time comes to demand, the debtor

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 297

denies, and the defendant complains to the lord, it
is right to bring the two parties together with the
surety and to ask them whether this person is a surety
or not a surety. 'A surety,' says the defendant.
' Not a surety/ says the debtor. Then it is right to
ask the surety, * Art thou a surety ? ' 'A surety/
says he. ' Thou art not a surety for me for anything/
says the debtor. ' I am entitled to law ; I shall persist
in it/ says the surety. 'And as I am entitled also,
I deny it/ says the debtor. Then it is right to adjudge
a rhaith, for there is nothing save the one tongue of
the surety provoking the one tongue of the debtor to
deny. The judge takes the relic in his hand, and
says to the debtor, ' The protection of God prevent
thee and the protection of thy lord, lest thou swear
falsely.' If he swears, let him first swear to God and
to the relic, that he is not surety for him neither for
what he asserts nor for anything. If the surety do not
counter-swear against him whilst he puts his lips to
the relic, let the surety pay the debt, as he allows
that he is a surety, and let the debtor be free. If the
surety counter-swears, let the debtor bring his rhaith,
that is, his oath with six others.

W 77 b 16-78 a 8 (post dim V 37 a 5 ; anteQitf a
13). Anc. Laws I. 134, 136.

POybynhac awnel amot kyfreithaOl doent ygyt
ywneuthur. O* guna dyn amot ac na mynho
ygadO. arglOyd bieu ygymhell. O* guna dyn
amot ac arall yn gyrru arnaO. kyfreith adyweit
na daO namyn ylO ehunan ydiwat. Ony byd
gOuhtOg arnaG. Os g6*tht6g auyd galwet ynteu
am vzaOt. Sef auernir idaO. y 10 ar y feithuet
yn vn funut ac ydiwat mach. ac am oet yreith.
ac am pop peth. Oz guna dyn amot ae gilyd

298 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

heb amotwyr. of guadu auyn. ny daO eithyr
y 10 ehunan ydiwat ony cheif tyfton ar y welet.

Whoever shall make a legal contract let them come
together to perform it. If a person makes a contract
and does not wish to keep it, a lord is to compel him.
If a person makes a contract and another presses on
him, law says that he is only to be put to his own
oath to deny it, unless there be a counter-oath against
him. If there be a counter-oath let him call for
judgment. This is what is to be adjudged him, his
oath with six others in the same manner that surety
is denied ; the same also with regard to the time for
a rhaith and everything. If a person makes a contract
with another without contract-men, if he desires to
deny, he is only to be put to his own oath to deny it
unless he obtains witnesses as to seeing it.

W 78 a 20-78 b 12 (post gOir V 37 a 13 ; ante 37 a
18). Anc. Laivs I. 140, 142.

Deu tymho* y byd kayat kyfreith am tir a deu
y byd ago*et. O naOuetdyd kalan gayaf y byd
agcnet kyfreith am tir hyt naOuetdyd whefraOz.
O naOuet dyd whefraO* y byd kayat kyfreith hyt
naOuet dyd mei. O naOuetdyd mei y byd agoxet
kyfreith hyt naOuetdyd guedy aOft. O naOuet dyd
guedy aOft y byd kayet kyfreith hyt naOuet
dyd guedy kalan gayaf. Sef achaOf ymae kayat
kyfreith yguanhOyn ar kynhayaf. o achaOf
diwhyllyaO y dayar yny deu amfer hynny. Sef
achaOf y mae. naOuet dydyeu gan pop tymho*.
rac kyfreith yn vn dydyaOc.

Two seasons shall law be closed for land, and two
it shall be open. From the ninth day of the calends

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 299

of winter shall law be open for land until the ninth
day of February. From the ninth day of February
shall law be closed until the ninth day of May. From
the ninth day of May law shall be open until the
ninth day after August. From the ninth day after
August law shall be closed until the ninth day after
the calends of winter. The reason why law is closed
in spring and autumn is because the soil is cultivated
in those two seasons. The reason why every season
has ninth-days is lest law should be for one day.

W 91 a 9-16 (inter deiflyfyt et NaO V 38 a 2). See
p. 115 for text ; also Anc. Laws I. 556.

For a suit from the same cantrev, three days to give
an answer, and three to give surety, and three to do
justice in respect to the claim demanded. In the
adjoining cantrev, five days to give an answer, and
five to give surety, and five to do justice. In the third
cantrev, nine days to give an answer, and nine to give
surety, and nine to do justice (cf. X 217 b 3-4 on
p. 307 infra).

W 91 a 20-92 a 2 (inter ed. et Pop V 38 a 7). Anc.
Laws I. 486, 586, 794; II. 96, 560. See pp. 115-16
for text, and add to it the following : —

neb. KyneuaOt alad kyfreith ac yna ny
chetwir.

Whoever shall pay land for galanas, let him pay
geld for it to the lord, for the land is to be free to
him to whom it shall be paid. Three herbs are to
grow in that land : clover, vetches, and thistles. And
the worth of a cow from that land is no more than
its length when she may be pasturing.

Two persons whose worth the king is not to demand,
although they shall be killed in his gwlad : the bond-
man of another person, for a person has possession of

300 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

his bondman as of his animal ; and the person who
shall be found walking during the night in the king's
chamber, without fire, without candle, whose galanas,
although the king's servants slay him, is not to be
demanded. A judge ought to listen fully, and retain
in memory, and learn intently, and speak gently, and
judge mercifully. [There is] a custom which follows
law and is therefore upheld. [There is] a custom
which precedes law and is therefore, when it has
regal authority, upheld. [There is] a custom which
precedes law, yet of doubtful event, and therefore no
one enforces it. [There is] a custom which destroys
law, and therefore is not to be kept. (Cf. X 217 a
3-5 ; and 218 b 6-9.)

W 92 a 14-92 b 10 (post HOgyr V 38 b 3).1
KJft Oyth geinhaOc kyfreith atal. KerOyn
yftyllaOt pedeir kemhaOc kyfreith atal. Raf uleO
keinhac kyfreith a tal. Raf lOyf keinhaOc cota
atal. KelOm amennei keinhaOc kyfreith atal
pop vn. KyfrOy eurgalch. pedeir ar hugeint
atal. KyfrOy IhO ypten deudec keinhaOc atal.
Nyth cammin pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith atal
KaOc p*en keinhaOc cota atal. Kenllyuan olreat
Oyth geinhaOc kyfreith atal. To*ch milgi b^enhm
Oyth geinhaOc kyfreith atal. To:ch milgi bzeyr
pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith atal. Kynllyuan milgi
tnenhin. pedeir keinhaOc kyfreith atal. Kyn-
llyuan milgi bzeyr dOy geinhaOc kyfreith atal.
Offer gof wheugeint atal. Gradell Oyth geinhaOc
kyfreith atal.

A chest is worth eight legal pence. A tub made

1 W 92 a 14-93 a 15 lies between V 38 b 3 and 4.

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 301

of staves is worth four legal pence. A hair rope is
worth one legal penny. An elm-bark rope is worth
a curt penny. A bucket and a trough are each worth
a legal penny. A lacquered saddle is worth twenty-
four [pence]. A saddle of the colour of the wood is
worth twelve pence. The nest of a falcon is four
legal pence in value. A wooden basin is worth a curt
penny. The leash of a beagle is worth eight legal
pence. The collar of a king's greyhound is worth
eight legal pence. The collar of a breyr's greyhound
is worth four legal pence. The leash of a king's
greyhound is four legal pence in value. The leash
of a breyr's greyhound is two legal pence in value.
A smith's tools are worth six score [pence]. A baking
girdle is worth eight, legal pence.

W 93 b 13-15. Anc. Laws I. 794.
Gre gyfreithaOl dec caffec adeugemt. P*eid
warthec gyfreithaOl. pedeir bu ar hugeint.

A legal stud [is] fifty mares. A legal herd of cattle
[is] twenty-four kine.

W 92 b 18-93 a 3-

Kyfreith yO y p*iodaOr tir kychwynnu amp^iod-
aOz tir oe werefgyn. ac ny chywhyn ampziodaOi
tir paiodaOz oe werefgyn. Tn argae teruyn yffyd
baeint aplniodolder. achygwarchadO. ny dyly
dyn auo if y uremt nctt rei hynny. teruynu
arnunt. (Anc. Laws I. 774.)

It is the law that a proprietor of land should oust
a non-proprietor of land from his occupancy, and that
a non-proprietor of land should not oust a proprietor
from his occupancy. There are three stays of boun-
dary: status, and proprietorship, and prior con-
servancy ; no person who is of lower status than
those is to meer them. (Cf. U 53 b 6-7.)

302 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

W 93 a 10-15 (post V 26 a 9 ; ante V 38 b 4).
Anc. Laws I. 556.

Get arwaffaf o wlat arall neu am dOuyr maOz
neu am lanO pytheOnof. ac nyt mOy. Oet ar-
waffaf yn vn gymhOt neu yn vn cantref tri dieu.
Os yn arglOydiaeth arall yn agof naO m'eu clc ny
dodir teruyn ar duO ful nac ar duO llun.

The time for an arwaesav from another gwlad or on
account of great water or on account of a tide : a fort-
night and no more. The time for an arwaesav in the
same cymwd or in the same cantrev : three days. If
in another lordship, contiguous: nine days, without
fixing the limit on a Sunday or Monday. (Cf. X
217 a 16-20 on p. 307.)

W 93 b 7-1 1 (post V 36 b 10; ante ArglOyd
V36b 16).

Or dygOyd mechnl ar uab dxof y tat. ago%uot
ydiwat ygyfreith adyweit na watta neb o genedyl
y uam gyt ac ef amyn kenedyl ytat achenedyl
mam ytat.

If suretyship falls on a son for his father and there
be need to deny it, the law declares that none of his
mother's kindred denies with him but only his father's
kindred and the kindred of his father's mother.

W 93 b 20-94 a 7 (post V 38 b 25).

Peir bzenhin punt atal. pedeir ar hugeint atal
y gigwefn. Calla6^ bxenhin wheugeint atal.
ychigwein deudec keinhaOc atal. Peir bxeyr
wheugeint atal. Ygigwein deudec keinhaOc atal
CallaO^ bzeyr trugeint atal. y chigwein pedeir
keinhaOc kyfreith atal. CallaOi tayaOc dec ar

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 303

hugeint atal. ychigwefn dOy geinhaOc kyfreith
atal.

A king's cauldron is worth a pound ; its flesh-fork
is worth twenty-four [pence]. A king's boiler is
worth six score [pence] ; its flesh-fork is worth twelve
pence. A breyr's cauldron is worth six score [pence] ;
its flesh-fork is worth twelve pence. A breyr s boiler
is worth thirty [pence] ; its flesh-fork is worth four
legal pence. A taeog's boiler is worth thirty [pence] ;
its flesh-fork is worth two legal pence. (Also X 179 b
15-19 on p. 304.)

W 99 b 3-7 (inter V 43 a n et 12). Anc. Laws
I. 778.

Tn chyffro dial yffyd yr vn yO diafpedein
kareffev. Eil yO guelet eloz eu kar yn my net yr
llan. Tzydyd yO guelet bed eu car yny vynwent
yn newyd heb ymdiuOyn.

There are three incitements to revenge ; one is the
shrieking of female relations. The second is, seeing
the bier of their relative going to the llan. The third
is, seeing the grave of their relative fresh in the church-
yard without having reparation. (Also X 211 b 17-20
on p. 306 ; and U 55 a.)

§ 2. Cott. Cleopatra Bv.

X 165 b 9-11 (post hynny Via 24). Anc. Laws
I. 622.

clr Hyfuyr hwnn herwyd mozgenev. clchy-
uanerth ymab y digoned.

And this book was completed according to Mor-
genev and Cyvanerth his son. (Cf. W 34 b 4-6 and
U i b on pp. 291, 309.)

304 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

X 178 b 11-13 (post yftauell V n b 2). Anc. Laws
I. 666.

KannwIIyd ageiff y tir yn ryd. a march y
gan ybxenhin. agwediH ycannhwyllev oil A Ran
oaryan y gweftvaeu.

The candlebearer has his land free, and a horse
from the king, and the remains of all the candles, and
a share of the gwestva silver. (Also U 15 b 18.)

X 179 b 15-19 (inter runes et Myny V 12 a 19).

Pvnt yw gwerth pei'r bzenhin. Pedeir arhv-
gemt yw gwerth y gigwein. Tzugefn atal callaur
bxenhfn. iiij°*. kefnyawc ygikwefn. Dec arhu-
gefnt gwerth callawR taeauc .ij. k. atal ygikwefn.

A king's cauldron is worth a pound. Twenty-four
[pence] is the worth of its flesh-fork. Sixty [pence]
is the worth of a king's boiler ; four pence its flesh-
fork. Thirty [pence] is the worth of a taeog's boiler ;
two pence is the worth of its flesh-fork. (Also W 93
b 20-94 a 7 on p. 302.)

X 1 80 a 5-6 (in lieu of tn chanu V 15 b 4). Anc.
Laws I. 678.

tefr awdyl o gamlan

three odes concerning Camlan. (Cf. U 19 a on
p. 310).

X 181 a 17-181 b 3 (post ehunan V 16 b 20; ante
Ywen W 85 b 8). Anc. Laws I. 678.

Fob penkerd adyly caffael telyn ygan y
bxenhfn Fob difgybyl adyly yemll ae benkerd
ytraeyanv. aphan el y difgybyl ywrthaw y
penkerd adyly Rodi telyn idaw. Pwybynnac

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 305

abzynho dim ymarchnad. Ny dyly geiffyaw
gwarant idaw

Every chief of song is to have a harp from the king.
Every pupil is to enjoy his gain, and his chief of song
a third of it ; and when the pupil leaves him, the
chief of song is to give him a harp. Whoever shall
buy anything in a market is not to seek a warrant
for himself.

X 185 a 4-8 (post agOxeic V j 7 a 20). See W 56 b
4-8 on p. 294. Am. Laws I. 688.

X 192 b 4-5 (inter werth et nyt V 31 b i). See
W 69 a 7-8 on p. 294. Anc. Laws I. 712.

X 193 b 18-19 (/0.tfV3oa2i). See W67b 16-17
on p. 294. Anc. Laws I. 708.

X 196 a 19-196 b 2 (post 10 V 34 b 24). See W 73
b 6-9 on p. 295. Anc. Laws I. 744.

X 199 a 7-10 (inter uodeu et y V 14 a 8). See
W 51 a 12-14 on p. 292. Anc. Laws I. 680.

X 205 a 11-12 (inter W 83 a 12 et 13).
ARgyfurew gwreic yw y gwathawl.
The argyvreu of a woman are her gwaddol.

X 205 b 7-8 (post yftauellaOc W 83 b 5). Anc. Laws
I. 692.

Yneb adiwatto y vod wrth anreith. Roddet
Iw deng wyr adeugem.

Whoever shall deny being at a spoil, let him give
the oaths of fifty men. (Also U 23 a on p. 311.)

X 207 b 3-12 (postVJ 103 a 17 ; ante O W 80 a 10).
Anc. Laws II. 8 ; I. 570 572.

Teir gofgcnd bxenhfnaOl yfyd. Gofgoid bjen-

306 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

hin. ac efgob. ac abad. Canys llyf vreinhawl
adyly pob vn. ohonimt. Trtigeint yw gwerth.
march torn, neu gaffec torn, ynep adiwatto Had
march nev ydwyn ynlledrad Roddet Iw deu
dengwyr. Pwy bynnac awertho march neu
gaffec. ef adyly uod ydan y den tri glwyth. clr
yfgyuein teir lloeR. clr llfn meirch blwyn. adi-
lyflrwyd hyd varw.

There are three kingly retinues : the retinue of a
king, and a bishop, and an abbot ; for each of them
is entitled to a privileged court. Thirty [pence] is the
worth of a working horse or a working mare. Who-
soever shall deny killing a horse or taking it stealthily,
let him give the oaths of twelve men. Whosoever
shall sell a horse or mare, is to be answerable three
dewfalls for the staggers, and three moons for the
strangles, and a year for the farcy ; and dilysrwydd
till death.

X 211 b 17-20 (post genthi V 43 a 2; ante O 43 a
20). Anc. Laws I. 778.

Tai chyffro dial ynt. vn ohonunt diafpedem y
careffev. Eil yw gweled geku eu car yn myned
yr llan. Tzydyt yw gweled bed ev car heb
ymdiwyR.

There are three incitements to revenge ; one of
them, the shrieking of the female relations. The
second is, seeing the bier of their relative going to
the llan. The third is, seeing the grave of their
relative without enjoying satisfaction. (Also W 99 b
3-7 on p. 303 ; and U 55 a.)

X 216 b 19-217 a 3 (inter W 91 a 19 et 20). Anc.
Laws I. 556.

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 307

Ac eiffyoef yr gwerth. agobyR. y llygriR pob
vn ohonunt. PedwaR anghyvarch gwR yw y
varch. ae aruev. ae wynebwerth. a thwng
ydiR.

And yet for a price and a reward each of them is
corrupted. The four peculiars of a man are his horse,
and his arms, and his wynebwerth, and the twnc of
his land.

X 217 a 3-5 (ante V 45 a 23). Cf. W 91 a 20-21
on p. 299 supra. Anc. Laws I. 794.

X 217 a 16-20 (post geilleu W 82 a 21 ; ante Oet
W 91 a 7). Anc. taws I. 556.

Oed ar gwaeffaff yngcnwlad. Nev am dwuyR
mawR Nev amy Ilanw. Pytheunos. Nyd oef
terwyn ar diw ful. Mab eillt auo maenawR idaw.
O bit eglwys aR y tir. vn alanas uyd ar pro

The time for an arwaesav in a border gwlad or on
account of much water or on account of the tide :
a fortnight. There is no limit on a Sunday. A mab
aillt who has a maenor, if there be a church on the
land, is to have the same galanas as the propositus
(maer). (Cf. W 93 a 10-15 on p. 302.)

X 217 b 3-4 (inter deiflyfyt et NaO V 38 a 2). Anc.
Laws I. 556.

En yn gantref oed tn diev y Rodi gwiR.

In one cantrev there is a period of three days to do
justice. (Cf. W 91 a 9-16 on p. 299 supra.)

X 217 b 8-n (post W 105 a ii ; anteW 103 a 18).
Anc. Laws I. 448.

X 2

3o8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

TRI chyfwrch dirgel adyly ybienhin ygaffael
heb y brawdwR ygyd ae effeiryad. ae wreic. ay
uedfc.

Three private intercourses which the king is to have
without the judge : with his priest, and his wife, and
his physician.

X 218 a 18-218 b 4 (post blOydyn V 38 a 14 ; ante
Tn W 104 a 9). Anc. Laws I. 762.

TRJ He yran kyfureith. vn ohonunt y da
a dycceR o anghyfureith ygyfureith. Eil yw
Rwng byw amarw. T*ydyt yw. Obyd amryffon
am dev teruyn athyngv O baub yteruyn. auo
yrwng y dev ymryffon. arennfr in deuhanner.

Three places where law shares : one of them, the
chattels transferred from illegality to legality ; the
second is, between living and dead ; the third is, if
there be contention as to two meers and all swear,
the meer between the two disputants is divided equally.
(Cf. U 47 b and 48 a on p. 318 ; also V 22 a 1-6.)

X 21 8 b 6-9 (post HaOdOz W 104 a 10 ; ante Teir
104 a n). See W 91 b 13-15 on pp. 116, 299. Anc.
Laws I. 486.

X 218 b 16-19 (Inter W 104 b i et 2). Anc. Laws
I. 448.

TRJ edyn aR dyr dyn arall. heb ganyad.
Cryr. clgaran. clchigfuran Pwybynnac ac ev
Iladho. taled dec adevgefn yberchennawc ytfr.

Three birds on another person's land without per-
mission, [viz.] eagle, and crane, and raven. Whoever

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 309

kills them, let him pay fifty [pence] to the owner of
the land.1

X 219 a 11-14 (post oil V 38 a 22 ; ante Un V 38
b n). Anc. Laws I. 690.

Pwybynnac a Roddo tan nev adaawho hayarn.
yny lofgo yty. Dev banner vyd ar y nep aroddo
y tan ac ay llofgo.

Whoever gives fire or strikes iron so that the house
is burnt, the two parts fall equally on the one who
gives the fire and [on the one] who burns [the house].
(Cf. W 85 a 13-15 on p. 103.)

X 222 a 8-22 (post gic W 82 b 20) is an addition
by a later hand to 'the text. It is equivalent roughly
to V 19 a 24-20 a 4, but nearer the form of U. Anc.
Laws I. 696, 698, 700.

§ 3. Peniarth MS. 37. 2
U i b (post hynny Via 24). Anc. Laws I. 622.

Ar llyuyr hwn herwyd Morgeneu a Chyfnerth
y uab adigonet. Ar gwyr hynny oed oreu yn
eu hamser ar cof a chyfreitheu.

And this Book was completed according to Mor-
geneu and his son Cyvnerth. And these men were
the best in their time for record and laws. (Cf. W 34 b
4-6; X 165 b 9-11, on pp. 291, 303 supra.)

U 15 b 1 8. See X 178 b 11-13 on ?• 3°4- Anc.
Laws I. 666.

1 This triad is quite distinct from V44 b 25-45 a 4, which is found in
U, W, and X. Anc. Laws I. 778.

2 Where the lines of the various folios of this MS. are not given, the
passage is taken from Owen's Anc. Laws, vol. I, the punctuation and
the letters r, s, w, &c., being in modern style.

310 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

U 17 a 2. See W 54 b 17-55 a 5 on p. 292. Anc.
Laws I. 670.

U 19 a (in lieu of teulu tn chanu V 15 b 4). Anc.
Laws I. 678.

kerd o Camlan a hynny

A song concerning Camlan and that (Cf. X 1 80 a
5-6 on p. 304.)

U 19 b 9-13 (inter V 14 a 25 et 14 b i). Anc. Laws
I. 682.

Offer gof Chweugemt atal. Geuel end.
kethraOl troxud. pedeir. k. k'. atal pob un o
honunt. y cOnffHt kymeint atal ar pedwar hynny.
MyrthOl damdOg a uyd ymdanaO.

A smith's tools are six score [pence] in value.
Pincers, mallet, borer, vice, are each of them four
legal pence in value. The anvil is as much as those
four in value. A hammer is to be appraised.

U 21 b. See W 56 b 4-8 on p. 294. Anc. Laws
I. 688.

U 22 a 5-18 (inter V 18 b 5 et 6). Anc. Laws I.
688, 690.

ac ox Ilyfc dyn yny tan hOnnO try wyr hefyt
o honunt yn diofredaOc Megyf y rei uchot. Nyt
a galanas yn ol tan Namyn yg gweithret y neb
alofgo ac ef. Or ITyfc ty ymyOn trefgoxd o wall
tanr y perchennaOc adyly talu ty o bob parth
idaO ox Tlofgant gantaO ac ox trydyd ty aftan tan
gwyltt uyd Or kynneu dyn tan y MyOn ty dyn
arall. Talet y ty y perchennaOc ox Ilyfc. Tan
a adaOho dyn ymyOn odyn Ef adyly bot droftaO

And if a person be burned in that fire, three men

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 311

of them likewise under vows like those before. Ga-
lanas does not attend fire, only in the act of him who
shall burn therewith. If a house be burned within
a trevgordd from negligence, the owner is to pay for
a house on each side of him, if they be burned by his
means ; and from the third house onward, it is deemed
an uncontrollable fire.1 If a person kindle fire in
another person's house, let him pay for the house
to the owner if it be burned. A person is to be
answerable for a fire which he shall leave in a kiln.

U 23 a (post V 2 1 b 22 ; ante V 2,0 a 8). Anc. Laws
I. 692.

Yneb adiwatto anreithaw arall, rodet y kyffe-
lyp iddaw.

Whoever shall deny spoiling another, let him give
to him the like [i.e. the oaths of fifty men], (Also X
205 b 7-8 on p. 305.)

U 25 b ii (post V 20 a 21 ; ante V 19 a 24). Anc.
Laws I. 696.

Nyt a galanas yn ol teulufoyaeth.
Galanas does not follow domesticity.

U 27 a (post sOyd V 21 a n ; ante E V 21 a 4).
Anc. Laws I. 700.

Kymeint yw gwerth aelodeu ytayawc o ky-
freith agwerth aelodeu y brenhin herwyd gwerth.
Galanas hagen asarhaet pawb herwyd y ureint
y telir pan torher y aelawt-

The worth of the taeog's limbs, by law, is as much
as the worth of the king's limbs according to worth.
The galanas and sarhad however of every one are paid
according to his status when a limb shall be broken.

1 Cf. pp. 103, 247.

312 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

U 27 b (post sarhaet V 21 b 16 ; ante W 88 a n).
Anc. Laws I. 700.]

Yneb adiwatto Had caeth rodet Iw pedwar
gwyr arugeint, ac eu hanher yn wyr not.

Whoever shall deny killing a bondman, let him give
the oaths of twenty-four men, the half of them being
nod-men.

U 28 b 3-5 (post werth W 85 b i ; ante V 38 a 13).
Anc. Laws I. 702.

Gwerth goxuodaOc

Gwerth gcuuodaGc un inefnt clr neb yd aeth
droftaO clc y ueHy am dyn a Oyftler dros arall.

The worth of a gorvodog.

The worth of a gorvodog is that he is of the same
status as the one for whom he is bound ; and so also
with regard to a person pledged for another. (Cf.
V 38 a 10-12.)

U 28 b 7-9 (post blOydyn V 38 a 14; ante Or
V 29 a 3). Anc. Laws I. 704.

Un dyn y telir .k. paladyr idaO ac nys tal ef
y neb y wreic awnel llaOurudyaeth .

One person to whom a spear penny is paid and
who pays to no one: the woman who shall commit
murder.

U 29 a 15-16 (inter honunt et ROnfi V 29 b 2). Anc.
Laws I. 704.

MOng March pedeir .k.k'. atal.

The mane of a horse is four legal pence in value.

U 31 a (post velly V 31 b 13 ; ante Ny V 31 b 20).
Anc. Laws I. 714.

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 313

Trayanwerth ar bob anyueil yw y teithi o rei
ny bo aruer y dynyon yuet eu llaeth.

The third of the worth of every animal of which it
is not customary for people to drink their milk is its
teithi.

U 33 a (inter vyd et Jar V 32 a 8). Anc. Laws
I. 718.

Gwerth hwyat. Gwerth hwyat keinawc ky-
freith.

The Worth of a Duck. The worth of a duck is
one legal penny.

U 36 b (post b^enhl/n V 34 a a ; ante V 32 a 35).
Anc. Laws I. 732.

Colwyn brenhin neu urenhines, punt atal.
Colwyn breyr, chweugeint atal. Colwyn mab-
eillt, pedeir keinawc atal.

The shock-dog of a king or queen is a pound in
value. The shock-dog of a breyr is six score [pence]
in value. The shock-dog of an aillt is four pence in
value.

U 39 a 4-13 (inter baed et Ol V 34 a 21). Anc.
Laws I. 740, 742.

Parchell pan ymchoelo y bifwelyn gyntaf ae
trOyn. Un .k'. uyd ae Mam Or cad6 .k'. oz moch
pa amfer bynhac y caffer yn Hygrti gweirglaOd.
pedeir .k. k'. atelir o honunt. yneb agaffo Moch
yny Ilygru yny coet. Hadet un o honunt y faOl
weith y caffo hyt y diwethaf. Eithyr y tn Ilydyn
arbenhic. Sef yO y tn hynny. arbe^nhic y Moch.
ar baed kenuefn. a hOch y geiuyr.

314 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

A pig when it shall first turn up the dung with its
snout is under the same law as its mother. Of the
lawful herd of the swine, at what time soever they be
found damaging hay land, four legal pence are paid
for them. Any one who shall find swine doing damage
in his wood, let him kill one of them every time he
shall find them unto the last, excepting the three
special animals. Those three are, the principal of the
swine, and the herd boar, and the sow for [the
gwestva].

U 40 a. See W 73 b 6-9 on p. 295. Anc. Laws
I. 744.

U 40 b 3-16 (ante V 38 b 13). Anc. Laws I. 744.

POybynhac ato*ho troet anyueil dyn arall Neu
y uotdOyt. Neu anel bjiO ydel nychdaOt idaO
abot yr anyueil yn Ian Mai y gaftez bOytta y gic.
Ef adyly y gy mryt attaO ae uedegmaethu yny
uo lach. ac ox byd MarO talet y werth. P6y-
bynhac a huryho Neu loco anyueil ae y dOyn
peth arnaO ae y eredfc. Ony wneir aghyfreith
ac ef kyt collo y eneit ny thelir. Or brath
anyueil dyn. y dyn brath edic ageiff yr anyueil
ae bxatho. Neu talet perchennaOc yr anyueil
farhaet ydyn a gwerth y waet.

Whoever shall break the foot of an animal belonging
to another person, or its thigh, or shall inflict a wound
which shall cause ailment to it, and the animal be clean
so that its flesh may be eaten ; he is to take it to himself
and apply remedies until it shall be well ; and, if it
die, let him pay the worth of it. Whoever shall hire
or engage an animal either to carry a load or to
plough; unless it be used unlawfully it is not to be
paid for although it lose its life. If an animal bite

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 315

a person, the bitten person has the animal which bit
him ; or let the owner of the animal pay the sarhad
of the person and the worth of his blood.

U 42 a 5-10 (post laOn W 79 b 18; ante 82 a 12).
Anc. Laws I. 748.

Gwreic atreiffer Ony Oybyd pOy ae treiffo Ny
thai amobyr Canyf ketwis y tnen. hi rac treis
y byd colledic ynteu oe amobyr. clc o damheuir
y wreic am hynny. Rodet y TIO na Oyr pOy ae
treiffOys ae ry treiffaO Mai kynt.

A woman who shall be violated, if she know not
who has violated her, is not to pay amobr ; since the
king preserved her' not from violation, he loses her
amobr ; and if the woman be doubted in that respect,
let her give her oath that she knows not who violated
her, and that she was violated as aforesaid.

U 42 b 1-3 (post geilleu W 82 a 21 ; ante Ony
80 a 5). Anc. Laws I. 750.

Os dOy wraged y bydant. Rodet yneiTI geill
y hon ar Hall yr Halt <n byd gantunt eill dOy.

If there be two women, let one testicle be given to
one, and the other to the other, if he be connected
with them both.

U 43 b 5-44 a 6 (post gyfreith V 23 a 13; ante
V 24 a n). Anc. Laws I. 756.

Dadanhud yO eredic o dyn y tir ardyffei y dat
kyn noc ef. yny pedwarydyn y da dyn yn
pnodaOz y dat ae hendat ae cnhendat ac ehun
yn pedweryd. Gwedy yd del ef yn pxfodaOz Ny
diffyd y pnodolder hyt ynaOuet CH bydant hOyn-

3i6 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

teu heb eu dylyet hyt ynaOuet dyn. HOnnO yn
Mynet o pnodaOz yn ampnodaOx. yna ydyly
hOnnO dodi diafpat uOch aduan. Re y dyly ynteu
caffel kynnOys. Sef yO hynny kymeint ar gOz
MOyhaf y warchadO. clchet galwo am diafpat
uOch aduan en naOuet dyn allan Ny werendewir.
Or diuernir gwelygozd o tir a hot rei yg gozwlat
a,c nat arhoer am k'. HOy adylyant .k'. pan
deftiont. Os hOynteu Ny ouynant .k'. pan detfiont
hyt yn oet un dyd ablOydynt Cayedic uyd udunt
.k'. o hynny aHan.

A dadannudd is the tilling by a person of land
tilled by his father before him. In the fourth degree
a person becomes a proprietor; his father, and his
grandfather, and his great-grandfather, and himself
fourth. After he becomes a proprietor, his proprietor-
ship does not become extinguished until the ninth.
If they be without their right unto the ninth person,
such becoming a non-proprietor from being a pro-
prietor, then it is incumbent on that person to utter
a cry over the lost spot, and he ought to obtain
admission, that is, as much as the man, who is greatest
as to his conservancy ; and should any one beyond
the ninth person call for a cry over the lost spot, he
is not listened to. If a gwelygordd be adjudged to
lose land, and some be in a border gwlad and they be
not awaited for law, they are entitled to law when
they come. If they themselves do not demand law
when they come, to the end of a year and a day, law
is closed against them thenceforward.

U 44 a 15-44 b 3 (post yrydunt V 24 a 3 ante 22
b 13). Anc. Laws I. 756.

