What Jesus Christ thought of himself; an outline study and interpretation of His self-revelation in the Gospels

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WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT
OF HIMSELF

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WHAT JESUS CHRIST

THOUGHT OF

HIMSELF

An Outline Study and Interpretation of
His Self -Revelation in the Gospels

BY \

ANSON PHELPS STOKES l-V/^o, „

NeiD §0rfe

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1916

All Tighti reser'ved

Copyright, 1916,
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY.

Set up and electrotyped. Published March, 1916.

Ncrbjooli IPnaa

J. 8. Gushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co.

Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.

Zo

C. M. P. S.

PREFACE

This small book has grown out of studies
made for my graduation thesis at the Episcopal
Theological School, Cambridge, Massachusetts,
in 1900. Certain sections were used for a lec-
ture on the Slocum Foundation in Ann Arbor in
1 9 14, although no part of the work has hereto-
fore been published. My main purpose has been
to try to show in clear, compact form, and in
untechnical language, what any scholarly student
of the New Testament may find out for himself as
to Jesus' view of his own person. A secondary
purpose has been to interpret this self-revealed
personality. The study — which is merely an
outline treatment, with references to the Gospels,
and comments — is designed to meet the most
fundamental needs of thoughtful laymen in the
field of Christology. It quotes only from the
Bible, the primary basis of historical knowledge
of the subject. The writer is aware that some

viii PREFACE

of the passages quoted may be questioned, and
some of the interpretations disputed. This is
inevitable in matters about which there is much
difference of responsible opinion, but he believes
that the views given will generally be found to
be consistent with those of most recognized schol-
ars who combine open-mindedness with reverence.
The study is prepared from the point of view of
a seeker after the truth, who is neither a theolo-
gian nor an authority on New Testament Criti-
cism, but who has followed with interest and
appreciation the work of both, believing the right
understanding of Christ a matter of supreme
importance.

I realize that if this little book receives any
attention it will be attacked from two opposite
sides. Liberal critics will complain because it
makes some slight supplementary use of the
Fourth Gospel. Some conservatives, on the
other hand, will think the conclusions unortho-
dox, and not consistent with Nicene theology.
But it is believed that all will recognize the
author's sincere devotion to the Person of Christ,
and his earnest attempt to show the latter's con-
sciousness of Messiahship.

PREFACE ix

The general subject of this book has been
little emphasized either in England or America.
There are sections in the Biblical encyclopedias,
and in works on the Divinity of Christ and on
the Life of Christ, that deal with aspects of the
subject ; but the author has found few independent,
systematic treatments of it as a whole. Balden-
sperger's " Selbstbewusstein Jesu " and Stalker's
" Christology of Jesus " are, perhaps, the most
important works that have appeared, and they
are both more than fifteen years old. The former
deals almost entirely with the Messiahship, and
it is not available in an English translation. The
latter book is mainly restricted, as its title and
chapter headings show, to a consideration of the
divine attributes of Jesus, as Son of Man, Son of
God, Messiah, Redeemer, and Judge. It lays no
emphasis on the witness of the Gospels to the
Master's consciousness of his complete humanity
— a factor that is vital to a right understanding
of his person. Both are scholarly works which the
author purposely refrained from reading until the
present volume was well advanced in preparation.
By this method the reader is assured an independ-
ent study of the Gospel material and, at the same

X PREFACE

time, the addition of any facts or views which the
reading of these books may have suggested as
valuable. The hope is expressed that the result-
ing picture of the many-sided, self-revealed Christ
here portrayed will give the lay public a clearer
and more inclusive view of his thought about
himself than these volumes of broader scholarship
but of more restricted scope. The material is so
arranged as to be specially available as a basis of
study for Bible classes in colleges.

The author will be glad if this simple presenta-
tion of the subject proves an incentive to further
study by ministers and laymen, and if in this age
of theological questioning and reconstruction, it
helps to clear the air of some misconceptions,
especially by showing that the views of Jesus
of Nazareth held by many liberally-minded but
devout people to-day, although denounced by
some conservative theologians, are in accordance
with the teachings of the Master himself. To
those who believe that the modern call " Back
to Christ " is valid as the final criterion for the
teachings of Christianity, there seems to be no
reason why the same method of study should not
produce equally sound results in the field of his

PREFACE xi

self-interpretation. We shall try, therefore, to
find out " What Jesus Christ Thought of Him-
self" as a key to a right understanding of what

we should think of him.

A. P. S.

Secretary's Office,

Yale University,
January i, 1916.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

Preface vii

I. Introduction — Significance of the Subject; Sources
of Information; Metliod of Treatment; The

Fundamental Unity of Jesus' Personality . . i

II. The Human Side of Jesus Christ ... 9

1. Consciousness of Limitations. . . 11

2. Consciousness of Deriving All from

God 17

3. Consciousness of Subordination in

Prayer 22

III. The Divine Side of Jesus Christ ... 27

1. Master of the Past .... 27

A. Consciousness of Fulfilling the Old Tes-

tament ...... 28

B. Consciousness of Superseding the Law . 30

C. Consciousness of Being the Messiah . 37

2. Master of the Present .... 47
A. Consciousness of Complete Righteousness 48
3. Consciousness of Absolute Leadership . 51

C. Consciousness of Authority • • • S3

D. Consciousness of Founding the Kingdom 57

E. Consciousness of Mastery of Nature's

Laws (" Miracles ") ... 60

F. Consciousness of Revealing God's Char-

acter 70

G. Consciousness of Power to Forgive Sins . 73
H. Consciousness of Unique Sonship . . 75

xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

3. Master of the Future . . . .81

A. Consciousness of Determining Salvation 82

B. Consciousness of Decreeing Judgment . 87

C. Consciousness of Universal Mission . 90

D. Consciousness of Suffering for the Sins

of Humanity 92

E. Consciousness of Foreknowing Resurrec-

tion 95

F. Consciousness of Returning to Influence

the World 97

IV. Conclusion — Interpretation of the Self-
revealed Christ 103

The Reconciliation of the Human and Divine Ele-
ments ; The Messiahship ; The Incarnation ;
The Latent Divine Sonship of Humanity

WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT
OF HIMSELF

WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT
OF HIMSELF^

I. INTRODUCTION

The title of this book is the expression in
simple language of what psychologists would
call "the self-consciousness of Christ." The
phrase may be used as a brief designation of
Jesus' conception of his own nature, of his
view of his special relationship to God and to
man. This sprang out of the very depths of
his God-filled being. It was not reached in-
tellectually through the reason, and yet there
was doubtless a growth in his consciousness
of his unique mission. We see it in its early
stages when he was twelve years old, in the
story of his visit to the Temple. His reply
to his parents who sought him, "Wist ye not

^ Except where specially qualified, the personal name Jesus
and the more oificial title Christ are used almost interchange-
ably in this book for the historical person Jesus of Nazareth.

2 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

that I must be about my Father's business ?"^
or as the Revised Version has it "in my Fa-
ther's house," can be understood only when
we realize that he had at least an extraordi-
nary interest in fitting himself for his God-
given task. His conviction that he was God's
special messenger to humanity was still fur-
ther strengthened by the profoundly signifi-
cant spiritual experience at the baptism, when
"the heavens opened"^ — never to be closed
for him. It is evidenced early in his ministry
by his words in the first sermon at Nazareth.^
There were later moments of exalted convic-
tion of the world-significance of his person
and work, such as the Transfiguration, and
in general the events of the last few days of
his earthly life, but there is not a single
chapter of any gospel that does not breathe
the wonderful atmosphere of a personality
conscious of unique authority.

The fundamental question in Christian the-
ology is not "What think ye of Christ?"^
but "What did Christ think of himself?"

^ Luke 2 . 49. In Revised Version "in my Father's house."
" Mark 1 : 10. ^ Luke 4: 18-21. * Matt. 22 : 42.

INTRODUCTION 3

The Intelligent answer to the former depends
largely on the latter. If we can but find out
what the Saviour thought of his own person,
his own relation to God and man, the whole
field of religious thought will be clarified.
It is with answers to these questions as
given by Jesus himself that this book
deals.

Fortunately the material available for study
is large, consisting of his words and acts re-
corded In the gospels. In this connection it
should be remembered that he laid great em-
phasis on the divine authority and permanent
value of his sayings,^ and these are often so
strikingly original that they bear their own
authentication.

Quotations have been made from the King
James' or Authorized Version, as this is still
In most common use in our churches. The
stress Is placed on the Synoptic tradition,
which carries the weight of the evidence on
which this volume is based. Passages from
the Fourth Gospel that have not near parallels

1 Cf. Matt. 7 : 24-27 ; Luke 10: 42; 21 : 33 ; John 14:23,
24, etc.

4 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

in the earlier records are seldom quoted in
the text, and never emphasized. The author
is not unaware that the general conclusion of
modern critical scholarship, which he accepts,
gives the greatest historical value to the two
earliest sources : the Gospel of Mark (omit-
ting the appendix, xvi, 9-20) — the original
narrative source; and the so-called "Logia,"
the words or teachings of Jesus in Matthew
and Luke — the original teaching source.
These — omitting a few passages — repre-
sent rock-bottom in so far as our most trust-
worthy knowledge of the Master is concerned,
but the Fourth Gospel has corroborative,
and, when not inconsistent with the earlier
tradition, supplementary value, especially for
the impression made by Jesus on a devout
and philosophical disciple. Although the
three other gospels, the Synoptics, were
written from 65 to 90 a.d., and this new record
did not appear until a generation later (about
the year 100), yet its unconscious tributes to
the Master's humanity in the midst of the
divine exaltation of his person, are of sig-
nificance, being an unmistakable sign of the

INTRODUCTION 5

survival of the original impression. State-
ments in the text indicate its points of main
divergence from the Synoptic teaching, as
well as differences of emphasis, while footnote
references to all the passages quoted will
enable the reader who so desires to discount
the value of Johannine material, even though
this is used with much restraint. That it
contains some matter of supplementary im-
portance for an understanding of Christ's
thought about himself none but the most
extreme critic would deny.

In fact it is just here that the Fourth Gospel
is of great significance, irrespective of its
authorship. It is illustrative and interpretive,
rather than strictly biographical or historical.
The recollections of old age and the reflections
of a contemplative spirit, which it represents,
may be lacking in chronological accuracy and
in exactness of memory as to words heard or
heard of in earlier years, and yet give a valu-
able picture of another's character, thought,
and most striking utterances. In this con-
nection it is noticeable that the main con-
clusions of this volume would remain the same

6 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

even if the Johannine ^ sections were en-
tirely omitted. Contrary to the general im-
pression derived from the reading of some
critical works, it will be seen from the follow-
ing pages that the humanity of Jesus is well
supported by his words and acts in the Fourth
Gospel, and his so-called "divinity," if
rightly interpreted, in the Synoptics. But,
undoubtedly, the latter give the truest pic-
ture of the historical Jesus, and their ac-
counts must be followed when there are
differences in the impressions made by the
two records. That the Johannine Christ,
in keeping with its author's metaphysical
interests, makes more exalted and more
frequent claims to divine dignity, as distinct
from power, than the Christ of the earlier
gospels, cannot be questioned. This ap-
pears in the sections which discuss his con-
sciousness of unique sonship, and of returning
to influence the world. But even in each of
these extreme cases Synoptic bases for the
claims of the later narrative are pointed out,

^ This word is used as a description of the Fourth Gospel
without any attempt to identify the evangelist.

INTRODUCTION 7

while on the other hand there is nowhere in
the New Testament a clearer group of state-
ments/ showing Jesus' conviction that he
merely represented another — God, who was
the source of all his power, than in the Fourth
Gospel.

The most casual reading of the gospels dis-
closes the fact that there were two channels or
streams in which this consciousness of Jesus
Christ flowed — the divine and the human —
which, uniting in him, constituted the Incar-
nation. These form the main divisions of
this work, but the Master's genuine humanity-
is so apparent and so generally recognized to-
day, that it will be dealt with more briefly.
It is essential, however, that the human life
lived in Palestine nineteen hundred years ago,
with its knowledge of limitations and of sub-
ordination to God, be clearly grasped, before
the life, known to its possessor as divine in its
essential being, is considered. And yet be-
fore studying these two sides separately it
should be stated emphatically that the Bib-
lical doctrine of creation implies a kinship
^ See page 19.

8 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

between creator and created that rules out
all inseparable walls between them. God
created man in his "image" and after his
"likeness," ^ so that in man as man there is
the latent divine spark. The words " human "
and "divine" stand for important and con-
venient distinctions, but not necessarily for
any antagonism. In Jesus the two elements
were perfectly united, forming a single uni-
fied personality.

^ Gen. 1 : 26.

II. THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS
CHRIST

That Jesus lived a thoroughly human life
is indisputable. Docetism — the old theory
that his body was entirely a phantom, with-
out physical reality — is an obsolete explana-
tion of his person. His bodily organism did not
differ from that of normal men. He learned
his lessons as other Hebrew boys learned
theirs. His power was not full grown at
the start. The child Jesus grew.^ He "in-
creased in wisdom and stature, and In favour
with God and man." ^ He was subject to
man's feelings. We are told that he was
wearied with his journey,^ that he was thirsty,*
that he ate and drank, ^ that he slept, ^ that
he was sad at heart and troubled In spirit,^

'Luke 2: 40. 2 Luke 2: 52. ^ John 4: 6.

^ John 4: 7; 19:28. ^ Matt. 11:19.

«Matt. 8:24; cf. 8:20.
^Mark 14:34; 8: 12; Matt. 26:38.

9

lO WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

that he wept,^ that he craved companion-
ship,^ that temptation was a reality to him,^
that he was astonished and surprised at
things which happened/ that he showed
curiosity,^ that he shrank from pain,^
that he was quick to notice courtesy/ that
he felt the need of supporting his position by
reference to scripture/ that he was specially
fond of his friends/ and of his country/"
that he was indignant against those whom
he believed to be false leaders of the people/^
and that he even showed signs of impatience
on certain occasions. ^^ He prayed to God
constantly and with great intensity/^ he
spoke the language of the place and time/^
he worked at the carpenter's bench/^ he was a
man indeed in all points tempted like as we

* Luke 19:41; John 11: 35.

'Matt. 26:38; cf. John 1 1 : 3-5 ; 12:2,
3 Matt. 4 : i-i I ; cf. Luke 22 : 28.

* Mark 6:6; Luke 7:9. * Luke 2 : 46.

' Luke 22 : 42. ^ Mark 14 : 6-9; cf. Luke 7 : 44-46.

8 Matt. 4:4; 7:10. 5 John 11:5.

^° Matt. 23 : 37-39. " Luke ii : 46 and passim.

