Skip to main content

Full text of "Westmoreland County, Virginia : parts I and II : a short chapter and bright day in its history"

See other formats 


F    232  F2.3X 

Copy    2  C^  ^X. 


"ij 


1653-1912 


We^moreland  County 


Virginia 


COMPILED  BY 

T.  R.  B.  WRIGHT 


A  Short  and  Bright  Day 
in  Its  History 


c 


^.  James  Monroe 

2.  Gforge  Washington 

3.  Rout.   E.  Lee 

4  Richard  Henry  Lee 


5.     Tamrs  Madison 

(5.     Henry  (Light  Horse  Harry)   Lee 

7.     Francis  Lightfoot  Lee 


1653- I9'2 


Westmoreland  County 
Virginia 


PARTS    I  AND    11 


A  Short  Chapter  and    Bright  Day  in  Its  History 

Addresses   Delivered   by   Lawrence   Washington,    Esq., 
Rev,  Randolph  Harrison  McKim,  D.  D.,  LL.  D  , 
and   Rev.  George  Wm.  Heale,  D.  D. ,    at 

Montross,  Va.,  May  3,  1910. 


And  he  said,  'Draiu  not  nigh  hither:  put  off 
thy  shoes  from  off  thy  feet;  for  the  place 
nuhereon  thou  standest  is  holy  ground. 

— Exodus,  Chap,  iii,  v.  5. 


^^ 


Richmond,  Virginia: 

WHITTET  &  SHEPPERSON,    PRINTERS. 

1912 


cm 

Author 


% 


DEDICATION 

TO  MY  WIFE  WHO  NEVER   FORCIETS  ME. 

The  symphony  of  a  grand  fiasi  is  indeed  heard 

when    the    hand   of   memory    siveeps 

07'er  such  golden  strings. 


INTRODUCTION, 


"The  history  of  a  people  is,  often,  best  preserved  by  their  laws 
and  civic  institutions;  and  nothing  adds  more  to  the  true  glory  of 
a  nation  than  narratives  of  its  wise  and  impartial  administration 
of  justice.  The  fame  of  the  Areopagus  survived  the  military  glory 
of  Athens;  and  while  the  battle  of  Marathon,  the  passage  of  the 
Hellespont  and  the  victory  of  Salamis  were  treated  as  fables  at 
Rome,*  the  memory  of  the  Grecian  Laws  still  lived  in  the  twelve 
tables  of  the  Capital  of  the  Universe. "f — Preface  to  fourth  volume 
Call's  (Va.)  Reports. 

*  Liv.  lib.  28,  43 ;  Juv.  sat.  XI.,  174  etc. 

f  Adams's   Antiq:    ICC-    5   Gibb.    Rom.   Emp.   308. 


PART   I. 


From  painting  by  Col.  Trumbull. 

Washington 


Westmoreland    County,  Virginia. 

I. 

Westmoreland  Called  "The  Athens  of  Virginia." 

A.  Pleasant  and  Noted  Day  at  Monteoss,  the  County  Seat. 
Brilliant  Addresses  by  Lawrence  Washington,  Eev, 
Eandolph  Harrison  McKim,  D.   D.,   LL.D., 
AND  Rev,  George  Wm.  Beale,  D.  D. 

Westmoreland  county,  Virginia,  was  taken  from  the  older 
colony  of  Northumberland  by  an  Act  of  the  "Grand  Assembly/' 
July,  1653. 

Westmoreland  has  been  called  "The  Athens  of  Virginia."  Some 
of  the  most  renowned  men  of  this  country  have  been  born  within 
her  borders.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned  Washington,  Eiehard 
Henry  Lee,  and  his  three  brothers — Thomas,  Francis  and  Arthur : 
General  Henry  Lee,  Monroe,  and  the  late  Buslirod  Washington. 

President  Monroe  was  born  at  the  head  of  Monroe's  Creek. 
Chantilly,  situated  upon  the  Potomac,  now  in  ruins,  was  once  the 
residence  of  Eiehard  Henry  Lee.  Upon  the  same  stream,  a  few 
miles  up,  is  Stratford,  the  family  seat  of  the  Lees  for  many  gene- 
rations. The  birthplace  of  Washington  was  destroyed  previous  to 
the  Eevolution.  It  stood  about  half  a  mile  from  the  junction  of 
Pope's  Creek  with  the  Potomac. — Hoive's  Historij  of  Virginia, 
page  507. 

The  fac  simile  in  the  engraving  of  the  record  of  the  birth  of 
Washington  is  from  the  family  record  in  the  Bible  which  belonged 
to  his  mother.  The  original  entry  is  supposed  to  have  been  made 
by  her.  This  old  family  Bible  is  in  the  possession  of  George  W. 
Bassett,  Esq.,  of  Farmington,  Hanover  county,  who  married  a 
grandniece  of  Washington.  It  is  in  the  quarto  form,  much  dilapi- 
dated by  age,  and  with  the  title  page  missing.  It  is  covered  l)y  the 
striped  Virginia  cloth,  anciently  much  nsed.  The  portrait  of  Wash- 
ington, which  we  give,  is  engraved  from  the  original  painting  bv 
his  aid.  Colonel  John  Trumbull.  When  Lafayette  was  on  his  visit 
to  this  country  he  pronounced  it  the  best  likeness  of  Washington 
he  had  seen.  It  was  taken  at  the  time  of  life  when  thev  wore  both 
together  in  the  armv  of  the  Revolution. — Idem,  page  508. 


10  W  EkiT  MOREL  AS  D    COUNTY,    ^  JRGINIA 

We  clip  from  the  Northern  Neck  Neivs,  Warsaw,  Va.,  Friday, 
May  20,  1910,  the  following  extract  from  its  correspondent: 

Big  Day  at  Montkoss. 

Brillunil   l:<pcak-ers  (Did  Di.sliiif/jilslied  Assemblage. 

Tuesday,  May  ;5rd,  at  1  P.  M.,  Avas  the  occasion  at  Montross  of 
presenting  and  accepting  the  portraits,  tablets  and  statues  so  gen- 
erously given  to  Westmoreland  county,  and  in  public  recognition 
of  the  gifts. 

After  a  delightful  luncheon  by  the  ladies  of  Westmoreland. 
Eev.  Dr.  E.  H.  McKim,  of  Washington,  D.  C. ;  Eev.  Dr.  G.  W. 
Beale,  of  Westmoreland;  Lawrence  Washington,  Library  of  Con- 
gress; Hon.  William  Mayo,  and  Hon.  C.  Conway  Baker  delivered 
patriotic  and  striking  addresses. 

They  were  met  by  the  honorable  Board  of  Supervisors,  the 
Washington  and  Lee  Chapter  of  the  United  Daughters  of  the  Con- 
federacy, the  members  of  the  Westmoreland  Camp  Confederate 
Veterans,  the  patriotic  order  of  Sons  of  America,  the  officers, 
teachers  and  scholars  of  public  and  private  schools,  and  patriotic 
citizens  generally.  The  occasion  was  a  pleasant  one,  and  full  of 
intense  historical  interest  to  Westmoreland  people.  The  flower  and 
chivalry  of  the  county  assembled  there.  The  brave  and  patriotic 
manhood  and  the  presence  and  grace  of  cultured  and  lovely  woman- 
hood made  it  brilliant.  All  felt  the  silent  and  potent  influence  of 
the  Washington  and  Lee  Chapter  of  the  United  Daughters  of  the 
Confederacy  (Mrs.  George  W.  Murphy,  president,  and  Mrs.  B.  P> 
Atwill,  secretary),  as  they  came  in  the  court  room  in  a  body.  They 
gave  cchil  and  delight  to  the  pageantry  and  brill inncy  of  the  occa- 
sion. 

Mrs.  Charles  W.  Harris  presided  at  the  organ  and  led  the  rendi- 
tion of  Southern  songs  and  national  anth(>ms  and  hymns.  She  is 
an  accomplished  scholar  of  the  Peabody  Institute,  Baltimore.  Mrs. 
Lee  Crutchfield  and  Misses  Atwill  assisted,  and  adding  their. lovely 
voices  to  the  lovely  voice  of  Mrs.  Harris,  made  the  most  delightful 
and  thrilling  music.    We  owe  much  to  these  ladies. 

Hon.  William  Mayo,  president  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors, 
called  the  meeting  to  order  and  presided.  Mr.  Mayo  is  proud  of 
the  fame  of  Virginia  and  Westmoreland.  Their  history  is  glorious 
to  him.  He  does  not,  however,  supinely  and  repiningly  dream  of 
the  past,  but  as  a  citizen  and  president  of  the  Board  is  a  man  of 
genuine  progress  and  believes  in  present  and  future  achievement 
for  the  betterment  of  his  people  and  locality,  and- is  doing  as  much 


•^ 


"^ 


Ht^^ 


^  V 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  H 

for  good  roads  and  development  along  industrial,  educational  and 
agricultural  lines  as  any  man  in  the  State,  and  has  the  confidoiu'c 
and  esteem  of  all  his  people.  He  is  an  easy,  forceful,  fluent 
speaker. 

The  Judge  of  the  Court  made  the  following  report: 

I  have  the  honor  to  report  and  turn  over  to  you — 

1.  General  George  Washington,  hero  of  Yorktown,  "Father  of 
his  Country,"  of  whom  Governor  Henry  Lee  (Light  Horse  Harry), 
appointed  by  Congress  to  pronounce  the  eulogy  on  his  death,  said : 
"First  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  country- 
men"; first  President  of  the  United  States;  painted  after  Harding, 
and  donated  and  painted  by  (Mrs.  Jolm  S.  Bonebrake)  IMiss  M. 
B.  Snyder. 

2.  James  Monroe,  fifth  President  of  the  United  States,  author 
of  the  great  Monroe  Doctrine,  the  foundation  of  our  foreign  policy ;. 
painted  by  Willis  Pepoon,  Eichmond,  Va.,  after  Vanderlyn — color- 
ing after  Stuart — and  donated  by  Mr.  P.  H.  Mayo,  Eichmond,  Va. 

3.  William  Pitt,  Lord  Chatham,  donated  in  1768  by  Edmond 
Jennings,  Esq.,  of  London,  England,  to  the  gentlemen  of  the  county 
of  Westmoreland;  figure  full  length,  addressing  the  British  Parlia- 
ment. This  historic  painting  once  embellished  the  hall  of  the  House 
of  Delegates,  Eichmond,  Va.  (See  Acts  of  the  General  Assembly 
of  Virginia,  1901-1902,  page  676.) 

4.  General  E.  E.  Lee,  of  Stratford,  the  '^'brightest  star  in  the 
galaxy  of  Anglo-Saxon  greatness,"  in  full  uniform,  figure  full 
length;  painted  by  E.  F.  Andrews,  and  donated  by  Colonel  E.  E. 
Lee,  Jr.,  Fairfax  county,  his  grandson. 

5.  Judge  Bushrod  Washington,  favorite  nephew  of  General 
Washington,  devisee  of  Mount  Vernon,  his  books  and  library;  As- 
sociate Justice  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States;  painted  by 
Estella  Gross,  Washington,  D.  C,  after  Plarding,  and  donated  by 
the  Mount  Vernon  Washingtons  through  Major  E.  W.  Hunter,  sec- 
retary of  Confederate  Eecords,  who  married  Miss  Lila  Washington. 

6.  General  Thomas  Stuart  Garnett  (of  Chancellorsville  fame). 
Confederate  States  Army;  painted  and  donated  by  Mrs.  Eoberta 
Garnett  Morris,  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  his  sister. 

7.  Colonel  Henry  T.  Garnett;  painted  and  donated  by  ^[rs. 
Eoberta  Garnett  Morris,  Fredericksburg,  Va.,  his  daughter. 

8.  General  E.  L.  T.  Beale,  the  gallant  and  dashing  Brigadier  of 
Cavalry,  Confederate  States  Army,  and  member  of  United  States 


12  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Congress  before  and  after  the  War  Between  the  States;  donated 
by  his  family, 

9.  Judge  Richard  Parker,  Supreme  Court  of  Appeals  of  Vir- 
ginia ;  donated  by  James  E.  Keene,  New  York ;  painted  by  Charles 
S.  Forbes,  Boston,  now  Paris,  France. 

10.  Judge  John  Critcher,  Colonel,  Confederate  States  Army, 
member  of  Congress  and  Circuit  Judge;  painted  by  Miss  Cathe- 
rine Carter  Critcher,  Paris  School  of  Arts,  and  donated  by  Mrs. 
Nannie  C.  Gatewood,  Washington,  D.  C,  and  herself. 

11.  Governor  Henry  (Light  Horse  Harry)  Lee,  Governor  of 
Virginia;  General  United  States  Army,  and  member  of  Congress 
(eulogist  on  the  death  of  Washington),  and  "the  Eupert  of  the 
Eevolution,'^  father  of  General  E.  E.  Lee;  painted  by  B.  West 
Clinedinst,  Pawling,  Duchess  county,  New  York,  after  Stuart,  and 
donated  by  General  G.  W.  Custis  Lee,  his  grandson. 

12.  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee  of  Stratford,  member  of  Congress 
and  signer  of  Declaration  of  Independence ;  painted  by  Willis  Pe 
poon,  Eichmond,  Va.,  after  Peale,  and  donated  by  Dr.  Eichard  H. 
Stuart,  of  Stratford. 

13.  Eichard  Henry  Lee  of  Chantilly  (born  at  Stratford),  mem 
her  of  the  first  Congress  at  Philadelphia,  September  5,  1774,  "the 
Cicero  of  the  House" ;  author  and  mover  of  the  famous  "Westmore- 
land Eesolutions"  at  Leedstown,  Va.,  February  27,  1766  (Judge 
Eichard  Parker  presiding),  passed  by  the  patriots  of  Westmoreland 
protesting  against  the  Stamp  Act^  and  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence;  author  of  "The  Committee  of  Correspondence,^' 
from  which  sprung  the  Union  of  the  Colonies ;  and  mover,  on  the 
7th  day  of  June,  1776.  in  the  Continental  Congress,  "that  these 
united  Colonies  are  and  ought  to  be  free  and  independent  States" ; 
painted  by  Mrs.  Montague  (nee  Taliaferro),  after  Peale,  and 
donated  by  Joseph  Bryan,  Eichmond,  Va. 

14.  William  Lee,  of  Stratford,  Lord  Mayor  of  London,  Eng- 
land, and  United  States  Commissioner  to  the  Court  of  Berlin,  and 
United  States  representative  to  Holland;  painted  by  Charles  S. 
Forbes,  Boston,  now  Paris,  France;  donated  by  James  E.  Keene, 
New  York. 

15.  Arthur  Lee,  of  Stratford,  member  of  Congress,  United 
States  Minister  to  the  Court  of  Versailles;  the  scholar,  the  writer, 
the  philosopher,  and  the  negotiator  of  the  treaty  of  commerce  and 
alliance  with  the  French  Court;  painted  by  Harreotte  Lee  Monta- 
gue (nee  Taliaferro),  Eichmond,  Va.;  donated  by  William  H.  Lee, 


o 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    ]  IROIMA  13 

president  of  the  Merchants'-Laelede  JSTational  Bank.  St.  Louis.  Mo. ; 
Blair  Lee  and  Jolui  F.  Lee,  his  brother. 

16.  Mural  tablet  (polished  Italian  marble,  letters  black  and 
gold)  to  Taliaferro  Hunter,  Superintendent  of  Schools  of  West- 
moreland county,  and  educator;  donated  by  the  citizens  of  West- 
moreland county  through  Miss  Lizzie  Baker. 

17.  Mural  tablet,  polished  Italian  marble,  letters  black  and 
gold,  richly  engraved  by  Gaddess  Brothers  Company,  Baltimore, 
Md.,  to  Joseph  Cliristopher  Wheelwright  and  Samuel  Francis  At- 
will,  Virginia  Military  Institute  cadet  heroes  who  fell  in  the  battle 
of  New  Market  in  186-i;  donated  by  J.  H.  Wheelwright,  vice-presi- 
dent of  the  Consolidation  Company,  Continental  Trust  Building, 
Baltimore,  Md. 

18.  Eeplica  of  the  Houdon  statue  of  Washington  in  the  Capitol 
at  Richmond,  Va.,  and  fluted  pedestal,  manufactured  by  P.  P.  Cap- 
roni  &  Bro.,  Boston,  Mass. ;  donated  by  Lloyd  Washington,  1842 
Indiana  avenue,  Chicago,  111. 

19.  American  Eagle,  handsomely  hand  carved  in  wood,  gilded 
with  fine  gold,  3H  to  4  feet  from  tip  to  tip ;  donated  by  the  Mary- 
land, Delaware  and  Virginia  Eailway  Company,  Pier  Light  street. 
Baltimore,  Md. 

"Poor  is  the  country  that  boasts  no  heroes,  but  beggared  is  that 
people  who,  having  them,  forgets." 

Respectfully  reported. 

Mr.  Mayo  then  introduced  Lawrence  Washington,  Library  of 
Congress,  and  late  of  Mt.  Vernon.  Mr.  Mayo  was  very  happy  in 
presenting  his  old  schoolmate  to  present  Justice  Bushrod  Washing- 
ton's portrait,  Supreme  Court  United  States.  Mr.  Lawrence  Wash- 
ington is  a  very  cultured  and  refined  looking  gentleman — cleanly 
shaved,  trim  in  figure  and  dress,  strong,  handsome  face  and  eyes. 
His  address  was  a  finished  one  and  very  strong  and  eloquent.  Judge 
Washington  was  a  very  much  more  distinguished  man  in  his  day 
than  is  now  generally  apprehended,  and  this  address,  which  will  be 
published,  will  be  an  interesting  chapter  in  the  literature  of  the 
history  of  the  country.  It  was  a  matter  of  regret  that  his  son, 
Richard  B.  Washington,  a  rising  and  distinguished  young  attorney 
of  Alexandria,  with  him,  and  who  has  just  returned  from  a  two 
years'  service  at  Vice-Consul  to  Planca  in  Germany,  had  to  leave 
for  the  steamer  before  he  could  be  pressed  into  service  for  the  oc- 
casion. 


14  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VfRGINlA 

Hon.  C.  Conway  Baker  then  introduced  Eev.  Dr.  Randolph  Har- 
rison McKini,  Church  of  the  Epiphany,  Washington,  D.  C,  to  pre- 
sent the  entire  gallery.  Mr.  Baker,  at  all  times  fluent  and  pleasing, 
never  made  a  happier  or  more  delightful  speech  in  his  life.  It 
was  generally  conceded  that  it  was  a  gem  in  delivery  and  oratory, 
and  adds  another  laurel  to  liis  fame  and  delight  to  his  friends. 

Dr.  McKim's  address  was  a  masterpiece.  It  was  one  of  the 
grandest  tributes  to  Westmoreland  ever  delivered,  and  one  of  the 
brightest  chapters  in  her  glorious  history.  The  speech  of  Lord 
Brougham  on  Washington  was  adopted  in  the  history  of  Westmore- 
land by  the  historian  Howe  in  his  "History  of  Virginia."  This 
tribute  of  Dr.  McKim  to  Westmoreland's  Washington  and  other 
heroes  may  well  be  treasured  like  Lord  Brougham's  in  its  history. 
Dr.  McKim  is  a  brilliant  and  eloquent  speaker.  A  man  of  the 
most  imposing  and  distinguished  presence,  charming  personality, 
voice  clear,  resonant,  attractive  in  volume  and  tone,  he  simply 
thrilled  us  as  he  rang  out.  We  feel  prouder  than  ever  of  Westmore- 
land. 

Mr.  Mayo  then,  in  a  happy  manner,  presented  Dr.  Beale  to  ac- 
cept. Dr.  Bcale,  a  son  of  Westmoreland,  truly  exalted  his  county 
and  people,  their  achievements  and  memories.  He  urged  them  to 
keep  rekindled  the  flres  of  patriotism  on  the  altars  of  their  country. 
He  was  truly  eloquent,  and  his  appeals  from  a  fine  exordium  to  per- 
oration touched  us  and  won  us.  As  a  brilliant  historian,  scholar 
and  learned  divine,  we  always  wish  to  hear  from  him. 

T  am  told  that  the  Board  o^  Supervisors  will  endeavor  to  print 
al]  these  addresses  in  pamphlet  form  for  distribution. 

As  the  choir  were  delightfully  rendering  ''Auld  Lang  Svne," 
the  driver  hurried  Dr.  McKim  to  start  on  his  pilgrimage  to  Wake- 
field and  Stratford,  the  birthplaces  of  the  immortal  Washinoion 
and  Lee.  At  Wakefield,  Mrs.  Wilson  and  Miss  Etta  were  very  polite 
and  cordial,  and  at  Stratford  D".  and^Mrs.  Stuart  were  also  very 
polite  and  cordial.  After  visUing  these  consecrated  shrines  he 
reached  Leed^town  a  little  after  8  P.  M.,  and  after  a  nice  s-upper 
at  Mr.  Baxter's  and  cordial  entertainment  as  a  guest,  took  the 
steniner.  Tliis  ended  his  visit  to  the  Northern  Neck,  where  this 
brilliant  man  had  flashed  through  its  classic  section  like  a  brilliant 
meteor  in  the  clear  heavens,  leaving  behind  with  those  people  the 
most  delightful  memories  of  himself.  The  trip  was  a  strenuous 
one  for  a  man  seeking  to  recruit  himself  from  recent  illness.  Dur- 
ing the  few  days  of  his  visit  he  preached  two  beautiful  sermons — 
one  at  St.  John's.  Warsaw,  the  other  at  St.  John's  Tappahannock. 
He  delivered  two  brilliant  addresses — one  at  Warsaw,  the  other  at 
Montrose. 


WE^^TMORELAXD    COlKTY,    VIIiUlMA  15 

While  resting  on  the  steamer  that  night  in  the  little  quiet  town 
of  Leedstown,  it  was  recalled  that  there,  in  February,  1766,  after 
Richard  Henry  Lee  had  organized  the  "Westjnoreland  Association" 
of  patriots,  that  he  wrote  there  (the  famous  Westmoreland  resolu- 
tions) a  direct  protest  against  the  Stamp  Act,  Judge  Richard 
Parker  presiding  over  the  meeting.  Although  Xorth  Carolina 
claims  the  glory  to  have  shed  the  first  blood  for  Colonial  liberty 
at  Alamance  in  1771,  and  boasts  of  the  Mecklenburg  resolutions 
(May  20,  1775)  which  ante-date  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
yet  it  must  be  remembered  to  the  glory  of  old  Westmoreland  that 
more  than  nine  years  before  the  Mecklenburg  resolutions,  and  more 
than  ten  years  before  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  one 
hundred  years  after  Nathaniel  Baoon,  these  patriots  of  old  West- 
moreland at  Leedstown  were  the  first  to  rekindle  the  latent  and 
hidden  rfires  of  the  American  Revolution  through  Richard  Henry 
Lee — a  great  historical  fact  which  should  ncvrr  l)o  forgotten  by 
Virginians. 

Richard  Henry  Lee.  chairman  of  the  Conimittee  of  Congress  to 
report  on  his  motion  in  Congress  "That  the  LTnited  Colonies  are 
and  ought  to  be  free  and  independent  States,"  etc.,  on  June  10th 
was  called  from  Philadelphia  home  to  see  his  ill  wife.  This  acci- 
dental sickness  of  his  wife  deprived  him  of  the  signal  honor  of 
being  the  author  as  well  as  mover  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, thus  by  his  conduct  demonstrating  to  the  world  that  loyalty 
and  devotion  to  wife,  family  and  home  are  dearer  and  sweeter  than 
earthly  honors — a  virtue  the  highest,  sublimest  and  supremest 
known  to  mankind. — Correspondent  Northern  NecJc  News. 

20.  Since  the  above  report  of  the  contributions  to  the  gallery  of 
the  court  room,  a  costly  and  beautiful  tablet  in  letters  of  black 
and  gold  has  been  given  by  ]\Irs.  Emily  Steelman  Fisher,  a  daugh- 
ter of  the  American  Revolution,  General  Lafayette  Chapter,  i\.t- 
lantic  City,  N".  J.  The  tablet  gives  the  full  text  of  "Westmoreland 
Articles"  offered  by  Richard  Henry  Lee  at  Leedstown,  Va.,  and 
passed  by  the  patriots  of  Westmoreland  on  27th  of  February.  1766. 
"A  signal  gun  of  warning  and  preparation,  whose  clear,  reverber- 
ating echoes  heralded  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  Avas  a 
prelude  to  all  the  patriotic  guns  fi-om  Lexington  to  Yorktown." 

31.  .Another  beautiful  tal)let  of  letters  black  and  a^old  givins: 
the  text  of  the  Resolutions  of  the  Westmoreland  patriots  and  the 
Westmoreland  Committee  of  Safety  passed  1774  and  1775.  when 
the  Boston  harbor  in  our  sister  colony  of  ^lassachusetts  Bay  was 
locked  up  and  Lord  Dunmore  seized  the  i)owder  in  the  magazine 
in  Williamsburg,  has  been  given  by  Dr.  Algernon  S.  (rarnett,  of 


]e,  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Hot  Springs,  Arkansas,  a  son  of  Westmoreland  and  brother  of 
General  Thomas  S.  Garnett,  a  dashing  officer  killed  at  Chancellors- 
ville. 

These  two  tablets  were  unveiled  at  Montross  May  9,  1911. 

22.  Replica  of  the  statue  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall  from  the 
original  in  marble  in  the  Boston  Athenaeum;  donated  by  Bush 
Wilkins.  Esq.  Virginia  gave  Washington,  who  with  the  sword  led 
the  armies  of  the  Eevolution,  and  Marshall  with  the  pen  expounded 
the  Constitution  of  this  great  Republic.  Colonel  Thomas  Marshall, 
the  father  of  the  Chief  Justice,  was  born  in  Westmoreland,  and  the 
historic  county  is,  therefore,  the  grandmother  of  John  Marshall. 

23.  Statue  of  R.  E.  Lee  (P.  P.  Caproni  &  Bro.,  sculptors,  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,),  donated  by  Bushrod  Washington  Pomeroy,  Esq. 

"An  angel's  heart,  an  angel's  mouth, 
Not  Homer's  could  alone  for  me 
Hymn  v^ell  the  great  Confederate  South, 
Virginia  first,  and  Lee." 


Historical  Events  Commemorated  by  Tablets  Unveiled  at 

Montross. 

Lieutetmnt-Governor  Ellyson  Presides  Over  Interesting 
Exercises. 

Montross,  Va.,  May  9,  1911. 

Two  tablets,  commemorating  historical  events,  were  dedicated 
here  to-day  with  interesting  exercises. 

The  exercises  began  in  the  early  afternoon  when  William 
Mayo,  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  called  the  meeting  to 
order  and  designated  J.  Taylor  Ellyson,  Lieutenant-Governor  of 
Virginia,  to  preside. 

Mr.  Ellyson,  accompanied  by  his  wife,  who  is  the  president  of 
the  Association  for  the  Preservation  of  Virginia  Antiquities,  ar- 
rived here  early  this  morning  on  the  Commodore  Maury,  flagship 
of  the  Virginia  oyster  navy.  Mr.  Ellyson  expressed  his  pleasure 
at  being  present  and  being  permitted  to  preside  over  the  meeting,  a 
duty  which  he  performed  with  grace  and  dignity. 

T.  R.  B.  Wright,  judge  of  the  judicial  circuit,  then  presented 
the  tablets  to  the  county  of  Westmoreland  in  a  ringing  speech, 
which  created  srreat  enthusiasm. 


WE8TM0I?ELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  17 

As  the  portraits  were  unveiled  the  audience  arose  and  sang 
"America." 

Historical  addresses  were  delivered  by  Frank  P.  Brent  and 
Walter  E.  Hathaway,  of  Lancaster  ooimty,  which  brought  the  exer- 
cises to  a  close. 

Judge  Wright,  accompanied  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Ellyson  and  Mrs. 
Wright,  visited  Stratford,  the  birthplace  of  the  Lees,  and  other 
historical  places  in  the  vicinity  this  afternoon. 

On  one  of  the  tablets  is  the  text  ol^  the  famous  "Westmoreland 
Resolutions,"  offered  by  Eichard  Henry  Lee,  and  passed  by  the 
patriots  of  that  day  at  Leedstown,  February  27,  1766,  thus  outdat- 
ing  by  nine  years  the  Mecklenburg,  N.  C,  resolutions,  and  by  ten 
years  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  other  tablet  bears  the  resolutions  of  Eichard  Henry  Lee, 
passed  at  the  Westmoreland  county  court  house  June  22,  1774,  ex- 
pressing sympathy  with  and  tenderinsf  aid  to  Boston  because  of  the 
locking  up  of  that  harbor.  Also  on  this  tablet  appear  the  resolu- 
tions of  the  Westmoreland  County  Committee  of  Safety,  passed 
May  23,  1744,  denouncing  Lord  Dunmore,  the  Governor,  for  seizing 
the  powder  in  the  magazine  of  Williamsburg,  Ya. — The  Times- 
Dispatch.  Eichmond,  Va. 


HONOE  COLONIAL  HEEOES. 

Tablets  Unveiled   in   Memory   op  Westmoreland   Patriots. 
Gift  to  Virginia  County. 

Moniross  Celchrates  Drafting   of  Besolutions   hy  Richard  Henry 
Lee — Licutenani-Governor  Presides. 

Montross.  Va.,  May  9,  1911. 

With  imposing  ceremonies  and  in  the  presence  of  a  distinguished 
assemblage,  two  large  and  costly  tablets  commemorating  important 
events  in  the  early  history  of  Westmoreland  county  were  unveiled 
in  the  courthouse  here  this  afternoon.  These  tablets  were  secured 
through  the  aid  of  Judge  T.  E.  B.  Wright,  who  for  several  years  has 
urged  the  practice  of  adorning  the  walls  of  the  court  rooms  in  his 
circuits  with  the  portraits  of  prominent  men  of  each  county  and 
with  tablets  commemorating  notable  historic  events. 

J.  Taylor  Ellyson,  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Virginia,  accom- 
panied by  Mrs.  Ellyson.  the  president  of  the  Associafion  for  the 
Preservation  of  Virginia  Antiquities,  presided  at  the  exercises. 
Judge  T.  E.  B.  Wright  presented  the  tablets. 


j^3  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Historical  addresses  were  delivered  by  Frank  P.  Brent  and  Wal- 
ter E.  Hathaway,  of  Lancaster,  and  by  Dr.  George  W.  Beale,  of 
Westmoreland.  The  tablets  were  received  in  an  address  by  Conway 
Baker,  Commonwealth's  Attorney  of  Westmoreland. 

WRITTEN   BY   RICHARD   HENRY   LEE. 

The  first  tablet  commemorates  the  formation  of  the  Westmore- 
land Association  of  Patriots  at  Leedstown,  on  February  ^7,  1766; 
and  the  resolutions  adopted  by  them  at  that  time.  These  resolu- 
tions denounce  the  Stamp  Act  as  a  violation  of  the  natural  and 
chartered  rights  of  British  America,  pledge  the  membership  of  the 
Association  to  resist  its  execution  and  bind  them  to  defend  each 
other  with  their  lives  and  fortunes. 

These  famous  resolutions,  written  by  Eichard  Henry  Lee,  were 
f  jimd  in  1847  among  the  papers  of  Mr.  Henry  Lee,  at  one  time 
Consul-General  to  Algiers,  by  Dr.  John  Samuel  Carr,  of  South 
Carolina,  then  residing  in  Maryland,  by  whom  they  were  delivered 
to  John  Y.  Mason,  Secretary  of  the  Navy  in  the  Cabinet  of  Presi- 
dent Polk,  who  transmitted  them  to  William  Cabell  Rives,  presi- 
dent of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society,  in  Mdiose  archives  they  are 
still  preserved. 

They  are  believed  to  be  the  first  resolutions  adopted  by  any 
local  association  in  the  American  colonies  against  the  Stamp  Act. 
The  tablet  is  a  present  to  the  county  of  Westmoreland  from  Mrs. 
Emily  Steelman  Fisher,  a  native  of  New  Jersey,  but  now  residing 
at  Peedville.  Mrs.  Fisher  is  a  member  of  the  General  Lafayette 
Chapter  of  the  Daughters  of  the  American  Revolution,  at  Atlantic 
City. 

FIERY   RESOLUTIONS   PASSED. 

The  other  tablet  commemorates  the  acts  and  resolves  of  the 
Westmoreland  patriots  at  their  meetings  held  at  the  Courthouse  on 
June  22,  1774,  and  January  31,  1775,  and  the  resolutions  of  the 
Westmoreland  Committee  of  Safety,  on  May  23,  1775.  These  reso- 
lutions assert  the  right  of  inhabitants  of  the  American  colonies  to 
be  taxed  solely  by  their  Colonial  assemblies,  composed  of  members 
of  their  own  choosing;  reprobate  the  act  of  Parliament  closing  Bos- 
ton harbor ;  pledge  the  citizens  of  the  county  not  to  use  any  article 
imported  into  the  colony  from  England  and  to  export  no  pro- 
ducts from  the  colony  to  England;  denounce  the  action  of  Lord 
Dunmore,  the  Colonial  Governor,  in  seizing  the  powder  in  the 
magazine  at  Williamsburg;  and  in  appointing  Richard  Henry  Lee 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  19 

and  Eichard  Lee  deputies  to  the  convention  soon  thereafter  to  as- 
semble in  Eichmond  instruct  them  to  inform  the  convention  that 
the  patriots  of  Westmoreland  are  firm  in  their  determination  to 
stand  or  fall  with  the  liberties  of  their  country. 

The  tablet  commemorating  these  events  in  the  history  of  West- 
moreland is  a  present  from  Dr.  Algernon  S.  Garnett,  a  native  of 
this  county,  but  now  a  prominent  physician  in  Arkansas.  Dr.  Gar- 
nett was  a  surgeon  in  the  Confederate  ISTavy,  and  his  brother,  Gen- 
eral Thomas  Stuart  Garnett,  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Chancel- 
lorsville. 

The  walls  of  the  court  room  here  are  covered  with  the  portraits 
of  the  great  men  that  Westmoreland  has  produced.  In  less  than 
one  hundred  years  this  county  produced  George  Washington,  Eich- 
ard Henry  Lee,  Thomas  Ludwell  Lee,  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  Eich- 
ard Lee,  Arthur  Lee,  James  Monroe,  and  Eobert  E.  Lee,  while 
James  Madison  was  born  just  across  the  border,  at  Port  Conway, 
in  King  George  county,  which  was  carved  from  Westmoreland. — 
Correspondent  Baltimore  Sun. 


Tablets  to  the  Patriots  of  Historic  Westmoreland. 

"Westmoreland  county  contains  more  historic  ground  than 
many  an  entire  State,"  an  old  resident  of  Baltimore  who  was 
familiar  with  his  native  Virginia  often  remarked.  The  tablets 
just  placed  in  the  Westmoreland  Courthouse,  which  were  unveiled 
with  due  ceremony  on  Tuesday,  direct  attention  anew  to  the  county 
that  was  the  birthplace  of  Washington  and  the  home  of  the  Lees. 

As  early  as  1766  an  association  of  patriots  was  formed  at 
Leedstown  to  resist  the  imposition  of  the  Stamp  Tax;  and  resolu- 
tions, written  by  Eichard  Henry  Lee,  were  adopted,  denouncing 
the  Stamp  Act  of  the  British  Parliament,  pledging  the  members 
to  resist  its  enforcement,  and  binding  them  to  defend  each  other 
with  their  lives  and  fortunes.  This  was  the  same  spirit  that  burst 
into  full  flower  in  later  years  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
penned  by  the  great  Virginian.  These  resolutions  are  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Society  of  Virginia  Antiquities,  and  comprise  one  of 
the  most  precious  documents  of  our  early  history. 

The  Westmoreland  patriots  never  relaxed  their  activity  until 
the  Eevolution  was  ended  and  the  colonies  firmly  established  as  an 
independent  nation.  At,  meetings  in  the  Courthouse  on  June  22, 
1774,  on  January  31,  1775,  and  on  May  23rd  of  the  same  year  the 
rights  of  the  colonists  were  asserted  in  terms  little  less  vigorous 
than  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence  itself. 


20  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

One  of  the  tablets  commeni>orates  the  events  of  1766,  and  the 
other  the  action  of  the  colonists  just  preceding  the  Eevolution. 
They  stand  as  a  memorial  to  men  who  were  not  only  leaders  in  the 
patriotic  cause  in  Virginia,  but  bore  a  great  part  in  winning  the 
independence  of  all  the  colonists.  If  they  had  been  blessed  with 
chroniclers  as  industrious  as  the  Massachusetts  historians,  the  West- 
moreland resolutions  would  be  as  familiar  to  every  school  child  as 
the  Boston  Tea  Party.  Virginia  has  been  tardy  in  giving  recogni- 
tion to  many  of  its  heroes,  but  perhaps  one  reason  is  that  the  State, 
like  Maryland,  is  so  full  of  historic  spots,  so  much  richer  in  his- 
tory than  in  historians  and  sculptors,  that  it  has  required  more 
than  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  years  to  mark  them  all.  The 
"Mother  of  Presidents"  has  produced  so  many  illustrious  men  that 
they  overcrowd  her  hall  of  fame. — Editorial  Baltimore  Sun. 


ADDRESS  OF  LAWEENCE  WASHINGTON,  Esq., 
The  Libraky  of  Congress, 

In  Presenting'  on  May  3,  1910,  at  Montross,  Va.,  the  Portrait  of 

Judge  Bushrod  Wasliington^  Associate  Justice  of  the 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States. 

In  appearing  before  you  on  behalf  of  the  family  of  the  late 
Colonel  John  Augustine  Washington,  of  the  Confederate  States 
Army,  to  beg  the  acceptance  by  Westmoreland  county  of  this  por- 
trait of  Judge  Bushrod  Washington,  the  task  of  preparing  a  brief 
sketch  of  his  life  to  be  used  on  this  occasion  has  been  assigned  me, 
and  I  have  consented  to  it,  from  a  sense  of  filial  duty  and  not  from 
any  conceit  of  my  special  fitness  to  perform  it. 

The  difficulty  that  confronts  a  layman  in  an  attempt  to  portray 
the  life  of  one  whose  reputation  rests  on  professional  achievement 
is  so  generally  understood  that  I  undertake  it  with  much  diffi- 
dence, trusting  to  your  very  indulgent  judgment  of  my  effort,  and 
promise  to  confine  myself  to  a  plain  statement  of  unornamented 
fact,  much  of  which  I  have  taken  from  the  writings  of  Judge  Bin- 
ney,  Judge  Hopkinson  and  Judge  Story,  who  knew  Judge  Wash- 
ington intimately,  having  been  closely  associated  with  him  during 
the  thirty-one  years  he  sat  on  the  bench,  and  esteemed  his  character 
fit  subject  for  their  literary  efforts. 

Born  at  Bushfield.  near  the  mouth  of  Nomini,  in  this  county, 
on  the  5th  of  June.  1762,  Bushrod  Washington  was  the  oldest  son 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  21 

of  that  Colonel  John  Augustine  Washington  whose  wife  was  the 
daughter  of  Colonel  John  Bushrod.  His  ancestors  on  both  sides 
of  the  house  had  taken  part  in  the  councils  of  the  Colony  and  of 
the  Church  in  the  Colony  from  the  beginning  of  their  history,  and 
though  perhaps  not  w^ealthy,  he  enjoyed  from  infancy  every  advan- 
tage that  social  and  political  prestige  could  give;  and,  what  stood 
him  in  better  stead  than  either  or  both,  the  careful  training  of 
pious,  intellectual  parents.  His  early  tutelage  was  firm,  if  not 
severe.  The  dominant  purpose  of  parental  authority  in  that  day 
was  the  inculcation  of  a  spirit  of  reverence.  His  duty  to  God,  his 
duty  to  his  neighbor,  and  veneration  for  his  parents  held  higher 
place  in  the  curriculum  of  the  school  in  which  he  was  reared  than 
the  softer  policy  of  obedience  from  love,  and  whatever  modern 
critics  may  say  of  it,  its  vindication  seems  secure  in  the  characters 
it  produced.  In  the  only  letter  written  by  Bushrod  Washington 
to  his  parents  that  I  have  seen,  he  addresses  them  as  "Honored  Sir 
and  Madam",  signs  himself,  "Your  most  dutiful,  obedient  ser- 
vant", and  the  whole  tone  of  this  letter,  written  when  he  was  about 
sixteen,  is  deferential  in  the  extreme. 

The  schoolmaster,  too,  was  a  serious  proposition.  Solomon's 
admonition  as  to  the  use  of  the  rod  was  as  strictly  followed  in 
the  private  schools,  conducted  in  the  homes  in  the  neighborhood, 
as  it  was  at  a  later  period  in  the  public  academies,  and  it  was 
under  those  conditions  that  young  Washington  was  prepared  for  a 
course  in  William  and  Mary  College,  where  he  finished  his  classical 
education.  General  Washington's  influence  secured  him  a  position 
in  the  law  office  of  Mr.  James  Wilson,  one  of  Philadelphia's  most 
distinguished  lawyers,  where  he  was  carefully  and  thoroughly  pre- 
pared for  liis  chosen  profression,  and  it  may  not  be  uninteresting 
to  note  that  it  was  this  Mr.  Wilson  who  was  later  appointed  an 
associate  justice,  and  whom  Judge  Washington  succeeded  on  the 
bench. 

On  the  completion  of  his  law  course.  Bushrod  Washington  prac- 
ticed several  years  in  Westmoreland,  which  he  represented  in  the 
General  Assembly  and  in  the  Convention  that  ratified  the  Federal 
Constitution,  though  in  neither  body  did  he  take  a  very  prominent 
part  in  debate.  Neither  does  his  law  practice  seem  to  have  been 
altogether  satisfactory,  as  we  find  a  letter  from  him  to  the  Presi- 
dent intimating  a  desire  to  be  appointed  attorney  in  the  Federal 
Court;  but  the  reply  he  received  was  sufficient  to  convince  him 
that  nepotism  was  not  one  of  his  uncle's  redeeming  vices,  and  he 
shortly  afterwards  removed  to  Alexandria,  where  he  was  no  more 
encouraged  than  he  had  been  in  his  native  county. 


22  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Whether  this  apparent  lack  of  success  was  onlj;  such  as  most 
young  lawyers  experience,  or  was  due  to  the  great  draught  on  his 
time,  occasioned  by  a  close  attention  to  the  private  affairs  of  Gen- 
eral Washington,  whose  public  duties  obliged  him  to  rely  on  him 
more  and  more  as  the  cares  of  State  increased,  does  not  appear, 
but  his  stay  in  Alexandria  was  short,  and  he  moved  on  to  Kich- 
mond,  where  he  quickly  came  into  lucrative  and  successful  prac- 
tice, was  soon  recognized  as  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  in  the  State, 
and  was  engaged  in  the  most  important  cases  argued  before  the 
Appellate  Court.  He  had  been  married,  before  leaving  Westmore- 
land, to  Miss  Anne  Blackburn,  a  daughter  of  Colonel  Thomas 
Blackburn,  of  Prince  William  county,  who  had  served  on  the  staff 
of  General  Washington  in  the  Eevolution.  The  health  of  this  lad'. 
was  never  robust,  and  was  greatly  impaired  shortly  after  her  mar- 
riage by  a  shock  occasioned  by  the  sudden  death  of  her  sister  under 
peculiarly  distressing  circumstances,  a  shock  from  which  she  never 
entirely  recovered,  and  which  rendered  her  so  dependent  on  her 
husband  that  he  took  little  part  in  the  social  functions  for  which 
Eichmond  was  as  celebrated  then,  as  now.  His  whole  time  was 
devoted  to  his  practice,  to  the  work  of  writing  and  publishing  the 
decisions  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  of  Virginia  and  to  a  tender  and 
affectionate  attention  to  his  wife,  which  he  never  relaxed  until 
death  claimed  him,  and  which  caused  him  to  be  cited  by  his  family, 
even  in  my  recollection,  as  a  model  of  what  a  husband  ought  to  be. 

Though  an  ardent  Federalist,  he  had  taken  little  part  in  poli- 
tics, and  it  was  with  much  reluctance  that  he  consented  to  be- 
come a  candidate  for  Congress.  Politics  in  Virginia  were  running 
high,  the  Federal  party  was  on  its  downward  road  to  defeat,  and 
sacrifices  had  to  be  made.  He  entered  the  canvass  with  all  his 
energy  and  had  a  fair  prospect  of  election,  when  he  received  his 
nppointment  to  the  Supreme  Bench,  which  of  course  withdrew  him 
from  the  field.  At  the  time  of  his  elevation  to  the  bench,  Wash- 
ington was  only  thirty-seven,  and  it  is  not  unnatural  that  his  selec- 
tion at  so  early  an  age  for  so  high  an  office,  should  be  attributed, 
at  least  in  part,  to  his  relationship  to  his  great  kinsman,  and  I 
have  searched  most  diligently  for  some  word  or  expression  from 
General  Washington  that  might  be  construed  as  indicative  of  a 
desire  for  his  nephew's  advancement.  General  Washington's  let- 
ters have  been  so  carefully  preserved  and  so  generally  published, 
it  seems  impossible  that  such  wish,  if  ever  written,  should  remain 
concealed.  Not  only  so,  but  the  writings  of  every  man  who  was  in 
a  position  to  be  of  service  in  procuring  his  appointment  have  been 
very  carefully  collected  and  published ;  but  in  none  of  them  is 
found  even  a  remote  reference  to  such  influence. 


.     WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRX^INFA  23 

President  Adams,  who  made  the  appointment,  seems  to  have 
considered  the  question  purely  with  reference  to  the  public  interest, 
^iany  eminent  and  distinguished  men  were  urged  for  the  position, 
and  the  claims  and  merit  of  each  were  carefully  considered  and 
frankly  discussed,  but  Mr.  Adams'  mind  soon  became  'fixed  on  two 
men,  John  Marshall  and  Bushrod  Washington;  and  however  men 
may  have  viewed  it  then,  certainly  few  men  will  now  consider  it 
disparagement  to  be  rated  second  to  John  Marshall.  In  writing 
to  Mr.  Pickering,  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Adams  says :  "General 
Marshall  or  Bushrod  Washington  will  succeed  Judge  Wilson. 
Marshall  is  first  in  age,  rank  and  public  service,  probably  not 
second  in  talents.  The  character,  the  merit  and  abilities  of  Mr. 
Washington  are  greatly  respected,  but  I  think  General  Marshall 
ought  to  be  preferred ;  of  the  three  envoys  [to  France]  the  conduct 
of  Marshall  alone  has  been  entirely  satisfactory,  and  ought  to  be 
marked  by  the  most  decided  approbation  of  the  public.  He  has 
raised  the  American  people  in  their  own  esteem,  and  if  the  in- 
fluence of  truth  and  justice,  reason  and  argument  is  not  lost  in 
Europe,  he  has  raised  the  consideration  of  the  United  States  in 
that  quarter  of  the  world.  If  Mr.  Marshall  should  decline,  I 
should  next  think  of  Mr.  Washington." 

Other  names  continued  to  be  presented  and  considered;  but  in 
a  short  time  after  the  letter  just  quoted,  Mr.  Adams  wrote  again 
to  his  Secretary  of  State :  "I  have  received  your  letter  of  Sepitem- 
ber  20th,  and  return  you  the  commission  for  a  judge  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  signed,  leaving  the  name  aud  date  blnnk.  You  will  fill 
the  blank  with  the  name  of  Marshall  if  he  will  accept  it,  if  not, 
with  that  of  Washington." 

(See  }yritings  of  John  Adams,  Vol.  "VIII.  pages  596,  et  seq^) 

Mr.  Marshall  declined  the  office  and  Bushrod  Washington  was 
appointed,  and  became,  says  David  Paul  Brown,  "perhaps,  the 
greatest  Nisi  Prius  Judge  that  the  world  has  ever  known,  without 
even  excepting  Chief  Justice  Holt  or  Lord  Mansfield",  and  adds, 
"This  appointment  and  that  which  speedily  followed,  the  Chief 
Justiceship  of  John  Marshall,  were  enough  in  themselves  to  secure 
a  lasting  obligation  of  the  country  to  the  appointing  power." 

In  regard  to  his  qualifications  as  a  judge.  I  have  preferred  to 
cite  the  opinions  of  his  contemporaries  to  expressing  one  of  my 
own.    Judge  Story  says : 

"For  thirty-one  years  he  held  that  important  station,  with  a 
constantly  increasing  reputation  and  usefulness.  Few  men,  in- 
deed, have  possessed  higher  qualifications  for  the  office,  either 
natural  or  acquired.     Few  men  have  left  deeper  traces,  in  their 


2'4  WESTMORECAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

judicial  career,  of  everything,  which  a  conscientious  judge  ought 
to  propose  for  his  ambition,  or  his  virtue,  or  his  glory.  His  mind 
was  solid,  rather  than  brilliant;  sagacious  and  searching,  rather 
than  quick  or  eager;  slow,  but  not  torpid;  steady,  but  not  unyield- 
ing; comprehensive,  and  at  the  same  time,  cautious;  patient  in 
inquiry,  forcible  in  conception,  clear  in  reasoning.  He  was,  by 
original  temperament,  mild,  conciliating,  and  candid;  and  yet,  he 
was  remarkable  for  an  uncompromising  firmness.  Of  him  it  may 
be  truly  said,  that  the  fear  of  man  never  fell  upon  him;  it  never 
entered  into  his  thought,  much  less  was  it  seen  in  his  actions.  In 
him  the  love  of  justice  was  the  ruling  passion ;  it  was  the  master- 
spring  of  all  his  conduct.  He  made  it  a  matter  of  conscience  to 
discharge  every  duty  with  scrupulous  fidelity  and  scrupulous  zeal. 
It  mattered  not,  w^hether  the  duty  were  small  or  great,  witnessed 
by  the  world,  or  performed  in  private,  everywhere  the  same  dili- 
gence, watchfulness  and  pervading  sense  of  justice  were  seen. 
There  was  about  him  a  tenderness  of  giving  offense,  and  yet  a  fear- 
lessness of  consequences  in  his  official  character,  which  I  scarcely 
know  how  to  portray.  It  was  a  rare  combination,  which  added 
much  to  the  dignity  of  the  bench  and  made  justice  itself,  even 
when  most  severe,  soften  into  the  moderation  of  mercy.  It  gained 
confidence,  when  it  seemed  least  to  seek  it.  It  repressed  arrogance, 
by  overawing  or  confounding  it." 

Judge  Binney,  who  practiced  in  his  court  for  twenty  years,  and 
was  afterward  associated  with  him  on  the  bench,  says : 

"Without  the  least  apparent  effort,  he  made  everybody  see  at 
first  sight,  that  he  was  equal  to  all  the  duties  of  the  place,  cere- 
monial as  well  as  intellectual.  His  mind  was  full,  his  elocution 
free,  clear  and  accurate,  his  command  of  all  about  him  indisput- 
able. His  learning  ancT  acuteness  were  not  only  equal  to  the  pro- 
foundest  argument,  but  carried  the  counsel  to  depths  which  they 
had  not  penetrated ;  and  he  was  as  cool,  self-possessed,  and  efficient 
at  a  moment  of  high  excitement  at  the  bar,  or  in  the  people,  as  if 
the  nerves  of  fear  had  been  taken  out  of  his  brain  by  the  roots. 

"Judge  Washington  was  an  accomplished  equity  lavryer  when 
he  came  to  the  bench,  his  practice  in  Virginia  having  been  chiefly 
in  chancery,  and  he  was  thoroughly  grounded  in  the  common  law; 
but  he  had  not  been  previously  familiar  with  commercial  law;  and 
he  had  had  no  experience  at  all,  either  in  the  superintendence  or 
the  practice  of  jury  trials  at  Nisi  Prius,  after  that  fashion  which 
prevails  in  Pennsylvania,  and  in  some  of  the  Eastern  and  North- 
ern States,  as  well  as  in  England,  where  the  judge  repeats  and  re- 
views the  evidence  in  his   charge  to  the   jury,  not  unfrequentlv 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  25 

shows  them  the  learning  of  his  mind  in  regard  to  the  facts,  and 
directs  them  in  matter  of  law.  And  nevertheless,  it  was  in  these 
two  departments  or  provinces — commercial  law  and  Nisi  Prius 
practice  and  administration,  particularly  the  latter — that  he  was 
eminent  from  the  outset,  and  in  a  short  time  became,  in  my  appre- 
hension, as  accomplished  Nisi  Prius  judge  as  ever  lived.  I  have 
never  seen  a  judge  who  in  this  specialty  equalled  him.  I  cannot 
conceive  a  better.  Judging  of  Lord  Mansfield's  great  powers  at 
Nisi  Prius,  by  the  accounts  which  have  been  transmitted  to  us,  I 
do  not  believe  that  even  he  surpassed  Judge  Washington. 

''One  fundamental  faculty  for  a  Nisi  Prius  judge  he  possessed 
in  absolute  perfection,  it  was  attention.  Attention  sprang  from  his 
head,  full  grown,  at  least  as  truly  as  Minerva  from  Jupiter's,  or 
he  had  trained  it  up  in  infancy  in  some  way  of  his  own.  He  pos- 
sessed the  power,  as  I  have  said  before,  in  absolute  perfection. 

"In  addition  to  this,  he  had  great  quickness  and  accuracy  of 
apprehension.  Washington  never  interrogated  a  witness,  nor  asked 
counsel  to  repeat  what  he  had  said,  and  but  rarely  called  for  docu- 
ments after  they  had  been  read  to  him.  He  caught  the  important 
parts  in  a  moment,  and  made  a  reliable  note  of  them,  before  the 
counsel  was  ready  to  proceed  with  further  testimony. 

"He  had  a  most  ready  command  of  precise  and  expressive  lan- 
guage, to  narrate  facts  or  to  communicate  thoughts,  and  a  power 
of  logical  arrangement  in  his  statements  and  reasonings,  which 
presented  everything  to  the  jury  in  the  very  terms  and  order  that 
were  fittest,  both  for  the  jury  and  for  the  counsel,  to  exhibit  the 
whole  case.  A  jury  never  came  back  to  ask  what  he  meant,  and 
counsel  were  never  at  a  loss  to  state  the  very  point  of  their  objection 
to  his  opinion  or  charge,  if  they  had  any  objection  to  make." 

"Few,  very  few  men",  says  Judge  Hopkinson,  "who  have  been 
distinguished  on  the  judgment  seat  of  the  law,  have  possessed 
higher  qualifications,  natural  and  acquired,  for  the  station,  than 
Judge  Washington.  And  this  is  equally  true,  whether  we  look  to 
the  illustrious  individuals  who  have  graced  the  courts  of  the 
United  States,  or  extend  the  view  to  the  countrv  from  which  so 
much  of  our  judicial  knowledge  has  been  derived.  He  was  wise, 
as  well  as  learned;  sagacious  and  searching  in  the  pursuit  and 
discovery  of  truth,  and  faithful  to  it  beyond  the  touch  of  corrup- 
tion, or  the  diffidence  of  fear;  he  was  cautious,  considerate  and 
slow  in  forming  a  judgment,  and  steadv,  l)ut  not  obstinate,  in  his 
adherence  to  it.  N"o  man  was  more  willing  to  listen  to  an  argu- 
ment against  his  opinion;  to  receive  it  with  candor,  or  to  yield  to 
it  with  more  manliness,  if  it  convinced  him  of  his  error.     He  was 


26  WK^TMORELAXD    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

too  honest  and  too  proud, .to  surrender  himself  to  the  undue  in- 
fluence of  any  man,  the  menaces  of  an}^  power,  or  the  seductions 
of  any  interest ;  but  he  was  as  tractable  as  humility,  to  the  force  of 
truth;  as  obedient  as  filial  duty,  to  the  voice  of  reason.  When  he 
gave  up  an  opinion,  he  did  it  not  grudgingly,  or  with  reluctant 
qualifications  and  saving  explanations;  it  was  abandoned  at  once, 
and  he  rejoiced  more  than  any  one,  at  his  escape  from  it.  It  is 
only  a  mind  conscious  of  its  strength,  and  governed  by  the  highest 
principles  of  integrity,  that  can  make  such  sacrifices,  not  only 
without  any  feeling  of  humiliation,  but  with  unaffected  satisfac- 
tion." 

In  any  account  of  Judge  Washington  a  review  of  his  decisions 
is  of  course  what  most  interest  the  profession,  but  such  review 
most  briefly  stated  would  occupy  more  time  than  could  1)6  allowed 
on  an  occasion  like  this,  and  I  pass  at  once  to  some  of  the  less  con- 
spicuous incidents  of  his  life. 

It  is  entirely  unnecessary  to  rehearse  before  this  audience  the 
efforts  made  by  the  Virginia  colonists  to  prevent  the  shipment  of 
African  slaves  to  her  shore;  you  know,  too,  that  when  a  power  too 
strong  for  the  colony  to  resist,  had  fastened  the  institution  upon 
her,  the  wisest  statesmen  within  her  borders  would  have  welcomed 
and  contributed  to  its  abolishment  by  any  plan  not  threatening 
greater  evils;  and  on  this  question  Judge  Washington  did  not 
differ  from  the  majority  of  the  gentlemen  of  his  day  and  class. 
He  had  witnessed  and  qn  him  had  fallen  the  heaviest  of  the  burden 
of  General  Washington's  unfortunate  experiment  in  emancipation; 
he  had  seen  the  quiet  and  contented  slave  transformed  by  an  act 
of  intended  philanthropy  into  a  savage  menace  to  the  neighbor- 
hood; he  had  seen  its  demoralizing  effect  on  those  still  held  in 
bondage,  and  in  company  with  Judge  Marshall  had  been  hurried 
from  his  official  duties  to  quell  a  mutiny  among  the  slaves  at 
Mount  Vernon,  only  arriving  in  time  to  prevent  serious  trouble. 
How  far  this  insubordination  had  been  brought  about  by  the 
incendiary  teaching  of  emissaries  of  Northern  abolition  societies, 
who,  under  the  pretense  of  patriotic  interest  in  the  tomb  and  the 
late  home  of  the  first  President,  were  constantly  visiting  the  place, 
can  not  be  certainly  known,  but  that  the  influence  of  those  people 
transmitted  through  these  free  negroes  to  his  slaves,  had  practi- 
cally destroyed  the  value  of  Judge  Washington's  property  lying 
in  that  part  of  the  State  is  shown  by  a  letter  written  in  1831  to 
the  editor  of  Nile's  Begister  in  reply  to  attacks  that  had  been  made 
on  him  as  President  of  the  American  Colonization  Society  for  hav- 
iilg  sold  over  fifty  of  the  negroes.     The  letter  is  too  long  to  be 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  27 

copied  in  full,  but  the  paragraphs  dealing  with  this  particular 
phase  of  the  question  will,  I  hope,  prove  interesting.  After  show- 
ing how,  by  the  purchase  of  a  number  of  those  negroes,  to  prevent 
the  separation  of  families,  the  sale  had  resulted  in  little  pro'fit  to 
him ;  he  says : 

"I  had  struggled  for  about  twenty  3^ears  to  pay  the  expenses  of 
my  farm  and  to  afford  a  comfortable  support  for  those  who  culti- 
vated it,  from  the  produce  of  their  labor.  In  this  way  to  have 
balanced  that  account  would  have  satisfied  me,  but  I  always  had 
to  draw  upon  my  other  resources  for  those  objects,  and  I  would 
state  upon  my  best  judgment  that  the  produce  of  the  farm  has  in 
general  fallen  short  of  its  support  from  $500  to  $1,000  annually. 
To  the  best  of  my  recollection  I  have  durin,g  the  above  period  (two 
years  excepted)  had  to  buy  corn  for  the  negroes,  for  which  I  have 
sometimes  paid  five,  six  and  seven  dollars  a  barrel.  Last  year  I 
commenced  the  purchase  of  this  article  for  ninety  negroes  in  the 
month  of  May  and  so  continued  to  the  end  of  it. 

