IBRARY
HVERSITY OF
:AU( ;
AN
^x
THE
WESTERN WOBLD
GUIDE ^-HAND-BOOK
FIBST EDITION.
PUBLISHED BY
THE WESTERN WORLD,
CHICAGO.
PRICE, 50 CENTS.
COPYRIGHTED.
BT
THE "WESTERN "WORLD.
CONTENTS.
HISTORIES OF EACH OF THE STATES FROM
EARLIEST TIMES, descriptive of their topography, soil,
climate, rivers, mountains, natural wonders, population, area,
islands, lakes, mines, products, manufactures, industries, cities,
school systems, collection and exemption laws, date of holding 1
elections, number of representatives, senators, congressmen, and
presidential electors, number soldiers in the field, price of land
cleared and in forest, extent of forest, number of different call-
ings, rate of intf-rest, usury laws, peddlers' or drummers'
license laws, divorce laws, mining laws, description of
public lands, list of lands subject to the various forms of
entry, list land offices, opportunities for homes or enterprise,
rainfall, health, ports of entry, population (male, female and
foreign), number of Indians, mineral resources, nicknames of
states and for whom or what they are named. Miles of railroad
and canals, tidal frontage, state land laws, number of coun-
ties and names.
A COLORED MAP of each State and Territory will be
f ouud accompanying its history.
Page.
Alabama 134
Alaska 191
Arizona 179
Arkansas 175
California 184
Colorado 183
Connecticut 106
Dakota 163
Delaware 116
District of Columbia 130
Florida 131
Georgia 129
Idaho 189
Illinois 153
Indiana 151
Indian Territory 177
Iowa ... 165
Kansas 173
Kentucky 147
Louisiana 139
Maine 96
Maryland 118
Massachusetts 102
Michigan, 165
Minnesota 161
Page.
Mississippi 136
Missouri 170
Montana 188
Nebraska 168
Nevada 1?2
New Hampshire 98
New Jersey Ill
New Mexico 178
New York 109
North Carolina 124
Ohio 148
Oregon 193
Pennsylvania 114
Rhode Island 104
South Carolina 126
Tennessee 144
Texas 141
Utah 181
Vermont 100
Virginia 121
Washington Territory 190
West Virginia 123
Wisconsin 158
Wyoming 186
Page.
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN LAWS RELATING TO THE ENTRY
OF GOVERNMENT LANDS 9
AGRICULTURAL LANDS.
CASH ENTRY Page.
Public sale 9
Private sale 9
Price 9
Applications to buy 9
Warrants 9
Page.
Additional homesteads.. 13
Soldiers' homesteads 14
Sailors' homesteads 14
Soldiers' widows 14
Soldiers' tiling 14
THE WESTERN WORLD
Page. Page.
Fees for warrant entry.. 9 Sold iers'additional home-
Agricultural college scrip 10 stead 14
Private land scrip 10 Partial waver 14
PRE-EMPTION, right of 10 Indians, rights of 14
Price 10 Exemption from debt. .. 15
Relinquishment 10 Special surveys 15
Final proof 10 TIMBER CULTURE 15
Death of pre-emptor 11 Payments 15
Grasshopper sufferers... 11 Amount of timber culti-
Fees 11 vated 15
HOMESTEAD, rights of 11 Final proof 16
Fees 11 Liability for debt 16
Title, how completed 11 TIMBER AND STONE LANDS. 16
Grasshopper sufferers... 12 SALINE LANDS 16
Final proof 12 DESERT LANDS 16
"Where insanity occurs. . . 13 Title, how acquired 17
Heirs of deceased home- Final proof 17
steader. 12 Repayments 17
Conversion from pre- MINERAL LANDS 17
emption ." 13 Length of claim 17
Commutation of home- Placer claims 18
stead 12 When veins intersect 18
Sale of homestead 13 When veins unite 18
Relinquishment of home- Land used for milling 18
stead 12 Application of the laws. . 18
Abandonment 13 Removal of timber 18
Adjoining farm home- Fees and charges 18
steads 13 COAL LANDS 20
Page.
POSTAL, LAWS OP THE UNITED STATES. RATES
AND RULES 36
PATENT LAWS OP THE UNITED STATES, includ-
ing right trade mark, etc., 26
PENSION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES (who
are entitled, amount, etc 34
COATS OF ARMS OF EACH STATE (see history of
each state).
SYSTEMS OP LAND MEASURE IN THE 21
LOCAL MINING LAWS OF THE STATES AND
TERRITORIES 22
DIVORCE LAWS OF THE STATES AND TERRI-
TORIES 23
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
How CONSTITUTED 39
NATIONS OP THE WORLD :
Page. Page.
Argentine Republic 58 Hawaiian Isles 64
Austria 58 Honduras 64
Belgium 59 Italy 65
Bolivia 59 Japan fi5
Brazil 59 Mexico &5
Canada 60 Netherlands 65
Chili 60 Nicaragua 65
China 60 Paraguay 66
Columbia 61 Persia 66
Costa Rica 61 Peru 66
Cubii 61 Portugal 66
Denmark 61 Russi i 66
Ecuador 62 San Salvador 66
Egypt 62 Switzerland 67
France 62 Siam 67
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
Page.
Germany 63
Great Britain 63
Greece 64
Guatemala 64
Guiana 64
Hayti 64
Page.
Sweden and Norway 67
Spain 67
Santo Domingo 67
Turkey 67
Uruguay .' 68
Venezuela ... . 68
CITIES OF THE WOULD CONTAINING 100,000
POPULATION 69
LIST OF COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS IN
THE UNITED STATES 74
Animals, ages reached 250
Army an J navy officers of
the U. S., pay of 40
Air line distances from
Washington to various
parts of the world 54
Average velocity of vari-
ous bodies 239
Alcohol, percentage of in
liquors 236
American ministers to for-
eign countries, pay of . . . 40
Army rations 40
Army of U. S 206
Areas of circles 255
Area of islands 230
Bible facts 251
Birds, ages reached 230
Biggest things of their kind 215
Boxes, capacity of 233
Boilinsr point 227
Bridtres, celebrated ones . . 217
Builders, facts for 251
Board and plank measure
at sight 249
Business laws, etc 255
Books, number of pub-
lished 229
Books, sizes of various 234
Belting, notes on 225
Coal fields, extent of in
America
Owl fields of world
Coin, fineness of U S
Cities, mortality of
Church membership in the
U.S 56
Comparative yields of
grain, vegetables and
fruit. 239
Carrying capacity of a
freight car 229
Cisterns, capacity and rules
for measuring 225
Cities, altitude of 256
Coin, weights and meas-
ures of the Scriptures 236
Corn, how to measure same
in all shaped cribs 235
Capital letters, use of 230
Coinage 1783-1880 42
Page.
Distances by water from
New York city to all for-
eign ports 53
Dollar, origin of 55
Durability of various
woods 229
Days of week, origin of the
names 217
Debt of the United States
at various times 45
Diamonds, size of largest.. 229
Drug, scientific names of.. 239
Divorce, proportion in dif-
ferent sections 229
Difference in time 245
Ensigns and flags 41
Elections, popular and
electoral vote for presi-
dent 17X9 to 1884 46
Electric lights, largest 223
Emergencies, what to do in 256
Expenditures in U. S.,vari-
ous yearly 54
Expense of U. S. govern-
ment 228
Exports,greatest from U.S. 51
Food digestion, time re-
quired 224
Freezing point 227
Fusing point 227
Fences, cost of 232
First printing press 212
" postoffice 212
First money coined in U. S.. 50
First iron furnace 57
Fastest 1 mile time on req-
ord 230
Fastest railroad time 255
passenger time
across the Atlantic 247
Facts worth knowing 254
Food for stock 243
Grain, shrinkage of in
keeping 249
Gold and silver, value of a
ton 224
Greatcanals 56
H istorical events 210
Handy facts important
discoveries 210
Holidays, legal of the U. S. 43
THE WESTERN WORLD
Page.
Heights of principal mon-
uments and towers 222
Highest mountains 56
Housewife's tables 243
Immigration, total to U. S. 55
Indians inumber in U. S.).. . 51
Iron furnaces in U. S 225
Interest, short rules for
counting 252
Imports of U. S 51
Internal revenue taxes
(U.S.) 71
Judges of U. S. court, how
appointed 39
Language, derivation of
English 226
Limits of perpetual snow
and tree growth 230
Locomotive first used 210
Log tables 248
Liquids, weight of 233
Military Academy (U.S.) . 207
Maine law 225
Measures, miscellaneous. . . 235
Money, time at which it
doubles at compound in-
terest 246
Money, amount of in U. S. 42
Money, value of foreign in
U. S. currency 43
Months, the derivations of
the names of 217
Metals, weight of 233
Mason and Dixon's line 45
Mythology, dictionary of. . 218
Noms de Plume 223
Navies, comparative
strength of (see Nations).
Navy of U. S 207
Naval Academy (U. S.). ... 208
Nationality of immigrants.. 55
Newspapers, inU. S 229
Notes (promissory) 239
Nutrition in foods 253
No. of pounds iron bars to
the foot 231
No. of nails to the pound 246
Number brick necessary in
chimney 251
Number miles from New
York city to prominent
places 52
Number of pounds to the
bushel in different states, 238
Nickname-! of cities 51
Names, personal, meaning 241
Ocean, depth of X'09
Oils, amount in seeds 244
Occupation, numbers en-
gaged in leading 214
Oatmeal 253
Portraits on bank notes
and stamps 50
Power necessary to grind
grain 252
Paper, sizes of flat writing. 234
Page.
Penny, origin of the term
as applied to nails 255
Poison, antidotes for 2.~i<>
Population of the world... .243
Prices of necessaries in Eu-
i ope and the U. S 247
Products (U. S.) Total 51
Qualification of voters in
each state 244
Rails for mile of track 231
Railroad ties 231
Revenue of U. S. (internal). 53
Rope, strength and weight 254
Railroads, first in the U. S. 210
Rooster in politics 224
Relative hardness of
woods 251
Religions of World 225
Rivers, largest and longest
in world 68
Sovereigns, present ruling
(see Countries).
Snow equivalent of water. 229
Salaries of U. S. officers. . . 40
Shrinkage in timber in
seasoning 255
Shingles required for roof. 251
Shoemakers measure 236
Sun-dial, how to make 253
Standard weights of grain. 238
Salt River 225
Seed, bushels of, to the acre 234
Seeds, vitality of 231
Seven hills of Rome, the. . . 223
Seven sleepers, the 224
Seven wise men of Greece. 224
Seven wonders of the world 224
Solder 238
Standard time 209
Steamboat, first in the US. 213
Tacks, weight and number 245
Thermometers 231
Tunnels of the world 214
Telegraph, mileage, etc 217
Telescope, largest 222
Trees, California big 228
Union and Confederate sol-
diers killed 50
Velocity of falling bodies. . 228
" " sound 228
Weight, iron, rules for 231
Whitewashes 251
Wonders of America 55
Wages, comparative week-
ly rates paid in Europe
and the United States 246
Wars of the United States,
cost of . . . r ''
Wedding anniversaries 214
Weight of cu. ft. of sub-
stances 232
Weights and measures of
all kinds .. 235
Weight of various woods . . 232
Weight of persons 228
GOVERNMENT LANDS,
Government lands exist in Alabama, Arkansas, Arizona, Cali-
fornia, Colorado, Dakota, Florida, Iowa, Idaho, Kansas, Louisi-
ana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Ne-
braska. Nevada. New Mexico. Oregon, Utah, Wisconsin, Wyo-
ming and Washington. In Indiana, Illinois and Ohio, also a very
few isolated tracts remain. The states and territories are
divided into districts, in each of which is a land office, where
land ma}' be entered and information relating- to the same ob-
tained. The land offices for Indiana, Illinois and Ohio are abol-
ished, and their business is transacted at the General Land
Department, Washington. D. C. Alaska lands are not open to
any form of entry and the same is true of Indian territory and
the various reservations. A list of land offices within the same
is given in the description of each state, paxes 97 to 200. Letters
should be addressed, " U. S. Land Office, at ."
Each office controls all land in its district.
THE PUBLIC DOMAIN is divided into agricultural, min-
ernl, (1 exert, tii >er and coal lands, each governed by different
laws of acquisition.
TITLE TO AGRICULTURAL LANDS may be acquired
by purchase at puntic -aie <>r private entry, by pre-emption,
homestead, tim'er-i:ulture and other laws, and by virtue of mili-
tary service, w ir ants, -cript, etc.
AT PUBLIC SALE, lands may be purchased by any one
who shall be tuo Highest bidder when offered pursuant to proper
notice.
AT PRIVATE ENTRY such lands may be purchased as
have been publicly otter d and remain unsold unless subse-
quently withdrawn or reserved.
THE PRICE cannot be less than $1.25 per acre in any case.
La n Is at this price are called minimum lands. Lands lying along
railroads within the limits of the alternate section grant to said
roads, and ye , held by the government, are held at 2.50 per acre,
and an- called clmlii 'minimum Ittwl*.
APPLICATIONS TO PURCHASE must be written, and
describe the uind sought and its area. The law of first come
first served is rigidly enforced, and if the land applied for is va-
cant :\ patent i-^ues on payment in due course.
WARRANTS issued to soldiers as bounty for services may
\)e located upon any public land subject to private entry at the
time of such location, application being made the same as if cash
were to be paid as the consideration for the land. The warrant
must be duly assigned. The amount of land called for by the
warrant must be located in a compact body. Warrants were not
issued in the late war, the bounty then being paid in money.
"Warrants are locataule only on minimum lands, and where the
holder wishes to obtain double minimum land he must furnish a
warrantor such denomination as will, at the value of $1.25 per
acre, cover the price of the land, or he must pay one dollar and a
quarter per acre in addition to ihe surrendered warrant.
If there is a small excels in the area of the tract over the
quantity called for in the warrant, such excess may be paid for
in money. If the tract contains a less number of acres, rated at
$1.25 per acre, the warrant must be surrendered in full satisfac-
THB FEES FOR ENTRY BY WARRANT payable at
the time of location to the register aud receiver of the gov-
10 THE WESTERN WORLD
eminent land office in the district wherein the lands lie are as
follows :
For a 40acre warrant, 50 cents each to the register and re-
cei ver; total . $100
For a (id acre warrant, 75 cents each to the register and re-
ceiver; total 1 50
For an SO-acre warrant, SI each to the register and receiver;
total 200
Fora 130-acre warrant, 8 1.50 each to the register and re-
ceiver; total 3 00
For a 169-acre warrant, $2 each to register and receiver; total, 4 00
AGRICULTURAL COLLEG-E SCRIP may be used to
pay for minimum land, not mineral, at private entry, and
is restricted to a technical " quai'ter section," that is, land
embraced by the quarter-section lines; or it maybe local -il on a
part of a "quarter section,' 1 where such part is taken as in full
for a quarter; hut it cannot be applied to different subdivisions
to make an area equivalent to a quarter section. The manner of
proceeding to acquire title with this class of paper is the same as
in cash and warrant cases, the fees to be paid being the same as
on warrants. The location of this scrip at private entry is
restricted to three sections in each township, and 1,0(10,000 acres in
ain/ one state. This scrip may be used also to pay pre-emption
claims, in the same manner and under the same rules and regula-
tions as govern the application to pre-emption by military war-
rants, and without, restriction on entries in any township or state.
Commuted homesteads may also be paid for with scrip.
PRIVATE LAND CLAIM SCRIP may be used in the
same way as the above.
PRE-EMPTION rights secure to residents upon public
lands the right to buy within a certain time in preference to
other purchasers. Heads of families, widows, and single per-
sons 21 years old, who are citizens of the United States, or have
legally declared their intention to become such, can pre-empt 160
acres of offered, unoffered or unsurveyed lands where the Indian
title is extinguished, provided the pre-empter has not moved
from land belonging to him in the same state or territory onto
the public land, and provided he does not own 320 acres of land
in any state or territory, or has not previously exercised the
right of pre-emption.
THE PRICE of land to pre-emptors on due filing is $1.25
per acre. On Offered Lands the pre-emptor must file in the
land office lor the district his declaration of settlement within
thirty days from the date of same, and must make proof of actual
residence on and cultivation of the tract within one year, and
secure the same by ma king payment in cash, warrants or scrip. On.
Unoffered Land when Surveyed the claimant must file his
declaratory statement within three months from date of settle-
ment, and make proof and payment within 33 months from date of
settlement. On Unsurveyed lands no definitive proceedings can
be had as to the completion of the title until the surveys are made
and returned to the district land office. After such return the pro-
ceedings are the same as on unoffered lands. A filing without
actual settlement is illegal, and no rights are acquired thereby.
The existence of a pre-emption filing on a tract of land does not
prevent another filing for the same land, subject to any valid
rights acquired by virtue of any former filing and settlement.
RELINQ.UISHMENT of pre-emption filings may be made
by claimants in writing at the proper district land office, or the
relinquishment may lie executed by the claimant on the back of
the declaratory statement receipt. The second fiLlng of a declara-
tory statement by any pre-emptor who was qualified at the date
of his first filing is illegal. Where the first filing, however, was
illegal from auy cause not the willful act of the party, he has the
right to make a second and legal filing.
FINAL PROOF of compliance with the law is made by filing
a written notice at the land office describing the land and naming
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 11
witnesses, accompanied by sufficient money to pay for publishing 1
the register's notice in the nearest newspaper once a week for
thirty days. To save exnense several notices may be published
together. The final proof must be made in court.
IF A PRE-EMPTOR DIE without establishing his claim
within the period limited by law, the title may be perfected by
the executor, administrator, or one of the heirs, by making the
requisite proof of settlement and payments, the entry to be
made in the name of " the heirs " of the deceased settler, and the
patent will issue accordingly. The legal representatives of the
deceased pre-emptor are entitled to make the entry at anv time
within the period during which the pre-emptor would have been
entitled to do so had he lived. The rights of a claimant who be-
comes insane may be proved up, and his claim perfected, by any
person duly authorized to not for him during his disability.
GRASSHOPPER SUFFERERS who are pre-emptors may
leave their pre-emptions for not more than one year continuously
and retain their rights under certain regulations fixed by the
Commissioner of the Land Department. The time of making
payment may also be extended under such circumstances at the
discretion of said Commissioner.
FEES for pre-emption are for declaratory statement $2, ex-
cept in t he Pacific states and territories, where it is 83.
THE HOMESTEAD laws enable actual settlers on public
lands to acquire title to not more than 160 acres without charge,
except the entry and other fees fixed bylaw. The qualifications
of the homesteader are that he be 21 years old, or the head of a
family, a citizen of the United States, or has legally declared
his intention to become such, and that the entry is made for his
exclusive use and benefit, and for actual settlement and cultiva-
tion. A deserted or divorced wife, dependent upon her own re-
sources, may make a homestead entry. Att United State* lands
not denominated mineral or coal lands, or reserved, are subject
to homestead entry except double minimum lands made such
since January 1, 1861, where the same lies in odd sections. In
Arkansas and Missouri the odd sections may also be taken. A
homestead settler on unsuryeyed public land not yet open to
entry must make entry within three months after the filing of
the township plat of survey in the district land office. When two
or more parties apply at the same time to enter a tract, prefer-
ence is given to the one who has actually settled on the same.
When there is no settlement it is awarded to the highest bidder.
Priority in all cases governs.
THE FEES for homestead entries, payable when application
is made, are in Alabama, Arkansas, Dakota, Florida, Iowa, Kan-
sas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Indiana,
Ohio, Illinois, Wisconsin and Mississippi : Land at $2.50 per acre :
For 160 acres, $18.00 ; for 80 acres, $9.00 ; for 40 acres, $7.00 : Land
at SI. 35 per acre: For 160 acres, $14.00; for 80 acres, $7.00; for 40
acres, $6.00. In Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming :
Land at $2.50 per acre : For ]BO acres, $22.01 ; for 80 acres, $11.00 ;
for 40 acre, $8.00: Land at $1.25 per acre : For 160 acres, $16.00 ;
for 80 acres, $8 00 ; for 40 acres, $6.50. The fees for final proof in
the first named states are $4.00, and in the last named states $6.00,
for 160 acres of $1.25 land, and double these for $2.50 land, smaller
tracts being charged proportionally. The fees for reducing tes-
timony to writing in making final proof are, in the former
states, 15 cents, and in the latter states and territories 22j^ cents
for each 100 words. No other land office fees are payable in
homestead on c e<5.
TO COMPLETE TITLE the homesteader must within 6
months after entry, begin to live upon the land and must con-
tin' le his residence there for five years without a break. At the
end of five years, the requirements as to proof and fees being
complied with a patent issues. During these five years the land
must be cultivated, but stock-raising and dairying are construed
as cultivation.
12 THE WESTERN WORLD
GRASSHOPPERS. The exceptions in favor of pre-emptors
also apply to homestead entries. When a homestead settler has
been prevented by climatic reasons from establishing actual resi-
dence within six months from entry, the commissioner of the
General Land Office may, in his discretion, allow twelve months
from that date in which to commence his residence.
FINAL PROOF is made in the same manner as in pre-emp-
tions.
RIGHTS OF CLAIMANTS WHO BECOME INSANE
may be proved up and perfected m the same manner as in the
case of pre-emptions.
THE HEIRS of dying homesteaders may complete the claim,
the title passing' to the widow if she proves up, or if all are minors
the homestead may be sold for cash, or the title completed
as may be decided upon. If sold the purchaser gets title from
the government. A homestead right cannot be devised away
from a widow or minor children. In case of the death of a per-
son after having entered a homestead, the failure of the widow,
children, or devisee of the deceased to take up residence on the
land within six months after the entry, or otherwise to fulfill the
demands of the letter of the law as to residence, will not neces-
sarily subject the entry to forfeiture on the ground of abandon-
ment. It' the land is cultivated in good faith the law will be con-
sidered >; havinsr been substantial! v complied with.
CONVERSION OF PRE-EMPTIONS INTO HOME-
STEADS. A pei-son who has made settlement on a tract and
tiled his pre-emption declaration therefor, may change his tiling
into a homestead if he continues in good faith to comply with
the pre-emption laws until the change is effected ; and the time
during which he has resided upon and claimed the land as a pre-
emptor will be credited upon the period of residence and culti-
vation required under the homestead laws. In his first home-
stead affidavit he must set forth the fact of a previous pre-
emption filing, the time of actual residence thereunder, and the
intention to claim the benefit of such time, as provided for in the
act. In making final proof on his homestead entry he is re-
quired, in addition to the usual affidavit and proof, to make the
prescribed " prt'-emption homestead affidavit."
COMMUTATION OF HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.-If a
homestead settler does not wish to remain five years on a tract,
he may pay lor it with cash, warrants, or agricultural college
or private claim scrip. To entitle him to the land upon making
such payment he must prove actual settlement, improvement and
cultivation from the date of entry to the time of offering
proof which must be a period of not less than six months; the
form of proof to correspond with the regular fi- al proof in
homestead cases. A person commuting a homestead entry when
he has not actually resided upon the land and improved and cul-
tivated it as required by law, forfeits all rights to the land and to
the purchase money paid, and in addition thereto renders himself
liable to criminal prosecution.
THE SALE OF A HOMESTEAD claim by the settler
before completion of title vests no title or equities in the pur-
chaser, and is not recognized by law. In making final proof, the
settler is by law required to swear that no part of the land has
been alienated except for church, cemetery or school purposes,
or the right of way of railroad
RELtNQTJISHMENT OF HOMESTEAD may be made
in the same way as in pre-emption claims. As but one homestead
is allowed, a settler relinquishing or abandoning his claim cannot
therenfter make a second entry; although where the entry is
canceled as invalid for some reason other than abandonment,
and not the willful act of the party, he is not thereby debarred
from entering again, if in other respects entitled, and may have
the fees and commissions paid on the canceled entry refunded on
proper application. Where a party makes a selection of land for
a homestead, he must abide by his choice If he has neglected
to examine the character of the land prior to entry and it proves
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 13
to be barren or otherwise unsatisfactory, he must suffer the con-
sequences of his own lu-gKvt. In some cases. However, where
obstacles which could not have been foreseen, and which render
it impracticable to cultivate the land, are discovered subsequently
to entry such as the impossibility of obtaining water by digging'
wells ur otherwise), or where, subsequently to entry, and through
no fault of the homesteader, the land becomes useless for agri-
cultural purposes as where by the deposit of "tailings" in the
channel of a stream a dam is formed, causing the waters to over-
flow), the entry may. in the discretion of the Commissioner of
the General Land OlHce, be canceled and a second entry allowed.
But in the event of a new entry, the party will be required to
show the same compliance with law in connection therewith as
though he had not made a previous entry, and must pay the
proper fees and commis^'on-! uion the same.
CONTEST ON GROUND OF ABANDONMENT.
Where application is ma 10 to coi.uo.st lac v, aunty <>l a uoine-
stead entry on the ground ot aba idonment, the party must tile
his affidavit with the district land officers-, accompanied by the
affidavits of one or more witnesses in support of the allegations
made, setting forth the facts on which his application is founded,
describing the tract and giving the name of the bettler. Upon
this the officers will set apart a day for hearing, giving all the
parties in interest due notice of the time and place of trial. The
contestant must pay the costs, and if successful, has a preler-
ence riffht of entry for thirty days
ADJOINING- FARM HOMESTEADS.-A person pos-
sessing the requisite qualifications under the homestead law,
owning and residing on land not amounting to a quarter-sectio .,
may enter other land adjoining his to an amount which shall nor.
with the land already owned, exceed 160 acres. He must fulfill
the requirements of the homestead law, except that he ii--ed not
move on to the tract so catered residence on his own adjoining
land heinsr sufficient.
ADDITIONAL HOMESTEADS.-Under the old laws only
minimum lands, or their equivalent, were subject to homestead,
and as a consequence, but eighty acres of double minimum lan-l
could be taken. By subsequent enactments a homesteader was
permitted to take 160 acres of double minimum lands for a
homestead, with such exceptions as are given above, and in
justice to parties who entered such lands under the old law, a- d
were restricted to 80 acres, it is provided that a ly such pers m
may enter 80 acres additional, adjoining his original entry, if
such adjoining lands are subject to entry. Such additional
homestead entry is allowable, even though the original homeste id
entry has been commuted to a cash entry. A woman who h is
married since making the original entry is not thereby disqu i i-
fied from making an adjoining homestead entry. Incase.now-
ever, there should be no land subject to entry adjoining . ht
original homestead, or if for any other reason the homester 1
party does not desire to select adjoining land, he may surreud -i-
his original entry to tne Government for cancellation, and be
entitled to enter land elsewhere, under the homestead law, the
same as if the surrendered entry had never been made. A pers >n
making additional entry, or new entry after surrender and can-
cellation of his original entry, can do so without payment of
further fees and commissions. The residence and cultivation of
such person upon the land embraced in his original entry shall
be considered residence and cultivation for the same length of
time upon tne land embraced in his new entry, and will be
deducted from the five years' residence and cultivation required
by law; provided, that in no case shall a patent issue upon an
adjoining or new homestead entry until the person has actually,
and in conformity with the homestead laws, resided upon and
cultivated the land embraced therein for at least one year. Re-
moval onto the adjoining new entry is not necessary. Soldiers
and sailors were not restricted to 80 acres under the old law, and
cannot make additional entries under the new acts. Odd sections
14 THE WESTERN WORLD
of double minimum lands made double minimum sine* January
1, 1861, are not subject to additional entry, except in Arkansas
and Missom i.
SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOMESTEADS.- Any
officer, soldier, seaman, or marine who terved lor not less than 90
days in the Army or Navy of the United States during the re-
bellion, and who was honorably discharged, can enter 160 acres of
land, including the alternate reserved sections along the line of
any railroad or other public work. The time of service, or If
discharged on account of wounds or disabilities incurred in the
line of duty, the whole term of enlistment, shall be deducted
from the period of five years during which an ordinary claimant
must, to perfect title, reside upon and cultivate the entered
tract; but the party must, in evei y case, reside upon, improve,
and cultivate his homestead for a period of at least one year
after he shall have commenced his improvements. A T arty
applying for the benefit of this provision of the law must tile
with the register and receiver a certified copy of certificate of
discharge, showing when he enlisted and when he was discharged;
or the affidavit of two respectable, disinterested witnesses corro-
borative of the allegations contained in the prescribed affidavit
on these points, or, if neither can be procured, his own afiidavit
9 that effect. A soldier is held to have exhausted h.s homestead
right by filing his declaratory statement ; the right to file being
a privilege granted to soldiers in addition to the ordinal y privi-
lege only in the matter of Diving them power to hold their
claims for six months after selection, before entry ; but is not a
license to abandon such selection with the rignt thereafter to
make a regular homestead entry independently of such Ming.
SOLDIERS' WIDOWS, if unmarried, or their minor chil-
dren, it' the w idows are diad or married, may enter in the same
way as the soldier himself. If he died in service, they are entitled
to deduct the whole time of enlistment from the period necessary
to complete title. Minors can act only by legal guardians.
Neither the guardian nor the minor children are required to
reside upon the land, but the same must be cultivated and
improved for the period of time during which the father would
have been required to reside upon the tract.
SOLDIERS' FILING. A soldier may file a declaratory
statement for land which he intends to enter. The fee is $2, ex-
cept in the Pacific states and territories, where it is $3. This
statement may be filed personally or by an agent. The entry can
be made only by the soldier in person at the local land office, and
he must commence his settlement on the land within six months
after his filing. A soldier's homestead declarator}- statement
does not prevent anybody else from making an entry of the same
land, subject to such right as the soldier may acquire by virtue
of actual residence on the land and full compliance with law. If
the soldier does not establish his residence on the tract as re-
quired, the next comer may take the land.
SOLDIERS' ADDITIONAL HOMESTEAD ENTRY.
Any officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or his unmarried
widow or minor children who served for not less than 90
days in the army or navy of the United States during the
rebellion, who had, prior to June 22, 1874, made a homestead
entry of less than one hundred and sixty acres, may enter
an additional quantity of land, adjacent to his former entry
or elsewhere, sufficient to make, with the previous entry, one
hundred and sixty acres. This right is personal and not subject
to assignment or lien, and entry must be made in person. The
fees paid for the additional entry when the original one is con-
summated is the same as for the original entry.
PARTIAL WAIVER OF HOMESTEAD RIGHTS.
The choice to take less than the law allows, is construed as a
waiver of claim for a larger quantity; and the same in case of
an adjoining farm entry or soldier s additional entry.
INDIANS may make homestead entries but cannot com-
mute the same to cash entries, nor can they incumber or transfer
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 15
their claims by their own act or through judgment of court.
The land is theirs, absolutely and inalienably, for twenty years
after issue of parent.
EXEMPTIONS OF HOMESTEADS.-Lands acquired by
homestead an; exempt from liability for debts contracted prior
to tlio issue of the patent therefor.
SPECIAL SURVEYS. When the settlers in any township
(the laud in which is not mineral or reserved to the Government)
desire a government survey thereof, and file an application
therefor, and deposit in any government depository to the credit
of the United States a sum sufficient to pay for such survey, if the
township is within the range of the regular progress of the public
surveys, the commissioner of the general land office will instruct
the surveyor general to survey such township. The amount so
deposited by settlors may be applied in part payment for their
lands. The certificates issued for such deposits are assignable by
indorsement; and while not receivable in payment for land at
cash entry, except from the settlers who made the deposit, such
certificates will be received in payment from settlers under the
pre-emption law, or in commutation of homestead entries, but
the act of August 7, 1883, restricts tbe application of certificates
of deposit issued subsequently to its passage to lauds situated in
the district embracing the township the surveying of which is to
be puid out of such deposit.
TIMBER CULTURE entries may be made by any person
twenty-one years old or the head of a family who is or has de-
clared legally his, or her, intention of becoming a citizen of the
United States, provided the ris<ht has not been before exercised.
The amount of land so entered must not exceed 160 acres and must
be all prairie land. The applicant must swear that his entry is
made for the cultivation of timber and for his own exclusive use
and benefit: that he makes the application in good faith and not
for the purpose of speculation, nor directly or indirectly for the
use or benefit of any other person or persons whomsoever; and
that he intends to hold and cultivate the land and to wholly com-
ply with the provisions of the act.
THE PAYMENTS required by law on a timber-culture
entry are as follows: For eighty acres or less, fee $5, to b paid
at date of entry; commissions $t; total $9 : For more than eighty
acres, fee 810 at date of entry; commissions $4; total SU. Be-
sides, in each case, $4 when final proof is made. No other fee,
charge, gratuity, or reward is permitted to be paid or received
for any services rendered at district land offices in connection
with such entries.
No distinction is made, as to area or the amount of fee and
commissions, between minimum and double-minimum lands. A
party may enter 160 acres of either on payment of the prescribed
fee and commissions.
AMOUNT OP TIMBER TO BE CULTIVATED.
The law requires that five acres on a quarter-section shall be
broken or plowed the first year, and five acres the second year.
The second year the first five acres must be cultivated to crop or
otherwise. The third year the second five acres must be culti-
vated to crop or otherwise, and the first five acres must be
Elanted in timber, seeds or cuttings. The fourth year the second
ve acres must be planted in timber, seeds or cuttings. Ten
acres are thus to be plowed, planted and cultivated on a quarter-
section, and the same proportion when less than a quarter-sec-
tion is entered. If the trees, seeds, or cuttings are destroyed by
grasshoppers or by extreme and unusual droughts, the time of
planting may be extended one year for every year of such de-
struction, upon the filing in the local office of an affidavit by the
entryman, corroborated by two witnesses, setting forth the de-
struction and asking the extension of time provided for by the
act. The foUmdng classes of trees are recognized as "timber"
within the meaning of the law, viz: Ash (including mountain
ash or service-tree), alder, basswood, beech, birch, box-elder,
black walnut, butternut (otherwise called white walnut), cedar,
16 THE WESTERN WORLD
chestnut, cotton woort, elm, fir, hickory, honey-locust, larch,
maple, oak, pine, spruce, sycamore (otherwise culled bmton-
woodor cotton-' ree>. white willow, white wood (ortulip-tre< ;;md
other trees recognized in the neighborhood as of value lor
timber, for firewood or domestic use, or for commercial pur-
poses. Fruit trees and shrubbery cannot be classed as " timber,"
and their cultivation is not sufficient to satisfy the demands of
the i-iw.
FINAL. PROOF can be made at the expiration of eight
years from date of entry. It must be shown that for the said
eight years the trees have been planted, protected and cultivated
as aforesaid; that not less than 2,700 trees were planted on each
of the ten acres, and ttmt at the time of making- proof there are
growing at least 675 living thrifty trees to each acre.
Where less than one quarter section of land is entered, the
same proportionate amount of plowinu-, planting, and cultivation
of trees must be done as required in entries of 160 acres.
If the trees, seeds, or cuttings are dastroyed in any one year
they must be replanted. A party will not be released from a
continued attempt to promote the actual growth of timber or
forest trees. A failure in this respect will subject the otitry to
cancellation. In computing the period of cultivation wie time
runs from the dale of entry, if the necessary acts of cultivation
wer-- performed within the proper time.
LIABILITY FOR DEBT contracted previous to the issue
of tinal certificate does not attach to land acquired under this
law.
Land accpiircd under any of the forrgmng laws and rettnqutehed
is (it ncr mini 1<> srttlcmrnt nr et'trii nnnin.
TIMBER AND STONE LANDS. Surveyed public lands
in California., Oregon, Nevada and Washington territory, not in-
cluded within any military, Indian or other rei-er vation, which
are unfit for cultivation, and consequently for disposal under the
home-tead or pre-emption laws, non-mineral in character, and
which have never been offered at public sale, valuable chiefly for
the timber upon them or the stone they contain, may be pur-
chased by citizens of the United States, or persons who have de-
clared their intention to become such, iitquantities not exceeding
one hundred and sixty acres to any one person or association of
persons, at a price of not less than $2.5'> per acre. But one pur-
chase under this act is permitted, and the land must be declared,
under oath, to be purchased for the sole use of the applicant.
Proof of the character of the land must be made by applicant be-
fore the receiver of the land office. Ilie fees are $10 for the entry
ami 22H> cents per 100 words for testimony reduced to writing for
claimant. An Axstociation applying to purchase such lands, each
of the persons must prove the requisite qualifications, and their
names must appear in and be subscribed to the sworn statement,
as in cae of an individual person. They must also unite in the
resrnlar application for entry, which will be made in their joint
names as in other cases of joint cash entry.
SALINE LANDS. Lands adjudged as saline after due in-
quiry are offered for sale, after public notice, at the local land
office of the district in which the same shall be situated, and sold
to the highest bidder for cash, at a price not less than $1.25 per
acre. In case said lands are not sold when so offered, they are sub-
ject to private sale for cash, at a price not less than 81-25 per acre,
in the same manner as other public lands. This few is not ap-
plicable to lands in the territories, nor to any within the states of
Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, California and Nevada, none of
which have had a s-rant of salines by act of Congress.
DESERT LANDS. By "desert land " is meant land "which
will not without irrigation, produce some agricultural crop."
The expression " tome agricultural crop " does not refer solely to
the amount of the crop : it refers also to the kind. If the land
will produce " some " crop of a kind and in amount sufficient to
make the cultivation reasonably remunerative, it is not desert.
Land along streams, or near bodies of water, which, without
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 17
artificial irrigation, will produce grass sufficient for hay. is not
"desert laud " within the meaning of the law, and is nut subject
to desert entry. Title to desert lands can be acquired, under the
restrictions of the law only in California, Oregon, Nevada, Wash-
ington, Idaho, Montana, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Wyoming
and Dakota. The amount of land which may be entered by any
one person under the desert-land law cannot exceed one section.
or 6W acres, wh eh must lie in compact form. The requirement
of compactness will be held to be complied with on surveyed
lands when a section, or part thereof, is described by legal s'ub-
divisions as nearly in the form of a technical section as the situ-
ation of the land and its relation to other lands will admit,
although parts of two or more sections may be taken to make up
the quantity or equivalent of one section. But entries running'
along the margin or including both sides of streams, or being
continuous merely in the sense of lying in aline so as to form
a narrow strip, or in any other way showing a gross departure
fr. 'in all reasonable requirements of compactness, will not be ad-
mitted. In no case, where the full quantity of 640 acres is
entered, will the side line on either side be permitted to exceed
one mile and a quarter; and less in proportion in case the entry
embraces less than a whole section or'i s equivalent.
METHOD OF ACQUIRING- TITLS.-A party desiring
to avail himself of tue privileges of the :<.-> rt-land.act must file,
at the proper district land office, a decluratiou under oath. It
must be set forth that the applicant is a citizen of the United
states, or that he has declared his intention to become such in
which e ise a duly certified copy of his declaration of intention to
become a citizen must be presented and tiled. th.<t he has made
no other declaration for desert lands under tue provisions of this
act. and that he intends to reclaim the tract of land applied for
by conducting water thereon, within three years from the date
of his declaration. The application must describe the land by
legal subdivisions if surveyed, and as accurately as possible if
unsurveyed. The land must be proved to l>e "desert." Such ap-
Vlication, etc., being satisfactory, twenty-five cents per a< re must
be paid the receiver for the land. Claims on unsurveyed lands
must lie made to conform to the legal subdivisions when the sur-
ve\ shall be made.
FINAL PROOF in sy be made at any time within three years
thar enough water has in -en conducted on the land to reclaim
the same. If satisfactory proof of this is made, and $1 more per
acre is paid, a patent issues and title is complete. Water must
be conveyed on to eveiy forty acres of the tract.
REPAYMENTS are made uy the government when land has
lx?en erroneously sold or entered so that the sale cannot be
confirmed, but the same does not extend to fraud as in cases
where false proof has been made. When application for repay-
ment is made, all receipts, patents, etc., must be surrendered and
proper reconveyance made. The repayment may be made to
heirs, executors, or assignees purchasing innocently. When
land has been paid for at $2.50 per acre, and is afterward found
to have been on the market at $1.25, the excess will be refunded.
MINERAL. LANDS are reserved for sale under special
laws. Such lands, surveyed or unsurveyed, are open to explora-
tion or purchase by citizens of the United States, or those declar-
ing their purpose to become such, under the laws and according
to the local customs of miners when consistent with the laws of
the United States
THE LENGTH OF A CLAIM upon a lode bearing gold,
silver, cinnibar, lead, tin, copper, or other valuable deposits,
whether located by one or more persons, is limited to 1,500 feet,
and the cUirn cannot be located until after the discovery of the
vein thereon. Xo claim win extend more than 300 feet on each
side of the middle of the vein at the surface, nor shall it be
limited by mining regulations to less than 25 feet on each side of
said middle at the surface. The end lines of each claim must be
parallel. To such locators is given the exclusive right of posses-
18 THE WESTERN WORLD
sion and enjoyment of all the surface Included within the lines of
their locutions, a,.d of all veins, lodes and ledges throughout
their entire depth, the top of which lies inside of such surface
Hues extended downward vertically, although such veins may
depart from a perpendicular in their course downward afed ex-
tend outside the vertical side-Hues of such surface locutions.
But their right of possession to such outside parts ol such veins
or ledges shall be confined to such portions thereof as lie between
vertical planes drawn downward as above described, through the
end-lines of their locations, so continued in their own direction
that such planes will intersect such exterior parts of such veins
or ledges. The locator or possessor of a vein which extends in
its downward course beyond the vertical lines of his claim is not
authorized to enter upon the surface of a claim owned or pos-
sessed by another.
Where a tunnel is run for the development of a vein, or for the
discovery of mines, the owners of such tunnel shall have the right
to all veins within 3,1100 feet from the face of such tunnel on the
line thereof, not previously known to exist, discovered in such
tunnel, to the same extent as if discovered from the surface; and
locations on the line of such tunnel of veins or lodes not appear-
ing on the surface, made by other parties after the commence-
ment of the tunnel, and while the same is being prosecuted with
reasonable diligence, shall be invalid; but failure to prosecute
the work on the tunnel fv>r six months shall be considered an
abandonment of the right to all undiscovered veins ou the line of
the same.
The miners of each mining-district mav make regulations not in
conflict with the laws of the United States or with the laws of the
State or territory in which the district is situated, governing the
location, manner of recording, amount of work necessary to hold
possession of a mining-claim, subject to the following require-
ments: The location must be distinctly marked oil the ground so
that its boundaries can be clearly traced; on each claim located not
less than $100 w<jrth of work must he clone nr trnprwement, mi'de
each i/ear until patent issues; when several claims are held
together all the work or Improvement may be upon one of them.
Where there is failure to meet these requirements the claim is
again subject to location, unless work be begun on it by the
original locator or his representatives before the application 1'or
new location is made. It a claim is owned by several parties, nnd
one or more fails to do his part, he may be given ninety days'
notice, when, it still delinquent, his interest passes to those of the
partners who have made the proper improvement. Upon due
application, after S-^ 1 worth of work has been done on a claim
and the payment of 85 per acre therefor, a patent to the land
issues, unless there have been adverse claims, when the matter
will be adjudicated. The lines of a claim need not conform with
the lines of a congressional survey.
PLACER CLAIMS are subject to entry as above, but when
upon surveyed lands must conform to the lines thereof. No
placer of more than twenty acres for each individual claimant
can be entered by one person or association, and the rights of a
previous homesteader or pre-emptor on the tract are respected.
Legal subdivisions of forty acres may be subdivided into ten-acre
tracts, and holders of contiguous claims of any size may make
joint entry thereof. Where such person or association, or their
grantors, have held anl worked their claims for the period pre-
scribed by the statute of limitations for mining claims of the
state or territory where the same may be situated, evidence of
such possession and working of the claims for such period shall
be sufficient to establish a right to a patent thereto in the absence
of any adverse claim; but nothing in this chapter shall be deemed
to impair any lien which may have attached in any way whatever
to any mining claim or property prior to the issuance of a patent.
Where the same person, association or corporation is in posses-
sion of a placer claim, and also a vein or lode included within the
boundaries thereof, application shall be made for a patent for the
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 19
placer-claim, with the statement that it includes such vein or lode,
and in such case a patent shall issue for the placer-claim, subject
to the provisions of this chapter, including such vein or lode,
upon the payment of $5 per acre for such vein or lode claim and
twenty-five feet of surface on each side thereof. The remainder
of the placer-claim, or any placer-claim not embracing 1 any vein
or lode claim, shall be paid for at the rate of S2.50 per acre,
together with all costs of proceedings; and where a vein is known '
to exist within the boundaries of a placer-claim, an application
for a patent for such placer-claim which does not include an
application for the lode chiim shall be construed as a conclusive
declaration that the claimant of the placer-claim has no right of
possession of the vein or lode claim; but where the existence of
a vein or lode in a placer-claim is not known a patent for
the placer-claim shall convey all valuable mineral and other de-
posits within the boundaries thereof.
The rx |>e uses of' the survey of vein or lode claims, and the
survey and subdivisions of placer-claims into smaller quantities
than one hundred and sixty acres, together with the cost of pub-
lication of notices, shall be paid by the applicants, and they shall
be at liberty to obtain the same at the most reasonable rates, and
they shall also be at liberty to employ any United States deputy
surveyor to make the survey. The Commissioner of the General
Land Office shall also have power to establish the maximum
charges for surveys and publication of notices and may designate
the paper for publishing such notices and fix the charges there-
for.
WHEN TWO OR MOKE VEINS INTERSECT or cross
each other, the prior location is entitled to all ore contained in
the intersection, but the subsequent locations are given right of
way through the space of intersection for working their mine
beyond s:iid sp:\ee.
WHEN VEINS UNITE, the oldest location is entitled to
the vein in-low the point of union, including all space of inter-
sections.
WHEN NON-MINERAL LAND, not contiguous to the
vein is used by the, proprietor of the latter for mining or milling
purposes, such land to the extent of 5 acres, may be embraced in
the application for patent on the vein, and patented therewith on
the same conditions and at the same price governing the vein.
The owner of a mill or reduction works not owning a mine, may
in the same way geta patent for his mill site. H'ltoicvtr, 1>n pri-
ori/;/ of possession, riyhts to the use of water for mining, agricult-
ural, manufacturing, or other purposes, have vested and
accrued, a/id the same are recognized and acknowledged by the
local customs, laws, and the decisions of courts, the possessors
and owners of the same are maintained and protected in them;
and the right of way for ditches and canals for the purposes
herein specified is acknowledged and confirmed; but whenever
any person, in the construction of any ditch or canal, injures or
damages the possession of any settler on the public domain, the
party committing such injury or damage is liable to the party
THE LAWS ABOVE GIVEN DO NOT APPLY to
mineral lands in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Missouri and
Kansas, which are declared free and open to exploration and pur-
chase in the same way as agricultural lands.
THE REMOVAL OF TIMBER from public lands for
mining, building, agricultural and domestic purposes is per-
mitted in Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Wyo-
ming, Dakota, Idaho and Montana, and in all other mining dis-
tricts of the Union, where said lands are mineral and subject to
entry only as such, but this privilege does not extend to rail-
roads.
FEES AND CHARGES. The following rates are fixed as
the maximum charges for newspaper publications : in a daily, $7
for each ten lines of space; in a weekly, $5 for the same space.
For publication of citations in contests involving the character
so
THE WESTEUX V.'OULD
of lands, the charges shall not exceed ?s for five publications in
weekly papers, or 10 for publications in dailies for 'M days.
The fees payable to the register and receiver for linn? and
acting upon applications for mineral-land patents are 5 to each,
to be pai-l at the time of filing-, and the like sum is payable to
each by au adverse claimant at the time of filing his adverse
claim.
COAL LANDS. Any person 21 years old, and a citizen of
the L inted States, or who has declared his intention to become
such, or any association of persons severally qualified as above,
can enter by legal subdivisions, any quantity of vacant coal
lands not otherwise appropriated or reserved, not exceeding 160
acres to each person, or 320 acres to each association, upon pay-
ment to the receiver of not less than 10 per acre for such lands,
where the same shall be situated more than 15 miles from any
completed railroad, and not less than 8^0 per acre for such lands
as shall be within 15 miles of such road. The pa3'meut to oe
made within one year from the filing of the ciaim.
Any pei-son or association of persons severally qualified as
above, who have opened and improved, or shall hereafter open
and improve, any coal mine upon public land, and are in Hctiml
possession are entitled to a preference-right of entry of the
mines so opened and improved: Provided, That when any associa-
tion of not less than four persons, shall have expended not less
than $5,000 in working and improving any such mine, such asso-
ciation may enter not exceeding six hundred and forty acres, in-
cluding such mining improvements.
All claims, must be presented to the register of the proper
land district within sixty days after the date of actual possession
and the commencement of improvements on the land, by the
filing of a declaratory statement therefor; but when the town-
ship plat is not on file at the date of such improvement, filing-
must be made within sixty days from the receipt of such plat at
the district office.
The law authorizes but one entry by the same person or asso-
ciation. z\o association, any member of which shall have taken
the benefit of this law, either as an individual or as a member of
any other association, can enter or hold any other lands ; and no
member of any association, which shall have taken the benefit
of this law can enter or hold any other land under its provisions.
In case of conflicting claims, priority of possession and im-
provement, followed by proper filing and continued good faith,
determines the preference-right to purchase.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
SYSTEMS OF SURVEYING.
Two systems of surveying are practiced in the United States,
viz: by metes and bounds, and the Congressional township sys-
tem.
BY METES AND BOUNDS is the system in force in the
older status, where i" was adopted from the old world before the
on<rressional system was invented. It consists simply in start-
ing from some known or established point and running lines by
the compass to other e-tablished points or given distances,
returning eventually to the point of starting after enclosing the
tract surveyed.
THE CONGBESSIONAL TOWNSHIP SYSTEM is the
reputed invention ol Thomas Jeffer.MMi. and is acknowledged to
be the best known. It is in force in all the regions west of rhe
Mississippi river and in Florida. Alabama, Mississippi, Ohio,
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a portion of Tennes-
see. In many of these, however, there are "grants," "loea-
t ons," etc., made prior to the adoption of the Congressional
system. The system consists in first establishing what is called a
7.se line, running east and west, and a principal meridian, run-
ning north and south, and both fixed by passing through some
determined and certain point. Parallel with these lines lit uni-
form distances of six miles are run other lines, those running
east and west being called tcnvn lines, and those running north
and south, range lines. These lines of course divide the district
into sections six miles square, which are called townxhii>s. The
location of a township is determined by the number of its towns
north or south, that is, by the number of town lines it is north or
south of the base line, which is always counted as one town line,
and by its range east or west, that is, by the number of range
lines it is east or west of the principal meridian, which is always
counted as one range line. For instance a township beginning 18
miles north of a base line, and 30 miles west of a principal merid-
ian, would be described as town 4, north, range 6, west. The
townships are divided into 36 sections, each 1 mile square, and
containing 640 acres, as shown in the diagram, thus:
6
5
4
3
2
1
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
17
16
15
14
13
19
20
21
22
23
24
80
29
28
27
26
25
31
32
33
34
35
36
The sections are, as a rule, numbered from 1 to 36, as shown in
the diagram, beginning at the northeast corner of the township
22
THE WESTERN WORLD
and running back and forth; but in a few states this method of
numbering is departed from slightly. The sections arc divided
into quarter sections, each a half mile square and containing 100
acres, and these in turn are divided into four quarters, each of
which is -fa of a section, )4 mile square, and contains 40 acres.
Both quarter and sixteenths of a section are named by the
points of the compass. The method of division is shown in the
following diagram of a section:
Thus, the division marked as the N.
E. 54 represents 160 acres; division marked
"VV. H of the N. W. 1-4 represents 80 acres,
and the divisions marked N. E. !4 of the
N. W. y represents 40 acres. Sections
frequently exceed or fall short of the
prescribed 640 acres. They are most fre-
quently excessive on the west border of
a township. Such descriptions as the
above are sufficient in deeds, the number
of section, town aiid range being given.
LOCAL MINING LAWS.
The Pacific States, the Territories and Colorado, have all local
laws regulating, to a greater or less extent, mining claims and
operations within their borders. They make such laws at dis-
cretion, provided they do not conflict with the Federal laws, in
which C:ISP thi-y are void.
ARIZONA has no importjrtt local laws. Recording claims
is charged for at $1 for first 100 words, and 20 cents for each
additional 100.
CALIFORNIA. Use of running water is acquired by appro-
priation, and same may be diverted or place of diversion changed,
and ditches, flumes, aqueducts, etc. .extended if no injury is done
others by the change. Priority of use gives priority of right. No-
tice of appropriation must be posted at point of diversion, setting
forth rhe number of inches claimed at 4 inches pressure, the uses
and places thereof and the means of diversion and size of same,
and within 10 days after posting a copy of the notice must be
recorded in the county recorder's office, and work be begun in
60 days, and prosecuted continuously. California school lands,
which include sections 16 and 33 in each township, where mineral,
are purchasable, after proper affidavit describing the land and
setting forth the desire to buy, the occupation of but 40 acres by
the applicant and the absence of other occupants, or that the
township plat has been filed over six months, and the adverse
occupation has existed longer than that period, at $2.50 per acre.
Occupants making application to buy within six months after
the filing of the township plat are preferred.
COLORADO. Counties have power to fix the width of mining
claims within the limits prescribed by Congress. Where not so
fixed, the width is 150 feet on each side of the middle of the vein.
In Gilpin, Clear Creek, Boulder and Summit counties it is 75 feet
on each side of the vein. A certificate of location, containing
names of locators and vein, date of location, number of feet
claimed and general course of the vein, must be recorded with
the county recorder in 3 months after the discovery of the lode.
The claim must be located by sinking within 60 days, a discovery
shaft or tunnel 10 or more feet deep, to show a defined crevice,
by posting on the surface of the claim a notice of the name and
date of finding of the lode, and name of locator, and by mark-
ing the surface boundaries by six. squared posts at each corner
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 23
and in the middle of the sides. Lodes dipping beyond the sides
of a claim are covered by the same, but if they dip beyond the
vertical extensions of the ends they are not covered. Right of
way is given, where opposition is made by condemnation, over
othfr claims for ditches, tramways, pack trails, etc. A defective
location may be relocated if no other rights have arisen. Tnis
requires a new shaft or tunnel, or an extension of the old one 10
feet deeper. But one location can be covered by a location cer-
tificate. Placer claims must be recorded, describing same bv
permanent monuments in same way as lode claims. Improve-
ments must be made in the proportion of $100 to 160 acres of
claim. Penalties are provided for destroying landmarks of
claims, for buying stolen ore, etc. Where mines drain in com-
mon, either owner may drain after notice to the other to share
expense. The washing of tailings from a sluice onto the claim
of another is forbidden. Title under United States law is not
affected by state laws.
DAKOTA. Discoveries of lodes must be recorded within 20
days. Provisions and measurements for location same as in Col-
orado, except that 8 posts are required, one in the middle of
each end. Discovery shaft must be dug within 30 days.
IDAHO. Liens on mines for labor and material, good if filed
within BO days, or where work is done under a sub-contractor by
notifying owner within 30 days, and nling within 40 days.
MONTANA. Statement in accordance with United States
law mu~t be Hied within 20 days after discovery, at the office of
the county recorder, a vein with one defined wall having previ-
ously been discovered. Claims may be limited to 25 feet on each
side of the middle of the lode, or may extend 300 feet on each
side.
NEVADA. Laws relate principally to recording and are un-
importiint. United States laws govern.
NEW MEXICO. Record of locations must be made in 3
mouths after posting notice of claim. Vacant unsurveyed coal
lands may be taken under United States statute.
GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE.
In addition to adultery and impotency which arc comiYXn
grounds for divorce in pretty much all the states and territories^
the following are the principal recognized causes, though othol
of a less general nature exist including many discretionary "Jib
the courts.
ALABAMA. Desertion two years : imprisonment two years,
the sentence being seven years or more; crime against nature,
drunkenness of husband before marriage, if concealed, preg-
nancy of wife at marriage, if unknown to the husband, and for
cruelty of husband.
ARIZONA. Desertion one year, cruelty, conviction of
felony alter marriage, habitual intemperance, fraud or forced
const-lit of either party to the marriage.
ARKANSAS. Desertion one year, cruelty, habitual drunk-
enness for one year, conviction of felony or infamous crime.
CALIFORNIA. Desertion or neglect one year, cruelty,
drunkenness one year, and conviction of felony.
COLORADO. Desertion one year, want of cupport one
year, husband being in good health, cruelty, drunkenness one
year, convii-tioii of infamous crime.
CONNECTICUT. Willful desertion three years, or seven
years' absence, drunkenness, cruelty, conviction of infamc^r
crime.
DAKOTA. Cruelty, desertion, drunkenness or neglect for
one year ; conviction for felony.
34 THE WESTERN WORLD
DELAWARE. Desertion three years, drunkenness, cruelty,
and conviction for felony, neglect to provide for support ot wife
for three years.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Desertion three years,
crueitr.
FLORIDA. Desertion one year, cruelty, and drunkenness.
Applicant must have resided in state two years previous to ap-
plication.
GEORGIA. Desertion three years, imprisonment two years
or longer, cruelty, drunkenness, pregnancy of wife at marriage
if unki, own to husband.
IDAHO. Desertion one year, failure TO provide two years,
husband having- ability cruelty or drunkenness, and conviction
Of felony, when the sentence is two years' imprisonment or more.
ILLINOIS. Desertion or drunkenness for two years, cruelty,
attempt on lite, and conviction of infamous crime.
INDIANA. Desertion two years, drunkenness, cruelty,
failure to provide for family for two years, and conviction of
infamous crime.
IOWA. Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness, convic-
tion of felony, pregnancy of wife at marriage by another than
husband, unless husband has illegitimate child unknown to wife.
KANSAS. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, neg-
lect, conviction of felony, or pregnancy of wife by another.
KENTUCKY. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness,
conviction of felony, loathsome disease, pregnancy of wife by
another, and union with religious society requiring renunciation
of marriage.
LOUISIANA. Conviction of felony, and after one year
after decree of separation for desertion, drunkenness, excess,
cruelty and attempt on life.
MAINE. Desertion three years; cruelty, or if the judge
deems it reasonable and proper, conducive to domestic harmony
and consNtont with the peace and morality of society.
MARYLAND. Desertion three years, and fornication of
wife before marriage, separation for cruelty.
IIASS-tlCHUSETTS. Desertion three years: drunkenness,
cruelty, neglect to provide if able; unitinar with religious society
believing the. marriage relation unlawful, and sentence to im-
prisonment for five years.
MICHIGAN. Desertion two years, cruelty, neglect to pro-
vide it aiile, and sentence to imprisonment for three years.
MINNESOTA. Desertion three years, cruelty, drunken-
ness one year, sentence to imprisonment, separation for neglect
to provide.
MISSISSIPPI. Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness,
and seine- re TO penitentiary.
MISSOURI Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness,
vagrancy of husband, conviction of infamous crime before or
after marriage, pregnancy of wife at marriage without husband's
knowledge.
NEBRASKA. Desertion two years, cruelty, drunkenness,
sentence to imprisonment for three years or more, failure of
husband to provide.
NEVADA. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, con-
viction ot infamous crime, neglect to provide for one year if
not unavoidable.
NEW HAMPSHIRE. Desertion or absence three years,
cruelty, drunkenness three years, sentence to imprisonment for
one year or more, joining religious society believing marriage
unlawful.
NEW JERSEY. Desertion three years; separation for
cruelty.
NEW MEXICO. Desertion, cruelty.
NEW YORK. Separation for desertion and cruelty; remar-
riage is not allowed the guilty party divorced for adultery.
NOHTH CAROLINA. Pregnancy of wife at marriage
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 25
without husband's knowledge; separation for desertion, cruelty
ami drunken ness.
OHIO. Desertion three years, cruelty, drunkenness, three
years' imprisonment in penitentiary.
OREGON. -Desertion three years, cruelty, drunkenness two
years, conviction of felony.
PENNSYLVANIA. Desertion two years, cruelty, sentenco
for felony for two veal's.
RHODE ISLAND. -Desertion five years, or at discretion of
court: cruelty, drunkenness, neglect to provide, and civil
death.
SOUTH CAROLINA. All laws permitting divorce for any
Ciiiist- are repealed.
TENNESSEE. Desertion two years, drunkenness, attempt
on life, conviction of infamous crime, pregnancy of wife at
marriage without husband's knowledge.
TEXAS. Desertion three years, cruelty, confinement in
State prison after one year.
UTAH. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness, neglect
to provide.
VERMONT. Desertion three years, or absence seven years;
cruelty, neglect to provide; sentence to three years or more in
stat> prison.
VIRGINIA. Desertion five years; conviction of infamous
crime after or before marriage, if without knowledge of the
other; prostitution, or pregnancy of wife before marriage with-
out knowledge of husband; separation for desertion and
criK'ltv.
WEST VIRGINIA. -Desertion three years; sentence to
confine-incut in penitentiary before or after marriage; pregnancy
or prostitution of wife h'fore marriage without knowledge;
separation tor cruelty and drunkenness.
WISCONSIN. Desertion one year, cruelty, drunkenness,
sent*- n. e to three years' imprisonment or more.
Desertion must be willful and continuing at the time of the
petition for divorce. Cruelty must be extreme, or dangerous, or
barbarous, or inhuman. Drunkenness' must sometimes have
been contracted after the marriage. Its sufficiency is weakened
as a cause if not.
A divorce In one state is good in all others. The time that
one must live in the state to be entitled to a divorce varies, though
it is usually one year. Fraud vitiates divorces as everything
else.
26 THE WESTERN WORLD
LAW OF PATENTS.
EVERY PERSON IS ENTITLED TO A PATENT
who invents or discovers any new and useful device, art, process,
manufacture, machine or composition of matter, or any new and
useful rearrangement of parts, or Improvement or application
thereof, or any new and original design for manufacture, for
work in art, for printing upon fabrics, for painting, casting or to
be worked into any manufacture, or any new and useful shape or
configuration of any article of manufacture upon proper appli-
cation and proceeding, and afterpayment of the fees establisued
by law, provided the article, etc., patented has not been known
or used by others in this country, or patented or described in any
printed publication in any country before the invention
or discovery thereof by the applicant, and provided the
same has not been in public use or on sale for more than two
years prior to the application for patent, unless proof of the
abandonment of the same is made. Citizenship is not necessary
to entitle an inventor to a patent.
THE APPLICATION must be made in writing in the
English language to the Commissioner of Patents, and should
comprise petition, specifications, oath and (li'(tii'i>nj<, and when re-
quired a model or specimen and the first fee of $15. Until all the
parts of the application, except tiie model or specimen, are re-
ceived, it will not be put on file, arid applications signed or sworn
to in blank, or without actual inspection of the petition and speci-
fications or altered or partially filled up after being signed or
cworn to. arc stricken from the files if the irregularity is discov-
ered before delivery of the patent. All applications for each
year are numbered, and the applicant informed of the serial num-
ber of his complete application. The application must be com-
plete for examination within two years after filing the petition,
or it will be considered abandoned unless the delay be shown to
be unavoidable. It is best to file all the parts of an application
together. Where this is not done a letter should accompany each
part setting forth its connection with the others.