" Mark 7:6; Luke 2 : 49 ; John 2 : 4.
^' Matt. 8 : 10; Mark 6 : 6 and passim.
" Matt. 27 : 46. 1* Mark 6:3.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST ii

are and feeling that it was best that he should
undergo the rite of baptism "of repentance
for the remission of sins,"^ yet without sin
himself,^ for he moved among men as one
who always made practice square with precept.
That he was conscious of this complete
humanity, which the people never ques-
tioned,^ is shown by his words and acts.
It is evident, In particular, from his

1. Consciousness of Limitations,

2. Consciousness of Deriving All from God,

3. Consciousness of Subordination In
Prayer.

I. Consciousness of Limitations. There Is
an incident recorded both by Matthew * and
Mark ^ in which this realization of limitations
is evident. The sons of Zebedee request of
the Master that they may sit the one on his
right hand, the other on his left, in his glory.
He replies that the granting of such a re-
quest is not "mine to give," but that this
privilege is restricted to those "for whom It
Is prepared of my Father" — an answer

^ Mark 4: 4-9. ^jjeb. 4:15; cf. Matt. 4: i-ii.

•Matt. 21:11. * Matt. 20:23. 'Mark 10: 40.

12 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

which may be compared with his statement,
as recorded in the Fourth Gospel, that "no
man can come unto me, except it were given
unto him of my Father." ^ The reconcili-
ation of these passages with others in which
Christ is represented as the absolute judge
is not now our task; suffice it here to point
out the expression on his part of the con-
viction that there were powers belonging to
God the Father which did not belong to
him.

Another example of this is his statement
that he was unaware of the time of his second
coming. "Of that day and that hour know-
eth no man, no, not the angels which are in
Heaven, neither the Son, but the Father." ^
One who knew himself to be God, without
assumed or imposed human limitations, could
not so restrict the field of his knowledge.
On the other hand he who spoke those words
was aware that the God in Heaven was
all-powerful and perfect — the possessor
of powers which did not belong to his earthly
revealer. That the historical person Jesus

* John 6 :6s. ''Matt. 24: 36; Mark 13: 32.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 13

Christ claimed omnipotence or omniscience
is nowhere stated. On the contrary we are
told that owing to the lack of faith on the
part of the people of Nazareth "he could
there do no mighty work." ^ Similarly he
claimed no power of knowing purely physical
conditions or events at a distance. He went
up close to the fig tree to find out whether
or not It bore fruit.^ That knowledge pos-
sessed by God and figuratively expressed in
the saying that the very hairs of our head
are numbered, was not his. In fact it is not
improbable that Jesus was in error regarding
certain matters of knowledge, such as his
belief that Jonah was actually in the belly
of the whale alive for three days,^ that David
wrote the iioth Psalm,^ that men were
possessed by demons,^ that the forces of evil
were led by an actual personality — the
Devil, or Satan,^ and that the visible second
coming of Christ and the final world-judg-
ment were near at hand.^ In such matters,

1 Mark 6 : 5-6. ^^^tt. 21 : 19; Mark 11: 13.

^ Matt. 12:40. ^ Matt. 22 : 43, 44.

^ Luke 4 -.33. ^ Matt. 4:10; 13 : 19, etc.

^ Mark 13 : 24-30; Matt. 16 : 28, etc.

14 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

outside of the sphere of the soul's positive
religious life and experience, his information
was based on that of his place and time. His
wisdom, which was God-given and God-nur-
tured, was unmatched, but his actual knowl-
edge of the facts of history and science was
limited.

Similarly the help upon which he relied
at great crises was not self-evolved. It was
the spiritual help which God alone could
supply. As he said to the traitor Judas,
*'Thinkest thou that I cannot now pray to
my Father, and he shall presently give me
more than twelve legions of angels ? " ^ In
the Garden of Gethsemane he exclaimed In
agony, "Father, all things are possible unto
thee ; take away this cup from me : never-
theless not what I will, but what thou wilt." ^
This prayer Implies his feeling of limitations.
There were powers which God the Father
enjoyed which were not In the Son's pos-
session, and he asks that they may be used
in his behalf. The words also infer that
there was a human side of Christ, whose will
1 Matt. 26: S3. ' Mark 14 : 36.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 15

might differ from the will of God, although
he prays that this may not happen.^ So
conscious was he of this that it is recorded
in all the Synoptics that he refused to be
called "good," saying that "there is none
good but one, that is, God," ^ a statement which
may, however, mean no more than that God
is the source, the original cause, of all holi-
ness and power. Again, in the supreme
moment on the Cross, when suffering both
physical and spiritual were at their height,
and when for the moment all seemed black
and hopeless, we hear the cry, "My God, my
God, why hast thou forsaken me?"^ No
amount of exegetical jugglery can induce
the open minded student to believe that
these words were uttered by one unconscious
of his own limitations in comparison with
the Deity. Had Jesus been God, without
the restrictions of humanity, it is incon-
ceivable that he should have so spoken.
He also frequently asked questions to secure

^ John 12: 27.

^Markioriy, 18; Luke 18: 19; Matt. 19:17; cf. Matt.
12:32.

*Mark 15 :34.

1 6 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

information — which omniscience would not
have found necessary.^

Let us take, finally, a passage from the
Fourth Gospel. This gospel is generally re-
garded as representing in the most extreme
form the claims of Jesus to divine dignity —
colored by its author's own spiritual reflec-
tions on the Lord's person — but even here
he is reported as saying "My Father is
greater than L" ^ One to be greater must
be the possessor of powers of a higher kind
or in a less restricted form than the one with
whom he is compared. So the Jesus of John
must be considered as having been conscious
of limitations. It is maintained, then, as
shown by a study of his own words, that
he knew himself to be hemmed in by some
restrictions. He did not think of his own
capacities as unlimited. Some of the old
school theologians recognized this frankly,
but tried to explain it by the doctrine of the
Kenosis — the deliberate giving up by Jesus
of certain divine powers.

1 Cf. Mark 5 : 30; 6:38; 9:21; John 11:34.
»John 14:28.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 17

2. Consciousness of Deriving All from God.
We pass from different definite statements
of limited power, which emphasize Jesus'
consciousness of his own humanity, to his
oft-repeated statement that he and his mes-
sage were not of himself, but of God. Both
were thought of by him as derivative.

The gospels make it clear that Jesus did
not come into the world of his own initiative.
He was sent by another, and knew it.^ That
he shared that other's spirit we do not deny,
yet the one who sends is the source, the
origin, the first cause, and, consequently, to
some extent the greater. The essence of the
gospel — whether the words quoted are au-
thentic or not — is given in the sixteenth
verse of the third chapter of John, and the
essence of that verse is that God "gave" his
Son. The coming of Jesus was not due to
his own independent volition. It was, as the
Bible tells us, the eternal purpose of God to
reveal himself — "When the fulness of the
time was come God sent forth his Son." ^
But we are studying Christ's consciousness,

^ Luke 4:18; 21, 43 ; cf. John 3:16. ^ Gal. 4 : 4.

c

1 8 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

not that of evangelists or disciples. And
here the evidence is convincing that he felt
that a higher power was responsible for his
mission and work. Both Synoptists and the
Fourth Gospel bring this out clearly. In
Matthew we find Jesus attributing his power
to "the Spirit of God";^ in Mark we hear
him acknowledging that there are things
which he cannot do^ but saying that "with God
all things are possible;" ^ in Luke he clearly
states his view that he was merely the represent-
ative of "him that sent me," ^ and adds "all
things are delivered to me of my Father." ^

Even as shown through the medium of
the Fourth Gospel, with its tendency to exalt
the divine dignity of the Saviour, it is man-
ifest that he felt his appearance in this world
and his message were due to the impulse of
a higher power. Let us quote the words of
Christ as recorded In John, remembering that
passages involving the Synoptic idea of the
complete subordination of Jesus to God are

* Matt. 12 : 28. 2 Mark 10 : 40.
^ Mark 10 : 27 ; cf. Matt. 19 : 26.

* Luke 9: 48. ^ Luke 10: 22; cf. Matt. 11 : 27.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 19

of Special significance as evidence of his
humanity, when found in the Gospel whose
author was committed to the Logos doctrine
of the Lord's origin. "No man can come to
me, except the Father which hath sent me
draw him . . .;"^ "My doctrine is not
mine, but his that sent me;"^ "I am not
come of myself, but he that sent me is true,
whom ye know not. But I know him : for
I am from him, and he hath sent me." '
" I must work the works of him that sent me,
while it is day . . ." "*

The irresistible impression conveyed by
the reading of these utterances thrown to-
gether as above, is that they are, or are based
on, the words of one who recognizes that
his life and influence are not self-supplied —
his power, his inspiration, his very being are
derivative. They are dependent both in
origin and sustenance upon another. The
love of the one may be as great as that of
the other, but the dependent cannot be all

^ John 6: 44; cf. John 12 : 44. 2 John 7 : 16.
' John 7 : 28-29 ; cf- John 5 : 30, 36 ; 6 : 38, 39.
*John9:4; cf. also John 7 : 33 ; 8:42; 11:42; 17:10,
etc.

20 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

powerful in all spheres. Not only do these
quotations show that Jesus knew himself to
be sent of God, the representative of another,
God's ambassador to a fallen world, but
they show that for his beliefs and actions
he was entirely indebted to his heavenly
Father. In a word, the message and the
messenger were from above. Christ's mes-
sage was not his — that is, it was not the
result of his own unaided thought, — it was
due to the "Open Heavens" working upon
his equally open spirit. He did not preach
a self-given message. What God brings with
conviction to his heart, this he proclaims to
others : "Whatsoever I speak therefore, even
as the Father said unto me, so I speak." ^
Any man who lives up to his best by doing
the will of God, may readily find out, so
Jesus tells us, whether the doctrine which he
preaches comes from God or from himself.^
So the gospel — the good news — was not,
according to his own belief, self-evolved, but
God-given. All that he possessed in the
way of truth — his message — , as well as

^ John 12:50; cf. 17:14. 2john7:i7; cf. 17:17.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 21

all that he himself — the messenger — was,
were the gift of the heavenly Father, work-
ing through his receptive and cooperating
spirit. No wonder that he gave as the first
commandment that "the Lord our God is
one Lord," and that he should be loved "with
all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with
all thy mind, and with all thy strength." ^
This shows the true emphasis. Jesus did
not care that men should praise him for his
helpful preaching : he preferred that " they
should hear the word of God, and keep it."^
The God whom he called his "Father in
heaven" ^ was the beginning and end of
his power and his teaching. It was his
"kingdom" that he came to proclaim. His
very use of " Father," as his favorite designa-
tion of God, is an evidence of his sense of
dependence upon a higher power. Prob-
ably the first ^ and last ^ of the originally
recorded utterances of Jesus include the word.
It is found in all the gospels, being used over

^ Mark 12 : 28-30. * Luke ii : 27, 28.

^Matt. 6:9; Luke 11:2.

* Luke 2 : 49. ' Luke 23 : 46.

22 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

150 times, and is the common word used by
Jesus in addressing the Deity in prayer, or
in referring to the personal relation between
him and his children. This is the more im-
pressive as such use was very uncommon in
previous religious history. Jesus was brought
up with the strict view that the father was
the head of the Jewish household, with the
children always subject to him, so when he
transferred his parental designation to God
he carried over with it the sense of due sub-
ordination, as well as that of tender love.

3 . Consciousness of Subordination in Prayer.
The third and most striking evidence of
difference between the human Jesus and
God the Father, is the complete subordi-
nation of the former to the latter in prayer.

It is not merely to a "better self" within
that he directs his appeals, but to the eternal
God.^ It is noticeable that in every crisis
he resorts to prayer. In communion with
God alone does complete peace and assurance
come to his soul. We are told that he was

* Matt. 26 : 42-53 ; Luke 11:2.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 23

"praying" at the time of his baptism,^ and
again at his transfiguration.- Before the
choice of the Twelve, the first step in the
founding of the Christian Church, we find
him passing the long night in prayer to God.^
Similarly, before his first serious contest
with the Jewish hierarchy, "he withdrew
himself into the wilderness, and prayed." *
When he is tempted to accept the kingly
crown as a short-cut to Messianic power, he
retires to the mountain,^ doubtless to pour
out his thoughts to a listening and answer-
ing God. It is specially worthy of note that
it was while watching him earnestly engaged
in prayer that "when he ceased, one of his
disciples said unto him. Lord, teach us to
pray." ^ In the Garden of Gethsemane his
prayer is so intense, his effort to put his own
soul in unison with the will of the Eternal is
so strenuous, that the sweat on his brow
appears as "drops of blood" — an expres-
sion of great feeling and earnestness, even if
the words are not taken literally. We hear

^ Luke 3 : 21. 'Luke 9: 29. ' Luke 6 : 12, 13.

^ Luke 5 : 16. 'John 6: 15. 'Luke 11 :i.

24 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

his agonized cry, "O my Father, if this cup may
not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy
will be done."^ We hear him at the tomb of
the restored Lazarus giving all the glory to
God, "Father, I thank thee that thou hast
heard me." ^ We see him on the cross, when
in the moment of agony the whole meaning
and power of his life are summed up in those
short words "Eli, Eli," ^ my God, my God!
We hear of his feeding the five thousand on
five loaves and two fishes, but the ability to
perform this miracle was not his own. Notice
the beautiful touch in the gospel story, "He
looked up to heaven, and blessed, and brake the
loaves."^ And again, after the cure of the man
with the dumb spirit, he said, "This kind can
come forth by nothing, but by prayer [and
fasting]."^ His prayers include appeals for
help for himself,^ for his disciples,^ for his ene-
mies,^ for a friend,^ for the whole church.^"

1 Matt. 26 : 42 ; cf. Mark 14:35, 36.

2 John 11:41. ^ Matt. 27:46. ^ Mark 6: 41.
^ Mark 9 : 29. Words in brackets omitted in Revised

Version.

« Matt. 26:39; Mark 14:35; etc. '' John 17 : 6-19.

^ Luke 23: 34. 3 Luke 22: 32. i" John 17 : 20-26.

THE HUMAN SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 25

Prayer was, humanly speaking, the main
secret of the Master's uniqueness. He was
entirely dependent for his spiritual food upon
his heavenly Father. Take communion with
God out of his life, and there might be left
us an ethical ideal, but surely there would be
no religion, no redeeming power.