"The  insubordination  of  my  negroes  and  their  total  disregard 
of  all  authority,  rendered  them  more  than  useless  to  me.  Southern 
gentlemen  understand,  and  well  know  how  to  appreciate  the  force 
of  this  motive,  and  I,  therefore,  forbear  to  enlarge  upon  it. 

"But  if  it  should  be  asked,  as  it  well  may  be,  why  this  tempter 
was  more  observable  at  Mount  Vernon  than  upon  other  plantations 
in  the  neighborhood,  I  answer  that,  that  place  has  at  times  been 
visited  by  some  unworthy  persons,  who  have  condescended  to  hold 
conversations  with  my  negroes  and  to  impress  upon  their  minds  the 
belief  that  as  the  nephew  of  General  Washington,  or  as  President 
of  the  Colonization  Society,  or,  for  other  reasons,  I  could  not  hold 
them  in  bondage,  and  particularly  that  they  would  be  free  at  my 
death.  That  such  conversations  have  passed  I  have  evidence  en- 
tirelv  satisfactory  to  myself;  and  that  such  impressions  had  been 
made  on  the  minds  of  the  negroes  was  imparted  to  me  by  a  friend, 
who  had  no  reason  to  doubt  the  fact.  In  consequence  of  informa- 
tion so  truly  alarming,  I  called  the  negroes  together  in  March  last, 
and,,  after  stating  to  them  what  I  had  heard,  and  that  they  had 
been  deceived  by  those  who  had  neither  their  or  my  good  in  view. 
I  assured  them  most  solemnly  that  I  had  no  intention  to  give 
freedom  to  any  of  them,  and  that  nothing  but  a  voluntary  act  of 
mine  could  make  them  so.  That  disappointment  caused  by  this 
declaration  should  lead  to  consequences  which  followed  was  to  be 
expected." 

There  remained  then,  no  alternative,  however  distasteful,  but 
the  sale  of  his  negroes.     Emancipation   without   deportation   was 


28  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VlRdlNfA 

not  to  be  thought  of,  and  he  had  already  gone  as  far  in  that  direc- 
tion as  prudence  permitted,  and  was  at  that  time  contributing  to 
the  support  of  the  most  promising  of  his  servants  whom  he  had 
liberated  and  sent  to  Liberia. 

Judge  Washington's  connection  with  the  Colonization  Society 
deserves  more  notice  than  it  is  possible  to  give  it  in  a  sketch  of 
this  character.  He  was  its  first  president,  and  whatever  of  success 
it  enjoyed,  was  due  in  no  small  measure  to  his  labor  and  interest 
and  to  the  assistance  and  confidence  which  his  connection  with  it 
secured.  What  the  work  of  this  society  would  have  amounted  to  but 
for  the  Civil  War,  is  a  matter  of  speculation;  what  it  has  amounted 
to  is  best  told  perhaps  by  C.  H.  J.  Taylor,  who  was  appointed  by 
President  Cleveland  Minister  to  that  country,  and  who  on  his  re- 
turn to  the  United  States,  painted  a  pathetic  picture  of  reversion 
to  type. 

Judge  and  Mrs.  Washington  had  no  children,  and  the  condition 
of  her  health  rendered  impossible  a  continuance  of  the  hospitality 
that  had  made  Mount  Vernon  famous  during  the  life  of  its  pre- 
vious owner.  A  dinner  now  and  then  to  members  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  that  informal  visiting  that  constituted  one  of  the  charms 
of  Virginia  society,  was  all  that  Mrs.  Washington's  strength  per- 
mitted, and  even  that  was  much  interrupted  by  their  frequent 
absences  on  account  of  official  duties.  Mrs.  Washington  always 
accompanied  her  husband  and  insisted  on  traveling  in  their  private 
carriage,  in  which  they  made  their  regular  journeys  to  Philadelphia 
and  Trenton.  The  fall  terra  of  1829  was  attended  with  much  diffi- 
culty. PTe  managed  to  sit  through  the  session  at  Trenton  and  came 
back  to  Philadelphia,  hoping  to  perform  his  duties  there,  bat  grew 
steadily  worse  and  died  on  the  26th  of  ISTovember,  1829,  his  wife 
dying  the  following  day. 

One  short  incident  as  illustrating  his  attitude  toward  his  slaves, 
and  I  am  done. 

The  incident  was  related  to  me  by  a  niece  of  Mrs.  Washington, 
who  was  a  constant  visitor  at  Mount  Vernon,  and  now  living,  at  the 
age  of  nearly  one  hundred  years. 

An  old  negro,  who  was  a  kind  of  under  gardener,  had  been  en- 
couraged by  the  promise  of  a  dram,  to  catch  a  rat  that  had  done 
much  damage  and  destroyed  some  of  the  finest  luilbs  in  the  con- 
servatory. The  old  negro  had  long  pitted  his  cunning  against  that 
of  the  rat.  and  had  devised  many  traps  for  its  capture,  but  his 
efforts  had  been  unrewarded,  when  one  day,  while  the  family  was 
at  dinner,  there  came  a  knock  at  the  back  door,  which  was  re- 
sponded to  by  the  servant  waiting  on  the  table.     Peturning  to  the 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  39 

dining  room  and  announcing  no  visitor,  the  Judge  asked  who  had 
knocked.  The  servant  replied  it  was  nobody  but  old  Joe  with  a 
rat  and  that  he  had  sent  him  awaj-. 

"Go  and  bring  him  back/'  said  the  Judge,  and  calling  for  a 
suitable  cup  he  poured  out  the  promised  dram  and  himself  took  it 
To  the  door,  accompanying  its  presentation  to  his  old  negro  with 
highly  appreciated  praise. 

Such,  Mr.  President,  was  the  man  most  inadequately  portrayed, 
for  whose  portrait  we  beg  a  place  among  the  portraits  of  the  other 
illustrious  sons  of  this  county,  and  it  is  no  disparagement  to  the 
greatest  among  them  to  have  it  placed  there.  He  represented  what 
they  stood  for.  His  regard  for  truth,  and  Justice  was  as  great  as 
was  that  of  his  greater  kinsman,  and  his  devotion  to  duty  as  sub- 
lime as  was  that  of  the  immortal  Lee. 


ADDEESS  OF  EEV.  KANDOLPH  HAERISON  McKIM,  D.  D., 
Chuecii  of  the  Epiphany,  Washington,  D.  C, 

In  Presenting  the  Gallery  to  Westmoreland  County  at  the  Same 

Time  and  Place. 

The  genius  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  has  immortalized  the  old  Scotch- 
man, Eobert  Patterson,  who  passed  his  life  restoring  the  grave 
stones  of  the  Covenanters. 

Those  pious  labors  of  "Old  Mortality"  find  an  interesting  par- 
allel in  the  work  which  was  initiated  some  years  ago  by  your  emi- 
nent fellow  citizen.  Judge  Wright,  whom  I  am  proud  to  call  my 
friend — a  friend  of  my  early  years,  when  we  were  both  students 
at  Jefferson's  great  university.  I  refer,  of  course,  to  his  admirab  e 
enterprise  of  making  the  county  courthouses  historical  museums, 
where  the  people  may  see  portrayed  by  the  painter  or  the  sculptor 
the  forms  and  features  of  the  distinguished  men  whose  names  have 
adorned  their  annals. 

I  am  not  surprised  to  learn  that  the  plan  has  appealed  to  the 
pride  and  patriotism  of  the  people.  It  is  natural  that  these  county 
picture  galleries  should  foster  self-respect,  and  a  sense  of  dignity, 
among  the  citizens,  who  are  thus  constantly  reminded  of  the  lives 
and  talents  and  achievements  of  their  ancestors — or,  at  least,  of 
the  great  men  who  were  the  fellow  citizens  and  representatives  of 
their  ancestors. 

But  they  should  do  more.     I  think  you  may  expect  that  they 


30  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

v/ill  awake  in  the  breasts  of  your  young  men  the  laudable  ambition 
to  emulate  the  example  of  the  illustrious  men  who  sprang  from  the 
sacred  soil  of  Westmoreland.  Well  may  these  historical  museums 
be  instrumental  in  kindling  the  resolve  of  your  young  men  to  be 
worthy  of  their  sires — to  rise  to  the  same  lofty  plane  of  endeavor 
on  which  they  lived  and  labored — to  serve  their  country  and  their 
fellow^  citizens  as  they  did — to  count  for  something  in  the  making 
of  the  future  history  of  the  Old  Dominion. 

We  read  in  Holy  Writ  that  the  funeral  rites  of  a  certain  man 
of  Israel  were  rudely  interrupted  by  the  approach  of  a  band  of 
Moabite  invaders;  and  that,  in  consequence,  the  corpse  was  cast 
in  haste  into  the  sepulchre  of  the  prophet  Elisha,  whereupon  an 
amazing  thing  occurred,  viz.,  this :  "WTien  the  dead  man  was  let 
down  and  touched  the  bones  of  Elisha,  he  revived  and  stood  up 
on  his  feet.'^ 

This,  my  fellow  citizens,  is  to  me  a  parable  of  what  may  be 
anticipated  when  a  young  man  in  whose  breast  noble  ambition  is 
dead,  patriotism  is  dead,  the  sense  of  responsibility  for  the  better- 
ment of  the  world  is  dead — and,  alas !  there  are  such  young  men,, 
dead  W'hile  they  live,  dead  to  the  solemn  issues  and  the  splendid 
opportunities  of  life — I  say,  when  such  a  young  man  is  brought 
into  contact  with  even,  so  to  speak,  the  bones  of  those  great  men  of 
old  Virginia;  with  the  memories  of  what  they  were;  with  the  story 
of  their  lives ;  wdth  even  a  feeble  outline  of  their  achievements,  we 
may  expect,  in  some  cases,  at  least,  a  similar  resurrection.  He  will 
awake  to  a  new  life.  Ambition  will  stir  within  his  breast  to  play 
worthily  his  part  on  the  stage  of  life.  He  will  say  to  himself,  "Why 
should  not  my  life  count  for  something  in  the  land  of  my  birth? 
Why  should  not  I  achieve  something  worthy  the  name  I  bear — 
worthy  of  the  great  State  of  which  I  am  a  citizen?  Why  not? 
The  same  blood  flows  in  my  veins.  The  same  noble  line  of  ances- 
tors incite  me  to  be  worthy  of  my  birth — worthy  of  my  name." 

My  fellow  citizens,  why  should  we  think  the  old  noblesse  of  this 
ancient  commonwealth  incapable  of  a  new  outburst  of  genius  and 
force  when  the  times  shall  require  it? 

It  (lid  not  fail  half  a  century  ago  when  a  tremendous  crisis 
arose  in  the  history  of  the  Old  Dominion.  A  hero  arose — he  was 
born  ill  old  Stratford — who  wrought  deeds  of  arms  more  illustrious 
than  any  wrought  by  the  famous  men  of  the  Eevolutionary  epoch. 
Such  w'as  his  stature,  in  peace  as  well  as  in  war,  that  he  stands  in 
the  Temple  of  Fame  the  unquestioned  equal  of  that  other  great 
American  whom  Westmoreland  gave  to  the  world,  born  at  old 
Wakefield.     Anrl  this  oflorious  hero  of  1861-'T0  was  not  alone.     He 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  31 

had  behind  him  a  great  company  of  men  of  courage  and  capacity, 
unsurpassed  in  the  Eevolution  of  1776.  Yes,  Virginia's  outburst 
of  genius  and  force  in  18G1  was  worthy  of  her  best  days. 

Fellow  citizens,  I  have  faith  to  believe  it  will  not  fail  in  the 
time  to  come,  and  I  think  this  enterprise  of  my  friend,  Judge 
Wright,  will  help  it  to  the  birth. 

The  early  settlers  of  this  county  named  it  Westmoreland  after 
that  famous  county  in  the  west  of  England  which  has  ever  been 
renowned  for  its  beautiful  mountains  and  its  lovely  lakes — Win- 
dermere, Grasmere,  and  Ulswater.  But  this  Virginia  Westmore- 
land presents  a  striking  contrast  in  those  respects  to  the  West- 
moreland of  old  England.  Here  is,  indeed,  on  your  northern  bor- 
der a  majestic  river  to  which  all  Europe  can  furnish  no  equal,  but 
you  have  no  charming  lakes  reflecting  lovely  hills  and  mirroring 
the  changing  hues  of  the  sky;  you  have  no  beautiful  mountains 
lifting  their  lofty  heads  towards  heaven.  Your  country  is  level 
(I  believe  it  boasts  one  hill),  and  though  it  has  a  beauty  and  a 
charm  all  its  own,  it  cannot  rival  the  picturesquencss  of  that  famous 
lake  country  of  the  northwest  of  England. 

But,  my  friends,  as  the  traveller  passes  through  this  Virginia 
Westmoreland,  the  forms  of  the  great  men  who  have  sprung  from 
its  soil  rise  before  him.  Their  fame,  their  great  deeds,  tower  up 
to  heaven,  loftier  and  more  majestic  than  the  mountains  of  Eng- 
land's Westmoreland.  The  deeds  they  have  wrought,  the  ideas  they 
have  given  to  the  world,  the  standards  of  civic  virtue  they  have 
upheld,  are  like  lofty  peaks  piercing  the  sky  on  every  hand.  After 
all,  great  men  are  more  impressive  than  great  mountains,  and  the 
great  men  born  on  this  sacred  soil  of  yours  are  among  the  greatest 
of  all  time. 

Here  were  born  two  Presidents  of  the  United  States — Washing- 
ton, "the  Father  of  his  Country,"  and  Monroe,  "the  Father  of  the 
Monroe  doctrine."  Close  to  your  border  was  born  Madison,  ^^the 
Father  of  the  Constitution."  Here,  too,  was  born  Thomas  Mar- 
shall, father  of  the  great  Chief  Justice  Marshall ;  so  that  Westmore- 
land is  the  grandmother  of  that  illustrious  jurist.  Here  was  born 
another  great  jurist,  Bushrod  Washington,  whom  President  Adams 
placed  second  only  to  John  Marshall,  and  who  in  the  estimation  of 
Mr.  Justice  Story,  was  one  of  the  greatest  ornaments  that  ever 
adorned  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  United  States.  Of  other  fam- 
ilies which  flourished  here,  I  have  time  only  to  speak  of  one — that 
illustrious  family  of  the  Lees,  which  has  given  so  many  notable 
men  to  history,  from  Colonel  Richard  Henry  Lee,  who  dared  to 
challenge  the   power  of  the  mighty   Cromwell,   and    only   at   last 


32  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIROrNTA 

acknowledged  his  authority  on  condition  that  the  Old  Dominion 
should  never  bear  taxation  without  representation,   down  to  the 
last  and  greatest  of  the  name.     Grand  old  Stratford  House  has  a 
history   unequaled   by   any   other   mansion   in    American   history. 
There  lived  Governor  Thomas  liCe,  whose  worth  was  so  much  ap- 
preciated in  the  mother  country  that  Queen  Caroline  contributed, 
unsolicited,  a  large  sum  from  the  Privy  Purse  to  help  rebuild  it, 
when  it  had  been  destroyed  by  fire.     There,  in  the  same  chamber, 
Avere  born  two  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  par  nobile  fratrum,, 
Francis   Lightfoot   Lee   and   Eichard   Henry   Lee,   the    Cicero   of 
the  Continental  Congress,  scholar   (Wirt  says  he  was  by  far  the 
most  elegant  scholar  in  the  House) .  debater,  statesman,  patriot, 
orator,  "the  smooth  tongued  chief,   from   whose   persuasive  lips, 
sweeter  than  honey,  flowed  the  stream  of  speech" — the  man  who 
dared  to  propose  the  resolution  that  "these  Colonies  are  and  by 
right  ought  to  be  free  and  independent  States'" — the  man  who  was 
unanimousl}'   elected    President    of    the    American    Congress   and 
afterwards  one  of  Virginia's  first  representatives  in  the  United 
States  Senate — the  man  who  would  have  been  charged  with  the 
duty  of  writing  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  but  that  he  an- 
swered the  call  to  hasten  to  the  bedside  of  his  sick  wife.     It  was 
he  who  wrote  the  Memorial  of  Congress  to  the  people  of  British 
America.     His  hand  also  produced  the  Address  of  Congress  to  the 
People  of  Great  Britain,  productions  which  Mr.  Wirt  says  were 
"unsurpassed  by  any  of  the  State  Papers  of  the  time."     No  won- 
der the  British  made  such  strenuous  efforts  to  capture  him.     At 
Stratford  was  born  also   Arthur  Lee,  who  rendered   such   di'stin- 
gnished  service  to  the  young  Eepublic  in  France  and  England.    At 
Stratford,  too,  lived  Henry  Lee,  the  famous  Light  Horse  Harry,  a 
soldier  of  great   ability,   the   favorite   of   Washington,   chosen   by 
Congress  to  pronounce  his  funeral  oration;  an  accomplished  classi- 
cal scholar,  a  brilliant  orator  and  the  historian  of  the  Southern 
Campaigns  of  the  Eevolution.     One  of  his  famous  utterances  may 
here  be  recalled :    "Virginia   is  my   country !      Her  will   I    obey, 
however  lamentable  the  fate  to  which  it  may  subject  me !"     But  I 
have  yet  to  name  the  crowning  glory  of  old  Stratford — it  was  the 
birthplace  of  the  greatest  'soldier  in  American  history.     "His  eye 
and  lofty  brow  the  counterpart  of  Jove,  the  Lord  of  thunder" — of 
whom  Viscount  Lord  Wolseley  has  said  that  he  would  be  recognized 
as  the  greatest  American  of  the  nineteenth  century,  and  of  whom 
Freeman  the  historian  said,  that  he  was  worthy  to  occupy  in  his- 
tory a  place  side  by  'side  with  Washington  himself;  and  I  may  re- 
mind you  that  Lord  Brougham  acclaimed  Washington  as  the  sreat 
est  man  of  our  own  or  an;y  other  ag;.. 


WESTMORELA^ND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  33 

Yes,  my  fellow  cdtizens,  this  old  coimty  of  Wesxmoreland  was 
the  mother  of  both  these  peerless  heroes — Washington,  whose  brow 
Fortune  crowned  with  the  laurel  of  success  in  his  great  Eebellion 
against  the  mother  country;  and  Lee,  foredoomed  by  Fate  to  fail 
in  his  Titanic  effort  to  establish  the  Southern  Confederacy,  but  in 
ispite  of  failure — yes,  by  reason  of  his  failure,  rising  to  a  height  of 
moral  grandeur  never  reached  by  any  other  American. 

History  tells  us  that  seven  cities  contended  for  the  honor  of 
being  the  birthplace  of  Homer,  but  Westmoreland  has  the  undis- 
puted title  of  having  been  the  birthplace  of  these  two  greatest 
Americans.  ISTo  wonder  this  ancient  county  has  been  called  the 
Athens  of  Virginia,  for  the  "worth,  the  talents  and  the  patriot- 
ism that  once  adorned  it.''  No  wonder  it  has  been  celebrated  above 
all  other  counties  in  Virginia  as  the  birthplace  of  genius  and  lib- 
erty. The  great  Athenian  orator,  Pericles,  once  exclaimed,  "The 
M^hole  earth  is  the  sepulchre  of  illustrious  men,"  because  their 
greatness  has  given  them  a  claim  upon  all  the  world.  But  the  city 
or  the  county  that  gives  birth  to  a  great  man  receives  the  homage 
of  the  world  as  the  benefactor  of  mankind. 

Such  is  the  homage  which  is  due  to  this  Virginia  Westmore- 
land for  the  patriot's,  the  orators,  the  soldiers,  the  jurists,  the 
statesmen,  she  has  given  to  America  and  to  mankind. 

The  nations  of  the  world  to-day  acclaim  this  great  Eepublic  of 
the  W>st.  They  recognize  her  as  the  mightiest  power  on  earth. 
'Fhey  do  honor  to  her  flag  in  every  land  and  on  every  sea.  But  it 
may  be  truly  said,  that  but  for  the  men  of  genius  and  devoted 
patriotism  who  'sprang  from  your  soil,  my  fellow  citizens,  the  thir- 
teen colonies  would  never  have  achieved  their  independence  and  the 
United  States  of  x\merica  would  never  have  been  born. 

The  spirit  of  liberty  and  independence  began  to  stir  in  this 
famous  county,  I  believe,  at  an  earlier  period  than  in  any  other 
part  of  our  broad  land.  Your  patriots  met  at  Leedstown,  in  the 
northern  part  of  this  county,  under  the  leadership  of  Richard 
Henry  Lee  and  the  presidency  of  Judge  Parker,  to  denounce  and 
oppose  the  Stamp  Act,  ten  years  before  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, and  long  before  the  North  Carolina  Declaration  at  Meck- 
lenburg. 

But  to-day,  alas !  the  traveller  in  the  Northern  ]Sl  eck  finds  many 
a  scene  of  desolation  where  once  were  the  homes  of  patriots  and 
statesmen.  Wakefield  is  no  more.  Chantilly  is  a  wilderness.  Of 
Nomini  Hall  not  one  stone  is  left  upon  another.  Pope's  Creek 
Church  is  in  ruins.  Leeds  Church  has  disappeared.  Round 
Hill  Church  is  no  more.     Even  tHe  grand  old  pile  of  Stratford  is 


34  WESTMORELAND    COC'\Ty,    VlItiJlMA 

falling  into  decay.  We  see  in  many  places  the  ruins  of  clmrches, 
mansions  and  cemeteries,  once  identified  with  the  great  families  of 
the  county. 

Well,  in  some  respects  it  is  true  that  decay  and  death  have  set 
I  heir  seal  on  much  in  this  county  that  was  once  associated  with  its 
genius,  with  its  culture,  with  its  force.  What  then?  Though  the 
seed  be  dead,  the  harvest  that  sprang  from  it  has  filled  the  world 
with  the  fruits  of  liberty  and  justice  and  civilization.  So  these 
old  decaying  mansions,  these  ruined  churches,  "the)|3e  neglected 
cemeteries,  should  be  to  every  American  sacred  spofs,  consecrated 
for  all  time  by  the  memories  of  the  brilliant  past ;  by  the  liveis  and 
achievements  of  the  great  men  whose  homes  were  in  this  ancient 
county,  and  hence  went  forth  to  build  the  American  Republic. 
Yes,  it  is  meet  we  should  do  homage  to-day  to  the  shades  of  the 
mighty  men,  the  sons  of  old  Westmoreland,  whose  genius  and  self- 
devotion  created  the  fabric  of  our  free  institutions. 

The  venerable  Bishop  Meade,  reflecting  upon  the  spectacle  pre- 
sented by  the  ruined  churches  and  mansions  of  Westmoreland,  says 
one  is  tempted  to  exclaim,  ""Fidt  Ilium  ei  ingens  gloria  Dardani- 
dum''  but  no,  he  continues,  "We  trust  there  awaits  for  Westmore- 
land a  greater  glory  than  the  former." 

Prophetic  words,  my  fellow  citizens,  for  to-day  a  greater  glory 
does  indeed  belong  to  Westmoreland  than  when  the  noble  Bishop 
contemplated  her  fallen  grandeur,  in  that  she  is  acclaimed  as  the 
mother  of  that  hero  of  whom  1  have  'spoken,  born  at  Stratford, 
whose  glory  fills  the  world,  as  did  that  of  Washington,  shining, 
too,  with  a  peculiar  lustre  derived  from  the  fact  that  in  defeat  and 
disaster  he  bore  himself  with  a  majesty  and  a  dignity  and  a  spirit 
of  Christian  'self-sacrifice  and  sulmiission  which  the  great  son  of 
Wakefield,  crowned  as  he  was  with  success,  never  had  the  oppor- 
tunity to  show. 

Nor  is  the  venerable  Bishop's  prophecy  yet  entirely  fulfilled. 
We  believe  that  Westmoreland  will  yet  bring  forth  noble  fruit  in 
lier  old  age.  Her  waste  places  shall  be  restored:  she  shall  l)lossom 
as  the  rose:  her  soil  will  vet  support  a  teeming  population:  her 
ruined  churches  shall  be  rebuilt:  her  people  shall  be  animated  by  a 
spirit  worthy  of  her  great  past:  her  young  men  sliali  be  fired  with 
a  noble  ambition  to  emulate  th(>  patriotism  and  the  virtues  of  her 
heroes  of  former  days:  the  old  (Commonwealth  of  Virginia  shall 
welcome  to  her  counsels  men  ol  an  intelU^ctual  and  moral  stature 
wortliy  of  Westmoreland  s  splendid  history.  And  vvliat  we  are  do- 
ing liere  to-day  shall,  by  God''s  blessing,  contribute  to  that  <>nd  so 
devoutly  desired  bv  us  all. 


WESTHORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  35 

ADDRESS  OF  EEV.  GEORGE  WM.  BEALE,  D.  D., 

Of  Westmoreland  County^  Va., 
In  Accepting  the  Gallery  at  the  Same  Time  and  Place. 

Your  Honor,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen, — The  interest  and  pleas- 
ure which  I  feel  in  accepting  in  behalf  of  the  people  of  this  county, 
this  elegant  statne  and  these  portraits  of  her  distingui'shed  sons, 
spring  from  a  variety  of  sources.  One  of  these,  and  it  is  one  which 
all  present  must  have  greatly  enjoyed,  i's  the  exceedingly  graceful 
and  felicitous  manner  in  which  these  memorials  were  presented 
by  the  distinguished  gentleman  who  has  just  spoken  (Dr.  McKim). 
It  is  a  plea'sing  cause  of  felicitation  to  us  all  that  among  the  men 
represented  in  these  portraits  there  are  so  many  names  eminent  in 
our  history  and  embalmed  in  the  hearts  of  all  our  countrymen. 
It  is  also  a  source  of  happy  reflection  that  the  merits  and  virtues 
of  these  worthy  men  are  not  sinking  and  fading  from  the  minds 
of  their  posterity,  but  are  receiving  ever  fresh  and  significant 
tokens  of  a  growing  appreciation  and  esteem.  It  is,  moreover,  a 
matter  of  hearty  congratulation  that  it  cannot  Be  so  truly  said  jas 
once  it  was.  that  as  a  people  we  are  too  intent  and  busy  in  making 
history  to  care  for  its  records  or  the  perpetuation  of  its  memorial's. 
Now,  happily,  it  would  seem  if  our  gaze  be  on  the  future  and 
"Forward"  be  our  motto,  and  oun  hands  eagerly  grapple  with  the 
strenuous  present,  we  still  can  pause  to  glance  backward  at  the 
lights  which  have  illumined  our  pathway,  and  to  give  attentive 
heed  to  the  voice?  which  call  to  us  from  the  past  in  mingled  ac- 
cents of  virtue,  of  manly  honor,  of  love  of  country,  and  of  un- 
selifish  and  oft  times  heroic  devotion  to  duty.  For  one,  at  least,  I 
say  thrice  welcome  the  day  when  the  easrer  present  clasps  hands  with 
the  past,  and  the  grateful  children  gather  reverently,  as  it  were, 
at  the  feet  of  the  fathers,  to  crown  their  brows  with  the  chaplets 
of  their  veneration  and  love. 

The  patriots  and  heroes  represented  in  these  portraits  claim 
our  devout  and  admiring  contemplation  not  merely  because  of  their 
high  characters,  but  by  reason  of  the  important  positions  which 
they  held,  the  high  arenas  on  which  they  acted,  and  the  noble  ser- 
vices which  they  rendered.  One  of  them — Colonel  Thomas  Lee — 
was  acting  Governor  of  Virginia  when  she  was  as  yet  a  colonial 
dependence  of  Great  Britain.  Another — William  Lee — having 
made  his  residence  in  England,  became  Lord  Mayor  of  London 
and  Middlesex.  Another — Richard  Henry  Lee — as  a  member  of 
the  Continental  Congress  of  1776,  offered  the  memorable  resolu- 


36  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

tion  for  Independence  which  unsheathed  the  sword  of  the  Eevolu- 
tion.  Another — George  Washington — led  the  colonial  armies  to 
victory  in  that  great  conflict.  Two  of  them  (Washington  and  Mon- 
roe) were  elevated  to  the  chief  magistracy  of  the  nation.  Three  of 
them  (William  Lee,  Arthur  Lee,  and  James  Monroe)  served  effi- 
ciently as  diplomatic  agents  at  the  leading  courts  of  Europe;  two 
of  them  (Charles  Lee  and  James  Monroe)  served  as  United  States 
cabinet  officers;  two  of  them  (Henry  Lee,  son  by  adoption,  and 
James  Monroe)  were  Governors  of  Virginia;  one  (Bushrod  Wnsh- 
ington)  was  a  justice  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court;  one 
(Eichard  E.  Parker)  was  a  Justice  of  the  Virginia  Court  of  Ap- 
peals; two  (Eichard  Parker  and  John  Critcher)  were  judges  of  Vir- 
ginia circuits,  and  eight  at  least  (E.  H.  Lee,  Francis  L.  Lee,  Arthur 
Lee,  Henry  Lee,  an  adopted  son,  John  P.  Hungerford,  Willoughby 
Newton,  E.  L.  T.  Beale,  and  E.  M.  Mayo)  held  seats  in  Congress. 
And  amongst  these  all — conspicuous  and  commanding — rises  the 
majestic  form  of  Eobert  Edward  Lee,  who  was  to  this  old  county 
even  as  Joseph  was  to  Jacob,  for  whom  in  the  hours  of  his  stern 
trials  and  splendid  victories  she  felt  as  the  patriarch  felt  for  his 
favorite  son — "The  archers  have  sorely  grieved  him,  and  shot  at  him 
and  hated  him :  but  his  bow  abode  in  strength,  and  the  arms  of  his 
liand  were  made  strong  by  the  hands  of  the  mighty  God  of  Jacob." 

The  endeavor  to  perpetuate  in  enduring  portraiture  the  forms 
and  features  of  these  great  and  worthy  men  is  one  for  which  the 
citizens  of  this  county  find  abundant  incentive  and  encouragement 
from  what  the  public  spirit  and  patriotism  of  our  coujitr3anen  have 
already  done  in  every  part  of  this  great  Eepublic.  In  the  dis- 
charge of  such  a  duty  we  are  but  joining  hands  with  broad  minded 
and  liberal  Americans  who  in  the  jSTorth,  South,  East  and  West, 
have  paid  more  elaborate  and  costly  tributes  to  the  memory  and 
deeds  of  these  noble  sons  than  we  can  do  to-day.  The  marble 
effigy,  the  granite  column,  the  heroic  bronze,  the  life-like  portrait, 
the  finished  steel-plate,  have  all  been  commanded,  and  the  genius 
of  art  has  bestowed  its  choicest  benedictions  on  the  chief  figures 
in  this  pantheon  of  our  patriots,  statesmen,  jurists  and  soldiers. 
It  would  seem  to  be  an  easy  and  a  graceful  thing  that  when  the 
universal  chorus  is  proclaiming  their  praises,  and  the  votaries  of 
patriotism  and  honor  in  other  places  are  weaving  wreaths  for  their 
l3rows.  some  notes  should  mingle  in  the  mighty  song  from  the  native 
hannts  which  these  worthies  once  frequented,  and  some  sprigs  be 
offered  from  the  ground  once  hallowed  by  their  birth  and  early 
footprints. 

It  seems  proper  to  note  that  in  thus  paying  formal  tribute  to 
these  eminent  sons  of  Westmoreland,  by  birth  and  adoption,  we  are 
doing  indirect  and  porclianco  unconscious  honor  to  the  local  con- 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    MBGINIA  37 

ditioiis  and  home  influences  amidst  which  their  lofty  ideals  were 
formed  and  their  nobility  of  character  nurtured.  These  men,  in 
tlieir  pure  and  lofty  piatriotism,  their  love  of  justice  and  right, 
their  unconquerable  love  of  liberty,  their  high  sense  of  personal 
and  professional  honor,  their  indomitable  courage  and  firmness, 
iheir  magnanimity  and  patience,  their  public  virtue  which  no  pres- 
sure could  bend  and  no  shock  could  break,  came  not  into  possession 
of  their  rich  investiture  of  intellectual  and  moral  manhood  by 
chance.  These  splendid  qualities  sprang  not  from  the  virgin  soil 
which  gave  them  birth;  they  were  not  exhaled  from  the  generous 
foliage  of  the  primeval  trees  beneath  which  they  sported  in  their 
childhood  gambols;  they  were  not  shed  down  on  them  like  star- 
light from  the  heavens  which  bent  benignly  over  them  in  youth; 
nor  did  prodigal  nature,  like  a  fond  mother,  confer  them  along 
with  her  other  splendid  bestowments  of  pliysical  and  intellectual 
manhood.  But  they  were  instilled  into  them  at  their  mothers' 
knees;  they  were  an  inheritance  transmitted  from  sires  to  sons, 
and  that  from  hardy  men  who  had  fought  in  freedom's  battles 
beyond  the  sea  and  in  the  colonial  wars;  they  Avere  imprinted  on 
their  minds  and  hearts  by  the  examples  and  traditions  of  their 
homes,  and  by  the  swords  and  rapiers,  the  muskets  and  pistols, 
hanging  on  their  walls,  which  had  mingled  in  bloody  scenes  of 
valor  and  prowess  on  historic  fields;  they  came  to  them  as  an  in- 
spiration from  fathers  who  had  in  small  crafts  braved  the  ocean's 
storms,  who  had  met  the  crafty  perils  of  a  savage  foe,  who  had 
felled  the  forests,  had  cleared  the  jungles,  opened  the  highways, 
builded  the  pioneer  homes,  and  reared  shrines  of  domestic  life,  edu- 
cation and"  religion  where  dense  wildwood  and  tangled  vines  had 
grown,  and  had  learned  by  these  hardy  struggles  self-reliance  and 
independence  and  that  resolute  spirit  which  shrinks  not  in  the  face 
of  difficulties  or  at  the  frown  of  dangers. 

These  men  caught  the  spirit  of  patriotism  from  fathers  whose 
right  hands  had  won  the  land  from  its  savage  occupants,  and  who 
in  the  struggle  had  been  hrought  into  close  and  sympathetic  touch 
with  it :  who  had  had  fellowship  with  it  in  all  its  varying  forms 
and  cluinging  seasons,  who  had  stretched  their  forms  for  rest  and 
sleep  on  its  leaf-covered  bosom,  who  in  the  intervals  of  their  slum- 
bers had  gazed  .up  through  overarching  branches  at  the  stars,  who 
had  heard  the  roar  of  the  tempests  among  the  giant  trees,  who  had 
watched  eagles  in  majestic  flight  sweeping  to  their  eyries,  and  seen 
the  sportive  deer  bounding  in  tlieir  forest  haunts  free  as  the  winds 
of  heaven  :  who  had  listened  with  easrer  ear  to  the  echoes  of  the 
huntsman's  horn.  avIio  knew  the  gurgling  music  of  the  unfettered 
streamlets,  the  sound  of  rustling  leaves,  the  patter  of  the  rain  drops, 


38  WESTMORELAND    COfJXTY,    VrRCJiyiA 

the  plaintive  notes  of  the  turtle  cloves,  the  glad  voices  of  all  the 
woodland  songsters,  in  a  word,  all  the  countless  harmonies  which 
mingle  in  the  grand  oratorio  of  nature,  and  who  felt; 

"My  native  country,  thee, 
Land  of  the  noble  free. 
Thy  name  I  love, 
I  love  thy  rocks  and  rills. 
Thy  woods  and  templed  hills, 
My  heart  with  rapiture  thrills. 
Like  that  above." 

Such  exercises  as  engage  our  attention  to-day,  intended  to  com- 
memorate our  illustrious  dead  as  they  are,  should  not  be  deemed 
empty  or  valueless  as  respects  their  moral,  virtuous  and  patriotic 
tendency  and  teaching.  They  have  indeed  a  bearing,  and  are 
fraught  with  a  signi'ficance,  above  all  merely  practical,  commercial 
or  utilitarian  aims  and  objects,  much  as  these  are  emphasized  in 
these  strenuous  and  grinding  times.  If  we  should  trace  the  his- 
tory of  the  foremost  nations  in  all  the  files  of  time  with  respect 
to  their  art,  their  literature  and  their  eloquence,  we  should  find 
that  these  have  all  been  kindled  into  their  highest  and  noblest 
flames  at  the  cenotaphs  of  their  immortal  dead.  The  inspired  pens 
of  the  Hebrew  writers  of  the  Bible  never  caught  a  more  seraphic 
fire  than  Avhen  portraying  the  footprints  of  the  Man  of  Galilee 
or  the  deeds  of  those  heroes  of  faith  "of  whom  the  world  was  not 
worthy."  Grecian  oratory  knew  no  finer  masterpiece  than  Pericles' 
eulogy  of  his  fallen  countryman,  and  its  poetry  never  attained  a 
higher  mark  than  when  Homer,  ''the  grand  old  bard  that  never 
dies,"  sang  the  martial  deeds  of  her  heroes  who  maintained  their 
country's  honor  and  prowess  on  the  Trojan  plains.  Amongst  the 
Latins  the  foremost  place  in  their  treasured  literature  must  be 
accorded  to  Virgil,  recounting  in  one  of  the  grandest  epics  of  all 
time  the  deeds  of  ^neas  and  Anchises,  of  Hector  and  Achilles, 
of  Dido,  Pallas  and  Camillas.  The  annals  of  English  literature — 
British  and  American — and  the  treasures  of  its  painting  and  sculp- 
ture contain  no  triumphs  nobler  or  more  inspiring  than  those  which 
portray  the  deeds  or  perpetuate  the  forms 

"Of  the  few,  the  immortal  names  that  were  not  born  to  die." 

But  it  is  not  on  the  altars  of  genius  alone,  whether  consecrated 
by  poetry,  or  art,  or  eloquence,  that  the  contemplation  of  men  of 
high  attainments  and  noble  deeds  is  felt  as  an  insfiiration  to  stir 
the  soul  with  aspirations  for  nobler  and  better  things.  The  plain 
people,  the  common  sons  and  daughters  of  toil — the  honest  yeo- 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY^    \  IRdlNIA  39 

inanry,  their  country's  strength  and  pride — own  the  spell,  and  arc 
responsive  to  the  iniiuences  of  such  lives  and  characters.  They 
recognize  in  such  contemplations  a  call  to  set  a  higher  estimate  on 
their  own  condition  and  surroundings,  to  inspire  a  generous  spirit 
of  emulation,  to  elevate  the  standard  of  personal  honor,  to  inspire 
a  higher  conception  of  the  dignity  and  capabilities  of  our  fallen 
but  sublime  humanity,  and  to  brighten  the  prospects  of  our  coun- 
try's high  mission  and  destiny. 

And  this  recalls  to  me  an  aged  and  shrivelled  woman  who  once 
lived  within  a  mile  of  this  place,  where  now  a  lone  chimne}^  stand- 
ing amidst  tall  scions,  weeds  and  rubbish,  keeps  solitary  sentry  over 
the  spot  of  her  ruined  home.  I  knev^  her  in  the  years  which  im- 
mediately succeeded  the  war  of  secession,  when  the  ease,  afflu- 
ence and  comforts  of  her  better  days  were  gone,  when  devastation 
and  poverty  brooded  like  the  grim  spectres  of  a  hideous  nightmare 
over  her  State;  when  want,  chilling  and  haggard,  threatened  en- 
trance at  her  door.  It  was  a  time  when  chill  penury  -might  well 
freeze  the  genial  current  of  her  soul  and  bitter  repinings  suppress 
the  glad  songs  of  her  happier  days.  I  knew  her  amidst  the  chaos, 
the  wreck,  the  gloom,  that  war's  convulsion  had  left,  when  from 
her  grandmother's  chair,  with  age-dimmed  eyes,  she  could  look  out 
on  desolated  fortunes,  and  domestic  and  political  institutions  and 
Southern  valor  all  lying  like  a  carcass  on  the  field  with  the  vul- 
inres  gathering  over  it;  when  patriot  graves  and  household  gods 
were  trodden  beneath  alien  feet.  But  as  far  as  I  could  observe  she 
yielded  to  no  spirit  of  repining;  she  seemed  to  know  how  to  "he 
still  in  God."  But  she  would  talk  of  her  revolutionary  sire,  of  her 
uncles  who  served  under  Washington,  of  their  co-patriots,  of  men 
whom  she  had  known  in  later  wars  upholding  their  country's  cause 
and  honor.  How  her  face  would  brighten  and  her  eye  kindle  at 
mention  of  their  nobleness,  their  chivalry,  their  'fine  gentlemanly 
courtesy,  their  patriotism  and  manly  honor!  i\midst  the  shadows 
and  desolation  that  surrounded  her,  'twas  evident  that  in  her 
thought  a  grand  and  noble  past  was  casting  more  than  sunset 
glories  over  her  State ;  and  one  could  see  that  memories  of  the 
heroic  dead  were  kindling  the  fine  enthusiasm  of  her  being,  and 
her  indomitable  and  unconquerable  spirit  was  drawing  inspiration 
from  the  ashes  of  her  sires.  As  I  listened  to  this  noble  type  of  a 
noble  race,  I  could  not  but  feel  for  myself  and  for  my  conntymen, 
as  I  do  feel  here  and  now — 

"Long,  long  be  my  heart  with  such  memories  filled, 
Like  the  vase  in  which  roses  have  once  been  distilled. 
You  may  break,  you  may  shatter  the  vase  if  you  will, 
But  the  scent  of  the  roses  will  hnus,  round  it  still." 


II. 

Leedstown,  the  Southern   Cradle  of  American 
Independence. 

The  Famous  Articles  of  "The  Association  of  Westmoreland"  Of- 
fered hy  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Passed  hy  the  Patriots  of 
Westmoreland  More  Than  Nine  Years  Before  the  MecMen- 
hurg  (N.  C.)  Resolutions  and  More  Than  Ten  Years  Before 
the  Declaration  of  l7idependence. 

Few  people  realize  that  the  little  settlement  in  Westmoreland 
county  on  the  Rappahannock  river,  where  the  large  steamers  from 
Fredericksburg  to  Baltimore  tie  up  for  the  night,  is  one  of  the  his- 
toric places  in  this  country,  and  the  many  travelers  and  tourists, 
passengers  on  these  elegant  steamers,  never  think,  as  they  look  out 
at  the  three  or  four  houses,  that  this  was  once  an  important  port, 
and  that  vessels  direct  from  P]ng]and  landed  here  and  discharged 
their  cargoes  of  the  many  articles  not  manufactured  here  then ; 
that  to  this  port  came  the  polished  furniture,  the  beautiful  china, 
the  massive  silver,  and  the  elegant  dresses  that  adorned  the  Homes 
and  the  persons  of  those  great  Westmoreland  families,  such  as  the 
Washingtons,  Lees,  Monroes,  and  others  who  lived  here  in  colonial 
days;  that  here  shiploads  of  tobacco  and  other  products  of  tlie  soil 
were  loaded  for  foreign  countries. 

In  IGOS,  when  Captain  John  Smith  and  his  party  first  explored 
the  Eapp^ahannock  river,  Leedstown  was  then  an  Indian  town  of 
much  consequence,  the  home  of  King  Passassaek,  of  the  Rappa- 
hannock tribe.  Captain  Smith's  party  was  attacked  by  these  Rap- 
pahannocks,  and  Richard  Featherstone  was  killed.  He  was  buried 
on  the  south  side  of  the  Rappahannock  river,  near  the  water  edge, 
a  few  miles  below  Leedstown.  This  was  the  first  death  and  burial 
of  a  white  man  in  this  section. 

Leedstown  was  settled  in  1683,  and  named  after  Leeds,  in  Eng- 
land. From  the  very  first,  the  white  settlers  were  constantly  at- 
tacked by  the  Indians,  with  the  riv^^ult  that  a  military  spirit  grew 
up  among  the  people,  and  we  find  among  the  military  leaders 
against  the  Indians  these  familiar  names:  Captain  John  Lee,  Cap- 
tain John  Washington,  Captain  George  Mnsoii  and  Captain  Brent. 
In  fact,  it  was  the  terrible  retaliation  upon  the  Indians  by  Captains 
Mason  and  Brent  that  l)rought  on  the  general  uprising  that  finally 
resulted  in  "Bacon's  Rebellion." 


WESTMORELAND    C0VST1\    VIRGIXfA  41 

Leedstown  and  the   Stamp  Act. 

In  1764,  when  the  British  Parliament  passed  the  odious  Stamp 
Act,  it  was  violently  opposed  by  the  people  of  this  section.  The 
justices  of  Westmoreland  county  promptly  notified  the  Assembly 
that  they  would  not  act  after  November,  1765,  because  "from  that 
period,  the  Acts  for  establishing  stamps  in  America  commences, 
which  Act  will  impose  on  us  the  necessity  of  either  not  conforming 
to  its  direction,  or,  by  so  doing,  to  become  instruments  in  the  de- 
struction of  the  most  essential  rights  and  liberties  of  our  coun- 
try," In  fact,  in  1766,  more  than  ten  years  before  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  Thomas  Ludwell  Lee,  who  was  born  at  Stratford, 
but  then  living  in  Stafford  county,  dispatched  by  a  boy  to  his 
brother,  Eichard  Henry  Lee  (also  born  at  Stratford,  and  then  liv- 
ing at  Chantilly,  an  adjoining  estate),  a  letter  which  read:  "We 
propose  to  be  in  Leedstown  in  the  afternoon  of  the  27th  inst., 
where  we  expect  to  meet,  those  who  will  come  from  your  way.  It 
is  proposed  that  all  who  have  swords  or  pistols  will  ride  with  them, 
and  those  who  choose,  a  firelock.  This  will  be  a  fine  opportunity 
to  effect  the  scheme  of  an  association,  and  I  would  be  glad  if  you 
would  think  of  a  plan."  On  the  day  specified,  on  all  the  roads 
leading  to  Leedstown,  our  patriotic  fathers  came  riding  into  that 
ancient  village.  On  that  day,  they  formed  an  association,  and  one 
hundred  and  fifteen  of  'them  solemnly  bound  themselves  in  the 
following  agreement : 

"We  who  subscribe  this  paper  have  associated  and  do  bind  our- 
selves to  each  other,  to  God.  and  to  our  country,  by  the  firmest  ties 
that  religion  and  virtue  can  frame  most  sacredly  and  punctually  to 
stand  by,  and  with  our  lives  and  our  fortunes,  to  support,  maintain 
and  defend  each  other  in  the  observance  and  execution  of"  certain 
Articles,  among  which  we  find  this :  "As  the  Stamp  Act  does  abso- 
lutely direct  the  property  of  the  people  to  be  taken  from  them 
without  their  consent,  expressed  by  their  representation,  and,  as  in 
many  cases,  it  deprives  the  British  American  subject  of  his  right 
of  trial  by  jury,  we  do  determine,  at  every  hazard,  and  paying  no 
regard  to  danger  or  to  death,  we  will  exert  every  faculty  to  prevent 
the  execution  of  said  Stamp  Act  in  any  instance  whatsoever  with 
this  Colony,  and  every  abandoned  wretch  who  shall  be  so  lost  to 
virtue  and  public  good  as  wickedly  to  contribute  to  the  introduction 
or  ifixture  of  the  Stamp  Act  in  this  Colony,  by  using  stamp  paper, 
or  by  any  other  means,  we  Avill.  with  the  utmost  expedition,  con- 
vince all  such  proHigates  tliat  immediate  Sanger  and  disgrace  shall 
attend  their  ptrofligate  purpose.'* 


42  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

This  paper,  adopted  February  37,  1766f  is  known  in  history  as 
the  "Westmoreland  Rcsolulion,"  and  is  probably  the  first  public 
and  open  resistance  to  the  Mother  Country.  This  paper  was  writ- 
ten by  Richard  Tlenry  Leo,  the  one  who,  ten  years  later,  wrote  and 
introduced  in  the  Continental  Congress,  on  June  7,  1777,  that 
famous  motion, 

"Resolved,  That  these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought 
to  be,  free  and  independent  States;  that  they  arc  absolved  from  all 
allegiance  to  the  British  Crown,  and  that  all  political  connection 
between  them  and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be, 
totally  dissolved." 

This  Westmoreland  resolution  was  also  signed  by  four  Wash- 
ingtons,  brothers  of  the  one  who,  ten  years  later,  was  chosen  Com- 
mander-in-Chief of  the  Continental  ^rmy,  and,  later,  the  first 
President  of  these  United  States.  And  the  one  who  sent  the  letter, 
calling  for  this  meeting,  became  the  guiding  spirit  in  Virginia's 
famous  Committee  of  Safety." 

Here,  at  Leedstown,  you  can  still  see  the  ruins  of  one  of  the 
first  three  churches  built  in  this  country,  and  was  known  as  Leeds, 
or  Brays  ChurcK  In  1857  Bishop  Meade  wrote  (Vol.  II,  p.  164)  : 
"This  church  stood  on  the  Eappahannoek,  at  the  outskirts  of  the 
place  called  Leeds.  It  was  of  brick.  The  ruins  of  it  are  yet  to 
be  seen,  apparently  hanging  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  It  has  under- 
gone many  changes  of  late  years,  since  it  was  deserted  as  a  house 
of  worship,  having  been  used  as  a  tavern,  a  stable  or  barn,  and 
having -been  altered  to  suit  the  different  purposes  to  which  it  has 
been  applied. 

"Leeds  was  once  a  place  of  note  in  this  part  of  Virginia.  It 
was,  doubtless,  named  by  the  Fairfaxes  or  Washingtons,  after  the 
town  of  Leeds,  in  Yorkshire,  near  which  both  of  their  ancestral 
families  lived.  This,  in  Virginia,  was  a  place  of  much  trade  in 
tobacco  and  other  things.  Its  shipping  was  very  considerable  at 
one  time,  and  it  gave  promise  of  being  a  town  of  no  small  impor- 
tance, but,  like  many  other  such  places  in  Virginia,  as  Dumfries, 
Colchester,  Warren,  Warminster,  it  failed  to  fulfill  the  expecta- 
tion excited.  For  one  thing,  it  deserves  to  retain  a  lasting  place  in 
the  history  of  tlu^  American  Revolution.  As  l)Oston  was  the  North- 
ern", so  Leedg  may  be  called  the  Soutliern  cradle  of  .\merican  In- 
dependence. This  was  the  place  where,  with  Richard  Henry  Lee 
as  their  leader,  the  patriots  of  Westmoreland  met  before  any  and 
all  others,  to  enter  their  protest  against  the  incipient  steps  of  Eng- 
lish usurpation.  At  thi.s  place  did  they  resolve  to  oppose  the  Stamp 
Act.  and  forbid  any  citizen  of  Westmoreland  to  deal  in  stamps. 
This  is  a  Irue  part  of  American  history." 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  43 

Why  should  not  a  suitable  monument  be  erected  here  to  com- 
memorate the  great  event,  and  let  the  world  know  the  truth,  that 
proper  credit  may  be  given  this  ancient  hamlet  and  the  patriotic 
citizens  of  this  county? — F.  W.  Alexander,  in  Colonial  Beach 
Record,  January  24,  1910. 


We  give  the  full  text  below  of  the  famous  Articles  (sometimes 
referred  to  as  resolutions)  of  "the  Association  in  Westmoreland." 
They  were  prepared  and  offered  by  Richard  Henry  Lee  at  Leeds- 
town,  Va.,  February  27,  1766  (Judge  Eichard  Parker  presiding), 
and  passed  by  the  patriots  of  Westmoreland,  one  hundred  and  fif- 
teen in  number.  They  are  taken  from  TJie  Virginia  Historical 
Register  and  Literary  Advertiser^  edited  by  William  Maxwell,  Vol. 
II  (1849),  pages  14-18. 

The  original  manuscript  document  is  in  the  Virginia  Histori- 
cal Society,  Richmond,  Va.,  found  among  the  papers  of  the  late 
Major  Henry  Lee,  eldest  son  of  General  Henry  Lee  (by  Matilda 
Lee,  of  Stratford),  Consul-General  to  Algiers  during  Jackson's 
administration. 

THE   ASSOCIATION   IX   WP]STMORELAND. 

At  the  late  annual  meeting  of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society, 
on  the  14th  ult.,  the  President  of  the  Society,  the  Hon.  William  C. 
Rives,  of  xVlbemarle,  submitted  a  very  interesting  document  illus- 
trative of  the  patriotic  spirit  that  prevailed  in  Virginia,  and  par- 
ticularly in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  about  the  time  of  the 
passage  of  the  Stamp  Act,  in  1765;  which  he  had  received  from 
the  Hon.  John  Y.  Mason,  Secretary  of  the  ISTavy,  together  with  a 
letter  from  that  gentleman,  which  was  read,  and  is  as  follow? : 

Copy  of  a  letter  from  the  Hon.  John  Y.  Mason,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy  to  the  Hon.  William  C.  Rives,  President  of  the 
Historical  Society  of  Virginia. 

Washington  City,  December  13,  1848. 

Sir, — In  the  year  1847,  Dr.  Carr,  now  deceased,  placed  in  my 
hands  an  original  Manuscript  Document,  datecT  in  1766,  which  ap- 
pears to  me  so  interesting  in  the  Colonial  History  of  Virginia,  that 
I  venture  to  transmit  it  to  you.  for  such  disposition  a,s  the  Histori- 
cal Society  may  think  proper  to  make  of  it.  It  was  signed  by  the 
patriots  of  that  day,  soon  after  the  i)assage  of  the  British  Stamp 


44  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    MRGlNfl 

Act  of  1765  was  known  in 'the  Colony — and  it  asserts  in  bold  lan- 
guage, the  rights,  essential  to  Civil  Liberty,  which  were  subse- 
quently maintained  by  the  American  Eevolutlon. 
I  have  the  honor  to  be 

Very  respectfully  your  ob't  serv't, 

J.  Y.  Mason. 

To  the  President  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Va. 

The  document  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  letter,  is  now  lodged 
in  the  archives  of  the  Society,  and  is  enclosed  in  a  paper  which  has 
an  indorsement  upon  it  in  these  words : 

This  remarkable  document,  illusfrative  of  the  early  patriotism 
of  "Virginia  gentlemen,  Avas  found  among  the  papers  of  the  late 
Henry  Lee,  Esq.,  Consul  Gen'l  to  Algiers. 

In  view  to  its  better  preservation  for  the  honor  of  Virginia  and 
the  numerous  descendants  of  the  illustrious  men  who  signed  it,  it 
is  now  conifided  to  the  care  of  the  Hon.  John  Y.  Mason,  an  eminent 
son  of  Virginia,  whose  appreciation  ot  its  importance  will  secure 
it  perpetual  safety,  by 

Sam'l  Jno.  Carr, 

<;  Of  So.  Carolina,  now  residing  in  Maryland. 

Baltimore,  1847, 

(Now  inscribed  on  taldet  at  Montross,  Va..  and  in  Circnit  Court 

Order  Book.) 

"Roused  by  danger,  and  alarmed  at  attempts,  foreign  and 
domestic,  to  reduce  the  people  of  this  country  to  a  state  of  abject 
and  detestable  slavery,  by  destroying  that  free  and  happy  constitu- 
tion of  govermnent,  under  which  they  have  hitherto  lived. — We, 
who  subscribe  this  paper,  have  associated,  and  do  bind  ourselves 
to  each  other,  to  God.  and  to  our  country,  by  the  firmest  ties  that 
religion  and  virtue  can  frame,  most  sacredly  and  punctually  to 
stand  by,  and  with  our  lives  and  fortunes,  to  support,  maintain, 
and  defend  each  other  in  the  observance  and  execution  of  these 
following  articles : 

First.  We  declare  all  due  allegiance  and  o])edience  to  our  law- 
ful Sovereign,  George  the  third.  King  of  Great  Britain.  And  we 
determine  to  the  utmost  of  our  power  to  preserve  the  laws,  the 
peace  and  good  order  of  this  Colony,  as  far  as  is  consistent  with 
the  preservation  of  our  Constitutional  rigTrts  and  liberty. 


nousi 

-1  (I.  -  r 


)'Wjf^\ 


THEJiSSQCfATION  nr  W 

RICHARD  HENf  ,-      I   F 


^V3 


II'  II  111-     Uu  "I'.M!  rtH.l  (in 

(.1.   ..I    .I'l'     I   t'l'I  d,  lettable  sta^eiry, 
'  '"  •    '         '  'Mj<  under wiick 

..II  I  III..  ArmMt  tie* 

nm\  «j<-rt><fi,    iiid  pmicfuajl^  to » 
ErtWD  < 


nn    r   .  1''   I'l     I  ,  i-  -.   in  ,),,(   N- 


udtiosC  oPoiii    |iin> 
rv'lii-    ui.i    i  I  h 


It  I  our   I  I 


Ji  till 


'    .  uViji'ci.  ami   111  II. 
B<»a»«tt.La.w     iii.i  I    . 
V««T»;  anAlIi  II  111 
which,  he  i»  pp|-h  "   .>   • 
■pt^  atltf  »  nl  ihr   I  I     . 
«li*ll  HI.-.,,.     .    ,11     , 
Tiihi->  w..   ..     .initi    ,ii 
of  tiip  cerainmau  \ .  .iii.i  •, 
sucre-i?  ofsurli  atrpm 
1-IU<V,V)  4.»#h«S(ai 
''(olHiisJumfrsmliit'i 


1 1  «8  d.TjiuJt  Tj-j  caasB  t  , 


not  oulv  to.  pi-empnt 
puaijh  (he  oflVadeii 


« 


trtaj  "by  jury :  w«  4»  d«»i 
or  to  ifeatk.we  will  e«» 


ib.-i 
I  bo  British 


§«lj5eH_afb«ri^«t8    | 


?rj  t"i 


"icuKs.te  Bt^jwaatOa  «*8cati«a  ofido  easd  Stamp 


Actitt  aajr  iastanca  wljat»«»e*«r  witiin  (his  r<»l«»y,*»e4 «wir5(  abat.ra<loQe<i 
wpetc-k.whe  shallow  «o  lo»t  fe» »ti-tn«  attd public  f«(»4,as  wjck-rfl-rticoitfribttte 
to  th«  iatpoductioa  ar  fixture  »f  tins  Sta  mp  4<rf  in  1 1      .   '  ,  •     '  j( 

p«,y«r,erl»>  aaj  »t]iiwriBea«!i,w«>  will.mth  Ui«  ul  n  neh 

'  '■'  I   n     '  ,    '  -uT-oly  .»ao  1 

t    <      II  .id  tsvsf  the 

"^lamp  v(    tli-.l  iatui».ji  .        i  .  (»  a«  mSS.^  »t  Ija...    w 

ai{ies«sl>i<!;a.railk!tiewi-^ra<  'n-m*a,akall.withiex|> 

toaplacBBfH«i»tiii^(eT>«api  -ii- tt«  «e«M»  rf aetMra, 

rir^ h  '  > .  Each  a«s»ciat»ir  .^»i»j.  .i«  ,  »  iro.?  <»t«^av®pt»  ahtsun  as 
'  signers  le  this  as9ac%m.tt»wk.a.»  h.»  possiblv  can.. 
Ci  .  mi  Y  BTauiy  attempt  dfe«Il  WmaxJ®  sis.  &«  liberfv  op  property 
•->  iMs»eiatf«>  for  om^  !u«ma  m-  Utemf  i»  be  <i«a«  is.  e0B.«aq.usffic<>  ofClu..  » 
•w  ib>  m»«t  Mlejaaly bsnA  mtrselwM  'fcy  ike  »aa-e4  <f H.t«i|amcBt»  al»»*e  entered ira<a, 
atfli«  risk  of  our  lives  an*  fo!-tuii»a»,fen>e»t«re  suclt  assaejate  to  liis 
1ib«rtv,  aad  to  protect  bim  in  tim  e!».j»yn»mil  of  his  propertj; 
la  t<t«(im«ay  9f  thv  4«ocl  f&ttk  wttii  wbieb.  mi  ms^iM  M  exvciito  «bu 
Uava  tbi.  ?<!«^  Aaj  »f  F*W«.afyll8«.ia*iiffiEU,8.,|mt»ui-haBd«  aa4  «e 


Hvd  ftam  &eft  nar ,  Fro 

S^mcfM  Ball,  Pfttr  Butt 

Ktt.^ltarti  Mtfe^.ell,  Jodre  i,«e, 

</ff»e»A  MtLr-<±OQtt.  " ■  -  - 

Ji.rA-'  Pai-fcpr-. 