POybynhac a dechreuho ymhaOl am tir 3r

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 317

amdiffynnGr yn paraOt y atteb. clc odyna 01
teu yr haOKu clgwallocau y haOl hyt yn oet un
dyd ablOydyn kyt dechreuo hoh yr haOl gwedy
hynny Ny cheiff dim Canys haOl tra blOydyn y6.

Whoever shall commence a suit for land, the defen-
dant being ready to answer, and afterwards the
claimant be silent and allow his claim to drop till
the end of a year and a day ; although he should
begin proceeding after that, he has nothing, for it is
a claim beyond a year.

U 44 b 15-45 a 7 (post thyccya V 22 b 12 ante
23 b 1 6). Anc. Laws I. 758.

Os naOuet dyd'Mei y dechreu holi a gohir am
uarn o dyd y gilyd hyt aOft. Ny cheiff barn hyt
naOuet dyd racuyr Canys tymhoz cayet yO y
kynhayaf. Os naOuetdyd racuyr y dechreu hoh
a gohir am uarn o dyd y gilyd trOy y gayaf
tymcu cayet yO y gwanhOyn yn gyffelyb yr kyn-
hayaf Canys dideruyfc y dylyir heu allyfhu y
gwanhOyn adOyn yr yt y myOn y kynhayaf.

If on the ninth day of May he commence proceed-
ings, and delay obtaining judgment from day to day
until August, he shall not obtain judgment until the
ninth day of December, because a closed season is
the harvest. If on the ninth day of December he
commence proceedings, and delay obtaining judg-
ment from day to day through the winter, a closed
season is the spring like the harvest, because sowing
and harrowing are to suffer no interruption in spring,
nor bringing in the corn in harvest.

U 45 a 15-18 (post gOys V 23 b 21 ante K6y 24 a 3).
Anc. Laws I. 758.

3i8 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Aghenyon kyfreithaOl y omed gwys. IlifcUtt
o ucn hyt uynyd heb ryt heb pont arnaO. cichar-
char. clchleuyt gozweidyaOc.

Lawful excuses for neglecting a summons: flood-
water from sea to mountain without a ford without
a bridge thereon; imprisonment; and bedridden
disease.

U 46 b 1-5 (post da V 24 b 5 ante 43 a 22). Anc.
Laws I. 760.

Tir kyt kyny bo Namyn un oe etfuedyon heb
diffoddir Ef adyly caffel cObyl oz tir. Gwedy
ranher hagen y bxenhfn auyd etiued yr neb
adiffodo.

Although there be only one inheritor of joint land
with unextinguished title, he is to have the whole of
the land. After it is shared, however, the king is to
be heir to him who is extinguished.

U 47 b (post kynwarchadO V 22 a i). Anc. Laws
I. 762.

Tri lie y rann kyfreith : un ohonunt, or tyf
kynhen rwg dwy tref am tir a theruyn ac wynteu
yn un ureint, gwyrda brenhin bieu teruynu
hwnnw os medrant; or byd pedrus dyledogyon
y tir, pawb bieu tygu y teruyn ; odyna rannent
yn deuhanher rwg y dwy tref y hamrysson. Ket
teruyno tref ar arall, ny dyly dwyn randir y
wrthi. Hanher punt a daw yr brenhin pan
teruynher, a phedeir ar ugeint a daw yr brawdwr.
Ed yw rwg gwr a gwreic pan uo marw y lleill.
Trydyd yw pan dyker anyueil or lie ny aller
y caffel wrth kyfreith, nyt amgen, o aghyfreith
y kyureith.

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 319

Three places where law shares: one of them is, if
contention arise between two trevs as to land and
boundary, they being of equal status, it is for a king's
gwrdas to determine it, if they are able ; if the pro-
prietors of the land be doubtful, every one must swear
as to his boundary ; afterwards let them share equally
between the two trevs their object of contention.
Although a trev shall meer to another, it is not to
take a rhandir from it. Half a pound comes to the
king when a meer shall be fixed, and twenty-four
[pence] comes to the judge. The second is between
a husband and wife when one party shall die. The
third is when an animal shall be taken from the place
where it cannot be had by law, to wit, from an illegal
state to a legal state. (Cf. V 22 a i-io; and X 218
a 18-218 b 4 on pp. 47, 308, supra.)

U 48 b 11-13 (inter amaeth et Ol V 27 b 22). Anc.
Laws I. 764, n 31.

k'. kyueireu. Kyueir gayauar. DOy .k. k'. atal
Kyueir gwanhOynaOl .k. k'. atal.

Law of co-arations. Co-aration of winter tilth is
two legal pence in value. A spring co-aration is
a legal penny in value.

U 49 b 17-50 a i (post ehunan V 24 a 22 ; ante Y
V 26 a 23). Anc. Laws I. 766.

POybynhac agynhallo tir dan deu arglOyd
Talet ebediO obob un o honunt.

Whoever shall hold land under two lords, let him
pay ebediw to each of them.

U 50 a 13-16 (post vaenaO* V 26 a 9 ante 26 a 25).
Anc. Laws I. 768, n 28.

Gcnuodref uyd y tryded o bob tref. Nyt .k'.

320 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

hot Namyn tn thayaOc ym pob un 01 d6y tref
ereiH. ac en randired hynny Ny el(.)ir ami-
nogeu tin

A gorvodtrev is the third of every trev. It is not
lawful that there should be more than three taeogs
in each of the two other trevs ; and from those rhandirs
land borderers are not called (?).

U 52 b 3-18 (post ydylyet W 104 a 2; ante Croef-
uaen V 2,6 a 14). Anc. Laws I. 772, 774.

Tygu tir.

Ny dyly t6#g ar tir dyO ful Na dyO Hun DyO
ful dyd ywediaO. DyO Hun dyd y lauuryaO
y keiffaO creireu adefneu y tyngu y tir. POy-
bynhac aladho y uraOt am na ra^n tref tat ac ef
y Ilofrud honno Ny dyly kenedyl talu galanas
gyt ac ef. Namyn ef adyly talu galanas eu
kar udunt hOy abit colle byth o tref y dat

He dyly keitweit.

Llyma y Ileoedd y dyly keitweit uotr yn gyntaf
y cadO tir adayar gan dyn Eil yO cadO kyn coll.
Trydyd yO cadO gein a Meithrin. Pedweryd yO
cadO gwefti. Pymhet yO cadO b^elnt. Chwechet
yO cadO alltud gan dyn.

Swearing as to land.

There is to be no swearing as to land on a Sunday
nor on a Monday. Sunday is a day for praying;
Monday is a day for labouring to procure relics, and
essentials for swearing to land. Whoever shall kill
his brother because he will not share father's trev
with him, for such homicide kindred should not pay
galanas with him ; but he is to pay the galanas of their

LEADING ADDITIONS TO PRINTED TEXT 321

kinsman to them ; and let him forfeit for ever his
father's trev.

Where guardians are required.
Here are the places where guardians are to be. In
the first place, to guard land and soil for a person
The second is, to guard before loss. The third is, to
guard birth and rearing. The fourth is, to guard
a guest. The fifth is, to guard status. The sixth is,
to guard an alltud for a person.

U53a3-7(/w/atalV 26 a 16; #tfteG6ysVi4a i).
Anc. Laws I. 774.

Ny dyly neb dodi diafpat egwan onyt y neb
aomeder yn Hys y arglOyd Neu yny dadleu k'.
am tref y dat. Neu ynaOuet dyn rac diffodi
pnodolder.

No one is to utter a cry of distress, but one refused
law in the court of his lord or in the law pleadings, for
his father's trev ; or the ninth person, lest proprietor-
ship be extinguished.

U 53 b 6-7. See W 92 b 18-93 a 3 on p. 301.
Anc. Laws I. 774.

U 53 b 8-16 (ante V 40 b i). Anc. Laws I. 774, 776.

TRI chargychwyn heb attywel. Mab amheu
gwedy gOathladher un weith o genedyl. a gwz
gwedy gOzthladher un weith o tir a dayar. Ny
dyly hOnnO dyuot y tir gwedy hynny. a gOzeic
gwedy gOrthladher un weith oe gwely yn
gyureithaOl Ny dyly dyuot yr gwely hOnnO
byth dxacheuyn herwyd kyfreith.

Three removals of kin without return: a doubted
son after he shall have been once rejected by a kindred ;
and a man who after he shall have been once ejected

322 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

from land and soil is not to obtain land afterwards ; and
a woman who after she shall have been once expelled
lawfully from her bed is never to return to that bed
again according to law.

U 55 a. See W 99 b 3-7 and X 211 b 17-20 on
pp. 303, 306 supra. Am. Laws I. 778.

U 56 a (post alanaf W 105 a 9 ; ante Tn V 44 b 21).
Anc. Laws I. 780.

Tri dyn yssyd ryd udunt kerdet ford a dieithyr
ford : effeirat y ouwy claf ygyt ae gennat ; eil
y w, righyll yn negesseu y arglwyd ; trydyd yw,
medyc gyta chennat y claf.

There are three persons who are free to travel the
road and out of the road : a priest to visit the sick
along with his messenger ; the second is an apparitor
on his lord's commission ; the third is a physician
along with the messenger of the sick.

U 6 1 a to the end. The sixteen folios with which
this manuscript ends form no part of the Book of
Cyvnerth, but are copied from the Book of Gwynedd
as represented by A, E and G. They will be
found printed with tentative translation by myself in
Vol. XVII of Y Cymmrodor. See also Anc. Laws II.
2-36, 40, 46. Two more folios are added in a much
later and running hand.

II. LEADING OMISSIONS FROM THE PRINTED
TEXT.

W omits: V 17 a 21-18 a 21; 21 b 2; 10-16;
22 a 13-22 b 12; 23 a 6-23 b i ; 14-15; 24 a 11-15;
22-25 bio; 26 a 9-12; 14-24; 33*23-25; 35 b i-u ;
37 a 6-8; 38 a 3-5; 10-12; 14-20; 38 b 13-19 ;
39 a 6-40 a 26 ; 44 b 8-10.

LEADING OMISSIONS FROM PRINTED TEXT 323

X omits : V 2, a 18-23 5 3 b 32-24 ; 7 a 5-10 ; 12-
13; loa 10-21 ; i6b 21-24 ; 17 a 21-18 a 21 ; 19324-
20 a 7; 20 a 4-7 ; 2 a 18-22; 21 b 2 ; 2ibio-i6;
22 a 13-22 b 12; 23a6-23bi; 23 b 14-15; 2433-6;
11-15; 22-25 b 10 ; 26 a 3-24; 26 b 11-27 a 95
W 65 b 21-66 a i ; V 29 b 24-303 2; 30 b 21-31 34;
31 b 13-15 ; 20-24 ; 32 a 19-21 ; 32 a 25-33 a 4 ;
33 a 23-25; 35*5-7; 9-n; 18-19; 35bi-n;
36 a 12-13 ; 20-24 ; 36 b 9-37 a 17 ; W 82 a 21-
82 b 5 ; 83 a 15-19 ; 83 b (margin) ; 83 b 20-84 a 15;
85 a 18-85 b 7 ; 87 b 4-8 ; 88 a 3-5 ; 89 a 20-89 b 4;
7-90 b 10; 90 b 13-91 33; 9-16; V 38 a 3-5; 10-12;
14-20 ; 23-38 b 8 ; 11-39 ail; 14-40 a 26; 41 a 1 7-
41 b 2 ; 44 b 8-iq; 44 a 17-44 b 8 ; 45 a 10-12 ;
45 b 22-25 ; W 102 b 20-103 a 14 ; 103 b 2-3 ; 104 a
16-20 ; 104 b 9-105 a 10 ; 105 a 13-107 a 9.

U omits: V 3 a 21-22 ; W 38 a 11-13; l8-2i ;
38 b 7-9; 20-393 3; 5-6; 10-12; 39 b 16-18 ;
V 638-11; 22-25; 6 b 10-33 ; I5~l65 7 a 5-10 ;
7 b4-6; 12-19; 21-23; 8 a 13-17 ; 8b 12-19; 24-
9 a 3 ; 4~5 5 J4-i9 ; 20-21 ; 9 b 1-2 ; 10 a 10-21 ;
12 a 11-21 ; 25-12 b I ; 13 a 9-12 ; 19-13 b 2 ; 4-7 ;
9-11; 19-22; 1431-5; 8; n; 14-20; 14 b 5-8;
16-18; 21 ; 23-25; 15311-14; 18-20; 22-23;
16 b 8-13 ; 21-24; 17 a 21-18 a 21 ; 18 b 19-19323 ;
I9bii-i6; 2034—7; 21 b 2-5; 10-14; 16-18 ;
22 3 10-12 ; 14-22 b 7 ; 23 3 4-6 ; 13-23 b I ; 14-15 ;
21-23; 243 15-18; 24 b 6-25 b 10; 26 3 3-8;
12-14 ; 27 3 15-17 ; 24-27 b 14 ; W 65 3 8-65 b 17 ;
66 3 i-V 29 3 2 ; 29 b 24-30 3 2 ; 15-21 ; 30 b 21-
3134; 15-31 b ii 1 ; 13-15 ; 22-24; W 69 b 20-21 ;

1 In lieu of V 31 a 15-31 b u, U has the following rubric (31 a n)
un werth 3,c un dyrchauel y6 ych abu(6ch ei)thyr (eu teithi). Of the
same worth and the same augmentation are an ox and a cow, except
their teithi (cf. Anc. Laws I. 712).

Y 2

324 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

V 32 a 19-24 ; 3a b *-33 a 4 ; 33 b J3~l6 ; 34 a 2-4 ;
34 b 15-16 ; 35 a 4-37 a 17 ; 37 b 25-W 79 b 10 ;
i9-8oa5; 7-10; 15-19; 80 b 5-7 ; io-82an;
21-82 b I ; 5-83 a 9 ; 13-20 ; 83 b 6-13 ; 83 b (margin) ;
20-84 a 15 ; 84 b 1 2-i 8 ; 85 a 2-4 ; 18-21 ; 85 b 1-7 ;
18-86 a 5 ; 14-16 ; 87 a 11-20 ; 87 b 6-20 ; 88 b 12-
18; 21-89 a 14; 20-89 b 4; 7-14; i8-V"38a9;
14-38 b 8; 11-12; 20-40 a 26 ; 41 a 17-41 b 5;
42 a 7-15 ; 24-43 b 13; 43 a 7-44 a 5 ; 44 b 8-10 ;
17-21 ; 45 a 4-9 > I9~25 5 45 b J9-25 ; W 102 b 20 ;
103 a 1-2 ; 14-17 ; 103 b 2-104 a 2 ; 7-1 1 ; 104 b
4-21 ; 105 a 9-10; 13-105 b 9 ; 13-16 ; 18-107 a 9.

GLOSSARY

agweddi, dowry. The word ' seems to mean all that the dy-
weddi (the betrothed woman) brings with her to the husband '.*
In the text, however, it is normally limited to a pecuniary sum,
varying according to the status of the bride's father, which is
handed over with the bride to the bridegroom on the occasion
of the marriage. It remains, however, the wife's property, to be
restored or forfeited, as the case may be, in certain events. The
agweddi is paid in cattle in the case of a woman going away
clandestinely, without consent of kindred, with a man who after-
wards abandons her. The agweddi is also paid in case of rape.

alltud, foreigner. The word ' is equivalent to Anglo-Saxon
el-theod'? In the Latin texts of the laws, it is represented by
<?,r#/, which may explain the treatment of Hengist and Horsa as
exiles from Germany in the Welsh versions of the fable of the
Saxon conquest. The status of every alltud in Cymru was
fixed by law, as he had his own galanas and sarhad. He could
give no evidence, however, against a Cymro, and some lord had
to be in some way responsible for him, which lord might be a
king, breyr, or a taeog. His galanas and sarhad were according
to the status of this lord. It appears from the text that his
descendants could be incorporated into the Cymric kindreds
(p. 62).

amobr, a maiden fee, payable to her lord, when she married
or had connexion with a man. Normally the amobr was paid
by her father, who, however, had no need to pay should the
daughter go away clandestinely without consent of kindred. See
gobr merch.

arddelw, a vouchee of various kinds in defence. The term is
only used in one passage in the present text.

arglwydd, lord. This word appears to be used as a general
term for a superior of any kind, from arglwydd Dinewwr, the
Lord of Dinevwr, to arglwydd caeth, the lord of a bondman,
and even argl'wydd ciy the lord of a dog. In reading the earlier
and more reliable texts of the laws, one must carefully avoid

1 The Welsh People, 211, note 3. 2 Ibid., 191, note i.

326 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

limiting its application to ' the superior chief of a district '. In
such a phrase as bradwr arglwydd^ for example, the arglwydd
would vary according to the status of the bradwr (traitor).
Given that the latter was one of the officers of the Court
of Dinevwr, the arglwydd no doubt would be the powerful
territorial chief known in later history as King of Deheubarth.
Were he on the other hand a monk or the serf of a breyr, his
arglwydd would be the abbot or the breyr as the case might be.

Argoel, called Castell Arcoyl in the Latin Vespasian E XI,
where its prepositus or maer is mentioned.1 Mr. Phillimore
identifies it with a place called Caeth Argoel, between Derwydd
and Golden Grove.2 There are two farms in the parish of
Llanfihangel Aberbythych between Derwydd and Golden Grove,
called Caeth-argoed uchaf and isaf. They are roughly about
2\ miles from Castell Dinevwr. Mr. Phillimore suggests with a
query that Argoel is a by-form of Aergol, the Welsh modification
of the Latin Agricola, and refers to the fifth-century Aergol ap
Tryffun, King of Dyved.

argyvreu, ' id est, animalia que secum a parentibus adduxit,'
the animals which the wife brings with her from her parentes
on the occasion of her marriage. Such is the explanation given
in the earliest MS. extant of the laws, the Peniarth MS. 28 in
Latin.3 Aneurin Owen, however, explains it as meaning ' special
ornaments', and translates it into Latin as 'paraphernalia',
following herein apparently the late definition given in the
so-called ' Triads of Dyvnwal Moelmud', which Thomas ab Ivan
of Trev Bryn in Morgannwg transcribed (according to his own
account) from the ' old books ' of Sir Edward Mansell of
Margam in 1685. According to this late definition, argyureit,
used here in connexion with a man, means his dress, arms, and
the tools of a privileged art.4 Following Aneurin Owen, the
authors of The Welsh People 5 write that the marriage portion
of a daughter * usually included not only things of utility for a new
household, but also argyvreu (special ornaments, paraphernalia)'.

arwaesav, warranty, guarantee ; ' the person, or authority, a
defendant avouches to be the guarantee of the right to property
with which he is charged to be unlawfully possessed.' Aneurin
Owen.6 Not in present text. See pp. 302, 307, sttpra.

bangor, ' the top row of wattles in a wattled fence.* It is still
in use in this sense ' under the form mangors (with the English

1 Anc. Laws II. 878. 2 Owen's Pembrokeshire II. 421.

3 Anc. Laws II. 795. * Ibid. II. 475, 493, 567. 5 p. 209.

6 Anc. Laws II. i no.

GLOSSARY 327

plural termination) at Gwynfe in Carmarthenshire, and from it
is derived a verb bangori\ Mr. Phillimore also states 'that
there is no evidence known to us that Bangor was in genuine
Welsh a generic term for a monastery of any sort. No use of
the word in this sense can be found before the comparatively
late class of documents of which so many are printed in the
lolo MSS.' As a place-name Bangor ' occurs four times in
Wales and sometimes, as on the Teifi and Rheidol, at places
where no monasteries are known to have existed V The eccle-
siastical signification attributed to the word is due in part to the
two North Welsh Bangors (not to mention the Irish instance)
being celebrated religious centres ; and also perhaps to the con-
fusion of bangor with bangeibr (meaning primarily ' high rafters '
and so ' church'). The latter word appears in Peniarth MS. 28
in the following passage : ' Mabh eyllt maynorauc a vo bengebyr
ar e tyr eiusdem precii est et mayr.' In Vespasian E XI the
same passage reads ' Mabeilt mainorauc, id est, qui mainaur
habuerit in qua eclesiq sit, tantum est ejus galanas quantum
prepositi.' 2

Blegywryd, described in the present text as the most learned
clerk in the convention at the White House on the Tav, who,
with twelve laymen, was chosen to reform the laws of Cymru.
It is a striking fact, however, that his name does not appear
either in the North Welsh books or in the three early Latin
texts published in the Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales,
Vol. II. 749-907. Blegywryd is associated with that particular
class of South Welsh law books written in Welsh, to which
Aneurin Owen gave the name 'Dimetian Code' in order to
distinguish them from that other class which he misnamed
' Gwentian Code '. These two classes would be more correctly
distinguished by the names ' Book of Blegywryd ' and ' Book of
Cyvnerth ' respectively. In the present text, however, which
belongs to the latter class, and also in its fellow W, Blegywryd's
name appears to have been substituted for that of Cyvnerth
under the influence of the ' Book of Blegywryd ' more properly
so called. We therefore appear to have no reference in extant
MSS. either to Blegywryd or Cyvnerth before the last quarter of
the thirteenth century. At first he is merely described as the
most learned clerk who was called yr athro Vlegywryt, the
master Blegywryd, chosen to act as a kind of secretary with the
twelve most learned laymen ; and it is only in the two very late

1 Y Cymmrodor XI. 83, note 3.

2 Anc. Laws II. 769, 879; and p. 307 supra (X 217 a 16-20).
See also Silvan Evans's Geiriadur Cymraeg.

328 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

texts, S and Z, that his legend is found in bloom.1 In these he
is specially chosen with the laymen in order to guard against their
doing anything in opposition to the law of the Church or that of
the Emperor, for in both of these he is a doctor.2 He is also
described as archdeacon of Llandaff, and made to accompany
Howel to Rome. Certain lines are quoted as having been
written by him in testimony of this event. The many inac-
curacies and inconsistencies however contained in this account
tend to show that it is based on the fancies of a time which knew
little or nothing more of him than we do to-day. Even the pre-
face to the earliest text extant of the Book of Blegywryd, when
compared with that of the early Latin Peniarth MS. 28, is seen
to be by no means free from suspicion of random theorizing.

bonheddig, literally, one having a pedigree. In the early
Latin texts it is represented by nobilis. The population of old
Wales was broadly divided into two classes, being a division
based on lineage. Those who were held to possess lineage were
the bonheddigs or boneddigion, i.e. gentlemen. The term, how-
ever, was naturally more applied to the generality of this
class, the more noble having special names bestowed on them,
such as gwyrda (Latin optimates), &c. The ordinary bon-
heddig, called bonheddig canhwynol or innate bonheddig,
is defined as being a Cymro on both sides and quite free
from the blood of a bondman or a stranger (alltud}. The
genuine Cymry therefore seem to have been a kind of national
aristocracy, who in course of time imposed their name on the
country and people of Wales, known previously in the Latinity
of the ' Dark Age ' by the names Britannia and Brittones
respectively.

bragod, a liquor, said to be made of the wort of ale and mead
fermented together ; in English, bragget.

breyr, a noble, representing a higher grade of the bonheddig
or gentle class. According to Aneurin Owen's Index, this word
is never used in the North Welsh books, where its equivalent
nchelivr (lit. a high man) is the term employed. In the early
Latin texts it is represented \>y optimas^ as bonheddig is by nobilis.
See gwrda.

briduw, a solemn asservation, apparently over the altar, in
which God is taken as witness. The term seems to be simply
bri Duw, dignity of God.

1 S = Brit. Mus. Addl. MS. 22,356, of the late fifteenth century.
Z = Peniarth MS. 2593, of the first half of the sixteenth century.

2 MS. E, however, a faithful copy of A, the earliest MS. extant of the
laws in Welsh, quotes a specific case where the law of Howel is con-
trary to that of the Church. AM. Laws I. 178.

GLOSSARY 329

Buallt, an ancient Welsh gwlad or patria, now represented
by the Hundred of Builth in the county of Breconshire.
Buallt, however, was quite distinct from Brycheiniog. Buallt
and the adjoining patria of Gwrtheyrnion were ruled over by
Pascent, son of Vortigern, in the fifth century, these two gwlads
having been bestowed on him by Ambrosius Aurelianus.
The line of Pascent continued to rule after him for centuries, its
representative in the time of the author of his genealogy in the
Historia Brittomim being Fernmail.1 It is a striking fact that
Buallt and Gwrtheyrnion go together in the present text. See
Cyrchell and Deheubarth.

camlwrw, a fine, sometimes doubled, of three kine for
various offences, paid directly to the king. In certain cases,
however, a portion of the camlwrw was a perquisite of others,
whilst in the case of a llan, the whole of the camlwrw appears to
have been divided between the abbot and lay proprietors. See
dirwy.

canghellor [Lat. cancellarius], a royal officer, appointed
over a district called his canghellorship, with special juris-
diction among the king's taeogs. It is carefully stated that he
is not to be zpencenedl or chief of kindred, by which is probably
intended that his authority is directly from the king, and does
not in any way lie in his own blood origin. He is to hold the
pleas of the king, and together with the maer is to keep the
king's waste. It is noteworthy that our earliest MS. of the laws,
Peniarth MS. 28 in Latin, differs from all subsequent texts in
calling him kymellaur from a Latin original compellarius.

cantrev [///. a hundred trevs], a hundred, the largest division
of a gwlad or patria. The cantrevs varied considerably in extent ;
and it may be that originally they were one and all separate
gwlads, as some of them certainly were. If, as is possible,
trev once represented a personal entity (being an equation of
the Latin tribus), cantrev at first may have stood for an
organized group of kinsmen wandering over some ill-defined
territory, which subsequently came to be strictly defined and to
bear the name of cantrev in a territorial sense. This, however,
in the case of Wales depends on the antiquity of the division,
for it may be a comparatively late importation from England or
the Continent. The cantrev was divided into cymwds, which
were always strictly territorial divisions, marked off from one
another by a well-defined boundary, such as a river or stream.
The rigid definition of cantrev, comprising two cymwds, &c., as

1 Mommsen's Chronica Minora III. 192.

330 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

given in the Black Book of Chirk and its faithful transcript, was
certainly never applicable to the whole of Wales.

ceiniog, a penny. There are two kinds of pence referred to,
viz. keinhawc kyfreith, the legal penny, and keinhawc cotta^
the curt penny. The latter was a third less than the former, for
a dimei (dimidium) was half a curt penny and a third of the
legal penny.1 If, as Dr. Seebohm thinks probable, the legal
penny is the same as that current in England in the time of
Howel Dda, viz. that of thirty-two wheat grains, the curt penny
therefore being of twenty-four wheat grains, then 240 legal pence
would equal the pound of the nova moneta of Charlemagne, and
240 curt pence would equal the older Roman pound, or half-mina-
Italica. The mina Italica of twenty Roman ounces was twice
the amount of an old Roman pound of 240 scripula of twenty-
four wheat grains, which survived into Merovingian times. The
keinhawc cot fa therefore was the equivalent of the scripulum,
which was so far a common unit in Gaul as to have earned for
itself the name of denarius Gallicus?

ceinion [plur. of cain], defined both in Peniarth MS. 28 and
the Black Book of Chirk as the first draught of liquor which
comes to the hall at a banquet, being a perquisite of the smith
of a court.3

cowyll, a gift payable by the husband to the wife on the
morning after the marriage. According to the present text it
was a pecuniary sum, given apparently as a recognition of
chastity, and was not to be alienated from the wife although her
fault caused the husband to leave her, but should the wife fail
to discuss the subject of the cowyll on the morning after her
marriage it was to be the property of both and not of the wife
alone. ' Cowyll is [possibly] of the same origin as the Welsh
word cawell, " a basket or creel," and to be compared with
the French term corbeille de mariage? 4

cyvarwys, gift, perquisite. Such at least is the sense in
which the word seems to be used in the present text. The
phrase kyuarus neythaur is represented by munera nuptiarum
in the Latin Peniarth MS. 28. Dr. Seebohm makes much of
this word in his The Tribal System in Wales, but unfortunately
his remarks are mainly based on the so-called Trioedd Dyvnwal
Moelmttd, transcribed in 1685 fr°m ' °ld books '. He is followed
by the authors of The Welsh People (206, and especially the
second note).

1 V 36 b 2i-3 on p. 88.

3 Seebohm's Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law, 14, 15.

3 Am. Laws I. 72; II. 764. * The Welsh People, 212, note.

GLOSSARY 331

Cymru, Cymro, Cymraes. These are the names by which
Wales, a Welshman, and a Welshwoman respectively are called
in Welsh to this day. Cymru is a modern spelling for the coun-
try of Wales as distinct from the people, viz. Cymry ^ the latter
formerly representing both. The singular Cymro stands, accord-
ing to Sir John Rhys, for an earlier Cumbrox or Combrox, a
compatriot, as opposed to Allobrox, Welsh allfro, a foreigner.1
As the name seems to have been unknown among the Brittones
of the Devonian peninsula or of Britanny, it could never have
comprised the whole of the Brittones or Britanni of that western
Britannia which was severed into two fragments by the famous
Battle of Deorham in 577. Moreover, as the name Cymry is not
found accepted by the whole of what is now Wales until about
the twelfth century,2 it is certain that a long period had elapsed
before such a common national name could have won its way to
general acceptance. In other words, it must have been long
extant in Wales before it was finally adopted as a national name
in lieu of Britannia and Brittones. There was a northern
' Cymru ' north-east of the Irish Sea (whence the modern name
Cumberland), and it was from this quarter that Cunedda and
his Sons migrated over the water to North Wales sometime
about the commencement of the fifth century A. D., who occupied
at first the land between the river Dee and the river Teify,
and then pushed through the modern Carmarthenshire till they
reached the Severn Sea. These were the Picti transmarini
of the 'Roman1 author of the Excidiitm Britanniae, being un-
doubtedly the ancestors of the Cymry, properly so called.3 The
advent of these Combroges to Wales under Cunedda about the
time that the last Roman soldier quitted this island in 407 is
the beginning of Welsh national history. It was these who in
process of time imposed their name on the land, people, and
language of Wales. From the definition of Cymro in the pre-
sent text, and as pointed out by the authors of The Welsh
People? the term Cymry only included the men of pedigree
and not the classes or persons subject to them. At first it was

1 The Welsh People, 26.

2 Only in the twelfth century it begins to be adopted as a national
name in the Brttt y Tywysogion, s. a. 1134 (Oxford Brut, 309).

3 P- 35°» note I > Y Cymmrodor IX. 182, 183 ; Mommsen*s Chronica
Minora III. 33, 156. The Picti transmarini of the pseudo-Gildas
were not necessarily the supposed ' non-Aryans ' to which the term is
more strictly applied, but simply invaders or immigrants from beyond
the Wall.

4 117, note i.

332 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

the dominating class alone, the free men of privileged blood,
who were known by this name, those of the stock of Cunedda
and his companions. The portions of Wales not occupied by
them, such as the south-east, Brycheiniog, Glywysing, Gwent,
&c., must still have been held by Brittones or Britanni, Scotti,
and even Romani, but by the twelfth century we find the general
name of Cymry (Lat. Cambria) being accepted by all.

cymwd, a division of a cantrev. A cymwd as such was
intended from the first to be a strictly territorial entity, and
never, as possibly in the case of a cantrev, a personal one. The
present text speaks of a river as a familiar boundary between
cymwds (vide p. 55). In such a case as Gwrtheyrnion we have
a cymwd which appears to have been originally a gwlad, viz. the
patria of the celebrated Vortigern. Perhaps, however, the
original patria is here limited in area, the name being retained
for a territory of lesser extent.

Cyrchell, the name of a brook, now called Crychell, which
flows into another brook, called on the One Inch Ordnance
Survey Map Bachell Brook, which itself flows into the Clywedog
Brook, a little below Abbey Cwm Hir in Radnorshire. The
Clywedog is a tributary of the leithon. Trachyrchell means
* beyond the Cyrchell ', and inasmuch as Buallt, which is south
of the Wye, is mentioned as distinct from Deheubarth, it is
reasonable to suppose that the district immediately north-east
of Buallt, between the Wye and the leithon, is also excluded.
Moreover, as ' beyond the Cyrchell ' is mentioned before Buallt,
it is clear that the writer is situated east or north-east of the
Cyrchell, so that trachyrchell would mean the district west
of the Cyrchell and between it and Buallt, that is to say, the
district of Gwrtheyrnion. See Deheubarth and Buallt.

dadannudd \lit. re-uncovering] of the parental hearth. A
term for a peculiar suit at law for the recovery of patrimony
held formerly by an ancestor of the claimant. There was a
custom of covering the fire with ashes previous to retiring to
rest, by which a smouldering fire was kept up ; in the morning
it was uncovered. In this particular suit, the suitor metaphori-
cally claims to re-uncover the fire of his ancestor's hearth.1

daered appears to be the money paid with or in lieu of the
dawnbwyds or food-rents, due to the king from his taeogs.
Where the Latin text Brit. Mus. Cott. Vesp. E XI, written about
1250, has 'Judex curie debet habere partem viri de nummis
dayretj the Peniarth MS. 28 reads ' . . . de nummis qui

1 Anc.Laws II. 11135 Seebohm's Tribal System in Wales, 82.

GLOSSARY 333

redduntur cum cena regis '. The latter again, under the head-
ing De daunbwyt, includes the following section, 'Si denarii
redduntur Xcem VIIIto denarii pro unoquoque dono ; et unus
denarius ministris, id est, yr daeredwyr ae kynnwllo', which
means ' to the daered-men who shall collect it V

dawnbwyd [dawn, gift', bwyd, fooa\ food-gifts of taeogs.
According to the present text, two food-gifts were due to the
king from the taeogs every year, one in winter and the other in
summer. The dawnbwyd is to be distinguished from the
gwestva, which last was due from free men.