Jesus Christ lived a human life, deriving
his being and drawing his inspiration from a
divine source. As distinguished from God,
he may be spoken of in his earthly life of
struggle ^ as possessing only derivative pow-
ers. To be a man among men he must
needs be subject to the limitations of human-
ity. That the contemporaries of Jesus fully
appreciated this is evident. *' Never man
spake like this man."^ "Not that any man
hath seen the Father, save he which is of
God." ^ The disciples had walked and
talked and supped with him, and they knew
that their Master had flesh and blood, and
that he was not a deity of ghost-like appa-
ritions. But our task is not to determine

^ Cf. Luke 12 : 50.

2 John 7 : 46 ; cf. Matt. 13:54. ' John 6 : 46.

26 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

what Others thought of him, but to fathom
his own self-consciousness. Having shown,
therefore, that he knew that he was subject
to some of the limitations of our humanity,
that he was in truth, as he called himself,
"the Son of man" — a term suggestive in this
connection, in spite of its Messianic signifi-
cance — it remains to develop at greater
length the sense of his relationship to God ;
and finally to attempt to harmonize the man-
ward and Godward sides of his consciousness.

III. THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS
CHRIST

Perhaps the most striking feature of the
gospels to an intelligent non-Christian reading
them for the first time is the evident con-
viction of the central figure as to the unique
relationship which he bears to God. To
understand the boldness of his claims we must
study his words and acts as they show him
to have known himself :

1. Master of the Past,

2. Master of the Present, and

3. Master of the Future.

I. Master of the Past. The thought of the
Jews from the time of the exile to the begin-
ning of our era was taken up with the devel-
opment of two ideals — the Law or Torah
and the Messiah. The one constituted the
greatness of the past and furnished the back-
ground for the other, which was the hope of

27

28 WHAT JESUS CHRIST. THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

the future. They were conceptions of the
greatest sanctity. The one had its founda-
tion in the reality of history ; the other its
ideal in the imagination of seers. Together
they made up the main elements of the
Jews' belief concerning God's revelation to
men.

Into such conditions of thought comes the
Master, and claims to "fulfill" the one and to
"fill-full" the other. He dares to connect
his own person inseparably with both of these
exalted conceptions — an act which for sheer
boldness is without a parallel in the annals of
the world's great religious leaders. It shows
the consciousness of a peculiar relationship to
Deity and to history.

y, A. Consciousness of Fulfilling the Old Testa-
ment. That Jesus considered the revelation
given in the Old Testament to have been
completed and fulfilled in him is not open to
doubt. It was of the Messiah that Prophets
had prophesied and Psalmists sung. He
gathered up in himself all the holiness and
spiritual truth and power that the sages
and leaders of the past had possessed, and he

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 29

knew it. He was conscious that in his person
and teachings lay the meeting-point between
the old covenant and the new. When he
appeared after the resurrection we are told
that "beginning at Moses and all the prophets,
he expounded unto them in all the scriptures
the things concerning himself." ^ We find
him saying "That all things must be fulfilled,
which were written in the law of Moses, and
in the prophets, and iii the psalms, concern-
ing me." ^ He seems to have maintained
that the great lawgiver himself had him — •
as Messiah — in mind in his legislation.
"Had ye believed Moses, ye would have
believed me : for he wrote of me." ^ Not
only Moses, but Isaiah,^ Malachi,^ Zechariah,®
and the Psalms,^ were among the writers of
the Old Testament whose words the Master
thought sealed in his own person. The
phrase, "the scriptures must be fulfilled,"^
is one often recurring in the gospels, not only

^ Luke 24 : 27. 2 Luke 24 : 44; cf. John 5 : 39.

^ John 5: 46. ^ Luke 4: 18, 21.

5 Matt. II : 10; Luke 7 : 27.

« Matt. 26: 31; John 12: 14, 15. ^ Mark 14:49.

* Mark 14:49; cf. Matt. 5 : 17; 26:54.

30 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

in reference to general conditions, but to such
specific events as his appearance as the
Messiah^ and his being "reckoned among
the transgressors." ^ The boldness, the self-
confidence implied by its application by
Jesus to himself, can be grasped only when
we realize that the books now composing
the Canon of the Old Testament were looked
upon by many in strict religious circles as
let down from Heaven without spot or flaw.
Jesus quoted from fourteen of them, showing
a special fondness for the Psalms, Isaiah,
Hosea, and Deuteronomy — the most spiritual
of the legal books.

B. Consciousness of Superseding the Law.
Not only did Jesus claim to fulfill the spiritual
prophecies of the Old Testament, and believe
that the Law found its completion in him, but
his divine authority was so supreme that he
dared to set up his own teaching on certain
points in a supplementary or antithetical re-
lationship to it. If we can understand the
exalted conception of the old Canon of Scrip-

^ Luke 4 : 18-21 ; cf. Isaiah 61 : i, 2.
' Luke 22 : 37; cf. Isaiah 53 : 12.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 31

ture held by the Jews and appreciate the
authoritative character of the interpretation
it had received at the hands of the Scribes,
and if then we read over the fifth chapter of
Matthew's Gospel with its oft-repeated re-
frain, "Ye have heard that it was said by them
of old time. . . . But I say unto you," ^
we may perhaps get some idea of how com-
pletely Jesus was conscious of supplementing
and in a measure superseding the teaching of
Judaism. He was specially outspoken in
denouncing the teachings of the Scribes as
totally inadequate. The repeated use of "I"
— the so-called Monarchical Ego — in con-
trast with sacred authorities, implies that
henceforth, without doing away with the great
moral foundations of The Law, a living person
becomes a divine substitute for a dead letter
and an elaborate ritual.

It is a matter of great importance in the
development of our theme that we should
have as clear an idea as possible of Jesus'
attitude towards Judaism and its institu-
tions — for here was a system believed to be
1 Matt, s : 21, 22, 28, 32, 34, 39, 44.

32 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

of peculiar sanctity, and the departures
which he made from it can be explained only
on the basis of his consciousness of divine
mission. He was a regular attendant at the
Synagogue, worshiped at the Temple, felt
keenly the need of retaining its purity as the
house of God, recognized the authority of
the Mosaic Law,^ and urged that it be ob-
served. In these and other ways, especially
by his emphasis on the Old Testament scrip-
tures, he showed that he was a loyal Jew.^
But he was opposed to the casuistry ^ of the
Scribes, — the official interpreters of the Law,
— denounced their extreme ceremonialism, and
showed both by words and acts that he was in
favor of the religion of the spirit rather than
that of the letter. In certain respects he
took an attitude at direct variance with the
constituted authorities of the church. He
ate with publicans and sinners,^ for he came
"to seek and to save that which was lost." ^

^ Matt. 23 : 1-3. ^]ohnio:2S- ^ Mark 2: 15.

* Matt. 9 : 10, 1 1 ; Mark 2:15; Luke 5 : 29.

^ Luke 19 : 10; cf. Parables of Lost Sheep, Luke 15 : 3-7;
Lost Drachma, Luke 15:8-10; Lost or Prodigal Son,
Luke 15 : 11-32.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 33

He did not observe the Jewish minutiae
regarding fasting, his breaches In this respect
being so great that the people exclaimed that
"the disciples of John and of the Pharisees
used to fast," ^ but that Jesus "came eating
and drinking" ^ and his "disciples fast not." ^
He opposed all form of extreme external
ceremonialism and ostentation,^ especially
In such matters as ablutions,^ where thirty
chapters of the MIshna were given to rules
on the single subject of the purification of
vessels. He tried to show the people that
it was their words and deeds which evidenced
whether they were religious, not the detailed
observance^ of the regulations regarding
eating and drinking. To him the distinc-
tion between the ceremonially clean and un-
clean no longer existed. In a word, although
accepting the great principles of the Law as
divine, he opposed interpretations placed on
it by the Scribes and Pharisees, and Insisted
that men go beneath the letter to the spirit,

* Mark 2: 18. ^ Matt. 11:19. 'Mark 2:18.

''Matt. 6: 16-18. ^ Mark 7: 1-23.

^ Luke 11:38; Mark 7:1-13.

D

34 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

for, as his great apostle said, "the letter
killeth, but the spirit giveth life." ^ He saw
that religion must emerge from legalism and
ceremonialism into a deeply spiritual and
ethical atmosphere.

Jesus had nothing to say about the impor-
tant Jewish rite of circumcision, but Paul's
interpretation of the Christian attitude
towards it was in entire accord with the
general tenor of Christ's teaching. It was
in this same spirit that the Master inter-
preted liberally the Jewish laws regarding
divorce ^ and the Sabbath.^ It was natural
that the great prophets of Israel should ap-
peal to him so powerfully. His references
were to the " Law and the Prophets," *
rather than to the Law alone. It is true that
he laid emphasis on the observance of the
Law and stated that none of it should be
destroyed "till all be fulfilled," ^ but he
seems to have felt increasingly that he was
its fulfillment, and that, consequently, he

1 II Cor. 3:6. 2 Matt. 19 : 3-8 ; Mark lO : 2-9.

^ Mark 2: 27-28; Luke 6:1-11.

* Matt, s : 17-20; cf. Luke 16:17. ' Matt. 5 : 18.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 35

in large measure supplanted it. This was
not so much because he formally abrogated
it, as because he transcended it. The tem-
porary, restricted, and imperfect in it fell
by its own weight when confronted with the
eternal, universal, and perfect principle of
conduct and faith manifested by Christ.
This was the "new wine" which had to be
put into "new bottles," ^ and which no
longer made necessary that accommodation -
to the old legalism which was required in the
earlier period of the training of the Jewish
nation.

This general attitude towards the old dis-
pensation is brought out by his references to
the Temple. He was loyal to it as the his-
torical center of worship for his people, but
he felt released from absolute obligation to
observe certain of its rites, even though he
might deem it a matter of wisdom not
to disregard them entirely.^ He believed
that the Temple would be destroyed,^ and

1 Matt. 9: 16-17; Mark 2: 21; Luke 5 : 36-37.

2 Mark 10 : 2-9. ^ Matt. 17 : 24-27.
*Matt. 24: 2; cf. Mark 15 : 29; Acts 6: 14.

36 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF ^HIMSELF

that in the new and more spiritual religion
which he was ushering in, men could worship
God anywhere.^ It was "mercy" rather
than the old temple sacrifice for which he
most cared.^ He went so far as to say "in
this place is one greater than the temple" ^
— a characterization which is apparently
self-applied.

All of these facts bear striking witness to
the self-consciousness of Christ. Think of
the exalted position of the old Law — the
Torah, and of the authority of the Scribes as
its official interpreters ; and then turn to the
young prophet of Nazareth, and see him abro-
gating some parts, supplementing others, and
daring to interpret old truth and proclaim
new truth with supreme confidence and au-
thority ! In so far, then, as his attitude to-
ward the Old Testament is concerned, he
believes himself to be the fulfillment of its
highest aspiration and prophecy, and conse-
quently the individual whose word consti-
tutes the new criterion of ethical and spiritual
authority.

1 John 4 : 20-24. " Matt. 12:7. ^ Matt. 12 : 6.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 37

C. Consciousness of Being the Messiah.
But Jesus' conception of his relationship to
Old Testament thought reaches its climax
in his claim to be the Christ or Messiah.
For centuries the Jewish people had been
looking forward to the coming in Palestine
of a Son of David who would usher in the
glorious Messianic kingdom. This dream had
started in times of national distress, and had
become vivid during the hard period of the
exile. It was based on the thought that the
God who was believed to have made a special
covenant with the Israelites would not allow
his chosen people to live permanently under
a foreign yoke, or in obscurity, but would
ultimately restore them to sovereignty and
power. They looked back to the wonderful
reign of David, and looked forward to its
renewal by his successors under even more
glorious conditions.^ What was thus orig-
inally a general and rather indefinite hope,
becomes more and more definite and concrete,
until in Isaiah ^ a single righteous and power-

* Cf. II Samuel 7 : 8-^17 ; Psalms 89 : 19-37.
2 Isaiah 7 : 14-16; 9 : 6, 7, etc. ; cf. Micah 4 : 5.

38 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

ful king appears in prophecy as the deliverer,
bringing peace, and compelling obedience to
the Holy God of Israel. In the two centuries
before Christ, during the difficult period
through which the Jews were passing politi-
cally, the Messianic hope was revived in many
apocalyptic writings, such as the Songs of
Solomon and the Book of Enoch, in which
the thought of the coming deliverer was made
more definite, and somewhat idealized. Yet
among the masses of the Jewish people in
Palestine at the beginning of our era, in spite
of some divergences of view, the Messianic
kingdom was commonly thought of as a great
empire, and the occupant of its throne as a
Jewish king of imperial presence and power —
a worthy successor of David and Solomon.
Such was the popular notion, and the prophets
of the past had passages which helped to sup-
port this conception of royal splendor asso-
ciated with the Messianic ofiice.

But he who now claimed to be the Messiah,
although reputed to be of the seed of David,
was born in a village manger,^ worked at a

^ Luke 2 : 7.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 39

carpenter's bench, ^ had not the learning of
the schools,^ lived in simplicity if not pov-
erty,^ associated with the despised and the
outcast,^ and was finally crucified between
two malefactors.^ And yet this humble
preacher for whom the ruling classes had
only contempt, had the boldness to claim to
be the rightful successor to the throne of Da-
vid, and consequently God's special represent-
ative on earth. He was conscious — at least
after the baptism — that he was the Messiah,
summing up in himself many types and ideals
of Jewish history which centered about this
great prophetic and apocalyptic conception.
His acceptance of the title was, humanly
speaking, a difficult but necessary step to take.
It was not an adequate ideal for the spiritual
and universal aspects of his mission, and so
it is perhaps not strange that the Christian
church has given it such scanty consideration.
And yet without it, without working through,
although also ultimately beyond, this nation-

^ Matt. 13:55; Mark 6: 3. ^joh^ytij.

3 Matt. 8 : 20; cf. John 7 : 53 with 8:1.

* Matt. 9:10; 11:19; 21:32. ^ Matt. 27:38.

40 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

alistlc conception, he could not have accom-
V plished his world-wide task. He had to take
the inherited thought of the Messiahship as
he found it, then broaden it, and give it a
more profound significance.

There are six important instances recorded
in the gospels of Jesus' accepting Messianic
tributes or performing Messianic acts. They
have to do with the Confession at Csesarea
.*., Philippi, the Anointing, the Triumphal Entry
into Jerusalem, the Cleansing of the Temple,
and the trials before the High Priest and
Pilate. These events all came relatively late
in his life, mostly in the last week. He did
not dare announce himself as the Messiah at
the beginning of his ministry, fearing that the
people, with their materialistic and nation-
alistic views of the office, might not grasp
its spiritual significance.