JaHti  ■mat 

Wttf  S»*en5ff»t  Wi(/ia.m 

r«ff»  £«ct  i:c€.      ytuiiam.  raciw, 

Sami  Waikm^roR,  Witfia.  Graysoit 

Jfokn.  Oiekian, 

Saniet  ItfeCnrt^. 

Johft  Dft»1a«.r        Jfe»*  *M«fc, 
MoritoetiterSwtltfc,  f;4M,4  »«.n.««t«ll, 

Holf^icitPU  Jat.Ktimandaon.,  John.  i*htan, 

Vinnm.B9attt 


•K.Smith. 


Toltn.  M<lmond»on,  Frannt  fo»f 


6>o  rttrbvr'titie,  SmUfe  K»(ti.<f,  Wm 

*lt,in  MaxtFy,  tatir  fun sftmffatt ,  rfn 

Wm  I- load.  W  SJoan?,  *>« 

■Wdhant  /  eo.  *».•   Pit«fc«.«., 

/■ft»t  rftiti*»rt.  Jias.  Bofflfcer-, 

Utan,  J«ht%»u.^fmtt,  CitM.C«m)i'. 

:»d  t<«  Wo5tm»r»Uad  Couo'v  Uiiau 


I 


WESTMORELAND    VOWNTY,    MRGl.^lA  45 

Secondly.  As  we  know  it  to  be  the  Birthright  privilege  of  every 
British  subject  (and  of  tbe  people  of  Virginia  as  being  such), 
founded  on  Eeason,  Law,  and  Compact;  that  he  cannot  be  legally 
tried,  but  by  his  peers ;  and  that  he  cannot  be  taxed,  but  by  consent 
of  a  Parliament,  in  which  he  is  represented  by  persons  chosen  by 
the  people,  and  who  themselves  pay  a  part  of  the  tax  they  impose 
on  others.  If  therefore,  any  person  or  persons  shall  attempt,  by 
any  action  or  proceeding,  to  deprive  this  Colony  of  those  funda- 
mental rights,  we  will  immediately  regard  him  or  them,  as  the 
most  dangerous  enemy  of  the  community;  and  we  will  go  to  any 
extremity,  not  only  to  prevent  the  success  of  such  attempts,  but  to 
stigmatize  and  punish  the  offender. 

Thirdly.  As  the  Stamp  Act  doas  absolutely  direct  the  property 
of  the  people  to  be  taken  from  them  without  their  consent  ex- 
pressed by  their  representatives,  and"  as  in  many  cases  it  deprives 
the  British  American  Subject  of  his  right  to  trial  by  jury;  we  do 
determine,  af  every  hazard,  and,  paying  no  regard  to  danger  or  to 
death,  we  wiL  exert  every  faculty,  to  prevent  the  execution  of  the 
said  Stamp  Act  in  any  instance  whatsoever  within  this  Colony. 
And  every  abandoned  wretch,  who  shall  be  so  lost  to  virtue  and 
public  good,  as  wickedly  to  contribute  to  the  introduction  or  fix- 
ture of  the  Stamp  Act  in  this  Colony,  by  using  stampt  paper,  or 
by  any  other  means,  we  will,  with  the  utmost  expedition,  convince 
all  such  profligates  that  immediate  danger  and  disgrace  shall  at- 
tend their  prostitute  purposes.     , 

Fourtldy.  That  the  last  article  may  most  surely  and  effectu- 
ally be  executed,  we  engage  to  each  other,  that  whenever  it  shall  be 
known  to  any  of  this  association,  that  any  person  is  so  conducting 
himself  as  to  favor  the  introduction  of  the  Stamp  Act,  that  imme- 
diate notice  shall  be  given  to  as  many  of  the  association  as  possible; 
and  that  every  individual  so  informed,  shall,  with  expedition,  re- 
pair to  a  place  of  meeting  to  be  appointed  as  near  the  scene  of 
action  as  may  be. 

Fifthly.    Each  associator  shall  do  his  true  endeavor  to  obtain  as 
many  signers  to  this  association,  as  he  possibly  can. 

Sixthly.  If  any  attempt  shall  be  made  on  the  liberty  or  pro- 
perty of  any  associator  for  any  a'ction  or  thing  to  be  done  in  con- 
sequence of  this  agreement,  we  do  most  solemnly  bind  ourselves  by 
the  sacred  engagements  above  entered  into,  at  the  risk  of  our  lives 
and  fortunes,  to  restore  such  associate  to  his  liberty,  and  to  protect 
him  in  the  enjoyment  of  his  property. 

In  testimony  of  the  good  faith  with  which  we  resolve  to  execute 
this  association  we  have  this  27th  day  of  February.  1766,  in  Vir- 
ginia, put  our  hands  and  seals  hereto. 


-iU 


WEST.]J01{HLAND    COUyTY,    VIRGINIA 


Kichard  Henry  T.oe 
— AVill.  Eobinson 
Lewis  Willis 
Thos.  Lud.  Lee 
Samuel  Washington 
Charles  Washington 
Moore  Fauntlero}- 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lee 
Thomas  Jones 
Rodham  Kenner 
Spencer  M.  Ball 
Richard  Mitchell 
Joseph  Murdoek 
Richd.  Parker 
Sponce  ]\[onroe 
John  Watts 
Robt.  Lovell 
John  Blagge 
Charles  Weeks 
Willm.  Booth 
Geo.  Turberville 
.  Alvin  Moxley 
Wm.  Flood 
John  Ballatinc.  jiinr. 
William  Lee 
Thos.  Chilton 
Richard  Bnckner 
Jos.  Pierce 
Will.  Chilton 
Jolm  Williams 
William  Sydnor 
John  Monroe 
William  Cocke 
Wiilm.  Grayson 
Wm.  Brockenbrough 
Saml.  Selden 
Richd.  I>e 
Daniel  Tibbs 
Francis  Thornton,  jimr. 
Peter  Rust 
John  Lee  jr. 
Francis  Waring 
John  Upshaw 


John  S.  Woodcock 

Robt.  Wormeley  Carter 

John  Blackwell 

Winder  S.  Kenner 

Wm.  Bronaugh 

Wm.  Peirce 

John  Berryman 

John  Dickson 

John  Broone 

Edwd.  Sanford 

Charles  Chilton 

Edward  Sanford 

Daniel  McCarty 

Jer.  Rush 

Edwd.  ]iansdell 

Townshend  Dade 

John  Ash  ton 

W.  Brent 

Francis  Foushee 

John  Smith  jour. 

Wm.  Ball 

Thos.  Barnes 

Jos.  Blackwell 

Reuben  Meriwether 

Edw.  Mountjoy 

Wm.  J.  Mountjoy 

Thos.  Mountjoy 

John  Mountjoy 

Gilbt.  Campbell 

Jos.  Lane 

John  Beale  junr. 

John  Newton 

Will.  Beale  juni'. 

Clis.  Mortimer 

John  Edmondson  jr. 

Charles  Beale 

Peter  Grant 

Thompson  Mason 

Jon  a.  Beckwith 

Jas.  Sanford 

John  Belfield 

W.  Smith 

John  Augt.  Washington 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VUidlNIA 


47 


Meriwether  Smith 
Thos.  Roane 
Jas.  Edmondson 
Jas.  Webb  junr 
John  Edmondson 
Jas.  Banks 
Smith  Young 
Laur.  Washington 
W.  Eoane 
Eieh.  Hodges 
Jas.  Upshaw 
Jas.  Booker 
A.  Montague 
Rich'd.  Jeffries 
John  Suggett 


Thos.  Belfield 
Edgcomb  Suggett 
Henry  Francks 
John  Bland  junr. 
Jas.  Emerson 
Thos.  Logan 
Jo.  Milliken 
Ebenezer  Fisher 
Hancock  Eustace 
John  Richards 
Tiros.  Jett 
Thos.  Douglas 
Max  Robinson 
John  Orr." 


The    Virginia    Jlistorical    Register    and    Literan/    Advertiser, 
edited  by  WiUiam  Maxwell.    Vol.' II  (1849),  pages  14-18. 

Carefully  compared  and  corrected  by 

Lawrence  Washington. 


In  1764,  when  the  liberties  of  the  American  people  were  men- 
aced by  a  .Stamp  Tax,  Virginia  was  among  the  first  of  the  colonies 
to  memorialize  the  King  in  opposition,  and  the  only  one  to  address 
to  the  House  of  Commons  a  remonstrance  against  the  right  of  that 
body  to  enact  such  legislation. — History  of  the  United  States, 
Bancroft,  Vol.  III.,  page  93. 

The  Stamp  Act  caused  great  opposition  throughout  America. 
'•'But,''  •  says  John  Ffske,  "formal  defiance  came  first  from  Vir- 
ginia."— TJie  American  Revolution,  Fiske,  Vol.  I.,  page  18. 

'"The  Assembly  of  Virginia,"  says  J.  R.  Green,  "was  the  first 
to  formally  deny  tlic  right  of  the  British  Parliament  to  meddle 
with  internal  taxation  and  to  demand  the  repeal  of  the  Act.'' — A 
Short  History  of  the  English  People,  J.  R.  Green.  1883,  page  735. 

"Thus,"  'Says  Mr.  Bancroft,  "Virginia  rang  the  alarm  bell  for 
the  continent." 


III. 

Famous  Resolutions  Passed  by  the  Patriots  of 

Westmoreland, 

At  the  Courthouse,  June  22,  1774,  Claiming  as  a  Eight  to  be 
Taxed  Solely  in  Our  Provincial  Assembly  by  Rep- 
resentatives Freely  Chosen  by  the  People. 

When  the  Port  of  Boston  ivas  Shut  up  hy  Act  of  Parliament  and 
hy  a  Hostile  English  Fleet,  the  Munificence  and  Bounty  of 
One  People  to  Another — Virginia  to  Massachusettes.  The 
Famous  Resolutions  of  the  Westmoreland  County  Commit- 
tee of  Safety  at  the  Courthouse,  May  23,  1775,  Denouncing 
Lord  Dunmore,  Governor,  for  Seizing  the  Poivder  in  the 
Magazine  at  Williamsburg,  Va.,  and  Lodging  it  on  Board  a 
Man-of-War. 

Beautiful  tribute  of  Senator  George  F.  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts, 
to  Virginia — the  two  oldest  American  States : 

"Seldom,  divided  in  opinion — never  in  affection." 


Westmoreland  County   (Virginia)   Eesolutions. 

At  a  respectable  Meeting  of  the  Freeholders  and  other  Inhabi- 
tants of  the  County  of  Westmoreland,  assembled,  on  due  notice,  at 
the  Court  House  of  the  said  Countv  on  Wednesday,  the  22d  of 
June,  1774. 

The  Reverend  Mr.  Thomas  Smith,  Moderator. 

Several  papers,  containing  the  Proceedings  of  the  late  House 
of  Burgesses  of  this  Colony,  and  the  subsequent  determinations  of 
the  lat-e  Repxesentatives  after  the  House  was  dissolved,  together 
with  extracts  of  several  Resolves  of  the  Provinces  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,  Maryland,  &c.,  being  read,  the  meeting  proceeded  seriously  to 
consider  the  present  dangerous  and  truly  alarming  crisis,  when 
ruin  is  threatened  to  the  ancient  constitutional  rights  of  North 
America,  and  came  to  the  following  resolves: 

1st.  That  to  be  taxed  solely  in  our  Provincial  Assemblies,  by 
Representatives  freely  chosen  by  the  people,  is  a  right  that  British 
subjects  in  America  are  entitled  to,  from  natural  justice,  from  the 
English  Constitution,  from  Charters,  and  from  a  confirmation  of 
these  by  usage,  since  the  first  establishment  of  these  Colonies. 

2nd.   That  an  endeavor  to  force  submission  from  one  Colony  to 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRmNTA  49 

the  payment  of  taxes  not  so  imposed,  is  a  dangerous  attack  on  the 
liberty  and  property  of  British  America,  and  renders  it  indispen- 
sably necessary  that  all  should  firmly  unite  to  resist  the  common 
danoer. 

3d.  It  is  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  that  the  town  of  Boston, 
in  our  sister  Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  is  now  suffering  in  the 
common  cause  of  North  America,  by  having  its  harbour  locked  up, 
its  commerce  destroyed,  and  the  property  of  many  of  its  inhabi- 
tants violently  taken  from  them,  until  they  submit  to  taxes  not 
imposed  by  their  consent,  and  therefore  this  meeting  resolve : 

4th.  That  the  inhabitants  of  this  county  will  most  cordially 
and  firmly  join  with  the  other  counties  in  this  Colony,  and  the 
other  Colonies  on  this  Continent,  or  the  majority  of  them,  after  a 
short  day,  hereafter  to  be  agreed  on,  to  stop  all  exports  to  Great 
Britain  and  the  West  Indies,  and  all  imports  from  thence,  until, 
as  well  the  Act  of  Parliament,  entitled  "An  Act  to  discontinue,  in 
such  manner  and  for  such  time  as  are  therein  mentioned,  the 
landing  and  discharging,  lading,  and  shipping  of  goods,  wares, 
and  merchandise,  at  the  town  and  within  the  harbour  of  Boston, 
in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  North  America"  as  the 
several  Acts  laying  duties  on  America  for  the  purpose  of  raising  a 
revenue,  and  all  the  acts  of  the  British  Legislature  made  against 
our  brothers  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  consequence  of  their  just  op- 
position to  the  said  Eevenue  Acts,  are  repealed;  and  it  is  the 
opinion  of  this  meeting,  that  such  a  non-importing  and  non-ex- 
porting plan  should  be  quickly  entered  upon,  as  well  on  the  evident 
principle  of  self-preservation,  as  to  relieve  our  suffering  country- 
men and  fellow-subjects  in  Boston,  and  to  restore  between  Great 
Britain  and  America  that  harmony  so  beneficial  to  the  whole  Em- 
pire, and  so  ardently  desired  by  all  America. 

5th.  It  IS  the  opinion  of  this  meeting  that  the  gentlemen  of 
the  law  should  not  (as  long  as  the  non-exportation  agreement  sub- 
sists) bring  any  Avrit  for  the  recovery  of  debt,  or  to  push  to  a 
conclusion  any  'such  suit  already  brought,  it  being  utterly  incon- 
sistent with  a  non-exportation  plan  that  judgment  should  be  given 
against  those  who  are  dep.rived.  of  means  of  paying. 

6th.  That  so  soon  as  the  non-exportation  agreement  begins,  we 
will,  every  man  of  us,  keep  our  produce,  whether  tobacco,  corn, 
wheat,  or  anything  else,  unsold,  on  our  own  respective  plantations, 
and  not  carry,  or  suffer  them  to  be  carried,  to  any  public  ware- 
house or  landing  place,  except  of  grain;  where  the  same  be  so 
done,  an  oath  being  first  made  that  such  grain  is  for  the  use  of, 
or  consumption  of.  this  or  any  other  Colony  in  North  America,  and 


50  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

not  for  exportation  from  the  Continent  whilst  the  said  agreement 
subsists.  And  this  is  the  more  necessary  to  prevent  a  few  design- 
ing persons  from  engrossing  and  buying  up  our  tobacco,  grain,  &c., 
when  they  are  low  in  value,  in  order  to  avail  themselves  of  the  very 
high  price  that  those  articles  must  bear  when  the  ports  are  open, 
and  foreign  markets  empty. 

7th.  This  meeting  do  heartily  concur  with  the  late  Eepresenta- 
tive  body  of  this  country  to  disuse  tea,  and  not  purchase  any  other 
commodity  of  the  East  Indies,  except  saltpetre,  until  the  grievances 
of  America  are  redressed. 

8th.  We  do  most  heartily  concur  in  these  preceding  Kesolves, 
and  will,  to  the  utmost  of  our  power,  lake  care  that,  they  arc  car- 
ried into  execution;  and  that  we  will  regard  every  man  as  in- 
famous who  now  agree  to,  and  shall  hereafter  make  a  breach  of, 
all  or  any  of  them,  subject,  however  to  such  future  alterations  as 
shall  be  judged  expedient,  at  a  general  meeting  of  Deputies  from 
the  several  parts  of  this  Colony,  or  a  general  Congress  of  all  the 
Colonies. 

9th.  We  do  appoint  Eichard  Henry  Lee,  and  Eichard  Lee, 
esquires,  the  late  representatives  of  this  county,  to  attend  the  gen- 
eral meeting  of  Deputies  from  all  the  icounties ;  and  we  desire  that 
they  do  exert  their  best  abilities  to  get  these  our  earnest  desires, 
for  the  security  of  public  liberty,  assented  to. 

10th.  And  as  it  may  happen  that  tlie  Assembly  now  called  to 
meet  on  the  11th  of  August,  may  be  porogued  to  a  future  day,  and 
many  of  the  Deputies  appointed  to  meet  on  the  1st  of  August, 
trusting  to  the  certainty  of  meeting  in  Assembly  on  the  11th,  may 
fail  to  attend  on  the  1st,  by  which  means  decisive  injury  may  arise 
to  the  common  cause  of  liberty,  by  the  general  sense  of  the  country 
not  being  early  known  at  this  dangerous  crisis  of  American  free- 
dom, we  do,  therefore,  direct  that  our  Deputies  now  chosen  fail  not 
to  attend  at  Williamsburg,  on  the  said  1st  of  August;  and  it  is  our 
earnest  wish  that  the  Deputies  from  other  counties  be  directed  to 
do  the  same,  for  the  reasons  above  assigned. 

11th.  That  the  clerk  do  forthwith  transmit  the  proceedings  of 
this  day  to  the  press,  and  request  the  Printers  to  publish  them 
without  delay. 

By  order  of  the  meeting, 

James  Davenport,  ClerJc. 

The  above  is  a  true  copy  of  what  is  printed  in  American 
Archives,  Fourth  Series,  Vol.  I.,  page  438. 

H.  E.  McIlwaine, 

Librarian  Virginia  State  Lihrary. 
July  16,  1910. 


^'.T"-^'--^-l^-       .    ,„.         ,^_ ,^^ ■  ■  "i^l 


«  i»' 


WESTMORELAND  CQUNTY.VIRGINIA. 


^^       This  Tablet  is  erected  as  a  tribute.      ^^ 

JTLRSr.  l^lic  patriot*  of  "Westinorcland  who  ^i^isembled  at  the  Conrtliou*? 
tliereof  on  Wcdncsday.the  22nd,day  of  June  177*<  ReverendThomas  Smith. 
Modcratorl'seriousl-y  to  consider  the  present  danferous  and  truly  alarming 
crisis. where  ruin  is  threatened  to  the  ancient  Constiixitional  rights  of 'North 
America, ajid  came  to  THE  FOLLOWING  RESOLVES: ' ' 

/»^."That  to  be  tajed  solely  jn  owr  Provincial  Aisemblies  by  Representatives 
freely  chosen  by  the  people, i«  a  ri  jht  that  British,  subjects  in  America 
arc  entitled  to.from  natura.1  justice. from  the  English  Coajstitution. 
from  Chaxters .  aud  from  a  confirmation,  of  these  by  usa^e,  since 
the  first  establisbnaent  of  these  Colonics." 

Zn^.'Thai  an  endeavor  to  forcp  submission  fFom  oike  Colony  to  the 
payment  of  taxe«  not  so  imposed, is  a  dangerous  attack  on  the 
liberty  and  property  of  British  America. and  remders  it  indispensably 
necessary  that  all  should  firmly  un.ite  tore  gist  the  Cooimon  danger." 

3rit'ltia  the  opinion  ofthismeetin^.that  the  townof  Bii>ston.ii>  our  sister 
Colony  of  "Massachusetts  Bay.is  now  suffeTin«[  in  the  Comtuon  cause 
of^orth  America, by  having  its  harbour  locked  up.its  Conmxiaerce 
destroyed, and  the  property  of  many  of  its  inliabitaats  violently  taken 
from  them,  until  they  submit  to  taxes  not  imposed  by  their  consent. 
"IJIlLortke  rtsetutiens  {these  being  fiari)  found  in  'American. 
^rc/iiues  "4t/i.  series  Vol. i. PASS  recorded  itt  Or-der  Book  Circuii 
Courl  orWtsitnortland  i9i0  Jfo.  SP  i30^ 

S£COiVi?.Tothe  Westmorela.nd  County  Coimmiltec  of  Safety  at  a 
meeting  in  the  Court-house  thereof.on  Tuesday, tbe  3l8t,day 
of  Ja.nvia.ry  i775,wljo  after  Richard  Henry  Lee,  and  Richard  lee, 
Estjuires, -were  uua.ilimously  Chosen  Delegates  to  ill  e  Colony 
Convention  in  the  town  of  Richmond  on  the  SOtb,  of  Marcb  zke:«.tj 
instruiotcd  the  sameVthat  it  is  ourfirm  determination,  to  stand  or 
fall  with  the  liberties  of  our  Country."'.^//  of  the  Resolxiiions 
(these  being  jtari)  found  in'AmerimnJlTchivti  '4th,  Series  fitl.i  P.1203 
Trecorded.  in  the  Order  Book  Circuit  Court  of  YHitmoreland  i9i0  Jfo.i.P.  /33  . 

THIRD-To  tha  Westmoreland  County  Committee  of  Safety  at  a  meeting  at 
tbeCoHrt-l)oasi>thoreof  on  the  23rd. day  of  May  1773(Revereajdl  Thomas 
Smi  th, Chairman) -who  declared ','The  seixin^  the  pawder.  confessedly  placed 
in  th«  Ma.|aiine  for  the  defence  and  prtrtection  of  this  Colony,  h% 
order  of  his  E\cellency<Lord  Dvininor  e  i  the  Covemour.was  a  step 
hy  no  means  to  be  justified, even  upon  the  supposition  of  its  being 
lodged  there  from  on  board  a  Man-of-War.ashis  Lordship  has 
in  his  proclamation  asserted. althow^h  in  bis  verbal  auswer 
.to  tbe  Address  oftbe  Citiiens  of  Williaulsbnr«;h,hc  has  tacitly 
acknovfledrfed  the  powder  to  bclon^  to  tbe  Cosmt'ry  by  aoreeino 
to  deliver  it  up:  that  is, the  samepov»der  thpy  cleruanded  as  the*^ 
Country*;  and  webavebeeu  informed  that  tb«!  Country  bad 
poTwder  in  tne  Magazine. which  cannot  nowb^  found  there;  We 
therefore  consider  the  renaoviii<5  tbe  pov»der  privately.  *ud 
vfhen  that  part  of  the  Country  wa&.as  his  LorclshipCoufesses, 
ii»  a  very  critical  situation. to  be  apart  of  that  cruel  and 
detpr  mined  plan  of  wricked  administration  io  enslave  the  Colonies 
by  fir.«tdpprivinf  them  of  tbe  means  of  resistance  .'l/T/t  o/'^^f 
TusolutiorLsfilxese  hting  }turt  I  f>a^tTnd  in"jlnierican  Jlrrhii.Ff.  "• 
4tb.5er.«,.Vo(.2.P.  €82    r<.coi-rf»rf  «x  Or<<,r  Boo/k  We,im«rr««>,,t 
Circuit   Court  i9i0  Ab.S.i*.  idai 

|fi|aDonMted  to  Westmoreland  County  thi-ou^h  the^MV 
Circuit  Court. bv  Dr. AHeriiou  S'.G«rij.eH  .       ^W~ 
Hot    Springs.  ArUwiisas  . 
erratum: •mtt'>tet"n>fri-rin.a  ««"ollBeR  BOOK" 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  51 

^Vl^sT:\IORELA^'D  CouxTY  (A'irginia)  Committee. 

At  a  ^Meeting  of  the  Freeholder.-,  after  due  notice,  at  Westmore- 
land Court  llou'se,  on  Tuesday,  the  31st  day  of  January,  1775, 
Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Richard  Lee,  Esquires,  were  unanimously 
chosen  Delegates  to  represent  this  County  in  Colony  Convention, 
at  the  Town  of  Richmond,  in  Henrico  County,  on  the  20th  of 
Marcli  next. 

After  they  were  chosen,  the  following  Instructions  were  pub- 
lickly  read  to  them  by  the  desire  of  the  people : 

To  Richard  Henry  Lee  and  Richard  Lee,  Esquires: 

The  Freeholders  of  Westmoreland  County  having  often  experi- 
enced your  fidelity,  abilities,  and  firm  attachment  to  the  cause  of 
liberty,  have  now  appointed  you  to  represent  them  in  a  Colony 
Convention  proposed  to  be  held  at  the  Town  of  Richmond,  on  the 
20th  of  March  next;  and  as  we  are  convinlced,  from  the  maturest 
deliberation,  that  the  safety  and  happiness  of  JSTorth  America  de- 
pend on  the  united  wisdom  of  its  Councils,  we  have  no  doubt  you 
will  comply,  on  your  parts,  with  the  recommendation  of  the  late 
Continental  Congress,  to  appoint  Deputies  from  this  Colony  to 
meet  in  Philadelphia  on  the  10th  day  of  May  next,  unless  the  re- 
dress of  American  Grievances  be  obtained  before  that  time;  and  as 
it  is  our  'firm  determination  to  stand  or  fall  with  the  liberties  of 
our  country,  we  desire  that  you  may  consider  the  people  of  West- 
moreland as  ready  and  willing  to  join  witli  their  countrymen  in 
the  execution  of  'sucli  measures  as  may  appear  to  the  majority  of 
their  Deputies  assembled  at  Richmond,  wise  and  neleessary  to 
secure  and  perpetuate  the  ancient,-  just,  and  legal  rights  of  this 
Colony  and  of  British  America. 

At  the  same  time  and  place  the  following  gentlemen  were 
chosen  a  committee  to  'see  the  Association  faithfully  observed  in 
.  this  County,  according  to  the  direction  of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress: the  Beverend  Mr.  Thomas  Smith,  Philip  Smith,  Richard 
Henry  Lee,  John  Augustin  Washington,  John  Turberville,  Daniel 
McCarty,  William  Pierce,  Joseph  Pierce,  Thomas  Chilton,  William 
Bernard.  Richard  Parker,  Beckwith  Butler,  Fleet  Cox,  Daniel 
Tebbs,  C4eorge  Steptoe,  John  Ashton,  William  ISTelson,  Richard 
Buckner,  Burdett  Ashton,  Benedict  Middleton,  George  Turberville, 
John  Middleton,  William  Bankhead,  John  Martin,  Joseph  Fox, 
John  Ashton,  Jr.,  Samuel  Rust.  William_E£XJquiiaai.  James  Daven- 
port, Woffendel  Kendel,  Daniel  Fitzhugh,  Benjamin  Weeks,  Rich- 
ard Lee,  Thomas  Fisher,  and  Edward  Sandford. 

James  Davenport,  Clerk. 


52  WESTMOREL'AND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

The  above  is  a  true  copy  of  what  is  printed  on  page  1203  of 
American  Archives,  Fourth  Series,  Vol.  I. 

H.  R.  McIlwaine, 
Librarian  Virginia  State  Library. 
July  16,  1910. 


Westmoreland  County  (Virginia)  Committee, 

At  a  Meeting  held  for  Westmoreland  County,  February  8,  1775, 
Ordered,  That  every  itinerant  or  casual  Vender  of  Goods,  who 
shall  be  found  selling  Goods  in  the  County,  be  obliged  to  produce 
proof  to  the  Committee,  that  the  said  Goods  were  imported  into 
North  America  before  the  first  day  of  February,  1775,  according 
to  the  directions  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

James  Davenport^  ClerJi. 

The  above  is  a  true  copy  of  what  is  printed  on  page  1222  of 
American  Archives,  Fourth  Series,  Vol.  1. 

H.  R.  McIlwaine^ 
Librarian  Virginia  State  Library. 
July  16.  1910. 


Westmoreland  County  (Virginia)  Committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Westmoreland  County,  held 
at  the  Court-House  the  23d  of  May,  1775,  present  the  Rev.  Thomas 
Smith,  Chairman,  and  fifteen  other  members  of  said  Committee. 

This  Committee  having  taken  into  consideration  the  Address  of 
the  citizens  of  Williamsburgh,  presented  to  his  Excellency  the  Gov- 
ernour,  on  the  21st  of  Apiril  last,  and  his  Excellency's  verbal  an- 
swer thereto,  as  also  his  Lordship's  Speech  to  the  Council,  the  2d 
of  May,  and  the  Proclamation  issued  the  next  day,  in  consequence 
of  the  advice  given  him  by  a  majority  of  the  said  Council,  look 
upon  themselves  as  indespensably  bound  to  declare  their  sentiments 
thereon,  as  well  to  expose  the  inimical  measures  of  men  in  high 
otficc.  for  a  long  time  steadily  pursued  against  the  just  rights  of 
?  loyal  people,  as  to  take  ofE  the  odium  they  have  endeavoured  by 
some  late  proceedings  to  fix  upon  this  Colony. 

The  seizing  the  powder,  confessedly  placed  in  the  Magazine  for 
the  defense  and  protection  of  this  Colony,  by  order  of  his  Excel- 
lency the  Govcrnour,  was  a  step  by  no  means  to  be  justified,  even 
upon  the  supposition  of  its  being  lodged  there  from  on  board  a 
man-of-war,  as  his  Lordship  has  in  his  Proclamation  asserted, 
althouffli  in  his  verbal  answer  to  the  Address  of  the  citizens  of 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  53 

Williamsburgli,  he  has  tacitly  aeknowledged  the  powder  to  belong 
to  the  Country,  by  agreeing  to  deliver  it  np :  that  is,  the  same 
powder  they  demanded  as  the  country's ;  and  we  have  been  in- 
formed that  the  Country  had  powder  in  the  Magazine,  which  can- 
not now^  be  found  there :  We  therefore  consider  the  removing  the 
powder  privately,  and  when  that  part  of  the  Country  was,  as  his 
Lordship  confesses,  in  a  very  critical  situation,  to  be  a  part  of  that 
cruel  and  determined  plan  of  wicked  administration  to  enslave  the 
Colonies,  by  first  depriving  them  of  the  means  of  resistance,  and 
do  Eesolve, 

1st.  That  the  dissatisfaction  discovered  by  the  people  of  this 
Country,  and  late  commotions  raised  in  some  parts  thereof,  pro- 
ceeded, not  as  his  Lordship  in  his  Proclamation  has  injuriously 
and  inimically  charged,  from  a  disaffection  to  His  Majesty's  Gov- 
ernment, or  to  a  design  of  changing  the  form  thereof,  but  from  a 
well-grounded  alarm,  occasioned  altogether  by  the  Governour's  late 
conduct,  which  clearly  evinced  his  steady  pursuit  of  the  above 
mentioned  ministerial  plan  to  enslave  us. 

2d.  That  so  much  of  His  Excellency's  Proclamation  which  de- 
clares "the  real  grievances  of  the  Colony  can  be  only  obtained  by 
loyal  and  constitutional  application,"  is  an  insult  to  the  under- 
standing of  mankind,  inasmuch  as  it  is  notorious  that  this  and  the 
other  Colonies  upon  the  Continent  have  repeatedly  heretofore  made 
those  applications,  which  have  ever  been  treated  with  contumely, 
and  as  his  Lordship,  since  the  late  unhappy  differences  between 
Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies  have  subsisted,  hath  deprived  us  of 
the  constitutional  mode  of  application,  by  refusing  to  have  an 
Assembly. 

3d.  That  so  far  from  endeavouring  or  desiring  to  subvert  our 
ancient,  and  to  erect  a  new  form  of  Government,  we  will,  at  the 
risk  of  our  lives  and  fortunes,  support  and  defend  it,  as  it  existed 
and  v^as  exercised  until  the  year  1763,  and  that  his  Lordship,  by 
misrepresenting  the  good  people  of  this  Colony,  as  well  in  his  let- 
ter to  the  British  Minister  as  in  his  late  Proclamation,  has  justly 
forfeited  their  confidence. 

4th.  That  His  Majesty's  Council,  who  advised  the  Proclamation 
before-mentioned  have  not  acted  as  they  were  bound  to  do  from 
their  station  in  Government,  which  ought  to  have  led  them  to  be 
mediators  between  the  first  Majestrate  and  the  people,  rather  than 
to  join  in  fixing  an  unjust  and  cruel  stigma  on  their  fellow-sub- 
jects. 


34  \\JJSTM()h'i:j.AXD    COUXTY,    VIROIXIA 

5th.  That  the  thanks  of  this  Committee  are  justly  due  to  the 
Delegates  of  the  late  Continental  Congress,  and  to  the  Delegates 
from  this  Colony  particularly,  for  their  prudent,  wise,  and  active 
conduct,  in  asserting  the  liberties  of  America;  and  that  design  of 
Government  which,  in  some  instances,  we  are  informed,  has  already 
been  carried  into  execution,  to  deprive  them  of  all  offices,  civil  and 
military,  tends  manifestly  to  disturb  the  minds  of  the  people  in 
general ;  and  that  we  consider  every  person  advising  such  a  measure, 
or  wlio  shall  accept  of  any  office  or  preferment,  of  which  any  of 
the  noble  asserters  of  American  liberty  have  been  deprived,  as  an 
enemy  to  this  Country. 

Ordered,  That  the  Clerk  transmit  a  copy  of  the  foregoing  Reso- 
lutions to  the  Printer  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be.  in  order 
that  the  same  may  be  published  in  the  Gazette. 

James  Davenport,  Clerk  Com'tee. 

At  a  committee  held  for  Westmoreland  County,  May  33,  1775, 
Resolved,  That  every  Merchant  or  Factor  who  shall  import 
European  Goods  into  this  County  from  any  other  Colony  or  Dis- 
trict shall,  before  he  be  permitted  to  sell  such  Goods,  produce  to 
the  Cliairraau,  or  any  one  of  the  Committee,  a  certificate  from  the 
Committee  of  the  Colony,  County,  or  District  from  whence  such 
Goods  were  purchased,  of  their  having  been  imported  agreeable  to 
the  terms  of  the  Association  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

James  Davenport,  Clerk. 

The  above  is  a  true  copy  of  what  appears  in  American  Archives. 
Fourth  Series,  Vol.  II.,  p."  682. 

H.  R.  McIlwaine, 

Librarian  of  the  Virginia  State  Library. 
July  16,  1910. 

1910,  October  IStli,  Received  and  truly  entered. 

M.  L.  lliiTT,  Clerk 
of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Westmoreland  Co..  Va. 


We  give  the  text  of  the  brilliant  address  of  Senator  George  F. 
Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  before  the  Virginia  Bar  Association  at 
Old  Point,  July,  1898: 

T  am  not  va^i  (Miouyh  lo  take  this  invitation  from  the  famous 
H;ir  of  your  fniiious  Conimoinvealth  as  a  inoro  personal  compliment. 


WE,STl\[ORELAND    COUNTY,    \  IRGIXIA  55 

I  like  better  to  think  of  it  as  a  token  of  the  willingness  of  Vir- 
ginia to  renew  the  old  relations  of  esteem  and  honor  which  bound 
your  people  to  those  of  Massachusetts  when  the  two  were  the 
leaders  in  the  struggle  for  independence,  when  John  Adams  and 
Sam  Adams  sat  in  Council  with  Jefferson  and  Henry  and  Lee; 
when  the  voice  of  Massachusetts  summoned  Washington  to  the  head 
of  the  armies,  and  Marshall  to  the  judgment  seat;  when  Morgan's 
riflemen  marched  from  Winchester  to  Cambridge  in  twenty-one 
days  to  help  drive  the  invader  from  the  Bay  State,  and  when  these 
two  great  States  were  seldom  divided  in  opinion — never  in  affec- 
tion. 

These  two  States,  so  like  in  their  difference,  so  friendly  even 
in  their  encounters,  so  fast  bound  even  when  they  seem  most  asun- 
der, are,  as  I  think,  destined  by  God  for  leadership  soraevhere.  I 
thank  Him — we  can  all  thank  Him — that  He  permits  us  to  believe 
that  that  leadership  is  hereafter  to  be  exercised  on  a  scale  worthy 
of  their  origin  and  worthy  of  the  training  He  has  given  them. 
Nothing  smaller  than  a  continent  will  hold  the  people  who  follow 
where  they  lead.  When  the  Massachusetts  boy  reads  the  history  of 
Virginia.  It  will  be  with  the  property  of  a  countryman  in  her 
fame.  Wlien  the  Virginian  hears  the  anthem  of  Niagara,  he  will 
Icnow  the  music  as  his  own.  When  he  comes  to  Boston,  the  mighty 
spirits  that  haunt  Faneuil  Hall  will  hear,  well  pleaded,  a  footstep 
which  sounds  like  that  of  the  companions  and  comrade-;  with  which, 
in  danger  and  in  tr'uinph,  they  were  so  familiar  of  old. 

As  is  natural  for  communities  of  high  spirit,  independent  in 
thought,  of  varying  employment  and  interest,  they  have  had  their 
differences.  But  if  you  take  a  broad  survey  of  human  history,  it 
will  be  hard  for  you  to  find  tw^o  peoples  more  alike.  They  are  the 
two  oldest  American  States.  It  was  but  four  years  from  the  land- 
ing at  Jamestown  to  the  landing  at  Plymouth.  Each  has  been,  in 
its  own  way,  a  leader.  Each  has  been  the  mother  of  great  States. 
Each  is  without  a  rival  in  history,  except  the  other,  in  the  genius  for 
framing  Constitutions  and  the  great  statutes  which,  like  Consti- 
tutions, lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  government.  When  Virginia 
framed  the  'first  written  Constitution,  unless  we  except  the  compact 
on  board  the  Mcn/fozver,  ever  known  among  men,  her  leaders  studied 
the  history  and  delighted  to  consult  the  statesmen  of  Massachusetts. 
"Would  to  God."  writes  Patrick  Henry  to  John  Adams  from  Wil- 
liamsburg, where  tlie  Constitutional  Convention  of  Virginia  was  sit- 
ting, ''would  to  God  you  and  your  Sam  Adams  were  here.  We  should 
think  we  had  attained  perfection  if  we  had  your  approval."  \Vhen 
a  Virginian  pen  drafted  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  Massa- 


^Q  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

chusetts  furnished  its  great  advocate  on  the  floor.  When  Virginia 
produced  Washington,  Massachusetts  called  him  to  the  head  of  the 
arjny.  When  A^irginia  gave  Marshall  to  jurisprudence,  it  was  John 
Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  who  summoned  him  to  his  exalted  seat. 
The  men  who  have  moulded  the  history  of  each  sprung  from  the 
same  great  race  from  which  they  inherited  the  sense  of  duty  and 
the  instinct  of  honor.  Both  have  always  delighted  in  the  discus- 
sion of  the  profoundest  principles  in  government,  in  theology,  and 
in  morals.  Eich  as  have  been  their  annals  in  names  illustrious  in 
civil  life,  the  history  of  each  has  been  largely  a  military  history. 

There  is  no  more  touching  story  of  the  munifieence  and  bounty 
of  one  people  to  another  than  that  of  Virginia  to  Massachusetts 
M'hen  the  port  of  Boston  was  shut  up  by  act  of  Parliament  and  by 
a  hostile  English  fleet.  I  dare  say  generous  Virginia  has  disdained 
to  remember  the  transaction.  Massachusetts  never  will  forget  it. 
Little  had  happened  which  bore  hardly  upon  Virginia.  You  were 
an  agricultural  people.  The  great  grievance  of  New  England  after 
all  was  not  taxation,  but  the  suppression  of  her  manufacture. 
There  was  no  personal  suffering  here.  It  was  only  the  love  of  lib- 
eity  that  inspired  the  generous  people  of  the  Old  Dominion  to 
stand  by  Massachusetts. 

The  statute  of  14  George  III.,  known  as  the  Boston  Port  Bill, 
entitled,  "An  Act  to  Discontinue  in  Such  Manner  and  for  Such 
Time  as  are  Therein  Mentioned,  the  Landing  and  Discharging,  the 
Lading  or  Shipping  of  Goods,  Wares,  Merchandise  at  the  Town  and 
Within  the  Harbor  of  Boston  in  the  Province  of  Massachusetts 
Bay,"  was  enacted  by  the  British  Parliament  in  March,  1774.  It 
was  meant  to  punish  the  people  of  Boston  for  their  unlawful  re- 
sistance to  the  tea  tax  and  to  compel  the  province  to  submission. 
"If  you  pass  this  act  with  tolerable  unanimity,"  said  Lord  Mans- 
field, "Boston  will  submit,  and  all  will  end  in  victory  without  carn- 
age." The  act  took  effect  at  12  o'clock  on  the  1st  of  June,  1774. 
Boston  depended  almost  wholly  on  her  commerce.  In  a  few  weeks 
business  was  paralyzed,  and  the  whole  town  was  suffering.  But 
George  III.  and  his  councillors  had  Virginia  as  well  as  Massachu- 
setts to  reckon  with.  Her  generous  people  rose  as  one  man.  Not 
only  letters  of  sympathy  came  pouring  in  to  the  selectmen  of  Bos- 
ton, but  there  came  substantial  contributions  of  money  and  food, 
which,  considering  the  poverty  of  the  time  and  the  difficulty  of 
communication  and  transport,  are  almost  without  a  parallel  in  his- 
tory. The  House  of  Burgesses  appointed  a  day  of  fasting  and 
prayer,  and  ordered  "that  the  members  do  attend  in  their  places  to 
proceed  with  the  Speaker  and  the  Mace  to  Church  for  the  purposes 
aforesaid." 


WESTBIORELAND    COUSTY,    VIRGINIA  57 

But  they  did  not  leave  Boston  to  fast.  Meetings  were  held  all 
over  the  Old  Dominion.  In  Fairfax  county  George  Washington 
was  chairman  and  headed  the  subscription  with  £50.  The  Conven- 
tion over  u'hich  he  presided  recommended  subscriptions  in  every 
county  in  Virginia.  Mason  ordered  his  children  to  keep  the  day 
strictly  and  to  attend  church  clad  in  mourning.  In  Westmoreland 
county  John  Augustine  Washington  was  chairman.  He  enclosed 
in  his  letter  a  bill  of  lading  for  1,092  bushels  of  grain.  The  gen- 
erous flame  spread  among  the  backwoodsmen.  Not  only  from  tide- 
M^ater,  but  from  over  the  mountains,  where  the  roads  were  little 
better  than  Indian  trails,  the  farmers  denied  themselves  to  make 
their  generous  gifts.  Their  wagons  thronged  all  the  roads,  as  they 
brought  their  gifts  of  corn  and  grain  to  tidewater.  Among  the 
committees  by  which  they  were  forwarded  are  the  renowned  Vir- 
ginia names — some  of  them  renowned  in  every  generation — Upshaw 
and  Beverley  and  Eitchie  and  Lee  and  Randolph  and  Watkins  and 
Carey  and  Archer.  But  for  this  relief,  in  which  Virginia  was  the 
leader  and  example  to  the  other  Colonies,  Boston,  as  Sam  Adams 
declared,  must  have  been  starved  and  have  submitted  to  degrading 
conditions. 

The  Norfolk  committee  say  in  their  letter:  "It  is  with  pleasure 
we  can  inform  you  of  the  cheerful  accession  of  the  trading  in- 
terest of  this  Colony  to  the  association  of  the  Continental  Congress. 
We  wish  you  perseverance,  moderation,  firmness,  and  success  in 
this  grand  contest,  which  we  view  as  our  own  in  every  respect." 

Virginia  and  Massachusetts  have  moved  across  the  continent 
in  parallel  lines.  Each  has  learned  much  from  the  other.  What 
each  has  learned  and  what  each  has  originated  have  been  taught 
to  many  new  commonwealths  as  to  docile  pupils.  I  will  not  under- 
take to  discuss  to  which,  in  this  lofty  ancl  generous  rivalry,  should 
be  awarded  the  pre-eminence.  Indeed,  it  would  be  hard  to  settle 
that  question  unless  we  could  settle  the  question,  impossible  of 
solution,  which  owes  most  to  the  other.  But  I  am  frank  to  confess 
that,  whatever  natural  partiality  may  lead  her  sons  to  claim  for 
Massachusetts,  the  world  will  be  very  slow  to  admit  that  among 
the  men  who  have  been  founders  of  States  in  Christian  liberty  and 
law,  there  will  be  found  anywhere  the  equals  to  the  four  names  of 
Jefferson,  Marshall,  Madison,  and  Henry,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
supreme  name  of  Washington.  As  the  old  monk  said  of  King 
Arthur:  ''The  old  world  knows  not  his  peer;  nor  will  the  future 
show  us  his  equal;  he  alone  towers  over  other  kings,  better  than 
the  past  ones  and  greater  than  those  that  are  to  be." 

No  man,  when  he  utters  his  admiration  for  the  excellence  of 


58  ^VEHrMORELA^'D    COUXTY,    VIROIXIA 

woman,  brings  his  own  mother  into  the  comparison.  It  would  be 
singularly  nnbeeoming  for  any  son  of  Massachusetts  to  be  speak- 
ing or  thinking  of  the  rank  w^hich  belongs  to  her  in  history  on  an 
occasion  like  this.  But  saving,  therefore,  my  allegiance  to  her,  I 
affirm  without  hesitation  that  the  history  of  no  other  civilized  com- 
munity on  earth  of  like  numbers,  since  Athens,  for  a  like  period, 
can  be  compared  with  that  of  Virginia  from  1765  or  1770  down 
to  1825.  ^Vhat  her  gallant  soldier,  Henry  Lee,  said  of  her  most 
illustrious  son  may  well  be  said  of  her:  First  in  war,  first  in  peace. 
What  a  constellation  then  rose  upon  the  sky !  The  list  of  her 
great  names  of  that  wonderful  period  is  like  a  catalogue  of  the 
fixed  stars.  For  all  time  the  American  youth  who  would  learn 
the  principles  of  liberty  protected  by  law ;  who  would  learn  how  to 
frame  constitutions  and  statutes:  who  would  seek  models  of  the 
character  of  the  patriot,  of  the  statesman,  of  the  gentleman,  of 
the  soldier,  may  seek  instruction  from  her — may  study  her  history 
as  in  a  great  university. 

One  thing  is  remarkable  in  the  history  of  Virginia.  It  is  true, 
I  think,  of  no  other  American  State.  jSTotwithstanding  the  splendid 
constellation  of  burning  and  blazing  names  which  she  gave  to  the 
country  in  the  period  of  the  devolution  and  of  framing  and  in- 
augurating the  Constitution,  if  by  some  miracle  they  had  been 
gathered  together  in  one  room,  we  will  say  in  the  year  1770,  or  in 
1780,  and  had  perished  in  one  calamity,  Virginia  could  have  sup- 
plied their  places  and  have  maintained  almost  entirely  the  same 
pre-eminence.  I  do  not  know  that  she  could  have  furnished  a 
second  Marshall  or  a  second  Washington,  but  the  substance  of 
what  she  accomplished  for  America  and  for  mankind  in  those  great 
days  she  would  have  accomplished  still.  She  was  like  a  country 
made  up  of  rolling  hills,  where,  if  those  which  bound  the  horizon 
were  levelled,  other  ranges  would  still  appear  beyond  and  beyond. 

The  mouth  of  the  James  river  is  the  gateway  through  which 
civilization  and  freedom  entered  this  continent.  The  Spaniard 
and  the  Frenchman,  and  perhap-  the  Norseman  had  been  in 
America  before.  But  when  Jamestown  was  planted  the  English- 
man came.  It  is  no  matter  what  was  his  political  creed  or  his  reli- 
gious creed — wliether  Cavalier  or  Roundhead,  Puritan  or  Church- 
man— ^the  emigrant  was  an  Englishman,  and  every  Englisljinan 
then  and  since  held  the  faith  that  liberty  was  his  of  right,  and 
when  liberty  is  put  on  the  ground  of  right  it  implies  the  assertion 
that  government  must  be  founded  on  right,  and  that  liberty  belongs 
to  other  men  also;  and  that  implies  government  by  law.  Nullum 
jus  sine  officio:  Nullum  oMcium  sine  jure. 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  59 

Other  races  have  furnished  great  law  givers,  great  writers  on 
jurisprudence  and  a  few  great  judges.  But  the  sense  of  the  obli- 
gation of  law  as  that  upon  which  depends  individual  right,  the 
feeling  that  life,  liberty,  property  are  not  privileges  but  rights 
whose  security  to  the  individual  depends  upon  his  own  respect  for 
them  as  of  right  belonging  to  other  men  also,  a  sense  pervading 
all  classes  in  the  State,  is  peculiar  to  the  Englishman  and  the 
American  alone.  It  is  this  which  is  the  security  of  our  mighty 
mother  and  of  her  mighty  daughter  against  the  decay  which  has 
attended  alike  the  empires  and  the  republics  of  the  past.  It  is 
for  this  that  England  will  be  remembered  if  she  shall  perish. 

Whatever  harmonies  of  law 

The  growing  world  assume, 
Thy  work  is  thine;  the  single  note 
Of  that  deep  chord  which  Hampton  smote 

Shall  vibrate  to  the  doom. 

The  people  of  Virginia  have  ever  been  renowned  for  two  qual- 
ities— marks  of  a  great  and  noble  nature — hospitality  and  courage. 
Now,  this  virtue  of  hospitality,  and  this  virtue  of  courage  as  pro- 
duced by  men  of  generous  nature,  mean  something  more  than  a 
provision  for  physical  wants  or  than  a  readiness  for  physical  en- 
counter with  an  antagonist.  The  true  hospitality  to  a  man  is  a 
hospitality  to  his  thought;  and  the  highest  courage  is  a  readiness 
for  an  encounter  of  thoughts." — The  Reports  Virginia  State  Bar 
Association,  Vol.  XL,  1898,  pp.  247—. 


The  writer  of  this  little  booklet,  in  reading  the  above  address  of 
Senator  Hoar,  cannot  help  feeling  and  believing  that  the  comity 
and  alfection  between  these  ancient  commonwealths  have  been  kept 
up  and  beautifully  recognized  in  the  brilliant  speech  of  Senator 
Lodge  of  Massachusetts  in  February,  1911,  in  the  United  States 
Senate  on  the  death  of  Senator  Daniel  of  Virginia : 

He  loved  his  country  and  he  loved  her  history.  He  cherished 
with  reverence  her  institutions  and  her  traditions.  It  could  not 
be  otherwise,  for  he  was  a  Virginian,  and  the  history  and  traditions 
of  his  own  State  outran  all  the  rest.  Others  may  disregard  the 
past  or  speak  lightly  of  it,  but  no  Virginian  ever  can,  and  Senator 
Daniel  was  a  Virginian  of  Virginians. 

He  believed,  as  I  am  sure  most  thoughtful  men  believe,  that 
the  nation  or  the  people  who  cared  naught  for  their  past  would 
themselves  leave  nothing  for  their  posterity  to  emulate  or  to  re- 


CO  WESTMORELAISD    COUyi'Y,    VIRGINIA 

member.  He  had  a  great  tradition  to  sustain.  He  represented 
the  State  where  the  first  permanent  English  settlement  was 
founded.     He  represented  tlie  State  of  George  Washington. 

I  will  repeat  here  what  I  have  said  elsewhere,  that,  except  in 
the  golden  age  of  Athens,  I  do  not  think  that  any  community  of 
equal  size,  only  a  few  thousands  in  reality,  lias  produced  in  an 
equall}'  brief  time  as  much  ability  as  was  produced  by  the  Vir- 
ginian planters  at  the  period  of  the  American  Revolution.  Wash- 
ington and  Marshall,  Jefferson  and  Madison,  Patrick  Henry,  the 
Lees  and  the  Randolphs,  Masons  and  Wythe- — what  a  list  it  is  of 
soldiers  and  statesmen,  of  orators  and  lawyers.  The  responsibility 
of  representing  such  a  past  and  such  a  tradition  is  as  great  as  the 
honor.  Senator  Daniel  never  forgot  either  the  honor  or  the  re- 
sponsibility. Can  more  be  said  in  his  praise  than' that  he  worthily 
guarded  the  one  and  sustained  the  other  ? 

The  Civil  War  brouglit  many  tragedies  to  North  and  South 
alike.  None  greater,  certainly,  than  the  division  of  Virginia.  To 
a  State  with  such  a  history,  with  such  memories  and  such  tradi- 
tions, there  was  a  peculiar  cruelty  in  such  a  fate.  Virginia  alone 
among  the  States  has  so  suffered.  Other  wounds  have  healed.  The 
land  that  -was  rent  in  twain  is  one  again.  The  old  enmities  have 
grown  cold;  the  old  friendships  and  affections  are  once  more  warm 
and  strong  as  they  were  at  the  beginning.  But  the  wound  which 
the  war  dealt  to  Virginia  can  never  be  healed.  There  and  there 
alone  the  past  can  not  be  restored.  One  bows  to  the  inevitable, 
but  as  a  lover  of  my  country  and  my  country's  past  I  have  felt  a 
deep  pride  in  the  history  of  Virginia,  in  which  I,  as  an  American, 
had  a  right  to  share,  and  I  have  always  sorrowed  that  an  inexorable 
destiny  had  severed  that  land  where  so  many  brave  and  shining 
memories  were  garnered  up.  That  tliought  was  often  in  my  mind 
as  I  looked  at  Senator  Daniel  in  this  Chamber.  Not  only  did  he 
fitly  and  highly  represent  the  great  past,  with  all  its  memories  and 
traditions,  but  he  also  represented  the  tragedy,  as  great  as  the  his- 
tory, which  had  fallen  upon  Virginia  to  the  cause  in  which  she 
believed  and  to  which  in  her  devotion  she  had  given  her  all,  even 
a  part  of  herself.  The  maimed  soldier  with  scars  which  com- 
manded the  admiration  of  the  world  finely  typified  his  great  State 
in  her  sorrows  and  her  losses  as  in  her  glories  and  her  pride. — Con- 
gressional  Fecord,  Gist  Congress,  3rd  Session,  p.  3111. 


IV. 

Tribute  to  Washington  by  Lord  Brougham  and 
Lord  Byron. 

Some   of  the   Sayings   of   Wasliington — His   Anti-Slavery   Senti- 
ments— Some  Witticisms  Concerning  Him — }Yashi7igton  and 
Lee,  the  Castor  and  Pollux,  the  Tivo  Twin  Stars. 

In  this  little  booklet  of  res  disjecta  membra  we  have  not 
the  space,  if  we  so  desired,  to  give  the  names  of  the  great  .men 
of  Westmoreland,  much  less  their  biographical  sketches,  who 
have  embellished  her  history.  In  the  words  of  Senator  Hoar, 
of  Massachusetts :  "What  a  constellation  then  arose  upon  the 
sky !  The  list  of  her  great  names  of  that  wonderful  period 
is  like  a  catalogue  of  fixed  stars.'^  We  can  not  even  give 
full  sketches  of  Washington  and  Lee,  two  of  the  greatest  fig- 
ures in  American  history,  and  two  of  the  greatest  soldiers  in  the 
history  of  the  English  speaking  people.  The  reader  is  familiar 
with  the  events  of  their  lives.  We  shall  only  insert  extracts  from 
the  most  distinguished  sources.  Washington  and  lee — the  Castor 
and  Pollux  of  the  gallery — the  two  twin  stars  that  brilliantly  shine 
in  the  firmament,  and  the  most  exalted  figures  of  the  world's  his- 
tory. 

Safe  comes  the  ship  to  haven, 

Through  billows  and  through  gales, 

If  once  the  Great  Twin  Brethren, 
Sit  shining  on  the  sails. 

Macaulay's  Lays  of  Ancient  Tiome. 

Washington. 

The  grandest  tributes  ever  paid  to  mortal  man  have  been  ren- 
dered by  England's  most  illustrious  representatives  to  Washington 
and  echoed  by  the  most  eminent  men  in  every  other  civilized  land. 

First  read  the  grand  tributes  of  ISTapoleon  Bonaparte,  of  Talley- 
rand as  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  for  France,  of  Gladstone,  M. 
Guizot,  and  others.    Even  China  called  him  "peerless" 

But  the  proudest  tribute  is  that  of  Americans  who  cherish  the 
splendid  character  and  immortal  Heeds  of   "The   Father  of  His 


Q2  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    YIRGIMA 

Country."  How  exquisite  and  toncliingly  eloquent  Governor  Henry 
Lee  on  the  death  of  Washington,  Eufus  Choate  on  the  birthday  of 
Washington,  George  Wm.  Curtis  on  the  value  of  Washington,  and 
Chauncey  M.  Depew  on  the  majestic  eminence  of  Washington. 
Then  the  opinions  of  Albert  Barnes,  D.  D.,  William  E.  Channing, 
and  George  W.  P.  Custis.  Then  the  histories  by  Chief  Justice 
Marshall,  Jared  Sparks,  the  Fords,  and  still  later  the  histories  of 
Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  the  present  brilliant  Senator  from  Massa- 
chusetts, and  Woodrow  Wilson,  late  of  Princeton,  and  now  Governor 
of  New  Jersey,  the  rising  star  of  American  statesmanship,  bringing 
us  in  closer  touch  with  the  true  Washington. 