Deheubarth [dehau, right, south ; parth, pari\, the south
part of Wales, South Wales. It is the dexteralis pars, the right
side looking east, as opposed to the sinistrah 's pars, the left side,
that is, the north. Cunedda, who was one of the leaders of the
Men of the North, Gwyr y Gogledd, who invaded the North
Welsh coast from Cumberland and Southern Scotland about the
beginning of the fifth century, and drove out the Scotti, is said
in the Historia Brittonum to have come departe sinistrali, that
is, from the north.2 The term Deheubarth at no time stood for
the whole of modern South Wales as signifying a definite patria
under one king, like Gwynedd, Buallt, or Morgannwg. Deheu-
barth was used as a general term for that group of South Welsh
patrias whose inhabitants might be described as Deheubarthwyr
or Britonnes dexterales or simply Dextrales* in contradistinction
to those of Gwynedd and Powys. The Deheubarth was never
a gwlad, but only a district which comprised many gwlads. It
is true that both in this present text and also in the Latin
Peniarth MS. 28, this general term Deheubarth is used as though
for a definite patria, but (as shown under gwlad) the reason
is probably this, that at the time when these recensions of the
laws of Howel were written the majority of the South Welsh
patrias had already fallen into Anglo-Norman hands, which
may have induced the writer to use the vague or general
term Deheubarth in lieu of more specific ones.4 It appears

1 Anc. Laws II. 758, 785, 821. Cf. also I. 534.

2 Mommsen's Chronica Minora III. 205. Mr. Anscombe regards
Cunedag in this passage as standing for Cuneda g[uletic]. Sir John
Rhys, however, informs me that Cuneda certainly did not originally
end in a.

3 Preface to Peniarth MS. 28. Anc. Laws II. 749 ; Annales Cambriae
in Y Cymmrodor IX. 160, 162.

* As for example in MS. D, viz. Peniarth MS. 32 of about A. D. 1380,
where reference is made to Rieinwc ( = Dyved), Morgannwg, and Seis-
yllwc ( = Ceredigion plus Ystrad Tywi). Anc. Laws II. 50 ; cf. also 584.

334 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

indeed to have been used for that remnant of independent or
semi-independent territory which was still left in the hands
of the princely house of Dinevwr, but Deheubarth was never
rightly the name of a definite patria or gwlad. The only
other reference to Deheubarth in our present text is in the
opening preface, where it is attended with considerable difficul-
ties, for mention is made of its sixty-four cantrevs, an obviously
impossible number. Indeed, the whole of this passage, wherein
Howel's dominions are enumerated, is full of difficulties. The
passage, which it will be convenient to quote here, is virtually
the same in all the texts, with the exception of Z (Peniarth MS.
2596 of the sixteenth century). It is as follows: — ' pet war
cantref a thrugein Deheubarth, a deunaw cantref Gwyned, a
thrugein tref tra Chyrchell, a thrugeint tref Buellt.' According
to Aneurin Owen, the MSS. U, Y, and Z place yn before
Deheubarth) whilst Z changes the first a thrugein into arhugain>
thus reducing the sixty-four cantrevs of Deheubarth into twenty-
four, a facile alteration made by a late writer, which hardly
diminishes the difficulty.1 We may therefore safely treat the
passage as meaning 'sixty-four cantrevs of [or in] Deheubarth,
and eighteen cantrevs of Gwynedd, and sixty trevs beyond the
Cyrchell, and sixty trevs of Buallt '. The first point to notice is
that Powys proper is clearly omitted and also the patria of
Rhwng Gwy a Havren with the exception of tra Chyrchell^
i.e. Gwrtheyrnion, which here, as since the days of Pasgen ab
Gwrtheyrn in the fifth century, went with Buallt. Let us note
further that tra Chyrchell^ beyond the Cyrchell, as referring to
Gwrtheyrnion, must have been used by a person speaking and
writing east or north-east of the brook Cyrchell, that is to say,
by a person living in the patria of Rhwng Gwy a Havren or
possibly in Powys proper ; at any rate within that part of Wales
which the writer carefully excludes as belonging to Howel's
dominions. The fact that Buallt is mentioned after ' tra
Chyrchell ' strengthens the argument. Our present author there-
fore (possibly Cyvnerth ab Morgeneu) appears to be outside the
Deheubarthwyr or Dextrales, and it may be that he is one of
the Powyssi. The next point is the number of cantrevs given
to Deheubarth and to Gwynedd, sixty-four to the former and
eighteen to the latter. As there were never sixty-four cantrevs
in the whole of Wales, and as the highest number given to
Gwynedd in the old lists is eleven, it is clear that there must be
some error in the text. If we assume for a moment that the
original of this passage in our preface was in Latin, the word

1 Anc. Laws I. 620.

GLOSSARY 335

cantref would have appeared as pagus, as in the preface of
Peniarth MS. 28. l Indeed, further on in this Latin text we find
pagusy id est, cantref?- But pagus is also made to stand for
cymwd, as in the early Latin text, Harleian MS. 1796, e.g. fines
pagi, i. chemut? Consequently it is possible that our cantrevs
may be a mistranslation of pagi, meaning cymwds, and that
what is meant to be said is that Howel's dominions included
sixty-four cymwds of [or in] Deheubarth and eighteen cymwds
of Gwynedd [plus Gwrtheyrnion and Buallt or parts thereof].
Now in the three old lists of the cantrevs and cymwds of Wales,4
there are variations in those of Gwynedd, chiefly because certain
of these divisions were debatable ground between Gwynedd
and Powys, and partly also owing to the errors of scribes who
misread some cymwds under wrong cantrevs because of the
proximity of one name to another. There can be no doubt,
however, that the following were universally acknowledged to
be intrinsic parts of Gwynedd, namely, the six cymwds of
Anglesey and the eleven cymwds of Arllechwedd, Dunoding,
Meirionydd, Lleyn, and Arvon. Penllyn with its three cymwds
also appears in each of the three old lists, but it is a striking
fact that Penllyn with its two cymwds proper, Uwch Meloch
and Is Meloch, were and are in the Diocese of St. Asaph,
whilst the third cymwd, Nanconwy, was and is in that of
Bangor.5 We may therefore fairly conclude from what evidence
we have that Gwynedd comprised eighteen undisputed cymwds,
viz. the seventeen enumerated above plus the cymwd of
Nanconwy. And it seems as though it were to this undisputed
Gwynedd that the text alludes. With regard to the sixty-four
cymwds of [or in] the Deheubarth, the special reference to
1 trachyrchell ' makes it amply clear that the patria of Rhwng
Gwy a Havren is not in our author's mind to be included in
that designation. There remain therefore (excluding Buallt
mentioned separately) the gwlads or patrias of Ceredigion, Dyved,
Ystrad Tywi, Brycheiniog, and Morgannwg with Gwent. The
first four comprise fifty-two cymwds,6 and the last about twenty-
five, exclusive of Cantrev Coch between the Wye and Gloucester.

1 Anc. Laws II. 749 ; and p. 1 in Introduction.

2 Ibid. II. 750. 3 Ibid. II. 895.

* Brit. Mus. Doraitian A VIII. (Leland's Itinerary in Wales, ed.
L. T. Smith, 1906, pp. 1-5); Cwta Cyfarwydd (Y Cymmrodor IX.
325-33) ; Oxford Brut II. 407-12.

5 St. Asaph of course is the diocese of Powys, and Bangor that of
Gwynedd. Penllyn, outside the three old lists, is generally regarded as a
cymwd. Egerton Phillimore in Owen's Pembrokeshire 1. 2 15, III. 215, &c.

6 Adding F Gam to the Brut list and Elved to that of Domitian

336 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

That there was some aggression on the part of Hovvel against
Morgannwg with Gwent is clear from the dispute between him
and King Morgan mentioned in the Book of Llanddv (247-9),
a Welsh translation of which precedes the Cwta Cyfarwydd list
of the cymwds and cantrevs of Wales.1 The dispute was settled
by King Edgar years after Howel's death, and was concerned
at that time only with the two cymwds of Ewyas and Ystrad Yw,
which were regarded as parts of Gwent. It may be therefore
that Howel laid claim to the whole of Gwent, and that our
author includes it within that Deheubarth over which Howel's
rule extended. It is very noticeable in this connexion that
Howel's grandson, Einion, is described in the Brut y Tywys-
ogion as having Brycheiniog and all his territory ravaged by
the Saxons, and as having afterwards being murdered through
the treachery of the nobles of Gwent,2 which certainly suggests
his authority in the far south-east. This seems to show that
the House of Howel Dda claimed some jurisdiction over
Gwent. Morgannwg minus Gwent, of course, or at least some
portion of it, is, in the light of the entry in the Book of Llanddv
clearly exempt, so that it appears hopeful that a minute
research may still reveal what exactly were the sixty-four
( ' Pagi* of tne Deheubarth which acknowledged Howel Dda as
their supreme lord.3 It is noticeable, as already shown by
Mr. Phillimore, that it is only the law books of our present class,
the Book of Cyvnerth, which carefully avoid describing Howel
Dda as King of all Wales (kymry oil}.*' Our author indeed
appears anxious to exclude Howel's jurisdiction from Powys,
and not only from Powys proper but also from the patria of
Rhwng Gwy a Havren, and the Perveddwlad or ' middle country '

A VIII, and omitting Trevdraeth and Pebidiog (cymwd) from that of
the Civta.

1 Y Cymmrodor IX. 325-6.

2 ' y diffeithwyt Brecheinawc a holl gyfoeth Einawn uab Owein y gan
y Saeson ' ; ' y lias Einawn uab Owein drwy dwyll gan uchelwyr Gwent.'
Oxford Brut) pp. 262-3. In the fragmentary list of cantrevs from the
Liber Abbatis de Feversham (Hall's Red Book of the Exchequer II.
1896) there appears the following curious notice :— ' Homines autem de
Lydeneye interfecerunt dominum suum scilicet Ris filium Oeni filii
Howelda.' As Lydney is in the Cantrev Coch (Forest of Dean), the
presence of the House of Howel there goes to confirm the above argu-
ment.

3 Gwent and Gwynllwg, according to the Civta list, contained twelve
cymwds which would complete the sixty-four required. Gwynllwg
lay between the lower courses of the Usk and Rhymni.

4 Owen's Pembrokeshire III. 220.

GLOSSARY 337

between the river Conway and the river Dee, which Gwynedd
afterwards claimed. This apparent anxiety would certainly in-
dicate that he was a Powysian, who, although anxious to preserve
the integrity of Powys itself, yet fully recognizes Howel's work
for ' Kymry benbaladyr' in inviting six men from every cymwd
in Cymru to the Ty Gwyn to assist in reforming Welsh law and
custom.

dilysdod, certainty, assurance, acquittance. In our present
text it is a term for a portion of the compensation to be made to
a woman by her ravisher. In the early Latin texts we have
dylesruyt, the modern dilysrivydd, and ius suum and ius suum
plenarie, after which last Brit. Mus. Vespasian E XI in one pas-
sage adds, id est, y diweirdep^ that is, her chastity.1 It appears
as though it were a payment which guaranteed to the woman the
retention of her status as a virgin or chaste woman in the sight
of the law. See gwaddol.

Dinevwr, near Llandeilo fawr, in the valley of the Tywi in
Carmarthenshire, where, its ruins still crown the summit of a
hill overshadowing the town, a distance of twelve miles from
Carmarthen. ' The form Dynevor (with the accent on the first
syllable) is of course a mere English barbarism ; and the appli-
cation of the name ' Dynevor Castle ' to the residence now
so called is a modernism, that mansion having been till recently
called Newton in English, and Dreneivydd (still in common use
in the neighbourhood) in Welsh.'2 In all the earlier South
Welsh law books Dinevwr appears as a leading royal court in the
Deheubarth. In the Book of Blegywryd, Dinevwr is an eistedua
arbennyC) a principal seat or throne, under the King of Deheu-
barth, as Aberffraw under the King of Gwynedd.3 It is also
mentioned by Giraldus Cambrensis in the last quarter of the
twelfth century as formerly one of three principal courts in
Wales, the others being Aberffraw and Shrewsbury.4 He tells
us elsewhere that the principal court of South Wales was at
Caerlleon at first, before it was removed to Dinevwr,5 but in
both places he speaks as though Dinevwr was no longer a
princtpalis curia. As he says the same, however, of Aberffraw, he
is obviously thinking of that one Wales of his imagination united
under Rhodri Mawr, which that king (such was the notion)

1 AHC. Laws II. 794, 847, 850.

a Egerton Phillimore in Y Cymmrodor IX. 45.

3 Anc. Laws I. 346.

4 Gerald's Itinerary through Wales I. ch. 10 * Fuerant enim anti-
quitus tres principals in Wallia curiae,' &c.

5 Gerald's Description of Wales I. ch. 4.

338 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

disintegrated by dividing it among his three sons who had their
principals curiae at Aberffraw, Dinevwr, and Shrewsbury re-
spectively. This we may dismiss at once as being the very reverse
of the course of Welsh history. Every patria or gwlad must once
have had its own curia principalis, and it is only after the fall of
every gwlad in South Wales except Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi
prior to circa iioo that Dinevwr comes into prominence. It is
first mentioned in the boundaries of Llandeilo Fawr in the Book
of Llanddv (78), where it is called gueith tineuwr, the 'work'
of Dinevwr in the probable sense of fortifications. No reference
is made to it in the Mabinogion collection of tales and romances,
whilst in the Brut y Tywysogion its name appears for the first
time not until the year 1161, where, however, it is clearly
mentioned as a well-known stronghold.1 Every king in the
Deheubarth having fallen, with the exception of the King
of Ystrad Tywi and Ceredigion, it is only natural that his
curia principalis should assume a unique position in Welsh
eyes. Dinevwr does not become historic until it stands alone
as the stronghold of the last great native princes of South
Wales.

dirwy, a fine, sometimes doubled, of twelve kine paid directly
to the king. A triad in the Latin text written about 1250 reads
1 De tribus fit dirwy, scilicet, de pugna, furto, treiss ', according
to which dirwy is due for fighting, theft, and rape.2

diwyneb \lit. faceless], having no face in the sense of * power
to blush '. It is used in some parts of Wales to-day for one who
is without a sense of honour.3 In the triad in our present text,
the effect intended appears to be somewhat as follows. There
are three shameless ones in every patria, shameless, impudent,
unabashed — and yet we cannot do without them : a lord, a
priest, and law.

ebediw, a heriot. A relief payable to a superior lord for
investiture of land on the occasion of a death. If the investiture
fee had been paid during the lifetime of the holder of land, no
ebediw was to be exacted. The sum varied according to the
status of the persons concerned.

edling [A.S. aetheling], the king's successor, the 'crown
prince ' so to speak, who was to be a brother, son, or nephew

1 Oxford Brut, 323, 'Ac yna y cymerth Rys ab Gruffud y Kantref
Mawr a Chastell Dinefwr.' On the derivation of Dinevwr see Y Cymm-
rodor IX. 44-6.

a Brit. Mus. Cott. Vespasian E XL See Anc. Laws II. 842.

3 Rhys's Celtic Folklore,, 634.

GLOSSARY 339

(brother's son) to the king. It is noticeable that in this way
succession through the mother such as prevailed among the
Picts in Bede's time was carefully guarded against. Traces of
this Pictish mode of succession, as in use in old Wales, are found
in the Mabinogion and elsewhere.1 In Peniarth MS. 28 the
edling is called givrthrych ; in the present text the royal issue
are termed gwrthrychiaid^ the word edling being confined to
the particular gwrthrych who was to succeed the king.

enllyn, what is to be eaten with bread. In the Latin texts
printed by Aneurin Owen it is sometimes left untranslated and
at other times represented by such Latin equivalents as pulmen-
tum. In Vespasian E XI we have ' Precium regalis cene est
libra : dimidium libre de pane ; et LX denarii pro potu ; et LX
pro dapibus aliis, id est, enlyn '*

erw [/if. what has been tilled], a measurement applicable to
arable land. It seems to have varied in extent. According to
the present text,

•i 8 feet = Howel's rod
1 8 rods = length of erw
2 rods = breadth of erw
312 erws = rhandir.
According to the Latin Peniarth MS. 28,

i6| feet = long yoke
1 8 long yokes «= length of acra
2 long yokes = breadth of acra?

galanas, murder and murder-fine. It varied in amount
according to the status of the individual murdered. The mur-
derer was assisted in paying by his kindred to the fifth cousin,
whose liabilities were fixed by law. The fine undoubtedly
originated as a means of obviating the feud to which our present
text refers under the term dial, vengeance. As galanas implied
insult, disgrace, injury (sarhad), sarhad was always to be paid
with the galanas. See sarhad.

gobr, a reward, fee. Latin, merces.

gobr estyn, investiture fee. In Peniarth MS. 28 in the
passage corresponding to that in which this expression occurs
in our present text, gobr estyn is represented by kynhasset, left
untranslated.4 In the late fifteenth-century text of the Book of
Blegywryd, denominated S,5the same passage appears as follows.

1 The Welsh People, 36 et seq. See also my introduction to the
' Brychan Documents' in Y Cymmrodor XIX.

3 Anc. Laws II. 765, 783, 827. s Ibid. II. 784.

* Anc. Laws II. 781. 5 viz. Brit. Mus. Addl. MS. 22356.

Z 2

340 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

*Y neb atalho kynnassed o tir ny thai ebediw pan vo marw.
Sef yw kyghassed gobyr estyn.' (Whoever shall pay kynnassed
for land is not to pay ebediw when he shall die ; kyghassed is
gobr estyn.) l

gobr gwarchadw, fee for custody. A fee of 1 20 pence paid
by a returned exile for the custody of his hereditary land-
property which is now granted him by his kindred to whom the
gobr gwarchadw is paid.

gobr merch, maiden fee. See amobr.

gorvodog. ' A surety for any person accused of crime ; as
" mach " signified a surety for debt or compact.' Aneurin Owen.2

gorvodtrev appears twice only in the present text, where it is
defined as the thirteenth of the thirteen free trevs of a free maenor.
It appears also to be said that there is some difference between it
and the normal trev with regard to its rhandirs. MS. U makes
this difference to consist in the addition of \h.z gwrthtir? by which
gwrthtir is probably meant the adjoining land. Moreover
MS. U, which makes no reference to the maenor of thirteen
trevs, defines the gorvodtrev as the third of every trev of the
[bond] maenol) and adds that it is unlawful that there should be
other than three taeogs in each of the two other trevs.4 As
this last is reminiscent of the three rhandirs of a taeogtrev, one
of which is to be pasture ground for the other two, and as the
whole of this passage in U appears to be slovenly done (the
form maenawl disclosing the influence of North Welsh books
which differ considerably as to these areas), the evidence
of this MS. may not unnaturally be regarded with suspicion.
Aneurin Owen quotes a gloss in the margin of MS. M (Peniarth
MS. 33 of the early fifteenth century),5 which reads 'Sef yw
goruotref, tref uchelwyr heb swydoc arnei heb swydoc o hony '
(A gorvodtrev is a trev of breyrs without an officer over it, with-
out an officer from it) ; which definition somewhat confirms the
idea suggested by our present text that the gorvodtrev pertained
to the free maenor alone and not to that of the taeogtrevs.
Another definition is found in Peniarth MS. 278 6 (based on an
early fifteenth-century text) as printed by Aneurin Owen, in

1 Anc. Laws I. 546, whence the above is taken with the changes
directed by the notes.

8 Ibid. II. 1116.

3 Ibid. I. 768 ' eithyr goruotref ageiff y gwrthtir yn ragor' (but the
gorvodtrev has the gwrthdir besides).

* See Appendix, p. 3 1 9 ; also Anc. Laws I. 768, note 28

6 Anc. Laws I. 769, note b ; Report on MSS. in Welsh I. 366.

6 This is R. Vaughan's transcript of Peniarth MS. 164 of the early
fifteenth century. Report on MSS. in Welsh I. 1098.

GLOSSARY 341

a passage which runs thus : ' Rheit hagen yr gwarcheitwat cayl
aminiogeu tir a gwyr gorfotref. i. aminyogeu y tir yn y gylch,
y gadw y tir ganthaw.' (The conservator however must have
land borderers and men of a gorvodtrev, that is, borderers from
the land around him, to keep for him his land.) A still later
definition l reads : ' Sef yw gorvotref, randyred a gvnvller o drevi
vchelwyr agyfvarvo ev tervynev a thervyn y dref y bo y datlev
yndy. Ac o ray hynny y kayr amynyogav tyr.' (A gorvodtrev
means the rhandirs which shall be brought together from the
breyr-trevs whose boundaries touch the boundary of the trev
wherein the disputes may be. And it is from those that land-
borderers are procured.) Dr. Seebohm accepts this statement
as representing the true meaning of the word.2

gwaddol, marriage portion. ' Gwaddol — givo-dawl (Irish
fo-ddil\ Latin divisio] is a portion or dowry as a division of
something.' 3 The word is very rare in the law books, and only
occurs once in our present text. It is not easy to say what
exactly was meant by gwaddol, but it appears as though it
comprised at least the agweddi and the argyvreu. In MS. X,
however, it appears to be identified with the argyvreu alone
(p. 305 supra). According to our present text, a man who failed
to rebut a charge of rape on a woman walking alone, was to pay
the woman her gwaddol, which in the corresponding passage in
Latin is given as ius suum and ius suum plenarte, id esf,y di-
weirdep in Peniarth MS. 28 and Vespasian E XI respectively.4
From the last it seems as though the gwaddol was paid as
a mark of the woman's diweirdeb or chastity. See dilysdod.

gwarthal, something to boot. The passages in the text seem
to mean that there is no ' boot ' where one has had his choice of
shares, or, in other words, supposing that your share was
assigned you without your having a free choice, you might then,
and then only, ask for something to boot (see p. 203, note I
supra).

gwelygordd, the stock of a family, some of whom might be
living in another gwlad, retaining their rights in the original bit
of land from which they sprang. The term is not used in our
present text, but only in an addition found in U (p. 316 supra}.

gwirawt yr ebestyl, liquor of the apostles. ' Liquor dis-
tributed on feast days of the apostles,' so says Aneurin Owen.5

gwestai, guest ; in Latin Peniarth MS. 28 hospes. In addition

1 Anc. Laws II. 283, from Peniarth MS. 175 of the late fifteenth
century.

2 Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law, 35.

3 The Welsh People, an, note 3. * Anc. Laws II. 794, 850.
5 Ibid. II. 1118.

342 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

to the twenty-four officers there were twelve gwestais in the
king's retinue. These thirty-six rode on horseback. The authors
of The Welsh People (204) think it probable that the twelve
gwestais were the persons who brought in the gwestva or enter-
tainment dues.

gwestva, a king's entertainment dues from his free men,
being analogous to the dawnbwyd or food-gifts due to him from
his taeogs or villeins. The gwestva was paid twice yearly, once
in winter and again in summer. From the present text one
might suppose that the payment was the same on both occa-
sions, save that in summer silver and horse provender were not
provided. The money equivalent of the food supplied from
every trev from which the king's gwestva was due was one
pound, viz. 120 pence for the bread, 60 pence for its enllyn,
and 60 pence for the liquor. If the food were not supplied at
the proper time, this money equivalent was to be paid. As this
proper time is definitely stated to be winter, it would appear as
though it were not unusual to supply money instead of food in
this season ; perhaps not so in summer. The 24 pence paid with
the winter gwestva is the gwestva silver, aryant y givestttaeu^ in
which sundry officers participated. Gwestva is represented in
the Latin Peniarth MS. 28 by cena, from which comes the
civynnossawc of our text through cvvyn + nos, evening meal,
supper. See twnc.

gwlad, a patria. Gwlad might be translated ' country ' and
even ' state ', but the former is too indefinite and the latter too
modern for the purposes of pur present text. Gwlad implies
both the definite territory which is held by a ' people ' and also
the ' people ' itself organized into a polity. Pre-Norman Wales (or
Britannia as it was called) was not itself a gwlad, but a group of
gwlads, somewhat like Germany before 1870. Dyved, Gwynedd,
Powys, Morgannwg, &c. (which now make up the single gwlad
or patria of Wales), would be as distinct from one another as
Wessex, Kent, Mercia, and the rest of the gwlads or patrias
which formerly made up what is now the single gwlad or patria
of England. By the time that the earliest of the Welsh law books,
now extant, were written, the Anglo-Normans had filched a num-
ber of these patrias, especially in South Wales. Morgannwg
with Gwent, Brycheiniog, and Dyved were gone. Ceredigion was
left, and also the interior of the old patria of Ystrad Ty wi, that
is, the land around Dinevwr. This probably is the reason why
pur texts adopt the vague term Deheub&r\h,dextra/is#ars (speak-
ing of it as a gwlad), in lieu of the well-known and well-marked
names of the South Welsh patrias. It may be that by the
) Deheubarth, our text means no more than the remnant

GLOSSARY 343

of Ystrad Tywi around Dinevwr, phis Ceredigion. Deheubarth,
Gwynedd, Powys, and Lloegr (England) are mentioned as four
distinct gvvlads in the present work. The Latin Peniarth MS.
28 of the late twelfth century quotes the same passage, viz.
' Homo de Powyss ab homine de Gwynet, similiter de Deheu-
barth, et de Anglico, in suo sayrhaed non habet nisi tres uaccas
et ill68 untias argenti.'1 In the preface also of the same early
and important text are mentioned the Gwynedoti, the Powyssi,
and the Dextrales.2 Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth are also
distinguished in the North Welsh books of the MS. A type.
This seems to fix the earliest recensions which we possess of the
Laws of Howel Dda to a period subsequent to the fall of the
majority of the South Welsh gwlads, that is, roughly speaking,
subsequent to the end of the eleventh century.

gwrda, a noble ; in the Latin texts optimas. See breyr.

gwyl [Lat. vigiltd], a festival. G. Giric, June 16 ; G. leuan
y Moch (St. John of the Swine), August 29 ; G. Badric, March
17 ; G. Vihagel (St. Michael), September 29; G. yr Holl Seint
(All Saints), November I ( = Calan Gaeaf, the Calends of Winter).

Gwynedd, roughly equivalent to North West Wales inclusive
of the three counties of Anglesey, Carnarvon, and Merioneth.
See Deheubarth.

gwyr nod, nod-men. ' The term gwr nod (literally, man of
mark) is very ambiguous. Sometimes it looks as if it meant a
taeog or aillt? 3 Not in present text. See p. 312 supra (U 27 b).

llan. In the early Breton Vita Patdi Aureliani we gather
that the old meaning of llan was monastery, e.g. Lanna Fault
id est monasterium Pauli. In the Vita Gildae, c. 27, we have
also coetlann interpreted as monasterium nemoris, which, whether
it be right or no, shows that llan to the writer meant monastery.
The numerous Hans of old Welsh place-names, therefore, signify
the monasteries of those whose names generally follow them,
e.g. Llangolman, the monastery of Colman, and so on. The
llan would naturally include under its name the lands and rights
which pertained to it. Llan in process of time came also to
mean a church, but as a rule in the present text eglivys (ecclesid)
is used for a church. On p. 114 llan and eglivys appear to be
in some sense contrasted, for the llan has an abbot and the
eglwys has lay proprietors, whose duty is to protect it.

land maer. See maer bis wail.

Llyfr Cynog, the Book of Cynog, referred to both in the

1 Anc. Laws II. 789. 2 Ibid. II. 749.

3 The Welsh People, 236, note 4. Cf. Anc. Laws II. mS.

344 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Latin Vespasian E XI l and in the Book of Blegywryd 2 in con-
nexion with the same passage as in the present text. Conse-
quently it must have been a work current as early at least as
the middle or first half of the thirteenth century. The first
seventy-six folios of Peniarth MS. 35 (called G) of the last
quarter of the thirteenth century profess to contain the Book of
Cynog, or at least part of it, for they close with the words ' Ac
yuelly y teruyna Llyuyr Kynawc ' (And so ends the Book of
Cynog).3 According to Dr. Gwenogfryn Evans, Aneurin Owen
made no use of the greater part of this text.4

mab aillt [///. a shaven fellow], a villein. Not in present text.
See p. 307 above (X 217 a 16-20), 313 (U 36 b). See taeog.

maenor. This word should be carefully distinguished from
the English manor, to which it is often assimilated ; maenor
appears to come from maen, a stone. ' Originally it probably
meant a particular spot in its district, which was distinguished
by stone buildings or some sort of stone walls.'5 ' Maenor
occurs in one of the documents in the Book of St. Chad . . .
written in the Mercian hand of the time of King Offa. . . .
Even our English historians will hardly be prepared to sustain
the hypothesis that the Welsh borrowed a Norman-French
word prior to A. D. 800.' 6 Two kinds of maenor are distinguished
in the present text, the maenor of the free trevs and the maenor
of the taeogtrevs. In the Book of Blegywryd (as the so-called
'Dimetian Code' may perhaps more correctly be called), the
two kinds of maenor are referred to thus : ' Seithtref a vyd ym
maenawr vro ; teir tref ardec a vyd ym maenawr vrthtir.' (Seven
trevs are to be in a maenor vro ; thirteen trevs are to be in a
maenor wrthdir.) 7 If the maenor vro and the maenor wrthdir
are the same as the bond and free maenor respectively, then it
would seem as though the maenor of the lowlands were occupied
by taeogs and that of the uplands by free men. On the basis of
the present text, the following tables may be drawn up :—

4 rhandirs = I free trev 3 rhandirs = I taeogtrev

13 free trevs = I free maenor 7 taeogtrevs = i maenor of

taeogtrevs.

The maenor of thirteen trevs is not referred to in MS. U, and
the form maenawl appears in lieu of maenawr ; which shows
the influence of North Welsh books on this particular text.

1 Ant. Laws II. 889. 2 Ibid. I. 484. 3 Ibid. II. 210.

4 Report on MSS. in Welsh I. 367-8.

5 The Welsh People, 218, note 2.

6 Mr. Egerton Phillimore in Y Cymmrodor XI. 57.
' Anc. Laws I. 538.

GLOSSARY 345

maer [Lat. maior\ a royal officer, appointed over a district
called his maership, with special jurisdiction over the king's
taeogs. Deriving his authority wholly from the king, he is
probably for this reason never to be & pencenedl or chief of
kindred, whose authority comes from the kindred, being based
primarily on blood origin. He is to demand all the king's dues
within his maership, and is also with the canghellor to keep the
king's waste. In Peniarth MS. 28 he is described in one place
as ' propositus regis, id est, mayr castell '.*

maertrev. This term only occurs once in our present text in
connexion with the maer biswail or land maer, so that it appears
to be the trev with which this officer was specially connected.
The passage, however, appears as follows in Peniarth MS. 28 :
* Debet quoque mercedem de filiabus uillanorum de uillis curie
adiacentibus,' 2 where our gwyr y vaertref are equated with the
inllani de 'villis curiae adiacenttbus. In MS. U they are called
tayogeti y llys, the taeogs of the court ; 3 and in the Book of
Blegywryd they are described as 'y bilaeineit afwynt y mywn
maer trefi y llys ' (the villeins who are within the maertrevs of
the court).4 The maertrev, therefore, appears to have been a
trev of a king's taeogs, situated near his court.

maer-ty or maerhouse. This word is mentioned four times
in the present text, always in connexion with cattle — gwartheg
y maerdy, the cattle of the maerhouse. In one case the maer-ty
is not that of a king but of a breyr. The maer referred to is the
maer biswail [lit. cow-dung maer] or land maer.

maer biswail or land maer. The literal meaning of the
Welsh term is 'cow-dung maer', a term used to distinguish
him from the maer proper, who was of higher status. The
galanas of the latter was 189 kine, with three augmentations;
that of the land maer was only 126 kine with three augmenta-
tions. He appears to have superintended the maertrev with
special regard to the king's cattle.

marwdy, the house with its appurtenances of a person who
dies intestate, which on this account escheats to the lord.

nod-men. See gwyr nod.

pennaeth, chief, king. This word is represented by rex in
the corresponding passages in the Latin Peniarth MS. 28.5

prid, price, value, equivalent, payable in certain circumstances
for land.