The first incident is connected with Peter's
famous confession of Jesus' Messiahship.^
It is important not only for his praise of the
disciple for recognizing him as "the Christ,
the Son of the Living God," but because he

^ Matt. i6: 13-20; Mark 8: 27-30; Luke 9: 18-21.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 41

made the discerning Peter, or, perhaps, his con-
fession, the "rock" on which he built his
church. The mere asking by Jesus of the
question "Whom do men say that I the Son of
man am ?" is significant. It carries its own
answer, as far as his own consciousness is con-
cerned, but when Peter frankly acknowledges
him as the Christ, the recognition is so exact,
and so remarkable, considering the unex-
pectedly humble character of the Messiah's
life, that Jesus traces the knowledge to the
inspiration of God. The revelation vouch-
safed to Peter corresponded to the Master's
own conviction.

The anointing by Mary of Bethany was
also significant. The precious ointment was
poured on his head — a symbolic act based
on Old Testament precedents for kings and
prophets. Jesus did not object ; on the con-
trary he approved, and, in spite of the op-
position of the people who thought the act
represented a large waste of money, replied
"ye have the poor with you always . . . but
me ye have not always;"^ and added that
^ Mark 14:3-9; Matt. 26: 6-13.

42 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

the anointing would be proclaimed wherever
the Gospel was known. This event must
clearly be interpreted as a recognition by
Jesus of his Messiahship, especially when
taken in connection with his statement at
the beginning of his ministry in Nazareth.
Then he accepted Isaiah's prophecy as "ful-
filled" in himself: "The Spirit of the Lord
is upon me, because he hath anointed
me to preach the gospel to the poor ; he hath
sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to preach
deliverance to the captives, and recovery of
sight to the blind, to set at liberty them that
are bruised, to preach the acceptable year of
the Lord." 1

The eleventh chapter of Mark gives us the
best picture of the third incident. Christ
is approaching the sacred city shortly before
the Passover. Here is the passage describing
what Christendom, with remarkable insight,
has always called the "Triumphal Entry."
"And they brought the colt to Jesus, and
cast their garments on him ; and he sat upon
him. And many spread their garments in
^ Luke 4 : 17-21 ; cf. Isaiah 61 : i.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 43

the way : and others cut down branches off
the trees, and strawed them in the way.
And they that went before, and they that
followed, cried, saying, Hosanna ; Blessed is
he that cometh in the name of the Lord :
Blessed be the kingdom of our father David,
that cometh in the name of the Lord : Ho-
sanna in the highest." ^ Such were the
honors paid, and Jesus offered no rebuke.
He accepted them all, as they were probably
meant, as a tribute to his rights of kingship.
In fact he was so sensible that the plaudits
and marks of respect of the crowd were
proper that when asked to rebuke his dis-
ciples he exclaimed : "I tell you that, if these
should hold their peace, the stones would
immediately cry out." ^ The phrase "in
the name of the Lord," twice repeated in the
account, is worthy of note. It means that
the kingdom of God is to be a vicegerency in
which the Messiah represents Jehovah. This
shows its importance, and, at the same time,
emphasizes the significance of the step taken

^ Mark II : 7-1 1 ; cf. John 12 : 13-15.
- Luke 19 : 40.

44 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

by Jesus in accepting this tribute of the
multitude.

The triumphal entry was closely followed
by Christ's visit to the Temple, where, as the
representative of Israel, he cleansed it of its
abuses.^ "Make not my Father's house an
house of merchandise"^ was the burden of
his thought. If we but realize how strictly
the guardianship of the Temple was kept in
the hands of the priestly caste, and how, as
in the case of all sacerdotal classes, any out-
side lay interference would be immediately
resented and punished, we may perhaps get
some idea of the feelings of Jesus when he
performed this act. It cannot easily be
explained or understood on any hypothesis
other than this — that he who cleansed the
Temple of Israel believed himself to be its
rightful guardian, the Anointed of God, the
Messiah.

The trial before the high priest gives the
fourth illustration. Here the words of Jesus
leave no doubt as to his claims. The oldest

^ Matt. 21 : 12; Mark 11 : 15, 16, and Luke 19:45.
^ John 2 : 16.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 45

of the records could not be more specific.
"Again the high priest asked him, and said
unto him, Art thou the Christ, the Son of the
Blessed ? And Jesus said, I am : and ye
shall see the Son of man sitting on the right
hand of power, and coming in the clouds of
heaven." ^ The definite acceptance by Jesus
of the title "the Christ" and its equivalent
"the Son of the Blessed," as well as his use
of the well-known Messianic imagery of the
time, are impressive. That those present
took his words as a claim of Messiahship is
made doubly clear by the statement of the
high priest immediately following, showing
that he thought Jesus guilty of "blasphemy."

The sixth event was the trial before Pilate.
The "Thou sayest" given by all four evan-
gelists as his reply to the governor's question
concerning his kingship, is now generally ad-
mitted to be a guarded expression of assent.
But even granted that another interpretation
is possible, the fact remains that at a supreme
crisis when asked categorically by the highest
resident official of the Roman government

^ Mark 14:61, 62; cf. Matt. 26:63, 64; Luke 22 : 66-71.

46 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

whether he was king of the Jews or no, he
refused to deny his claims.^ We must ac-
cept the straightforward honesty of the Mas-
ter. This, when applied to the interview
with Pilate, seems to make clear his conscious-
ness of his own Messiahship.

There is an earlier event than any of those
recorded above which, although less specific,
is almost as significant. It is the answer of
Jesus to the messengers from John the Bap-
tist.^ It was too early in his ministry for
him to use the word Messiah as applying to
himself, but in reply to the question as to
whether he was "he that should come" —
i.e. the Christ, he referred to the various well-
known signs of Messianic blessing, which
marked his work. He made it so clear that
there was no chance for misunderstanding
his real meaning.

In John we are given two other instances.
Jesus tells the woman of Samaria that he is
the long-looked-for Christ,^ and bears similar

^ Matt. 27 : 1 1 ; Mark 15:2; Luke 23 : 3 ; John 18:37;
cf. constant unrebuked use by followers of Christ of term
"son of David," Matt. 9 : 27, etc.

2 Matt. 1 1 : 3-6. ^ John 4: 25, 26; cf. Luke 7 : 20-23.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 47

testimony to the Jews in the Temple.^ So
with this evidence,^ supplemented by his warn-
ings against being deceived by false Christs,^
and by the use of other titles such as "the
Son of man" discussed later (see p. 79), there
can be no doubt but that our Lord claimed to
be the Christ, the responsible representative
of the highest power and love of God on earth.
His own testimony makes it easy for us to
understand the words of the people of Sama-
ria, "We have heard him ourselves, and know
that this is indeed the Christ, the Saviour
of the world." *

2. Master of the Present. We turn now
from Christ as the Master of the Past, to
Christ as the Master of the Present Life.
Our object here is to show his conscious-
ness of a unique position among men. This
may be considered under the following
divisions :

^ John 10: 24, 25.

^ Cf. Matt. 22 : 41-46. Jesus* statement on the road to
Emmaus is also to the point for those who accept its au-
thenticity, Luke 24 : 25-27.

*Matt. 24: 4, 5, 23, 24; Mark 13 : 21, 22; cf. 13 : 6.

* John 4: 41, 42.

48 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

A. Consciousness of Complete Righteous-
ness.

B. Consciousness of Absolute Leadership.

C. Consciousness of Authority.

D. Consciousness of Founding the King-
dom.

E. Consciousness of Mastery of Nature.

F. Consciousness of Revealing God's Char-
acter.

G. Consciousness of Power to Forgive Sins.
H. Consciousness of Unique Sonship.

A. Consciousness of Complete Righteousness.
In the world's history there has been but one
known person so completely consecrated to
God that he was apparently conscious, on
reaching early manhood, of no thought or
word or act that was not in obedience to his
Father's will. Jesus Christ knew himself to
be altogether righteous, because he was
entirely obedient, completely consecrated to
the service of God. At the threshold of his
ministry, when John hesitates to baptize
him into the formal community of the re-
deemed, we hear the Master saying: "Suffer
it to be so now : for thus it becometh us to

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 49

fulfil all righteousness." ^ And from that
time on there is not the slightest evidence of
his feeling that he was not accomplishing
this purpose ; while even before it we have
the beautiful story of the boy Jesus tarrying
in the Temple on his "Father's business."''
He lived the all-obedient life and was
conscious of it: "the Father hath not left
me alone ; for I do always those things that
please him." ^ At the end of his life, real-
izing that neither sins of commission nor of
omission can be laid up to his charge, we hear
him exclaiming: "I have glorified thee on
the earth : I have finished [the Greek word
means carried through completely] the work
which thou gavest me to do." * The entire
lack of any consciousness of sin is impressive,
especially when we realize how exalted his
ideals were, and when we remember that he
denounced sin in every form, calling on men
to repent.

In some of these respects he differed from
the Jewish leaders who preceded him, such as

^ Matt. 3:15. - Luke 2 : 49.

'John 8: 29. * John 17:4.

50 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

David, Isaiah, Ezra, and the writers of the
Psalms, as well as from the greatest Christians
who followed him, such as St. Paul, Augustine,
and Luther. These constantly lamented
their sins and craved forgiveness. It was
not so with Jesus. He knew that his life
had no waste in it, no break. There was no
hiatus which distinguished the purpose of
God from its fulfillment in him. The most
^delicate conscience the world has known
shows nowhere any sign of repentance, for
he had committed no act which required it.
And not only do we find such expressions of
satisfaction with the life which, with God's
help, he has lived, but in one place at least
he throws down the challenge to any one to
find a trace of sin in him. He alone could
say, "Which of you convinceth me of sin ?" ^
for he alone knew himself to be sinless,
perfect.^ The prince of darkness had no
availing power over him,^ for Jesus had com-
pletely overcome the world. ^

^ John 8 : 46; cf, 15 : 22.

2Luke6:40; cf. Matt. 19 : 21.

* Matt. 4: 10, II ; cf. John 14 : 30. * John 16:33.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 51

B. Consciousness of Absolute Leadership.
And it is because of this perfect righteousness
that he has become what he claimed to be,
our leader, our ideal. To do as Jesus did,
or as he would do in our circumstances, be-
comes the goal of all Christian endeavor, as
he himself, knowing the uniqueness of his
example, taught that it should be. The short,
categorical summons, "follow me,"^ made an
earnest disciple of Levi the Publican. "Come
ye after me" ^ constituted his command to
Simon and Andrew. "Come, take up the
cross, and follow me" ^ were the last words
addressed to the rich young man who sought
God's kingdom. "Whosoever will come after
me, let him deny himself, and take up his
cross, and follow me" ^ is the oft-repeated
statement of the essence of the gospel.

There is no thought in Jesus' mind of a
higher level of character and life than he
gives us. That we should be like him by
walking in his footsteps, by making him our

1 Luke 5 : 27. 2 Mark i : 17.

3 Mark 10:21; Matt. 19 : 21 ; cf. Matt. 16 : 24.
* Mark 8 : 34.

52 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

absolute Lord, is his frequently expressed
wish. His claim of mastery is so far-reaching
that our devotion to him — the "captain of
our salvation " — transcends in importance our
obligations to our nearest kindred. Should
a conflict of duties arise, it is the latter that
must yield, — our love for Jesus must be the
supreme, all-determining thing. ^ We have
not two masters to follow, "for one is your
Master, even Christ." ^ He demands com-
plete self-surrender, entire renunciation of the
world, of those who would follow him.^ We
must love as he loved, ^ no more is possible.
"It is enough for the disciple that he be as
his master, and the servant as his lord." ^
In a word he is conscious of being the rightful
Lord of the lives of men, whose leadership is
indisputable, and to whom devotion, as il-
lustrated by the woman with the box of
precious ointment,^ should be unrestrained.
Jesus' conviction of his divine leadership
is also shown by his accepting faith in his

^ Matt. 10:37; Luke 14: 26; cf. Luke 11 : 23.

2 Matt. 23 : 8, 10; cf. 26:18; Mark 11:3; 14:14.

^ Luke 14:33. * John 15:12; 13:34. ^ Matt. 10:25.

*Matt. 26:7-13; Mark 14:3-10; John 12:7, 8.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 53

person as the only requisite for salvation
(see p. 82), and by the institution of the Lord's
Supper, the great Christian service. This
was intended primarily as a memorial feast,
— one that should keep alive among men the
character and teachings of the Master. Had
we no other witness to Christ than the exist-
ence in the early days of this ceremony, and
the preservation both in Gospels ^ and Epis-
tles ^ of references to it, we might well
imagine that one in his right mind, who
commanded this ceremony in his own memory,
must have been conscious of a leadership
among men that gave him a relationship of
peculiar oneness with God.

C. Consciousness of Authority. That Jesus
spoke "with authority and not as the scribes"^
is generally recognized. His message was
self-authenticating, without the need of appeal
to "signs" or to tradition. His method of
replying to those questioning his position is
striking."* He was conscious of the absolute

1 Matt. 26:26-28; Mark 14:22-24; Luke 22: 19, 20.
2 1 Cor. 10: 16; II : 24.

2 Matt. 7 : 29 ; Mark 1:22; cf. Luke 4:35, 36.
* Matt. 21 : 23 ; cf. Mark 1 1 : 27-33 ; 12:12.

54 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

truth of his positive teachings in the realm
of morals and religion. This stands out
most clearly in the Fourth Gospel, but its
roots are in the Synoptics. "Verily, verily,
I say unto thee, We speak that we do know." ^
He knew, there was not the shadow of doubt
in his mind, that the Father had given him
extraordinary power, ^ and that his profound
teaching of spiritual principles was God's
teaching. Hear also the certainty with which
he exclaims "whosoever heareth these say-
ings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken
him unto a wise man, which built his house
upon a rock, " ^ and " If a man keep my saying,
he shall never see death." ^ There is a
ring of assurance in these utterances. "Ye
call me Master and Lord," said Christ,
"and ye say well ; for so I am." ^ So great
is his realization of his own absoluteness
that he demands obedience on the part of
his followers.^ "Follow me"^ is the oft-re-

1 John 3: ii; cf. 8:38.

2 Matt. 28 : 18 ; cf, John 13 : 3.

5 Matt. 7:24. * John 8:51.

^ John 13 : 13 ; cf. Luke 19 : 31.

'Matt. 10:37. ''Matt. 4:19; S : 22, znd passim.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 55

peated summons In all the gospels. It is a
command, not an invitation, and it comes
from one who could say with assurance,
even according to one of the Synoptics,
*'A11 things are delivered unto me of my
Father : and no man knoweth the Son, but
the Father." '

It is also noteworthy that the expressed faith
of others in him brought out his complete
approval. He commended the centurion's
faith in his powers.^ He healed the leper
who said, "Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst
make me clean." ^ In at least one Johan-
nine passage he is quoted as laying claim
to the sole mediatorship between God
and man in the familiar words, "No man
cometh unto the Father, but by me." ^ He
is also sensible of his authority to transfer
miraculous powers to others.^ He believes
himself to be Lord of the Sabbath/ and of

^ Matt. II : 27.