THE PETITION is a written request to the Commissioner
of Patents for a patent. It must be signed by the applicant and
set forth his address and the name of his invention, and refer to
the specification for full c'isclosures concerning the same.
THE SPECIFICATION is a written description of the in-
vention or discovery, and the method of making, constructing,
compounding and using the same. It must be full, clear, con-
cise and exact, so that any one with skill in the art or science, to
which the invention pertains, may create and use the same. It
should set forth the name and residence of the applicant, the
name, object and nature of the invention, a brief description of
the drawings, indicating what each represents, a description in
detail of the invention and the manner of constructing, prac-
ticing, operating or using it, the specific claims of the inventor
as to what his invention is, his signature and the signatures of two
witnesses, full names being given. All descriptions must be pre-
cise, and must refer to the different drawings when there are such
by figures, and the various parts thereof by letters or figures, or
both. When the claim is for improvement only, the part to
which the improvement relates must be designated, and the im-
provement explicitly distinguished from what is old. Drawings
in such cases need only show so much as is necessary to an under-
standing of the application, operation, etc., of the specific im-
provement. In original applications the applicant must state
under oath whether the invention has been patented to himself
or others with his consent or knowledge in any country, and if
so, the countries, date and number of each patent, and that it
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 27
has been patented in no other country than those given, and that
it has not, according to his knowledge and belief, been in public
use in the United States for more than two years prior to his ap-
plication in this country. Two or more independent inventions
cannot be claimed in one application, but when inventions de-
pend upon each other and contribute mutually to a single result,
they can be claimed in one application. When an inventor claims
several inventions determined to be independent of each other,
he must limit his specification of the pending application to one
of them, and file separate applications on the others as in orig-
inal applications. When two or more applications are made re-
lating to the same subject matter of invention, all showing, but
only one claiming, the same thing, those not claiming must con-
tain disclaimers thereof, with reference to the application claim-
ing it. All specifications must be clearly written on one side of
paper with a wide margin to the left.
THE OATH must declare that the applicant verily believes
himself to be the original inventor or discoverer of the article
for which patent is sought; that he does not know or believe
that the same has ever been used or known, and of what country
he is a citizen or resident. In reissue cases the oath must declare
the belief of the applicant that the original patent was invalid or
inoperative because of defective or insufficient specifications, or
of excessive claim regarding what is new, and that the error was
the result of accideru, mistake or inadvertence, and without
fraudulent intent to deceive. Oaths by administrators, etc., are
changed to meet the different case, but correspond m tenor.
The oath may be made before anybody authorized by law to
administer oaths. "Where a claim not embraced in the original
application is sought to be introduced, a supplemental oath on
the same paper as the proposed amendment is required, setting
forth that the said amendment was part of his invention, and
invented before the filing of his original application.
THE DRAWINGS are required when the nature of the in-
rentiou admits them. Tney must be signed by the inventor or his
attorney and by two witnesses, and must exhibit every feature
of the invention, and when connected with some previous de-
vice, its connection with or application thereto. Three sets of pat-
ent drawingsare published, one -ix9i4 inchest' or ofiice use.certified
copies, etc.; one a quarter the size for illustrating the volume
sent to courts, and a small one for the ( Mlicial Gazette. All
drawings should be well executed, and must be on pure white
paper of the thickness of three sheet Bristol board, with smooth
surface, and drawn in India ink, and with p;_\i only. The si/.e
of the sheets must be exactly 10x15 inches, and one inch from
the edges a single marginal line must be drawn, ami within these
margins all signatures and drawings must be included. A space
at the top of each page of not less than 1)4 inches must be left
for the title, name, number and date. This top must be one of
the shorter sides of the page. All lines must be clean, cle;:r Mnl
solid, and not too fine or crowded. Surface shading should be
open; se -tional shading should l>e by oblique parallel linesabcut
1-20 inch apart. As few lines as possible s' , mid be used. Letters
and figures of reference must be carei'uhy formed, and should
avoid mingling with the lines of the drawing and U' of sufficient
size to bear reduction to ^ their size. Drawings must be signed
by the inventor at the lower right, and by witnesses at the
lower left hand corner of the sheet. The title should be written
in pencil on the back, and is inserted by the officials in uniform
style. When drawings are so long as to require to go on the
sheet lengthwise, the top is kept to the right with signatures at
left. All views on a sheet must stand iu ihe same direction.
Drawings should be rolled, not folded, for sending to the office,
and no stamp, advertisement or address will be permitted on the
face of a drawing. Heis>ue applications must be accompanied
by new drawings the same as in original applications, and the
inventor's name must appear upon them when granted after
28 THE "\VESTEUX WORLD
July 8, 1870, and the drawings must be upon the same scale as the
original ones, or larger, unless otherwise especially authorized
by fie Commissioner. All lines of drawings must be black, and
the scale must be large enough to show the mechanism wiinout
crowding. More than one sheet can be used when necessary, but
this should be avoided. Drawings not well executed and in con-
lormiiy with the foregoing will be returned to the applicant, or
it' he j i refer, the department will make the proper corrections.
The office will also make drawings, at cost, as rapidly as possible
when so desired, when the applicant cannot otherwise conven-
iently get them.
MODELS are not required or admit', ed unless found to be
necessary or useful by the primary examiner, and a written
Statement to that effect is filed by him. \\ lien required the
examination is suspended till the model is furnished. Appeals
can be made from the decision of the primary examiner to tlie
Commissioner. The model should clearly exhibit every feature
of the machine, but should include as little not pertinent to the
invention as possible, unless a working model be desirable. It
must be neatly made, substantial and durable, metal being the
material preferred; but if the invention has essential y to do
with a material, it must be of that material. It must not
exceed a foot in any of its dimensions, except by especial p<-r-
mission. If made of wood, it must be painted or varnished, and
giue must not be used, it being desired that the connection of
the parts be capable of resisting heat and moisture. Th? name
of the inventor should be permanently ttxeu on the model. Ap-
plications will not be examined where a mod< 1 is necessary unt.l
a proper one is furnished. Unless for esptcial reasons, models
are subject to the removal of the applicant when the application
has been rejected more than two years, and upon the tiling of a
formal abandonment of an application, signed by the applicant
in person, before two years have expired, the model may be
returned. .Mode's belonging to patented eases are pe milled to
leave the office only in charge of a sworn employe especially
authorized by the Commissioner, with the written approval of
the Secretary of the Interior. Models in contested cases may be
returned to the applicants, and when not claimed in a reasonable
time may be disposed of at the discretion of the claimant.
Models not required are returned.
SPECIMENS. When a patent is sought upon some form or
composition of matler, specimens of it and its ingredients are
required in sufficient quantity for experiment and preservation
where not perishable.
EXAMINATIONS are made in regular order, all applica-
tions being classified. Inventions esteemed important to the
public service may be taken up out of their order at the request
of any head of department of the government.
REJECTIONS, ETC. Applicants are notified of rejections,
and the reasons for the same fully and exactly given, with such
information and references as may enable him to judge of the
advisability of further prosecuting his application, or of chang-
ing his specifications. If he persist with or without changing the
specifications the ease will be re-examined, and if again rejected,
the reasons therefor will be again fully given. Notice of ad-
verse decisions on preliminary or intermediate questions without
rejection of any claim is also given to applicant with reasons,
and if he dispute tlie propriety of such decision it will be recon-
sidered.
AMENDMENTS may be made before or after the first re-
jection, wi-d as often as new reasons for rejection aie offered.
In case of such amendments the applicant m st clearly show all
paten table points which the invention presents in. view of the
references cited or objections made, and must point out how the
amendments cover such objections or references. The right to
amend is usually denied when such action has been taken on all
claims as entitle the applicant to an appeal to the Board of Ex-
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
amincrs in Chief. Good reasons for presenting subsequent
amendments must be shown as well as reasons for not making-
them earlier. Jf consideration of them is refused, an appeal to
the Commissioner may be made, the error of the Examiner being-
specifically pointed out. Amendments for inaccuracy and cler-
ical faults may be made or required. Nothing- not a part of the
original invention can be covered by an amendment. The appli-
cation once complete, the specifications will not be returned
under any conditions, but copies will be furnished at a fixed
charge.
DESIGNS are patentable by citizens or aliens, after proceed-
ings as in inventions and payment of dues, for 3^, 7 or 14 years, as
may be desired by the applicant. The specification must exhibit
the name and residence of the applicant, name of design and
article for which it is created, description of the design as it ap-
pears in the drawing, using letters and figures to indicate the parts,
claims and signatures of inventor and two witnesses. A model
may be required if a drawing or photograph does not sufficiently
represent it. The drawings and photographs must conform to
the requirements in the case of inventions, but where photographs
are ue'l. 10 extra copies must he furnished.
IF AN INVENTOR DIE, application may in all cases be
made by his legal representatives, and patent will issue to them
for th<- benefit of his estate.
IF AN INVENTOR BELIEVED in gpod faith, at the time
of making application, that he was the originator of the article,
compound, design or improvement, etc.. he may receive a patent,
even though, without his knowledge, the invention was or had
been in use in foreign countries prior to his invention, provided
it had not been patented or described in any printed publication.
JOINT INVENTORS receive joint patents ; neither can ob-
tain a separate one. Inventors of different parts of a device or
different improvements therein cannot, when Independent of
each other, get a joint patent. If one party furnish the capital
and another make the invention a joint application cannot be
made, but the patent may issue to them jointly or to either if
proper assignment bf m>'de
PATENTS FROM FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS are
not an obstacle to the acquirement of a patent by the inventor in
the United States, unless the invention has been in public use in.
this country for more than two years prior to the application,
but such patent will expire at the time the foreign patent, having-
the shortest life, expires. No patent will remain in force more
than 17 years.
RE-ISSUE is granted to the holders of the origin nl patent
when the same is Inoperative through defect of any kind arising-
from ace dental or other causes, free from fraud or intention to
deceive. In case of patents dated prior to July 8th. 1870. the ap-
plication can be made by the assignees, but in patents junior to
that date the application must be made and specification sworn
to by the inventors, if living. The application must be accom-
panied by an abstract showing the complete chain of title, mid if
made by the inventor, when assigned, by a written consent Iroin
the owners; by a statement of defects or insufficiencies in the
original specification which render the patent inoperative, and
pointing out such claims as were in excess of the rights of the- in-
ventor; by a statement explanatory of how such errors came to
be made and by an oath that the errors were not made with
fraudulent intent. If the examiner declare the statement insuffi-
cient, an appeal lies to the Commissioner. New matter cannot be
introduced into the re-issue specifications, nor can the model or
drawings be amended except each b\ the other. When there is
neither model or drawing, amendment may be made upon satis-
factory proof that the matter Offered was a part of the original
invention and omitted by Inadvertence, accident or error. Several
patents may issue fur separate parts of the device patented, if so
requested by the patentee, a fee being charged for each. Each
30 THE WESTERN WORLD
division so made forms a subject of separate specification of the
part or parts claimed therein, and the drawing's or model should
represent only such portion. Unless otherwise directed by the
commissioner all such divisions of a re-issue issue at the same time,
and delay or controversy in one will delay all. An original claim
reproduced in the amended specification is subject to re-examin-
ation, and the application to rev sion and restriction as in original
cases. The application for re-issue must be accompanied by a
surrender of the original patent or an affidavit of its loss and a cer-
tilied copy. If re-issue is denied the original will be returned.
Any points which might have legitimately been claimed in the
original patent, but were neglected without fraudulent intention,
may be covered by a re-issue, but cannot be made the subject of a
separate patent.
PRIORITY OF INVENTION between different claimants
to an invention is determined bv proceedings termed inter f> n n<-<\
and is not barred by the issue of a patent. It may arise lietween
original applicants, original applicants and holders of patent in
force, original applicants and applicants for re- issue, two or more
applicants for re-issue, a re-issue applicant and unexpired patent
and re-issue applicants of unexpired patents.
THE PATENT issues when on due examination it appears
that the applicant is entitled to one. He is notified of the allow-
ance prior to the issue, and must remit the final fee, when the
patent will be delivered or mailed to him on date of issue or to
his attorney, as the latter may direct, but to no one eho unless
especially requested. When the fee is paid and date and number
given the case, a withdrawal is not permitted for any reason ex-
cept fraud, a mistake on the part of the patent office, interfer-
ence or illegality.
DATE, DURATION AND FORM OF PATENTS.-
Patents bear date not later than fc mom hs after date of passing' on
application and allowance, if final fee is paid. On failure to pay
in the -.me named the patent is withheld. Patents cannot be
antedated. They contain a recital of the invention in brief, in-
dicating 1 its nature and purpose, and grant to the patentee and
his legal representatives exclusive right to make, use and sell the
invention in the United States and Territories for 17 years, or so
long, if patented abroad, as the shortest of the foreign patents
ism force, not to exceed 17 years. Design patents run }4, 7 and
14 years as stated, a copy of specifications and drawings forms
part of the patent.
CORRECTIONS in patents, of errors made by the Patent
< iflice, will be made on due application, and if sufficient to
warrant a reissue, such will be made. No charge is made for such
corrections or re-issue, but mistakes made by the patentee, or
not through any fault of the office unless forming grounds for a
reissue, will not be corrected after delivery of patent.
PATENTS ABANDONED, FORFEITED, ETC. -Appli-
cations not completed for examination in :.' years after filing
petition, or not prosecuted in proper manner in 2 years after no-
tice of action, therein, or in regard to which a written declara-
tion of abandonment has been filed, are held to be abandoned, and
the same cannot be renewed unless the failure to prosecute be
shown to have been unavoidable. If an abandoned application
be renewed, new specifications, oath, fees and drawings are re-
quired, but the old model, if suitable, may be used. Failure to
pay the final fee within the time fixed works a forfeiture of
patent. When so forfeited any one interested may file a new '
application any time within 2 years.
DISCLAIMER in writing maybe filed upon payment of the
prescribed fee, whenever the original patentee has, by uninten-
tional error, claimed more than he was entitled to, disclaiming
such parts, and his patent is valid for what portion is justly his
if such part is a material portion of the thing patented. Such
disclaimer may be filed by any one interested in the patent, such
interest being duly set forth therein, but pending actions are un-
GUIDE AND HAND-HOOK. 31
affected by it. One witness is required, and the disclaimer must
be recorded in the patent office. It must be distinguished from
disclaimers filed in original or reissue applications, or to avoid
prolonged interference cases.
CAVEATS are notices to the Patent Office of claims to in-
vention to prevent the grant of a patent to another for the same
invention upon application filed during the life of the caveat
without proper notice to the filer of the same. A caveat may
be filod by any inventor who is a citizen of the United States, or
has been a resident lor 1 year ami swears to his intention to
bjcoinca citizen, and wants time to perfect his invention, upon
payment of the pr /per fee. Th<; caveat sets lorth the principle
and purpose of the invention, and asks protection until the same
shall be perfected. They are preserved in secret and are valid for
1 year from date of filing. It must cover only one invention, con-
tain a specification and oath, and, if possible, a drawing, but the
description need not be so precise as in an application for patent.
The caveat may be re -owed. It' an application 1'or a patent be
filed by any other person during the life of the cave.it for an in-
vention interfering with that set forth in the caveat, and said
application shall be found patentable before the expiration of the
caveat, the application will be suspended, notice given the
caveator and an interference granted, if the latter files a com-
plete application within the prescribed time. Tlu last n-.uued
application must be filed within 3 months from the date indorsed
on the notice afore-mentioned. No notice is given the caveator
of actions pending at the time of filing the caveat, or of u implica-
tions filed after it has expired. Caveats may be renewe ' from
time to time, a new fee being paid each time. It gives no rights
or protection except the notice of interfering applications. It
is not assignable, although the invention covered is assignable,
caveat papers cannot be removed from the office, but copies will
be issued, for which a charge is made. All new matter requires
a separate caveat.
ALIENATION' of any patent or interest therein may be
made in writing, and may cover all or any specified part of the
Union. Tne rights accruing under a patent may be granted in
writing to any parson to make and use the invention in the
United States, or any specified part thereof, or to grant the right
in turn to others, and may exclude the patentee therefrom. A
patent may be mortgaged in writing. License to use the patent
may also be granted orally or in writing. An assignment, grant,
conveyance or mortgage, unless recorded in the patent office
within 3 months from date of execution, is void against subse-
?uent purchasers, mortgagees, eta, for a valuable consideration,
nstruments which amount to a license, mortgage, convey-
ance, assignment, grant or lien, or affect the title to the patent,
may be recorded, and no others. Conditional assignments
(recorded) are regarded as absolute until canceled by consent of
b< >t h parties or the decree of a competent court. \Vhen it is desired
that the patent shall issue to an assignee, the assignment must be
nvorded at the patent office not later than the date of payment
of the final fee.
FEES are, as a rule, payable in advance upon application for
each action. They are as follows :
On filing each application for design patent for 3J years. -SIC 00
< Mi issuing same no further charge.
On filing each original application for design patent for
seven years 15 00
On filing each original application for design patent for
f i mrteen years 30 00
On filing each caveat 10 00
On filing each original application for patent 15 00
On filing each original application for invention or dis-
covery 20 00
On filing a disclaimer 10 00
32 THE WESTEKX WORLD
On filing each application for re-issue $30 00
On filing each application for division of a reissue 30 00
On filing every application for extension of a patent 50 dO
On the grant of every extension 50 00
On filing an appeal from a primary examiner to the exam-
iners in chief 10 00
On filing appeal to the commissioners from examiners in
chief 20 00
For certified copies of patents or other instruments, except
copies of printed patents sold by the office for every 100
words 10
Forcertifled copies of printed patents sold by the office, 10
cents tor every 100 words, less the price actually paid
for such copies without certification.
For certified copies of drawings, the reasonable cost of
making them.
For recording an assignment of 300 words or less 1 00
For recording an assignment of more than 300 and not
more than 1,000 words 200
For recording every assignment of more than 1,000 words. . 3 00
For uncertified copies of the specifications and accompan-
ing drawings of all patents which are in print:
Single copies 25
Twemy copies or more, whether of one or several patents,
per copy 10
For uncertified copies of the specifications and drawings of
pate ts not in print, the reasonable cost of making the
same.
For copies of matter in any foreign language, per 100 words,
or fraction thereof 20
For translations, per 100 words, or fraction thereof 50
For assistance to attorneys and others in examination of
records, one hour or less 50
Each additional hour, or fraction thereof 50
For assistance to attorneys in examination of patents and
other works in thtr Scientific Library, one hour or less. . 1 00
Each additional hour, or fraction thereof 1 00
MISCELLANEOUS. All business must be done in writing.
All letters must be addressed to the "Commissioner of Patents."
All charges on matter sent to the Patent Office must be pre-
paid or the same will not be received.
The personal presence of applicants at the Patent Office is un-
necessary.
A separate letter should be written on each subject of inquiry
or application.
Assignments for record, final fees and orders for copies or
abstracts must each be in a separate letter.
Letters concerning applications should give name of applicant
and invention, serial number and date of the application.
Letters relating to a patent should give name of patentee and
article patented, and number and date of patent.
After patent is granted models, specifications are open to pub-
lic inspection.
Any person of good moral character, duly empowered hy power
of attorney, may act as attorney, but a power of attorney exe-
cuted to a firm must specify names, and the power must be filed
at the Patent Office before the authority of the attorney will be
recognized.
( )rders for copies of assignments must give book and page of
record and name of inventor, or an extra charge will be made.
Xn one is permitted to make copies or tracings from the files
or records of the Patent Office.
The weekly issue of patents is made on Thursday, and the
patents bear date on the 3d Tuesday thereafter.
All money sent is at the risk of the sender. Money paid by
mistake, in excess, when not required, will be returned, but no
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 33
return will be mrrle to thoe changing their intention and wishing 1
to withdraw applications etc.
COPYRIGHTS niiiy be obtained by any citizen or resident
of the Uniteil States who is the author, inventor, designer or
owner of any book, map, chart, dramatic or musical composition,
engraving, cut, print (unless a trade-mark or label), photograph
(or negative ot same), painting, drawing, chromo, statuary,
statue, or any model or design intended to l>e perfected as a work
of art. The title or description inust be deposited with the
Librarian of Congress lief ore the publication of the work. A copy-
right is granted for twenty-eight years, and may be renewed
for fourteen years. It may be assigned, the assignment to be
recorded in the Library of Congress. The fee to the government
taSL
TRADE-MARKS used in commerce with any foreign
country, or with any Indian tribe, may be registered by the owner
in the Patent OlHce for the period of thirty years, and are
protected by the act of Congress of March 3, 1881. Trade-marks
registered under prior unconstitutional acts may be re-registered
without the payment of any additional Government fee. Trade-
marks may be assigned, and the deed should be recorded in the
Patent Office within sixty days after its execution. The Govern-
ment foe is -">
LABELS include any device, picture, word or words, figure or
figures (not a trade-mark) applied to articles of manufacture to
indicate the contents of a package, the name of the manufact-
urer or place of manufacture, the quality of the goods, direc-
tions for use, etc., and may be registered in the Patent Office.
The term of the grant is for twenty-eight years. The Govern-
ment fee is $fi. If application is made for registration as a label
when the application should be for a trade-mark, the registration
will be refused and the foe paid lost.
APPLICATIONS FOR TRADE-MARK OR LABEL
should give names, reside nee and p'ace of business ot the owners
of the trade-mark or label (if owned by a company a statement
that the same is or is not incorporated); a foe-simile of the mark
or label ; a, statement of the class of merchandise to which it has
been applied, and the particular description or kind of goods
comprised in such class; a description of the particular manner
in which the mark or label has been applied, whether direct to
the article, or to wrappers or to packages or oilier vessels con-
taining the article, and whether applied in colors or not. The
owner of a mark or label is not confined to any particular man-
ner of applying the mark or labrl. although it is necessary to
state in what manner it has been usually applied and how long
the mark or label has been used on the particular class of goods,
and if used on goods in commerce with foreign nations or Indian
tribes, with what nation or tribe it has been so used should be
stated.
CANADIAN PATENTS may be taken out at any time
within a year after issued here. Model is required and must not
exceed one foot by eighteen inches in size. The term of the
patent is five, ten or fifteen years, at the option of the applicant,
and may be taken at first for a short term, and afterwards ex-
tended to the longer term. The Government fee for five years is
$20 ; for ten years, $40 ; and for fifteen years, 860. The proced-
ure and laws are smell the same as in the United States.
34 THE WESTERN WORLD
PENSIONS.
PENSIONS ARE GRANTED to all soldiers and sailors
disabled by wounds or disease incurred in the line of duty in the
military or naval service of the United States. Where the sol-
dier or sailor has died of such wounds or disease so contracted,
his widow is entitled to a pension till she remarry. If she be
dead or remarry, the pension goes to the children under 16 years
old of the soldier or sailor. If there are neither widow nor chil-
dren under 16 years old the deceased soldier's or sailor's mother,
if dependent wholly or m part upon him for support, takes the
pension, and when there are neither widow, children, nor mother,
sisters under 16 years old dependent on the deceased are entitled
to pension. Injuries or disease hereafter received in the service
asst >te'l also entitle to pension.
THE AMOUNT OF PENSION allowed is for total disa-
bility to ollicers, commissioned or non-commissioned, privates,
musicians and marines as follows:
Lieutenant-Colonel or higher rank, per month $30 00
Major, per month 25 00
Captain, per month 20 00
First-Lieutenant, per month 1700
Second Lieutenant, per month 1500
Non-commissioned officers, musicians and privates, per
month 800
In the naval service the amount of pension allowed is as fol-
lows:
Captains, commanders, surgeons, paymasters and chief en-
gineers, ranking by law with commander, lieutenants-
commanding and masters-commanding, per month $30 00
Lieutenants, surgeons, paymasters, chief engineers, rank-
ing with lieutenant by law and passed assistant sur-
geons, per month 25 00
Professors of mathematics, masters, assistant-surgeons,
assistant-paymasters and chaplains, per month 20 00
First assistant-engineers and pilots, per month 1500
Passed midshipmen, captains and paymasters, clerks, sec-
ond and third assistant-engineers, masters, mates, and
all wan ant officers, per month 1000
Petty officers, seameu, etc., per month 8 00
BUT ONE FULL PENSION is allowed, and is the prop-
erty of the person having precedent right in the order above
stated. When it goes to children or sisters it must be equally
divided between them.
PENSIONS BEGIN at the date of discharge from service
in invalid cases, if application be made within a year thereafter,
otherwise at the date of application. Pensions to widows, etc.,
bejrin with the death of the husband, etc.
PROOF OF RIGHT TO PENSION. -The declaration of
the right of the claimant, including evidence of identity, must
be sworn to before a court of record or some officer of such court
having authority.
In support of the allegations in the claimant's declaration, tes-
timony must be produced and the following rules obse.-ved:
1. The claimant's identity must be proved by two witnesses,
certified by a judicial officer to be respectable and credible, who
are present and witness the signature of the declarant, and who
state, upon oath or affirmation, their belief , either from personal
acquaintance or for other reasons given, that he or she is the iden-
tical person he or she represents himself or herself to be.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 35
2. Every applicant for an invalid pension must, if in his
power, produce the certificate of the captain, or oi ooiiie other
commissioned officer under whom he served, distinctly stating
the time and place of the said applicant's having 1 been wounded
or otherwise disabled and the nature of the disability; and that
the said disability arose while he was in the service of the United
States and in the line of his duty.
3. If it be impracticable to obtain such certificate, by the rea-
son of the death or removal of said officers, it must be so stated
under oath by the applicant, and his averment of the fact proved
by persons of known respectability, who must state paiticularly
all the knowledge they may possess in relation to such death or
removal; then secondary evidence can be received. In such case
the applicant must produce the testimony of at least two cred-
ible witnesses (who were in a condition to know the facts about
which they testify), whose good character must be vouched for
by a judicial officer, or by some one known to the department.
The witnesses must give a minute narrative of the facts in rela-
tion to the matter, and must show how they obtained a knowl-
edge of the facts to which they testify.
4. The usual certificate of disability for discharge should show
the origin, character, and degree 9! the claimant's disability;
but when that is wanting or defective, the applicant will be re-
quired to be examined l>y some surgeon regularly appointed,
unless clearly impracticable.
5. The habits of the applicant, and his occupation since he left
the service, should be shown by at least two credible witnesses.
If the applicant claims a pension as the widow of a deceased
officer or soldier, she must prove the legality of her marriage, the
death of her husband, and thatsheisstilla widow. She must also
furnish the names and ages of the decedent's children under 16
years of age at her husband's death, and the place of their resi-
dence. On remarriage her pension ceases, and the child or children
of the deceased officer or soldier, if any be living, uuder the age
of 16 years, are entitled to the same in her stead, from the date of
such remarriage, on the requisite proof, under a new declaration.
Proof of the marriage of the parent" and of the age of claimants
will be required in all applications in behalf of minor children.
The legality of the marriage, in either case, may be ascertained
by the certificate of the clergyman who performed the marriage
ceremony, or by the testimony of respectable persons having
knowldge of the fact, in default of record evidence, which last
must always be furnished, or its absence shown. The ages and
number of children may be ascertained by the deposition of the
mother, accompanied by the testimony of respectable persons
having knowledge of them, or by transcripts from the parish or
town registers duly authenticated.
A mother, to be entitled to a pension, as haying been wholly or
partly dependent on a deceased officer or soldier, must prove that
the latter contributed to her support for a certain period, show-
ing specifically in what manner and to what extent.
If the claimant be a dependent sister, like proof will be re-
quired of the marriage of her parents and of her relationship to
the deceased.
Guardians of minor claimants must, in all cases, produce evi-
dence of their authority as such, under the seal of the court from
which their appointment is obtained.
Applicants of the last four classes enumerated at the head of the
chapter, who have in any manner aided or abetted the rebellion
against the United States Government, are not entitled to the
benefits of this act.
Invalid applicants who are minors may apply in their own be-
half, without the intervention of a guardian.
Attorneys for claimants must have proper authority from
those in whose behalf they appear. Powers of attorney must be
signed in the presence of two witnesses and acknowledged before
36 THE WESTERN WORLD
a duly qualified officer, whose official character must be certified
under seal.
In nil cases the post-office address of the claimant must be dis-
tinctly stated, over his or her proper signature.
In filing' additional evidence, correspondents should always
give the number of the claim as well as the name of the claimant.
Pensions are also drawn by invalid soldiers of the war of !>!:.'
and the Mexican war, and their unmarried widows, unless barred
by acts construed as against the government in the war of 1861-
186.-..
ALL. INFORMATION relative to pensions and the means
of procuring' them, together with a copy of the pension laws and
all necessary blanks and directions for proceedings, are fur-
nished free on application to the Commissioner of Pensions, at
Washington, D. C., or to any pension ugent.
POSTAL RATES AND RULES.
(XEW.)
DIRECTIONS FOR MAILING.-A11 mail matter must be
directed to a postoffice, otherwise it will not be forwarded. Di-
rections should be as full as possible. If name and address of
sender is on the envelope or package, same will be returned if not
delivered without passing through the Dead Letter Office.
FIRST CLASS MATTER includes letters and all matter
partly or wholly in wr.ting. sealed or unsealed, and all other
matter sealed, or in any way fastened against easy inspection.
The rate on this class of matter is 2 cents for each ounce or
fraction of an ounce, and there is no limit to the weight of pack-
age which may be mailed.
SECOND CLASS MATTER includes newspapers and
periodicals when sent by publisher or news-agents, and are
mailable at 1 cent per pound or fraction thereof . They may be
marked except by written or printed word without increase of
postage. Newspapers and periodicals sent by persons other than
the publisher or a news agent must be stamped at the nite of 1
cent for every four ounces or fraction thereof. No limit to
weight.
THIRD CLASS MATTER includes printed matter in un-
sealed envelopes only (it is not sufficient that the envelope be
notched, it must be unsealed), and is mailable at the rate of 1
cent for each two ounces or fraction thereof. This class includes
books, circulars, chromos, engravings, music, hand-bills, proof
sheets, lithographs, pamphlets, magazines, papers, manuscript
(accompanying proof sheets), or any reproduction upon paper by
any process but hand or type-writing not in the nature of per-
sonal correspondence. The weight cannot exceed 4 pounds, ex-
cept the article mailed be a single book.
FOURTH CLASS MATTER includes all mailable matter
not included in the ab<">ve, so mailed as to be easily examined.
It must be paid for at the rate of 1 cent per ounce or fraction of
an ounce, and the weight of each package is limited to four
pounds
POSTAL CARDS are first-class matter. They must not
have anything written or printed on the address side except the
directions, and must not have anything pasted or attached to
them.
PERMISSIBLE WRITING. On third and fourth class
matter the following writing only is permitted : Name and ad-
dress of sender preceded by the word "from," and list of
articles contained in the cover, and a dedication or inscription on
GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 87
the fly leaf or hack of book or pamphlet. A passage may also be
marked in a book, goods marked for identification, and the
name of the oneaddressed or sender, with date, written in circular.
Any other writing will be liable at letter rates, and to a fine of
10 for each offense. Printed matter inclosed with fourth class
matter is subje'-t to fouith class rates.
A SPECIAL, STAMP of the value of 10 cents is issued,
which, when attached to a letter, in addition to the lawful post-
age thereon, entitles the letter p immediate delivery at any
place containing 4,01)0 population or over, according to the Fed-
eral census, within the carrier limit of any free-delivery oltice,
or within one mile of the postoffice, or any other postoffice
coming within the provisions of this law, which may. in like
manner, be designated as aspecial delivery office. Such specially-
stamped letters shall be delivered between 7 o'clock a. m. an 1
midnight, and a book is provided in which the person to whom
the letter is addressed shall acknowledge its receipt.
RATES TO CANADA are the same in all respects as in the
United States, but merchandise is rigidly excluded, except sam-
ples of goods tor sale to weight of 8 ounces charged for at 10
cents eaoh.
RATES TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES in the Universal
Postal Union 5 cents for each half ounce or fraction thereof for
letters, and 2 cents for postal cards. Registration fee 1( cents.
Printed matter and samples 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fraction
thereof. Merchandise rigidly excluded. The Postal Union in-
cludes all considerable powers and many lesser ones, and others
are joining constantly. Countries out of the Union have especial
rates which will be given by nny postmaster.
TJNMAILABLE MATTER. Obscene books, letters, pa-
pers, pictures and postal cards, lottery circulars and letters,
Iiquids,gunpowderand otherexplosives, live reptiles, ammalsand
insects (except queen Vices), poisons, and any article liable to in-
jure the mails or those handling them, are unmailable.
LETTERS REFORWARDED. First-class matter will be
forwarded from one office to another at the request of the one to
whom it is addressed without charge. Other classes of matter
have to be paid for afrain.
GENERAL INFORMATION.-Postmasters are not
obliged to take mutilated money, or to take more than 25 cents
in coppers or nickels. They are forbidden to give credit for
stamps Packages of mutilated currency may be registered to
the Treasurer of the United States free. Money orders must be
paid lor in cash. Any other payment is forbidden under pen-
alty. Spoiled postal cards are not redeemable by postmasters.
Pnetoffice employes nv st not change an incorrect address, even
thonsrh they know the right one.
POSTAL NOTES are issued at all money-order offices for
sums less thnn $5, payable to bearer at any time within 3 months
from the last day of ihe month of issue. The fee for a postal
note is three ceiita. The person who presents a postal note for
payment is required to receipt it. A postal note ma y also be re-
paid at the office of issue to the bearer at any time within three
mouths from the last day of the month of is^ue. Lost or de-
stroyed postal notes are not duplicated, and notes not paid in the
time above specified are invalid, and a return of the money can
only be secured ban application for a duplicate at the issuing
office nnd tlin payment of a fee of 3 cents.
POSTAL MONEY ORDERS are issued for any amount up
to $100, and offer security and convenience in the transmission of
small sums. Safety is secured by leaving out of the orderthe
name of the person for whom the money is intended. An advice
or notification, containing full particulars of the order, is trans-
mitted without delay by the issuing postmaster to the postmaster
at the office of payment. The latter is thus furnished, before the
order itself is presented, with information which will enable him
to prevent its payment to any person not entitled thereto, pro-
38 THE WESTERN WORLD
Tided the remitter complies with the regulation of the Department
which prohibits him from sending the same information in a let-
ter inclosed with his money-order. After once paying a money-
order, by whomsoever presented, the post office department will
not l)e liable to any further claim therefor. Under no circum-
stances can payment of an order be demanded on the day <if
its lwu. The fees or charges for domestic money-orders is as
follows:
For orders not exceeding 810 . Scents.
For orders exceeding $10 and not exceeding $15 10 cents.
For orders exceeding g!5 and not exceeding $30 15 cents.
For orders exceeding $30 and not exceeding 40 20 cents.
For orders exceeding $40 and not exceeding yt) 25 cents.
For orders exceeding $50 and not exceeding StO 30 cents.
For orders exceeding $<>0 and not exceeding $70 35 cents.
For orders exceeding 70 and not exceeding' .-'0. . . 40 cents.
For orders exceeding aO and not exceeding 100 45 cents.
When a larger sum than $100 is required, additional orders to
make it up must be obtained. But postmasters are instructed
to refuse to issue in one day, to the same remitter and iiT favor of
the same payee, more than three money-orders payable at the
same post office. Money orders may be endorsed directing pay-
ment to any person ; and it is the duty of the postmaster upon
whom the order is drawn to pay the amount thereof to the per-
son thus designated, provided the postmaster is satisfied that such
indorsement is genuine, and that the second party shall, if re-
quired, prove his ide ntiti/, and shall give correct information as
to the name and address of the person who originally obtained
the order. More than one indorsement is prohibited by law, and
will render and order invalid and not payable. The signature to
the receipt on the face of the order should be that of the person
who presents and receives payment of the same. Orders may be
repaid by the issuing office within a year after issue. Lost orders
on proper application and indemnity are duplicated if the orig-
inal is unpaid and the latter then becomes invalid.
FOREIGN MONEY ORDERS Money may be trans-
mitted by postal order between the L'nited States and Switzer-
land, ijreat liritain and Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Canada
and Newfoundland, Jamaica, New South Wales, Victoria. New
Zealand, Queensland, the Cape Colony, the Windward Islands,
Belgium, Portugal, Tasmania, and the Hawaiian Kingdom. The
fees are:
For sums not exceeding $10 15 cents.
Over SiO and not exceeding $20 30 cents.
Over $20 and not exceeding $30 45 cents.
Over SW and not exceeding 40 60 cents.
Over $40 and not exceeding $M 75 cents.
REGISTERED MATTER. First, third and fourth class
matter m.iy be registered at all post offices on payment of a fee
of 10 cents for each letter or parcel in addition to the postage,
and the fee is the same whether the matter be addressed to
domestic or foreign post offices. Registered letters are protected
with great care, and delivered to the person to whom they are
addressed, and a receipt from him returned to the sender. A
receipt is also given by the postmaster at the time of reg-
istering.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 89
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
UNITED STATES.
The government of the United States is formed of three dis-
tinct branches, the Legislative, Executive and Judicial.
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT comp-fces the
Senate and House of Representatives and makes all laws. Each
state has two representatives in the Senate-, elected for 6 years by
the state legislatures. The number of congressmen from each
state is governed by its population, but each state has at least
one. They are elected for two years by the voters of the con-
gressional districts into which the states are divided. One-third
of the senators go out of office every two years. Ihe pay of
both senators and congressmen is $5,000 per year, with mileage
(at 20 cents per miles) and other extras. The Speaker of the
House gets $8,000. The Vice-President of the United States is
President of the Senate, and receives $10,000 per year. Senators
must be 33 years old, nine years citizens of the United States
and live in the states they represent. A congressman must be 25
years old, seven years a citizen of the United States and live in
the district he represents. Congress now comprises 7ft senators
and .'> representatives.
THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT enforces the laws
made. The executive power is vested in the President of
the United States, who is elected for four years by electors
chosen in each state by the voters thereof. The number of
electors for each state is equal to the number of its con-
gressmen, and United States senators, or two more than the
number of its congressmen. The electors (now numbering
in all 401) cast their ballots, the same are sealed, and opened
by the President of the Senate in the presence of the two
Houses of Congress. When two candidates receive the same
number of electoral votes the election is thrown into the
House of Representatives, which elects a president. The Presi-
dent must be born in the United States, have lived in the same for
14 years and be 35 years old. His pay is $50,000 per year. He is
commander in chief of the army and navy, and appoints cabinet,
judicial and executive officers, the appointments being confirmed
by the Senate. The qualifications for Vice-President are the
same as for President. The Cabinet comprises the Secretaries of
State, Treasury, War, Navy and Interior, and the Postmaster and
Attorney Generals, each of whom receives $8,000 per year.
THE JUDICIARY comprises, 1st. A Supreme C'ourt sitting
at Washington composed of a chief justice (salary $10,500 per
year) and eight associate judges at $10.000 per year. They are
appointed by the President, and hold office for life, unless re-
moved for malfeasance. 2nd. Nine Circuit Courts, having
jurisdiction over one or more states. 3d. Fifty-eight district
courts. Appeals he from the district to the circuit courts, and
from the latter to the Supreme Court. 4th. Court of Claims,
where suits against the United States must be brought.
THE STATES are governments within a government, and
all powers not expressly granted to the general government
remain in the states
THE TERRITORIES are governed by officers appointed
by the Presid'-nt of the United Suites.
THE REVENUE of the United States is derived from
custom and internal revenue taxes on liquors and tobacco, and
the sale of land.
40 THE WESTERN WORLD
PAY OF UNITED STATES
OFFICERS.
ARMY AND NAVY OFFICERS rank in the order given
below and receive the salaries opposite each rank :
ARMY. NAVY.
General $13,500 Admiral $:.1,nv>
Lieutenant General 11,000 Vice Admiral 9,000
Major General 7,500 Hear Admiral 6,000
Brigadier General 5,500 Commodore 5,000
Colonel 3,500 Captain. 4.500
Lietenant Colonel 3,000 Commander 3,500
Major 2,500 Lieutenant Commander. 2. NX)
Captain 2,000 Lieutenant 2,400
Regimental Adjutant... 1,800 Master 1,800
First lieutenant 1,6^0 Ensign 1,200
Second Lieutenant l,iOO Midshipman 1,000
MINISTERS ABROAD receive pay as follows :
To England $17,500 To Hawaiian Isles $7,500
Germany 17,500 " Belgium 7,500
France 17,500 " Hayti 7,500
Russia 17,500 " Columbia 7,500
Austria 12,000 " Turkey 7,500
China 12,000 " Venezuela 7,500
Brazil 12,000 " Sweden 7,500
Mexico 12,000 " Netherlands 7.5TO
Italy 12,000 " Switzerland ... 5,000
Japan 12,000 " Portugal 5,000
Spain 12,0.0 " Bolivia 5,000
r-hili 10,000 " Denmark 5,000
Peru 10,OfO " Paraguay 5,000
Central America 10,000 " Liberia 4,000
" Argentine Confed... 7,500
HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS are compensated as below:
Director Geolog. Surv'ys . $6,000 Supt. Signal Service $4.000
Supt. Coast Surveys 6,OTO Commr. Land Office 4,000
Treasurer 6,000 Commr. Customs 4,000
Supt. Census 5,000 Commr. Pensions 3,* 00
Supt. Naval Observatory. 5,000 Commdr. Marine Corps... 3,500
Supt. Bureau Engraver. 4,500 Commr. Agriculture 3,000
Public Printer 4,500 Commr. Indian Affairs... 3,000
Director Mint 4.500 Commr. Education 3,000
Register Treasury 4,000
POSTAL DEPARTMENT. Three Assistant Postmaster
Generals, $3,500 each : Chief < lerlc, $2.200. Postmasters are paid
as follows, except at New York, where salary is 8,000 :
First Class $3,000 to $4,000 Third Class Sl.OO ' to $2,000
Second Class.. . . $2,OOU to fc3,OCO Fourth Class. . .less than *!,000
Postmasters of the first, second and third classes are appointed
by the President, all others by the Postmaster General.
TT. S. ARMY RATION. The following is a list of the Com-
ponents of the Arn\y Ration as established by existing law, the
General Regulations, and the orders of the War Department, viz :
12 oz. of pork or bacon, or 20 oz. of fresh beef, or 22 oz. of salt
beef.
GUIDE AKD EAND-BOOK 41
18 oz. of soft bread or flour, or 16 oz. of hard-bread, or 20 oz.
of corn-meal.
And,
f 15 Ibs. of beans or peas, or 10 Ibs. of rice or hominy.
og 10 Ibs. of green coffee, or 8 Ibs. of roasted (or roasted and
ground) coffee, or 2 Ibs. of tea.
:g 15 Ibs. of sugar.
4 quarts of vinegar.
-1 1^ Ibs. of adamantine or star candles.
g 4 I hs. of soap.
" I 4 Ibs. of salt.
4 oz. of pepper.
&, I And to troops in the field, when necessary, 4 Ibs. of yeast-
l powder to 100 rations of flour.
SUBSTITUTIVE ISSUES. Fresh mutton may be issued
in lieu of and at the same rate as fresh beef, when the cost of the
former does not exceed that of the latter.
14 oz. of dried fish, or 18 oz. of pickled or fresh fish may be
issued in lieu of the meat component of a ration.
.Molasses or syrup may be issued in lieu of sugar at the rate of
2 gallons of molasses or syrup in lieu of 15 Ibs. of sugar.
Three pints of liquid coffee to each man may be issued daily
in lieu of sugar and coffee components to the ration to troops
travel : ng upon cars or having no facilities for cooking coffee, the
cost thereof not to exceed 21 cents per day.
The following issues may be made to troops traveling or in
the field when it is impracticable to cook rations.
( In lieu of the usual meat j 75 Ibs. canned fresh beef, or
oc I portion of the ration. J 75 Ibs. canned corned beef.
f 33 one-pound cans baked
beHiis; or
I
In lieu of the dry vegetable
portion of the ration.
beans ; or
5 one-gallon cans baked
beans f or
25 pounds cheese.
Similar issues may be made when in the interest of economy
or a supply of the articles is on hand in excess of the probable
wants of troops traveling- or in the Held.
20 two-pound cans baked
beans ; or
15 three-pound cans backed
TJ. S. ENSIGNS AND FLAGS. ENSIGN. Head or IT> >;,!
ten-nineteenths of its length. Field. Thirteen horizontal strips
of equal breadth, alternately red and white, beginning with red.
1'nimi. A blue field in the upper quarter, next the head. 4ofthe
length of the ensign and seven stripes in depth, with white stars,
ranged in equidistant horizontal and vertical lines, equal in num-
ber to the number of states of the Union. JACK. Like the
Union of an Ensien.
CUSTOMS OK REVENUE FLAG-. Head or Hoist ten-
sixteenths of its length. Field. Sixteen perpendicular stripes,
alternately red and white, beginning with red at the head.
Union. Composed of the Coat of Arms of the United States in
dark blue on a white field, in the upper quarter next the head.
eight-sixteenths of the length of the flag, or to the first edge of
the fifth red stripe from the head, and extending down the uead
half way.
42
THE WESTERN WORLD
COINS OF THE UNITED STATES.
WEIGHT.
WEIOHT.
Double Eagle=$20,gold 510 grs. HalfDollar silver.. 192.!) grs.
258
129 "
64.5"
77.4"
25.b"
Quarter Doll.... ' .. 9 .45
Twenty Cents.. " .. 17.10
Dime " .. 38.58
Five Cents .cop'r-nick'l 77.16
Three Cents " 30
One Cent bronze 48
Eagle = 10,
Half Eagle = 5,
Quart'r Eagle= 2}4
Three Dollars
One Dollar
Trade Dollar silver 420
One Dollar " 412Jij"
TJ. S. gold and silver coins are 9-10 fine. The coinage of the
silver dollar of 412^ grains, the tiTe and three-cent silver pieces,
and the bronze two-cent pieces was discontinued under the Coin-
age Act of 1873. The act of February 28, 1878, again authorized
the Coinage of the silver dollar of 412^j grains, and restored its
legal tender character.
THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF MONEY circulating or other-
wise held in the United Status is estimated at 81.545,588,140, of
whic'i $446,68 ',016 is Legal Tender notes; $332,473,693 National
Bank Notes, SK 2,732,487 gold ami gold certificates, and $193,821,110
silver aud silver certificates, fractional currency, etc.
COINAGE OF GOLD AND SILVEB.-1793-1880.
Years.
Gold.
Prior to 1835
1835 to "1852, incl
18i3to 1873, incl
1874
$15,780,160.00
221,011,41*1.00
5*0,114,258.50
50,442,690.00
33,5-j3,965.00
38,178,962.50
44,078,199.00
52,798,980.00
40.986.912.27
56,157,735.00
$39,690,079.90 )
39,5-^,292.00 }
6>,928,512,70i
5,983,601.30
10,070,368.00
19,126,502.50
*28,549,935.00
+28,290.825.50
27.227,88'J.rO
27,942,437.50
$11,919,888.55
411,925.00
230,375.00
260.350.00
62.125.00
80,604.00
97,79.H.iH)
269,971.50
Io75
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
Total
81,133,103,322.00
$292,333,43S.90
$13,283,107.05
Silver.
Minor.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
43
VALTTE OF FOREIGN COIN IN TJ. S. MONEY. -The
first section of the act of March 3, 1873, provides " that the value
of foreign coin, as expressed in the money of account of the
United States, shall be that of the pure metal of such coin of
standard value," and that " the values of the standard coins in
circulation of the various nations of the world shall be estimated
annually by the Director of the Mint, and be proclaimed on the
first day of January by the Secretary of the Treasury. The esti-
mates of values contained in the following' table are those made
by the Director of the Mint, Jan. 1, 1885.
Country.
Monetary Unit.
Standard.
Value.
D. C. M.
Argen. Rep
Austria
Peso fuerte
Florin
Hold
Silver
1 00
39 3
Belgium
Franc
Dollar
Gold and Silver..
Gold and Silver.
19 3
79 5
Brazil
Milreis of ],000 reis.
Gold
54 6
Dollar
Gold
100
Bogota . . .
Peso
Gold
98 5
Dollar
Silver
91 8
t hili
Peso
Gold
91 2
Cuba
Peso
Gold
a3 2
Denmark ....
Crown
Gold
26 8
Ecuador
Dollar
Silver
19 5
Egypt
Pound of 100 piast's
Gold .
4 97 4
France
Franc
Gold and Silver. .
19 3
Gt. Britain
Pouii'l sterling . . .
<iold .
4 86 GJ
Greece
Drachma
Gold and Silver. .
19 3
German E.
Mark
Gold . .
23
India
Knp., 16 an
Silver
:-7 8
Italy
Lira
G old and Silver. .
19 3
Japan
Yo i
Gold
85 8
Liberia . .
Dollar
Gold . ...
100
Mexico .
Dollar
Silver
KS 4
Netherlands
Fiori'i
Silver
4 : > 2
Norway
Paraguay. .
Crown
Peso
Gold
Gold
:.J 8
100
Peru
Sol
Silver ..
79 5
Porto Rico.
Peso.. ...
Gold ....
C " ' 5
Portugal
Mil., 1,000 r's
Gold
108
Russia... .
R'bl., 100 co .
Silver
CO 6
Sandwich Islands.
Dollar
Gold
100
Spain
Peseta of lOOc'ntim
Gold and Silver.
19 3
Sweden .
Gold .
26 8
19 3
Tripoli
Mah.,20pi's
Silver
71 7
Tunis
Pi's., 16 car
Silver
OILS
Turkey
Piaster
Gold
044
Columbia
Peso
Silver
91 8
Uruguay
Patacon
Gold
94 9
The above rates are the true or commercial values, proclaimed
by the Secretary of the Treasury, and are taken at the custom
houses in estimating the values of all foreign merchandise m:ido
out in any of said currencies. They should not be confounded
with the Mint values.
LEGAL HOI.IDAYS.~Tn all the states and territories of the
United States the following are legal holidays : Chritttnias (Dec.
25th), Uth Jill)/, and Tliniili^t/irniy (usually last Thursday in Nov.);
Fear's is a legal holiday in all the states and territories ex-
44
THE WESTERN WORLD
cept Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Massachu-
setts, New Hampshire. North Carolina, South Carolina and Rhode
Island. Decoration Day (May 30), is a legal holiday in Colorado,
Maine, Vermont, Connecticut, Mi higan. New Hampshire, New
Jersey, lihode Island, New York, Pennsylvania and District 01
Columbia. Washington's Birthday (Feb. 22) is a legal holiday in
Alabama, Arkansas, Flerida, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas,
Maine, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, Oregon and Ten-
nessee. In Louisiana Shrove Tuesday, Anniversary of Battle of
J\'ew Orleans (Jan. 8), Lincoln'* Birthday (Feb. 12), Firemen's Anni-
versary (March 4.) and Good Friday are 1. gal holidays. In Texas
the Anniversary of Texan Independence (March 2,) and Battle of
San Jacinto (April 21.) are legal holidays. In Georgia Memorial
Day (April 2'); in Mobile, Montgomery and Selma, Ala., Shrove
Tuesday, and in Florida, Minnesota and Pennsylvania Good Friday
are legal holidays. General Election days are ordered as holidays
in California, Maine, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, Oregon,
South Carolina and Wisconsin.
SLLVKJA SPRINGS, FLORIDA.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
45
PUBLIC DEBT OF THE UNITED STATES, in each
year since 1790. (.Official.)
$75,463,476 52
1839
Jan. 1 $11,983,737 53
77 227 924 06
1840
. . . . " 5 125 077 63
80,352,634: 04
1841
" 6,737,398 00
78,427,404 77
1842
. . . . " 15,028,486 37
80,747,587 38
1843
July 1 27,203,450 69
. 83.762,172 07
1844
. . .. " 24,748,188 23
82,064,479 33
1845
" 17,093,794 80
. . 79,228,529 12
1846
" 16,750,926 33
78,408,669 77
1847
" 38,956.f 23 38
. 82,976,294 P5
1848
... " 48,526,3~9 37
83,038,050 80
1849
Dec. 1 64,704,693 71
.. 80,712,632 25
1850
" 64.228,'-'38 37
77,054,686 '
1851
No V-.30 62,560,395 26
. 86,427,120 88
1852
. . ..Dec. 20 65,131.692 13
82,312,150 50
1853
July 1 67,340,628 78
. 75,723.2 68
185t
" 47,242,206 05
69,218,398 1-4
. 65,196,317 97
1855
1856
Nov. 17 39.969,731 05
" 15 30,963,9(19 64
57 03 1!'2 09
1857
.. ..Julyl 29,' 60,386 90
. . 53,173,217 52
1858
" 44,9 '0,777 66
. 48,005,587 76
1859
" 58,754,699 33
. 45,209,737 90
1860
" 64,769,703 08
55 962 827 57
1861
. . " 90 867 828 68
81,487,84624
99,833.660 15
1862
1863
" 514,211,371 92
" 1,098,793,181 37
.. . 127.334,903 74
1864
" 1,740690,48949
125,491,965 16
1865
" 2,682,593,026 53
. 103,466 (33 83
1866
" 2,783,425.879 21
95, r 29,648 28
. 94,015,566 15
1867
1868
" 2,692,199.215 13
" 2,636,320,964 67
89,987,427 1 6
1869
" 2,489,002.480 58
. 93,546,67li 98
1870
" 2,386,a58.599 74
90,875,87727
90,269,777 77
Jan. 1 83.788,43271
81,064,059 '.!)
1871
1872
1873
1874
Jan. 1 2,332,067,793 75
" 2,243,81-58.4)1 14
" X,l(i2.252.:?38 12
" 2,159,315.336 17
73,987,357 20
1875
" 2,142,598,:;02 02
67,4~5,04'> 87
1876
" 2,1 19,8152, i9."> 27
58 4?1 4i3 07
1877
.. .. " 2,092921.241 81
48,55,406 50
1878
" 2,045,955,442 79
39,1?3,191 f8
24,322,23518
7,001.032 ^8
187!)
1880
1881
" 2,028,648,111 09
" 2,011,798.504 87
Julyl I,ei9,850;130 00
4,760,081 08
351,28't C5
2!1,d8!t (i5
1.878.2:.':: ;'5
4,857,660 46
1882
1883
1881
1885
" 1,675,023,474 00
" 1,538,78 1.8;.-5 00
" 1.4:58.542,99500
Jan. 1 1,418,548,371 00
In the last nineteen amounts the cash in the Treasury is de-
ducted f ro_m the aggregate debt, and bonds issued in aid of the
Pacific Railroads are not included ; these amounted, on the first
day of January, 1885, to $107,870,475, including interest paid by
the United States.
MASON AND DIXON'S LINE is a popular term used to
signify the dividing line between the free and slave states. It
originated from the fact that the line between Pennsylvania
and Maryland and Virginia was surveyed by Charles Mason
and Jeremiah Dixon. Its more general application is due to John
Kandolph, of Koanoke.
46
THE WESTERN WORLD
POPULAR AND ELECTORAL VOTE at all Presi-
dential Elections since the Revolution are given in the
following tables. Until 1804 each elector voted for two candi-
dates for President ; the one receiving the highest number of
votes was elected President; and the next highest, Vice-Presi-
dent, provided he received a major'ty of the votes. New York,
North Carolina and Khode Island did not vote at the first election:
i
PARTY.
ANDIDATES.
VOTE.
Popular.
Elecotral.
1789
1792
1796
1800
1804
George Washington
69
34
9
6
6
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
4
132
77
50
4
1
3
71
68
59
30
15
11
7
5
3
2
2
2
1
73
73
65
64
1
162
14
John Adams
R H Harrison
John Rutledge
George Clinton
John Milton
[Jen jamin Lincoln
Edward Telf air
Federalist
Vacancies
George Washington
Federalist
John Adams
rtepublican
George Clinton
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
Federalist
Vacancies
John Adams
Federalist.
Thomas Pinckney ....
Republican
Aaron Burr
Samuel Adams
Oliver Ellsworth
George Clinton
John Jay .
George Washington ..
John Henry
S Johnson .
Charles C. Pinckney
Republican
Republican
Federalist
Federalist
Republican
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
Charles C. Pinckney
John Jay....
The election being a tie, tros
thrown into Congtess, and
Jeff erson chosen, with Burr as
Vice.
( Thomas Jefferson for P. 1
1 George Clinton for V.P. f
j Chas. C. Pinckney for P. I
( Ruf us King for V.P. )
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
47
i
t
PARTY.
CANDIDATES.
VOTE.
Popular.
o
01
W
1808
1812
1816
1820
1824
1828
1832
1836
Republican
j James Madison for P. i
1 George Clinton for V. P. )"
j Chas. C. Pinckney for P I
*( Ruf us King for V. P. J
j James Madison for P. I
j Elbridge Gerry for V.P. f
t De Witt Clinton f or P 1
'( Jared Ingersoll for V. P. f
j James Monroe for P. I
1 D. D. Tompkins for V.P. f
I Ruf us King for P.
{ John E. Howard for V.P. -
( and Scattering.
( James Monroe for P. )
1 D. D. Tompkins for V.P. f
I John Q. Adams for P.
-< Richard Stockton for >
( V. P. and Scattering. \
( Andrew Jackson for P. )
< Wm. H. Crawford for P. -
( Henry Clay for P.
John C. Calhoun for V.P. '
Nathaniel Macon for '
Andrew Jackson for "
Martin Van Buren for "
Henry Clay lor
j John Q Adams for P. I
( Nathan Sanford for V.P. f
Election thrown into House,
and Adams chosen, with CaL-
hmm as Vice.
j Andrew Jackson for P. )
(JohnC. Calhoun for V.P. f
j. J. Q. Adams for P. |
'I Richard Rush for V. P. f
j Andrew Jackson for P. 1
") MartinVan Buren forV.P J
j Henry Clay for P.
I John Sargent for V. P.
) John Floyd for P.
Henry Lee for V. P.
( William Wirt for P.
"( Amostllmaker for V. P.
j Martin Van Buren for P. I
( R. M. Johnson for V. P. j
f Wm . H. Harrison for P.
1 Hugh L. White for P.
1 Daniel Webster for P .
-{ W P. Mangum for P.
1 Francis Granger for V.P.
John Tyler for V. P.
1 William Smith for V. P.
122
47
131
89
183
34
231
8
99
41
37
182
24
13
9
2
84
30
178
83
219
49
11
7
170
147
73
26
14
11
77
47
28
Republican
Republican
Federalist
Republican
Opposition
Republican
Republican
Coalition
155,872
44,282
46,58',
105,321
Democratic
Nat. Republic..
Democratic
Nat. Rep
647,231
509,097
687,502
530,189
Independent . . .
Anti-Mason
Democratic
Whig...
761,549
736,656
48
THE WESTERN WORLD
1
r-l
PARTY.
CANDIDATES.
VOTE.
Popular.
Elcct'l.
1840
1844
1848
1852
1856
1860
1864
Whig
Election of Vice-President
tlirairti into Congress and
JolDivon chosen.
f Wm. H. Harrison for P. >
"/ John Tyler for V. P. (
( Martin Van Buren for P. ]
j R. M Johnson for V. P i
S. \V. Tazewell for V. P. |
I. James K. Polk for V. P. j
James G. Birney for P
\ James K. Polk for P. )
i George M. Dallas forV.P. f
i Henry Clay for P.
i T. Frelinghuysen f orV. P j
James G. Birney for P
( Zachary Taylor for P. I
i MillardFillmorofor V.P. f
i Lewis Cass for P.
/ Wm. O. Butler for V. P. f
i Martin Van Buren for P. i
i Charles F. Adams for V. P f
( Franklin Pierce for P )
/ \Vm. H. King for V.P.... J
i Winfleld Scott f or P .... i
~t Win. A. Graham for V.P. f
\ John P. Hale for P |
"l Geo. W. Julian for V. P. . j
( James Buchanan for P. . |
"i J.C.Breckenridge " V.P. j
( John C Fremont for P. . 1
't Wm. L. Dayton for V. P. f
Millard Fillmore for P. . . 1
"I A. J. Donelson for V. P. )
1,275,017
1,123,',02
234
60
48
11
1
170
105
163
127
254
42
174
114
8
180
39
233
213
21
Democratic
Liberty
7,059
1,337,243
1,299,068
62,300
1,360,101
1,220,544
291,203
1,601,474
1,386,578
J 56,149
1,838,1C9
l,34U't:4
874,534
1,866,352
845,763
589,581
1,375,157
2,216,067
1,808,725
Democratic
Whig
Liberty
Whig
Democratic. ...
Free Soil
Democratic ....
Whig
Free Democ
Democratic . . .
Republican
American
Republican. .
Democratic
Cons. Union
Ind. Democrat.
Republican
Democratic
't Hanibal Hamlin for V. P. |
J.C.Breckenridge for P. . )
Joseph Lane for V. P . . f
John Bell for P )
Edward Everett for V.P. f
Stephen A. Douglas for P. 1
H. V. Johnson for V. P. . f
(A Lincoln for P )
"( A. Johnson for V.P. ... \
t Geo. B. McClellan for P. . I
1 G. H. Pendleton for V.P. \
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida.
Georyia* Louisiana, Mi**i.---
sippi, North Carolina, Ten-
nessee, Texas ami Virginia,
did not vote.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
49
t>1
PARTY.
CANDIDATES.
VOTE.
Popular.
1
3
214
80
286
47
5
5
18
184
214
155
219
182
1868
1872
1876
1880
1884
Republican
Democratic... .
Republican
Dem. and Liber.
Democratic
Temperance
Republican
Democratic
Greenback
JUS Grant for P 1
3,015,071
2,709,613
3,597,070
2,834,079
29,408
6,608
4,033,950
4,284,885
81,740
9,522
4,449,053
4,442,035
307,306
4,838,319
4,844.061
208,553
150,335
J S. Coif ax for V. P. . f
j Horatio Seymour for P. . 1
1 F. P. Blair, Jr., for V. P. <j
Mississippi, Texas and Vir-
ginia did not vote.
(US. Grant for P . . . . f
|H Wilson for V P . .. j
1 Horace Greeley for P i
1 B. G. Brown for V. P... j
Vote of Georgia for Greeley,
and of Arkansas and Louis-
iana for Grant rejected.
j Charles O'Connor for P. . )
I G. W. Julian for V. P. j
t J. Black for P. . .. 1
1 A. H. Colquitt for V. P.. f
Votes opposed to Grant scat-
tered in Electoral College.
j R B. Hayes for P I
i Win. A. Wheeler for V.P. j
J S J Tilden for P . . I
1 T. A. Hendricks for V.P. f
j Peter Cooper for P I
Prohibition
Republican
Democratic
Greenback
i Green Clay Smith for P. . I
( James A. Garfield for P. )
'iC. A. Arthur for V. P... f
j W. S. Hancock for P 1
t W. H English for V. P. f
( J. B. Weaver for P 1
( B. J. Chambers for V. P. f
(S. G. Cleveland for P.... 1
1 T. A. HendrickP for V. P. j
t J G Blaine for P . . I
Democratic
Republican
Greenback
Prohibition
'\ J. A.Log-anforV. P.... f
* B. F. Butler for P i
) (
^ J. P. St. John f or P J.