We  insert  the  tribute  paid  fo  the  character  of  Washington  by 
Lord  Brougham,  Lord  Chancellor  of  England,  where  he  contrasts 
him  with  Napoleon: 

How  grateful  the  relief  which  the  friend  of  mankind,  the  lover 
of  virtue  experiences  when,  turning  from  the  contemplation  of 
such  a  character,  his  eye  rests  upon  the  greatest  man  of  our  own  or 
any  other  age.  ...  In  Washington  we  truly  behold  a  mar- 
vellous contrast  to  almost  every  one  of  the  endowments  and  the 
vices  which  we  have  been  contemplating;  and  which  are  so  well 
fitted  to  excite  a  mingled  admiration,  and  sorrow,  and  abhorrence. 
With  none  of  that  brilliant  genius  which  dazzles  ordinary  minds; 
with  not  even  any  remarkable  quickness  of  apprehension;  with 
knowledge  less  than  almost  all  persons  in  the  middle  ranks,  and 
many  well  educated  of  the  humbler  class  possess,  this  eminent  person 
is  presented  to  our  observation  clothed  with  attributes  as  modest, 
as  unpretending,  as  little  calculated  to  strike,  or  astonish,  as  if  he 
had  passed  through  some  secluded  region  of  private  life.  But  he 
had  a  judgment  sure  and  sound;  a  steadiness  of  mind  which  never 
suffered  any  passion,  or  even  any  Reeling  to  ruffle  its  calm;  a 
strength  of  understanding  worked,  rather  than  forced  its  way 
through  all  obstacles — removing  or  avoiding  rather  than  overleap- 
ing them.  His  courage,  whether  in  battle  or  in  council,  was  as 
perfect  as  might  be  expected  from  this  pure  and  steady  temper  of 
soul.  A  ]3erfectly  just  man,  with  a  thoroughly  firm  resolution 
never  to  be  misled  by  others,  any  more  than  by  others  to  be  over- 
awed ;  never  to  be  seduced,  or  betrayed,  or  hurried  away  by  his  own 
weakness,  or  self-delusions,  any  more  than  by  other  men's  arts; 
nor  even  to  be  disheartened  by  the  most  complicated  difficulties, 
any  more  than  be  spoilt  on  the  giddy  heights  of  fortune — such  was 
this  great  man — whether  we  regarS  him  alone  sustaining  the  whole 
weight  of  campaigns  all  but  desperate,  or  gloriously  terminating  a 


# 

1" 

■•^ 

\ 

* 

^^llllh_ 

V               ! 

'  ^^  A 

|^P^^|k 

M 

H|^Vpf< 

^i^^A 

i 

■^^ 

^ 

-.■^v, 

^ 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  63 

just  warfare  by  his  resources  arfd  his  courage ;  presiding  over  the 
jarring  elements  of  his  political  council,  alike  deaf  to  the  storms  of 
all  extremes — or  directing  the  formation  of  a  new  government  for 
a  great  people,  the  first  time  so  vast  an  experiment  had  been  tried 
by  man;  or  finally  retiring  from  the  supreme  power  to  which  his 
virtue  had  raised  him  over  the  nation  he  had  created  and  whose 
destinies  he  had  guided  as  long  as  his  aid  was  required — retired 
with  the  veneration  of  all  parties,  of  all  nations,  of  all  mankind, 
in  order  that  the  rights  of  men  might  be  preserved,  and  that  his 
example  might  never  be  appealed  to  by  vulgar  tyrants. 

This  is  the  consummate  glory  of  the  great  American;  a  trium- 
phant warrior,  where  the  most  sanguine  had  a  right  to  despair;  a 
successful  ruler  in  all  the  difficulties  of  a  course  wholly  untried; 
but  a  warrior  whose  sword  only  left  its  sheath  when  the  first  law 
of  our  nature  commanded  it  to  be  drawn;  and  a  ruler  who,  having 
tasted  of  supreme  power,  gently  and  unostentatiously  desired  that 
the  cup  might  pass  from  him,  nor  would  suffer  more  to  wet  his  lips 
than  the  most  solemn  and  sacred  duty  to  his  country  and  his  God 
required ! 

To  his  latest  breath  did  this  great  patriot  maintain  the  noble 
character  of  a  captain,  the  patron  of  peace;  and  a  statesman,  the 
friend  of  justice.  Dying,  he  bequeathed  to  his  heirs  the  sword 
he  had  worn  in  the  war  for  liberty,  charging  them  "never  to  take 
it  from  the  scabbard  but  in  self  defence,  or  in  defence  of  their  coun- 
try and  her  freedom,"  and  commanding  them  that  when  it  should 
thus  be  drawn,  they  should  never  sheath  it,  nor  ever  give  it  up,  but 
prefer  falling  with  it  in  their  hands  to  the  relinquishment  thereof — 
words  the  majesty  and  simple  eloquence  of  which  are  not  surpassed 
in  the  oratory  of  Athens  and  Eome. 

It  will  be  the  duty  of  the  historian  and  the  sage  in  all  ages  to 
omit  no  occasion  of  commemorating  this  illustrious  man,  and  until 
time  shall  be  no  more,  will  be  a  test  of  the  progress  which  our  race 
has  made  in  wisdom  and  in  virtue,  to  be  derived  from  the  venera- 
tion paid  to  the  immortal  name  of  Washington ! 


Byron  pays  homage  to  Washington  repeatedly  in  his  poems,  and 
wrote  of  him  that,  "To  be  the  first  man  (not  the  Dictator) ,  not  the 
Seylla,  but  the  Washington,  or  Aristides,  the  leader  in  talent  and 
truth,  is  to  be  next  to  the  Divinity."  We  have  not  space  to  quote 
from  the  fourth  canto  of  "Childe  Harold,"  "The  Age  of  Bronze," 
''Don  Juan,"  Canto  VIII.,  5,  nor  Canto  IX.  of  "Don  Juan,"  but 
we  give  the  last  stanza  in  his  "Ode  to  Napoleon  Bonaparte" : 


(34  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

*'Where  may  the  wearied  eye  repose 
When  gazing  on  the  great, 
Where  neither  guilty  glory  glows, 

ISTor  despicable  state? 
Yes,  one — the  first — the  last — the  best — 
The  Cincinnatus  of  the  West, 

Whom  envy  dare  not  hate. 
Bequeath  the  name  of  Washington, 
To  make  man  blush  there  was  but  one !" 


The  Anti-Slavery  Sentiments  of  George  Washington. 

George  Washington,  writing  in  1786,  to  Eobert  Morris,  of  Phil- 
adelphia, after  alluding  to  an  Anti-Slavery  Society  of  Quakers  in 
that  city  and  suggesting  that  unless  their  practices  were  discon- 
tinued, "None  of  those  whose  misfortune  it  is  to  have  slaves  as 
attendants  will  visit  the  city  if  they  can  possibly  avoid  it,"  con- 
tinues : 

"I  hope  it  will  not  be  conceived  from  these  observations  that  it 
is  my  wish  to  hold  the  unhappy  people,  who  are  the  subjects  of  this 
letter  in  slavery.  I  can  only  say  that  there  is  not  a  man  living 
who  wishes  more  sincerely  than  I  do  to  see  a  plan  adopted  for  the 
abolition  of  it.  But  there  is  only  one  proper  and  effectual  mode  by 
which  it  can  be  accomplished,  and  that  is  by  legislative  authority; 
and  this,  as  far  as  my  suffrage  will  go  shall  never  be  wanting." 

Writing  in  the  same  year  to  John  F.  Mercer,  he  said : 

"I  never  mean,  unless  some  particular  circumstance  shall  com- 
pel me  to  it,  to  possess  another  slave  by  purchase,  it  being  among 
my  first  wishes  to  see  some  plan  adopted  by  which  slavery  in  this 
country  may  be  abolished  by  law." — Virginm's  Attitude  Toward 
Slavery  and  Secession.  Munford,  p.  83.  The  Writings  of  Wash- 
ington, Marshall.  Vol.  IX.,  p.  159. 

Extract  from  the  will  of  George  Washington,  dated  July  9, 
1799,  recorded  in  the  clerk's  office  of  Fairfax  county: 

"Upon  the  decease  of  my  wife,  it  is  my  will  and  desire  that  all 
the  slaves  whom  I  hold  in  my  own  right  shall  receive  their  freedom. 
To  emancipate  them  during  her  lifetime  would,  though  earnestly 
wished  by  me,  be  attended  with  such  msuperable  difficulties  on  ac- 
count of  their  intermixture  by  marriage  with  the  dower  negroes  as 
to  excite  the  most  painful  sensations,  if  not  disagreeable  eonse- 


WESTMORELAND    COIXTY,    TIROIXfA  65 

quences  to  tlic  latter,  while  both  descriptions  are  in  the  occupancy 
of  the  same  pi-oprietor  ;  it  not  being  in  iliv  power  under  the  tenure 
by  which  the  dower  ne.groes  are  held  to  manumit  them." 

The  will  further  provides  that  all  the  slaves  who  at  the  time  of 
their  emancipation  are  unable  by  reason  of  old  age,  bodily  infirmi- 
ties, or  youth,  to  supjAort  themselves  shall  be  cared  for  out  of  his 
estate,  the  testator  declaring: 

"I  do  moreover  most  pointedly  and  most  solemnly  enjoin  it 
upon  my  executors  hereafter  named,  or  the  survivors  of  them,  to 
see  that  this  clause  respecting  slaves  and  every  part  thereof  be  re- 
ligiously fulfilled  at  the  epoch  at  which  it  is  directed  to  take  place 
without  evasion,  neglect,  or  delay,  after  the  crops  which  may  then 
be  in  the  ground  are  harvested,  particularly  as  it  respects  the  aged 
and  infirm  :  seeing  that  a  regular  and  permanent  fund  be  estab- 
lished for  their  support  as  long  as  there  are  subjects  requiring  it." — 
Virginia's  AUiiude  Toward  Slavery  and  Secession,  Mimford.  p. 
lOS".     lAfe  of  Washington,  Irving,  Vol.  \ .,  p.  439. 


Here  are  some  of  the  sayings  of  Washington.  They  still  float 
around  as  other  local  traditions,  Like  most  tommy-rot,  and  old 
chestnuts,  they  are  frequently  told  with  great  gusto.  For  a  long 
time  the  popular  conception  of  the  man  was  based  upon  the  story 
of  his  life  as  portrayed  by  Eev.  C.  L.  Weems,  1838,  whose  book 
passed  through  some  fifty  editions.  From  him  wei  g'ot  the  myth  about 
the  cherry  tree,  and  numerous  others,  equally  without  foundation. 
Weems  claimed  to  have  been  the  rector  of  Mount  Vernon  parish, 
and  to  have  lived  on  terms  of  intimacy  with  Washington.  Major- 
Oeneral  Henry  Lee.  United  States  Army,  on  title  page,  commend* 
the  book.  But  his  pretensions  Avere  Avholly  void  of  truth,  as  claimed 
by  subsequent  writers.  Senator  Lodge  describes  him  as  "a  preacher 
by  profession  and  an  adventurer  by  nature."  A  writer  of  popular 
books,  peddling  them  himself  as  he  traveled  about  the  country. 
Historians  now  hold  him  up  as  a  man  whose  mendacity  is  now  quite 
well  understood,  and  the  unreliability  of  his  book  thoroughly  recog- 
nized. 

We  give  these  sayings  simply  to  relieve  the  grotesque,  dreary 
and  sombre  style  and  character  of  this  booklet,  and  to  light  up  and 
brighten  these  pages.  Please  spare  us  the  mendacity  and  unre- 
liability of  these  sayings. 

The  planting  the  flag  upon  the  mountains  of  West  Augusta  has 
been  and  is  a  resourceful  theme  for  oratory.  The  writer  of  this, 
lieard  a  distinguished  Virginia  orator,  Hon.  Caperton  Braxton,  at 
the  great  banquet  hall  of  the  Homestead.  Hot  Springs,  Va.,  before 


(5(5  WEt^TMORELAKD    COUNTY,    MROINIA 

the  joint  meeting  of  the  American  Bar  Association  and  the  Vir- 
jrinia  Bar  Association,  use  this  flag  incident  and  saying  of  Wash- 
ington, and  it  actually  made  the  assemhly  go  wild. 

At  the  time  Tarleton  drove  the  Leg-islature  from  Charlottesville 
to  Staunton,  the  stillness  of  the  Sabbath  eve  was  broken  in  the 
latter  town  by  the  beat  of  the  drum  and  volunteers  were  called  for 
to  prevent  the  passage  of  the  British  through  the  mountains.  Mr.~. 
Colonel  William  Lewis,  with  the  firmness  of  a  Eoman  matron,  gave 
lip  to  her  country  all  her  boys  of  tender  years  to  keep  back  the  foot 
of  the  invader  from  the  soil  of  Augusta.  When  this  incident  was 
related  to  Washington  shortly  after  its  occurrence,  he  enthusias- 
tically exclaimed:  "Leave  me  but  a  banner  to  plant  upon  the 
mountains  of  Augusta,  and  I  w^ill  rally  around  me  the  men  who 
will  raise  our  bleeding  country  from  the  dust  and  set  her  free." — 
Howe's  History,  page  183. 

Hon.  Benson  J.  Lossing,  author  of  "Life  of  Washington"  and 
"Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the  Eevolution,"  and  other  historians 
have  given  their  version,  but  the  better  and  most  correct  version 
(if  to-day  is  taken  from  one  of  the  addresses  of  Dr.  Denny,  presi- 
dent of  Washinglon  and  Lee  University:  "Give  me  but  a  banner 
to  plant  upon  the  mountains  of  West  Augusta,  and  I  will  rally 
about  it  the  men  who  will  lift  our  bleeding  country  from  the  dust, 
;>nd  set  her  free." 

Another  version  is  that  in  the  darkest  hour  of  the  struggle  for 
American  Independence,  the  "Father  of  his  Country,"  when  the 
outlook  for  success  staggered  the  hopes  of  the  strongest  patriot, 
said :  "Give  mo  but  a  flag  and  the  means  to  plant  it  upon  the 
mountains  of  West  Augusta,  and  I  will  draw  about  it  an  army 
which  will  never  yield." 

^n  tlie  Annals  of  Augusta  County,  Virginia,  by  Joseph  A.  Wad- 
doll  (  I'irginia  Hisiorical  Society,  page  251),  is  stated:  "We  may 
•state  that  the  rhetorical  declaration  about  West  Augusta,  attributed 
to  Washington  at  a  dark  day  during  the  war,  is  a  sheer  fiction. 
What  Washington  said,  in  the  simplest!  terms,  was.  that  if  driven 
to  extremity,  he  would  retreat  to  Augusta  county,  in  Virginia,  and 
there  make  a  stand." 

Whether  this  is  a  "rhetorical  declaration."  or  "sheer  fiction." 
we  think  there  is  a  sentiment  and  charm  about  it  that  is  apt  to 
live,  and  we  venture  to  say.  will  live  in  the  ages. 


Below  are  some  of  the  witticisms  on  Washington: 
Washington  would  not  tell  a  lie.     All  have  heard  of  Washing- 
ton and  the  little  hatchet  and  the  cherry  tree  from  Parson  Weems, 
which  we  will  not  repeat. 


WEf^TMORKLWD    COl'STY.    TIRGIXIA  67 

At  a  banquet  in  Philadelphia,  General  Fitzhugh  Lee,  Governor 
of  Virginia,  is  reported  to  have  said :  "It  is  a  tradition  in  Fred- 
ericksburg that  the  mother  of  Washington  once  had  her  servant 
women  in  her  back  yard  in  Fredericksburg  making  soap.  The 
women  reported  that  the  soap  would  not  come,  when,  upon  exami- 
nation she  found  that  they  were  trying  to  make  soap  with  the  ashes 
of  the  cherry  tree^  and  there  was  no  lye  in  it." 

When  the  Taft  party  visited  the  Philippines  they  went  into  a 
Japanese  shop  to  make  some  purchases,  and  a  Japanese  merchant 
offered  them  the  image  of  an  idol,  or  some  trinket  which  he  said 
was  five  hundred  years  old.  The  American  said:  '"Why  don't  you 
make  it  one  thousand."  and  the  Jap  replied,  ''me  have  hearn  of 
your  George  Washington,  and  me  never  tell  a  lie.'' 

A  passenger  on  one  of  the  Eapjpahannock  steamers  was  pointing 
out  to  an  Englishman  the  place  where  George  Wasnington  is  said 
to  have  thrown  a  silver  dollar  across  the  river  (Chatham,  opposite 
Fredericksburg),  and  the  Englishman  .replied  that  a  dollar  went 
much  further  in  those  days  than  it  does  now.  The  Englishman 
still  continued  to  doubt  the  proposition,  when  the  American  quickly 
replied,  "Why,  sii,  that  was  easy  for  Washington  to  do,  because  he 
had  thrown  a  crown  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean."  This  last  is  a 
tradition  told  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  who  visited  his  son  in  the 
Union  Army  at  Fredericksburg  during  the  Civil  War,  now  on 
United  States  Supreme  Bench. 

"This  was  fine  sport  for  George,  Avhose  passion  for  active  exer- 
cise was  so  strong  that  at  play  time  no  weather  could  keep'  him 
within  doors.  His  fair  cousins,  who  visited  at  his  mother's,  used 
to  complain  that  'George  was  not  fond  of  their  company  like  other 
boys :  but  soon  as  he  had  got  his  task  would  run  out  to  play.'  But 
such  trifling  play  as  marbles  and  tops  he  could  never  endure.  They 
did  not  afford  him  exercise  enough.  His  delight  was  in  that  of  the 
manliest  sort,  which,  by  stringing  the  limbs  and  swelling  the 
muscles,  promotes  the  kindliest  flow  of  blood  and  spirits.  At  jump- 
ing with  a  long  pole,  or  heaving  heavy  weights,  for  his  years,  he 
hardly  had  an  equal.  And  as  to  running,  the  swift-footed  Achilles 
could  scarcely  have  matched  his  speed. 

'"Egad!  he  ran  wonderfully,'  said  my  amiable  and  aged  friend. 
John  Fitzhugh.  Esq.,  who  knew  him  well.  'We  had  no  boy  herr- 
abouts  that  could  come  near  him.'  There  was  a  young  Langhorn 
Dade,  of  Westmoreland,  a  confounded  clean  made,  tight  young  fel- 
low, and  a  mighty  swift  runner,  too.  But.  then,  he  was  no  match 
for  George.  Langv,  indeed,  did  not  like  to  give  up,  and  would 
brag  that  he  had  some  times  brought  George  to  a  tie.     But  I  be- 


68  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

lieve  he  was  mistaken,  for  I  have  seen  them  run  together  many  a 
time,  and  George  always  beat  him  easy  enough/' 

Colonel  Lewis  Willis,  his  playmate  and  kinsman,  has  been 
heard  to  say,  that  he  has  often  seen  him  throw  a  stone  across 
Rappahannock  at  the  lower  ferry  of  Fredericksburg.  It  would 
be  no  easy  matter  to  find  a  man  now-a-days  who  could  do  it. — 
Weems'  Life  of  Washington,  page  23. 

We  do  not  think  that  the  german  was  in  vogue  at  that  period — 
certainly  none  of  the  bijou  and  vaudeville  pranks.  It  may  be  that 
the  old  Virginia  reel  and  chum,  chum-a-loo,  and  clapping-in  and 
clapping-out,  which  date  back,  were  extant  then.  We  hear  noth- 
ing from  old  John  Fitzhugh  and  Parson  Weems  as  to  this,  nor 
of  Washington's  accomplishments  in  this  direction.  But  there  is 
still  floating  around  in  Tidewater  the  tradition  that  when  Wash- 
ington's "fair  cousins"  and  the  other  girls  in  the  neighborhood 
used  to  assemble,  that  Washington  and  this  same  long  Langhorn 
Dade  and  the  other  boys  had  a  championship  for  kissing  the  pret- 
tiest girl  by  jumping  the  farthest,  and  that  Wasliington  jumped 
twenty-two  feet.     Of  course,  he  won  the  prize. 


Surrender  of  Lord  Cornwallis 


Anti-Slavery  Sentiment  of  Robert  E.  Lee. 

Owned  No  Slaves  at  Time  of  the  Wai\ — Declares  Disunion  an 
Aggravation  of  the  Ills  of  the  South. — Denies  Constitution- 
ality of  Secession. — Denies  Ethical  Right  of  Coercion. — His 
Sorrow  at  Disunion. — Anti-Slavery  Sentiments  of  Ricliard 
Henry  Lee,  James  Monroe,  James  Madison,  Robert  Carter  of 
Nomony,   and  Bushrod    Washington. 

Eobert  .E.  Lee,  writing  in  December,  1856,  said : 

"In  this  enlightened  age  there  are  few,  I  believe,  but  will 
acknowledge  that  as  an  institution,  slavery  is  a  moral  and  political 
evil  in  any  country.  It  is  useless  to  expatiate  on  its  disadvantages. 
I  think,  it,  however,  a  greater  evil  to  the  white  than  to  the  black 
race,  and  while  my  feelings  are  strongly  enlisted  in  behalf  of  the 
latter,  my  sympathies  are  strongly  for  the  former. 

'"While  we  see  the  icourse  of  the  final  abolition  of  slavery  is 
onward,  and  we  give  it  the  aid  of  our  prayers  and  all  justiiiablc 
means  in  our  power,  we  must  leave  the  pirogress  as  well  as  the 
result  in  His  hands,  who  sees  the  end  and  chooses  to  work  by  slow 
influences." — Virginia's  Atiitvde  Toward  Slavery  and  Secession, 
Munford,  p.  101 ;  Life  of  R.  E.  Lee,  Fitzhugh  Lee,  p.  64. 

Eobert  E.  Lee  never  owned  a  slave  except  the  few  he  inherited 
from  his  mother — all  of  whom  he  emancipated  many  years  prior 
to  the  war. — Virginia's  Attitude  Toward  Slavery  and  Secession, 
Munford,  p.  156.  Letter  from  his  eldest  son.  Gen.  G.  W.  Ctistis  Lee, 
to  the  author,  dated  February  4.  1907,  on  file  in  Virginia  Historical 
Society. 

Egbert  E.   Lee  Declares  Disunion  an  Aggravation  of  the 
Ills  of  the  South. 

Eobert  E.  Lee,  referring  to  the  same  subject,  wrote : 
"The  South,  in  my  opinion,  has  been  aggrieved  by  the  acts  of 
the  North,  as  you  say.  I  feci  the  aggression  and  am  willin?  to 
take  every  proper  step  for  redress  .  .  .  But  I  can  anticipate 
no  greater  calamity  than  a  dissolution  of  the  Union.  It  would  be 
an  accumulation  of  all  the  evils  we  complain  of,  and  I  am  willing 
to  sacrifice  everything,  but  honor,  for  its  preservation." — Idem, 
p.  227.     Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee  by  Long,  p.  88. 


;0  MEfiTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Robert  E.  Lee  Denies  Constitutionality  of  Secession,  and 
Denies  Ethical  Right  of  Coercion. 

Robert  E.  Lee,  writing  on  23rd  of  January,  1861,  said  : 
"Secession  is  nothing  l)ut  revohition.  The  framers  of  oQr 
Constitution  never  exhausted  so  much  labor,  wisdom  and  forbear- 
anlce  in  its  formation  and  surrounded  it  with  so  many  guards  and 
securities  if  it  was  intended  t(^  Itc  l)rokon  l)y  every  menilier  of  tlie 
Confederacy  at  will.     .     .     .   • 

''Still  a  Union  that  can  only  be  maintained  by  swords  and 
bayonets,  and  in  which  strife  and  civil  war  are  to  take  the  phue 
of  brotherly  love  and  kindness,  has  no  charm  for  me.  If  the  Union 
is  dissolved  and  the  Government  disrupted,  I  shall  return  to  my 
native  State  and  share  the  miseries  of  my  people — and  save  in 
defense  will  draw  my  sword  on  none."" — Idem,  p.  293.  Memoirs 
of  Robert  E.  Lee  by  Long,  p.  88. 

His  Sorrow  at  Disunion. 

Ro})ert  E.  Lee,  anticipating  the  event,  in  January,  1861,  wrote: 
"I  shall  mourn  for  my  country  and  for  the  welfare  and  pro- 
gress of  mankind.  If  the  Union  is  dissolved  and  the  Government 
disrupted,  I  shall  return  to  my  native  State  and  share  the  miseries 
of  my  people,  and,  save  in  defense,  will  draw  my  sword  on  none.'" 
— Idem.,  p.  302.     Memoirs  of  Robert  E.  Lee,  Long,  p.  88. 


Richard  Henry  Lee,  speaking  in  the  Virginia  House  of  Bur- 
gesses, 1772,  in  support  of  a  bill  prohibiting  the  slave  trade,  said  : 

"Nor,  sir,  are  these  the  only  reasons  to  be  urged  against  the 
importation.  In  my  opinion  not  the  cruelties  practised  in  the  con- 
quest of  South  America,  not  the  savage  barbarity  of  a  Saracen, 
can  be  more  big  with  atrocity  than  our  cruel  trade  to  Africa. 
There  wo  encourage  those  poor,  ignorant  people  to  wage  eternal 
war  against  each  other;  .  .  .  that  by  war,  stealth  or  sur- 
prise, we  Christians  may  be  furnished  with  our  fellow  creatures, 
who  are  no  longer  to  be  considered  as  created  in  the  image  of 
God  as  well  as  ourselves  and  equally  entitled  to  liberty  and  free- 
dom by  the  great  law  of  Nature,  but  they  are  to  be  deprived  for- 
ever of  all  the  comforts  of  life  and  to  be  made  the  most  wretched 
of  the  human  kind." — Virginia's  Attitude  Toward  Slavery  and 
Secession.  ]\runford,  p.  82.    Lif/i  of  R.  U.  Lee,  Lee,  Vol.  L,  p.  18. 


James  Monroe,  speaking  in  the  Virginia  Constitutional  Con- 
vention on  the  2nd  of  Novemher,  1829,  said : 

"What  has  been  the  leading  spirit  of  this  State  ever  since  our 
independence  was  obtained?     She  has  always  declared  herself  in 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VHtillNlA  71 

favor  of  the  equal  rights  of  man.  The  Revolution  was  conducted 
on  that  principle.  Yet  there  was  at  that  time  a  slavish  population 
in  Virginia.  We  hold  it  in  the  condition  in  which  the  Revolution 
found  it,  and  what  can  he  done  with  this  population?  .  .  . 
As  to  the  practicahility  of  emancipating  them,  it  can  never  hi' 
done  by  the  State  itself,  nor  without  the  aid  of  the  Union.  .  .  . 
''Sir,  what  brought  us  together  in  the  Revolutionary  War?  It 
was  the  doctrine  of  equal  rights.  Each  part  of  the  country  en- 
couraged and  supported  every  other  part.  None  took  advantage 
of  the  other's  distresses.  And  if  we  find  that  this  evil  has  preyed 
upon  the  vitals  of  the  Union  and  has  been  prejudicial  to  all  the 
States  where  it  existed,  and  is  likewise  repugnant  to  their  several 
State  Constitutions  and  Bills  of  Rights,  why  may  we  not  expect 
that  they  will  unite  with  us  in  accomplishing  its  removal." — Vir- 
gitiia's  Attitude  Toward  Slavery  and  Secession,  Munford.  De- 
bates of  Virginia  Convention,  1829-'30,  page  149. 


James  Madison,  in  1831,  wrote  concerning  slavery  and  the 
American  Colonization  Society: 

''Many  circumstances  of  the  present  moment  seem  to  concur 
in  brightening  the  prospects  of  the  Society  and  cherishing  the 
hope  that  the  time  will  come  when  the  dreadful  calamity  which 
has  so  long  afflicted  our  country  and  filled  so  many  with  despair, 
will  be  gradually  removed,  and  by  means  consistent  with  justice, 
peace  and  general  satisfaction ;  tFus  giving  to  our  country  the  full 
enjoyment  of  the  blessings  of  liberty,  and  to  the  world  the  fuH 
benefit  of  its  great  example." — Idem,,  p.  90.  Life  of  James  Madi- 
son, Hunt,  p.  369. 

Extracts  from  deeds  of  Robert  Carter,  of  Westmoreland 
county  each  dated  the  1st  day  of  January,  1793: 

"Whereas  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Commonwealtli  of  Vir- 
ginia did  in  the  year  seventeen  hundred  and  eighty-two  enact  a 
law  entitled,  "An  Act  to  Authorise  the  Manumission  of  Slaves,"' 
know  all  men  by  these  presents  that  T,  Robert  Carter  of  Nomony 
Hall,  in  the  county  of  Westmoreland,  do  under  the  said  act  for 
myself,  my  heirs,  executors  and  administrators,  emancipate,  and 
forever  setfree  from  slavery  the  following  slaves."  (Here  follow 
the  names  of  the  slaves,  twenty-seven  in  number.) — Idem,,  p.  106. 
JJced  and  Will  Boole,  No.  18,  p.  213,  in  the  Clerk's  Office,  West- 
moreland county,  Virginia. 

On  the  1st  of  January.  1817,  Mr.  Justice  Bush  rod  W^ishing- 
ton  was  made  'first  President  of  the  American  Colonization  So- 
eietv. — Virginia's  Attitude  Torvard  Slavery  and  Secession,  Mun- 
ford, p.  62. 


Beautiful    Tributes    to     General     Robert    E.     Lee. 
Sparkling  Gems  From  Every  Part  of  the  World. 

Egbert  E.  Lee. 

The  name  of  Eobert  E.  Lee  symbolizes  and  embodies  not  only 
the  military  genius,  but  the  best  personal  characteristics  and 
private  virtues  of  the  men  of  the  South.  His  was  the  culmina- 
tion of  the  South's  growth  and  civilization, 

Georgia's  gifted  orator,  Senator  Benjamin  H.  Hill,  has  epitom- 
ized his  virtues  and  greatness-.  "He  was  a  foe  without  hate,  a 
friend  without  treachery,  a  soldier  without  cruelty,  and  a  victim 
without  murmuring.  He  was  a  public  officer  without  vice,  a 
private  citizen  without  wrong,  a  neighbor  without  reproach,  a 
Christian  without  hypocrisy,  a  man  without  guile.  He  was  a 
Ca}sar  without  his  ambition,  Frederick  without  his  tyranny,  Napo- 
leon without  his  selfishness,  and  Washington  without  his  reward. 
He  was  as  obedient  to  authority  as  a  servant,  as  regal  in  authority 
as  a  king.  He  was  as  gentle  as  a  woman  in  life,  pure  and  modest 
as  a  virgin  in  thought,  watchful  as  a  Eoman  vestal,  submissive  to 
law  as  Socrates,  and  grand  in  battle  as  Achilles,'" 

The  ablest  military  critic  in  the  British  army  in  this  genera- 
tion has  placed  Lee  and  Stonewall  Jackson  in  the  same  group 
M'ith  Washington  and  Wellington  and  Marlborough,  the  five  great- 
est generals,  in  his  opinion  of  the  English-speaking  race. 

Lord  Wolseley,  speaking  of  him  not  only  as  the  ''greatest 
soldier  of  his  age,"  but  also  "the  most  perfect  man  I  ever  met," 
says  in  his  personal  memoirs:  "A  close  student  of  war  all  my  (his^ 
life,  and  especially  of  this  Confederate  War,  and  with  a  full 
knowledge  of  the  battles  fought  during  its  progress,"  repeating 
his  judgment  that  General  Lee  was  "the  greatest  of  all  modern 
leaders,"  compares  his  campaign  of  1863  with  that  of  Napoleon's 
of  170n,  Speaking  of  his  visit  to  General  Lee,  he  says:  "I  have 
taken  no  special  trouble  to  remember  all  h(>  said  to  me  then  (1862) 
and  during  subsequent  conversations,  and  yet  it  is  still  fresh  in 
my  recollection.  But  it  is  natural  that  it  should  be  so,  for  he  was 
the  ablest  General,  and  to  me  seemed  tbe  greatest  man  I  ever  con- 
versed with  ;  and  yet  I  have  had  the  privilege  of  meeting  Von 
Moltke  and  Prince  Bismarck,  and  at  least  on  one  occasion  had  a 
very  long  and   inten-(>ly   interesting  conversation   with   the  latter. 


7^f^^^^ 


'^'^^..^ 


7  Cm/'I 


/  ( ' '. -- 


WESTMOh'lJLAND    t'OL'XT)\    \  IIOIIMA  73 

General  Lee  was  one  of  the  few  men  who  ever  seriously  iiiij)rcssefl 
me,  and  awed  me,  with  their  natural  and  inherent  greatness.  Forty 
years  have  come  and  gone  since  our  meeting,  and  yet  the  majesty 
of  his  manly  bearing,  the  genial,  winning  grace,  the  sweetness  of 
his  smile,  and  the  impressive  dignity  of  his  old  fashioned  style  of 
address,  'Come  back  to  me  amongst  the  most  cherished  of  my 
recollections.  His  greatness  made  me  humble,  and  T  never  felt 
my  own  individual  insignificance  more  keenly  than  I  did  in  his 
presence.  His  was  indeed  a  beautiful  character,  and  of  him  it 
might  truthfully  be  written  :  'In  righteousness  he  did  judge  and 
make  war.'  " 

Says  Lord  Wolseley  again:  "I  desire  to  make  known  to  the 
readers  not  only  the  renowned  soldier,  whom  I  believe  to  have 
been  the  greatest  of  his  age,  but  to  give  some  insight  into  the  char- 
acter of  one  whom  I  have  always  considered  the  most  perfect  man 
I  ever  met."  

His  judgment  is  that  of  such  military  writers  and  critics  as 
Chesney,  Lawler,  and  of  the  higher  press,  Northern  as  well  as 
foreign. 

Colonel  Lawler,  an  English  soldier,  said : 

"But,  after  all,  the  one  name,  which  in  connection  with  thn 
great  American  Civil  War  j)oxtcris  narraUnii  atqiie  Iraddum  super, 
stes  erit,  is  the  name  of  Robert  Edward  Lee." 


And  Colonel  Chesney,  another  English  soldier : 

"The  day  will  come  .  .  .  History  will  speak  with  a  clear 
voice  .  .  .  and  place  above  all  others  the  name  of  the  great 
chief  of  whom  we  have  written  (Lee).  In  strategy,  mighty;  in 
battle,  terrible;  in  adversity  and  in  prosperity,  a  hero  indeed; 
with  the  simple  devotion  to  duty  and  rare  purity  of  the  ideal 
Christian  knight,  he  joined  all  the  kingly  qualities  oF  a  leader  of 
men."  

Von   Moltke  places   General   Lee   above  Wellington. 

Dr.  Hunter  McGuire,  Jackson's  staff,  says : 

"Therefore,  it  is  with  swelling  heart  and  deep  thankfulness 
that  I  recently  heard  some  of  the  first  soldiers  and  military  stu- 
dents of  England  declare,  that  within  the  past  two  hundred  years 
the  English-speaking  race  has  produced  but  five  soldiers  of  'first 
rank — Marlborough.  Wasliington,  Wellington.  Robert  E.  Lee,  and 
Stonewall  Jackson.  .  .  .  ^'ou  will  not  be  surprised  to  hear 
of  my  telling  them  tliat  of  tliese  'five,  thus  overtopping  all  the 
rest,  three  were  born  in  the  State  of  Yirjrinia;  nor  wonder  that 
I  reverently  remember  that  two  of  them  lie  side  by  side  in  Lex- 


74  WKHTMORELAyD    VO(  STY,    VIRGINIA 

ington,  while  one  is  sleeping  by  the  great  river,  there  to  sleep  till 
time  shall  be  no  more — the  three  consecrating  in  3eath  the  soil 
of  Virginia,  as  in  life  they  stamped  their  mother  State  as  the 
native  home  of  men  who  living  a?  they  lived,  shall  be  fit  to  go 
on  quest  for  the  Holy  Grail." 


And  two  of  these  were  born  on  the  consecrated  soil  of  West- 
moreland. 


Dr.  Eandolph  Harrison  McKim,  at  the  Reunion  United  Con- 
federate Veterans  at  Nashville,  said : 

"Comrades,  it  is  my  conviction  that  the  muse  of  History  will 
write  the  names  of  some  of  our  Southern  heroes  as  high  on  her 
great  Roll  of  Honor  as  those  of  any  leaders  of  men  in  any  era. 
Fame  herself  will  rise  from  her  throne  to  place  the  laurel  with  her 
own  hands  upon  the  immortal  brows  of  Robert  E.  Lee  and  Albert 
Sidney  Johnston  and  Stonewall  Jackson.  I  grant,  indeed,  that 
it  is  not  for  us  who  were  their  companions  and  fellow  soldiers  to 
ask  the  world  to  accept  our  estimate  of  their  rightful  place  in 
history.  We  are  partial,  we  are  biased  in  our  judgments,  men  will 
say.  Be  it  so.  We  are  content  to  await  the  calm  verdict  of  the 
future  historian,  when,  with  philosophic  impartiality,  the  char- 
acters and  achievements  and  motives  of  our  illustrious  leaders 
shall  have  been  weighed  in  the  balances  of  Truth. 

"What  that  verdict  will  be  is  foreshadowed,  we  believe,  by  the 
judgment  expressed  by  General  Lord  Wolseley.  who  said,  'I  be- 
lieve General  Lee  will  be  regarded  not  only  as  the  most  prominent 
figure  of  the  Confederacy,  but  as  the  great  American  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  whose  statue  is  well  worthy  to  stand  on  an  equal 
pedestal  with  that  of  Washington,  and  whose  memory  is  equally 
worthy  to  be  enshrined  in  the  hearts  of  all  his  countrymen.'  What 
that  verdict  will  be  was  in  fact  declared  by  Freeman  himself  when 
he  said  that  our  Lee  was  worthy  to  stand  with  Washington  beside 
Alfred  the  Great  in  the  world's  Temple  of  Fame." 


The  late  President  of  the  United  States,  Mr.  Roosevelt,  has 
said  in  his  Life  of  Thomas  H.  Benton: 

"The  world  has  never  seen  better  soldiers  than  those  who  fol- 
lowed Lee;  and  their  leader  will  undoubtedly  rank,  as  without 
any  exception,  the  very  greatest  of  all  the  great  captains  that  the 
English-speaking  peoples  have  brought  fortli ;  and  this,  although 
the  last  and  chief  of  his  antagonists  may  claim  to  stand  as  the 
full  equal  of  Wellington  and  Marlborough." 


As  to  rank  and  file,  General  Hooker,  of  the  Union  army,  has 
said  that  "for  steadiness  and  efTiciencv,"  Lee's  armv  was  unsur- 


WEi^T.MORELAXD    COUNTY.    VIR<.iMA  75 

passed  in  ancient  or  modern  times, — "we  have  not  been  able  to 
rival  it."'  And  General  Chas.  A.  Wliittier,  of  Massachusetts,  has 
said,  "The  army  of  Northern  Virginia  will  deservedly  rank  as  the 
best  army  which  has  existed  on  this  continent,  suffering  priva- 
tions unknown  to  ils  opponent.  The  jSTorth  sent  no  sucli  arniv 
to  the  field." 


Colonel  Charles  Francis  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  President 
Historical  Society  of  Massachusetts,  at  Lee  Centennial,  Washing- 
ion  and  Lee  University,  1907,  said: 

"Robert  E.  Lee  was  the  embodiment  of  those  conditions,  the 
creature  of  that  environment,— a  A'irginian  of  Virginians.  His 
father  was  'Light  Horse  Harry'  Lee,  a  devoted  follower  of  Wash- 
ington; but  in  January,  1792,  'Light  Horse  Harry'  wrote  to  Mr. 
Madison:  'No  consideration  on  earth  could  induce  me  to  act  a 
part,  however  gratifying  to  me,  which  could  be  construed  into  dis- 
regard of,  or  faithlessness  to,  this  commonwealth';  and  later,  when 
in  1798  the  A^irginia  and  Kentucky  resolutions  were  under  dis- 
cussion, 'Light  Horse  Harry'  exclaimed  in  debate,  'Virginia  is  my 
country;  her  will  I  obey,  however  lamentable  the  fate  to  which  it 
may  subject  me.'  Born  in  this  environment,  nurtured  in  these 
traditions,  to  ask  Lee  to  raise  his  hand  against  Virginia  was  like 
asking  Montrose,  or  the  MacCallum  More  to  head  a  force  designed 
for  the  subjection  of  the  Highland?  and  the  destruction  of  the 
clans."' 

"Virginia  had  been  drawn  "into  the  struggle;  and,  though  he 
recognized  no  necessity  for  the  state  of  affairs,  'in  my  own  per- 
son,' he  wrote,  'I  had  to  meet  the  question  whether  I  should  take 
part  against  my  native  State;  I  have  not  been  able  to  make  up  my 
mind  to  raise  my  hand  against  my  relatives,  my  children,  my 
home.'  It  may  have  been  treason  to  take  this  position ;  the  man 
who  took  it,  uttering  these  words  and  sacrificing  as  he  sacrificed, 
may  have  been  technically  a  renegade  to  his  flag,  if  you  please, 
false  to  his  allegiance;  but  he  stands  awaiting  sentence  at  the 
bar  of  history  in  very  respectable  company.  Associated  with  him 
are,  for  instance.  William  of  Orange,  known  as  the  Silent :  John 
Hampden,  the  original  Pater  Patriae:  Oliver  Cromwell,  the  Pro- 
tector of  the  English  Commonwealth ;  Sir  Harry  Vane,  once  a 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  George  Washington,  a  Virginian 
of  note.  In  the  throng  of  other  offenders  I  am  also  gratified  to 
observe  certain  of  those  from  whom  I  not  unproudly  claim  de- 
scent. They  were  one  and  all,  in  the  sense  referred  to.  false  to 
their  oaths — forsworn.  As  to  Robert  E.  Lee.  individually,  I  can 
onlv  repeat  what  I  have  already  said, — if  in  nil  respects  similarly 


76  we8tmori-:land  voiiyTY,  Virginia 

circumstanced,    I   hope   I    should    have    been    filial    and    unselfish 

enough  to  have  done  as  Lee  did.     Such  an  utterance  on  my  part 

may  be  'traitorous,'  but  I  here  render  that  homage. 

"In  Massachusetts,   however,   I   could  not  even  in   1861   have 

been  so  placed:  for  be  it  because  of  better  or  worse.  Massacliusetts 

was   not   Virginia: — no   more   Virginia   than    England   once    was 

Scotland,  or  the  Lowlands  the  Highlands.     The  environment,  the 

ideals,  were  in  no  respect  the  same.     In  Virginia,  Lee  was  Mac- 

gregor;   and,   where   Macgregor   sat,    there   was    the   head    of   the 

table." 

******* 

"That  he  impressed  himself  on  those  about  him  in  bis  profes- 
siona]  and  public  life  to  an  uncommon  extent;  that  the  soldiers 
of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia  as  well  as  those  of  his  staff  and 
in  high  command  felt  not  only  implicit  and  unquestioning  con- 
fidence in  him,  but  to  him  a  strong  personal  afifection,  is  estab- 
lished by  their  conlcurrent  testimony.  He,  too,  might  well  have 
said  with  Brutus : 

"My  heart  doth  joy  that  yet  in  all  my  life 
I  found  no  man  but  he  was  true  to  me 
I  shall  have  glory  by  this  losing  day." 

"Finally,  one  who  knew  him  well  has  written  of  him :  'He 
had  the  quiet  bearing  of  a  powerful  yet  harmonious  nature.  An 
unruffled  cahn  upon  liis  countenance  betokened  the  concentration 
and  control  of  the  whole  being  within.  He  was  a  kingly  man 
whom  all  men  who  came  into  his  presence  expected  to  obey.'  That 
he  was  gifted  in  a  prominent  degree  with  the  mens  aequa  in  arduis 
of  the  Roman  poet,  none  deny 


Anotber  has  said  : 

"Let  our  thoughts  now  turn  to  our  dead,  and  first  in  our  afTec- 
tions  should  be  President  Davis.  The  Confederacy,  looking  for  a 
man  to  lead  it,  chose  him — why?  Because  he  was  the  first  amongst 
us.  To  us  and  to  our  'cause  he  devoted  his  great  ability.  For  us 
he  lived,  fought,  and  suffered,  and  dying,  has  bequeathed  to  us 
an  example  of  pure  patriotism,  consistent  statesmanship,  forti- 
tude in  suffering  and  absolute  devotion  to  Truth  and  Duty.  To 
us  his  memory  is  touchingly  sacred  and  history  will  rank  hiiu 
among  the  good  and  great  of  the  earth. 

"Next  comes  Robert  E.  Lee.  The  glory  and  pathos  of  hi<  life 
are  like  the  sun  as  it  rises  and  sets.     The  liistorian   and   writer 


WE8TM0RELAXD    COU^'TY,    \1R<1[\IA  77 

have  tried  to  describe  him.  and  have  found  that  he  is  beyond  de- 
scription. 

"After  him  anotlier:  Stonewall  Jackson,  the  genius  of  the 
war,  the  exemplar  of  all  the  principles  of  true  religion  in  its 
highest  development,  unique  in  manner,  pure  in  thought,  word 
and  deed,  gentle  of  heart,  but  terrible  in  battle. 

"A  hero  came  amongst  us  as  we  slept; 
At  first  he  lowly  knelt — then  rose  and  wept; 

Then  gathering  up  a  thousand  spears 
He  swept  across  the  field  of  Mars, 
Then  bowed  farewell,  and  walked  beyond  the  stars — 

In  the  land  where  we  were  dreaming." 


Rev.  E.  C.  De  LaMoriniere,  at  Confederate  Reunion,  Mobile, 
Ala.,  1910,  said: 

"We  offer  our  homage  next  to  him  whose  story  and  memory  are 
linked  with  all  the  hopes  and  triumphs,  the  exultation  and  despair 
which  of  those  four  bitter,  bloody,  torturing  years  made  an  endless 
century. 

"He  was  to  us  the  incarnation  of  his  cause,  of  what  in  it  was 
noblest  and  knightliest,  the  Christian  Chevalier  whose  white  plume 
waves  before  us  wherever  we  cast  our  eyes.  No  tongue,  however 
gifted,  can  picture  the  lofty  soul  of  the  man  who  drew  his  sword, 
never  in  wrath,  but  for  the  principle  ingrained  in  the  core  and 
fiber  of  his  loyal  nature,  that  his  supreme  allegiance  was  due  to  his 
mother  State.  He  loved  the  flag  he  had  borne  with  an  ecstasy  of 
devotion,  and  yet  with  absolute  recognition  of  the  hardships  to  be 
undergone,  and  the  likelihood  of  defeat  in  the  undertaking  to  be 
begun,  with  speechless  grief  for  the  evil  days  on  which  his  country 
had  fallen,  he  wended  his  way  across  the  bridge  of  the  land  that 
gave  him  birth,  looked  with  sadness  on  the  beautiful  home  on  the 
hanks  of  the  river  that  had  sheltered  his  young  manhood,  and  came 
to  Richmond  to  offer  his  sword  to  the  new  born  Confederacy. 

"Upon  the  point  of  that  sword  he  bore  for  four  years  the  hopes 
of  his  people,  baffling  the  chosen  leaders  of  the  enemy,  beating 
back  their  hosts  from"  field  to  field  and  securing  the  safety  of  the 
Capital  which  sat  shaking  under  their  guns." 

"I  speak  of  the  man  who,  when  the  contest  closed,  and  the 
curtains  fell,  was  still  the  Christian  knight,  whose  plume  did  not 
go  down ;  the  peerless  citizen  from  whose  lips  no  word  of  murmur 
ever  came,  whose  pen  never  wrote  a  line  in  self-defence ;  who,  when 
b.e  had  offered  his  sword  to  the  conqueror  too  noble  to  accept  it. 


78  WEt^TMORl^LAXD    COiXTY,    \  IliGINfA 

called  about  him  his  war-worn  veterans,  his  old  guard,  the  com- 
panions of  his  toils,  his  feelings  and  his  fame,  delivered  to  them 
his  'final  order,  confided  them  to  the  keeping  of  his  God  and  theirs, 
and  turning  from  those  fatal  fields  forever,  went  to  the  poverty 
and  obscurity  of  the  coming  years,  'content  if  he  might  light  with 
the  splendid  sunset  of  his  heroic  life  the  minds  of  Virginian  boys 
and  inspire  their  young  hearts  with  the  love  of  a  reunited  country. 
I  speak  of  him  who  (in  the  words  of  Theodore  Koosevelt)  ranks 
the  very  greatest  of  all  the  great  captains  that  the  English  speak- 
ing peoples  have  brought  forth,  the  full  equal  of  Marlborough  and 
Wellington ;  of  him  than  whom  Cicero  in  the  Roman  Forum  plead- 
ing for  virtue  and  patriotism,  Plato  in  the  Academic  Groves  teach- 
ing the  young  Athenians  lessons  of  wisdom,  hold  no  higher  place. 

"I  speak  of  him  whose  dying  words  were :  'Let  the  tent  be 
struck :  Forward !'  and  passed  to  the  front  above.  I  speak  of  him 
whose  body  rests  among  the  hills  of  Virginia  he  loved  so  well,  but 
whose  grave  is  your  hearts  and  mine,  and  whose  fame  is  sounded 
louder  and  louder  every  year  from  the  trumpet  of  the  Avise  and 
good  throughout  the  wide  world. 

"A  country  which  has  given  birth  to  that  man  and  those  who 
followed  him,  may  look  the  chivalry  of  Europe  in  the  face  without 
shame;  for  the  fatherlands  of  Sidney  and  Bayard  never  produced 
a  nobler  soldier,  gentleman,  and  Christian  than  Robert  Edward 
Loe."  '   '  

The  great  scholar,  George  Long,  Professor  of  Latin  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  London,  and  the  first  Professor  of  Ancient  Languages  in 
the  T~^niversity  of  Virginia,  has  the  following  note  in  his  '■Transla- 
tion of  the  Thoughts  of  the  Roman  Emperor  Marcus  Aurelius 
Antoiiiinis." 

''I  have  never  dedicated  a  l)Ook  to  any  man,  and  if  I  dedicated 
this.  T  sliould  choose  the  man  whose  name  seems  to  me  to  be  most 
worthy  to  be  joined  to  that  of  the  Roman  soldier  and  philosopher. 
I  might  dedicate  this  book  to  the  successful  general,  who  is  now 
President  of  the  Fnited  States  [Grant],  with  the  hope  that  his  in- 
tegrity and  justice  will  restore  peace  and  happiness,  so  far  as  he 
can,  to  those  unhappy  vStates  that  have  suffered  so  much  from  war 
iind  the  unrelenting  hostility  of  wicked  men.  But  as  the  Roman 
poet  said.  Vlciri.r  cmisa  deis  placiiit,  sed  victa  Catoni;  and  it'  I 
dedicated  this  little  book  to  any  man,  I  would  dedicate  it  to  him 
who  led  the  Confederate  armies  against  the  powerful  invader,  and 
retired  from  an  unequal  contest  defeated,  ])ut  not  dishonored  ;  lo 
the  noble  Virginian  soldier  whose  talents  and  virtues  place  him 
by  the  side  of  the  best  and  wisest  man  who  sat  on  the  throne  of  fbe 
imperial  Caesars." 


WESTMOHELAXD    COUXTY,    \lh'(!IMA  79 

Philip  Stanhope  Worsley,  a  brilliant  scholar  of  Corpus  Christ! 
College,  Oxford,  who  died  young,  translated  the  Iliad  into  Spen- 
serian stanza,  and  sent  a  copy  to  General  Eohert  E.  lice,  with  the 
following  inscription : 

"To    General   E.    E.    Lee,   the   most    stainless   of    living    coin- 
iiianders,  and,  except  in  fortune,  the  greatest,  this  volume  is  pre- 
sented with  the  writer's  earnest  sympathy  and  respectful  admir- 
tion, 

— /had  vi,  /oj. 

1.  '"The  grand  old  bard  that  never  dies, 

Receive  him  in  our  English  tongue ! 
I  senir  thee,  but  with  weeping  eyes, 
The  story  that  he  sung. 

2.  "Thy  Truy  is  fallen,  thy  dear  laud 

Is  marred  beneath  the  spoiler's  heel, 
T  cannot  trust  my  trembling  hand 
To  write  tlie  things  I  feel. 

;>.    ••All.  realm  of  tombs!  but  let  her  bear 
'J'his  blazon  to  the  last  of  times; 
Xo  nation  rose  so  white  and  fair, 
Or  fell  so  pure  of  crimes. 

4.  '"'The  widow's  moan,  the  orphan's  wail. 

C'Ome  round  thee;  yet  in  truth  be  strong! 
Eternal  right,  though  all  else  fail. 
Can  never  be  made  wrong. 

5.  "An  angel's  heart,  an  angel's  mouth, 

Not  Homer's,  could  alone  for  me 
Hymn  well  the  great  Confederate  South — 
Yircjinia  first. — and  Lee.'' 


Memoriae  Sacrum. 
When  the  effigy  of  Washington 

In  its  bronze  was  reared  on  high 
'Twas  mine,  with  others,  now  long  gone, 

Beneath  a  stormy  sky, 
To  utter  to  the  multitude 

His  name  that  cannot  die. 


30  MKHTMORELX^D    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

And  here  to-day,  my  countrymen, 

I  tell  you  Lee  shall  ride 
With  that  great  "rebel"  down  the  years — 

Twin  "rebels'^  side  by  side — 
And  confronting  such  a  vision 

All  our  orief  gives  place  to  pride. 

These  two  shall  ride  immortal 

And  shall  ride  abreast  of  time, 
Shall  light  up  stately  history 

And  blaze  in  Epic  Rhyme  I 
P>oth  patriots,  both  Virginians  true, 

I^oth  "rebels,"  both  sublime. 

Oiii'  pn<t  is  full  of  glory, 

Tt  is  a  shut-in  sea. 
Tile  [lilhirs  overlooking  it 

Are  Washington  and  Lee; — 
And  a  future  spreads  before  us 

N"ot  unworthy  of  the  free. 

And  here  and  now,  my  countrymen. 

Upon  this  sacred  sod. 
Let  us  feel :    It  was  "our  Father" 

"Wlio  above  us  held  the  rod. 
And  from  hills  to  sea. 
Like  Eobert  Lee 

Eow  reverently  to  God. 

— Capt.  James  Barron  Hope. 


Washington  ^Monument   at   Wakefield, 
His  Birth  Place. 


VII. 

Speeches  That  Have  Made  Two  Virginians  Famous. 
The  Sword  of  Lee  by  Father  Ryan. 

The  Great  Oration  of  Senator  Daniel  on  General  Lee  at  Washing- 
ton and  Lee  University — "The  Stvord  of  Lee''  hy  Father 
Ryan — Judge  Critcher  in  United  States  Congress  in  Replay 
to  Senator  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  on  Westmoreland's  Illus- 
trious Men. 

Below  we  give  an  extract  from  the  great  oration  of  Senator 
John  W.  Daniel  on  General  E.  E.  Lee  at  Washington  and  Lee  Uni- 
versity, June  28,  1883,  at  the  unveiling  of  the  recumbent  figure. 

"Under  Which  Flag." 

"On  the  other  hand  stands  the  foremost  and  most  powerful 
Republic  of  the  earth,  rich  in  all  that  handiwork  can  fashion  or 
that  gold  can  buy."     *     *     *     * 

"A  messenger  comes  from  its  President  and  from  General  Scott, 
Commander-in-Chief  of  its  Army,  to  tender  him  supreme  command 
of  its  forces.  Did  he  accept  it,  and  did  he  succeed,  the  conqueror's 
crown  awaits  him,  and  win  or  lose,  he  will  remain  the  foremost 
man  of  a  great  established  nation,  with  all  honor  and  glory  that 
riches  and  office  and  power  and  public  applause  can  supply. 

"Since  the  Son  of  Man  stood  upon  the  Mount,  and  saw  'all  the 
kingdoms  of  the  earth  and  the  glory  thereof  stretched  before  Him, 
and  turned  away  from  them  to  the  agony  and  bloody  sweat  of  Geth- 
semane,  and  to  the  cross  of  Calvary  beyond,  no  follower  of  the 
meek  and  lowly  Saviour  can  have  undergone  more  trying  ordeal, 
or  met  it  with  higher  spirit  of  heroic  sacriifice. 

"There  was  naught  on  earth  that  could  swerve  Robert  E.  Lee 
from  the  path  where,  to  his  clear  comprehension,  honor  and  duty 
lay.  To  the  statesman,  Mr.  Francis  Preston  Blair,  who  brought  him 
the  tender  of  supreme  command,  he  answered :  'Mr.  Blair,  I  look 
upon  secession  as  anarchy.  If  I  owned  the  four  millions  of  slaves 
in  the  South,  I  would  sacrifice  them  all  to  the  Union.  But  how 
can  I  draw  my  sword  against  Virginia?' 

"Draw  his  sword  against  Virginia  ?  Perish  the  thought !  Over 
all  the  voices  that  called  him  he  heard  the  still  small  voice  that  ever 
whispers  to  the  soul  of  the  spot  that  gave  it  birth,  and  of  her  who 
gave  it  suck;  and  over  every  ambitious  dream  there  rose  the  face  of 
the  anffel  that  saiards  the  door  of  home.' 


82  WESTMORELAND    VOUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

"Lee  Devotes  His  Sword  to  His  ^Tative  State." 

"General  Lee  thus  answered  : 
'"Mr.  Pi'esident  and  Gentlemen  of  the  Convention: 

"Profoundly  inipressed  with  the  solemnity  of  the  occasion,  for 
wliich  I  must  say  I  was  not  prepared,  I  accept  the  position  assigned 
me  by  your  partiality.  I  would  have  preferred  had  your  choice 
fallen  upon  an  abler  man.  Trusting  in  Almighty  God,  an  approv- 
ing conscience,  and  the  aid  of  my  fellow  'Citizens,  I  devote  myself 
to  the  service  of  my  native  State,  in  whose  behalf  alone  will  I  ever 
again  draw  my  sword." 

"Thus  came  Eobert  E.  Lee  to  the  State  of  his  birth  and  to  the 
people  of  his  blood  in  their  hour  of  need !  Thus,  with  as  chaste  a 
}ieart  as  ever  plighted  its  faith  until  death,  for  better  or  for  worse, 
iie  came  to  do,  to  suffer,  and  to  die  for  us,  who  to-day  are  gathered 
in  awful  reverence,  and  in  sorrow  unspeakable,  to  weep  our  bless- 
ings upon  his  tomb." 

"The  Relations  Between  Lee  and  His  Men." 

"When  Jackson  fell,  Lee  wrote  to  him :  '  You  are  better  off  than 
1  am,  for  while  you  have  lost  your  left  arm,  I  have  lost  my  right 
arm.'  And  Jackson  said  of  him:  'Lee  is  a  phenomenon.  He  is  the 
only  man  I  would  follow  blindfold.'  " 

"Meditations  of  Duty." 

"And  now  when  an  English  nobleman  presented  him  as  a  re- 
treat a  splendid  country  seat  in  England,  with  a  handsome  annuity 
to  correspond,  he  answered:  'I  am  deeply  grateful,  but  I  cannot 
consent  to  desert  my  native  State  in  tbe  hour  of  her  adversity.  I 
must  abide  her  fortunes  and  share  her  fate.'  " 

The  Fate  of  War. 

"When  he  crossed  the  Pennsylvania  line,  he  liad  announced  in 
general  orders,  from  the  headquarters  of  the  Army  of  Northern 
Virginia,  that  he  did  not  come  to  'take  vengeance;'  that  'we  make 
war  only  upon  armed  men,'  and  he  therefore  'earnestly  exhorted  the 
troops  to  abstain  with  most  scrupulous  care  from  unnecessary  or 
wanton  injury  of  private  property,'  and  'enjoined  upon  all  officers 
to  arrest  and  bring  to  summary  punishment  all  who  should  in  any 
way  offend  against  the  orders  on  the  subject.'  No  charred  ruins, 
no  devastated  fields,  no  plundered  homes  marked  the  line  of  his 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  83 

march.  On  one  occasion,  to  set  a  good  example,  he  was  seen  to 
dismount  from  his  horse  and  put  up  a  farmer's  fence.  In  the  city 
of  York,  General  Early  had  in  general  orders  prohibited  the  burn- 
ing of  buildings  containing  stores  of  war,  lest  fire  might  be  com- 
municated to  neighboring  homes;  and  General  Gordon,  in  his  public 
address,  had  declared :  'If  a  torch  is  applied  to  a  single  dwelling, 
or  an  insult  offered  to  a  female  of  your  town  by  a  soldier  of  this 
command,  point  me  out  the  man,  and  you  shall  have  his  life." 