1 Anc. Laws II. 769. 2 Ibid. II. 767. 3 Ibid. I. 684.

* Ibid. I. 392. G Ibid. II. 750, 764.

346 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

rhaith. * Originally it seems to have been used to signify the
notion conveyed by the juridical terms, iust droit, recht. It is
cognate with German recht and English right ', and is represented
in Irish by the neuter recht, which is as if we had in Latin,
besides rectus, -a, -urn, a neuter rectu^ genitive rectus.' 1 Rhaith
might be translated compurgation, for if a person were put to
his rhaith, he was required to bring forward so many men to
swear on his behalf. ' Oath was the primary mode of proof, an
oath going not to the truth of a specific fact, but to the justice
of the claim or defence as a whole. The number of persons
required to swear varied according to the nature of the case and
the rank of the persons concerned.' 2

rhandir [rhan, share ; tir, land], a division of land containing
312 such erws as are described in the text (see Erw). The
complete rhandir was to comprise clear and brake, wood and
field, wet and dry, except (if the text be thus interpreted
correctly) in the case of the gorvodtrev. There were to be four
rhandirs in the free trev, and three in the taeogtrev, one rhandir
in both cases being pasturage for the remainder. Should a
dispute arise between two trevs as to a boundary, the area which
could be legally appropriated was always to be less than a
rhandir.3

sarhad, insult and insult-fine. If the person who committed
sarhad was unable to pay, his kindred were legally bound to pay
along with him, but only till the third degree of kinship, and not
to the fifth cousin as in the case of galanas. See galanas.

taeog, a villein. The word is of the same origin as ty (house).4
The inhabitants of old Wales were divided into two main
divisions, those of pedigree (boneddigiori) and those of no
pedigree. The taeogs were the most privileged in the latter
division, preceding in status both the alltuds and the caethion
(slaves). The word taeog is of very rare occurrence in the
books of the Black Book of Chirk type, the designation
of the villein in this text being commonly what would now
be spelt mab aillt, a word of still rarer occurrence in the other
law books. In the Latin Peniarth MS. 28 taeog is repre-
sented by villanus. There were two ranks of taeogs, those
of a king and those of a breyr. The galanas and sarhad

1 The Welsh People, 205, note i.

2 Pollock and Maitland, English Law (2nd ed. 1898) I. 39.

3 Cf. V 22 a 6-7 with Anc. Laws II. 814 (last section of Peniarth
MS. 28).

* The Welsh People, 191, note i.

GLOSSARY 347

of the latter were half those of the former. The taeogs had
special trevs set apart for them called taeogtrevydd^ seven
of which constituted a [bond] maenor. They paid two dawn-
bwyds or food-gifts yearly to the king, and were subject to
sundry other services. A taeog became a free man if a church
were built with the king's consent on his taeogtrev, or if the
king raised him to be one of his twenty-four officers, or if he
became a tonsured clerk. See mab aillt.

taeogtrev, a trev of taeogs, as distinguished from a trev ryd
or free trev. It comprised three rhandirs only, one of which was
pasturage for the other two. Seven taeogtrevs made a bond
maenor. The word taeogtrev does not seem to be found in the
Book of Gwynedd, of which the Black Book of Chirk is the
exemplar. In the Latin Harleian MS. 1796, however, of the first
part of the thirteenth century, a text which seems to reflect the
laws and customs of Gwynedd,1 rusticana uilla is equated with
taiauctret for taiauctrej?

teithi, qualities or properties ; the properties which pertain to
anything in the sense in which the law requires that thing to
be understood. For instance, when the law mentions a cat
whose legal worth is four legal pence, it is to be understood
that the cat is to be perfect of claw, perfect of sight, &c.,
which are its teithi.

trev, the Welsh equivalent of the Old English -ton and -bam,
the Danish -dy, represented in the Latin Peniarth MS. 28 as
commonly in the Latin of medieval times, by the word -villa. The
trev according to the present text consisted of rhandirs of 312
erws each ; the Peniarth MS. 28 adds that the twelve erws of
this number were for buildings.3 The free trev contained four
rhandirs, and the taeogtrev contained three. In both cases one
rhandir was to be pasturage for the rest, which last were to be
inhabited. Each of the two inhabited rhandirs of a taeogtrev
was to contain three taeogs. It appears that the number of
houses (tei) in a trev varied, but in the passage where a thief is
to escape punishment, if able to show that he has traversed three
trevs in a day, with nine houses in every trev, without obtaining
relief,4 it looks as though a trev of nine houses was normal. It
is also incidentally suggested in the present text that the houses
were built close together, for the owner of a house which was
burnt through negligence was to pay for the first two houses

1 Anc. Laws II. 893-907. See especially p. 894 concerning the
kings in Wales who ' debent accipere terram illorum a rege Aberfrau'.

2 Ibid. II. 901. 3 Ibid. 11.784.
4 Vide W 65 b 7-14 on p. 64 supra.

348 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

destroyed by that fire, which probably refers to the two houses
one on each side. 7V^/-names meet us frequently in Wales,
as names ending in -ton or -ham do in England. Trev in
modern Welsh is used for town, the modern trev being to the
medieval trev what the modern town is to old -ton.

trevtad, patrimony, represented in the Latin Peniarth MS. 28
by hereditas. It is the trev which descends to the sons through
the father, the word trev in this case not bearing the rigid sense
of an area of four rhandirs, &c., but rather that of a definite plot of
habitable ground on which the sons might continue to live. This
idea seems to be conveyed by the interesting use of the word in
the triad of the free huntings,1 where the pursuit of a roebuck,
fox, and otter, is free to all in every gwlad or patria, the reason
being that these three creatures have no trevtad, which word is
represented in the early Latin text by certa mansio* May it not
therefore be that the exact meaning of trevtad is the certa
mansio which is the son's due through his father after the latter's
decease ?

trevgordd is represented in the Latin Peniarth MS. 28 and
Vespasian E XI by the expression communis villa. In the latter
our bugeil trefgord appears as pastor communis ville, id est>
trefgord? In a later text* we find the following statement,
' Llyma fessur trefgordd cyfreithiawl : naw tei, ac un aradyr, ac un
odyn, ac un gordd, ac un gath, ac un ceilyawc, ac un tarw, ac un
bugeil.' (This is the complement of a legal trevgordd : nine houses,
and one plough, and one kiln, and one churn, and one cat, and
one cock, and one bull, and one shepherd.) This statement, how-
ever, is not found earlier than the beginning of the fifteenth
century. In the present text the trevgordd is associated with
cattle ; and in one passage in particular,5 where reference is
made to damaged corn bordering on a trevgordd (yn emyl
trefgord)) it would appear as though trevgordd were a special
kind of trev in which cattle belonging to various individuals
pastured in common, with a common herdsman and a common
bull. We have also a reference to the bath of a trevgordd, and
the smithy,6 which last was to be nine paces from the trevgordd
itself.7

1 pp. 131, 133, 275 supra. 2 Anc. Laws II, 774.

3 Ibid. II. 771, 841.

4 Ibid. II. 692, being Vaughan's transcript of an early fifteenth-
century text. (See note to gorvodtrev, p. 340).

5 V 34 b 19-24 (pp. 84, 230 supra).

6 V 44 b 24. After gefeil, W and X insert trefgord. Anc. Laws I. 780.

7 An interesting passage on the trevgordd will be found by Dr.
Seebohm in his Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law, 34-40. but in the

GLOSSARY 349

twnc, the money equivalent of the king's gvvestva from every
free trev. It amounted to one pound. See gwestva.

Ty gwyn ar Dav \Alba Domus? the White House on the
Tav], 'identified by far-reaching tradition with Whitland in
Carmarthenshire.'2 One would suppose from the religious
character of the convention, as described in the early prefaces,
that it was a monastery, the word gwyn bearing some such
meaning as holy or blessed, and one would be inclined to
compare it with Bede's Ad Candidam Casam (Whitern in
Galloway), notwithstanding his different explanation of Candida?
According to Blegywryd's preface, however, it was a hunting
lodge constructed of white rods, for which reason it was called
white ; 4 whilst the late texts S and Z state that the Ty gwyn
was so called because it was one Gwyn, the maer, who owned
the house in which the law was made, hence Gwyn's house !
This Gwyn is converted into one of the twelve laics set apart to
make the law, their secretary being Blegywryd, or Bledrws,
here described as Archdeacon of Llandaff ! 4

Vnbeinyaeth Prydein, the monarchy of ' Britain ', the name
of the song which the bard of the household had to sing before
the host in the day of battle and fighting. It must not be
supposed, however, that unbennaeth Prydain refers to the island
of Britain, although Ynys Prydain is the common Welsh name
for the whole island, being equivalent in meaning to insula
Britannia. Prydain and Britannia are in no way etymologically
related, and their confusion has been the source of endless
misconceptions relative to the origins of Welsh and indeed of
British history. Ynys Prydain means Picts' Island,6 and was
equated with insula Britannia, with the natural result that
Prydain was equated with Britannia. This last word again,
Britannia, had various meanings. To a geographer, it
would mean the island of Britain ; to a Roman official, the
Roman province of Britain, south of the walls ; and lastly (what
is not so well known), it meant Wales plus the Devonian
peninsula, and afterwards Wales alone. Before about the
twelfth century Wales bore the common name of Britannia,

light of the earlier and more reliable texts one can hardly as yet dare
say much more than what appears above.

1 Anc. Laws II. 893.

2 The Welsh People, 155. That the Tav is the river of that name in
Dyved is stated in the preface to the Book of Blegywryd.

3 Bede's Ecclesiastical History III. 4.

* Anc, Laws I. 339, 342. 5 The Welsh People, 76.

350 WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

and its inhabitants that of Brittones. In the genuine Epistola
Gildae f the Historia Brittonum, Assess Alfred, the Vitae of
the Saints, and the Book of Llanddv, this use of the term
Britannia is amply attested ; and the earliest text extant of the
Laws of Howel Dda, viz. the Latin Peniarth MS. 28, which
Aneurin Owen entitles Leges Wallice, is entitled in the text
itself Leges Brittanie?' The song * Vnbeinyaeth Prydein '
therefore means Monarchia Brittaniae, i.e. the monarchy of
Wales, and must be taken as reflecting that aspiration after
Welsh political unity which was increasing throughout the cen-
turies amid the numerous patrias of the Welsh kin.

wynebwerth [wyneb, face\ werth, worth\ face- worth, a fine
payable to a woman when insulted by her husband, as when he
had connexion with another woman.

1 The Epistola Gildae is to be carefully distinguished from the
Excidium Britanniae of the pseudo-Gildas, i. e. the first twenty -six
chapters which were originally written towards the end of the seventh
century. Celtic Review (Edinburgh) for 1905.

2 Anc. Laws II. 749, where Brittannie is for Brittanie.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

[ ] Square brackets indicate MS. W ; a. = adjective ; adv. ^ad-
verb ; c. = common ; coinp. = comparative ; /. = feminine ;
;//. = masculine ; n. = numeral ; //. = plural ; prep. = pre-
position or prepositional ; s. = substantive ; v. = verb.

adein, s. [77], 79-
adnabot, v. 24.
adneu, s. 118.
aeduet, a. [93], 117-8.
aeduetrwyd, s. [96].
aelawt, s. 42. aelodeu, pi. 42,
68, [78], 80, [112];— gradeu
kenedyl, 38-9 ; — penken-
edyl, 43.
[aelwyt, sf. 135].
aet, aeth, v. See mynet.
[avallen, s. — per ; - sur,

104].

[auon, s. 105, 107, 138]. See
prifauon.

afu, s. 35-6.

auwyn, s. See gwastrawt.

affeith, s. See naw.

aghen, s. 50, 85, [138].

aghenoctit, s. 131, [133, 138].

agheu, s. 90, [91].

agheuawl, a. 25.

agho, v. 46.

aghyfarch, s. 118.

aghyfieithus, 130.

aghyfreithawl, a. 89.

aghynefin, a. 84.

agoret, 48, [102].

agori, v. 34, 58, [60-1].

allawr, s. 87, [101], 129, [138,
143]. See seith.

allt, yn, 68, [73].

alltut, s. 46, [62], 88, [in],

A.

a, v. See mynet.

abat, sm. 40, 58, [60], 88, [114].

abadeu, pi. 1 , 121.
abo, s. 127.
abreid, adv. 125.
ach, sf. 3, [9], 39, 51, [62], 87,

[109, no]; — ac etrif, 51,

53-4 J [ eturyt, 136] ;

etuyryt, 48. achoed

kenedyl, 38.
achaws, sm. 52, 81, [92], 119,

I2i,i25-6,[i35]. .Su

achwysson, pi. 120.
achenawc,j.!3i. .SV^ychenawc,

yghenawc. achenogyon,//.3.
achuppo, v. 17.
[achwanegu, v. 136].
achweccau, v. 53.
adar, pi. See ederyn.
adaw, v. 30, 88, [97, 103-4;

adawet, 95 ; adawho, 8, 92,

108].

[adef, a. 135] ; adefedic, 88.
adef, v. 41, [74], 86, [137];

adef ho, 37, [63], 86-7;

[adeuir, 137]; adefynt, 40;

edeu, 89.
adeil, s. 48.
adeilat, 127.
[adeilho, v. 61],
adeilwr maestir, 1 1 7.

352

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

126; — aghyfieithus, 130;

— brenhin, 44-5 ; — breyr,
44-5 J — tayawc, 45. [all-
dut, 64]. See heb.

alltuded, s. $i.

[alltudes, sf. 94.]

[allwed, s. — ygneitaeth, 112.

allwedeu, pi. 63].
allweith, s. 72, [73-4].
[amaerwyawc, a. m].
amaerwyeu, pi. 131.
amaeth, s. 3, 58, [60, 107].
amaetho, v. 3.
amdiffyn, v. 47, 120.
amdiffynwr, s. 47, 120, 125.
[amen, 142].
[amheu, v. 116]; amheuedic,

122 ; amheuir, 34.
amhinogyon tir, 54, [136].
[amobyr, s. 92] . See amwabyr.
amot, J. 41, 89, 131, [133, 138];

— a tyrr ar dedyf, 89 ; — ky-
freithawl, 53.

amotwr, s. 41. amotwyr,//. 89.
ampriodawr, s. 49.
amrant, sf. 43.
amryualyon [78], 80.
amrysson, s. 41, 47, 49, [54,

136, 141].
amser, sm. 30, 56, 117, 120.

See llys.

[amwabyr, s. 135]. See amo-
byr.
amws, s. 66, [67-8] ; ammws,

64. See brenhin.
amyscar, s. 25-6.
[anadyl, s. 93].
anaf, s. 69. anafus, a. 45.
anafwys, v. [66], 67.
ancwyn, s.4, [10, 12], 18-19, 22«
aneueil, sm. [64], 80, [116], 124,

[140]; — kyfreithawl, 16.

[aniueil, 78, 137, 139]. aniu-

eileit,//. 130.
aneired, s. 29, [114].

anuod, 53, [92, 1 12], 1 18, 126-7.

anhyys, 0.82, [113].

anhebcor, j. 124. S^trydydyn.

anho, v. 3.

[annel, s. 60].

anostec, s. 26.

anrec, s. 6, 17.

anrecca, v. 17.

anreith, s. [13], 15, 20, 22, 24,

28-30, 32, [in], 121. See

brenhin ; kyfreith ; ran ; tra-

yan.

anreitha, v. 18 ; anreither, 18.
anudon, s. [109], 119; — ky-

hoedawc, 120.
anyan, s. 130; anyanawl, a.

54, 130.

anyuet, s. [112], 118.
[ap, sm. ii].

ar, s. 28, 117. 6V* kyfar.
aradwy, 48, [107].
aradyr, s. 51, 58, [60, 107-8,

141].

aran vys, 3. See aryant (a).
arbenhic, a. [14], 50, [61-2,

104 ; — y moch, 76]. arben-

higyon, pi. 43. See teir ; tri.
[arbet, v. 99].
arch, s. 25.
archenat, s. 27.
archescyb, pi. I.
archet, v. [101] ; archo, 22.
ardelw, sm. 88.
[ardrychauael, J. 77]. ardrych-

afel, 79. [ardyrchauel, 77].
ardwrn, s. 56.
ardwyaw, v. 37.
[ardwyt, 136].

[ardystu, v. 13]; artystu, 27.
[argae, sm. 135].
arganuot, v. 30; arganffo,

70.
arglwyd, sm. 55, 86, 88, [92-4,

99, 115], 1 17, 130, [135, 139,

141 ; — adef, 135] ; — kaeth,

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

353

46 ; — ki, 82 ; — kyffredin,
117; [ — deu eirawc, 139!;

— deu wr, 40 ; — Dinefwr,
3 ; — Dyuet, 121 ; — dyn,
125 ; — gwir, 125 ; — - gwr,
126, 132; — gwreic kaeth,
46; — IessuGrist,36,[i42];

— tayawc, 51, 57-8, [59];

— tir, 55.

[aghen — , 138] ; bradwr — ,
132, [134]; brat— ,52;[coll-
edeu — , 137 ; guassanaeth-
wr — , 100; hwch — , 76];
llud —,58, [60], 87. arglwydi,
//. 88.

See canhat; deu; gwr; llw;
mab.

Argoel, s. 3-4.

[argyfreu, j. 93].

arhawl, s. 51.

arhos, v. 49, [61, 95, I4l] ;
arhoet, 36.

arllost, s. 125.

[arllwysset, v. 104].

artho, v. 55, 58, [60].

artystu, v. See ardystu.

arwyd, s. 78, [80].

aryaneit, 22.

aryant,.?. 3, 15, [105, 1141,131;

— breinhawl, 4, 6, [8]; —
guastrodyon, [14], 21 ; — tal,
83 ; — y dayret, 15 ; — y
gwestuaeu, [13], 27. See ky-
freith; dec; deunaw; dwy;
naw ; pedeir ; petwar ; ran,
tri ; vn ; whe ; whech.

aryant, a. [97], 123, 131,
[134], See aran vys; gwy-
alen.

aryf, sf. 82, [115. arueu, //.
in ; — eglwyssic, 108].

ascwrn, s. 68 ; — is creuan, 25 ;

— vch creuan, 25; — y dy-
nien, 32. See asgwrn.

asgelleit, sf. 81.

[asgwrn moruil, 106]. See as-
cwrn.

[asseu, a. n].

[atal, v. 96]. See attal.

atuerer, v. 72, [73], 79 ; [atuer-
her, 77; atuerir, 137].

athro, sm. 88. athrawon,^/. I.

[atlam, s. 92],

atlo, s. 68.

[attal, v. 97]. See atal.

atteb, s. 18-19, 48, [115], 117,
122, [141]. See hawl.

atteb, v. 20, [in], 138; attep-
po, 128.

attwc, TJ. 51.

[attwyn, v. 92].

awch, s. 31.

[awdurdawt, s< 116].

[awel, s. 142],

awssen, s. — y brenhin, [14],
15, 17,27, 29;— ymach,85.

Awst, s. [65-6], 67, 69-72, [73,

75, 77], 79, 81, [141]-
[awyd, s. 142].

B.

baed, sm. 28, [78], 80, 83;

— kenuein, [76, 78], 80, 130,

[140].

bagyl, s. i, 48.

[ballegrwyt, s. 107 . See rwyt.
ban, sm. 3, [106].
banadyl, s. 130.
[bangor, s. 102].
bar, s. n.

bara, s. 56-7 ; — gwenith, 56.
bard, sm. 16, 33, 58, [59] ; —

gorwlat, 33. [beird,//. 94].
bard teulu, 2, 5, [9, 12], 22-3,

34-

[bardoni, s. 59].
bardoniaeth, s. 58.
barn, sf. 15, 41, 48-9, 53, [115],

117, [138].

A a

354

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

barnu, v. 16, 47, [116], 125,
[142] ; barn, 15, 17 ; barner,
48-9; barnet, 16; barnher,
48-9 ; barnho, 19 ; barnont,
47 ; barnwys, 41 ; barnwyt, 41.

bawt, sf. 42, 57, [65].

[bayol, sf. 106-7].

bed, sm. 87, [137-8].

beich, s. 52 ; — kefyn, 82, [99].
See datanhud.

[beichawc,95]; beichawg, 129-
30.

beichogi, v. 128-9, [141];
beichocco, 46 ; beichoges,46.

beleu, s. [98], 131.

benffic, s. 68, 1 18 ; [benfic, 108].
See kyfreith.

benffygyaw, v. go, [91 ; ben-
fygyaw, 92 ; benffyo, 103].

benneit, s. 32.

r, 69, [78], ;
beunyd, 17, [64].

benyw,

8], 79-8o.

billo, s. 30.

[billwc, s. 106].

bisweil, s. See cledyf ; maer.

bitheiat, s. 35, 130.

bitosseb, 16, 18, 20-1, 24-6;

[bitwosseb, 11-13],
blaen, s. 49, 82, 84.
blawt, s. 56, 71, 90, [91, 94],

131-

Blegywryt, I.
bleid, s. [78], 80, 127.
blew, s. 43, 68. blewyn, 43, 45,

•JP&

bhgyaw, ^.35.

blin, a. 22.

blonec, s. 33.

blwyd, sf. [76]. See dwy ; teir;

vgein.
blwydyn, sf. 2, [10, 12], 18,

27-8, 33, 56-7, [59, 62], 69,

71-2, [74, 76-7], 80, [99].

See blwyn ; eil ; magu ; oet ;

tryded ; vn dyd.

[blwyn (= blwydyn), 108].
blyned, sf. [77], 80. See dwy ;

pym; seith; teir.
bod, s. 41, 45, 53. "7, "MS-
[bon, s. 105].
bonhed, s. 81.
bonhedic, s. — breinhawl, 4 ;

— canhwynawl, 44 ; — gwlat,
32. [a. 136].

bonllost, s. 132, [135].

bonwyn, 45, [65].

bore, sm. 32, 35-6, [64], 69,

[93], 124, 128, [135].
boreuwyt, s. 32.
bradwr, sm. — arglwyd, 132,

. ['34].

bragawt, s. [14], 15, 25, 29, 31,

56. See kerwyn.
brat, s. — arglwyd, 52.
brath, v. 82.
brawdwr, sm. 41, 47 [116, 138,

142]. brawtwyr, pi. 15-16,

47.
brawt (judgment), s. 15, 48,

53, 124, 126. [brodyeu, pi.

142].

brawt (friar), sm. 88.
brawt (brother), SHI. 3$, 50, 52,

[93, 139] 5 — brenhin, 3 ;

[— hynaf, 135] ; — hynhaf,

49, 5°; — (ieuhaf), 50;

— lladedic, 38 ; — llofrud,
38 ; — mam ( = e wythyr), 39 ;

— tat (= ewythyr), 38. See
ran. brodyr,//. 49, 50, 52,
127 ; — dyn lladedic, 37 ; —
llofrud, 38; broder, 127.

breich, s. 6, [7], 23.
breinhawl, a. 4, 6, [8], 35,

128; breinhyawl, 4, 35;

breinyawl, 35.
breint, sm. 45-6, 48, 53-4, 90,

[91], 128;— amws, [65], 67;

— anyanawl, 54; — arglwyd
Dinefwr, 3 ; — brawt hyn-

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

355

haf, 495 — H [77], 80;

— gwr, 90, [91] ; — gwyr y
llys, 15; — gwystyl, 88;

— hwch, [77], 80 ; — llys,
[14], 16-17, 27, 36 ; — merch
gwr ryd, 23 ; — merchet (six

superior officers), 8 ; y

pymthec, 23 ; — milgi, [65],
67 ; — modrydaf, 81, [141 ;

— morwyn, 137 ; — offrwm,
114]; — penkenedyl, 45,
[65, 139 ; — perchennawc
odyn, 103] ; — pymthec (offi-
cers), [9], 23 ; — swyd, 45,
54, [65]; — swydeu, 15; —
tat, 45, [65] ; — tir, 54-5.
See vn.

brenhin, sm. 2-4, 6, [7, 10-14],

15-34, 44, 46-9, 51, 53-8,
[59-60, 63-4, 97-9, 104, i lo-
11,114, H6jf 123-6, 128, 131,
[134, 138]. alltut — 44-5 I
amws — , 6, [8], 21 ; anheb-
cor — , 124 ; anrec — , 6, 17 ;
anreith— , [10, 14], 15,21,
[in, 114]; brawt — , 3;
[bryccan — , 105] ; cadeir — ,
3 ; caeth — , 125; capaneu
— , 21 ; karw — , 35-6 ; cled
— ,4, 29; [coet — , 1 10] ; corn
— , 85; — buelyn — , 131;
kostawc — , 34 ; crwyn — ,
19; cwn — , 19; cwynos-
sawc — , [99], 125 ; kyfrwyeu
— , 24 ; kylleic — , 35 ; cyn-
llyfaneu —,19; kynydy on — ,
36; cyrn — , [14], 19; dad-
leu — , 29, 30; [degwm — ,
12] ; diawt — , 3 ; diffeith
— > 27, [65], 67 ; dillat — , 22,
131 ; dirwy — , 123; dylyet
— , 28; ennill — , 2; eur-
grawn — , [60], 124 ; [ewyllis
— , 1 10] ; [fioleu — , 14] ;
[fford — , 104] ; fforest — , 36,
A

131 ; galanas — , 3, 4, 6. [8] ;
gellgi — , 34-5 ; gwassan-
aeth — , 5 ; [guassanaeth-
wr — , 99, 116]; gwely — ,
5, 22 ; gwisc — , [11], 18;
gwreic — , 2, [in, 134];
gwyd — , 2, 29 ; gwyrda — , 3,
47,49: hebawc— , 124 ; hyd
— , 35-6, 127; lat — , 3;
Haw—, [14], 15-17; He—,
18; lleidyr— ,[651,67, 124;
lies — , 19 ; llu — , 20 ; mab
— ,3, [i i]; march —,16,24;
meirch — , 20 ; merch — , 89,
[in]; milgi — , 34; nawd
— , 2, [13], 125; neges — ,
30; nei — , 3, [n]; neuad
— , 28 ; [odyn biben — , 102] ;
odynty — , [10], 57, [59;
offrwm — ,11,12]; panel — ,
24 ; pleit — , 50 ; prifford — ,
55 ; pynuarch — , 65 ; reit — ,
131 ; rwyt — , 123 ; swydog-
yon — , 2 ; [telyn — , 105] ;
teulu — , 20 ; teuluwr — , 43;
tract—, 5, [7], 26; treul— ,
57, [59]; trugared — , 30,
123 ; wyneb — , 3 ; yscubawr
— , [io],82, [102], 140; [ys-
tauell — , 10, 1 1 6].
See awssen ; canhat ; Kymry ;
gwestua ; gwlat ; gwr ; gwyr ;
sarhaet ; tayawc ; tir ; tri
buhyn.

brenhines, sf. 2, 3, 6, [7, II,
12], 16, 19,21, 23, 27,34,57.
dillat — , 27 ; gwassanaeth — ,
5; [guenigawl — 135];
gwisc — , 27 ; Haw — , 3 ;
nawd — , 3, 4, [13 ; offrwm
— , 12] ; sarhaet — , 3 ; swyd-
ogyon — , 2.

See distein ; effeirat ; gwas-
trawt.

[brenhinyaeth, s. 116].

356

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

brethyn, sm. 2, 45, [105].
breuan, s. 30, 46, [94, 105.

breuaneu, pi. 95].
breyr, sm. 34-6, 54, [102-3,

106], 123; — disswyd, 44;

— teyrn, 22. See alltut ; ga-
lanas ; gwr ; mab ; merch ;
sarhaet ; tayawc ; teuluwr ;
tref.

[brie, s. 105].

briduw, s. 85.

broch, sm. [77], 80, 130.

brodoryon, s. 50.

brwydyr, s. 126.

brwynha, v. 5.

bry, 42, 49, 129.

[bryccan, s. 94, 105-6].

bryn. See helyc.

bu, sf. See can ; deii ; deudec ;

dwy ; naw ; pedeir ; teir ; tri ;

vgein ; whe.
bual, s. 17.

buarth, s. 40, [62], 83.
buch, sf. 15, 35, 69-72, 80;

— ac vgeint aryant, 42 ;

— uawr, 118 ; — hesp, 71.
[budei, s. 107].

buelyn, 131.

Buellt, i.

bugeil, s. 41.

bugeilgi, s. 34, [138].

bugeilyaeth, s. 41.

buhyn, sm. See tri.

[buwch, sf. 14, 74, 77-8, 98,

1 1 6].

bwch, sm. [77], 80.
bwell, s. 45, 57, [106, 108] ;

— awch lydan, 31 ; — gyn-
nut, 50. bweill, //. 30.

bwlch, 30.

bwn, s. 17.

bwrw, v. 49; [byrhyer, 137];

byryet, 36 ; byryo, 46.
[bwyall, sf. 59, 94 ; — enillec,

105; — gynut, 94, 106,

1 08 ; — lydan, 94, 106]. See

Haw.

[bwyell, s. 106].
bwyllwrw, s. 40.
bwystui), s. 36, [113].
bwyta, v. 26 ; bwytaho, 29.
by, 17. Seepy.
[bychanet, s. 96].
bydaf, s. 81.
bydar, s. 130.
byrryat, sm. 25.
bys, s. 42, 45, [65] ; — bychan,

84.

byssic, 56.

byt (world), s. 130, [139, 142].
byw, 49, 51, 72, [74], 87, 129,

[138, 140] ; — a marw, 29.
bywawl, a. 86.

C.

[caboluaen, s. 106].
kadarn, 124, 127, [139].
kadarnhau, v. i, 47, [136 ; ka-

darnha,92 ; kadarnhaet, 101].
kadeir, s. — (bard), 17, 33.

See brenhin.

kadeirawc, a. 117. ,SV<?ygnat.
Kadell, i.
kadno, s. [78], 80, [113], 131,

[133].
kadw, s. — kyfreith or moch,

83 ; deueit, 83, 84.

kadw, v. 6, [7, 14], 15, 27, 35,

52, 54-5, [63-4], 89, [112,

1 1 6], 124, [137]; — kyn

koll, 124 ; katwet, 35-6 ;

katwadwy, 116; ceidw, [14],

15,22,24, [09].
kaenwrch, sm. [77], 80.
kaeth, s. 46, [94, ill, 116],

117,125; [ — dynarall, 116] ;

— telediw, 45; 0.45-6. See

guenidawl ; heb.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

357

53 ; Kanan,

49, 57, [59»
132 [133] ; ki
53, 84, [i 10,

kaffel, v. 2, 1 6, 20, [61], 117,
126-8, 132, [133]; kafas, 50,
53 ; kaffan, 2 ; kaffant, 21,
"59, 62], 87 ; kaffei,
kaffer, 18, 30, 44,
112, 114, 116],
1 1 8, 123 ; kaffo, 6, [7], 15,
33, 81, 84, 87, [108, 113],
117-18, 128, 132, [134; ka-
ffont, 75] ; kahat, 124, 128 ;
keffir, 35, 52-3, [60], 79,
83-4, [104, 109, 113], 123,
126, 131, [138 ; keffych, 112 ;
keif, II, 13]; keiff, 2, [10-
14], 15-22, 24-33,44,46,48,
50-2, 57-8, [59-62], 69, [76],
81-2, 86-7, 9°, [9i» 93, 95,
98-9, 103, 107-10, 113-14],
123, [139]-

[kagell, sf. loi].

kagen, s. 81. See keig.

[kala, s. 92].

kalan, s. [— Awst,65] ;— Gayaf,
30, 67, 72, [74-5, 102], 118;
— lonawr, [76], (87) ; —
Mawrth, 30 ; — Mei, 20, 28,
[65-6], 67, 69-72, [73], 81,
123 ; — Racuyr, 19, 35, [65-
6], 67, 69-72, [73];~Whef-
rawr, [65], 67, 69-72, [73].

kallawued, 35.

kallavvr, s. 31, 50, [108].

callon, s. 18, 35 ; calon, 124.

kam (wrong), s. 4, [10,14], 15,

[93, 113], 1275 [y — , 101,
142; yg— , 138].

kam (step), s. See naw ; pump.

camlwrw, sm. 26, 35, [65], 67,
79> 87 ; — ki, 82 ; — kynyd-
yon, 19 ; — gwastrodyon,
21 ; [— llysallan, 113-14]-
camlyryeu, pi. 28. See tra-
yan ; tri buhyn.