50
THE WESTEUN WORLD
PORTRAITS ON UNITED STATES CURRENCY
AND POSTAGE STAMPS, and on legal tender (United States
notes): $1, Washing-ton; $2, Jefferson; $5, Jackson; 10, Webster;
$20, Hamilton; $50, Franklin; $100, Lincoln; $500, Gen. Mansfield;
81,000, De Witt Clinton; $5,000, Madison; $10,000, Jackson. On
silver certificates: $10, Robert Morris; $20, Commodore Decatur;
$50, Edward Everett; $100, James Monroe; 8500, Charles Sumncr,
and $1,000, W. L. Marcy. On gold notes: $20, Garflelcl; $50, Silas
Wright; $100, Thomas H. Benton; $500, A. Lincoln; $1,000, Alex-
ander Hamilton, $5,000, James Madison; 810,000, Andrew Jackson.
On postage stamps: 10 cent, Jefferson; 6 cent, Lincoln; 5 cent,
Garlield; 4 cent, Jackson; 2 cent, Washington; 1 cent, Franklin.
WARS OF THE UNITED STATES -COST AND
NUMBER TROOPS:
No. Troops.
Revolution ' 395,364
War of 1812 449,071
Mexican War lol,2S2
Civil War (Number Federal Troops). . . . 2,859,132
Cost.
$ 135,205,i;04
J09,15!i,:{o:j
101,235,000
6,189,929,908
UNION SOLDIERS LOST IN CIVIL WAR. -The fol-
lowing table shows the number of soldiers who lost their lives
in the Union armies during the rebellion, and the general causes
of their death. The figures are official:
Officers. Men. Aggregate.
Killed or died of wounds 6,365 103,673 1 10,038
Died of disease 2,795 221,79! 224,586
Drowned 106 4,838 4,944
Other accidental deaths 142 3,972 4,114
Murdered 37 587 024
Killed after capture 14 86 100
Committed suicide 26 365 391
Executed 367 267
Executed by enemy 4 60 64
Died from sunstroke 5 308 313
Other known causes 60 1,962 2,022
Causes not stated 28 12,093 12,121
Total 9,584 349,912 359,496
Number of deserters, 199,105; number taken prisoner, 212,842;
number died in prison, 28,258.
NUMBER OF CONFEDERATES LOST.-Died of wounds
or disease, 131,643; deserted, 94,362; killed in action, 49,482; taken
prisoner (including final surrender of all armies at end of war),
476,169 ; died in prison, 26,774.
THE FIRST MONEY COINED by authority of the
United States consisted of copper cents, which were issued in
1793. In 1794 silver dollars were coined, and in 1795 gold eagles.
In 1835 branch mints were established at New Orleans, Charlotte,
N. C., and at Dahlonega, Ga. Another was established at San
Francisco in 1854, and another at Carson City, Nev., in 1870.
COAL FIELDS OF THE WORLD:
United States 200,266 square miles.
Europe 34,000
Great Britain 6,195
British America 2,200
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
51
PRODUCTS, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. The value of
products, etc., of the United States are estimated as below:
Total value of products of industry 10,000,000,000
Average annual coal production 78,161,744
Average annual value exports merchandise 791,633,259
Average annual value imports merchandise 622,589,714
Average annual value exports of cotton 12,322,428
Average annual value imports cotton ma'f actures . 31,949,892
Total imports year ending June 30. 1885 577,476,085
" exports " " " " " 741,893,683
Exports of gold " " 8,477,892
silvo- " " 33,753,633
AREA AMERICAN COAL FIELDS:
Sq. miles.
Massachusetts I Anthracite <m
Rhode Island f Anthracite 300
Pennsylvania 470
Oregon 100
Pennsylvania Bituminous 12,656
Maryland 550
West Virginia 15,000
Virginia 225
North Carolina 45
Tennessee 3,700
Georgia 170
Alabama 4,300
Kentucky 13,700
Ohio " 7,100
Indiana 6,700
Illinois 30,000
Michigan 13.000
Iowa 24,000
Missouri " 2I,0KI
Nebraska 4,0i)0
Kansas 12.00
Arkansas " 12,OfsO
Indian Territory .. " 10,000
Texas 3,000
Oregon . ' 500
Washington Territory 750
West of Rocky Mountains 5,100
Total 200,266
To which may be added as recent formations Tertiary
Coals, Lignites, etc., mostly near Rocky Mountains 200,000
THE NUMBER OF INDIANS in the United States is
estimated at 360,000.
NICKNAMES OF CITIES of the United States are as
follows: Baltimore; "Monumental City"; Boston, "Hub of the
Universe," or " Modern Athens "; Brooklyn, " City of Churches ";
Buffalo, "Queen City of the Lakes"; Chicago, "Garden City";
Cincinnati, "Queen City"; Cleveland, "Forest City"; Detroit,
" City of the Straits "; Indianapolis, " Railroad City "; Kansas
City, "City of Bluffs"; Keokuk, la., "Gate City"; Louisville,
"Falls City"; Lowell, "City of Spindles"; Milwaukee, "(,'reain
City "; Nashville, "City of Rocks "; Now Haven, " City of Elms ";
New Orleans, "Crescent City"; New York, "Empire City," or
" Gotham "; Philadelphia, " City of Brotherly Love," or " Quaker
City "; Pittsburgh, " Iron City "; Portland, Me., " Forest City ";
Rochester, "Flour City"; Springfield, 111.. "Flower City"; St.
Louis, "Mound City"; Washington, "City of Magnificent Dis-
tances,"
53
THE WESTERN "WORLD
DISTANCES FROM NEW YORK to various cities of the
Union and other parts of the world, with the latest corrections,
will !>e found below:
Adrian, Mich 775
Akron, Ohio 610
Albany, X. Y 143
Alexandria, Va 238
Algiers, La 1,556
Allegheny, Pa 434
Allentown, Pa 93
Alton, 111 1,068
Annapolis, Md 222
Ann Arbor, Mich 716
Atchison, Kan 1,368
Atlanta, Ga 1,018
Auburn, N.Y 328
Augusta, Me 407
Augusta, Ga 887
Aurora, 111 951
Baltimore, Md 188
Bangor, Me 482
Bath, Me 382
Baton Rouge, La 1,320
Belfast, Me... 424
Belief ontaine, Ohio 6f>8
Binghamton, N. Y 215
Blackstone, Mass 272
Bloomington, 111 1,037
Boston, Mass 236
Bristol, R. I 215
Bucyrus, Ohio 632
Buffalo, N.Y 4:3
Burlington, N. J 74
Burlington, Iowa 1,122
Burlington, Vt 280
Cambridge, Mass 239
Camden, N. J 91
Canandaigua, N. Y 377
Carson City, Nevada 2,800
Chambersburg. Pa 246
Charleston, S. C 874
Charlestown, Mass 235
Chattanooga, Tenn 982
Chicago, 111 911
Chillicothe, Ohio . 645
Cincinnati, Ohio 754
Circleville, Ohio 640
Cleveland, Ohio 581
Columbia, S. C 744
Columbus, Ohio 624
Concord, N. H 308
Covington, Ky 755
Cumberland, Md.. 364
Davenport, Iowa 1,093
Dayton, Ohio 804
Denver City, Col 1,998
Des Moines, Iowa 1,251
Detroit, Mich 679
Dover, N. H 304
Dubuque, Iowa 1,100
Dunkirk. N. Y 460
Elmira, N. Y 274
Erie, Pa 508
Evansville, Tnd 1,026
Fall River, Mass 180
Fitchburg, Mass 218
Fort Kearney, Neb 1,598
Fort Wayne, Ind 763
Fredericksburg, Va 296
Galena, 111 1,083
Galesburg, 111 1,076
Galveston, Tex 1,900
Georgetown. D. C 2:23
Hamilton, Ohio ',W
Harrisburg, Pa 1S2
Hartford, Conn '. . . . 1 12
Hudson, N. Y 115
Indianapolis. Ind 838
Jackson, M iss 1,498
Jefferson City, Mo 1,210
Kalamazqo, Mich s22
Kansas City, Mo 1,307
Kingstown, N. Y 88
Lafayette, Ind 903
Lansing, Mich 785
Lawrence, Mass 2t;2
Leayenworth, Kan 1.3.SS
Lexington, Ky tvll
Lexington, Mo 1,354
Little Rock, Ark 1,430
Lockport, N.Y 507
Louisville, Ky 904
Lowell, Mass 261
Lynchburg. Va 40t
Macon, Ga 1,121
Madison, \Vis ],04!>
Memphis, Tenn 1.289
Milledgeville. Ga. ...:... 1,110
Milwaukee, Wis. 996
Mobile, Ala 1,370
Montgomery, Ala 1,193
Montpelier, Vt 4.">4
Nashua, N. H 275
Nashville, Tenn 1,088
New Albany, Ind 907
New Bedford, Mass 181
New Brunswick, N.J 32
Newburgh, N. Y 53
New Haven, Conn 76
New Orleans, La 1,550
Newport, Ky 744
Newport, R. 1 102
Norwalk, Conn 45
Omaha, Neb 1,455
Oswego, N. Y 237
Philadelphia 89
Pittsburg, Pa 445
Pittsfield, Mass 161
Portland, Me 341
Poughkeepsie, N. Y 76
Providence. R. I 189
Richmond, Va 343
Rochester, N. Y 37 1
Sacramento, Cal 3,1J
St. Louis, Mo 1,066
St. Paul, Minn 1,322
Salt Lake Cit y, Utah 2,476
GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK.
53
Mile*. Miles.
San Antonio, Tex 1,953 Trenton, N. J 58
San Francisco, Cal 3,273 Troy, N. Y 151
Savannah, Ga 913 Utica, N. Y 240
Springfield. Ill 1,033 Vicksburg, Miss 1,287
Springfield, Mass 139 Washington, D. C 328
Syracuse, N. Y 293 Wheeling, W. Va 511
Terre Haute, Ind 899 Wilmington, Del 118
Toledo, O 706 Worcester, Mass 193
BY WATER.
Place. Country. Aftfcs.
Alexandria Egypt 5,095
Amsterdam Holland 3,530
Bermudas West Indies 680
Bombay India -. 11,575
Bordeaux France . 3,334
Brussels Belgium 3,418
Cape of Good Hope Africa 6,810
Cape Horn South America 7.000
Constantinople Turkey 5,156
Copenhagen Denmark 3,650
Calcutta India 12,510
Canton China 14,115
< iil milter Spain 3,290
Glasgow Scotland 2,934
Halifax Nova Scotia 563
Havana Cuba 1,275
Lima Peru 11,312
Lisbon v Portugal 3.184
London England 3,376
Liverpool England 3,080
Madras British India 11,864
Naples Italy 4,327
Pekin China 15,325
Pernambuco Brazil. ... 4,926
St.John Newfoundland 786
St. Petersburg Russia 4,437
..Sandwich Islands 7,159
San Francisco California 18,843
Shanghai China 14,510
Stockholm Sweden 4,075
Valparaiso Chili 4,813
Vi-ra Cruz Mexico 2,185
Vienna Austria 4,095
Yokohama Japan 7,529
THE REVENUE RECEIPTS for 1885 will be about $110,-
000,000, and will be distribued about as follows: Alabama. $35 000;
Arizona, $2,750; Arkansas. S90.000; California, S3.300.000; Colorado;
$200,000; Connecticut, $425,000: Dakota, 810,000; Delaware, $21)0,000,
Florida, $173,000; Georgia. 575,000; Idaho, $2,500; Illinois. $25,000,-
000: Indiana, $5.600.000: Iowa, $2,750,000; Kansas, $167,000: Ken-
tucky, $15,000,000: Louisiana, $560.000: Maine, 50,000; Maryland,
So. 1.50,000; Massachusetts, 2,400,000; Michigan, $1,500,000; Minne-
sota, S500.000; Mississippi, $50,000; Missouri, $6,500,000: Montana,
S 125,000; Nebraska, $1,500,000; Nevada, $5,000: New Hampshire,
$375,000; New Jersey, $3,475,000; New Mexico, $70,000; New York,
.? 13,500,000; North Carolina, $1,600,000; Ohio, $13,500.000; Oregon,
?' 25,000; Pennsylvania. $7.500,000; Rhode Island, $130,000; South
Carolina, $93,000; Tennessee, $1,250,000; Texas, $225,000; Utah,
$4,500; Vermont, $30,000; Virginia, $3,000,000; Washington, $7,000;
West Virginia, $550,000; Wisconsin, $3,000,000; Wyoming, $1,500.
54
THE WESTERN WORLD
DISTANCES FROM WASHINGTON to various points
in an air line:
Miles. Miles.
Alexandria, Egypt 5,275 Manilla, Phil. Islands
Amsterdam, Holland 3,555
Athens, Greece 5,005
Aukland, N. Z 8,290
Algiers, Algeria 3,425
Berlin, Prussia 3,847
Berne, Switzerland 3,730
Brussels, Belgium 3,5 '5
Batavia, Java 11,118
Bombay, Hindostan 8,548
Buenos Ay res, A. C 5,013
Bremen, Pr 3,500
Constantinople, Turkey.. 4,880
Copenhagen, Denmark . . 3,895
Calcutta, Hindostan 9,348
Canton, China 9,000
Cairo, Egypt 5,848
Cape Town, Cape Colony. 6,684
Cape of Good Hope 7,380
Caraccas, Venezuela 1,058
Charlotte Town, P. E. I. . 820
Dublin, Ireland 3,076
Delhi, Hindostan 8,368
Edinburgh, Scotland 3,275
Frederickton, N. B 670
Gibraltar, Spain 3,150
Glasgow, Scotland 3,215
Halifax, N. S 780
Hamburg, Germany 3,570
Havana, Cuba 1,139
Honolulu, S. 1 4,513
Jerusalem, Palestine 5,495
Jamestown, St. Helena... 7,150
Lima, Peru 3,515
Lisbon, Portugal 3,190
Liverpool, England 3,228
London, England 3,315
City of Mexico, Mex 1,867
Montevideo, Uruguay 5,003
Montreal, Canada 471
Madrid, Spain 3,485
Moscow, Russia 4,466
Mecca, Arabia 6,598
Muscat, Arabia 7,600
Monrovia. Liberia ' 3,645
Morocco. Morocco 3,305
Mourzouk, Fezzan 5,525
Mozambique, Moz 7,348
Ottawa, Canada 462
Panama, New Granada... 1,825
Parana, A. C 4,733
Port au Prince, Hayti 1,425
Paris, France 3,485
Pekin, China 8,783
Quebec, Canada 601
Quito, Ecuador 2,531
Kio Janeiro, Bra/il 4,280
Home, Italy 4,365
St. Petersburg, Russia. . . . 4,296
Stockholm, Sweden 4,055
Shanghai, China 8,600
Singapore, Malay 11,300
St. Johns, N. F 1,340
San Domingo, S. D 4.300
San Juan, Nicaragua. . . . 1,740
San Salvador, A. C 1,650
Santiago, Chili 4,970
Spanisn Town, Jamaica.. 1,446
Sidney., C. B. 1 975
Sydney, Australia 8,963
St. Paul de Loanda 5,578
Timbuctoo, Soudan 3,395
Tripoli, Tripoli 4,425
Tunis, Tunis 4,240
Toronto, Canada 343
Venice, Italy 3,fc35
Vienna, Austria 4,115
Valparaiso, Chili 4,934
Vera Cruz, Mexico 1,680
Warsaw, Poland 4,010
Yeddo, Japan 7,630
Zanzibar, Zanzibar ... 7,078
THE MORTALITY OF CITIES in the United States is as
follows, the number following each city indicating the number
of deaths per year to the 1,000 of population: New York, 26; Phila-
delphia, 20; Chicago, 22; St. Louis, 20; Baltimore, 23; Cincinnati,
20; Louisville, 21; San Francisco, 19; Atlanta, 19; Washington, 22;
Pittsburgh. 22; New Orleans, 23; Brooklyn, 23; Boston, 22;
Savannah, 29; Charleston, 28; New Haven, 18; Salt Lake City, 20;
Providence, 20; Memphis, 28; Jacksonville, 26; Richmond, 25;
Cleveland, 21; Newark, 21; Milwaukee, 21; Mobile, 23; Nashville,
22; St. Paul, 25; Minneapolis, 25.
EXPENDITURES IN THE UNITED STATES are
approximately as follows: For liquor, $930,000,000; for bread,
$525,000,000; for meat, $312,000,000; for iron and other metals,
$365,000,000; for woolen goods, 8224,000.000; for cotton goods,
$198,000,000; for lumber, fc>35,000,000; for boots and shoes, 8197.000,-
000; for sugar and molasses, 55,000,000; for educational purposes,
$96,000,000.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
55
THE ORIOTN OF THE DOLLAR dates from July 6, 1785,
prior to which the English pound was used in the colonies. The
weight was fixed in August of the following year, and was based
on that of the old Spanish dollar. The first dollar ever issued
by any government was coined at Joachimsthall, in Bohemia.
IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 182O-1884.
Previous to 1820 no record of immigrants was kept, but the
whole number landed from the close of the Revolution to that
date, is put at about 270,000.
Year.
1830...
1821...
Immi-
grants.
8,385
.... 9,127
Year.
1837...
1838 ..
Immi-
grants.
... 79,340
... 38,914
Year.
1854. . .
1855. . . .
1856....
1857....
1858. . . .
1859. . . .
1860. ..
1861....
1 8 62....
183. . . .
1864....
1865....
1866....
1867. ..
1868
Immi-
grants.
...427,833
...200,877
...195,857
...246,945
...119,501
...118,615
. 150,237
. .. 89,724
.. 89,007
...174,524
. . . 193,195
...247,453
. ..167,757
..298,967
282 189
Year.
1871...
1872...
1873.
Immi-
grants.
..321,350
...404,806
459803
1822..
6,911
1839...
1840...
1841. .
1842. .
1843. .
. . 68,069
... 84,066
. . . 80,289
...104,565
. . 52 496
1823...
1824...
1825..
.... 6,354
.... 7,912
10,199
1874. .
1875. .
1876...
1877. .
1878. . .
1879. . .
1880...
1881...
1882. . .
1883. .
1884...
Total .
. . .313,339
.. 227,408
...169,986
...141,857
...138,469
...177,826
...457,257
...669,431
..788,992
...603,322
...518,592
1826 .
10,837
1827...
1828....
1829 ..
1830...
1831....
1&32...
1833....
1834...
18*5...
1836...
....18,875
....27,382
....22,520
....23,322
....22,6315
....60,482
....58,6*0
....65,365
....45,374
....76,242
1844. . .
1845. .
1846.
1847. . . .
1848. . . .
1849...
1850...
1851....
1852...
1853..
... 78,615
...114,371
...154,416
...234,968
...226,527
...297,024
. . .369,980
...379,466
...371,60:!
...368,645
1869. . . .
1870. . . .
...352,768
...387,203
.12,719,095
NATIONALITY OF IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED
STATES. Up to 1884 the countries named each contributed im-
migrants as follows:
England 946,872
Ireland 216,876
Scotland 168,113
Wales 21,643
Great Britain, not speci-
fied 561,914
Austria-H u ngary 72,492
Belgium 25,671
Denmark 51,605
France 341,716
Germany 3,509,128
China 274,381
Greece 712
Italy 79,673
Netherland 48,428
Poland 19,218
Portugal 11,104
Russia 41,213
Spain 29,694
Sweden and Norway. .. 698,114
Switzerland 89,807
Turkey 1,108
Total 8,915,502
NATURAL WONDERS OF THE UNITED STATES.-
Yosemite Valley, California, 57 miles from Coulterville. A valley
from 8 to ten miles long, and about one mile wide. Has very
steep slopes about 3,500 ft. high: has a perpendicular precipice
3,089 ft. high; a rock almost perpendicular, 3,270 ft. high; and
waterfalls from 700 to 1,000. Niagara FattxA sheet of water
three-quarters of a mile wide, with a fall of 175 ft. Natural
Bridge over Cedar Creek in Virginia: Mammoth Cave in Ken-
tucky; Yellowstone National Park in Montana; Peak* of Utter in
Virginia; Grand Menans Land in Maine; Mount Desert in Maine;
the Palitadea of the Hudson river; Great Salt Lake in Utah; Hot
Springs in Arkansas; the Royal Gorge, the Mount of the Holy
Cross, the Garden of the Gods in Colorado.
56
THE "WESTERN WORLD
CHTJRCH MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED STATES.
(OflBcial.)
DENOMINA-
TIONS.
Churches.
Ministers.
Members.
DENOMINA-
TIONS.
Churches.
Ministers.
Members.
Advent. 2d..
Adv 7th Day
Baptist
Bap.Anti-M.
" FreeWill.
" 7th Day..
" Six Prin.
Christian . . .
Congreg'n'l.
Dunkards
Brethren .
Epis. Prot..
Epis. Ref...
800
640
26,060
900
1,432
94
20
5,100
3,804
250
3,000
600
114
16,596
400
1,213
110
12
3,782
3,713
200
3,432
100
1,545
200
202
3,132
350
24,658
11,703
1,738
1,800
638
70.000
15,570
2,296,327
40,000
78,012
8,539
2,000
591,821
381,697
100,000
338,383
9,448
117,027
60,0(10
13,633
950,868
50,000
1,724,420
860,687
387,566
300,000
112,938
Me^th. Free...
Meth. Cong. . .
Meth. Prim. . .
Meth. Prot...
Meth. Welsh
Calvinistic. .
Meth. Wesley.
Moravian
Mormon
107
200
14
573
1,134
148
84
654
93
5.858
2,010
2,457
1(57
826
509
1,405
6,241
18
335
4,524
956
400
260
225
52
1,385
600
400
94
3,906
89
5,218
1,081
1,386
143
719
545
748
6,546
68
394
2,196
729
350
12,318
13,750
3,369
135,000
118,979
17,087
9,491
110,377
3,994
600,695
123,806
111,863
17,273
84,573
80,167
155,857
6,901,324
2,400
17,960
157,835
27,429
30,000
New Jerus'lm
(SwedTjrgn)
Presbyterian .
Presb. (South)
" Cum'bl'd
Presb. Ref....
Presb. United
Ref'd. Church
(Dutch)
Ref. Church . .
Rom. Catholic
Shaker
Evang. Ass.
Friends
Jews
1,576
392
260
5,5*3
300
17,935
4,942
381
629
388
Lutheran.. .
Mennonite. .
Method. Ep.
Method. Ep.
(South) . . .
Method. Ep.
African . . .
Method. Ep.
Afr. Zion.
Method. Ep.
Colored . . .
Unitar'n Con-
gregational.
United Breth.
in Christ
Universalist ..
Winebren'r's.
THE GREAT CANALS OF THE WORLD.-The Im-
perial Canal of China is over 1,000 miles long. In the year of 1861
was completed the greatest undertaking of the kind on the Euro-
pean continent, the Canal of Langedoc, or the Canal du Midi, to
connect the Atlantic with the Mediterranean; its length is 148
miles, it has more than 100 locks and about 50 aqueducts, and its
highest part is no less than 600 feet above the sea; it is navigable
for vessels of upward of 600 tons. The largest ship canal in
Europe is the great North Holland Canal, completed in 1825125
feet wide at the water surface, 31 feet wide at the bottom, and
has a depth of 20 feet ; it extends from Amsterdam to the Helder,
51 miles. The Caledonia Canal, in Scotland, has a total length of
60 miles, including three lakes. The Suez Canal is 88 miles long,
of which 66 miles are actual canal. The Erie Canal is 350J miles
long; the Ohio Canal, Cleveland to Portsmouth, 332; the Miami
and Erie, Cincinnati to Toledo. 291, the Wabash and Erie (aban-
doned) Evansville to the Ohio line, 374.
HEIGHT OF GREAT MOUNTAIN PEAKS.-Pike's
Peak, N. A., 14,000 ft,; Mt. Cervin, Europe, 14,835 ft.; Mt. Iztacci-
huatl, N. A., 15,705ft.; Mt. Kasbek, Europe, 16,500 ft. Mt, St.
Elias, N. A., 17,850 ft.; Mt. Chimborazo, S. A., 21,422 ft.; Mt.
Chumulari, Asia, 23,946 ft.; Mt. Kintchinjunga, Asia, 28,178 ft.;
Mt. Everest, Asia, 29,002 ft.; Mt. Dhawalagheri, Asia, 28,826 ft.;
Mt. Aconcagua, S. A. ,22,422 ft.; Mt. Elbruz, Europe, 18,514 ft.;
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 57
Popooatapetl Vol., N A.. 17,540 ft.; Mt. Blanc, Europe, 15,732 ft ;
Mt. Kosa, Europe, 15,150ft.; Mt. Fairweather N. A., 24,500 ft.;
Mt. LeGeant, Europe, J3.800 ft.
WINTER IN THE SOUTH.
. THE FIRST IRON FURNACE in America was at Fall-
ing Creek, a few miles below Richmond, Va., but on the opposite
side of the James. The works were beg-un in 1619, but in 1623 were
destroyed in an Indian massacre. They were never renewed, and
the next attempt to manufacture iron was made by Gov
bpottswood, near the present site of Fredericksburg, about 1726.
lo this the plantation of George Washington's father, Augustine,
contributed much ore.
58 THE WESTERN WORLD
THE
OF THE WORLD,
Their Areas, Populations, Characteristics, Governments and Rulers.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.-Area, 1,619,500 sq. miles; pop.,
ab>>ut 3,l ! 00,000; abounds in fertile plains, called pampas, with rich
alluvial soil four or five feet thick, formed by decay of vegeta-
tion; consists of 14 provinces; Buenos Ayres is the most im-
portant, pop. 500,000; capital city, Buenos Ayres, 200,000 pop.;
country sparsely populated. Population of Buenos Ayres largely
European, and immigration has increased enormously of late
years. Eminently a pastoral country, with about 18,000,000 cattle,
140,000.000 sheep; exports largely wool, hides and tallow. Twelve
lines of steamers run to Europe, the passage occupying 20 days;
miles of railway, 1,800; telegraph, 8,000; Atlantic cable com-
municates with London. Revenue, 1883, 31,230,749, derived from
import and export duties; expenditure, 832,694,490; national debt,
$134,672,500. The government is a federal republic, modeled on
the constitution of the United States, except that the ministry is
responsible to Congress. The laws are the same for all, native or
foreign; immigrants may naturalize or maintain their foreign
nationality. National Congress consists of a Senate and House of
Deputies; the executive power is entirely in the hands of the
president, who is held responsible for the acts of that department.
The president, Gen. Julio. A. Koca, was elected 1880 for seven
years, with a salary of 20,000.
AUSTRIA. Empire, called since 1867 Austro-Hungary; area,
240,000 sq. miles; pop., 1880, 37,741,413; comprises five countries,
each bearing the name of kingdom; largest city and capital,
Vienna, pop., 1880, 726,105. Population embraces several distinct
races, the most numerous being the German, numbering 9,000,000;
Slavic races, 16,500,000 Poles, Croats, Servians, Czechs, Moravians,
etc.; Magyars, or Hungarians, 5,500,000 ; Wallachians, 3,00<i,000 ;
Jews, 1,100.000; Italians, 515,000; Gypsies, 140,' 00. Two-thirds of
people Roman Catholics. Education compulsory on all children
from (5 to 12; there are 92 gymnasia, or higher schools, and 6
universities, while Hungary has 142 gymnasia and one university.
Agriculture chief pursuit; about 30JS engaged in trade or manu-
factures. The productive land of Austria is estimated at 89# of
its area; Hungary, 84;*. The great crop is grain, annual yield of over
400,000,000 bushels. Principal sea-port, Trieste, on the Adriatic.
Total imports, 1882, $336,000,000; exports. 8376,000,000. The legisla-
tive body, or Reichsrath, consists of a House of Lords nominated
by the emperor, consisting partly of life members and partly of
hereditary nobles; and a House of Representatives, 353 members,
elected by all citizens who possess a small property qualification.
Hungary has a Reichstag, consisting of a House of Magnates for
high officers and peers of the kingdom, and, r. House of Repre-
sentatives elected for three years. The sovereign (the Austro-
Hungarian emperor) is styled king in Hungary. Austria pays 70
and H ungary 3W toward the expenses of the empire. The budget
of 1883 summed up: receipts, $380,000,000; expenditures ubout the
same; public debt of empire, $1,097,978,118. The army, on a
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 59
peace footing, consisted in 1883 of 284,071 men and 16,635 officers;
military service compulsory for ten years. The navy in 1883 con-
sisted of 68 vessels (11 ironclads, 30 steam vessels), with 320 guns.
The emperor is Franz Joseph I; born 1830; crowned December
2, 1848.
BELGIUM. Kingdom ; area, 11,378 sq. miles; pop., 1880,
5,519,844; capital, Brussels, 164,598. Most of the people Roman
Catholics; 16,000 Protestants and 3,000 Jews. Revenue, 1884,
$63,287,880; expenditures, $65,374,150; public debt, 1884, 337,371,090.
Imports, 1888, $3:26,179,280; exports, 260,054,000. Army, peace
footing', 46,383. Railways in operation, 18e3, 2,634 miles, two-
thirds owned and managed by the government; miles of tele-
graph, 1882, 3,213. The great interests are agriculture and manu-
facturing. Belgium a gi-eat workshop. Education promoted by
government. King Leopold II, born 1835, called to throne De-
cember 10, 1865.
BOLIVIA. Republic; named in honor of Bolivar; area, 536,200
sq. miles; pop. estimated 2,400,000, including Indians; divided into 9
departments, each having a distinct governor. The goverment is
popular in form, three legislative chambers being elected for
tour years, eight years and for life. The president is elected for
life by a majority of the collective legislature. President,
Nicolas Campero, inaugurated June 30, 1880. The administra-
tion belongs holly to the ministry, which is responsible to the
Senate. Religion is free, the Roman Catholic being the prevailing
form. Public debt, 1881, 21,925,000; revenue, $2,527,515, 1883; one-
flfth was derived from customs, one-fifth from Indian tribute
and one-tenth from the sale of guano ; expenditure, $3,30(1.528.
Imports, 1881, $6,150,000; exports, $9,381,973. Bolivia abounds in
high plateaus suited to wheat, has much valuable timber; low*
lands clothed with tropical forests and swampy; climate varied;
coffee, cotton, sugar-cane, garden vegetables and fruits, staples.
Western Bolivia contains the highest mountains of the two
Americas, with frequent volcanoes. The Cordillera culminate in
the peak of Sorata, 24,800 feet high. The silver mines of Potosi,
famous for richness, have yielded over $1,600,000,000 since 1545.
Roads bad; railroads almost unknown, great natural difflcultjes
in the way of their construction.
BSAZIL. Empire; area, 3,287,964 sq. miles; pop. estimated at
12,500,100; largest of the South American countries; discovered by
Spaniards in 1500; a Portuguese possession, passed under Spanish
rule, but reverting to Portugal in 1640. The legislative power is
vested in a Senate of 58 members elected for life and a Chamber
of Deputies, 123 members, chosen for four years by direct suf-
frage. The executive power is vested in the emperor (now Don
Pedro II, Alcantara, born 1825, called to throne 1831) and his
ministers and secretaries of state. Divided into twenty provinces,
comprising 642 municipalities, each having a council chosen
directly by citizens. Public debt about $431,584,400, of which
$85,000,000 is paper money; revenue, 1884, $66,524,700, more than
one-half custom duties, and one-sixth fi-om export duties; the
expenditure in 1884 was $75,727,168. The army consists of 11,333
men, raised to 32,000 on a war looting; the naval force embraces
35 stetun vessels, with 123 guns and 5,704 seamen. Free public
schools supported by state exist; in some provinces instruction
compulsory. Roman Catholic religion estaolished; other forms
tolerated if practised privately; dissenters enjoy civil rights.
There are 23 lines of steam vessels, besides the North American
Line, between Brazil and New York. The imports, 1884, $9U,354,-
860; exports, chiefly coffee, hides and sugar, $108,354,900. By a
decree of 1867 the Amazon opened to the trading ships of all
nations. Ill 1874 submarine telegraph cable was completed from
60 THE WESTERN WORLD
Europe. Roads bad ; railways rapidly extending by state and
private enterprise; miles of railway, over 2,000.
CANADA. DOMINION OF. Confederate government, em-
bracing British North American Provinces of Ontario, Quebec,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British Columbia, North-
west Territory, Vancouver's Island, and Prince Edward Island.
Has a representative Parliament, meeting annually at Ottawa,
the capital ; senators, 77 in number, nominated for life, by sum-
mons of Governor-General ; House of Commons, 206 members,
elected by the people for five years ; right of suffrage subject
to property qualification. The Governor-General, appoint.-, 1,
1883, is the Marquis of f-ansdowne. salary, S50,OCO. Debt, 1883,
$302,159,104. Revenue, 1883. $35,7^4,650, derived from customs, ex-
cise, public works, including railways and canals and postoffice.
Expenditure, 1883, $28.730,157. Population, 1881, 4,352,080. In-
dian population, 99,1550. Miles railway, 1885, 9,066; miles under
construction, 2,^99.
CHILI. Republic; area, 124,084 square miles; population esti-
mated 2,5'JO,000, including about 50,000 Indians; a mountainous
country subject to earthquakes ; has almost every variety of
climate, its long, narrow territory extending from the hot deserts
near the equator to the cold and wet region within twelve degrees
of the Antarctic Circle. One-quarter of the country is near the
level of the sea, while the great Andes range of mountains rise to
a mean elevation of 11,840 feet, the highest peak (Aconcagua)
being 22,427 feet; originally a Spanish settlement: became in-
dependent in 1810-'17. Legislative power is in a National Con-
gress composed of 37 members, elected for six years, and a
Chamber of Deputies, 109 members, for three years. Suffrage
universal to citizens able to read and write and paying a small
annual tax. The executive power resides in a President, elected
for five years, a council of state and five cabinet ministers, hav-
ing salaries of S6,000 each. President Domingo Santa Maria,
elected 1881, salary $18,000. Debt in 1884, $87,044.520. Revenue,
1884, 844,160,120, one halt' from customs and monopolies. Ex-
penditure, 8*6,530,550. Exports, $71,374,126, 1882. Imports, $53,-
602,214. Agriculture flourishes. About 802 of entire surface
desert, pasture or forests, with only 20 arable land. Wheat the
most important product, crop averages over 10,000,000 bu. Rich
in gold, silver and copper. Army, 1883, 13,926 men. Navy. 22 steam
vessels, manned by 2,225 men. Education largely aided by gov-
ernment, which supports 810 schools through the country, besides
iyceums and the University of Chili, with 700 students, 37 profes-
sors, and free instruction. Roman Catholic religion recognized
by constitution, but public profession of other forms tolerated.
CHINA. Empire; area, 4,560, 107 sq. miles: pop. 375,000,000 (esti-
mated) ; has of late years opened diplomatic and commercial in-
tercourse with other nations. It includes Tibet, Mongolia and
Manchuria, besides China proper: the country abounds in nu-
merous rivers, forming the chief highways of the empire. The
government despotic, Emperor absolute; present Emperor
Kwang SU, born 1871, called to throne 1875. Civilization the
most ancient in the world ; comparatively unknown to Europe
and America; the exclusiveness sjowly giving way. The em-
pire now sends ministers to the United States, England. France,
Germany, Russia, Spain, the West Indies and Japan. Fourteen
of its numerous ports open to foreign trade. Imports. 1882,
?1 16,572,842; exports, 101,005,269. Silk and tea make up three-
fourths of the exports, while opium and cotton goods constitute
two-thirds of the imports. Revenues estimated at $121.5(10,000.
Public debt unknown. One foreign loan of 89,750,000 at 8jf, re-
GUIDE AND HAND- BOOK. 61
cently contracted, and guaranteed by the customs receipts.
Army, 270,000 men, organized after the European custom. On
paper 800,000 Chinese arid 271,000 Manchoos. The navy embraces
56 vessels. Miles of railroad, 6.
COLOMBIA (the United States of ). Republic; includes a
large part of New Granada ; area 320,635 sq . miles ; pop. 3,300,000
whites : 10,000 Indians. Present political organization dates from
1863. Largest city, Bogota (capital), pop. 50,000. Panama 20,000 pop.
Legislative power vested in a senate of 27 members, and a rep-
resentative chamber of 61, elected by general suffrage. The
executive power is exercised by a president chosen for two years
by the people of the different states, and by four ministers.
President, E. Nunez, elected, 1884. Revenue, 1383, $6,244,000, two-
thirds from customs. Expenditure, 6.744,000, 1883. Debt, $21.-
fH,527, 12S3. Imports, 18f\3, $10,032,500. Exports, 85,625,000. Cof-
fee, cotton, tobacco and cinchona bark chief exports. Agricult-
ure the leading industry. Two railways in operation. Panama
line across the Isthmus, 46 miles, belong the principal one. Tele-
graphs, 1,820 miles. No navy. Army 3,000 men. Education
recently much improved, in hands of the state which requires
compulsory instruction ; general public subsidizes the states
to maintain schools. Religious freedom prevails. No state
church. Predominant religion Roman Catholic.
COSTA RICA. Republic; area,2l,495 sq.miles; pop.(estimated
215,000, mostly Spanish descent. Contains six provinces. Gov-
ernment vested in a President elected for 4 years, two vice-presi-
dents and four ministers. President, Prospero Fernandez, elected
18*2. The legis'ative power is in a congress of deputies chosen
for 4 years. Revenue, 1883, 81,607,425, one-third from monopoly
of tobacco and brandy by the government, the rest from customs
and various taxes. Expenditure, $2,504,130. Debt, 16,950,000.
Exports, 1880, 84,134,920, coffee alone, $3,728,000. Imports,
$3,140,961, chiefly manufactures. Standing army, 900. Militia,
];,:!7u men, all between age of 15 and 30. State religion Roman
Catholic. Religious liberty guaranteed by the constitution. Soil
extremely fertile. Vast forests of mahogany, ebony, Brazil-
wood, and India-rubber trees. Climate fosters almost all fruits
of the tropic and temperate zones, about 1,100 square miles un-
der cultivation. Railways, 105 miles ; telegraphs, 451 miles.
CUBA. A colony of Spain, area, 72,000 sq. miles; population
estimated, 1,750,000, half blacks and enfranchised slaves. Island
governed by a Captain-General, appointed by the Spanish crown.
Staple is sugar, of which 450,000 to 600,000 tons are annually ex-
ported, two-thirds to the United States, besides 4,000,000 to 5,000,-
000 gallons of molasses.
DENMARK. Area, 14,553 sq. miles; population, 1880,2,096,400.
Constitutional kingdom. Climate is like that of Scotland. Mean
annual temperature 47 deg. at Copenhagen. Constitution vests
the legislative power in the Rigsdag, consisting of a Folkething,
102 members, and a Landsthing. 66 members. Folkething elected
for three years by universal suffrage, Landsthing for eight years
bv electoral districts, except 12 members nominated for lite by
the King. King, Christian IX, born 18i8. Called to throne, 1863.
Seven ministers. Receipts, $13,674,025: $8,300,000 from indirect and
$2,300,000 from direct taxes. Expenditure, $14,808,805; debt, 1883,
$64,786,910. Army (recruited by conscription), a5.727 men; reserve,
15.258. Navy. 1882, included 33 steam vessels, 230 guns and 29 sail
vessels. Imports, 1881. 864,744,310; exports, $51,576,810, chiefly
grain and provisions. There are 1,105 miles of railway, two-
thirds operated by the state. Government telegraph. 2,283 miles.
62 THE WESTERN WORLD
Established church Lutheran, Protestant; Roman Catholics
tolerated in Scandinavia. Lutherans, 1883, 1,777,000; Jews, 4,30u;
Baptists, 3,200; Mormons, 2,200; Roman Catholics, 1,800. Education
compulsory.
ECUADOR. Republic, traversed by the equator, from which
it takes its name; area, 2i8,312 sq. miles; population, 1,500,000, in-
cluding Indians; capital,Quito, population, 80,000; Guayaquil, prin-
cipal seaport, 26,OuO. Quito is the loftiest inhabited city, y,. r >00
feet above the sea. Country traversed by the two vast mountain
ranges of the Cordilleras, reaching to a height of 38,000 feet;
many volcanoes and mountains divided by magnificent valleys.
Cotopaxi and Chimborazo famous peaks. Government vested in
a President, chosen by 900 electors appointed by popular vote.
President, J. M. P. Caamayno, elected, 1883; Vice-President,
who is Minister of the Interior, and three other cabinet officers.
The Congress consists of a Senate of sixteen, and a House of
thirty members, chosen by popular suffrage. Army l,20u men.
Navy three small steamers. Revenues, 1883 (half from customs),
$3,050,000 ; expenditures, $3,688,000. Debt, 1883, $16,125,000. Roads
almost unknown, mostly mere mule tracks. All transportation
is on the backs of mules or by hand. Miles of railway, 75. Prin-
cipal export, cacao, $4,539,641, out of a total of $7,193,645; im-
ports, $6,000,000. Religion, Roman Catholic. Education is in the
hands of the clergy, with about 600 schools, one university and
several colleges.
EGYPT. Dependency Gf Turkey; area, 1,152.948 sq. miles;
population 18,000,000 (estimated), including Nubia and Soudan.
Imports, 1881, $35,554.340; exports, $68,423,100. Executive power
absolute, in hands of the Khedive, a prince tributary to the
Sultan. Largest city Cairo, 349,883 inhabitants. Revenue, 1881
(estimated), $52,^21,350; expenditures, $51,930,400. Debt, $508,625,-
840. Army, 15,000 men; navy, 14 vessels. Railways in 1882, 942
miles; telegraphs, 5,260 miles.
FRANCE.-204,030 sq. miles; population 1881, 37,682,048. Leg-
islative power vested in a Corps JLeffislatif, consisting of a Senate
of 300 members, 225 of whom are chosen for 9 years by the de-
partments and the colonies, and 75 for life by the National Assem-
bly; and a Chamber of Deputies, now 532 irembers, elected by
universal suffrage, one deputy to each 100,000 inhabitants. Sal-
ary of Senators and Deputies, $1,800. Every Frenchman of 21
years has the right to vote, and there were in 1876, 9,948,070 legal
voters. Executive power is vested in a President, elected for
seven years by a joint assembly of the Senate and the Chamber
of Deputies; salary, $120,000 and $32,480 for household expenses:
has power to dissolve Chamber of Deputies upon the advice of
the Senate. President, F. P. Jules Grevy, elected 1879. The min-
istry consists of nine members, responsible to the Chambers for
conductor the government. President responsible only in case
of high treason. France is divided into 87 departments, subdi-
vided into 362 " arrondisements," 2,865 "cantons," and about 36,-
000 " communes." The President appoints a prefect for each de-
partment, who is head of the police, issues local decrees, superin-
tends tax collection and represents the government as general
agent, assisted by a council elected by the people. Funded debt,
$4,750,337,109; floating debt, $65,000,000. Revenue, 1883, *713,718,598;
expenditure, $712,542,421. Imports, 1883, $1.028,496400; exports,
$752,215,000. Miles of railway Jan. 1, 1883, 18,023. Revenues de-
rived chiefly from excise and stamp taxes. Army, 503,000 men in
peace and 19,057 officers, costs about $115,000,000 per annum.
Every Frenchman of 20 years owes five years active service with
slight exemptions. Navy, 302 vessels, 1,758 officers, and about
60,000 marines. Roman Catholic Church most powerful. Pro-
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 63
vision is marte for public instruction, every commune having to
maintain primary schools. Education neither gratuitous nor
compulsory. Half the people engaged in agriculture, and the
multitude of small lauded proprietors is great; 9,000,000 land
owners; value of land under tillage varies from $105 to $323 per
acre.
GERMANY. Empire area; 208.624 square miles; pop., 1880,
45,194.172. It is a union of 25 sovereign states, consisting of 4
kingdoms, 6 grand duchies, 5 duchies, 7 principalities, and 3 free
towns. Alsace-Lorraine, ceded by France, 1870-71, forms a 26th
member, but is governed by imperial authority. Germany is a
constitutional monarchy, the Emperor (VVilhelm I, born 1799;
crowned 1871) exercising imperial power in the name of the 25
confederate states. The Bundesrath, or federal council, has 59
members appointed for each session by the government of the
several states. The Reichstag, or House of Representatives, has
397 members, elected for 3 years by universal suffrage every
German of 21 years being an elector. The sessions of the legisla-
ture are annual, and every law must receive a majority of the
whole number of members of both houses, and the sanction of
.e Emperor. Revenue, 1884, $147,704,8*5; half from customs,
one-third excise on sugar, salt, tobacco, spirits and malt, and re-
mainder from various sources. Expenditure, .$147.ti ( .r>,8Wi; $90,-
600.000 for army. Debt, 99.000,000 funded, 38,000,000 floating.
Army on peace footing, 445,402 men. Military service compulsory
upon every German capable of bearing arms. Navy 86 vessels, 965
ollicers and 15,000 men. Education compulsory ; number schools,
60,000. There are SOU gymnasia for preparatory training for tiie uni-
versities; of the latter there are 21, with 1,913 professors. Popula-
tion embraces about 27 ,000,000 Protestants, 15,000,000 Roman Catho-
lics, and 500,000 Jews. Imports. 1883, $822,719,125; exports, $833,874,-
365; miles railroad, 21 ,693; 11,000 miles worked by the government.
Miles of telegraph lines, 41,411. Postal and telegraphic depart-
ments managed by the government.
GREAT BRITAIN. Kingdom, embraces England, Wales,
Scotland, Ireland and the Channel Islands, area 121,571 sq. miles:
pop. ,1881, 35,240633; has also immense landed possessions in all
parts of the globe; its colonies in Asia, chiefly British India, em-
brace over 250,000,i'00 inhabitants, in America over 5,000,000, and
in Australia 2,700,000. Legislative power is in Parliament, which
holds for 7 years unless sooner dissolved by royal proclamation.
The House of Lords (537 members in 1880) consists of 5 peers of
the Queen's family, 2 archbishops and 21 bishops, 201 dukes, mar-
quises, earls and viscounts, 261 barons, 16 Scottish and 28 Irish
representative peers ; all of these but the last named hold for
life. The House of Commons consists of 658 members elected by
limited suffrage, of whom 40 constitute a quorum to do business;
members of Parliament receive no salary. Executive govern-
ment nominally in the Crown, is practically in the Cabinet, con-
sisting of 13 members, whose tenure of office is dependent upon
their measures commanding a majority in the House of Com-
mons. At the head of the Cabinet is the First Lord of the Treas-
ury, known as the Premier or Prime Minister; he dispenses the
patronage of the Crown, his colleagues being appointed at his
recommendation. Revenue, 1884, $436,025,920; expenditure.
4:u,997,820, of which $157,000,000 was for the army and navy.
PubMcdebt, 1884. $3, 732, 110,820. Imports, 1884, $2,i:H,457,895; ex-
ports, $1. 527, 1*5,1550. Army, 1883, 181,971 men, 7,199 officers, 136,778
militia and 102,810 volunteers. Navy, 246 vessels. Miles railroad,
1883, 18.457; telegraph, 27,103 miles, owned and operated by the
government. Expenditure for elementary schools, $20,000,000 in
1883. England abounds in iron, tin and coal mines, the product of
pig iron amounting to about $80,000,000 per anuum, and of coal
64 THE WESTERN WORLD
about 8230,000,000. Textile industries are of enormous extent,
employing nearly 1,000,000 hands ; the metal manufacturers come
next, employing 650,000 hands. Agriculture excellent. The land
held by a small number of proprietors. Established church
Episcopal, in Scotland, Presbyterian. In Ireland no church is
now established by law. A free-trade country. Queen, Victoria
I, born 1819 ; crowned, 1837.
GREECE. Kingdom; area, 20,018 sq. miles; pop. 1879, 1 970,433.
Governed by George I, born 1815, elected king 1863. Legislative
power vested in a Parliament of a single chamber of 187 deputies,
elected for4 years by universal suffrage. Revenue, 1884, $16,340,-
000, a third from customs. Expenditure $14,967,fOO. Debt $90,-
496,660,1884. Imports, 1881, $19,586,270; exports $12,091,160, prin-
cipally raisins, currants and olive oil. Army 29 .368 men, capable
of increase to 2UO.OOO in war. Navy has 11 steamers and 10
sailing vessels. Commercial marine 5,001 vessels. Greece has
only 7)4 miles of railway, from Athens to the ^'"aeus, and 2,916
miles of telegraph. Post-offices, 415.
GUATEMALA. Republic ; area, 44,800 sq. miles ; pop., 7872,
1,197,054, of which 360,608 were whites and 830,146 Indians; rev-
enue in 1883, $6,725,000, one-third imports ; expenditures. $6,625,-
000; debt, $8,203,060; imports, 1884, $2,6:30,^00: exports, $3,716,240,
1884, principally coffee. Miles of railway, 105 ; and ones is com-
menced traversing the republic from the Caribbean Sea to the
Pacific. Miles of telegraph, 1,100,' operated by the government.
Public instruction is cared for by the government ; army 2,180
men ; no navy. Capital, Gautemala, 59,000 inhabitants, finest city
in Central America. Executive power vested in a president and
cabinet of 4 ministers. Legislative power is in a National
Assembly.
GTTIAN A. Climate hot. Principal products, sugar, rum and
molasses and fine woods. BritishGuiana--86,OOOsq.miles,with 248,110
inhabitants in 1879 is divided into Essequibq. Demerara, and Rer-
bice ;
Gee
Si 1 'I :
capital, Cayenne, on Fhe island of the same name.which is a French
penal settlement. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, lies between Brit-
ish and French ; area 45,000 sq. miles; pop. 68,255, four-fifths of
whom are negroes ; capital, Paramaribo.
H A YTI. republic; area estimated 8,000 sq. miles; pop. 550,000,
nine-tenths negroes, the rest chiefly mulattoes. Language
French. State religion Catholic. Legislative power is in an
assembly and a president, chosen for four years. President, Gen.
Salomon. Revenue, 1882, $5,875,000, three-fourths from duties on
imports and exports. Expenditure, $5,689,000 ; debt, $14,000,000.
Army 6,828 men ; navy 2 steam corvettes with 8 guns. Imports,
1881, $7,283,621; exports, $6,240,460, chiefly coffee, cotton and
cocoa.
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. Kingdom ruled by Kalakaua I.
Area, 6,000 sq. miles; pop. 42,000. Sugar chief product.
HONDURAS. Republic ; area, 58,168 sq. miles ; pop. 876,410.
Governed by a president (Luis Bogran, elected 1883), a sinsrle
minister, and an assembly of 37 representatives. Revenue, 1882,
$1,120,000, a third from customs and about a third from monopo-
lies. Expenditure nearly same. Debt, $31,000,000. Exports,
GUIDE AND II AX D- BOOK. 65
81.305,000. Army about 1,500 men. One line of railway 56 miles
long; 1,000 miles of telegraph. Education prominent.
ITALY. Kinsdom : area, 114.380 sq. miles; pop., 1881,
2S.450.-151, 2tj,5,v>7!t Catholics. Divided into 69 province's. C,.,v-
ernment a constitutional monarchy, with a senate of 270 mem-
bers appointed for life, and a chamber of 508 deputies elected by
general suffrage. Absolute freedom of the press prevails. The
government supports education, which is compulsory and free.
Agriculture,' silk, cotton, woolen and straw manufactures chief
pursuits. Italy abounds in populous cities, of which Naples,
450,804, is the largest, and Rome, the capital, has 303 383. Revenue,
1883, 8307,545.000; expenditure, $311,135,315; debt, $2,201,903,485 ;
imports, 1883, 276,172,130; exports, $289,782,259, of which silk
made 56,000,000. Standing- array, 750.7(55 ; militia, 553,005 ; navy,
72 vessels with 339 guns ; 5,324 miles of railway in 1882, and 16.753
miles of telegraph. Umberto I, King, born, 1844; crowned, 1878.
JAPAN. Empire, ruled by a Mikado.aided by a great council,
and without a legislative body ; area, 146,013 sq. miles ; pop., 1882,
oc;.',OU,U8 Revenue, 1883, 863,319,140, four-flfths from land tax;
expenditures, $62,648,390; debt, 270,545,K21. Army 36,777 men in
Is--.', navy 27 steam vessels with 5,551 men. Imports, 1&83, 29,168,-
OH ; exports, $37,235,775, one-half raw silk. Railroads, 220 miles ;
telegraphs, 4,733 miles; postofflces, 5,094. Mikado, Mutsu Hito,
born, 1852 ; crowned 18(57.
MEXICO. Republic; area, 741, 5P8 sq. miles; pop., 1877, 9.389,-
401 : divided into 27 states, besides Lower California and the federal
district; governed by a president elected for 4 years (President,
Porfirio Diaz, elected 18S3).ascnateof 56memberschosen fort; years
and a house of deputies of 331 members for 2 years. The chief
justice of the supreme court, elected for C years, is vice-president.
Each state has local constitution, -with elective governors and
legislatures. Language, Spanish; Catholic religion predominates,
though all are equally protected; 4,000 public schools ; railways
rapidly extending, about 3,200 miles in operation. The country ia
rich in agriculture and mineral wealth, vast table-lands, varying
from 3,(JOO to 5,000 feet in elevation, producing almost every
variety of grain and vegetables, while in the warmer regions
oranges and other tropical fruits grow profusely. Coffee and
cotton are largely cultivated. The northern states are full of vast
herds of cattle and sheep. Manufactures are poorly developed;
commerce increasing. Imports, $30.27 1,000; 'exports, $40,875,000.
Navigable rivers rare. Revenue, 1884, 36,060.000, 12,500.000 was
from custom duties; expenditure, 33,316,630; public debt, 144.700,-
000 to $395,500,000. Army, 22,330 men ; the navy, 8 small gunboats.
Capita', Mexico, built in 1521, on Lake Tezcoco, 7,435 feet above
the sea level; pop., about 250,000.
NETHERLANDS. Kingdom; area, 12.727 sq. miles; pop.,
1880, 4,060,580, nearly all natives of Holland. Revenue, J883,
44,464,919; expenditure, 55,966.396; debt, 1883, 8376,908,500. Army,
1883, 65,113 men ; navy, 1880, 165 vessels, 503 guns and 5,197 men.
Imports, 1883, S3l0,83,039 ; exports, 300,824,984. Railways, 1883,
1,390 miles, half managed by the state; telegraphs, 2,582 miles.
Post-offices, 1,300. King, William III, born 1817; crowned 1849.
NIC ARAGTT A .Republic; area, 58,000 sq. miles; pop., 3CO,000
(estimated), one-half Indians; largely covered with forests of
mahoganv, rosewook and dye-woods. Country distracted by
internal dissensions. Governed by a president elected for 4 years,
a cabinet of 4 ministers, a senate of 10 members and an assembly
66 THE WESTERN WORLD
of 11 representatives. Revenue, 1882, $1,624,180; expenditure,
rather more; debt of $1,128,274. Exports, $4,022,000; imports,
$3,362,000. Principal exports, coffee, elastic gum and gold and
silver bullion. President, Adam Cordenas, elected 1883.
PARAOrTT AY. Republic; area, 91,980 sq. miles; pop. in 1876,
293,844; has no cities and almost without civilization. Language
is chiefly Indian, mixed with a little Spanish. Government,
though nominally republican, under control of Brazil. The
country owes $236,000,000. Revenue, Ib82, 8*50.000; expenses,
$313,429. Imports, 1882, $1,278.000; exports, $1,812,000. Army, 500
men. Railway, 45 miles; telegraph lines, same length. President,
General B. Caballero, elected 1882.
PERSIA. Ruled by Shah, with obsolute power over all
subjects within the limits of the Mohammedan religion. Through
his direction the executive powers are exercised by a Ministry
of seven departments. Shah, Nassr-ed-Din, crowned 1848. The
whole revenue of the country is at his disposal.
PERTT. Republic; area, 432,297 sq. miles; pop. in 1876, 3,050,000.
Governed, under a constitution, by a president chosen for 4 years
(Gen. Caceres), a senate of 44, and a house of representatives of 110
members. Revenue, 1879, $66,90u,00(); expenditures, $68,600,000; debt,
$241,340,684. The revenue is chiefly derived from the sale of
guano and the nitrate of soda. Imports, 1879, $24,000,000; exports,
$31,000,000; army, 4,670 men, 1,000 gendarmes and 1,200 vigilantes.
There were J,750 completed miles of railway and 600 more in con-
struction in 1879. Silver largely mined, annual product 4,000,000.
Soil fertile, producing cotion, sugar, grapes and olives, while the
forests abound in the cinchona-tree, which yields the precious
Peruvian bark, or quinine. Capital, Lima; population in 1876,
101,488.
PORTUGAL. Kingdom; area, 34,595 square miles; popula-
tion, 1878,4,348,551. The legislative power is in a cortes with a
chamber of 100 peers, appointed for life by the king, and a cham-
ber of deputies, 149, elected by the people. Revenue, 1884, 834,661,-
150; expenditure, $35,051,907; debt, J883, 8490,828.642. Imports, 1882,
$26,950,000, exports, 818,1.98,000. Army, 1883, 33,994; navy, 44 ves-
sels, with 156 guns and 3,470 men. Railways in 1879, 750 miles;
telegraphs, 2,300 miles; postoffices, 903; king, Luis I, born 1838,
crowned 1861.
RUSSIA. Empire; area, 8,138,541 sq. mile; population, 98,356,-
100. Revenue, 1883, 8450,375,3^5; expenditure, $459,063,204; debt,
1885, $3,754,866,210. Army, 1883, 780,081 men ; navy, 389 men-of-war
with 561 guns. Imports, 1882, 8224,100.000; exports, 460,150,000.
Railways in 1882, 15,885; telegraphs, 69,412 miles. Postoffices, 4,521.
Emperor, Alexander III., absolute, born 1845 ; crowned, 1881.
SAN SALVADOR. Republic; area, 7,226 sq. miles; popula-
tion in 1878, 482,422. Governed by a president elected for four
years, a ministry of 5 meml>ers and a congress of 12 senators and
24 deputies, elected for 2 years. Suffrage is universal, except for
servants and persons without legal occupation. Education mod-
erate. Roman Catholic religion recognized, others protected.
Army, I,0t0 men. Revenue, 188 i, 84,0(^,300; expenditure, 84,200,-
000; debt, $2.078,855 ; imports, 1883. $3,017,210; exports, $5,22J,720,
one-half indigo, and one-third coffee. President, Rafael Z. Laso,
elected 1876.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 67
SWITZERLAND. Republic; area, 15,908 sq. miles; popula
lation, 18#0, 2,831,787. Legislative body consists of a national
council of 141 members', or 1 to every 20,000 inhabitants, elected
for three years, and of a council of states of 44 members, two for
each canton. The executive power is in a federal council, chosen
for three years by the federal assembly, and in a president of the
Swiss confederation, elected for one year by the federal assembly
from the members of the federal council. Revenue, 1883, 8,667,-
060; expenditure, $8,556,940; debt, 86,120,780. Army (all men
between 22 and 32), 119,440, besides the landwehr, comprising all
between 33 and 44, 91,595 in 1880. Railways, 1,735 miles ; telegraphs,
4.020 miles. Postoflices, 2,874. President, Dr. K. Schenk, elected
18S5.
SIAM. The legislative power exercised by King, in conjunc-
tion with Supreme Council of State and Council of Ministers.
The royal dignity hereditary. King Chulalonkorn I . succeeded
to the throne m 1868.
SWEDEN AND NORWAY. Kingdom ; King, Oscar IT,
born 1829, crowned 1872. United under one dynasty. Sweden,
170,927 sq. miles ; population, 1881, 4,565,668. Revenue, 321,894,760 ;
expenditure, 21,638,41-0 ; debt, 1883, 66,372,410 ; army, 40,548 men ;
navy, 42 steamers and 97 small vessels, with 218 guns. Imports,
1881,879,180,640; exports, $62,260.040. Railways, 3,637 miles, one-
third operated by the state ; telegraphs, 18,421 miles ; postoffices,
1,800. Norway, 122,823 sq. miles ; population, 1876, 1,806,900. Rev-
enue, 1883, $11,770.000; expenditure, $10,030.000; debt, 1883, $28,791,-
240; imports, 1882, $44,576,390; exports, $34,154,415: army, 18.750
men ; navy, 1*81, 29 steamers and 88 small vessels, with 154 guns.
Railways, 972 miles, telegraphs, 5,672 miles, operated by the gov-
ernment. Postoffices in 1581, 938.
SPAIN. Kingdom ; area, 193,171 sq. miles; population, 1877,
16,333,293. Legislative power in the Cortes, a senate and a chamber
of deputies, elected for 5 years by indirect suffrage. Revenue,
18 a 3, $176,0t6,280; expenditure, $176,046,280; debt, 1884, $1,190.000,-
000 ; imports, 1882, $122,088,079 ; exports. $127,661,841 ; army, 152,895
men ; navy, 124 vessels and 552 guns. Railways, 1882, 5,600 miles;
telegraphs, 10,417 miles, Postoffices. 2,655. King, Alfonso XII,
born 1857, crowned 1874.
SANTO DOMINGO. Republic; forms the larger portion 01
the island of Hayti, lying east of the republic of that name; area,
20,591 sq. miles; population, 1876, 250,000 (estimated), principally
mixed Spaniards, Indians and negroes. Language, Spanish.
Established religion, Roman Catholic. Government vested in a
president elected for 6 years, who appoints a council of 4 min-
isters, a senate of 9 members, also chosen for 6 years, and a
house of 15 members. Revenue, 1882, $1,500,000; expenditure.
$1,381,000; debt, $3,780,060. Imports, 81,761,316; exports, $1,691,075,
chiefly tobacco and sugar. Soil fertile ; climate mild and salubri-
ous. Civilization backward. Education neglected. No roads:
transportation on the backs of horses and mules. Army, 4,000
men ; navy, 5 small vessels, with 44 guns. Capital, Santo
Domingo, pop. 6,000. President, General Bellini, elected 1884.
TURKEY. Monarchy ; area, 935,110 sq. miles; pop. in
Europe, 8,866,500; in Asia, 18,000,000 (estimated). Governed
by a sultan, Abdul Hamid II, born 1842, crowned 1876, who is
irresponsible, convoking and dissolving the general assembly at
his pleasure. The ministers are responsible to the chamber of
deputies ; the senate are nominated for life by t he sultan, and
68 THE WESTERN WORLD
the deputies elected by secret ballot, one to every 150,000 males.
Revenue, 868,430,000: expenditures, 870,496,000. Debt, 1883, 8538,-
186,170. Imports (estimated), $107,000,000; exports, 899,000,000.
Army (compulsory service for 30 years), 160,417 men; navy, 116
steam vessels, 50 sail vessels, and 1,600 guns. Railways, 889 miles ;
telegraphs, 17,950 miles.