2 Matt. 8 : 5-13 ; cf. Luke 7 : i-io. ^ Matt. 8 : 2.

* John 14:6; cf. John 10:1; Matt. 11:27.
^ Luke 9:1; cf. Matt. 18:19; cf. also his consciousness
of power to forgive sins (see p. 73).
« Mark 2: 28; Matt. 12:8; Luke 6: 5.

56 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

greater dignity than the very Temple of
Israel itself.^ Yet, conscious of his supe-
riority, he refuses to submit his claims to the
constituted authorities of the Jewish church.^
He knew that his words would cause division
and strife even in the same family,^ but that
was of little account in comparison with the
acceptance of the truth. It was to bear wit-
ness to this that he came into the world,*
and his frequent assertion of the truth of his
message and person ^ is but another expres-
sion of his consciousness of authority ; while
his statement, recorded in all the Synoptics,
that his words (the non-acceptance of which
would incur the divine disfavor ^) were more
enduring than the very heavens and earth "^
— even when figuratively interpreted — im-
plies the highest sense of their eternal abso-
luteness.

When his authority was challenged as by

1 Matt. 12:6. 2 Mark 11 : 28-33.

' Luke 12: 51, 52. * John 18:37.

^ John 8:14; 14:6; cf. John 8 : 45 ; 16:17; Luke 19 : 27,
etc.

* Mark 8: 38; Luke 9 126; cf. Mark 10 : 32.
^Matt. 24:35; Mark 13 : 31 ; Luke 21 :33.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 57

John the Baptist,^ or by the Scribes and
Pharisees,^ or by the Sadducees,^ or by the
Chief Priests and Elders/ or by Herod,^
his attitude showed that he would not discuss
the matter — his message and his deeds of
mercy spoke convincingly for themselves —
and no external sign would help.^ And yet
at least once, in the course of his regular
work, he gave a visible example of his author-
itative mission by driving the buyers and
sellers out of the Temple "^ — an astonishing
act for a layman in these sacred precincts.
Such words and actions are convincing testi-
mony of his consciousness of authority.^

D. Consciousness of Founding the Kingdom.
The essence of Christ's gospel was the
preaching of the kingdom of God. This is
shown by the emphasis on the kingdom in his
parables, and by the close collocation of
*' gospel" and "kingdom" in many of his
sayings. In Matthew we have " the gospel
of the kingdom " (4 : 23), in Mark " the gospel

* Matt. 1 1 : 2-6. * Matt. 12 : 38-42.

^ Matt. 16 : 1-4. ^ Mark II : 27-33. ^ Luke 23 : 8, 9.
"Mark 8: II, 12; John 6: 30. ^ Matt. 21 : 12, 13.

' See also below in discussion of Christ as Judge.

58 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

of the kingdom of God " (i : 14), in Luke " the
glad tidings of the kingdom of God" (8 : i).
His thought of the kingdom was a joyous one,
as befits the surroundings of Galilee, rather
than those of stern Judea — and his illustra-
tions of it were largely drawn from the world
of nature about him.

That God's kingdom on earth was In the
thought of Jesus bound up with his own
person. Is evidenced by all the gospels. It
has been already implied In the study of his
consciousness of being the Messiah, but a
few other facts should be brought out here.
Among his earliest words are "the kingdom
of heaven is at hand," ^ and over one hun-
dred times later we find him quoted as re-
ferring to his society as a kingdom of which
he is conscious of being the head.^ When
we remember that this kingdom is to be
both universal and eternal, the magnitude of
the claim Is apparent. It Is this coming of
the kingdom which the Master lays down
as the one thing his apostles are to preach.^

1 Matt. 4:17; cf. Mark 1:15; Luke 4 : 44.

2 Cf. Matt. 25 : 34. 2 Matt. 10 : 7.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 59

Identification with it is the highest of this
world's privileges.^ Even the least of its
members is greater than John the Baptist,
than whom Jesus said that history had
shown no greater man. If we study the
parables of the kingdom recorded in the
thirteenth chapter of Matthew,^ we will notice
that in each case they show the Master sen-
sible of the fact that the creation of this all-
important divine society was his own work.
Imagine the very greatest and noblest man
of our time making the coming of the mil-
lennium dependent both upon the acceptance
of him and of his teaching, and we can get
some idea of the astonishing character of
this claim, which reaches its culmination in
the King's power to judge the world, referred
to later.^

The kingdom of God, or of Heaven, was
to Jesus neither exclusively internal nor
external, neither exclusively present nor fu-
ture. It was essentially the spiritual ideal
which he created, based on doing the will of

1 Matt. II : II. 2]viatt. 13 : 24, 31, 33, 44, 45, 47.

' See p. 87.

6o WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

God, and which he made the center of his
preaching, especially in the Sermon on the
Mount and in the Parables. It began in his
own religious experience, then became re-
alized in the group of disciples, while little
by little, like "the leaven" and "the seed,"
it was to spread over the world. It was also
to have its supreme realization in a future
state, but this, in spite of vigorous modern
eschatologists, was not its fundamental fea-
ture. It was, therefore, to be an abiding
religious and ethical condition of mind, re-
sulting in right social relations, rather than
a place or an event. It had to do with
repentance, and faith and love — not pri-
marily with loaves and fishes, or with earthly
power, or with any new external system. In
these respects the Messianic kingdom estab-
lished by Jesus differed from that expected
by most of his Jewish contemporaries. The
mere fact that he proclaimed such a kingdom,
and identified himself with it, throws impor-
tant light on his divine consciousness.

E. Consciousness of Mastery of Nature^s
Laws. From a study of Christ's conscious

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 6 1

power over men to his conviction of mastery
of nature's forces is a natural step in the
development of our subject. We touch here
on a matter which most works on Christian
Evidences have done much to confuse. For-
tunately, however, miracles are now regarded
as the object rather than the means of Apol-
ogetics, and we are beginning to see that
given an unparalleled personality, unique
forms of expressing divine power are not
necessarily unnatural. We must use Christ
to explain the miraculous, rather than vice
versa. The modern theory of the unity of
nature is here a help, for the " miracles " of
Jesus can be explained only on the ground
that the divine spirit permeates man and the
physical world, and that consequently this
spirit of God possessed by Jesus could enter
sympathetically into the potentialities of
both. It was because of our Lord's wonder-
ful power of penetrating the secrets of nature
and making them his own that he could
work understandingly and effectively through
her varied manifestations and possibilities.
To him the world of nature and the world

62 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

of Spirit were bound together by an insepar-
able divine kinship. God was behind both,
and in both.

The authenticity of some of the gospel
miracles,^ at least in their present form, is
open to question, but to cut out all evidences
of the miraculous (so-called) from the ac-
counts of Christ's life is well-nigh impossible.
There is hardly a page that does not bear its
witness to his supernormal power. Here two
forms of dogmatism are to be avoided — that
of the conservative student who accepts as an
exact statement of fact every miracle recorded
in the Bible, without investigation, and that
of the radical who assumes that whatever
runs contrary to our own experience must
necessarily be legendary. But our subject de-
mands that we deal not with the miracles, as
such, but with the testimony they bear to
Jesus' realization of his relationship to God.

We shall take up first the miracles of heal-
ing. With many of these even the most
critical spirit has little difficulty. Modern
science has done much to prove the possible

1 E.g. Matt. 2:9; Luke 8 : 33.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 6^

influence of one mind over another. So it
is only necessary to think of the one whom we
call the Master as conscious of possessing a
dominant will to understand those miracles
of which nervous or weak-willed persons were
the subjects. The woman who had a spirit
of infirmity eighteen years, ^ the man sick
with the palsy (paralysis),^ Simon's wife's
mother,^ the child with the unclean spirit,*
the man with the deaf and dumb spirit,^
the afflicted Gadarene,^ and many others,^
overpowered by his strong mind, were cured
through faith in his powers, which he, through
the conscious possession of them, had helped
to render objective. The fact is that Jesus
" stirred the forces of the inner life " so
mightily that they reacted effectively and im-
pressively upon the bodily life. This is es-
pecially true in the case of various nervous
disorders, such as delirium (Mark 5 : 2-20),
catalepsy (Matthew 12 : 22), and epilepsy
(Mark 9 : 17-29). Even the cure of those who

' Luke 13 : II, 12. 2 Mark 2 : 10-12.

8 Luke 4: 38, 39; cf. John 4: 50. * Luke 9: 42.

' Mark 9 : 25, 26. « Luke 8 : 32-35.
'Mark 5:34; 6: 56, etc.

64 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

thought themselves blind may be similarly-
explained if we but grasp the power of faith
— the great essential proclaimed by Jesus,
and the authoritative character of his per-
sonality. There seem to have been some who,
hampered by the effects of disease and dirt,
had never seen, but who had faith in the
deep, genuine ring of his commands, and
succeeded, with his effective help, in forcing
their eyes open at his bidding. So it may
have been with Bartimeus,^ and with the
blind men of Bethsaida ^ and of Jericho.^

But when we pass from such cures, which
have at least a possible explanation in the
realized power of one will over another, and
may therefore be classed as psychological, to
those miracles which imply actual changes
in the body itself — changes which are im-
mediate, and apparently beyond the influence
of the most strenuous exertion of the mind —
we are carried into a field of great difficulty.
It behooves us therefore to be modest and
not too sure of our conclusions, especially
in an age when science seems to be proving

^ Mark 10:51, 52. 2 j^gj-k 8 : 22. ^ Luke 18: 41, 42.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 65

the unity of nature, and when, on the other
hand, psychology and psychical research are
making us reaHze the extraordinary range of
power latent in the human spirit. We see
Jesus sensible of being able to transform a
withered into a whole hand,^ and curing
instantaneously a woman with an Issue of
blood.^ We hear him saying to the leper
"I will; be thou clean," ^ and we are told
that the whitish scales disappeared at his
word.* We see the blood pouring from the
side of the high priest's servant's head, when
suddenly the wound is healed by a touch
from the finger of Christ and a word of as-
surance.^

But even this is not all. The Fourth Gos-
pel gives us the story of the raising of Laz-
arus ^ from the dead. It is a stupendous
miracle — and, if true, the mere attempt to
fathom the conviction of divine power be-
hind it is staggering. It does not entirely
do away with the difficulty to explain it on

1 Luke 6 : 10. 2 Luke 8 : 46, 48.

'Matt. 8:2, 3; cf. Luke 5: 13; 17:11,19.
^* Mark 1:42. 'Luke 22: 51. « John 11 : 43, 44.

66 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

the basis of its identification with the latest
of the gospels alone. St. Luke's account of
Jesus' life contains two similar incidents.
We can hear the words as the Saviour stood
over the bier of the widow's son at Nain,
"Young man, I say unto thee, arise," ^
and those similar ones recorded in all the
Synoptics when Jairus' daughter was raised ^
— "maid, arise" — and we cannot escape the
conviction that he who gave these com-
mands realized the power he possessed. Such
accounts in several different narratives bear
telling witness to Christ's consciousness of
power.^

It is a striking fact that the only miracle
recorded by all the evangelists is the feeding
of the multitude,^ one which brings forward
prominently Christ's mastery of the laws of

^ Luke 7 : 14, 15. ' Luke 8 : 54.

'The tribute money in the fish's mouth (Matt. 17:27),
the passing of Christ through the crowd (Luke 4:30), and
the draught of fishes (John 21 : 1-14) are not considered above.
The last two named easily yield to a naturalistic interpreta-
tion, while we are not told that the tribute money (Matt.
17: 27) was obtained in the miraculous way predicted.

*Matt. 14:18; cf. 15:32-38; Mark6:4i; Luke9:i6,
17; John 6: II.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 67

nature. Here is a marvelous "sign," and
one for which the historical evidence is so
strong that it cannot be lightly dismissed.
Let us put ourselves back in the scene. There
are some five thousand people before him,
weary and hungry. They must be fed, yet
there are but five loaves and two small fishes
to form the common meal. It is a rare op-
portunity for Jesus to relieve want. He has
no thought of failure. He knows that the
necessary food will be provided. If he did
not fully realize that after prayer to the
Father his power would in some way be vin-
dicated, his attempt to meet the needs of
the multitude would be unintelligible. Any
one, sincere and in his right mind, who at-
tempted such a task must be conscious of
the mighty works of which he was capable.
We must notice also the confident way in
which the Christ of John's Gospel set to work
to increase the supply of the wedding wine,^
the tone of authority in which all the Synop-
tics ^ give his rebuke to the stormy wind,

^ John 2 : 7.

2 Matt. 8:26; Mark 4 139; Luke 8 : 24.

68 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

which obeyed his "Peace, be still," ^ and the
cursing of the barren fig tree.^ These words,
and others like them,^ implying an effective
mastery of the laws of the natural world,
find their counterpart in the story of Christ's
walking on the sea,^ and seem to show that
he believed himself the possessor of forces
and influences which have not been claimed
by other men of normal minds. No wonder
that the disciples were astonished, and ex-
claimed, "What manner of man is this, that
even the wind and the sea obey him ?" ^

It throws some light on Jesus' view of
miracles to note that to him they were not
"prodigies" or "wonders," as they are to so
many ignorant people. He uses the Greek
equivalent of this conception but once * and
then with disapproval. To him miracles
were sometimes powers (Bvvdjxei^), some-
times signs (arjjjLeia), but generally merely
works (epya) — deeds of kindness and of
love. They were spontaneous, restrained,

^ Mark 4: 39. -Mark 11:14. •'' Luke 10 : 19.

* Mark 6 148; John 6 tig. » Mark 4 : 39-41.

" John 4 : 48 (jepaTo).

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 69

dignified, helpful deeds done with a moral
object — as different as possible from many
of the ethically meaningless and spectacular
wonders which discredit the Apocryphal Gos-
pels. He believed them to be the result of
God's power working through him, and if
the Master's own view of his incarnation is
grasped they can be understood. It was
"with the finger of God," ^ or "by the Spirit
of God," ^ or "by prayer" ^ that he was able
to do his "miracles." There is no evidence
that he considered them violations of natural
law; the poor modern word "supernatural"
is not even a New Testament conception —
rather were they manifestations of the use, or
direction, of latent forces, by man who is cre-
ated in the image of God, and who conse-
quently, if he draws upon his power, has a
potential key to unlocking the secrets of a
universe that is all one and all divine.