[camwedawc, 139].

camwerescyn, sm. 53.

can, n. a. — mu, 2. See canhwr.

canawon,//. 82.

canhastyr, 127.

canhat, s. 52, 89, [141] ; — abat,
88; -arglwyd,46,5i,57-8,
[59]; -- arglwydi, 88; —
athro, 88 ; — brenhin, 6, [7],
51, 128; [ — kenedyl, 62,
92]; — Duw, 36; -- gof
Hys, 31 5 — gwr, 90, [91] ;
— mach, 85 ; — penkerd,
33 J — perchenawc tir, 61-2,
107 ; — perchennawc march,
69 ; — tat, 88 ; — ygnat llys,
1 6. See canhyat.

canhatta, z/. 88 ; canhadant, 5 1 .

canhebrwg, v. 4-6.

canhwr. See deu ; 11 w ; try.

canhwyll, sf. 5, [7], 26, [116].
canhwylleu, pi. 132, [133].

canhwyllyd, sm. 2, 5, [7], 23.

canhwynawl, a. 44.

[canhyat, s. 59, 61-2]. See
canhat.

canhymdeith, v. 37 ; canhym-
daant, 2.

canllaw, s. 130, [142].

cantref, sm. 2, 85, [100, 115],
122, [141]. See deunaw;
petwar; raceistedyat.

kanu, sm. 22, 34.

kanu, v. 33, [78], 79 ; — efferen,
81,117;— y pater, 130, [142];
kan, 22 ; kanet, 20, 22, 33.

capan, s. 30 ; — glaw, 24. ca-
paneu,//. 21.

kapel, s. 57, [59].

[caplan, sm. 9].

car, s. 44, 52, 126, 132, [133,
I39-40]- carant, //. 54,
[139]. Cf. karr.

karcharer, v. 32.

karcharwr, s. 31-2. [carchar-
oryon, pi. in].

[cardawt, s. 64].

358

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[carlwg, s. 98] ; carlwnc, 131.
karr, s. 68 ; [car yr ychen, 95].

See datanhud.
[carreit, s. 98].
[carteilo, v. 62].
[cam, v. 112 ; car, 10 ; carho,

142] ; caredic, 47.
karw, s. 35, [77], 79, [98, 139].

See brenhin.
[karwr, s. 140].
caryat, s. — kyfeillon, 124.
cas, 124, [140].
[cassau, v. 112].
kassec, sf. 69, 80, 126; —

rewys, 68, [78] ; — torn, 68.

[kessyc torn, in],
kastell, s. 32.
kat, s. 22, 126.
kath, sf. 82, 84, 126, 131, [139,

140]. katheu, pi. 30.
kathderic, 82.

[katwadwy, 116]. See kadw.
kawc, s. 25.

kaws,J. 57, 90, [9i> 951-
kayat, a. 34.
kayu, v. 4 ; kaywys, 51.
kebystyr, sf. 21. kebystreu,

i>L 20.

[keureith, s. ic6]. 6>£ kyfreith.
kefyn, s. 43, 49, [64], 68. See

mab.
kefynderw, j. 38, 52. kefyn-

dyrw, //. 50, 52. 5^ ran.
cegin, j/ [13], 18, 21, 24, 26,

31-3, 57, [59]-

cehyr, j. 17 ; cehyryn, j;;z. 127.
ceidw, v. See kadw.
keifyn, s. 38, 53. See ran.
"keig, s. 104]. 5^ kagen.
keilawc, sm. 77-8] ; keilyawc,

83, 88-9, [99> i°9< 138-9,
142] ; - a dimei, 122 ;

[— kyflet ae thin, 97] ; —

paladyr, 109. See dec ;

deudec ; deunaw ; dwy ;

pedeir ; teir ; vn ; whech.
keinhawc cola, [75, 77], 79,

[in, 113]. See dwy ; pedeir.

k. cotta, 34, 79. See dwy ;

pedeir ; teir. [k. cwta, 107].
keinhawc kyfreith, 43, [75-7],

79,81, 88, [105-7]. See dec;

dwy; pedeir; wyth.
keinyon,//. 31.
[ceip, s. 106].
ceirch, s. 56, 71.
keissaw, v. 39, 40, 81-2, 117 ;

keis, 51.
[keitwat, 63-4 ; — kyfreithawl,

63]-

keithiwaw, v. 58, [59].

eel, s. 121.

kelefryt, sm. 118.

kelein,*. [113], 122, [137, 141].

keluydyt, sf. 58, [59].

kelu, v. 40, [137].

[kelwyd, s, 112].

kenedyl, sf. 44, 51-2, 54, [64],
85, [96-7, loo, 109, no],
121-2, 126, 129, 130, [136-8,
140, 142-3] ; — llofrud, 37-
9; — mam, 38, 62, 126;
— tat, 38; — y lladedic,
38-9. See ach ; aelod ; can-
hat ; dwy ; naw rad ; rod.

keneu, s. 34.

kenuein, s. See baed.

cennat, s. 17.

cerd, s. 33-4, 58, [591-

kerdet, v. 6, [7], 32, 40 ; kertho,
69, 127.

cerdoryon, pi. 3.

kerenhyd, s. 39, [109], 120.

kerwyn, .$/. 56; — ved, 6, [7],
25 > 56, [98] 5 — vragawt, 56,
[99] I — gwrwf, 56.

[cet, s. 62].

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

359

ketymdeith, s. 40-1. ketym-

deithon,//. 41.
cetymdeithas, s. 3, 40.
[keubal, s. 107, 138].
cewilyd, sm. 126.
ki, sm. 35, 80,82, [137, 139];

— kallawued, 35 ; — kyn-

deirawc, 83 ; — kynefodic,

82. kwn,^/. 19, 20,36, [77],

80, [135, 140].
kic, s. 36, [64], 68, [76, 78], 80,

[95,97-8, 1 13], 121 ; [— dys-

gyl, 106].
kicuran, s. 131.
kildant, s. 42.
kilyaw, v. 119.
Ciric, 35, 71.
clad, V. 58, [60 ; clatho, 61 ;

cledir, 61, 63].
claf, s. 6, [7] ; a. 83.
clafwr, s. 39.
clafyri, j. 72, [74-5, 93].
[clauyru, v. 75].
clawr, s. 3, 123, [134; — pobi,

106].

cled, s. 17, 33. See brenhin.
cledyf, sm. [105, 137] ; — bis-

weil, 26, 32.
cleuyt, s. 69, [138].
cleinaw, v. [78], 80.
eleis, s. (edge) 56, 71, [98].
[cleis, s. (bruise) 62].
fdoch,/.97],
[clochyd, s. 9].
clun, s. 56.

clust, s. 41-2, [66], 68-70.
clwm, s. 3.0.
clybod, v 41-2, 85 ; clywher,

5, 90, [92].
cnawt, s . 42.
cnithyo, T/. 45, [65].
knyw, s. — hwch, [76], 130.
coc, sm. 2, 5, [7, 13], 23, 26.
koescyn, s. 30.
koesseu,//. 21.

coet, j. [62, 115], 117, 127,
[143] ; — a maes, 37, 54,
121. See brenhin; hwch.

koetwr, sm. 45, 117.

kof, s. 120; — dial, 121.

[kouawdyr, s. 116].

koffa, v. 20.

cogeil, *. 51.

colofyn, sf. 4, [u, 14], 15, 19,
21, 29. [colofneu, pi. ioj.
See teir.

coll, j. 118, 124; [colledeu, pi.

137]-

[kollen, s. 104].
colli, v. 41, [63, 65], 67, 88,

[109-12], 124-6; [collant,

96]; colledic, 51, [101,104];

coller, 26, 88, [137] ; collet,

51, [103, I I3L H9; coilir,
[99], 128-9, [140] ; collo, 29,

52, [115]; cyll, 52, 83, 87,
[92, loo].

cont, sf. 132, [134] ; — ky-

freithawl, 131.
kor, s. 40.
corflan, s. 51.
corff, s. $2-3, [78], 80. See

petwar.
corn, s. 5, 20, 70, [78], 80, 89 ;

— bual, 17. kyrn, pL 20,
22-3, 43. See brenhin.

corneit, sm. — cwrwf, 22 ;

— med, [11-12], 18-19. See

tri.

corun, s. 58, [59], 128.
[corwc, s. 107].
cospi, v. 126.
kostawc, s. 34.
cota, cotta, cwta, a. See

keinhawc ; eidon.
cowyll, s. [135 ; — gureic, 93] ;

— merch brenhin, 89 ;

breyr, 90, [91] ; cy-

ghellawr, 43 ; gof llys,

31 ; maer, 43 ;

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

tayawc, 90, [91 ; — merchet
(6 superior officers), 8 ; —
— (15 inferior officers), 9],
23; [ — morwyn (newly wed),
93 ; (violated), 92].

crach, s. 130.

[craf, a. 116].

credu, v. 40, [63] ; credir, 41 ;
credadwy, 41 ; [cret, 101].

kreuyd, s. 39.

creir, s. 41, [74], 84, [92, 112],
119. creireu, pi. 129.

creith, s/. 43 ; — gogyfarch,42-
3 J — o gyuarch, [112], 118.

[creu, s. — moch, 105].

creuan, s. 25.

creulonder, s. 128-9.

crewys, v. 41, 129.

Crist. See lessu.

Cristonogyon, pi. 130, [142].

croc, sf. 41, [64], 121, 130,
[142].

croen, s. 24, [64 ; — beleu,
98]; — buch, 20; [ — buwch,
98 ; — kadno neu Iwdyn arall,
113 ; — carlwg, 98 ; — karw,
98; — dyuyrgi, 98; — ewic,
98]; — hyd, [12, 14], 17,36;
[ — llostlydan, 98] ; — march,
68; - ych, 18, 20, [98].
crwyn, pi. [14], 19-21, 26,
131 ; — gwarthec, [13], 24,
(26).

croes, sf. 29, [143]-

croesuaen, sm. 55.

croessaneit, s. 21.

crowyn, s. 34, [76].

[crwydraw, v. 64].

cryc. s. — anyanawl, 130.

crycnyd, s. 17.

kryman, s. 46, [94-5, 106].
krymaneu, pi. 30 [94].

[crynu, v. 96].

crys, s. 22, 30, 90, [91], 132,
[133].

kuaran, s. 20, kuaraneu,//. 45.

cuccwy, s. 31, [no].

cud, s. 121.

cudua, sf. 58, [60].

kudyaw, v. 58, [60], 120;
kudyo, 6, [7], 82, 125; [kud-
yet, 105 ; cuthyo, 6oJ.

[cuhudyat, s. 139].

cussan, s. 127.

cwccwyaw, v. 79 ; [cwcwyaw,
78].

cwlltyr, s. 50, [94, 1 06, 1 08].

cwrwf, s. [14], 15, 22, 25, 29, 31,

56-7-

cwta, a. See keinhawc.
cwyn, s. [78], 80 ; [yg — , 97].
[cwynaw, v. 96].
[cwynnossawc, s. — brenhin,

99] ; cwynossawc, 125.
cwyr, s. 25, 8l, [98].

cwys, sf. 55, 58, M.
cychwedyl, s. 131, [134].
kychwynu, v. 40.
cydrychawl, a. 117.
kyfadef, [64], 123, 132, [134].
kyfanhed, 48, 55, [140].
kyfar, s. [108], 117. See ar.
cyfaruot, v. 132, [133 ; cyfarffo,

87].

kyfar wr, sm. 117.
kyfarws, s. [10 ; — gwr ar

teulu, 99] ; — neithawr, 33.
kyfarwyd, 40, [114].
cyfarwyneb, 4, [12], 19.
cyfdanhed, 82.
kyfed, s. 26, 131.
kyuedwch, s. [11], 17, 28, 31.
kyfeillon, pi. 124.
kyfelin, sf. 30, 45 ; kyfelinyawc,

a. 45.
kyferderw, s. 38, 52. kyfer-

dyrw,//. 50, 52. See ran,
cyfglust, 82.
cyfiewin, 82.
cyflauan, sf. [no], 122, 125;

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

361

[ — kenedyl, 62. kyflauaneu,

PJ. 125].
kyflawn, 3.

kyflet, 3, 56, [97]. See lied,
kyfloc, s. 46 ; — gwr, 45.
cyflodawt, s. 70.
cyfloscwrn, 82.
[kyflychwr, 101].
cyflygat, 82.
kyfnesseiueit, //. 86.
kyfniuer, 100.
cyfnitherw, sf. 38.
kyfodi, v. 18 ; [kyuot, 93, 135] ;

kyfyt, 1 8.
cyfoet, 89.
cyfoeth, s. 33.
kyfran, 26, 54, [114], 124, 127 ;

[kyfranawc, 13] ; kyfrann-

awc, 40, 51, 1 20.
kyfrannu, v. 40, 128 ; kyfran-

ant, 19.
kyfreith, sf. 39, 48, 51, [63, 74],

82, 84, 89, [100, no, 112,

116], 117, 122-3, 131, [133,

135; — anreith, 114; — an-

udon, 109; — aryant, 64;

— benfic, 108 ; — eur, 64] ;

— gellgi, 34; [— HowelDa,
112; — hwch mawr, 76;
- Hywel, 138] ; — lledrat,

83 ; [ — magu ulwydyn, 98 ;

— sened, u]; — tir, 47;

— twyll vorwyn, 132, [134].
gan — , 132, [134] ; herwyd
—,54; o— , [14], 18,29,49,
125, 132, [13?]; wrth— , [10,
I4],l5,ll7;yg— , 16, [112],
117, 120. kyfreitheu, pi. I,
125;— gwlat,36; — llys, I,
36. See kadw ; keureith ;
keinhawc ; fford ; gwerth ;
oet; teir; trioed.

kyfreithawl, a. 72, [74, loo],
119-21 124, 129, [142]. See
amot ; aneueil ; keitwat ;

cont ; etiued ; etiuedyaeth ;

gobyr ; gwanas ; gwerth ;

gwirawt ; gwreic ; llafur; not-

wyd ; pump ; rantir ; ty ;

tyst.

cyfrifer, v. 35 ; cyfriffer, 42.
[kyfrinach, sf. 137].
cyfrwyeu, pi. 21, 24.
kyfrwys, a. 34.
kyfuch,42, 132 ; kyfuwch, [61],

125, [I333.
kyffelyp, 5,6, [8], 30, 71, [loi],

I3L

[kyffredin, sm. 134, 140].
kyffroi, v. ; kyffroer ; kyffroet,

48.

cygein, v. 53, 120, 127.
cyghaws, s. — gwedy brawt,

126.
kyghellawr, sm. 17-18 ; 27-30,

43, 48, 57, ["I, 114], 131-

cyghelloryon, pi. 54.
kyghelloryaeth, s. 27, 29, 56.
kyghor, s. [12], 37.
kyghori, v. 39, 126.

kygwg, j. [14], 15; kygwng,

42.

[kyhoed, 64].

kyhoedawc, a. 46, [109], 120.
kyhyt, 43.

kylch, j. 28, 57, [59].
cyll, v. See colli.
kylleic, s. 35.
[kyllell,j.io5,i37. kyllyll,//.

99].

kyllello, v. 127.
[kyllidet, V. 115].
kyllidus, 30.
kyllitusson, pi. 4.
cymanua, s. 2.
kymhell, v. 28, 39, 44, 87, [97,

Il6, 139 ; kymhello, 138].
kymhibeu,^/. 35.
kymhwt, sm. i, 31, [loo], 119,

122. See deu ; teruyn.

362

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[kymhwys, 103].

kymot, s. 52.

[Kymraes, sf. 62].

Kymro, sm. 88 ; — vam tat,
44-

Kymry, sf. 121. brenhin — , I.

kymryt, v. 19, 38-9, 49, 69, 86,
88, [93, 96, 108], 128-9,
[135] ; kymer, [12], 25, 27,

39, 51, 7°, 72, [73, 76-7],
81, 89, [94, 103] ; kymerant,
38-9, 49, [H4]; kymerei,
[77], 80; kymeret, [n, 14],
15, 28, 50, 58, [60], 84, [92,
94,96-7, 109, 112-13], 118-
19; [kymerher, 109]; ky-
merho, [11], 68, [in, 137;
kymero, in] ; kymerth, I.

[cymun, s. 64].

cymydawc, s. 35.

kymynnu, v. 50, 87.

Kynawc. See Llyuyr.

cyndared, sf. [77], 80.

kyndeirawc, a. 83.

[kyneuawt, s. 116].

kynefodic, a. 82.

[kyneu, v. 103]; kynneu, 4;
[kyneuho, 103].

[kynflith, 141].

kynhal, v. 3, 29, 51-2, 54;
cynhalyo, 50-1, 55, [ioi];
cynheil, 17, 27.

kynhayaf, s. 28 ; [ — ty, 102].

kynheid, s. 81.

kynhen, s. 47.

kyniget, V. 83.

cynllwst, s. 34.

kynllwyn, s. 46, 52. 120-1,

[137].

kynllwynwr, s. 132, [134].
kynllyfaneu, pi. 18-20.
kynnogyn, s. 85, 88-9 ; [kyn-

ogyn, 138].

kynneu, v. See kyneu.
kynnut. See kynut.

kynogyn. See kynnogyn.

[kynoreu, pi. ioi].

kynorty, s. 57, [59].

kynted, s. [11, 14], 15.

kyntefin, s. 20.

kynudwr, s. 4.

kynulleitua, sf. i.

kynullir, v. 57.

kynut, s. 32. See bwell ; pwn.

kynwarchadw, s. 47-8 ; — ar

diffeith, 46-8.
[kynwheith, 141].
kynyd, sm. — gellgwn ; —

milgi, 20. kynydyon, pi.

[10, 12, 14], 19-20, 35-6,57,

[59]; —gellgwn; — milgwn,

19.

kyrch, s. 46.
Cyrchell, s. i.
kyrchu, v. 37 ; kyrch, 52, 82 ;

kyrcho, 4.
cyrhaetho, v. 2.
cyrrynt, s. 55.

cyscu, v. 4, 5 ; [cysgu, 135].
kysseccrer, v. 128.
cyssefin, [9, 59], 122; cyssef-

uin, 58.

kyssegr, 85, 87.
kyssegredic, 39.
[kyssegyr, ioi].
kyssvvynaw, v. 123.
cystlwn, s. 130.
kyt, s. 46, [93]. See tir.
cytetiued, s. 52-3. cyteti-

uedyon, pi. 38-9, 48.
cytleidyr, s. 41.
kytsynhyaw, v. 37.
kyttyo,7/.45,[93], 132; [kytyo,

134]; kyt, [78], 80; [kytya,

94]-

kytystyryaw, v. 47.
kyw, s. [77], 79.
kyweir, 16.

[cyweirgorn, s. 105-6],
kyweithas, s. 131.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

363

kywerthyd, s. 3, [114].
kywlat, s. 119.
[kywrein, a. 136.]

CH.

[chwechet, n. a. 62]. See

whechet.
chwioryd, //. 38. See whaer.

D.

da, a. 1,29, 54, [77], 80, [112],
136.

da, sm. 33, 41, 44, 5*-3> [63-4,
76], 86-7, 89, [95, 100, 104,
108-10, 114], 1 1 8, 120, 124,
[141 ; — addycker o 'ryuel,
115]; -- adefedic, 88 ; —
bywawl, 86 ; — dilis, 132 ;
[— dilys, 134] ; — marwawl,
86.

dadleu, v. 126.

dadleu wyr, //. 120.

dadyl, s. 16, 29, 40, 71, 84, 89,
113-14, 119-20; — sarhaet
a lledrat, 17 ; — tir a dayar,
119. dadleu, pi. 5, [96-7,
no, 115], 117, 125, [135-6,
140]; — tir a dayar, 47.
See brenhin ; gwys ; tri.

dauat, s. 75, 83 ; -- hesp, 18.
deueit,//. 26, [75, 105, 114].

dafyn, s. 129.

dala, v. 17, 29, [64], 84, [104],
118; — llys,29; dalher, 57,
[66], 67, 123; daly, 28;
dalyet, 83-4; dalyho, 18, 84;
dalyo, 83; deila, [10-11, 14],
15, 84; delit, 123; dyeila,
24.

damdwg, 35, 118, [135].

damwein, s. 18, [116].

damweinha, v. 28.

dangos, v. 15, 19, 27, 47-8,

52 ; dangosso, 15, [98] ;
dangosswn, 36 ; [dengys,

13].

[dant,j. 74-5]. deint,//. 130.
darfu, v. I ; darffo, 5-6, 47,

123 ; [darfo, 7].
[darllein, v. 138].
darmerth, 6.
[darmertho, v. 7],
[darymreto, v. 13].
das, s. 49.
datanhud, sm. 48-9, 53 ; -

beich; — karr, 48; — cwbyl,

49; — eredic,48-9; —tir, 48.
[datganu, v. 1 16].
datwyrein, s. 87.
dawnbwyt, sm. 56 ; — gayaf,

56 ; — haf, 57.
dayar, sf. 3, 30, 58, [60- 1, 63],

83, 125. See tir.
day ret, s. 15.
dec, n. a. [ — a deugeint ar-

yant, 101] ; — a deu vgeint,

42, 70, 72, [73], 131;

— a dimei a deuparth dimei,
42 ; [— ar hugein, 104,

106] ; hugeint, 43, [65],

67, ?o, [76, 101-5, 109];
aryant, 42, 71 ;

— a phetvvar ugeint, in] ;

— keinhawc, 69, 71 ; [

kyfreith, 76]; — llydyn ar
hugeint, 83. See deg ; llw ;
oet ; pedeir.

[decuet, n. a. — llwdyn, no].

dechreu, s. 118.

dechreu, v. 22 ; dechreuher,

47; dechreuho, 5-6, [7];

dechreuir, 47 ; dechreuo, 6,

[7].
dedyf, s. 89, 128. dedueu,

pl.i.

defnyd, sm. 83, 117.
defnydyo, ^.35.
deg, n. a. See dec ; llw ; oet.

364

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

Degeman, 121.
degwm, s. See brenhin.
deheu, 4, [11], 20,43,46, 58,

[60].

Deheubarth, I, [113],
deilyat, s. 83, 85.
[deissyuedic, 115].
deissyfyt, 117.
delwat, s. See gwaet.
dera, s. 69, 72, [74].
[derwen, s. 104].
deturyt, s. — gwlat, 47. See

gwat.
deu, n. a. m. — ardelw, 88 ;

[— arglwyd, 134, 136];

— canhwr, 37 ; — kymeint,
39; — kymhwt, 55; —
dawnbwyt, 56; — dyn, 41,

85, [115-16]; plwyf,

41 ; [— eidon, 74 ; — eirawc,
139]; — etiued,49; — vab,
40 ; — vanach, 40 ; — vor-
dwyt, 25 ; — vyrryat, 25 ;

— ganu, 34 ; — hanher, 47,
[91, 103, 114-15] 5 — mach,
86 ; — nawvetdyd, 48, [63] ;

— parth,
parthawc, 76]

ty, 103] ; — vgein mu, 35 ;

— wr, [96], 119; — wr
(arglwyd), 40; — wystyl, 16.
See ell ; oet ; ran.

deudec, n. a. — a deu vgeint,
7o> 72, [73] ; — keinhawc,
34, 45-6, [65-6], 67-9, 7i,
79,81, [98, 100, 102, 105-7];

— kyfelinyawc, 45 ; — erw
a trychant, 54 ; — golwyth
breinhyawl, 35 ; — gwestei,
3 ; — lleyc, I ; — llydyn,
83; — mu, [n], 123-4; —
punt, 121 ; — troetued, 55.
[deudeg, — wyr, 99].

[deudyblic,io8] ; deudyblyc,i6,
24, 46, 52, [in, 113], 1 20-1.

"T * Jj , ,»c»\.»jj

vetdyd, 48, [63] ;
[78], 80; [-
6];— tir,55; [-

deugeint, n. a. See dec ; deu-
dec ; dwy ; 11 w ; wyth.

deulwyn, s. 35.

deunaw, n. a. — cantref Gwyn-
ed, I ; — keinhawc, [65],
67, 70-J > [73]; — Hathen;
— troetued, 54 ; — vgeint
aryant, 37.

deuparth, — byw a marw
tayogeu, 29; — (cwyr),
25-6; [ — deudeg mu,
n]; — dimei, 42; —
guerth, [78], 80; — plant,
9°> [91 5 — pyscawt,
107].

dewis, ar, 8 1.

dewis, z/. 28, 50, 53, 88, 130 ;
dewissei, 29 ; dewisset, 20,
45, [65], 69; [dewisso, 10] ;
dewisswyt, I.

diagho, v. 17 ; dieinc, [64],
130.

dial, s. 39, [104], 122-3. See
kof.

dialho, if. 126.

diarnabot, [74], 84.

diatlam, a. [65], 67, 131,
[134].

diawt, sf. 3, 18.

dichawn, 49, [73], 89-90, [91-
2, 97], 120-1.

[didim, a. 139].

[didyfner, v. 75].

diebredic, 86.

dieinc, v. See diagho.

dieu, sm. diewed, //. 88. See
naw ; pump ; tri.

diuach, a. 88, 132, [134]. Cf.
dyuach.

diuan, a. 82.

diuetha, z/. 4 1 , 1 1 7 ; [diffethaer,

137].
diuwyn, [62, 97, 104, no, 112],

118, 122-3, 132, [134]-
diuwynaw, v. 119.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

365

diffeith, 46, 48; — brenhin,

27, [65], 67.
differ, v. 5, [?L I24, [138] ;

differho, 69; differir, 85;

differo, 69.
[diffodi, v. 103] ; diffother, 5,

diffrwyth, a. 70.

[diffyc, no].

digassed, 120.

digawn, 4, 56, 82.

digyfreith, 33, 130.

dihawl, 48-9.

[dihenydyer, v. 104].

[diheurwyd, s. 142].

dilis, 53-4, [66], 67-8, 119, 132.

See dilys ; gwlat ; lie.
[dilys, 134]. See dilis. '
[dilystawt, s. 92, 97].
dillat, s. 22, 25, 30, 87 ; [—

amaerwyawc, — amarwyawc,

III]; — gwely, 22, [94].

See brenhin ; brenhines.
dillwg, v. 83, 131; dillygho,

84.
dimei, s. 83, 88, [106]. See

keinhawc ; dec ; seith.
dinawet, s. 72, [74]. dinewyt,

pi 29, [114].
Dinefwr, 3-4.
dineu, v. 82.
diobeith, 41.
diodef, v. 58, [59, 93 ; diodefet,

li].

diofredawc, 37, [97, 101], 121.
diogel, 4, [6, 8], 85.
diohir, a. 87.
diot, v. i, 58, [60, 62], 127;

diotter, 25 ; diotto, 31, 35,

[62].

dir, a. 89.

dirmyccer, v. 22, 24, 27.
dirrwysc, 68.

dirwy, sf. 26, 58, [60, 65], 67,
79,87,124; — bratarglwyd,

52; — brenhin, 123; — ki,
32; — kynllwyn, 46, 52;

aJlan, 113-:

— ymlad kyfadef, 123. See

hanher; trayan.
discwyl, v. 37.
discyn, v. 69; discynho, 17,

24.

disgyfreitha, v. 83.
disgyfrith, 83.
disswyd, 44, 55-6.
distein, sm. 2, 5-6, [8-9, II-

14], 15, 18-21,24,27.
distein brenhines, 2, 5, 23, 27,
ditonrwyc, 72, [73].
[ditraghwydder, s. 142].
diw, s. 49. See duw.
[diwall, 63, 103].
diwarnawt, s. See naw ; oet.
diwat, s. [63], 89.
diwat, v. 37, [92, 97, 99, 101,

1 08, 113]; diwadet, 119;

[diwatet, 112 ; di waiter, 109,

143 ; diwatto, 1 08 ; diwedir,

63].

diwc, v. 89.
diwed, s. n8.
diwedir, v. See diwat.
diwedyd, s. 35.
[diweirdeb, s. 96-7].
diwethaf, 5, 39, 71. ^
diwygant, v. 33 ; diwygir, 23,

, . , ,

83,89,[96],i26,i32,[i33,i37,
139] ; diwygwyt, 87, [138].

[diwyneb, 135].

dodi, v. I, 29, 40, [77], 80,
[no], 124-5, 129; dodes,
[75,81; dodet, 38, 83, [96];
dodir, [66], 67, 71-2, [73;
doter, 143; doto, 143];
dotter, 17, 26, 83; dotto,
[13], 18, [107], 118.

[dodwi, v. 78] ; dotwi, 79.

366

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

doeth, a. 130; doethaf, i.
dof, a. 19.
[douot, s. 105].
dofreth, s. 19, 28, 57.
[dofrethwyr, pi. 98].
[douyr rud, 75]. See dwfyr.
dogyn vanac, 41, [loo]. See

dygyn.
[dohotrefyn, s. 91] ; dootrefyn,

90, [94].

dor, s. 32. [doreu,//. 101].
dorglwyt, s. 96, 102].
dosparth, v. 136].
dracheuyn, 7 ; draecheuyn,

96]. See trachefyn.
[draenen, s. 104].
drefa, s. — o geirch, 56.
drwc, s. [78], 80, 83; a. I,

[140]. See dryc.
drws, sm. 23, 35 ; — kor, 40 ;

— eglwys, [101], 130, [142;

— Y gagell, ioi]. drysseu,

dryc, a. I, [93], 130, [140].

See drwc.

drychaf a gossot, 45, [65].
[drychauedic, a. 95].
drychafel, sm. [9], 44, 46.

drychafaleu, pL 46. See

tri ; vn.

drychafel, v. 32.
drychefir, ?/. 82; drycheif, [66],

67, 70-2, [73], 118, 127;

drycheiff, 127. Seedyrcheif.
dryssawr neuad, 2, 6, [7, 12],

23-4.
dryssawr ystauell, 2, 6, [8],

23-4.

[dryssoryon, //. ioj.

dulin, s. 30.

dull, s. 40, 47.

duunaw, T/. 39-40.

duw, s. [ — Awst, 77] ; — kalan
gwedy efferen, 87 ; — —
Mei, 20; — Pasc bychan, 87;

— Sul y Drindawt, 87. See
diw.

Duw, s. i, [13], 34, 36, 41-2,

81, [ioi, 112, 142].
dwfyr, s. 69. See douyr.
[dwrn, s. 105].

dwy, n. a.f. — a deugeint,
[65], 67 ; — ar hugeint, 71,
[73] ; — egwyt, 83 ; — erw,
55; [— eskit,98]; — ulwyd,
[66], 67 ; [- vlyned, 62] ;

— uu a deu vgeint aryant,
42; — geill, 21 ; — gein-
hawc, 27, [65], 70, 72, [73],

83; L cota, 75];

cotta, 34; — — kyfreith,
[75, 77], 79, [102, 105, 107],

1 1 8 ; [ gyfreith, 106] ; —

genedyl, [104], 122, [140] ;

— gerwyn, 56 ; — golofyn,
29 ; — gwys, 55 ; — lathen,
54; —law, [96-7], 125,132,
[133]; — nenforch, 117;

— pleit, 117; — ran, [n,
13], 15-16, 18,20-2,26,38;

— rantir, 55; — rywhant,
82 ; — tref, 47, 54-5 ; —
weith, 28, 33; — wraged,

[95], 132, [133]-
dwyn, v. 5, 22, 33, 41, 47, 54,
[63], 68, 85-6, [92, 96-7,
113], 117,119,122,126,129,
[134, 136, 138, 141]; due, i,
89; dwc, 16,24,51, [61,63,
96], 129; dyccer, 41, [79],
82-3; [dycker, 63, 97, H5,
134, 142]; dycco, 40-1, 47,

82, 87, [92, 100, 114-15];
dygaf, 129; dygant, 24,40;
dyget, 36, [61], 87, 129;
dygir, [63, 93], 129.

dyd, sm. [10], 17-18, 40, [64,
66], 67, 81,83, [ioi]; -kat

a brwydyr, 126; ac

ymlad, 22 ; — kyntaf, 122.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

367

dydyeu, pi. 48. See eil ;
banner ; lliw ; oet ; pymhet ;
pymthecuet ; seithuet ; tryd-
yd ; vn ; whechet.

[dyuach, a. 62]. Cf. diuach.