URUGUAY. Republic, area, 72,151 sq. miles, pop. 525,000
(estimated). Governed by a president (Maximo Santos, elected
1882), a ministry of 4 and a legislature of 13 senators and 40 repre-
sentatives. Revenue, 1883, $9,920,000, three-fourths from cus-
toms. Expenditures, $9,925,000 ; debt, 1883, $61,579,204. Imports,
1882, 820,918,884 ; exports, $32,229,512 ; 6,000,000 hides. Army, 4,500
men. 418 miles of railway in operation, and 1,405 miles of tele-
graph. There are 294 postofflces. Capital, Montevideo ; pop.,
1877, 91,167. *
VENEZUELA. Rep ublic,f ormed after the dissolution of the
republic of Colombia, 1864 ; area, 439,119 sq. miles; population esti-
mated at 2,500,000. The confederation includes 20 states, besides
the federal district, each having its own distinct government, and
electing delegates to the congress, which meets annually at Cara-
cas, the capital city, pop. 50,000. The president is elected for 3
years. Revenue, 1883, 85,801,000, four-fifths from customs and ton-
nage duties ; expenditure, 85,320,405 ; public debt, 1883, $21,010,000.
Imports, 14,800,000, 1882; exports, $15,300,000, chiefly coffee and
cocoa. One railway, 94 miles long. Army, 3,000 men. Presi-
dent, Joaquin Crespo, elected 1884.
LENGTH OF THE CHIEF RIVERS OF THE WORLD
AND THEIR LOCATION.
NAME AND COUNTRY. LENGTH.
Rhine, Europe 960
Ohio, N. A 665
Snake, N. A 1,050
Colorado 1,060
Columbia, N. A 1,200
Dnieper, Europe 1,230
Don, Europe 1,300
Amur, Asia 1,500
San Francisco, S . A 1,550
Orinoco, S. A 1,550
Saskachewan, N. A 1,600
Red,N.A 1,600
Danube, Europe 1,725
Rio Grande, N. A 1,800
Madeira, 8. A 2,COO
Mekong, Asia 2,000
Arkansas,N.A 2,000
St. Lawrence; N. A 2,200
Mackenzie, N. A 2;300
Congo, Africa 2,400
Volga, Europe 2,400
Lena, Asia 2,700
Hoang-ho, Asia 2,800
Niger, Africa 3,000
Obi, Asia 3,000
Missouri, N. A -3,000
Mississippi, N. A 3,160
Yank-tee-kiang, Asia 3,200
Yenisei, Asia 3,400
Amazon, S. A 3,750
Nile.Africa 5,100
GUIDE AND HJL_,D-BOOK.
CITIES OF THE WORLD,
CONTAINING 100.000 INHABITANTS OR MORE.
[Compiled from the latest official reports or estimated from
reliable data.]
UNITED STATES.
Hangtscheu-fu
. 400,000
Hanjang
. 100,000
Baltimore, Md
332,313
Hankow
. 600.000
Boston, Mass
369,833
Hutscheu
. 200,000
Brooklyn, N.Y
566,689
Hutscheu-fu
. 100,000
Buffalo, N.Y
149,500
Hwangjuen
120,000
Chicago, 111
503,185
Jangtschau
. 860,000
Cincinnati, O
255,809
Jongping
. 200,000
Cleveland, O
155,946
Kirin
. 120,000
Detroit, Mich
116,340
Leinkong
. 250,000
Jersey City, N . J
120,722
Mukden
170,000
Louisville, Ky
125,758
Nangkin
. 450,900
Milwaukee, Wis
125,000
Ningpo
120,000
Newark, N. J
136,508
Pauting-fu
. 122,000
New Orleans, La
216,090
Peking . .
. 500,000
New York, N . Y
1,206,577
Schaklung
100,000
Philadelphia, Pa
847,170
Schaohing
. 500,000
Pitteburg,Pa
156,389
Shanghai
278,000
Providence, R. I
104,857
Siangtan
. 1,000,000
St. Louis, Mo
350,518
Singan-fu
. 1,000,000
San Francisco, Cal.. .
233,959
Sutschau
. 500,000
Washington, D. C...
147,293
Taijuen-fu
. 250,000
Taiwan-f u
235,000
CANADA.
Tengtschau-f u
. 230,000
Tientsin
. 9nO.' 00
Montreal
140,747
Tschangtjiakheu
. 200.000
Tschantschau-f u . . .
. 1,000,000
MEXICO.
Tschaujang
200,000
Tschi-f u
120,i 00
Guadalajara
101,000
Tschingkiang
. 140,000
Mexico
236,500
Tschingtu-f u
. 800,000
Tschungking-fu
. 600,000
SOUTH AMERICA.
Tsinan-fu
. 200,000
Tungkung
. 120,000
Bahia
128,929
Tungtscho
. 100,000
Buenos Ayres
177,787
Urumtsi
. 150,000
Lima
101,488
Victoria
. 102,000
Montevideo
100,000
Weihein
. 250,000
Pernambuco
116,671
Wutechang
. 200,000
Rio de Janeiro
274,972
Yuentschung
. 100,000
Santiago
129,807
Valparaiso
100,000
COREA.
AFRICA.
Saoul
. 100,000
Abookeer
130,000
Alexandria
165,752
INDIA.
Cairo
327,463
.
Fez
100,000
Agra
. 149,108
Porto Novo
100,000
Ahmedabad
. 126,873
Tunis
125.000
Allahabad
143,693
Amritsur
142,381
CHINA.
Bangalore
. 142,513
Bangkok
. 600,000
Canton
1,500,000
Bareilly
102,982
Fatschan
400,000
Baroda
. 112,0? 7
Foochow
600,000
Benares
. 175,188
70
THE WESTERN ,VORLD
Bombay
644,40"? G*az
100,000
Calcutta
683,329 L\.nberg
. 109,726
Cawnpore
IL'^710 Pi\?ue
162,323
Colombo (Ceylon)...
111,942 Triexte
144,844
Delhi
160.553 Vieuiij,
, 1,103,857
Dhar
100,000
Dhrangdra
101,000 BELGIUM
Gwulior
200,000
Ho 11 rah
100,000 Antwerp
169,112
Hyderabad
200,lKiO Brussels ,
162,498
Joiidpore
150,000 Ghe. t
131,431
Keseho
1;V,(:00 Liege
123,131
Lahore
128,441
Lucknow
284,779 DENMARK.
Madras
397,553
> : andalah
100,009 Copenhagen
. 273,727
Patua
158,900
Puna
118.8F6 Jb'KA.NCE.
Kai goon
132,004
Singapore
103,000 Bordeaux
221,305
Sainagar
132,681 LeHavre
105,867
isurat
107,149 Lille
. 1 ,8,144
Lyon .
376.613
INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO. Marseilles
360,099
Nantes
124,319
Batavia
101,729 Paris
2,269,023
Manila
160,000 Reims
100000
Surabaja
100,000 Roubaix
, 100,000
Rouen
305,906
JAPAN
Saint-Etienne
123,813
Toulouse
140,289
Hakodate
112,494
Kagoshima
200.000 GERMANY.
Kanagawa
108,263
Kioto
229,810 Altona
100,000
Nagoya
iai,715 Barmen
100,000
Osaka
284,105 Berlin
1,122,330
Tokio
594,283 Bremen
112,453
Breslau
272,912
PERSIA.
Chemnitz
100,000
Danzig
108,551
THbris
120,000 Dresden
22U,M8
Teheran
200,000 .nilsseldorf
100,000
Elberfeld
100,000
RUSSIA IN ASIA.
Frankfort
136,819
Hamburg
289,859
Taschkent
100,000 Hanover
122,843
Tiflis
104,024 Cologne
144,772
Konigsberg
149,009
TURKEY IN ASIA.
Leipzig
148,081
Magdeburg
100,000
Beirut
100,000 Munchen (Munich)..
230,023
Damascus
150,0 Nuremberg
100,000
Smyrna
150,000 Stettin
100,000
Strasburg
104,471
TURKISTAN.
Stuttgart
117,303
Jarkand
100,*0 GREAT BRITAIN.
AUSTRALIA.
Aberdeen
105,818
Belfast
207,671
Melbourne
252,000 Birmingham
400,757
Sydney
187,381 Blackburn
104,012
Bolton
105,422
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
Bradford
183,032
Brighton
128,407
Budapest
365,051 Bristol...
206,503
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 71
Dublin 249,4*6 PORTUGAL.
Dundee 140,4(53
Edinburgh .. 22 ',075 Lisbon 246,343
Glasgow 555.289 Porto 105,838
Kingston upon Hull 154,250
Leeds 309,126 ROUMANIA.
Leicester 122,351
Liverpool 552,423 Bucharest 221,000
London 3,832,441 Jassy 100,000
Manchester 393,076
Ne wcast le on Tyue . . 145,228 RUSSIA .
Nottingham 186,656
Oldham 111,343 rharkow 101,175
Portsmouth 127,953 Chersson 128,379
Preston 100,000 Kasan 100,000
Salford 176,233 Kijew 127,251
Sheffield 284,410 Kischenew 112,137
Sunderland 116,262 Moscow 748,000
Wolverhampton . . . 164,303 Odessa 193,513
Riga 168,844
ITALY. St. Petersburg 927,407
Warsaw 383,973
Bologna 123,270
Catania 100,410 SPAIN.
S'515 Barcelona 249,K6
. :::::::::: mS Madrid 397,090
Messina 126497 Malaga llo,882
Milan ...'....'. 321,839 Mur ?. ia
Naples 49i,314 Seville. 133,938
Palermo 244,991 Valencia 143,8o6
Turin:::".::'".:::::: IMs SWEDEN AND NOR-
Venice 132,826 WAI.
Christiania 122,030
NETHERLANDS. Stockholm 176J745
Amsterdam 328,047 TURKEY
'sGravenhage(Hague) 123.499
Rotterdam 157,27. Constantinople 60,0000
TJ. S. INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES.-Latest Revi-
sion.
Ale, per bbl. of 31 gallons $100
Banks and bankers, on capital and deposits. By Act of
March 3, 1883, "to reduce internal revenue taxation,"
etc., all taxes on capital and deposits of banks and
bankers were repealed after March 3, 1883.
Banks and bankers, on average amount of circulation,
each month -foot If
Banks, on average amount of circulation, beyond 90# of
the capital, an additional tax each month | of 1
Banks, persons, firms, associations, etc., on amount of
notes of anv person, firm, association (other than a
national banking association), corporation, state bank,
or state banking association, town, city, or municipal
corporation, used and paid out us circulation 10
Banks, persons, firms, associations (other than national
bank associations), and every corporation, state bank
or state banking association, on the amount of their
own notes used for circulation and paid out by them. 10#
Beer, per bbl. of 31 gallons $ 100
Brandy, per gallon 90
Brewers, manufacturing 500 hbls. or more, annually 100 00
manufacturing less than 500 bbls. annually 50 00
72 THE WESTERN WORLD
Cigars, manufacturers of, special tax $6 00
Cigars of all descriptions, made of tobacco or any sub-
stitute, per 1,000 3 00
Cigarettes, not weighing more than 3 Ibs. per 1,000, per
1,000. 50
Cigarettes weight exceeding 3 Ibs. per 1,000, per 1,000. . . 3 00
Cigars or Cigarettes, imported, in addition to import
duty to pay same as above.
Liquors, fermented, per bbl 100
Liquors, distilled, per gallon 90
Liquor dealers (wholesale), special tax 100 00
Malt liquor dealers (wholesale) 50 00
Liquor dealers (retail), special tax 25 f
Malt liquor dealers (retail) 2000
Manufacturers of stills 50 00
Manufacturers of stills, for each still or worm made. . . 20 00
Matches. All taxes on matches, wax tapers, and cigar
lights were repealed after July 1, 1883, by act of March
3, 1SK!.
Rectifiers, special tax, less than 500 bbls. 100 ' above 500
bi.ls 20000
Snuff, or snuff flour, manufactured of tobacco, or any
substitute, per Ib,
Spirits, distilled, per proof gallon 90
Stamps, for distilled spirits for export, wholesale liquor
dealers, special bonded warehouse, distillery ware-
house, and rectified spirits, each 10
Stamps, on bank checks, drafts, etc. Tax repealed after
July 1, 1883.
Tobacco, all kinds, per Ib. after May 1, 1883
Tobacco, dealers in manufactured, after May 1, 18'3 240
Tobacco, manufacturers of. after May 1, 1883 6 00
Tobacco, dealers in leaf, wholesale, after May 1, 1883 . . 12 00
Tobacco, dealers in leaf, retail, after May 1, 1883... $250,
and 30 cents per dollar on sales above $600 per annum.
But farmers and producers may sell tobacco of their
own raising to consumers to an amount not exceed-
ing $100 annually.
Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with more than two horses,
mules, etc.. after May 1, 1883 31 00
Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with two horses, mules, or
other animals, after May 1, 1883 1500
Tobacco Peddlers, traveling with one horse, mule, or
other animal, after May 1, 1883 7 20
Tobacco Peddlers, traveling on foot, or by public con-
veyance, after May 1, 1883 360
Tobacco, Snuff, and cigars, for export, stamps for, each,
after May 1, 1883 10
Whisky, per proof gallon 90
Wines and champagne (imitation) not made from grapes
grown in the United States, and liquors not made
from grapes, currants, rhubarb, or berries, grown in
the United States, but rectified or mixed with distilled
spirits, or by infusion of any matter in spirits, to be
sold as wine or substitute for it, per dozen bottles of
more than a pint and not more than a quart 2 40
Imitation Wines, containing not more than one pint,
per dozen bottles,,, 1 20
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
73
GLIMPSES OF COLOKADO.
74
THE WESTERN WORLD
LIST OF
COUNTIES AND COUNTY SEATS
IN THE UNITED STATES.
ALABAMA.
County. County Seat.
Autauga Prattville.
Baldwin Daphne.
Barbour Clayton.
Bibb Centre ville.
Blount .Blountsville.
Bullock tlni'n Springs.
Butler Greenville.
Calhoun Jacksonville.
Chambers La Fay ette.
Cherokee Centre.
Chilton Clanton.
Choctaw Butler.
Clarke Grove Hill.
Clay Ashland.
Cleburne Edwardsville.
Coffee Elba.
Colbert Tuscumbia.
Conecuh Evergreen.
Coosa Rockt'ord.
Covington Andalusia.
Crenshaw Rutledge.
Cullman Cullman.
Dale Ozark.
Dallas Selma.
De Kalb Fort Pay ne.
Elraore Wetumpka.
Escambia Pollard .
Etowah Gadsden.
Fayette Fayette.
Franklin Bel Green.
Geneva Geneva.
Greene Eutaw.
Hale Greensborough
Henry Abbeville.
Jackson Scottsboro .
Jefferson Birmingham.
I.ainar Veruon.
Lauderdale Florence.
Lawrence Moulton.
Jxic Opelika.
Limestone Athens.
Lowndes Haynesville.
Macon Tuskegee.
Madison Huntsville.
Marengo Linden.
Marion Pikeville.
Mai-shall Guntersville.
Mobile Mobile.
Monroe Mouroeville.
County. County Seat.
Montgomery Montgomery.
Morgan Summerville.
Perry Marion.
Pickens Carroll ton.
Pike Troy.
Randolph Wedowee.
Russell Seale.
St. Clair Ashville.
Shelby Columbiana.
Sumter Livingston.
Talladega Talladega.
Tallapoosa Dadeville.
Tuscaloosa Tuscaloosa.
Walker Jaspar.
Washington . . .St. Stephen.
Wilcox Camden.
Winstou Houston
ARIZONA.
Apache St. Johns.
Cochise Tombstone.
Gila Globe.
G raham Safford.
Maricopa Phoenix.
Molmve Mineral Park.
Pima Tucson.
Final Florence.
Yavapia Prescott.
Yuma Yunia.
ARKANSAS.
Arkansas De Witt.
Ashley Hamburg.
Baxter M'ut'n Home.
Benton Benton ville.
Boone Harrison.
Bradley Warren.
Calhoun Hampton.
Carroll Berry ville.
Chicot Lake Villpge.
Clarke Arkadelplria.
Clay Boyds ville.
Cleburne Heber.
Columbia Magnolia.
Conway Lewisburgh.
Craighead Jonesboro.
Crawford Van Buren.
Crittenden Marion.
Cross Wittsburgh.
Dallas Princeton.
GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK.
75
County. County Sent.
Desha Arkansas City.
Dorsey Toledo.
Drew MonticeUo.
Faulkner Conway.
Franklin Ozark.
Fulton Salem.
Garland Hot Springs.
Grant Sheridan.
Greene Gainesville.
Hempstead Washington.
Hot Springs. .. .Mai vern June.
Howard Centre Point.
Independence . . . Batesville.
Izard Melbourne.
Jackson Jacksonport.
Jetfcrson Pine Bluff.
Johnson Clarksville.
La Fayette Lewisville.
Lawrence Powhatan.
Lee Marianna.
Lincoln. Star City.
Little River Richmond.
L.iirun Paris.
Lonoke Lonoke.
Mad is m Huntsville.
Marion Yellville.
Miller Texarkana.
Mississippi Osceola.
Monroe Clarendon.
Mont-romery Mount Ida.
Nevada Prescott.
Newton Jaspor.
Ouachita Camden.
Perry Perry vile.
Phillips Helena.
Pike Murfreesboro.
Poinsett Harrisburgh .
Polk Dallas.
Pope Dover.
Prairie Des A.rk.
Pulaski Little Rock.
Randolph Pocahontas.
St. Francis Forest City.
Saline Benton.
Scott ..Waldron.
Searcy Marshall.
Sebastian Fo rt Smith.
Sevier Lockesburgh.
Sharp Evening Shade
Stone* Mou'tain View
Union El Dorado.
Van Buren Clinton.
Washington Fayettville.
White Searcy.
Woodruff Augusta.
Yell Dardanelle.
CALIFORNIA.
Alameda Oakland.
Alpine .Markleeville.
Amador Jackson.
Butte Oroville.
Calaveras San Andreas.
Colusa Colusa.
Contra Costa Martinez.
County. County Seat.
DelNorte Crescent City.
El Dorado Placer vilje.
Fresno Fresno City.
Humboldt Eureka.
Iiiyo Independence
Kern Bakersfleld.
Lake Lakeport.
Lassen Susan ville.
Los Angeles Los Angeles.
Marion San Rafael .
Mariposa Mariposa.
Mendocino Ukiah.
Merced . Merced.
Modoc Alturas.
Mono Bridgeport.
Monterey Salinas.
Napa Napa City.
Nevada Nevada City.
Placer Auburn.
Pluraas Quincy.
Sacramento.. . .Sacramento.
San Benito Hollister.
San Bernardino. .S. Bernardino.
San Diego San Diego.
San Francisco . . .San Francisco.
San Joaquin Stockton.
San Luis Obispo..S. Luis Obispo.
San Mateo Redwood City.
Santa Barbara.. Santa Barbara
Santa Clara San Jose.
Santa Cruz Santa Cruz.
Shasta Shasta.
Sierra Downie ville.
Siskiyou ... . . Yreka.
Solano Fairfleld.
Sonoma Santa Rosa.
Stanislaus Modesto.
Sutter Yuba City.
Tehama Bed Bluff.
Trinity Weaverville.
Tulare Visalia.
Tuolumne Senora.
Ventura San Buenaventura.
Yolo Woodland.
Yuba Marysville.
COLORADO.
Arapahoe Denver.
Bent West Los Animas.
Boulder Boulder.
Chaff ee Buena Vista.
Clear Creek Georgetown.
Conejos Conejos.
Costilla San Luis.
Custer Rosita.
Delta Delta.
Dolores Rico.
Douglas Castle Rock.
Eagle Red Cliff.
Elbert Kiowa.
El Paso Colorado Springs.
Fremont Canon City.
Gar field Carbonate.
Gilpin Central City.
Grand Hot Sulphur Springs
76
THE \VESTERX WORLD
Count)!. County Seat.
Gunnisoii Gunnispn.
Hinsdale Lake City.
Hucrfiino Walsenburgh.
Jefferson Golden.
Lake L^adville.
La Plata Parrot.
Larimer Fort Collins.
LasAnimas Trinidad.
Mesa Grand Junction.
Montrose Montrose.
Ouray Ouray.
Park Fairplay.
Pitkin Aspen.
Pueblo Pueblo.
Kio G rande Del Norte.
Routt Hahn'sPeak.
San Miguel Teliuride.
Saguache Saguache.
San Juan Silverton.
Summit Breckenridge.
Weld. Greeley.
CONNECTICUT.
Fairfield Bridgeport.
Hartford Hartford .
Litchfield Litchfleld.
Middlesex Haddam.
New Haven New Haven.
New London New London.
Tolland Tolland.
Windham Brooklyn.
DAKOTA.
Allred Unorganized.
Aurora Plankmgton.
Barnes Valley City.
Beadle . . . Huron .
Benson. . Minnewaken.
Billings Unorganized.
Bon Homme Bon Homme.
Bo reman Unorganized.
Byttineau Unorganized.
Bowman Unorganized.
Brookings Brookings.
Brown Columbia.
Brule Chamberlain.
Buffalo Unorganized.
Buf ord Unorganized.
Burleigh Bismarck.
Butte Minnesela.
Burdick Unorganized.
Campbell Unorganized.
Cass Fargo.
Cavalier Unorganized.
Charles Mix Wheeler.
Choteau Unorganized.
Clark Clark.
Clay Vermillion.
Codinjrton ... : . . Watertown.
Custer Custer.
Davison Mitchell.
Day Webster.
Delano Unorganized.
De Smet Unorganized.
County. County Seat.
Deuel Gary.
Dewey Unorganized.
Dickey Ellendale.
Douglas Grand View.
Dunn Unorganized.
Edmunds Unorganized.
Emmons Williamsport.
E wing Unorganized.
Faulk La Foon.
Fall River Unorganized.
Flannery Unorganized.
Foster Unorganized.
Grand Forks Grand Forks.
G rant Big Stone City.
Gregory Unorganized.
G riggs Coopersti i\vn.
Hamlin Spaulding.
Hand Miller.
Harvey Unorganized.
Hanson Alexandria.
Harding Unorganized.
Howard Unorganized.
Hettinger Unorganized.
Hughes .Pierre.
Hyde Highmore.
Hutchinson Olivet.
Jackson Unorganized.
Jerauld Elmer.
Kidder Steele.
Kingsbury De Smet . -
Lake Madison.
La Moure La Moure.
Lawrence Deadwood.
Lincoln Canton.
Logan Unorganized.
Lugenbeel Unorganized.
Lyman Unorganized.
McCook Salem.
McLean Unorganized.
McHenry Unorganized.
Mclntosn Unorganized.
McPherson Unorganized.
McKenzie Unorganized.
Maudlin .Unorganized.
Mercer Unorganized.
Meyer Unorganized.
Miner Howard.
Minhehaha Sioux Falls.
Moody Flandreau.
Morton Mandan.
Mountraille Unorganized.
Nowlin Unorganized.
Nelson Lakota .
Nickeus Unorganized.
Pembina Pembina.
Pennington Rapid City.
Pratt Unorganized.
Potter Unorganized.
Pyatt Unorganized.
Presho Unorganized.
Ramsay Devil's Lake.
Ransom Lisbon.
Ren ville Unorganized.
Richland Wahpeton.
Reinhart Unorganized.
Rolette Unorganized.
GUIDE AND HAXD BOOK.
77
County. County Seat.
Rusk Unorganized.
Sanbon Forestburgh.
Sargent Unorganized.
Shannon.. Unorganized.
Schwasse Unorganized.
Scoby Unorganized.
Sheridan Unorganized.
Spink Unorganized.
Stanley Unorganized.
Stark Unorganized.
Steele Hope.
Stevens Unorganized.
Sterling Unorganized.
Stutsman Jamestown.
Sully Port Sully.
Todd Fort Randall.
Towner Unorganized.
Traill Caledonia.
Tripp Unorganized.
Turner Swan Lake.
Villard Unorganized.
Union Elk Point.
"Walsh Grafton.
"Wagner Unorganized.
"Wallace Unorganized .
"Walworth Unorganized.
Washabaugh Unorganized.
Washington Unorganized.
White River Unorganized.
Wells Unorganized.
Williams Unorganized.
Wynn Unorganized.
Yankton Yankton.
Ziebach Unorganized.
Wahpeton Reservation.
Sisseton Reservation.
DELAWARE.
Kent Dover.
New Castle Willmington.
Sussex Georgetown .
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Cities.
Georgetown
Washington
FLORIDA.
Alachua
Baker
Bradford. . .
Brevard
Calhoun
Clay
Columbia...
Bade
Duval
Escambia . .
Franklin . . .
Gadsden ...
Hamilton . .
Hernando. .
..Gainesville.
..Sanderson.
..Lake Butler.
. .Titusville.
..lola.
..Green Cove Sprgs.
..Lake City.
..Miami.
..Jacksonville.
.Pensacola.
.Apalachichola.
.Ouincy.
.Jasper.
. Brooksville.
Count)/.
Hillsb'oro ...
Holmes
Jackson
Jefferson
Lafayette...
Leon
Levy
Liberty ....
Madison
Manitee
Marion
Monroe
Nassau
Orange
Polk
Putnam
St. Johns . .
Santa Rosa..
Sumter
Suwanee
Taylor
Volusia
Wakulla
Walton
Washington.
County Seat.
. Tampa .
. Cerro Gordo.
.Marrianna.
.Monticello.
. New Troy.
.Tallahassee.
.Bronson.
Bristol.
. Madison .
.Pine Level.
. Ocala .
.Key West.
.Fernandina.
.Orlando.
.Bartow
Palatka.
St Augustine.
.Milton.
. Sumter ville.
. Live Oak.
Perry.
.Enterprise.
.Crawford ville.
.Euchee Anna.
.Vernon.
GEORGIA.
Appling Baxlcy.
Baker Newton.
Baldwin Milledgeville.
Banks Homer.
Bartow Cartersville.
Berrien Nashville.
Bibb Macon.
Brooks Quitman.
Bryan Bryan.
Bullock Statesborough.
Burke Waynesboro'.
Butts Jackson.
Calhoun Morgan.
Camden St. Marys.
Campbell Fairburn.
Carroll Carrollton.
Catoosa Ringgold .
Charlton Traders Hill.
Chatham Savannah.
Chattahoochee. . .Cusseta.
Chattooga Summerville.
Cherokee Canton.
Clark Athens.
Clay Fort Gaines.
Clayton Jonesborough.
Clinch Homerville.
Cobb Marietta.
Coffee Douglas.
Colquitt Moultrie.
Columbia Appling.
Coweta Newman.
Crawford Knox ville.
Dade Trenton.
Dawson Dawsonville.
Decatur Bainbridge.
DeKalb Decatur.
Dodge Eastman.
Dooly ... ... Vienna.
78
THE WESTERN WORLD
Count}/. County Seat.
Dougherty Albany .
Douglas Douglasville.
Early Blakely.
Echols Statenville.
Eltingham Springfield.
Egbert Elberton.
Eraanuel Swainsboro.
Fannin Morgan ton.
Fayette Fayette ville .
Floyd Rome.
Forsytti Cumming.
Franklin Carnesville
Fulton Atlanta.
Gilmer Ellijay.
Glusseock Gibson.
Glyiiu Brunswick.
Gordon Calhoun.
Green Greensboro.
Gwinnett Lawrence ville.
Habersham I'larksville.
Hall Gainesville.
Hancock; Sparta.
Haralson Buchanan .
Harris Hamilton.
Hart Hartwell.
Heard Franklin.
Henry McDonough.
Houston Perry.
Irwin Irwinville.
Jackson Jefferson.
Jasper Monticello.
Jefferson Louisville.
Johnson Wrightsville .
Jones Clinton.
Laurens Dublin.
Lee Leesburgh.
Liberty Hinesville.
Lincoln Lincolnton.
Lowndes Valdosta.
Lumpkin Dahlonega.
McDuffee Thomson.
Mclntosh Darien .
Macon Oglethorpe.
Madison Danielsville.
Marion Buena Vista.
Meri wether Greenville .
Miller . .Colquitt.
Milton Alpharetta.
Mitchell Camilla.
Monroe Forsyth.
M ontgomery. Mt. V ernon.
Morgan Madison .
Murray Spring Place.
M uskogee Columbus..
Newton Covington.
Oconee Watkinsville.
Oglethorpe Lexington.
Paulding Dallas.
Pickens Jasper.
Pierce Blackshear.
Pike.. Zebulon.
Polk Cedartown .
Pulaskl Hawkinsville.
Putnam Eastonton.
Ouitman Georgetown .
Kabuii Clayton .
Cmint]i. County Seat.
Randolph Cuthbert.
Richmond Augusta.
Rockdale Conyers.
Schley EJlaville.
Screven Syl vania.
Spalding Griffin.
Stewart Lumpkin.
Sumter Americus.
Talbot Talbotton .
Taliaferro Crawf'rdville.
Tattnall Reidsville.
Taylor Butler.
Tolfair McRae.
Terrell Dawson .
Thomas Thomasville.
Towns Hiawassee.
Troup LaGrange.
Twigtrs Jefferson ville.
Union Blairsville .
Upson Thomaston.
Walker la Fayette.
Walton. Monroe .
Ware Way Cross.
Warren Warrenton .
Washington Sandersville.
Wayne Waynesville.
Webster Preston.
White Cleveland.
Whitfleld Dalton.
Wilcox Abbeville.
Wil kes Wash ington .
Wilkinson Irwinton.
Worth Isabella.
IDAHO.
Ada Boise City.
Alturas Rocky Bar.
Bear Lake Paris .
Boise Idaho City.
Cassia Albion .
Custer Challis.
Idaho Mount Idaho.
Kootenai Unorganized.
Lemhi Salmon City.
Nez Perces Lewisron.
Oneida Malad City.
Owyhee Silver City.
Shoshone Pierce City .
Washington Weiser .
ILLINOIS.
Adams Quincy.
Alexander Cairo.
Bond Greenyil le.
Boone Bellevidere.
Brown Mt. Sterling.
Bureau Princeton.
Calhoun Hardin.
Carroll Mt. Carroll.
Cass Virginia.
Champaign Urbana.
Christian Taylorsville
Clark Marshall.
Clay Louisville.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
79
Cminty. Cmnity Scat.
Clinton Carlyle.
Coles Charleston.
Cook Chicago.
Crawford Robinson.
Cumberland Toledo.
DeKalb Sycamore.
DeWitt Clinton.
Douglas Tuscola.
DuPage Wheaton.
Edgar Paris.
Edwards Albion.
Ettinjrliam Efiingham.
Fayette Vandalia.
Ford Paxton.
Franklin Benton.
Fulton . .Lewistown.
Gallatin Shawneetown.
Greene Carrqllton.
Grundy Morris.
Hamilton McLeansboro'
H arlt'pck Carthage.
Hardin Elizabethtown
Henderson Oquawka.
Henry Cambridge.
Iroquois Watseka.
Jackson Murphysboro'
Jasper Newton.
Jefferson Mt. Vernon.
Jersey Jersey ville.
Jo Daviess Galena.
Johnson Vienna.
Kane Geneva.
Kankakee Kankakee.
Kendall Yorkville.
Knox Galesburgh.
Lake Waukegan.
LaSalle Ottawa.
Lawrence Lawrence.
Lee Dixon.
Livingston Ppntiac.
Logan Lincoln.
McDonough Macomb.
McHenry Woodstock.
McLean Bloomington.
Macon Decatur.
Macoupin Carlinville.
Madison Ed wards ville.
Marion Salem.
Marshall Lacon.
Mason Decatur.
Mas&ac Metropolis C'y
Menard Petersburg!!.
Mercer Aledo.
Monroe Waterloo.
Montgomery Hillsborough.
Morgan Jacksonville.
Moultrie Sullivan.
Ogle Oregon.
1'eoria Peoria.
Perry Pinckneyville.
Piatt Monticello,
Pike Pittsfleld.
Pope Golconda.
Pulaski Mound City.
Putnam Hennipin.
Randolph Chester.
County. County Seat.
Iticliland Olney.
Kock Island Hock Island.
St. Clair Belleville.
Saline Harrisburgh.
Sangamon Springfield .
Schuyler Rush vile.
Scott Winchester.
Shelby Shelby ville.
Stark Toulon .
Stephenson Freeport.
Tazeweil Pekin
L'nion Jonesborough
Vermillion Danville.
Wabash Mount Carmel
Warren Monmputh.
Washington Nashville.
Wayne Fairfield.
White Canni .
Whitesides Morrison.
Will Joliet.
Williamson Marion .
Winnebago Koi-kford.
\v;oodford Metamora.
INDIANA.
Adams Decatur.
Allen Fort Wayne.
Bartholomew Columbus
Beuton Fowler.
Blacklord Hartford City.
Boone Lebanon .
Brown Nashville.
Carroll Delphi.
Cass Logansport.
Clark Jeffersonville.
Clay Brazil.
Clinton Frankfort.
Crawford Leavenworth.
Davies Washington.
Dearborn Lawreuceburgh.
Decatur Greensburgh .
DcKalb Auburn.
Delaware Muncie.
Dubois Jasper.
Elkhart Gosnen.
Fayette Connersville.
Floyd New Albany.
Fountain Covington.
Franklin Brookville.
Fulton Rochester.
Gibson Princeton.
Grant Marion.
G reene Bloomfleld.
Hamilton Noblesville.
Hancock Greenfield.
Harrison Corydon.
Hendricks Danville.
Henry New Castle
Howard Kokomo .
Huntington Huntington.
Jackson Brownstown.
Jasper Rensselaer .
Jay Portland .
Jefferson Madison.
Jennings Vernon.
80
THE WESTERN WORLD
County. Count i/ Scat.
Johnson Franklin .
Knox Vincennes.
Kosciusko Warsaw.
Lagrange Lagraiifre .
Lake Crown Point.
LaPorte LaPorte.
Lawrence Bedford .
Madison Anderson .
Marion Indianapolis.
Marshall Plymouth.
Martin Shoals.
Miami Peru .
Monroe Bloomington .
Montgomery Crawfordsville
Morgan Martinsville.
Newton Kent.
Noble Albion.
Ohio Rising Sun.
Orange Paoli.
Owen Spencer.
Parke Rockville.
Perry Cannelton .
Pike Petersburg!! .
Porter Valparaiso .
Posey Mt. Vernon.
Pulaski Winamac .
Putnam Green Castle.
Randolph Winchester.
Ripley Versailles.
Rush Rushville.
St. Joseph South Bend.
Scott Scottsburgh.
Shelby Shelby ville.
Spencer Rockport .
Starke Knox.
Steuben Angola.
Sullivan Sullivan.
Switzerland Vevay .
Tippecanoe La Fayette .
Tipton Tipton.
Union Liberty.
Vanderburgh ...Evans ville.
Vermillion Newport.
Vigo Terre Haute.
Wabash Wabash .
Warren Williamsport.
Warrick Booneville .
Washington. Salem.
Wayne Richmond .
Wells Bluffton.
White Monticello .
Whit ley Columbia Ci'y-
INDIAN TERRITORY.
Reservations.
Atoka.
Cherokee Tahlequah.
Choctaw.
Creek.
Chickasaw.
Cheyenne and Arapahoe.
Kiowa, Comanche and Apache.
Kansas.
Modoc.
Xea Perces.
Re&rvattoM.
Osage .
Otoe and Missouri.
Ottawa.
Ponca.
Pottawatomie.
Pawnee.
Peoria and Wea.
Pickens.
Quapaw.
Skullyville.
Sha\ynee.
Seminole.
Seneca.
Sac and Fox.
Sugar Loaf.
Upper Arkansas.
wvandotte.
Wichita.
IOWA.
County. County Seat.
Adair Greenfield.
Adams Corning.
Allamakee Waukon.
Appanoose Centcrville.
Audubon Audubon.
Benton Vinton.
Black Hawk Waterloo.
Boone Boonesbor'gh.
Bremer Waverly.
Buchanan Independence.
Buena Vista Storm Lake.
Butler Allison.
Calhoun Rockwell City.
Carroll Carroll City .
Cass Atlantic .
Cedar Tipton.
Cerro Gordo Mason City
Cherokee Cherokee.
Cickasaw New Hampt'n.
Clarke Osceolo.
Clay Spencer.
Clayton Elkader .
Clinton Clinton.
Crawford Denison
Dallas Adel.
Davis Bloomfield .
Decatur Leon .
Delaware Manchester.
Des Moines Burlington .
Dickinson Spirit Lake.
Dubuque Dubuque .
Emmet Swan Lake Cty
Fayette West Union .
Floyd Charles City.
Franklin Hampton.
Fremont Sidney.
Greene Jefferson.
Grundy Grundy Center.
Guthrie Guthrie Center.
Hamilton Webster City .
Hancock Concord .
Hardin Eldora.
Harrison Logan.
Henry Mt. Pleasant.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
81
County. County Seat.
Howard Cresco.
H umboldt Dakota .
Ida Ida Grove.
Iowa Marengo.
Jackson Maquoketa
Jasper Newton .
Jeff erpon Fairflel d .
Johnson Iowa City.
Jones Anamosa
Keokuk Sigourney.
Kossuth Algona
Lee Fort Madison.
Linn . .Marion
Louisa Wapello .
Lucas Chariton .
Lynn Rock Rapids.
Madison Winterset.
Mahaska Oskaloosa.
Marion Knoxville.
Marshall Marsballtown.
Mills Glenwood.
Mitchell Osage.
Monona Onawa City.
Monroe Albia.
Montgomery ... Red Oaks.
Muscatine Muscatine.
'('linen Primghar.
Osceola Sibley.
Page Clarinda.
Palo Alto Emmetsburgh
Plymouth Le Mars.
Pocahontas Pocahontas.
Polk Des Moines.
Pottawatomie .. .Council Bluffs.
Poweshiek Montezuma.
Ringgold Mount Ayr.
Sac Sac City.
Scott Davenport.
Shelby Harlan.
Sioux Orange City.
Srory Nevada.
Tama Toledo.
Taylor Bedford.
Union Afton.
Van Buren Keosauqua
Wapello Ottumwa.
Warren Imlianola .
Washington Washington.
Wayne Corydon.
Webster Fort Dodge.
Winnebago Forest City.
Winneshiek De.-orah .
Woodbury Sioux City.
Worth Northwood.
Wright Clarion.
KANSAS.
Allen lola.
Anderson Garnett.
Atchison Atchison.
Barbour Medicine Lodge .
Barton Great Bend.
Bourbon Fort Scott.
Brown Hiawatha.
Butler Eldorado.
County. County Seat.
Chase Cottonwood Falls.
Chautauqua Sedan .
Cherokee Columbus.
( heyenne Unorganized.
Clay Clay Centre.
Cloud Concordia.
Coffey ... .Burlington.
Comanche Unorganized.
Cowley .Winneld.
Crawford Girard .
Davis Junction City.
Decatur Oberlin.
Dickinson Abilene.
Doniphan Troy.
Dougla Lawrence.
Edwards Kinsley.
Flk Howard.
Ellis Hajs City.
Ellsworth Ellsworth.
Finney Unorganized.
Ford Lodge City..
Franklin Ottawa.
Gove Unorganized.
Graham Millbrook.
O reeley Unorganized .
G reen wood Eureka .
Hamilton Unorganized.
Harper Anthony.
Harvey Newton .
Hodgeman . ... Buckner.
Jackson Holten .
Jefferson Oscaloosa.
Jewell Mankato.
Johnson Olathe.
Kingman Kingman.
Labette Oswego.
Lane Unorganized.
Leavenworth Leavenworth.
Lincoln Lincoln .
Linn Mound City.
Lyon Kmporiti.
McPherson McPhe^son .
Marion Marion
Marshall Marysville.
Miami Paolo.
Mitchell Beloit.
Montgomery Independence.
Morris Council Grove.
Nemaha Seneca.
Neosho Erie.
Ness Ness City.
Norton Norton.
Osage Lyndon .
Oshorne Osborne.
Ottawa Minneapolis.
Pawnee Larned .
Phillips Phillipsburg.
Pottawatomie ... Westmoreland.
Pratt luka.
Rawlins Atwood.
Reno. Hutchison.
Republic Belleville.
Bice Lyons
Riley Manhattan.
Rooks Stockton .
Rush Rush Center.
82
THE WESTERN WOULD
Count)/. County Seat.
Eussell Russell.
St. John Unorganized.
Saline . Salina.
Scott Unorganized .
Sedgwick Wichita .
Seward Unorganized.
Shawnee Topeka.
Sheridan Kenneth .
Sherman .Unorganized.
Smith Smith Center.
Stafford St. John.
Sumner Wellington .
Thomas Unorganized.
Trego Wa Keeney.
Wabaunsee Alma.
Wallace Wallace.
Washington Washington.
Wichita Unorganized.
Wilson Fredonia.
Woodson Yates' Center.
Wyandotte Wyandotte.
KENTUCKY.
Adair Columbia.
Allen Scottsville.
Anderson Lawrenceburgh.
Ballard Blandville.
Barren Glasgow.
Bath Owingsville
Bell Pineyille.
Boone Burlington.
Bourbon Paris.
Boyd Cat lettsburgh.
Boyle Danville.
Bracken Brookville.
Breathitt Jackson.
Breckinridge . . . Hardinsburgh.
Bullitt Shepherdsville
Butler Mqrgantown.
Cald well Princeton.
Calloway Murray.
Campbell Newport.
Carroll Carrollton.
Carter Grayson.
Casey Liberty.
Christian Hopkinsville.
Clark Winchester.
Clay Manchester.
Clinton Albany.
Crittenden Marion.
Cum berland Burksville.
Daviess Owensboro.
Edmonson Brownsville.
Elliott Sandy Hook.
Estill Irvine.
Fayette I^exington.
Fleming Flemingsburgh.
Floyd Prestonburgh.
Franklin Frankfort.
Fulton Hickman .
Gallatin Warsaw.
Garrard Lancaster.
Grant Williamstown.
Graves Mayfleld.
Grayson Leitchfleld.
County. County Seat
Green Greensburgh.
Greenup Green up.
Hancock Hawcsville.
Hardin Elizabethtown.
Harlan Harlan.
Harrison Cynthiana.
Hart Munfordville
Henderson Henderson.
Henry Newcastle.
Hickman Clinton.
Hopkins Madisonville.
Jackson McKee.
Jefferson Louisville.
Jessamine Nicholasville.
Johnson Paintsville.
Josh Bell .
Kenton Covington.
Knox Harbours ville.
La Rue Hodgensville.
Laurel London.
Lawrence Louisa.
Lee Beattyville.
Leslie Hyden.
Letcher Whitesburgh.
Lewis Vanceburgh.
Lincoln Stanford.
Livingston Smithland.
Logan Russell ville.
Ly'on Eddy ville.
McCracken Paducah.
McLean Calhoun.
Madison Richmond.
Magoffln Salyersville.
Marion Lebanon.
Marshall Benton.
Martin Warfleld.
Mason Maysville.
Meade Bradenburgh.
Menifee Frenchburgh.
Mercer Harrodsb'rgh.
Metcalf e Edmonton.
Monroe Thompkinsville.
Montgomery Mt. Sterling.
Morgan West Liberty.
Muhlenburgh Greenville.
Nelson Bartlstown.
Nicholas Carlisle.
Ohio Hartford.
Oldham Lagrange.
Owen Owenton .
Owsley Booneville.
Pendleton Falmooith.
Perry Hazard .
Pike Pikeville.
Powell Stanton.
Pulaski Somerset.
Robertson Mount Olivet.
Rockcastle Mt. Vernon.
Rowan Moorehead.
Russell Jamestown.
Scott Georgetown.
Shelby Shelbyyille .
Simpson Franklin.
Spencer Taylorsville .
Taylor Campbells ville.
Todd Elk ton.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
83
County. County Seat.
Trigg Cadiz.
Trimble Bedford.
Union Morjr anfteld .
Warren Bowling 1 Green.
Washington Springfield.
Wayne Monticello.
Webster Dixon.
Whitley Whit ley.
Wolfe Campton.
Woodf ord Versailles .
LOUISIANA.
Ascension Donaldsonyille.
Assumption Napoleon ville .
Avoyelles Marks ville.
Bienyille Sparta.
Bossier Belle vue .
Caddo Shreveport.
Galcasieu Lake Charles.
Caldwell Columbia.
Cameron Cameron.
Catahoula Harrisonburgh.
Claiborne Homer.
Concordia Vidalia .
De Soto Mansfield.
E. Baton Eouge..Baton Rouge.
East Carroll . .Lake Providence.
East Feliciana. . .Clinton.
Franklin Winnsboro.
Grant Colfax.
Iberia New Iberia.
Iberville Plaquemine.
Jackson.. Vernon.
Jefferson Gretna.
La Fayette Vermillionville.
La Fourche Thibodeaux.
Lincoln Vienna.
Livingston Port Vincent.
Madison Delta.
Moo rehouse Bastrop .
Natch itoches. Natchitoches.
Orleans New Orleans.
Ouachita Monroe .
Plaquemines. . .Point La Hache.
Point Coupee. ..New Roads.
Rapides Alexandria.
Red River Coushatta Chute.
Richland Rayville.
Sabine Many .
Saint Bernard... St. Bernard.
Saint Charles Hahnville.
Saint Helena Greensburgh.
Saint James . .Convent.
St. John Baptist. Edgard.
Saint Landry Opelousas.
Saint Martin. . .St. Martinsville.
Saint Marys Franklin .
Saint Tammany. Covington.
Tangipahoa Amite City .
Tensas St. Joseph.
Terre Bonne Houma .
Union Farmersville.
Vermillion Abbeville
Vernon Leesville .
Washington Franklinton.
County. . Cotmty Seat.
Webster Minden.
West Baton Rge.Port Allen.
West Carroll Floyd .
West Feliciana.. Bayou Sara.
Winn Winfleld.
MAINE.
Androscoggin ...Auburn.
Aroostook Houlton.
Cumberland Portland .
Franklin Farmington.
Hancock Ellsworth.
Kennebec Augusta.
Knox Rockland.
Lincoln Wiscasset.
Oxford Paris.
Penobscot Bangor .
Piscataquis Dover.
Sagadahoc Brunswick.
Somerset Sko whegan .
Waldo Belfast
Washington Machias.
York Alfred.
MARYLAND.
Alleghany , Cumberland.
Anne Arundel. .Annapolis.
Baltimore . . .Towson.
Cal vert . .Prince Fredericktown.
Caroline Denton.
Carroll Westminster.
Cecil Elkton.
Charles Port Tobacco .
Dorchester Cambridge.
Frederick Frederick .
Garret Oakland .
Harford Bel Air.
Howard Ellicott City .
Kent Chester-town.
Montgomery .. Rockville.
Prince Georges.Up.Marlbor'gh.
Queen Anne Centreville.
St. Marys Leonardtown.
Somerset Princess Anne.
Talbot Easton
Washington Hagerstown.
Wicomico Salisbury.
Worcester Snow Hill.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Barnstable Barnstable.
Berkshire Pittsfield.
Bristol New Bedford.
Dukes Edgartown.
Essex Lawrence.
Franklin Greenfield.
Hampden Springfield.
Hampshire N. Hampton.
Middlesex Lowell.
Nantucket Nantucket.
Norfolk Dedham.
Plymouth Plymouth.
84
THE WESTERN WORLD
County. Cnunty Seat.
Suffolk Boston .
\Vorcester Worcester.
MICHIGAN.
Alcona Harrisville.
Allegan Allegan.
Alpena Alpena.
Antrim Bellaire.
Arenac -.
Baraga L'Anse.
Barry Hasting.
Bay Bay City.
Benzie Benzonia.
Berrien Berrien Springs.
Branch Coldwater.
Calhoun Marshall.
Cass Cassopolis.
Charlevoix Charlevoix.
Cheboygan Cheboygan.
Chippewa Sault Ste Marie.
Clare Harrison.
Clinton St. John.
Crawford Grayling.
Delta Escanaba.
Eaton Charlotte
Kmmet Harbour Springs .
Genesee Flint.
Glad win Gladwin.
Grand Traverse. Traverse City.
Gratiot Ithaca.
Hillsdale Hillsdale.
Hough ton Hough ton.
Huron Bad Axe.
Ingham Mason.
Ionia Ionia.
losco Tawas City.
Isabella Mt. Pleasant.
Isle Royale .
Jackson Jackson.
Kalamazoo Kalaraazoo. .
Kalkaska Kalkaska.
Kent Grand Rapids.
Keweenaw Eagle River.
Lake Baldwin.
Lapeer Lapeer.
Leleenaw Leland .
Lenawee Adrian.
Livingston Ho well.
Mackinac St. Ignace.
Macomb Mt . Clemens .
Manistee Manistee.
Manitou St. James.
Marquette Marquette.
Mason Ludington.
Mecosta Big Rapids.
Menominee Menominee.
Midland Midland.
Missaukee Lake City.
Monroe Monroe.
Montcalm Stanton.
Montmorency . . . Hillman.
Muskegon Muskegon.
Newaygo Newaygo .
Oakland Pontiac.
Oceana Hart.
County. County Seat.
Ogema w West Branch.
Ontonagon . ...Ontonagon.
Osceola Hersey.
Oscoda Unorganized.
Otsego Gaylord.
Ottawa Grand Haven.
Presque Isle Rogers City.
Roscommon Roscemmon.
Saginaw Saginaw.
St. Clair Port Huron.
St. Joseph Centerville.
Sanilac Sandusky .
Schoolcraft Manistique.
Shiawassee Corunna.
Tuscola Caro.
Van Buren Paw Paw.
Washtenaw Ann Arbor.
Wayne Detroit.
Wexlord Cadillac.
MINNESOTA.
Aitkin Aitkin.
Anoka Anoka.
Becker Detroit City.
Beltrami Unorganized.
Benton Sank Rapids.
Big Stone Ortonville.
Blue Earth Mankato.
Brown New Ulm .
Carlton Thomson .
Carver Chaska.
Cass Unorganized.
Chippewa Montevideo.
Chicago Center City .
Clay Moorhead.
Cook Unorganized.
Cottonwood Windom.
Crow Wing Brainard.
Dakota Hastings .
Dodge Mantorville.
Douglas Alexandria.
Faribault Blue Earth City.
Fillmore Preston.
Freeborn Albert Lea
Goodhue Red Wing.
Grant Elbow Lake.
Hennepin Minneapolis.
Houston Caledonia.
Hubbard Park Rapids .
Isanta Cambridge.
Itasca Unorganized.
Jackson Jackson.
Kanabec Mora.
Kandiyohi Willmar.
Kitteon Hallock .
Lac-Qui-Parle ..Lac-Qui-Parle.
Lake Beaver Bay.
Le Suer Le Suer Center.
Li ncoln Lake Benton .
Lyon Marshall .
Marshall Warren .
Martin Fairmont.
McLeod G|encoe.
Meeker Litchfleld .
Mille Lacs Princeton.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
85
County. County Seat.
Morrison Little Falls.
Mower Austin.
Murray Currie.
Nicollet St. Peter.
Nobles Worthington .
Norman Ada.
Olmsted Rochester.
Otter Tail Fergus Falls.
Pine Pine City.
Pipe Stone Pipe Stone .
Polk Crookston .
Pope Glenwood.
Ramsey St. Paul.
Redwood. .... .Bedwood Falls.
Renville Beaver FaJls.
Rice Faribault.
Rock Luverne .
St. Louis Duluth.
Scott Shakopee.
Sherburne Elk River.
Sibley Henderson.
Stearns St. Cloud.
Steele Owatpnna.
Stevens Morris.
Swift Benson.
Todd Long Prairie.
Traverse Brown's Valley.
Wabasha Wabasha .
"Wadena Wadena.
Waseca Waseca .
Washington . . . .Stillwater.
Watonwan St. James.
White Earth. .Indian Res'rvat'n.
Wilkin Breckenridge.
Winona Winona.
Wright Buffalo.
Yellow Medicine.Granite Falls.
MISSISSIPPI.
Adams Natches.
Alconi Corinth.
Amite Liberty.
Attala Kosciusko.
Benton Ashland.
Bollivar Rosedale.
CaJhoun Pittsborough .
Carroll Carrol Iton.
Chickasaw Houston.
Choctaw Chester.
Clai borne Port Gibson.
Clarke Quitman.
Clay West Point .
Coahoma Friar's Point.
Copiah Hazelhurst.
Covington Williamsburg.
De Sota Hernando.
Franklin Mead ville.
Greene Leakesville.
Grenada Grenada.
Hancock Bay St. Louis.
Harrison Mississippi City.
Hinds Jackson.
Holmes Lexington.
Issaquena Mayors ville .
Itawamba Fulton.
County. County Seat.
Jackson Scran ton .
Jasper Paulding .
Jefferson Fayette .
Jones Ellisville.
Kemper DeKalb.
Lafayette Oxford .
Lauderdale Meridian.
Lawrence Monticello.
Leake Carthage.
Lee Tupelo.
Le Flore Greenwood .
Lincoln Brookhaven.
Lowndes Columbus.
Madison Canton .
Marion Columbia.
Marshall Holly Springs.
Monroe Aberdeen .
Montgomery Winona.
Neshoba Philadelphia.
Newton Decatur .
Noxubee Macon .
Oktibbeha Starkville.
Panola Sardis.
Perry Augusta.
Pike Magnolia.
Pontotoc Pontotoc .
Prentiss Boone ville .
Quitman Belen.
Rnnkin Bramlon.
Scott Forest.
Sharkey Rolling Forks.
Simpson Westville.
Smith Raleigh.
Sunflower Johnsonville.
Tallahatchie Charleston.
Tate Senatobia.
Tippah Ripley.
Tishpmingo.. . . luka.
Tunica Austin.
Union New Albany.
Warren Vicksburg.
Washington Greenville.
Wayne Waynesborough.
Webster Walthal.
Wilkinson Woodville.
Winston Louisville.
Yalobusha roffoeville.
Yazoo Yazoo City.
MISSOURI.
Adair Kirksville.
Andrew Savannah.
Atchison Rockport.
Audrain Mexico .
Barry . .' Cassville.
Barton Lamar.
Bates P-utler .
Benton Warsaw.
Bollinger Marble Hill.
Boone Columbia.
Buchanan St . Joseph .
Butler Poplar Bluff.
Caldwell Kingston.
Callaway Fulton.
Camden. Linn Creek.
TI1E SVESTKUN WORLD
County. County Seat.
Cape Girardeau.. Jackson.
Carroll Carrollton.
Carter Van Buren .
Crtss Harrison ville.
< edar Stockton.
Chariton Keytesville.
Christian Ozark.
Clarke Kahoka.
Clay Liberty.
Clinton Plattsburg.
Cole Jefferson City.
Cooper Booneville.
Crawford Steel ville.
Bade Greenfield.
Dallas Buffak).
Daviess Galiatin.
DeKalb Mays ville.
Dent Salem.
Douglas A va .
Dunklin Kennett.
Franklin Union.
Gasconade Hermann.
Gentry Albany .
Greene Springfield.
Grundy Trenton .
Harrison Bethany.
Henry Clinton.
Hickory Hermitage.
Holt Oregon.
Howard Fayette .
Howell West Plains.
Iron Ironton.
Jackson Independence.
Jasper Carthage.
Jefferson Hillsborough.
Johnson Warrensburg.
Knox Edina.
Laclede Lebanon .
Lafayette Lexington.
Lawrence Mt. Vernon.
Lewis Monticello.
Lincoln Troy
Linn Linneus.
Livingston Chillicothe.
McDonald Pinerille.
Macon Macon City.
Madison Fredericktown.
Maries Vienna.
Marion Palmyra.
Mercer Princeton.
Miller Tuscumbia.
Mississippi Charleston.
Moniteau California.
Monroe Paris.
Montgomery Danvijle.
Morgan Versailles.
New Madrid New Madrid.
Newton Neosho.
Nodaway Marysville .
Oregon Alton.
Osage Linn.
Ozark Gainesville.
Pemiscot Gayoso.
Perry Perry ville.
Pettis Sedalia.
Phelps .. Rolla.
County. County Scat.
Pike Bowling Green.
Platte Platte City.
Polk Bolivar.
Pulaski Waynesville.
Putnam Unionviile
Kails New London .
Randolph Huntsville.
Ray Richmond.
Reynolds Centreviile.
Ripley Doniphan.
St Charles St. Charles.
St. Clair Oseetja.
St. Francois. Farming-ton.
St. Genevieve St. Genevieve.
St. Louis St. Louis.
Saline Marshall.
Scbuyler . . : Lancaster.
Scotland Memphis.
Scott Benton.
Shannon Eminence.
Shelby Shelby ville .
Stoddard Bloomfield.
Stone Galena.
Sullivan Milan.
Taney Forsy th .
Texas Houston.
Vernon Nevada.
Warren Warren ton.
Washington Potosi.
Wayne Greenville.
Webster Marshfield.
Worth Grant City.
Wright Hartville .
MONTANA.
Beaver Head Dillon.
Choteau Fort Benton.
Custer Miles t ity .
Da wson Unorganized .
Deer Lodge Deer Lodge C'y-
Ga) latin Bozeman.
Jefferson Radersburgh.
Lewis & Clarke.. Helena.
Madison Virginia City.
Meagher. .White Sulphur Spgs.
Missoula Missoula.
Silver Bow Butte City.
Yellowstone Billings.
NEBRASKA.
Adams Hastings.
Antelope Oakdale.
Boone Albion.
Brown Unorganized.
Buffalo Kearney.
Burt Tekamah .
Butler David City
Cass Piattsmouth.
Cedar St. Helena .
Chase Unorganised.
Cherry Valentine.
Cheyenne Sidney.
Clay Clay Centre.
Colfax Schuyler.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
87
County. County Seat.
Cuming West Point.
Custer Ouster.
Dakota Dakota.
Dawson Plumb Creek.
Dixon Ponca.
Dodge Fremont.
Douglas Omaha.
Dundy Unorganized.
Fillmore Geneva.
Franklin Bloomington.
Frontier Stockville.
Furnas Beaver City.
Gage Beatrice.
Gosper Davisville.
Greeley Scotia.
Hall Grand Island.
Hamilton Aurora.
Harlan Alma.
Hayes Unorganized.
Hitchcock Culbertson.
Holt O'Neill.
Howard St. Paul.
Jefferson Fairbury .
Johnson Tecumseh .
Kearney Minden .
Keith Ogallalla.
Keya Paha Spring View.
Knox Niobrara.
Lancaster Lincoln .
Lincoln North Platte .
Loup Unorganized.
Madison Madison .
Merrick Central City.
Nance Fullerton.
Nemaha Brownville.
Nuckolls Nelson.
Omaha Reservation.
Otoe Nebraska City.
Pawnee Pawnee City.
Phelps Phelps .
Pierce Pierce.
Platte Columbus.
Polk Osceola.
Red Willow Indianola.
Richardson Falls City.
Saline Wilber.
Siirpy Papillion.
8a unders Wahoo .
Seward Sewaid.
Sherman Loup City .
Sioux Unorganized.
Stanton Stanton .
Thayer Hebron.
Valley*. Ord .
Washington Blair.
Wayne La Porte.
Wei ister Hed Cloud.
Wheeler Willow Spr'gs.
York York.
Unorganized Territory.
NEVADA.
Churchill Stillwater.
Douglas Genoa.
Elko Elko.
County. County Seat*
Esmeralda Aurora.
Eureka Eureka.
Humboldt Winncmucca-
Lander Austin.
Lincoln Pioche.
Lyon Dayton .
Nye Beimont.
Ormsby Carson City.
Koop Unorganized.
Storey Virginia City.
Washoe Reno .
White Pine Hamilton.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Ee?.knap Laconia .
Carroll Ossipee.
Cheshire Keene .
Coos Lancaster.
Grafton Haverhill.
Hillsborough Nashua.
Merrimack Concord.
Rockingham .... Exeter.
Straff ord Dover.
Sullivan Newport.
NEW JERSEY.
Atlantic Mays landing.
Bergen Hackenpack .
Burlington Mt. Holly.
Camden Camden .
Cape May Cape May.
Cumberland Bridgeton.
Essex Newark.
Gloucester Woodbury .
Hudson Jersey City.
Hunterdon Flemington.
Mercer Trenton.
Middlesex New Brunswick.
Monmouth Freehold .
Morris Morristo wn .
Ocean Toms River.
Passaic Paterson.
Salem Salem.
Somerset Somerville .
Sussex Newton.
Union Elizabeth.
Warren Belvidere ,
NEW MEXICO.
Bernalillo Bernalillo .
Colt'ax Cimarron.
Dona Ana Mesilla .
Grant Silver City
Lincoln Lincoln .
Mora Mora .
Rio Arriba Tierra Amerilla.
San Miguel Las Vegas.
Santa Fe Santa Fe.
Socorro Socorro.
Taos Fernandes De Taos.
Valencia Los Lumas.
NEW YORK.
Albany Albany.
Allegany Beimont.
THE WESTERN WORLD
County. County Seat.
Broome Binghamton.
Cattaraugus Little Valley.
Cayuga Auburn.
Chautauqua May ville.
Chemung Elmira.
Cheuango Norwich.
Clinton Plattsburgh .
Columbia Hudson.
Cortland Cortland.
Delaware Delhi .
Dutchess Poughkeepsie.
Erie Buffalo.
Essex Elizabethtown .
Franklin Malone.
Fulton Johnstown.
Genesea Batavia.
Greene Catskill .
Hamilton Sageville.
Herkimer Herkimer.
Jefferson Watertown.
Kings Brooklyn.
Lewis Low ville .
Livingston Geneseo .
Maiison Morrisville.
Monroe Rochester.
Montgomery Fonda .
New York NPW York.
Niagara Lockport.
Oneida Utlca.
Onondaga Syracuse .
Ontario Canandaigua .
Orange G oshen .
Orleans Albion.
Os wego Os wego .
Otsego Cooperstown .
Putnam Carmel .
Queens Jamaica.
Rensselaer Troy.
Richmond Richmond .
Rockland New City.
St. Lawrence . . . Canton.
Saratoga Ballston .
Schenectady Schenectady.
Schoharie Schoharie.
Sch lyler Watkins.
Seneca Ovid .
Steuben . Corning.
Suffolk Riverhead.
Sullivan. Monticello.
Tioga Owego.
Tompkins Ithaca.
Ulster Kingston .
Warren .. Lake George.
Washington Argyle.
Wayne Lyons.
Westchester White Plains.
Wyoming Warsaw .
Yates Pen Yan .
NORTH CAROLINA.
Alamance. Graham
Alexander Taylorsville.
Alleghauy Sparta .
Anson Wa'lesborough.
Ashe .... Jcfforson.
County. County Seat.
Beaufort Washington .
Bertie Windsor.
Bladeti Elizabethtown.
Brunswick Smithville,
Buncombe Ashville.
Burke Morgantown
Cabarrus Concord.
Caldwell Lenoir.
Camden Camden.
Cartaret Beaufort.
Caswell Yancey ville.
Catawba Newton .
Chatham Pittsborough.
Cherokee Murphy .
Chowan Edenton.
Clay Hayesville.
Cleveland Shelby.
Columbus Whiteville.
Craven New Berne .