Miracles then, by the confidence which
precedes the act, rather than by the act it-
self, and by the complete understanding and

* Luke 11: 20. 2 Matt. 12: 28.

• Matt. 17 : 21 (Revised Version).

70 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

mastery of Nature's laws which they reveal,
bear testimony to Jesus' consciousness of his
close relationship to Deity. Yet we must
remember that they never involve absolute
creation, a power which we are not told that
Jesus Christ inherently possessed ; and that
he definitely stated that believers in him —
that is those who understood and cultivated
his secret of power — might do even greater
works. ^

F. Consciousness of Revealing God's Char-
acter. We pass now to the deeper expres-
sions of our Lord in regard to his relation-
ship to Deity, and shall consider first his
consciousness of revealing God's character,
Jesus came to make known to men the true
nature of the one eternal God as a loving
Father, holy and near at hand. He lived in
his presence and spirit, being, as the unknown
author of Hebrews so beautifully expresses it,
the "express image" of the Father's person.^
Such phrases as the following occur in all

' John 14: 12.

^ Heb. 1:3; cf. the post-resurrection statement in Matt.
2S:i8.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 71

the Gospels : "All things are delivered unto
me of my Father";^ "He that hath seen
me hath seen the Father";^ "Whosoever
shall receive me, recelveth not me, but him
that sent me";^ "no man knoweth who
the Son Is, but the Father ; and who the
Father Is, but the Son, and he to whom the
Son will reveal him^^;^ "As the Father
knoweth me, even so know I the Father." ^
Of these five quotations, four are from the
Synoptics, although all emphasize that note
of divine exaltation generally associated
with the Fourth Gospel. It Is clear from
these sayings that Jesus put forward the
claim ^ to a peculiarly Intimate knowledge of
his Father In Heaven, and preached that the
acceptance of him and of his message was

1 Matt. 11:27. 2 John 14: 8, 9; cf. 12:45.

'Mark 9: 37; Matt. 10:40; cf. John 5 : 23 ; 3:13.

* Luke 10 : 22 ; Matt. 1 1 : 27 ; cf. John 8:19.

'John 10: 15.

^ Sometimes the language he is made to use in the Fourth
Gospel seems almost to identify him with Deity, e.g. "I and
my Father are one." John 10:30; cf. also John 8:15,
16; 10:38; 17: II, etc. The Christ of the Fourth Gospel
also claims preexistence; cf. John 8: 58; 17: 5, 24; but this
finds no parallel in the Synoptics.

72 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

the equivalent of the acceptance of God.
Such words could not have been used by one
who was not conscious of a perfect under-
standing of the character of the Eternal.
In fact the fatherhood of God seems to have
been the only subject on which he claimed
complete and unique knowledge. This is
not surprising, as his message, his gospel,
his glad tidings, can be reduced in essence to
this — the God revealed by Jesus is a loving
Father. The reconciliation of some Johan-
nine passages expressing the unity between
Father and Son in a metaphysical as well as
an ethical form, especially those in the much
questioned " High Priestly Prayer " of John
17, with the general tenor of the earlier gos-
pels, and with many of the statements of the
Fourth Evangelist himself, is left for the
moment. Suffice it now to have brought to-
gether the most important words assigned to
Jesus regarding his intimate knowledge of
God, and his power to reveal his character
authoritatively.^ It is difficult to escape from
the conviction that he of whom such words
^ See also p. 75 fF.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 73

were early recorded must have given expres-
sion to thoughts about himself and his rela-
tionship to God implying such exaltation as to
have made him, in his own eyes, the embodi-
ment in human form of the Eternal Spirit.
Without some such objective basis the de-
velopment of Johannine and Pauline Christ-
ology is an inexplicable mystery.

G. Consciousness of Power to Forgive Sins.
There is one aspect in which all the Synoptic
Gospels represent Jesus that substantiates
this view and makes the transition to the
theology of the Fourth Gospel less abrupt.
It is his claim of power to forgive sins —
which, in essence, means the transference of
ability to break off evil habits, and to realize
the divine life — the "peace of God which
passeth all understanding." That "the Son
of man hath power on earth to forgive sins" ^
— to restore a repentant man to right re-
lations to God — is a claim made in the
early part of the Saviour's ministry, and
accredited by a divine act. The most beau-
tiful example of his forgiveness is connected
^ Matt. 9 : 6, 7 i Mark 2:5; Luke 5 : 20, 24.

74 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

with a woman — Mary of Bethany. She
had lived a bad life and was now a penitent
sinner, so penitent in fact and so anxious to
show her better resolve for the future by
acts of kindness, that Jesus Christ, as the
accredited messenger of God, forgave her
sins. Twice is this forgiveness declared in
terms of authority. First, to Simon, in the
words, "Wherefore I say unto thee. Her sins,
which are many, are forgiven," ^ and again
to the woman herself, "he said unto her,
Thy sins are forgiven." ^ That this power
was consciously inherent in Jesus himself
because of his spiritual oneness with God,
and that it was not merely declarative on
the part of another, seems to be shown by
his words in instituting the Lord's Supper,
"this is my blood of the new testament,
which is shed for many for the remission of
sins," ^ and by his attitude when the Jews,
having charged him with blasphemy for
pronouncing pardon upon the paralytic —
an event recorded in all the Synoptics —
exclaim, "Who can forgive sins but God
» Luke 7 : 47. * Luke 7 : 48. » Matt. 26 : 28.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 75

only?"^ Far from denying his own in-
trinsic rights in the performance of this di-
vine act, he deliberately asserts his privilege
by curing him whose sins he had declared
forgiven. The transference of this power to
the Apostles^ is a transference in appear-
ance only. It is forgiveness declared with
authority as possible only through faith in
Christ, who gave his life "a ransom for
many." '

H. Consciousness of Unique Sons hip. But
it is in his own self-characterizations that
the consciousness of his divine mission
is the most apparent. This is especially
noteworthy if we accept the historicity of
the Fourth Gospel. Here Jesus calls himself
the "bread of life," * "the bread of God," ^
and tells us that those who make him their
spiritual food shall live forever. He is "the
door," ^ by which "if any man enter in he
shall be saved." He is the "Hght of the

^ Matt. 9:6; Mark 2:7; Luke 5: 21.

* John 20: 23; cf. Matt. 16: 19; 18:18.

* Mark 10 : 45 ; Matt. 20 : 28.

* John 6: 35, 48. * John 6 133; cf. 6:31.

* John 10 : 9.

76 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

world," ^ "the good shepherd,"^ "the way,
the truth, and the life." ^ Such self-desig-
nations are not confined to the last of the
gospels, for in the Synoptics he calls himself
"the sower," ^ "the bridegroom,"^ "the
rock, " ^ the corner stone of redeemed hu-
manity '' — statements that are fully as sig-
nificant as their Johannine equivalents. They
are without parallel in the history of the
world's great men. Here is one who is re-
ported to have called himself by names that
carry with them no knowledge of sin, no
imperfection, and who claims to be the one
who alone can satisfy the spiritual cravings
of man. His person is so exalted that to
follow him, ^ or to have faith ^ in him, is the
all-important test.

These self-characterizations lead up to four
titles adopted by Jesus which imply reali-

1 John 9 .-5. 'John 10: II.

•John 14:6; cf. John II : 25. * Luke 8 : 5, 11.

^Markziig; Luke 5: 35.

« Luke 6 : 47, 48 ; cf. Matt. 7 : 24 ; 16 : 18.

^ Luke 20: 17.

^ Matt. 8:22; Mark i : 27 and passim.

' John 1 1 : 25 and passim in Fourth Gospel.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 77

zation of his unique Sonship. They are "the
Son," "the Son of God," "the Son of man,"
and "the Messiah" or "the Christ." All
but the second are used so frequently by the
Synoptists as to call for special attention.
The last has already been discussed (see

P- 37)-

Whenever Jesus calls himself " the Son " ^ it

is in connection,^ either by way of contrast
or cooperation, with the Father. An impres-
sive instance recorded in Matthew and Luke
is that where he states that knowledge of the
Father is confined to the Son "and he to
whomsoever the Son will reveal him.^'' ^
We are all sons of God, but he calls himself
not merely a son, but the son. Just as there
are many fathers but only one who is to all
men "the Father," so there is but one son
who is "the Son" to mankind. Christ in
thus naming himself asserts that he bears an
essential relationship to Deity, a conclusion
that is borne out by his frequent use of the

1 Matt. 11:27; 21:37; 28:19; Mark 13:32; Luke 10:
22; John 5 : 19, 20, 21, 23, 26; 8:36; 17:1.

^ John 8 : 36 is an exception to the letter of this statement.
'Matt. 11:27; Luke 10:22.

78 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

phrase "My Father," ^ the personal pronoun
implying intimate connection between the
two. But there is nothing in this simple title
that is essentially and necessarily Messianic.

The second title, the use of which is re-
corded less frequently, adds little to our
knowledge of Jesus' thought about himself.
It is really but the complete expression of
the idea clearly implied in the first. We
find it se\4eral times in the Fourth Gospel, ^
and once in the Synoptics, ^ but there are
other occasions when Christ was addressed
as "the Son of God" and accepted the title
without rebuke.^ It is a tacit assertion of the
fact that in him God has become incarnate
— the chosen representative of the chosen
people. The title is unquestionably Messi-
anic in character, but not necessarily exclu-
sively so. Israel was God's son,^ so were its

»Matt.7:2i; 15:13; 16:17; 25:34; 26:29,39; and
passim in all gospels.

2 John 5 : 25; 9: 35, 37; 10: 36; 11:4. Used by others of
Christ; Matt. 27:54; Mark 1:1; John 1:35-40; 6:69;
11:34; 17:7; 20:31; and Luke I : 35.

'Matt. 27:43. ^ Matt. 14:33; Mark 3: 11, 12.

* Exodus 4 : 22 fF.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 79

kings ^ — and naturally, therefore, the chosen
people's Messiah might bear the same title.
A metaphysical relationship to Deity is neither
excluded nor demanded by it, but Jesus has
become God's special ambassador ^ to a
needy world. Such an office cannot be
shared ; it must from its very nature be
unique.^ This thought is also brought out in
the parable of the Vineyard.* The absent
husbandman's servants have been maltreated
and killed as, one after another, they have been
sent to secure the fruits of the distant estate.
Then, as a last resort, the owner sends his only
son, but he too is killed. There can be no
doubt as to Jesus' meaning. The husband-
man is God the Father, and his "one son the
well-beloved" is no other than he himself.
The third title, "the Son of man"^ —

1 Psalms 86 : 16. ' Cf. Eph. 6 : 20; II Cor. 5 : 20.

'Christ was called "Son of God" by centurion, Matt.
27:54; by disciples, Matt. 14:33; by fourth evangelist,
John 20: 31 ; by Baptist, John I : 34; by Nathaniel, John I :
49; by Peter, John 6:69; by Martha, John 11:27; by
Jews (quoting Jesus), John 19 : 7.

^Marki2:i-9; Matt. 21:37; Luke 20: 13.

^Matt. 8:20; Mark 14:41; Luke 9:56; John 12:23
and passim.

8o WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

discussed in scores of learned treatises — is
in some ways the most suggestive of all. The
Synoptics give us sixty-nine instances ^ in
which Jesus so called himself. It is evident
that it was his favorite self-designation, al-
though Stephen is the only one of his early
followers who is known to have used it ^ of
him. /The title as used by Christ can only
be understood in connection with the great
prophecy in the book of Daniel, when the
Messiah coming on the clouds of Heaven is
described as "one like the [a] son of man." ^
The image of this passage took firm hold
upon the imagination of the Jews, as we
know from several sources, and especially
from the Book of Enoch, which appeared in
the century before the Christian era. It
became firmly fixed in the popular imagi-
nation as a Messianic title, and Jesus' use of
it was so understood. It had the advantage
of being long associated with the glorious
ushering in of the eternal kingdom, and yet of
associating the Messiah with the human race.

^Matthew, 30; Mark, 14; Luke, 25.

2 Acts 7 : 56. ^ Daniel 7:13.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 8 1

This figure of the Son man has the effect of
taking the Messiahship out of its exclusively
Davidic ^ and nationalistic environment, and
giving it a more divine and more universal
significance. As the failure of Jesus' plans
for a world transformation in his life-time be-
came more and more apparent, he seems to
have seized more tenaciously upon the won-
derful vision of the Son of man coming on the
clouds of heaven, and to have thought of it as
referring to his own return in glory. ^ This
frequently gives a note of divine triumph to
his use of this symbolic title, without ever
disassociating it entirely from humanity and
the earth on which we live.

3. Master of the Future. It has been shown
by reference to the gospels that Jesus knew
himself to be (first) the Fulfiller of the
ideals of the Past ; and (second) the Com-
plete Master of the Present Life. It is neces-
sary now to take up briefly (third), Christ
as the Master of the Future.

^ The difficult passage Mark 12:35-37 is believed by
many scholars to be a denial of the idea that the Messiah
must necessarily be the descendant or successor of David.

2 Matt. 16 : 27, etc.
e

82 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

His knowledge of his relation to man's
future may be discussed under six heads :

A. Consciousness of Determining Salvation.

B. Consciousness of Decreeing Judgment.

C. Consciousness of Universal Mission.

D. Consciousness of Suffering for the Sins
of Humanity.

E. Consciousness of Foreknowing, Resur-
rection.

F. Consciousness of Returning to Influence
the World.

With all of these beliefs, purposes and
acts Jesus claims to be vitally connected.

A. Consciousness of Determining Salvation.
The New Testament doctrine of Salvation
starts with faith in the person of Christ. It
is not belief in dogmas about God or about
Christ — it is trust, faith in the living person
of the Master himself. The idea expressed by
"faith" and by the old English word "fide,"
rather than by the too exclusively intellectual
act identified with "belief" and "believe," is
most characteristic. The message of Jesus is
" Come unto me, . . . and I will give you rest," ^
^Matt. 11:28.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 83

both present and future. Salvation is phys-
ical, through cures ; spiritual, through a
repentant and renewed soul life ; and eternal,
through faith which masters death — and in
each case it is brought about by Christ. He
is the Great Physician who saves man from
suffering by many wonderful cures, ^ but
these are merely a means to an end — the
fitting of men for a higher sin-free life, the
saving of their moral and spiritual natures.
This was the great purpose of Jesus' coming
into the world. He came "to seek and to
save that which was lost," ^ or, as the Fourth
Gospel puts it, that we "should not perish,
but have everlasting life." ^ His very pres-
ence was, in his judgment, enough to bring
safety to a ship's company in a storm,* and
salvation to a household,^ while faith in him
sufficed to save both a sinful woman ^ and the
centurion's servant.'^ The Greek word for
"save" occurs 54 times in the gospels, in over
one third of the cases with a religious sig-

^ Mark 5:34. ^ Luke 19 : 10. ' John 3 : 16.