Dyfed, 121.

dyuot, v. 52, [63], 70, [78], 80,
[96-7, 108], 127 ; [da, 141] 5
daw, [ii, 14], 16, 19,27, 31,
38, 44, 47, 50, 52, 56-8, [60,
62],83, 90, [91, 101-2, 107,
111,114], I22,[i39,i4i];del,
6, [7, 12], 15, 17-18,21,24,
30,32,82,84-5, [100, 114],
121,132, [134; delher,io8];
delhont, 49 ; [delhwynt, 98] ;
doant, 35-6, [59]; doei,29;
doent, 19; doet, 72, [74],
84, 87, [96] ; doethant, 81.

dyuyrgi, j. [98], 131, [133]-

dygwydaw, v. 89; dygwyd,
[105, 108, 114], 125; dy-
gwydant, 50, [108] ; dy-
gwydet, 117; dygwydho, 68.

dygyn, — g°N kenedyl, 122 ;
— wat yn erbyn dogyn
vanac, 100. See dogyn.

dylwyf, s. 39.

dyly, v. 4, 16, 18-19, 27, 33, 47,
49-53, 55, 57, [59, 62-4],
70, [74-5], 85, 87-9, [95-7,
104-5, 108-12, 115-16], 117-
18,125, 128, 130-2, [133, 135,
137, 140, 142]; dylyant, 28,
38-9, 51, [in], 121, 126-7;
dylyho, [61], 88, [ill], 125,
[143]; dylyir, 39, 49, 51,
[loo, 104, 108, 116], 117-18,
120-2, 126, 132, [134, 139] ;
dylyu, 87, [no], 122.

dylyedawc, s. 53. dylyedog-
yon,//. 50; — tir, 47.

[dylyedus, 136].

dylyet, sm. 15, 41, 53-4, [104],

121, [136-7] ; — kyghellawr,
29; — penkerd, 33; —
swydogyon, 2.

dyn, s. 2-6, [7-9], 16, 25, 27,
29, 3i, 36-7, 39-43, 45, 47,
50-2, 54-5, 58, [60-5], 70,

[77], 79, 81-2,84-9, [96,98-
101, 107, no, 112-13, 115-
16], 118,120, 122-8, 130, 132,
[I33-H3]; — kaeth, 45;
[— didim, 139] ; — eglwys-
sic, 395 — plwyf, 41;

— ryd, 45- dynyon, //. 54,
85, 87, [93], 130; [— bon-
hedic,i36]; — ty, [63], 124.
See deu ; naw ; petwar ;
pvm ; seith ; seithuet ; tir ;
tri; vn.

dynien, s. 32.

[dyrcheif, v. 66, 76, 97]. See

drychefir.

dyrnawt, s. [112], 118.
dyrnued, s. 56-7, [98].
dyrnuoleu, //. 45.
dyrwest, s. I.
dyry, v. See rodi.
dyrys, 54, 121.
[dysc, -y. 112].

[dyscu,*/. Ii6];dysc, 58, [59].
dyscyl, s. 26, [95 ; dysgyl, 106 ;

— lydan, 107. dysgleu, pi.
95]. See kic.

dywedaf, v. 41 ; dywedet, 119 ;
dywedir, 41, [loo], 125;
dywedut, 41 ; [dywedwyt,
135] ; dyweit, 41, [63, 93] ;
dywespwyt, 49, 123; [dy-
weter, 143 ; dyweto, 95,
143]; dywetter, 129; [dy-
wetto, in].

E.

ebawl, sm. [65], 67, [139]-
ebolyon,//. 21, 24. [eboles,
sf. —torn, 139].

368

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

ebediw, s. 50, 55, [65], 67;

— abadeu, 121 ; [— kaeth,
in]; — cyghellawr, 43;

— kynydyon, 19; — gof lly s,
31 ; [ — gwassanaethwr ar-
glwyd, loo ; — gwr gorwlat,

99; ryd, 99;

ystauellawc, loo ; — gwreic
ystauellawc, 100] ; — maer,
43 ; [— penkenedyl, 100] ;

— swydogyon llys, [8, 9],
23; [— tayawc, 100] ; —
ygnat llys, 17. ebediweu,
pi. 28. See trayan.

ebestyl, pi. 24.

[ebill taradyr, 106].

ebran, s. [u, 13], 16, 18, 20,

22, 56. ebraneu,//. [10], 21.
Ebrill, s. 71, 130.
edeinyawc, 79.
ederyn, s. [78], 79; — enwawc,

17-18. adar,//. 5, 17.
edeu, z>. See adef.
edrych, v. 69; edrycher, 119.
edyn, sm. 130.
euegyl, s. 48.
euydeit, 22.
effeiradaeth, s. 128.
effeirat, sm. 41, 51, [loi], 117,

128, [135]. See offeirat.
effeirat brenhines, 2, 5, [9, 12].
effeirat teulu, 2, 4, [5, 9, 11-12],

21, 27, 124, 126.

efferen, s. 8 1, 87, 117.

efferennu, v. 51.

eglwys, J/. 5, 48, [101, 114],
I3i, [135, 143];— ar tayawc
tref, 51, 128 ; [— ar tir tay-
awc, 100; tref,

ill]. See drws ; tir.

eglwyssic, 39, [61, 108].

eguedi, s. [91, 135] ; — arben-
hig llys, 43 ; [— gwreic, 92,
100] ; — merch brenhin,
89; breyr, 89-90,

[91]; cyghellawr, 43 ;

gof llys, 31 ;

maer, 43 ; tayawc, 90,

[9*]» — merchet swydogyon
llys, [8-9], 23.

egwyt, sf. 83.

[ehogyn, s. 107].

eidaw, s. I, 28, 30.

eidiged, s. 132, [133]-

eidon, sm. [10, 13], 20-2, 26,
30,32,68,72, [74], 84, [106],
123; — buarth, 83; — kota,
32 ; [— moel, 74] > — tal-
adwy, 34. See naw ; tri ;
whech.

cil,«.«. 37-40, 53-4,85, [112];

— kanu, 22 ; — corneit, 19 ;

— kyflodawt, 70 ; — datan-
hud, 49 ; — dyd, 81 ; [—
enllip, 93] ; — flwydyn, 28,
[62] ; — gyflauan, 122 ; —
heit, 8 1 ; — llo, 72, [74] 5

— lloneit, 21 ; — nessaf, 22,
24 ; [— trayan, 98] ; — wys,
50.

[eillaw, V. 96].

eis, s. 56.

[eisseu kyt, 93].

eissin, s. 31, [no].

eissydyn, sm. 50, [61-2].

eisted, v. 4, ["], i7> 22, 24,
26, 29, 30, 33, [no] ; eisted-
ant, 20; eistedet, 29; eisted-
ho, 3, [7] ; eistedo, 5.

eithin, s. 45.

el, v. See mynet.

elchwyl, 38, 48, [76, 141]-

[eluyd, s. 142].

elin, s. 56.

elor, sf. 131, [137].

elw, s. 71, [no], 124.

ell, — deu, 127 ; — tri, 126.

ellwg, v. [96, 1 1 5], 131 ; ellyg-
her, 34.

emelltith, s. I.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

369

emenhyd, s. 25.

emenyn, s. 30, 57, 90, [91,

95]-

emyl, s. 56-7, 71,84, [98].
enkil, 52.

enderiged, //. 29, [114].
eneint, s. 130.
eneit, s. [76, 78], 80, [111-12],

129, [139, 142]. eneiteu,

pi. 130.

eneituadeu, 52, [104].
engiryawl, fl. 55.
[enillec, 105].

enillo, 11. 17, 33 ; enillent, 52.

enllip, sm. [93], 127.

enlliper, v. [93, 100], 122.

enllyn, s. 30, 32, 56.

ennill, s. 2.

ennynu, v. 122, 132, [133] ;

enynnu, 40 ; enyn, 26 ; enyn-

her, 5, [7); enynho, 40;

[ennyno, 103].
[enryal, s. 140].
enrydedus, a. 4 ; enryded-

ussaf, 3.
enw, sm. i, [109], 131, [134].

See geir.
enwawc, 17-18.
enwedic, 55, [114].
enwi, v. 129; enwet, 119;

enwir, 38.
[eny = yny, 108].
erbyn, v. 6, [7].
erchi, v. 33, [135].
eredic, v. [108], 127.
eredic, 72, [73, 108]. See

datanhud.
eruyll, v. 24.
ergyt, sm. 36, [94, 1391-
erlit, 4, [n6}.
erlyn, v. 48.
[erthi, s. 96].
erw, sf. 54, [108] ; — gayafar,

28 ; — gwanhwyn ar, 28 ;

[ — Yr ych du, 1 08. erwyd,

pi. 136-7]. See deudec ;

dwy ; pedeir ; wyth.
eryr, s. 131.
[eskit, sf. 98]. escityeu,//. 22,

33,90, [91]-
escob, jw. 58, [60, 114], 130.

escyb, pi. I.
escobty, s. 121.
escor, ?/. 129, [143].
escyn, v. 69 ; escynho, 24 ;

eskyno, 17.
[esgubawr, s. 102]. 5>* ys-

cubawr.

estyn. See gobyr.
estynnu, v. 21 ; estynho, 47.
eturyt, v. 69, 118.
eturyt, etuyryt, etrif. See ach.
etiued, s. 52-3, [61, 78, 95],

126 ; — gwreic kaeth, 46 ;

— gyfreithawl, 49; — llof-
rud, 39 ; — o gorff, 52-3 ;

— priodawr, 49 ; — y llad-
edic, 39. etiuedyon, pi. 39,

49, 53-

etiuedu, v. 80.
etiuedyaeth, s. 53-4.
etling, sm. 3-4, 33. See He.
eur, 3, 16-17, 23, 29, [64, 105,

108, 114], 123, [134] ; —

breinhawl, 4, [6, 8].
eureit, 22.
eurgrawn, s. 58, [60]. See

brenhin.
ewic, sf. 35, [77], 80, [98].

ewiget, pi. 20.
ewin, s. 3, 42, 84.
[ewyllis, s. 139]. See brenhin.
ewythyr, sm. 38.

Ff.

[ffalt, s. 105].
[ffawyden, sf. 104].
ffin, s. 55.
b

370

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

ffiol, sf. 3, [107], 123, [134.

ffioleu, pi. 14].
ffoawdyr, s. 30.
ffohont, v. 28.
ffon, s. 84.
[fforch, s. 101-2].

— gyfreith, 121. See bren
hin ; prifford ; teir ; whe.

ffordawl, s. 36.

fforest, s. See brenhin.

fforest ir, v. 117.

ffroen, s. 130.

ffrwyneu, pi. 21, 27.

ffrwynher, V. 66, [67].

ffrwyth, s. 1 18.

[ffyd, s. 103],

ffynnant, i>. 125.

ffyrlling, s. 83 ; [ffyrllig, 107].

G.

gadu, v. 16 ; gadet,.28, 36, 83 ;
gat, [11], 23, 90, [91], 131;
gatter, 84, 89, [93; gattet,
102] ; gatto, [75-6], 125.

[gauael, sf. 137] ; gaud, 85.

gauyr, s. [75, 77], 80, 84.
geifyr,//. 26, [in, 114].

galanas, sf. [8], 38-9, 46, 52,
[62, 65, 77], 79, [109, 113,
115-16], 122, 129, [138-9];

— aelawt penkenedyl, 43-4 ;

— alltut, 44-5 ; — bonhedic
canhwynawl, 44 ; — brenhin,
3-4, 6, [8] ; — breyr disswyd,
445 — cyghellawr, 43; —
dyn a lather, 37 ; — etling,
4 ; — g wr gureigawc, 90, [9 1 ;

— lleidyr, 104 ; — mab,
139] ;— maer, 43 ; — maer
bisweil, 33 ; — penkenedyl,
435 — swydogyon llys, [8-9],
23; — tayawc, 44. See

guascar ; naw ; oergwymp ;

ran ; trayan.
galanastra, s. 127.
galw, s. 90, [92].
galw, v. 120, 132, [133]; galwo,

120 ; gelwir, 54, [74], 84, [100,

108,110], 119, [136]; gelwit,

I, 120.

gallu, v. [78], 80; gallant, 119,
131, [136]; gallo, 28, 32,
44, 52, [78], 80, I2i;gallwys,
[77], 80; geill,3l, 33, 50,58,
88, 90, [92, 97, 100], 117;
gellir, 31, 39, 46, [59], 81,
[101], 120, [135, 139-40].

garan, s. 131.

Garawys, sm. [11-12], 22, 27.

gard, s. 84.

garvv gychwedyl, 131, [134].

gast, sf. 126, 131.

gayaf, sm. 18, 20, 28, 30, 56,
72, [74-5, 102], 118. See
dawnbwyt ; tri.

gayaf ar, s. 28.

[gayaf ty, s. 101-2].

gefeil, sf. 58, [59], 130.

geilwat, sm. 58, [60].

geir, s. 1, 41, 88, [101]. geireu,
pi. 119.

geir y enw, 120.

gelyn, s. 132, [133, 140].

gellgi, s. 34, [64, 137]. gellgwn,
pi. 19-20, 36. See brenhin.

geneu, s. 71.

geni, v. 124 ; ganher, [65], 67,
69, 71.

glan, a. 82.

glaw, s. 24.

[gleiueu,//. 99].

glin, s. 32.

gloyw, a, [14], 15.

[glynho, v. 97].

gobenyd, s. [10], 17 ; [— tylc,
94 ; gobennyd tyle, 106].

gobyr, s. [— alltudes, 94];

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

— estyn, 50 ; — gwarchadw,
51,535— gwreic, 90, [91-3];

— merch brenhin, 89 ;

breyr, 90, [91] ; cy-

ghellawr, 43 ; gof llys,

31; - - maer, 43; -
tayawc, 90, [91 ; — merchet
maer bisweil, 13] ;
swydogyon llys, [8-9], 23;
[ — morwyn, 92]. gobreu,
pi. [ — merchet beird, 94] ;

kynydyon, 19 ;

gofein, 31; gwyr y

vaertref, 33 ; tayogeu,

28.

gobyr (reward), s. [13], 40; —

kyfreithawl, 15.
godef, v. 37, 40, 52, 85, [93];

godefho, 51.
godeith, s. 130.
godineb, s. [100], 130.
godiwedir, v. 20 ; godiwetho,

1 1 8. See gordiwes.
godor, sm. 122.
godro, 71.
gof, sm. 31, 58, [59]. gofein,

pi. 31-

gof llys, 6, [8], 17,31-
gofanaeth, s. 58, [59].
gofut, s. 85.
gouwy, v. 6, [7].
gofyn, v. 50, 52-3, 87, [108,

112,116], 122, 132, [133, 137];

gofynant, 49 ; [gouyno, 12].
gofyer, v. 31.
goglyt, v. 29.
[gogoned, s. 142].
gogonedus, a. 36.
gogreit, s. 31, [no],
gogyfarch, 42-3, [112], 118.
gogyfoet, 34.
gogyr, s. 90, [92, 106].
gohen, s. 31.
gohiryaw, v. 19.
[gohodet, v. n].

B

golchures, sf. 121.

[goleu, s. 100].

[golut, s. 112].

golwg, s. 36.

golwyth, sm. 5-6, [7], 35. gol-

wython, //. 35 ; golhwython,
pi. 35. See deudec ; tri.
gollwg, v. [64], 132, [134];

gollyget, 36, 84; gollygho,

36.

gomed, v. 50.
gorchaw, s. 38. See ran.
gorcheifyn, s. 38. See ran.
gorchyfaerwy, 124.
[gordiwes, v. 108 ; gordiwether,

loo]. See godiwedir.
gorderchu, v. 97].
gordrysseu,//. ioij.
goreureit, a. 108].
goruodawc, s. 117.
goruodogaeth, s. 117.
goruot tref, sf. 54-5.
gorffowys, v. 48-9, 81.
gorhenuam, sf. 39.
gorhengaw, s. 38.
gorhentat, sm. 38-9, 50, 52;

[gorhendat, 136].
gori, v. [78], 79.
gormes, sf. 130.
gorsed, jw. 125.
[gorwed, 137].
[gorweidawc, 143].
gorwlat, s. 33, 57, [99], 119,

[138]. See gwlat (patria).
gosper, s. 87.
gossot, ?/. [14], 123; gossodir,

4, 82 ; gossotto, 6, [7]. .SV*

drychaf.

gostec, sf. 5, [7]; — gwr, 23.
gostegwr, sm. 2, 5 ; gostecwr,

26 ; [gostegor, 7].
gostwg, v. 72, [74, 76], 127.
grad, sf. 38-9. gradeu, pi.

38-9. .SVtf aelodeu ; seith.
grawn, s. 82.
b 2

372

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

123.

grewys, a. 68, [78].

grym, s. 17, 119.

[guadawl, s. 97].

gwadawt, sm. [14], 15.

gwadu, V. 31, 37, 41, 82, 89,
121-3, 129; gwadet, 79,86,
89; gwatta, 31, 122, 130;
g waiter, 31 ; gwatto, 37, 40,
46, 68, 85-6; gwedir, 85,

I2O-I, 129.

gwaed gwlat, 131, [134].

gwaelawt, s. 71.

gwaeret, [73], 82 ; gwaet, 68.

gwaet. $€4 gwaeret.

gwaet, sm. 37, [63, 112], 118,
129-30, [135]; — kyn
delwat, 128 ; — Duw, 42;
— dyn, 42, 82.

gwaetlyd, #. 25.

gwahan, s. 40, 54, 57, [59].

gwahan, T/. 118 ; gwahana, 90,

[91]-

gwahanredawl, a. 38.
gwahard, s. 29, 51 ; [v. no],
[guala, sf. 75].
gwalch, s. 79.
gwall, s. 18, [103].
gwallaw, V. 6, [7].
gwallofyeit, pi. 24.
gwallt, s. 45, [65]-
gwan, v. 125, 132, [133];

gwanher, 25.
gwanas, sc. 125.
gwanhwyn, s. 20, 28, [75] ; —

ar, 28.

[gwar, a. 116].
gwarandaw, v. 34, 51, [116],

125, [142-3]. "
g warant, s. 1 1 9, 1 24, [ 1 4 1 ].
gwaratwyd, s. 121.
gwarchadw, s. 51, 53, [63].
gwarchadw,^. 54, [138]; gwar-

chatto,82; [gwarchatwo,i4o].
gwarchae, s. 85.

gwaredet, v. 28 ; gweryt, 5, [7].

gwarr, s. 132, [134].

[gwarthaet, s. n].

gwarthafyl, s. 17.

gwarthal, s. 50, 53.

gwarthec, s. 3-4, [13], 22, 24,
26, 31-3, 46, 1 23 ; [— dyuach,
62]; — gwynyon, 3; —
maerty,26,33, 123 ; [— mawr,
114]; — trefgord, 72.

[guarthrut, sf. 137 ; — mor-
wyn, 135].

gwas, s. •— kyghellawr, 131,

[134]; — (gofllys), 31-
gwas ystauell, 2, 5, [8, 10], 22.
[guascar alanas, 109].
[gwascarawt, 109].
gwascer, v. 84.
gwassanaetb, sm. 5, 17, 52,

[142].

gwassanaether, v. 29.
[gwassanaethwr, s. — arglwyd,

100]. gwassanaethwyr, //.

25, 29, 33, 57 ; [— bwyt a

llyn, 13], See brenhin.
gwastat, a. 82.

gwastrawt, sm. [gwastradyon,
pi. 10]. gwastrodyon, //.

[14], 21, 57, [59].
gwastrawt auwyn, 2, 6, [8], 16,

23-4.
gwastrawt auwyn brenhines, 2,

6, [8], 33, «r.
gwat, j. [100], 120 ; — kyn de-

turyt, 125.
gwayw, s. 31, [105], 125, 132,

[I33J-

gwdyf, J. 45> [94, 106].
[gwed (manner), s. 97].
gwed (yoke), s. 71-2, [73.

gwedeu,//. 95].
gweda, v. 19 ; gwetha, 3, 57.
gwedi, j. I.
gweus, s. 41.
gweilyd, s. 130, [142].

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

373

gweir, s. 85.

gweirglawd, sf. 117. gweir-

glodyeu, pi. 117.
gweith (work), sm. 31.
gweith (time), sf. [12, 74], 124.

See dwy ; teir ; trydyd ; vn ;

whechet.

gweithret, s. 117, 130.
gwelet, v. 37, 40, [63, 100], 124,

127, [135, 140]; gweler, 25;

gwelher, 25, 126 ; gwelo, 36.
gweli, sf. 25, [112], 118; [—

tauawt, 138. guelieu,^/. 135.]
gwely, s. 5, [10], 22, [94].
[guelleu,//. 106].
gwellt, s. 72, [73, 75].
[guenidawl kaeth, 94].
gwenigawl, sf. 46, [135]'.
gwenith, s. 56, 71, 82.
gwenyn,//. 81, 131.
gwer, sm. 26, [96-7]-
gwercheitwat, s. 53-4.
gwerescyn, s. 53.
[gwerin, s. 113.]
gwerth, .$«. 16, 40, 53, [64, 99] ;

— amrant, 43 ; — amws,
[66], 67 ; — aneueil kyfreith-
awl, 16; — aniueil a ysser
y gic, [78], 80 ; [— aradwy
vn dyd, 107 ; — aradyr, 107] ;

— baed kenuein, [78], 80;

— bawt, 42 ; [ — beich keuyn,
99] ; — buch, 72 ; [— buwch,
74, 116; — kaeth telediw,
45; — keilleu,42; [— kein-
hawc, 142 ; — kerwyn ued,
98] ; — clust, 41-2; — creith,
42-3, [112]; - kyfreith, 35,
46, [76-7], 79-8o, 82, 128,
130, [140 ; — kyfreithawl, 74,
78] ; — kygwng, 42 ; [— kyn-
hayaf ty, 102 ; — kynoreu,
101-2 ; — dauat, 75 ; —

— dant, 74 ; — derwen, 104 ;

— deu dyn, 116; — doreu,

101-2 ; — Duw, 142]; —dyn,
85 ; — edyn, 131 ; [— gauyr,
75 5 — gayaf ty, 101 ; —
gellgi, 137; — gordrysseu,
101-2] ; — gwaet Duw, —

— dyn, 42 ; — gweus, 41-2 ;

— gweli agheuawl, 25 ; —
gwestua brenhin, 56 ; —
hebawc, 79, [137 ; -— hir-
ieu, 107] ; — Haw, 41-2;

- Haw deheu, 58, [60];
[— Heidyr, 103-4] ; — llygat,
41-2 ; — march, 69, [137 ;

— meinkeu, 101-2] ; —
modi, [77], 79 ; — nyth, 79 ;

— pedeir keinhawc kyf., 132,

[134] ; [— pryf, 131 ; -

punt, 99 ; — rawn, 66] ;

— rwnsi, [66], 68 ; — tauawt,
16, 42 ; [ — talueigkeu, 101-
2] ; — tarw trefgord, [78],
80 ; — teithi buch, 70 ;

[ ych, 73] ; — troet, 41-

2; — troet deheu, 58, [60;

— trothyweu, 101-2] ; -
trwyn, 41-2; [— tubyst,
101-2; — tudedyn, 112;

— wheugeint, 99] ; — ych,
72,[73-4];-ystalwyn,[78],
8° 5 [ — ystyffyleu, 101-2.

See lleidyr ; tray an ; vn.

gwerthu, v. 132, [134] ; gwerth,
57, [59], 70-1, [75 J gwerther,
103]; gwerthet, 58, [59];
gwertho, 69-72, [74-6].

gwest, s. 18. See gwestua.

gwestei, s. 3.

gwestua, s. [64] ; — brenhin,
54-6; — haf, 56. gwestuaeu,
pi. [13], 22, 24-7. See gwest.

gwesti, s. 124.

[gwg, sm. 137].

gwir, s. 41, [6l], 89, [115], 117,
125.

gwir, a. 42,

374

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

gwirawt, sf. 24, 26 ; — gy-
freithawl, 24-5, 29, 3 1. gwir-
odeu,//. [13], 27.

gwiryon, 122-3.

[gwiryoned, s. 112].

gwisc, sf. [11-12], 18, 33;
[— bard teulu, distein, pen-
teulu, 12 ; — (offeirat), 138].
See brenhines.

gwisgaw, v. 20.

gwiweir, s. 131.

gwlat (patria), ^.28, 125, 131,
[133-4, 139-40]; — bren-
hin, 57, [59, "6]; — dilis,
2. [gwladoed, pi. 109]. See
bonhedic; kyfreitheu ; det-
uryt ; gorwlat ; gwaed ;
henaduryeit; pedeir; reith ;
teruyn; tir; vn.

gwlat (land property), 128.

gwledycho, v. 51.

gwlyb, 121 ; gwlyp, 54 ; — a
sych, 54, 121.

gwneuthur, ?/. I, 17, 20, 30, 39,

45*57, [59, 64], 89, [96], "7,
122, 124, 132, [133, 135, 137-
8]; gwna, 2, 17, 22, 25,31,
[62], 71, 85, [93, 97], 125,
[139]; gwnaet, 28, 55, 83,
87, [112]; gwnaeth, I;
gwnaethant, I ; gwnaeth-
pwyt, [77-8], 80; gwnant,
[65], 67, 117; [gwnathoed,
no]; gwneir, [14], 21, 51,

83, [H3], 131 ; gwnel, 4, 6,
[8, 10, 14], 15, 22, 41, 46,
52, [60, 62-3], 83, 89, [98],
117, 120, 127 ; gwnelher, 53,
89, [102, 141] ; gwnelhont,
[78], 80.

[gwniaw, v. 135].

gwr (man), sm. 41, 54, 57, [59,
78], 80, [92-3, 96-8], 127-^9;

132, [133-4, 138, 140, 143];
— (arglwyd), 40, 126, 132,

[140; — ar teulu, 99]; —
(brenhin),2,57,[59,i34]; —
breyr, 44 ; — kadarn, 1 24 ;
[— gorwlat, 99 ; — gwreig-
awc, 91, 94]; — gwreig-
yawc, 90; — o genedyl
arall, 122 ; [— o neb llu,
H3]; — ryd, 23, 36, 57,90,
[91, 99, ill], 128; [—
ystauellawc, 100 ; — y ty,
94]. gwyr, //. 38, 50; —
abat, 58, [60] ; — brenhin,
58, [60] ; — escob, 58, [60] ;

— rydyon, 4 ; — vn vreint,
31, [61, 63, 75, 101], 124;

— y vaertref, 33 ; — y llys,
15, 25. See cyfloc ; deu ;
gwyrda ; hanher ; llw ; naw ;
petwar ; ran.

gwr (husband), sm. 41, 89-90,
[91-5, 98, 100], 132, [133-5,

137, 141]-

gwr (= Duw, God], 41.

[guregys, s. 135].

gwreic (woman), sf. 33, 38, 54,
[61,78], 80, 88, [92-4, 96-7],
121, 126-8, 130, 132, [133-4,
137-8, 140-1] ; — kaeth,46 ;
[ — kywrein, 136] ; — veich-
awc, 130 ; — llwyn a pherth,
[61], 129; — wryawc, 90,
[91, 100], 132, [133 ; —
ystauellawc, 100]. gwraged,
pi. 38, 126. See dwy ; llw.

gwreic (wife), sf. 90, [91-5, 98],
126, 128, 132, [134, 137,
141; — brenhin, 2, [ill,
134; — (breyr), in]; —
dyn lladedic, 37 ; — gwr ryd,
9°, [91 5 — gyfreithawl, 94] ;

— tayawc, 90, [91, ill],
gwreictra, s. 127.
gwreigawc, a. 37 ; gwreigyawc.

See gwr.
gwrhao, v. 33.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

375

gwrhyt, s. 55.

gwrthebet, v. 50; gwrthebir,

Si-

gwrthlad, v. 49.
gwrthneu, v. 120.
gwrthrychyeit, pi. 4.
gwrthtyston, pi. 1 19-20.
gwrthwynepa, i>. 15.
gwrthyt, v. 58, [59].
gwrych, s. 32.
[gwrysgen, s. 115].
gwryw, 71, [78], 79-80.
gwyalen, ^/ 6, [7], 23, 84;

— aryant, 2-3, [97], 123,
I3i} [134];— HywelDa,54.

gwybod, v. 54, 85 ; gwdant,

126 ; gwybydant, 47 ; gwyp-

er, 72, [74 ; gwyppef, 95] ;

gwyppo, 1 6 ; gwyr, 21.
gwybydyeit, pi. 54, 119-20;

[ — am tir, 136],
[guyc, s. 116].
[gwyd (fresh soil), s. 62].
gwyd (goose), sf. [77], 79, 84.

gwydeu,^/. 30.
gwyd (presence), s. 2, 51, 86,

89, [101, 103, 136]. See

brenhin.

[gwyd (timber), s. 61].
[gwydlwdyn, s. 98].
gwyl, sf. — Vihagel, 19, [no] ;

— Giric, 35, 71 ; [— Hoi
Seint, 102 ; — leuan y
Moch, 76] ; — Padric, 72,
[74]- Seeteh.

gwyl, i'. 36.

gwyllt, a. 21, 24, [139].

gwylywr, s. 32.

gwyn, am. 45 ; gwen, af. 79.

gwynyon, pi. 3.
Gwyned, I, [113].
[gwynt, s. 102].
gwyr (diagonal), 56, 71, [98].
gwyrda, pi. [13], 125. See

brenhin.

[gwyry, a. 92].

gwys, s/.si, [115], 117, [135;

— dadleu, 138]. See dwy ;

teir.

gwysser, v. 31.
[gwystlaw, T/. 108] ; gwystler,

16,27, 50, [108], 118, 125.
gwystloryaeth, s. 126.
gwystyl, sm. 16, 88-9, [108],

118, 126.

gwythwch, sf. [77], 80.
[gylyf, s. 106].
gyrru, v. 126 ; [gyr, 103].

H.

haf, s. 20, 28. See dawnbwyt ;
gwestua.

[hafty, s. 102].

hagyr, 68, [in].

halen, s. 21, [95].

hallt, a. 56.

[hanfo, it. 141 ; hanfwynt, 9] ;
henuyd, 45 ; hanffpnt, 122.

hanher, sm. — kyfreith gellgi,
34; [— dirwy llan, 114];
-dyd, 35-6; — Ebrill, 71,
130; — (gwrhyt), 55; —
Mawrth, 130 ; — Mei, 20 ;

— or bragawt, 25, 29, 31 ;

— punt, 47, [66, 98, 102,
in; — ran brawt, 139];

gwr, 38 ; [— Whefrawr,

12. haner, 9, 12]. See deu ;
punt ; ran.

hawl, sf. 5, 47-8, 50-1, [in,
115], 117, 122, [141]; — ac
atteb, 125 ; — ledrat, 85,
124 ; — treis, 85. holyon,
pi. 17, 85.

hawl, v. 127.

hawlwr, s. 47, 85, 87-9, 125.

376

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[haws, comp. a. 63].

heb gaeth heb alltut, 37, 40, 44,

46, [92].
hebawc, sf. 79, [137]. hebogeu,

//. [10], 17-18. See brenhin.
hebogyd, sm. 2, 5, 6, [8, io],'i7-

19. hebogydyon,^/. 57,[59]-
[hebnvng, -v. 7-8] ; hebrygir, 4.
bed, ar, 81.
hedwch, s. [115], 120.
held (barley), s. 71.
[heint, sm. 75-6].
heit (swarm), sf. 81, [141].
hela, s. 34; teir — , 131 ; [tri

— , I33]-
hela, v. 1 8, 20, 36 ; helyant,

19 ; helyo, 5.
[heli, s. 95].
[helyc, s. 106-7 ; — bryn,

106].

henaduryeit gwlat, 47, 51, 54.
[hendat, sm. 136]. See hentat.
[heneuyd, s. n].
henuam, sf. 39.
henuyd, v. See hanfo.
henhorop, s. 56.
hentat, sm. 38-9, 50, 52.
herwth, s. 35.
hesp, a. 18,71.
heyrn,//. 31, 58, [60, 95] 5 —

pedoli, 24,
[hirieu, sf. 107].
hirvys,j. [14], 15, 3°-
[hoelon, pi. 8] ; holyon, 6.
[Hoi Seint, 102].
holi, v. 122 ; holet, 48 ; holho,

18-20, 48, 50-1, [61] ; holir,

53, [99].
[holla wl, 137].
[honher, v. 141].
hossaneu, pi. 22, 33.
hual, s. 83. hualeu,//. 18.
[hualawc, s. 76].
hwch, sf. 32, 56, [76-8], 80, 83 ;

[— coet, 113 ; — mawr, 76] ;

- tref, [77], 80. 6

hych.
hwrd, sm. 123-4.
hwydha, v. 68.
hwyedic, 18.
hwyrach, c. a. 53.
hych, s. See hwch ; pedeir.
hyd, sm. 35-6, [106]. See

brenhin ; croen.
hydgyllen, s. 35.
Hydref, s. [14], 17.
hydref, s. 130.
hynaf, 54, 90, [91]; hynhaf,

50. See brawt.
hyt, s. 54.
HywelDa, I, 29, 54, [77], 80 ;

[Howel Da, 112].
[hyys, 98]. See yssu.