"President  of  Washington  College." 

"On  the  eve  of  acceptance,  two  propositions  were  made  to  Gen- 
eral Lee :  one  to  become  president  of  a  large  corporation,  with  a 
salary  of  $10,000  per  annum;  another  to  take  the  like  office  in  an- 
other corporation,  with  a  salary  of  $50,000.  But  he  made  up  his 
mind  to  come  here,  and  this  is  what  he  said  to  a  friend  who  brought 
him  the  last  munificent  offer : 

"  'I  have  a  self-imposed  task  which  I  must  accomplish.  I  have 
lead  the  young  men  of  the  South  in  battle;  I  have  seen  many  of 
them  fall  under  my  standard.  I  shall  devote  my  life  now  to  train- 
ing young  men  to  do  their  duty  in  life.'  " 

"The  Last  Days  of  General  Lee." 

"He  was  borne  to  his  chamber,  and  skilled  physicians  and  lov- 
ing hands  did  all  that  man  could  do  for  nearly  a  fortnight. 

"  'Twixt  night  and  morn  upon  the  horizon  verge. 
Between  two  worlds  life  hovered  like  a  star.' 

And  thus  on  the  morning  of  October  12th,  the  star  of  the  morning 
sank  into  the  sunrise  of  immortality,  and  Eobert  Lee  passed  hence 
to  'where  beyond  these  voices  there  is  peace.' 

"  'Tell  A.  P.  Hill  to  prepare  for  action,'  was  amongst  the  last 
words  of  Stonewall  Jackson.  'Tell  Hill  he  must  come  up,'  were  the 
last  words  of  Lee.  Their  brave  Lieutenant,  who  rests  under  the 
green  turf  of  Hollywood,  seems  to  have  been  latest  in  the  minds 
of  his  great  commanders,  while  their  spirits  yet  in  martial  fancy, 
roamed  again  the  'fields  of  confiict,  and  ere  they  passed  to  where  the 
soldier  dreams  of  battlefields  no  more." 

"  Did  He  Save  His  Country  from  Conquest." 

"No.  He  saw  his  every  forebodin-g  of  evil  verified.  He  came  to 
t^^hare  the  miseries  of  his  people.  He  shared  them,  drinking  every 
drop  of  sorrow's  cup.  His  cause  was  lost,  and  the  land  for  which  he 
fought  lives  not  amongst  the  nations.  But  the  voice  of  history 
echoes  the  poet's  song : 


84  WESTMORELAND    COlNTY,    VIRGINTA 

"  *Ah  !  realm  of  tombs !  but  let  it  bear 
This  blazon  to  the  last  of  times; 
No  nation  rose  so  white  and  fair, 
Or  fell  so  pure  from  crimes.' 

And  he,  its  type,  lived  and  died,  teaching  life's  greatest  lesson,  'to 
suffer  and  be  strong,'  and  that  "misfortune  nobly  borne  is  good  for- 
tune.' " 

There  is  a  rare  exotic  that  blooms  but  once  in  a  century,  and 
then  it  fills  the  light  with  beauty  and  the  air  with  fragrance.  In 
each  of  the  two  centuries  of  Virginia's  Statehood,  there  has  sprung 
from  the  loins  of  her  heroic  race  a  son  whose  name  and  deeds  will 
bloom  throughout  the  ages.  Each  fought  for  Liberty  and  Inde- 
pendence; each  against  a  people  of  his  own  race;  each  against  the 
forms  of  established  power.  George  Washington  won  against  a 
kingdom  whose  seat  was  three  thousand  miles  away,  whose  soldiers 
had  to  sail  in  ships  across  the  deep,  and  he  found  in  the  boundless 
areas  of  his  own  land  its  strongest  fortifications.  August,  beyond 
the  reach  of  detraction,  is  the  glory  of  his  name.  Eobert  Edward 
Lee  made  fiercer  and  bloodier  fight  against  greater  odds,  and  at 
greater  sacrifice,  and  lo^t — against  the  greatest  nation  of  modern 
history,  armed  with  steam  and  electricity,  and  all  the  appliances 
of  modern  science ;  a  nation  which  mustered  its  hosts  at  the  very 
threshold  of  his  door.  But  his  life  teaches  the  grandest  lesson 
how  manhood  can  rise  transcendent  over  Adversity,  and  is  in  itself 
alone,  under  God,  pre-eminent — the  .grander  lesson,  because  as 
sorrow  and  misfortune  are  sooner  or  later  the  common  lot — even 
that  of  him  who  is  to-day  the  conqueror — he  who  bears  them  best 
is  made  of  sterner  stuff,  and  is  the  most  useful  and  universal, 
and  he  is  the  greatest  and  noblest  exemplar. 

And  now  he  has  vanished  from  us  forever.  And  is  this  all 
that  is  left  of  him — this  handful  of  dust  beneath  the  marble  stone? 
No,  the  Ages  answer  as  they  rise  from  the  gulfs  of  time,  where 
lay  the  wrecks  of  kingdoms  and  estates,  holding  up  in  their  hands 
as  their  only  trophies,  the  names  of  those  who  have  wrought  for 
man  in  the  love  and  fear  of  God,  and  in  love  unfearing  for  their 
fellowmen. 

No !  the  present  answers,  bending  by  his  tomb. 

No !  the  future  answers,  as  the  breath  of  the  morning  fans  its 
rndiant  brow,  and  its  soul  drinks  in  sweet  inspirations  from  the 
lovely  life  of  Lee. 

No,  methinks  the  very  heavens  echo,  as  melt  into  their  depths 
the  words  of  reverent  love  that  voice  the  hearts  of  men  to  the 
tingling  stars. 


WESTMORELAND    COUAT'i,    riRGINfA  85 

Conclusion. 

Come  we  then  to-day  in  loyal  love  to  sanctify  our  memories,  to 
purify  our  hopes,  to  make  strong  all  good  intent  by  communion 
with  spirit  of  him  who,  being  dead,  yet  speaketh.  Come,  child, 
in  thy  spotless  innocence;  come,  woman,  in  thy  purity;  come, 
youth,  in  thy  prime;  come,  manhood,  in  thy  strength;  come,  age, 
in  thy  ripe  wisdom;  €ome  citizen,  come  soldier,  let  us  strew  the 
roses  and  lilies  of  June  around  liis  tomb,  for  he,  like  them,  ex- 
haled in  his  life  Nature's  beneficence,  and  the  grave  has  conse- 
crated that  life,  and  given  it  to  us  all ;  let  us  crown  his  tomb  with 
the  oak,  the  emblem  of  his  strength,  and  with  the  laurel,  the 
emblem  of  his  glory,  and  let  these  guns,  whose  voices  he  knew  of 
old,  awake  the  echoes  of  the  mountains  that  Nature  herself  may 
join  in  his  solemn  requiem. 

Come,  for  here  he  rests,  and — 

"On  this  green  bank,   by   this   fair   stream. 
We  set  to-day  a  native  stone, 
That  memory  may  his  deeds  redeem. 

When,  like  our  sires,  our  sons  are  gone." 

Come,  for  here  the  genius  of  loftiest  poesy  in  the  artist's  dream, 
and  through  the  sculptor's  touch,  has  restored  his  form  and 
features — a  Valentine  has  lifted  "the  marble  veil  and  disclosed  him 
to  us  as  we  would  love  to  look  upon  him — lying,  the  flower  of 
knighthood  in  "Joyous  Card."  His  sword  beside  him  is  sheathed 
forever.  But  honors  seal  is  on  his  brow,  and  valor's  star  is  on  his 
breast,  and  the  peace  that  passeth  all  understanding  descends  upon 
him.  Here,  not  in  the  hour  of  his  ,2rrandest  triumph  of  earth,  as 
when  mid  the  battle  roar,  shouting  battalions  followed  his  trenchant 
sword,  and  bleeding  veterans  forgot  their  wounds  to  leap  between 
him  and  his  enemies — but  here  in  victory,  supreme  over  earth  it- 
self, and  over  death,  its  conqueror,  he  rests,  his  warfare  done. 

And  as  we  seem  to  gaze  once  more  on  him  we  loved  and  hailed 
as  chief,  in  his  sweet,  dreamless  sleep,  the  tranquil  face  is  clothed 
with  heaven's  light,  and  the  mute  lips  seem  eloquent  with  the 
message  that  in  life  he  spoke : 

"There  is  a  true  glory  and  a  true  honor;  the  glory  op 
duty  done,  the  honor  of  the  integrity  of  principle." 


86  WESTMORELAND    C0VNT7,    VIRGINIA 

After  the  conclusion  of  Major  Daniel's  oration,  Father  Ryan, 
at  the  request  of  General  Early,  recited  his  celebrated  poem 

The  Sword  of  Lee. 

Forth  from  its  scabbard,  pure  and  bright, 

Flashed  the  sword  of  Lee ! 
Far  in  the  front  of  the  deadly  fight, 
High  o'er  the  brave  in  the  cause  of  right, 
Its  stainless  sheen,  like  a  beacon-light, 

Led  us  to  victory. 

Out  of  its  scabbard,  where  full  long. 

It  slumbered  peacefully — 
Roused  from  its  rest  by  the  battle-song. 
Shielding  the  feeble,  smiting  the  strong. 
Guarding  the  right,  and  avenging  the  wrong — 

Gleamed  the  sword  of  Lee ! 

Forth  from  its  scabbard,  high  in  air, 

Beneath  Virginia's  sky — 
And  they  who  saw  it  gleaming  there, 
And  knew  who  bore  it,  knelt  to  swear 
That  where  that  sword  led  they  would  dare 

To  follow  and  to  die.. 

Out  of  its  scabbard !     Never  hand 

Waved  sword  from  stain  as  free, 
Nor  purer  sword  led  braver  band, 
Nor  braver  bled  for  a  brighter  land. 
Nor  brighter  land  had  a  cause  as  grand. 

Nor  cause,  a  chief  like  Lee ! 

Forth  from  its  scabbard !  how  we  prayed 

That  sword  might  victor  be  ! 
And  when  our  triumph  was  delayed, 
And  many  a  heart  grew  sore  afraid. 
We  still  hoped  on,  while  gleamed  the  blade 

Of  noble  Robert  Lee  ! 

Forth  from  its  scabbard !  all  in  vain ! 

Forth  flashed  the  sword  of  Lee! 
It  sleeps  the  sleep  of  our  noble  slain. 
Defeated,  yet  without  a  stain. 

Proudly  and  peacefully. 
"Tis  shrouded  now  in  its  sheath  again, 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  87 

From  the  Rappahannock  Times,  April  17,  189G. 

Portrait  Unveiling. 

There  will  be  an  unveiling  of  portraits  of  distinguished  men 
in  the  courthouse  at  Tappahannock,  on  next  ^londay,  County  Court 
day,  at  1 :30  P.  M.  All  of  the  people  are  cordially  invited,  and 
the  ladies  will  be  honored  with  reserved  seats,  and  are  expected  to 
attend. 

The  portraits  will  be  unveiled  by  little  Misses,  who  will  be 
selected,  and  the  ceremony  will  draw  all  the  best  talent  of  the  Bar, 
and  of  the  other  leaders  of  thought  in  this  section.  The  portraits 
already  here,  are  as  follows :  One  of  James  Eoy  Micou,  the  noble 
type  of  Virginia's  history  and  civilization,  and  Clerk  for  fifty-seven 
years ;  presented  by  Prof.  James  Roy  Micou,  of  Washington  College, 
Chestertown,  Md.  Judge  Blakey,  the  brilliant  Commonwealth's 
Attorney,  and  ex-Member  House  of  Delegates  Harrison  South- 
worth,  the  present  efficient  Clerk,  and  nowhere  excelled.  Thomas 
Ritchie,  known  as  "Father  Ritchie,"  the  great  Napoleon  of  the 
Press;  presented  by  his  honored  kinsmen  of  Essex. 

California  has  sent  her  golden  nugget  in  a  splendid  oil,  life- 
sized  painting  of  Judge  Selden  S.  Wright,  who  adorned  the  Bench 
in  Mississippi  and  San  Francisco;  presented  by  his  widow  of  said 
city. 

John  Critcher,  Member  of  Congress  and  Circuit  Judge.  The 
splendid  life-sized  oil  painting,  presented  by  Judge  Critcher's 
youngest  daughter.  Miss  Critcher  is  an  artist  of  the  first  magni- 
tude. She  Avas  awarded  two  medals  at  the  Cooper  Institute,  New 
York,  and  the  gold  medal  at  the  Corcoran  Art  School,  Washington. 
D.  C,  and  has  recently  received  the  compliment  of  a  round-trip 
ticket  to  Europe  during  the  summer  on  the  Cunard  line  of  steamers. 

We  clip  from  the  Alexadria  Gazette,  of  March  17,  1896,  the 
following  letter  just  received  by  Miss  Catharine  Critcher: 

"225  Delaware  Ave.,  Washington^  D.  C. 

"■Dear  Miss  Critcher: 

"I  take  pleasure  in  notifying  you  that  at  the  meeting  on  Marcli 
10th,  you  were  unanimously  elected  a  member  of  the  Society  of 
Washington  Artists. 

"Very  truly  yours, 

W.  B.   CtTtlton.  Secretary." 


88 


wi:stmori:l\M)  roT  a'//.   i  //,v;/.y/a 


]\riss  Critehcr,  of  Alexandria,  Miss  Tliompson  and  Miss  Terrie, 
of  Washington,  are  the  only  ladies  who  have  ever  been  elected 
members  of  this  society. 


Beside  the  honor  to  be  done  him  as  a  distingnished  Jndge,  the 
following  incident  fires  the  heart  of  every  Virginian  and  Southern 
man,  and  thrills  us  with  admiration  and  pride.  When  a  member 
of  the  Forty-second  Congress,  he  uttered  the  following  words,  that 
made  him  famous. 

An  aj^propriation,  in  proportion  to  illiteracy,  being  the  subject 
under  consideration,  Mr.  Ploar,  from  Massachusetts  in  the  course 
of  his  remarks  said :  ''The  iniluence  of  slavery  was  not  so  observ- 
able in  the  degradation  of  the  slave  as  in  the  depravity  of  the 
master." 

Mr.  Critcher,  from  Virginia,  in  reply,  begged  leave  to  illustrate 
the  depravity  of  the  master  by  reminding  the  House  that  every 
e^igner  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  a  slave  holder,  ex- 
cept those  from  Massachussetts,  and  perhaps  one  or  two  others. 
It  might  be  deemed  extravagant,  but  he  would  venture  a  bold 
assertion.  He  would  venture  to  say,  that  he  could  name  more 
eminent  men  from  the  Parish  of  his  residence  than  the  gentleman 
could  name  from  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts.  He  would 
proceed  to  name  them,  and  then  yield  the  floor,  that  the  gentleman 
might  match  them,  if  he  could. 

On  one  side  of  his  estate  is  Wakefield,  the  birthplace  of  Wash- 
ington. On  the  other  side  is  Stratford,  the  residence  of  Light 
Horse  Harry  Lee,  of  glorious  revolutionary  memory.  xAdjoining 
Stratford  is  Chantilly,  the  residence  of  Richard  Henry  Lee,  the 
mover  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  the  Cicero  of  the 
American  Revolution.  There,  too,  lived  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  a 
signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence;  Charles  Lee,  at  one 
time  Attorney-General,  and  Arthur  Lee,  one  of  the  accomplished 
negotiators  of  the  treaty  of  commerce  and  alliance  between  these 
Colonies  and  France  in  1777.  Returning  you  come,  as  said  Iiefore, 
first  to  the  birthplace  of  W^asliiiii'ton.  Another  hour's  drive  will 
bring  you  to  the  birthplace  of  Monroe.  Another  hour's  drive  to 
the  birthplace  of  Madison.  And.  if  the  gentleman  supposes  that 
the  present  generation  is  unworthy  of  their  illustrious  ancestors, 
he  lias  but  to  stand  on  the  same  estate  to  see  the  massive  chimneys 
of  the  baronial  mansion  that  witnessed  the  birth  of  Robert  F.  Lee. 


WESTMORELAND    COUNT),    VIRGINIA  89 

These  are  some  of  the  eminent  men  from  the  Parish  of  his  resi- 
dence, and  he  now  yielded  the  floor  to  the  gentleman  to  match  them 
if  he  could  from  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 

At  the  time  of  this  incident  there  was  the  most  intense  feeling 
between  the  sections,  and  the  remarks  were  copied  from  the  Sus- 
quehannah  to  the  Gulf.  The  ichallenge  somewhat  startled  the 
House.  James  G.  Blaine  was  in  the  Speaker's  chair,  and  he  leaned 
over  his  desk  to  hear  every  word.  Hon.  Dan  Voorliees  was  sitting 
by  Judge  Critcher,  and  told  him  afterwards  that  when  lie  made 
the  assertion,  sweat  came  out  upon  his  forehead,  fearing  that  he 
would  name  some  local  celebrities  and  be  covered  with  confusion 
by  so  dexterous  a  debater  as  Hoar.  He  said,  too,  it  was  the  only 
speech  he  ever  heard  and  afterwards  i^ead,  for  he  could  not  believe 
his  own  ears. 

Mr.  Hoar's  reply  was  too  indelicate  for  publication,  but  Judge 
Critcher  instantly  stopped  him,  saying,  "I  yielded  the  floor  that 
you  might  name  the  eminent  men  of  your  Commonwealth,  not  to 
give  you  an  opportunity  to  indulge  in  the  more  congenial  task  of 
defaming  other  people." 

[Extract  from  speech  of  Hon.  John  Critcher,  Forty-second  Con- 
gress United  States,  in  debate  with  Mr.  Hoar  (afterwards  Senator), 
of  Massachusetts   (see  Congressional  Globe,  pp.  800,  801:] 


From  the  decks  of  the  steamer  as  we  sail  up  the  beautiful  Yeo- 
eomico  River  to  Kinsale,  on  the  left  on  an  elevated  plateau  or  hill, 
we  see  a  picturesque  grove  where  Midshipman  Sigourney  was  buried. 
From  this  point  the  view  of  the  landscape  and  the  expanse  of  the 
v/aters  as  they  flow  towards  the  Potomac  are  exquisite. 

"I  send  herewith  the  superscription  on  the  slab  over  the  grave  of 
Sigourney. 

After  the  enemy  had  left,  his  body  was  prepared  for  ])urial  and 
interred  in  the  Bailey  family  burying  ground  by  the  ancestors  of 
the  family  now  occupying  the  premises,  entirely  at  their  expense. 

When  I  first  saw  this  spot  of  ground  the  grave  with  the  slab 
was  entirely  covered  with  briers  and  undergrowth.  Since  then 
these  have  been  removed,  and  at  this  time  the  visitor  beholds  a 
spot  kept  in  loving  remembrance.  This  transformation  was  wrought 
by  Miss  Fannie  Bailey,  who  still  keeps  careful  watch  over  one  of 
this  nation's  heroes,  forgotten  by  all  but  her. 

Yours  sincerely. 

S.  B.  Hardwick. 


90  WESTMOIiELAXD    COUM'Y,    VIRGINIA 

Sacred  to  the  ^Iemory 

OF 

MIDSHIPMAN  JAMES  B.  SIGOUENEY, 

OF  THE  United  States  Navy, 

a  Native  of  Boston,  Mass., 

Aged  23  Years; 

Who  fell  in  gallantly  defending  his  Country's  Flag 

on  board  of  the  United  States   Schooner  Asp, 

under  his  command  in  an  action  with  five 

British  barges  of  very  superior  force, 

on  the  14th  day  of  July,  1813. 

Go  gallant  youth,  obey  the  call  of  heaven, 
Your  sins  were  few,  we  trust  they  are  forgiven; 
But  then,  oh  what  can  paint  the  parent's  woe, 
Your  Country  will  punish  the  hand  that  gave  the  blow. 


We  now  insert  notices  drawn  from  various  public  sources,  of 
some  of  the  other  distinguished  men  of  Westmoreland : 

Richard  Henry  Lee,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
was  born  at  Stratford,  January  20,  1732.  He  spent  several  years 
in  an  academy  in  England,  from  which  he  returned  to  his  native 
country  in  his  nineteenth  year.  His  fortune  being  ample,  he  de- 
voted his  time  principally  to  the  elegant  pursuits  of  literature.  In 
1755  he  offered  his  services  as  a  captain  of  provincials  to  Brad- 
dock;  but  he  refused  to  accept  any  more  assistance  from  the  pro- 
vincials than  he  was  obliged  to.  In  his  twenty-fifth  year,  Lee  was 
appointed  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  was  shortly  after  first  chosen  a 
delegate  to  the  House  of  Burgesses,  Avhere  he  soon  acquired  distinc- 
tion in  debate,  and  his  voice  was  always  raised  in  support  of  repub- 
lican principles.  In  all  the  questions  of  controversy  that  came  up 
between  the  mother  country  and  her  colonies,  Mr.  Lee  took  an  active 
part.  He  was  appointed  on  the  most  important  committees  of  the 
House  of  Burgesses,  and  drew  up  some  of  the  most  important 
papers,  which  '^contained  the  genuine  principles  of  the  revolution, 
and  abounded  in  the  firm  and  eloquent  sentiments  of  freemen." 

It  is  stated  tbat  the  celebrated  plan  of  corresponding  committees 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  91 

between  the  different  colonies,  adopted  in  1773  by  the  House  of 
Burgesses,  originated  with  Mr.  Lee.  The  same  idea  had,  about  the 
same  time,  been  conceived  by  Mr.  Samuel  Adams  of  Massachusetts, 
which  circumstance  has  occasioned  much  dispute.  Mr.  Lee  doubt- 
less followed  the  suggestions  of  his  own  mind,  as  he  had,  five  years 
previously,  requested  ^Ir.  Dickinson  of  Pennsylvania,  in  a  letter,  to 
bestow  his  consideration  upon  the  advantage  of  plans  which  he 
communicated  to  him  of  the  same  purport. 

Wirt,  in  describing  him  at  this  time,  says:  "Eichard  Henry  Lee 
was  the  Cicero  of  the  house.  His  face  itself  was  on  the  Roman 
model;  his  nose  Cesarean;  the  port  and  carriage  of  his  head,  lean- 
ing persuasively  and  gracefully  forward;  and  the  whole  contour 
noble  and  fine.  Mr.  Lee  was  by  far  the  most  elegant  scholar  in  the 
house.  He  had  studied  the  classics  in  the  true  spirit  of  criticism. 
His  taste  had  that  delicate  touch  which  seized  with  intuitive  cer- 
tainty every  beauty  of  an  author,  and  his  genius  that  native  affinity 
which  combined  them  without  an  effort.  Into  every  walk  of  litera- 
ture and  science  he  had  carried  this  mind  of  exquisite  selection,  and 
brought  it  back  to  the  business  of  life,  crowned  with  every  light  of 
learning,  and  decked  with  every  wreath  that  all  the  Muses  and  all 
the  Graces  could  entwine.  Xor  did  those  light  decorations  consti- 
tute the  whole  value  of  his  freight.  He  possessed  a  rich  store  of  his- 
torical and  political  knowledge,  with  an  activity  of  observation,  and 
a  certainty  of  judgment  that  turned  that  knowledge  to  the  very 
best  account.  He  was  not  a  lawyer  by  profession,  but  he  under- 
stood thoroughly  the  constitution  both  of  the  mother  country  and 
of  her  colonies,  and  the  elements  also,  of  the  civil  and  municipal 
law.  Thus,  while  his  eloquence  was  free  from  those  stiff  and  tech- 
nical restraints  which  the  habits  of  forensic  speaking  are  so  apt  to 
generate,  he  had  all  the  legal  learning  which  is  necessary  to  a  states- 
man. He  reasoned  well,  and  declaimed  freely  and  splendidly.  The 
note  of  his  voice  was  deeper  and  more  melodious  than  that  of  Mr. 
Pendleton.  It  was  the  canorous  voice  of  Cicero.  He  had  lost  the 
use  of  one  of  his  hands,  which  he  kept  constantly  covered  with  a 
black  silk  bandage  neatly  fitted  to  the  palm  of  his  hand,  but  leaving 
liis  thumb  free ;  yet,  notwithstanding  this  disadvantage,  his  gestur 
was  so  graceful  and  so  highly  finished,  that  it  was  said  he  had  ac- 
quired it  by  practising  before  a  mirror.  Such  was  his  promptitude 
that  he  required  no  preparation  for  debate.  He  was  ready  for  any 
subject  as  soon  as  it  was  announced ;  and  his  speech  was  so  copious, 
so  rich,  so  mellifluous,  set  off  with  such  bewitching  cadence  of  voice, 
and  such  captivating  grace  of  action,  that  while  you  listened  to  him 
you  desired  to  hear  nothing  superior,  and  indeed  thought  him  per- 


92  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

feet.  He  had  a  quick  sensibility  and  a  fervid  imagination,  which 
Mr.  Pendleton  wanted.  Hence  his  orations  were  warmer  and  mora 
delightfully  interesting;  yet  still,  to  him  those  keys  were  not  con- 
signed, which  could  unlock  the  sources  either  of  the  strong  or  ten- 
der passions.  His  defect  was.  that  he  was  too  smooth  and  too  sweet. 
His  style  bore  a  striking  resemblance  to  that  of  Herodotus,  as  de- 
scribed by  the  Eoman  orator:  'he  flowed  on.  like  a  quiet  and  placid 
liver,  without  a  ripple.'  He  flowed,  too,  through  banks  covered 
with  all  the  fresh  verdue  and  variegated  bloom  of  the  spring;  but 
hi?  course  was  too  subdued,  and  too  beautifully  regular.  A  cata- 
ract, like  that  of  Niagara,  crowned  with  overhanging  rocks  and 
mountains,  in  all  the  rude  and  awful  grandeur  of  nature,  would 
have  brought  him  nearer  to  the  standard  of  Homer  and  of  Henry." 

In  1774,  he  was  a  member  of  the  first  general  Congress,  wliere 
he  at  once  took  a  prominent  stand,  and  was  on  all  the  leading  com- 
mittees. From  his  pen  proceeded  the  memorial  of  Congress  to  the 
pcoj)ic  of  British  America.  In  the  succeeding  Congress,  Washing- 
ton was  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  his  com- 
mission and  instructions  were  furnished  by  Mr.  Lee,  as  chairman  of 
the  committee  appointed  for  that  purpose.  The  second  address  of 
Congress  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain — a  composition  unsur- 
passed by  any  of  the  state  papers  of  that  time — was  written  by  him 
this  session.  But  the  most  important  of  his  services  in  this  term 
was  his  motion,  June  7,  1776,  to  declare  independence.  His  speech 
on  introducing  this  bold  and  glorious  measure  was,  one  of  the  most 
brilliant  displays  of  eloquence  ever  heard  on  the  floor.  After  a 
protracted  debate,  it  was  determined.  June  10th,  to  postpone  the 
consideration  of  this  resolution  until  the  first  Monday  of  the  July 
following;  but  a  committee  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  declaration 
of  independence.  Of  this  committee  he  would  have  been  chairman, 
according  to  parliamentary  rules,  had  not  the  illness  of  some  of  his 
family  called  him  home.  Mr.  Jefferson  was  substituted  for  him, 
and  drew  up  the  declaration.  He  shortly  resumed  his  seat,  in  which 
he  continued  until  June,  1777,  when  he  solicited  leave  of  absence 
on  account  of  ill  liealth,  and  to  clear  up  some  stains  which  malice 
or  overheated  zeal  had  thrown  upon  his  reputation  in  Virginia.  He 
demanded  an  investigation  from  the  Assembly,  which  resulted  in 
a  most  triumpRant  and  flattering  acquittal,  by  a  vote  of  thanks  for 
his  patriotic  services. 

In  consequence  of  Mr.  Lee's  great  and  persevering  exertions  to 
procure  the  independence  of  his  country,  and  to  promote  the  cause 
of  liberty,  the  enemy  made  great  exertions  to  secure  his  person. 
Twice  he  narrowly  escaped  being  taken.     Once  his  preservation  was 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  (J3 

owing  to  the  fidelity  of  his  slaves,  and  on  the  other  occasion  his 
safety  was  owing  to  his  own  dexterity  and  presence  of  mind. 

In  August,  1778,  he  was  again  elected  to  Congress,  but  declining 
health  forced  him  to  withdraw,  in  a  great  degree,  from  the  arduous 
labors  to  which  he  had  hitherto  devoted  himself.  In  1780  he  re- 
tired from  his  seat,  and  declined  returning  to  it  until  1784.  In 
the  interval  he  served  in  the  Assembly  of  Virginia,  and,  at  the  head 
of  the  militia  of  his  county,  protected  it  from  the  incursions  of  the 
enemy.  In  1784,  he  was  unanimously  chosen  president  of  Congress, 
but  retired  at  the  end  of  the  year,  and  in  1786  was  again  a  member 
of  the  Virginia  Assembly.  He  was  a  member  of  the  convention 
which  adopted  the  federal  constitution,  and  although  personally 
hostile  to  it,  he  joined  in  the  vote  to  submit  it  to  the  people.  He 
was  subsequently,  with  Mr.  Grayson,  chosen  the  first  senators  from 
Virginia  under  it,  and  in  that  capacity  moved  and  carried  through 
several  amendments.  In  1793,  he  was  forced  by  ill  health  to  retire 
from  public  life,  when  he  was  again  honored  by  a  vote  of  public 
thanks  from  the  legislature  of  Virginia.    He  died  June  19,  1794. 


Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, was  born  October  10,  1734.  His  education  was  directed  by 
a  private  tutor,  and  he  inherited  a  fortune.  In  1765  he  became  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Burgesses,  and  continued  in  that  body 
until  1775,  when  the  convention  of  Virginia  chose  him  a  member 
of  the  Continental  Congress,  in  which  he  remained  until  1779,  when 
he  entered  the  legislature  of  Virginia.  He  died  in  Eichmond  in 
1797. 


Henry  Lee,  a  Governor  of  Virginia  and  a  distinguished  officer 
of  the  Revolution,  was  born  January  29,  1756.  His  family  was 
one  of  high  respectability  and  distinction.  At  eighteen  years  of  age 
he  graduated  at  Princeton  College.  In  1776,  when  but  twenty  years 
of  age,  he  was  appointed  captain  of  one  of  the  six  companies  of 
cavalry  composing  the  regiment  of  Colonel  Theodoriek  Bland.  In 
September,  1777,  Captain  Lee,  with  his  company,  joined  the  main 
army.  He  introduced  excellent  discipline  into  his  corps,  and  ren- 
dered most  effectual  .service,  in  attacking  light  parties  of  the  enemy, 
in  procuring  information,  and  in  foraging. 

As  Captain  Lee,  in  general,  lay  near  the  British  lines,  a  plan 
was  formed  in  the  latter  part  of  January,  1778,  to  cut  off  both  him 
and  his  troop.     A  body  of  two  hundred  cavalry  made  an  extensive 


1)4  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

circuit,  and  seizing  four  of  his  patrols,  came  unexpectedly  upon  him 
in  his  quarters,  a  stone  house.  He  had  then  with  him  only  ten  men ; 
yet  with  these  he  made  so  desperate  a  defence,  that  the  enemy  were 
beaten  off  with  a  loss  of  four  killed,  and  an  officer  and  three  privates 
wounded.  His  heroism  in  this  affair  drew  forth  from  Washington 
a  complimentary  letter,  and  he  was  soon  after  raised  to  the  rank 
of  a  major,  with  the  command  of  an  independent  partisan  corps  of 
two  companies  of  horse,  which  afterwards  was  enlarged  to  three, 
and  a  body  or  infantry.  On  the  19th  of  July,  1779,  Major  Lee,  at 
the  head  of  about  three  hundred  men,  completely  surprised  the 
British  garrison  at  Powles'  Hook — now  Jersey  City — and  after 
taking  one  hundred  and  sixty  prisoners,  retreated  with  the  loss  of 
but  two  men  killed,  and  three  wounded.  For  his  "prudence,  ad- 
dress, and  bravery,"  in  this  affair.  Congress  voted  him  a  gold  medal. 
In  the  commencement  of  the  year  1780,  he  joined,  with  his 
legion,  the  army  of  the  south,  having  been  previously  promoted  to 
the  rank  of  lieutenant-colonel.  In  the  celebrated  retreat  of  Greene 
before  Cornwallis,  Lee's  legion  formed  the  rear  guard  of  the  army. 
So  hot  w^as  the  pursuit,  that  Colonel  Lee  at  one  time  came  in  con- 
tact with  Tarleton's  corps,  and,  in  a  successful  charge,  killed  eigh- 
teen of  them,  and  made  a  captain  and  several  privates  prisoners. 
Shortly  after,  Lee  with  his  legion,  and  Colonel  Pickens  with  some 
militia,  attacked  a  party  of  four  hundred  loyalist  militia  under 
Colonel  Pyle,  killed  ninety,  and  wounded  many  others.  At  the  bat- 
tle of  Guilford,  Lee's  legion  distinguished  itself;  previous  to  the 
action,  it  drove  back  Tarleton's  dragoons  with  loss,  and  afterwards 
maintained  a  sharp  and  separate  conflict  until  the  retreat  of  the 
main  army.  After  this,  Greene,  in  pursuance  of  the  advice  of  Lee, 
determined  to  advance  at  once  into  South  Carolina,  and  endeavor 
to  reannex  to  the  Union  that  and  its  sister  state  of  Georgia,  instead 
of  watching  the  motions  of  Cornwallis.  The  results  were  as  for- 
tunate as  the  design  was  bold  and  judicious.  In  pursuance  of  this 
plan,  Greene  advanced  southward,  having  previously  detached  Lee, 
with  the  legion,  to  join  the  militia  under  Marion,  and,  in  co-opera- 
tion with  him,  to  attempt  the  minor  posts  of  the  enemy.  By  a 
series  of  bold  and  vigorous  operations,  Forts  Watson,  Motte.  and 
Granby,  speedily  surrendered;  after  which,  the  legion  was  ordered 
to  join  General  Pickens,  and  attempt  to  gain  possession  of  Augusta. 
On  the  way,  Lee  surprised  and  took  fort  Galphin.  The  defences 
of  Augusta  consisted  in  two  forts — Fort  Cornwallis  and  Fort  Grier- 
son;  the  latter  was  taken  by  assault,  the  former  after  a  siege  of  six- 
teen days.  In  the  unfortunate  assault  upon  Ninety-Six,  Lee  was 
completely  successful  in  the  part  of  the  attack  intrusted  to  his  care. 


WEST3I0RELAXD    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  95 

In  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs,  his  exertions  contributed  much  to 
the  successful  issue  of  the  day.  After  the  surrender  of  Yorktown, 
Lee  retired  from  the  army,  carrying  with  him,  however,  the  esteem 
and  affection  of  Greene,  and  the  acknowledgment  that  his  services 
had  been  greater  than  those  of  any  one  man  attached  to  the  southern 
army. 

Soon  after  his  return  to  Virginia,  he  married  a  daughter  of 
Philip  Ludwell  Lee,  and  settled  at  Stratford  in  this  county.  In 
1786,  he  was  a  delegate  to  Congress;  in  1788,  a  member  of  the  Vir- 
ginia convention  to  ratify  the  constitution,  in  defence  of  which  he 
greatly  distinguished  himself.  From  1793  to  1795,  he  was  Gov- 
ernor of  Virginia.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  ^Vhiskey  Insurrec- 
tion, in  1755,  he  was  appointed  by  Washington  to  the  command  of 
the  forces  ordered  against  the  insurgents,  and  received  great  credit 
for  his  conduct.  In  1799  he  was  again  a  delegate  in  Congress,  and 
upon  the  death  of  Washington,  he  was  appointed  to  pronounce  his 
eulogium.  It  was  upon  this  occasion  he  originated  the  celebrated 
sentence :  '"First  in  war,  first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of 
his  countrymen."  On  the  election  of  Jefferson  he  retired  to  private 
life. 

His  last  years  were  clouded  by  pecuniary  troubles.  The  hos- 
pitable and  profuse  style  of  living  so  common  in  Virginia,  ruined 
his  estate,  and  even  abridged  his  personal  liberty.  It  was  in  1809, 
while  confined  for  debt,  that  he  composed  his  elegantly  written 
Memoirs  of  the  Southern  Campaign. 

General  Lee  was  in  Baltimore  in  1812,  at  tbe  time  of  the  riot 
occasioned  by  the  publication  of  some  strictures  on  the  war  in  the 
Federal  Bepublican,  an  anti-war  paper.  After  the  destruction  of 
the  printing  office,  an  attack  on  the  dwelling  of  the  editor  was  ap- 
prehended. Lee,  from  motives  of  personal  friendship  to  the  editor, 
with  a  number  of  others,  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  protecting 
it.  On  being  attacked,  two  of  the  assailants  were  killed,  and  a 
number  wounded.  The  military  arriving  soon  after,  effected  a 
compromise  with  the  mob,  and  conveyed  the  inmates  of  the  house 
to  the  city  jail  for  their  greater  safety.  In  the  night  the  mob 
reassembled  in  greater  force,  broke  open  the  jail,  killed,  and  man- 
gled its  inmates  in  a  shocking  manner.  From  injuries  then  re- 
ceived, Lee  never  recovered.  He  went  to  the  West  Indies  for  his 
health.  His  hopes  proved  futile.  He  returned  in  1818  to  Georgia, 
where  he  died. 

General  Lee  was  about  five  feet  nine  inches,  well-proportioned, 
of  an  open,  pleasant  countenance,  and  a  dark  complexion.  His 
manners  were  frank  and  engaging;  his  disposition  generous  and 


96  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

hospitable.  By  his  first  wife,  he  had  a  son  and  a  daughter;  by  his 
second  (a  daughter  of  Charles  Carter,  of  Shirley),  he  had  three 
sons  and  two  daughters. 


Arthur  Lee,  M.  D.,  minister  of  the  United  States  to  the  court 
of  Versailles,  was  a  native  of  Virginia,  and  the  brother  of  Eichard 
Henry  Lee.  He  was  educated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh, 
Vv'here  he  also  pursued  for  some  time  the  study  of  medicine.  On  his 
return  to  this  country,  he  practised  physic  four  or  five  years  in  Wil- 
liamsburg. He  then  went  to  London,  and  commenced  the  study  of 
the  law  in  the  Temple.  During  his  residence  in  England  he  kept 
Ins  eye  on  the  measures  of  government,  and  rendered  the  most  im- 
portant services  to  his  country,  by  sending  to  America  the  earliest 
intelligence  of  the  plans  of  the  ministry.  When  the  instructions 
to  Governor  Bernard  were  sent  over,  he  at  the  same  time  communi- 
cated information  to  the  town  of  Boston  respecting  the  nature  of 
them.  He  returned,  it  is  believed,  before  1769,  for  in  that  year  he 
published  the  Monitor's  Letters,  in  vindication  of  the  colonial 
rights.  In  1775  he  was  in  London,  as  the  agent  of  Virginia;  and 
ho  presented,  in  August,  the  second  petition  of  Congress  to  the 
king.  All  his  exertions  were  now  directed  to  the  good  of  Jiis  coun- 
try. When  Mr.  Jeiferson  declined  the  appointment  of  a  minister 
to  France,  Dr.  Lee  was  appointed  to  his  place,  and  he  joined  his 
colleagues.  Dr.  Franklin  and  Mr.  Deane,  at  Paris,  in  December, 
1776.  He  assisted  in  negotiating  the  treaty  with  France.  In  the 
year  1779,  he  and  Mr.  Adams,  who  had  taken  the  place  of  Deane, 
were  recalled,  and  Dr.  Franklin  was  appointed  sole  minister  to 
France.  His  return  had  been  rendered  necessary  by  the  malicious 
accusations  with  which  Deane  had  assailed  his  public  conduct. 

In  the  preceding  year  Deane  had  left  Paris,  agreeably  to  an 
order  of  Congress,  and  came  to  this  country  in  the  same  ship  with 
the  French  minister  Gerard.  On  his  arrival,  as  many  suspicions 
hovered  around  him,  he  thought  it  necessary  to  repel  them  by  at- 
tacking the  character  of  his  colleague.  Dr.  Lee.  In  an  inflammatory 
address  to  the  public  he  vilified  him  in  the  grossest  terms,  charg- 
ing liim  with  obstructing  the  alliance  with  France,  and  disclosing 
the  secrets  of  Congress  to  British  noblemen.  He  at  the  same  time 
impeached  the  conduct  of  his  brother,  William  Lee.  Esq.,  agent  for 
Congress  at  the  courts  of  Vienna  and  Berlin.  Dr.  Lee,  also,  was 
not  on  very  good  terms  with  Dr.  Franklin,  whom  he  believed  to  be 
too  much  under  the  influence  of  the  French  court.  Firm  in  his 
attachment  to  the  interest  of  his  country,  honest,  zealous,  he  was 
inclined  to  question  the  correctness  of  all  the  commercial  transac- 


WESTMORELAND    COVl<iTY,    VIRGINIA  97 

tions  ill  which  tlie  philosopher  had  heen  engaged.  These  dissensions 
among  the  ministers  produced  corj'csponding  divisions  in  Congress; 
and  Monsienr  Gerard  had  so  little  respect  for  the  dignity  of  an 
ambassador,  as  to  become  a  zealons  partisan  of  Deane.  Dr.  Lee  had 
many  friends  in  Congress,  bnt  Dr.  Franklin  more.  When  the  former 
returned  to  America  in  the  year  1780,  such  was  his  integrity,  that 
he  did  not  find  it  difficult  to  reinstate  himself  fully  in  the  good 
opinion  of  the  public.  In  1784  he  was  appointed  one  of  the  com- 
missioners for  holding  a  treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations. 
He  accordingly  went  to  Fort  Schuyler,  and  executed  this  trust  in  a 
manner  which  did  him  much  honor.  In  February,  1790,  he  was 
admitted  a  counsellor  of  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
by  a  special  order.  After  a  short  illness,  he  died,  December  14, 
1792,  at  Urbanna,  in  Middlesex  county,  Virginia.  He  was  a  man 
of  uniform  patriotism,  of  a  sound  understanding,  of  great  probity, 
of  plain  manners,  and  strong  passions. 

During  his  residence  for  a  number  of  years  in  England,  he  was 
indefatigable  in  his  exertions  to  promote  the  interests  of  his  coun- 
try. To  the  abilities  of  a  satesman  he  united  the  acquisitions  of  a 
scholar.  He  was  a  member  of  the  American  Philosophical  Society. 
Besides  the  Monitors  Letters,  written  in  the  year  1769,  which 
have  been  mentioned,  he  published  "Extracts  from  a  Letter  to  Con- 
gress, in  answer  to  a  Libel  by  Silas  Deane,"  1780;  and  "Ob- 
servations on  Certain  Commercial  Transactions  in  France,"  laid 
before  Congress  1780. 


Bushrod  Washington  was  born  in  this  county,  and  educated  at 
William  and  Mary.  He  studied  law  in  Philadelphia,  and  com- 
menced its  practice  with  great  success  in  this  county.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Delegates  in  1781.  He  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Alexandria,  and  thence  to  Eichmond,  where  he  published 
two  volumes  of  the  decisions  of  the  supreme  court  of  Virginia.  He 
was  appointed,  in  1798,  an  associate-justice  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  United  States,  and  continued  to  hold  this  situation  until  his 
death,  in  November,  1829.  He  was  the  favorite  nephew  of  General 
Washington,  and  was  the  devisee  of  Mount  Vernon.  He  was  noted 
for  sound  judgment,  rigid  integrity^  and  unpretending  manners. — 
Howe's  History  of  Virginia,  pp.  510-513. 


LiiE  Famii,^- 


1.  R.   E.  Lee 

2.  Richard  Lee 

3.  Henry  (Light  Horse  Harry)  Lee 

4.  Chas.   Lee 

5.  Smith   Lee 


Richard  Henry  Lee 
Thomas  Lee 
Francis  Lightfoot  Lhe 
Wm.   Lee 
Arthlr  Lee 


PART  II. 


VIII. 

Westmoreland,  the   Plant-bed  of  an  Ancient   Civil- 
ization  is  Still   the  Cradle  of  the   New — Her 
Efficient  Board  of  Supervisors — The  Sand- 
Clay    System    of    Good   Roads. 

Westmoreland  County  of  To-day  (1912).  The  New  Westmoreland, 
Her  Present  Conditions,  Her  Progress,  Her  Climate  and 
Soil.  Her  Agricultural,  Indmtrial,  and  Commercial  Re- 
sources and  Assets.  Her  Efficient  Board  of  Supervisors 
Standing  for  the  "Economy  of  Good  Roads" — the  Slogan 
of  Common  Sense. 

The  future  historian  will  write  the  glorious  history  of  West- 
moreland. This  is  no  history — only  a  brief  chapter,  Job  said: 
"Behold  my  desire  is  that  mine  adversary  had  written  a  book." 
This,  in  former  days,  passed  for  as  sore  an  evil  as  a  good  man  could 
think  of  wishing  to  his  worst  enemy. 

Whether  any  of  my  enemies  (I  hope  I  have  none)  ever  wished 
me  so  great  an  evil,  I  know  not.  But  certain  it  is,  I  never  dreamed 
of  writing  a  book.  The  humble  writer,  with  the  burden  of  other 
duties,  assumes  no  such  task,  and  aspires  to  accomplish  no  such 
purpose. 

The  original  scope  and  purpose  of  this  short  chapter  was  to  have 
no  Part  I.,  and  no  Part  II.,  but  it  was  intended  only  to  refer  to 
the  historical  features  of  Westmoreland  and  her  magnificent  memo- 
rials, and  to  print  the  eloquent  tributes  to  her  name  and  fame — 
her  great  men  and  the  richer  trophies  of  their  brilliant  deeds;  and 
not  to  present  even  in  brief  review  her  present  conditions,  her  pro- 
gress, her  climate  and  rsoil,  and  her  agricultural,  industrial  and 
commercial  resources  and  assets.  But  we  have  been  bep-uiled  into 
speaking  of  these  present  conditions  so  attractive  to  the  home- 
seeker  and  so  inviting  for  agricultural  development,  remunerative 
investment,  grand  enterprise  and  splendid  opportunity,  and  have 
adopted  Part  I.  and  Part  II — the  old  and  the  new  Westmoreland. 

When  Bishop  Meade,  after  exclaiming  "Fuit  Uiuni  I't  ingens 
gloria  Dardanidum ,"  uttered  the  following  prophetic  words,  "We 
trust  there  awaits  for  Westmoreland  a  greater  glory  than  the 
former,'^  no  one  realized  that  in  a  few  decades  that  Dr.  McKim, 
standing  upon  its  sacred  soil,  could,  and  would  utter  the  fulfil- 
ment of  the  prophecy,  and  would  proclaim — Dr.  Beale  voicing  the 


102  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

universal  sentiment — that  ''to-day  a  greater  glory  does  indeed  be- 
long to  Westmoreland  than  when  the  noble  Bishop  contemplated 
her  fallen  grandeur." 

Westmoreland  county  of  to-day,  with  all  her  proud  tradition 
of  the  past,  not  unlike  her  mother,  the  Old  Dominion,  "has  yet  to 
reach  her  zenith.  The  years  that  have  been  put  behind  her  are  the 
years  of  a  formative  period ;  the  decades  that  are  to  come  will  mark 
the  fruition  of  her  hopes.  Henceforth,  industry,  as  exemplified  in 
a  hundred  forms,  will  be  her  gracious  helpmeet.  ISTor  must  the 
Virginian  of  future  years  walk  in  a  narrow  path,  for  he  has  many 
'fields  of  usefulness  in  which  he  may  expand.  Never  did  any  coun- 
try under  the  sun  offer  more  diversity  of  opportunity,  or  finer 
chances  for  founding  of  fortunes  than  does  this  State." 

"The  time-honored  Commonwealth,  indeed,  now  walks  with 
quickened  step,  despite  the  lapse  of  nearly  three  centuries.  Her 
(-lasticity  is  the  child  of  prosperity." 

Westmoreland,  the  birthplace  and  plant  bed  of  an  ancient  civ- 
ilization, is  still  the  cradle  of  a  new.  While  her  landscape  is  glori- 
ous with  the  sheen  of  golden  harvests,  she,  too,  is  gathering  tbe 
ripe  fruitage  of  her  rich  vintage.  Her  waste  places  are  being  re- 
stored, and  blossoming  as  the  rose.  Her  soil  is  supporting  an  en- 
terprising people,  and  still  invites  the  stran-ger,  honest  and  bona 
fide,  by  "benevolent  assimilation"  to  swell  a  still  more  teeming 
population.  Her  churches  are  being  restored  and  rebuilt.  Her 
people  are  animated  by  a  spirit  worthy  of  her  great  past.  Her 
young  men  are  fired  with  a  noble  ambition  to  emulate  the  patriot- 
ism and  virtues  of  her  heroes  of  former  days.  Her  men  of  intel- 
lectual and  moral  stature  worthy  of  Westmoreland's  splendid  his- 
tory, are  at  hand  to  represent  her  in  the  councils  of  the  State  and 
nation.  Her  women  are  lovely,  gentle,  and  queenly.  When  Alexis 
de  Tocqueville,  whom  Mr.  Gladstone  termed  "the  Burke  of  his 
age,"  visited  America  in  the  last  century  and  wrote  his  '^Democracy 
in  America,"  he  said:  "If  I  were  asked  to  what  I  attributed  the 
greatness  and  peace  of  America,  I  should  say  to  the  sanctity  of  home 
and  to  the  purity  of  the  women."  And  the  Hon.  James  Bryce, 
Ministoi'  Plenipotentiary  to  this  country  representing  the  Court 
of  St.  James,  says  in  "The  American  Commonwealth":  "I  have 
heard  keen  American  observers  predict  that  these  Southern  States 
will  be  the  chief  nursery  ground  of  statesmen  in  the  future,  and 
will  thus  assert  an  ascendency  which  they  can  not  yet  obtain  by  their 
votes,  because  population  grows  more  slowly  in  the  South  than  in 
Eastern  cities,  or  in  Western  prairies." 

Mr.  Gladstone,  in  his  "Kin  Beyond  the  Sea,"  page  204,  said  of 
America :    "She  will  probably  become  what  we  are  now.  the  head 


Board  of  Supervisors,  Westmokicland  Colntv,  \  .\. 

David  Hungerford  Griffith  Hun.  Wm.  Mavo,  Chairman,  Kx-State  Senator 

\Vm.  H.  Sanfokd 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  10;} 

servant  in  the  great  household  of  the  woi-ld,  the  employer  ol"  all 
employed,  because  her  service  will  l)e  most  and  ablest."  lie  also 
said :  "No  hardier  republicanism  was  generated  in  New  England 
than  in  the  slave  States  of  the  South,  which  produced  so  many  of 
the  great  statesmen  of  America," — Life  of  Gladstone^  by  Dr.  J.  L. 
M.  Curry,  page  214. 

What  has  Westmoreland  done  since  the  war,  and  what  is  she 
doing  to-day  in  the  march  of  progress  and  civilization,  in  energy 
and  the  activities  of  life? 

The  efficient  Board  of  Supervisors  of  Westmoreland  stand  for 
the  economy  of  good  roads.  They  advocate  the  economical  aspect 
of  good  roads  reform.  They  have  adopted,  with  the  State's  aid 
and  the  State  Highway  Commission,  the  sand-clay  system,  and  are 
actively  projecting  the  same.  Good  roads  are  the  cheapest.  This 
is  the  slogan  of  common  sense.  We  clip  from  a  contemporary  on 
the  "Economy  of  Good  Roads."     It  says : 

"The  plea  that  good  roads  are  'too  costly'  belongs  only  to  the 
cheap  statesman,  the  mossback,  and  old-fashioned  publications.  It 
has  no  place  in  the  consideration  of  the  problem  of  modern  road 
building. 

"The  primary  purpose  in  securing  good  roads  is  to  eliminate  the 
enormous  and  everlasting  cost  of  bad  roads.  Modern  country  roads 
bear  the  same  relation  to  the  rural  districts  as  paved  streets  bear 
to  the  cities.  Paved  streets  for  municipalities  are  first  of  all,  a 
business  proposition.  The  comfort  and  convenience  afforded  by 
them  is  a  matter  of  secondary  consideration.  No  city  could  be 
l)uilt  on  mud  streets.  Neither  can  agricultural  communities  be  de- 
veloped on  mud  roads.  And  any  condition  that  retards  the  fullest 
development  of  country  life  is  an  expense  that  spells  ruin  and  bank- 
ruptcy in  the  end. 

"The  old  wooden  plow  could  be  purchased  for  less  than  the 
modern  implements  used  to  break  the  soil.  But  no  farmer  could 
maintain  his  farm  with  a  wooden  plow.  It  would  prove  too  costly 
an  experiment.  The  ox  team  could  be  purchased  for  less  money 
than  the  draft  horses  cost,  but  the  ox  team  has  been  abandoned  as 
an  expense  that  no  modern  farmer  could  stand. 

"Mud  roads  retain  the  same  relation  to  modern  progress  as  the 
wooden  plow  and  the  ox  team.  Virginia  wastes  $1,000,000  every 
year  on  mud  roads.  It  is  a  system  of  'throwing  good  money  after 
bad  money'  in  an  attempt  to  'improve'  roads  that  need  to  be  rebuilt, 
and  after  millions  have  been  wasted  in  this  manner  the  same  old 
mud  roads  exist.    Nothing  is  left  to  show  for  all  the  expense. 

"The  $10,000,000  Virginia  has  lost  in   the  mud  holes  of  its 


104  WESTMOh'ELAiXD    COVNl'V,    VIRGIMA 

country  roads  in  the  past  ten  years  would  have  given  the  State  an 
excellent  system  of  permanent  highways.  It  would  have  meant  an 
investment  that  would  now  be  paying  big  dividends  to  the  farm 
owners  of  that  State." 

"That  is  the  common  sense  of  the  case.  The  failure  to  construct 
good  roads  is  equivalent  to  a  tremendous  waste  of  money.  Good 
roads,  we  say  again,  are  the  cheapest  roads." 

The  Times-Dispatch  says : 

■| 

The  Great  Eeform. 

Interest  in  good  roads  does  not  abate,  either  in  Virginia  or  the 
other  States  of  the  South.  A  casual  perusal  of  the  press  of  this 
part  of  the  nation  proves  that  all  interesting  good  roads  articles 
and  good  roads  editorial  expressions  are  copied  in  full  in  a  major- 
ity of  the  papers,  and  there  are  the  most  impressive  signs  of  the 
fact  that  this  mighty  reform  has  a  tightening  grasp  upon  the  dif- 
ferent States  in  which  the  movement  has  once  been  started. 

In  making  sentiment  for  improved  highways,  we  hope  that 
none  of  our  contemporaries  will  let  up  a  minute  in  the  fight.  Wliat 
has  already  been  done  in  Virginia  in  the  good  roads  reform  has 
been  excellent,  but  in  order  to  keep  step  with  other  Southern  States 
we  must  continue  ceaselessly  the  campaign  for  better  highways. 

Is  the  good  roads  question  a  live  one?  Are  other  States  taking 
an  interest  in  it? 

The  other  day  a  great  convention  met  at  Birmingham  and  dele- 
gates from  almost  every  community  in  Alabama  were  there,  eager 
to  learn  more  about  good  roads.  To  this  meeting  in  the  cause  of 
better  roads  not  only  came  an  army  of  interested  delegates,  but  also 
two-thirds  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State.  The  people  out  there 
are  intensely  worked  up  al)out  good  roads,  and  they  are  not  going 
to  rest  until  they  have  them. 

Calling  this  convention  one  of  'Vast  significance" — and  rightly 
so — the  Birmingham  News  said  editorially : 

'There  is  no  subject  before  the  people  of  Alabama  to-day  that 
has  a  more  vital  bearing  upon  the  progress  of  the  State  than  this 
matter  of  good  roads.  It  is  a  physical  impossil)i]ity  for  any  people 
to  advance  rapidly  either  intellectually  or  materially  without  the 
means  of  intercommunication,  and  the  better  the  means  the  more 
rapid  the  advance.  If  the  children  of  the  State  are  to  be  educated 
and  are  to  reap  the  benefits  that  come  by  reason  of  contact  with 
the  forces  and  influences  that  make  for  advancement,  this  end  must 
be  accomplished  througli  the  construction  of  good  roads.     If  the 


WESTMORELAXD    COUNTY,    TIRGlMA  105 

farmers  of  Alabama  are  to  prosper,  are  to  get  the  fullest  returns 
upon  the  labor  they  expend  upon  the  soil,  they  must  l)e  brought 
into  close  touch  with  the  consumers,  an  end  impossible  without  good 
roads.  If  the  people  as  a  whole  are  to  advance  in  proportion  to 
their  opportunties  it  must  inevitably  be  through  the  construction 
of  improved  highways." 

The  name  being  changed,  this  applies  with  equal  force  to  Vir- 
ginia. The  issue  is  live.  It  vitally  concerns  the  welfare  of  the 
people,  their  comfort,  their  happiness,  their  prosperity.  It  is  a 
great  reform,  and  too  much  cannot  be  said  in  its  favor. 

Another  contemporary  on  the  ''Value  of  Good  Koads,"  says: 

For  a  part  of  this  week  the  Alabama  Good  Eoads  Association 
has  been  in  session  at  Birmingham,  and  powerful  interest  has  been 
manifested  in  this  far-reaching  reform.  President  John  Craft  had 
some  very  good  things  to  say  in  his  opening  address,  and  one  of 
them  was : 

"The  vigor  of  the  State  lies  in  its  industrial  vitality  and  the 
great  arteries  through  which  the  life  blood  of  the  Commonwealth 
must  course  are  its  highways.  Therefore,  I  believe  it  to  be  our 
bounden  duty  to  labor  toward  having  the  great  thoroughfares  of 
the  people  built  in  the  healthiest  manner  possible.  By  having  a 
permanent  and  thorough  construction  of  roads,  distance  will  be 
shortened,  time  will  no  longer  be  measured  by  hours.  The  time  of 
travel  will  be  lessened  so  much  that  the  farmer  who  lives  twenty- 
five  miles  or  more  from  the  steamboat  landing,  railroad  station,  or 
the  city,  will  be  enabled  to  bring  his  products  to  llie  place  of  ship- 
ment and  return  between  sunrise  and  nightfall. 

"The  farmer  deserves  better  highways.  It  is  ho  who  digs  from 
the  soil  precious  gold  represented  by  the  products  of  his  labor.  He 
cannot  be  prosperous  if  the  hauling  cost  is  twenty-five  cents  per 
ton  per  mile,  when  it  should  be  eight  or  ten  cents." 

There  is  the  gist  of  this  matter.  It  is  in  the  cost  of  transpor- 
tation that  the  farmer  sustains  his  greatest  loss.  That  loss  is 
equivalent  to  a  most  extravagant  waste. 


IX. 

Besides  What  Nature  Has  Done,  Westmoreland 
Stands  for  Civic  Improvement  and  Educa- 
tional Advancement,  and  the  Better- 
ment  of  all   Conditions. 

Her  People  Industrious,  and  Progressive. — Civic  Improvement  and 
Educational  Advancement. — New  and  Handsome  Homes, 
and  Erection  of  High  School  Buildings,  and  the  Establish- 
ment of  Public  High  Schools. — Two  Practical  Ecomonic 
Problems  Confronting  the  People:.  More  Population  of 
Energetic,  Robust  and  Frugal  Men,  and  Quicker  Travel  and 
Transportation. 