* Matt. 8 : 26. * Luke 19:9. * Luke 7 : 50.

^ Matt. 8 : 5-10.

84 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

nificance. That Jesus used It so frequently
in the way he did, with reference both to the
Father in whom he urged men to trust im-
plicitly,^ and to himself — and in both cases
in connection with eternal life — is evidence
of his conviction that he and his message
held an important relationship to man's
future.

Here Is a man among men telling them that
their spiritual condition is dependent upon
implicit confidence in him and his teachings.
This is specially emphasized in the Fourth
Gospel. If men will follow him salvation
will begin here below, for eternal life is de-
pendent only upon knowledge of God and of
Christ, and it is decreed by the Master him-
self.^ It is a remarkable claim — that of a
despised carpenter's son, making Heaven
and Hell depend upon degree of relationship
to him. Whether these terms were used by
Jesus to refer to anything more than radically
different states of mind, matters little. The
"keys of the kingdom of heaven" were
claimed by him according to well-attested
» Matt. 6:25-34. 2 John 17.3. 10:28.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 85

Synoptic tradition,^ which also records his
saying that his life was given as "a ransom
for many,"^ as well as the wonderful words —
as impressive as anything in John — restricting
the true knowledge of the Heavenly Father to
Christ "and he to whomsoever the Son will
reveal him.^^ ^ He believed himself identi-
fied with man's future happiness or the op-
posite. It was he, the Son of man, who
"shall gather together his elect from the
four winds."* "Verily, verily, I say unto
you. He that believeth on me hath everlasting
life," ^ "Verily, verily, I say unto you. He
that heareth my word, and believeth on him
that sent me, hath everlasting life . . . The
hour is coming, and now is, when the dead
shall hear the voice of the Son of God :
and they that hear shall live." ^ With
these expressions and many others,^ Jesus
makes salvation depend on relationship to
him.

An interesting collection of passages of this

* Matt. 16:19; 18:18. * Matt. 20:28.

• Matt. 1 1 : 27. * Matt. 24 : 3 1 ; cf. Luke 13 : 29.
•John 6: 47; cf. 4:14. ' John 5 : 24-25 ; cf. 11:25.
^ Luke 18:42; 7:50; cf. John 3 : 15-18; 6: 40.

86 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

character Is that in which rewards are based
on deeds done "for my name's sake" ^ or
"for my sake," phrases that are of frequent
occurrence in the Synoptics, and imply a
representative relation of Christ to humanity's
future. A typical passage, similar in import
to the Johannine passages quoted above, is
found in Luke : "for whosoever will lose his
life for my sake, the same shall save it." ^
Another equally characteristic saying, show-
ing his consciousness of determining salvation
in a very impressive way, is in Matthew :
"every one that hath forsaken houses, or
brethren, or sisters, or father, or mother, or
wife, or children, or lands, for my name's
sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall
inherit everlasting life." ^ It would have
been difficult for Jesus to have chosen words
that indicated more clearly his conviction
that eternal life for the individual was bound
up with his person and mission.

^ Mark 13 : 13, etc.

2 Luke 9:24; cf. Matt. 5:11; Luke 6:20; 21:17;
Mark 9: 41. "In my name" has the same thought; cf. also
** in remembrance of me," I Cor. 11 : 24-25.

'Matt. 19: 29.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 87

B. Consciousness of Decreeing Judgment.
There are passages in all the gospels in which
Jesus asserts that he is to be the judge on the
great day of judgment. We need not think
of this day as the same for all men, but as
the test occurring for each man after death.
In a way Jesus thought of this as repeated
by God after every act of a man's life, but
not to the exclusion of a great judgment
by which the general stamp of a man's char-
acter on earth is summed up in one decision.
We do not state that upon this decision rests
unalterably the whole of a man's future, for
Jesus believed that growth into the likeness of *|»
God is a gradual and eternal process ; but
upon the earthly life summed up for man in
his judgment day, depends his power of ap-
preciating God, and hence the determina-
tion of whether the future life is to be a heaven
or a hell for him. Matthew gives us Jesus'
words : "When the Son of man shall come in
his glory, and all the holy angels with him,
then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory :
And before him shall be gathered all nations :
and he shall separate them one from an-

88 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

Other, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from
the goats." ^ In Mark we have: "Whoso-
ever therefore shall be ashamed of me and
of my words in this adulterous and sinful
generation ; of him also shall the Son of man
be ashamed, when he cometh in the glory of
his Father with the holy angels." ^ In Luke,
Christ as the Judge apportions kingdoms over
which his faithful apostles are to rule in the
future world,^ and the basis of judgment is
acceptance or rejection of his person : ^ while
the Christ of the Fourth Gospel tells us that
"the Father judgeth no man, but hath com-
mitted all judgment unto the Son." ^

So the most significant fact regarding
judgment in the gospels is that it is con-
nected with Christ : "he that loseth his life
for my sake shall find it";^ "Whosoever
shall confess me before men, him shall the
Son of man also confess before the angels of

1 Matt. 25:31, 32; cf. 7:20-23; 10:32; 25:34; 19:28;
25:21; 16:27.

* Mark 8: 38. ' Luke 22 : 19, 30; cf. 21 : 36.

*Luke 12 : 8, 9.

'John 5: 22; 12:48; 5:26,27; cf. 14:2.

» Matt. 10 : 39.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 89

God." ^ The picture of the Son of man as
the great judge is particularly emphasized
in Matthew's Gospel, where he is pictured In
apocalyptic language as sending out his
angels as the reapers to divide the wheat from
the tares,^ and the sheep from the goats.'

Christ is Judge, and similarly he Is the
test, the criterion of judgment. Failure to
appreciate him,^ or to put In practice his
teachings,^ or to believe In him," or to ac-
cept his invitation,^ carries with it his severe
condemnation. So did being ashamed of
him ^ and rejecting his disciples,^ while on
the contrary the woman who was a sinner
received forgiveness of sins because of the
special kindness ^° she showed to Jesus.
There is no clearer evidence of his remarkable
self-consciousness than this conviction, which
stands out in all the gospels, that he was
called upon to judge the world. This was
thought of as a natural result of his Messiah-

^ Luke 12:8. 2 Matt. 13 : 24-30, 37-43.

' Matt. 25 : 32-33. * Matt. 11 : 21-22.

' Matt. 7 : 26-28. * John 3:36. ^ Matt. 22 : i-io.

"Mark 8: 38. » Luke 10: 10-14; cf. Matt. 10: 14.
" Luke 8 : 47.

90 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

ship, and was specially associated with his
second coming.^

C. Consciousness of Universal Mission.
Jesus' consciousness of his mastery of the
future is also evidenced by his belief that
his message was universal in scope. In this
connection his attitude towards the Gentiles
is important as showing the breadth of his
mission, in contrast with the exclusive Jew-
ish ideal of his day. He was as willing to
help the Roman centurion,^ the Syro-Phoeni-
cian woman,^ and the Samaritan,* as he was
any Israelite. It was the leaders of his own
exclusive people — the Scribes and Phari-
sees — that appear throughout the gospels
as meriting his most severe rebukes. So it
is not surprising that the Jewish inhabitants
of Nazareth put him out of the synagogue
for emphasizing cases where Gentiles had
been blessed by the activities of Jewish
prophets.^ And when driven from his home
city he took up his abode in "Galilee of the
Gentiles," ^ and later visited the despised

1 See p. 97. 2 Lu^e 7.2-10; Matt. 8 : 5-13.

^ Mark 7: 26. * Luke 17 : 11-19. ^ Luke 4 : 25-30.

^Matt. 4: 15.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 91

Samaritans,^ Decapolis,^ and other Gentile
communities. The Baptist proved himself
a good prophet when he proclaimed that
Jesus was to be "a light to lighten the Gen-
tiles." 2

His parables, the Lord's Prayer, and the
Sermon on the Mount are universal in their
implied scope, a fact whose significance as
it affects our subject can only be fully appreci-
ated when considered in the light of the
nationalistic and particularistic character of
contemporary Judaism. In some cases this
universality is definitely claimed. For in-
stance, his teachings are for "all nations,"*
not for the Jews only, for " many shall come
from the east and west, and shall sit down
with Abraham, and Isaac, and Jacob, in
the kingdom of heaven " ^ — a verse whose
context shows conclusively its reference to
the Gentiles. His message is not merely
for Palestine, but it is to be "preached
throughout the whole world," ^ and it was

^ John 4: 40. 2 Mat-t, 4 . 25, 3Lu],e2:32.

* Mark 13 : 10; Luke 24 : 47.

* Matt. 8 : II ; cf. 13 : 22 ; John 12 : 32. ^ Mark 14 : 9.

92 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

because of God's love for all humanity
that he was sent.* No one in his sound
mind could make such claims without know-
ing, that his was the authoritative religious
message, and that he was the absolute teacher
of the things of the soul. His convictions on
this point are the more remarkable because
the Jews were looking for a Messiah to exalt
primarily their own race — not for one whose
direct appeal was to humanity at large. It Is
clear that Jesus felt that his first mission was
to his own people, whose Messiah he was,
but it is equally clear that all mankind was
included in his vision and in his sense of
ultimate divine responsibility. This univer-
sality of his consciousness is shown in his
last recorded command to the disciples to
"teach all nations" ^ and to be witnesses unto
him to "the uttermost part of the earth." '
He was conscious of being the determining
factor both in immediate and ultimate sal-
vation not for the Jews only but for the
world.

D, Consciousness of Suffering for the Sins
* John 3 : i6, 17. ' Matt. 28 : 19. * Acts i : 8.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 93

of Humanity. That "the Son of man must
suffer many things" ^ "and be rejected of this
generation"' was one of the convictions of
Jesus, and this in spite of the fact that such
ideas were repellent to contemporary Judaism.
He was even aware that one of the inner band
of disciples was to prove the traitor,^ handing
him over "to be crucified" because "he was
reckoned among the transgressors." * The
thought of the suffering Messiah of Isaiah
had impressed itself upon his mind, and he
could not escape the conclusion that he was to
"be rejected of the elders and chief priests
and scribes, and be slain, and be raised the
third day." ^ He had a hard time ahead and
he knew it, and yet he faced his fate serenely :
"I have a baptism to be baptized with; and
how am I straitened till it be accomplished !" ^
Jesus even had a clear intuition that Jeru-
salem,^ the sacred city, was to be the scene of
these pregnant and tragic events, and that
among them were to be included his mocking,

^ Luke 9: 22; cf. Mark 9: 12; Matt. 17: 12; etc.
'Luke 17:25. 'Mark 14: 18; Matt. 26 : 23 ; etc.

* Luke 22: 37. * Luke 9: 22. "Luke 12: 50.

^ Matt. 16:21; 20:18; Mark 10:33; Luke 18:31.

94 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

scourging, and other humiliating details ^
which actually occurred. This is all part of
the earliest records, and its great signifi-
cance is due to the fact that the events pre-
dicted by Jesus were so much at variance with
the dominant world-conquering Messianic ex-
pectations of the time. These paid little at-
tention to a humble and suffering Messiah
until a generation after the death of Jesus,
when the destruction of Jerusalem made it
seem right to think of a deliverer who could
share the sad experiences of his people. The
fact that Jesus could see back of contem-
porary thought to the higher ideal of " the
suffering servant " of God, and forward to
its extraordinary realization in him, speaks
volumes for his consciousness of a unique
mission. His predictions of what actually
happened are impressive testimony to his
conviction that his death was connected
both with the past of Israel by prophecy,
and with the future of humanity by act,
for he knew that it was only by the path
of the Cross that salvation could come
* Mark lo: 33, 34; Matt. 20:19; Luke 18 : 32, 33.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 95

to man ^ through "the remission of sins."
He believed that his blood was shed and his
body given on Calvary for the sake of man-
kind.^ And although there is no evidence
that he even dreamed of modern substitu-
tionary doctrines of the Atonement, yet the
basis on which they were built up is found
in a well-attested and self-revealing saying
recorded by the earliest evangelist, "the Son
of man came not to be ministered unto, but
to minister, and to give his life a ransom for
many." ^ To predict a dying Messiah, suffer-
ing voluntarily, and not so much with, as for
his people, required at the time the confidence
of divine inspiration.

E. Consciousness of Foreknozving Resur-
rection. It is perhaps possible to see how
Jesus, merely from a study of historical con-
ditions, might have predicted his violent death
at the hands of the authorities. But when we
consider his prophecies in regard to his rising
from the dead, we seem to leave the field of

^ Matt. 26:28; cf. Mark 14: 24; Luke 12 132.
2 I Cor. II : 24; Luke 22 : 20, etc,
2 Mark 10 : 45 ; Matt. 20 : 28.

96 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

the natural for that of the supernatural.
No amount of merely human calculation of
chances or probabilities could have led Jesus to
predict an event, which, leaving out those
miracles of which he was himself the cause,
was in the form it took, or at least in the assur-
ance it carried to others, without parallel or
precedent. Even if the well-known words
"Destroy this temple, and in three days I will
raise it up " ^ are not to be taken as an historical
prophecy, yet we find the resurrection pre-
dicted in the early part of the Galilean minis-
try,^ and at Caesarea Philippi just after Peter's
confession,^ and again on the way down from
the Mount of Transfiguration.'* It is re-
peated as the little band starts for Jerusalem,^
and on the night of the Last Supper * it is
heard again. The references are so frequent,
even in the oldest record, and seem so natural
in their present setting, that to rule them out
entirely as later additions seems almost im-
possible within the canons of sound criticism.

'John 2: 19. * Matt. 12:40; cf. 17:22.

'Mark 8: 31; Matt. 16:21. * Mark 9: 9.

'Luke 18:32; Matt. 26:32.
•Matt. 26:32; Mark 14:28.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 97

In making this statement it should be remem-
bered that Jesus' confidence that he should
"rise again" is almost equally impressive
whether considered as a prophecy of a bodily,
or of a purely spiritual resurrection, pro-
vided the latter was so real and vital that the
fact of continued existence was brought
home convincingly to the disciples on the
third day. Each gospel and each stage of
the gospel history bears the same testimony
to the belief of Jesus that God would raise
him from the dead. His conviction that he
would be justified in the eyes of the world
as the Messiah through the knowledge that
his spirit had overcome death, is evidence that
he felt his relation to the Eternal to be of
such a character as to make his person unique.
This is another link in the proof that he be-
lieved his future to be bound up in some vital
way with the future of humanity.