I.

iach, a. [63], 83.

iachau, v. 118.

[iaen, s. 139].

iar (chine), s. 35.

iar (hen), sf. [77-8], 79, 84.

ieir, pi. 40.
iat, s. 3.
lawn, 16, 19-20, 32, 41, 45,

47, 5o-i, 53, [«i 92, 96,

1 10, 112-13], 117-18, 132,

[133, 135, 142].
lessu Grist, 36, [142].
ieu. See hirieu.
[leuan y Moch, 76].
ieuanc, a. 45 ; ieuhaf, 50, 54,

90, [91].
imp, s. 1 1 8.
[lonawr, s. 76].
[iraw, v. 96].
Ismael, s. 121.
issaf, a. 30.
iwrch, s. [77], 80, 131, [133].

K.

SeeC.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

377

LI.

Had, v. 18, 37, 39, 41, 45, 68,
72, [74, 77-8], 79-80, 82, 85,
[no, 113], 120, 122, 125,

132, [133, 137, 139]; Uad-
awd, [61], 72, [74, 137];
lladet, 84; Hather, [13], 18,
21, 24, 26, 31-3,37, 39,44,
85, 90, [91, 98, 115-16], 122,
131, [137]; Hatho,2, [9, ii],
17, 36-7, 82, 84, [104, no],
, [140-1]; Hedir, 35-6,
83, 122, [140; llodho,

lladedic, 37-9.

llaeth, s. 28, 70-1, 84, 90, [91],
126 ; [ — lestri, 95]. llaetheu,
pl.tf.

llafur, s. 53.

llamu, ?A [78], 80.

llamysten, sf. 18-19, 79-

Han, s. [13], 46, [113-15], 121,
125, [141]. See nawdwr.

llanw, v. 17.

[llassar, s. 105].

llathen, sf. 54.

llathrut, 23, 43, 89, [92-3, 96].

llathrudaw, v. 126.

Haw, sf. [64], 82, [97], 124 ; —
asseu, [92], 129 ; — bren-
hines, 3 ; [— keitwat, 64] ; —
cennat, 17 ; — deheu, 43, 45,
58, [60, 92], 129 ; — dyn,
41; [— uwyall, 94, 106] ;
— lleidyr, 132, [134]; —
penkynyd, 131 ; — tat, 40,
49. See brenhin ; dwy ;
seith ; teir ; vn.

llawdwr, s. 30,45, [135, 137];
llawdyr, 22. [llodreu, pi.

11 99]'
llawuaeth, s. 129.

llawhethyr, s. 83.
llawr, sm. 82, [94-5, 98].

He dilis, 4, 22.

lie yn y neuad, 4, [12], 19, 21,
27.

lied, 54; llet, 57, 71. See
kyflet.

lledach, s. 44.

[llederw, s. 75.]

lledrat, s. 17, 40, 52, [64],
68, 79, 82-3, 85, 117-18,
120, 124, 127 ; [— kyfadef,
64. lletrat, 63, 99, 103-4,
137 ; — liw dyd, ico-i].
See dirwy ; naw.

lief, s. 5, [78], 80.

[llefein, v. 138].

lleidyr, s. [103-4, 114], 117,
[140]; —kyfadef, 123, 132,
[134] ; — diobeith, 41 ; —
gwerth, 41, [103]. lladron,
pi. 40, 69. See brenhin.

lleilltu, 47.

llenlliein, s. 16.

llestyr, sm. 21, 24, 31, 71.
[llestri,^/. 14 ; — goreureit,
1 08]. See llaeth ; lloneit.

llesteir, v. 32.

[llestreit, s. 95].

[lletuegin, s. HI. lletuegineu,
pi. ill].

[lletuet, s. 107].

llety, s. 4, 6, [7, 9-10], 18-19 5
— march, 24. [lletyeu, pi.
13; — y teulu, 9].

lleyc, s. i.

[lleyn yr eglwys, meibon, 114].

[llibinwr, s. 140].

lliein, s. 30, 37 ; •— wise, 2.

[llif, s. 138].

llin, s. 84.

llinhat, s. 30.

Hit, s. 3, 130.

llithaw, z/. 35.

[lliw, s. 105 ; — dyd goleu
100 ; — pren taryan, 105].

[lliwaw, ii. 100].

378

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

HO
[11.

[lie
llo:

[lliwat, v. loo-i].

llo, s. 26, 70, 72, [74, 139] ; —

buch uawr, 118; — venyw,

69; — gwryw,7i. lloi,//. 84.
Hoc, s. 118 ; [Hog, — amaeth,

107 ; — cathreawr, 108 ; —

cwlltyr, swch, ych goreu,

&c., 1 08. llogeu, pi. 107].
[Lloegyr, 113].
lloer, s. 82.
llofrud, s. 37-9, 44.
llofrudyaeth, s. 37, [103, 113].
"Hog (hire), s.] See Hoc.
Hog (ship), s. 1 14].

neit, s. 21, 31, 57, 71 ; —

llestri, 25, 29, 31.
llosc, s. 39-40, 51.
llosci, v. 39, [104] ; lloscer, 40,

[103 ; llysc, 103].
Hoscwrn, s. 3, 35, 70, 82, [96.

llosgyrneu, pi. 139].
llostlydan, s. [98], 131.
Hu, s. 20, [113; — gorwlat,

138].

llud, s. 58, [60], 87.
llud, v. 23, 33, 50-1 ; lludyo,

lluesteu,//. 57, [59].
[llurugeu, //. 108].
lluscaw, v. 68.
lluyd, s. 57, [59], 85, [134].
lluydir, v. 57, [59]-
llw, s. 40, 51-2, [112]; —
arglvvyd, [115], 117, [141;

— ar y pedweryd, 63 ; —

pymhet, 63] ;

seithuet, 85 ; trydyd,

3i, [63, 75]; — canhwr,37;
[— kyntaf, 143; — deg
vvraged a deugeint, 93] ; —

— wyr adeugeint, 37, 40,
46,[92, 97,103, 113], 120, 129,
[142] ; — deu canhwr, 37 ; —
diarnabot, [74], 84 ; — effei-
rat, 117; — ehunan, 85-6,

89; — gweilyd, 130, [142];

— mam, 129 ; [— pedeir
gwraged ar dec, 93] ; — pet-
war gwyr ar hugeint, 68, [ 100;

— seith wraged, 93] ; —
trychanhwr, 37 ; — tyston,
119; — vndyn,82;[ — ygloch
heb tauawt, 97]. See tri.

llwdyn, sm. 17-18, 41, [60],
123 ; — anhyys, 82 ; llydyn,
83-5 [no, 113], 130. See
dec ; tri.

llwgyr, j. 68, 84, [102], 118.

llwygus, 69.

llwyn, s. [96], 125, 127 ; - a
pherth, [61-2, 97], 127-9,

[llwyr, 116 ; — tal guedy Ihvyr
twg, 74].

llydan, a. 31, [107].

[Llyuyr Kynawc, 63].

;, 41, [66], 68, 70,
llygeit, pi. 34,

llygat, s. 35,
[75, "Si-
[139].

llygot,//. 82.

llygotta, if. 84.

llygredic, 118.

llygru, v. 68, 84, 117-18 ; llyg-

rant, 118 ; Hygrir, 84; llyg-

rwys, 45, 88.
llyn, j. [10, 13-14], 15,27, 33,

56, [107].
llyn meirch, 69.
llys (court) sf. 5-6, [7-10, 12-

13], IS, 17-18, 25-6, 29-34,

43,46-8, 86, 125, 130; —a

llan, [13], 46, [113, US], 125,

[141]; — kyn amser, 126;

— Dinefwr, 3-4; — Pap,

52 ; [ — pressenhawl, 142].

See breint ; kyfreitheu ; dala ;

gof ; gwr (man) ; medyc ;

oet ; swydogyon ; swydwr ;

tir ; ygnat ; yscolheigon.
llys (objection), s. 31, 126.
[llysseu, pi. 1 1 6].

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

379

llyssu, v. 119-20; llyssa, 119;
llysset, [112], 119-120;
llyssir, 127; llysso, [113],
119; llyss wy t, 119; [lly ssy ant,

113]-

[llyssyant, s. 104].
llythyr, s. [114, 138]; —Pap,

52.

M.

[Mab (Christ), 142].

mab, sm. 40-1, 88-9, 125-6,
128-30, [138-40, 142-3] ; —
amheuedic, 122; [ — ar-
glwyd, 138] ; — brawt (=nei),
3, 38; — brenhin,3,[n]; —
breyr, 51 ; — Kadell, i'; [—
keuyn, 96] ; — kyntaf, 128 ;

— diwethaf, 128 ; — effeirat,
128 ; — hynhaf, 130, [143] ; —
ieuhaf, 50; — llwyn a pherth,
[62], 127 ; — mach, 88 ; [—
penkenedyl, 100] ; — tayawc,
58, [59], 128; — whaer ( =
nei), 38 ; — yscolheic, 128.
meib, pi. 127 ; meibon, pi.
136; [— bychein, 140]; —
tayawc, 51. See ap ; deu;
lleyn ; ran.

maccwyeit, pi. 3-4.
mach, s. 41, 85-9, [93-4, 115],
117, 125, 132, [133, 138];

— diebredic, 86 ; — talu,
86. meicheu,//. 117.

maen, s. [139] ; — ffin, 55 ; —

issaf, 30.
maenawr, -y/". 5 5 ; — or tayawc

trefyd, 55.
maer, s. 18, 27-30, 32, 43, 48,

57, [in, 114, 139]. meiri,

PI- 54;

maer bisweil, s. [13], 26, 33,

[94].
maeroni, s. 56.

maeroniaeth, s. 27-8.

maertref, sf. 33.

maerty, sm. 26, 33, 123.

maes, s. In prep, phrase, 48,
[66], 67-9, 84. See coet.

maestir, s. 117.

maeth, s. 51.

[magleu,//. 105],

[magu,-z/. 131 ; — ulwydyn,98.]

malu, z/. 31.

mam, sf. 39, 44, 85, 89-90,
[93], 129 ; — kyw gwyd,
[77], 79 5 — dYn Uadcdic, 37-
8 ; — llofrud, 38. mameu,
pi. — lloi, 84. See kenedyl ;
llw ; parth ; ran ; tref.

manac, s. 41, [100].

manac gwr, 41 ; [managwr, —
diouredawc, 101].

manach, s. See mynach.

manat, s. 57.

[mangy Icha we, 1 06].

mantell, s. 22, 30, 36, 90, [91,
98], 127.

march, sm. 5, [11-13], I5~l8,
21-2, 24-7, 57-8, [59], 68-9,
80, 83, 123, [137 ; — grewys,
78]; — torn, 68, [74].
meirch, pi. 3, 20-1, 32, 56,
69, [99, "4]« -S^pwn.

marchocco, v. 69, [97].

marchogaeth, s. 37, 121.

marw, 18, 30, 46, 49, 52, [64],
87-8, [95>99» 108, 113], 125,
I32, [I33> i3$» 140; — ty-
warchen, 99]. meirw, pi. 84.

marwawl, a. 86.

marwty, s. [64-5], 67, [114] ; —
tayawc, 28. marwtei, pi. 30.

Mawrth, s. 30, 130.

mechni, s. 86, 88.

mechniaeth, s. 41, 85-7, 89,
[138].

med, s. [7, 14], 15, 25, 30-1, 56,
[98]. See kerwyn ; corneit.

38o

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

medeginyaetheu, pi. 25.

medgell, sf. 33.

Medi, s. 123.

medi, v. 30.

medu, v. 54 ; med, 27 ; medho,

88 ; medir, 83.
[medyant, s. 116].
medyc, sm. 2, 6, [7, 9], 24,

[135]; — Uys, 126.

medyd, sm. 2, 6, [7], 23, 25.
[medylyaw, v. 138],
medyr, T/. 36.
meddawt, s. 126, 130.
meddw, 126.

[meuyluethyant, sm. 140].
Mehefin, s. 20.
mehin, j;«. 30.
Mei, s. [12], 20, 28, 48, [65-6],

67, 69-72, [73], 81, 123,

[141].

[meillon, pi. 116].
[mein, s. — melin, 105].
meinc, s. [meinkeu, pi. loij.

See talbeinc.

meint,j. 39,43, 83, [113], 118.
meithrin, v. 124.
mel, s. 56, 58, [59].
melin, sf. 31, [105].
menegi, v. 37.
menyc,//. 17.
mer, s. 25.
merch, J/5 23 ; — arbenhic llys,

43; — brenhin, 89, [in];

— breyr, 89-90, [91, ill];

— cyghellawr, 43 ; — gwr
ryd, 23 ; — maer, 43 ; —
tayawc, 89-90, [91, III].
See gobyr.

messnr, sm. 31, 71, [98],
121 ; — ancwyn etling, 4;

— gwestua br., — prifford,

-tir,55. ' .
messurer, v. 56, 71 ; [messur-

her, 98].
methlir, i>. 1 6.

mid, s. 57 ; [mit, 107].

Mihagel, 19, [no].

milgi, s. 34, [64], 67. milgwn,

pi. 19—20. See brenhin.
mis, sm. [78], 80. See tri.
moch, pi. 28, 58, [59, 76-8],

79-80, [i 10], 117, 123; -

preidin, 32. See arbenhic ;

kadw ; creu ; perchennawc.
mod, sm. 29, 34, 85, 123. See

tri.

modrwy, s. 16-17, 23, 29.
modrydaf, sf. 81, [141].
[moel, a. 74].
[moes eglwys, 1 14].
mor, s. 45, [65], 67.
more, s. [66], 68.
mordwyt, sm. 17, 25, 127.
[moruil, s. 106].
morwyn, sf. 33, 41, 90, [92-3,

133] ; - aeduet, [93], 132 ;

[ — wyry, 92]. See breint ;

guarthrut ; twyll.
morwyn ystauell, 2, 5, [10],

23, 27.

morwyndawt, s. 41, 132, [133].
motued, sf. 71.
mu, s. See bu.
mudaw, T/. 8 1.
murdwrn, s. 46.
mut (mew), s. 18, 79.
mut (mute), s. 39, 128, 130;

a. 130.
[mwc, s. 10],
mwn, s. 125.
mwyaf, 32 ; mwyhaf, 55.
mwyn, 20.

mwynhaet, v. 28, 36.
myn, s. [75], 84. mynneu, pi.

26.

myn (by), 41.
myn (where), 27.
mynach, s. 88 ; manach, 40.
mynet, v. 39> 45) 47, 57, 85,

[102, 108], 120, 124-5, 129,

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

[135] ; a, 16, 20, 26, 28, [64],

74, 81, 90, [92, 103], 124;

act, 19,46, [96], 119; aeth,

117, 119; [eir, 108]; el, 4-5,

[7], 15, 23, 28-9, 45-6, 58,

59,65, 76-7], 79, 81,83, 86,

94,96, 104], 129; elher, 5;

elhon, 74] ; elhont, [13], 20,

28, 72, 131.

mynnu, v. 52, 89; myn, 29,
36, 48-9, 57, 81, 86, 89 [97,
Ii3];mynho, 4,[ii], 16, 24,
28, 33-4, 48-9, 57-8, [59,
61], 83, [93, 97], 117-20;
mynhont, 131.

mynwent, s. [101, 113], 130,
[142].

[mynwes, s. 135].

mynwgyl, s. 35. mynygleu,//.
84-

[mynych, 112].

mynyd, s. See whibonogyl.

mynyglawc, sf. [76-7], 80.

Mynyw, 121.

N.

Nadolyc, s. 2, 19-20, 87.

naw, n. a. — affeith galanas,

37 ; lledrat, 37, 40,

127; tan, 37, 39~4o;

— kam, 35, 70, 130; —
diwarnawt, [107], 119; —
dyrnued, 56-7, [98]; — ei-
don, 43 ; — mu a naw ugein
mu, [8], 43-4 ; -
ugemt aryant, [8], 43-4 ; —
nieu, 85, [115], 117; — nyn,
40 ; — rad kenedyl, 38 ; —
tei, 57, [59, 64]; — torth,

56; — ugemt, 25;

aryant, 37 ; — wyr, 46. See
deu ; tri.

nawd, sf. 6, [7-8, 13], 125 ; —

breinhyawl, 4 ; — caeth, 46,
[94; — Duw, 13]; — effeirat
teulu, 4 ; — etling, 4; — fford,
131, [134; — guyrda, 13; —
maer bisweil, 94]; — pen-
teulu, 4 ; — porthawr, 6, [7] ;

- swydogyon llys, 5-6, [7-
8]. See brenhin ; brenhines.

nawdwr, s. 6, [8. nawdwyr, pi.

- llan, 114].

nawuet, n. a. 37-8, 40, 48, 72,

[74]-

nawuetdyd, sm. 48-9, [6l, 63,
95, 108, no], 122; — kyn

Awst, 8 1, [141] ; kalan

gayaf, 30; — Mei, 20, 48,
70, [141]; — Racuyr, 19,
48, [140 ; — Whefrawr, 73,
141] ; nawuettyd, 48. See
deu ; oet ; tri.

[nedyf, s. 106].

neges, s. 30. negesseu,//. 22.

nei, s. 3, [n], 38.

neidyr, s. 129, [143].

neill, [78], 80.

neithawr, s. 33.

neithawrwyr, pi. 132, [133].

nenforch, sf. 117.

[nenpren, s. loi].

neuad, s. 4, [10-14], 15, 18-23,
25-9, 33, 56-7, [59]- See
dryssawr; tal.

neut, v. 6, [8].

[newyd, a. 75].

[newyn, s. 64].

nes, a. 39; nessaf, 4-5, 29-
30, 42, 52, [64], 85.

nifer, sm. 1-2. [niueroed, //.
136].

[nithlen, s. 94, 107].

no, 17, 23 ; noc, I, 32.

[nodua, s. 113].

[noe, s. 107].

noetho, v. [102], 117.

nos, sf. [10], 17, 36, 40, 83,

382

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

[99, 1 16], 124-5, 128; —

Nadolyc, 87 ; — Sadwrn

Pasc, 87 ; Sulgwyn,

87.
[notwyd, sf. 136, 138; —

kyfreithawl, 135].
nyth, s. — gwalch, 79 ; —

hebawc, 79 ; — llamysten,

1 8, 79.

O.

[odis,/^>. n].

odyn, s. 46, [61, 103 ; — biben,

102-3].

odynty, s. [103]. See brenhin.
oen, s. [75],83. wyn,//. 26.
[oergwymp galanas, 1 10].
oes, sf. 89 ; — Hywel Da, 29.

See teir.

[oesuodawc, a. 100].
oet, sm. 72, [74], 85, 89; —

kyfreith, 122 ; — deg diwar-

nawt arhugeint, 86; — —

— adeu vgeint, 86 ;

niwarnawt, 86 ; [ — deu naw-
vetdyd, 141] ; — dyd, 86,
[no]; — goruodawc, 117;

— gwystyl, 88 ; — mach,
85-6 ; [— nawuetdyd, 141] ;

— pump diwarnawt, 86 ; —
pymthec — , 86 ; [ — pythew-
nos, 109] ; — tyst ar tyst,
119; — tyston neu warant,
1 19 ; [— vn dyd a blwyn, 108 ;

— yrwg llys a llan, 115],
oeteu, pi. 86.

ouer, a. 125-6, [143] ; — hela,

34 ; — tlysseu, 16.
[offeirat, sm, 101, 138]. See

effeirat.

offrwm, s. n-12, 114].
ofyn,j. [H2], 124.
[ojar, 142].

[olhaf, 115].
olyeit,//. 35.

P.

[padell, s. — troedawc, 98,

107.]

Padric, 72 ; [Patric, 74].
[pal, s. 95, 107].
paladyr, s. peleidyr, pi. 131.

See keinhawc.
paluawt, sf. 126.
palfre, j. 66, [68].
paluu, v. 127.
pallu, v. 123 ; palla, 89 ; pall-

wys, 123.
pan yw (= pan + yw, that it is

= is), 81.
panel, s. 24.
Pap, s. 52.
para, v. 6, [8], 89 ; paraho, 5 ;

parha, 5.
paradwys, s. 81.

Eratoi, v. 85.
irawt, a. 9, 112].
irchell, s. 76. perchyll, pi.
76-7].

paret, s. 20, [102].

paret, v. 35, 46.

parth, sm. 4, [78], 80, [96,
134] ; — a, 6, [7], 33 5 -
ac at, 6 ; — mam, [61], 85 •;
— tat, [61], 85 ; — y lladedic,
38 ; — yr llwyn, 127. See
deu ; deuparth.

[parthawc, 76].

Pasc, sm. 2, [n], 87; —
bychan, 87.

pascer, v. [66], 67.

pater, s. 130, [142].

[payol, s. 95].

pechawt, s. 8 1.

pechwys, v. 42.

pedeir, n. a. — ar dec, 70-1,

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

383

[73]; hugeint, [13],

15-17, 33-5, 45-7, [65-6],
67-8, 71, [73], 79, 8 1, 90,
[91, 94, 98, 100, 102-3, i°5~

7l; aryant, 42,

56, [112]; — bu a phet-
war ugeint aryant, 43, [113] ;

— keinhawc, 21, 26, 31-2,

[64, 66], 69-70, 8 1 ;

cota,25,7i, 73; cotta,

34, 123 ; kyfreith, 16,

18, 20, 24-5, 35, 58, [60-1],
68-70, 72, [73-4, 76], 82,
[101, 104-7], n8, 123, [134,
136]; — erw gayafar, 28;

— gerwyn, 56 ; [— gulat,
113]; — hych mawr, 28 ; —
pedol, 6, [8] ; — punt ar
hugeint, 89 ; — rantir, 54-5 ;

— swyd ar hugeint, [13],
128 ; — taryan, 124 ;
troetued, 55. [peteir, 113].

pedol, sf. 6, [8, 138]. pedoleu,
pi. 24.

pedoli, v. 24 ; [pedolho, 8] ;
pedolo, 6.

pedrein, s. 132, [133].

[pedruster, s. 142].

peilleit, s. 56.

peirant, s. 57, [59].

peis, s. 22, 30, 45, [98].

pellach, a. 35 ; pellaf, 5.

pelleneu,//. 72, [74].

pen, s. 17; — kath, 82; —
crach, 130; — dyn, 25, 45,
[65] ; — ehunan, 123 ; —
gwarthec, 3 ; — gwayw, 125 ;

— lin, 32 ; — teth, 70 ; [—
ygnat llys, 10] ; — y mab,
40, 129 ; in prep, phrase ',
[12], 30, 33, [61], 67, [76],
126. penneu,^/. 31.

penbaladyr, I.
penhaf, a. i.
penkeirdyaeth, s. 33.

penkenedyl, s. 28, 43, 45, [65,
100], 125-6, 129, [139-140]-
See aelodeu.

penkerd, sm. 4, 22, 33, [105].

[penkynedlaeth, s. 100],

penkynyd, sm. 2, 4-6, [7-12,
14], 15, 18-19, 21-2, 24, 131,

[133, 135, MI]-
penelin, s. 30, 84.
penguch, s. 30, [92] ; pengvvch,

90.
pengwastrawt, sm. 2, 5, [8, 10],

15,20-1.

penlliein, s. 90, [91, 98].
[penllwyteit, pi. 107].
pennadwr, s. 24.
pennaeth, s. 2. penaetheu, pi.

34-

[penreith, s. 138].
pentan, s. [n], 45 ; [— uaen,

136].
penteulu, sm. 2, 5-6, [7-12, 14],

15, 19, 21-2, 24. See nawd ;

sarhaet.
[penyt, s. log].
penyttyo, v. 27; [penytyo,

r U~I2]; i
[per, a. 104].

perchen, I.

perchennawc, s. 53-4, 124 ;
[— aryf, 114; — benffyc,
108] ; — buch, 69 ; — kath,
84 ; — ki, 82 ; — kostawc,
35 ; [— da, 64] ; — edein-
yawc, 79 ; [— eidon, 74] ; -
etiuedyaeth, 53 ; — gwayw,
125 ; — iar, 84 ; — march,
68-9 ; — modi, [77], 79, 83,
118; — tir, 36, 52, 58, [60-
2], 81, [98-9, 105, 107,
113], 131; [— ych, 108];

— yscrybyl, 85, [102], 118.
[perchenogyon, pi. 103].

perued, [9, 14], 15, 42, [135 ;

— taradyr, 95, 106].

3*4

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

periglawr, sm. [101], 129.

perth, s. [96]. See llwyn.

perthyn, v. 39 ; [perthyno, 12,
15]; perthynynt, 2.

peth mawr a bychan, 88.

petrus, 47.

petwar, n.a. — achaws, 124;
— cantref a thrugein, i ; —
defnyd, 117; — dyn, 85,
I24~5 » [— guYr ar hugeint,
99-100] ; — post corff dyn,
25 ; — swydawc ar hugeint,
2-3 5 — ugeint aryant, 42.
See dec ; pedeir ; vn ; wyth.

petwared, n. a. f. [62] ; —
(rantir), 55.

petweryd, n. a. m. 28, 37-40,
[101, 112]. SeeUw.

peunydyawl, 16, 24.

piben, s. See odyn.

pieu, v. 4, [13-14], 15, 18-19,
21-2, 26-31, 33, 44, 46-8,
50, 54, [60, 63-4], 85;
[pieiuu, ii$]; pieiuyd, 44,
[60-1, 64]; pieiffo, 17, 34,
117.

pilin, s. 87.

[pistlon, s. 107].

[pla, sf. 138].

plant, s. [62], 90, [91].

pleit, sf. 50, 53, 117.

plith, 123.

plwyf, s. 41.

plygant, v. $7-

pobi, v. 5, [106 ; popo, 7].

pont, s. 138 ; — vn pren, 130,
[142].

porua, s. 55.

pori, -v. [64], 67, 69, [116].

porth (help), s. 36.

porth (gate), s. 6, [7], 32 ; -y
vynwent, [101], 130, [142].

porthawr, s. 6, [7-8, 10], 24,
26, 32.

porthi, z/. 125.

porthordwy, 37.

post, sm. 29, 31. See petwar.

[Powys, 113],

[prawf, s. 138].

preidin, 32.

pren, s. 32, [104-6], 117, 130-1,

[142-3]; — ffin, 55.
presseb, s. 16, [66], 67.
pressenhawl, 17, [142].
presswyl, 16, 22, 24-7.
, 12].

[presswyluodawc
•iawt, a. [i
— le, 13

priawt, a. [13 ; — enw, 109 ;
J; — ran, 50,
[109].

prifauon, s. 55.

prifford, s. 55. See brenhin.

priodawr, 49.

priodolder, sm. 54.

prltysm. 53, [i 14]-

[proui, v. 138]; prouant, 120.

Prydein, s. 22.

pryder, s. 39.

pryf, sm. 131.

prynu, v. 40; prynho, 69-72,
[74-5] 5 prynwys, [66], 68.

pryt, s. 44, 83-4 ; [— kyflych-
wr, loi]; — gorchyfaerwy,
124 ; — llaetheu, 57.

punt, sf. [8], 25, 34, 43, 45, 47,

56, [64, 66], 67, 79, 88-9,
[99, 104, 109, in, 114],
131, [133 ; — a haner, 9] ;
hanher, 23, 27, 31,

45, 90, [9i]-. Stedeodeej

hanher ; pedeir ; seith ; teir ;

wyth.

[pwll, s. 61).

pwn, s. 68 ; — kynut, 32.
pwn march, sm. 56, [99 ; pyn-

uarch, 65]. pynueirch, pi.

57, [59]-

pump, n.a. [115 ; — all wed
ygneitaeth, 112]; — kam
kyfreithawl, 121 ; — nieu,
48, ["5]; — nos> 48; [—

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

385

o dynyon, 93] ; — troetued,

121. See oet ; pvm ; pym ;

pymp.

[pvm, n. a. — nyn, 99].
Py, a. 49, [74], 126, 131.

See by.

[pym n. a. — mlyned, 62].
pymhet, n. a. 37-40, [93, 112] ;

— dyd,48; [ kyn gvvyl

Uihagel, no]. Seellw.
pymp, n. a. — llydyn, 83.
pymthec, n. a. 23 ; [— (aryant),

104, 109]. See oet ; vn.
[pymthecuet, n. a. dyd

guedy yr Ystwyll, 1 10].
[pyscawt, s. 107].
pythewnos, s. [109], 119, 122.

R.

racdant, s. 42, [112].
[raceistedyat cantref, 99]. See

troedawc.
raculaenu, v. 35 ; [raculaenha,

116].
Racuyr, s. 19, 35, 48, [65-6],

67, 69, 70-2, [73, 140].
racreithaw, v. 47.
racwyneb, 81, 118.
raff, s. 45.
ragor, 90, [91].
ragot, 4.
ran, sf. 26, 52 ; [— brawt, 109] ;

— brenhin o anreith, [14],
15;— bwyt,6,[7;— kefyn-
derw, 109; — keiuyn, 109;

— kyferderw, 109 ; — deu
eidon, 74] ; - - hanher,

29, 90, [91] I wr, [10],

15, 19, 21 ; — dofreth, 57;
[— gorchaw, 109 ; — gor-
cheiuyn, 109] ; — gwr, [14],
15, 19, 22, 24-5 ; — mam,
19*1 1 — oalanas, 39, [109];

- aryant y gwestuaeu,
22, 24-7 ; - ebolyon

gwyllt, 24 ; — — ennill, 2 ; —
— vechni, 86 ; — or crwyn,

19; [ da, 95, 141]; —

o tir, 51, [61-2], 127; —

( kyt), 51; [

vvascar alanas, 109 ; — sar-
haet, no; — tat o alanas
y uab, 109, 139]. See
dwy ; hanher ; priawt ;
teir ; tryded.

rannu, v. 6, [7, 14], 20-1, 28,
30, [in]; ran, [10, 13],
27-8, 50; ranher, 15, 19,
24, 30, 51 ; ranho, 50, 52 ;
rannei, 29 ; rannent, 47 ;
[renir, 94] ; rennir, [14], 26,
38, 50, [98].

rantir, sf. 47, 54-5, 57, 69,
[ill], 121. rantired,//. 54

[ranty, s. 137].

[raskyl, s. 106].

rat, s. — Duw, I, 81.

rat, yn, 15-16, 25, 31.

raw, s. 46, [94].

rawn, s. [66], 67-8.

redec, v. 5.

refet, 3 ; refhet, 84.

refyr, s. 26, 32.

reit, j. [9], 32, 49, i, [61],
126, 131, [138].

reith, s. [14], 15, [103], 123;
— gwlat, 124.

[ren, 107].

reoli, v. 126.

ridyll, s. 90, [92, 107].

rieingylch, s. 57.

rif, s. [74], 84.

[riuaw, v. 64] ; rifwyt, 42.

righyll, sin. 18, 28-31, [no],
131, [134]. righylleit,//. 54.

[rise, s. 143].

rod, s. 41 ; — kenedyl, 23, 43,
89-90, 126, 128, [140].

C C

386

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

rodawdyr, s. 41.

rodi, z/.-4, 18, 28, 33, 37, 40,
50-1, [64, 75], 88, 90, [91,
115], 117,128, 130, 132, [133,
141-2] ; rod, 85 ; [rodant,
137 ; rodeis, 135] ; rodent,
16, [74] ; roder, 118 ; rodet,
36-7, 40, 46, 51, [63], 68,
85, [92-3, 97, ioo, 113];
rodir, 21, 37, 50, 56, [62, 64,
93, 114], 128; rother, 21,
23-4, 4i, 53, 58, [59, 108],
117-18, 126-7, [140] ; rotho,
[13], 21, 41, 51, 86, [98, 103,
108, m], 128, 132, [134];
dyry, 15, 18, 21, 48, 88-90,

[91, 93, 99]-
[rud, a. 75].
[ruthraw, v. 137].
rwnsi, s. [66], 67-8.
rwycco, v. 82.
rwyd a dyrys, 54, 121.
rwygaw, z/. 40, 82.
rwygedic, 82, [136].
rwyll, s. 39.
rwym, s. 56.
rwymaw, v. 21, 82.
rwymedic, 39.
nvystro, v. 2.
rwyt, sf. [107], 123 ; [— eho-

gyn, 107 ; — penllwyteit,

107]. See ballegrwyt.
ry, particle, 51-2, [75, 92, no],

119.