Besides  what  Nature  has  done,  and  its  natural  potentialities; 
besides  men  of  muscular  energy  and  brains,  men  of  lofty  ideals  and 
high  standards,  men  of  human  endeavor,  men  who  teach  with 
pure  lives  the  tenets  of  our  holy  religion,  there  is  a  progressive 
spirit  abroad.  The  people  are  industrious  and  progressive.  Be- 
sides her  commercial  activity,  Westmoreland  shows  civic  improve- 
ment, and  educational  advancement.  She  can  point  to  a  large 
number  of  high  schools  and  high  school  buildings  second  to  none 
in  the  rural  districts;  to  teachers  in  these  schools  who  are  special- 
ists in  their  line  and  the  best  instruction  given.  New  and  hand- 
some homes  are  going  up,  and  charm  us  as  we  pass  by.  Altogether. 
a  spirit  of  public  improvement.  The  tide  of  population  must  and 
will  turn  from  the  over-crowded  cities,  and  the  natural  gravitation 
to  these  attractive  homes  is  inevitable.  There  has  been  a  marked 
progress  in  the  improved  system  of  good  roads,  and  for  the  better- 
ment of  all  conditions  along  educational,  industrial  and  agricul- 
tural lines.  Here,  speaking  of  this,  it  is  no  longer  a  postulate, 
but  an  axiom;  not  an  experiment,  but  a  demonstration,  that  edu- 
cation is  the  hope  of  a  Republic,  and  a  menace  and  death  itself  to 
a  monarchy.  Popular  education  in  our  country  is  the  idol  of  the 
people,  and  its  pride.  We  are  beguiled  into  giving  an  extract 
from  Lord  Brougham,  whose  beautiful  tribute  to  the  immortal 
Washington  is  published  elsewhere  in  this  booklet.  We  publisli 
the  extract  because  they  are  the  famous  words  of  one  of  the  famous 
men  of  the  world.  We  do  not  publish  it  to  minimize  the  soldier, 
but  to  exalt  the  schoolmaster.  These  burning  words  are  perhaps 
one  of  the  first  and  greatest  tributes  to  Iho  public  education  of 
the  masses,  and  has  done  as  much  for  public  schools  as  anything 
ever  said.  In  his  speech  in  the  House  of  Coitunons  on  January 
28,  1828.  on  the  address  from  the  Crown,  Brougham  severely  re- 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  107 

ferred  to  the  Commander-in-Cli.ief  of  the  Arniy,  the  Duke  of 
Wellington,  who  was  also  the  Prime  Minister  and  the  head  of  the 
government.  While  he  seemed  to  consider  the  presence  of  the 
conqueror  of  Napoleon  at  Waterloo  in  the  chief  councils  of  the 
King  a  harmless  state  of  affairs,  Brougham  nevertheless  argued 
against  the  practice  of  putting  military  men  in  the  high  civic 
places  in  the  government.  This  objection,  in  substance,  was  the 
theme  of  the  speech  and  the  quoted  paragraph  below,  which  a 
current  report  said  was  received  with  cheers  and  laughter,  was  a 
very  ifitting  climax  to  Brougham's  notable  effort : 

"The  country  sometimes  heard  with  dismay  that  the  soldier 
was  abroad.  JSTow  there  is  another  person  abroad — a  less  important 
person — in  the  eyes  of  some  insignificant  person — whose  labors 
had  tended  to  produce  this  state  of  things.  The  schoolmaster  is 
abroad  !  And  I  trust  more  to  the  schoolmaster,  armed  with  his 
primer,  than  to  the  soldier  in  full  military  array,  for  upholding 
and  extending  the  liberties  of  my  country." 

Two  practical  economic  problems  still  seem  to  confront  our 
people : 

1.  Nature  has  lavished  her  treasures  on  them  in  magnificent 
waterways,  estuaries  and  arms  of  the  sea.  They  desire,  however, 
quicker  transit  and  travel  by  rail,  and  transportation  of  their  pro- 
ducts. Like  Rasselas,  King  of  Abyssinia,  who  yearned  to  see  be- 
yond his  lovely  mountain  home  and  environment,  they  arc  restless 
to  reach  beyond  their  sea-girt  horizon. 

2.  They  need  a  larger  population — say  50,000  more  of  robust, 
energetic,  frugal  men — to  cut  up  and  divide  the  large  landed 
estates  and  holdings,  and  to  develop  the  latent  natural  resources, 
food  supplies  and  materials  for  industry.  Give  them  50,000  more 
of  population,  and  the  problems  are  solved.  Eoads — steam  and 
<,'lectric — and  good  roads  for  automobiles  and  every  appliance  for 
travel  and  transportation  will  be  assured  and  complete.  Which 
will  come  first?  Which  will  be  the  one  to  bring  the  other?  The 
people  desire  both,  and  both  will  come.  The  people  of  Westmore- 
land are  unlike  good  old  Doctor  Johnson,  author  of  "Rasselas," 
who  took  a  gloomy  view  of  life,  and  wrote  "of  an  age  that  melts 
in  unperceived  decay.''  They  are  optimists  and  not  idle  dreamers. 
We  wish  for  an  Irving  to  picture  tlte  peace  of  the  people. 

Just  as  this  booklet  goes  to  press  the  re-turn  survey  of  the  now 
railroad  from  Doswell  to  the  deep  waters  of  the  great  Wicomico  is 
nearly  completed.  Channing  M.  Ward,  recently  of  Richmond 
county,  Va.,  is  the  promoter.  What  a  feeder  from  the  rich  granary 
of  the  great  Rappahannock  River  valley  and  the  Northern  Neck 
for  the  great  metropolitan  city  of  Richmond  this  will  be.  We  wish 
it  a  God  speed.  Because  it  will  be  a  mighty  revelation  and  a  con- 
necting link   Ix^fwcen   these  grand   people. 


Westmoreland,  With   Her   Diversified   Farm  Pro- 
ducts, Thriving  Industries   and  Plants,  Points 
to    Her    Excellent    Financial    Condition 
and    Low    Rate     of    Taxation. 

What  Westmoreland  of  To-day  is  Doing. — Her  Excellent  Financial 
Conditions,  Progress  in  Improved  Buildings  and  Low  Rate 
of  Taxation. — Her  Diver^ijied  Farm  Products,  Thriving 
Industries  and  Plants. — Beautiful  Monuments  to  Her  Sol- 
diers.— W estjnoreland  Camp  C.  V.,  Pension  Board,  and 
Washington  and  Lee  Chapter  U.  D.  C. 

Westmoreland  county  can  point  with  pride  to  her  excellent 
financial  condition,  progress  in  improved  buildings,  and  low  rate 
of  taxation.  Its  diversified  farm  products,  fruit  culture  and  can- 
neries— climate  and  soil  for  vegetable  and  trucking  industries — 
rich  products  of  its  tidal  waters;  its  sheep  industry  of  the  finest 
imported  breeds;  Eappahannock  and  Potomac  Eivers,  inlets  and 
tributaries,  furnishing  water  power  for  finest  manufacturies  and 
plants  and  transportation  facilities;  churches,  public  schools,  banks: 
Bank  of  Westmoreland  at  Colonial  Beach,  Bank  of  Kinsale  at  Kin- 
sale,  and  Bank  of  Montross  at  Montross,  with  deposits,  resources, 
and  financial  earnings  of  the  people  generally — figures  that  speak 
volumes  for  soundness  of  local  business  conditions.  Westmoreland 
Enquirer  and  Colonial  Beach  Becord,  newspaper,  at  Colonial  Beach ; 
good  telephone  communication;  accessible  to  the  markets  of  Bal- 
timore, Washington.  Alexandria,  and  Fredericksburg.  Health 
superb;  artesian  wells  numerous,  fine  flow  and  delightful  water. 
Lands  enhancing  in  value  and  more  and  more  in  demand  with 
rising  prices;  riparian  privileges;  splendid  opportunities  for  the 
home  seeker  and  investor. 

The  most  casual  observer  does  not  fail  to  see  tbe  progress, 
energy  and  activities  of  the  people. 

A  beautiful  marble  shaft,  erected  by  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, now  marks  Wakefield,  the  birthplace  of  Washington ;  and 
the  name  and  fame  of  the  great  chieftain.  General  E.  E.  Lee,  shed 
a  brighter  luster  around  Stratford,  his  birthplace. 

A  costly  and  beautiful  monument,  erected  to  the  Confederate 
dead,  stands  in  front  of  tbe  handsome,  new  courthouse  at  Montross, 


WESTMORELAND    CUVNTY,    VIRGINIA  109 

the  county  seat.  The  Westmoreland  Camp  of  Confederate  Vete- 
rans is  one  of  the  most  active  in  the  State,  and  has  its  glorious 
annual  reunions  to  rekindle  and  keep  bright ly  burning  its  camp 
fires,  to  revive  sweet  memories  and  to  renew  loyal  fraternal  greet- 
ings. 

The  company  rolls  and  rosters  of  every  honorable  soldier  in 
the  service  of  the  Confederate  States  are  being  filed  and  recorded 
amongst  the  archives  by  order  of  the  Circuit  Court  in  pursuance 
of  the  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Virginia.  It  should  be  re- 
corded as  a  great  historical  fact  that  even  President  Eoosevelt  in 
1905,  in  Richmond,  Va.,  the  late  capital  of  the  Confederacy,  said : 
"On  the  honor  roll  of  those  American  worthies,  whose  greatness  is 
not  only  for  the  age,  but  for  all  time;  not  only  for  the  nation, 
but  for  all  the  world — on  this  honor  roll  Virginia's  name  stands 
above  others."  And  no  man  knew  better  than  he  the  story  of  the 
great  country  of  which  he  was  the  head. 

As  has  been  so  often  said,  and  should  be  thoroughly  emphasized, 
the  names  of  all  the  Confederate  soldiers  will  never  be  perpetu- 
ated and  rescued  from  oblivion  except  by  these  muster  rolls  and 
rosters.  Granite  and  bronze  may  crumble  and  perish,  but  copies 
of  the  battle  rolls  printed  and  preserved  in  our  own  archives  and 
distributed  through  the  great  libraries  of  the  world  would  be  as 
secure  of  immortality  as  anything  human  can  be. 

The  plea  of  Westmoreland  is  for  the  private  soldiers,  and  they 
are  as  dear  to  them  as  the  epaulettes  of  Washington  in  his  buff 
and  blue,  and  the  stars  of  Lee  in  his  glorious  gray  won  by  their 
blood  and  valor. 

On  her  monument  are  inscribed  the  names  of  her  private  sol- 
diers, and  on  her  memorial  tablet  in  her  court  room  the  names  of 
her  cadet  heroes,  Joseph  Christopher  Wheelwright  and  Samuel 
Francis  Atwill,  who  fell  at  the  battle  of  New  Market,  May  15, 
1864,  together  with  the  beaufiful  verses  of  Virginia's  brilliant  poet, 
Armistead  C.  Gordon,  immortalizing  the  deeds  and  memory  of 
these  men  and  these  cadet  heroes  of  the  Virginia  Military  Institute 
in  that  battle. 

Let  us  rejoice  that  this  proud  old  county  is  saved  from  a  similar 
everlasting  reproach  such  as  Thackeray  administered  to  the  Eng- 
lish Parliament  and  people,  when,  upon  visiting  Waterloo  and 
reading  the  memorial  tablets  to  the  British  officers  who  fell  on 
that  famous  field  and  found  that  the  name  of  not  a  single  private 
appeared  on  them,  he  dipped  his  pen  in  gall  and  wrote  these  blast- 
ing words:  "Here,  indeed,  they  lie  sure  enough;  the  Honorable  Col- 
onel This  of  the  Guards,  Captain  That  of  the  Hussars,  Major  So  and 
So  of  the  Dragoons,  brave  men  and  good,  who  did  their  duty  by 


no  WESTMORELAl^^D    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

their  country  and  fell  in  the  performance  of  it.  Amen,  But  1 
confess  fairly  that  in  looking  at  these  I  felt  very  much  disappointed 
at  not  seeing  the  names  of  the  men  as  well  as  the  officers.  Are 
they  to  be  counted  for  naught  ?  A  few  more  inches  of  marble  to 
each  monument  would  have  given  space  for  all  the  names  of  the 
men,  and  the  men  of  that  day  were  the  winners  of  the  battle.  We 
have  right  to  be  as  grateful  individually  to  any  given  private  as 
to  any  given  officer;  their  duties  were  very  much  the  same.  Wliy 
should  the  country  reserve  its  gratitude  for  the  genteel  occupiers 
of  the  Army-list  and  forget  the  gallant  fellows  whose  humble 
names  were  written  in  the  Eegimental  books?  English  glory  is  too 
genteel  to  meddle  with  those  humble  fellows.  She  does  not  con- 
descend to  ask  the  names  of  the  poor  devils  whom  she  kills  in  her 
service.  Why  was  not  every  private  man's  name  written  upon  the 
otones  in  Waterloo  Church  as  well  as  every  officer?  Five  hundred 
pounds  to  the  stone  cutters  would  have  served  to  carve  the  whole 
catalogue  and  paid  the  poor  compliment  of  recognition  to  men  who 
died  in  doing  their  duty.  If  the  officers  deserved  the  stone,  the 
men  did." 

The  efficient  Pension  Board,  with  the  co-operation  of  the  Camp, 
through  the  Circuit  Court  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of  the  General 
Assembly,  is  aiding  all  the  citizens  of  the  county  who  were  disabled 
by  wounds  received  during  the  War  Between  the  States  while 
serving  as  soldiers,  sailors,  or  marines,  and  such  as  served  during 
said  war  ais  soldiers,  sailors,  or  marines  who  are  now  disabled  by 
disease  contracted  during  the  war,  or  by  the  infirmities  of  age, 
and  the  widows  of  soldiers,  sailors,  or  marines  who  lost  their  lives 
in  said  service,  or  whose  death  resulted  from  wounds  received,  or 
disease  contracted  in  said  service. 

The  Washington  and  Lee  Chapter  U.  D.  C,  at  Kinsale,  Va.,  is 
bestowing  crosses  of  honor,  and  making  more  sacred  the  cause  for 
which  our  heroes  fought,  and  rendering  it  more  imperative  that  the 
children  of  the  rising  generation  be  taught  that  their  forefathers 
were  heroes,  and  not  rebels,  "lest  we  forget." 

All  these  benign  and  powerful  agencies  and  instrumentalities 
spring  from,  and  are  the  result  of  the  reverence  for  our  Confederate 
heroes.  All  are  vicing  with  each  other  to  strew  flowers  along  their 
pathway,  to  make  soft  their  pillows,  and  to  pour  from  their  ala- 
baster boxes  on  their  heads  the  very  precious  ointment  of  spikenard, 
of  love  and  charity,  kind  deeds  and  sweet  benefactions. 


OONFIOEnATE    MONUMINT    MONTNOt*    VA. 


XL 

Stratford  to  Be  Dedicated  to  Virginia  as  a  Memorial 
of  the  Lees — Old  Yecomico  Church  to  Be  Re- 
habilitated  Under   Control    of    the 
Diocesan  Board  of  Trustees. 

The  Lee  Birthplace  Memorial  Committee  of  the  Virginia  State 
Camp,  Patriotic  Order  of  America^  has  an  Option  on  Strat- 
ford as  a  Memorial  to  the  Lees,  to  he  Dedicated  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

The  Lee  Birthplace  Memorial  Committee  of  the  Virginia  State 
Camp,  Patriotic  Order  Sons  of  America,  passed  a  resolution  taking 
up  the  patriotic  work  of  purchasing  Stratford,  September  10,  1907 ; 
endorsed  by  the  National  Camp  of  the  order,  September  25,  1907 ; 
the  State  Camp  of  Maryland,  August  12,  1908 ;  New  Jersey,  Au- 
gust 19,  1908;  Delaware,  August  25,  1908,  and  Pennsylvania,  Au- 
gust 27,  1908. 

Stratford  will  be  a  memorial  to  the  Lees,  and  a  room  dedicated 
to  each  one..  After  the  work  is  done,  it  is  proposed  to  present  the 
property  to  the  State  of  Virginia,  to  be  perpetual  for  all  time  as  a 
memorial  to  the  great  men  born  under  its  roof  or  connected  with 
its  history.  The  committee  at  present  holds  an  option  on  the  pro- 
perty. 

Extract  from  Eesolutions. 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  purpose  of  this  committee  to  have 
Stratford  purchased  by  the  people,  and  remain  forever  the  prop- 
erty of  the  people,  to  refurnish  it  in  the  style  of  the  period  when 
these  great  men  were  horn,  to  build  a  wharf  and  make  it  a  place 
where  patriotic  citizens  may  gather  and  refresh  their  memory  with 
the  great  deeds  performed  by  these  heroes  of  the  past. 


On  July  15,  1906,  a  movement  was  inaugurated  by  Rev.  John 
Poyntz  Tyler,  Archdeacon  of  Virginia,  an  honored  son  of  West- 
moreland and  an  accomplished  preacher,  by  a  bi-centennial  cele- 
bration to  raise  a  memorial  fund"  for  the  preservation  of  old  Yeo- 
comico   Church,   in   Cople   Parish,   Westmoreland   county.      Right 


113  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGIN  FA 

Rev.  Eobert  A.  Gibson,  Bishop  of  Virginia,  commended  the  work 
of  endowing  this  colonial  church,  bnilt  in  1706  (the  first  one  be- 
fore 1655).  In  his  striking  appeal  he  calls  it  "a  historic  land- 
mark of  the  very  highest  interest,"  and  says  "it  has  a  romantic 
story  and  one  which  is  in  many  of  its  aspects  pattietic." 

The  present  members  of  the  congregation  of  Cople  Parish  earn- 
estly went  to  Avork  to  see  that  this  sacred  edifice,  once  the  worship- 
ping place  of  so  many  whose  names  are  indelibly  associated  with 
the  leading  events  of  Virginia's  history,  should  be  preserved  from. 
decay.  The  faithful  committee,  composed  of  Wat  Tyler  Ma}'©,  S. 
sA  Downing  Cox,  and  Walter  R.  Crabbe,  appointed  by  them  and  aided 
kindly  by  Eev.  George  Wni.  Beale,  D.  I).,  with  his  historical  data, 
prepared  and  published  an  attractive  and  charming  sketch  of  the 
church  and  the  people  who  have  worshipped  within  its  walls.  Kind 
and  generous  friends  have  responded  to  the  call  to  contribute, 
among  whom  notably  is  P.  H.  Mayo.  Esq.,  Richmond,  Va. ;  and 
Hon.  Wm.  P.  Hubbard,  member  of  Congress  from  the  Wlieeling 
District,  W.  Va.  Russell  Hubbard  and  Mrs.  Joseph  Brady  have 
generously  contributed  to  erect  a  memorial  to  their  sister,  Mrs. 
Julia  Hubbard  Tyler,  wife  of  Wat  H.  Tyler.  Westmoreland  county, 
Va.  The  fund  is  placed  under  control  of  the  Diocesan  Board  of 
Trustees,  to  be  permanently  invested,  and  the  proceeds  used  to  keep 
the  old  building  and  enclosure  in  repair.  Among  those  who  wor- 
shipped at  Yeocomico  were  Colonel  George  Eskrid-ge,  an  eminent 
lawyer,  after  whom  George  Washington  was  named,  and  to  whom 
was  committed  the  care  and  tutelage  of  Mary  Ball,  the  mother  of 
General  Washington,  when  she  was  about  thirteen  years  of  age — a 
sacred  duty  by  the  young  girl's  mother  in  her  last  will  and  testa- 
ment, and  one  which  Colonel  Eskridge  sacredly  kept;  John  Bush- 
rod,  one  of  the  Burgesses  of  Westmoreland,  whose  family  name  be- 
came distinguished  by  his  grandson,  the  Hon,  Bushrod  Washington 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  born  at  Bush  field,  in 
Westmoreland,  and  a  favorite  nephew  of  General  Washington;  and 
John  Rochester,  who  was  a  vestryman  of  Yeocomico  in  1785.  who 
subsequently  removed  to  and  settled  in  New  York.  Colonel  Na- 
thaniel Rochester,  after  whom  the  great  city  of  Rochester,  N.  Y,, 
was  named,  was  born  in  1752  on  a  plantation  in  Cople  Parish,  West- 
moreland county,  on  which  his  father,  grandfather  and  great-grand- 
father had  lived. 

Rev.  Thomas  Smith  was  minister  here  1773-1776.  He  was  a 
very  picturesque  character,  and  a  man  of  force  and  patriotism.  We 
see  him  presiding  over  the  Committee  of  Safety  at  Westmoreland 
Courthouse,  with  its  famous  resolutions  on  June   22,   1774,   and 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  W% 

May  23,  1775 — tlie  first  time  wlien  tlie  Boston  Harbor  was  blocked 
up,  and  the  second  time  when  Lord  Dunmore  seized  the  powder  in 
the  magazine  at  Williamsburg,  Va.  How  many  more  names  could 
the  writer  record  if  the  limits  and  space  of  this  little  chapter  would 
permit !  When  the  pilgrim  and  stranger  treads  this  sacred  spot 
so  full  of  sadness,  yet  of  the  sweetest  memories  and  associations, 
and  sees  the  graves — many  neglected — thai  contain  the  ashes  of  a 
grand  people  and  noble  race,  he  feels  around  him  tlie  spirit  oi 
Westminster  Abbey. 

But  we  must  add  the  name  of  Bishop  John  Brockenbrough 
Newton,  son  of  Hon.  Willoughby  Newton,  member  of  Congress, 
and  grandson  of  Judge  William  Brockenbrough,  Supreme  Court 
of  Appeals  of  Mrginia,  who  worshipped  here.  He  was  a  Bishojj 
that  the  clergy  loved,  and  one  whom  in  the  Diocesan  Council  <~ 
Virginia  that  appointed  him,  tlie  laity  clamored  for,  claimed  and 
elected  as  their  favorite.  He  had  all  that  birth,  blood  and  heredity 
could  give.  Mature  had  given  him,  besides  mental  endowment  and 
a  luminous  intellect,  robust  common  sense;  but  the  best  thing  that 
can  be  said  about  him  is  that  he  made  the  world  brighter  as  he 
passed  through  it,  and  it  has  been  told  that  the  man  who  sheds  a 
little  sunshine  on  his  course,  is  himself  lighted  into  the  great 
Unknown. 

Bishop  Payne,  late  Bishop  of  Africa,  is  claimed  by  Westmore- 
land, too.  He  lived  and  died  near  by  in  Washington  Parish.  After 
spending  all  in  Africa,  with  failing  health  he  came  back  to  West- 
moreland to  die.  He  named  his  home  Cavalla,  and  there  died  with 
harness  on  him.  When  I  think  of  grand  old  Bishop  Payne  and 
his  coming  home  to  die,  the  thrilling  words  of  Goldsmith's  ''De- 
serted Village"  fill  me  with  pathos: 

"In  all  my  w^anderings  round  this  world  of  care, 
In  all  my  griefs — and  God  has  given  my  share — 
I  still  had  hopes,  my  latest  hours  to  crown, 
Amidst  these  humble  bowers  to  lay  me  down ; 
To  husband  out  life's  taper  at  the  close. 
And  keep  the  flame  from  wasting  by  repose : 
I  still  had  hopes,  for  pride  attends  us  still, 
Amidst  the  swains  to  show  my  book-learned  skill, 
Around  my  fire  an  evening  group  to  draw, 
And  tell  of  all  I  felt,  and  all  I  saw ; 
And  as  a  hare,  whom  hounds  and  horns  pursue, 
Pants  to  the  place  from  whence  at  first  he  flew, 
I  still  had  hopes,  my  long  vexations  past. 
Here  to  return — and  die  at  home  at  last." 


114  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

There  is  something  more  than  a  romance  and  a  tradition  still 
in  Westmoreland  that  is  treasured  by  its  votaries  like  the  perfume 
of  sweet  incense,  and  throws  a  halo  around  its  people.  It  is  this : 
that  there  is  an  unseen  crimson  thread  of  blood  and  kinship  be- 
tween the  Campbells,  Patrick  Henry  and  Lord  Brougham 

Bishop  Meade  and  other  cultured  writers  state  that  Parson 
Campbell  (Eev.  Archibald  Campbell,  minister  of  Washington  Par- 
ish,) was  from  Scotland;  was  related  to  the  Stuart  and  Argyle 
families  of  that  country,  and  an  uncle  of  Thomas  Campbell,  the 
poet.  That  lawyer  Campbell,  a  most  eloquent  man,  a  brother  of 
the  poet,  married  a  daughter  of  Patrick  Henry,  and  that  Patrick 
Henry,  on  his  mother's  side,  from  the  stock  of  Eobertson  the  his- 
torian, was  in  that  way  a  relative  of  Lord  Brougham,  so  that  his 
descendants  are  connected  with  the  poet  Campbell,  thus  showing 
a  connection  between  our  great  orator  and  one  of  the  greatest  poli- 
ticians and  one  of  the  sweetest  poets  of  the  age. 

Lastly,  the  Mayos  worshipped  at  the  old  Yeocomico  Church, 
and  the  graveyard  contains  the  ashes  of  some  of  them.  Judge  Rob- 
ert Mayo  married  Miss  Campbell  of  this  distinguished  family.  He 
was  erudite  and  strong.  His  two  sons.  Colonel  Robert  M.,  mem- 
ber of  Congress,  and  Colonel  Joseph,  distinguished  in  journalism 
and  literature,  both  came  to  the  Bar  splendidly  equipped  by  edu- 
cation, and  both  full  of  honors  and  distinction  as  officers  in  the 
War  Between  the  States.  At  the  Bar  they  attained  distinction, 
earning  for  themselves  the  appellation  applied  by  the  holy  evan- 
gelist to  Joseph  of  Arimathea.  "an  honorable  counsellor."  A  sweet 
fiagrance  lingers  around  their  names.  Wm.  Mayo,  another  son, 
ex-State  Senator,  and  at  present  chairman  Board  of  Supervisors, 
of  fine  character  and  mental  endowment,  is  one  of  the  most  pro- 
gressive and  leading  citizens  of  this  county. 

The  question  may  be  asked  by  some  hypercritical  and  super- 
sensitive person  why  reference  has  not  been  made  in  this  booklet 
to  other  churches.  The  answer  is  ready :  because  it  is  not  a  volume 
of  churches,  families  and  biographies,  and  is  limited  in  space. 
There  is  no  class,  caste,  degree,  nor  denomination,  church,  nor 
family  to  be  served  in  this  booklet.  The  manuscript  has  been  with- 
held from  the  publisher  by  the  writer  to  take  in  conference  and 
confidence  the  representatives  of  all  the  churches  to  get  their  wis- 
dom and  judgment  on  this  very  point  and  question.  Yeocomico 
has  been  treated  because  of  the  early  and  historic  character  of  the 
church  alone.  The  sweetest  and  most  hallowed  memories  cluster 
around  the  other  churches,  its  graves  and  cemeteries  as  well  as 
Yeocomico.    The  greatest  and  grandest  men  of  Westmoreland  were 


WESTMORELAND    C0(  \1)\    ^IN<;^MA  US 

not  all  buried  within  the  hallowed  precincts  of  Yeocoinico.  In  these 
latter  years  General  E.  L.  T.  Beale,  as  statesman  and  soldier,  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  Brigadier-General  of  Cavalry,  C.  S.  A.,  leads, 
and  his  name  will  live  brighter  and  brighter  as  the  years  pass  by. 
Thomas  Brown,  late  Governor  of  Florida,  Hon.  John  P.  Hunger- 
ford,  Hon.  Willoughby  ISTewton,  Judge  John  Critcher,  Col.  Richard 
Claybrook,  the  Bakers,  the  Lewises  (Judge  George  W.,  as  high  as 
his  soul  was  pure)  ;  the  Walkers  (W.  W.,  the  brilliant  orator)  ; 
Robert  J.  Washington,  dashing  and  gifted,  and  Lloyd  Washington, 
progressive  and  successful,  his  brother;  Murphy;  the  Garnetts; 
(Gen.  Thomas  Stuart  of  Chancellorsville  fame,  and  John,  major  C. 
S.  A.,  and  Dr.  Algernon  S.,  surgeon  C.  S.  A.,  his  bro'thers)  ;  the 
Beales  (Rev.  Geo.  Wni.  Beale,  D.  D.,  the  accomplished  scholar  and 
divine;  Robert,  the  sturdy  and  faithful  judge,  and  Rev.  Frank  B. 
Beale,  D.  D.,  the  earnest,  faithful  preacher  of  the  gospel  of  Jesus 
Christ)  ;  Cox,  Tayloe,  Capt.  Wm.  Newton  of  the  Hanover  Troop, 
the  Davis  preachers,  evangelical  and  scholarly;  Joseph  Christopher 
Wheelwright  and  Samuel  Francis  Atwill,  the  hero  cadets  of  New 
Market;  J.  H.  Wheelwright,  president  of  the  Consolidated  Coal 
Company,  West  Virginia  and  Baltimore ;  Wm.  Hutt  and  J.  Warren 
Hutt,  clerks,  and  others — some  still  living — and  others  whose  names 
are  carved  on  the  Confederate  Monument  as  immortal,  share  in  the 
glory  of  Westmoreland.  Some  shed  lustre  on  the  Confederate 
arms;  some  on  her  distinguished  Bar  and  the  holy  ministry,  and 
some  in  the  other  departments  of  life  and  progress.  I  wish  I  had 
t^pace  to  exalt  and  pay  tribute  to  them. 


XII. 

What  the  Most  Distinguished  and  Highest 
Authorities  Say  of  Westmoreland. 

But  we  must  abbreviate  this  short  chapter,  and  write  finis. 
We  must,  however,  give  a  few  extracts  from  the  highest  authority 
as  to  the  piesent  condition  of  this  great  county — its  material  pro- 
gress— what  the  Hand-Booh  of  Virginia,  The  Manufacturer's 
Record,  Baltimore,  Md.,  and  Governor  Mann  of  Virginia  say  of 
progressive  Virginia. 

Westmoreland  County. 

Westmoreland  was  formed  in  1653  from  Northumberland,  and 
is  situated  in  the  northeast  portion  of  the  State  on  the  lower  Poto- 
mac Eiver,  fifty-ifive  miles  northeast  from  Richmond.  Its  average 
length  is  thirty  miles,  width  ten  miles.  It  contains  an  area  of  245 
square  miles,  and  a  population  by  last  census  of  9,243,  a  gain  of 
844  since  1890. 

The  surface  is  generally  level,  l)ut  hilly  in  some  portions.  Soil 
light  loam  on  river  bottoms,  stiffer  clay  soil  on  uplands  and  easy  of 
cultivation. 

Farm  products  are  corn,  wheat,  millet,  rye.  clover,  and  f)oas  for 
hay.  Potatoes,  sweet  and  Irish,  do  well,  and  the  raising  of  clover 
seed  for  market  is  a  considerable  industry.  Orchard  grass  and 
timothy  are  successfully  grown.  Average  yield  per  acre  of  corn 
twenty-five  bushels,  of  wheat  ten  bushels,  and  of  hay  one  and  a  half 
to  two  tons.  Fruits  of  the  various  varieties,  such  as  apples,  peaches, 
pears,  plums,  strawberries,  etc.,  grow  well,  and  several  canneries 
are  located  in  the  county.  The  climate  and  soil  is  especially 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  vegetables,  and  trucking  is  becoming  quite 
an  important  industry.  The  numerous  creeks  and  inlets  along  the 
Potomac  boundary  abound  in  the  finest  fish,  oysters  and  wild  fowl. 
There  are  large  natural  oyster  beds  on  these  tidal  waters,  and  tli(> 
species  of  fish  obtained  embrace  trout,  rock  herring,  shad,  and 
perch,  which  are  caught  by  nets,  traps  and  seines. 

Grazing  facilities  are  fairly  good,  and  stock  does  well,  especially 
sheep,  which  are  receiving  increased  attention  and  proving  quite 
remunerative.  That  class  of  stock  is  being  improved  by  the  im- 
portation of  better  breeds.  There  are  no  railroads  in  the  county, 
but  excellent  transportation  facilities  are  afforded  by  steamboats  on 


WESTMORELAND   CODXTY,    VIRGINn.        .  117 

the  Rappahannock  and  Potomac  to  Fri'dericksbur<r,  Washington, 
Baltimore,  and  Alexandria  markets.  Marl  is  abundant,  also  marsh 
mnd  and  oyster  shell  lime.  There  is  some  asli,  po])lar,  et«';.,  but  the 
timber  consists  chiefly  of  pine,  of  which  a  large  amount  of  cord 
Avood  and  lumber  are  annually  cut  and  shipped. 

Water  and  drainage  are  furnished  by  the  Rappahannock  and 
Potomac  Rivers;  and  the  numerous  tributaries  of  the  latter  pene- 
trating inland  about  ten  or  twelve  miles,  with  good  water  power, 
are  utilized.  Besides  numerous  saw  and  grain  mills,  the  manu- 
factories of  the  county  consist  of  a  number  of  fruit-canning  fac- 
tories, two  plant?  for  blasting  and  crushing  marl,  and  one  for  dig- 
ging and  grinding  infusorial  earths. 

The  climate  is  temperate.  Health  generally  good.  Water  good 
and  abundant  in  the  uplands;  not  so  good  on  water  courses,  except 
where  artesian  is  used.  Churches  numerous — principally  Baptist, 
Methodist  and  Episcopal.  There  are  also  a  large  number  of  public 
schools.  Telephone  service  from  Fredericksburg  to  every  important 
point  in  county.  Financial  conditions  excellent,  and  considerable 
progress  shown  in  improved  buildings. 

This  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  counties  in  the  State  and  in 
colonial  days  was  the  home  of  wealth  and  influence,  the  immigrants 
to  the  county  from  England  comprising  many  of  the  rich  and  aris- 
tocratic families  of  the  old  country.  There  are  many  valuable  and 
highly  important  estates  in  the  county,  and  by  the  more  modern 
and  improved  system  of  agriculture  which  has  been  adopted  i^he 
past  few  years,  the  waste  lands  are  being  reclaimed  and  the  farm- 
ing interests  generally  improved.  This  county  enjoys  the  proud 
distinction  of  having  been  the  birthplace  o,f  two  of  the  Presidents 
of  the  United  States — George  Washington  and  James  Monroe — be- 
sides another  no  less  honored  and  distinguished  Virginian,  General 
R.  E.  Lee.  Montross,  the  county  seat,  with  a  population  of  about 
150,  is  an  ancient  town  of  some  importance,  located  near  the  south- 
ern border,  six  miles  distant  from  landings  on  both  Potomac  and 
Rappahannock  Rivers,  with  which  there  is  daily  mail  communica- 
tion. There  has  recently  been  erected  a  handsome  new  court  house 
and  clerk's  office. 

Town  of  Colonial  Beach  has  sprung  into  existence,  and  has 
nearly  reached  tHe  population  of  a  city,  and  real  estate  has  doubled 
in  value,  and  with  a  prospective  railroad  in  the  near  future.  With 
the  advantages  we  have  for  trucking,  etc.,  with  men  of  muscular 
tnorgy  and  brains,  I  see  no  reason  why  this  county  should  not 
occupy  her  former  position,  i.  e..  not  only  the  "Athens,"  but  the 
"Garden  spot  of  America." — TTnnd-Boolx  of  Virginin,  1910.  p.  241. 
Department  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration,  George  W.  Koiner, 
Commissioner. 


Ug  WESTMORELAND    COUSTY,    VIRniyfA 

Colonial  Beach. 

Since  the  above  was  published  Colonial  Beach  looms  np  in  the 
limelight  as  "the  Atlantic  City  of  Washington."  "Historically 
marked,  and  an  ideal  resort  for  rest  and  recreation" — "the  Mecca 
of  the  people  of  Washington." 

Its  attractive  little  Hand-Book,  just  out,  beautifully  illustrated, 
has  a  prospectus  of  its  progress,  and  represents  the  population  dur- 
ing the  summer  months  about  15,000. 

"The  Potomac  Eiver  is  one  of  the  most  historic  and  beautiful 
in  the  world.  It  has  not  the  grandeur  of  the  Hudson  or  the  St. 
Lawrence,  but  its  forest-crowned  hills,  mirrored  in  the  placid 
bosom  of  the  water,  nature  has  painted  a  picture  that  is  not  soon 
forgotten.     It  is  restful." 

Its  bright  outlook  still  brightens  as  we  read  "the  ozone-laden 
air  is  unsurpassed" — "the  salt  water  bathing  is  superb-^as  heavily 
laden  with  saline  matter  as  the  very  ocean."  It  all  reads  like  a 
fairyland.  With  its  town  council  and  mayor,  its  municipal  man- 
agement, and  its  progress  under  the  auspices  of  Colonial  Beach 
Company  and  Colonial  Real  Estate  Co.,  Incorporated^  with  its 
"Classic  Shore,"  it  looks  like  ideal  homes  are  there,  and  invites 
the  "new  comer  with  a  hearty  welcome  and  cordial  hand  shake." 
With  its  new  lines  across  the  Potomac  to  Pope's  Creek,  connecting 
with  trains  to  Washington  and  Baltimore  in  little  over  one  hour — 
the  one  under  management  of  Evan  Owen,  Esq.,  and  the  other 
more  lately  chartered  as  the  Colonial  Beach  and  Pope's  Creek 
Steamboat  Company  (Hon.  George  Mason,  president),  it  is  a  town 
of  progress  and  growth. 


Alfalfa,  Fruit  Growing  and  Commercial  Orcharding. 

The  Farmers'  Bulletin,  Department  of  Agriculture  and  Immi- 
gration, Virginia,  No.  8,  1910,  designates  alfalfa  growing  as  the 
"irreat  money  crop,"  and  in  it  Capt.  J.  F.  Jack  writes :  "I  am 
thoroughly  convinced  that  alfalfa  can  be  successfully  grown  in 
Virginia  for  commercial  purposes  in  quantities  large  enough  to 
make  it  a  profitable  investment.  This  is  not  a  theory,  but  a  fact 
which  has  been  demonstrated  on  Belle  Grove  and  Walsingham 
estates  (Port  Conway,  Va.),"  just  across  the  county  line. 

Farmers'  Bulletin,  No.  3,  1904,  is  enthusiastic  on  fruit  grow- 
ing, commercial  orcharding,  high  flavor  and  keeping  quality  of  ap- 
ples, also  peaches,  pears  and  cherries. 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  U9 

Virginia  As  She  Was  and  As  She  Is. 

Virginia,  "the  land  of  sunshine" — ''the  gem  of  the  Sunny 
South" — has  been  called  the  Arcadia  of  America.  Some  three 
hundred  years  ago,  when  the  quaint  little  ships,  Susan  Constant, 
Discovery,  and  Godspeed,  sailed  up  James  River  one  sunny  April 
day  in  the  year  1607,  from  the  terrors  of  the  raging  seas  in  this 
unexplored  country,  and  founded  on  its  banks  Jamestown,  the 
first  permanent  English  settlement  on  the  American  continent,  it 
is  said  this  Arcadian  land  sent  its  perfumed  breath  far  out  to  the 
ocean  long  before  these  pioneers  in  Anglo-Saxon  civilization  reached 
the  borders  of  the  Old  Dominion.  Then  they  looked  upon  the 
shores  carpeted  with  grass  and  flowers,  and  cool  groves  of  stately 
trees. 

The  grand  old  Commonwealtli  has  been  called  the  "Mother  of 
Presidents,  States,  and  Statesmen.*'  She  has  been  called  the 
"Athens  of  America"  for  her  culture  and  learning.  She  has  been 
called  the  "Flanders  of  the  South"  by  reason  of  her  border  posi- 
tion, and  because  more  than  six  hundred  battles  were  fought  within 
her  borders.  Within  those  borders,  too,  was  the  capital  of  the 
Southern  Confederacy,  the  storm  cradled  nation  which  fell,  but 
which  made  the  name  of  America  respected  by  all  the  peoples  of 
the  world.  Virginia  has  been  called  the  "Netherlands  of  America" 
because  the  seat  of  one  of  the  foremost  commonwealths  of  modern 
times.  She  has  been  called  the  "Switzerland  of  America"  for  pic- 
turesque landscape,  mountains  and  sky.  And  to-day  she  is  called 
the  "Venice  of  America"  because  this  part  has  such  majestic  rivers, 
beautiful  arms  of  the  sea,  and  waterways.  Washington  called  it  the 
"Garden  of  America." 

Basking  in  the  sunshine  of  God's  mercy  and  in  the  plenitude 
of  His  forgiveness,  as  a  Virginian  I  utter  the  beautiful  lines  of 
Dr.  Henry  Van  Dyke : 

"These  are  the  things  I  prize 

*   And  hold  of  dearest  worth : 
Light  of  the  sapphire  skies, 

Peace  of  the  silent  hills. 
Shelter  of  forests,  comfort  of  grass, 

Music  of  birds,  murnuir  of  little  rills. 
Shadows  of  clouds  that  swiftly  pass, 

And  after  showers, 

The  smell  of  flowers. 
And,  best  of  all,  along  the  way,  friendship  mirth." 


120  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

General  Description   of   Virginia. 

No  State  in  the  Union  offers  more  attractive  inducements  and 
extends  a  more  inviting  hand  to  the  homeseeker  than  Virginia. 
In  climate,  diversity  of  soils,  fruits,  forests,  water  supply,  mineral 
deposits  and  variety  of  landscape,  including  mountain  and  valley, 
hill  and  dale,  she  offers  advantages  that  are  unsurpassed.  Truly 
did  Captain  John  Smith,  the  adventurous  and  dauntless  father  of 
Virginia,  suggest  that  "Heaven  and  earth  never  agreed  better  to 
frame  a  place  for  man's  habitation." — Iland-Boolc  of  Virginia, 
1910,  page  15. 

Progressive  Virginia. 

What  Virginia  is  to  be  is,  perhaps,  indicated  by  what  Virginia 
has  become  in  one  generation. 

4c  :jc  ^  4:  :|c  4<  iji 

Between  1900  and  1904:  the  capital  invested  in  Virginia  factories 
increased  from  $92,299,000  to  $147,989,000.  and  "the  value  of 
factory  products  from  $108,044,000  to  $148,856,000.  It  is  fair 
to  estimate  the  capital  at  present  invested  in  all  manufacturing 
enterprises  in  the  State  at  $175,000,000,  and  the  value  of  their 
products  at  $180,000,000. 

The  aggregate  annual  output  of  Virginia's  farms,  factories, 
mines  and  fisheries  is  at  least  $320,000,000.  an  increase  of  nearly 
$100,000,000  since  the  turn  of  the  century. 

And  yet  Virginia  has  hardly  begun  to  realize  upon  its  natural 
potentialities.  Its  40,000  square  miles  support  a  population  of 
only  2,050,000,  or  about  fifty  persons  to  the  square  mile,  while 
there  are  nearly  400  persons  to  each  of  the  8.000  square  miles  of 
that  other  American  commonwealth,  Massachusetts.  Its  popul;; 
tion  of  3,200,000,  have  practically  nothing  of  the  advantage  that 
Viririnia  possesses,  either  as  to  latent  natural  resources  within  it- 
self, or  as  to  closeness  to  food  supplies  and  materials  for  industry. 
With  the  density  of  population  equal  to  that  of  Massachusetts,  Vir- 
ginia would  have  12.000.000  inhabitants.  It  is  capable  of  making 
that  number  of  people  happy  as  citizens. — Bichard  TT.  Edmonds, 
Editor  Manufacturers'  Record.  Baltimore,  Md.,  in  IJaud-liool-  of 
Virginia,  1910.  

January  27,  1911. 

What  Governor  Mann  says.  It  was  handed  direct  to  the 
writer  for  this  booklet: 

Virginia  is  steadily  and  rapidly  progressing  along  all  lines.  Her 
manufacturing,  commercial,   industrial,   and   mining  interests  are 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  121 

yearly  growing  in  the  eflicioncy  with  wliich  they  are  pressed  and 
the  products  which  they  yield.  Her  transportation  facilities  extend 
to  almost  every  section,  and  those  not  now  reached  are  heing  looked 
after,  and  will  shortly  have  all  of  the  advantages  of  the  most 
favored  localities. 

I  am  writing  my  real  views  when  I  say  that  the  apple  lairfls  of 
this  State  cannot  he  surpassed  in  any  other  state  or  country.  We 
produce  fruit  excelling  in  beauty  and  flavor,  and  improved  methods 
have  demonstrated  that  we  can  produce  it  at  a  wonderful  profit.  I 
can  show  single  trees  which  have  yielded  as  much  as  thirty  barrels 
of  the  finest  fruit. 

Few,  if  any.  States  produce  more  or  better  potatoes,  round  or 
sweet,  and  we  are  raising  in  our  mountains  the  seed  for  our  crops 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  State. 

Our  waters  are  full  of  the  finest  oysters,  fish,  crab,  and  clams, 
and  abound  in  wild  fowl. 

Our  climate  is  deliglitful,  our  people  intelligent,  law  abiding, 
and  hospitable,  and  in  every  section  springs  and  streams  are  plenti- 
ful, and  their  waters  pure  and  delightful. 

In  many  of  our  counties  blue  grass  is  natural  to  the  soil  and 
comes  without  seeding  as  soon  as  opportunity  and  conditions  are 
afforded,  and  as  fine  cattle,  many  of  them  for  export,  as  can  be 
raised  anywhere,  are  the  product  of  the  blue,  grass  section. 

Virginia  embraces  twenty-five  millions  of  acres  of  land,  of 
Avhich  less  than  four  millions  are  under  cultivation,  and  making 
due  allowance  for  mountains,  swamps,  and  waste  land  of  every  de- 
scription, it  is  safe  to  say  we  have  ten  millions  of  acres  of  arable 
land  lying  idle.  Immediately  after  my  inauguration  as  Governor, 
I,  with  others  interested,  took  steps  to  secure  the  co-ordination  of 
all  the  agricultural  agencies  o'f  the  State  with  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  and  pro- 
moting the  adoption  of  scientific  methods  of  agriculture,  and  these 
efforts,  I  am  glad  to  say,  have  produced  the  most  satisfactory  re- 
sults. 

To  demonstrate  the  value  and  results  of  scientific  methods  of 
agriculture.  Boys'  Corn  Clubs,  in  connection  with  our  public  schools, 
have  been  organized  in  many  counties  of  the  State,  and  each  hoy 
required  to  cultivate  an  acre  of  land  and  keep  a  complete  record  of 
his  method  and  time  of  cultivation,  kind,  quantity  and  cost  of  all 
fertilizers  used,  kind  of  seed,  and,  indeed,  a  complete  history  of 
the  crop.  All  done  under  the  direction  of  the  United  Agricultural 
Board  of  Virginia  and  the  United  States  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture. The  interest,  enthusiasm  and  results  have  been  simply  won- 
derful and  have  stirred  up  the  farmers  all  over  the  State. 


122  WEi^TMORELAND    COUNTS',    VIRGIMA 

One  boy  in  Dinwiddle  county,  sixteen  years  old,  on  land  under 
usual  methods  not  producing  over  twenty-five  or  thirty  bushels  of 
corn  to  the  acre,  made  167  7/9  bushels  of  shelled  corn  on  one  acre, 
netting  him  over  fifty-nine  dollars,  after  paying  rent  for  the  land 
and  not  crediting  its  improved  value,  from  which  tliree  crops  can 
be  made  with  very  little  expense. 

On  land  which,  ten  or  fifteen  years  ago  was  thought  to  be  unfit 
for  grass,  as  much  as  six  tons  of  hay  to  the  acre  has  been  made, 
and  one  of  our  farmers  on  one  hundred  and  fifty  acres  made  thirty- 
five  thousand  dollars  worth  of  alfalfa. 

To  sum  up,  in  1900  the  total  value  of  our  agricultural  products 
was  $129,000,000;  in  1910  they  amounted  to  $336,000,000. 

In  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  where  the  climate  is  tempered 
by  the  water,  trucks  and  small  fruits  of  all  kinds  and  in  great 
variety  are  bountifully  and  profitably  produced. 

We  have  constructed  under  State  control  since  1907,  five  hun- 
dred and  eighty  miles  of 'permanent  highways,  and  since  1906  have 
built  three  hundred  and  eight  high  schools,  elevated  our  standard 
and  increased  the  value  of  school  property  $3,513,000. 

We  are  using  the  stored  energy  of  generations  to  push  old  Vir- 
ginia forward.  We  revere  the  memories  and  traditions  of  the  past, 
and  remembering  what  has  been  done  by  her  sons,  we  are  deter- 
mined that  our  State,  of  history  and  tradition,  shall  be  in  the  front 
rank  of  moral,  educational  and  material  progress. 

Wm.  Hodges  Mann,  Governor. 


XIII. 

What  Poets  Sing  and  Pilgrims  and  Shriners  Say 
of   Westmoreland. 

We  give  below  the  tributes  of  those  who  have  recently  made  pil- 
grimages to  her  historic  and  holy  shrines — some  from  strangers — 
others  from  natives  of  her  consecrated  soil.  When  we  read  them 
we  always  feel  that  there  is  a  charm  and  halo  around  Westmore- 
land, and  when  we  tread  its  soil  we  feel  that  we  are  treading  upon 
holy  ground : 

Visit  to  Wakefield 

And  Other  Historic  Places  by  a  Paiiy  from   Tappahawwck — A 
Glimpse  at   the   Various  Places  of  Interest. 

Dear  Mr.  Editor^ — Not  numbering  you  in  our  party  as  we  had 
hoped  on  the  excursion  to  Wakefield  and  Stratford  last  Thursday,  I 
think  perhaps  you  will  be  glad  to  hear  something  of  this  very 
pleasant  and  interesting  trip. 

Our  party,  which  consisted  of  Misses  Dora  Mason,  Lewisburg, 
W.  Va.;  Beulah  Gresham,  Galveston,  Texas;  Genevieve  Gresham, 
Jeannette  and  Charlotte  Wright,  and  Mrs.  T.  R.  B.  Wright, 
boarded  the  steamer  Caroline  at  Tappahannock.  At  Layton's  our 
numbers  were  augmented  by  Mr.  Ritchie  Sale.  At  Leedstown  we 
left  the  steamer  and  took  vehicles  to  Wakefield  monument — a  drive 
of  fourteen  miles,  but  with  fine  horses  we  made  the  distance  in  less 
than  two  hours. 

One  feels  impressed  as  the  shaft  erected  by  the  United  States 
Government  to  mark  the  birthplace  of  George  Washington  comes 
in  sight,  rising  tall  and  white  in  the  green  fields  surrounding  it; 
and  I  fancy  even  the  gay  young  people  felt  the  thrill  of  association 
of  ideas. 

We  were  soon  alighting,  and  looking — not  at  the  monument — 
but  for  water.  The  drive  had  been  horribly  dusty,  and  our  throats 
were  parched  and  dry.  Pope's  Creek  flowing  at  our  feet  and  the 
bright  waters  of  the  Potomac  flashing  in  the  near  distance — 
veritable  Tantalus  cups — "Water,  water,  everywhere  and  not  a 
drop  for  me,"  quoted  dolorously  by  more  than  one  of  our  thirsty 
party.  However,  tea  from  our  lunch  basket  washed  some  of  the  dust 
from  our  throats. 

The  monument  is  a  four-sided,  severely  plain  marble  shaft,  I 
suppose  between  sixty  and  seventy  feet  high,  with  no  carving,  no 
inscription,    simply :    "The    Birthplace    of    George    Washington. 


124  WESTMORELAND    COVJSTY,    VIRGINIA 

Erected  by  the  U.  S.  Government."  It  is  enclosed  by  a  ten-foot, 
black,  iron  railing.     The  turf  is  beautifully  kept. 

After  lunch  under  a  tree  (cherry)  ?  and  stroll  along  Pope's 
Creek,  and  little  time  spent  in  gathering  leaves  and  grasses  for 
pressing,  we  drove  to  Mr.  John  Wilson's,  who  owns  the  Wakefield 
property,  where  we  were  most  gracioiisly  received  and  delightfully 
entertained  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Wilson  and  their  daughter,  Miss  Etta, 
Miss  Egerton,  Miss  Boyden,  Miss  Janet  Latane  and  her  two  broth- 
ers, grandchildren  of  the  house. 

Here  were  shown  us  portraits  of  William  Augustine  Washing- 
ton and  Sarah  Tayloe,  his  wife,  grandparents  of  Mrs.  Wilson. '  Wil- 
liam Augustine  was  son  of  Augustine  Washington,  George  Wash- 
ington's half  brother.  A  table  from  the  old  Wakefield  house,  which 
was  burned  during  the  Revolution;  an  old  English  Bible,  and 
other  interesting  Washington  relics. 

I  can  think  of  no  more  ideal  home  for  grandchildren  to  assem- 
ble and  be  happy :  a  wide,  shady  lawn ;  rustic  seats,  swings,  ham- 
mocks and  chairs,  under  the  fine  old  trees  and  flowers — flowers 
everywhere.  And  the  charm  of  the  master  and  mistress  of  the 
house  to  give  the  last  needed  touch  to  a  picture  it  is  pleasant  to 
recall.  Delicious  refreshments  were  served  us — and  water  ice 
cold — the  whole  party  wondered  if  water  was  ever  so  good  before. 
From  Wakefield  we  drove  eleven  miles  to  Stratford,  where  we  were 
most  cordially  received  by  Dr.  Stuart  and  his  handsome  wife;  his 
brother  and  niece;  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stuart  of  Alexandria  and  their 
friend,  Mr.  Bayne,  and  Mr.  Stuart,  a  son  of  the  house.  Soon  the 
young  people  were  scattered  through  halls  and  rooms  of  the  quaint, 
delightful  old  house — into  the  room  where  Lighthorse  Harry  and 
Robert  Edward  Lee  were  born — into  the  parlor  with  a  quaint  little 
}>iano  which  came  from  Leipsic,  and  which,  of  course,  the  merry 
youn(o-  people  Avoke  into  life  to  the  tune  of  merry  two-steps ; 
into  the  handsome  wainscoted  hall,  where  lips  were  drawn  into 
puckers  to  whistle  a  waltz  that  ea'ch  might  say  in  years  to  come, 
"I  have  danced  in  Stratford  Hall."  Then  out  to  the  brick  stables, 
with  stalls  for  hundred  horses ;  then,  as  the  evening  shadows  fell, 
across  the  'fine  garden,  down  a  narrow  path  through  the  twilight  of 
the  woods  to  the  Lee  vaults.  These  unfortunately  have  sunken, 
only  one  remaining,  into  which  one  adventurous  spirit  stepped. 

Of  the  kindly  hospitality  and  courtesy  of  Dr.  Stuart,  his  wife 
and  friends,  we  v/ill  long  retain  most  delightful  recollections. 

Another  drive  of  fourteen  miles  brought  us  back  to  Leedstown, 
where  the  good  steamer  Lancaster  lay.  We  were  soon  aboard,  se- 
cured staterooms,  and  slept  sweetly  after  a  day  of  unalloyed 
pleasure. 

When  we  go  again,  go  with  us.  l\rr.  Editor. — Correspondent 
Tidewater  Democrat. 


I 


WEfi'niOREL.W'D    COUXTt.    VIR(U\IA  125 

SOME  VERSES   FROM  OUR  HOME   POETS. 

Lee  in  Bronze. 
Unveiling  of  the  Lee  Monument  in  Richmond  May  21),  1892. 

There  he  stood  in  bronze,  our  hero, 

'Neath  the  blue  Virginian  sky, 
Gazing  o'er  the  many  thousands, 

With  a  calm  and  tranquil  eye. 
On  his  war  horse,  proud  and  stately, 

God-like,  in  his  kingly  pose. 
Sat  he,  calmly  and  unshaken, 

As  a  mighty  sound  uprose. 

Hark !  that  sound  was  like  the  roarings 

Of  some  fast  approaching  storm : 
Cheer  on  cheer  came  fast  outpouring, 

Ninety  thousand  hearts  were  warm. 
Ah !   it  seemed  the  very  heaven 

Had  been  rent  in  that  wild  roar ; 
That  the  grave,  our  Lee  had  given. 

To  review  his  troops  once  more. 

War-scarred  veterans,  old  and  hoary. 

Wept  like  babes,  that  form  to  see ; 
While  they  told  anew  the  story 

Of  the  deathless  fame  of  Lee : 
How  he  turned  him  in  the  hour, 

When  by  putting  forth  his  hand. 
He  could  grasp  all  wealth  or  power, 

Or  ambition  could  command. 

When  he  heard  his  people  call  him, 

How  he  turned  to  share  their  woes, 
And  through  weary  years  of  sorrow, 

Kept  at  bay  their  miglity  foes. 
And  he  bore  defeat  so  nobly, 

That  some  day,  the  world  will  see. 
That  the  grandest  name  in  story. 

Is  the  name  of  Robert  Lee. 

There  he'll  stand,  in  bronze,  our  leader, 

'Neath  the  blue  Virginian  sky ; 
And  his  fame  will  still  grow  greater. 

As  the  years  glide  swiftly  by. 


12G  WESTMORELAXD    COVXTY,    VIRGINIA 

On  his  war  horse,  proud  and  stately, 

He  will  watch  through  coming  time, 

O'er  the  hopes  that  sadly  perished — 
In  his  majesty  sublime. 

— C.  Conway  Baker_,  of  Westmoreland  Co.,  Va.,  in  Baltimore  Sun. 


Hail  !   Westmoreland. 

Oh,  a  fertile  land  and  fair 

Is  Old  Westmoreland, 
Hallowed  ground  and  balmy  air 
Has  Old  AVestmoreland. 
And  the  pleasant  times  I've  had 
Are  but  memories  sweetly  glad 
With  an  under-tone  half  sad 
In  Old  Westmoreland. 

There  are  fields  of  waving  grain 
In  Old  Westmoreland, 

And  many  a  fern-lined  lane 
In  Old  Westmoreland. 

And  the  Pearly-pink  wild  rose 

In  tangled  beauty  blows. 

Where  the  fragrant  wood-bine  grows 
In  Old  Westmoreland. 

There  are  tinkling  springs  and  rills 

In  Old  Westmoreland, 
And  balmy  pine-clad  hills 

In  Old  Westmoreland. 
There  are  noble  water-ways 
And  golden  dreamy  days 
That  fade  in  silvery  haze, 

In  Old  Westmoreland. 

'Tis  a  land  where  great  men  trod 
In  Old  Westmoreland, 

'Tis  a  memory-hallowed  sod 
In  Old  Westmoreland. 

And  the  gentle  shade  of  Lee, 

It  always  seems  to  me. 

The  Patron  Saint  to  be, 

Of  Old  Westmoreland. 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    i  IKGlNIA  137 

There's  a  canny  fireside  cheer, 

In  Old  Westmoreland, 
Which  nowhere  doth  appear 

But  in  Westmoreland. 
The  shrine  there  is  the  home, 
And,  I  fancy,  though  they  roam, 
Her  sons  must  long  to  come 

Back  to  Westmoreland. 

Heaven's  canopy  of  blue 

Shines  on  Westmoreland, 
And  the  guardian  stars  peep  through 

At  Old  Westmoreland. 
Oh,  keep  the  loved  ones  there. 
Their  loyal  hearts  from  care, 
Is  mine,  an  alien's  prayer 

For  Old  Westmoreland. 

— Alys  B.  Baines,  in  Times-Dispatch. 


A  Message  from  Westmoreland. 
By  Alys  B.  Baines^  Cliarleston,  W.  Va. 