F. Consciousness of Returning to Influence
the World. That Jesus believed that his
contact with humanity would outlast the
grave is indubitable ; and we would be un-
true to his convictions if we thought of this

H

98 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

influence as merely that of the memory of
his life and character. It was far more direct
and more truly vital. In the Synoptic
Gospels ^ we have predominantly the picture
(in Jesus' own thought) of his immediate ^
and sudden second coming "on the clouds of
heaven" — the so-called Parousia — and the
setting up of the all-powerful eternal kingdom
in which he was to be the great judge. In
the Fourth Gospel we have the thought of the
gradual spiritual coming of Jesus to every
believer in and through the Holy Spirit.^
Both views go back to the Master himself,
although the latter was further developed
by disciples of devout mind and philosophi-
cal interests to help explain the failure of
Jesus to appear suddenly, as predicted, in
his Messianic glory. In other words Jesus
seems to have believed in his own objective
second coming and in the formal setting up of

^ Mark 13 : 26, 27; 14:62; Mztt.24passim;Luke2i : 27;
etc.

2 Matt. 10:23; Mark 9:1; 13:30. In other places
Jesus shows less certainty as to the immediateness of his re-
turn; cf. Matt. 24: 36; Mark 13 : 32.
John 14:26; 15:26; i6: 13, 14, etc.

3

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST 99

the Messianic kingdom — but not to the ex-
clusion of his gradual spiritual coming to his
disciples after his death, as some "consistent
eschatologists" try to make out. Perhaps
the thought of the second appearance in glory
— in accordance with the original Messianic
expectation of the Jews — was almost a neces-
sity for Jesus if he was to satisfy himself and
his disciples that he, in his humility, a "suffer-
ing servant," was indeed the Messiah. When
he referred to the "coming of the Son of
man" he had in mind, beyond question, the
great prophecies of the Book of Daniel,^ and
thought that this coming would usher in a new
divine world-order. These references have
so much of the local apocalyptic coloring and
imagery in them that it is difficult to deter-
mine their exact meaning. They have to be
dealt with more as poetry than as prose, even
though Jesus himself may have conceived of
them rather literally. But it is evident that
the essential fact involved is the continuing
and increasing of the influence of Jesus through
his entering vitally into the experience of the
^ Daniel 7: 13.

lOO WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

individual and of the world even after his death
in Palestine. This is classically expressed by
words attributed to Christ in the last verse
of Matthew's Gospel,^ which imply his abid-
ing spiritual presence in a way similar to that
so often indicated in John xiv to xvi. The
mere fact that Jesus, according to all of the
Synoptists, predicts his future "coming in
the clouds of Heaven" ^ is evidence that he
thought he was to be God's representative
returning to help the world in a supernatural
way.

In the Fourth Gospel we are told that, al-
though absent in the body, he will not leave
us comfortless, but will come to us through
the Holy Spirit, the Comforter, whom the
Father will send in his name, and one of whose
chief functions will be to interpret his life and
teachings to the men of each generation.^
This is a characteristic Johannine interpreta-
tion, which does not appear in the earlier
records in the same form. The Spirit will

» Matt. 28 : 20.

2 Matt. 26:64; Mark 14:62; Luke 21 : 27.

' John 14: 18, 20, 26; cf. IS : 26.

THE DIVINE SIDE OF JESUS CHRIST lOI

reprove the world of sin, and act as the stim-
ulus to conscience, always keeping belief in
Christ as of primary importance, and glorify-
ing his person before men.^ He is to bring
no new message, only to interpret Christ's
person and teachings to successive ages.^
Their Lord and Master is to be removed from
their sight, but he is to love and help them '
still.

Even in the Synoptics he is to be the living
inspirer of their preaching, who will make their
message irresistible,* and it is In his "name"
that miracles are to be wrought,^ while he
promises that "where two or three are gath-
ered together in my name, there am I in the
midst of them" ^ — a Synoptic passage which
shows the most exalted Christology, and sup-
plies a well-attested basis for the doctrine
of the Abiding Christ as given in John.
Whether we think of the second coming
as spiritual, and subjective, according to the

^ John i6: 8, 9, 14, 15. 2johi^i5.i^^

'John 15: 10; cf. 14:12; 15:7. * Luke 21 : 15.

^ Mark 9:39; cf. prayer in his name, John 14:13; 16 : 23,
24.

•Matt. 18:20.

102 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

Fourth Evangelist, or as largely physical and
objective, according to the earlier writers, or
as a combination of both, we cannot escape
from the conviction that Jesus thought that
he was to be as much Master of the Future,
as we have shown him to be Master of the
Past and of the Present.

IV. CONCLUSION — INTERPRETATION
OF THE SELF-REVEALED CHRIST

We have completed a systematic outline
treatment of Jesus Christ's self-conscious-
ness on the human and the divine sides
as shown in the gospels. An attempt must
now be made to bring together and har-
monize these two aspects. There are
two words which bear in themselves the
explanation of the unique phenomena of
Christ's personality. The first is the word
"Messiah," the key to the self-consciousness
of Jesus; the second, the word "Incar-
nation," which interprets the Messiahship
spiritually in universal and eternal terms.
The first ideal was a purely Jewish one with
clear historical roots and nationalistic tend-
encies. This Jesus seized upon and ac-
cepted, "fulfilling" it — that is filling it full
of new and broader spiritual significance.

103

I04 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

His people had been looking for a great de-
liverer and redeemer — the Messiah, and
Jesus claimed the title for himself. This has
been set forth at length above and is merely
referred to here to emphasize it as the main
explanation of what Jesus thought of himself.

The second word, "Incarnation," is of
special significance as we pass from the field
of Christ's self-consciousness, where its roots
clearly appear, to its explanation and inter-
pretation for our own thought. This doc-
trine, or theory, is of special significance as
it enables us to accept Jesus' view of his
complete humanity, together with his con-
viction that God had filled him with his spirit
to a degree so unparalleled as to make him
historically a unique figure.

We are inclined to think that the main
reason why men have diflficulty in accepting
this doctrine in its simple New Testament form
is because they have not Jesus' view of God.
This was based on the teaching of the first
chapter of the Bible — that God created
man, and created him "in his image." It
was God's spirit breathed into man that

THE SELF-REVEALED CHRIST 105

made him a living soul, and gave him the
capacity of communion with his Father in
Heaven. To Jesus the human and the di-
vine are not essentially unlike, but kindred,
and God is first of all one.^ There are not
three Gods, or three distinct personalities in
the Godhead, which was the same prior to,
during, and after the revelation of Jesus in
Palestine ; so views of the Trinity must be
adjusted so as to be consistent with the
fundamental basis of God's eternal unity.
The old Jewish creed still holds good for
Christianity — "The Lord our God is one
Lord." The historical Jesus was not in his
own mind equivalent to, or an integral and
essential part of this Godhead, although it
demanded the Incarnation as an expression
of its outgoing love. The man of Galilee
was the chosen vessel for this divine mani-
festation or revelation.

It is as clear as can be that Jesus prayed
to God, and that he considered himself his
messenger, and, to some extent, without im-
pairing ethical or spiritual kinship, his sub-

^ Mark 12 : 29.

I06 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

ordinate. Knowing this, and realizing his
human limitations as shown in the first part
of this book, it does not seem possible, without
restricting the idea of Deity, to call him, as
he walked on earth, God, and we cannot
believe that he would have himself liked to
be so called.^ Yet in him was a consciousness
of complete righteousness and consecration,
a realization of his headship of humanity and
of his mediatorship between man and his
Maker. He even accepted titles such as the
"Son of God," which were supported by acts
indicating that he believed himself to be
God's chosen medium for the Incarnation —
the revelation of Deity in and through hu-
manity. It is this realization in one man of
God's purpose for all men, rather than any
difference of essence or potentiality between
Jesus and his brethren, that makes him, as
far as we know, the only perfect son of the
one Father.

The doctrine of the Incarnation rightly
understood is the best safeguard of the
Christian view of Jesus of Nazareth. It

iCf. Luke i8: 19.

THE SELF-REVEALED CHRIST 107

balances the human and divine sides of his
nature. It assumes that he was a man,
that he lived a normal life in the flesh, that
he was a completely human figure who can
be placed historically. In the words of the
Apostles' Creed, he was born of one known
as "the Virgin Mary," "suffered under Pon-
tius Pilate, was crucified, dead and buried."
These facts assert his definite historicity.
He was not a vague apparition, but a concrete
human personality. Yet the power he pos-
sessed was divine. It came from God. The
spirit which entered his soul was the Eternal
Spirit. Without the theory that God dwelt
in Jesus, that he became incarnate in him,
we cannot explain the perfect life the Master
led or the great deeds which he did. So the
human life of the man of Nazareth was raised
to the divine level, of which every life is
capable, by Jesus allowing himself to be
completely filled of God. Christianity's his-
toric creed is very close to the thought of its
founder when it declares "I believe in God
the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and
Earth, and in Jesus Christ his only Son our

I08 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

Lord." The doctrine of the Incarnation,
therefore, Is the expression of the New Testa-
ment truth that the two sides or natures of
Jesus — the human and divine — discussed
In earlier chapters, have revealed their latent
kinship, a kinship which comes to the surface
whenever a man allows the divine spirit
within him to control his life. But It Is not
enough for the followers of Christ to copy
Mohammedans and take as a battle cry
"There Is but one God and Jesus Christ Is
his prophet." Prophet he was Indeed, but
something Infinitely greater too — revealer
and revelation of the love of God. He not
merely preached It and proclaimed It, but he
manifested It through his own life of perfect
righteousness and service.

He was the point of contact between the
Logos — the active principle or expression
of Deity, the outgoing Word of God — and
humanity. That Jesus was conscious of the
uniqueness of this divine revelation, can-
not be doubted. We may find that some of
his so-called "miracles" are legendary, some
of the "logla" altered, some of the events

THE SELF-REVEALED CHRIST 109

misrepresented, but no amount of scholarly
criticism — and the more we get of it, of a
reverent kind, the better — can efface the
picture of the one man who has known him-
self sinless, and who was "the express image
of his Father's person." In him we see man
raised by his Maker to divine heights. Men
are created and limited, and Jesus Christ
did not consider himself an exception to this
rule. God is uncreated and unlimited. Men
were not created to become Gods, but through
communion with the Eternal Spirit to be-
come Godlike. God is trying to incarnate
himself in every one of us, and it is to be
hoped that some day we may all realize our
latent divinity, as did Jesus of Nazareth, and
be in a measure Christs — perfect men in
love and faith. Then the words of the Apos-
tles' Creed that Jesus is God's "on/y Son"
may be no longer true, but the Master's
purpose will have been advanced towards
realization. For if ever that day comes,
the uniqueness of Jesus Christ will stand out
the more prominently, as without him it
would have been impossible to reach his

no WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

level. Our relation to Christ will then be
like that of Christ to God, or like that of a
life of Christ to the Bible, for in each case the
first named has power which may be inherent
but which was nevertheless originally deriv-
ative.

Jesus did not believe that he was the
Eternal God or the world's Creator. But
he was conscious that his relationship
to the Godhead was representative, and in
its manifestation unique. He knew that
his life sprang from that of the Almighty
Spirit, and that his coming into the world
was no accident, but part of God's eternal
purpose. He was also conscious that he
would serve after his death as the historical
mediator between God and man, and that he
would exert for all time a determining power
in the act, or rather the process, of salvation
— using the phrase in its broad meaning.
But just what he thought of his metaphysi-
cal relationship to the Godhead, that is, his
view of its essence as distinct from its mani-
festation, we are not told by the Master him-
self, and ecclesiastics should be more lenient

THE SELF-REVEALED CHRIST m

in judging those who prefer to leave the
mystery veiled where Jesus left it. We
have been considering what he thought of
himself when he lived a human life in Pal-
estine, and its significance, rather than what
he may have become after he was declared to
be "the Son of God with power ... by the
resurrection from the dead." ^

Of one thing the Christian feels sure —
Jesus Christ carries complete conviction to
his soul. He bears his own authority by his
life, his character, and his message. Both
heart and mind, strengthened by personal
experience, say that he is God's own word to
his disciples, summing up in his personality
the most Godlike traits and ideals known
to man. Christian theologians, therefore,
have been right in thinking the Incarnation
the supreme fact in history, for God did
become manifest in the flesh in the man Jesus
of Nazareth. This is the essential fact.

But let us remember that this manifesta-
tion is not necessarily dependent upon any
theory as to his birth. The believer in the
^ Romans i : 4.

112 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

Virgin Birth and the believer in the natural
birth of Jesus may both place their faith in
the same Incarnation. The former view,
in spite of the slight historical evidence for
it,^ has prevailed in the past, and has prob-
ably helped, in uncritical ages, to emphasize
the uniqueness of Christ. The second view
is likely to gain strength in the future. It has
one advantage : it makes the Christ-ideal
seem more attainable to us as human beings,
if we follow in the Master's footsteps. But
whichever be the true explanation, we
should always remember that the fact of the
Incarnation — the entrance by God into the
life of humanity in and through Jesus Christ
the Messiah — is infinitely more important
than the method. It is this great fact which
enables us to accept his "divinity" — a
term which is more in keeping with the ear-
liest tradition than the word "deity" —
and makes it possible for us to believe in
Jesus, and not merely to believe as he
believed.

^ The only Gospel references to it are Matt. I : l8 and
Luke 1:35. Paul seems to have had no knowledge of it.

THE SELF-REVEALED CHRIST 113

We should avoid two extremes — calling
the historical person Jesus of Nazareth, God ;
or referring to him as merely one of the
world's many prophets, "Moses, Isaiah, Jesus,
Paul, Luther." The wisest plan is to retain
the emphasis of the double name Jesus
Christ, so common in the Acts and in the
Pauline Epistles — the first standing for his
personal, human designation ; the second, for
his dignity and title as "the anointed of God. "
We should think of him, as he seems to have
thought of himself, and as he was considered by
the early disciples,^ as a man among men who
by the completeness of his consecration to
God, and by the realization of a great his-
torical ideal, which he spiritualized and
broadened, became the Messiah — the one
and the only one, who by the effective ex-
ample of his life, death, teachings, and char-
acter has made complete divine sonship possi-
ble for all hum.anity. In a word Jesus believed
that he was the Christ, and there is no reason
why we should not accept his belief as our
own.

^ I Tim. 2:5; Romans 5 : 15.

114 WHAT JESUS CHRIST THOUGHT OF HIMSELF

We may close with the final words of the
original gospel attributed to John: "these
are written, that ye might believe that Jesus
is the Christ, the Son of God ; and that be-
lieving ye might have life through his name." ^
* John 20:31.

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