Cumberland Fayetteville.
Ourrituck Currituck.
Dare Manteo .
Davidson Lexington.
Uavie Mocksville.
Duplin Kenansville.
Durham Durham .
Edgecomb Tarborough.
Forsyth Winston .
Franklin Louisburgh.
Gaston Dallas .
Gates Gatesville.
Graham Robinsville.
Gran ville Oxford.
Greene Snow Hill.
Guilford Greensborough.
Halifax Halifax.
Harnett . Linnington.
Haywood Waynesvflle.
Henderson .... Hendersonville.
Hertford Winton.
Hyde Swan Quarter.
Ircdell States ville.
Jackson Websirr.
Johnston Smithfield.
Jones Trenton.
Lenoir Kiuston.
Lincoln Lincolnton.
McDowell . . Marion .
Macon Franklin .
Madison Marshall.
Martin Williamstown.
Mecklenburgh . . .Charlotte.
Mitchell Bakersville.
Montgomery ... Troy.
Moore Carthage.
Xash Nashville.
New Hanover . . .Wilmington.
Northampton Jackson .
Onslow Jacksonville.
Orange Hillsborough.
Pamlico Stonewall.
Pasquotank Elizabeth City.
Pender Burgaw.
Perquimans Hertford.
Person Koxborough.
Pitt Greenville
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
County. County Seat.
Polk Columbus.
Randolph Ashborouffh.
Richmond Rockingbam .
Robeson Lumberton .
Koekingham Wentwortb .
Rowan Salisbury.
Rutherford. .Rutherfordstown.
Sampson Clinton
Stanley Albemarle .
Stokes Daabury.
Surry ..Dobson.
Swain Charleston.
Transylvania Brevard
Tyrrell Columbia.
Union Monroe.
Vance Henderson. .
Wake Raleigh .
Warren Warrenton .
Washington Plymouth.
Watauga Boone.
Wayne Goldsborough .
Wilkes Wilkesburgh.
Wilson Wilson.
Yadkin Yadkinyille.
Yancy Burusville.
OHIO.
Adams West Union.
Allen Lima.
Ashland Ashland.
Ash tabula Jefferson.
Athens Athens.
AugUiize Wapakoneta.
Beluiont St. Clairsville.
Brown Georgetown.
Butler Hamilton.
Carroll Carrollton.
Champaign Url-ana.
Clarke Spring-field.
Cleritiont Batavia.
Clinton Wilmington.
Columbiana New Lisbon.
Coshocton Coshocton.
Crawford Bucyrus.
Cuyahoga Cleveland.
Darke Greenville.
De nance Defiance.
Delaware Delaware.
Erie Sandusky.
Fail-field Lancaster.
Fayette Washington.
Franklin Columbus.
Fulton Wauseon.
Gallia Gallipolis.
Gt-iiuga Chardon.
Greene Xenia
Guernsey Cambridge.
Hamilton Cincinnati.
Hancock Findlay.
Hardin Kenton.
Harrison Cadiz.
Henry Napoleon.
Highland Hillsborough.
Hocking L"gan.
Holmes Millersburgh .
County. County Seat.
Huron Norwalk.
Jackson Jackson .
Jefferson Steubenville.
Knox Mt. Vernou .
Lake Painesville.
Lawrence Ironton.
Licking Newark .
Logan Belief pntalne.
Lorain Elyria.
Lucas Toledo .
Mad ison Lon don .
Mahoning Youngstown.
Marion Marion .
Medina Medina.
Meigs Pomeroy.
Mercer Celma.
Miami Troy.
Monroe Woodsfield .
Montgomery Dayton.
Morgan McConnells.
Morrow Mt. Gilead.
Muskingum Zanesville.
Noble O.ldwell.
Ottawa Port Clinton.
Paulding Pauldiner.
Perry NewLexingt'n
Pickaway Circleville.
Pike Waverly.
Portage Ravenna.
Preble Eaton.
Putnam Ottawa.
Riehland Manslield.
Ross.. Chillk-othe.
Sandusky Fremont .
Scioto Portsmouth .
Seneca Tiffin .
Shelby Sidney.
Stark Canton.
Summit Akron .
Tr umbull Warren .
Tuscarawas..New Philadelphia.
Union Marysville .
Van Wert Van Wert.
Vinton Me Arthur.
War i en Lebanon.
Washington Marietta.
Wayne "Wooster.
Williams Bryan .
Wood BowlingGreen
Wyandot Upper Sandusky.
OREGON.
Baker Baker City.
Benton Corvallis.
Clackamas Oregon City.
Clatsop Astoria.
Columbia St. Helen.
Coos Empire City.
Crook Prineville.
Curry Ellensburgh.
Douglas Roseburgh .
Grant Canyon City.
Jackson Jacksonville.
Josephine Kerby.
Klamath Linkville .
90
THE "WESTERN "WORLD
County. County Seat.
Lake Lakeview.
Lane Eugene City.
Linn Albany.
Marion Salem.
Multnomah Portland.
Polk Dallas.
Tillamook Tillamook.
Umatilla Pendleton .
Union ..Union.
Wasco The Dalles.
Washington Hillsborough .
Yam Hill LaFayette.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Adams Gettysburgh .
Alleghany Pittsburgh.
Armstrong Kittanning.
Beaver Beaver.
Bedford Bedford
Berks Heading.
Blair Hollidaysburgh.
Bradf ord Towanda.
Bulks Doylestown.
Butler Butler.
Cambria Ebensburgh .
Cameron Emporium .
Carbon Mauch Chunk.
Centre Belief onte.
Chester West Chester.
Clarion Clarion .
Clearneld Clearflcld .
Clinton Loch Haven .
Columbia Bloomsburgh.
Crawford Meadville
Cumberland Carlisle.
Dauphin Harrisburgh .
Delaware Media.
Elk Ridgway.
Erie Erie.
Fayette Uniontown .
Forest Tionesta.
Franklin Chambersburgh.
Fulton McConnellsburgh.
Greene Waynesburgh.
Huntingdon Huntingdon.
Indiana Indiana.
Jefferson Brookville.
Juniata Mifflintown .
Lacka wanna Scranton.
Lancaster Lancaster.
Lawrence Newcastle .
Lebanon Lebanon.
Lehigh Allento wn .
Luzerne Wilkesbarre .
Lycoming Williamsport.
McKean Smithport.
Mercer Mercer.
Mifflin Lewistown.
Monroe Stroudsburgh.
Montgomery Norristown.
Montour Danville .
Northampton Easton
Northumberland. Sunbury.
Perry New Bloom field.
Philadelphia Philadelphia.
County. County Seat.
Pike Milford.
Potter Condersport.
Schuylkill P9ttsville.
Snyder Middleburgh.
Somerset Somerset.
Sullivan LaPorte.
Susquehanna Montrose.
Tioga Wellsborough.
Union Lewisburgh .
Venango Franklin.
Warren Warren .
Washington Washington.
Wayne Honesdale.
Westmoreland. . .Greensburgh.
Wyoming Tunkhannock.
York York.
RHODE ISLAND.
Bristol Bristol .
Kent East Greenwich .
Newport Newport.
Providence Providence.
Washington Kingston.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Abbeville Abbeville.
Aiken Aiken.
Anderson Anderson.
Barn well Barn well .
Beaufort Beaufort.
Berkeley Bonneau.
Charleston Charleston.
Chester Chester.
Chesterfield Chesterfield.
Clarendon Manning.
Colleton Walterboro' .
Darlington Darlington.
Edgefield Edgefield.
Fairfield Winnsborough
Georgetown Georgetown.
Greenville Greenville.
Hampton Hampton .
Horry Conway.
Kershaw Camden.
Lancaster Lancaster.
Laurens Laurens.
Lexington Lexington .
Marion Marion .
Marlborough Bennettsville.
Newberry Newberry.
Oconee Walhalla .
Orangeburgh Orangeburgh
Pickens Pickens.
Hichland Columbia.
Spartanburgh. ..Spartan burgh.
Sumter Sumter.
Union L T nion .
Williamsburgh . .Kingstree.
York Yorkville.
TENNESSEE.
Anderson Clinton.
Bedford Shelby ville.
GUIDE AMD HAXD-BOOK.
91
Cnuntn. County Seat.
Beaton Camden .
Bledsoe Pikeville.
Blount Maryville.
Bradley Cleveland .
Campbell Jacksborough.
Cannon Woodbury.
Carroll Huntingdon
Carter Elizabethton.
Cheathain . . .Ashland City.
Chester Henderson.
Clai borne Tazewell.
Clay Celina .
Cocke Newport.
ColTee Manchester.
Crockett Alamo .
Cumberland Crossville.
Davidson Nashville.
Decatur Decaturville.
DeKalb Smithville.
Dickson Charlotte .
Dyer Dyersburgh .
Fayette Somerville.
Fentress Jamestown.
Franklin Winchester.
Gibson Trenton.
Giles Pulaski.
Grainger Rutledge.
Greene Greeneville .
Grundy Altamont.
Hamblen Morristown .
Hamilton Chattanooga.
Hancock ... Sneedville.
Hardeman Bolivar.
Hardin Savannah.
Hawkins Rogersville.
Hay wood Brownsville.
Henderson Lexington .
Henry Paris.
Hickman Centerville.
Houston Erin.
Humphreys Waverly .
Jackson Gaiuesburg .
James Ooltewah
Jefferson Dandridge.
Johnson Taylorsville
Knox Knoxville.
Lake Tiptonville.
Lauderdale Hipley.
Lawrence Lawrenceburgh .
Lewis Newburgh .
Lincoln Fayetteville.
Loudon Loudon.
McMinn Athens.
McNairy Purdy.
Mac9n Lafayette.
Madison Jackson.
Marion Jasper.
Marshall Le wisburg .
Maury Columbia.
Meigs Decatur.
Monroe Madisonville.
Montgomery Clarksville.
Moore Lynchburgh.
Morgan Wartburgh.
Ouion Troy.
Overton Livingston.
County. County Seat.
Perry Linden.
Pickett Byrdatown .
Polk Benton.
Putnam Cookville .
Khea Washington.
Koaue Kingston .
Robertson Springfield.
Rutherford Murf reesburgh.
Scott Huntsville.
Sequatchie Dunlap.
Sevier Sevierville.
Shelby Memphis.
Smith Carthage.
Stewart Dover.
Sullivan Blountville.
Sumner Gallatin .
Tipton Covington.
Trousdale Harts ville .
Unicoi Erwin .
Union Maynardville.
VanBuren Spencer.
Warren McMinn ville.
Washington Jonesburgh.
Wayne Waynesborough.
Weakley Dresden.
White Sparta.
Williamson Franklin.
Wilson Lebanon.
TEXAS.
Anderson Palestine.
Angelina Homer .
Andrews Unorganized.
Aransas Rockport.
Archer Archer.
Armstrong Unorganized.
Atascosa Pleasanton .
Austin Belleville.
Bailey Unorganized.
Bandera Bandera.
Bastrop .Bastrop.
Baylor Seymour.
Bee. . . Beeville.
Bell Bell ton.
Bexar San Antonio.
Blanco Blanco .
Borden Unorganized.
Bosque Meridian.
Bowie Boston .
Brazoria Brazoria.
Brazos Bryan .
Briscoe Unorganized.
Brown Brown wood .
Burleson C Idwell .
Burnet Burnet.
Caldwell Lockhart.
Calhoun Indianola.
Callahan Belle Plaine.
Cameron Brownsville.
Camp Pittsburgh .
Carson Unorganized.
Cass Linden.
Castro Unorganized.
Chambers Wallisville.
Cherokee Rusk .
92
THE WESTERN WORLD
County. County Seat.
Childress Unorganized.
Clay Henrietta.
Cochran Unorganized.
Coleman Coleman.
Collin McKinney .
Collingsworth . . . Unorganized.
Colorado Columbus.
Comal New Brau nf els.
Comanche Comanche.
Coneho Paint Rock.
Cooke Gainesville .
Cory ell Gatesville.
Cottle Unorganized.
Crockett . . .Fort Terrell.
Crosby Unorganized.
Dallam Unorganized.
Dallas Dallas.
Dawson Unorganized.
Deaf Smith Unorganized .
Delta Cooper.
Denton Denton .
DeWitt Clinton.
Dickens Unorganized.
Dinimit Carrizo Springs.
Donley Unorganized.
Duval San Diego.
Eastland Eastland .
Ed wards Unorganized.
Ellis Waxahatchie.
El Paso Ysleta.
Encinal Unorganized.
Erath Stephenville .
Falls Marlin.
Fannin Bonham.
Fayette La Grange.
Fisher Unorganized.
Floyd Unorganized.
Fort Bend Richmond.
Franklin Mt. Vernon.
Freestone Fairfield .
Frio FrioTown.
Gaincs Unorganized.
Galveston Galveston. .
Garza Unorganized.
Gillespie Fredericksburgh .
Goliad Goliad.
Gonzalcs Gonzales.
Gray Unorganized.
Gnivson Sherman.
Greer Unorganized.
Gregg Lone View.
Grimes Anderson.
Guadalupe Seguin.
Hale Unorganized.
Hall Unorganized.
Hamilton Hamilton.
Hansford Unorganized.
Hardman Unorganized .
Hardin Hardin.
Harris Houston .
Harrison Marshall.
Hartley Unorganized.
Haskel Unorganized.
Hays San Marcos.
Hemphill Unorganized .
Henderson Athens.
County. County Seat.
Hidalgo Hidalgo.
_Hill Hillsborough.
Tiockley. Unorganized.
Hood Gran bury .
Hopkins Sulphur Springs.
Houston Crockett.
Howard Unorganized.
Hunt Greenville.
Hutchinson . . . ^Unorganized.
Jack Jacksonborough.
Jackson Texana.
Jasper Jasper.
JeffenoD Beaumont.
Johnson Cleburne.
Jones Phantom Hill .
Karnes Helena.
Kaufman Kaufman.
Kendall Boerne.
Kent Unorganized.
Kerr Kerrvillc.
Kimble Junction City.
King Unorganized.
Kinney Brackettyille.
Knox Unorganized.
Lamar Paris.
Lamb Unorganized.
Lampasas Lampasas.
LaSalle Cotulla.
Lavaca Hallettsville.
Lee Giddings.
Leon Centreville.
Liberty Liberty.
Limestone Groesbeck.
Lipscomb Unorganized.
Live Oak Oak ville .
Llano Llano.
Lubbock Unorganized.
Lynn Unorganized .
McCulloch Brady.
McLennan Waco.
McMullen Tilden.
Madison .Madison ville.
Marion Jefferson.
Martin Unorganized.
Mason Mason .
Matagorda Matagorda.
Maverick Eagle Pass.
Medina Castroville.
Menard Menard ville.
Milam Cameron .
Mitchell Unorganized.
Montague Montague.
Montgomery Montgomery.
Moore Unorganized.
Morris Daingerfield .
Motley Unorganized,
Nacagdoches. . . . Nacagdoches.
Navarro Corsicana.
Newton Newton.
Nolan finorganized.
Juieoes Corpus Christ!
Ochiltree Unorganized.
Oldham Tascosa.
Orange Orange.
Palo Pinto Palo Pinto-
Panola Carthage.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
93
County. Count;/ Kent.
Parker . ( Weatherford.
Farmer Unorganized.
Pecos Fort Stockton.
Polk Livingston.
Potter. Unorganized.
Presidio Fort Davis .
Rains Emory.
Randall Unorganized.
Ked Kiver Clarksville.
Kef ugio Ref ugio .
Roberts Unorganized.
Robertson . ...Calvert.
Rockwall Rockwull .
Runnels Runnels.
Rusk Henderson .
Sabme Heraphill .
San Augustine.. San Augustine.
San Jacinto Cold Speing.
San Patrick) San Patricio.
San Saba SanSaba.
Scurry Unorganized .
Shackelf ord Albany.
Shelby Centre.
Sherman Unorganized .
Smith Tyler.
Somervell Glen Ros
Starr RioGrande C'y
Stephens Breckenridge.
Stonewall Unorganized.
Swisher Unorganized.
Tarrunt Fort Worth.
Taylor Buffalo Gap .
Terry Unorganized .
Throckiuorton..Throckmorton.
Titus Mt. Pleasant.
Tom Green Ben Ficklin.
Travis Austin.
Trinity Pennington.
Tyler . Woodville.
Upshur Gilmer.
Uvalde Uvalde.
Van Zandt Canton.
Victoria Victoria.
Walker Huntsville.
Waller Hempstead.
Washington Brenham.
Webb Laredo.
Wharton Wharton.
Wheeler Mobeetie.
Wichita Unorganized.
Wilbarger Unorganized .
Williamson Georgetown.
Wilson Floresville.
Wise Decatur.
"Wood Oultman.
Yoakum Unorganized.
Young Graham.
Zapata Carrizo.
Za valla Unorganized .
UTAH.
Beaver Beaver.
Box Elder Box Elder.
Cache Logan .
Davis Farmington.
County. County Seat.
Emery Castle Dale.
Garfleld Panguitch.
Iron Parowan.
Juab Nephi.
Kane Kanab.
Millard Fillmore City.
Morgan Morgan.
Pi Ute Junction.
Rich Randolph .
Salt Lake *alt Lake City.
San Juan Bluff .
San Pete Manti .
Sevier Richfield.
Summit Coalville.
Tooelf Tooele.
Uintah Ashley.
Utah ProvoCity.
Wasatch . Heber.
Washington St. George.
Weber Ogden City.
VERMONT.
Addison Middlebury.
Bennington Bennington.
Caledonia St. Johnsbury.
Chittendon Burlington.
Essex Guildhall .
Franklin St. Albans.
Grand Isle N. Hero.
Lamoille Hyde Park.
Orange Chelsea.
Orleans Irasburgh .
Rutland Rutland.
Washington Montpelier.
Windham Newfane.
Windsor Woodstock.
VIRGINIA.
Accomack Accomack.
Albemarle Charlottesyille.
Alexandria Alexandria.
Alleghany Covington.
Amelia Amelia.
Amherst Amherst.
Appomattox Appomattox.
Augusta Staunton.
Bath Warm Springs
Bedford Liberty.
Bland Bland.
Botetourt Fincastle .
Brunswick Lawrenceville.
Buchanan Grundy.
Buckinghara..Buckingham C.H.
Campbell Rustburgh.
Caroline Bowling Green.
Can-oil Hillsville.
Charles City.. Charles City C.H.
Charlotte Smithville.
Chesterfield Chesterfield .
Clarke Berryville.
Craig New Castle.
Culpeper Culpeper.
Cumberland Cumberland.
Dickenson Ervinton.
94
THE WESTERN WOULD.
County. County Seat.
Diuwiddie Dinwiddie.
Elizabeth City. . .Hampton.
Essex Tappahannock.
Fairfax Fairfax .
Fauquier Warreutou .
Floyd Floyd.
Fluvanna Palmyra.
Franklin Rocky Mount.
Frederick Winchester.
Giles Pearisburgh.
Gloucester Gloucester.
Goochland Goochland.
Grayson Independence.
G reen Stanards ville .
Greenville Hicksford.
Halifax Halifax.
Hanover Hanover.
Henrico Richmond.
Henry Martinsville .
Highland Monterey.
Isle of Wight. . . .Isle of Wight.
James City Williamsburgh.
King and Queen. King and Q.
King George King George.
King William King William.
Lancaster Lancaster.
Lee Jonesville.
Loudoun Leesburgh.
Louisa Louisa .
Lunenburgh Lunenburgh .
Madison Madison .
Matthews Matthews.
Mecklenburgh. ..Boydton.
Middlesex Saluda.
Montgomery Christsburgh.
Nansemond Suffolk .
Kelson Lovingston.
New Kent New Kent .
Norfolk Norfolk.
Northampton . . .Eastville.
Northumberland . Heathsville.
Nottoway Nottoway .
Orange Orange .
Page Luray.
Patrick Patrick.
Pittsyl vania ... . Chatham .
Po whatan Po whatan .
Prince Edward.. Farmville.
Prince George. . .Prince George
Princess Anne.. .Prs. Anne.
Prince William.. Brentsville.
Pulaski Newbern.
Rappahannock . . Washington .
Richmond Warsaw.
Roanoke Salem .
Rockbridge Lexington.
Rockingham. . .Harrison burgh.
Russell Lebanon.
Scott Estill ville .
Shenandoah Woodstock.
Smyth Marion.
Southampton ...Jerusalem.
Spottsyl vania ...Spottsyl vania.
Stafford Stafford.
Surrey Surrey.
Sussex Sussex.
County. County Seat.
Tazewell Tazewell.
Warren . . Front Royal.
Warwick Warwick .
Washington.. ..Abingdon.
Westmoreland ..Montrose.
Wise Wise.
Wythe Wytheville.
York Yorkto wn.
WASHINGTON.
Chehalis Montesano.
Clallam New Dungeness.
Clarke Vancouver.
Columbia Dayton .
Cowlitz Kalama.
Garfleld Pomeroy.
Islan(J Coupeville .
Jefferson Port Townsend.
King Seattle.
Kitsap Port Madison.
Klikitat Goldendale.
Lewis Claquato.
Mason Oakland .
Pacific Oysterville.
Pierce New Tacoma.
San Juan Friday Harbor.
Skamania Cascades .
Snohomish Snohomish.
Spokan Cheney.
Stevens Fort Col ville.
Thurston Olympia.
Wahkiakum Cathlamet.
Walla Walla Walla Walla.
Whatcom Whatcom.
Whitman Colfax.
Yakima Yakima.
WEST VIRGINIA.
Barbour Philippi.
Berkeley Martinsburgh.
Boone Madison.
Braxton Braxton C. H.
Brooke Wellsburgh.
Cabell Barboursville.
Calhoun Grantsville.
Clay Clay C.H.
Doddridge West Union.
Fayette Fay ette ville.
Gilmer Glen ville.
Grant Petersburgh .
Greenbrier Lewisburgh.
Hampshire Romney.
Hancock Fairview.
Hardy Moorefield.
Harrison Clarksburgh.
Jackson Jackson C.H.
Jefferson Charlestown.
Kanawha Charleston.
Lewis ... Weston .
Lincoln Hamlin.
Logan Logan C.H.
Me Dowell Perry ville.
Marion Fainnount.
Marshall Mounds ville.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
95
County. County Seat.
Mason .Point Pleasant.
Mercer Princeton.
Mineral Keyser .
Monong-alia Morg-antown.
Monroe Union .
Morgan Berkeley Springs.
Nichol B Nicholas C. H.
Ohio Wheeling.
Pend!(,ton Franklin .
Pleasants St. Mary .
Pocahontas Hunters ville.
Preston Kingwood .
Putnam Winfleld.
Raleigh Haleigh C. H.
Randolph Beverly.
Ritchie Ritchie C. H.
Roane Spencer.
Summers Hinton.
Taylor Graf ton.
Tucker St. George.
Tyler Middlebourne.
Upshur Buckhannon.
Way ne Wayne C. H .
Webster Webster C. H.
Wetzel New Marti nsville .
Wirt WirtC. H.
Wood Parkersburg.
Wyoming Oceana.
WISCONSIN.
Adams . . Friendship .
Ashland Ashland.
Barren Barren .
Bayfleld Bayfield .
Brown Green Bay.
Buffalo Alma.
Burnett Grantsburgh.
Calumet Chilton .
Chippewa Chippewa Falls.
Clark Neillsville.
Columbia Portage.
Crawford Prairie du Chien.
Dane ,. Madison.
Dodge Juman .
Door Sturgeon Bay.
Douglas Superior.
Dunn Menomonee.
Eau Claire Eau Claire.
Florence Florence.
Fond du Lac Fond du Lac.
Grant Lancaster.
Green Monroe.
Green Lake Dartf ord.
County. County Seat.
Iowa JDodgeville.
Jackson Black River Falls.
Jefferson Jefferson.
Juneau Mansion.
Kenosha Kenosha.
Kewaunee Kewaunee.
LaCrosse LaCrosse.
I.aFayette Darlington.
Langlade Antigo.
Lincoln Merrill.
Manitowoc Manitowoc.
Marathon Wausau.
Marinette Marinette.
Marcjuette Mpntello.
Milwaukee Milwaukee.
Monroe Sparta.
Oconto Oconto.
Outagamie Appleton.
Ozaukee Port Washington.
Pepin Arkansaw.
Pierce Ellsworth.
Polk Osceola Mills.
Portage Stevens Point.
Price Phillips.
Racine Racine .
Richland Richland Centre.
Rock Janes ville .
St. Croix Hudson.
Sauk Baraboo.
Sawyer Hay ward.
Sha wano Shawano .
Sheboygan Sheboygan.
Taylor Medf ord .
Trempealeau Whitehall.
Vernon Viroqua.
Wai worth Elkhorn.
Washburn Shell Lake.
Washington West Bend.
Waukesha Waukesha .
Waupaca Waupaca .
Waushara Wautoma.
Winnebago Oshkosh .
Wood Grand Rapids.
WYOMING*.
Albany Laramie City .
Carbon Rawlins.
Crook Unorganized.
Johnson Buffalo .
Laramie Cheyenne City.
S^yeetwater. .Green River City.
Uintah Evanston.
Yellowstone National Park.
96 THE WESTERN WORLD
MAINE.
Named for district in Prance.
Called the " Pine Tree State," or
"Lumber State"; originally in-
cluded New Hampshire ; settled by
English 1607, by French in 1613.
The latter were partially driven
out. but retained control between
the St. Croix and Penobscot rivers.
King James I. granted to the Plym-
outh Company, 16.0. all land
between 40 deg. and 48 deg. lati-
tude. The company granted New
Hampshire to John Mason 1629,
and six years later divided the
territory among its members. To
Ferdinando Gorges fell the entre
region from the Kennebec to the Piscataqua, with hereditary
power from Charles I. as governor. The remainder was parceled
out. Massachusetts claimed the whole region 1651, and got it
under favor of the Puritans then in power. When Charles II.
was crowned the heirs of Gorges claimed it, but were bought off
for $6,250. Settlers suffered severe. y from Indian wars 1670 to
1080. The territory was held by the British in the war of 1812;
separated from Massachusetts in 1820. and admitted as a stiite
March 3, 1820. Boundary settled with England 1842, and the free
navigation of the St. John acquired; number counties, 16; Union
soldiers, 70,107 ; miles of railroad, 1,142. State elections, second
Monday in Sept.: number senators, 31 ; representatives, 151; ses-
sions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday
In Jan.; terms of senators and representatives, two years each.
Number electoral votes, 6; congressmen. 4; number voters,
187,323; paupers and Indians not taxed excluded from voting.
Number colleges. 3; system of common, high and normal
schools excellent ; school age, 4-21 years. Legal rate, interest 6;
by contract, an v i ate.
POPULATION, 1880, 648,936; male, 324,058; female. 32 1,878;
native, 590,053; foreign, 58,883; white, 646,852; colored, l,4."il;
Chinese, 8; Indians, '. enobscots, 625 ; Passamaqunddtes, 502.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Extreme length north arid south. Smiles; width ~AO miles ; shore
line, about 2,480 miles ; area, 33,056 sq. mi.es; land 29,885 sq. miles;
21, 155,80 acres: 37th of states and territories in size. Surface
hilly ; becomes mountainous toward center. To the north it is less
broken, and merges into the St. John valley. Scenery always
fine; sometimes grand. Highest point, Katahdin, 5,400 feet ; largest
i>l*nd. Mount Desert, 92 square miles. Watered by the Penobscot.
Androscoggin, Saco, St.Croix,Aroostook, St.Johnand a multitude
f smaller streams, and by Moosehead (7x36 miles in area), Umba-
j: og. Eagle, Portage, Millinoket, Sebec, Shoodic, Long, Madawsi-
ska,and smaller lakes. Areaof lakes and streams, one-thirteenth
entire state. The soil is medium only, except on some of the
streams, where it is rich. Hay is the best crop. Wheat, oats,
corn, hops, potatoes, buckwheat and the ordinary vegetables
grow. Cattle do fairly; dairying pays. Half the state is forest
of excellent timber. Cleared land averages $15 and forest land
$14 per acre. Slate, copper, granite, are found in large quanti-
ties.
CLIMATE. Winter average, 29 deg.; summer, 67 deg.; rain-
fall, 45 inches ; snow lies 80 to 130 days ; frost comes about middle
of September, and us late as June. Health excellent, except for
pulmonary tr<>uMes : death rate low.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agricultureand kindred pursuits,
lumbering, fisheries (yield, $3,&M,OQQ yearly), quarrying, shfp
building (380 establishments).
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
97
PRINCIPAL CITIES. Portland (seaport\ population
31,413; Lewiston, 19,083; Bangor (port of entry), 16,856; Biddi-
ford. r',H51 ; and Auuusta, the capital, 8,665.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel,
one bed ami bedding tor every two persons in family other furni-
ture to value of jioO, tools of trade, bibles and school books in use, 1
MAP OF
MAINE
Population MS.936
.Area similes i9,*W
co]>y state statutes, family stoves, 1 cow, 1 Heifer, 2 swine, lOsheep,
9,000 Ibs. nay, nil growing- produce, 30 bushels grain, all potatoes
iii"'ik'd for sustenance of family, 12 cords nrewood, 1 boat of two
tons burden, cart worth $^i, harrow go, plow $10, 5 tons anthra-
cit>< and 50 bushels bituminous coal, yoke oxen, pair horses, with
yokes and harness, 1 sewing machine used by family, all flax
98
THE WESTERN VTORLD
raised on half acre, and articles made therefrom. The hnmegtead,
to the value of $ .00, may be exempted by recorded deed from all
debts incurred alter filing such deed. No arrest for debt un.ess
in case of fraud or intended removal from state. Declaration
of insolvency stops suits. All accounts barred in 6, notes in 2 ,
real estate claims in 40 years, and actions for personal damaire in
2 years. Women may sue and be sued; her estate is not liable for
the husband's debts.
LICENSE CHARGES to resident peddlers, retail, 810;
wholesale, ;25. Non-resident, retail, $25; wholesale, $50.
LIENS are held for labor or materials by filing statement with
town clerk in 90 days when there is contract; iu 30 days when
there is no contract.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
One of the thirteen original states.
Named for Hampshire county, Eng-
land, called the " Granite State."
Originally part of Maine, and in-
cluded iu grant, James Jst, to Plym-
outh Company, 10.0. Settle i by
English Itir-'S. Granted to John
Mason and others, 1629. United with
Massachusetts, 1041. Separated from
latter, 1741. It included the greater
part of Vermont, but the claim to
same was disputed by New York.
In Ii71 Vermont separated. State
Constitution adopted 1784, revised
1792, amended Isol and revised
1877. Batifled United States Consti-
tution June-'l, 1788. Union soldiers
in field, 3^.937. Number counties, 10; miles railroad, 060. All
elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; number Senators,
24 ; Representatives, 321 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeting- first Wednesday in June; terms of
Senators and representatives, 2 years each Number electoral
votes, 4; Congressmen, 2 ; number voters, 105,138. Paupers ex-
cluded from voting. Dartmouth College, at Hanover, founded,
1769; compulsory education law; common schools excellent;
school age, 5-15. Legal interest 0$ ; usury forfeits 3 times the
excess.
POPULATION, 1880, 346,991 ; male. 178,526; female, 176,405;
native, 3. J0.697; white, 340.229: colored, C85: Indians, 63.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Extreme length N. and S. 181 miles ; extreme width, 92 miles; area,
9,005 square miles 5,763,2'K) acres. Coast line, 18 miles. Highest
peak, Mt. Washington. Largest lake, Winn-piseogee, 74 square
miles. General elevation, 1,200 feet. Isles of Shoals form
part of the state. The White Mountains occupy the northern
portion of the state with unsurpassed scenery. The surface
slopes southward and becomes less mountainous. Principal
river>, Connecticut, Merrimac, Androscoggin, Piscataqua and
tributaries. Principal lakes, Wmnipiseogee, Umbagog and 4
Connecticut lakes, the source of the river of that name. Soil
rocky, with small fertile districts. Hay best crop ; corn, wheat,
oats and ordinary vegetables do fairly with close cultivation.
Forests largely exhausted except at the north. Cleared lands
average $lt% and woodland $-'"> per acre. Mica is quarried at
Grafton, soapstone at Haverhill, Keene and Francestown;
franite, at Plymouth, Troy, Roxbury, Concord and elsewhere,
tate ranks high in cotton manufacturing.
GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK
CLIMATE. Winter average 24, summer 69 dog. Extremes
great in White Mountains. Summer short and hot, with
violent storms. Itaiufall 41 inches. Frost late in spring and
early in fall. Winter begins in Nov., and it is cold till May.
Snow lies two-thirds of the year in mountains, elsewhere 70 to
130 days. Health good.
, ^. Map of
ham 3IEAV HAMPSHIRE
:i lid _-.- |
VERMONT ?) '
r Population Area
New Hampshire M4?,.<m tM
"IjlooZflA < '
y 1 1 .n.i-- =( \ f ;v i!W" ; '/' *. Kicnamton^st
m^^^Mii
|3^I Jc v^ ^^^|\ v
-M^p^
'Haven ^^Ff '
rJiJrtlcRex ; - :
' PEIIFR/
iKilhRi
^^l-Lices^A ! Fairie/| t C/^
! ^\ ^Mir.V R i l n n yf/ WeB iv H
ArfdisonJC. tfW-'^oyalton f worth ^,^1 ^. P9=
/ ^ i|4 Sharon \ /Norwich Pl^utl _,
- VV.Rutla;il'j r iHa I " ora V.Vhit.-Riv;r isl.!:,, ,i li'.'
^-<^ ' w^i3i ^ B - I
fe?R ^l a
/r
PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. -Agriculture, manufacture
of cotton, woolens, lumber, leather, boots and shoes, etc. (Quar-
rying mica, uranite and soapstone.
PRINCIPAL CITIES. -Manchester, pop.. 32,630; Noshun,
13,307; Concord (the capital), 13,84:}; Dover, 11,6S7; Ports-
mouth (chief harbor), 969. The harbor of the hitter place, Great
Bay, never freezes over.
100
THE WESTERN WORLD
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel,
bedsteads and bedding for debtor and family; household furni-
ture to the value of 100 ; cooking-stove and furniture for same ;
sewing-machine ; provisions and fuel to the value of $50 ; uni-
form, arms and equipment of militia; Bibles, school-books and
library to the value of $200 ; tools of debtor's occupation to the
value of $100 ; 1 hog and 1 pig and the pork of same when
slaughtered ; 6 sheep and the fleeces of same ; 1 cow; a yoke
of oxen or a horse, when required for farming or teaming pur-
poses or other actual uses ; hay not exceeding 4 tons ; homestead
to the value of $500, or that interest in buildings occupied by
debtor. Assignments do not release debtor nor can preference be
made. Suits to recover land on mortgage judgment and bonds are
barred after 20 years, for personal damage or slander after 2 years,
for all other actions in 6 years. Wife's property and earnings
exempt from husband's debts. Arrest for debts above $13.33
may be made on affidavit of concealment of property or contem-
plated departure from the state. Money o\yed upon which inter-
est is paid may be deducted from money in hand or loaned in
retnrniiis 1 property for taxes.
LICENSE CHARGES. -Peddlers, $10 per year.
LIENS on buildings are given for labor and for materials
to amount of $1,500 for 90 days ; laborers on wood have similar
lien. Boarding-house keepers hold baggage of boarders. Pas-
turers have lieu on stock pastured.
VERMONT.
First state to join original 13.
Name, of French origin, signifies
"green mountain." Called the
"Green Mountain State." Origi-
nally disputed territory between
New York and New Hampshire,
ruled chiefly by latter. Settled by
en i IL rants from Massachusetts, 1624;
by French, 1731. The latter soon
iibandoned it. Declared indepen-
dent of both New York and New
Hampshire, 1771, at Westminster.
Took name of " New Connecticut "
or Vermont. Took part in Revolu-
tion. Sought admission to Confed-
eration, 17*6, but refused through
oppposition of New York. Applied
again, 1777, and admitted 17i)l. Constitution adopted, 1777;
amended, 1786; again in 1793, and revised, 1870. Active in war of
1812. Union soldiers furnished, 33,288. Number counties, 14.
Miles railroad, 944. First railroad built from Bellows Falls to
Burlington, 1849. State elections biennial, first Tuesday in Sept.;
number Senators, 30; Representatives, 240; sessions of legisla-
ture biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting first Wednesday
in Oct.; terms of Senators and Representatives, 2 years each.
Number electoral votes, 4 ; Congressmen, 2 ; number voters,
95621. Bribers excluded from voting. Colleges, 2; school a *e,
5^20. Les'al interest rate, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of interest.
POPULATION, 1880, S-K.286 ; male, 160.867 : female, 165,399.
native, 291.327; foreign, 40.959; white, 331.218; colored. 1.057;
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Length N. and S., 119 miles; width, 34 to 53 miles; area, 9,136 sq.
miles, 5,847,040 acres. Highest point (Green Mountains*, about
4.600 feet. Largest lake, Champlain, 126 miles long and in places
15 miles wide ; navigable throughout. Isles in lake form Grand
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 101
Isle county. Green Mountains run N. and S. through the state,
and are 3,000 to 4,600 feet high. Besides which many spurs
and detached peaks break the surface, which is generally
hilly. All east of mountains drained by the Connecticut, the
only navigable river. The Sorel river, the outlet of Lake
Champlain, is the other chief stream, and empties into St.
Lawrence. Small streams abundant. Soil rocky but good in
narrow strips on streams. Potatoes best crop. Corn, wheat, oats,
hay, hops tfnd buckwheat yield moderately if well attended.
Forests remain to considerable extent but are cut over or culled.
Cleared land averages $17.50 and forest land $18 per acre. Dairy-
ing profitable. Manganese, copper, iron, gold, black, white, red
and variegated marble and slate are found, the marbles In great
abundance. State ranks 1st in quarries, 4th In copper.
CLIMATE. Ranges of temperature, 15 deg. below to 95 dcg.
above, but changes not sudden ; winter averages 18 deg. to 33 deg.
Summer averages W> deg. to 75 deg. Summers short. Rainfall
greatest at south and east, where it averages 43 inches ; in other
sections the average is 35 inches. Snows heavy. Frosts early in
fall and late in spring. Snow lies 80 to 140 days. Health excel-
lent, miasma unknown. Pulmonary diseases less common than on
coast. Death r:u> very low, less than 1% in the ICO,
INDUSTRIES very varied, numbering 2,900; principal ones,
agriculture, dairying, manufacture of flour, furniture, leather,
tin, iron and copper ware, and lumber, mining, quarrying and
finishing marbles and stones, and maple sugar making.
PRINCIPAL CITIES. Burlington, pop., 1880, ll,Sfi5 ; Mont-
B slier (capital), pop., 1880, 4,000; Rutland, pop., 1880, 13,149.
rattleboro and Bellows Falls are important and thriving towns
and seats of large industries.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Apparel, bedding,
tools, arms, necessary household furniture, 1 sewing-machine for
use, 1 cow, 1 swine or the meat thereof, 10 sheep, and 1 year's wool
or the manufacture thereof, forage for the stock named, 10 cords
firewood, 30 bu. potatoes. 10 bu. grain, 1 bbl. flour, all growing
crops, 3 swarms bees and hives, and prodtret of -the bees, 200 Ibs.
sugar, Bibles and books used in family, $10 worth poultry, pro-
fessional book to value of $200, 1 yoke oxen or two horses kept in
use not worth over 300, forage for same, wagon or cart and sled,
with harness and furnishings, not to exceed in value $250. Ex-
emptions do not affect attachments prior to Dec. 1st, 1878. The
homestead of every housekeeper is also exempt to value of $500,
with yearly product thereof, except the cause of action accrue
before acquisition of homestead and against taxes. Homestead
passes direct to heirs at death free of debts. Assignments with-
out preference may be made, but creditor is not discharged.
Bankrupt law in force discharges debts if 30^ be paid. Under it
taxes, United States, state, wages to $50, are preferred. Suits to
recover land barred in *5 years ; on contract, injury or account
in 6 ; on bond or judgment in 8 ; on assault or imprisonment in 3 ;
for libel or slander in 24, and on note in 14 years. Wife's property
exempt except income for debts for necessities or labor or im-
provements on the property. Her earnings exempt. She may
do business in her own nnrae and isthenl'able. Women cannot be
arrested in action for debt. Men arrested only on nffidavit of re-
moval or concealment of property, or in cases whc~e fraud is
alleged. The power of arrest is largely discretionary with the
judge and is very sparingly used, liberality being the rule to
debtors.
LICENSE CHARGrES.-per year. Peddlers on foot, $15;
with team, $30; if watches, clocks, jewelry or patent medicinse
are << >M. $ii<). License issued by county clerk.
LIENS for work or materials for buildings hold, but must be
filed in town clerk's ollice and action on same begun inside of 3
months after filing 1 .
102
TIIK WKSTKKN WuKi.1)
MASSACHUSETTS.
Indian name. Called " Old Bay
Sta'e." One of the 13 original
states. First settlement K02, aban-
doned the same year. Explored
1614 by Captain John Smith. First
permanent settlement 1620. Pil-
grims landed on Plymouth Rock
Dec. 22. Massachusetts Buy colony
founded 1038. Boston sett;ed 1C30.
Massach "setts Bay Company char-
tered under Charles 1. Annul-
ment of chai'ter attempted. Col-
onists refused to surrender and
fortified Boston harbor. Pequot
war, 1637. King Philip war, 1675-S.
Charter forfeited 1684. General
court dissolved and Joseph Dudley
appointed president. Superseded 1686 by Sir E. Andros, who was
deposed by the people 1(389. Colonies of Plymouth and Massa-
chusetts Bay united 1692; received new charter ; the appoint-
ment of governor and other officers being vested in the
crown. First American newspaper, Boston, 1690. Anglo-French
wars, 169U to 1763, involved Massachusetts. Renewed hostilities
with French and Indians, 1703-4, and the last general war with
latter occurred 1722-5. Massachusetts was active in bringing on
Revolution. Boston massacre March 5, 1770. Destruction of tea
Dec. 16, 1773. Boston port bill passed March, 1774. Battle of Lex-
ington first blood of Revolution. State constitution adopted 1780;
amended 182J and 1857. Ratified U. S. constitution Feb. 6, 1788.
Shay's rebellion, induced t>y heavy taxation caused by the revo-
lutionary war, 17S3-7. Maine separated from Massachusetts, 1^20.
Village of Fall river acquired from Rhode Island in exchange for
town of Pawtucket and other territory, 1841. Union soldiers,
14-i,730, besides sailors. Number counties. 14. Miles railroad,
2,399. All elections Tuesday after first Monday in Nov. Number
senators, 40; representatives, 240; meeting firs-t Wednesday in
Jan.; yearly termsof senators and representatives, 1 year. Num-
ber electoral votes, 14 ; congressmen, 12. Number voiers, 502, i 4s.
Paupers, persons under guardians, non-taxpayers, and men
unable to read and write, excluded from voting. School system
excellent; attendance compulsory ; age, 5-15 years ; 7 colleges, in-
cluding Harvard. Legal interest, 8 % ; by contract, any rate.
POPULATION, 1880,1,783,085; threfc-f ourths native ; females
outnumber malo. Indians, 369.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Length, N. E. to S. W., 16;' miles; breadth, 47 mik-s in western
and 100 in eastern part; area of 8,040 square miles, 5,145,600 acres.
Coast extensive and irregular, with numerous good harbors.
The Merrimac only large streati entering sea within the state.
The Connecticut traverses western part north to south. Housa-
tonic, Blackstone and Taunton rivers flow through Massachusetts,
and Charles and Mystic rivers enter Boston Bay. The rivers af-
ford valuable water power, none navigable but Merrimac. The
Taconic and Hoosac ridges traverse the state at the west. Saddle
mountain, 3,600 feet, the highest peak. The ea^t and northeast
divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast low and sandy.
Scenery very be.tutiful, especially in Berkshire hills; soil generally
light; hay best crop; wheat, outs, corn and vegetables grown.
Forests practically exhausted. Cleared land averages S>-0, and
woodland $4'> per acre. Stone is found. No minerals mined.
Elizabeth Islands. Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and smaller
islands to the south belong to the state.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
103
CLIMATE. Winters severe and protracted ; summers short
and warm ; thermomctrr ranges from 10 deg. below to 1UO deg.;
averages summer, r ,S deg.; winter, 24 deg.; snow falls Oct. to
April; rainfall, including snow, 44 inches; prevailing winds
I'roui east ; heavy logs cominou on coast.
CHIEF INDTJSTEIES.-Aprirnltnre and kindred callings.
Fishing lor cod and mackerel (half the fishing vessels of the
Union owned here). Manufacture of cotton, woolen, worsted,
silk, iron and steel goods, soap and implements, quarrying.
PRINCIPAL CITIES.-Boston.oapi'al; pop. IJB-' 839 ; Low-
ell, pop. 59475; Lawrence and Fall River, fnmous for cotton
manufactures; pop. 39,151, and 48,9dl ; \Vorccstei', railroad and
104 THE WESTERN WORLD
manufacturing center, pop. 58,291 ; Cambridge, seat, of Harvard
College, pop.53,6C9; Lynn, famous for manufacture of boots and
shoes, pop. 38,274; New Bedford, greatest whaling port in
the world ; pop. 26,845 ; Springfield contains greatest arsenal in
the United States, pop. 33,340. Ports of entry, 9.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: apparel, $20 worth
of coal, stores, beds and $100 worth furniture, books in use, cow,
6 sheep, 1 hog, 2 tons hay, tools of trade to $100, material of busi-
ness $100, arms, etc., of militia, $50 worth provisions, homestead
to value of $800, declared such in deed of purchase or by re-
corded declaration. Debts to United States, wages and physi-
cians' bills preferred. Bankrupt law applies to debtors for more
than $ 100. Debts discharged by consent of majority of creditors.
Suits for land barred after 30, on contracts not sealed after
6, for wages after 4, on notes and all other actions after 20
years. Wife's property exempt, including ornaments and ap-
parel to value of $2,000. She can sue and be sued, etc., same as
if single: her note good, if not joint with husband, but does not
bind husband. Women cannot be arrested for debt. Men may be
arrested on affidavit of concealment or avoidance where claim
exceeds $20.
LICENSE CHARQ-ES. Peddlers, $50 per year ; special
county license, $1 to $4. Permissions to obtain town licen-es, $3
to $'i5 : all issued by Secretary of State.
LIENS are given on buildings for labor and material. Notice
must b > given owner, and statement of lien filed in county regis-
ter's office in 30 days after work is done, and suit brougntin90
days. Vessels are subject to like liens. Boarders' (except sailors')
effects subject to lien for board, and cattle for pasturage.
RHODE ISLAND.
One of the 13 original states.
Called "Little Rhody." First settled
at Providence, 1636, by Roger Will-
iams. Island of Aquidneck (Rhode
Island), bought from Indians,
1638, and Newport and Portsmouth
founded. Patent obtained, 1643, pro-
vided for union of the settlements,
which they accepted 1647. Charter
of Charle* II. ,1663, served as organic
law of state till 1843, when present
constitution was ratified. R.I. suf-
fered terribly during King Philip
wars, li;75-76; Providence burnt
during same. Colony deprived, 1687,
of right of self-government by Sir
E. Andros. The fall of the latter on
success of the English revolution, liiSS, restored liberties, 1689.
Lands of Narragansett Indians acquired by purchase, 1709. Pop.
60,000 in 1170. It. I. seamen distinguished themselves in the
Anglo-French wars, 1750 to 1763, and in Revolution. First
American squadron sailed from Providence under command of
Esck Hopkins. Newport occupied by British, 1776, and besieged
unsuccessfully by Gen. Sullivan and French fleet under Count
d'Estaing, 1778. British forces evacuated 1779. Count de Roch-
ambeau arrived at Newport July 10, 1780, with fleet of transports
and 6,000 soldiers. Rhode Island was not represented in fhe con-
vention, 1787, which framed Constitution ot United States, and
was the last state to ratify same, 17* I. "Dorr rebellion," 1842
caused by insufficiency of the old charter, which still served as
the constitution. The Dorr government twice aeaembled, but
was dispersed by state authorities. Disputed boundaries adjusted
1861 by ceding to Massachusetts Fall River in exchange for Paw-
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK
105
tucket and a part of Seckonk (East Providence). Union soldiers
furnisbed, &US98. Number counties, 5. Miles railroad, 147. State
elections, first Wednesday in April; elects 72 Representatives, 34
Senators, 2 Congressmen and 4 presidential t lectors. Legislature
meets annually on last Tuesday In May, at Newport, and holds
adjourned session annually at Providence ; termsof Senatorsand
Representatives, 1 year. Persons without property to the value
of $134 excluded from voting. Brown's University at Providence,
founded 17(14; common school system excellent: school age, 5-15.
Leg-ill interest rate. $% ; by contract, n"y rate.
POPULATION, iss5, 207,531; three-fourths native; females
predominate; Indiana. 74.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Area, 1,1 sa t>n. ruiles, or C'JtJ,3^U acres. Length Is. and S. 40 miles ;
106
THE WESTERN WOULD
width, 40 miles. Narragansett Bay divides the state unequally,
the western and larger part extend'ng N. from the ocean some 27
miles. The hay is 3 to 13 miles wide and contains several islands,
of which Aquidneck, Canonicut and Prudence are largest. Block
Island, at the western entrance of the bay, also belongs to this
state. Surface of state broken and hilly. Small rivers unfit for
navigation are numerous and afford valuable water powers. Chief
rivers: Pawtucket and Pawtuxet. entering Narragansett bay ;
and Pawcatuck, falling into Long Island sound. The state con-
tains numerous small lakes, some of great I eauty. Scenery varied
and pretty. Soil middling quality. Hay best crop. Potatoes,
corn and oats are the next most important products. No forests.
Dairying- profitable. Land high-priced. No minerals mined.
CLIMATE, owing to nearness to sea, moderate. Average
temperature : winter, 24 to 43 deg.; summer, 44 to 74 deg. Raiu-
fail, 43 inches. Snow lies 60 to 100 days. Health good.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Manufacture ol fabrics of cotton,
flax, linen, wool, boots and shoes, rubber goods, metals, jewelry,
etr., agriculture, dairying. Rhode . Island, in proportion to size,
is the larjri st manufacturing state in Union.
PRINCIPAL CITIES. Providence (capital and seaport),
pop., 1880, 104,857. Nr-wport (capital, seaport, finest in world, and
great pleasure resort), pop. 15,093. Bristol (seaport). Warren
(seaport). Lincoln, pop. 13,705. Pawtucket, pop. 19,030. Woon-
SOek't. pop. Irt.OfiO.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : wearing apparel
and tools to value of $200; furniture and provisions, $300; books,
cow, pig, hog and pork of same, arms, etc., of militia, promissory
notes, exchange and SH) wages. Assignments made without
preference. Debtor not released. Wages to amount of $100 pre-
ferred. Suits to recover land and on foreign judgment barred
after 20 years ; af ter 1 year for slander, 4 years for trespass, ti
years on accounts. Arrest for debt only permitted on affidavit of
intended removal or secretion of property. Females cannot be
arrested for debt. Wife's property exempt. She cannot do
"LICENSE CHARGES. -Peddlers, $60 to state ; $30 to Provi-
dence county; $15 to other counties. Peddlers, jewelry, $:.'00 to
st,-,tc, 3IOJ to Providence and $50 to other counties. Licenses
issued by secretary of state.
LIENS on buildings aie given for labor and material. All
working under contractor must notify owner in 30 days and file
claims in (j months with town clerk.
CONNECTICUT.
Indian name meaning " Long
River." i ailed " Wooden Nutmeg
State. ' One of original 13 states
explored by the Dutch settlers of
Manhattan Island, 1015, by whom
Settlement was mad'', ]li:i:J, at Hart-
ford, sold toon after to Knglish.
Hartford, Windsor and Wethers-
fiel 1 fettled by colonists from
Massachusetts, 1036. Saybrooke
united with Connecticut, 1644.
New Haven was settled, 1644, and
united with Connecticut, lU6."i, un-
der charter of lliiJ2, from King
Charles. Surrender of charter de-
manded by Andros, 1(>S7, but was
concealed in what became histor-
ical as the "Charter Oak" tree. Andros ruled as a despot until de-
posed and imprisoned, May 9 1689. C barter remained intact; and
GUIDE AXD HAND-BOOK.
107
formed the constitution of the State un<il the adoption of
the present one in 1818. Connecticut instructed its delegates to
the continental Congress, June 14, 1776, to propose that the
united American colonies were free and independent states, ab-
solved from all allegiance to the king of Great Britain and thus
forecast the declaration of independence. The state furnished
>}t?lf! 5fjy liMi 51 *f j
Wll^mOJ'^TC
Ptc;
a verj' large quota of men to the Revolutionary armies. Yale
Col tege, founded 1701; Hartford capital till 17tJI. From 1701 to
1873 the general assembly met alternate!} at Hartford and New-
Haven. In the last named year the place of meeting was per-
manently fixed at Hartford. Union soldiers furnished, 55,864.
Number counties, 8. Miles railroad, 991. State elections yearly
108 THE WESTERN "WORLD
on same date as presidential election ; elects 24 senators, 249 rep-
resentatives, 4 congressmen, and 6 presidential electors. State
senators hold 2 and representatives 1 year. Legislature meets
yearly on Wednesday after first Monday in January. Convicts
and persons unable to read not permitted to vote. School sys-
tem superior ; includes 3 college*, with 160,000 books in libraries.
School age 4 to 16 years. Legal interest, <&%. More cannot be col-
lected. No penalty for usury.
POPULATION, 1880, ^22,700; male, 305,782; female, 316,918;
native. 492,708; colored, 11,547; Chinese, 123; Indians, 255.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Area, 4,845 sq. miles; iiyerage length, 86 miles; average breadth, 55
miles: seacoast, 110 miles. Surface diversified by hills and val-
leys, but less rugged than the other New England states. The
Green Mountain range terminates in this state in a series of hills,
the highest being about 1,000 ft. above the sea. The Ilousatonic,
Thames, Quinnebaug, and Connecticut valleys extend N. and S.,
and contain much excellent land. The sea coast is indented by
numerous bays and harbors, affording excellent anchorage. Soil,
except in valleys, light and stony. Corn, oats, hay, wheat, to-
bacco and vegetables are the staple crops. Cleared land averages
40 and woodland $30 per acre. No valuable timber remains.
Stone extensively quarried. Valuable iron mines exist.
CLIMATE. Moderate and healthy; average temperature,
summer, 72 deg. and winter, 28 deg. Occasionally the ther-
mometer sinks below zero, considerable snow falls, summers
warm. Rain fall including snow about 47 inches.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Manufacture of hardware, clocks,
silks, cotton, rubber, i arpets, woolens, arms, sewing machines
and attachments, dairying, quarrying, agriculture, etc. Total
number of different Industries, 4,488.
PRINCIPAL CITIES. Hartford (capital, and noted for
banking and insurance business) ; pop. 1880, 42,015. New Haven,
"City of Elms," scat of Yale College; pop. 62,882. Bridgeport,
noted for manufacture of fire-arms and sewing machines; pop.
27,643. Waterbury, important manufacturing city; pop. 17,806.
Fail-field, Middletown, New Haven, New London and Stoning ton
are ports of entry.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: necessary apparel,
bedding, furniture and provisions, arms, implements of trade,
stock to value of $150. Horse, saddle and buggy, with harness
of practicing physician not to exceed $250; sewing machine,
library to $500, boat to $200. No homestead. Assignments with-
out preference allowed, but do not discharge debt. Wages to
$100, accruing within 3 months preferred. Suits for land barred
after 15 years, on bonds and non-negotiable notes after 5 years, on
contracts after 6 years, for slander, express contracts (unwrit-
ten) sifter 3 years, for damage for loss of life after 1 year. Wife's
property exempt from husband's debts ; she can do business,
sue and be sued separately. Arrest for fraud, concealment,
removal and refusal to pay admitted or judgment debts.
LICENSE CHARGES.- None.
LIENS are given on boarders' effects for board after 60 days;
for material (over $25 worth) if statement is filed with town
clerk or secretary of state, if supplied to a railroad, in 60 days and
suit begun in 2 years. Liens for labor and material furnished
vessels must be filefl in 10 days. J udgmente are liens on real estate.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 109
NEW YORK.
One of the thirteen original states;
named for Yorkshire, Eng. Called
the " Empire State." Explored by
Henry Hudson, Sept., 1609, who
sailed up the river to which he gave
his name. Two months earlier
Samuel de Champlain discovered
and named Lake Champlain. Hol-
land owned the territory. The
J>utch settled on Manhattan Island,
1614. Country called " New Nether-
lands." Manhattan Island pur-
chased from Indians for 824, 1626.
Indian troubles 1640-45. Swedish
settlements on the Delaware incor-
porated with the New Netherlands,
1655. England claimed the country
as part of Virginia* captured Manhattan (New Amsterdam)
August, 1664, and named it New York. Dutch regained posses-
sion, held it a few months, and permanently transferred it to
England; New York the battle-field of the French-English war,
1754: was prominent in the Revolution. The last royal governor
was forced to nee, Oct., 1775. In Feb., 1776, Americans occupied
New York city; British regained control in Aug., and held
Manhattan Island until Nov. 25, 1783. Burgoyne's surrender
at Saratoga Oct., 1777, the first great triumph over British
tyranny. West Point fortified 1777-78. New York city capital
of the colonial government until the Revolution, and state
capital 1784 to 1797, when Albany was made the capital. It was
also the seat of the United States government 1785 to 1790.
During war of 1812-14 border towns of New York attacked
by the British. First State constitution adopted 1777, revised
1801, 1821 and 1846; slavery abolished 1817. Boundary question
with Vermont, Connecticut and Massachusetts settled 1791.
Union soldiers furnished, 448,850; number counties, 60; custom
districts, 10; first railroad, Albany to Schenectady, 1783; miles gf
' railroad, 7,812; miles canal, 900. State officers elected every
4 and senators (32 in number/ every 2 years; representatives (125
in number), yearly, on same day as presidential election. Legis-
lature meets first Tuesday in Feb., yearly; congressmen, 34;
presidential electors, 36. Election betters and bribers and con-
victs excluded from voting. School system superior; includes 28
colleges. School age, 5 to 21 years. Legal interest, 6#; usury
forfeits principal and interest.
POPULATION, 1880,5,082.871; male, 2.505,323 ; female, 2,577,-
549; native, 3,S71.40'i: Indians, 819; white, 5.016.042: Chinese, 907.
TOPOGRAPHY, ABE A, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles ; extreme width, 311 miles;
area, 47,620 sq. miles; 30,476,800 acres; water frontage, 900 miles;
surface, varied. The narrow belt east of the Hudson valley is
intersected by spurs of the Hoosac and Green mountains: the
rolling table lands to the west are trayersed by tne Blue Ridge,
Highland, Catskill, Helderberg and Adirondacks. The Hudson,
rising in the Adirondacks, and flowing south over 30 miles to
New York bay, is the chief stream. The Allegheny and its tribu-
taries drain the S. W., and the Susquehanna the southern central
division. The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson. The
state is noted for the beaut y of its lakes. In the west are Chau-
tauqua and Cattaraugus ; in the central division Canandaigua,
Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and others having the Oswego river
for their outlet. Long, Manhattan and Staten Islands form im-
portant divisions of the state. The soil is also varied, and agri-
culturally the state is very rich. Cleared land averages $60 and
110
THE WESTERN WORLD
woodlad $40 per acre. Considerable forests yet remain. The pro-
duction of corn, wheat and dairy products is very large. The
state ranks first in value of manufactures, soap, printing IKK!
publishing, hops, hay, potatoes, bucV wheat and milch cows;
second in salt, silk goods, malt and distilled liquors, miles mil-
way and barley; third in agricultural implements, iron ore,
iron and steel, oats and rye.
CLIMATE, divorsp; mean annual temperature for the state,
47 deg 1 . In the Adirondacks the annual mean is39dt>!i.; in the
extreme south it is nO deg 1 .; avernire rainfall 43 in., including
snow, the fall beinr greatest in the lower Hudson valley, and
smallest (33 in.) in the St. Lawrem e valley. Kauge of tempera-
ture, 10 deg. below to 100 above zero.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. Ill
PRINCIPAL CITIES. New York City, pop., 1,206,299;
Brooklyn, pop. 566,l>!; liull'ulo, " Queen City of the Lake.s," pop.
155,134; Rochester, pop. 89,3t}(>; Syracuse, pop. 51,792; *Albany
(capital), pop. 90,758.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES.-Manufacturing of all kinds,
agriculture, dairym<r, the trades, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Necessary furni-
ture, tools and team; professional implements, furniture and
library to value of $'>0; 90 days' food for team, 00 days' earnings
if necessary to family; homestead to value of $1,000; exemption
extends after death till youngest child is of age; notice must be
recorded of intention of making 1 it a homestead or by acts done
showing intention to mafefe it such. No exemption against debts
prior to making of homestead or against purchase money for
same. Assignments with preference may be made, and on petition
of two-thirds creditors in amount debtor discharged. Suits to
recover real estate upon sealed instrument or judgment, barred
after 20 years; on contract, for injury to person or property, to
establish a will, or for fraud, after 6 years; for negligence, after
3 years; for libel, etc., after 2 years, and all other actions after
10 years. No imprisonment for debt. Arrest may be made in
some cases where iraud enters.
LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers on foot, $20; with
horse, $30; with more tlian one horse, $50. License issued by
Secretary of State.
LIENS to value of labor or material given against premises,
or if same exceed contract price to amount of latter, if filed in
30 days, and proceedings are begun in 1 year thereafter. Judg-
ments are liens on real estate for ten years.
NEW JERSEY.
One of the thirteen original states.
Named for Isle of Jersey. Settled
first by Dutch, from New Amster-
dam, at Bergen, 1620, by Swedes east
of the Delaware, 1638. Latter dis-
possessed by Dutch, 1655. Country
acquired by England, 1604. Subse-
quently transferred by Duke of
York to Lord Berkeley and Sir G-.
Cartaret. Submitted to Dutch, 1673.
Reverted to England, 1674, and gov-
erned till 1680 by Sir E. Andros; gov-
erned 1682 to 1702 by William i'ciin.
Previous to 1682 the state was
divided into two distinct gov-
ernmentsEast Jersey and West
Jersey. From 1702 to 1788 New
Jersey was subject to New York, but kept its own assembly.
Separated in the latter year and received independent gov-
ernment. Buttles of Trenton, Princeton, Monmouth and others
fought within its borders during the Revolution. State
Constitution adopted, 1776; revised, 1844, and amended in the
present decade. United States Constitution unanimously adopted
Dec., 1787; capital established at Trenton, 1790. A slave
state till 1860, when but eighteen slaves remained and it was
counted a free state; Union soldiers furnished, 75,814. State
contains 21 counties and has 1,890 miles railroad. State elec-
tions annual : same date as congressional and presidential ;
number of senators, 21; representatives, 60; meeting of legisla-
ture, 2d Tuesday in January ; term of Senators, 3 years; repre-
sentatives, 1 year ; number of electoral votes, 9 ; Congressmen, 7.