[rybuchet, s. 62].
rych, s. 72, [73. rycheu, pi.

ryd,«. [13], 16-18, 21-2, 24-7,
29, 31-4, 45, 51, [62, 64],
71, [78], 80, 84, 85, [115],
121, 131, [133]. rydyon,//.
4. See gwr ; tref.

rydhau, v. 52, 122-3.

rydit, s. 31.

ryeni, s. 39, 52-3.

[ryued, 142].
[ryuel, s. 115, 134].
rynyon,//. 56.
ryw, sm. 34, 53-4.
rywhant, sf. 82.

S.

Sadwrn, 87.

sauedic, 119.

[sant, 1 14], See y wen.

sarhaet, v. [112], 118; [sar-

haho, 11, 113]; sarhao, 33,

121 ; serheir, 3, 23, 30,

[i 10].
sarhaet, sf. 6, [8-9], 45-6, [65,

109] ; — aelawt penkenedyl,

44 ; — alltut brenhin, 44 ;

— bonhedic breyr, tayawc,

45 ; canhwynawl, 44 ;

— brenhin, 2-4, 6, [8], 123,
131, [134]; — brenhines, 3;

— breyr disswyd, 44 ; [ —
kelein, 137]; — cyghellawr,
43; — dyn a lather, 37; —
effeirat teulu, [9], 126; —
etling, 4; — gwbyl, 127;
[ — guenidawl caeth, 94] ;

— gwr gureigawc, 90, [91 ;

pan ymreher y wreic,

97-8] ; — gwreic, 90, [91-2],
127 ; kaeth, 46 ;

— gwenigawl, 46 ; — llofrud,
37 ; — maer, 43 ; — maer
bisweil, 33 ; — medyc llys,
126 ; — penkenedyl, 43 ; —
penteulu, 6, [8-9 ; — righyll,
1 10] ; — swydogyon llys,
[8-9], 23 ; — tayawc brenhin,

breyr, 44 ; — teuluwr

brenhin, — — breyr, 43 ;

— ygnat llys, [8], 16, 126.
See dadyl ; ran ; tray an.

seuyll, v. [13], 57, 88; [sauant,
136] ; safho, 5 ; seif, 29, 39.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

387

seic, sf. [12, 14], 15, 18-19, 22,

26, 29, 32. See teir.
seinha, v. 25.
[Seint, Hoi, 102].
seith, n. a. [ — a dimei, 104,

109] ; — allawr kyssegr, 85 ;

— drefa, 56 ; — escob ty,
121 ; — law kenedyl, 129 ; —
mlyned, 3,[;6], 90,[9i,94];

— motued, 71 ; [ — nyn, 99] ;

— punt, [8], 43, 89, [103-4,
113], 121 ; — rad diwethaf,
39 ; — tref, 55. See 11 \v.

seithuet, n. a. 37-8, 40, 85-7 ;
[— dyd, 96] ; — oe gyfnes-
seiueit, 86; — or dynyon,
85, 87. See 11 w.

[sened, s. n].

serch, s. 124.

[serr, s. 106].

Sul y Drindawt, 87.

Sulgwyn, 2, 87

[sur, a. 104].

[swch, s. 95, 108].

svvyd, sf. [13], 16, 23, 26, 29,
65], 128. swydeu,

45,54,[6i,<:
L [13], 15-

swydawc, a. 55.

swydawc, sm. 2-4, [13], 24.
swydogyon, pi. 2, [9], 19-
20, 24, 26 ; — llys, 19 ; —
ystauell, 27. See brenhin.

swydwr llys, 2, 6, [7, 13], 27.

swyf, s. 33.

[syberw, in].

sych. See gwlyp.

sycha, v. 24.

syllu, -u. 40 ; [syllet, 112],

symut, v. 82 ; [symudant, 142] ;
symuter, 26.

synhwyr, s. 47.

T.

Taf, Ty Gwyn ar, i.
tauawt,j;«. 16-17,35, 42, [ill-

12], 123, [138]. tauodeu,//.

17,31.

tauawtrudyaeth, s. 37.

tauodyawc, s. 130.

tafyl hualeu, pi. 18.

tagneued, jr. [115], 117.

tal (front), s. 132, [133]; —
pentan, 45 ; [— y neuad, 1 1].

tal (pay), s. 85, 87, [103]; —
deudyblyc, 52. JS^aryant;
llwyr.

taladwy, 34.

talareu, pi. 30.

talawdyr, s. 85-7.

talbeinc, s. 43. [talueigkeu,
pi. 101], See meinc.

taldrwch, 45, [65].

[talgell, s. 105].

talu, v. 38-9, 51, 79, 85-7, [97,
99, 104, 109-10, 115], 122;
tal, 24-5, 34-5, 37-9, 42-3,
45-6, 50, 55, [62, 64-6], 67-
72, [73, 75-7], 79, 81-2,85-
6, 89, [92, 98-107, 109,111],
118, 121, 129, 131, [133,
135-6, 139] ; talant, 42, [99,
103, 105, 139]; talent, [74],
84; taler, 42,555 talet, [9],
16, 24, 30, 35, 37, 45-6, 50,

55, 58, [60-1, 63, 65], 69-
70, [74, 77], 79, 82-7, 90,
[91-2, 94-5, 97, 102-4, 107-8,

111-13], H7-I8, 121, [137];
talher, 33, 54, [98, 109-10,
112, 116], ii8;talho,35,69,
[109, 113, 115]; talhont 38;
talo, 16, 50; talwys, 39;
telir, 2-3, 6, [8-9, u], 23,
33, 35, 37-8, 42-4, 46, 56-7,
[66], 67-8, 71, 89, 90, [91-

2, 102, 109, III], I20-I,

129, 131, [134, 137-9]. See
mach.

tan, sm. 4, 29, 39-40, 82, [103,
116], 130. See naw.

C C 2

388

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

tannu, v. 5 ; tan, 22 ; tannet,

36.
[taradyr, s. 102 ; — mawr,

106]. See ebill ; perued.
taraw, v. 31 ; tereu, 45 ; trawet,

29 ; trawher, 3 ; trewir,

130.
tarw, sm. 3, 30, [78], 80 ; —

trefgord, [78], 80, 130, [140;

— tri gayaf, 96-7].
taryan, sf. [105]. See pedeir.
[Tat (God), 142].

tat, sm. 38, 40-1, 44, 49, 50,
S2, 89, [93, 100], 126, 129,
[135-7, 139]; — dyn Hade-
die, 37-8 ; — llofrud, 38 ; r-
mach, 88 ; [ — morwyn, 92].
See breint ; kenedyl ; parth ;
ran; tref.

tawedawc, 125.

tawlbort, s. 16, 29, [105-6].

tayaawc, sin. See tayawc.

tayawc, sm. 22, 28, 34, 51, 55,
57-8, [59, 64, 100, in], 123,
128 ; — brenhin, 28, 44, 57,
[59, 102-3] ; — breyr, 44,
[103 ; tayaawc, 103]. tay-
ogeu,//. 28-30, 56-7, [98-9] ;

— brenhin, 18-19, 28-9, 57,
59 ; — ffoawdyr, 30. See
alltut ; gureic ; marwty ;
merch.

tayawctref, s. 18, 51, 55-7,
[108-11], 128; [tayoctref,
59]. tayawctrefyd, pi. 5 5.

tec, a. 71.

tecceir, v. 3.

[teil, s. 62].

Teilaw, 121.

teilwng, 42.

teir, n. a.f. — ach nessaf, 87 ;
- blwyd, [66], 67 ; — blyned,

28, [62] ; — bu, 43-4 ;

athri ugein mu, 44, [113];
vgeint aryant, 44 ;

- (keinhawc), 45 ; — ky-
felin, 30, 45 ; — diawt, 18 ;

— etiuedyaeth, 53 ; — fford,
118, 120 ; — geinhawc cotta,
34; [— guala, 75]; —
gwanas, 125 ; — gweith, 2,
[12], 17, 31, 36, 50-1, 82,
[93, 97, 101, 103], 124; —
gwyl arbenhic, 4, [12, 14],
15, 17, 29, 87, 125, [138];

— gwys, 50 ; — Haw, 124 ;

— motued, 71 ; — nos, 26,
33,48, [64, 74], 124; — oes,
50 ; — punt, [8-10], 23, 25,
31, 43, 90, [9i]; —ran, 26,
38; — (rantir), 55;[— seic,
10]; — (torth), 56; [—tref,

64]; ar dec, 55. See

Triads.

teispantyle, s. [94], 125, [140].

teithi, pi. [78, 140] ; — buch,
70-1 ; — cassec torn, 68 ; —
kath, 82 ; [— keilawc, 78; —
kynflith, — kynwheith, 141 ;

— dauat, — gauyr, 75] ; -
gwr, — gureic, [78], 80 ; [—
iar, 78] ; — march torn, 68 ;

— pop ederyn beny w, 79 ;
gwryw, [78], 79 ;

— treis, [78], 80 ; — ych,

72, [73].

teithiawl, a. 70, 72, [73].
telediw, a. — buch, — ych, 72,

[74]. See kaeth.
telitor gwedy halawc Iw, 84.
telyn, s. 22-3, 29 ; [ — brenhin,

105 ; — breyr, 106 ; — pen-

kerd, 105]. See cyweirgorn.
tenllif, s. 30.
teruyn, sm. 5, 47, 55, [112];

— kymhwt, 5 ; — Kymry, I ;

— gwlat, 4. teruyneu, pi.
48, 54-5-

teruynu, v. 46-9, 55, [136] 5

— tir, 16, 47-9, [136];

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

389

teruyna, 47-8 ; teruyner, 16 ;

teruynha, 48 ; teruynher, 47 ;

teruynho, 47.
teruyscu, v. 34.
teth, s. 70 ; — buch, 70 ;

[— dauat, — gauyr, 75].
teulu,f. 3, [9-", 13], 15, 18,

20,22, 25, 28, [114], 123-4,

126. See bard ; effeirat ; gwr.

teuluwr, s. 22, 43. Seebrenhin.

Teulydawc, 121.

tevvhet, 3, 56-7.

teyrn, s. 22, 58, [60, 114].

teyrnas, s. 2.

[tin, s. 97].

tir, sm. 16, 18, 21-2, 24-7, 29,
31-3, 47-55, 58, [60-2], 89,
[95, in, 115-16], 117, 121,
126, 128, [136, 141]; -- a
dayar, 47, 53-4, 119, [136];

— brenhin, 58 ; — kyfanhed,
48 ; — kyt, 51 ; — diffeith,
48 ; [— distein, 13]; — dyn
arall, 36, 55, 58, [60-2], 8l,
[98-9, 107, 112-13, 141];

— eglwys, 48 ; [— eglwyssic,
61 ; — escob, 114] ; — llys,
18, 475 [— tayawc, loo ;

— tayawctref, 1 1 1] ; — teyrn,
58, [60, 114; — ygwr, 98];

— y wlat, 47-8. tired, pi. 47.
See amhinogyon ; kyfreith ;
datanhud ; deu ; dylyed-
ogyon ; perchennawc ; ran ;
teruynu ; wharthawr.

tirdra, s. 127.

[tlawt, 139].

tlysseu, pi. 16.

to, s. 6, [8], 30, 130.

toi, v. [78], 80.

torn. See cassec ; ebawl ;

march.

torch, s. [64], 67.
torr, s. 5 1, [63].
torri, v. 40, 68, 131, [134] I

torhei, I ; torher, 3, 6, [8],
25, [141]; torho, 2, [13], 35,
55, [62, 107, 112], 117, 129,
[137]; torret, [61], 84; [tyr,
"4, 133]; tyrr, 43, 89, 131,
[138]-

torth, sf. 30, 32, 56.

trachefyn, 6, 32, 69, [77], 79.
See dracheuyn.

trachyrchell, i.

traethassam, ?'. 36, [140;
traethwn, 140].

tramor, 119.

trannoeth, 70-2 ; [tranoeth,

73]-

trayan, sf. — anreith brenhin,
[10], 21 ; — byw a marw
tayogeu, 29 ; - - camlwrw,
[lo-ii, 14], 15; - -ky-

nydyon, 19 ; [ gwassan-

aethwyr, 13] ; - - gwas-
trodyon, 21 ; — camlyryeu
tayogeu, 28 ; — keinhawc
kyfreith (= dimei), 88;
[ — kessyc torn, in];
- crwyn, 19 ; — cwyr, 25,
[98 ; — kymhell pop galanas,
139; — degwm brenhin,
12] ; — dimei, 42 ; — dirwy,
[lo-ii, 14], 15 ; — — ky-

nydyon, 19; [ gwassan-

aethwyr, 13] ; gwas-

trodyon, 21; [ — ebediw
kaeth, in] ; - - kyny-
dyon, 19 ; — ebediweu tay-
ogeu, 28 ; — galanas, 37-9,
44, [1 141 125, 129; — go-
breu merchet kynydon, 19;

— tayogeu, 28 ; [—

gwarthaet effeirat teulu, 1 1] ;

— gwerth aniueil a ysser

ygic, [78], 80; [ gayafty,

102] ; march, 69 ; —

— moch, [77], 79;

ych, 72, [74] ; - - gwystyl,

390

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

89; — llofrud, 38; — or
med, 25, 29-31 ; — o trayan
crwyn brenhin, 19 ; — plant,
9°> [91 ; — pyscawt, 107] ;

— sarhaet, 37,90, [91], 127;
- — brenhin, 3, 6, [8] ; —

yt a bwyt marwty tayawc,

28.

trech amot no gwir, 89.
tref, sf. [9], 37 , 47, 54-5, [64, 74],

84, [103, 108], 128 ; — breyr,

35-6; — cyghelloryaeth, 56 ;

— maeroni, 56 ; — mam,
126 ; — ryd disswyd, 55-6 ;
-- swydawc, 55 ; — tat,
50-2, 125-6, 131, [133]. tref-
yd,//. 47. Seedwy, goruot;
hwch ; seith ; tayawc ; teir ;
trugein ; trugeint.

trefgord, s. 41, 84, 130. See
gwarthec ; tarw ; yscrybyl.

tremeu,//. 50.

treis, s. 3, 58, [60, 78], 80, 85,
[92, 97], 120, 123, 131, [133-

treissir, v. 41 ; treisso, 41.

[tremygu, v. 112].

treul, s. 4, 57, [59]-

tri n. a. m. 37 ; — amser, 30 ;

— ban, 3 ; — bore, 69 ; —
buhyn camlwrw yr brenhin,
16, 24, 35, 50, 55, [61], 69,

83, 85, [95, 104, 109, III-I2],

117; — — talbeinc, 43;

— chanu, 22, 34; — chy-
meint, 3; [ — corneit, 10];

— dadleu, 132, [133]; —
dieu, 48, [64], 72, [74, 76],
81,85, [1151,119; — drych-
afel, 3, [8-9], 23, 33, 42-4;

— dyn agynheil ymaer, 27 ;

— eidon, 89 ; — vyssic, 56 ;
[ — gayaf> 96] ; — gol wyth or
mynwgyl, 35 ; — gweith, 31 ;
[— heint, 75-6; — lie,

bangpryn, 102] ; — llydyn ar-
benhic, [76], 83 ; — (march),
21 ; — mis, 69, 72, [74, 76] ;
— naw mu athri naw vgein

mu, 43;

vgeint aryant, 43 ; —
vgeint aryant, 37 ; [ — navv-
uet dyd, 62-3, 141]; —
thayawc, 55; — vgeint torth,
56. See ell; try. Also Triads.

[trie, v. 63 ; trickyo, 62] ; trig-
yant, 53.

Trindawt, sf. 87.

[trioed kyfreith, 140].

troedawc, sm. 2, 5, [7], 20, 23,
26, [99]. See rac eistedyat
cantref.

[troedawc, a. 98, 107].

troet, s. 21, 41, 82-3, 90, [92,
96> 137]; — deheu, 20, 43,
58, [60]. tract,//. 5, [7], 26,
31-2.

troetued, sf. 54-5, 121.

troscwydwr, s. 40.

[trosso, v. 105].

trotheu, 90, [92, 96 ; trothyweu,
101].

[trugarawc, 116].

trugared, s. 30, 123.

trugein, n. a. 56 ; — tref tra-
chyrchell, I. See trugeint.

trugeint, n. a. 26, 43, 56, [66],
67, 70, 72, [73], 79, [102,
104, 106, 109, in], 118; —
tref Buellt, i. See trugein.

trullyat, sm. 2, 6, [7, 13], 23,

25, 31.
trwyn, s. 41.
try chanhwr, 37.
trychant. See deudec.
trychu, v. 45 ; trychir, 42,

[66], 67-8.
tryded, n.a.f. [— ach, 62, 1 10 ;

— enllip, 93] ; — flwydyn,

28, [62]; — heit, 81; —

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

law, 124; -- ran, 26; —
(rantir), 55 ; [— trayan, 98];

— tref ar dec, 55 ; — weith,
50, [101]; — wys, 50.

trydyd, n.a.m. 37-40, 53-4,
[61,63, 75L 85, [112], 124;

— achaws, 52 ; [ — cantref,
115];— canu,34; — (corneit
med), 19; — dyd, 81, 122;

- (lloneit llestyr), 21 ; —
pet war, 124. See llw.

try dy dyd, 48 ; — Nadolyc, 20.

trydydyn, - - ageidw breint
llys, [14], 15; — ageiff
messur, 31 ; — agynheil
breint llys, 17 ; — anhebcor
y brenhin, [12], 16.

trymhet, [no], 125.

ftubyst,//. 101].
tudedyn parawt, 112].
tudet, sm. 22.
tumon, s. 35.
[turnen, s. 107].
twg, j. 47, [74].
[twll taradyr, 102].
[twng,/. 114].
twyll, s. 40; — vorwyn, 132,

[134]-

[twyll wr, s. 140].

twyn, s. 125.

ty, sm. 15, 28, 30, 32, 39-40,
46, 51, [61, 63-4, 75], 84,
90, [94-6, 102-4, 114], 126,
[141 ; — caplan, — clochyd,
9; — kyfreithawl, 102-3];

— gwyn ar taf, i; [—
mwyhaf trev, 9] ; — porth-
awr, [10], 32. [tei, pi. 99,
136]. See kynhayaf; deu ;
dynyon ; escob ; gayaf ; haf ;
naw.

tyccya, v. 48 ; tyccyo, 53.
[tyfu, v. 116]; tyf, 47, 56;

[tyffo, 98].

tygu, v. [14], 15, 47, 5i, [63-

4], 86, [101], 119, 124, 130,
[142-3]; twg, 86, [101,109],
129 ; tygent, 84, 87 ; tyget,
20, 35, [61, 92-3, 101, 112],
119, 129; tygho, 20, 86,
118-19; tyghont, 119.
tyle, s. io6J.

Ltyllo, v. 104].

tymhor, s. [66], 67, 70, 72,
[73], "8.

tynnu, v. 32, 125 ; tynher, 3,
45, [65]; tynho, 18, [75;
tynu, 75-6, 105].

[typer,v. 112]; typper, 119.

tyst, s. [ 1 12-13], 119-20; — ky-
freithawl, 119; [— un wlat,
141]. tyston,//.3i,[64],89,
[103, 108-9], 119-20, 127.
See gwrthtyston ; oet.

tyster, v. 41 ; tystet, 119;
tysto, 119-20.

tystolyaeth, sf. [112-13], IIQ-
20, [136-7]; — (effeirat),
41 ; — varwawl, — vywawl,
119; — (morwyn), 41 ; [—
periglawr, 101] ; — (tat), 40.

tywarch, s. 130; [tywarchen,
99]-

TRIADS.

teir, [— aelwyt, 135].

— keluydyt, 58, [59].

— colofyn kyfreith, 16, 37.

— cont, 131.

— creith gogyfarch, 42.

— kyflauan, 125.

[ — kyfrinach, 137].

— dirwy brenhin, 123.

— fford y differir mach,

0,85.

— fford y dygir mab y tat,

O, 129.

— fford yd ymdiueicha

mach, O, 85.

392

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

teir, — fford y gwedir mab o
genedyl, O, 129.

— fford y llyssir tyston,

O, 127.

— fford y telir gwyalen

aryant yr brenhin,
O, 131, [134].
[— gauael, 137].

— gormes doeth, 130.

[ — guarthrut kelein, 137].
[ — guarthrut morwyn,

135].

— gw'eli agheuawl, 25.

— gwraged, 126.

— helaryd, 131.

[ — marwtystolyaeth, 136].
[ — notwyd kyfreithawl,

r I35]*

[ — ouer groes, 143].

— paluawt, 126.

[ — pla kenedyl, 138].

— rwyt brenhin, 123.

— rwyt breyr, 123.

— rwyt tayawc, 123.

[ — sarhaet kelein, 137].
— sarhaet gwreic, 127.

— sarhaet ny diwygir,

126.

tri, [ — achaws ny chyll gureic
y heguedi, O, 92].

— a dieinc rac llw gwei-

lyd, 130.

[ — aneueil mwy eu teithi,
140].

— anhebcor brenhin,

124.
[ — aniueil un troetawc,

I37]-
[ — aniueil un werth eu

llosgyrneu, 139].
[ — argae guaet, 135].
[ — chadarn byt, 139].

— chadarn enllip gwreic,

127.

— chamwerescyn, 53.

tri, [ — cheffredin kenedyl,

140].

— chehyryn canhastyr,
127.

— chewilyd kenedyl, 126.

— chorn buelyn, 131.

[ — chyfanhed gulat, 140].
[ — chyffredin gulat, 134],

— da dilis diuach, 132,

j j

— datanhud tir, 48.

[ — diwyneb gulat, 135],

— dygyn goll kenedyl,

122.

— dyn adyly tauodyawc,

130.

— dyn agynnyd eu breint,

128.

[ — dyn awna gulat yn
tlawt, 139].

— dyn awna sarhaet yr

brenhin, 2.
[ — dyn cas kenedyl, 140].

— dyn ny dylyir eu gwer-

thu o gyfreith, 132,

[ — dyn ytelir galanas

udunt, 139].
[ — dyn ytelir gueli tauawt

udunt, 138].

— edyn, 130.

— enwrighyll, 131, [134].
[— ergyt ny diwygir, 139].

— gwaet digyfreith, 130.
— gwanas gwayw, 125.

— gwassanaeth brenhin

yr hebogyd, 17.

— gwerth kyfreith beich-

ogi gwreic, 128.
[— gwg, 137].

— gwybydyeit, 54.
[- hela ryd, 133].

— hwrd, 132, [133].

— lie ny dyly dyn rodi llw

gweilyd, 130, [142].

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

393

tri, [ — lie yg kyfreith Hywel

y mae prawf, 138].
[ — llw gureic pan enlliper,

93]-

[ — llydyn arbenhic, 76].
— llydyn digyfreith eu
gweithret, 130.

— llydyn nyt oes vverth

kyfreith arnunt, 130.
[ — llysseu, 1 1 6].

— mach ny cheiff vn d wyn

y vechniaeth, 86.

— meib, 127.

[ — meuyluethyant gwr,
140].

— mod yd holir tir a

dayar, O, 53.

— mod y serheir y vren-

hines, O, 3.

— mod y telir teithi buch,

0,71-

— oet kyfreith y dial ke-

lein, 122.

— ofer llaeth, 126.

— ofer ymadrawd, 125.

[ — pheth adiffer dyn rac
gwys dadleu, 138].

— pheth a hawl dyn yn

lledrat, 127.

[ — pheth atyrr ar amot,
138].

— pheth atyrr ar gyfreith,

— pheth ny at kyfreith

eu damdwg, 131.

— pheth ny chyfran bren-

hin a neb, 124.
[ — pheth ny dygir rac

gureic, 93].
[ — pheth ny thelir kyn

coller, 137].

— pheth ny werth tayawc,

57, [59]-

— pheth or keffir ar ford ,

tri, — phetwar, 124.

— phren, 117.

— phren ryd, 131.

— phriodolder, 54.

— phryf, 131.

— ryw vreint, 54,

— ryw prit, 53.

— than digyureith, 130.

— thawedawc gorsed,

125.

— yn diouredawc, [97],

121.

U. and V.

vcharned, s. 30.

[ucheluar, s. 104].

vchet, 56, 71-

vgein, n. a. — mlwyd, 45 ; —
mu, 3. See deu ; tri ; ugeint.

ugeint, n. a. — (keinhawc),
[66],67,7o-i,[73],8i,[io6].
vgeinheu, pi. 46. See buch ;
dec ; deudec; deunaw ; dwy ;
dwy uu ; naw ; oet ; pedeir ;
petwar ; tri ; vgein ; whe ;
whech ; wyth punt.

vn, n.a. 37, 39-40, 43, 48,
5 1-3» [66],68-7o ; [— aneueil,
64; — ardrychauael, 77] ; —
ardrychafel, 79 ; [— ardyrch-
auel,77] ; — arglwyd, 55 ; —
arpymthec,68,7o-2,[73],8i,

[99, 107] ; aryant,82 ;

— a phetwar vgeint, 34,

[66], 67 ; ar hugeint,

[65], 67 ; — breint, [8], 23,
31,36, 47, [61,75, 101,113],
124; [— breuan, 95]; —
canu, 22 ; — (keinhawc), 45 ;
[ — cryman,94~5 ; — diuwyn,
62] ; — diwat, [63], 89 ; —
drychafel, 68 ; — dyd, 57,
[64, 107], 128; — - a
blwydyn,[96, 108], 117, 119;

394

WELSH MEDIEVAL LAW

-dyn, [64], 82, [96], 130; —

— ar pymthec ar hugeint, 3 ;
[— dyscyl, 95] ; — (etiued),
49 5 — gantref, 85, [100,
115];— gerwyn, 56;[— gy-
freith, 109] ; — gymhwt, 31,
119, 122; —Haw, 32, 125;

— lie, 121 ; [— llestreit, 95 ;

— lliw, 105] ; — llwdyn, 84 ;
[— payol, 95] ; — pren, 32,
[142]; — (rantir), 55; —
rwym, 56 ; — rym, 119 ; —
troet,83; [ — troetawc, 137];

— weith, 18,33, 57, [59, 101],
132, [133] 5 — werth, 34, 42,
68, [77], 79, 118, [139]; —
wlat, 50, 69, 85, [109], 122,
[141]. Seeoet.

Vnbeinyaeth Prydein, 22.
vrdeu, pi. — kyssegredic, 39 ;

— effeiradaeth, 128.
vrdolyon, pi. 121.
[vtgyrn, pi. 138].

W.

wastat, 32, 8 1.
weithon, adv. 36, [140].
[weugeint, 104]. See whe.
whaer, sf. 38, [93, 139]; —

lladedic, llofrud, 38.

whioryd,^/. 37. See chwior-

yd.
wharthawr, s. 36 ; [ — blaen,

"3j; — oi, 36, [98, 113];

— tir, 36.

Whefrawr, [65], 67, 69-72, [73,
141]. See hanher.

[whegrwn, sm. 135].

whe, n.a. — bu, [9], 23, 44;

a wheugeint aryant,

[9]' 23, 33, 41, 44;

mu, [9], 23, 33, 44 ;

— fford, 118; — gwyr, i;
- ugeint, [9], 23, 31, 34,

43, 5i, 55-6, [66], 67-8, 79,

9°, [91, 94, 98-100, 102,

104-5, 109, in, 113];

aryant [9], 23.

whech, n.a. [ — a petwar ugeint,
loo] ; — ar hugeint, 70 ; —

aryant a dimei athra-

yan dimei, 42 ; — keinhawc,
45, [65], 67,69,71;— chein-

hawc kyfreith, 69 ; a

deu vgeint, 72, [73] ; — eidon,
23, 89; — (torth), 56; —
wythnos, [66], 67.

whechet, n. a. 37-9 ; — dyd,
123 ; [— llo, 74] ; — weith,
72. See chwechet.

whibonogyl vynyd, 1 7.

[whynglo, s. 107].

whythu, TJ. 40.

wy, s. 84, [no].

wyneb, s. 43. See brenhin.

[wynebwerth, s. 93-4, 97, 134].

[wyryon,//. 136].

wyth, n.a. — a deu vgeint, 34,
[65], 67, 70, 72, 128 ; — ar
hugeint, 70; — erw, 50;

gwanhwyn ar, 28 ; -

geinhawc, 27, 69, 71, 81 ;

kyfreith, 20, 68, [76,

107] ; — nos, [12, 66], 67,
122 ; — punt a phetwar
vgeint punt, 42 ; [ — pyn-
uarch brenhin, 65].

wythuet, n. a. 37-8, 40.

Y.

ych, s. 15, 18, 20, 35, 56,
70, 72, [73-4, 77], 79, [98,
1 08]. ychen, //. 32, 58,
[60, 1 08, 114]. See karr;
erw.

[ychenawc, s. 134]. See achen-
awc.

ychwanec, 44 ; [ychwhanec,

"3]-
yf, v. 1 8 ; yuet, 69 ; yffo, 21.

INDEX TO WELSH TEXT

395

yghenawc, s. [64-5], 67. See

achenawc.
ygnat, sm. 125, [139] ; — ka-

deirawc, 117. ygneit, pi.

[112]; — HywelDa,[77],8o.
ygnat llys, 2,4-6, [8, 10], 15-17,

21, 27, [64], 124, 126.
ygneitaeth, s. 17. See pump,
ymadrawd, sm. 125.
ymardelw, ?/. 43.
ymaruoll, s. 2.
ymatteb, v. 125.
ymborth, s. 25, 32.
ymborth, ^.31 ; ymborthet,28.
ymchoelo, v. 49, 58.
[ymdaeru, v. 64].
ymdangossont, v. 120. ,
ymdeith, adv. 42, [6l],
ymdeith, v. 70, [95, 115-16;

ymda, 97].
ymdiredir, v. 32 ; [ymdiret,

140].

ymdiueicha, v. 82.
ymdwyn, v. 39-40.
ymgoffau, v. [115], 117, [141].
[ymhoeles, v. 60] ; ymhoelir,

124.
ymlad, s. 22, [136]; -- ky-

fadef, 123.
ymlad, v. 85 ; ymladant, 58,

[60] ; ymladont, 58, [60].
ymlycceir, i>. 47.
ymlynet, v. 36.
ymrein, i>. [96], 132, [133;

ymreher, 98].
{ymrotho, v. 61, 97].
ymyrru, v. 143].
ynuyt, 39, [139].
[yr (= er), 101].
[yscar, v. 94 ; ysgarho, 141].
ysceuein, s. 72 ; ysceueint, 69,

[74].

yscei, s. 26.
yscol, s. 88.
yscolheic, s. 1,88, 128 ; [yscoel-

heic, 59], yscolheick, 58 ;

yscolheigon,//. — vrdolyon,

121 ; [— y llys, 9].
yscolheictawc, s. 58, [59].
yscrybyl, s. 28, 35, [75], 85,

118 ; — aghynefin, 84 ; [—

trefgord, 74 ; ysgrybyl, 102].
yscub, s/. 30, 83.
yscubawr, s. 46, 57, [59], 84,

[995 ysgubawr, 102. yscu-

boryeu,//. 136]. .SV^brenhin;

esgubawr.
yscwyd, s. 56.
yskyfarn, s. 22-3, 43, 89.
yscyuarnawc, sf. [77], 80.
yscymundawc, 120.
[ysgall, s. 1 1 6].
yspardwneu, pi. 21.
yspeil, s. [ill], 120.
yspeilaw, v. 127 ; [yspeiler,

137]; yspeilet, 87.
yspeit, s. 33 ; — mach, 85.
[Yspryt Glan, 142],
[yssu, v. 113; yssan, 77];

ysser, [78], 80 ; ysset, 29 ;

ysso, 82, [97; yssont, 76],

See hyys.
ystabyl, s. 57, [59]. ystableu,

pi. 21.
ystauell, s. 5, [7], 22, 26-7, 34,

56-7, [59]. See brenhin ;

dryssawr ; gwas ; morwyn.
[ystauellawc, a. 100].
ystalwyn, sm. [78], 80, 130,

[140].

[ystwc, s. — helyc, 107].
[Ystwyll, s. no],
[ystyffyleu, pi. 101].
[ystyllawc, 107].
yt, sm. 28, 30, 82-4, [94, 98],

117-18, [139, 143].
ytlan, s. 84.
[yw, s. 107].
[yvven, s. — coet, — sant,

104].

PRE-NORMAN WALES

A.W. Wade- Evans, Welsh Mediaeval Lax/.

Engl

lish Miles

IO 5 O IO 30

OXFORD
PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

BY HORACE HART, M.A.
PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY

KD 9402 .689 1909 SMC
Giventian code.
Welsh medieval law