There's  a  tart  and  winey  flavor 

In  the  morning  breeze  these  days, 
And  the  gold  and  reddening  forests 

Mark  the  parting  of  the  ways. 
'Twixt  the  summer-time  and  winter, 

And  the  Harvest-time,  the  Fall, 
I  seem  to  catch  the  'Vander-lust" 

And  hear  the  Home-land's  call. 

There  are  tangled  wild-rose  hedges  there. 

Where  honey-suckles  twine, 
And  shake  their  crystal  chalices 

With  fragrance  near  divine. 
Their  incense  wafts  a  message 

To  the  lonely,  hungry  heart 
Which  says,  "Come  back  among  us. 

And  in  our  life  take  part." 


128  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

The  zepli3Ts  from  the  South  Land 

Caress  the  pine-crowned  knolls, 
And  wake  sweet  ferny  odors 

From  deep-hid  woodland  holes. 
And  freighted  with  the  fragrance 

Of  herb,  and  balm,  and  flowers, 
They  breathe,  "Come  back  amon-g  us, 

Cast  in  your  lot  with  ours." 

There's  a  tinkling  invitation 

In  the  message  of  the  bell. 
Saying,  "Come  to  Old  Westmoreland, 

Your  journey  shall  be  well. 
Come  hear  our  rustic  ministers; 

And  loiter  'mongst  the  stones, 
That  mark  the  sacred  resting  place 

Of  many  a  great  man's  bones." 

In  the  silence  of  blue  distances 

That  stretch  away  to  sea 
There's  a  restful,  peaceful  message 

In  their  vast  immensity. 
I  think  of  our  forefathers 

Who  trod  that  hallowed  sod, 
Who've  long  since  settled  up  in  full 

Their  final  bill  with  God. 

Where  the  radiant  day  is  dying 

And  the  sun  sets  like  a  flame. 
There's  an  aftermath  of  stillness. 

Solemn  stillness,  none  can  name. 
Night  drops  her  splendid  curtain, 

Diamond-sprinkled,  roval  blue, 
But  still  I  hear  that  "Far  Cry," 

That  says,  "I'm  calling  you." 

Oh,  is  it  any  wonder!, 

Tbat  I  long  to  go  each  year, 
To  that  fair  land  that  lies  so  far. 

Yet  to  my  heart,  so  near. 
That  there  may  I,  near  Nature's  heart, 

In  solitude  sublime. 
Catch  the  whi.-pers  of  eternity, 

Across  the  sea  of  Time. 


— Greenbrier  Independent, 


westmoreland  covml,  virginia  129 

Davis. 

Secretary  Proctor  being  asked  what  course  the  Department 
would  pursue  in  regard  to  Mr.  Davis'  death,  said: 

"I  see  no  occasion  for  any  action  whatever  .  .  .  It  is  better 
to  let  the  matter  rest  in  ohlivious  sleep,  if  it  will,  and  relegate  it  to 
the  past." 

Can'st  hold  in  thine  hand  the  great  restless  ocean ! 

When  winds  shriek  loudest,  can'st  still  its  commotion  ? 

Can'st  grasp  the  fork'd  lightning  or  bind  it  with  chain, 

Can'st  thou  the  hoarse  roar  of  the  thunder  restrain? 

As  well  migh'st  thou  try,  as  to  render  the  name 

Of  Davis,  our  hero,  oblivious  to  fame. 

One  heart  sways  a  nation — this  fair  Southern  land — 

To  honor,  to  reverence,  the  heroic  band : 

Jeff  Davis,  brave  Jackson,  and  Eobert  E.  Lee, 

Our  glorious  chieftains,  famed  eternally. 

— Eleanor  Griffith  Fairfax,  Hague,  Va. 


Lee  to  the  Eear. 

Dawn  of  a  pleasant  morning  in  May 
Broke  thro'  the  Wilderness,  cool  and  gray. 
While,  perched  in  the  tallest  tree-tops,  the  birds 
Were  carolling  Mendelssohn's  "songs  without  words." 

Far  from  the  haunts  of  men  remote 
The  brook  brawled  on  with  a  liquid  note, 
And  nature,  all  tranquil  and  lovely,  wore 
The  smile  of  spring,  as  in  Eden  of  yore. 

Little  by  little,  as  daylight  increased. 
And  deepened  the  roseate  flush  in  the  East — 
Little  by  little  did  morning  reveal 
Two  long,  glittering  lines  of  steel! 

Where  two  hundred  thousand  bayonets  gleam, 
Tipped  with  the  light  of  the  earliest  beam ; 
And  faces  are  sullen  and  grim  to  see 
In  the  hostile  armies  of  Grant  and  Lee. 

All  of  a  sudden,  ere  rose  the  sun. 
Pealed  on  the  silence  the  opening  gun — 
A  little  white  puff  of  smoke  there  came. 
And  anon  the  vallev  was  wreathed  in  flame. 


130  WESTMORELAND    CuONTY,    VIRGINIA 

Down  on  the  left  of  the  rebel  lines, 

Wliere  a  breastwork  stands  in  a  copse  of  pines, 

Before  the  rebels  their  ranks  can  form, 

The  Yankees  have  carried  the  place  by  storm. 

Stars  and  stripes  o'er  the  salient  wave. 

Where  many  a  hero  has  found  a  grave, 

And  the  gallant  Confederates  strive  in  vain 

The  ground  they  have  drenched  with  their  blood  to  regain. 

Yet  louder  the  thunder  of  battle  roared — 
Yet  a  deadlier  fire  on  their  columns  poured — 
Slaughter,  infernal,  rode  with  Despair, 
Furies  twain,  through  the  smoky  air. 

Not  far  off  in  the  saddle  there  sat 
A  grey-bearded  man  with  black  slouch  hat; 
Not  much  moved  by  the  fire  was  he — 
Calm  and  resolute  Eobert  Lee. 

Quick  and  watchful,  he  kept  his  eye 
On  two  bold  rebel  brigades  close  by — 
Eeserves  that  were  standing  (and  dying)  at  ease 
Where  the  tempest  of  wrath  toppled  over  the  trees. 

For  still  with  their  loud,  bull  dog  bay 
The  Yankee  batteries  blazed  away. 
And  with  every  murderous  second  that  sped 
A  dozen  brave  fellows,  alas !  fell  dead. 

The  grand  old  beard  rode  to  the  space 

Where  Death  and  his  victims  stood  face  to  face. 

And  silently  waves  his  old  slouch  hat — 

A  world  of  meaning  there  was  in  that! 

"Follow  me  !     Steady  !     We'll  save  the  day ! 
This  was  what  he  seemed  to  say; 
And  to  the  light  of  his  glorious  eye 
The  bold  brigades  thus  made  the  reply : 

"We'll  go  forward,  but  you  must  go  back," 
And  they  moved  not  an  inch  in  the  perilous  track. 
"Go  to  the  rear,  and  we'll  give  them  a  rout," 
Then  the  sound  of  the  battle  was  lost  in  their  shout. 

Turning  his  bridle,  Eobert  Lee 
Eode  to  the  rear.     Like  the  waves  of  the  sea 
Bursting  the  dykes  in  their  overflow, 
Madly  his  veterans  dashed  on  the  foe; 


Oi, 


-I 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  131 

And  biU'kwaid  in  terror  that   foe  was  driven, 
Their  banners   rent  and   their  eoliunns   riven 
Wherever  the  tide  of  battle  rolled, 
Over  the  Wilderness,  wood,  and  wold. 

Sunset  out  of  a  crimson  sky, 
Streamed  o'er  a  field  of  a  ruddier  dye. 
And  the  brook  ran  on  with  a  purple  stain 
From  the  blood  of  ten  thousand  foemen  slain. 

Seasons  have  passed  since  that  day  and  year, 
Again  o'er  the  pebbles  the  brook  runs  clear, 
And  the  field  in  a  richer  green  is  drest 
Where  the  dead  of  the  terrible  conflict  rest. 

Hushed  is  the  roll  of  the  rebel  drum; 

The  sabres  are  sheathed,  and  the  cannon  are  dumb; 

And  Fate,  with  pitiless  hand,  has  furled 

The  flag  that  once  challenged  the  gaze  of  the  world. 

But  the  fame  of  the  Wilderness  fight  abides, 
And  down  into  the  history  grandly  rides. 
Calm  and  unmoved,  as  in  battle  he  sat, 
The  grey-bearded  man  in  the  black  slouch  hat. 

— John  R.  Thompson. 


XIV. 

Westmoreland  Is  a  Classic  Spot,  and  Nature  Has 
Lavished  Her  Gifts. 

Her  People  Must  Feel  That  After  All  "Honest  Blood  is  Loyal 
Blood,  and  Manhood  is  the  Only  Patent  of  Nobility." 
\V estmorcland  and  Virginia  Cannot  he  the  Greatest  Unless 
Their  Men  and  Women  are  Good  and  Honest  and  the  Men 
Manly. 

This  short,  imperfect  story,  has  been  told  and  is  now  ended  of 
Westmoreland  as  the  most  classic  spot  on  the  face  of  the  earth ;  yes, 
a  **good  land,"  too — "a  land  of  wheat  and  barley,  and  vines  and 
fig  trees  and  pomegranates;  a  land  of  olive  trees  and  honey;  a  land 
wherein  thou  shalt  eat  bread  without  scarceness."  Virginia  in  her 
civilization — the  old  and  the  new — stands  for  the  best  traditions  in 
the  Union  of  the  States  of  this  great  Republic  because  her  past  and 
present  are  glorious — a  blessed  heritage.  She,  too,  is  "a  land  of 
brooks  of  water,  of  fountains  and  springs,  flowing  forth  in  valleys 
and  hills — a  land  where  stones  are  iron  and  out  of  whose  hills  thou 
mayest  dig  copper — where  'the  oceans  send  their  mists  into  the 
mountains,  and  the  streams  descend  into  the  valleys' — a  land  that 
reacheth  ajar,  a  place  of  broad  rivers  and  streams — the  Paradise 
through  which  these  rivers  flow,  and  the  harvest  field  is  ready." 
But  all  this  does  not  after  all,  dear  friends,  make  the  people  of 
Westmoreland  and  Virginia  the  greatest,  unless  their  men  and 
women  are  good  ancl  honest,  and  the  men  manly. 

"Beware  lest  when  thou  hast  eaten  and  art  full,  thou  forget  the 
Lord  thy  God.*' 

At  the  Conference  of  Governors  and  their  advisors  in  the  White 
House,  Washington,  D.  C,  May  13-15,  1908,  the  President,  Vice- 
President,  Cabinet,  Supreme  Court,  Congress,  organizations  and 
their  representatives.  Inland  Waterways  Commission  and  general 
guests,  perhaps  the  most  notable  and  distinguished  body  ever  as- 
sembled on  the  continent,  Governor  Folk  of  Missouri,  said : 

"The  people  of  the  United  States,  whether  from  North,  East, 
South,  or  West,  are  alike.  The  good  men  and  women  are  the  same 
everywhere,  and  the  bad  people  are  alike  wherever  they  may  be 
found.  In  all  of  the  American  States  honest  blood  is  loyal  blood, 
and  manhood  is  the  only  patent  of  nobility.     (Applause.) 

'^'It  does  not  matter  so  much  where  a  man  is  from  and  what 
that  man  is.    In  the  language  of  Kipling: 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY.    VIRGINIA  133 

"'There  is  neither  East  nor  West — 
Border,  nor  breed,  nor  birth — 
When  two  strong  men  stand  face  to  face, 

Thongh  they  come  from  the  ends  of  the  earth." 

May  all  of  us  be  able  to  say  forever,  "So  they  helped  every  one 
his  neighbor  and  every  one  said  to  his  brother,  "Be  of  good  cour- 
age." So  the  carpenter  encouraged  the  goldsmith,  and  he  that 
smoteth  with  the  hammer  him  that  smote  the  anvil.  "Bear  ye  one 
another's  burdens." 

At  the  opening  of  the  session  of  the  Conference  Dr.  Edward 
Everett  Hale,  chaplain  of  the  United  States  Senate,  being  called 
on,  invoked  the  benediction  in  these  words : 

"The  Lord  thy  God  bringeth  thee  into  a  good  land,  a  land  of 
brooks  of  water,  of  fountains  and  springs,  flowing  forth  in  valleys 
and  hills;  a  land  of  wheat  and  barley,  and  vines  and  fig  trees  and 
pomegranates;  a  land  of  olive  trees  and  honey;  a  land  wherein 
thou  shalt  eat  bread  without  scarceness.  Thou  shalt  not  lack  any- 
thing in  it — a  land  where  stones  are  iron  and  out  of  whose  hills 
thou  mayest  dig  copper. 

"Beware  lest  when  thou  hast  eaten  and  art  full,  thou  forget  the 
Lord  thy  God, 

"Thine  eyes  shall  behold  a  land  that  reacheth  ajar,  a  place  of 
broad  rivers  and  streams.  Yea,  thy  children  shall  possess  the 
nations  and  make  the  desolate  spots  to  be  inhabited. 

"So  they  helped  every  one  his  neighbor  and  every  one  said  to 
his  brother,  'Be  of  good  courage.'  So  the  carpenter  encouraged  the 
goldsmith,  and  he  that  smoteth  with  the  hammer  him  that  smote 
the  anvil.  'Bear  ye  one  another's  burdens,  and  so  fulfil  the  law  of 
Christ." 

"Let  us  pray. 

"Father,  for  this  we  have  come  together.  Thou  hast  made  for 
us  the  Paradise  through  which  these  rivers  flow.  Now  give  us  the 
strength  of  Thy  Holy  Spirit  that  we  may  go  into  this  garden  of 
Thine  and  bring  forth  fruit  in  Thy  service.  Thou  hast  revealed 
these  to  us  to  use  under  Thy  guidance.  We  are  children  of  the 
living  God,  alive  with  Thy  life,  inspired  with  Thy  Holy  Spirit. 
The  harvest  field  is  ready,  and  Thou  art  pleased  to  send  us  into  the 
harvest.  Be  with  us  now  in  our  assemblage.  Thy  servants  have 
come  from  the  North  and  from  the  South,  from  the  East  and  from 
the  West.  It  is  our  God's  land.  Thy  oceans  send  their  mists  into 
our  mountains.  Thy  streams  descend  into  our  valleys,  and  Thou 
hast  chosen  us  that  we  may  be  now  the  ministers  of  Thy  will  and 
enter  into  that  harvest  field. 


134  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGIMA 

"Bless  us  now  in  to-day's  service  and  those  that  are  to  follow, 
and  may  Thy  servants  return  to  their  homes  alive  in  that  light, 
clad  in  the  Holy  Spirit,  willing  to  enter  into  Thy  work,  and  go 
about  our  Father's  business. 

"Join  me  audibly  in  the  Lord's  Prayer. 

''Our  Father  who  art  in  Heaven,  hallowed  be  Thy  name.  Thy 
Kingdom  come,  Thy  will  be  done  on  earth  as  it  is  in  Heaven. 
Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread,  and  forgive  us  our  trespasses  as 
we  forgive  those  who  trespass  against  us.  Lead  us  not  into  tempta- 
tion but  deliver  us  from  evil,  for  Thine  is  the  Kingdom  and  the 
power  and  the  glory,  forever.     Amen." 


APPENDIX. 


CopLE. — This  should  correctly  be  written  Copple.  The  word  is 
common  in  Cornwall  and  in  the  mining  counties  of  England,  and 
means  a  vessel  used  in  refining  metals.  It  was  common  three  hun- 
dred years  ago  to  name  taverns  after  instruments,  as,  the  "Mortar 
and  Pestle,"  the  "Bell,"  etc.  But  I  know  of  no  place  in  England 
so  called.  If  there  were  any  mines  in  Westmoreland,  the  title 
would  be  appropriate  enough. 

Westmoreland. — This  county  was  created  between  the  years 
1648  and  1653,  near  a  century  before  any  of  its  Kevolutionary  men 
were  born;  so  the  Northern  writer  cannot  say  properly  that  it  was 
so  called  from  its  having  produced  so  many  great  men  in  Virginia. 
The  true  meaning  of  Moreland  is  "greater  land,"  from  the  com- 
parative "more,"  which  is  used  in  the  sense  of  great  by  Gower, 
Chaucer,  and  even  as  late  as  Shakespeare,  who  says  in  "King  John," 
Act  II,  5th  scene,  "a  more  requital."  But,  if  moreland  is  derived 
from  the  Celtic  word  "more,"  then  moreland  signifies  great  land, 
or  high  land;  as,  Maccullum  More  is  the  Great  Maccullum.  "Gil- 
more"  means  the  henchman  of  the  more  or  great  man.  The  name 
of  Westmoreland  was  given  originally  without  doubt  to  a  scene  of 
high  land  or  a  great  stretch  of  land  of  some  kind,  and  never  had 
allusion  to  the  men  who  were  born  or  died  in  any  place  so  called. 

Hugh  Blair  Grigsby. 


Cople  Parish  derived  its  name  from   Cople  in  Bedfordshire, 
England,   the  residence  of  the   Spencer   family,   a   distinguished 
member  of  which,  Colonel  Nicholas  Spencer,  resided  in  Westmorc 
land  at  the  era  of  its  settlement.     He  became  Secretary  of  Vir- 
ginia, and  acting  Governor  in  1683. 

George  Wm.  Beale. 


There  is  a  Virginia  of  the  past  resplendent  with  the  heroic 
achievements  of  a  great  and  glorious  people;  there  is  a  Virginia 
of  the  present  crowned  with  possibilities  that  can  surpass  the  splen- 
dors of  the  proud  past  and  make  all  that  has  gone  before  in  her 
history,  but  the  prelude  to  a  greater  destiny.     No  State  in  this 


136  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Union  has  richer  or  more  varied  resources  than  Virginia. — Inau- 
gural Address  of  Governor  Claude  A.  Swanson  before  the  Legisla- 
ture, Februay  1,  1906. 


"Sirs,  in  conclusion,  while  we  survey  with  pride  Virginia's 
superb  past,  let  us  face  the  future  with  hope  and  confidence. 
Never  were  the  skies  of  Virginia  illumined  with  brighter  prospects. 
Every  section  of  the  State  is  thrilling  with  a  marvellous  industrial 
development  blessed  with  an  amazing  increase  of  wealth.  In  every 
direction,  Virginia  is  making  a  rapid  and  permanent  advance.  The 
future  beckons  her  to  a  higher,  nobler  destiny.  Chastened  by  mis- 
fortune, made  patient  by  long  suffering,  brave  by  burdens  borne 
and  overcome,  stirred  by  the  possibilities  of  an  industrial  develop- 
ment and  wealth  almost  unspeakable,  cheering  to  a  passion  the 
teachings  of  her  illustrious  dead  from  Washington  to  Lee,  Vir- 
ginia presents  a  combination  of  strength  and  sentiment  destined  to 
make  her  again  the  wise  leader  in  this  nation  of  political  thought 
and  national  achievement.  Young  men  of  Virginia,  the  clock  of 
opportunity  strikes  our  hour  of  work  and  responsibility.  Let  us, 
animated  by  a  patriotism  that  is  national,  stirred  by  the  possibili- 
ties of  our  State,  which  point  to  a  greater  future,  resolve  to  an- 
swer all  demands  made  upon  us  by  our  beloved  State  and  common 
country,  and  to  aid  this  glorious  Commonwealth  and  this  mighty 
Eepublic  to  advance  along  the  pathway  of  justice,  liberty  and  pro- 
gress."— Address  of  Governor  Stvanson,  "Virginia  Day"  at  James- 
town Exposition,  June  12,  1907. 


LEEDST0V7N. 

By  Miss  M.  E.  Hungerford  (nom  de  plume,  "Shirley".) 

Although  Leedstown  of  to-day  occupies  the  smallest  area,  and 
perhaps  has  the  least  population  of  all  the  villages  of  Westmore- 
land county,  it  can  boast  of  an  interesting  and  historic  past. 
Westmoreland  has  been  called  the  "Athens  of  Virginia."  Some 
of  the  most  renowned  men  of  the  country  have  been  born  within  her 
borders.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  counties  in  the  State,  and 
in  colonial  days  it  was  the  home  of  wealth  and  influence,  the  immi- 
grants to  the  county  from  England  comprising  many  of  the  rich 
and  aristocratic  families  of  the  Old  Country. 

In   1667,  or  thereabouts,  John  Washington    (the  grandfather 


WESTMORELAND    COUN'fY,    VIRGINIA  137 

of  the  illustrious  George)  and  others  made  locations  on  the  lands 
assigned  to  the  EappahannO'cks  and  to  their  allies  and  brothers. 
the  Nanzaticoes,  along  the  Rappahannock  River. 

We  can  imagine  the  effect  the  appearance  of  the  white  settlers 
had  upon  them,  for  they  had  roamed  and  hunted  the  forest  at  will, 
paddled  their  birch-bark  canoes  on  the  "Rapid"  river,  catching 
fish  of  all  kinds,  or  winding  in  and  out  of  the  openings  of  the 
acres  of  "Marsh,"  extending  from  within  a  stone's  throw  of  where 
Leedstown  now  stands,  to  the  shore  on  the  Essex  side,  trapping 
amphibious  animals,  with  which  it  teemed,  using  their  flesh  and 
fur  for  food  and  clothing.  How  picturesque  their  wigwams  must 
have  appeared,  grouped  together  against  the  background  of  the 
primeval  forest,  decorated  with  the  trophies  of  the  chase;  while 
the  squaws  sat  around  in  Indian  fashion,  after  securing  their 
papooses  to  the  wigAvams  above  the  "danger  line,"  and  amused 
themselves  with  bead  and  basket  work !  Beads,  arrow  heads, 
stone  axes,  etc.,  are  all  still  thrown  up  by  the  plough  within  a  few 
yards  of  Leedstown.  I  have  a  handfnl  of  various  kinds  of  beads 
before  me,  picked  up  near  the  village  in  1909.  One  of  the  axes,  a 
fine  specimen,  is  now  serving  as  a  door-guard  in  one  of  the  homes 
near  by. 

Not  many  years  after  the  English  settlers  came  to  this  part  of 
Virginia,  vessels  and  packets  sailed  down  the  Rappahannock, 
through  a  portion  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  crossed  the  broad 
Atlantic,  direct  to  Liverpool,  laden  with  tobacco;  and  after  many 
weeks,  sometimes  month's,  returned  wiith  necessaries,  and  even 
luxuries,  for  the  English  in  their  new  homes. 

This  traffic  was  kept  up  for  years,  and  resumed  after  the  War 
of  1812-14,  as  following  extract  from  an  old  letter  shows:  "Re- 
ceived advices  from  Fredericksburg  saying,  'At  this  time,  there  is 
not  a  corn  purchaser  in  town — packets  are  expected  from  Europe 
shortly  which  would  decide  the  probable  price  of  grain,  when  ship- 
ment would  be  made  and  of  course,  purchasers  would  then  be  in 
the  market.'  " 

Leedstown  was  laid  out  on  the  same  day  as  Philadelphia,  in  the 
year  1683,  and  on  a  large  and  definite  "plan".  The  dwellings 
were  commodious  and  comfortable — built  of  the  best  timber  from 
the  primeval  forest.  English  brick,  bought  as  ballast,  were  used 
for  chimneys  and  foundations.  The  yards  and  gardens  contained 
acres  and.  as  time  wore  on,  rare  and  beautiful  exotics  were  the 
pride  of  the  owners.  A  tavern,  or  ordinary,  was  built  of  brick,  a 
portion  of  the  walls  were  standing  as  late  as  1861.  A  short  dis- 
tance to  the  west  an  Episcopal  church  was  erected.     As  Pope's 


138  WESTM0REL2ND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

Creek  was  called  the  "Central  Parish  Church,"  we  may  suppose 
that  it  was  so  called  because  it  was  equi-distant  between  Leedstown 
and  Church  Point,  on  the  Potomac.  The  outline  of  a  brick  foun- 
dation at  the  latter  place  may  still  be  traced,  though  now  under 
water.  Those  who  drove  to  the  church  at  Leedstown  in  carriages 
or  gigs,  or  who  rode  on  horseback,  were  followed  by  their  servants 
carrying  their  Prayer  Book  (of  which  I  have  a  copy)  measuring 
18x10  inches,  at  least  two  inches  thick,  and  containing  the  service 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  for  all  occasions,  and  the  Book  of  Psalms. 
We  have  no  record  of  the  rector  or  rectors,  though  it  is  not  im- 
probable "Parson  Campbell"  officiated  here  also.  The  following 
names  are  given  as  member-  of  the  vestry  after  1780 : 

Francis  Thornton,  Lawrence  Washington, 

John  Washington,  Robert  Washingion, 

Thomas  Pratt,  John  T.  Washington, 

Samuel  Washington,  Henry  T.  Washington. 

There  is  no  trace  of  the  church  above  ground,  but  by  digging 
a  foot  or  two  below  the  surface,  portions  of  the  brick  foundation 
may  be  found.  When  tlife  structure  became  a  mass  of  ruins, 
iwenty-iiive  flag-stones,  16x16  inches  were  removed  from  the  floor 
of  the  vestibule,  and  are  now  guarding  the  entrance  to  one  of  the 
hospitable  homes  on  the  "Eidge".  It  is  rumored  arrangements 
are  being  made  to  have  them  incorporated  in  the  Cathedral  of  Sts. 
Peter  and  Paul  at  Mt.  St.  Albans,  Washington,  D.  C. 

"As  Boston  was  the  Northern,  so  Leedstown  was  the  Southern 
Cradle  of  American  Independence,"  "for  ten  years  previous  to  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  Thomas  L.  Lee,  of  Stafford,  re- 
quested his  brother,  R.  H.  Lee,  of  Chantilly,"  to  meet  him,  and  a 
number  of  others,  at  Leedstown,  to  a  conference  to  protest  against 
the  Stamp  Act.  One  hundred  and  fifteen  fearless  men  subscribed 
to  a  paper  which  said:  "We  bind  ourselves  to  each  other,  to  God, 
and  to  our  country  by  the  firmest  ties  that  religion  and  virtue  can 
frame,  most  sacredly  and  punctually  to  stand  by  and,  with  our  lives, 
and  our  fortunes,  to  support,  maintain  and  defend  each  other  in 
the  observance  and  execution  of  several  articles,"  among  which  in 
part  is  this :  "At  every  hazard,  and  paying  no  regard  to  danger  or 
to  death,  we  will  exert  every  faculty  to  prevent  the  execution  of 
said  Stamp  Act  in  any  instance  whatsoever  in  this  Colony."  This 
meeting  took  place  on  the  27th  of  February,  1766,  and  was  one 
of  the  first  public  meetings,  in  behalf  of  American  rights,  as  en- 
dangered by  the  famous  Stamp  Act,  within  the  thirteen  ancient 
Colonies,  and  the  agreement  and  protest  which  were  then  adopted, 


WESTMORELAND    COUNT!,    VIRGINIA  139 

dearly  set  forth  the  great  issue  involved  in  the  dispute  with  the 
"Mother  Country." 

"This  issue  was  never  afterwards  more  plainly  or  boldly  de- 
clared than  in  this  instrument." 

"This  action,  taken  ten  years  before  the  Eevolution  began, 
seems  to  have  been  a  signal  gun  of  warning  and  preparation  whose 
clear,  reverberating  echoes  heralded  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence and  was  a  prelude  to  all  the  patriotic  guns  from  Lexington 
to  Yorktown." 

The  colonists  living  at  Leedstown  and  vicinity  rallied  to  a 
man  to  fight  the  invading  foe;  many  of  those  who  were  children 
when  the  war  began  were  from  sixteen  to  twenty  before  it  closed. 
I  know  of  two  instances  where  youths  entered  at  sixteen — one  be- 
came a  lieutenant  and  the  other  a  captain  at  twenty.  One  was 
wounded  at  Morris'  Heights,  ten  miles  above  ISTew  York  City,  but 
returned  safely  and  lived  at  Leedstown  until  May,  1803;  the  other 
marched  from  Leedstown  to  the  "Siege  of  York" ;  was  present  at 
the  surrender,  after  which  he  and  his  command  were  formally 
discharged  and  returned  to  their  respective  homes  at  Leedstown. 
He  immediately  raised  a  company  of  grenadiers,  which  was  at- 
tached to  the  Westmoreland  militia.  This  brave  man  took  an 
active  part  in  the  War  of  1812-14;  represented  his  county  several 
sessions  in  the  Virginia  Legislature,  after  which  he  w^as  a  member 
of  Congress  until  1817. 

After  the  War  of  the  Eevolution  and  the  War  of  1812-14  wilh 
Great  Britain  were  over,  many  of  those  who  went  from  Leedstown 
and  were  fortunate  enough  to  return  to  their  homes,  enlarged 
their  borders  by  extending  their  estates  up  to.  and  in  many  cases, 
over  the  "Ridge"  towards  the  Potomac  Eiver,  as  extract  from  a 
letter  written  January  15,  1837.  will  show:  "Having  been  unusu- 
ally late  in  securing  my  crop  of  corn  this  winter,  my  whole  time, 
when  able  to  ride,  has  been  devoted  to  that  business;  one  day  on 
the  Eappahannock  'flats,'  and  the  next  on  the  Potomac."  Others 
came  in  and  bought  houses  (many  of  which  were  becoming  dilapi- 
dated) and  lands  along  the  banks  of  the  Rappahannock,  about 
Leedstown,  razing  the  houses  and  extending  their  fields  towards 
the  river,  until  there  is  little  more  than  a  roadway  and  a  few  small 
dwellings  above  high  water  mark. 

It  is  hard  to  believe  the  quiet  little  village  w^as  ever  the  ren- 
dezvous for  huntsmen,  with  their  packs  of  hounds,  and  others  who 
engaged  in  games,  bets,  etc.,  etc.  I  copy  the  following  found  in 
an  ofd  book,  dated  1749: 

"At  leedstown   in  Virginia  on   Wednesday  17th  day  of   Sep- 


140  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

tember,  a  race  to  be  run  for  a  purse  of  £35.  and  on  the  18th,  a 
plate  for  one  of  a  £100  value." 

"Leedstown,  April  3rd  1820,  Icicles  18  in.  long,  south  side  of 
the  house  at  12  o'clock  and  snow  three  inches  deep  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  2nd."     Signed  by  four  prominent  men. 

Extract  from  a  letter  written  from  Leedstown  in  March,  1813 : 

"Drove  to  your  farm  yesterday  found  the  servants  well — the 
crops  well  housed — but  am  sorry  to  inform  you  that  the  wolves 
are  playing  havoc  with  your  sheep." 

Also  the  following  on  a  more  exciting  subject : 

"Tine  Farm,'  near  Leedstown,  February  21st,  1814.  We  are 
hourly  expecting  to  hear  that  our  friends  (  ?)  the  British,  are  in 
the  river.  We  calculate  on  warm  work  when  warm  weather  sets 
in.  I  hope,  meet  them  when  we  may,  that  our  arms  may  be  reno- 
vated and  our  hearts  steeled — to  give  them  'Old  Virginia  Play.' " 

In  addition  to  the  social  gatherings  in  their  own  homes,  din- 
ners, card  parties,  etc.,  they  enjoyed  political  meetings,  barbacues 
(the  old  sycamores  are  still  standing  under  which  they  were  held) 
and  military  drills.  In  a  letter  dated  July  13,  1844,  the  writer 
says: 

"We  had  on  the  fourth  quite  a  gala  day  at  old  Leeds.  The 
Declaration  of  Independence  was  read  by  J.  Tayloe  Washington 
and  a  very  appropriate  oration  was  delivered  by  Major  Henry  T. 
Gamett.  The  feast  was  given  by  the  'Eifle  Blues,'  Thos.  Garnett 
captain,  Jno.  W.  Hungerford,  Lieutenant,  a  Volunteer  Company 
of  the  neighborhood,  handsomely  uniformed  and  well-drilled ;  Har- 
vey's Co.  the  'Washington  Guards,'  from  the  Court  House  was  in- 
vited to  participate.  The  two  made  one  very  respectable  Com- 
pany and  present  quite  an  interesting  spectacle.  After  going 
through  many  Military  evolutions  in  fine  style,  a  National  Salute 
of  13  guns  was  fired  from  a  six-pounder — then  the  dinner  and 
after  that,  the  wine  and  the  toasts,  the  songs  and  the  anecdotes, 
closed  the  ceremonies  of  the  day." 

Steamboats  have  been  plying  between  Baltimore  and  Fred- 
ericksburg for  more  than  seventy-five  years.  The  first  to  make 
the  trip  was  the  Mary  Washington,  a  very  comfortable  boat  in  her 
time,  but  nothing  to  compare  in  size  and  appointments  to  those  of 
the  Weems  Line  of  to-day.  The  Cambridge,  later  on  the  line,  was 
burned  to  the  water's  edge  below  Tappahannock.  With  the  steam- 
ers to  Baltimore  and  to  Fredericksburg  and  a  direct  line  to  Eich- 
mond,  by  carriage,  over  the  corduroy  road  across  the  "Marsh," 
the  citizens  of  Leedstown  felt  themselves  in  close  touch  with  at 
least  three  cities  of  the  outside  world. 

Let  us  go  back  to  the  "Ridge,"  overlooking  Leedstown  at  a  dis- 


WESTMORELAND    COVN'l  y,    VIRGINIA  141 

tance  of  two  miles,  and  name  the  former  owners  of  the  hospitable 
homes  that  crown  the  highest  point  between  the  Eappahannock 
and  Potomac  Eivers.  There  were  the  Garnetts,  the  Jetts,  the 
Hungerfords,  the  Mastins,  the  Taylors,  and  the  Turners.  Of  all 
of  these,  there  is  now  but  one  occupied  by  descendants.  Many 
have  died  and  their  representatives  are  scattered  to  the  four  quar- 
ters of  the  globe. 

Within  a  mile  of  Leedstown  we  shall  pause  a  moment  by  a 
graveyard  with  a  substantial  enclosure,  on  the  lock  of  which  is 
engraved  the  name  of  the  family  whose  members  are  interred 
within.  From  having  been  the  possessors  of  broad  acres  for  miles 
around  this  historic  spot,  "God's  Acre''  alone  is  theirs.  The  in- 
scriptions on  two  of  the  slabs  are  dated  1691.  Besides  these  we 
find  lying  here  two  officers  of  the  Continental  line,  Army  of  the 
Eevolution,  designated  by  D.  A,  R.  markers  placed  by  a  grand- 
daughter; four  officers  of  the  War  of  1812-14,  and  one  gallant 
cavalry  otlicer,  who  was  killed  leading  a  charge  in  the  War  of 
1861-'5.  In  addition  there  is  an  alumnus  of  the  University  of  Vir- 
ginia, who,  had  he  lived,  would  have  added  lustre  to  the  family 
name,  for  the  inscription  says  of  him:  "He  was  a  devoted  son  and 
brother,  a  firm  friend,  loyal  to  Virginia  and  a  Champion  of  States' 
Eights."  "Prolcge  et  grege."  These  are  some  of  the  men  de- 
scended from  the  patriotic  citizens  of  Leedstown,  and  with  an 
extract  from  a  letter  from  one  brother  to  another,  now  lying  with- 
in the  enclosure,  you  will  agree  with  me  that  Leedstown  not  only 
produced  public-spirited  men,  but  prophets:  , 

^''TwiFORD/  March  5th,  1838. 

"I  perceive  the  Sub.  Treasury  Bill  still  lingers  in  the  Senate 
and  I  sincerely  hope  that  there  it  may  linger  until  it  falls  to 
rise  no  more.  I  wish  its  annihilation  to  be  perfect  and  complete 
from  the  bottom  of  my  soul.  I  wish  it  first,  for  the  good  of  my 
country,  and  next,  as  a  means  of  sustaining  that  party  in  power 
to  which  I  belong.  Paradoxical  as  it  may  seem,  it  is  never-the-less 
true,  that  on  its  defeat,  depends  the  issue  of  the  continuance  or 
non-continuance  of  the  Eepublican  party  in  power.  I  hesitate 
not  a  moment  to  say,  that  in  my  very  humble  opinion,  if  the 
administration  is  indulged  in  its  visionary  and  Utopian  scheme  so 
far  as  to  obtain  the  enactment  of  that  law,  that  its  fate  is  sealed; 
it  will  in  the  next  Congress  be  without  support  in  either  House 
and  impotent  to  do  good  in  every  respect.  As  a  warm  friend  of 
Mr.  Van  Buren,  I  hope  for  his  own  good,  as  well  as  that  of  our 
common  country,  he  may  fail — yes,  signally  fail  in  this  his  weak — 
3'ea,  detestable  policy. 


142  WJ-JfiTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

"If  by  the  rash  experiment  sought  to  be  made  on  the  settled 
policy  of  the  countr}',  a  change  in  rulers  -shall  take  place,  Mr. 
Clay  no  doubt  will  be  at  the  head.  Then  look  for  high  tariffs,  in- 
ternal improvements  without  limit,  the  resurrection  of  the  odious 
U.  S.  Bank  and  last,  though  not  least,  the  triumph  of  the  abolition- 
ists; and  lastly,  in  the  back  ground,  I  behold  a  dark — a  growing 
shadow  stalking  abroad — anon,  assuming  the  form  and  shape  of 
substance — and  advocating  a  policy  in  regard  to  abolition  which 
can  only  be  dispelled  by  opposing  battlements  and  bristling  bayo- 
nets— "The  shrill  trumpet  and  the  cannons  roar"  and  "all  the  cir- 
cumstance of  glorious  war" — State  against  State,  brother  against 
brother.  All  this  and  more  me  thinks  I  see  in  the  far  distance. 
May  heaven  deign  to  avert  such  a  calamity  from  our  beloved  Coun- 
try !  I  know  you  differ  with  me,  and  I  regret  it  much,  but  time, 
the  discloser  of  the  wisdom  or  folly  of  human  actions,  will  test  the 
correctness  of  our  judgments.'*' 

Your  affectionate  brother, 

J.  W.  H. 


The  First  Mention  of  Westmoreland  in  Its  History. 

It  is  ordered  by  this  present  Grand  Assembly  that  the  bounds 
of  the  County  of  Westmoreland  be  as  followeth  (vizt)  ifrom  Ma- 
choactoke  river  where  Mr.  Cole  lives ;  And  so  vpwards  to  the  ffalls 
of  the  great  river  of  Pawtomake  above  the  Necostins  towne. — 
(Eand.  MS.)  Henning's  Statutes  at  Large,  Vol.  I.,  p.  381.  July, 
1653,  4th  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Note  by  same :  This  is  the  first  time  the  County  of  Westmore- 
land has  been  mentioned. 


Who  Was  Governor  at  That  Time. 

Sir  William  Berkley,  after  that,  continued  Governor  till  the 
spring  of  1652,  and  then  Eichard  Bennett,  Esq.,  was  Governor. 
Richard  Bennett  continued  till  1655,  and  then  Edward  Digges, 
Esq.,  was  made  Governor. — Idem,  p.  5. 


What  Thackeray  Said  of  Washington. 

In  The  Virginians,  by  Thackeray,  the  narrative  and  plot  of 
the  preparations  for  blood  and  the  duel  between  the  Warrington 
twin  brothers  and  George  Washington,  a  supposed  lover  of  Lady 
Eachel  Warrington  of  Castlewood,  their  mother  and  a  step  father 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    \  riidlNIA  143 

in  prospect,  which  duel  was  averted,  is  thrilling.  And  the  tribute 
and  apostrophe  to  Washington  is  one  of  the  most  brilliant  pas- 
sages ever  paid  him  by  any  author: 

"It  was  strange  that  in  a  savage  forest  of  Pennsylvania,  a 
young  Virginian  officer  should  fire  a  shot,  and  waken  up  a  war 
which  was  to  last  for  sixty  years;  which  was  to  cover  his  own 
country,  and  pass  into  Europe,  to  cost  France  her  American  colo- 
nies, to  sever  ours  from  us,  and  create  the  great  Western  republic; 
to  wage  over  the  old  world  when  extinguished  in  the  new;  and,  of 
all  the  myriads  engaged  in  the  vast  contest  to  leave  the  prize  of 
the  greatest  fame  with  him  who  struck  the  first  blow." 

From  Neiv  York  Sun,  August  31,  1911: 


The  Prosperous  South. 

Its  Remarkable  Industrial  and  Agricultural  Development. 
To  the  Editor  of  The  Sun: 

Sir, — Though  much  has  been  published  about  the  material  de- 
velopment of  the  Southern  States,  there  are  yet  many  who  do  noi 
fully  understand  how  great  has  been  the  industrial  and  agricul- 
tural progress  of  that  section  in  the  last  ten  years. 

At  the  present  time  the  sixteen  Southern  States,  Missouri  and 
Oklahoma  included,  have  $3,000,000,000  capital  invested  in  manu- 
facturing, compared  with  a  total  of  $2,790,000,000  for  the  entire 
country  in  1880. 

The  value  of  the  agricultural  output  of  these  States  was  last 
year  $2,975,000,000,  against  a  total  value  of  the  farm  crops  of  the 
United  States  of  $2,460,000,000  in  1890. 

In  1900  the  total  value  of  the  farm  property  in  these  States 
was  $3,233,000,000,  whereas  the  census  figures  recently  issued 
show  that  in  1909  the  value  of  farm  property  in  these  States  was 
$7,293,000,000,  a  gain  of  over  $4:,000,000;000  in  that  decade. 
This  is  four  times  as  great  as  the  aggregate  national  banking  capi- 
tal of  the  United  States. 

'These  fi,^res  indicate  something  of  the  marvelous  change 
which  has  come  about  in  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  South, 
This  gain  of  $4,000,000,000  or  125  per  cent.,  showed  an  increase 
in  the  rate  of  agricultural  wealth  seven  times  as  great  as  the  rate 
of  increase  in  population. 

To  a  considerable  extent  this  wonderful  change  is  due  to  the 
higher  prices  of  cotton  in  the  last  ten  years,  but  this  is  not  by  any 
means  the  only  reason.     Notwithstanding  the  better  prices  of  cot- 


144  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

ton  of  late  years,  Southern  farmers  are  giving  more  and  more  at- 
tention to  diversified  agriculture,  and  in  this  respect  are  return- 
ing to  the  system  that  prevailed  before  1860,  when  the  production 
of  grain  and  live  stock  was  relatively  far  greater  in  proportion  to 
population  than  it  is  to-day  even  after  all  the  advance  of  the  last 
ten  years. 

The  cotton  crop  of  1898-99  of  11,274,000  bales  was  worth,  seed 
included,  about  $330,000,000.  The  crop  of  1909-10  of  about 
11,500,000  bales  was  worth  to  Southern  farmers  $963,000,000. 
The  difference  strikingly  illustrates  the  importance  to  the  South 
of  good  prices  for  cotton  as  compared  with  the  starvation  'figures 
of  the  low  price  period  from  1893  to  1901. 

The  Southern  farmer  is  no  longer  compelled  to  concentrate 
on  cotton  growing;  he  finds  in  diversified  agriculture,  due  to  the 
development  in  part  of  the  home  market  through  the  growth  of 
itianufacturing  interests  and  cities  and  to  the  enormous  increase 
in  the  demand  from  the  North  and  West  for  early  fruits  and  vege- 
tables, such  profitable  opportunities  that  it  may  safely  be  said  this 
section  will  not  for  many  years,  if  ever,  except  perhaps  in  an  occa- 
sional year  of  unusually  favorable  crop  conditions,  increase  its  pro- 
duction of  cotton  to  such  an  extent  as  to  injure  its  agricultural 
prosperity  by  bringing  an  era  of  low  prices. 

Indicative  of  the  increasing  prosperity  of  the  farmers  of  the 
South  during  this  ten  year  period  was  the  advance  in  the. value  of 
farm  buildings  from  $885,000,000  to  $1,672,000,000,  a' gain  of 
nearly  $800,000,000. 

Notwithstanding  the  great  increase  in  the  value  of  the  South's 
agricultural  output,  the  development  of  its  industrial  and  mining 
interests  has  been  so  great  that  the  value  of  the  output  of  its  mines 
and  its  factories  now  largely  exceeds  the  value  of  the  output  of 
its  farms. 

In  the  last  fiscal  year  47  per  cent,  of  the  total  exports  of  the 
United  States  originated  in  the  South,  and  36.4  per  cent,  passed 
through  Southern  ports.  In  that  year  the  value  of  the  foreign 
exports  from  Galveston  was  twice  as  great  as  the  total  value  of  the 
combined  exports  from  all  the  ports  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the 
United  States.  The  value  of  the  foreign  exports  from  Galveston 
exceeded  by  $38,389,552  the  combined  foreign  exports  trade  of  San 
Francisco,  Boston,  and  Philadelphia. 

Facts  such  as  these  could  be  given  without  end  as  illustrations 
of  the  substantial  development  in  manufactures,  in  agriculture  and 
in  foreign  commerce  which  is  seen  throughout  the  whole  South. 
And  yet  these  facts  do  not  tell  the  whole  story.     This  increasing 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  145 

wealth  of  the  South  is  finding  an  expression  in  every  line  of  human 
activity.  It  is  seen  in  the  building  of  towns  and  cities,  in  the  con- 
struction of  good  roads,  in  municipal  improvements,  in  the  build- 
ing of  schools,  churches  and  more  costly  dwellings. 

Last  year  the  South  expended  upon  the  maintenance  of  public 
schools  considerably  over  $50,000,000,  or  more  than  twice  as  much 
as  the  United  States  expended  upon  public  education  in  1860. 

These  facts,  however,  are  more  interesting  as  suggestive  of 
what  is  yet  to  be  accomplished  in  the  upbuilding  of  the  South 
than  of  what  has  already  been  achieved.  This  section,  now  begin- 
ning to  accumulate  capital  and  to  be  recognized  by  the  investors 
of  other  sections  as  the  coming  center  of  American  development, 
should  make  far  greater  progress  in  the  next  ten  years  than  it  has 
made  in  the  last  twenty.  Its  railroads  will  unquestionably  be 
taxed  to  their  utmost  capacity  to  keep  up  with  the  increasing  trade 
of  the  South.  Its  shipping  facilities  must  be  greatly  expanded  in 
order  to  take  care  of  the  rapid  growth  of  its  commerce,  foreign  and 
domestic. 

The  development  of  its  iron  and  steel  interests  will  be  on  a  far 
larger  scale  in  the  future  than  in  the  past.  The  recent  Congres- 
bional  investigation,  which  is  bringing  conspicuously  to  the  front 
the  fact  that-  the  Steel  Corporation  owns  only  about  20  per  cent, 
of  the  available  ores  of  the  South  instead  of  a  monopoly  as  some 
had  supposed,  will  result  in  turning  capital  into  the  utilization 
of  the  vast  ore  resources  of  this  section.  With  the  proximity  of 
coking  coal  and  iron  ores  which  cannot  be  duplicated  anywhere 
else  in  America,  it  is  absolutely  certain  that  the  iron  and  steel  in- 
terests of  this  section  will  grow  with  great  rapidity  as  the  increas- 
ing requirements  of  the  South  and  of  foreign  countries,  which  can 
be  reached  from  the  South  furnish  an  ever  widening  market  for 
the  steel  products  of  this  section. 

With  manufacturing  'capital  (exceeding  that  of  the  United 
States  in  1880,  with  an  agricultural  output  exceeding  in  value  by 
half  a  billion  dollars  the  value  of  the  crops  of  the  United  States 
in  1890,  with  an  increase  in  ten  years  in  agricultural  wealth  four 
times  as  great  as  the  present  national  banking  capital  of  the  United 
States,  surely  the  South  is  now  in  a  position  to  begin  its  real  up- 
building. What  it  has  accomplished  is  merely  the  getting  of  its 
tools  together  to  make  ready  for  the  activities  upon  which  it  is 
now  preparing  to  enter. 

EiCHARD  H.  Edmonds, 
Editor  Manufacturers'  Record. 

Baltimore.  Md.,  Augu-H  30th. 


14:Q  }VESTMORELAND    VOUXTY,    \  IRUINIA 

A  Wreath  on  Lee's  Monument. 

A  splendid  and  graceful  tribute  was  paid  5^esterday  to  genius 
and  virtue  as  embodied  in  the  greatest  of  all  A^irginians,  when 
the  famed  Fifth  Eegiment,  of  Maryland,  formed  about  the  statue 
af  Lee  and  presented  arms,  while  its  colonel,  with  head  uncovered, 
laid  a  wreath  at  the  base  of  the  monument. 

Virginia  has  manv  titles  to  glory;  but  one  of  the  most  endur- 
ing will  be  the  fact  that  she  gave  birth  to  this  illustrious  soldier 
whose  genius  and  courage  combined  with  his  lofty  character  as  a 
man  to  make  him  the  very  fruit  and  flower  of  his  race. 

His  fame  grows  greater  as  the  years  pass  by,  and  will  not  be 
dimmed  by  the  centuries  to  come. 

Throughout  future  ages  brave  men  and  strong  men  and  great 
men  will  continue  to  pay  tributes  of  respect  to  this  man  who  was 
brave,  strong  and  great. — Edmund  Pendleton,  Editor,  in  News- 
Leader,  October  13,  1911. 


Woman — Then  and  Now. 

Then. — Not  so  much  on  the  field  of  battle  wer&  the  victories 
of  the  Revolution,  but  rather  at  the  fireside  where  the  mother 
trained  her  sons  for  deeds  of  valor  and  patriotism. 

It  has  been  said  of  the  work  of  the  women  aiding  the  Conti- 
nental Army :  "The  women  of  Massachusetts  have  made  us  a 
nation  of  coffee  drinkers  because  they  would  not  serve  English 
tea  to  American  soldiers."  This  was  the  origin  of  that  distinctive 
class  of  "Tea  party"  in  our  vernacular  dialect. 

Now. — In  the  great  work  of  reconciliation  and  peace  between 
the  sections;  in  the  union  of  the  Blue  and  Gray  in  perpetuation 
of  the  era  of  good  feeling  and  fellowship  in  the  great  work  of 
general  amnesty  to  rehabilitate  a  common  country  under  a  common 
flag  and  a  common  destiny,  recently  it  has  been  the  custom  of  the 
Camps  and  Army  Posts  of  Northern  veterans  to  invite  the  South- 
ern Camps  and  Confederate  Associations  North  to  the  banci.uet 
table  of  a  common  hospitality  and  God-given  patriotism. 

Eecently  one  of  these  reunions  took  place  at  the  North,  and  a 
sour,  censorious,  bitter  old  New  England  spinster  became  offended 
and  inflamed,  and  sent  in  a  vicious  protest  to  the  chairman  of  the 
Committee  of  Invitation — who  was  Commander  of  the  Camp — 
against  this  mixing  up  and  meeting  of  Southern  veterans.  The 
Commander  read  it.  and  was  stung  and  stirred  by  the  tone  and 


'^/-'^u.n  {7J^. 


WJA 


WESTMORELAND    COUXTY,    V/ROIMA  147 

language  used.  He  turned  to  his  wife  and  said:  "Wife,  how  shall 
I  answer  this  ?"  The  wife  replied :  "Husband,  I  reckon  you  know 
how  to  reply  to  it."  So  the  next  morning  the  Commander  sent 
this  reply:  "Dear  Miss,  there  are  Confederate  soldiers  in  Heaven, 
If  you  do  not  wish  to  meet  them  and  to  avoid  them  go  to  hell." 
These  last  words  are  not  profane,  and  if  the  most  fastidious  think 
so,  it  can  be  truly  said  it  is  the  least  profane  way  in  which  they 
were  ever  used,  and  oh !  the  genuine  satisfaction  in  uttering  them. 
The  true  New  England  woman — gentlewoman — docs  not  feel  like 
this  old  bitter  spinster. 

Whether  I  am  in  a  banquet  hall  or  at  a  Confederate  Keunion, 
I  never  forget  the  women,  and  I  never  fail  to  refer  to  the  artless 
little  Alabama  girl.  It  is  a  part  of  my  religion  to  do  so.  The 
artless  little  Alabama  girl  who  was  guiding  General  Forrest  along 
a  dangerous  path,  when  the  enemy  fired  a  volley  upon  him,  and 
who  instinctively  spread  her  skirts  and  cried :  "Get  behind  me !" 
had  a  spirit  as  high  as  that  which  filled  the  bosom  of  Joan  of  Arc 
or  Charlotte  Corday.  God  bless  her — the  queen  of  a  Southern 
home. 

Major  Daniel,  in  his  oration  on  General  Lee  said :  "Amongst 
the  quiet,  nameless  workers  of  the  world — in  the  stubble  field  and 
by  the  forge,  bending  over  a  sick  child's  bed  or  smoothing  an  out- 
cast's pillow,  is  many  a  hero  and  heroine  truer,  nobler  than  those 
over  whose  brows  han^  plumes  and  laurels." 

"At  the  bottom  of  all  true  heroism  is  unselfishness.  Its  crown- 
ing expression  is  sacrifice.  The  world  is  suspicious  of  vaunted 
heroes.  They  are  so  easily  manufactured.  So  many  feet  are  cut 
and  trimmed  to  fit  Cinderilla's  slippers  that  we  hesitate  long  be- 
fore we  hail  the  Princess.  But  when  the  true  hero  has  come,  and 
we  know  that  here  he  is,  in  verity.  Ah!  how  the  hearts  of  men 
leap  forth  to  greet  him — how  worshipfully  we  welcome  God's 
noblest  work — the  strong,  honest,  fearless,  upright  man."  Such 
was  E.  E.  Lee. 

It  is  told  that  a  banquet  was  given  in  Tidewater  Virginia  to 
President  Tyler,  one  of  the  most  eloquent  after-dinner  speakers 
that  the  world  has  known.  The  President  responded  in  a  brilliant 
way — thrilling,  but  as  the  time  came  for  the  last  impromptu  toast, 
old  Dr.  Shultice  from  the  south  side  of  the  Eappahannock,  State 
Senator,  arose  and  asked  to  offer  the  toast:  "To  the  women — God 
bless  them,  we  can  not  get  along  with  them,  and  we  can  not  get 
along  without  them."  It  captured  the  assembly  as  the  sprightliest 
gem  of  the  evening.  Now  the  conclusion  of  the  whole  matter,  told 
in   plain,   rugged    Anglo-Saxon,   is,   that   we   are   left   to   but   one 


148  WESTMORBZlND    (MUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

alternative  after  all,  and  that  one  alternative  is  that  we  can  not 
get  along  without  them.  If  it  was  not  for  woman  we  would  have 
no  country  to  protect  us,  no  church  to  comfort  and  save  us,  and  no 
home  to  shelter  us.     We  would  have  nothing  and  be  lost. 

God  bless  the  women  of  Virginia  and  the  women  of  Westmore- 
land. 


THE  PASSING  OF  OLD  HOMES  INTO  NEW  HANDS. 
Some  Will  Eival  Their  Ancient  Colonial  Grandeur. 

All  of  us  must  believe  that  the  progressive  men  of  to-day,  rep- 
resentative of  the  progress  and  development  of  the  age  in  which 
we  live — men  the  acknowledged  leaders  of  life  and  thought  of  to- 
day— are  in  truth  the  founders,  makers,  and  builders  of  our  great 
Eepublic  along  all  lines  of  human  endeavor  in  the  social,  indus- 
trial, commercial,  and  agricultural  development  of  our  Common- 
v/ealth. 

We  welcome  those  who  come  amongst  us  with  their  energy 
and  capital  to  Virginia.  We  welcome  them  to  Westmoreland.  We 
iill  rejoice  to  see  them  buy  and  build  up  the  old  historic  places  of 
Westmoreland  so  they  may  rival  the  ancient  grandeur  of  these 
colonial  homes  of  colonial  days.  I  wish  I  had  space  to  refer  to 
all  the  old  colonial  homes  of  Westmoreland  with  traditions  and 
memories,  and  to  the  noble  race  of  gentle  folks  who  owned  them. 
I  feel  like  I  am  guilty  of  sacrilege  to  leave  any  unnoticed,  but  I 
can  only  refer  to  those  that  have  passed  into  new  hands,  and  to 
new  comers,  who  have  brought  their  wealth,  energy,  culture  and 
social  refinement  with  them  to  live  amongst  us.  The  following  is 
intended  distinctly  for  the  class  of  new  comers  and  the  homes 
they  have  purchased : 

Hon.  John  E.  Dos  Passos,  a  distinguished  and  brilliant  mem- 
ber of  the  New  York  Bar,  bought  "Sandy  Point,"  the  colonial 
plantation  and  home  of  Colonel  George  Eskridge,  guardian  of  Mary 
Ball,  the  mother  of  Washington;  more  recently  the  home  of  the  late 
Colonel  Gordon  F.  Forbes.  He  bought  also  "Hominy  Hall."  the 
birthplace  of  Hon.  Eichard  Henry  Lee's  first  wife.  Here,  about 
the  middle  of  the  last  century,  lived  Colonel  James  Steptoe,  whose 
eldest  daughter,  by  his  first  marriage,  became  the  wife  of  Philip 
Ludwell  Lee,  pf  Stratford,  and  mother  of  his  daughters — Matilda 
and  Flora — the  noted  belles  of  that  famous  home  of  the  era  of  the 
Eevolution;  also  "Water  View,"  home  of  the  Temple  family  of  the 
last  century,  and  the  birthplace  of  Hon.  John  Critcher,  who  made 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  149 

himself  famous  in  his  debate  with  Hon.  George  F.  Hoar,  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  when  the  latter 
charged  the  depravity  of  the  Southern  slave  holder;  also  "Pecka- 
tone,"  the  early  home  of  the  Corbins,  Turbervilles,  Taliaferros, 
Browns,  and  Murphys;  also  "Bonums"  and  "Springfield,"  the 
latter  formerly  the  home  of  General  Alexander  Parker,  a  brave 
Revolutionary  soldier  and  important  ally  of  General  Wayne  in  his 
Indian  campaign.  Under  the  shores  of  this  estate  the  naval  com- 
bat took  place  in  1813,  in  which  Midshipman  Sigourney,  of  Boston, 
Mass.,  lost  his  life  while  bravely  defending  his  vessel,  the  United 
States  schooner  Asp,  against  the  British.  A  slab  in  the  Bailey 
burial  ground,  near  Kinsale,  marks  his  grave  and  commemorates 
this  event.  All  these  colonial  homes  were  once  owned  by  people 
of  a  noble  race. 

These  lands  of  Mr.  Dos  Passos  now  amount  to  between  5,000 
and  10,000  acres,  covering  a  water  front  of  some  twelve  miles  on 
the  majestic  Potomac.  He  has  not  only  made  large  investments 
in  the  purchases  of  these  estates,  but  has  beautified  the  same  by 
roadways,  buildings,  and  cultivation.  His  investment  has  added 
a  large  contribution  to  labor,  taxes,  and  material  wealth,  and  has 
increased  the  volume  of  the  same  in  Westmoreland.  They  are 
very  valuable. 

Robert  B.  Cason,  Esq.,  a  progressive  citizen  of  Cleveland.  Ohio, 
has  bought  "Bushfield,"  home  of  John  A.  Washington,  brother  of 
General  Washington.  It  is  the  birthplace  of  Judge  Bushrod  Wash- 
ington, Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States.  He  is  now  building  in  colonial  style,  and  adding  the  old 
colonial  pillars  so  stately  and  majestic.  It  is  said  that  he  is  much 
interested  in  the  oyster  industrv.  too.  More  recentl\  he  has  pur- 
chased '^Beale's  Wliarf"  and  the '"Walnut  Farm"  and  "Wood  Yard," 
in  all,  making  him  the  owner  of  much  of  the  most  valuable  pro- 
perty on  Nomini  River. 