112
THE WESTERN WORLD
Paupers, idiots, insane and convicts excluded from voting. Num-
ber colleges, 4 ; schools good ; school age, 5-18. Legal interest
6% ; usury forfeits entire interest.
POPULATION, 1880,1,131,116; male, 559,0:??; female, 571,194 ;
native, 909,416; foreign, 221,700; white 1,092,017; colored, 38,853;
Chinese, 170 ; Indians, 74.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Length north and south, 15S miles; width, a8 to 70 miies; area, 7,455
square miles or 4,771,200 acres ; forty-third state in size. Atlantic
coast, 128 miles: Delaware Bay coast, Ii8 miles. Greatest elevation
at north, where Blue Mountains reach I,0u0 to 1.800 feet above the
sea. The Kittatinny Valley, 10 miles wide, separates these from the
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 118
Highland range 900 to 1,500 feet high. The famous Palisades of the
Hudson at the northeast are 600 feet high. Toward center state
slopes to a rolling plain, and at south becomes flat and low. .Hudson
river forms the eastern border, Delaware bay and river the west-
ern; Raritan, New York and Newark bays afford fine harbors. Cape
May to Sandy Hook coast bordered by strips of sand inclosing
bodies of water which float vessels of light draft. Delaware Water
Gapand Falls of Passaic are the natural wonders of the state. At
the north are picturesque lakes and the coast is famous for water-
ing places, including Cape May, Atlantic City, Long Branch, etc.
The soil ranges from fair to very good. Cleared land averages
$SO and woodland $60 per acre; hay the best crop. Other staple
crops are potatoes, wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, cranberries (in
Burlington, Ocean and Atlantic counties), fruit and garden pro-
duce (central region vast garden); little woodland valuable for
timber remains. Iron and fertilizing marls are abundant.
CLIMATE variable ; temperature averages, summer. 68 deg.
to 75 deg.; winter, 31 deg. to 38 deg. Range of temperature from
about zero to 100 deg. Rainfall, including snow, 4(3 inches, reaching
50 inches in the highlands, and falling to 40 inches at the south.
Highlands and seashore healthy. Ague and malarial fevers
in the lowlands.
PRINCIPAL CITIES. Newark, Perth Amboy, Great Egg
Harbor, Tuckerton, Bridgeton and Lumberton are ports of entry.
Newark, pop. 130,508; Jersey City, 120,733; Trenton (capital),
29,010; Paterson,51,031; Elizabeth, 28,239; Hobokeu, 30,999; Cam-
den, 41.659.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Manufacture of fabrics, jewelry,
clay wares and brick, flour, crystals, fishing, oyster fishing, gar-
dening, agriculture, marl und iron ore digging, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution for debt : goods and
chattels to the value of $200, wearing apparel, homestead
worth not to exceed 81,000. Assignments cannot give preference
to any creditor. Creditors who prove against a debtor who has as-
signed are barred further action and the debtor is released. Those
who do not prove are not barred. Preference may be given by
mortgage or confessed judgment. Action to recover real estate
barred in 20 years, to recover rents on sealed lease in 16 years, on
note in 9 years, on accounts in 4 years, and for slander in 2 years.
Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit alleging fraud done or
contemplated. Wife's property exempt from husband's debts.
Bonds of state and United States, property of state, counties,
towns, etc. Property owned and taxed out of the state, if tax on
fame has been paid within a year of the time of assessment; insti-
tutions of learning, religion and charity; libraries (public), ceme-
teries and their endowments and the assets of corporations re-
lievcrl of tax by charter from the state.
LICENSE CHARGES- per year Peddlers on foot, $8 : with
horse. 8 15; with S3 ami $3.50 in each case extra as fees.
LIENS wages to amount of 300 for each employe are pre-
ferred claims. Liens for labor and material must be filed against
the property within a year and summons to enforce the same
issued. Judgments are lieus on real estate.
114
THE WESTERN WORLD
PENNSYLVANIA.
One of the thirteen original states,
named tor Wm. Penn. Called the
" Keystone State." Settled first by
Swedes at Chester, 1638. Swedes
subjected by Dutch, 1655, find terri-
tory became part of New .\eth-
erlands. I aptured by English, 1>'(>4.
Becaptured by Dutch, 1672, but fell
to English again in a few months.
All territory west of Delaware
river granted to Wm. Penn, KiSi,
by Charles II. of England. Phil-
adelphia founded, 1682. Pennsyl-
vania became battle-ground "of
French -English wars, 17t-17(50.
Braddock's Field and Fort Du
Quesne (Pittsburgh) most notable
of the fights. Indians conquered, Ii6l. Pennsylvania most con-
spicuous in Revolution. Proprietary government abolished and
independent state formed 1776. Continental Congress met and
declaration of independence signed at Philadelphia. Notable
events: Defense of Philadelphia, battles of Brandywine. German-
town and Valley Forge State Constitution drawn 1'90; revised
1838; amended 1850, 1857, 1861-4, and 1873 new one adopted. "W hisky
Insurrection" or revolt against excise law, 1794. Capital moved
from Philadelphia to Lancaster, 1'99, and to Harrisbursrh, 1812.
State invaded tbree times by confederates, i8*>2, 1863, when battle
of Gettysburgh was fought, and 1?64, when Chambersburg was
destroyed. Union soldiers furnished, 337,930. .Number counties,
67 ; miles railroad, 7,546. State elections annual, same date as
presidential; number senators, 60 ; representatives, 20' ; sessions
biennial, meeting first Tuesday in Jan., hold IfO days; term
of Senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2 years; number electoral
votes, 30; congressmen, 28. Non-taxpayers and bribers excluded
from voting. Number colleges, 26; school age, 6-SJ1 ; school sys-
tem good. Legal interest, %% ; usury forfeits excess of interest.
POPULATION. 1880. 4.282.891; male, 2,136,655; female, 2,'46,-
236; native, 3.605.062; colored. 85,535: Chinese. 464 : Indians. 184.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Length east and west, 300 miles; width, 176 miles: area, 44,985
sq. miles ; 28,790,400 acres. Lake frontagefiO miles. Surface very
diverse and scenerv varied from the commonplace to the beau-
tiful and sublime. Level at the southeast, hilly and mountainous
toward the center, and rolling and broken at the west and south-
west. From the Delaware river on the east rises gradually from
five or ten to 1,0(0 feet at the foot of the Blue Ridge. Cumber-
land valley a fine region. The Allegheny and Kittatinny mount-
ains occupy the central portion. The western division (half the
State) is a table land. Principal .streams Susquehanna and its trib-
utary the Juniata ; Delaware (rises in Catskills) a tide water river
as far as Trenton, 130 miles from mouth ; Allegheny and Monon-
gahela, which unite to form the Ohio. Soil varies from barren
hills to sections of great fertility. Many superb farms. Cleared
land averages $45 ; woodland $30 per acre. Much good timber
remains. Farms average 100 acres. Oil, coal (anthracite at east,
bituminous at west) iron, copper, kaolin, building stones, salt-
abound. Rye, corn, wheat, buckwheat, potatoes, vegetables, hay,
oats, tobacco nre staple crops. Dairying and stock flourish.
CLIMATE in mountains severe in winter, with much snow ;
summers pleasant ; summers hot on the Delaware, reaching 100
deg.; summers long in Su c quehanna valley ; west of mountains
summers hot and of moderate length ; winters cold ; average
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
115
winter temperature. 34 (leg.; summer, 74 deg 1 .; rainfall, includ-
ing snow, a verasres 42 inches; climate healthy.
CHIEF CITIES. Philadelphia, second city in United States,
contains mint aud navy yard; pop., 84ti,9*4. Pittsburg, extensive
manufacturing city : pop., 156,389, Harrisburg-, capital ; pop.,
30,782. Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Erie are ports of entry.
l^ 5 iMl%i\ifi^i/fM3jj 1
A j\i\* { y^lH I/ ^iffi^nvM
tfew^iva I MS
7~ni , iCwm*
a * \ jas k>sv = Si? ^ 5 ''>* I
| ^|^|^W\ 5^ (/'(f'i
VT\f 1 f^if^8Nfei$ i !
^rj/^~1 5 ^y^ ^ 1^<\ _J^
i lHJ<^/i a /i ^ I rrp
iliy :i ^rtl 1 Bd Ji lyi &
INDTTSTRIES. Pennsylvania is the great iron, oil and coal
state. The other Industrie^ include agriculture and kindred pur-
suits, lumbering, manufacture of paper, woolens, liquors, imple-
ments, machinery, otc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel,
bibles, school books, sewmg machine and $300 in personal or
116 THE WESTERN WORLD
real property. No exemption against judgments not exceeding
$50, obtained for labor. Assignments may be made, without
preference, and debtor is not released. Suits to recover land
barred after 21 years; on judgments, mortgages and sealed in-
struments after 20 years ; on notes and accounts after 6yeais;
for slander after 1 year; for personal damages after 2 years.
Wife's property exempt, except earnings, which, by proper
application, may also be exempted. No imprisonment for
debt. Property exempt from tax, estates of religious and char-
itable institutions, state, county and municipal property, all man-
ufacturing companies, except makers of gas and spirituous,
malt or other liquors.
LICENSE CHARGES Per year, peddlers on foot, $8; with
eart, $16; with two-horse cart or wagon, $25. Jewely peddlers,
$200 to state and $50 to each county, except Providence, where
charge is S'tiO.
LIENS for wages and material hold if filed within six
months, and are good five years. Judgments are liens on real
estate for five years.
DELAWARE.
One of the thirteen original
states. Named for Lord De la
Ware, who entered the bay 1610.
Called "The Diamond State." First
state to ratify Federal constitu-
tion. Visit* d J 609 by Henry Hi d-
snn. Settled by Swedes 1(>j8, who
bought from Indians, built a fort,
and called the country ">.ew
Sweden." Swedes took Duck fort
at Casimer (New Castle) 1654. and
were compelled, ]fc55, to swear
allegiance to Holland. Ten jears
later Sir R. Carr took the settle-
ments, and England held them
for nine years. Dutch regtrned
possession 1673, but treaty of West-
minster gave the district to England 1774, and it was ruled by a
representative of Dukeof York, to whom it was granted. 1 rans-
ferred to William Penn 1682 by Duke of Tork. Independent
assembly created* 1703, meeting at New Castle, but was governed
by governor of Pennsylvania till 1778, when the colony declared
itself independent. Took vigorous part in the revolu'ien.
State Constitution adopted 1776. A new one 1792, which was re-
vised 1831. Delaware was a slave state. Slaves I860, 2.000. Union
soldiers furnished, 12,284, the biggest percentage of any state.
Contains three counties. Miles of railroad, 806. All elections
Tuesday after first Monday in November; number senators, 9.
representatives, 21; legislature meets in odd-numbered years, first
Tuesday in January; nolds 21 days; term of senators, 4 years; of
representatives, 2 years; number electoral votes, 3; number con-
gressmen, 1; idiots, insane, paupers and criminals excluded from
voting; colleges at Newark and Wilmington, school age, 6-21;
schools fair ; legal interest rate, 6; usury forfeits the principal.
POPULATION, 1SSO, 146,6(>8; male, 74,108 ; female, 72,500; na-
tive 137,140 : white, 120,160; colored. 2ti,442.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Length north and south nearly 100 mile*; width, ,0 miles at north,
36 at south. Area 1,950 square miles, or ]. 248.000 acres. Available
area large. Northern portion rolling, but free from large hills.
Scenery beautiful. Southern portion level and sandy, with Ire-
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
117
quent cypress marshes. Coast low and swampy with lasroons sep-
arated from sea by sand-beaches. Streams flow into Chesapeake
and Delaware bays and are small. Tide reaches to Wilmington. The
soil is good and the state of cultivation superior. Cleared land
averages $45 per acre, and wood-land &40. Stap'e crops, corn,
wheat, peaches, berries, garden vegetables, sweet potatoes. Iron
is found, but is no longer worked.
MAP OF
DELAWARE
-.IT Population 146,608
W Areasq.miles__l,950
CLIMATE mild. Tempered by sea breezes. Average temper-
ature, winter, 32 deg. to 38 deg.; summer, 72 deg. to 78 deg. Itain-
fall 48 to 50 inches. At north health excellent. Some malaria on
the low lands bordering the swamps at the south.
CHIEF CITIES. Wilmington, pop. 42,478. Dover, capital.
Newcastle, 6,000. Breakwater protecting Delaware Bay at Cape
118 THE WESTERN WOULD
Henlopen, (greatest work ^f Us kind in America, cost the United
States $2.12~,40ti. and was over 40 yeai s in course of Construction.
INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and kindred pursuits, manu-
facture of flour, lumber, cotton, iron, steel, leu'hv r, etc., fhip-
building. fishing-, canning and preserving 1 . Total number different
industries, 7.-.O.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution, books, pictures,
wearing apparel, tools and implements to value of Slain Newcastle
and Sussex counties, and $150 in Kent. Other household goods to
value of 8300 in Newcastle and $150 in Kent are exempt, and
sewing machines and wages arc exempt in New Castle. Ass i gn-
ment can not prefer any creditor,and does not release the debtor.
Suits involving title to land are barred in 2"> years, on notes, etc.,
in 6 years, on accounts, etc., in 3 years. Arrests for debt may I c
irade upon affidavit of intention to remove prope- ty from pT:it<^
and defraud creditors. Wife's property acquired in any way but
from husband is exempt from his debts.
LICENSE CHARGES per pear, peddlers on foot, $50 ; if a
citizen, $8 ; with one horse, Sl*>; two horses, $30. and $10 additional
for each horse above 2; with horse and wagon, $5; two horses
and wagon, $35. To sell clocks, $50. Tinware 810, with cart $20.
LIENS. Wages and materials to the amount of $25 are liens;
statement of claim must be filed in 90 dnys, or in 30 days by con-
tractora. No priority of liens. Judgments are liens on real estate
for 20 years. One month's wages to amount of S50 is alien on
real estate in New Castle county. Executions levied are liens for
3 years.
MARYLAND.
One of the thirteen original states,
named for wife of Charles II of
England. Settled 1631 by Captain
Wil'iam Clayborne and other Vir-
ginians. Granted by Charles I to
Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore) June
20, 1632. First English colony
landed March, 1634. Clayborne's
party driven put. The latter, by
aid of Virginia Non-ConformMs,
1643, took control of the territory.
Proprietors regained possession
1646. Were again dispossessed by
Puritan element for three years,
and again got control. Govern-
ment of colony assumed by King
William III. 1688. Baltimore laid
out 1730. Proprietary government overthrown December, 1774.
Constitution adopted November, 177fi; amended 1802, 1810, 1833,
1845, 1851 ; new constitution adopted 1851 ; a 'ain in 1804, and pres-
ent one 1867. Federal congress met at Annapolis 1784. when
Washington resigned command cf army. Federal constitution
rat itied April 28, 1778. Fredericktown and other placr-s burned in
wa- of 1812, and Fort McHenry bombarded. Battles of Bladenburg
and North Point fought. First blood of civil war shed at Balti-
more April 19, 18fil. Legislature opposed war April 26, 1861, but
passed resolutions favoring the South. Battle of Antietam Sept.
16 and 17, 1862. Slavery abolished 1864. Union soldiers furnished,
46.638 ; No. counties, 23 ; miles railroad, 1.083. All elections Tues-
day after first Monday in Nov.; number Senators, 26; Repre-
sentatives, 91; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years ; meet
first Wednesday in Jan. and hold 90 days; term of senators, 4
year--; of representatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes,
& congressmen, 6. Insane, convicts and bribers excluded from
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK..
119
voting. Number colleges, 11: school age, 5-30; school system
fair. Lee-al interest 6; usury forfeits excels of iiitere&t,
POPULATION. IS?*, 939,943; male, 46^,187; lemaie, 472,756;
native. 85i.l:>7 ; colored, 2W.ZX). Slaves, 1800, b7,l89.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Length east and west, 196 miles; width, 8 to 123 miles. Area, exciu-
sive of Chesapeake bay, 9,860 sq. miles. Area of the bay, 2,840 sq.
miles. Acreage of state, 6,310,400, water surface large. West-
ern and northern sections mountainous and broken. Peninsular
region sandy and low, as is also section between the Chesapeake
and Potomac. Mountains, the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies. Scenery
flue, rising often to sublime. Chesapeake bay almost divides the
120 THE WESTERN WORLD
state. Tide-water coast nearly 500 miles. Chief navigable rivers,
Potomac, Susquehanna, Patuxent, Patapsco, empty into the bay.
At the west is the Youghiogheny. Many small streams, bays and
inlets. Numerous small islands in Chesapeake bay. Soil varies
from very poor to very good. Cleared land averages $22.50. and
woodland $14 per acre. The average value of latter lowered by
mountain sections. Considerable good timber remains! Enor-
mous coal fields west. Copper is found in Frederick and Carroll
counties; iron ore in Allegany, Anne Arundel, Carroll, Balti-
more, Frederick and Prince George's counties. Great oyster,
fish, fruit and vegetable producing state. Oyster beds most
valuable in Union. Wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat and tobacco
staple crops. Opportunities for capital are yet excellent.
CLIMATE. Mild,agreeable and healthful; some little malaria
in lowlands. Temperature softened by ocean. Winter averages
37 deg., summer. 78 deg. Rainfall, 42 inches.
CHIEF CITIES. Baltimore, port of entry; pop. a*.313. An-
napolis, capital; contains United States Naval Academy; pop.
5,714. Cumberland, pop. 10.693.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and fruit growing,
oyster and other fishing, canning, coal, iron and copper mining,
manufacturers of cotton goods, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Wearing apparel,
books, tools not kept for sale and $100 in other property. Assign-
ments may be made, and if ail property is surrendered and no
fraud has been perpetrated, debtor is discharged. No preferences
can be given by the assignor. Suits to recover land barred after
twenty years, on accounts, etc., after three years, and on notes,
bonds, etc., after twelve j'ears. Wife's propeity exempt. Hus-
band not liable for wife's debts prior to marriage. No arrest for
debt. Wages are not attachable until due, and 8100 is then exempt.
LICENSE CHARGES.-Per year, peddlers on foot, $40;
with one horse, $50; with two horses, $70, in each county.
Drummers may be charged per cent on stock of house; not en-
forced. Cumberland. $1 per day.
LiIENS. Wages and materials unpaid are liens for five years,
if statement is filed in six months. Three months' wages are pre-
ferred liens. Kent, Calvertand St. Mary's counties are exempt
from the lien laws, except against shipping. Judgments are
liens on real estate. Liens against ships are good but two years.
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.
Named for Columbus. Fixed as seat of U. S. government 1790
by act of Congress. Formed out of Washington Co., Md. (64 sq.
mi.) and Alexandria Co.Va. (36 sq. mi.) Government removed to
District, 1800. Captured by British 1814, and capitol, executive
mansion and congressional library burned. Virginia portion
ceded back to that state 1846. Slavery abolished 1862. No fighting
in District during civil war. Governed by Congress till 1871,whon a
legislative body of 33 (1 1 appointed by the president and 22 elect ed)
was created. Executive officers still appointed by president.
Officers appointed are paid by the United States; those elected
by the District. Citizens of District have no vote for national
officers. Schools superior. Legal interest, 6$ ; by contract, 10 ;
more forfeits entire interest. Population, 1880, 177,638. Miles
railroad, 18. Surface made up of fiats and hills. Similar in all
features and products to Southern Maryland. Cities Wnsliin^--
ton (capital II. S.), pop. 147,307; Georgetown, pop. 12,578. Exempt
from execution : Furniture, etc., $300, tools or books, etc., .;ix),
Stock for business. $200, wages to J20'>. Assignments can prefer.
Actions for account void after 3 ; on note after 12 years. Wife's
Eroperty exempt. No arrest for debt,. Liens hold for board,
ibor and material. Drummers' License $200 per year in
Washing- ton.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 121
VIRGINIA.
One of the thirteen original
states ; named for Queen Elizabeth,
the Virgin Queen ; called the "Old
Dominion " and " The Mother of
Presidents." First English settle-
ment in America, 1607. Controlled
by the London company. Trouble
with Indians, 1609 to 1624, whencom-
pauy dissolved and colony became
subject directly to the crown.
Slavery introduced 1619. Bacon's
Rebellion against restriction of
franchise and high taxes, 1676. Will-
iamsburgh founded 1699, where
general assembly met, 1700. Active
in French War of 1754, and in Revo-
lution and subsequent steps toward
founding the Union, Virginia won the title of " First of the
States." British burnt Norfolk 1779, and Richmond 17H1.
Yorktown surrendered Oct., 1781, practically vanquishing
England. State Constitution adopted 1776, and a new one 1869.
United States Constitution ratified June 25, 1788. Capital fixed at
Richmond 1779. State seceded May 7, 1861, and capital of Con-
federacy moved to Richmond from Montgomery, Ala. Arsenals
and navy yards seized immediately after secession. West Vir-
ginia separated 1861. Scene of gigantic energies of the war.
Bull Run, the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Fredericksburg, Port
Republic and many other famous battles were fought on Virginia
soil. Lee surrendered at Appomattox April 9, 1865, ending the
war. Fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to United States
Constitution ratified 1869. State returned to the Union Jan. 26.
1870. Originally included all the region known as Territory of
the Northwest. Number of counties, 100. All elections Tuesday
after the first Monday in November; number of senators. 40;
representatives, 100; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-
numbered years, meeti-iy: tirst Wednesday in December; holds 90
days ; term of senators, 4 years : representatives, 2 years. Num-
ber electoral votes, 12; Congressmen, 10. Lunatics, idiots, con-
victs, duelists, United estates army and non-taxpayers of capiti-
tion tax excluded from voting. Numbercolleges, 7; schools, 4,502;
school age, 5-21 ; school system fair. Legal interest, 6#, by con-
tract 856: usury forfeits all over 6 per cent. Miles of railroad, 2 894.
POPULATION, 180, 1,512,565; male, 745,589 ; female, 766,976 ;
native, 1,497,869; white, 880,858; colored, 631,616; Indians, 85;
slaves. 1860, 490,65.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Greatest length east and west, 445 miles; greatest width, 190
miles; area, 4u,125 square miles, 25,680,000 acres, exclusive of water
are i. Coast line, 130 miles; tidal frontage, 1,556 miles. State
divided into 6 sections parallel with coast and extending back
from the same in the order named : Tidewater ; Middle, Pied-
mont Blue Uidge. Valley and Appalachian. The nature of these
sections is indicated by their titles. The scenery of the state is
both beautiful and grand. The Peaks of Otter, the Natural
Bridge and the Luray caverns are among its natural wonders.
The mountains vary i'rom wild to rugged. The Alieghany and
Cumberland mountains at the west are the most notable. The
broken districts are, however, interspersed with valleys. The
principal rivers are the Potomac, Rappahannock, Rapidan, James,
York, Elizabeth. These have many tributaries, and water and
water powers are abundant. The soil is very fertile in the valleys,
good on the table-lands and poor to middling on the mountains.
122
THE WESTERN WORLD
The state is rich in iron, gold, salt, coal, marble, slate, zinc, lead,
stone, timber and other natural resources as yet little developed.
Much good farming' land is untilled. Cleared land averages $10
jind woodland $6 to $7 per ffcre. The opportunities for homes
and enterprise are inviting. All cereals, tobacco, peanuts (state
ranks first in this crop and second in tobacco), fruits, grapes and
vegetables are extensively raised. Stock thrives.
CLIMATE varies owing to difference in elevation, but is
genial and healthful, cool in mountains and warm in lowlands in
summer ; winters of moderate length, and seldom severe ; winter
temperature averages 44, summer 78 degrees. Rainfall, including
snow, averages 44 inches, being heaviest on the coast.
CHIEF CITIES. Richmond (capital), pop., 63,600; pop.
GUIDE AND UAND-BOOK
123
of A *orfolk, 21,966; of Petersburg 21,656. Hampton -Roads one
of best harbors on coast. Seven ports of entry.
INDUSTRIES. Half population engaged in agriculture,
balance in 1 1 aarryin^, ship-builuiiig, lumbering, the trades, iron
working 1 , meat packing 1 , tunning.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution rot to exceed $2,000
in value in real or personal property or money to any Louse-
holder or head of family, and besides books, pictures to the value
ol Jilt, wearing apparel, beds and bedding, 3 steers, 1 cow, 1 horse,
household furniture to a limited quantity, tools of trade to the
value of $100 ; provisions for family, sewing machine, and to
farmers, in crop season, a yoke of oxen or a team and farm im-
plements. In assignment creditors may be preferred, but the
debtor is not released. Suits involving real estate barred after 15
years ; on bond or contract under seal, after 20 years ; on indem-
nity bond, after 10 years; on accounts, after 2 years, and on all
other actions after 5 years. Wife's property and income from
same exempt from husband's debts. No imprisonment for debt
unless debtor attempts to leave state, when creditor may have him
arrested.
LICENSE CHARGES. Per year Peddlers on foot, $50;
sampl'' merchants, t~5. Drummers tax, $75 per year.
LIENS for labor and materials, for advances made on crops
and on baggage and other property of buardeis, are euforcible.
WEST VIRGINIA.
Originally part of Virginia.
Called "Pan Handle State." His-
tory up to 1861, same as that of Vir-
ginia. Kef used to secede April 22,
1861. F. H. Peirpoint, elected Gov-
ernor, June 20, 1861. State called
" Kanawha," but name changed
in December. State Constitution
adopted 1862, and Capital fixed at
Wheeling, and moved to Alexan-
dria, 1863; the authority of the state
extending to the varying territory
of Virginia, held by Union troops.
Admitted as state, June 20, 1863, and
Wheeling again made the Capital.
Capital changed to Charleston, 1870.
Moved again to Wheeling 1875, and
to Charleston again in 1884. Constitution amended, 1872; number
Union soldiers furnished, 32,068; state advanced rapidly in wealth;
number counties, 54; miles milroa'l, 1,026. Governor and state
officers elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years,
on second Tuesday in October: number senators, 26; representa-
tives, 65; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, holding 45
days; term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 6; congressmen, 4; number voters,
139,161; native white, 123,569; colored, 6,384. Insane, paupers and
convicts not voting. Flourishing free school system: school age,
6-21. Legal interest, 6; by cojtract, 6 ; usury forfeits excess of
interest.
POPULATION, 1880, 618,457; male. 314.495; female, 303962:
na'ive, 600,192; white, .W2.537: colored, 25.886; Indians, 29; increase
in population 1*70 to 1880. :-{S per cent; number slaves, 1860, 18,371.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Length N. and S., 241 miles; greatest width, 158 miles; area, 24,645 sq.
miles, 15,772,800 acres. Surface mountainous with fertile valleys;
124
THE WESTERN WOULD
the Alleghenies principal range. Some high peaks. Scenery fine,
and much visited by tourists. Western part hilly, but gradually
descends from 2,500 feet above the sea toward the Ohio river,
where the elevation is 800 to 900 leet. The chief rivers are thf Ohio,
Potomac, Big Sandy, Big and Little Kanawha, Guyandotte and
Monongahela, all navigable, and are being improved by govern-
ment aid, giving easy access to markets. Smaller stteams are
numerous. Much of the state is virgin forest densely clothed
with oak, walnut, poplar, ash, and other timber trees. Minen.l
springs abound. The soil, where not mountainous, is excellent.
Mineral wealth, including coal, oil, iron, salt, is prodigal. Staple
products include the minerals named, sheep, hogs, tobacco,
wheat, corn, dairy products, fruit, wine, lumber. Petroleum is
extensively produced in Kitchie, Pleasants, Wood and Wirt coun-
ties. The stwte ranks fifth in salt and coal; seventh in buckwheat,
iron and steel. Cleared laud averages $22.50; woodland $9 per
acre.
C.LIMATE moderate; average temperature, winter 30 deg.;
summer. 70 deg. Elevation reduces heat which in the valleys aver-
ages 70 to 78 dey. Average rainfall 42 to 45 inches. Health is ex-
cellent.
CHIEF CITIES, Charleston, Capital; Wheeling, pop. 30,737.
Parkeifburg, pop. 6,58?; Martinsburg, pop. 6,335.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Sixty per cent, of laborers engaged
in agriculture, balance in mining, iron making, lumbering', manu-
facturing, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: homestead to value
of $1,000, where acquired as such by will or deed, or where inten-
tion is declared to keep same as a homestead by recorded deed :
personal property to value of $200 to married men or widows with
children, and $50 worth of tools in all cases. Assignments may be
made with preferences but do not release debtor. Action on all
open accounts barred in 3, other claims in 5, and real estate judg-
ments and bond claims in 10 years. Wife's property, unless a gift
of husband, not liable for his debts. A married woman may
contract debts separate from husband, and her separate estate is
solely chargeable with them. No imprisonment for debt.
LICENSE CH A.RGKES. Peddlers on foot, 10; with team, $25
per year.
LIENS for labor and materials must be filed in 60 days. Notice
must be given employer when work is done for contractor in 30
days. Suit must be brought in 6 months. Judgments are liens
on real estate.
NORTH CAROLINA.
One of the thirteen original states.
Named for King Charles II., of Eng-
land. Called "Old North State,"
"Fur State " and " State of Turpen-
tine." Discovered by Lord Kaleieh,
3584. Settled by English, 1650, and
then known as Albemarle and
united with South Carolina. Warred
with the powerful native Tuscu-
roras, 1712, and expelled them 1", 13.
S> , i;r.-iited from South Carolina, 1729,
First state to declare itself inde-
pendent of England at Mecklen-
burg-, May, 1775; State i onslitution
adopted Dec., 1776. Oct. 7, 1780,
battle of King Mountain ; March 15,
1881, battle of Guilford Court House.
Constitution U. 8., ratified Nov. 1789. State seceded May 21, 1861,
Forts, etc., seized by state troops. Coast section scene of sharp
GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 125
fighting- during civil war. State re-entered Union June, 1868.
Amendments to U. 8. Constitution adopted March, 1869. Number
of counties, 96; miles of railroad, 1,366. All elections Tuesday
after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 50; representatives,
130; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meetiug Wednes-
day after first Monday in January ; hold 60 days ; terms of sena-
tors and representatives, 2 years each ; number electoral votes,
11 ; number congressmen, 9. Convicts are excluded from voting.
Public school system adopted, 1840; at present over 2,000 public
schools in operation; school age, 6-21; separate schools for whites
and blacks. Legal interest rate, 6 ; by contract, 8 ; usury forfeits
interest. Rate of tax less than 50c. on $100.
POPULATION, 1880, 1,399,750; male, 687,908 ; female, 711,842 :
native, 1,396,008; colored, 531,277; Indians, 1,230. Slaves, 1860,
331.059.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Greatest length e. and w. 453 miles ; greatest width, 185 miles ;
area, 52,240 square miles, or 33,433,600 acres, less area water
surface. Coast line 423 miles with many harbors. Western
section mountainous, containing 1 Alleghenies and Blue Ridge
mountains. Elevation 3,500 to nearly 7,000 feet (Klingman's
peak). Other high points, Mt. Mitchell, 6,730 feet. Sugar mount-
ain, 5,312 feet, and Grandfather mountain, 5,900 feet. Middle
portion is hilly, but not mountainous. Coast region low, level
and swampy. Land generally sandy, but of good quality and
originally heavily timbered. Much virgin forest yet remains.
Swamps extensive, most noted of them, the Great Dismal, north
of Albem'arle sound, contains 148,000 acres. Chief rivers, Roan-
oke, Chowan, Cape Fear, debouching in Albemarle sound ; Tar
and Neuse emptying into Pamlico sound, and the Yadkin and
Catawba. Small streams abundant; water powers numerous; corn
best crop; tobacco largest product; other staples, orchard pro-
ducts sweet potatoes, rice, wheat, oats, peanuts, cotton, hay and
vegetables in the order named. North Carolina ranks first in
tar and turpentine ; second in copper ; third in peanuts and to-
bacco, and fourth in rice. Has rich deposits of gold and the
baser minerals. Stone, slate, coal, marble, mica. Excellent fish-
eries. Natural resources but slightly developed. Ample oppor-
tunities for homes, enterprise and capital. Cleared land averages
$10, and woodland $5 per acre, and much of excellent quality in
the market below this average. Stock thrives. Scenery varied,
ordinary, picturesque and grand. Wheat harvested June. Corn
ripe in Sept.
CLIMATE varied, warm and moist in low sections; cool and
dry in mountains, with all iMtermediate conditions. Average
winter temperature, 49 deg.; summer, 78 deg. to 79 deg. Frosts
light and seldom come till the end of fall. Rainfall, including
some snow in mountains, 45 deg. Health good.
CHIEF CITIES. Wilmington, pop. 13,446; Raleigh (capital),
pop. 7,790; Charlotte contains assay office, pop. 4,473; pop. New
Berne. 5.849.
INDUSTRIES. Agriculture principal occupation. Fish-
ii!.'. inamnactureof turpentine and lumber, mining, etc. Num-
bor of different industries, 3,800. Number boats engaged in fish-
eri"s. about 3.000. Copper mined, 1,640,000 Ibs.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: personal to value
of $.-,00. Homestead to value of $1,000. Assignment relieves
debtor from irnpri*onment, but does not discharge debts. Pre-
ferences may be made. Suits to recover real estate barred after
JiO years; alter 21 years where adverse claim is stt up; after 10
years on judgments or mortgages; after 7 years on Justice of the
Peace judgments; afterOyearson official bond orfor injury to real
estate ; after 3 years on contracts, or for fraud, and after 1 yerP
for assault, libel, imprisonment, etc. Wife's property absolutely
exempt from husband's debts. Arrests for debt may be made if
cause is shown the court, upon affidavit, of intention of debtor to
leave state or conceal himself or property.
126 THE WESTERN WORLD
LICENSE CHARGES. Drummers $100 per year; $250 for
sewing machine or liquor salesmen.
LIENS are given mechanics in all cases, and for materials
when notice is gi veil the owner before settlement with contractor
and notice is filed. Agricultural laborers and persons making-
advances have liens oh crop. Owners of studs or jacks hold
liens and judgments are liens on real estate for 10 years.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
One of the thirteen original states;
named for King Charles II. of Eng-
land ; called "Palmetto state."
Settled by French Huwuenots 1563
at Port Koyal; abandoned. Cre-
ated a province 1663. Permanently
Settled by English 1070, on Ashley
river; Charleston platted 1680. A
proprietary government under
John Locke's constitution till IV^'O;
separated from North Carolina
1729; revolutionary rei-ord, brill-
iant. English sei ed the territory,
but were thrashed at Cowpens and
Eutaw Springs, and penned up
in Charleston. State constitution
adopted March 26, 1776. Fnitcd States Constitution ratified May
23, 1788. First railroad in United States using American locomo-
tive, 1830. State adverse to high tariff, and passed nullification
ordinance Nov. 19, 1882, at Columbia, declaring the tariff not
binding on the citizens of the state. The affair compromised.
First state to secede, Nov., I860. Sumter bombarded April 12-13,
18(il. Ordinance of secession repealed Sept., 1865, and slavery
abolished. New constitution adopted 18fi8; re entered the Union
June, 18H8. Number counties, 34; miles of railroad, 1,570. State,
congressional and presidential elections, 1 uesday after first Mon-
day in November; State senators. 35; representatives, 124; ses-
sions annual, meeting fourth Tuesday in November; term of
senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years. Number elect-
oral votes, 9; number congressmen, 7. Jnsane, inmates of
asylums, alms-houses and prison's. United States army and
duelists excluded from voting. Number colleges, 9; school age,
6-16; school system . fair. Legal interest 1%, by contract, any rate.
POPULATION, 1880, 995,577 ; male, 490,4C8 ; female, 605,169 ;
native. 987,89]; white, 391,10-.; Indian?, 131; slnves, 1800. 402,406.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Greatest length, 2-O miles; greatest width, 210 miles; area. 30,170
square miles, or 19,308,800 acres, exclusive of water surface;
coast line, 212 miles, with several good harbors. Many small
islands, famous for " Sea Island cotton." Surface mountainous
at west, traversed by IJlue Kidge. Highest point, Table Mount-
ain, 4,065 feet. Mountains descend rapidly to the " middle," or
''sand ridge" section. This gives place to the const section, ex-
tending inland over 100 miles, low and flat. Principal rivers.
Savannah, navigable 130 miles. Great Peedee, Santee, and Edisto;
many lesser streams. Magnificent water power, undeveloped.
Scenery grand in mountains, ordinary elsewhere. Soil various,
ftoni medium to very rich. Forests extensive and valuable.
Land, cleared or uncleared, averages $7 per acre; much is offered
at $3 to $5. Hice and cotton, best crops. All other cereals, as
well as vegetables, fruits, grasses and fibre crops grow well.
Phosphate beds enormous; gold, mica, marbles of all colors;
building stones found in large quantities. Turpentine, tar, lum-
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
127
ber and oysters largely produced. Stock thrives. Gold mines in
Abbeville, Edgelicld and Union counties: first mint deposits,
$3,500, in 1827. White and variegated marbles found in Spartan-
burgh and Laurens counties. Splendid opportunities for homes
or investment.
CLIMATE. Temperature ranges 15 to 96 degrees F.; aver-
age , summer, 82 degrees; winter, 51 degrees. Average rainfall,
48 inches, decreasing to the south. Health, good. Epidemics
rare, and confined to seaports: resort for consumptives. Changes
slight and infrequent; frosts rare.
CHIEF CITIES. Charleston, pop., 1880, 49,984; port of
entry; seat of a Catholic bishop. "United States customs dis-
128 THE WESTERN WORLD
tricts at Beaufort, Charleston and Georgetown. Capital, Co-
lumbia.
PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining, fish-
ing, quarrying, lumbering, turpentine and tar making, and phos-
phate digging.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead to
value of $1,UOO and product thereof, personal property, S'>ch as
household furniture, tools, implements, stock, etc., to value of
$500, and wearing apparel. No exemption from claims for pur-
chase money, but on y articles purchased can be taken, unless
other property exceeds exemptions above given Assignments
can be made, but no preferences given, and debtor is not dis-
charged, except from arrest. Suits for land barred after 'M
years; after six years on notes not secured by mortgage, for
contracts, damage and fraud; after three years for penalties;
after two years for libel, assault, imprisonment, etc.; and after
ten years on all other actions. Wife's property of all kinds
exempt from husband's debts. Arrests may be made of non-
residents or those contemplating removal from state or conceal-
ment both in actions for debt and for damage, or recovery of
property wrongfully detained.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers, $10 a year to the county.
Drummers tax, Oharlestown $10 per month; Beaufort $5 and
Bennettsville $1 per week ; Peeples and Walhalla $1 per day.
LIENS are given for labor, materials, advances on crops,
improvements on land and work on vessels.
STATE LANDS include vacant, forfeited and Land Com-
missioners' lands, and aggregate about 1,POO,000 acres. The lands
are all for sale, and the method of procedure and information
concerning them may be obtained of the secretary of state at
< Columbia. They are found in almost, if not every, county in the
state, and partake of every variety of soil and characteristic
known to the state. Many of them are extremely desirable, and
the valuation is comparatively low. Vacant lands are those
which do not appear on the tax duplicates as belonging to any-
one, and may either never have been granted by the state or have
been granted and abandoned. These constitute about 1 000,000
acres. Purchasers locate their land by actual survey; make a
written application to purchase to the secretary of state, describ-
ing same and enclosing one-quarter of the amount they offer; also
paying all cost of survey, etc. If the bid is accepted a deed
issues, and the balance of the purchase money with a fee of $3 is
payable. If the bid is rejected, the one-quarter paid is returned.
These lands are also rented in the same manner. Forfeited lands
are those acquired and held for taxes. They aggregate 856,000
acres, some of which is very valuable, and cannot be sold for
less than tae tax, penalties, etc., due on them. These average
about $3 per acre. Bids for them are considered and accepted or
rejected, the same as in the case of vacant land, except that no
location or survey is necessary. A deed conveys absolute title.
Failure to complete payment forfeits amount paid. The Land
Commissioners' lands amount to some 57,001 acres. They are sold
for one-quarter cash, balance in three equal annual installments,
with 1% interest. Blanks supplied by the secretary of state.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
139
GEORGIA.
One of the thirteen original
s* atcs. Named for Kinar George II.
of England. Called the "Empire
State of the South." Originally a
part of South Carolina and claimed
by Spain. Charter granted to trus-
tees for the colony June 9, 1732.
Savannah founded by Gen. James
Edward Oglethorpe, 1735. Spanish
war. 1839-42. Colonial charter sur-
rendered 1752, and Georgia became
a royal province. General assem-
bly established 1755. State con-
stitution adopted 1777, another 1789,
and a third 1798. Active in the Revo-
lution, suffering badly from devas-
tation by English. Severe wars with
Creeks and Cherokees settled by treaties 1790 and 1791. Creeks
ceded their lands to the United States 1802. Georgia also ceded
all lands west of present state line, held under English charter,
to United States. Cherokees removed to Indian Territory 1838, and
their lands acquired by the government. State seceded January
19, 1861. Constitution C. S. ratified March, 1861. Many hard
fought battles" during civil war, including Atlanta, etc. New
constitution adopted 1868, and another 1H77. He-entered Union
1"70. Number counties, 137; miles of railroad, 2,687; state elec-
tions, first Wednesday in October; number sena r ors, 44; repre-
sentatives, 17*; sessions biennial, in even-numbered years, meet-
ing first Wednesday in November, hold forty days; terms of sen-
ators and representatives, two years each. Number electoral
votes, 12 ; number congressmen, 10. Idiots, insane, criminals and
non-taxpayers excluded from voting. Number colleges. 7 ; State
University at Athens, organized 1POI; public schools excellent;
school age, 6-1 *. No state license law governing commercial
travelers ; but Atlanta, Athens, Augusta and Savannah exact a
tax. Legal interest, 7# ; by contract, 8; usury forfeits excess of
interest.
POPULATION, 1880, 1,542,180 ; male. 762,981 ; female, 779,199;
native, 1,531,616; white, 816JSOO ; Indians, VM.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Greatest length N. and S., 321 miles; greatest width, 255 miles;
area, 58,980 square miles, or 37,747,200 acres, exclusive of water
area. Surface diversified. At the north are the Blue llidge,
Etowah, and other mountains. The center is elevated table land,
gradually descending to low, swampy country near the coast and
along the Florida border. In the southeast is the Okeflnokee
swamp, 150 miles in circumference. Coast irregular and indented;
shore line about 500 miles ; three sea-ports. Principal rivers, the
Savannah and Altamaha, entering the Atlantic, and theOgeechee.
Ocmulgee, Oconee, Satilla, Allapaha, Chattahoochee and Flint,
are all navigable. Mountain streams nre rapid with picturesque
eitaracts and immense basins. The chief falls are the Tallulah,
in Habersham county, Toccoa, in theTugalo, 180 feet high; Tow-
aliga, in Monroe county, and the Amicolah, which descend 400 feet
in a quarter mile. Scenery everywhere picturesque; often
grand. Plenty of good water. Soil very fine in central region;
rocky at north, but superior in the valleys; sandy and rich at the
south. Corn, wheat, oats, cotton, rice, sweet potatoes, tobacco,
sua-ar and melons, cHef agricultural staples. Fruit, both tem-
perate and semi-tropical, thrives. Stock flourishes. Wool-grow-
ing important. Gold is extensively mined. Coal, iron, marble,
exist. Cleared land averages 8, and woodland $5.EO per acre.
130
THE WESTERN WORLD
Attractions very inviting to homeseckers and capital. One-fourth
area heavily timbered with yellow pine of great value for lum-
ber, turpentine, etc.; natural grass abundant and nutritious.
CLIMATE. At the north mild and extremely healthy;
hotter in the lowlands. Ranjreof temperature, 30deg. to 105 deg.;
average, winter. 49 deg. ; summer, 82 deg. Rainfall averages 55
inches. Lowlands malarial at certain seasons.
MAP OF
GEORGIA
opulation -.1.549,359
;.miles_. 56.980
CHIEF CITIES. Savannah, pop. 21,S0; Brunswick,
pop. 2,900. and St. Mary's, pop. fiOO, ports of entry. Colum-
bus contains the largest cotton mill in the South ; pop. 10,123.
Atlanta, capital ; pop. 37.409.
PRINCIPAL, IWDITSTBIES. Three-fourths population
engaged iu agriculture. Remainder iu various pursuits. Maim-
GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 131
factoring important. Raw materials becoming more abundant
and cheap.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Arms, horses
and equipment of militia, wearing apparel, tools of trade. $30
worth of provisions, one mule or cow worth $50, and ten swine.
Each head of family, or guardian or trustee of minors, is entitled
to a homestead to the value of $l,OuO, in either personal or real
property. Assignments may be made and give preference. If
all property is surrendered a discharge is granted. Suits iuvqlv-
ing title to land barred or on bond after twenty years ; after
seven years when written evidence of title exists; after six
years on notes or written contracts; after four years on ac-
counts for damage for injury to person or property, and after
one year for injury to reputation. \Vife's property entirely ex-
empt from husband's debts. Imprisonment for debt not per-
mitted, but arrest may be made on affidavit of intention to secrete
property. Wages cannot be garnisheed.
LICENSE CHARGES.-Peddlers, per year, $30 to the
county. Drummers license, Savannah, $100 per year; Ilartwell
and .Tes'un, 5 per day.
LIENS are given mechanics.but must be filed in 3 months after
work is complete, and suit begun within a year after debt is due.
Liens are also given to machinists for labor and supplies, to em-
ployes and officers of boats and all classes of laborers, millwrights,
ston ^-cutters, etc.
STATE LANDS. Georgia has no lands to dispose of except
what is known as " Head llights," granted only to residents.
FLORIDA.
Named for its flowers or for
" Flowery Easter," having been
occupied on Easter Sunday. Called
the " Peninsula State. 1 ' Visited
1513, by Ponce de Leon in search of
a supposed fount of Eternal Life.
Granted by Charles V, of Spain,
1526, to Pamfilo de Narvaez. Indi-
ans resisted colonists till lf>65, when
first settlement was made by Span-
ish at St. \ugustine. French Pro-
testant refugees disputed territory
with Spanish, 1560 to 1570 England
laid claim to northern part, '584, and
captured St. Augustine, 1586. Wars
withCarolina and Georgia frequent,
1700 to 1800. Spain ceded entire
territory to Prtffkuid in exchange for Cuba, 1763. Ceded back to
Spain, 1783. Portion west of Perdido river occupied by United
States, 1811. Pensacola taken from England by Gen. Jackson
dring war of 1812. Entire province ceded to United States,
1819. Organized as a territory. 1832. Seminole war, 1835 to 1842.
Admitted as a state, March 3, 1845. Seminoles removed west of
Mississippi river, 1858. State seceded Jan. 10, 1861. New constitu-
tion adopted and state re-entered Union July 4, 1868. Number
counties, 39; miles of railroad, 1,331; all elections, Tuesday after
tirst Monday in November; number senators, 32; representa-
tives, 76; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meeting lucsday after first Monday in January; ho <'s 60 days;
term of senators, 4; of representatives, 2 years. Number elec-
toral votes, 4; congressmen, 2. Idiots, insane, criminals, betters
on elections aivl duelists ex<Muded from voting. Schools, fair;
school age, 4-21. Legal interest 8;; by contract, any rate.
132
THE WESTERN WOULD
POPULATION, 1880. 209,493 ; male, 136,144; female, 133,049;
native, 259,584; white, 142,' 05; Indians, JoU; slaves, 18tO, 61,745.
Estimated increase. 1885, U%.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL,, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Four-fit'ths of Florida is in the peninsula, which is about 850
miles N. und S. and 105 miies F.. and W. Remainder is the nar-
row Strip alcmg the Gull', 34^ miles E. and W. aiid 30 to 50 miles
6
~: ci n =fT7
VE R\ Ii:> : I ,
^--'
tawSXi > ucll< , X^^-^**," \ >*
* r< S3|y
q K ^fSi
'^ R ,
d
b
^
C1
MAP OP
FLORIDA
Population 21-0,493
' ' S* rt-JUaa 1 1 ll ~r;," V Qyontia /v
c r
S!L
ri^WTf^Of- i
North-western N^
Portion of %\\'
FLORIDA %^j
I
N. and R. Area, 59,268 sq. miles, 37,931.520 acres: 21t state in size.
State surrounded by sea except on north, toast line over 1,200
miles. Good harbors rare, mostly on Gulf. South and west at
the head of the peninsula are the Kcj'S and Tortug-as, Coral
islands. At the north surf ace is fla" rises gradually to center, 250
feet being the greatest elevation, and sinks southward as'aiu into
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 133
the Everglades. The northern section is a limestone formation,
aifordingafairsoil. In the middle section are found tracts of great
richness, interspersed with sand ridges. At the south, the soil
when dry or reclaimed, is inexhaustible. Extending 1 south as far
as Charlotte Harbor through the center of peninsula is the Back-
bone ridge, Ii5 feet high and 50 miles wide. Shores very low,
frequently not two feet above tide water. Coral growth at
south continues. The surface is dotted with lakes, many small
and several of large area. Drainage of these an 1 the Everglades
is progressing on a mammoth scale, and the reclaimed lands will
eventually become very valuable. The rivers are sluggish. The
navigable ones are the St. Johns, Appalachicola, Perdido, Char-
lotte and Suwanee. Many lesser ones exist. Canals connecting
the larger lakes and the gulf and Atlantic are projected. The
excellence of soil and clim-ite, the cheapness of iand, etc., are
attracting a large northern immigration. Opportunities for
homes or enterprise are excellent. The scenery, excepts in its
perpetual summer, is uninteresting. The staple products are
corn (most valuable crop), sugar, molasses, rice, cotton, oats,
tob.tcco, vegetables of all kinds, peaches, oranges, and all tro-
picul and semi-tropical fruits, cocoanuts, lumber, fish, oysters,
etc. Poultry and stock raising are successful. Cleared land
averages SIS, wood land, $3, swamp, $', and school land $1.25 per
acre. Much forest remains. Timber chiefly pine, of moderate
sizo, f roe from undergrowth. Game abounds.
CLIMATE superb. No snow. Frosts rare at north, un-
known at south. Thermometer ranges 30 deg. to 100 der., rarely
above 90. Winter averages 59 deg. Summer, 81 deg. Breezes
blow across from gulf to Atlantic and vice versa, temper the
heat and keep air dry and clear. Averatre rainfall, 55 inches,
chiefly in summer. Groat resort for invalids. Some malaria at
the south, but not pprious.
CHIEF CITIES. Key "West, good harbor and naval station;
pop., 9,890. Jacksonville; pop., 7,650. St. Augustine, oldest
town in United States. Tallahassee, pop., 3,000, capital. Pensa-
cola, pop.. fi.K4.">.
PRINCIPAL INDUSTRIES. Almost the entire laboring
population is engaged in agriculture and fruit growing. Fish-
ing for fish and oysters and lumbering largely followed
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead of 160
acres, with improvements in country, or a residence and half
acre in city, and in both cases SI, 000 worth of personal property.
An additional 81,000 is exempt from debts made before May 10,
1885. Assignments may be made with or without preference,
but does not discharge the debtor. Suits on real estate barred
after 7 years, after 20 years on judgments or sealed writings, after
5 years on other writings, after 3 years on liability created by-
statute, except for fraud. After 2 years on accounts, or for libel,
slander, or assault. Wife's property exempt from all debts of
husband. No arrost allowed, except for f-tmd.
LICENSE CHARGES. Drummers, $25 per year ; peddlers
on foot, $10, with horse and cart, $2J ; with boat, 20 tons bu.den
or loss, Sr.'O; over 20 tons, $W.
GOVERNMENT LANDS. There are government lands in
almost every county in Florida subject to pre-emption, home-
stead and cash entry. They partake of all the characteristics
of the state, and range from sandy or swampy to excellent in
quality, and include timber lands and a few small prairies. Near
the towns they have been picked over, but in the interior good
tracts may be found. THE LAXD OFFICE for the state is at
Gainesville.
STATE LANDS. Florida owns several million acres of
J;md of varying quality, which are offered at nominal prices.
They are located throughout the state. Under this head may be
mentioned also the school lands, comprising a very large area.
RAILROAD LANDS. Several grants of land have been
made in aid of railroads, and these are offered at $1.25 per acre up.
134
THE WESTERN WORLD
ALABAMA.
Name, Indian; means, "We rest
here." Visited by De Soto, 1541.
Mobile founded by French, 1702.
Ceded to England by France, lit*].
All south of 31 deg. ceded to Spain
by England 1783. The remainder
became a part of United States by
success of the Revolution. Terri-
tory originally part of Georgia, and
included Mississippi. Separated
from Georgia 17"i8, under name of
Territory of Mississippi. Spanish
portion acquired by conquest in
war with England 1812, the English
being expelled from Mobile, which
they had ser/ed. Cre^k war insti-
gated by English, 1813, who as-
sisted in massacre of Ft. Mims. liattles of Tulladega, Emuck-
faw and Horseshoe Bend broke power of Creeks. Mississippi
separated, 1817, and Territory of Alabama formed. Admitted to
Union Dec. 14, 1819. Seceded Jan. 11, 1861. Montgomery made
capital of Confederacy Feb. 4, 1861. Same subsequently removed
to Richmond, Va. New constitution adopted Feb., 1868, and the
state re-entered Uni9n July H. Present constitution adopted
1875. Number counties, 66; miles of railroad, 2,191. State elec-
tions biennial, first Monday in Aug.; number senators, 33; re-
presentatives, 100; sessions of Legislature biennial, in even-
numbered years, meeting Tuesday after second Monday in
\ov.,and holding 50 days; term of senators, 4 yars; of repre-
sentatives, 2 years. Number of electoral votes, 10; congressmen,
8. Indians, idiots, convicts of crime excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 4; school age, 7-21; schools good. Legal interest,
8$; usury ^forfeits entire interest.
nat
sla
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Lenuth N. and S., 332 miles; width averugcs !->.. miles, area 51,r>4iisq.
miles, 32,935,600 acres. Surface at N. E. rugged, extending into
Allegheny mountains, gradually descends, forming rollirg
prairies at center of state and flat low stretches at the south.
Sea coast 68 miles. Mobile bay best harbor on the gulf Princi-
pal rivers, Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Coosa, Tombigbre and
Alabama; the latter two uniting from the Mobile: 1,600 miles of
navigable waterways: smaller streams abundant. The mount-
ainous section, 80x165 miles square, has fair soil, and is enor-
mously rich in coal, iron, lime and sandstone, timber and various
minerals. The growth here, as yet but begun, is marvelous.
Middle section soil fertile and varied. Coast region sandy, but
by proper cultivation prolific. Vegetable farming near Mobile
very successfu I. Cotton, mules, iron, coal, sugar, rice, tobacco,
hay, oats, corn, staple products. Fruits are a good crop. Much
forest remains. Cleared hind averages S7., and woodland $4 per
acre. State ranks fourth in cotton, fifth in mules and molasses,
sixth in iron ore and s-ugar, seventh in rice. Opportunities for
homes and Investment superior.
CLIMATE. Temperature mild; cold at north; warm at
south; average, winter, 47 <leg.; summer, 81 deg.; July hottest
month: range of thermometer, 20 to 95 deg., sometimes for a
day reaching 102 dear Rainfall, 50 inches. Snow or ice very
rare. Trees bloom in Feb. Health as good as the average, a*>
least.
GUIDE AND HAND BOOK.
135
CHIEF CITIES. Montgomery (capital), pop. 16,713; Hunts-
ville, pop. 4,977: Sehnn, pop 7.529; Mobile, pop. 29,132.
LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and kindred pur-
suits, mining, iron making, lumbering, etc. Number industries,
2,070.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: personal property
to value of 1,000; homestead not exceeding 80 acres, or house
CC I.K ^^GmmslWuKh/
I.Urf&JoB Jb. A ^-4ri<,n lPltnmtX *p ^.
^J l-V .,, mori '^-^3\Vetuoipl:^"
rk ^ ^UrS^^^^iO^
-^1 Vj>ttyton **. ^"V^^-Aro n^ /^5G nr^_^
Ur.lrtK
and lot in town to value of $2,100. Assignments cannot give
preference, and do not release debtor. Suits lor land and on
judgment barred after 20; on sealed contracts and against officers
after 10; for trespass, etc.. alter 0; on contract after 5; on account
after 3. and on actions founded on wrongs after 1 year. Wife's
estate exempt; she cannot do business. If widow has no sepa-
136 THE WESTERN WORLD
rate estate she takes one-third land of which husband died seized
in fee, or half if he left no children. No arrest for debt.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers in wagon, $50; on horse,
$20; on foot, $10, in each county, except when products of the
state are sold. Drummers' tax, glO to state, 5 to county and 30
cents fee; Mobile, $3 per day, $7;25 per week (rarely enforced).
LIENS. Advances for crops if so stated in note and re-
corded in 60 days in probate judge s office are liens on crop.
Landlords have liens on crop tor rent. Liens are als > given for
labor and material. To enforce these suit must be brought by
laborers in 1, contractors in 6, and all other persons in 4 months.
GOVERNMENT LANDS, subject to cash, homestead and
pre-emption entry, exist to a large extent in Alabama. They
comprise every variety of mineral, agricultural and grazing
lands, and are scattered through almost every county, with
every variety of soil. The LAND OFFICES are at Huntsville for
land in the northern portion, and at Montgomery for lauds in the
southern part of the state.
STATE LANDS, with the exception of swamp and over-
flowed lands, in dispute, and some limited tracts of school land,
are disposed of.
RAILROAD LANDS to the extent of many thousand acres
are otfered low on good terms.
MISSISSIPPI.
Indian name moaning Father of
Waters. Called " liayou State."
Visited by De Soto, 1542; by La
Salle, 1683. Settled, Biloxi, 1699, by
M. de Iberville. Formed a part of
the territorv of Louisiana, and be-
longed to France. Yazoo settle-
ments made 1703; others followed.
All settlers killed by Indians, 1728.
Chickasaws subdued, 1733. North-
ern portion acquired by England,
17t'3. Oulf section transferred to
Spain a short time after. Kegion
claimed by Georgia at time of
Revolution, and what is now Ala.
and Miss was organized as Terri-
tory of Mississippi alter peace was
secured. Georgia ceded to U.S., 18(2. all possessions south of Ten-
nessee line. Gulf Coast acquired by conquest, 1811. Separated
from Ala. and state constitution adopted, 1817. Admitted us a
state. Dec. 10, 1817. Seventh state admitted. Capital alternately
at Washington, Columbia and Natchez till fixed at Jackson, ISfci.
State active in war of 1814 and with Mexico. Seceded 1861.
Corinth, Shiloh, the most notable battles of the rebellion in the
state. Constitution amended, 1865; new constitution adopted,
1869, and amended. 1877. State re-entered Union, 1870. Number
counties, 74: number miles of railroad, 1,844. State officers
elected quadrennially, and legislature every two years ; all elec-
' ; ons, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.; sessions of legislature
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting Tuesday after first
Monday in Jan.; number senators, 37; representatives. 120; term
of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 \ ears ; number electoral
votes, 9; congressmen, 7 ; voters, 238,532 ; colored, 190^78; loreign
white, 5,674. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 3; school age, 5-21 ; school system, fair. Legal
interest, 6 ; by contract, 1055; usury forfeits excess of interest.
Miles railroad, 1844,26.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
137
POPULATION, 1880, 1,131,597: male, 567,177: female, 564,420;
native, 1,1J,388; foreign, 9,209 ; white, 479,398 ; colored, 650,291;
Chinese, 51 ; Indiaus, 1,857; slaves, 1860, 436,rt31. Estimated in-
crease, 1885.
G
are
312 miles. Harbors, IMIoxi, Mississippi City, Pascagoula and
Shieldsburg 1 . Surface undu lilting- with a -gradual slope from ele-
vation of 700 feet at N.E., W. and S. to the Mississippi and Gulf.
Some hills reach SO' 1 feet above surround ing 1 country From Tenn.
line S. to Vicksburg-, Mississippi bottoms wide, flat, with more or
less swamp and covered with cypress and oak. Soil an iuexhaust-
138 THE WESTERN WORLD
ible alluvium. Central and southern portions 100 to 250 feet above
the sea, hilly, with stretches of prairie ; soil light but productive,
at south sandy with pine growth. Islands, Cat, Ship, and smaller
ones 10 miles from coast, all sandy. Rivers Mississippi, Yn/oo,
Big Black, Bayou, Pierre, Pearle, Pascagoula, Cold Water, Ten-
nessee, Tombigbee, with one or two exceptions, all navigable by
large boats. Smaller streams innumerable. All bottoms ex-
tremely fertile. Cotton most prolific in bottoms. Staple crops,
cotton, rice, sugar, molasses, tobacco, corn, sweet potatoes,
grapes for wine. Fruits and vegetables are splendid crops, but are
neglected. Forest area large ; pine, oak, chestnut, walnut and
magnolia grow on uplands and bluffs, long-leafed pine on islands
and in sand Lumbering important industry; mules raised with
great success State ranks second in cotton, filth in rice. Oyster
and other fisheries valuable. Cleared land averages $7.50 per acre :
woodland, J3. No state offers easier means of success to settlers.
No minerals i<re found.
CLIMATE mild, snow and iee unknown. Summers long and
warm ; July and August, hottest months. Temperature averages,
summer, 80 deg.; winter 50 deg. Rainfall, 40 in. at north, 58 in. at
south Highlands very healthy. Malaria in bottoms.
CHIEF CITIES. Jackson, (capital), pop., 5,204 ; Natchez,
pop., 7,058 ; yfcksbursr, nop.. 11.814.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, lumbering, fish-
ing and canning
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: team or yoke
cattle, 2 cows and calves, 5 hogs or sheep, 150 bu. corn, 300 Ibs.
meat, 300 bundles fodder, 10 bu. wheat or rice, vehicles to value
of $100, sewing machine, household furniture to value of $ldO,
growing crops, tools of irade, books, etc., of profession, arms of
militia, homestead of ICO acres, or to value of $2,000. Assignments
administered by courts. Suits for land barred after 10: on notes,
bills and written contracts, trespass, etc., after 6; on judgments
after 7; for verbal contracts after 3, and for assault, slander, etc.,
after 1 year. Wife's estate, income and earnings exempt. She
can contract and sue and be sued separately. No arrest for
debt.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers on foot, $5; with 1 hor--e,
$10: with horse and cart, $20; with 2 horses and cart, J25 in < ach
county. Peddlers of tin and pottery made in the state pay no
license. Drummers pay at Natchez $2.50 per day.
LIENS are given on crops for rents of land, advances and
labor; on building for labor and material. Suit must be brought
in t; month's. Judgments are liens on all property.
GOVERNMENT LANDS are found in smaller or kmrer
areas in a majority of the counties of the state, but the bulk of
them are in the pine district and on the Gulf coast, and partake
of the character of the section in which they are found. They
offer inviting opportunities to homesteaders, pre-emptors. or cash
buyers for a cheap home. The soil is generally good. The LAND
OFFICE for the entire state is at Jackson.
STATE LANDS to the extent of over 1,000,000 acres are held
for sale by the auditor of public accounts at Jackson, and i're
purchasable at low figures. They nre chiefly lands forfeited for
tax, and are dotted all over the state. Titles are good.
9UIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
139
LOUISIANA.
Named for Louis XIV. of France.
Called the " Pelican State" and the
"Creole State." Visited by La Salle
1691. First settled by French on
lower Mississippi and Gulf. Origi-
nally included all ter itory west of
the Mississippi river to the Rocky
mountains and north to British
America, with a large area on the
gulf east of the Mississippi. Propri-
etary charter issued, 1717, to Missis-
sippi Company und John Law, and
government formed. New Orleans
founded by the French, 1718 Pro-
prietary government collapsed, 1733.
First sugar cane cultivated in
United States neur New Orleans,
1751. First sugar mill, 1758. Province ceded to Spain, 17^2. First
shipment of cotton abroad, 1784. Ceded back to France, 1800, and
purchased by United States, 1803, for 815,000,000. What is now
Louisiana organized as Territory of Orleans. Remainder of the
district still retaining name of Louisiana. All east of the Missis-
sippi claimed by Spain. Occupied by United States, 1811. Name
of the territory north of present state changed to Territory of
Missouri, 1812, and Louisiana admitted as a state under present
name April 8, 1813 : capital at New Orleans. In the war with
England immediately following, the state made a glorious record,
and at the battle of New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815, humiliated the
British and ended the war. Capital removed to Baton Rouc-e,
1847. Increased rapidly in wealth and population till I860.
Seceded Jan. 30, 1861. Some fighting on the river between boats
and forts. New Orleans captured, May 1, 1863. New constitution
ratified, 1868, and in June state re-entered Union and capital
moved to New Orleans. State constitution amended, 1874, and
present one adopted, 1879. Capital moved back to Baton Rouge,
1881. Number of parishes or counties, 58; miles railroad, 1,316.
Legislature and state officers elected quadrennially ; members
congress, biennially; state elections, Tues lay after third Monday
in April; number senators, 36 ; representat.ves, 98; sessions bien-
nial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in May.
holds 60 days ; terms of senators and i epresentati ves, 4 years each.
Number electoral votes, 8; congressmen, 6 ; voters, 216,787; col-
ored, 107,977; native white, 81,777; foreign white, 27,033. Idiots;
insane and criminals excluded from voting. Legal interest, 5;
by contract, 8^; usury forfeits entire interest. Educational
facilities, averaare.
POPULATION, 1880,939, 946; male, 468.754; female, 471,197;
native, 885,800; foreign. 54,l4t5; white, 4">4,954; colored, 483,655;
Chinese. 4>9; Indians, 48; slaves, 18 0, 331,7 >(>.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PBODTJCTS, ETC.-
Extreme length E. and W., 204 miles; breadth, 348 miles; aiea,
45,420 sq. miles. 29,('68,on acres. Surface at the south low i-.nd flat,
with inexhaustible soil. In the northwest are ranges of hills at-
taining- an altitude of 300 feet. Similar elevations are found on
the east bank of the Mississippi. The soil of the hiils is good and
is more largely in cultivation than the lowlands. Const line, 1.376
miles ; very irregular navigable rivers, 3.700 miles. Mississippi
flows in or on ttie borders of the state. ( >tln>r navigable streams,
Kcd, < hiachita, Amite. Atcliat'aiaya and Pearl rivers. Chief laUcs,
Ponchartrain, Verret, Uorgue, Grand, Washa, Saline, White,
Maurepas, Black, ('atahoula and Bistineau. Mays numerous on
coast but harbors indifferent. Many small islands in Gulf. Staple
140
THE WESTERN WORLD
products, sweet potatoes, susrar, molasses, rice, corn, cotton,
frasses, oats, etc. All fruits of the semi-tropical climate thrive,
tate ranks first in sugar and molasses and third in rice. Forests
almost inexhaustible. Timber superior in kind and quality; lum-
bering' important industry. Salt produced on a large scale. Iron
recently discovered. Cleared land averages $i 2.50, woodland 83
$4 per acre. Keclamatioii of marshes very profitable and begin
ning to be done on large scale. Moss-gathering profitable and in-
vites more attention. Inducements offered immigrants of the
firgt order.
CLIMATE. Temperature ranges from 44 to 100 deg-.; average
summer, XI deg.; winler, 5-5 deg. Rainfall, 57 inches, chiefly in
spring and summer. Summers long and occasionally hot. Health,
CODE AM) HANDBOOK.
141
average. Actual death rate lower than in many northern sec-
tions. Occasional yellow fever in the cities.
CHIEF CITIES. New Orleans, port of entry and largest
cotton market in the world, pop . . 216,OuO ; Baton Rouge (capital),
pop., 7,197 ; Shreveport, pop., 8,009; Morgan City, port of entry.
State institution for insane tit Jackson ; for deaf mutes and blind,
Baton Koujre.
INPTJSTRIES. Three-fifths of laboring population en-
gaged in agriculture. Average income of rural population
amonar hitrhest in T'nion Numner industries, l,t/00.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Apparel, neces-
sar3' furniture, arms, tools musical instruments, team, 2 cows, 25
hogs, 1.000 Ibs. bacon ; corn and fodder for current year ; home-
stead, all not to exceed 82,000. No exemption if wife has $2,000.
Assignment releases only on consent of two thirds creditors.
Suits for land barred after fO, on judgment and stated account
after 10, on notes after 5 and on open account after 3 years.
Wife's property exempt and she hold mortgage on husband's
estate for all receipts by him for her account. She must con-
tribute to household expense and can do business. Arrest mav be
made for debt, but under conditions tht render same of no effect.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers in boat, $100; with 2 horses,
$20; with more than 2 horses, $25; wi<h 1 horse, $1(1; on foot, go.
LIENS held on crop for salary of overseer, for rent, labor
and advances: on buildings for labor and material. Judgments
are liens on real estate.
GOVERNMENT LANDS to the extent of nearly 6,000,000
acres remain subject to cash, homestead and timber culture entry.
They are scattered over the entire state, but lie mostly in the
prairies, good uplands, pine hdls or pine flits. The LAND OFFICES
are at Natchitoches for the northwestern 13 counties and New
Orleans for rest of the state.
STATE LANDS aggregate 9/00,000 acres, mostly low and
unflt to live on, but enormously fertile; they are both prairie and
magnificently timbered and lie near hill sections of government
land. Settlers can enter 160 acres state lands at 12Ms cents per
acre, and by combining with government homestead and timber
culture 480 acres cun be had for $50.40. State Land Office at Baton
Rouge.
TEXAS.
Origin of name unknown; called
" Lone Star State." Settled first by
French, under LaSalle, 1686; was a
p irt of Old Mexico, and formed
the states of Texas and Coahuila.
Trouble with Louisana over border
1SIW; settled 18 9; Saline river fixed
as boundary between states. Mexi-
can government granted extensive
area to Moses Austin 1820, and
confirmed them to his son, S. F.
Austin, who formed colonies of
Americans. Coahuila nnd Texas
consolidated, and revolted against
discriminating 'aws is:<5. Defeated
Mexicans at biittle-sof Concepcion,
Goliad and Gonzales, Oct. same
year. Sam. Houston made commander of army. Mexicans ex-
pelled after battle of Sail Antonio de Bexar, Dec 10, ]K.%5. Inde-
pendence declared Dec. 20. Houston inaugurated as President
Oct., 183->. Independence of the Republic recognized by United
Stare.-. March, 1837; by European powers, ISo'.i and '40. Continued
wars with Mexico; embarrassed finances. Proposition for union
142
THE WESTERN WORLD
with United States, 1845, and admitted as a state Dec. 29. State
paid 810,000,000 by United States tor all lands outside present
limits, 1850. Seceded Feb., 1861. Houston, who refused to secede,
deposed. Military operations small. Last battle of the war near
Rio Grande, May 13. 1*65. He-entered Union 1870. Present con-
stitution adopted 1875. Number counties, ?8; miles of railroad,
6,198. All elections Tuesday after first Monday iu Nov.; number
senators, 31: representatives, 106: sessions of legislature biennial,
in odd-ninnbert'd years meeting- second Tues ay in Jan.; holds 60
days; tern: of senators, 4 years: of representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 13; congressmen, 11; voters, 380,376.
United States army, lunatics, idiots, paupers and convicts ex-
cluded from voting. Number colleges, 10; school age, 8-14.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 143
School endowment enormous; includes 23,470,377 acres yet
unsold. Legal interest 8, by contract li; usury forfeits entire
interest.
POPULATION, 1880, 1,591,749; male, 837.MU; female, 753,00r>:
native, 1,477,133; foreign. 114,61*5; white, 1,197,237; colored, 3i,3.- 4;
Chinese. 13H: Indiana, 998. Estimated incrca.se 25#.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length E. and \V., 83u miles: extreme width, 750 mil es;
area, Ui7,8f>5,<>;)0 acres; largest of the states and territories; in-
cludes many small islands. Coast line, 412 miles: irregular, an-l
bordered by lagoons; Galveston bay largest, has 13 feet of water,
35 miles inland. Rio Grande (navigable 440 milep). Pecos, Ked,
Nueces, Angelina, Trinity .all navigable streams), Canadian,
Brazos, Colorado, Gaudaloupe and San Antonio are the chief
rivers. Some small lakes; one remarkable one, with a bed of salt
at S. E. corner state. Surface laried; mountains between the
Pecos and Kio Grande, reach 6,000 feet high, with broad valleys
between. West and N. W. a h gh table land; from latter the
surface slopes gradually to the Gulf and lower Rio Grande, being
low and level at south and east. Lands extremely fertile, except
in the N. W., where water is scarce Lands on Kio Grande and
at south require irrigation for good results, although crops will
grow to some extent without. Entire state covered with rich
grasses, affording pasture the year round. Water plenty at a shal-
low depth; quality good. All cereals, root crops, vegetable-",
fruit and stocks flourish. Cotton best crop. Other staples:
sugar, molasses, sweet potatoes, corn, wheat, grapes and fruits.
Dairying extensive. Cattle, sheep, goat and hog raising 011
mammoth scale. Ootton picking, July to Dec.; corn planting,
middle of Feb.; grain harvest, May; corn harvest, July. Hunks
first in cattle and cotton; second in sugar, sheep, mules and.
horses. Coal area, 6,000 sq. miles; quality good. Iron ore and
salt deposits extensive. Other minerals found, but extent un-
known Improved land averages $8, and unimproved $3@;4 per
acre. No state offers more or better chances for homes and
wealth. Uncultivated and timber land seven-eighths of area;
timber area, one-fourth; quality moderate.
CLIMATE varies; temperate at north, semi-tropical at
south. Health everywhere most excellent. Thermometer
ranges from 35 to 93 deg., but seldom rises to the latter tempera-
ture. At Austin averages, winter. 50 deg.; summer, 80 deir.
Rainfall averages at Austin 35 inches; increases on coast and to
the south: decreases to 13 inches in N. W.
CHIEF CITIES. Brownsville, El Paso, Indianola and Gal-
veston (ports of entry); Houston 'important railroad center)
pop. 16,513; Galveston (metropolis, best harbor, chief shipping 1
point), pop. 22,218; Austin (capital), pop. 11,013; San Antoui
(oldest town), pop. 20,550; Dallas, pop. 10,358.
INDUSTRIES number 3,000. Leading ones, grazing and
agriculture, lumbermr. mining, dairying, milling, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Homestead, 200
acres or lot in town, value not to exceed 85,0 X) at time of desig-
nation as homestead; subsequent improvements also exempt;
furniture, tools, books, and limited quantity of stock to heads of
families; horse, saddle, bridal, apparel and tools to single men.
Assignments may prefer those who discharge debtor. Actions
for re 1 1 estate oarred after 10 years when held without title;
after 5 years when held under deed; after 3 years when held
under chain of title; after 10 years on judgments; after 4 years on
written contract or account between merchants: after 2 years
on other accounts, and after 1 year for personal damages.
Wife's property exempt. She cannot do business separately. No
imprisonment for debt.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers on foot, $10 per year in
each county; with one horse. $85; with two horses, $40; drum-
mers' tax, $210 per year, remitted if employer pays occupation
tax in the state.
144
THE WESTERN WORLD
LIENS hold on buildings for labor and materia'.; on crops for
rent or supplies advanced; on property of tenants for rent in
cities; on baggage for board: and livery stables have lien on
teams for feed. Judgments are liens for ten years on real estate.
STATE LANDS. There is no government land in Texas. The
state lands include School Lands 23,470,377 acres, located in every
oounty; University Lands, 2,000,000 acres in Pecos, Crockett
and Tom Green counties, and some remnants scattered through
Cook, Grayson, Fannin and McLennan counties belonging to the
same interest, both governed by the same rules of sale, etc., and
endowments of elemosynary institutions. Sales of educational
lands suitable for agriculture, are limited to one section for each
purchaser, at S2 per acre, without competition, the purchaser
making affidavit that he will settle on same within six months, and
paying in advance one-thirtieth of the purchase money, and
annually thereafter five percent interest on the balance, and,nt
his option, he may withhold the payment of such balance until
the end of 30 years, or at the end of 3 years, pay in full and
obtain a patent Grazing lands are sold in quantities, not to
exceed three sections to any one purchaser, the purchaser paying
to the state in advance one-thirtieth of the purchase money, as
above, and annually thereafter for 30 years 5# interest on the
balance of the debt, but he cannot pay in full and receive a
patent until the expiration of seven years from date of pur-
chase. The minimum price for grazing lands per acre is $2, but
competition between applicant? for the same tract is allowed. A
paper designating the land and the amount per acre bid is by
each competitor filed with the surveyor of the county in which the
land lies, and 11 days before final award is to be made, the sur-
veyor makes a public outcry of the bids. Should any higher bid
or bids be then offered, he transmits them along with those pre-
viously filed in his office to the Land Board in Austin. That
Board awards the land so competed for to the highest bidder on
tiie first Tuesday in each month. Lands containing water are
not now offered, either for sale or lease. Leases tor the term of
five years are made by the Land Board, at the minimum price of
six cents per acre per annum.
TENNESSEE.
Takes its name from Indian name
for the Tennessee River. Called
" Big Bend State." First settled,
17,54. Fort London, near Knoxville,
established 1756. Territory called
" Wataug Association," 1769. Be~
came a part of North Carolina, 1777.
Organized as the State of Franklin,
ITS"), but again became part of North
Carolina, 1788 Ceded to United
States by North Carolina, 1789.
District now comprising Tennes-
see and Kentucky formed into the
" Territory of the United States
south of the Ohio," 1790. Tennessee
territory organized 17M. Admitted
as state June 1, 17P6. State Consti-
tution framed, 17%. Amended. 1834, 1853, 18(io and 1870. Capital.
Knoxville,1794,removed to Nashville,181 '. Returned to Knoxville,
1817. Removed to Murfreesboro, ls-19, and returned to Nashville,
present seat, 1826. Creek war, 1813, ended 'by breaking their
power at battle of Tallapoosa March 27, 1814. First railroad part
of N. & C., 1853, Nashville to Bridgeport, Seceded, June 8, 1861.
Battles of Forts Henry and Donelson, T>b. 6 and 16, 1862. Fort
Pillow and Island No. 10, March, 1862. Chicamauga, Sept. 19, 1863.
GUIDE AKD HAND-BOOK. 145
Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 1863. Missionary Ridge, Nov. 25.
Ue-entered Union, 1866. Number counties, 96. State, congres-
sional and presidential elections, Tuesday after first Monday in
November; number senators, 33: representatives, 99; sessions
biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in January;
holds 75 days ; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years
each. Number electoral votes, 12; number Congressmen, 10;
number voters, 571,244; native white, 240,939; foreign white,
250,055 ; colored, 80,250. Non-payers of poll-tax excluded from,
voting. Legal interest 6 ; by contract, any rate ; usury forfeits
excess of interest and $100 fine. Schools fair. Miles railroad,
2, lot!.
POPULATION, 1880, I,5i2,359: male, 769,277; female, 773,< 1 82;
native, 1/85,857 j foreign, 16.702 ; white, 1,138,831 ; colored, 403,151 ;
Chinese, 25: Indians, 352. Slaves, I860, 27.">,r<>9.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length B. and \V. 4:jO miles; width, 110 miles. Area,
4 1,750 sq. miles, 26,720.000 acres. Mountainous at E. where Apa-
lachians separate state from North Carolina. Succeeding this to
the westward is a table land which terminates in the " great
central basin " of Middle Tennessee. West of this is a plateau,
region to the Mississippi river. Chief rivers, Mississippi,
Tennessee, Cumberland, Clinch, Hqlston, Forked Deer, JJig-
Hatchie and Wolf. First three navigable, others afford enor-
mous water power. Small streams very numerous. Soil fair,
except in central basin, where it is very productive. State
abounds in coal, iron, fine marbles and building stones, copper
and other minerals. Possesses one of the finest areas of virgin
forest in the Union. Principal timbers, walnut, oak, poplar, ash,
hickory, etc. Staple products, mules, hogs, peanuts, corn, wheat,
cotton, vegetables of all kinds, potatoes, tobacco, hemp, flax,
broomcorn, iron, copper, coal, marbles, etc. Kanks second in
peanuts and third in mules. Resources but little developed and
plenty of room and opportunities for home and fortunes exist.
5,000 sq. miles of coal field, with 3 to 7 workable veins. Cleared
land averages 812.50, forest 5 per acre. Grape growing pays.
CLIMATE one of healthiest in world. Mild and pleasant,
and owing to varying elevation very diverse. Snow light and lays
briefly. Ice rarely more than a mere film in thickness. Average
temperature, winter 38 deg.; summer, 75 deg. Extremes seldom,
occur. Rainfall. 45 to 47 inches. Air bracing.
CHIEF CITIES. Nashville, capital ; pop.. 43,350. Memphis,
pop., 33,593; Chattanooga, pop., 12,892; Jackson, pop., 8,377;
Knoxville, pop.. 9.693.
INDUSTRIES chiefly agricultural, mining, lumbering and
iron makinir.
PROPERY EXEMPT from execution: Two beds and
clothing and an additional bed for each 3 children, each be'1 not
to exceed $25 in value ; 1 cow; 1 calf, or if family contains 6 per-
sons, 2 cows and 2 calves ; 12 knives and forks, 12 plates, 6 dishes,
set of table and set of tea spoons, bread tray, 2 pitchers, waiter,
coffee-pot, tea-pot, canister, cream jug, 12 cups and saucers,
dinlng-table, two table cloths, 12 chairs, bureau to $40; safe or
press, wash basin, bowl and pitcher, kettle, 2 tubs, churn, looking-
glass, axe, spinning-wheel, loom and gear; pair cotton car<ls, pair
wool cards ; cooking-stove and utensils to $25; cradle, Bible and
school books ; 2 horses or mules, wagon, to $75; harness, man's
saddle, woman's saddle, 2 bridles ; 2i bbls. corn, 20 bu. wheat, 500
bundles oats, 500 bundles fodder ; hay, to $20 ; 1,250 Ibs pork alive
or slaughtered, or 900 Ibs. bacon; poultry to 25; home-made
carpet ; 6 cords wood, or 100 bu. coal ; reasonable provisions
designated; carpet to $25; 200 bu. cotton seed, 2 plows, 2 hoes,
grubbing hoe, cutting-knife ; harvest cradle, plow gears, pitch-
fork, rake, wedge, 5 sheep, 10 stock hours ; mpchanics tools, gun ;
to head of family or female, sewing machine; 50 Ibs. picked cotton,
2.5 Ibs. wool, leather for shoes, $50 in material to mechanics. In ad-
dition to the above, $250 in personal property is exempt and home-
146
THE WESTERN WOULD
stead to vaiue of 81.WO- Exemptions extend to estate of house-
holder in favor of widow or children. Assignments cannot pre-
fer. Suits barred after 7 years 1 or real estate or for claims against
deceased person : nfter 10 years on official or administrative bond
or judgments; after H years for malfeasance, on notes, accounts,
contract, etc.; alter 3 years for injury to property; after (i months
for slander ; after 1 year for injury to person. Wife's property
exempt. No imprisonment for debt.
LICENSE CHARGES, per year: Peddlers on foot, 20; with
horse or vehicle, $50, and &50 additional for each vehicle and $13
for each additional horse. Licenses issued quarterly. Drummers
pay 50 per year to state, and counties may chai ge 5. Memphis
charges $10 per week, $> per mouth.
GUIDE AND HAXD-BOOK. 147
LIENS hold on structures and lot for labor or material.
Claimants against contractor must notify owner. Lien precedes
mortgage if latter is notified. Liens also hold on crop for rent or
supplies ; on property for house rent ; on baggage and teams for
board or food. Judgments are liens on real estate for 10 years.
KENTUCKY.
Name Indian. Signifies dark and
bloody ground, because the state
was the hunting and battle ground
of the tribes. Called "Corn Cracker
State." Explored 1V67 by John Fin-
)ey and others from North Carolina.
Boone settled 1769, and penetrated
to the Ohio 1771. Indians resisted
settlement vigorously. Pacified by
treaty with Cherokees, March, 1775.
Organized as " Colony of Transyl-
vania," but claimed by Virginia,
and became Kentucky county, Va.,
1776. Louisville founded, 1780. Be-
came, with Tennessee, 1790, " Terri-
tory of U. S. South of the Ohio,"
and in same year Territory of Ken-
tucky organized. Admitted as a State June 1, 1793. State con-
stitution adopted same year. Replaced by new one, 18uO. State
furnished 7,OUO troops in war of 1812, and 13,700 in Mexican war.
Won trreat credit in latter. New constitution, 1850, and amended
1877. Neutral at beginning of civil war. State the scene of con-
tinuous cavalry raids during the war, and some sharp battles at
Perryville, Hichmond, etc. Put under martial law, 1864. Civil
government restored, 1865. Union soldiers furnished, 75,760.
Number counties, 118. State elections biennial, first Monday in
August, in odd-numbered years. Number senators, 38: repre-
sentatives, 100 ; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-numbered
years, meeting last day of December, holds 60 days. Term of
senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral
votes, ,'3; number congressmen, 11; number voters, 376,221.
Bribers, robbers and forgers excluded from voting. Number
colleges, 15 ; public school system framed, 1838 ; good schools,
school age 6-20 years. Legal interest 6 ; by contract, 10% ; usury
forfeits excess over 10 per cent. Miles of railroad, 1,887.
POPULATION, 1880, 1,648,690 ; male, 832,590 ; female, 816,100;
native, 1,589,173 ; foreign, 59,517 ; white, 1,377,179; colored, 271,451;
Chinese, 10; Indians, 50; slaves, 1860. 225,481
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length E. and \V. 3oU ; width, 179 miles; area, 40,000 sq.
miles, 25,600,000 acres. River frontage, 832 miles ; navigable water
ways, 4, 120 miles. Surface mountainous at southeast and east,
and slopes gradually westward. It is throughout hilly, except in
the river bottoms, which are narrow. Average elevation about
850 feet. Average elevation eastern half 1,100 feet. Soil fair, ex-
cept in the famous " Bluegrass region," extending for 40 or 50
miles around Lexington, and one of the most beautiful sections
on the globe. River bottoms also extremely fertile. Principal
rivers, Mississippi, Ohio, Kentucky, Green, Salt, Tennessee,
Cumberland, Licking, Big Sandy and Big Barren. Smaller
streams fed by perennial springs abound. Natural wonder Mam-
moth Cave, greatest in the world. Kentucky ranks high as an
agricultural and stock state. Staple crops, corn, wheat, tobacco,
oats, barley, hemp, rye and vegetables ; fruits do fairly. Famous
for thoroughbred horses and cattle. Mules and hogs largely
148
THE WESTERN WOULD
raised. At the east In the mountains are immense forests of virgin
oak. poplar, ash, chestnut, elm, walnut, cucumber and other val-
uable timber trees. Coal, marbles, minerals, oil, stone, etc., also
ab9und. Iron deposits of immense magnitude are known to
exist. The lands are cheap, and this section is destined to become
one of the richest in the Union. The state is making: an effort,
and possesses splendid opportunities for immigration and capi-
tal. Cleared land averages 820 and woodland $5 per acre. The
average of the former is raised materially by the high prices,
often $100 or more per acre in the bluegrass section. Mountain
lands rich in timber and minerals and not without agricultural
value, rate $2 to $5 per acre. The state ranks first in tobacco,
and fourth in malt and distilled liquors.
CLIMATE variable, favorable to health and agriculture;
healthful liens not surpassed; thermometer ranges from 5 deg.
below zero to 98 deg. acove ; rarely grrater extremes are known;
temperature averages, summer, 75 deg., winter, 3b deg : rainfall 50
inches. Snows fan but disappear in a few days. Sleighing only
for a day or so. Winters moderately long. Malaria very rare,
except on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.
CHIEF CITIES. Louisville, pop. 125,758 ; Frankfort (capi-
tal), pop. H.958 ; Covinsrton, 29,720; Lexington, former capital,
founded 1776, pop. 16,656 ; Newport connected with Covington by
bridge, pop. 20.431. Louisville and Paducah ports of entry.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, stock-raising, lum-
bering, iron-making, mining and distilling.
. PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead, $1,000;
horse or yoke of oxen, 2 cows, 5 sheep, apparel, household furni-
ture, $100; sewing machine; professional library and instru-
ments, $500; wages, 850; mechanics to^ls, $100. Assignment can-
not prefer. Suits barred after 30 years for real estate; after 15
years on contract in writing, official bond or judgment ; after 5
years for trespass on bill?, notes, stated accounts or for fraud ;
after 2 years from succeeding January on merchants accounts;
after 1 year for personal damage. Wife's property exempt She
cannot do business. Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit of
concealment of property, fraud, etc., but plaintiiff must give
bonds. Bail flllowedor release secured by insolvent debtor's oath.
LICENSE CHARGES, per year : Peddlers, $100 for state, or
65 cents for each 100 voters in any county. License issued by
county clerk. Drummers tax, Newport, $1 per month.
LIENS hold for labor and material if statement is filed in 60
days and suit brought in 1 year. Sub-contractors and laborers
must notify owner. Judgments are not liens on real estate.
OHIO.
Indian name meaning "Beau-
tiful River," called " Buckeye
State." Explored by La Salle, 1679.
Region claimed by France and held
by force. Title of England settled
by treaty of Paris, 1763. Became
with all the northwest territory a
part of Virginia, although claimed
under old English charter by New
York, Connecticut and Massachu-
setts. First settled, 17K2, by Mora-
vians on the Muskingum. These
expelled by British, 1781. Expedi-
tion of Bouquet, 1764. Dunmore
war, 1774. Cornstalk's warriors de-
feated on the Sciota. Cincinnati
founded, 1789. Clarke .overcame
Miamis, 1782. Marrietta founded, 1788. Miami Indians conquered
GUIDE AND IIAXD-UOOK.
149
by Gen. "Wayne, 1794. Virginia ceded region to the United States
under condition that the northwest territory should be divided
into not less than five states, and Ohio became part of Territory
of the Northwest. Ohio Territory organized May 7, 1800. Ad-
mitted HS a state, ApriJ 30, 1803. Capital fixed at Chillicothe, 1800,
removed to Zanesville, 1810, returned to Chillicothe, 1812. aud re-
moved to Columbus, ldl.6, where it remains. Constitution re-
vised. 1851. Number Union soldiers furnished, 313,180. Number
counties. 88. State and congressional elections, second Tuesday
in October ; number senators, 33 ; representatives, 105 ; sessions
biennial, but "adjourned sessions " practically amount to annual
meetings ; assembles first Monday in January ; terms of senators
and representatives, 2 years each. Number electoral votes, 23;
150 THE "WESTEKN WORLD
number congressmen, 21 ; number voters, 826.57? ; insane and
idiots excluded from voting. Number colleges, 33; school age,
6-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate, 6% ; by con-
tract. 82 ; usury forfeits excess. Miles of railroad, 7,2". 6.
POPULATION, 1880,3,198,062; male, 1,613,931 ; female, 1,584,-
126; native, 2,803,119; foreign, 394,913; white, 3,117,920; colored,
79,900: Chinese, 109; Indians, 130.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length E. and \V.. 225 miles; breadth, 200 miles. Area,
40,760 sq. miles, 25,686,400 acres. Includes Kelley's and Bass'
islands in Lake Erie. Lake frontage, 230 miles. Ohio river front-
age, 432 miles. A great ridge or divide traverses the state from
Trumbull Co. in the N. E. to Mercer Co. at the W., having an ele-
vation averaging about 1,200 feet. The surface of the state slopes
north from the divide to Lake Erie (elevation 565 feet) and south
to the Ohio river (elevation 440 feetat Cincinnati). Main streams,
Ohio, Muskingum, Sciota, Big and Little Miami, Mahoning,
Hocking, Maumee, Ouyaboga, Huron, Kocky, Chagrin, San-
dusky, Portage, etc. Entire state well watered. Valleys ex-
tremely productive. Uplands fertile as a rule. Scenery beautiful,
but with no prominent features. Ohio ranks first in agricult-
ural implements and wool ; second in dairy products, petroleum,
iron and steel ; third in wheat, sheep, coal, malt and distilled
liquors ; fourth in printing and publishing, salt, miles railway
and soap ; fifth in milch cows, hogs, horses, hay, tobacco and
iron ore. Cpal, building stones, iron ore and salt are found in
vast quantities. Staple crops, wheat, corn, oats, potatoes,
tobacco, buckwheat, etc., vegetables, apples and the hardier
fruits. Cleared land averages $45, woodland 40 per acre. Little
forest valuable for lumber remains except in small reserves.
CLIMATE as healthful as any in the United States. Warm-
est on Ohio river. Temperature for state averages, winter, 35
deg.; summer, 77 deg.; range of temperature, 16 deg. below zero
to 101 deg. above. Changes sometimes sudden. Snowfall con-
siderable. Average rainfall, including snow, 42inches, decreases
to 37 inches at north and increases to 47 inches at south.
CHIEF CITIES. Cincinnati, " Queen City of the West;"
pop , 2i5,139. Cleveland, pop., 160,146. Columbus, capital, pop.,
61,6*7. Chill icothe, Zanesville, Toledo, Sandusky, Cleveland and
Cincinnati ports of entry.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, dairying, min-
ing, quarrying, iron mnkintr. pork packing, manufacturing
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: To single women,
apparel $100, sewing machine, knitting machine, books $25. To
head of family, necessary apparel, beus and bedding for family,
2 stoves, 60 days' fuel, tools of trade to 100; domestic animals
and 60 days' feed, or furniture to ?(>">; books, picture'*, provisions
to $50, sewing and knitting machines, earning for three months,
homestead to value of $1,000, or if none possessed, gr.OO in per-
sona' property in addition to the above. Assignments cannot
prefer and do not release. Suits for real estate barred after 21
years, after 2 years for forcible entry and detaining, after 15
years on bond and written contract, after 6 years on verbal con-
tract and statute liability, except penalty; after 4 years for
trespass or injury to person or property, alter 1 year for assault
or slander. Wife's property exempt. Her separate note good.
Arrest for debt may be made on affidavit of fraud, concealment
or removal.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers on foot, $12; on horseback,
$20; with horse and cart, $20; 2 horses and cart, $28; in boat or by
rail, $60. License issued by county auditors.
LIENS hold for two years on structures or vessels for labor
and materials if statement is filed in county recorder's office in 4
months; judgments are liens on real estate for 5 years.
PUBLIC LANDS. A few isolated tracts of government
and school lands may remain. The former is in charge of the
General Land Office, Washington, D. C.
GUIDE AND HAND BOOK. 151
INDIANA.
Called the " Hoosier State." Set-
tled at Fort St. Vincents, now Vin-
cennes, 1702, by French-Canadian
voyagers. Region belonged to
France. Acquired by England,
1763, and became a part of Virginia
by capture by the expedition of
Clarke, 1776. Ceded to U. S. by Vir-
ginia, 17i3, and formed part of the
Northwest Territory. Organized,
1787. Indian wars, 1788 to 1791, end-
ing in the enforced submission of
the tribes. Indians ceded large
bodies of land to government by
treaty of Greenville, 1795. Ohio
cut out of Northwest Territory,
1800, and the territory of Indiana organized, which included all
section west of Ohio to the Mississippi river, and north of the
Ohio river to British possessions. Michigan cut out as separate
territory, 1805, and Illinois, 1809, leaving Indiana with its present
boundaries. War with Shawnees under Tecumseh, 1811. Battle
of Tippecanoe ended struggle in defeat of Indians. Admitted as
a state Dec. 11, 1816. Sixth state admitted. State constitution
adopted June 19, 181. New constitution 1851; amended 1881.
soldiers furnished in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 196,363.
Number counties, 93. All elections Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions
of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meet Thursday
after first Monday in January, holds 60 days ; term of senators,
4 years ; of representatives, 2 years ; number electoral votes, 15 ;
number congressmen, 13; number voters, 498,437. Fraudulent
voters and bribers excluded from voting. Number colleges, 15,
State University at Bloomington ; medical school at Indianap-
olis; university at Notre Dame; flourishing common-school
system; school a?e, 6-21. Legal interest rate, 6# ; by contract,
8<; usury forfeits excess of interest. Miles of railroad, 5,534.
POPULATION, 18*0, 1,978,301; male, 1,010,361; female, 967,-
940; native, 1.834,123: foreign. 144,178; white, 1,938,798; colored,
39,228; Chinese. 29 : Indians. 246. Estimated increase 8 per cent.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS ETC.
Extreme length N. and S. 275 miles ; width averages 150 miles ;
area, 35,910 sq. miles, 22,982,400 acres. Surface usually level or
rolling, sometimes hilly. No mountains. Skirting the river bot-
toms are ranges of hills and bluffs, notably so on the upper
Ohio. Hills 200 to 400 feet above the surrounding country. Gen-
eral slope of the state south to west. Frontage on Lake Michigan
41 miles; lake shore low a^dsandy^except at Michigan City. Chief
rivers. Ohio, Wabash, White, Kankakee, Maumee ; small streams
everywhere ; river bottoms wide and unsurpassed in fertility ;
highlands when level, rich, black or. sandy soil; hills sand or
limestone, with thin but productive soil, except at southeast,
where hill lands are poor. All crops and fruits of the temperate
zone do well both in yield and quality. State highly favored for
agriculture and manufacturing. Ranks second in wheat; fourth
in corn, hogs and agricultural implements ; fifth in coal. Cattle,
hogs, eheep, horses, etc., are most successfully raised. Corn,
wheat, oats, staple crops. Timber still abundant at south, but in
scattered tracts. Coal fields in southwestern portions of stiite over
7,000 sq. miles, on much of which are 3 workable veins. Kinds of
coal, block, cannel and ordinary bituminous, cokes veil, superior
for gas. Building stones varied and of unsurpassed quality, in-
cluding the famous Bedford stone. Supply unlimited. Land is
152
THE WESTERN WORLD
cheap, cleared averaging $18, and woodland $14 per acre. In
rich section to southwest cleared land Sl- r >, woodland $10@12.
Chances for making' homes, comfort and advantages considered,
not excelled elsewhere. Iron ore is found.
CLIMATE changeable in winter, but seldom severe; winds
from north and west; summers moderately long, and sometimes
hot; temperature averages, winter, Si deg., summer, 1$ deg.
Trees blosom in March. Rainfall 40 inches. Health excellent.
Malarial disappearing 1 from bottoms before proper drainage.
CHIEF CITIES. Indianapolis (capital), contains deaf and
dumb, blind and insane asylums, pop. 75,056 ; Terre Haute, 26,042;
Evansviile. "9.2*0 ; Fort Wayne, 28,880. Michigan City, lake port.
INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining and manufacturing.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 153
- PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Real or personal
to value of $600. Property sold must bring two-thirds appraised
value, unless the law is waived by contract. Assignments do not
release. Suits barred after 20 years for injuries to person or
character, on written contracts, for real estate; after 10 years on
notes, bills, etc.; after 6 years on accounts, for rents, injury to
property and relief from fraud; after 15 years on actions not
especially limited. Wife's property exempt. She can sue, be
sued, make will, etc. She takes instead of dowry one-half in fee
simple in lands. Arrest for debt legal on affidavit of removal
with property subject to execution with intent to defraud.
LICENSE CHARGES. Non-resident peddlers selling goods
made out of the state pay to county treasurer $5 on $1,000 capi-
tal; $7.50 on more than $1,000 and less than $2,000; $10 on capital
up to $5,000, and $20 on capital greater than $5,000.
LIENS hold on structures, railroads or boats for labor or
material, on crops for rent when rented on shares, on laud for
benefits from drains, levees, etc. Liens must be filed in county
recorder's office in 60 days after completion of work. Judg-
ments are hens on real estate for 10 years.
PUBLIC LANDS. A few isolated tracts of Government
Land may exist. Transactions relating to them are in the hands
of the General Land Office at Washington, D. C. State Lands,
including, swamp, university and college fund lands are held for
sale to a considerable extent. They are in small tracts scattered
over the state, and are controlled by the Auditor of State.
ILLINOIS.
Name derived from Illini tribe of
Indians, meaning Superior Men,
and also said to be French. Called
"Prairie State" and "Sucker State."
Discovered June 20, 1673, by Mar-
quette and Joliet. Settled first at
Kaskaskia (later seat of govern-
ment of N.W. territory) by Jesuits,
1682. Formed part of Louisiana
territory and belonged to France.
Transferred to England by Treaty
of Paris, 1765. Seized and British
expelled by Clarke's Virsrinia ex-
pedition, July 4, 1778, and became a
part of Virginia, being called Illi-
nois county. Became part of the
" Northwest Territory " organized
17^7. Ohio cut out of territory, 1800, and what is now Indiana,
Wisconsin.Illinoisand Minnesota (east of Miss. river)was organized
as Indiana territory. Illinois territory formed, 1809. Kaskaskia,
capital. Fort Dearborn (Chicago) massacre, 1812, by Pottawato-
mies. Admitted as state, 1818. Capital removed to Vandalia,
1818. State constitution adopted same year. Black Hawk
war, 1831. Capital moved to Springfield, 1836. Mormon
troubles, 1839. Mormons expelled, 1844. New constitution,
Irus. Soldiers in Mexican war, 5,000. Union soldiers, 259,092.
N umber counties, 102. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday
iii Nov.; number senators, 51 ; representatives, 153 ; sessions bien-
nial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; term
of senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2 years. Number electoral
votes, 22 ; congressmen, 20 ; number voters, 796,847 ; convicts ex-
cluded from voting. School system excellent ; number colleges,
28 ; school age, 6-21. Legal interest, 6% ; by contract, 8% ; usury
forfeits entire interest. Miles of railroad, 8,909.
POPULATION, 1880, 3,077,871 ; male, 1,586,523 ; female, 1,491,-
154
THE WESTERN WOULD
348; native, 2,494,295; foreign, 583,576 ; white, 3,031,151 ; colored,
46,3tiK; Chinese,209; Indians, 140. Estimated increase !K
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Bxtreme length N. and S., 3bt> miles ; extreme width, 218 miles.
Average elevation, 4&J feet ; elevation at Cairo, 340 feet; highest
point, 1,140 feet in northwest portion. Area, 56.000 sq. miles,
35,840,000 acres ; miles of navigable water- ways, 4,100. Frontage
on Lake Michigan 110 miles. Principal streams, Mississippi,
Ohio, Wabash, Kankakoe, Calumet and Illinois. Surface ex-
tremely level and much of it prairie. Slopes to east and south.
Soil superior. Among first agricultural suites of Union. Staple
crops, corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, broomcorn, vegetable's, hay,
potatoes, etc. Fruits and grapes, except Catawba, do well at
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 155
south. Yield of all crops cultivated, large. Coal area, two-thirds
state. First coal mined in America at Ottawa; quality moderately
fair. Considerable forest of hardwoods at south on hills and in
bottoms. Superior quality limestone on Fox and Desplaines
rivers; lead, most important mineral ; Galena in center of richest
diggings in N. W. Rich salt wells in Saline and Gailatiti counties,
75 gallons brine making 50 Ibs. salt. State ranks first in corn,
wheat, oats, meat packing, lumber traffic, malt and distilled
liquors and miles railway; second in rye, coal, agricultural im-
plements, soap and hogs ; fourth in hay, potatoes, iron and steel,
mules, milch cows and other cattle. Cleared land averages $28,
and woodland or raw prairie, 818 per acre. Land cheaper at
south, which offers excellent inducements to immigration.
CLIMATE healthful as a rule ; subject to sudden and violent
changes at north. Temperature ranges from 30 deg. below zero
to 101 deg. above. Average temperature at Springfield, 30 deg.
winter ; 78 deg. summer. At Chicago, 25 deg. winter ; 72 deg.
summer. At Cairo, 38 deg. winter ; 80 deg. summer. Frosts come
last of September. Vegetation begins in April. Rainfall. 36 inches.
CHIEF CITIES. Chicago, pop. 503,185. Peoria, pop., 29,259.
Quiru-v, pop 27.2tiS. Springfield (capital), pop. 19,743.
INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining, stock-raising and
manufacturing of ali '?y. .-.
PROPERTY JBXM.'l' from execution: homestead to value
of $1,000. Exemption ex ;r,ds after death till youngest child is
21 years old; apparel, bor is and pictures ; $100 mother property,
and when debtor is head of family, S300 in other property, not
money; wages of laborer exempt to $25. Assignments cannot
prefer and do not discharge. Suits for land and on judgement
barred after 20 years, after 7 years wken title is held by record,
after 10 years on notes, bills and written contracts, or mortgages,
after 2 years for personal injury, after 1 year for slander, and
after 5 years on all other actions. Wife's property exempt. She
may do business, make will, and change her estate. Arrest for
debt only in cases of fraud or refusal to surrender property.
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddlers and drummers not taxed.
LIENS hold on building and lot, and raijroad, for labor, ma-
terial and services. Sub-contractors have lien for amount due
contractor. Notice must be given by contractor in 6 months, by
sub-contractor in 40 days. Judgments are liens on land for 7 years.
PUBLIC LANDS. A few isolated tracts of government
may exist, and is controlled by the General Land Office at Wash-
ington, D. C. The state has no lands. The counties hold unim-
portant areas of forfeited school land.
MICHIGAN.
Name Indian, meaning "Land of
Lakes." Called "Wolverine State."
First settlement by Father Mar-
quette, 1668, at Sault Ste. Marie.
Fort Michimackinac (Mackinaw)
built by French, 1671. Detroit
founded, 1701. Territory belonged
to France. Passed to possession of
England, 1763, followed by Pontiac
conspiracy and massacre at Macki-
naw. Became part of Virginia at
close of Revolution. Ceded by Vir-
ginia to U. S., and formed part of
Northwest Territory. Became part
cf Indiana territory, 1800. Michi-
gan territory forme'd 1805, did not
include upper peninsula, but ex-
tended west to ..lissouri river. Devastated by Indians and
156
THE WESTERN WORLD
English in war 1812-14, until run off by Gen. Harrison. Wiscon-
sin included in the territory of Michigan. 1818, and separated
from it 1S3*>. State constitution adopted 1836. Admitted as state
Jan. 2<i, 1837. Thirteenth state to enter Union. Received upper
peninsula as compensation for disputed territory same year.
Capital fixed at Lansing-, 1847. New constitution adopted 1850,
still in force. Union soldiers furnished, 87,364. Number couri-
iies, 79. Miles railroad, 5.233. All elections Tuppclny nfter first
Monday in November. Number senators, 31 ; representatives,
JOO; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years,
meeting first Wednesday in January ; terms of senators and rep-
resentatives, 2 years each; number electoral votes, 13; number
congressmen, 11. Number voters, 407,68.. Duelists excluded
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 157
from voting:. Number colleges, 9: efficient public schools ; school
age, 5-20 years. Legal interest, 1% ; by contract, 1(# ; usury for-
feits ex cess of interest.
POPULATION, 18^0. 1,636,937 ; male, 862,355 ; female, 774,52;
native, l,248,4i:9; foreign, 388,508; white, 1,614,560 ; colored, 15,100 ;
Indians, 7,349 Estimated increase, \\%.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
State termed of two peninsulas and number small islands. Ex-
treme length lower peninsula north and south, 278 miles; breadth,
200 miles. Extreme length upper peninsula east and west, 320
miles ; width, 24 to 166 miles ; area, 57,430 sq. miles, or 36,755,200
acres. Length shore line on Lakes Michigan, Superior, Huron,
St. Glair and Erie, North Channel and Green Bay, 2,(iOO miles.
Lower peninsula consists of plains and table lands, heavily tim-
bered with pine and hardwoods, and small prairies, with eleva-
tion of 600 to 750 feet. At south are ranges of hills, and border-
ing Lake Michigan aro sand-hills and bluffs sometimes 300 feet
high. The soil is generally good, but patches of sand occur.
Saginaw and Thunder bays in Lake Huron and Grand and Little
Traverse bays in Lake Michigan form splendid harbors. Fruit
raising, especially apples, peaches and grapes, very successful.
All cereals make good crops, except corn at north. Staples,
wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, potatoes, barley, etc. Upper
peninsula broken, rocky, and almost mountainous, rising at west
to 2,000 feet above sea. Western portion mining region;
eastern portion favorable to agriculture. Rivers, inlets
and small lakes numerous. Water good and well dis-
tributed. Chief islands. Isle Royale and Grand Island in Lake
Superior, Marquette, Mackinaw and Bois Blanc in Lake Huron,
and Beaver, Fox and Manitou in Lake Michigan. Copper in
Houghton, Ontonagon and Keweenah counties ; valuable iron
ores in Marquette and Delta counties ; coal in Shiawassee, Eaton,
Ingham and Jackson, counties. Salt abundant. Timber yet in
immense tracts of virgin pine and hardwoods. Grand Haven, Au
Sable and Detroit are centers of valuable fishing interests; prin-
cipal catch is trout and whiteflsh. State ranks first in copper,
lumber and salt ; second in iron ore; third in buckwheat ; fifth in
sheep, hops and potatoes. Inducements to farmers, manufact-
urers, miners, and all classes of immigrant, first class. People
progressive, Cleared land averages $20 per acre; forest, $10.
CLIMATE. Temperature averages at Detroit, winter, 30
deg.; summer, 70 deg.; at Sault Ste. Marie, winter, 23 deg.; sum-
mer, 65 deg. Rainfall at Detroit, 30 inches ; at Sault Ste. Marie,
24 'nches. Health excellent. Temperature at Marquette averages
about:? deg. lower than at Sault Ste. Marie.
CHIEF CITIES. Detroit, pop. 116,340; Grand Rapids, pop.
32016; Lansing (capital), pop. 8,310: Bay City, pop. 20,693; East
Saginaw. l'j,0ld; Jackson, 16,105; Muskegon. 11,262: Saginaw, 10.525.
Detroit, MarqiH-tte, Port Huron, Grand Haven ports of entry.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Lumbering, mining, farming,
fruit raising, manufacturing, fishing, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Spinning wheels,
looms and apparatus; stoves for use; arms, etc., of militft ;
apparel ; 8150 in books ; family pictures ; 10 sheep and fleecesand
manufactures thereof ; 2 cows ; 5 swine ; 6 months provision and
fuel for family; $250 in household goods ; 6 months feed for stock
named above ; tools of trade ; team, etc.. essential to occupation.
Exemptions do not hold for purchase money exceot on tools, etc.
There is also exempt $500 in personal property and homestead to
value of $1,500. Assignment under insolvent law may discharge
debtor. Suits barred after 20 years for land if person was out of
the United States when right occurred ; otherwise after 15 years;
after 10 years when claimed under tax deed, and also on judg-
ments; after 6 years on contracts, accounts, etc.; after 2 year*
for injury to person or reputation. Wife's property exempt.
She may dispose of same separately, do business, etc. Arrest for
debt permitted where it involves breach of trust or fraud.
158 THE WESTERN WORLD
LICENSE CHARGES. Peddler on foot, 815 ; with horse,
$40; with 2 horses, 875; by rail, $100. Travelers taking order,
$50, to treasurer of state.
LIENS hold on structures and lot for labor and material.
Notice must be filed in county register's office in CO days, and
suit broujrht in CO days moiv.
GOVERNMENT LANDS remain subject to homestead,
pre-emption and cash entry to a considerable extent in Michigan.
The land offices are located at Detroit for the counties of Alpena,
(10,000 acres government land). Cheboygan 15.0UO acres), and
Presque Isle (3,200 acres); at Keed City for the surrounding sec-
tion, in which 50,000 acres of government land remains, chiefly
pine plains; at Marquette for the noitbern peninsula, area
government land very large, and at East Saginaw.
STATE LANDS are designated as swamp, but include all
classes of land. They are held at $1.25, except in a few northern
townships, where the price is $2, and lie in almost every county
aggregating over ]tO,000 acres. These lands are sold in tracts of
80 acres to applicants making affidavit of intention to settle on
them on payment of J4 the price, the balance to be paid in 10
years with 1% inteiest annually . A homestead of 80 acres or less
may be taken free if the homesteader does not already own 40
acres. In all cash purchases road scrip may be used in payment
and the quantity of land which may be bought is unlimited by
law. The scrip can be boughtata discount from private holders.
School lands. The state also holds for sale, at $4 per acre, 310,-
000 acres of school land. Where timbered it must be paid for in
cash, otherwise it is sold on time at 1% interest. There is further
about 125,000 acres of college lands held at $5 to $12.50 per acre,
sold on same terms as school land. The educational lands are
scattered all over the state. Information relating to them may
be had of the Michigan State Land Office at Lansing, where they
are controlled.
WISCONSIN.
Indian name of river; means
"Wild Rushing River."Called"Bad-
ger State." Settled first by French
at Green Bay, 1669. Belonged to
Virginia. Ceded to United States.
Formed part of Northwest terri-
tory. Included in Indiana terri-
tory, 1800. Became part of Michi-
gan territory, 1805. Wisconsin ter-
ritory organized 1836. and included
Iowa, Minnesota and part of
Dakota. Present boundaries fixed,
18,'JS. Madison made capital, 1388.
Applied for admission, 1846. Ad-
mitted as state, May, 1848. Seven-
teenth state to join Union. State
constitution adopted 1848; still in
force, but amended. Number Union soldiers furnished, 91,327.
Number counties, 66; miles railroad. 4,2h9. All elections, Tuesday
after first Monday in Nov.; number senators, 33; representa-
tives, 100; sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
second Wednesday in Jan.; term of senators, 4 years; of repre-
sentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 11; number con-
gressmen, 9; number voters, 340,4^2; insane, idiots, convicts,
bribers, betters and duelists excluded from voting. Number
colleges. 7; number public schools, 6,588; school age, 4-20 years;
school endowment very liberal. Legal interest, 1%; by contract,
10#; usury f orfeits entire interest.
GUIDE AND HAND BOOK.
159
POPULATION, 1880, 1,315,407; male, 680,069; female, 635,428;
native, 910,072; foreign, 405.425; white, l,309,fi!8; colored, 2,702;
t}him>se, 16: Indians. 3,161. Estimated increase 12$.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Extreme length N . and S., 2U8 miles; width, 260 miles; area, 54,450
sq. miles; 34,848,000 acres. Surface presents varied and beautiful
scenery, without any grand features. Forms a great plain 580 to
MAP OF
\VISCOXSIN
Population 1,315,501
Area sq.milea... 54,450
I
about 1,700 feet above sea level, highest points being at the N.W.;
gradual slope to Lake Michigan and the south. Chief rivers,
Mississippi, Fox, Wisconsin; these, with innumerable smaller
fetreams, furnish such picturesque scenery as the famous " Dells,"
etc., and afford a multitude of valuable water powers, many of
which are still unutilized. Besides the great lakes Michigan and
160 THE WESTERN WORLD
Superior, the state contains Green bay, Winnebago, Geneva,
Devil's lake, and innumerable other lakes in the central and
northern sections of the state, of unsurpassed beauty, making'
the state a favorite place of summer resort. Mississippi river
navigable throughout S. W. boundary; excellent harbors in Lake
Superior and Michigan. Port Washington, one of the finest
natural harbors in the world. Much of state prairie, but enor-
mous stretches of magnificent pine and hardwood timbers
remain untouched. The soil is excellent and adapted to diversi-
fied farming, dairying and stock raising. The hardier fruits grow,
and berries are a fine crop. Cranberries are largely raised. Wheat
is the best crop; flax, buckwheat , hay, corn, oats, staples. Exten-
sive lead mines in Grant, Lafayette and Iowa counties; native cop-
Eer n the north, in Crawford and Iowa counties. Milwaukee clay
imous for making crt-am-colored brick. Iron ores in Dodge.Sauk,
Jackson and Ashland counties. Ranks second in hops, third in
barley and potatoes, fourth in rye and buckwheat, fifth in oats
and agricultural implements. Improved land averages S'8 and
unimproved $10 per acre. Much government and railroad land
yet untaken. Opportunities for homes and enterprise first-class.
CLIMATE. Temperature averages, winter, 20 deg., sum-
mer, 71 deg.; ranges from 32 deg. below zero to 95 deg. Rainfall
31 inches, including snow. Snows heavy, especially at north;
spring late; summeis short; falls pleasant. Milwaukee river
frozen over an average of 105 days in year. Health superior.
Air bracing and life giving.
CHIEF CITIES. Milwaukee, port of entry, great pork
packing and beer brewing center, grain and wheat market; pop.
125,000. Madison (capital), pop. 12.063. Eau Claire, pop. 21,653;
Fond du Lac. pop. 13.1)94: Oshkosh, 21,947; La Crosse, 21,212.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Lumbering, farming, mining,
manufacturing, brewing, pork packing, dairying, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Family pictures,
books, apparel, ?200 in household furniture, 2 cows, 10 swine,
yoke oxen and horse or 2 horses, 10 sheep and wool of same, 1
years feed for stock named, wagon, etc., to $50, provisions and
feed for 1 year, tools, stock in trade or professional books, etc.
to 200. printing materials 81,500, life insurance, insurance on ex-
empt property when destroyed, homestead 40 acres in county or
J4 acre in town with improvements. Assignments may prefer,
but do not discharge debtor, but a discharge in insolvency may
be obtained; suits barred after 20 years on bond or judgment,
and after 10 years if cause of action accrued out of the state;
after 6 years on contracts and liabilities. Wife's property ex-
empt. She can dispose of same as if single. Arrest for debt may
be made in case of fraud, malfeasance or removal.
LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers on foot, 815;
with horse. $20; with 2 horses. $40: with more than 2 horses, $50.
License issued by Secretary of State.
LIENS hold on structures for labor and material. If petition
of same be filed with county clerk within 1 year. Sub-con-
tractors must give owner 30 days notice of claim. J udgments are
liens on real estate for 10 years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS.-A very large portion of Wis-
consin is yet public in domain, and comprises every description
of land found in the state. It is subject to homestead, pre-emp-
tion and cash, and in some sections to timber culture entry.
THE LAND OFFICES are at Eau Claire for the region included in
townships 25 to 40 north inclusive, and ranges 1 to 11 east inclu-
sive, gt Falls of St. Croix for lands lying in townships 38, 39
and 40, ranges 12 to 20 west inclusive, and is mostly timbered
with pine and hardwood ; and at Menasha. Wausau, Bayjield and
La Cruise for the districts surrounding each.
STATE LANDS include school lands, 120,000 acres, held at
$lto 1.25 per acre ; University lands, 1,700 acres, held at $2 to $3
per acre; Agricultural College lands, 13,000 acres, at $1.25 per
acre ; Normal School (swamp) lands, 470,000 acres, at 50c. to $3 per
GUIDE AND HAND-BOO.;. 161
acre ; drainage land (swamp), 500,000 acres, at 50c. to $3 per acre,
and Marathon county lands, 4,000 acres, at 75c. per acre. Tbe
educational lands, except Normal school lands, are sold for \-\
cash balance in 10 years at 72 interest in advance annually. All
other lands are sold for cash.
MINNESOTA.
Name Indian, signifies "Sky-
like water." Called "uopher state."
Explored by Fathers Hennepiu and
LaSalle, 1680, via Mississippi river
to Falls St. Anthony. Portion east
of the Mississippi river a part of
the Territory of the Northwest,
covered by the treaty forced from
England, 1783. The western por-
tion acquired from France by pur-
chase, 1803. It belonged first to
Missouri and then to Iowa. Fort
Snelling built, 1819. Tract between
the St. Croix and Mississippi ceded
by Indians, 1837. Territory organ-
ized, 1849. Sioux Indians ceded all
land between liig Sioux and Missis-
sippi rivers, 1851. Admitted as state, 1858. War with Dakotas,
1862. Indians subdued; 3* hanged at Maukato. Foreign immi-
gration immense. Number Union soldiers furnished, 25,UC2.
Number counties, 80. Miles railroad, 4,193. All elections Tuesday
after first Monday in November; number senators, 47; repre-
sentatives, 103; sessions of legislature, biennial, in odd-num-
bered years, meeting Tuesday after first Monday in January ;
holding 60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; representatives, 2
years. Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters,
213,485; idiots, insane and convicts not voting. Number colleges,
5 ; school age, 5-21 ; school system, first-class. Legal interest rate,
dians, 2,300. Estimated increase, 2
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Length N. and S., 378 miles; average width, 261 miles. Area,
79,205 sq. miles, 50,691,200 acres. Surface rolling plain 1,000 feet
above sea level, except at N. E , where are a series of sand hills
called " Heights of Land," 1,600 feet high. It is the state of small
lakes, including over 7,000, varying from a few rods to 32 miles
across. In one of these, Itasca, the Mississippi rises and flows 800
miles through the state. The other principal r i vers are the Min-
nesota, Red River of the North, and the St. Louis. Small streams
and lakes make water plentiful. The scenery is picturesque and
beautiful. Thesoil is splendid, as a rule, and the accessibility to
market and general attractions render the state especially favored
by agriculturists. The forests of the state are small (2,000,000
acres), but in parts are rich in fine timbers. Two-thirds of the
state is unoccupied. Cleared land averages $12. 5C per acre and
woodland $8. Wheat is the great crop. Corn, oats, barley, hay
and dairy products are also staples. State ranks fourth in wheat.
CLIMATE. Healthful. Air pure and dry, summers warm,
averaging 68-70 deg.; winters cold, averaging 9-24 deg. Rainfall
36 incnes, chiefly in summer. Snowfall medium. The dryness
mitigates the cold in winter.
CHIEF CITIES. Pembina, port of entry on Red river.
St. Paul, capital ; pop. 41,47:5. Minneapolis, pop. 46.887.
CHIEF INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, dairying, milling, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Books, pictures
162
TIIE WKSTEIIX WOULD
and musical instruments of family, apparel, household furniture
to $500, 3 cows, 10 swine, yoke oxen and horse or a team, 20 sheep
and wool of same, 1 year's feed for stock named, wagon and farm
implements to 300, provisions and fuel for 1 year, tools, books
etc., of trade or profession, stock in trade to $4uO, homestead 80
acres or 1 'ot in town with improvements. No exemption from
liens for labor. Assignments may be made voluntarily or on
Qui ParVJ > ;Sl^P=a?r"a ,-SFSS water ^ ^
&^
?, T <\v rt f^&i^i^^^^^^
'Sibley.NY)
??
i_U
petition of creditor; do not discharge debts. Suits are barred
after 20 years for land and foreclosure, after 10 years on judg-
ments, after 6 years on contract, after 2 for slander, assault, etc.
Wife's property exempt. She can contract. No arrest for debt.
LICENSE CHARGES. Drummers and peddlers untaxed.
LIENS hold on structure, boat, etc., for labor and material
for 2 years if statement is filed with county register in 1 year.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 163
Sub-contractors must file in 60 days. Owners may avoid liens by
proper notii'f. Judgments are liens on real estate for ten years.
G-OVERMENT LANDS remain unoccupied to the extent
of about 13,000,000 acres, and include fertile prairie and timber
tracts or iron lands, and to which may be added 1,000,000 acres of
the Pembina and lied Lake reservations, all fine land. The
Land Offices are at Benson for the surrounding district (no gov-
ernment laud subject to entry remains); at Worthlmrton (vacant
land exhausted), at Crookston for the counties of Kittson, Mar-
shall, Polk, Norman, Clay, Becker and Beltrami and the northern
tier of township in Otter Tail, containing about 1.000,000 acres
chiefly timbered and brush prairie ; at Duluth, for that part of
the state north of Pine county and east of Itaskaand Aitkin,two
tiers of township in the east of both being included, and inc'udes
7.000,000 acres of vacant land one-third unsurveyed, all rich in
minerals and timber; at St. Cloud, controlling 3,500,000 acres be-
tween ranges 25 and 35 from town 130 to Canadian line, two-thirds
unsurveyed; at Fergus Falls, controlling 10.000 acres chiefly in
Grant and Wilkin counties; at Tracy, controlling 1,000 acres odds
and ends; at Redwood Falls, controlling the lands, its district 30
miles wide and reaching across the state east to west 60 miles
north of the Iowa line. At the west are some fine prairies; at
Taylors Falls, controlling 200,000 acres vacant land in Chisago,
Anoka, Ait kin, Isanti, Kanabec, Mille Lacs, Pine, Ramsay, Sher-
burne and Washington counties. All government lands in the
state are subject t > pro emption, homestead and cash entry.
STATE LANDS include School lands (16th and 32d section
in every township), minimum price, $5 per acre ; Internal Im-
provement lands, 240,000 acres, average price. $5.29 per acre ;
University and Agricultural College lands, about 75,000 acres,
average price, S'< per acre ; Public Building lands not yet in the
market ; Swamp lands. No land can be sold for less than the
appraisement. They are only sold at public auction in June and
October of each year. Terms of sale, 15# of the purchase money
and interest at the rate of 5 on the balance from the day of sale
to the first day of June, next, in cash . On hardwood lands the
the value of the timber is required besides. The balance of pur-
chase money, in full, or installments, is payable at the option of
the purchaser, at any time within thirty years, on school, agricult-
ural college and university lands, and twenty years on internal
improvement lands, provided that interest at the rate of 5g is
paid in advance, June first, each year, or within sixty days after.
DAKOTA.
Named for Dakota Indians. First settled at Pembina, 1812, by
Lord Selkirk as British territory. First permanent settlements
of Missouri river, 1859. Organized as territory March, IHiil, and
included Wyoming and Montana. First legislature met, 1SH2, at
Yiinkton, which was made tne capital. Immigration became act-
ive, 1866. Ca pital removed, 1883, to Bismarck. Chief settlements
in Red and Missouri river valleys. Propositions pending to divide
the territory. Railroad building active, and systems mammoth
in their scale. Application for admission, made. Number
counties, 129. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov.;
number senators, 12; representatives, 24; sessions biennial, in
ocH-numbered years, meeting second Tuesday in Jan, and hold-
ing 60 days; terms of senators and representatives, 2 years each.
Legal interest rate, 7#; by contract 12; usury forfeits excess.