C.  Boyd,  Esq.,  of  St.  Louis,  Mo.,  another  progressive  citizen, 
has  bought  "Wilton."  built  before  the  Revolution  and  still  beau- 
tiful and  in  thorough  repair,  once  illuminated  with  charm  and 
lavish  hospitality  by  Dr.  Wat  H.  Tyler,  then  James  D.  Arnest, 
and  lastly  by  the  late  George  F.  Brown,  and  more  recently  by  Mrs. 
Brown,  his  wife.  Mrs.  Brown  has  bought  "Spring  Grove."  the  old 
Murphy  home,  near  Mt.  Holly,  and  will  reside  there.  A  contem- 
porary says :  "Mr.  Boyd  is  a  retired  business  man,  and  brings  with 
him  a  fnmilv  whose  refinement  and  culture  make  them  a  distinct 
acquisition  to  our  community." 

Ira  Cortright  Wetherill,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia.  h;is  I)ought  the 


150  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA 

"Old  Glebe."  He  belongs  to  a  wealthy  and  prominent  family,  and 
resides  there.  He  has  spent  thousands  in  rehabilitating  the  house 
and  surroundings,  and  has  made  it  a  beautiful  and  attractive  home. 
On  the  shore  of  the  Lower  Machodoc  Creek  is  the  "Glebe,"  long 
the  residence  of  the  rectors  of  Cople  Parish  during  the  colonial 
period.  Here  lived  the  Roses,  Smiths,  and  Elliotts  in  this  com- 
fortable brick  mansion  in  fine  and  appropriate  keeping  with  the 
homes  of  the  wealthy  parishioners  of  the  community.  Of  these 
rectors  the  Eev.  Thomas  Smith  comes  down  to  us  in  history  as  a 
remarkable  man  of  those  days — a  man  of  great  force  of  character, 
and  an  ardent  and  most  pronounced  patriot.  He  presided  over  the 
meeting  as  Moderator  at  Westmoreland  Courthouse,  22nd  June, 
1774;  also  over  the  meeting  of  the  Westmoreland  Committee  of 
Safety,  May  23,  1775,  at  the  same  place,  when  the  fiery  resolu- 
tions, already  published  in  this  pamphlet,  were  passed.  Surely  he 
was  not  one  of  the  King's  anointed,  and  no  Tory. 

Dr.  John  Augustine  Smith,  while  his  father  was  rector  of 
Nomini  and  Yeocomico  Chur'ehes,  was  born  here.  Dr.  Smith 
married  Lettice,  daughter  of  "Squire"  Lee  of  "Lee  Hall,"  and  be- 
came President  of  William  and  Mary  College  in  1815,  and  subse- 
quently professor  in  the  University  of  New  York. 

Here,  too,  was  the  home  of  that  prominent  family  of  Chandler, 
whose  members  in  Maryland,  Virginia,  Alabama,  and  Texas,  point 
with  pride  to  the  traditions  and  happy  memories  of  the  old  home. 

How  we  wish  we  had  space  to  give  graphic  sketches  and  remi- 
niscences of  these  homesteads  and  historic  homes  and  famous  fam- 
ilies of  Westmoreland.    The  truth  is  that  we  have  not  the  space. 

We  Avould  like  to  dwell  on  "Cabin  Point"  now  owned  by  W.  H. 
Calhoun,  late  of  South  Carolina,  more  recently  a  broker  in  New 
York — a  cultured  and  refined  family — once  the  property  of  the 
late  Colonel  Eobert  J.  Washington,  ex-State  Senator  from  West- 
moreland, a  bright  and  strong  man.  Sweet  memories  cluster  around 
his  name.  It  was  once  the  residence,  too,  of  Right  Rev.  John  B. 
Newton,  Bishop  Coadjutor  of  the  Diocese  of  Virginia.  He  em- 
bellished, as  peer  of  any,  the  line  of  the  noble  Bishops  of  Virginia. 

We  would  like  to  speak  of  "King  Copsico,"  once  the  property 
of  the  Bernard  family,  valuable  for  and  rich  in  agricultural  pro- 
ducts; also  the  residence  of  Major  Albert  G.  Dade,  the  efficient 
commissariat  of  General  W.  H.  F.  Lee's  cavalry  division — an  open 
home,  kind,  hospitable  and  the  prince  of  caterers  in  turtle  soup. 

Next  comes  Coles  Point — now  owned  by  Hon.  William  Mayo — 
home  of  Richard  Cole,  one  of  the  earliest  settlers  in  Westmoreland, 
who  obtained  his  patent  near  the  mouth  of  Machodoc   Creek  in 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  Jgi 

1650.  Once  the  residence  of  the  estimable  Bowie  family,  a  son  of 
whom,  Edwin  Bowie,  still  lives  in  the  vicinity — a  gallant  Con- 
federate soldier,  a  man  of  granite  character,  and  fine  type  of  citi- 
zen. 

Next  comes  Fauntleroys  (properly  it  belongs  to  Northumber- 
land), now  owned  by  A.  M.  Byers,  president  Farmer's  Bank, 
Aledo,  Illinois;  a  fine  estate  lately  owned  by  the  late  Rev.  W.  W. 
Walker,  the  silver-tongued  orator  of  Virginia;  formerly  the  home 
of  George  Fairfax  Lee,  who  represented  the  eldest  line  of  the  dis- 
tinguished family,  having  been  the  son  of  George  F.  Lee,  Burgess 
of  Westmoreland.  George  F.  L^e  was  son  of  Hannah,  daughter 
of  William  Fairfax,  and  sister  to  Mrs.  Lawrence  Washington,  the 
first  matron  of  Mount  Vernon. 

One  more  must  be  mentioned — probably  the  finest  in  colonial 
days  in  all  this  section.  It  is  Nomony  Hall,  the  home  of  Coun- 
cillor Carter.  The  colonial  buildings  were  destroyed  by  fire  more 
ihan  a  half  century  ago.  A  modern  building  stands  near  the  spot 
of  the  old  mansion.  The  stately  poplars  are  still  there,  lining  the 
avenue  for  two  centuries.  It  is  the  historic  home  of  Thomas  M. 
Arnest,  Esq.,  a  progressive,  strenuous,  successful,  up-to-date 
farmer,  and  son  of  Westmoreland  county — a  man  of  great  en- 
deavor, who  farms  and  manages  intelligently,  and  husbands  well 
his  resources.  He  is  one  of  the  builders  of  his  country,  and  leader 
of  life  and  thought  of  to-day  along  agricultural  and  commercial 
development  of  his  community  and  State. 

May  the  prophecy  of  our  venerable  Bishop  Meade  be  speedily 
fulfilled.     I  believe  it  will  be.  , 

"Airfield,"  once  the  home  of  Mr.  Ballantine.  the  old  Scotch 
merchant,  and  more  recently  of  the  late  George  W.  Murphy,  de- 
serves mention,  and  is  full  of  historic  interest.  Also  "Lee  Hall," 
the  home  of  "Squire"  Henry  Lee,  now^  owned  by  Dr.  Walter  N. 
Chinn,  and  "Chantilly,"  the  home  of  Richard  Henry  Lee,  and 
''Stratford,"  the  birth  place  of  General  Robert  Edward  Lee.  As 
to  the  last  three,  their  history  and  owners,  let  the  reader  consult 
the  fine  and  complete  volume.  "Lee  of  Virginia,"  by  Edmund  Jen- 
nings Lee,  M.  D.,  an  accomplished  writer,  now  of  Philadelphia, 
a  member  of  the  Historical  Societies  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
who  has  illuminated  the  Lee  family  and  Westmoreland.  "Strat- 
ford" is  now  the  home  of  Dr.  R.  H.  Stuart,  the  popular  Treasurer 
of  Westmoreland  caunty  and  President  of  the  Bank  of  Montross, 
who  always  extends  a  cordial  welcome  to  visitors  and  shrine  seekers. 

In  upper  Westmoreland  is  "Chatham."  where  the  old  Courthouse 
stood.     "The  Cottage,"  the  old  home  of  the  Maryes.     "Claymont" 


152  WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA     , 

(Judge  George  W.  Lewis).  ''Campbcllton"  (Mr.  Lawrence  Wash- 
ington, Sr.,  and  more  recently  Colonel  E.  J.  Washington).  "Aud- 
ley"  (Judge  John  Critcher),  now  owned  by  Charles  lusoo  Wil- 
liams, an  accomplished  artist.  "Paynes  Point"  (the  Bartons). 
"Exeter"  (Dr.  F.  D.  Wheelwright).  '"Walnut  Hill"  (Charles  C. 
Jett).  "Cedar  Hill"  (John  T.  Mastin).  "Bunker  Hill,"  "Mont- 
rose," and  "Kiverside"  (the  Taylors).  "Blenheim"  (Philip  Contee 
Hungerford).  "New  Blenheim"  (Lawrence  Washington,  Jr.). 
"Wakefield,"  the  birthplace  of  Washington  (John  E.  Wilson). 
-The  birthplace  of  President  Monroe  overlooks  Monroe  Creek,  and 
the  Potomac  River.  On  this  site  no  house  now  stands,  and  is 
marked  only  by  one  solitary  tree^  There  is  another  old  home  we 
wish  we  could  locate.  It  is  the  Pickett  home.  The  emigrant, 
George  Pickett,  of  France,  settled  in  Westmoreland  county.  Va., 
and  resided  there  in  1680.  He  was  the  father  of  the  William 
Pickett  from  whom  General  George  E.  Pickett  was  descended. 
William  Pickett's  daughter,  Mary  Ann  Pickett,  married,  in  1766, 
Eev.  William  Marshall  (a  Baptist  preacher),  of  Westmoreland 
county,  uncle  of  Chief  Justice  Marshall,  and  moved  to  Kentucky. 
(See  "Colonial  Families  of  the  Southern  States  of  America"  by 
Stella  Pickett  Hardy,  published  in  New  York  in  1911.)  When 
we  contemplate  the  fact  tliat  General  George  E.  Pickett  graduated 
in  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  1846  in  the  same  class 
with  George  B.  McClellan,  Stonewall  Jackson,  and  other  famous 
men,  and  that  his  name  is  associated  with  the  most  superb  feat  of 
arms  at  Gettysburg,  and  the  fame  of  the  great  drama,  there  is  a 
thrill  of  sentiment  and  pride  that  the  birthplace  of  the  immortal 
Pobert  Edward  Lee  is  also  the  home  of  the  first  Pickett  as  well  as 
Marshall.  "Roxbury"  (Dabney  Carr  Wirt),  now  F.  W.  Alexander, 
attorney-at-law  and  editor  of  the  Westmoreland  Enquirer  and 
Colonial  Beach  Becord.  "Ingleside"  (formerly  Washington  Acad- 
emy) (Colonel  Henry  T.  Garnett),  now  the  home  of  John  A. 
Flemer,  an  accomplished  citizen,  recently  in  IT.  S.  Survey  and 
Government  employ  in  Alaska. 

"Twiford"  (Colonel  John  W.  Hungerford),  now  the  home  of 
David  H.  Griffith,  a  model  and  progressive  farmer  and  citizen ;  an 
efficient  member  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  and  president  of 
the  Potomac  and  Rappahannock  Telephone  Company. 

"Wirtland"  (Dr.  William  Wirt),  now  William  D.'Wirt,  grand- 
son of  William  Wirt.  Attorney-General  United  States.  A  beantiful 
and  ideal  home,  with  a  charm  of  the  master  and  mistress  who  pre- 
side, and  one  of  the  finest  home  schools  for  girls  in  the  countrv. 

All  these,  and  others,  I  wish  I  could  mention,  have  made  West- 
moreland famous  for  hospitality,  culture,  and  social  charms. 


WESTMORELAND    COUNTY,    VIRGINIA  153 

John  L.  Beale  (whose  nom  de  plume  is  "Seldom'^),  in  the 
Northern  Nech  News;  Dr.  George  C.  Mann,  the  Montross  corre- 
spondent of  the  same  paper;  Hon.  Thomas  Brown  (whose  nom  de 
plume  is  "Cople"),  in  the  Westmoreland  Enquirer  and  Colonial 
Beach  Record;  J.  C.  Ninde,  local  editor  of  the  same  paper,  F.  W. 
Alexander,  its  editor ;  and  Charles  Insco  Williams,  secretary  "West- 
moreland Historical  Association,"  "Audley,"  Oak  Grove,  West- 
moreland county,  Va.,  lately  incorporated,  can  better  write  these 
up  with  interest  and  a  charm.  The  trenchant  pen  of  Dr.  George 
Wm.  Beale  is  always  interesting. 

We  welcome  all  who  will  come  among  us  to  restore  and  rehabili- 
tate these  old  homes  and  help  make  them  rival  their  ancient 
grandeur. 

I. 

The  roses  nowhere  bloom  so  white 

As  in  Virginia; 
The  sunshine  nowhere  shines  so  bright 

As  in  Virginia. 
The  birds  nowhere  sing  quite  so  sweet, 
And  nowhere  hearts  so  lightly  beat, 
For  heaven  and  earth  both  seem  to  meet 

Down  in  Virginia. 

II. 

The  days  are  nowhere  quite  so  long 

As  in  Virginia; 
Nor  quite  so  filled  with  happy  song, 

As  in  Virginia. 
And  when  my  time  has  come  to  die, 
Just  take  me  back  and  let  me  lie 
Close  where  the  James  goes  rolling  by, 

Down  in  Virginia. 

III. 

There  i?  nowhere  a  land  so  fair. 

As  in  Virginia; 
So  full  of  sons";  so  free  of  care, 

As  in  Virginia. 
And  I  believe  that  Happy  Land 
The  Lord's  prepared  for  mortal  man, 
Is  built  exactly  on  the  plan 

Of  Old  Virginia. 


INDEX. 


"Athens   (The)   of  Virginia,'  9,  119. 

Atwill,  Mrs.  B.  B.,  Sec'y,  10. 

Atwill,  Misses,  10, 

Andrews,  E.  F.,  artist,  11. 

American  Eagle,  13. 

Atwill,     fe^amuel     Francis,     at    New 
Market,  13,  109,  115. 

Alamance    (North   Carolina),   15. 

American  Revolution,   15,  60, 

America,  17. 

Adams,  President,  23,  31,  55,  5C, 

American  Colonization  Society,  26, 
27,  28,  71, 

Aeneas,  38. 

Anchises,   38, 

Achilles,  38,  67,  72, 

Alexanaer,  F,  \V.,  43.  152.  153, 

Ashton,  John,  46,  51, 

American  Archives,  50,  51,  52,  54. 

Ashton,  Burdette,  51. 

Ashton,  John,  Jr.,  51, 

Adams,  John,  55,  56, 

Adams,  Samuel,  55,  91, 

Asp,  U.  S'.  Schooiier,  90,  149. 

Archer,  57. 

Arthur,  King,  57. 

Aristides,  63, 

Athens,  Golden  Age  of,  60, 

Age    (The)    of  Bronze,  64, 

Anti-Slavery  Society  of  Quakers,  64. 

Annals  of  Augusta  County,  66. 

Augusta  County,  66. 

Augusta  West,  66, 

Alfred  the  Great,  74. 

Antoninus.  Marcus  Aiirelius,  78, 

Adams,  Col,  Chas.  Francis,  Presi- 
dent Historical  Society  of  Massa- 
chusetts (Address  on  General 
Lee),  75. 

Athenians,  78. 

Alexandria   Gazette.  87. 

Argrle,  114. 

Alfalfa,  18. 

Atlantic  City  of  Washington,  118. 

Arcadia  of  America,  119. 

Athrns  of  America,   119. 

Appendix'.  135. 

Arnest.  .Tames  D..  149. 

.Mahama   Girl.  147. 


Arnest,  Thomas  M.,   151. 
Airfield,  151. 
Audley,  152,  153. 

B. 

Burnett,  RichartI,   142. 

Ball,  Mary,   112,   148, 

Berkley,  Sir  William,  142, 

Browns,  149, 

Bonums,  149. 

Bailey,  149. 

Beales,  149. 

Boyd,  C,  149. 

Brown,  Geo,  F„   149. 

Brown,  Mrs.  Geo.  F.,  149. 

Beale's  Wharf,  149. 

Bernard,   150, 

Bowie,  Edwin,  151. 

Byers,  A.  M.,  151. 

Ballantine,  Mr,,   151. 

Bartons,  152. 

Bunker's  Hill,   152. 

Blenheim,  152. 

Blenheim,  New,  152. 

Beale,  John  L.,  153. 

Brown.  Hon.  Thos.,  153. 

Bassett,  Geo.  W.  (owner  of  Wash- 
ington's Bible) ,  9, 

Beale,  Rev.  Dr.  G.  W.,  10,  14,  35; 
(address),  18,  101.  112,  114,  115. 
135,  153, 

Bonebrake,   Mrs,   John   S,,    11. 

Bryan,  Joseph.  iS. 

Baker,  Miss  Lizzie,  13. 

Haker,  Hon.  C.  Conway,  10,  14,  18, 
125. 

Baxter.  John  S..  14. 

Brent.  Prof.  Frank  P..  17,  18  (His- 
torical  Address). 

British   America.   18,  32, 

Baltimore  Sun  (editorial),  19,  20. 
125. 

Board  of  Supervisors,  10,  14,  16, 
101.  103.   152. 

Bushfield.  the  Birthplace  of  Judge 
Bushrod  Washington,  20,   149. 

Binney.  Judtre.  20.  24. 

Bushrod.  Col.  John,  21,  112. 

Blackburn.    Col.   Thomas.    22. 

Blackburn.  Miss  Anne.  22, 


11 


Index 


Brougham,  Lord  (61,  Tribute  to 
Washington,  14,  32,  61,  62,  106, 
107,  112,  114. 

Brent,  Captain,  40. 

jjacon's  Rebellion,  40. 

British  Parliament,   11,  19,  41,  109. 

Bray's  Church,  42. 

Beaie,  Gen.  R.  L.  T.,  11,  36,  114. 

Bacon,  Nathaniel,  15. 

Boston  Harbor,  15,  18,  42,  49,  57, 
112,  138. 

Boston  Athenaeum,  16. 

Boston  Tea  Party,  20. 

Brown,  David  Paul,  23. 

Ball,  Spencer,  46. 

uiagge,  John,  46. 

Booth.  William,  46. 

Ballantine,  John,  Jr.,  46. 

Buokiier,  Richard,  46,  51. 

tirockenbrough.  Judge  William,  46, 
113. 

Blackwell,  John,  46. 

Bronaugh,  William,  46. 

Berryman,  John.  46. 

Broone,  John,  46. 

Brent,  W.,  46. 

Ball.  William,  46. 

Barnes,  Thomas,  46. 

Blackwell,  Joseph,  46. 

Beale,  John,  Jr.,  46. 

Beale,  Will,  Jr.,  46. 

Beale,  Charles,  46. 

Beckwith,  Jona..  46. 

Belfield,  John,  46. 

Banks,  James,  47. 

Bancroft   (historian),  47. 

Booker,  James,  47. 

Belfield,   Thomas,   47. 

Bland.  .John,  Jr.,  47. 

Bernard,  Wm..  51. 

Butler,  Beckwith.  51. 

P>ankhead,  Wm.,  51. 

Berryman,    Vvm..   51. 

Boston  Port  Bill,  56. 

Beverley,   57. 

Bar  Association    (Va.),  58. 

Byron,  Lord,  61,  63,  64  (Tribute  to 
Washington) . 

Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  61,  62.  64.  72. 

Barnes,  Albert,  62. 

Braxton.  Hon.  Caperton,  65. 

Bismarck,  Prince,  72. 

Benton,  Hon.  Thomas  H.   (by  Roose- 
velt), 74. 
Bayard,  78. 


Blair,  Francis  Preston,  81. 

Blakey,   Judge,   87. 

Blaine,  James  G.,  89. 

Bailey,  Miss  Fannie,  89. 

Braddock.  90. 

Bland,  Col.  Theodorick,  93. 

Bernard,  Governor,  96. 

Boyden,  Miss,  124. 

P.avne,  Mr.,  124. 

Bedfordshire,   135. 

Bennett,  Richard,  Governor,  142. 

Bryce,  Hon.  James,  102. 

Birmingham  News,  105. 

Bank  of  Westmoreland,  108. 

Bank  of  Kinsale,  108. 

Bank  of  Montross,   108,   151. 

Brady,  Mrs.  Joseph,   112. 

Burgesses  of  Westmoreland,  112. 

Brown,   Goveror  Thomas,   114. 

Bakers,  115. 

Beale,  Judge  Robert,  115. 

Beale,  Rev.  Dr.  Frank  B..  115,  135. 

Baines,  Alys  B.,  127,  128. 

Ball,  Marv,   112. 


f'liantilly,  residence  of  Richard 
Henry  Lee,  9,  33,  41,  88,  151. 

Crutehfield.  Mrs.  Lee,  10. 

Critcher,  Judge  John,  12,  36,  87; 
(Address  in  Congress),  88,  89, 
115,  148,  152. 

Colonial  Heroes  Honored,  17. 

Critcher,  Miss  Catherine  Carter,  12, 
87. 

Clinedinst,  B.  West,  12. 

Commodore  Maury,  Flagship  of  the 
Virginia  Oyster  Navy,  16. 

Caproni,  P.  P.  &  Bro.,  13,  16. 

Carr,  Dr.  John  Samuel,  18,  44. 

Cleveland,  President,  28. 

Caroline,  Queen,  32. 

Cromwell,   31,   75. 

Camillas,   38. 

Continental  Congress  (Resolution, 
"That  these  united  Colonies  are, 
and  ought  to  be.  free  and  inde- 
pendent States."  introduced  by  R. 
H.  Lee),  35,  42,  51,  93. 

Colchester,  42. 

Continental  Army,  42. 

Colonial  Beach  Record,  43. 

Chilton,  Thomas,  46,  51. 

Chilton,  Wm..  46. 


Index 


Cocke,  Wm.,  46. 

Carter,  Eobert  Wormeley,  46. 

Chilton,  Charles,  46. 

Campbell,  Gilbert,  46. 

Cox,  Fleet,  51. 

Cambridge,  54. 

Carey,  57. 

Cavalier,  58. 

Churchman,  58. 

Congressional  Record,  60. 

Castor  and  Pdllux,  61. 

China,  61. 

Choate,  Rufus,  62. 

Curtis,  Geo.  Wm.,  62. 

Channing,  Wm,  E..  62. 

Custis,  Geo.  W.  P.,  62. 

Childe  Harold,  63. 

Cincinnatus  of  the  West,  64. 

Carter,  Robert   (Westmoreland  Co.) 

Nomony,  71. 
Caesar,  72,  78. 
Cicero,  78,  88,  91. 

Chesney,   Col.,   73. 

Congressional  Globe,  87. 

Chilton,  W.  B.,  88. 

Cornwallis,  94. 

Carter,  Chas.   (Shirley),  96. 

Cavalia.  113. 

Cople,  135. 

Cornwall,  135,  150,  153. 

Curry,  Dr.  J.  L.  M.,   103. 

Craft,  President  John,  106. 

Company  Rolls  and  Rosters.   108. 

Cox,  S'.  Downing,  112. 

Crahhe,  Walter  R.,  112. 

Committee  of  Safety,  42,  112. 

Campbell,  Rev.  Archibald,  114. 

Campbell,  Thomas,   114. 

Campbell,  Miss,  114. 

Claybrook,  Col.  Richard,   115 

Cox,  115. 

Colonial   Beach,   118. 

Colonial  Beach  Company,  118. 

Colonial    Beach    Real    Estate    Com- 
pany  (Incorporated),  118. 

Classic  STiore,  118. 

Colonial    Beach    and    Pope's    Creek 
Steamboat  Company,  ITS. 

Steamboat  Company,   118. 

Chaucer,   135. 

Clay,  Henry.   142. 

Cole,  Mr.,  142. 

Charlotte  Corday,  147. 

Cinderella's  Slipper,   ny. 


Corbins,   149. 
Cason,  Robert  B.,   149. 
Cabin  Point,  150. 
Calhoun,  W.  H.,  150. 
Cole's  Point,  150. 
Cole,  Richard,  150. 
uhandler,  150. 
Carter,  Councillor,   151. 
Chinn,  Dr.  Walter  N.,  151. 
Chatham,  151. 
The  Cottage,   151. 
Claymont,   151. 
Campbellton,  152. 
Cedar  Hill,  152. 

"Colonial  Families  of  the  Southern 
States  of  America,"   152. 

D. 

Dunmore,  Lord,  15,  17,  18,  41,  112. 
Declaration  of  Independence,  15,  17, 

32,  33,  19,  41,  88,  90,  93,  138. 
Dido,  38. 

Dumfries,  42. 

Dade  Townshend,  46. 

Dickson,  John,  46. 

Douglas,  Thomas,  47. 

Davenport,  James,  51,  54. 

Daniel,    Senator    John    W.,    59,    60, 
147. 

Daniel,    Senator    John    W.,    Oration 
on  Lee,  81,  82. 

Depew,   Chauncey  M.,   62. 

Don  Juan,  64. 

Denny,  Dr.,  66. 

Dade,  Langhorn,  67,  68. 

Debates  in  Virginia  Convention  (29- 
30),  71. 

Deed    and    Will    Book     (Westmore- 
land), 71. 

Davis,  President  JefTerson,  76,  129. 

Do    LaMorinicre,    Rev.    E.    C.     (Ad- 
dress at  Mobile),  77. 

Dan  Voorhees,  89. 

Dickinson,   91. 

Deane,  Mr.,  90. 

De  Tocqueville,  Alexis,  102. 

"Deserted     Village"      (Goldsmith), 
113. 

Davises,  115. 

Discovery,  119. 

Diggps,  Ed.,   142. 

Dos  Passos,  Hon.  John  R..  148,  149. 

Dade,  Major  Albert  G.,  150. 


Index 


E. 

Ellyson,  J.  Taylor,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, 16,  17. 

Ellyson,  Mrs.  J.  Taylor,  President 
of  Association  for  Preservation  of 
Virginia  Antiquities,  16,  17. 

Edraondson,  John  Jr.,  46. 

Edmondson,  James,  47. 

Edniondson,   John,   47. 

Emerson,  James,  47. 

Eustice,  Hancock,  47. 

Early,  General,  83,  86. 

Eskridge,  Colonel  Geo.,  112,  148. 

Edmonds,  Richard  H.,  Editor  Man- 
ufactrer's  Record,  120,  145. 

Egerton,  Miss,   124. 

Elliotts,  149. 

Exeter,  152. 


F. 


Forbes,  Chas  S.,  12. 

Flood,  Wm.,  46. 

fiairiaxes,  42. 

Francks  Henry,  47. 

Fiske,  John    (Historian),  47. 

Freeman,  John    (Historian),  32,  71 
74       . 

Frenchman,   58. 

Frederick,  72. 

Forbes,  Gordon  F.,   148. 

Fauntleroys,   151. 

Fairfax,  Wm.,  151. 

Fairfax,  Eleanor  Griffith,   129. 

Fisher,    Mrs.    Emily    Steelman,    15, 

18. 
Featherstone,  Richard,  40. 

Fauntleroy,  Moore,  46. 
Foushee,   Francis,  46. 
Fisher,   Ebenezer,   47. 
Fox,  Joseph,  51. 
Fitzhugh,  Daniel.  51. 
Fitzhugh,  John,  67,. 68. 
Fisher,  Thomas,  51. 
Faneuil  Hall,  55. 
Fairfax  County,  57,  64. 
j^orus,  62. 

federal  Republican,  95. 
Franklin,  Dr.,  96. 

Farmer's    Bulletin    (Virginia    Agri- 
cultural Department).  118. 
Flanders  of  the  South,  119. 
Folk,  Governor,  132. 


Fifth  Maryland   Regiment    (wreath 

on  Lee's   Monument),   146. 
Forrest,  General,  147. 
Flemer,  John  A.,  152. 

G. 

Grand  Assembly,  Act  July,  1653, 
creating  Westmoreland  Co.,  9, 
142. 

General  Assembly,  11. 

Garnett,  Gen.  Thomas  Stuart,  11, 
16,   19,  115. 

Garnett,  Dr.  Algernon  S.,  15,  19, 
115. 

Garnett,  Coi.  Henry  T.,  11,  140,  141, 
152. 

Garnett,  Major  John,  115. 

Gross,  Estella,  11. 

Gatewood,  Mrs.  Nannie  C,  12. 

Gaddess  Bros.  Company,  12. 

General  Lafayette  Chapter  D.  A.  R., 
15,  18. 

Grasmere,  31. 

Grayson,  Wm.,  46. 

Grant,  Peter,  46. 

Green,  J.  R..  47. 

Gladstone,  61,   102    (Life  of,  by  Dr. 

J.  L.  M.  curry),  103. 
Guizot.  M..  61. 
Grant,  Gen.,  78,  129. 
Gordon,  General,  83. 
Grayson,  Mr.,  93. 
Green,  Gen.  94. 
(4('rard,  Monsieur,  97. 
Guihord,  94. 

Gordon,  Armistead  C.   (poet),  109. 
Gibson,  Bishop  Robert  A.,  111. 
Godspeed,  119. 
Garden  of  .America,  119. 
Gresham,    Miss    Beulah,    123. 
Gresham,  Miss  Genevieve,  123. 
Greenbrier  Independent,  128. 
Grigsby.  Hugh  Blair,  135. 
Gower.'  135. 
Gilmore,  135. 
God's  Acre,   141. 
Grand  Association,  142. 
Glebe    (om),   150. 
Griffith,  David  H.,  152. 

H. 

Harris,  Mrs.  C.  W.,  10. 
Harding,  11. 


Index 


Hunter,  Maj.  R.  W.,  11. 
Hunter,  Taliaferro,  13. 
Historical     Events     Commemorated 

(Historical  Address),  IG. 
Hathaway,    Walter    E.     (Historical 

Address)    17,  18. 
Hopkinson,  Judge,  20,  25. 
Holt,  Justice,  23,  25,  32. 
Homer,  16,  33,  37,  38,  79,  92. 
Hungerford,  John  P.,  36,  114. 
Hector,  38. 
Hodges,  Richard,  47. 
Hoar,   Senator   George   F.    (Address 

at  uid  Point),  48,  54,  55,  58,  59, 

88,  89,  149. 
Hutt,  M.  L.,  Clerk,  54. 
Henry,  Patrick,  55,  60,  92,  114. 
Hampton,  58. 
Homestead,       Hot       Springs,       Va. 

(American  Bar  and  Virginia  Bar 

Associations),  65. 
Holmes,  Oliver  Wendell,  67. 
Hill,  Senator  Benjamin  H.,  72. 
Holy  Grail,  74. 
Hooker,  General,  74. 
Hampden,  John,  75. 
Hope,   Capt.  James  Barron    (Memo- 
riae  Sacium ) ,   80. 
Hill,  Gen.  A.  P.,  83. 
Harowiek,  S.  B.,  89, 
iiouse  of  Burgesses,  56,  90,  91,  93. 
ilerodotus,  92. 
Howe's  History  of  Virginia,  14,  66, 

90,  97. 
Highway  Commission,   103. 
Homes,  Handsome  and  High  Schools, 

106. 
House  of  Commons,  106. 
Hubbard,  Hon.  Wm.  P.,  112. 
Hubbard.  Russell,  112. 
Hutt,  William,  115. 
Hutt.  J.  Warren.  115. 
Hand    Book   of   Virginia,    116,    117. 

120. 
"Hail!        Westmoreland''       (poem), 

127. 
Hale,  Rev.  Edward  Everett,  133. 
Hungerford.   Miss   M.   E.,    136,    137, 

138,  140,  141,  142. 
Hungerford,  John  W.,  140,  152. 
Henning's  Statutes,  142. 
Harvey^  140. 
Hungerfords,  141. 
Hominy   Hall,   148 


Hungerford,  Philip  Contee,  152. 
Hardy,  Stella  Pickett,  152. 


Irving,  65,  107. 

Ingleside     (Washington    Academy), 
152. 

J. 

Jennings,     Edmond,     London,     Eng 
land,  11. 

-lellriis,  xi. chard,  47. 

Jett,  Thomas,  47. 

JcliVrson,    President    Thos.,    29,    55. 
60,  92,  95,  96. 

Jamestown,  55,  58,  119. 

Japanese  Merchant,  67. 

Jackson,   Stonewall,   72,   73,   74,   76. 
82.  83,  152. 

Johnston,  Albert  Sidney,  74. 

"Joyous  Guard,"  85. 

Johnson,  Dr.,   107. 

Jack,  Capt,  J.  F.,  118. 

Jetts,  141. 

Joan  of  Arc,  147. 

Jones,  Thomas.  46. 
■  '    Charles  C,  152. 

Judge  of  the  Court — Report  of  Por- 
traits and  Tablets,  11,  12. 

K. 

Keene,  James  R.,  12. 
Kenner,   Rodham,  46. 
Kenner,    Winder    S.,   46. 
Kendel,  Woffendel,  51. 
King  Arthur,  57. 
Koiner,  *jreo.  W.,  117. 
Kipling,  Rudyard,  132. 
King  Copsico,  150. 
King  John,  135, 
Ki:  sale.  149. 


Logan,  Thomas,  47. 

Lee,  Richard  Henry,  9,  12,  14,  15, 
17,  18,  19,  31,  32,  33,  35,  36,  42, 
46,  48,  51,  55,  60;  (against  the 
slave  trade),  70,  88;  (sketch  of), 
90,  91,  96,  138,  148,  151,  11,  19; 
(who  dared  to  propose  the  resolu- 
tion, "That  these  colonies  are  and 
by  right  ougrht  to  be  free  and  in- 
dependent States"),  32. 


Tl 


Index 


Lee,  Life  of,  70. 

Lee,  Gen.  Henry,  9,   12,  32,  33,  36, 

61.    62,   75,   88;     (sketch   of),   93, 

124. 
Lee,  Col.  R.  E.,  Jr.,  11. 
Lee,    Thomas    Ludwell,    19,    41,    46, 

138. 
Lee,  Thomas,  Gov.,  9,  32,  35. 
Lee,  Wm.,  12,  35,  36,  46,  96. 
Lee,  Francis.,  9. 
Lee,  Artnur,  9,   12,   19,  32,   36,   88; 

(sketch  of),  96. 
Lee,  Wm.  H.,  12. 
Lee,  Blair,  13. 
Lee,  John  F.,  13. 
Lee,  Chas.,  36,  88. 
Lee,  Capt.  John,  40. 
Lee,   Francis   Lightfoot,    12,    19,   32, 

36,  46;   (sketch  of),  93. 
Lee,  Matilda,  of  Stratford,  43. 
Lee,  Richard,  19,  46,  50,  51. 
Lee,  John,  Jr.,  46. 
Lee,  Governor  Fitzhugh,  67. 
Lee,  Philip  Ludwell,  95,  148. 
Lee,  Gen.  R.  E.,   11,   12,   16,   19,  29, 
32,  33,  36. 

Life  of,  by  Fitzhugh  Lee,  69. 

Memoirs  by  Long,  69,  70. 

Anti-Slavery  sentiments  of,  69. 

Disunion  an  aggravation,  69. 

Denies  Constitutionality  of  Seces- 
sion, 70. 

Denies   ethical   right   of   coercion, 
70. 

His  sorrow  at  disunion,  70. 

Beautiful  tributes  to,   72,   73,   75, 
79,  80,  109,  116,  124,  147,  151. 

Devotes   his   sword   to   bis   native 
State,  82. 

Under  which  flag,  81. 

Relations    between    him    and    his 
men,  82. 

Meditations  of  duty,  82. 

The  fate  of  war,  82. 

President  Washington  College,  83. 

Did  he  save  his  country?  83. 
Lee  Birthplace  Memorial  Committee 
of  the  Va.   State  Camp,  Patri- 
otic   Order    Sons    of    America, 
111. 

Resolutions  to  buy  Stratford,  111, 
147. 
Ijee  in  bronze,  125. 

The  last  days  of,  83. 


Lee  to  the  rear,  129,  130,  131. 

i^ee,  Philip  Ludwell,  148. 

Lee,  Matilda,  148. 

Lee,  Flora,  148. 

Lee,  "Squire"  Henry,  150,  151. 

l^ee  Hall,  150,  151. 

Lee,  Gen.  W.  H.  F.,  150. 

Lee,  George  Fairfax,  151. 

Lee,  George,  151. 

Lee,  Dr.  Edmond  Jennings,  151. 

Lee,  Gen.  G.  W.  Custis,  12,  69. 

Lee,  Major  Henry,  Consul  to  Al- 
giers, 18,  43. 

Ajcxington,  15. 

Lovell,  Robert,  46. 

Lane,  Joseph,  46. 

Lodge,  Senator  Henry  Cabot  (Ad- 
dress in  U.  S.  Congress  on  Sena- 
tor Daniel),  59,  60,  62. 

Lewis,  Col.  Wm.,  66. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  Wm.,  66. 

Lpwi«,  Judge  Geo.  W.,  115,  152. 

Lancaster   (steamer),  124. 

Latan^  Miss  Janet,  124. 

l^eedstown,  14,  15,  19,  33,  124,  138, 
139,  140. 

Southern  Cradle  of  American  Inde- 
pendence, 18,  33,  40,  41,  42. 

Leeds  Church,  33,  40,  42. 

Lafayette,  9. 

Lane,  Jo.,  4o. 

jjawler,  Col.,   i'S. 

Long,  Prof.  George  (Tribute  to  Gen. 
T^e),  78. 

Lossing,  Hon.  Benson  J.  (Life  of 
Washington  and  Pictorial  Field 
Book  of  the  Revolution),  66. 

M. 

Monroe,  President,  9,  11,  19,  31,  36; 

(opposed  to  slavery),  71,  88,  117, 

152,   153. 
Monroe's    Creek,    his    birthplace,    9, 

152. 
Montross  County  Seat,   10,   14,   16. 

Tablets    unveiled    commemorating 
Historical  events  at,  10,  16. 

Tablets    unveiled    honoring    Colo- 
nial Herot-s,  10,  11,  17. 
McKim,  Rev.  Dr.  R.  H.,  10,  13,  14. 

29;    (Historical  Address),  35,  74, 

101. 
Mayo,  Hon.  Wm.,  10.  13,  14,  16,  114, 

150. 


Index 


Vll 


Murphy,  Airs.  G.  W.,  President.  U. 

D.  C,  10. 
Morris.  Mrs.  Roberta  Garnett,  11. 
Mayo,  P.  H.,  11,  12. 
Montague,    Mrs.   Harreotte,    12. 
Marylanu.  Delaware  &  Va.  Railway 

Co.,  13. 
Mecklenburg    Resolutions     (N.    C), 

15,  17,  33. 
Massachusetts  Bay,  15. 
.viarshall.  Chief  Justice,   16,  23,  2G, 

31,  5G,  GO,  G2,  G4,  152. 
Maryland,    20;     (f'ifth    Regiment), 

146. 
Marshall,  Col.  Thomas,  16,  31. 
Mason,  John  Y.,  Secretary  Navy,  18, 

43,  44. 
Madison,    President,   19,  31;     (anti- 
slavery    sentiments),    60,    71,    75, 

88;    (Life  of,  by  Hunt),  71.  11. 
"Mother  of  Presidents,"  20,  60,  119. 
Mansfield,  Lord,  23,  25. 
Mt.  Vernon,  2G,  27,  28,  97. 
Meade,  Bishop,  34,  42,  101,  114,  151. 
Mason,  Capt.  Geo.,  40. 
Maxwell,  Wm.,  43,  47. 
Mitchell,  Richard,  46. 
Murdock,  Joseph,  46. 
Monroe,  Spence,  46. 
Moxley,  Alvin,  46. 
Monroe,  John,  46. 
McCarty,  Daniel,  46,  51. 
Meriwether,  Reuben,  46. 
Mountjoy,  Edw.,  46. 
Mountjoy,  Thomas,  46. 
Mountjoy,  John,  46. 
Mountjoy,   Wm.   J.,   46. 
Mortimer,  Chas.,  46. 
Mason,  Thompson,  46. 
^viontague,  A.,  47. 
Miiliken,  Jo.,  47. 
Mcllwaine,  Dr.  H.  R.  (Librarian  Va. 

State),  50,  51,  52,  54. 
Middleton,  Benedict,  51. 
Middleton,  John,  51. 
Martin.  John,  51. 
Morgan's  Riflemen,  55. 
Massachusetts,  15,  51,  55,  56,  61,  88. 
Mayflower,  55. 
Mason,  George,  57,  60,  63. 
Macaulay's  Lays,   61. 
Morris,  Robert,  64. 
Mercer,  John  F.,  "64. 
,xary,    the   mother    of   Washington, 

67^. 


Manoorough,  72,  73^  74,  78.  ■    '  ' 

McGuire,  Dr.  Hunter,  73. 

Montrose,  75,  152. 

Alore   (The),  MacCallum,  75,  135. 

^»iacgregor,  76. 

Mars,  The  Field  of,  77.  •■' 

Micou,  James  Roy,  87.  - 

Micou,   Prof.   James   Roy,  Jr.,  87. 

Marion,  General,  94. 

Memoirs  of  a  Southern  Campaign  by 

General  H.  Lee,  95. 
Monuments    at    Wakefield     (U.    S.)- 

and  at  Montross  (C.  S.),  108,  123. 
Mayo,  Wat  Tyler,  ^12. 
Mayo,  Judge  Robert,  114. 
Mayo,  Col.  Joseph,   114. 
Mayo,  Col.  Robert  M.,  114. 
Manufacturer's     Record,     116,     120, 

145. 
Murpliy,  115. 

Mann,  liovernor,  116,  121,  122. 
Mason,  Hon.  George   (Prest.),  118. 
Mason,  Miss  Dora,   123. 
"Message       from        Westmoreland" 

(poem),  127,   128. 
Mann,  Dr.  George  C,  153. 
Moreland,  135. 

iviastins,  141.  ■  .,    . 

Machoactoke  (Machodoc),  142,;  150'..' 
Murphys,    149.  .i};'.  ■ 

Murphy,  Geo.  W.,  151.  ^:r-.. 

Maryes,   151.  ,.; : 

Mastin,  John  T.,  152. 
Mars^hall,  Rev.   Wm.,   152. 
McClellan,  Gen.  Geo.  B.,  152. 

N. 

Northumberland,    the    older    colony, 

9,  116. 
Northern  Neck  News,  newspaper  at 

Warsaw,  Va.,  9,  10,  15,  153. 
Niles  Register,  26. 
Newton,   Hon.   Willoughby,   36,    113, 

115,  150. 
Norseman,    58. 

Newton,  Bishop  John  B.,  113,  150. 
Newton,  Capt.  Wm.,  115. 
Newton,  John,  46. 
Nelson,  William,  51.  •?  .:.■-,. 

Niagara,  55.  ..'•.■ 

Nomini  Hall,  33.  ,   ',<.  ■: 

Napoleon,  62,  63;    (ode  to),  72;-  (kit 

Waterloo),  107. 
New  Market,  109. 


Index 


via 

Netherlands  of  America,  119. 
isanzaticoea,  137. 
i\ecostin's  Towne,  142. 
A'eio  York  Sun,  143. 
News-Leader,   146. 
Nomony  Hall,  151. 
Ninde,  J.  C,  153. 

O. 

Owen,  Evan,  118. 
Old  Mortality,  29. 
Orr,  John,  47. 
CM  a  Glebe,  150. 


Potomac,  9. 

Pope's  Creek,  9. 

.  atriotic  Sons  of  America,  10. 

1-itt,  Wm.,  Lord  Chatham,  11. 

I'eale,  12. 

Parker,  Judge  Richard  (Circuit 
Court),  12,  15,33,  36,46. 

Polk,  President,  18. 

Pickering,  Mr.,  23. 

Parker,  Judge  Richard  E.  (Supreme 
(  va.)   Court),  36. 

Pepoon,  Willis,  11,  12. 

Portraits  unveiled,  17. 

Pericles,  33. 

Patterson,  Robert,  the  old  Scotch- 
man who  spent  his  lite  restoring 
the  grave  stones  of  the  Covenan- 
ters, 29. 

Pope's  Creek,  33,  38,   138. 

Pallas,  38. 

Passassack    (King  Rappahannocks) , 

40. 
Pierce,  Joseph,  46,  51. 
fierce,  William,  46,  51. 
Plymouth,  55. 
Puritan,  58. 
Plato,  78. 
Perrie,  Miss,  88. 
Pendleton.  91,  92. 
Pickens,  Col.,  94. 
Pyle,  Col.,  94. 
lension  Board,  110. 
Patriotic    Order    Sons    of    America, 

111. 
Payne,  Bishop,  113. 
Proctor,  Secretary,   129. 
Pratt,  Thomas,  138. 
Pawtomake  (Potomac),  142. 


Pendleton,  Edmund    (News-Leaderq, 

146. 
Peckatone,  149. 
Parker.  Gen.  Alexander,  149. 
Payne's  Point,   152. 
PicKett,  George,  152. 
nokett.  Wm.,  152. 
PicKett,  Mary  Ann,   152. 
Pickett,  Gen.  Geo.  E.,  152. 
r-otomac  &  Rappahannock  Telephone 

Company,  152. 
Pomeroy.  Bushrod  Washington,  16, 

R. 

Rives,  Wm.  Cabell    (Prest.  Va.  His- 
torical Society),  18,  43. 
Round  Hill,  33. 
Kobinson,  Will,  46. 
Rush,  Jeremiah,  46. 
Rust,  Peter,  46. 
Roane,  W.,  47.  ' 
Kansdell,  Edward,  46. 
Richards,  John,  47. 
Roane,  Thomas,  47.^ 
Robinson,  Max,  47. 
Rust,  Samuel,  51. 
Ritchie,  57. 
Randolph,  57,  60. 
Roundhead,  58. 

Roosevelt.  President,  74,  78,  109. 
Roman  Vestal,  72. 
Ryan,  Father   (Sword  of  Lee),  86. 
Rappahannock  Times,  87. 
Rasselas,  King  of  Abvssinia,   107. 
Roads,  Good,  101,  104"^,  105. 
Roads,  Sand  Clay  System,  103. 
Rochester,  Col.  Nathaniel,  112. 
Rochester,  John,  112. 
Robertson,  114. 
Rappahannocks,  137. 
Roses,  149. 
Riverside,  152. 
Koxbury,   152. 
Ritchie!  Thomas    (Father),  87. 


S. 


Stratford,  Family  Seat  of  the  Lees, 
9,  11,  14.  17,  30.  31,  32,  34,  41, 
88,  90.  108,  148. 

Stuart,  11. 

Stuart,  Dr.  R.  H.,  12,  14,  124,  151. 

Stuart,  Mrs.  R.  H.,  14,  124. 


Index 


S't.  John's,  Tappahannock,  14. 
Stamp  Act    (1705),    15,    18,   33,   40, 

41,  43. 
Stamp  Act — Virginia  first  of  the 
Colonies  to  memorialize  King  in 
opposition,  47. 
"The  only  one  to  address  to  the 
House  of  Commons  a  remon- 
strance   (Bancroft),  47. 

Stamp  Act — formal  defiance  came 
first  from  Va.  (John  Fiske), 
47. 

Stamp   Act — the   Assembly    of    Vir- 
ginia first  to  demand  repeal   (J. 
R.  Green),  18,  19,  47. 
Virginia  rang  the  alarm  bell  for 
the  continent   (Bancroft),  47. 

Society  of  Virginia  Antiquities,   19. 

Story,  Judge,  20,  23,  31. 

Scott,  Sir  Walter,  29. 

Smith,  Capt.  John,  40. 

Sydnor,  William,  46. 

Selden,  Sam,  46. 

fcanford,  Edward,  46,  51. 

Smith,  John,  Jr.,  46. 

Sanford,  James,  46. 

Smith,  W.,  46. 

Smith,   Meriwether,   47. 

Suggett,  John,  47. 

S'uggett,  Edgcomb,  47. 

Smith,    Rev.    Thomas    (Moderator), 
48,  51,  52,  112,  150. 

Smith,  Philip,  51. 

Steptoe,  George,  51. 

Sparks,  Jared,  62. 

Spaniard,  58. 

Scylla,  63. 

Socrates,  72. 

Sidney,  78. 

ucott.  General,  81. 

S'outhworth,  Harrison,  87. 

Sigourney,  Midsliipman,  89,  90,  149. 

Stuart,  114. 

Susan  Constant,  119. 

Switzerland  of  America,   119. 

Smith.  Capt.  John,   120. 

Sale.  Ritchie,   123. 

Steamer  Caroline,  123. 

Shakespeare,   135. 

Spencer,  Col.  Nicholas.  135.   , 

Swanson,  Governor,  136. 

Shultice,  Dr.,  147. 

Sandy  Point,   148. 

Steptoe.  Col.  James,  148. 


Springfield,   149. 

Spring  <jrrove,  149. 

Smiths,  149. 

State  Highway  Commission,  103. 

Sand   Clay   System,    103. 

Smith,  Dr.  John  Augustine,  150. 


Trumbull,  Col.  John    (Washington's 

portrait),  9. 
Tablets  unveiled,  17,  19. 
Times-Dispatch,  Richmond,  Va.,   17, 

104;    Roads    (the   great   reform), 

127. 
Taylor,  C.  H.  J.,  Minister  to  Liberia, 

28. 
The  Virffinia  Historical  Register  and 

Literary  Advertiser,  43,  47. 
Turberville,    George,    46,    51. 
Tibbs,  Daniel,  46,  51. 
Thornton,  Francis,  Jr.,  46. 
Town  of  Richmond,  51. 
Turberville,  John,  51. 
a.roy,  79. 
Thompson,  88. 
Talleyrand,  61. 

The  Writings  of  Washington    (Mar- 
shall), 64. 
Xarlton    66,  94. 

I  aft  party  in  the  Philippines,  67. 
Tappahannock,  87,  141. 
Taxation — low  rate,  127. 
Thackeray,  109,   142. 
Tyler,     Rev.     John     Poyntz     (Arch 

Deacon  of  Virginia),  111, 
Tyler,  Wat.  H.,   112. 
lyler,  Mrs.  Julia  Hubbard,   112. 
Tayloe,   115. 

Tidewater  Democrat,   124. 
Thompson,  John  R.,  131. 
Thornton,  Francis,   138, 
Taylors,  141,  152. 
Turners,  141. 
Tvler,  Presiuent,   147. 
Temple,  148. 
Turbervilles,  149. 
Taliaferros,  149. 
Tyler,  Dr.  Wat.  H.,  149. 
Twiford,  152. 

U. 

bis  water.   31. 
ITpshaw,  John,  46,  57. 


Index 


Upshaw,  Jamea,  47,  57. 
University  of  Virginia,  29. 
Uibanna,   97. 

■:    ^.  ■       V. 

Vanderlyn,   11. 

"Virginia  first  and  Lee"    (Woraley, 

Philip  Stanhope),  16,  79. 
Virginia,  Mother  of  Presidents,  119. 
Virgil,  38. 

Virginia  Historical  Society,  43,  66. 
Virgmia  Historical  Register,   147. 
Virginia's  Attitude  Towards  Slavery 

and  Secession  (Munford),  64,  65, 
■    69,  70,  71. 

Virginia  Bar  Association,  59,  66. 
Von  Moltke,  72,  73. 
A  irginia  and  Kentucky  Resolutions, 

75. 
Vane,  Sir  Harry.  7^. 
Voorhees,  Senator  Daniel,  89. 
Venice  of  America,  119. 
Van  Dyke,  Dr.  Henry,  119. 
Valentine   (sculptor),  85. 
Van   Buren,   President,    141. 
The  Virginians   (Thackeray),  142. 
Virginia — "The     roses     nowhere     so 

white  as  in  Virginia,"  153. 
"Virginia  as  she  was  and  as  she  is," 

119. 

W. 

Westmoreland,  "The  Athens  of  Vir- 
ginia," 9,  13,  33. 

From  the  older  colony  of  North- 
'    •    umberland    (1653),  9. 

The  plant  bed  of  an  ancient  civili- 
zation is  still  the  cradle  of  a 
'nefw,T02. 

Her  efficient  Board  of  Supervisors, 
102. 

The  sand  clay  system  of  good 
roads,  102. 

With  what  nature  has  done,  she 
stands  for  civic  improvement 
and  educational  advancement 
and  the  betterment  of  all  condi- 
tions, 106. 

With  diversified  farm  products; 
thriving'  iridustries  and  plants, 
she  points  to  her  excellent  finan- 
cial conditions  and  low  rate  of 
taxation,   108. 

The  passing  of  old  homes  into  new 
hands,  148. 

Stratford  to  be  dedicated  to  Vir- 


ginia as  a  memorial  of  the  Lees ; 
old  Yeocomico  Church  to  be  re- 
nabilitated  under  control  of  the 
Diocesan  Board  of  Trustees,  111. 

What  the  moat  distinguished  and 
higher  authorities  say  of  West- 
moreland, 116. 

What  pilgrims  and  shriners  and 
poets  say  of  Westmoreland,  123. 

STie  is  a  classic  spot,  and  nature 
has  lavished  her  gifts,  yet  her 
people  must  feel  after  all  that 
"honest  blood  is  loyal  blood,  and 
manhood  is  the  only  patent  of 
nobility."  Westmoreland  and 
Virginia  cannot  be  greatest  un- 
less their  men  and  women  are 
good  and  honest,  and  the  men 
manly,"  132. 
Westmoreland  Camp,  C.  V.,  10,  108. 
Westmoreland    Association,    15,    18, 

43. 
Westmoreland    Besolutions,    15,    17, 
18,  42,  43:    (full   text),  44,  48. 
Westmoreland  Committee  of  Safety, 
15,    17,    18;     (fiery    resolutions, 
1775),     18,    51;     (fiery    resolu- 
tions, 1774),  18,  48,  49,  50,  51, 
52,    53,    54;     (fiery    resolutions, 
1775),    Lord    Dunmore    seizing 
powder  at  Williamsburg,  Va. 
Westmoreland  Enquirer  and  Colonial 
Beach  Record  (newspaper),  108, 
152,   153. 
Westmoreland     Historical     Associa- 
tion, 153. 
Washington,  General  George,  9,   11, 
12,    16,    19.   22,    31,   32.   33,   36, 
39,    42,    56,    60,    109,    112,    116. 
117,   124,   142, 

Houdon  statue  of,  13. 

Family  Bible  of,  9. 

Fac  simile  of  the  record  of  his 
birth,   9. 

The   writings    of    (Marshall),    64. 

Anti-slaverv  sentiments  of,  64,  72, 
73,  74,  75,  79,  84. 

The  Life  of   (Irving),  64. 
Washington,    Lawrence,    9,    13,    20; 

(Historical  Address),  47. 
Washington,  Bushrod,  9,  11,  13,  19, 
20,  23,   31,  36. 

First  President  Anierican  Coloni- 
zation Society,  71. 

(Sketch),  97,  112,  149. 


Index 


XI 


Washington  and  Lee  Chapter  U.  D. 

C,  10,  110. 
Washington,  Miss  Lila,  11. 
Washington,  Lloyd,  13,  115. 
Washington,  Richard  B.,  13. 
Washington,    Col.    John    Augustine, 

20,  21.  46,  51,  57,  150. 
Washington,  Capt.  John,  40. 
Washington,  Samuel,  46. 
Washington,  Charles,  46 
Washington,   Laur.,   47. 
Washington    and    Lee     (The    Castor 
and  Pollux — the  two  twin  stars), 
61. 
Washington    and    Lee — '"These    two 
shall  ride  immortal"   (James  Bar- 
ron Hope,  Capt.),  80. 
Washington,    Col.    R.    J.,    115,    150, 

152. 
Washington,  Wm.  Augustine,  124. 
Washington,  Augustine,  124. 
\^ashington,  John.  136,  138. 
Washington.  Samuel,   138. 
Washington,  Lawrence,  138. 
Washington,    Mrs.    Lawrence     (first 

matrc^  of  Mt.  Vernon).  151. 
Washington,  Robert.  138. 
Washington,  John  T..  138. 
Washington.  Henry  T.,  138. 
Washington,  J.  Ta'yloe.  140. 
Washington,  Mary.   140. 
Washington,  John  A.,  149. 
Washington,  Law.,  Sr.,  152. 
Washington,  Law..  Jr..   152. 
Wheelwright.     Joseph     Christopher, 

13.  100.  115. 
Wheelwright.  J.  H..  13.  113. 
Wheelwright,  Dr.,  F.  D.,  152. 
Wakefield,    birthplace    of    Washing- 
ton, 0,  14.  30.  33,  34,  88,  108,  123. 
124,  152. 
Warsaw.   14. 

Wilson,  John  E..  124,  152. 
Wilson.  Mrs.  John  E..  14.  124. 
Wilson.  Miss  Etta.  14,  124. 
Wilkins.  Bush.  16. 
Writrht.  T.  R.  B..  16.  17,  29. 
Wright.  Mrs.  T.  R.  B.,  17,  123. 
X^'riffht,  Miss  Jeannette,  123. 
Wrieht,  Miss  Charlotte,  123. 
Williamsburg,    powder    in    magazine 

nt.  17.  18.' 
Wilson,  James,  21.  23. 
William  and  Mary  College.  21. 
Windermere,  31. 

Wirt.  William,  Attorney  General  I'. 
S.,  32.   152. 


Wirt,  Dabney  Carr,  152. 

Wirtland,  152, 

Wirt,  Dr.  William,  152. 

Wirt,  William  D..   152. 

Wolseley,  Viscount  Lord,  32,  72,  73, 
74. 

Warren,  42. 

Warminster,  42. 

Willis,  Lewis,  46. 

Watts,  John,  46. 

Weeks,  Charles,  46. 

Williams,  John,   46. 

Waring,  Francis,  46. 

Woodcock,  John  S.,  46. 

Webb,  James,  Jr.,  47. 

Weeks,  Benjamin,  51. 

Winchester,  55. 

Watkins.  57. 

Wythe,  60. 

We?ins,  Rev.  C.  L.,  65,  66,  63. 

West  Augusta.  65,  66. 

Waddill.  Joseph'  A.,  66. 

Wilson,  Woodrow  (son  of  Virginia), 
Governor  New  Jersey,  62. 

Willis,  Col.  Lewis,  68! 

Weems'  Life  of  Washington,  68. 

Wellington.  72,  73,  74,  78,  106. 

Whittier.  Gen.  Chas.  A.,  75. 

William  of  Orange,  75. 

Worseley.  Philip  Stanhope   (poem  to 
General   Lee — "Virginia   first  and 
Lee"),  78. 
Wright,  Judge  Selden  S.,  87. 
Whiskey  Insurrection,  95. 
West  Indies,  95. 
Ward,   Channing  M.,    107. 
Wreath  on  Lee's  Monument,  146. 
Waterview,  148. 

Williams.  Chas..  Ins.  Co.,  152,  153. 
Walnut  Hill,  152. 
Warrington,  Rachel,  142. 
\\  Oman — -then  and  now,  146,  147, 
V.'ayne,  General,  149. 
Walnut  Farm.    149. 
Woodyard.   149. 
Wilton,  149. 

Wctheiill.    Ira    Co.-triffht.    149. 
Waterloo  Church,   110. 
Westminster  Abbev,   113. 
Walker.  W.  W.  115,  151. 

Y. 

YorKtown,   15,  95. 

Young,  Smith,  47. 

Yeocomico  River.  89. 

Yeocomico  Church,  111,  112.  114. 


LIBRARY  OF  CONGRESS 


0  002  144  867  9