School endowments, when the territory shall become a state,
magnificent. Miles railroad, 2," "'.'.
POPULATION. IfWO. 135,177; male, 82,296; native, 83,382;
svhite, 133,147; Indians, 27..VO <2.3 OSioux). Population 18S5, 413,759.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
164
\VOHLD
Average length X. and S., 451 miles; width, 348 miles; area, 149,112
sq. miles; 95,431,680 acres. Indian reservations principally west
of Missouri river: 42,000,000 acres; one-seventh good farming
land. Surface high, level, plain, 950 to 2,600 feet above the sea;
traversed by ranges of lofty hills, which at the S. W. reach an
elevation of 7,000 feet in the Black Hills. The Missouri river
traverses the territory diagonally from N. W. to S. E., and is
navigable. Other principal rivers, Yellowstone, Little Missouri,
White, Big Cheyenne, Niobrara, Dakota, Ked Kiver of the North,
Vcrmillion and Big Sioux. Smaller streams are very numerous.
Lakes are numerous, especially in the north and east; Devil's
lake is semi-salt, 12x40 in extent; other large lakes are Big Stone,
Albert, PoinseTt, Whitewood, Traverse and Tchauchicaha. The
eoil is very rich and peculiarly suited to wheat, which is the
GUIDE AND HAND BOOK.
165
staple crop. Corn, oats, grasses and potatoes do well. Fruit not
a good crop. Cattle, and especially sheep raising, favored and
growing industries. Timber scarce, except along the streams
and in some of the hills. Gold and silver extensively mined.
Black Hills very rich in precious minerals. Ranks fourth in
gold output. Good coal west of the Missouri. Not much devel-
oped as yet. Scenery, not striking, except in hills. Deposits of
tin said to be of great value exist. Inducements to immigration
first-class. Price of land $1.25 to 20 per acre (latter improved).
CLIMATE. Temperature ranges from 32 deg. below zero to
100 deg. auove ; avenges, winter, 4 to 20 deg ; summer, 65 to 75
deg. Winters at north severe, with heavy snow; moderate
at the south. Air clear, dry and free from malaria. Cold not so
penetrating as in moister climates. Springs late and summers of
medium length. Rainfall 19 in., chiefly in spring and summer.
CHIEF CITIES. Fargo, northern metropolis; Bismarck
(capital); Yankton and Sioux Falls important centers.
INDUSTRIES. Almost entire laboring population,engaged
in agriculture and mining.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : family pictures,
S100 in books, apparel, provisions and fuel for one year 81,500 in
other personal property, homestead of 160 acres land or 1 acre in
town regardless of value. Assignment cannot prefer and does
not release debtor. Suits barred after 30 years for land on judg-
ment or sealed instrument, after 6 years in contract or liabiliiy,
after 2 years for slander or assault. Wife's property' exempt,
she can sell, contract, etc., as if single. Arrest for debt per-
mitted in cases of fraud, concealment, removal or damage.
LICENSE CHARGES may be fixed by county clerks.
LIENS hold on ground and structure for labor and material
if filed in 90 days by contractor, or in 60 days by sub-contractor.
Judgments docketed in clerks office of county where land lies
are liens on stme for ten years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS are found in all parts of Dakota.
Near towns they have been picked, but back from settlement
choice trade are yet vacant. The LAND OFFICES are located at
Bismark for the surrounding district containing 18,OoO,_000 at-res
vacant land; at Grand Forks; at Devils Lake for district 92x102
miles in area, mostly vacant; at Mitchell (all lands taken except
those in Crow Creek reservation now open to entry) ; at Water-
town ; Fargo, Yankton, Deadwood, Aberdeen and Huron for the
surrounding districts. All government lands in the territory are
subject to homestead, pre-emption and cash entry. Much rail-
road lands for sale. No territorial lands now offered.
IOWA.
Stitution modified 1837
Indian name, means "This is
the place." Called the " Hawkeye
State." Settled first by Dubuque,
1788, a French Canadian, for whom
that city is named. First settlers
miners of lead. Territory belonged
to France. Acquired by United
States by " Louisiana Purchase,"
1803. Formed part of Louisiana till
1812, when it was included in Mis-
souri territory. Active immigra-
tion began 1833. Became part of
Michigan 1831, and of Wisconsin
1836. Iowa territory organized
July 4, 1838. Burlington made
capital. Removed 1839 to Iowa
City. Admitted as state 1846. Con-
Union soldiers furnished, 76,242. Num-
166
THE WESTERN WORLD
ber counties, 99; miles of railroad, 7,510. State elections annual,
Tuesday after second Monday in October, excepting 1 years of
presidential elections, when all elections occur together. Num-
ber senators, 50; representatives, 100; sessions of legislature
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in
January. Term of senators, 4 years; of representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 13; congressmen, 11; number voters,
416,058. Idiots, insane and criminals excluded from voting.
Number colleges, 19; school age, 5-21. School system admirable
endowment liberal. Legal interest rate, 6#; by contract, 10#;
usury forfeits 10 per cent, per year on amount. State has
adopted prohibition.
POPULATION, 1SSO, 1,024,015; male, 848,136; female, 776,479;
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. 167
native, 1,362,965; foreign, 261,650; white, 1,614,600: colored, 9,516;
Chinese, 33; Indians, 466. Estimated Increase. \n%.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length E. find W., 298 miles; width, 20e>niiles: area,
55,470 sq. miles, 35,500,800 acres, (surface almost an unbroken
prairie, without mountains and with very few low hills. Some
hi uit's on streams, but scenery pretty and rather monotonous.
Niiniral meadows are formed everywhere, and water fs abun-
dantly supplied by small streams. Many small picturesque lakes
at north. Highest point. Spirit Lake, over 1,600 feet above the
sea. Slopes southeast, and elevation at mouth of Des Moines river
410 feet. Principal streams, Mississippi, Missouri, Des Moines, Towa
and Little Sioux. Soil averages superior. Corn, wheat, oats,
potatoes, hay, barley, sorghum, rye, staples. Apples unsurpassed
in United States; pears, plums, cherries, grapes and berries
are excellent crops. Cattle and other stock Interests large and
thrifty. Dairying especially attractive. Torest area small and
scarcely equal to home requirements. Coal area, fair. Other
minerals unimportant. Manufacturing active. / unproved land
averages $20; unimproved. Including railroad and government
domains, 12.50. State ranks first in hogs; second in milch cows,
oxen and other cattle, corn, hay and oats; third In horses; fifth in
barley and miles of railway.
CLIMATE healthy, but subject to extremes. Winter severe,
with sharp north and west winds; summers pleasant. Temperature
averages, summer, 72 deg.; winter, 23 deg.; ranges from 10 deg. be-
low to 99 deg. above zero. Rainfall, 42 inches. Wheat harvest to
August.
CHIEF CITIES. Des Moines, metropolis and capital; pop.
22,408. Pop. of Dubuque, 22,254; of Davenport, 21,831; of Burling-
ton, 19,450; of Council Bluffs, 18,063. Keokuk, Burlington and
Dubuque are United States ports of delivery.
LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, stock raising and
manufacturing.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution- apparel and
trunks, etc., gun, tools, books, or instruments of trade or pro-
fession, horse and vehicle of physician, minister,offlcer, farmer
or teamster, library and pictures. To heads of family fh addition,
cow, calf, 5 hogs, all pigs under 6 months old, horse, 60-day feed
for animals named, flax raised by debtor and manufacturer of
same, $100 in household furniture, weaving devices, bed for
every 2 in family, (i months fuel and provisions, printing press
and plant to $1,200, 90 days' earnings and homstead 40 acres, or
half acre in town from debts accruing after its acquisition.
Assignments cannot prefer and do not release. Suits barred
after 2 years for injury to person or reputation, after 5 years on
verbal contract or for fraud, after 10 years on written contract
and for real estate, after 20 years on judgment. Wife's property
exempt, her control of it is same as if she was single. Arrest for
debt permitted only in cases of fraul.
LICENSE CHARGES per year: peddlers (if aroods are not
made in state) on foot, $10; with jess than 4 horses. $25; with more
than 4 horses, 75. Peddlers selling watches, $30 ; clocks, S50.
LIENS hold on structures and land for labor if same is filed
clerk District Court in 90 days by contractor, or in 30 days by
sub-contractor. Judgments are liens on land for 10 years.
PUBLIC LANDS. The government lands of Iowa are
about, if not entirely taken up. The land office for the entire
state is at Des Moines. There are no lands for sale by the state.
School lands yet unsold in a majority of the counties are con-
trolled by the Board of Supervisors of each county in which they
lie. The largest areas are in the northern and northwestern
counties. They are sold at public auction by the county auditor
at not less than 6 per acre. Lands are also for sale under the
University and Saline grants by the Hoard of Regents of the
Iowa University at Jowa City. A considerable area of railroad
land remains unsold.
168
THE WKSTEllX WOULD
NEBRASKA.
Name Indian, means "Shallow
Water." Included in territory ac-
quired from France in 1803 by
"Louisiana Purchase." Nebraska
Territory, organized May, 1854, in-
cluded all region north of present
state to British possessions, and
west to Rocky mountains. Few
settlements till 1864. In 1861, ]H,000
sq. miles cut off to form Colorado;
nearly 250,000 sq. miles to form Da-
kota, and larg-e strip added from
Utah and Washington Territories.
Idaho cut off March, 1863, and
present boundaries fixed. Refused
to become a state 18PO. Indian
raids. 1864. State constitution rati-
fied June, 1866. BIN to admit July, 1H66, unsigned by President
Johnson, and another Jan. 1867, vetoed. Bill passed over veto
Feb. 1867. Admitted that year. Lincoln chosen as capital. Con-
stitutional convention, 1871 . Present constitution adopted, 1875.
Union soldiers furnished. 8,157. Number counties, 74. Miles of
railroad 1865. 122; 1885, 2,794. All elections Tuesday after first
Monday In Nov.; number senators, 33; representatives, 100;
sessions biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Tuesday
in Jan., holding 40 days; terms of senators and representatives,
2 veai-s each? number electoral votes, 5; number congressmen. 3;
number voters, 129.042. U. S. army, idiots and convicts excluded
from voting. Number colleges, l; school age, 5-21; school system
superior; school endowments liberal. Legal interest, 7jf; by con-
tract. 10: usury f orf eits interest and cos-t.
POPTHLATION, 1880. 452,402; male, 249,241; female, 203,161;
native, 854,9H; foreign, 97.414; white, 449,764; colored, 2,385; Chi-
ne<-e, 18; Tndtane. 2H5 Estimated increase. 25.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Extreme length E. and \V., 424 miles; width, 210 miles; area,
76,lb5sq. miles, 48.755,000 acres. Surface a vast plain, undulating
gently, and principally prairie with a few low hills. At extreme
northwest are spurs of the Rocky mountains, and Black Hill
country begins; general slope fromW.toE.; Missouri, Platte,
Nlobrara, Republican and Blue, principal rivers, and are fed by
numerous smaller stream*. Platte valley stretches across entire
length of state, is wide and very fertile; southern portion of
state peculiarly favorable to all kinds of crops; western half
magnificent series of pastures, and best suited to grazing. Whole
eastern two-fifths a great natural garden. Corn the great crop;
wheat, oats, hay, rye, buckwheat, barley, flax, hemp, apples,
plums, grapes, berries staples and flourish. Cattle raising of
vast importance and magnitude. Good herd laws. No import-
ant minerals. Manufacturing growing wonderfully. Improved
land averages $9; unimproved, 85,- and woodland $18 per acre.
Inducements to settlers first-class.
CLIMATE dry, salubrious and free from malaria. Temper-
ature averages, summer, 73 deg., winter, 20 deg. Rainfall east of
100th meridian, including snow, 25 inches; heaviest in May; at
west, precipitation falls to 17 inches. Rainfall gradually in-
creasing
CHIEF CITIES. Omaha, U. S. port of delivery, commer-
cial center, pop. 3",518; Lincoln contains State University, pop.
13,003: Plattsmouth. pop. 4,175; Nebraska City, 4,183.
LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, cattle-raising,
dairying, manufacturing, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from exectiort Homestead $2.^00,
and 160 acres land or two town lots, S500 in personal property if
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
169
debtor owns no land, apparel, 6 months' supplies, 3 months' feed
for animals, furniture and tools. Exemption not good against
w^ges. Assignments can prefer wages only, and do not release
debtor. Suits barred after 10 years fr land, after 5 years on
contract or foreign judgment, after 4 years for recovery of per-
sonality and for fraud, after 1 year for assault. Wife's property
not gift of her husband exempt; her note not good. She can
make will. Arrest for debt may be made when intent to defraud
is shown.
LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers, 30 for entire state,
issued by county clerks.
LIENS hold for 2 years for labor and materials on structure
and ground if filed in clerk's office within 4 mouths. Judgments
are liens on real estate.
170 THE WESTERN ^ OKLD
GOVERNMENT LANDS reaching- a very large aggregate
area are open to entry in .Nebraska, chiefly in the north and
west, and, while picked over in sections, offer good opportunities.
The LAND OFFICES are located at Xelig-h for the counties of
Boone. Wheeler and Holt; and the territory west of said counties
to Range 20; at Beatrice (land all taken); at McCook controlling
800,000 acres surrounding vacant lands; at North Platte for
Lincoln, Keith and Cheyenne and the west half of Dawsoii and
Custer counties, and the territory north of Lincoln and Keith,
south of Cherry and east of Cheyenne, two-thir.is of the entire
district being vacant; at Bloomington (comprising Adams, Web-
ster, Kearney, Franklin, Phelps, Harlan, Furnas counties, all of
Hall south of the Platte river, south half of Cooper and three
southeast townships of Frontier) only odds and ends remain; at
Valentine, Lincoln, Nebraska and Grand Island for districts
around each. The lands in Nebraska are subject to cash, timber
culture, pre-emption and homestead entrv.
STATE LANDS include about 1,450,000 acres of educational
lands, and lie in sections 16 and 36 in each township, to which
should be added about 25.000 acres of University lands. The lands
are controlled by the commissioner of public lands, with office at
Lincoln. These lands are leased at a rental of at least &% on valua-
tion, or sold either at public or private sale, but not more than
640 acres to one person. No appraisement can be made at less
than $7 per acre, and no sale made for less than the appraisement;
terms, d, cash for prairie, *4 cash for woodland, balance in 30
years at 6 interest, payable yearly. The county treasurer is
agent for the lands in his county. Railroad lands are for sale in
large quantities.
MISSOURI.
Name means " Muddy River."
Originally French territory, settled
by French first at St. Genevieve,
1755. Became Spanish property,
1763. St. Louis settled under the
French. Returned to France. Ac-
quired by United States by Louis-
iana purchase, 1803. Organized as
territory under present name, 1812,
included Arkansas, Indian Terri-
tory, etc. Admitted, March, 1821.
Eleventh state admitted. Admis-
sion aroused much discussion. "Mis-
souri Compromise " effected and
state permitted to retain slavery.
State divided on secession and was
scene of perpetual internal war-
fare. Battle Wilson Creek Aug., 1862 Martial law declared Aug.
31. New Constitution adopted, June, 1865. Another, Oct., 1875.
Union soldiers furnished, 109,111. Number counties, 115. Miles
railroad, 4,710. State officers elected quadrennially, and legisla-
ture every two years. All elections Tuesday after first Monday
in November; number senators, 34; representatives, 141; ses-
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting
Wednesday after January 1; holds 70 days; term of senators, 4
years ; r presentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes. 16 ;
congressmen, 14; number voters, 541,207. United States Army
and inmates of asylums, pool-houses and prisons, excluded f rom
voting. Number colleges, 17; school age, 6-20; school system,
good; endowments large. Legal interest rate, 6#; by contract,
usury forfeits entire interest.
GUIDE A?;D HAND-BOOK.
171
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Lcnirth N. and S., 275 miies. Average width, 246 miles. Area,
(>S.-:r> sq. miles, 43,900,400 acres. Surface N. of Missouri river
alternately level and rolling 1 prairies with deep, broad river val-
leys :ind a general southeasterly slope. Soil variable, but gener-
ally good. Bottoms extremely productive, but suffer from over-
flows in parts. South of thf last named river the surface is
more broken with hills, sometimes 1,000 feet high. The most
noted, Iron Mountain and the Ozarks. West of Ozarks is a
prairie region with wide, deep, fertile valleys. Soil here also
good, except where too rugged. Chief rivers, Mississippi (500
miles), Missouri, Osage and Gasconade. Entire area well watered
by small streams, springs, etc . Chief crops, corn, wheat, oats,
172 THE -WESTEKX WORLD
potatoes, tobacco. Fruits do splendidly. Peaches especially
tine. Vegetable gardening very successful. Improved land
averages 12, unimproved, $7 per acre. Con\, iron, marble, gran-
ite, limestone, lead and copper found in enormous deposits.
Lead area 5,000 sq. miles. Forests magnificent. Growth walnut,
poplar, oak and the hardwoods: grazing a leading business 1 oth
in extent and profit. Stock of all kinds raised with success. In-
ducements to settlers first-class. State ranks first in mules ;
third in oxen, hogs, corn and copper: fifth in iron ore.
CLIMATE variable, with sudden changes, but generally
pleasant and healthy. Summers are long and warm, but not
enervating. Winters moderate, with occasional severe days.
Average temperature, summer, 7i5 deg.; winter, 39 deg. Rainfall
greatest in Msiy. a verages 34 inches.
CHIEF CITIES. -St. Louis, largest city west of the Missis-
sippi, port of entry and great commercial and manufacturing
point; pop. 350.518. Capital, Jefferson City ; pop. 55,785. Pop.
St. Joseph. 32.431 : Kansas City. 55,787.
LEADING INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, mining, manu-
facturing, quarrying, grazing, fruit and vegetable growing, lum-
bering, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel and tools,
and t<~> head of family lu hogs, 10 sheep and their product, 10 ewes,
10 calves, 4 plows, axe, hoe, harness, farm implements, $150 in
work stock, 25 llis. each of hemp, flax and wool and devices for
ni niit'ucturing same, $100 in household furniture, books, tools,
homestead to $3.000 and 18 sq. rods of ground in cities of 40,(KX)
pop.: to 1,500 and 30 sq. rods ground in cities 10,00(1 to 40,000 pop.;
in other towns, to Sl,5(iO and 5 acres, and in country to $1,500 and
160 acres. Assignments do not release debtors. Suits barred after
10 years for land and on written contracts, after 5 years on
account, verbal contract and fraud or trespass: after 2 years for
libel, assault, etc. Wife's property exempt, except for neces-
saries; must hold through a trustee. She can buy, sell, make
notes, etc. No arrest for debt.
GOVERNMENT LANDS to an area of about 1,200.000 acres
are yet open to cash, homesteap and pre-emption entry in Mis-
souri. THE LAND OFFICES are at Booneville for Benton, Cedar,
Crawford, Camden, Dallas. Henry, Hickory, Laclede, Maries,
Miller, Csage, Phelps, Polk, Pulaski and St. Clair counties, in-
cluding about 340,000 acres, two-thirds in Camden, Benton and
Pulaski ; at Ironton for Butler, Bollinger, Carter, Crawford, Cape
Girardeau, Dent, Dunklin, Howell (200,000 acres), Iron, Madison,
Mississippi, New Madrid, Oregon (fiO.OOO acres), Penniscot, Perry,
Pulaski, Phelps, Reynolds, Rlpley, Scott, Shannon (50,000 acres),
Stoddard, St. Francois, St. Genevieve. Texas (250,000 acres), Wsh-
ington and Wayne, in all about 700,000 acres); at Springfield for
the rest of the state .
STATE LANDS include School lands, over 200,000 acres, held
at an average of about S3 per acre and sold by the counties to the
highest bidder ; a large area of Swamp land and some small tracts
of Internal Improvement land. Information as to location may
be had of the county officers or the register of lands at Jefferson
City,
GUIDE AJSD
173
KANSAS.
Name Indian, means "Smoky
water." State named tor Kansas
river. Called the " Garden State."
Visited by Spaniards, 1541; by
French, 1719. Acquired of France
by United States, 18i3, by "Louisi-
ana purchase." Formed part of
Indian territory. Kansas territory
organized. May, 1854. Law known
as "Missouri Compromise," for-
bidding slavery in states formed
out of Louisiana purchase north
of latitude 36 deg. 30 min. repealed,
and question of slavery left to the
territory. At first it was decided
for slavery. Constitution framed
by legislature at Wyandotte pro-
hibiting slavery adopted July, 1859; ratified Oct. 4, and with
amendments, is still in force. Admitted as a state, Jan., 1861.
Border counties scene of guerilla warfare on both sides. Union,
soldiers furnished, 21,149: number counties, 95: miles railroad,
4,305; first railroad built, 1864, 40 miles long. All elections, Tues-
day after first Monday in Nov.; senators, 40; representative 3,
135; sessions biennial, meeting second Tuesday In Jan. in odd-
numbered years; limit of session, 50 days; term of senators, 4
years; of representatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 9;
congressmen, 7; voters, 365,714. Idiots, insane, convicts and
rebels excluded from voting. Number colleges, 8; number
schoolhouses, over 8,000; school age, 5-21 years; school system
magnificent; endowment immense. Legal interest, 1%\ by con-
tract, 12S; usury forfeits excess of interest.
POPULATION. 1880, 996,096; male, 53fi,667; female, 459,439;
native, 8.Sd,010; foreign, 110,083; white, 953,155; colored, 43,107;
Chinese, 19; Indians, 815. Estimated increase, 16*.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length E. and W., 410 miles; breadth, 210 miles; area,
81,700 sq. miles; 53,388,000 acres. Surface, slightly undulating
plain, with a gradual slope from west to Missouri river. High-
est land, 3,800 ft.; lowest (at mouth Kansas river), 750 ft.; average
elevation, 2,300 ft. No mountains. Scenery rather beautiful
than grand. Bluffs 3JO feet high on Arkansas and Republican
rivers. Main rivers, Missouri, Kansas, Republican, SmoKy Hill,
Saline, Solomon, Arkansas, Osage, Neosno and Cottonwood.
There is little navigable water. Water powers of fair propor-
tions and number exist. Small streams are moderately numer-
ous at east; less so at west, and irrigation necessary in
large sections. Coal area of moderate extent; veins usually
thin; quality fair. Soil usually fine; always so in valleys; patches
of hard pan occur. Corn, wheat, oats, hemp, flax and rye,
staples. Castor beans and cotton grown successfully. Soil of
prairies deep loam of dark color; bottoms sandy loam. Pecu-
liarly favorable to stocK-raising. Prairie pastures broad and
rich in nutritious grasses. Dairying favored. Fruits moderately
successful. Forests small; limited to fringes of oak, elm. cotton-
wood, hickory, etc., on streams and artificial groves. Limestone
and colored chalk furnish building materials. Value improved
land averages $12 per acre, woodland $15. Manufacturing grow-
ing. State ranks fifth in cattle, corn and rye. Homes easily
made.
CLIMATE salubrious; winters mild; summers warm: air
pure and clear. Temperature averages, winter, 31 deg.; summer,
78 deg.; ranges 8 deg. below to 101 deg. above zero; such extremes
exceptional. Rainfall averages 45 inches at east, 33 inches at
west. No malaria.
174
THE "WESTERN WORLD
' CHIEF CITIES. Leavenworth. pop. 15,546; Topeka (capi-
tal), pop. 15.542; State University at Lawrence; state asylums for
insane and feeble-minded at Topeka and Ossawattomie; institu-
tion for education of theblind, Wyandotte; f or deaf mutes, Olathe.
INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, stock-raising, manufactur-
ing, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Homestead, 160
acres or 1 acre in town, with all improvements; books, pictures,
musical instruments, apparel, beds; stoves ai.d their furnishings;
sewing machine, spinning-wheel, implements of trade; g.iOO in
other household furniture; 3 cows, 10 hogs, yoke oxen and horse or
team, 20 sheep, 1 years' food for stock, wagons, farm implements,
etc., to $300, supplies for 1 year, stock in trade to ^400, and library
G:iDE AND HAKD-BOOK.
175
of profession and office furniture. Assignments do not release
debtor and cannot prefer. Suits barred after 15 years for land
unless sold under execution or by executor: after 5 years if sold
for taxes and on written contract ; after 3 years on verbal con-
tract or statute liability ; after 2 years for trespass, injury or
fraud ; after 1 year for slander, assault, and after 5 years for
actions not otherwise provided for. Wife's property, not gift of
husband, exempt. She controls same as if single and can do
business. No imprisonment for debt except for fraud.
LICENSE CHARGES may be fixed by cities.
LIENS hold on property for materials and labor furnished
for construction or trees planted thereon if filed in 4 months and
sued on in 1 year. Sub-contractors have liens to amount due
contractor. Judgments are liens on real estate for 5 years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS to a very large area are still
vacant subject to cash, homestead, pre-emption and timber cult-
ure entry. The LAND OFFICES are at Larned for the counties of
Itice, Barton, Stafford, Pratt, Pawnee, Edwards and Hodgeman,
containing about 35,000 acres, mostly indifferent land, besides t lie
Osage reservation, about 500,000 acres, including many good tracts;
at Oberlin for the counties of Norton, Graham, Decatur, Sheri-
dan, Thomas, Sherman, Cheyenne and Rawlins, containing 1,700,-
000 acres, chiefly in the last four counties; at Topeka (lands about
exhausted); at Kirwin for Jewell, Mitchell, Lincoln, Smith, ps-
bortie, Phillips, Brooks, Graham and Norton counties, containing
about 40,000 acres, chiefly in Graham and Norton ; at Independ-
ence, (land about all taken); at Concordia, (only a few scattering
tracts remain); at Salina for Ottawa, Saline, Lincoln, Ellsworth,
Russell, Davis and Chase counties, containing about 8,000 acres
rousrh land ; at Garden City for Hodgeman, Ford, Seward, Finney
and Hamilton counties, and contains about 4,500,000 acres vacant
land: at Wakeeuey for Rooks, Ellis, Rush, Graham, Trego, Ness,
Sheridan, Gove, Lane, Thomas, St. John, Scott, Sherman, Wal-
lace, Wichita and Greeley counties, and east 8 townships of
Chautauqua, Elk and Greenwood, and west 10 of Barber, and em-
braces some 60,000 acres, chiefly Osage trust lands.
STATE LANDS include School lands (1,400,000 acres) lying
in sections 16 and 36, sold by the county treasurer at public
auction at actual appraised value, the purchaser paying one-
tenth cash and balance at pleasure within 20 years, paying 6 in-
terest annually on same. If offered and unsold they may be
bought by settlers at private sale in tracts not to exceed 160 acres
to one person. A large area of railroad lands are also available
at low values.
ARKANSAS.
Name Indian, means "Smoky
water." Called the "Bear State."
Visited by De Soto ; by Mar-
quette and Joliet, 1673. Settled at
Arkansas Post by French, 1685.
Formed part of grant of Duke of
Orleans, regent of France, to John
Law. Acquired by Spain, 1763. Re-
acquired by France, 1800. Sold to
U. S., 1803, as a part of Louisiana
territory. Separated from Louisi-
ana and became part of Missouri
territory, 1812. Arkansas territory
organized, 1819. Admitted as a
state, June 15, 1836. Slavery ac-
knowledged. Seceded May 6, 1861.
Witnessed considerable fightingdur-
ing the war, but no great battles. New constitution adopted,
1868. Re-entered Union, June 22. Present constitution adopted
176
THE WESTERN
1874. Number counties, 75. Miles railroad, 1,764. State elections
biennial, in evcn-n limbered years, first Monday in Sept.; number
senators. 31 ; representatives, 94 ; sessions of legislature biennial,
in odd-numbered years, meeting second Monday in J#n., holding-
60 days ; term of senators, 4 years ; of representatives, 2 years.
Number electoral votes, 7; congressmen, 5; voters, 182,977; native
white, 129,675; foreign white, 6,475; colored, 46,827. Idiots, In-
dians, convicts not voting. Number colleges, 5; school system"
progressive; school age, 6-21. Legal interest rate, $% ; by con-*
tract, 1(K; usury forfeits principal and interest.
POPULATION, 1880, 802,525; male, 416.729 ; female, 386,246 ;
native, 792,175; foreign, 10,a50; white, 591,531; colored, 210,606;
(Continued on page 194.)
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
177
Acquired by Louisiana purchase from France 1800; set apart
for peaceful tribes. Organized 1834; no territorial government.
Government in hands of tribes which include Cherokees and.
Creeks, removed from Georgia 183S; Chiekasaws, Natches, .Ar-
kansas and Choctaws, from Gulf region; Sacs, Illinois, Foxes and
Puttawatoinies, from Illinois; Seminoles, from Florida; Miamis,
from Ohio: lowas, from Iowa; Osages, Pawnees, Kiowas, Co-
manches, from various sections; Arapahoes and Cheyennes,
from Montana, and Modocs, from Oregon, and others, numbering
twenty-two in all. Also contains Oklahoma and public land strip.
(Continued ou page 195.)
178
THE 'VV.fa.sr.fciK.X WUiiLD
NEW MEXICO.
Origin of name not definitely known. Supposed to be that of
Aztec god. Settled earlier than any other part U. S. Visited by
Alvar Nunez before 1537. Explored, 1539 and 1581, by expedition
MAP OF
NEW MEXICO
from Mexico in search of gold. Permanent settlement, 1596.
Santa Fe, then an Indian town, chosen as seat of Spanish govern-
ment. The natives were enslaved and forced to work in the
fields and mines. They made progress in the arts of civilization
and still retain traces of their acquirements. They revolted,
1680; expelled whites and destroyed churches, etc. Santa Fe re-
occupied by Spanish, 1694. Another insurrection, 1837. Santa Fe
(Continued on page 196.)
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
179
ARIZONA.
Visited by Spanish explorers, 1526. Mineral Wealth found,
but no important settlements effected because of hostile nativps.
Little attention paid the section by Spanish. All north of Gila
ff MAP OF
ARIZONA
Population 40,440
Area sq.mil< 113,929
river ceded to TT. S. by Mexico, by treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo,
Feb. 2, 1848. Kemainder acquired from Mexico by purchase under
Gadsden treaty, Dec. 30, 1853. Formed part of New Mexico.
Organized as separate territory, Feb. 24, 18>3. Number counties,
11. Miles railroad, 906. All elections Tuesday after first Monday
in Nov.; number senators, 12; representaves, 24; sessions of legis-
(Continued on page 197.)
180
THE AVESTERN WORLD
COLORADO.
Named for Colorado river. Tailed "Centennial State," because
admitted 1876. First explored by Vnsquez Coronado for Spain,
1540. .Region east of Rocky mountains formed part of Louisiana
purchased from France, 1803. Western portion acquired from
Mexico by conquest, 3848. First exploration by Americans under
Col. Z. M. Pike, 1806. Pike's Peak discovered. Col. S. H. Long's
expedition, 1820, and John C. Fremont, " The Pathfinder," crossed
Rockies, 1843-44. First American settlement near Denver, 1859.
Mining begun. Organized as territory, Feb., 1861, out of parts of
<Continued on page 199.)
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
181
UTAH.
Belonged to Mexico, and acquired by U. S. 1848. Settled
same year at Salt Lake by Mormons from Illinois. March, Ia49,
state of " Deseret " organized. Congress refused to receive con-
MAP OF
U T AH
Population _ . 143,963
sn.miles- -82,190
stitution adopted. Utah territory organized Sept. 1850, included
Colorado, part of Wyoming- and Nevada. Brtgham Young 1 ,
Governor. Troubles with government till 1858. Young removed,
1854, and Col. Steptoe appointed governor. The latter was re-
sisted, and Young held olliee by force. Federal olneers driven
from territory, 1856. Alfred Cummings appointed governor,
(Continued on page 200.)
182 TiiE WESTKHN WOULD
NEVADA.
Name Spanish, meaning: " Snow
Covered " Called "Sage Hen State."
First settlements in Washoe and Car-
son valleys 1&48, by Mormons. Gold
discovered, 1849. Silver, 1859, and
brought a flood of emigration. Terri-
tory organized out of part of Utah,
March, 1861. Received additional ter-
ritory from Utah, 1863. Admitted as
state, Oct. J804. Area increased May,
1866, to present ext- nt, by additions
from Utah and Arizona. Number
counties, 15. Miles rail road, 948. Gov-
ernor and State officers tlected quad-
rennially, and legislature every 2
years, on Tuesday after first Monday
in Nov.; number senators, 20; representatives, 40; sessions of leg-
islature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday
victs excluded from voting. School age, 6-18 years. Legal in-
terest rate. 10?; by contract, any rate.
POPULATION, 1880. C-Vtiti; male, 42,019; female, 20,247;
native, 3>,t>13; foreign, 25,653; white, 53,566; colored, 488; Chinese,
5,416; Indians, 2.803.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length N. and S., 485 milt's; width, 320 miles; area,
109,740 sq. miles, 70,233,000 acres; two-thirds unsurveyed. Surface
elevated table land, averaging 4,500 feet above the sea, and
traversed by mountain chains north and south, reaching an ele-
vation of 5,500 feet to 13,000 feet. Sierra Nevadas at West. Hum-
boldt longest river (300 miles); other principal streams the Col-
orado. Several smaller streams which sink in earth or end in
lakes. Lake Tahoe, 1,500 feet deep, 10x22 miles in area, and 6,000
feet above sea, temperature, year round, 57 deg ; other notable
lakes, Humboldt, Pyramid, Walker; many smaller lakes, a large
proportion of which have brackish water. A feature is the
"mud lakes" (some 100 sq. miles in area), which are thick alka-
line deposits in dry season, with one or two feet of water in he
wet season. Many mineral springs, both warm and cold, exist.
Great part of surface unavailable for cultivation. Considerable
areas of grazing land (estimated at % entire state); many val-
leys, offer a rich, easily worked and prolific soil. Corn, wheat,
potatoes, oats and barley, staple crops; horses, mules, cattle,
hog and sheep, do well. Forests extensive and valuable. Min-
eral resources enormous, < omstock iode supposed to be richest
silver mine in the world ; Eureka one of the most productivi .
Amount of gold produced, 1882, 82.000,000; silver, 6, 750,000. Rich
in lead and copper; zinc, platinum, tin and nickel, plumbago, man-
ganese, cobalt, cinnebar, etc., found. Extensive deposits of borax
in Churchill and Esmeralda counties. Coal and iron exist. Ranks
second in gold; fourth in silver. Kaolin, building stones, slate,
soda and salt are obtained. But little land improved. Govern-
ment IHTK! everywhere. Rivers lull of tish.
CLIMATE mild in valleys; little snow except on mountains.
At north mercury sometimes falls to 15 deg. below zero; air
bracing; health good; at south frosts rare; extremes of cold un-
known; summer heat occasionally reaches above 100 deg.; tem-
perature averages, summer, 71 deg.; June hottest month; winter,
36 detr. Rainfall slight, chiefly in spring.
CHIEF CITIES. Virginia City chief commercial center,
pop. 10,nl7. Carson City (capital), and contains a branch mint,
pop. 4,229.
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
183
LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Mining-, reducing ores, lum-
bering-, agriculture, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Chairs, desks and
books, $M); necessary household effects; apparel; 30 days' pro-
visions and fuel ; farm utensils, 2 oxen or team and harness, 2
cows, wagon, 30 days' food for stock; seed, $400; tools,
AUbt l^P SKL vai
^Redan.*/A' int f st oS| * j.^ '-Hai.fltW |!
Independence \1 Belted Mt. a i^^lR?*
books, etc., of trade or profession; dwelling of miner,
$500; outfit of miner, $500; sewing machine, arms, etc.;
homestead to $5,000. Assignments may be voluntary or
forced and release -debtor if there is no fraud, and 30$ dividend
is paid, if % creditors representing l /& debts agree. Suits barred
after 5 years for land, 2 years for mining claims, 6 years on written
contracts and judgment, 4 years on accounts and verbal con-f
184 THE WESTERN WOULD
tracts, 2 years for slander or assault. Wife's property acquired
bo fore marriage subject to her separate control and exempt
from husband's debts. Arrest for debt may be made in cases of
fraud or concealment.
LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers on foot, SO;
wii h cart, $20. Licenses issued by county auditor. Drummers'
tuv, $250 on liquor salesmen ; cigars and tobacco, $150; boots
ani! shoes, S75; all others, 8100 per year.
LIENS hold for 6 months on structures for labor and
materials,- and OD wood for cutting if filed in OOdays or bysub-
contnictor in r!0 days. Judgments hold real estate 2 years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS comprise the greater portion of
the state and are open to entry under the various forms known
to the law. The greater portion of these are not suited to agri-
culture and much that is so requires irrigation. THE LAND OF
FIOES are at Eureka for all that portion of the state east of range
40 east of >It. Diable meridian and includes both minimum and
double minimum lands ; at Carson City for the rest of the state.
STATE LANDS include 1,750.000 acres School lands (all
farming timber or grazing). They are sold in tracts of 40 to t40
acres at $1.26, whether within or without the limits of railroad
grants, one-fifth down, balance in 25 years at % interest payable
yearly, except for timbered lands, which must be paid for in
cash at $2.50 or $1.25 per acre according to quality of timber.
There are also considerable bodies of Internal Improvement,
Agricultural College, University, Public Building: and
State Prison lands. All state lande are controlled by the State
Land Office at Carson City. Railroad lands are also in the mar-
ket upon a large scale.
CALIFORNIA.
Name Spanish, means Hot Fur-
nace. Called "Golden State." Visited
by Cortez about 1550. First settled
by Spanish at San Diego, ]768.
Owned by Spain and formed part of
Mexico, and with latter became in-
dependent of Spain, 1822. Chief
trade in furs about this time. Few
settlers. Fremont's expedition to
Settlers' Fort on the Sacramento,
1844. His reports roused interest
in the section. Immigration set in.
Acquired by U. S. from Mexico by
conquest, 184S. Gold discovered,
1S4.S. Hush of immigration set in,
1849. State constitution, without
the preliminary of a territorial
organization, framed, Sept . 1849. Admitted as a state, Sept. 9,
1850. Indimia and Mexicans disappearing 1 rapidly. Constitution
revised, 1878. Number counties, 52 Miles railroad, 2,911. Gov-
ernor and state officers elected quadrennially, and legislature
every two years; number senators, 40; representatives,^; ses-
sions of legislature biennial, in odd-numbered years, meeting first
Monday after Jan. 1; holds days; term of senators,4 years; of rep-
resentatives, 2 years. Number electoral votes, 8; congressmen, 6;
white voters, 262 583. Idiots, Indians, convicts and Chinese ex-
cluded from voting. School system, very fair ; school age, 5-17.
Legal interest, 7; by contract, any rate.
POPULATION, 1880, 864.694; male, 518,176 ; female, 346,518;
native, 571,820; foreign. 292,874; white, 767,181; colored, 6,018;
Chinese. 75.132; Indians. 16 2 T 7. Estimated increase. 1856.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Extreme length N. and S., 725 miles; width, 330 miles; area, 155,-
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
185
980 sq. miles, 99.827,200 acres. Coast line, over 800 miles. San
Francisco Bay (40 miles long, 9 wide) magnificent harbor. Much
of state mountainous. Coast range and Sierra Nevadas run entire
length of state and are connected by cross ranges. Between
j-anges are the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. Yosemite,
in the Sierras, one of the greatest uaturaJ wonders of the world and.
* "
c Murphy Uiikville
CT R Efo G O N
I" \ "_*1 GOOK- I.ak.' &
the greatest marvel of the state, where scenery is always grand or
beautiful. Mt. Whitncv, 15,000 and Mt. Shasta 14,400 feet, highest
peaks. Sierras average 8,000 feet. Coast ranvre, 3,000. Chief
rivers, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Klamath and Colorado. Princi-
pal lakes, Mono, Tahoe, Tulare. Very rich agriculturally and in
minerals. Soil \varm, genial and rich. Two crops may be raised
in a season. Irrigation necessary in parts and almost always de-
sirable; effected by canals and artesian welis. Wheat most
186 THE WESTERN WORLD
valuable crop; all cereals, root crops and grasses do well; corn,
barley, grapes, fruit, nuts, silk, hops and oats staples. Mineral
deposits include gold, silver, iron, copper, mercury, coal, stones,
salt, soda, etc. Ranks high as a fruit-growing' state; fruits
of temperate climates, sub-tropical fruits and nuts, grapes, north
to 41 deg.; olives, etc., row to great_perfection. Fine sheep-
raising country; Cashmere goats introduced and succeed. Ranks
first in barley, grape culture, sheep, gold and quicksilver; third
in hops, fifth in wheat and salt. Noble forests of redwood and
other valuable growths. Land runs from $1.25 to several hundred
dollars per acre. Improved land averages $30 unimproved $7.50
per acre . It is the paradise of the small farmer. Plenty of room
for men with a little something to begin on.
CLIMATE varies with elevation and latitude. Mild and
pleasant on coast. Men work in shirt sleeves all the year. Aver-
age temperature at San Francisco in summer, 62 deg.; winter, 50
deg. Warmer in interior, reaching at times 100 deg. Rainfall,
variable, from 7 to 50 inches at San Francisco. Average atS.,10
inches. Melting snow from mountains replaces rainfall. Frosts
rare. Health unsurpassed.
CHIEF CITIES. San Francisco, port of entry; regular line
of steamers to Australia, Panama, Mexico, China and Japan ;
pop. 233,959: Sacramento (capital), pop. 21,420; pop. Oakland.
3 >,555; San Jose, 12,567; Stockton, 10,282, Los Angeles, 11,183; U. 8
navy yard at San Pablo Bay.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES- Agriculture, stock raising,
fruit culture, mining, lumbering, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution except for pur-
chase recovery: Chairs, desks and books to $200; necessary fur-
niture, etc.; sewing machine, apparel; 3 months' provisions, 3
cows and calves, 4 hogs and their pigs, feed for animals 1 month,
2TO in seeds, etc.; 75 beehives, horse or vehicle of cripple, tools,
books or instruments of calling; books of abstract, miner's cabin,
to $500; mine to $1,000, 2 oxen, mules or horses, 1 wag9n or vehicle,
$25 in poultry, 30 days' earnings, $1,000 worth shares in homestead
association it no houiestead, life insurance (premium not more
than $500 per year), arms, homestead, $5,000, to a single person,
$l,fOO. Assignments cannot prefer and do not release. Release
may be had under insolvent laws. Suits for land barred after 5
years, after 4 on written contracts, after 2 on simple contract,
after 3 for fraud, after 1 for slander, libel, assault and seduction.
Wife's property acquired before marriage subject to her separate
control and exempt. She can do business if authorized by court.
Arrest for debt can be made on declaration of fraud, removal or
concealment.
LICENSE CHARGES per month: Peddlers (unless selling
goods made in state) in wagon, $15; on foot, 5, to county auditor.
LIENS hold on premises for labor and material of all kinds if
filed in 60 days, or in 30 by sub-contractor, and sued on in 90 days
thereafter. Judgments hold real estate 2 years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS to over 40,000,000 acres remain
unoccupied, chiefly in the mountains, barrens and foot hills, but
includes much good land, and is subject to all forms of entry,
except timber culture. The LAND OFFICES are at Bodie, Hum-
boldt, Los Angeles, Marysville, San Francisco, Stockton, Shasta,
Susnnviile, Sacramento and Visalia for surrounding districts.
STATE LAKT.S, also hilly and back from railways, are for
sale at nominal figures; T S cash, balance in 10 years with interest.
They are located in all parts of the state. A large area of railroad
laud is also offered.
WYOMING.
Indian name. First settlements. Ft. Laramie and Ft. Bridger,
1867. Included in Idaho, 1863, and organized as a territory from
portions of Dakota, Utah and Colorado,1868. Present number coun-
GUIDE AND HAND BOOK.
ties, 9; all elections, Tuesday after first Monday in Nov; number
senators, 12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial.
ft, 1U,IOU, UHviVC WJ1ILU, U,''*^, J-Ul^iyu \viutu, o.l&u, v;wi ^>,
Good school system started; school age, 7-21. Legal interest
rate, 12^; by contract, any rate. Reserve of land for school
endowment when admitted as a stnte, one-eighteenth of entire
area of agricultural lands. Miles of raflroad, 1885, oiii.
POPULATION, 1880, 20,78'.); male, 14,15"; female, (J.(!37; native,
.iiM'.t; foreign, 5,850; white, 19,437; colored, 298; Chinese, 914;
Indians, 2,400. Estimated increase, 295?
(Continued on page 201.)
188
THE WESTERN WORLD
MONTANA.
Acquired from France 1803, but unexplored during first half
present century. Gold discovered 1800. Formed part of Idaho,
organized 1863. Separated from Idaho and organized as Montana
territory May, l3i. Area increased, 1873, by 2,OuO square miles cut
of? Dakota. Capital first at Virginia City; removed to Helena 1875.
. ,
2; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in odd-
(Contiiiued on page 202.)
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
189
IDAHO.
Acquired from France, 1803, by Louisiana purchase, visited by-
trappers, prospectors and missionaries in first halt" of the cent-
ury. Gold discovered, 1860, in Oro Fino creek. Organized as
territory March, 18(53, out of parjp of Nebraska, Dakota and
"""/ ; C|M'Vlly-.'' - . f !2o BTCT." / U ^
ruvftfcSlore! crfuaruyuC -.'.-, --<' )." Creek CaroMCr? = pj^,,
^li^i^^Jp 1
a .Caade CiX" E ^-"- : ^->?T" \ r XiTV \ /
.; * ^^!^? Fill> 5^;^Shss^'4- w
-> . : ?B*Mi.Fni v^^;r_nJlE22SS,2.t
Washington territories, and included Montana and part of 'Wy-
oming 1 . Present boundaries fixed, 1868. Present number couh-
ties, 14. All elections, Tuesday after first Monday in NOT.; num-
ber senators, 13; representatives, 24; sessions ol legislature
biennial, in even-numbered years, meeting second Monday in
, (Contiuued on page 203.)
190
THE WESTERN WORLD
WASHINGTON.
Named for George Washington. First sett! ement at Tumwater
1845; preceded, however, by Hudson Bay Co.'s trading posts.
Formed part of Oregon (which see); separated March, 1&53, and
organized as territory. Comprised all region from Pacific to
summit of Rocky Mountains north of Columbia river. Parts of
Idaho, Wyoming and Montana added 1859, giving area of 200,000
square miles, subsequently reduced to present size. First legisla-
ture assembled at Olympia February, 1854. Indian wars 1855 and
1858. Gold discovered 1855. Island San Juan in dispute between
United States and England 1859. Rights of the Hudson Bay and
(Continued on page 2^4.)
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK.
191
ALASKA.
Discovered by Vitus Behring 1741, an became Russian terri-
tory bv right of discovery. Called first Alayeska by natives,
simplified to present form. Pu. chased by United States for
$7,000,000, 1867, as a deed of gratitude to Russia for her course in
civil war. Has paid five per cent on investment ever since, and
promises to become the source of enormous mineral, fur, agri-
cultural and timber wealth. Now beginning to be explored.
Governor appointed by the president of the United States.
POPULATION Whites, ,000: Indians, estimated, Innuits,
18,000; Aleutian, 2,m; Ninneh, 4,000; Thlinket, 7,000; Hyda. 800.
192
THE WESTERN WORLD
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Extreme length north and south, l.&tO miles; width, bOO miles.
Area (estimated, unsurveyed), 531, 409 sq. miles; Arctic division,
125,000; Yukon, 10,000 ; Kuskokvim, 115,000; Aleutian, 15,000;
Kadiak, 75,000; Southeastern, 40,000. Yukon Chief river, 80
miles wide at mouth, navigable 84.0 miles; length abuut 1,IKX)
milca; coast line, 5,000 miles, including bays. Aleutian and
bitka districts are the agricultural regions. Most fertile land
near Cook's Inlet; good oats, barley and root crops are raised
here without much difficulty. Rich grass land in the valley
of Yukon, but extreme dampness and want of summer heat
prevent the ripening of grain. Timber abundant on main-
GUIDE AXD HAND-BOOK.
193
land ; yellow cedar the best, being of great value for boat-build-
ing. Edible berries ai-e plentiful. A fine quality of white
marble is found on Lynn Channel ; coal, amber and lignite on
Aleutian Islands, the best coal being on Cook's Inlet. Gold,
silver, copper, cinnabar and iron are found ; sulphur is abun-
dant in volcanic districts. Noted for its fur-bearing animals,
the chief of which are beaver, ermine, fox, marten, otter,
squirrel and wolf. The main source of revenue is the fur seal,
the taking of which is regulated by law. The walrus is of value
in furnishing ivory and oil. Whales, cod, herring and halibut
and salmon are abundant. Land not open to settlement.
CLIMATE.- Pacific coast modified by Pacific gulf stream and
long summer days. Temperature Ht Sitka averages winter
about that of Washington, D. C. Rainfall copious, and foggy
weather common on coa,-ts and islnds; Sitka, one of rainiest
places in the world outside the tropics, the annual precipitation
ti."> to <HI inches, rainy days 200 to 285 in year.
CHIEF CITIES. Sitka, seat of Bishop of Greek church,
and headquarters of governor. Pop. 995 ; white, 163 ; Creole, 219 ;
Thlinket, 613. Fort St. Nicholas, Cook's Inlet, Fort St. Michael
and Norton's Sound are other main settlements. Harbors at
Port rinrence. Michaelooski and Captain's Harbor.
INDUSTRIES. Fishing, canning, trapping and mining.
OREGON.
Name Spanish; means " Wild
Thyme." So named because of
abundance of that herb. Visited
by Capt. Robert Gray, of Bos-
ton, with ship Columbia, 1793, who
anchored in the river named for
his vessel. Trading post established
at Astoria by Pacific Fur Co., iSll.
By treaty, 1818, jointly occupied i>y
United States and England, and
included all Pacific coast region
between 42 deg. and 54 deg. 40 miii.
north latitude. Population chietly
Candaian till 1833, when immigra-
tion from United States began. 49th
parallel fixed as line i etwetn Brit-
ish possessions and United States.
Or..- ron territory organized August, 1848, included Washington
territory; the latter under title of " District of Vancouver' < . ut
off. 1852. Indian troubles. 1844, '47 and '54. State constitution
adopted, l57. Idaho cut off and added to Washington territory,
ls.v.1. Oregon admitted as a state, 180 . Modoc war. 1873. Num-
ber counties, 25; miles railroad, 1,165. State officers elected
quadrennially, and legislature every two years; number of sena-
tors, 30; representatives. 60; sessions of legislature biennial, in
odd-numbered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; holds 40 days;
term of senators, 4 years; representatives, 2 years. Number
electoral votes, 3; congressmen, J; voters, f>9,629, including
women. United States army, idiots, insane, convicts and Chinese
not voting. Number of colleges, 7; school age, 4-20; school
system good. Legal interest rate, #; by contract, 10#; usury
forfeits principal and interest.
POPULATION, Ib80, 174,768; male, 103,381; native, 141,265; white,
163,075; Chinese. 9.510; Indians, 1,694. Estimated increase, \\%.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC -
Average length E. and W., 362 miles; average width, 2iiO miles,
area, 94,560 sq. miles; 60,518,4'Xl acres. Surface divided' into E.
and W. Oregon by Cascade mountains, 4,00' to 11,225 feet high.
Principal peaks, Mt. Hood, 11,225; Jefferson, 10,200; Three Sioters,
194 THE WESTERN WORLD
P,l-0; Diamond, 9,420; and McLaughlin, 11,000 feet. Eastern Ore-
gon, two-thirds entiie state, mountainous; at N. and N. E. (Blue
range), with wide rich valleys; less so at S. and S. E. Western
Oregon includes Coast Range mountains, parallel with ocean,
averaging 25 miles from same. Elevation 1,000 to 4,000 feet.
Valleys throughout state deep, and scenery noble, including
canons of enormous depth. Columbia river, 1,300 miles long;
navigable 175 miles, full of cascades, and runs through entranc-
ing scenery. Snake, Rogue and Umpqua are important streams;
smaller ones numerous. Noted harbors, mouths of Columbia
and Kogue rivers, Tillamook bay and Port Oxford. Lakes chiefly
in Lake and Grant counties; Malheur, Harlay, Summer, Albert,
Christmas, Goose, Silver, largest. Soil generally superior.
Wheat the best crop; superior in yield and quality; other crops
do well, as do also fruits and vegetables, etc. Extremely favor-
able to cattle and sheep. Kich in minerals; gold in Jackson,
Josephine, Baker and Grant counties; copper in Josephine,
Douglas and Jackson; iron ore throughout the state; coal along
Coast range. 'limber resources enormous, and but little
touched Salmon fisheries among best in world. Improved land
avernges $17.50, unimproved, $4. Area, arable two-fifths state,
forest one-sixth state.
CLIMATE in western Oregon moist; equable; rainfall, 59
inches. In eastern Oregon dry. Both pleasant and healthful,
though subject to occasional extremes at east. Crops in east do
not suffer, however, from drouth. At west snow and ice un-
known, except on peaks, where it is perpetual. Frosts on high
lands. Average temperature, summer, 65 deg.; winter, 45 deg.
CHIEF CITIES. Portland, Astoria and Coos Bay, ports of
entry; Roseburgh; Portland, pop. 17,577; Salem, capital.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture, grazing, mining,
fishing, lumbering, fruit growing, canning, etc.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution : Books, pictures
and musical instruments to $75; apparel, $100, or 50 for each
member of family; tools, books, instruments, team, etc., neces-
sary to occupation, $400; 60 days' feed, for all animals; to house-
holder, 10 sheep and fleeces; 2 cows; 5 swine; furniture, etc.,
$300; 6 months' provisions. Assignment cannot prefer and does
not release. Suits barred after 10 years for land, on judgment
and sealed instrument, after 6 on contract, statute liability and
injury to personal property, pfter 1 year for slander, assault, etc.
Wife's property exempt. She can contract concerning same.
No imprisonment for debt except in cases of fraud.
LICENSE CHARGES per year: Peddlers not less than
10 nor more than $200.
LIENS hold first year on structures for labor and materials,
if filed. Judgments hold land 10 years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS in Oregon aggregate many mill-
ion acres, chiefly timbered tracts in the mountains and foot-
hills, but offering many desirable locations for homestead, cash
or pre-emption entry. The LAND OFFICES are at The Dalles and
Lake View, Oregon City, Koseburgand Le Grand for the regions
contiguous to each.
STATE LANDS are offered to a considerable extent, as are
also railroad grant lands. The price and terms for both are made
with a view to assist settlers.
ARKANSAS.
(Concluded from page 17 G.)
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-
Length N. and S., 240 miles; average breadth, 212 miles; area,
53,845 sq. miles, 34,460,800 acres. Surface low and level in eastern
portion, gradually becomes more hilly toward west, and in the
GUIDE AND HAND-BOOK. . 195
Ozark mountains at northwest reaches an elevation of 2,000 feet.
The extreme western portion is a high plain. The chief streams
are: Mississippi (415 miles). Arkansas* (SOO miles in the state), Ked,
Ouacbita, St. Francis and White, all navigable. Into the large
streams flow innumerable lesser ones. The scenery is varied and
l're<jui'iitl.v charming. Hot Springs (temperature, 140 deg.). great
natural wonder and famous for medicinal properties. The soil
varies, but the greater portion is exceptionally rich and suited
to all crops, especially fruits, berries and gardening. Arkansas
vegetables and fruits reach St. Louis and Chicago markets early
and command best prices. State especially favorable to agri-
culture and emigration. All parts magnificently timbered. Pine,
oak, cypress, cedar, hickory, walnut, linn, locust, chief growths.
Cleared land averages $10 and woodland S3 per acre. Coal exists
on the Ash river, iron in the Ozarks, salt near Ouachita. Oilstone
(celebrated for quality, near Hot Springs; kaolin in Pulaski
county. Staple products, corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, oats,
sweet "potatoes, mules, tar, turpentine, lumber, etc.
CLI MATE genial ; temperature ranges 15 deg. to 95 deg., on
rare occasions going to 100 deg Averages, winter, 45 deg.; sum-
mer, 80 deg. Rainfall, 44 in., heaviest in S. E., lightest in N. W.
Health unsurpassed, especially in N. \V.
CHIEF CITIES. Little Rock (cap), pop., 13,138. HotSpri gs*.
INDUSTRIES, 2,100 in number. Cuiefly agricultural.
PROPERTY EXEMPT from execution: Apparel to un-
married persons, 200 m personal property; to heads of families!,
500 in personality and homestead, 160 acres or one acre in town,
not to exceed $250), tools of trade, etc. Assignment can pre-
fer, but does not release debtor. Suits barred after 10 years on
judgment and bond, 7 years for land, 5 years on note and written
instrument, 3 years on verbal contract, and after 1 year for
wrongful taking of goods. Wife's property exempt. She can
dispose of same as if single.
LICENSE CHARGES per 6 months: Peddlers, $25 to state,
and $25 to each county.
LIENS hold on buildings for labor and material if filed with
county clerk in 3 months. Judgments hold land for 3 years.
GOVERNMENT LANDS to a very large area are yet open
to homestead, cash and pre-emption entry, and include all classes
of land found in the state. THE LAND OFFICES are at Little
Rock, controlling 1,500,000 acres in a district extending 20 mile;
east and 80 to 100 miles west of the city, and about 25 miles wides
at Dardanelle, controlling 1,500,000 acres in Crawford, Franklin,
Johnson, Pope, Logan, Yell, Scott, Sebastian, and parts of Perry,
Garland, Saline and Montgomery counties; at Camden. con-
trolling 1,600,000 acres in the counties of Polk, Pike, Sevier,
Montgomery, Garland, Hot Springs, Clark, Howard, Hempstead,
Little River, Miller, LaFayette, Columbia, Nevada, Ouachita,
Calhqun, Bradley. Drew. Ashley, Union, and part of Dorsey; at
Harrison, controlling 2.5tiO,000 acres in remainder of state.
STATE LANDS about 1,000.000 acres, Forfeited land* held
at 50 cents per acre; 14,000 acres Internal Improvement land;
15.000 acres Saline lands, some small tracts of Seminary, State,
Bank, and Real Estate Bank lands: 70,000 acres of Swamp
lands, and a large area of School lands. All except the latter
are controlled by the Commissioner of State Lands at Little
Rock. Forfeited lands are free to settlers who improve them.
INDIAN TERRITORY.
(Concluded from page 177.)
both of which are the subject of a move to open them to settlers.
Each tribe elects officers, legislatures and courts, and criminals
are punished as in the states. No laws for collection of debt. All
land held in common, and any Indian may cultivate as much as
196 THE WESTERN WORLD
he wants, but one-quarter mile must intervene between farms.
Whites can hold land only by marrying an Indian. Miles of rail-
road, 353. School system excellent; pupils educated and supported
by the tribes, half entire revenue being set aside for the purpose.
Three colleges. 200 schools.
POPULATION, 80,000; Cherokees, 20,000; Choctaws, 16.500;
Creeks, 14,;">00; chickasaws, 7,000; Seminoles, 2,500; Osages, 2,400;
Cheyennes, 3,298; Arapahoes, 2,676; Kiowas, 1,120; Pawnees, 1,438;
Comanches, 1,475. Two-fifths of entire population can read.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.-Ex-
treme length east and west, 470 miles; average length, 320 miles;
width, 210 miles; area, 69,991 miles, 44,154,240 acres. Surface,
vast rolling plain sloping eastward. Mountains, Witchita, at
S.W.; Ozark and Washita at east. Valleys timbered heavily with
oak, ash, elm, sycamore, and other hard woods. Bluffs skirt
valleys ; uplands are prairie which at west lack fertility; N.E.
section also well wooded, but rocky. Beautiful country to
look upon. Principal rivers, Arkansas, Verdigris, Neosbo,
Illinois, Canadian, Cimarron, Black Bear, Little Arkansas,
Poleau, North Fork, Red, Washita. Ked and Arkansas only
navigable. Small streams numerous at east, but scarce at
west. South of Canadian river prairies very fertile: valleys
rich and productive throughout territory ; grass rich and
heavy almost everywhere. Corn, cotton, rice, wheat, rye,
potatoes are staples. Grazing interests large. Coal is found, but
extent unknown. Furbearing animals numerous. Of the area
Cherokees own 5.000.000 acres in N. and N.E.; Seminoles. 200,000 in
E. central: Creeks. 3,215,495 in E ; Chickasaws, 4,377,000 in south.
CLIMATE. Mild in winter, warm in summer. Temperature
averages 41 deg. winter, 80 deg. summer. Rainfall, at east, ;"0
inches; center, 36; far west, 22. Health as good as anywhere in
Union.
CHIEF CITIES. Tahlequah, capital of Cherokees; Tisho-
mingo, capital of Chiekasaws; Tushkahoma,of Choctaws; Musco-
gee. of Creeks; Pawhuska. of Osages; Seminole Agency, of Semi-
noles; Pawnee Agency, of Pawnees; Kiowa and Comanche
Agency, of Kiowas and Comanches.
LEADING- INDUSTRIES. Agriculture and grazing.
NEW MEXICO.
(Concluded From page 17S.)
and an New ^.exico conquered from Mexico, Aug. 18. 1846, and
same ceded to U. S. by treaty Guadaloupe Hidalgo, 1848. Re-
volt. 1i<49. suppressed. Organized as Territory, 1850. Arizona
added to the territory, 1853. Separated. 1863. 14,000 sq. miles cut
oft' and added to Colorado, 1861. Santa Fe captured by Confed-
erates, 1M>2, tut soon abandoned. Number counties, 13. All
elections, Tuesday alter first Mondav in Nov.; number senators,
12; representatives, 24; sessions of legislature biennial, in even-
numhered years, meeting first Monday in Jan.; hold 60 days;
terms of senators and representatives. 2 years each. Voters,
34,07i> : native white, 26,423; foreign white, 4,558; colored, 3,095.
School age, 7-18 years. Legal interest rate, t#; by contract, 12,<.
Mile* railro >d. 1S7S to 1885, 1.191.
POPULATION, 1880, 119,565: male, 64,496; native, 111,514;
white. 108.721 ; Indians, 9,772. Estimated increase. 1885. 2!.
TOPOGRAPHY, AREA, SOIL, PRODUCTS, ETC.
Average length N. and S., 368 miles; width, 335 miles. Area,
132,000 sq. miles, 78,400.200 acres. Elevation, 3.000 to 4,000 feet.
Mountain peaks, 12,000 feet. Surface T^ade up of series of level
plateaus, traver-ert by mountains, with lofty peaks and fertile
valleys. The Rocky mountains divide into two ranges, the one
on the east, the loftier of the two endintr near Santa Fe, and the
other, the Sierra Madre, extending to the southward, to the Sierra
GUIDE AXD HAXD-BOOK. 197
Madre of Mexico. Almost two-thirds of the Territory is east of
this range. The region to the west consists of high table lands
and isolated peaks. East of the eastern range the land slopes
gradually to the Mississippi. The Staked Plain, an elevated re-
gion, unwatered and without wood, e 
